Full text of Monthly Labor Review : March 1959, Vol. 82, No. 3
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Monthly
Labor
Review
MARCH
1959
VOL.
82
NO.
Unemployment Insurance—
Its Role in Depressed Areas
Policy Implications of Its Financing
Experience of Persons Exhausting Benefits
Crisis in Workmen’s Compensation
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
Secretary
J a m e s P. M it c h e l l ,
BUREAU OF LABOR ST A T IST IC S
E w a n C l a q u e , Commissioner
J. F it z g e r a l d , A ssistant Commissioner
H
enry
H
erm an
W. D
B.
uane
B y e r , Assistant Commissioner
E v a n s , Assistant Commissioner
P h i l i p A u n o w , A ssistant Commissioner
Arnold E. C hase, Chief, Division of Construction Statistics
H. M. D outy, Chief, Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
J oseph P. G oldberg, Special Assistant to the Commissioner
L eon G reenberg , Chief, Division of Productivity and Technological Developments
R ichard F. J ones, Chief, Office of Management
W alter G. K eim , Chief, Office of Field Service
P aul R. K erschbaum, Chief, Office of Program Planning
L awrence R. K lein , Chief, Office of Publications
H yman L. L ewis , Chief, Office of Labor Economics
F rank S M cE lroy, Chief, Division of Industrial Hazards
H. E. R iley , Chief, Division of Prices and Cost of Living
Abe R othman, Chief, Office of Statistical Standards
M orris W eisz, Chief, Division of Foreign Labor Conditions
Seymour L. W olfbein , Chief, Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics
Regional Offices and Directors
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
U N IT E D STATES D E P A R T M E N T OF LABOR • B U R E A U OF LABOR ST A T IST IC S
L a w r e n c e R. K l e i n , Editor-in-Chief
M a r y S. B e d e l l , Executive Editor
CONTENTS
Special Articles
245
245
249
252
257
Problems in Unemployment Insurance
The Role of UI in Depressed Areas
Policy Implications of UI Financing
Confronting the Crisis in Workmen’s Compensation
The Hardening of Antagonisms in Labor Relations
Summaries of Studies and Reports
262
267
271
276
278
280
284
288
Causes of Dependency Among Public Assistance Recipients in New York
Experience of UI Claimants Exhausting Their Benefit Rights
Shift Provisions in Major Union Contracts, 1958
The Impact of Trading Stamps on Food Prices
Presidential Recommendations for Labor Legislation, 1959
The Economic Report of the President
UAW Public Review Board: First Annual Report
Wage Chronology No. 26: The Anaconda Co.—Supplement No. 2—1954-58
Departments
in
261
297
292
298
300
305
313
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The Labor Month in Review
Erratum
Union Conventions, April 16 to May 15, 1959
Significant Decisions in Labor Cases
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Developments in Industrial Relations
Book Reviews and Notes
Current Labor Statistics
M ardi 1959 . Vol. 82 . No. 3
In the Monthly Labor Review for May
A Special Section—Labor on the West Coast
Fifteen experts combine their talents to explore
labor and industrial relations problems in Cali
fornia, Oregon, and Washington.
General background pieces by Clark Kerr and Arthur Ross are followed by special
articles by Benjamin Aaron, Miner H. Baker, Irving Bernstein, Earl F. Cheit, Varden
Fuller, Joseph W. Garbarino, Maurice I. Gershenson, Margaret S. Gordon, Van D. Ken
nedy, Paul L. Kleinsorge, M. W. Reder, R. Thayne Robson, and B. V. H. Schneider.
Among the subjects covered are:
Unionism • Migratory Farm Labor • Wage Trends • Association Bar
gaining • Arbitration • Bargaining Practices in the Maritime, Trucking,
and Lumber Industries • Disability Insurance and Health Plans • Industrial
Shifts and Labor Force Changes.
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Mail your order to the Bureau of Labor Statistics Regional Office, 630 Sansome St., San Francisco, or to the
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C opies A vailable A f te r M ay 25
The Labor Month
in Review
Two w eek s of discussion and debate which accom
panied the February AFL-CIO Executive Council
meeting in Puerto Rico resulted in several resolu
tions and decisions of more than routine interest.
Much of the emphasis was on the domestic
economy, especially in connection with unemploy
ment. A “mass conference” in Washington was
scheduled for April 8 to “focus national attention”
on what was called “the failure of our economy to
expand and thus provide jobs . . . ” In addition,
the council called for a 7-hour day and 35-hour
week, an increase in the minimum wage to $1.25
an hour, enactment of Federal standards and rein
surance for unemployment compensation, income
tax reform, higher wages, and labor representation
on the Federal Reserve Board and its regional
subsidiaries. (On March 6, President George
Meany severely criticized the Board’s approval of
a rise in discount rates, claiming it would restrict
“the pace of economic growth.” On March 11,
he made the release of February unemployment
data the occasion for commenting that the figures,
which showed 6.1 percent of the labor force unem
ployed, “dwarf the problem of inflation, important
as it is.”)
On internal matters, the council again deferred
action on Maurice A. Hutcheson, one of its mem
bers and president of the Carpenters union, until
he appears in person to answer questions posed by
the council concerning his appearance before the
Senate rackets committee. A petition for affilia
tion by the International Longshoremen’s Associa
tion, expelled in 1953 by the AFL on racketeering
charges, was held over, subject to an investigation
by a 4-man committee appointed by the council.
(On February 26, the New York Court of Appeals
denied the claim of the ILA that a provision of the
State waterfront law barring convicted felons as
dues collectors was unconstitutional.) The council
also put off until its May 18 meeting an attempt
to resolve a jurisdictional dispute between the
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Steelworkers and the Metal Trades Council. An
investigation by two vice presidents of the
Federation had resulted in separate reports.
Direct conflict with the Teamsters union re
sulted from the council’s issuance of a federal
labor union charter covering teamsters and ware
housemen in Puerto Rico. The action set off a
series of point-counterpoint statements with the
Teamsters union, whose general executive board
was in session at the time, relating to organizing
campaigns in the Commonwealth. Some fears
were expressed that the tacit noninterference pol
icy, observed by the Teamsters and AFL-CIO
unions since the former group was expelled, might
be reversed. An increase of 1 cent in per capita
tax payments was voted by the AFL-CIO for a
6-months’ period to raise about $750,000 for
emergency and organizing purposes.
AFL-CIO u n io n s in Louisiana took
advertisements in Baton Rouge newspapers as well
as radio and television time to denounce James R.
Hoffa, Teamster president. He had been sched
uled to speak on March 12 to an independent oil
workers union in the area concerning its stale
mated negotiations with a Standard Oil refinery.
Almost the forgotten man of the Teamsters,
former president Dave Beck was sentenced to 5
years in prison and fined $60,000 for income tax
evasion. He also has been convicted of grand
larceny involving union property.
On March 3, present officers of the same union
were denied a stay of a Federal court order which
granted to court-appointed monitors for the union
specific authority to enforce reform measures.
Earlier, the secretary-treasurer of the organiza
tion complained that legal fees had cost the union
nearly $400,000 in 1958; payments to the monitors
totaled an additional $100,000. In all, the union
reported an operating deficit of $362,000.
L. N. D. Wells, Jr., one of the three monitors,
resigned on March 12 due to “personal consider
ations.” He contended in a letter to the court
that “affairs of the Teamsters union are greatly
improved,” but that “further improvement in the
affairs of the union requires prompt consider
ation . . .”
T hirty
Two oft- discussed issu e s reappeared in midFebruary: the problem of the skilled worker in the
in
IV
United Automobile Workers and the charge of
featherbedding work rules on the railroads.
On February 16, the UAW moved toward more
direct supervision of its skilled trades councils.
Thirty-odd councils, hitherto organized geograph
ically, will be reorganized along corporate or
industry lines. They, in turn, will be represented
on a 9-member committee responsible to the
Skilled Trades Department of the union. The
UAW has been troubled with disaffection among
skilled workers for many years.
Daniel P. Loomis, president of the Association
of American Railroads, took up the featherbedding
issue as a prelude to the bargaining for new con
tracts with the rail unions. Present contracts
expire November 1. He charged that outmoded
and unnecessary work rules and pay systems cost
the roads more than a half million dollars a year,
about 10 percent of the total wage bill. Operating
unions have announced their intention to seek a
12-percent wage increase. In response to the
featherbedding charge, the Railway Labor Execu
tives’ Association pointed to productivity in
creases. Both sides have agreed to a broad study
of problems facing the industry.
amended the unem
ployment insurance law to permit payment of
private supplementary unemployment benefits.
A strike of approximately 1,200 texile workers
organized by the Textile Workers Union in
Henderson, N.C., was unsettled as of mid-March
after 4 months characterized by unusual violence
following reopening of the plant on February 16.
Retention of a grievance arbitration clause in a
contract is a main issue.
In mid-February, the 4-month-old Pittsburgh
Plate Glass Co. strike was ended. The Glass
Workers agreed to arbitration of the work-rules
dispute which had prolonged the strike. Wage
rates were increased 8 cents an hour for incentive
workers and 12 cents for hourly rated employees,
with similar increases after a year.
Members of the International Woodworkers of
America on March 17 entered the 76th day of a
violent and bizarre strike for a wage increase
against two Newfoundland lumber companies. A
policeman has been killed, the union has been
decertified by a special provincial law, the premier
has sponsored a dual union, the head of the
Royal Canadian Mounted Police has resigned,
T he I n d ia n a L eg islature
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
and the controversy has become a major political
issue in Canada.
Right-to-work legislation had mixed fates in
State legislatures. The Indiana Senate rescinded
previous passage of a repeal bill, thus retaining the
law; the House had approved repeal. Utah also
turned down repeal of its law. New Mexico,
which has no such law, voted against a proposed
measure.
The United States Supreme Court on March 9
refused to review a lower court’s denial of the
contention of Negro workers that they have a
constitutional or statutory right to be members
of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen. The
Court, which usually refrains from explaining
refusals to review, pointed to “the abstract
context” of the record in this case.
Two unions—the Brotherhood of Electrical
Workers and the Communications Workers—were
chided by the National Labor Relations Board on
February 27 for making “outrageous” payments to
workers to attend meetings prior to a representa
tion election. The Board invalidated the election
won by the CWA at the Little Rock plant of
Teletype Corp. and ordered a new one.
Secretary of Labor James P. Mitchell on March
12 presented to Congress a report on the effects
of the $1 per hour minimum wage prescribed by
the Fair Labor Standards Act. In an accompany
ing statement, he recommended extension of
coverage of the law “to several million” additional
workers, but pointed out that increasing the
minimum rate might jeopardize the possibility of
the extension as well as “endanger the job security
or job opportunity” of workers in the lower wage
industries. He expressed hope that Congress
would consider an increase in the minimum when
the prospects were opportune.
Merger plans are under way among three groups
of unions. The 10,000-member Marine Engineers
Beneficial Association and the Brotherhood of
Marine Engineers, with 550 members, have such
action scheduled for May. Separate but simul
taneous conventions will be held in May to vote
on amalgamating the Insurance Workers of
America (13,000) and the Insurance Agents Inter
national Union (11,000). An overwhelming ma
jority of voters in a Screen Actors’ Guild referen
dum voted to attempt merger with the American
Federation of Television and Radio Artists. The
two have a membership of about 25,000.
Problems in Unemployment Insurance
E ditor ’s N ote .— The two articles which follow, discussing current issues in unemploy
ment insurance benefits and financing, were excerpted from papers presented at the
December 27-29, 1958, meeting in Chicago of the Industrial Relations Research
Association. In the interest of readability, elided material and minor changes in
wording have not been indicated.
The Role of UI in
Depressed Areas
G erald G . So m ers*
I n evaluating the role of unemployment com
pensation in depressed areas, an understanding of
the causes and patterns of unemployment and
mobility in these areas is essential. The most
persistent cause in industrial areas is the decline
of employment opportunities in a single industry
upon which the local area is dependent; where
technological change and shifts of plant location
also occur, the seriousness of unemployment is
aggravated. Many depressed rural areas have
never developed a sufficient economic base to
support population growth,/ In these areas, the
problems stem from the decline in agricultural
employment, the uneconomic size of farming units,
the depletion of natural resources, the absence of
nonfarm employment, and the lack of vocational
training facilities. In both industrial and rural
areas, depression breeds further depression as the
decline in employment causes a loss of young man
power and a deterioration of community facilities.
The persistence and seriousness of the unem
ployment stemming from these causes has been
well documented in extensive hearings held before
congressional committees and in data provided by
Federal and State agencies of employment security.
The chronic character of unemployment, for
example, in Pennsylvania’s coal and railroad
centers is indicated in table L The average
unemployment in these aieas consistently and
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
substantially exceeded the State average in periods
of national full employment as well as in periods
of recession. Indeed, unemployment in the 12
surplus labor areas combined was a larger ratio of
the State total in the prosperous times of 1953
than in the downturn of 1954.
Nine surplus labor markets in Kentucky repre
sented about one-fifth of the State’s total labor
force in 1955. The percentage of the labor force
unemployed in the nine areas combined, compared
to the rest of the State, was as follows: 1
Unemployment as a percent of the
labor force
Nine depressed areas
R est of the S t a t e _______
1954
1955
1956
18 .7
7 .7
15. 4
7. 3
10. 2
6. 5
1957
10. 7
0)
1Not available.
Three surplus labor areas in New Jersey, repre
senting 11 percent of the State’s population,
accounted for an average of 16 percent of total
State employment in the period 1954-57.2
Estimates of unemployment in depressed rural
areas go even higher. In April 1958, it was
reported that in 10 rural counties in Kentucky
there were more unemployed than employed
workers, and in 28 depressed rural counties, over
45 percent of the workers were unemployed.3
The full extent of underemployment can be gaged
only by the low-income status of the population
and outward migration.
*Director of the Industrial Relations Research Center, University of
Wisconsin.
1
See Legislation to Relieve Unemployment, Hearings before the Com
mittee on Banking and Currency, U.S. House of Representatives (85th
Cong., 2d sess.), April 14-May 22, 1958, pp. 838-847.
» Ibid., p. 871.
» Ibid., p. 41.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
246
The traditional approach to a solution of these
problems has been through “operation boot
strap”'—some form of local community redevel
opment project designed to attract new employ
ment opportunities to the area. Ranks are closed,
and the local citizens cooperate in raising funds to
purchase land for lease or grant to new enterprises.
New facilities may also be built for this purpose.
The efforts are usually accompanied by widespread
promotional campaigns. State activities often
support these local enterprises.
Although the Federal Government has eschewed
a central, coordinated program to aid depressed
areas, it has developed a number of programs
designed to aid local efforts. These include tech
nical assistance, urban renewal and planning,
community facilities assistance, aids to small
business, Federal procurement, rapid tax amorti
zation, surplus food distribution, and rural
development.
As late as 1955, however, the President’s
Council of Economic Advisers still avoided ad
vocacy of any central Federal attack on the
problems of structural unemployment. Areas of
chronic labor surplus became an election issue in
1956, extensive legislative hearings were held, and
a number of bills introduced in Congress. After
some compromise, the Area Development Act was
passed by the 85th Congress, but was vetoed by
the President on September 8, 1958. The Presi
dent indicated his approval of the principle of
Table 1.
Federal aid to depressed areas but objected to
specific features of the act submitted to him.
Thus, in the past 3 years, the plight of depressed
areas has become recognized as a national one
which, like economic recession, requires coordinated
Federal action.
Although outward migration has never been
formally encouraged by Federal, State, or local
officials concerned with depressed areas, in prac
tice this “remedy” is functioning continuously.
This can be seen in the loss of population in chron
ically labor-surplus areas. For example, 18 out
of 60 depressed rural counties in Kentucky lost
population between 1950 and 1955; and this
experience has been duplicated in Arkansas, West
Virginia, and elsewhere.4 However, a mere count
of population between two intervals provides no
definitive evidence of a fundamental solution to
the depressed area problem.
Persistence of Unemployment
The continued high level of unemployment in
depressed areas reflects the fundamental nature
of the problems to be solved. In spite of con
certed local and State efforts to provide employ
ment opportunities, areas such as Scranton and
Johnstown, Pa., Lawrence, Mass., Terre Haute,
Ind., and Providence, R.I., continue to turn up
* Ibid., p. 850. See also Gerald G. Somers, Labor Recruitment in a De
pressed Rural Area (in M onthly Labor Review, October 1958, pp. 1113-1120).
Average unemployment and percent of civilian labor force unemployed in areas of substantial labor surplus,
Pennsylvania, 1953-57
Average unemployment
1953
State total.......... ........ ............................................
Nonsurplus areas..........................................................
Surplus areas...............................................................
Major areas:
Altoona.................................... ......... ............
Johnstown___________________________
Scranton_____________________________
W ilkes-B arre-Hazleton................. ................
E rie..................... ............................. — ........
Smaller areas:
Berwick-Bloomsburg. .................................
Olearfleld-DuBois..........................................
Lewistown__________ _______________
Lock H aven..____ _____ _______________
Pottsville (Schuylkill County)....................
Sunbury-Shamokin-Mt. Carmel________
Uniontown-Connellsville......................... .
1 N o t available.
2 Data relate to Jan. 15, 1954.
* Data relate to Mar. 13,1953.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Percent of civilian labor force
Volume
Labor market area
1954
1955
1956
1957
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
402,200
322, 500
251,000
276,900
4
9
7
5
120, 700
67,200
281,450
120, 750
219,800
102, 700
168,800
82,200
201,350
75, 550
3
9
7
16
6
14
4
11
5
10
3,150
8, 000
10,750
13, 600
3,600
8,800
17,100
14, 800
22, 200
8,500
6,100
13, 500
14,700
19, 450
7,200
4,850
8, 650
11,100
18,000
4,900
5,600
6,500
11,400
16,200
6,100
6
8
10
9
0)
16
20
14
15
9
11
13
14
13
8
9
9
11
13
5
10
7
11
12
6
700
3,450
(>)
a 750
11,200
5,900
6,100
1,600
5,350
2 2,100
2,100
15, 650
10,250
12,300
1, 750
4, 700
1, 700
1,500
14,150
7,450
10, 500
1,800
2,750
1,550
950
15,050
5, 300
7,300
1,950
2,350
1, 500
1,400
10,900
4,850
6,800
3
10
i1)
5
14
8
8
13
8
10
17
11
21
9
8
7
6
18
8
16
9
7
7
9
14
187,900
8
12
15
10
14
19
15
23
(>)
8
15
S o urce : Bureau of Employment Security, Pennsylvania Department of
Labor and Industry.
247
PROBLEMS IN UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE
in the “substantial surplus” list with considerable
regularity. In such areas, the fundamental prob
lems which caused the initial decline cannot be
readily solved; and efforts to attract new industry
have often met meager success.
Whereas the availability of surplus labor is
expected to be a major attraction for new in
dustry—even where other prerequisites are lack
ing—recent studies on employment, mobility, and
commuting in labor-surplus areas reveal the
weaknesses in this solution to chronic unemploy
ment. Surveys which follow the activities of
workers displaced in plant shutdowns in depressed
areas disclose the difficulties of their reabsorption
into the ranks of the employed.5 Displaced
workers, especially those in the upper age brackets,
often spend many months before finding employ
ment. They cannot readily adjust their attitudes
or skills toward employment in other industries.
Those who find employment are much more likely
to be migrants to other areas or long-distance com
muters. But, whereas young workers and new
entrants into the labor force may be willing to
move, older workers are less likely to do so.
Studies of the attraction of workers to a new in
dustrial facility in labor-surplus areas substantiate
these findings.6 Many of the workers hired by
new manufacturing facilities transferred from
out of State or reduced long-distance commuting
which gave them previous employment outside of
the depressed area. The local unemployed, who
possessed less “desirable” qualifications from
the standpoints of age, education, and skill, were
frequently rejected in favor of employed workers
who were willing to change employers.
A number of these studies have indicated the
power of home area attachment as a factor militat
ing against permanent solutions to depressed area
problems. Workers who leave the area or com
mute long distances in search of employment
retain their ties to the home area and return
whenever their distant employment is terminated.
They are also quick to return when a new facility
is established in the home area, thus thwarting
®See William H. Miernyk, Inter-Industry Labor Mobility: The Case of
the Displaced Textile Worker (Boston, Northeastern University, Bureau of
Business Research, 1955); and Richard C. Wilcock, Employment Effects of
a Plant Shutdown in a Depressed Area (in M onthly Labor Review, Septem
ber 1957, pp. 1047-1052).
• See Somers, op. cit.; and Labor Supply for Manufacturing in a Coal Area,
by the same author (in M onthly Labor Review, December 1954, pp. 13271330).
1 Legislation to Relieve Unemployment, op. cit., p. 830.
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Table 2. Average weekly number of continued unem
ployment compensation claims as a percent_ of UCcovered labor force,1 in areas of substantial labor
surplus, Pennsylvania, 1953-57
Labor market area
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
3.1
7.0
4.8
4.4
4.9
Nonsurplus areas........................................... 2.3
Surplus areas.................................................. 8.3
Major areas:
Altoona____________ _____ ____ 4.8
5.8
Johnstown................... ................
Scranton........................................... 8.1
11.6
Wilkes-Barre-Hazleton...................
Erie................................................... 2.5
Smaller areas:
Berwick-Bloomsburg.................... . 4.0
Clearfleld-DuBois.......................... 6.7
Lewistown____________________ 4.6
Lock Haven____ ______________ 3.8
Pottsville (Schuylkill County)---- 10.5
Sunbury-Shamokin-Mt. Carmel.. 8.2
Uniontown-Connellsville............... 9.1
5.7
15.0
3.9
9.9
3.7
8.5
4.2
9.4
8.8
14.5
12.5
16.4
6.2
5.4
7.2
10.6
11.4
5.0
4.8
5.9
8.7
10.5
3.4
6.0
7.5
9.7
10.9
5.2
9.9
13.8
10.4
9.5
18.7
17.0
21.5
7.2
8.6
6.8
7.6
11.3
11.3
12.3
10.6
6.0
6.3
4.6
9.4
8.3
11.1
8.6
7.8
6.5
7.3
11.5
8.3
12.1
State total............................... ..............
i As of March 1955.
Source: Bureau of Employment Security, Pennsylvania Department of
Labor and Industry.
the employment prospects of the surplus local work
force. These tendencies have been especially
apparent in depressed rural areas.
Effects on Unemployment Compensation
The most obvious effect of persistently high
levels of unemployment in depressed areas is to
create a notable differential in benefit adequacy
and in the drain on unemployment insurance
funds. The experience in Pennsylvania’s chron
ically depressed areas is typical. As is seen in
table 2, continued unemployment compensation
claims are substantially greater in depressed areas
than in the remainder of the State. The differ
ential is notable in prosperous as well as recession
years. If Erie is omitted from the list (as is seen
in table 1, its claim to the “surplus-labor” title is
not as strong as the others), the remaining 11 de
pressed areas represented one-seventh of the
State’s labor force in 1955; and yet, between 1953
and 1956, these areas combined accounted for 28
to 38 percent of the State’s unemployment conpensation claims. Benefits paid in these areas
during the same years represented 27 to 37 percent
of the total; exhaustion of benefits, 27 to 35 per
cent of the total; and as a measure of growing bene
fit inadequacy, from 25 to 28 percent of the
State’s total public assistance payments went to
the depressed areas.7
Similar findings are made in Kentucky, where
9 chronically surplus-labor markets represented
one-fifth of the labor force in 1955. During the
248
years 1953-56, continuing unemployment com
pensation claims in the depressed areas combined
constituted an average of 33 percent of the State
total. Exhaustion of benefits in the depressed
areas accounted for an average of 29 percent of
the State total.8 These results could undoubtedly
be duplicated in most of the Nation’s chronically
depressed areas. They reveal a serious drain on
State unemployment compensation funds and a
serious inadequacy in benefits. These inadequa
cies go well beyond those found in areas of more
normal employment.
In a number of States heavily represented with
labor-surplus areas, unemployment compensation
reserve accounts reached dangerously low points
in February 1958, at given tax rates and benefits.
This was especially true in Pennsylvania, West
Virginia, Rhode Island, Michigan, and Maine
where from 1 to 3 years of benefits could be paid
from the February reserve account without ex
haustion, assuming tax collections and benefits
remained at existing levels.9 In Massachusetts,
the declining textile industry placed an unusually
heavy charge on the unemployment insurance
fund during the 8-year period ending with 1954.
Anomalously, improvement in the reserve is likely
to occur because of the permanent closing of mills
and exhaustion of benefits.10
In addition to the problems associated with
drains on compensation funds and the exhaustion
of benefits, it is likely that many of the unem
ployed in depressed areas are ineligible for bene
fits. Especially in depressed rural areas, where
agricultural employment, self-employment, or
employment in very small retail and service es
tablishments is prevalent, many of the unem
ployed would not have worked in covered jobs.
Extreme cases of underemployment might further
reduce eligibility in these areas.
8 Ibid., pp. 838-847.
9See Emergency Extension of Federal Unemployment Compensation
Hearings, Hearings before the Committee on Ways and Means, U.S. House
of Representatives (85th Cong., 2d sess.), March 28, 31, and April 1, 1958,
p. 301.
10 See report on The Textile Decline in Massachusetts—Its Impact on the
Unemployment Compensation Fund (Boston, Massachusetts Division of
Employment Security, October 1955).
11 See 1958 Congressional Action to Improve UI Benefits (in Monthly
Labor Review, November 1958, pp. 1236-1242).
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
Suggested Improvements
Even though workers in depressed areas receive,
in total, more than their proportionate share of
unemployment compensation funds, it is apparent
that they also suffer, as individuals, from more
than their share of the inadequacies of the systems.
Recent proposals to improve the size and duration
of benefits, through minimum Federal standards
and Federal reinsurance, would do much to im
prove their lot. Workers in these areas suffer as
much as any from the competition among States
for reduced taxes and benefits. In common with
workers in other areas, eligible workers in some
depressed areas have benefited from the extension
of benefits under the Temporary Unemployment
Compensation Act of 1958.11
The question remains whether more should be
done through an unemployment compensation
system to ease the burden and help solve the
problems of unemployment in chronically laborsurplus areas. Since many of these areas have
persistent levels of unemployment exceeding the
national level reached in the recent recession, a
case can be made for extension of benefits to
unemployed workers in these areas, even in
“normal” times. But such extensions, taken by
themselves, can do little to bring lasting improve
ment. Indeed, they may aggravate the long-run
problem by discouraging outward mobility. Seri
ous attention should be given to the proposal in
the Area Redevelopment Act for an extension of
unemployment benefits to workers in these areas
contingent upon their acceptance of vocational
training. Study should also be given to the
potential gains and costs of extended unemploy
ment benefits as an inducement to relocate to
other areas. The gains and costs to be derived
from extension of coverage to agricultural workers,
small firms, and the self-employed also deserve
careful scrutiny.
Proposals such as these obviously involve
thorny problems of financing and administration.
They are fraught with dangers of social loss and
community opposition. They deserve study, how
ever, along with other proposals to make unem
ployment insurance a more effective instrument
of social and economic policy.
PROBLEMS IN UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE
Policy Implications
of UI Financing
G e o r g e F . R o h r l ic h *
I n t h e 1930’s , when the unemployment insurance
program for the United States was first conceived,
3 percent of payrolls was chosen as the proper
tax rate to finance benefits. It was felt at the time
that any program of this type if financed by lesser
rates was simply not worth having. The tax base
on which the 3-percent rate was then levied was
total wages paid in covered employment, rather
than any limited amount such as the first $3,000
earned in covered employment in any one year, the
current practice in most States.
Cost Experience
In light of this onetime resolve, it is interesting
to review the average rates at which State taxes
have actually been collected from employers to
finance unemployment insurance over the past
21 years. (See table.) Averaging the annual
employer tax rates payable under State law, and
expressing them in percent of total wages paid in
covered employment for the three 5-year periods
and for the most recent period of 6 years, the tax
burden declined during the first 5-year interval
from 2.7 to 2.4 percent for all employers and to
2 percent for all rated employers; during the
second 5-year interval, to 1.5 and 1.4 percent,
respectively; during the third 5-year interval, to
1.1 percent for all employers (by then all States
had experience rating in operation); and during
the most recent 6 years, to 0.9 percent of total
payrolls.
Adding to the 0.9 percent another 0.2 percent
of total wages to account for the employer’s
Federal unemployment tax liability, the downward
trend of the employer tax burden is nonetheless
striking. When one considers that, in additon to
employer taxes, unemployment insurance taxes
upon employees used to be levied for varying
periods of time in as many as 9 States, while
today, only 3 States levy an employee tax for
unemployment insurance purposes, surely the
total financial burden for unemployment insurance
4 9 7 0 8 0 — 59
2
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249
in this country has been kept far below earlier
expectations.
Approaching the same problem from the oppo
site end, one might put this query: How much
unemployment insurance would a tax burden
such as that contemplated at the outset buy for
us today? The answer must necessarily be in
somewhat general and approximative terms.
However, in a year like calendar year 1957 or
fiscal year 1958, or for a decade such as that just
concluded, a combined State and Federal tax
rate equivalent to 3 percent of total wages paid
in covered employment would have sufficed to
finance, on a national basis, the most far-reaching
among several proposals to liberalize unemploy
ment insurance benefits introduced in Congress,
plus dependents’ allowances conforming to the
most generous provisions currently in effect under
State law. In terms of the original allocation,
plenty of leeway appears to be left for program
development in that the average experience with
unemployment insurance for the Nation as a whole
has proved far less costly than had been
anticipated.
Value Received and Gages of Accomplishment
The lower-than-expected taxes have in most
respects purchased reduced waiting periods, sub
stantially longer duration of benefits, and the
development of family allowances in several
States. On the other side of the ledger is the
growth of a gamut of disqualification criteria.
They threaten to impair the quality of protec
tion at the same time that this protection has
been extended to many categories of workers not
formerly covered. Far more important, though,
in limiting the extent of protection has been the
decline in the insured portion of the earnings loss.
Stringent disqualification provisions keep only a
small minority of unemployed workers otherwise
qualified from getting benefits; but limitations on
the amount payable adversely affect a great many
of those who do.
The original target of the unemployment insur
ance program was to have benefits make up about
50 percent of wage loss. Statistics from the early
*Of the Division of Actuarial and Financial Services, Bureau of Employ
ment Security, TJ.S. Department of Labor.
250
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
Average employer contribution rates expressed in percent
of taxable wages and of total wages, 1938-58
Year
Number of
States with
experience
rating
Rate as percent of
taxable wages
Rate as percent of
total wages
All
States
All experi
ence rating
States
All
States
All experi
ence rating
States
1938..........................
1939................... .
1940______ _____
1941...................... .
1942..........................
5-year average____
1
1
4
17
34
2.75
2.72
2.69
2. 58
2.19
2. 59
2.74
2.09
1.39
2.18
1.82
2.04
2.69
2. 66
2. 50
2.37
1.98
2.44
2.74
2.09
1.31
2.03
1.66
1.97
1943..........................
1944.........................
1945..........................
1946........................
1947......... ................
5-year average____
40
42
45
45
50
2. 09
1.92
1.71
1.43
1.41
1. 71
1.78
1. 59
1. 56
1.07
1.40
1.48
1.86
1. 67
1.50
1.24
1.19
1.49
1. 65
1.52
1.47
1.20
1.19
1. 41
1948..................... .
1949..........................
1950.........................
1951_____________
1952.........................
5-year average____
51
51
51
51
51
1.24
1.31
1.50
1.58
1.45
1.42
1.24
1.31
1.49
1.58
1.45
1.41
1.01
1.07
1.18
1.20
1.08
1.11
1.01
1.07
1.18
1.20
1.08
1.11
1953........................ .
1954..........................
1955..........................
1956..........................
1957..........................
1958 2........................
6-year average____
51
51
»50
50
50
50
1.30
1.12
1.18
1.32
1.31
1.4
1.27
1.30
1.12
1.18
1.32
1.31
1.4
1.27
.93
.79
.81
.88
.85
.9
.86
.93
.79
.80
.88
.85
.9
.86
1 Alaska abolished experience rating effective 1955. Owing to the fall
in reserves, no reduced rate had been awarded after 1950 in Alaska and after
1949 in Rhode Island. In Rhode Island, however, experience rating has
remained in the law.
* Estimate.
years of operation show a near-attainment of this
goal. For those drawing benefits at the maxi
mum rate, the compensation ratio was about 43
percent. At present, that group of beneficiaries,
which has become an ever greater portion of all
claimants, draws benefits at a compensation ratio
averaging nearer one-third.
Taking into account the fact that wages and
salaries in 1939 were virtually free from income
tax, while at present wage and salary earners—
especially those qualifying for maximum benefits
when unemployed—pay substantial taxes on their
income, the comparability of these ratios becomes
clouded. However, the findings of several recent
surveys bring out clearly the extent to which cur
rent benefit amounts fall short of the mark—if
the wage-loss goal is defined as the capacity to
meet the nondeferrable expenses of the recipient
individual or family unit. A more realistic meas
ure of adequacy might be obtained by reference
to what the people themselves consider as the
essential minimum. In this connection, a series
of articles appeared in the New York Herald
Tribune from April 20 to May 2, 1958, which
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showed the major expense items of people of
widely different incomes in New York. Needless
to say, their expenditures on essentials such as
housing, clothing, and food were at substantially
different levels. Yet, except for the two toprunners with annual incomes far in excess of
$20,000, a 50-percent cut in gross earnings would
have left every single case with insufficient income
to meet these essentials barring changes in expense
patterns beyond any “short-term adjustment.”
This raises the real and present public policy
issue with regard to the financial and the broader
economic aspects of unemployment insurance.
The question is, what kind of, and how much
unemployment insurance do we want to finance?
Ours is an economy relying heavily on current
consumption which, in turn, is sustained in large
measure by the widespread resort to budget-plan
and other installment buying, notably of essentials
such as housing, home improvements, transporta
tion, even clothing, foods (under the various
frozen-food plans), and medical and hospital care
(through insurance and prepayment plans). In
light of this, does it make sense, on the one hand,
to speak of “market insurance” and “income
insurance,” to say nothing of the maintenance
of skills and the free choice of employment com
mensurable with past experience and qualifications
and, on the other hand, knowingly design our
unemployment insurance so as to shortchange
both the economy and a large segment of workers
in the attainment of this goal?
Issues in Method of Financing
Second in importance only to program content
and cost are the main elements of ratemaking,
tax, and reserve policies in current use in our
Federal-State unemployment insurance system.
The E q u ity o f R atem aking. With few exceptions,
only employers pay unemployment taxes, and their
rates are determined on the basis of any one of
four or five different experience-rating systems
purporting to measure individual employers’
comparative experience with the risk of unem
ployment. To assure equity between employers,
each State must have its experience-rating system
approved by the Federal Government. But
how meaningful is the concept of equity as be-
251
PROBLEMS IN UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE
tween employers when, depending on which one
of the several experience-rating methods a State
chooses, substantially different rates are likely to
ensue? These rates may differ widely as between
individual employers, groups of employers, and
industries in the same State over the same period
of time and based on exactly the same experience
with unemployment—nothing having changed
except the method of rating and the tax rates it
produces.
With the exception of Wis
consin, no conscious effort has been made in any
State to levy the revenues necessary to finance
unemployment insurance benefits in a truly
countercyclical fashion. In contrast to the sizable
countercyclical swings in benefit disbursements—
in 1958, payments under State, Federal workers',
and veterans unemployment compensation pro
grams totaled $4 billion as against the previous
year's $1.7 billion—the variations in aggregate
tax levies have not been impressive and, in some
cases, far from countercyclical. A more en
lightened method of financing should aim at sub
stantial and repeated tax reductions during a
recession, provided ample reserves are accumu
lated during periods of low unemployment.
Cyclical A spects.
Over the decade 1949-58, State
average annual cost rates have ranged from 0.5
to 3.6 percent of taxable wages. This variation
in benefit cost experience between States calls
for study. If it is to grow in the future, as seems
possible, remedial action might be indicated to
enhance the financial basis for the continued StateFederal operation of this program without jeopard
izing its continued adjustment to changing needs.
Obviously, the need for reserve accumulation and
other solvency safeguards required in a FederalState system in which each State is to be com
pletely self-financing, at least over the long run,
is bound to be greater, for any given benefit
F iscal A spects.
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schedule, than it would be if some measure of
Federal equalization or pooling were provided to
avoid excessive burdens upon individual States.
No new departure is involved here—only a further
recognition of the insurance principle which, after
all, underlies unemployment insurance as it does
other components of our social insurance fabric.
Limitations of Unemployment Insurance
Important as it is to appraise the full capacity
of a given program and to explore the ways of
deriving from it the greatest amount of good (in
terms of its objectives), a complementary task is
to probe its limitations and to guard against
undue expectations.
An important policy implication which as yet
appears to have escaped widespread notice is the
problem of rapid technological change entailing
extensive obsolescence of skills and ensuing unem
ployment of possible long duration. Detroit’s
current plight may be but an early warning of
things to come. In an age of atomic energy, we
ought to be prepared for shifts in the “industrial
arts” and in manpower allocation no less farreaching than those encountered in preceding
periods of comparable change from one basic
energy source to another.
The problems of employment and unemploy
ment which such a basic changeover is likely to
engender are of a nature and m a g n i t u d e far
different from those to which unemployment in
surance as we know it can provide an answer.
The negative proposition not to overtax our un
employment insurance system either in our ex
pectations of its performance or in its financial
burden carries with it another positive problem
for public policy debate. This is the matter of
large-scale retraining and related major tasks with
which neither unemployment insurance nor the
traditional job placement program should be
expected to cope.
252
Confronting the
Crisis in Workmen’s
Compensation
E ditor ’s N ote .— The fo llo w in g article is based on
a discussion by H e rm a n M . Som ers, Professor
o f Econom ics at H averford College, before the
W ashington sta ff o f the U .S. D epartm ent o f
L abor’s B u rea u o f E m p lo ym en t S ecu rity in
December 1958.
M ost of the attention to inadequacies of work
men’s compensation has focused in the past on
the standard issues of low benefit levels, high
costs, poor administration, and the like, reflecting
the assumption that if these conventional short
comings were corrected, the program would be in
relatively good shape. The original structure and
postulates, which have gone largely unaltered in
a rapidly changing society, have been taken for
granted. Not so well advertised, however, and
probably of greater long-range significance, is the
fact that workmen’s compensation has been
obliged to expand its original functions. The
changing social and economic environment and,
even more, the rapid advances of technology,
could not help but influence sharply the direction
and character of a program designed in and for
another era. The evidence is mounting that the
new problems are of a character which may not
be correctable within the present basic design.
There seem to be, in short, two different cate
gories of problems in workmen’s compensation.
The more familiar group which I mentioned are
at least theoretically correctable within the tra
ditional structure. The second group is more
fundamental, raising the crucial question as to
whether the original workmen’s compensation
pattern is flexible enough to meet adequately the
new problems of society. Hence, this discussion
will deal first with the second group.
Occupational or Nonoccupational Disability
A controversy has recently centered around the
problems of compensation for injuries related to
degenerative diseases and radiation. These de
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
bates are surface manifestations of what may be
the most profound issue facing the program:
whether or not it will remain feasible, let alone
justifiable, to operate social insurance on the old
assumption that a neat distinction can be made
between occupational and nonoccupational dis
ability. The standard clause underlying com
pensation laws—“arising out of and in the course
of employment”—has always induced prolific liti
gation. Eligibility on this basis is now becoming
rapidly and increasingly almost indeterminable.
Disabling heart injuries present the most con
spicuous examples of this difficulty. Medical
science offers conflicting and inconclusive testi
mony on the question of the relationship of heart
disease to work. The general weight of scientific
evidence is that relatively few heart diseases are
caused by trauma or exertion, but that trauma
or exertion may play a significant role by way of
aggravation or acceleration, or in the production
of symptoms in an employee who at the time of
the incident was already affected by some heart
disease known or unknown to him. But nobody,
including the medical profession, has any way of
ascertaining whether the trauma was or was not
causal; it just might have been.
Furthermore, the majority of jurisdictions have
accepted a definition of accident which does not
require that any unusual cause or means be in
volved, but only that there be an unexpected
result, even in a routine performance of duties.
If the strain of usual exertion causes collapse from
heart weakness, there is generally no requirement
for external violence to the body. It is still
regarded as an accident if the worker’s existing
physical structure, whatever it may be, simply
gives way. Generally speaking, an injury includes
any harmful change in the body. There is sub
stantial agreement that a preexisting condition is
often not determinable by medical examination.
The manifestations may be quite sudden.
Whether the man collapses on the job, or dies in
bed at night, offers no scientific evidence of
whether the job was or was not involved. The
strain of work, physical or psychic, on the day of
the manifestation of injury, or a week or even a
month before, may or may not be a contributing
or aggravating cause.
In these circumstances, any worker who suffers
a heart disability has an inconclusive but poten
tially collectible case under workmen’s compensa-
THE CRISIS IN WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION
tion. With an increasing incidence of degenera
tive diseases, more and more heart cases are be
coming litigious. Courts have been increasingly
liberal in their interpretation of the terms “ac
cident” and “arising out of and in the course of
employment”—as they also have been of interpre
tations of general personal damage liability. Since
there would, otherwise, be no other recourse for
relief of the injured worker and his dependents,
the actions of the courts are quite understandable ;
the principle of “insurability” is tacitly used to
meet a social problem in the flexible context of
the law.
This has resulted in accusations by employers,
insurance carriers, and bar associations of abuse
and a charge that workmen’s compensation is
being distorted into a substitute for general health
insurance for a selected group. Spokesmen for
the American Heart Association have claimed
that workmen’s compensation has become a major
deterrent to its work of rehabilitation and reem
ployment for workers with cardiac diseases and
those suspected of heart disease.
Proposals have come from many influential
quarters that heart cases be entirely removed from
workmen’s compensation coverage, as the system
appears incapable of dealing with this problem.
The consequences of such a course would be grave.
Some people do in fact suffer from cardiac injury
in work; to deprive them of all protection would
basically impair the utility of workmen’s com
pensation and, in the absence of other forms of
social insurance for such disability, would be a
severe injustice to the worker. Moreover, if
heart cases are ruled out of coverage, the case
would soon be equally strong for eliminating a
host of other, if not all, chronic disabilities from
coverage, many of which offer similar complexity
in causal determination. This would radically
contract the scope and value of the program.
The abler advocates of noncoverage are aware
that the proposal would be untenable unless some
alternative cash and medical protection were pro
vided. Dr. Richard J. Clark of the American
Heart Association said recently:
Heart and other forms of degenerative diseases, occurring
among workers, might best be legislated specifically out
of the jurisdiction of workmen’s compensation and placed
1
Workmen’s Compensation Problems (U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau
of Labor Standards, Bull. 192, 1957), pp. 126-127,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
253
under a totally separate system of insurance . . . We
would all recognize th at the practical passage of such
legislative change would probably have to be concom itant
with, or preceded by, the establishm ent of a substitutive
insurance program and th at such would need to be on a
Federal or Federal-State level.1
It is difficult, however, to envisage a disability
and medical care insurance program confined solely
to heart cases or even to general degenerative
diseases.
The expanding importance of radiation is
another illustration of the increasing difficulty
of distinguishing occupational from nonoccupational disability. Every State now has industrial
plants operating under licenses with the Atomic
Energy Commission, using radioactive material.
There are already 200,000 workers in such plants
in private industry, and the number will increase.
Radiation tolerance levels vary greatly among
persons and are wholly unpredictable in respect
to any particular individual. In fact, even general
tolerance levels are in dispute. The time period
between exposure and recognizable symptoms
varies widely and is typically long. The effects
of exposure appear to be cumulative throughout
life, whether they be from medical X-rays, cosmic
rays, contaminated agricultural products which
have been consumed, or from work exposure.
The cause which appears to bring on symptoms
may be any of these or a variety of other con
tributors. The basic mechanisms by which
radiation induces injury are not clearly known to
science. The attempt to allocate cause, or con
tributing cause, in relation to work disability is
outside the present capacities of medical science
and thus outside the capacities of the workmen’s
compensation system, which is based on the
presumption that occupational causation can be
ascertained.
These two types of cases, heart and radiation,
are only illustrations of a wide gamut of difficulties
of this character. The more that is uncovered
about the complex etiology of disease and even
causes of “accidents,” the less it appears possible
to identify causality, and the more we are de
pendent upon vague and arbitrary interpretations
and the more inequities are inflicted. The im
portant question is whether or not, in the passage
of a half century, this underlying principle of
workmen’s compensation has become obsolete,
especially in the light of the rapid development
254
and increasing acceptance of general disability
insurance.
I do not imply that there is any obvious
solution. European experience indicates that
even when a high degree of integration between
industrial injury and other social insurance has
been achieved there remains an apparent social
necessity for placing some premium payment on
occupational disability; distinctions continue to
be made. But the problem becomes relatively
simple where all disability is insured, because
there remains only a question of whether the
claimant is entitled to a few extra dollars, not all
or nothing.
Medical Care and Rehabilitation
Another basic problem illustrating the diffi
culties of the old structure in trying to meet the
expanded requirements of a new day, lies in the
medical care and rehabilitation aspects of work
men’s compensation. Gradually, medical bene
fits were added to workmen’s compensation plans
which had started almost entirely as cash pro
grams. As alternative sources of cash compen
sation multiply (through a variety of govern
mental and industrial programs), the cash role of
workmen’s compensation declines in relation to its
restorative function. The medical provisions are
now far more important than the amount expended
(34 percent of total benefits) for such purposes
might suggest. It is today generally acknowl
edged that the most important goal, without
which the program can hardly continue to be
justified, is the worker’s rehabilitation.
Yet in the field of rehabilitation, where it has
potentially its largest contribution to make,
workmen’s compensation has not only failed, but
the experts allege that the program may also have
become a major impediment to successful re
habilitation. A series of studies have shown that
the injured employee eligible for workmen’s com
pensation appears to have more difficulty obtain
ing adequate rehabilitation than other injured
persons. As has often been demonstrated, the
litigious atmosphere and cash orientation of work
men’s compensation are frequently in conflict with
the conditions conducive to rehabilitation.
The 1958 medical committee of the Interna
tional Association of Industrial Accident Boards
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
and Commissions reported a suspicion that
workmen’s compensation beneficiaries may be
receiving a poorer quality of medical care than
other patients. The committee found that vir
tually no workmen’s compensation agency under
takes systematic supervision of the quality of
medical care it authorizes. Almost universally,
the agencies assume a position that their job is
only to see that the bills are paid, despite the fact
that the American Medical Association itself has
urged that the agencies take responsibility for the
quantity and quality of medical care rendered.2
Medical care and rehabilitation are parts of the
same process. A viable rehabilitation program is
not possible without supervision of medical care,
as is provided in Canada. Right now a poor job
is being done in both fields. Is the difficulty
inherent in the present structure of the program?
Is an agency which is oriented to a cash indemnity
program likely to be suited to manage a health
program? Can a good medical care program be
purchased on the existing open market without
supervision or direction? The answers have
significant implications for other public programs
as well.
Benefits and Financing
The program also falls short in regard to needs
which may possibly be met within the present
structure. Some of these problems are shared by
unemployment insurance programs, particularly
the problem of ceilings on benefit amounts. The
benefit problem in respect to workmen’s compen
sation is more dramatic because the program is
older and there has been more time for benefit
levels to become depressed, especially in the light
of less active public interest in the program; also,
many workmen’s compensation awards are of
a long-term character, which introduces a second
dimension of benefit obsolescence.
Up to about 1939, a substantial majority of
workmen’s compensation beneficiaries could ex
pect to receive the statutory prescribed percentage
of their wage loss, that is, generally 66% percent.
Since then, the decline has been rapid. Now, the
large majority are restricted from attaining the
legal percentage by operation of ceilings, which
J Medical Relations in Workmen’s Compensation (Chicago, American
Medical Association, 1955).
255
THE CRISIS IN WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION
have virtually converted workmen’s compensation
into a flat-rate benefit system.3 The overall aver
age benefit level probably does not now exceed 30
percent of wage loss; the temporarily disabled do
better, averaging around 50 percent, but the
permanently disabled and the survivors of fatally
injured workers may average as little as 10 to 15
percent. According to a forthcoming book on
New Jersey,4 for example, a large majority of the
recipients of permanent and total disability bene
fits at present rates would receive more from public
assistance programs. The relief budget for a
worker with a wife and one child is higher than the
maximum compensation rate in New Jersey.
As long as present methods of establishing mone
tary ceilings continue, it is virtually inescapable
that benefit levels and wage levels will diverge
further. If monetary ceilings in addition to fixed
percentages are to be maintained, there is only one
way out of the downward suction—and this ap
plies to unemployment insurance as well. Some
form of automatically adjusted ceiling is required.
A legislature could specify the percentage of aver*
age wages in the State to be regarded as a proper
level for maximum benefits; thereafter an adminis
trative agency could annually establish the dollar
figure corresponding to that percentage. In Illi
nois, a somewhat different device is being dis
cussed—a minimum level expressed in similar
terms. The proposal would have the legislature
declare that any beneficiary whose percentage
benefit rights are restricted by the dollar maximum
shall in no case have his benefits reduced to a point
below a specified percentage—say 45 percent—of
his wages. While right now this would improve the
situation of large numbers of beneficiaries, the
obvious danger is that the minimum percent
age would in time have a tendency to become
the standard, resulting in a flat 45 percent for
everybody.
The obsolescence of absolute dollar limits works
with particular mischief against those injured
some years past and whose benefits were fixed by
past maximums. The New Jersey report men
tioned earlier says that even though the maximum
« See Benefit Levels in Workmen’s Compensation (in Monthly Labor Re
view, July 1958, pp. 723-730).
* M. Berkowitz and J. Chernick, Workmen’s Compensation: New Jersey’s
Experience in a National Problem (to be published by Rutgers University
Press, New Brunswick, N. J.).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
rate in that State in 1958 was $40 a week, many
permanently totally disabled persons received the
$17 maximum weekly rate which was in effect
before 1929. New York reports current payments
of $15 or less in some such cases. Under our com
pensation laws, there is no provision for recognizing
obsolescence of benefit rates initially established
for long-term beneficiaries. The familiar claim
that retrospective adjustments are not feasible
under the private insurance mechanism prevalent
in workmen’s compensation is not valid. The
present system can and does result in severe and
inequitable forms of hardship.
Experience rating is not quite as universal in
the financing of compensation as is commonly
supposed. An increasing variety of special funds,
raised either by general taxation or general assess
ments on premiums, have been developed to meet
new problems for which the experience-rating
device is unsuited. Second-injury funds are wide
spread and financed in such fashion. Assigned
risk plans could not employ experience rating. In
New York, there are special funds for reopened
cases, a fund for foreign resident claimants, and an
aggregate trust fund. Rhode Island has an
extended benefits fund. Several jurisdictions have
special funds for rehabilitation benefits. There
are many proposals to meet, through some special
fund, the heart problem discussed earlier. More
and more the system is driven into acknowledg
ment of the severe limitations of experience-rating
techniques for meeting the social purposes of
workmen’s compensation.
Commutation of Benefits
Among the original promises of workmen’s com
pensation was the assurance that benefits would
be administered without extended costly litigation
and would be paid in established weekly amounts
over the course of the disability, rather than in the
form of lump-sum awards, which are quickly
dissipated and which lend themselves to easy
mulcting. It is well known that litigation is
extensive and expanding. In large degree, this is
understandable if the system is expected to cope
with the indeterminate type of issues discussed
earlier. But even more general and rapid has
been the recent acceleration of commutation
(lump-summing) of benefits. In most States, this
256
has become the standard practice for compromising
contests when there is doubt about the legality of
the worker’s claim. Lawyers, insurance carriers,
and administrators all find advantages in the
system—which most frequently operates to the
worker’s disadvantage.
It continues to be argued, despite convincing
evidence to the contrary, that commutation is
conducive to rehabilitation. A recent investiga
tion in Michigan concluded that rehabilitation is
usually neither the motive nor the result.
If the primary objectives of workmen’s compensation
are the economic maintenance of the worker and his return
to productive work, they are not being fulfilled in practice,
particularly where lump-sum redemption settlem ents are
5
James N. Morgan and others, Highlights from a Study of Workmen’s
Compensation in Michigan (Ann Arbor, Mich., University of Michigan,
Survey Research Center, 1958), pp. 5 and 12.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
used . . . . Workers appear to have very little knowledge
of their rights . . . . M ost of those who took a lump-sum
redemption settlem ent felt that they had no choice . . . or
th at they had a choice but that a settlem ent was obviously
the better choice because they could not get along on the
weekly paym ents . . . . Those who took lump-sum settle
m ents were tw ice as likely as those who took weekly
paym ents to report dissatisfaction w ith their medical
care . . . . Only 6 percent of the workers who received
settlem ents used any of the funds for vocational rehabilita
tion purposes such as starting a business or buying a farm
or securing additional training . . . . M ost workers were
either indignant about their treatm ent or stoic about
accepting it as all they could expect . . . . Lump-sum
settlem ents have not been working out as a method of
facilitating rehabilitation.5
Extensive commutation generally signifies an
abdication of administrative responsibility; it is
in conflict with the purposes of workmen’s com
pensation. But it continues to grow apace.
The Hardening
of Antagonisms
in Labor Relations
E ditor’s N ote.— The follow ing article presents
excerpts fr o m Professor E . W ight BaJcJce’s
presidential address at the December 2 7 -2 9
meeting o f the In d u stria l R elations Research
A ssociation. N o ta tio n o f m in o r word a nd
style changes, as well as o f deletions, has been
om itted fo r ease o f reading.
T here were plenty of obstacles to productive
labor-management relations in the years right
after World War II. Most of them are still with
us. Twelve years ago, the obstacle to produc
tive working relations between union and manage
ment leadership which dwarfed all others was that
both management and labor leaders had suddenly
waked up to the fact that a basic shift was taking
place in their relative power and prestige in in
dustry and the community, and they saw every
event, big and small, affecting that shift.
With a return, at the close of the war, to rela
tively free collective bargaining and the open
pitting of strength against strength, it became
obvious that something lasting had happened in
the power structure. Labor leaders had consoli
dated their memberships through services rendered,
through organizational arrangements, through
internal political machines. They gave ample
evidence that they were aware of, and confident
in, their newly won power. Wage demands for
30 cents an hour startled not only management but
ordinary citizens accustomed to think of 10 cents
an hour as a normal bargaining demand. Manage
ment, supported by many startled middle-class
people and farmers and their political representa
tives, raised the cry, “Restore the balance!” In
this atmosphere, the Taft-Hartley Act was passed,
and in public conference and private conversa
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tions, a worried management discussed industrial
relations strategies for containing or countering
the new power of unions.
Today, the dominant pattern of struggling for
separate power by labor and management and the
countering of the other fellow’s efforts is beginning
to harden, and that is leading to a hardening of
antagonistic predispositions on both sides that
make adjustment more difficult. That hardening
is caused by (1) the particular approach the parties
have chosen to building up their power; (2) cer
tain conceptions the parties have about what
power is; (3) certain methods they have used to
accumulate it; and (4) the concentration of their
joint efforts on negative, almost to the exclu
sion of positive, objectives.
Approaches to Building Power
The first major approach to power accumulation
is to improve the organization’s own independent
resources and to use them more effectively and
efficiently. That method of developing internal
independent integration, strength, and competent
administration may present the other fellow with
problems, but such problems are expected and
considered part of the game. They do not neces
sarily lead to antagonism.
A second approach is for an organization in
achieving its purpose to try to influence the deci
sions and actions of another. This type of power
development is recognized as legitimate as long
as it does not involve something called taking un
fair advantage.
The third avenue to the acquisition of power
uses the method of weakening one’s competitor,
or limiting the things he is permitted to do.
There is still another way for an organization to
achieve power or the freedom and ability to reach
its objectives. It involves the joint effort of
opposing organizations. This last form of power
accumulation has aroused relatively little enthu
siasm and even less energetic effort from the parties
involved in the last 12 years.
All four avenues to power accumulation have
been used. But each party gets the impression
that the other is working especially hard on the
second and third approaches. That is, they see
the other organization trying to increase its own
power by acting on them, especially by using
methods which are considered coercive and there257
258
fore unfair, or by attempting to weaken them or
limit the activities permitted them. Their re
action to such attempts is short and bitter: “They
are trying to cut us down to size.” That general
conclusion sets the tone of the relationship and
colors the interpretation placed upon even many
relatively insignificant actions.
Power Connotations
The meanings that labor and management have
tended to emphasize in their ideas about power
have also contributed to a hardening of the an
tagonistic elements in their relationship. In the
first place, management and labor leaders have
been chiefly concerned with the relative aspects
of power. When that idea predominates, the
leaders of each organization look at the successful
or unsuccessful efforts of the other to develop
even internal strength as something which de
creases or increases respectively the strength of
their own organization. When power is consid
ered to be almost exclusively relative power, it is
a common sense inference that if the other fellow
gets stronger, you get weaker, and if he has less
power, you have more.
Another way in which internal independent
power of a company or union can be developed is
by getting employees or members to be more en
thusiastic and active and cooperative in the in
terests of the company or union, as the case may
be. Whether you call it developing good team
work and workmanship, as management does, or
group solidarity, as the union leaders do, you are
talking about what everyone knows is an impor
tant organizational power resource and is essential
if the organization is to function at all.
When the relative aspects of power dominate,
this legitimate process of internal integration is
looked at as a competition for loyalty, and every
other evidence of success of one leadership looked
upon by the other as a defeat of their own efforts.
In spite of conclusions, well documented by re
search, that this loyalty issue is a false one in most
circumstances and that dual loyalties are not only
possible but natural, this antagonism-generating
interpretation of the efforts of leaders to integrate
participants around their own organizational ob
jectives still persists. It persists in the minds of
labor leaders as well as of management. Note
the recurrent allegations of labor leaders that
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
management’s human relations efforts are just
another way of trying to transfer the loyalties of
workers from the union to the company. Note
the apparent verification of this suspicion by the
efforts of some managements to preserve the de
velopment and administration of benefits and
various types of bonuses as an area of unilateral
company action, and their concern about fore
stalling union organization among occupational
groups not yet organized by setting up human
relations programs for them.
The concern with relative power is legitimate
and absolutely necessary in any situation where
two organizations are trying, as they are in in
dustrial relations, to influence the actions of each
other. But when that is the only kind of power
they think of, it leads them to interpret the in
crease in internal power of the other as something
taken away from them, and that interpretation
hardens antagonisms.
Another idea about power which has a bearing
on the hardening of antagonisms is the very
natural one that power is a function of being able
to use tried and tested methods. It follows that
management and union leaders believe they are
losing power when they have to change their
methods of operation, when conditions make it
necessary for them to place less reliance on the
traditional methods they are trained in and used
to. They have gotten used to thinking of those
methods not only as right, but of the freedom to
use them as their right. Finding it difficult or
impossible to use them, they feel they have lost
power.
It is not an exaggeration to say that when col
lective bargaining first becomes a part of opera
tions of a company, managerial methods undergo
a revolution greater than would have been the
situation if the company had been nationalized.
That revolution, to define it very briefly but ade
quately, is this: Company managers become
virtually comanagers with labor leaders in limited
but expanding areas where they were formerly
solo managers—in setting a whole set of high level
and general company policies in those areas and
in the detailed execution of those policies. And
the labor-leader comanager is not accountable to
the same higher authority who holds the company
manager responsible for the results of his deci
sions and acts. Anyone who thinks that the shift
from a single-line managership to this type of
HARDENING OF ANTAGONISMS IN LABOR RELATIONS
virtual comanagership does not involve a revolu
tion in methods of organizational decisionmaking
and operations is either blind or uninformed.
The loss of power to get things done in the old
familiar ways, under old arrangements of authority
and accountability, is understandably interpreted
as the loss of power. Today, the early reaction
in the face of this revolution—“protect and
maintain managerial prerogatives”—has been
rephrased. The present position is: “preserve neces
sary managerial functions for agents of the com
pany.” The change is merely literary. The issue
is the same. And it will take more than one
generation of managers to work out the orienta
tion and methods appropriate to the situation.
And they cannot work it out alone. The union
leaders will see to that.
To the credit of American managers in general,
let it be said that, on the whole, they have stopped
talking general principles on this matter and are
acting on each case as it arises. But the under
lying strategy and mood is that of a rear-guard
action seeking to restrict the union’s encroach
ment on their freedom and discretion in managing.
And every time a new regulation of that freedom
gets into a contract, management feels it has lost
just that much power. Their perception of the
situation is that the union which demanded and
got the regulation has succeeded in their effort to
cut management’s power down to size.
The unions also face attempts to restrict their
use of traditional methods. They also look at the
failure successfully to resist these attempts as a
loss of power. But the changing situation has
called into question old methods for them as it
has for management. The traditional methods of
unions were born in an era of desperate struggle
even for recognition and the right to exist at all.
In that atmosphere, there were developed methods
of reasonable and peaceful negotiation and bar
gaining wherever these were possible. But there
were developed as well the tactics to be used when
negotiations broke down or were refused. And
since they had to count on these methods so often,
their effective use was equated with union power.
These methods include the organizational strike,
the strike to force specific demands, the sympathy
strike, the demonstration strike, mass picketing,
the boycott, both primary and secondary, on-thejob action including the slowdown and sabotage,
and some of the less savory kinds of racketeering
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
259
and coercive tactics directed both against slow
joiners and antiunion employers. Even the trade
agreement was in many cases a treaty of temporary
peace setting forth the terms imposed by the
victor on the vanquished.
To the credit of this generation of labor leaders,
let it be said they are aware that they occupy
a critical place in American society and make
decisions which greatly affect the public interest,
and that their methods will have to be appropriate
to that kind of responsibility. And they know
that this situation, as much as the managementstimulated public police power, is forcing them to
revise old and devise new methods. They know
that their growth in size and influence, the legal
status they now enjoy, the provision of public
instruments like the representation election and
unfair labor practice procedure, the necessity for
winning public approval have made it necessary
and desirable for them to take a cold and critical
look at some of these methods. In the light of
their newness to the job, they have depended to a
surprising degree on the instruments of peaceful
organization and negotiation.
But, as in the case of management, it would be
surprising if they did not fight to prevent any
curtailment of their right to use traditional
methods and assess such curtailment as a loss of
power. Unions have their own version of mana
gerial-prerogative action. They resist modifica
tion of what they claim as a right to picket, to
strike, to boycott, to enforce the use of union-made
materials, and to compel union membership by
union-shop agreements in place of the oldfashioned methods either of evangelical persuasion
or coercive pressure. And when they see the
management people they deal with supporting
legislation to restrict them in these methods which
they look upon as union prerogatives, it is at least
understandable that they consider this to be evi
dence that management would like to cut them
down to size.
In time, management will see that the path to
their power lies in developing the methods and
skills appropriate to the virtual situation of
comanagership that they face. In time, union
leaders will see that their path to power lies in
developing the methods and skills appropriate to
the virtual situation of coresponsibility they face
for keeping a delicate and complicated job- and
product-providing industry in efficient operation.
260
When that day arrives, both will wonder why they
interpreted the necessity to develop new methods
for gaining and using power as a loss of power.
But in the meantime, that interpretation and the
suspicion that the other party, in attempting to
restrict their reliance on traditional methods, is
trying to cut them down to size emphasize the
word “antagonistic” in the pattern of antagonistic
cooperation which now describes their relation
ships.
Two more ways of thinking about power have
contributed to an increase in antagonistic elements
in union-management relations. The first is the
confusion of corruption and power; the second is
the identification of union size with power. Man
agement people are not necessarily the ones who
created the confusion or invented the identification.
But enough of them have joined in the discussion
to give union leaders the impression that they
unconsciously or intentionally contribute to such
ideas and are ready to use them at the drop of a
hat, if to do so would reduce the effectiveness of
union pressures. The simple grouping of these
concepts as practically identical with each other
and the use of evidence of one to demonstrate the
existence of the others has kept the discussion of
such matters on a pretty low level where antagonis
tic emotions have a good chance to germinate.
Methods of Accumulating Power
Any use of force or violence will contribute to
the hardening of antagonisms between manage
ment and labor leaders. But two other methods—
political and legal action and the extension of
alliances—have had the same result. Political
and legal action has this effect because it throws
issues into an arena where they have to be simply
and dogmatically stated in terms that will get a
desired response from people who really do not
know what the issues are. If you want to influ
ence people in that kind of a situation, partisan
positions have to be taken and held firmly, and
once and for all. Also, they are likely to be linked
up with high sounding principles so that unwilling
ness to desert those principles becomes a matter of
honor.
Unlike power relations on the collective bargain
ing front which may eventually move away from
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
their present hardening antagonistic pattern be
cause dealings with parties at the bargaining table
are immediate and direct and the ideas and
methods used are subject to immediate testing
and correction, the antagonistic relations develop
ed between opponents in the attempt to obtain
legal immunities and impose legal restrictions of a
general sort do not have a chance to get resolved
by the give and take of face-to-face negotiation
and other kinds of practical dealings with one
another. To the degree that the struggle for in
creasing one’s power position and cutting the
other’s power position down to size takes place in
the area of legislative, administrative agency, and
court determination instead of in the area of collec
tive bargaining, we may expect a continued hard
ening of the antagonisms. Don’t misunderstand
this as a case against political action. But is there
any doubt that the campaign for right-to-work
laws, for example, has created more lasting hard
ened antagonisms than the whole series of attempts
to get the union shop and to avoid it through
collective bargaining?
Another method by which both parties have
attempted to increase their power is to widen
their alliances in order to gain advantages in
dealing with each other. This does not necessarily
mean that multiple-company bargaining has
shown any marked increase except perhaps on the
West Coast. But the lending of formal and
informal strike aid, the informal agreements to
stick together, the mapping of common strategy
and policy in negotiations do seem to be on the
increase. This has, of course, long been a union
approach—increasing unit power by making
alliances for mutual aid and support and action.
Now management appears to be stepping up such
an approach, for instance in air transport, trucking,
shipping, newspapers, and possibly in autos and
in steel. These alliances are normally intended
to support a party in antagonistic relations.
The broadening out of alliances leads to the
hardening of whatever pattern of relationship
exists if for no other reason than that the larger
the number of units involved, the greater the need
to stabilize the kinds of strategies and tactics to
be used and the philosophies that legitimize the
actions. People and organizations engaged in
joint supportive action must know what to expect
HARDENING OF ANTAGONISMS IN LABOR RELATIONS
from each other and that makes adjustments in
methods and principles less likely.
The Negative Emphasis
The final factor which has tended to harden
some of the antagonistic elements in the relation
ship between management and labor is one which
will be with us to the end. The contacts which
leaders in both groups have with each other tend
inevitably to focus on points of disagreement
between them. Such disagreements can be re
duced or compromised but not removed. Nega
tive and antagonistic reactions and feelings are
likely to be sharpened up with practice in that
kind of situation.
Conclusion
Antagonistic cooperation has pushed toward the
antagonistic end of the scale. The consequence,
however, is not the degree of antagonism, but the
hardening of those antagonisms in a way that
makes adjustive and adaptive cooperation more
difficult in the face of a dynamic changing economy
that will challenge all the capacity for adjustment
and cooperation both management and labor can
muster. Antagonistic cooperation will continue
to swing back and forth between the poles of
antagonism and cooperation, but management
and union leaders are locked together in a joint
enterprise in which neither can do without the
other. Too much antagonism is self-defeating.
A hardening of antagonisms is crippling to adap
tive effort. But too much cooperation, at least
some kinds of cooperation, is also self-defeating.
It is not to the benefit of the members of unions if
management cooperates by rolling over and not
doing its best to watch its costs, maintain sys
tematic and orderly organization and the right to
make necessary decisions, and to allocate the
proceeds of production to the continued improve
ment of the instruments of production, including
both men and machines. And it is not to the
benefit of management if union leaders become
so much a cooperative arm of management that
they lose their power to present forcefully and
effectively the needs and demands of workers for
an increasing standard of living and an increasing
voice in making the rules and controlling the
conditions under which they work and live.
If each does that job well, he is cooperating
with the other party, whether that party gives
him credit for it or not.
Erratum
In the article Paid Holidays in Major Contracts, 1958, which appeared
in the January 1959 issue of the Monthly Labor Review (pp. 26-32), an
error in the interpretation of the rather complicated language of a rubber
industry agreement changes the totals and individual entries on four of the
five tables which were presented. The contract in question, covering 30,000
workers, was presented in table 3 as providing “7 full days plus 1 or more half
days” ; instead, this entry should be included with the agreements of that
industry providing for “7 full days” only. The error will also affect certain
totals and individual entries in tables 2, 4, and 5 in this study.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
261
Summaries of Studies and Reports
Causes of Dependency Among Public
Assistance Recipients in New York
E ditor’s N ote.— The article w hich fo llo w s w as
excerpted fr o m a r e p o r t 1o f a stu d y conducted by
the N e w Y o rk State Interdepartm ental Com
m ittee on L ow In co m es , i n cooperation w ith the
N e w Y o rk Stole D epartm ent o f Social W elfare
a n d w ith the assistance o f local welfare depart
m ents throughout the State. I n the interest of
readability , neither the p o in ts at w hich m aterial
has been om itted nor m in o r changes in w ording
have been indicated.
and families become dependent
when their economic resources fall below a level
required to meet basic needs and when, for one
reason or another, earning power is impaired.
Although the great majority of public assistance
recipients in New York State are not gainfully
employed, about two-thirds of the persons (in
early 1957) receiving public assistance possess
potentials for eventual self-support: children,
some of those presently but not permanently
disabled, some of those now kept at home because
of family responsibilities, and those who are
members of the labor force. However, the period
of probable dependency ranges from a relatively
short to a relatively long period of time. This
portion of the study is an effort to pinpoint
the major causes and reasons for dependency
under all five public assistance programs 2 in New
York in early 1957. To facilitate analysis,
recipients of public assistance are classified as
family cases and one-person cases.
I ndividuals
Family Cases
A i d to D ependent C hildren (A D C ) R ecipients.
In
early 1957, over 219,000 persons were receiving
ADC in New York State. The ADC program
primarily served children from broken homes in
which the mother is the family head. In early
262
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1957, 20 percent of the children had incapacitated
fathers living at home, 7 percent had institutional
ized fathers, and nearly 75 percent were in broken
homes. Of the adults in ADC households, 90
percent were not working and were not available
for employment. Husbands, when present, were
ill or disabled, and in the great majority of cases,
the mother was needed at home; 77 percent of
ADC children were less than 12 years of age and
40 percent were under 6 years of age.
In view of these facts, it may seem somewhat
surprising that one-third of the ADC households
had received assistance for a total period of less
than 2 years and 57 percent had received relief
continuously for less than 2 years. These house
holds which require assistance for relatively short
periods are mainly those in which the family group
is together but the father is temporarily disabled,
or, in the case of broken homes, the children are
old enough not to require the mother’s constant
supervision and she is able to obtain employment.
The latter cases are those which most frequently
encounter recurring periods of need because the
mother must remain at home if a child becomes ill.
It is evident from an examination of ADC case
records that these families, like many other
families with young children, have not built up
any appreciable amount of savings. And, for
the most part, they do not have relatives able
to take care of them. Departure of the chief
wage earner from the home or his incapacity
produces a loss of income which is catastrophic
for these families.
The tabulation on the following page enumer
ates, by status of parents, the major reasons for
lack or loss of family income.
1 Eleanor M. Snyder, Public Assistance Recipients in New York State,
January-February 1957—A Study of the Causes of Dependency During a
Period of High-Level Employment (New York, State Interdepartmental
Committee on Low Incomes, October 1958), ch. III.
2 Public assistance includes five programs dealing with separate categories
of need: Old Age Assistance (OAA), Aid to Dependent Children (ADC),
Aid to the Disabled (AD), and Assistance to the Blind (AB), all of which
receive Federal support, and Home Relief (HR), supported by State and
local funds for families and individuals not eligible for federally aided pro
grams.
PUBLIC ASSISTANCE R EC IPIENTS IN NEW YORK
N ew York N ew York
State
City
Number of A DC children_____ 159, 509 119, 916
Percent: All children____ ____
100. 0
100. 0
B oth parents living______ ____
Parents incapacitated____
Father incapacitated____
M other incapacitated____
Father in in stitu tio n -_ __
M other in institution____
Parents divorced or legallyseparated_______ ____
Parents deserted. _ .
Father deserted. _____ __
M other deserted_____ _
One or both parents ab
sent, o t h e r ___ _____ __
Father living, mother dead___
M other living, father dead___
B oth parents dead _ _ _ _ _
Upstate
39, 593
100. 0
92.
.
20.
1.
6.
.
3
7
0
8
8
2
92.
.
17.
1.
6.
.
9
7
8
9
8
1
90.
.
26.
1.
6.
.
5
7
2
6
8
4
4.
.
39.
.
3
4
3
2
3.
.
45.
.
7
4
1
1
6.
.
22.
.
1
3
8
6
18.
1.
6.
.
6
1
4
2
16.
0.
6.
.
3
8
2
1
25.
2.
7.
.
0
0
0
5
Desertion of fathers was an important cause of
dependency, especially in New York City. Nearly
one-half of the ADC children in New York City
and about one-fourth of the upstate children had
been deserted by their fathers. Incapacity or
institutionalization of the father accounted for the
dependency status of 25 percent of the New York
City children and 33 percent of those upstate.
The fathers of 6.2 percent of the New York City
children and 7 percent of the upstate children
were dead.
It is also possible to examine the cause of depend
ence among ADC families by reviewing the major
reason why the last application for assistance was
granted, as indicated in the following tabulation:
Percent
of A D C
cases 1
All reasons_______________________________________ 100. 0
Incom e loss due to:
D eath or departure of fam ily member from
home 2_____________________________________
41.7
Loss of em ploym ent or decreased earnings in
cluding illness or accident_________________
26. 2
Loss of relative’s support____________________
8. 2
Exhaustion of savings or other resources__________
6. 3
Increase in needs_________________________________
6. 6
All other reasons__________________________________
11.0
1 Excludes 13 percent of the cases, which were transferred from other public
assistance programs.
2 Death of family member, 2.1 percent of all cases; family member refers, in
most cases, to the father, u . turtU ftM i
;'
t
Excluding transfers from other programs, the
immediate cause of dependency was loss of the
chief earner. But the fact that 41.7 percent of
the ADC cases suffered an income loss because of
the departure of an earner from the home tells an
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
263
incomplete story. Some of the fathers not sup
porting their families may never have lived in the
family group. While it is impossible to obtain
an exact statistical classification of ADC families
according to the basic, underlying causes of their
dependency, the most significant causes can be
isolated and evaluated. Absence of the father for
whatever reason, and lack of his financial support
accounts for the dependency of three-fourths of
all ADC children. Weakness of family ties is one
reason why the father is absent and why he does
not support the family. Thirty-five percent of
all ADC children were born out of wedlock, and
25 percent of the parents were unmarried (al
though all out-of-wedlock children were not born
to unmarried mothers).
In New York State, about one-fourth of the
fathers of ADC children are chronically or acutely
ill or disabled. Those who are included in the
ADC grant have a less severe health condition
than individuals receiving aid to the disabled, but
sufficiently serious to limit their earning capacity.
The less fortunate may have reached a stage where
no improvement is expected or a decline in health
status appears inevitable. These form part of
the hard-core of public assistance recipients and
probably will require long-term aid. It may be
possible, nevertheless, through care and treatment
to increase their capacity for self-care, lessening
the burden borne by other family members and
enabling the spouse to seek outside employment.
Of all ADC adult recipients in the State who were
not employed, only 4 percent had a temporary
condition of ill health, and 7 percent were phys
ically or mentally disabled. In families contain
ing both husband and wife, however, 16 percent
of the spouses (mostly husbands) were tem
porarily incapacitated, and 40 percent had physi
cal or mental disabilities.
It is well known that there is a direct association
between low income and lack of education, al
though it is difficult to attach labels of cause and
effect. In any case, the survey shows that only
13 percent of all ADC recipient (family) heads
had completed high school. Of the women under
50 years, 40 percent of the ADC heads, compared
with less than 10 percent of all women in the
State, did not complete elementary school.
F am ilies Receiving H om e R e lie f ( H R ) . Over
48,000 needy children in New York State, not
264
eligible for the aid to dependent children program,
received home relief. Because of existing varia
tions in eligibility requirements of the two pro
grams, family backgrounds and cause of depend
ency are quite different for HR and ADC chil
dren. Both parents are present in 86 percent of
the households containing HR children, contrasted
with 17 percent of the households with ADC
children. In the great majority of cases, the HR
grant includes both parents when both are living
at home, but nearly one-half of the ADC fathers
who are at home are not ADC recipients. These
fathers receive aid under AD or one of the other
public assistance programs.
ADC children, as indicated earlier, are depend
ent upon public support chiefly because of the
absence or incapacity of the father and because
there are no other wage earners in the family
group. These causes of dependency do not apply
to the majority of HR children, since both par
ents are usually present in HR cases, and their
employment potentials are much larger.
Unlike ADC families, families receiving home
relief are dependent primarily because, for one
reason or another, the family head is not at work.
Even in a period of full employment such as
existed diming the first quarter of 1957, unemploy
ment of the head of the family was a major cause
of dependency among HR families. In the State,
although 83 percent of the family heads were
members of the labor force, 51 percent were un
employed. (Unemployment as a cause of depend
ency becomes even more important, of course,
during recession periods when layoffs and dismis
sals are increasing.)
The leading importance of unemployment and
underemployment as a cause of dependency of
HR children and their parents is also indicated
by an examination of the chief reason why the
family became eligible for assistance. Excluding
cases merely transferred to home relief from
another assistance program, over half of the
remaining cases were last opened because of lay
offs, dismissals, or reduction in working hours, as
is shown in the following tabulation:3
* A supplementary review of H R cases, undertaken after the survey, indi
cates that some adults had become eligible for AD or ADC status since
the last review period and hence would be transferred to these programs.
The survey data also show that nearly one-fifth of the family heads who were
not working or looking for work were disabled or ill.
4 These figures are based on all H R cases (family and one-person cases).
Separate data are not available for H R families.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
Percent of H R
fam ily cases
All reasons_________________________________
100. 0
Loss of em ploym ent or decreased earnings
due to:
Layoff, dismissal, reduction in hours------Illness or accident________________________
Other causes_____________________________
Increase in fam ily needs____________________
Exhaustion of savings or other resources------All other reasons___________________________
72. 4
56. 7
10. 3
5. 4
4. 6
5. 4
17. 6
It is estimated that in New York State about
five out of every seven workers are covered by
the unemployment insurance program which pro
vides benefits for a maximum of 26 weeks. How
ever, a significant proportion of HR recipients
who had held jobs but were laid off or dismissed
apparently held jobs in the few fields of employ
ment still not covered by unemployment insurance.
(Of 7,900 HR adults who were laid off or dismissed
from work, 48 percent were not entitled to bene
fits, 15 percent were receiving benefits which,
however, were not adequate to support the fam
ily, and 12 percent had exhausted benefits.) The
remainder, 25 percent, had applied for benefits
but had not yet received them.4
During periods of full employment, one might
expect that average spells of unemployment
would be relatively short and that only a small
proportion of unemployed workers and their fam
ilies would require public assistance. And, com
pared with most other public assistance families,
HR families do normally require help for rela
tively short periods of time. Fifty-nine percent
of the HR families had received home relief, under
the current case, for less than 6 months, con
trasted to 24 percent of the ADC cases. Because
more of the heads of upstate families were sea
sonal workers, a larger proportion of these families
required assistance for only a limited period—69
percent were on relief for less than 6 months
compared with 49 percent of the HR families in
New York City.
Although unemployment of the family head is
the predominating immediate cause of dependency
among HR families, the underlying causes of their
low income status are a complex set of factors—
poor health, mental and physical handicaps,
limited education and work skills, and low earning
capacity in relation to size of family. Many HR
families are in the low-income group even when
the chief earner is employed. They are unable
PUBLIO ASSISTANCE REC IPIENTS IN NEW YORK
265
to build up a bulwark of savings and hence lose
their self-supporting status very quickly when
family earnings are reduced. Many of the fathers
are employed in low-wage industries and are
marginal workers with recurring periods of unem
ployment. As a result, there is intermittent need
for public assistance whenever seasonal layoffs,
dismissals, illness, etc., reduce earnings. While
only 3 out of 100 cases received assistance under
the current case for 3 years or more, 30 out of
100 had a total public assistance history of this
duration.
In 13 percent of the HR families, dependence is
due to the fact that the father, although working
full time, does not earn enough to support his
family. HR families are larger than average;
over 50 percent are families of six or more persons.
Throughout the State, 59 percent of the heads
of all home relief family cases are of Puerto Rican
or Negro extraction. These families mostly were
low-income people before they migrated to New
York seeking to improve their economic position.
Their difficulties in obtaining stable employment,
higher paid jobs, adequate living arrangements,
and in adjusting to new cultural patterns make
them especially vulnerable to economic setbacks
and, like other low-income groups, their economic
security is quite limited. As their problems are
overcome, these families will be better equipped
to maintain a permanently self-sustaining status.
It should be emphasized, however, that the recent
immigrants are not on the relief rolls. Among
all HR cases in the State (family and one-person
cases), under 3 percent have lived in the State
less than 1 year.
Limited education is another characteristic of
the heads of HR cases. In today’s society, a high
school education is considered a minimum, but
only 8 percent of the HR heads have had this
much schooling. By contrast, 47 percent of all
men in the State between the ages of 20 and 65
years completed high school. Fifty-five percent
of all HR recipient heads did not complete ele
mentary school, compared with 14 percent of all
men in these age groups.
one-person than family cases—about 154,000 oneperson cases compared with 68,000 family cases.
Most of the one-person cases were too old or too
disabled to work; 62 percent received Old Age
Assistance (OAA) and 26 percent, Aid to the
Disabled (AD).
These adults comprise a group requiring public
assistance for relatively long periods of time.
They are very aged, mentally or physically
disabled, or possess chronic health problems which
are disabling but do not require hospitalization.
They have required public assistance for longer
periods of time than the family relief cases and
the probabilities are small that any significant
proportion of them can become self-supporting.
Nearly 6 out of every 10 one-person cases have
received public assistance for a total (but not
necessarily consecutive) period of 5 years or more;
two-thirds of the OAA and Aid to the Blind (AB)
recipients were on relief rolls for this length of
time; however, the one-person HR cases receive
assistance for shorter periods of time.
Among the four pro
grams, OAA and AB recipients tend to have a
longer public assistance history partly because they
are older than AD and HR cases. While assis
tance to the blind is available to all age groups,
it is clear that blindness is associated with age;
75 percent of all AB cases in the State are aged
50 years or over, and over 40 percent are 65 years
or older. Similarly, the old-age assistance pro
gram is serving a group well beyond the minimum
age requirement of 65 years—one-third are at
least 80 years old and 14 percent are 85 years or
older—and 58 percent of the OAA recipients
contrasted with 29 percent of all aged persons in
the State are at least 75 years old.
Of the four programs which grant assistance
to one-person cases (HR, OAA, AD, and AB), all
except OAA provide for persons under 65 years
of age. Nevertheless, only 2 percent of the oneperson cases are under 30 years, and 11 percent
are between 30 and 50 years.
Predom inance o f the Aged.
Women are more apt to become
dependent than men. They represent 65 percent
of one-person HR cases, 63 percent of OAA, 55
percent of AD, and 49 percent of AB recipients.
The higher dependency rate among women is
due to a variety of factors. Women tend to live
Sex Factors.
One-Person Cases
One-person cases comprise one-third of all
public assistance recipients. Counted by num
ber of cases, however, there are substantially more
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266
longer—36 percent of women OAA recipients and
26 percent of the male recipients are aged 80 years
or more. The absence of the husband for what
ever reason (primarily death) is a direct cause of
dependency among women recipients.
Many women who have outlived their husbands
are left with inadequate personal savings, and
either are not eligible for Federal social security
benefits because their husbands had not worked
in covered employment, or the benefits received
are too low to provide for self-support. Further
more, relatively few were covered by the Federal
program through their own employment record.
R ehabilitation P otentials. Old age is often accom
panied by other disabling conditions. Fifty-seven
percent of all OAA recipients are also chronically
ill but not hospitalized and 6 percent are hos
pitalized or acutely ill. The combination of
extreme old age and other infirmities of these
recipients undoubtedly means that most of them
will never return to a level of self-support. This
is probably true also among the older recipients of
assistance to the blind and aid to the disabled.
Nevertheless, experience shows that some rehabil
itation is possible.
Rehabilitation potentials among disabled per
sons are greatest, of course, if treatment is started
as soon as possible after the disablement occurs.
In 1957, about 60 percent of the AD cases, how
ever, had been disabled for at least 5 years.
Moreover, 44 percent of the cases opened for AD
came to this program by transfer from ADC or
HR when their disability had increased to a point
where they were classified as permanently and
totally disabled. Rehabilitation p o s s ib ilitie s
among AD cases are further limited by the status
of the disability of many recipients; 75 percent of
the AD cases in the State are cases whose dis
ability has been classified by a medical review
team as not subject to substantial improvement.
Nevertheless, the remaining group represents a
potential rehabilitation group of 8,000 persons.
Restoration of one-person HR recipients to a
level of self-support apparently also would involve
some rehabilitation treatment. About 50 percent
of all those not working were suffering from chronic
or temporary illness or were temporarily or
permanently incapacitated owing to an accident,
mental illness or defect, a physical handicap, or
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
age. These reasons for not working, however,
accounted for 65 percent of the HR adults who
had no labor market attachment.
Not all of the one-person HR adults are cur
rently unemployable. As a matter of fact, about
one-third are members of the labor force. Most of
those who were members of the labor force were
unemployed and looking for work, but about 5
percent of all one-person HR recipients had em
ployment which provided earnings too low for
self-support. These persons were financially re
sponsible for other members of the household who
receive other forms of public assistance, and their
earnings were shared with the family group.
If transfer cases are ex
cluded, over 60,000 persons, or nearly 30 percent
of the remaining cases, became eligible for public
assistance because of a cutback in hours of
employment, layoff or dismissal, or they stopped
working because of an illness or accident. The
size of the groups whose cases were opened for
these reasons ranges from 18 percent of the OAA
cases to 51 percent of the HR cases. Loss of
employment due to incapacity (illness or accident)
as an immediate cause of dependency is of greatest
importance among AD cases (45 percent) and
HR cases (30 percent); it is of lesser significance
among AB recipients because fewer of this group
have had any work experience.
These figures, however, do not give a complete
picture of all recipients who are unemployable as
a result of an illness or accident. A disablement
may have occurred in the past, and for a time the
individual got along without wage or salary
income only because he had accumulated savings
or was being supported by other persons. More
than two-fifths of all one-person recipients were
accepted for public assistance primarily because
they had exhausted their savings or contributions
previously received from other persons had
ceased. These individuals, therefore, had not
been employed immediately prior to their applica
tion for public relief, but a portion had been
members of the labor force at some time in the
past. Thus, the basic (as contrasted to the
immediate) reason for their dependency is that,
for one reason or another, they had become
unemployable, or else the person or persons sup
porting them no longer could do so because of
death, incapacity, etc.
L oss o f E m p lo ym en t.
EXPERIEN CE OF U I CLAIMANTS EXH AUSTING B EN E FITS
Experience of UI Claimants
Exhausting Their Benefit Rights
S tudies
of
the
labor
market
experience
of unemployment insurance claimants who had
exhausted their benefit rights were conducted in
17 States during 1954-56 to provide a basis for
assessing the adequacy of the duration provisions
of the State UI laws. The studies, summarized
in a recent report of the Bureau of Employment
Security,1 provided the answers to several im
portant questions: Who are the exhaustees?
What happens to them after they receive their
last unemployment benefit check? Are their
characteristics different from those of other
claimants? How do their characteristics affect
their labor market experience?
Background and Methodology
The number of exhaustees, their characteristics,
and their post-exhaustion employment experience
at any given time reflect the condition of the labor
market—that is, the relative availability of job
opportunities—and the duration provisions of
State unemployment insurance laws. During
the period covered by the surveys, the maximum
duration of benefits ranged from 16 to 26 weeks
in 12 of the States where duration varied; the
minimum duration in these States was 4 + to 18
weeks. In the other five States, where all claim
ants were entitled to the same number of weeks,
duration ranged from 22 weeks in Tennessee to
26 in New York and North Carolina. Except
for New York and Rhode Island,2 the 17 studies
were concerned with claimants who exhausted
their benefits at some time during the years 1955
and 1956—years of high-level employment and
vigorous economic activity for the Nation as a
whole. In a contrasting economic period, the
study findings probably would be different.
In general, the 17 surveys were based upon
methodology developed by the Bureau of Em
ployment Security,3 with modifications within a
particular State where necessary. All State
employment security agencies used mail question
naires and, in most cases, they were the chief
means of obtaining information from the ex
haustees samples. Most agencies mailed one
questionnaire 2 months after a claimant had
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
267
exhausted benefits and a second questionnaire 4
months after exhaustion. The size of the samples
varied from 3 percent to 100 percent of all exhaust
ees during the period studied, depending upon
the size of the State and total number of exhaust
ees. In most studies, data were obtained covering
between 70 and 80 percent of the sample surveyed.
Labor Market Status After Exhaustion
The survey findings tend to refute the conten
tion that most claimants either manage to find a
job or withdraw from the labor market soon after
receiving their last benefit. In all but 1 of the
13 States reporting on labor market status 2
months after exhaustion, more exhaustees were
unemployed than employed. The proportions
employed ranged between 26 and 45 percent.
Relatively few had withdrawn from the labor
market. In 9 of the 13 States, over half of the
exhaustees were unemployed, and few of these
had had any employment lasting a week or more
at any time during the 2 months. Four months
after exhaustion of their benefit rights, more
than 80 percent of the exhaustees remained in
the labor market in all but 2 States of the 16
reporting at that time and more were employed
than unemployed in 9 States, and almost as
many in 2 States. (See chart.) In most of
these States, large majorities of the unemployed
exhaustees had had no interim employment
during the 4-month period following exhaustion.
Sickness, retirement, and “keeping house” ac
counted for most of the withdrawals from the labor
force by claimants who had exhausted their unem
ployment insurance benefit rights in the 15 States
whose surveys yielded information on the reasons
for such withdrawal. However, there were large
proportions of exhaustees in the undefined category
“other reasons” in a number of States. The heavy
concentration of women in the “withdrawn” group,
particularly the younger single women or young
1
The report, of which this article is a condensation, is: Experience of
Claimants Exhausting Benefit Rights Under Unemployment Insurance, 17
Selected States, Bureau of Employment Security Report No. U-178, Decem
ber 1958. Following are the jurisdictions covered by the report: Arizona,
District of Columbia, Florida, Idaho, Indiana, Maine, Minnesota, Nebraska,
New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Utah,
Washington, and West Virginia; of these, all except Maine and Tennessee
had published separate surveys by December 1958.
a The New York sampling period was from January 1954 to June 1955; the
Rhode Island survey covered January through December 1954.
a See Guide for the Conduct of Post-Exhaustion Studies (Washington,
Bureau of Employment Security, 1955).
268
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
married women with small children, helps to ex
plain the fact that “keeping house” was given as a
reason for withdrawing by from 17 to 42 percent
of the exhaustees in the several States. Similarly,
large proportions (17 to 45 percent) of exhaustees
who left the labor market did so because of sick
ness. Sickness and “keeping house” accounted
for well over half of the withdrawals in all but two
States. The proportion that gave retirement as a
reason for withdrawal varied greatly among the
reporting States—from 6 to 42 percent. It should
be kept in mind that the group of exhaustees who
withdrew from the labor market was relatively
small in all States, thereby diminishing the
significance of the actual numbers involved.
Characteristics of the Exhaustees
In most States, men comprised the majority of
exhaustees. Only in States where, because of the
industrial pattern, women made up a high propor
tion of the regular labor force, were there very
large proportions of women among exhaustees. In
six of the States, more than half the exhaustees
were women, compared with 42 percent of ex
haustees and 36 percent of all claimants for the
Nation in 1956. All but one of the seven States
which compared the characteristics of exhaustees
with those of all claimants reported that women
were proportionately more numerous among ex
haustees—in some cases, very much so.
In each of the 17 States, persons 45 years of age
or older comprised at least one-third of all ex
haustees, and they comprised at least one-half in
10 of the 17 States. (See table.) Except in 2
States, more than a half of the men exhaustees
were 45 years of age or over; in 10 States, the pro
portion exceeded 60 percent. By contrast, in only
two States were as many as half of the women ex
haustees in this age group. Comparisons made
in six States between claimants and exhaustees
showed that claimants as a group tended to be
somewhat younger. This conforms with data for
the Nation as a whole, indicating that 42 percent
Percentage Distribution of Exhaustees by Labor Market Status, 1 7 Selected States
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E X PERIEN CE OF U I CLAIMANTS EXH AUSTING BEN E FITS
Percentage distribution of exhaustees in 17 States, by
sex and age, selected periods, 1954-56
Percent bysex
Jurisdiction
Arizona_______ ______
District of Columbia_____
Florida _______________
Idaho__________________
Indiana________________
Maine____________ _____
Minnesota_______ _____
Nebraska___ ___________
New Y o rk ............... ..........
North Carolina...................
Oregon________________
Rhode Island___________
Tennessee______ ____ . . .
Texas_______ ________
U tah_________________
Washington ___________
West Virginia___________
Total
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Men
63.1
55.2
38.3
62.3
57.0
34.8
54.5
55.2
56.3
35.4
46.4
35.7
55.8
55.5
47.7
58.4
72.2
Percent by age i
Wom Under 25 to 44 45 years
en
25 years years
and
over
36.9
44.8
61.7
37.7
43.0
65.2
45.5
44.8
43.7
64.6
53.6
64.3
44.2
44.5
52.3
41.6
27.8
6.9
5.8
6.4
6.8
16.5
4.2
8.9
12.8
7.5
8.0
6.7
10.2
18.4
7.8
13.0
5.3
20.4
37.2
38.6
42.7
33.4
41.9
33.8
37.2
38.8
37.5
48.5
40.8
42.5
44.8
45.1
35.1
31.9
46.4
55.9
55.6
50.9
59.8
41.6
62.0
53.9
48.4
55.0
43.4
52.5
47.2
36.8
47.1
51.9
62.8
33.1
1 Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100.
of all exhaustees were 45 years old or over, as
compared with 38 percent of all claimants.
By industry of their last employment, the largest
proportions of exhaustees—except for Arizona and
the District of Columbia—had last worked in
manufacturing. In 11 States, these proportions
ranged from 39 percent to as high as 83 percent.
This pattern was most pronounced in Maine,
North Carolina, and Rhode Island, where fourfifths or more of the exhaustees were last employed
in manufacturing. About 65 percent of the ex
haustees in these three States were women—a
larger proportion than existed in any of the other
States.4 The proportions of exhaustees whose last
employment was in wholesale and retail trade and
in construction were also substantial in most of
the 17 States.
Proportions of exhaustees in the 15 State
surveys in which data by occupation were reported
were generally highest in the semiskilled and
unskilled categories. This reflects also the con
centration of exhaustees in manufacturing where
these occupational categories occur most fre
quently. For example, in the three States in
which the proportions of exhaustees from manu
facturing were highest (80 percent or more),
4 Industries in these States normally employ large proportions of women—
e.g., costume jewelry and textile manufacturing industries.
8
Base-period earnings are the wages which an unemployment insurance
claimant must have earned in covered employment during a 12-month period
prior to his filing for unemployment insurance in order to qualify for benefits.
The method of determining the base period varies for different States. In
States in which the duration of benefit payments is variable, a claimant’s
base-period earnings or his amount of employment in the base period de
termines the number of weeks of benefits which he may receive in his benefit
year.
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269
those who had last worked in either a semiskilled
or unskilled occupation were also the most
numerous—82 percent in North Carolina, 71 per
cent in Maine, and 66 percent in Rhode Island.
In nearly all States, the unskilled outnumbered
the semiskilled.
Comparisons of the industry and occupation
of claimants and exhaustees, made in some States,
revealed few major differences between the two
groups. Manufacturing had about the same
importance for claimants as for exhaustees. There
did tend to be a somewhat larger porportion of
claimants from the construction industry than
was the case for exhaustees, while the reverse
was true of wholesale and retail trade. Exhaustees
as a group generally were less skilled than claim
ants. Larger proportions of exhaustees had last
worked in clerical, sales, and service jobs than
was the case among all claimants.
Although in 10 of the 17 States, three-tenths
or more of the exhaustees qualified for the maxi
mum weekly benefit amount, the base-period
earnings 5 of exhaustees were low, on the whole.
Over two-thirds had less than $2,000 in 12 of the
17 States; in 9, over one-third had less than
$1,000. Nine of the 17 States compared all
claimants and exhaustees by their base-period
earnings, and most of them found that the earn
ings of claimants tended to be distinctly higher.
Men exhaustees generally had much higher baseperiod earnings than women.
Twelve of the surveys included some informa
tion on the number of weeks during which ex
haustees received unemployment insurance during
the benefit year. In 2 of these 12 States, Maine
and West Virginia, benefits were of uniform
duration (23 and 24 weeks, respectively). Of the
10 States with variable duration, 6 had a maxi
mum of 26 weeks, 2 provided for a maximum
of 20 weeks, 1 had a maximum of 24 weeks,
and the tenth had a maximum of 16 weeks. In
the two States with uniform duration, about
nine-tenths of the exhaustees received 21 or more
weeks of benefits. Among the six variable dura
tion States with a maximum of 26 weeks, 21-26
weeks of benefits were paid to about two-fifths
of the exhaustees in three States, to about threefifths in two States, and to less than one-fifth in
the sixth State. In three of the nine States with
variable duration, the proportions who received
benefits for less than 13 weeks were high—Idaho,
270
40 percent; Indiana, roughly 50 percent; and
Texas, nearly 60 percent. In Indiana and Texas,
the proportions of exhaustees who had drawn
benefits for less than 9 weeks were over 30
percent in each instance.
Experience-Characteristics Correlation
Men exhaustees generally appeared to be more
successful than the women at finding employment
after exhausting their benefits. But, in those
States where women made up the larger part of
the exhaustee group, this tendency was not
decidedly so and the reverse was true in two
States 4 months after exhaustion of benefits.
This situation possibly reflects the concentration
in those States which employ large numbers of
women, thus affording better job opportunities
for women exhaustees than existed in other States.
The State data also revealed the greater tendency
for women to withdraw from the labor market,
although in no case did the proportion who
withdrew amount to as much as 30 percent of all
women exhaustees, even 4 months after exhaustion.
The proportions of older exhaustees (age 45 and
over) who were employed 2 months after exhaus
tion were consistently less than the proportions in
the younger age groups (under 25 years and 25 to
44 years). This difference tended to widen 4
months after exhaustion, even though more
exhaustees in all age groups were employed at this
point. In most States, greater proportions in the
age 45 and over group withdrew from the labor
market than was the case for younger exhaustees.
Those in the middle age group (25 to 44 years of
age) had the least tendency to withdraw. After
4 months, the percentages of exhaustees in 16
States who had left the labor market ranged from
10.5 to 34.2 among those under 25, from 7.1 to
20 among those 25 to 44, and from 11.6 to 47.4
among the 45 and over group. Reasons for
withdrawal given by those in the youngest age
group included return to school and, for the
women, marriage or the need to care for small
children.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
A comparison of the distribution of exhaustees
by labor market status in three major industry
groups—manufacturing, wholesale and retail trade,
and construction—showed that, in most States,
larger proportions of construction workers found
jobs 2 and 4 months after exhaustion than did
workers in other industry groups. It was also
true that construction workers were least likely
to withdraw from the labor market. Within
major occupational classes, there was a somewhat
greater tendency for the unskilled and semiskilled
exhaustee to become employed after exhaustion
than was the case for other exhaustees. Clerical
and sales workers seemed to have been at the
other extreme in many States, and also showed a
decidedly greater tendency to withdraw from the
labor market than did exhaustees in other
occupational groupings.
Data on the number of weeks of benefits re
ceived during the last spell of unemployment just
prior to exhaustion showed that exhaustees, what
ever their labor market status, tended to concen
trate in the longer duration categories i.e., the
number of weeks of unemployment insurance that
they received—in most States. However, this
concentration tended to be somewhat greater
among the unemployed exhaustees and even more
so among those who withdrew from the labor
market. For example, in Arizona, 29 percent of
the employed exhaustees had received from 21 to
26 weeks of benefits as compared with 37 percent
of the unemployed exhaustees and 46 percent of
those who withdrew from the labor market. Sea
sonal employment patterns in relation to the
timing of the surveys in each State no doubt had
some influence on the variability of these results
among the States.
In most cases, the exhaustees who had been out
of work 21 or more weeks were less successful in
becoming employed 2 and 4 months after ex
haustion than those whose last spells of unem
ployment lasted 12 weeks or less. Withdrawal
from the labor market was much more prevalent
among the exhaustees out of work for long periods.
This situation was true in nearly every survey.
271
SH IFT PROVISIONS IN MAJOR UNION CONTRACTS
Shift Provisions in Major
Union Contracts, 1958
A l a r g e n u m b e r of establishments find it neces
sary or desirable to maintain nighttime as well as
daytime shifts as a normal feature of operations;
many resort to extra shift operations only under
conditions of exceptional product demand. Oper
ation on a 24-hour basis may be necessitated by
nature of the business, as in transportation, com
munications, and utilities, where the public must
be accommodated at all times. Some manufac
turing processes, as in steel and chemicals, allow
for no interruptions and thus require continuous
operations. In certain industries, such as auto
mobiles, costly technology may dictate high uti
lization of production facilities. Many establish
ments move into and out of nightwork with
fluctuations in production backlogs, and a choice
between scheduling a second shift and working
the day shift overtime is often available. Finally,
establishments which operate on a daytime
schedule may employ custodial or maintenance
workers at night.
Collective bargaining agreements tend to cover
shift operation issues, frequently in anticipation
of the possibility of extra shift work in the future.
An analysis 1 by the U.S. Department of Labor’s
Bureau of Labor Statistics of 1,736 major collec
tive bargaining agreements in effect in 1958 re
vealed that 80 percent of the contracts, covering
a like percentage of workers,2 made reference to
multishift operations or nightwork. Nine out of
10 of the shift clauses provided for some form of
extra compensation, that is, a shift differential,
for evening or night work. The differential may
be expressed as a uniform cents-per-hour addition
to day shift rates (the most common type), a
uniform percentage of day shift rates, pay for
more hours than actually worked, or a combina
tion of money and time differentials.
Shift differentials, like other supplementary
wage practices, have been liberalized in recent
years through collective bargaining. In 1952,
according to a previous Bureau study,3 the
median cents-per-hour differential (in terms of
number of workers covered by agreements pro
viding such differentials) amounted to 5 cents for
second shift and general nightwork combined,
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and 7% cents for the third shift; in 1958, as the
present study shows, the medians were 8 cents
and 12 cents, respectively. Percentage differ
entials have tended to increase less markedly;
however, the rise in day shift rates through wage
increases over this period has raised the cents-perhour equivalent of all percentage differentials.
Time and combined time-money differentials
appeared to be more prevalent in 1958 than in
1952, particularly on third shifts.
Scope of Study
This summary is based upon an analysis of
1,736 collective bargaining agreements each cover
ing 1,000 or more workers. Almost all agreements
of this size in the United States are believed to
have been included, exclusive of railroad and
airline agreements.4 Of the agreements studied,
1,122 applied to 4.9 million workers in manufac
turing establishments, and 614 applied to 2.8
million workers in nonmanufacturing establish
ments (table 1). The approximately 7.8 million
workers covered by these major agreements
account for slightly less than half of all workers
estimated to be covered by all collective bargain
ing agreements in the United States, exclusive of
railroad and airline workers. Almost all of the
agreements were in effect at the beginning of 1958.5
Half were scheduled to terminate by the end of the
year.
Shift Operations
Provisions relating to shift operations or night
work appeared in 1,423 of the agreements studied.
Only 14 expressly prohibited such operations.
Nine of every 10 major manufacturing agreements
contained shift provisions. In 2 manufacturing
industries (apparel and leather), a majority of the
agreements did not include shift provisions and
11 of the 14 agreements which specifically pro
hibited shift or nightwork were in the apparel
industry.
i
More detailed industry data will be included in a forthcoming bulletin,
Premium Pay for Night, Weekend, and Overtime Work in Major Union
Contracts.
s References to number of workers in this study relate to those covered by
the agreements, not to those working on late shifts.
* See Shift Operations and Differentials in Union Contracts, 1952 (in
Monthly Labor Review, November 1952, pp. 495-498).
a The Bureau does not maintain a file of railroad and airline agreements;
hence their omission from this study.
« Four percent of the agreements expired late in 1957. Current replace
ments were not available prior to completion of the analysis.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
272
Table 1.
Shift provisions in major collective bargaining agreements, by industry, 1958
Provision for shift operation or nightwork
Number studied
Industry
Agree
ments
Workers
(thou
sands)
Provision for shift
differential
No provision for
shift differential
Agree
ments
Agree
ments
Workers
(thou
sands)
Workers
(thou
sands)
Prohibition of
shift or nightwork
Agree
ments
Workers
(thou
sands)
No provision for
shift or nightwork
Agree
ments
Workers
(thou
sands)
All industries____ _____ _______________
1,736
7, 753.0
1,317
5,895. 7
106
326.7
14
73.5
299
1,457.1
Manufacturing__________________________
Ordnance
Food and kindred products........... .............
Tobacco m an nfact-ores
Textile-mill products.
Apparel and other finished textile products.
Lumber and wood products (except furniture)
‘PnmitnrA and fixtures
Paper and allied products
Printing, publishing, and allied industries.
Chemicals and allied products
Products of petroleum and coal
Rubber products
Feather and leather products
Stone, clay, and glass products.
Primary metal industries
Fabricated metal products
Machinery (except electrical)
Electrical machinery
Transportation equipment
Instruments and related products
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries
1,122
10
109
12
45
47
4, 916.9
24.0
363.9
33.2
116.7
473.7
971
10
87
7
37
4,123.4
24.0
321.6
21.8
91.9
43
128.3
12
70.6
96
594.7
7
2
5
1
14.5
4.8
19.9
1.9
1
1.2
11
69.4
14
3
3
35
26.6
6.6
5.0
402.5
14
17
55
36
58
24
25
22
34
123
64
143
106
144
23
11
39.2
29.0
124.9
71.7
112.7
70.7
131.9
76.9
92.1
723.1
175.6
402.9
461.0
1,314.3
55 4
24 5
8
13
50
34
54
22
21
5
32
118
60
136
102
141
23
11
25.7
19.4
111.4
68.5
106. 7
55.7
95.5
9.0
86.7
714.9
166.3
383.7
450.3
1,290.9
55.4
24. 5
1
2.6
3
1
4
1
3
7.7
1.2
6.1
4.5
35.4
5
4
2
1
10.9
9.6
5.8
2.0
1
4
3
5
1
1
1.4
7.2
7.8
10.1
1.5
1.8
1
1
17
1
1
1
2
3
2
10.5
1.1
68.0
4.0
1.0
1.5
9.1
9.2
21.6
Nonmanufacturing_______________________
Mining, crude petroleum, and natural-gas
production__
Transportation 1
Communications
Utilities: Electric and gas
Wholesale trade .
Retail trade_________ _______ ________
Hotels and restaurants
Services__ _________________________
Construction___________________ ____
Miscellaneous nonmanufacturing indusdries
614
2,836.1
346
1, 772.3
63
198.5
2.9
203
862.5
16
109
75
81
14
85
29
54
148
261.1
553.6
591.7
204.7
28.2
219.2
146.0
181.0
645.5
15
30
70
63
8
42
8
23
85
259.8
110.9
579.3
154.8
16.9
116.3
54.1
69.2
407.4
1.5
1.4
1
67
5
5
5
36
14
28
41
1.3
405.7
12.4
28.8
8.5
95.7
69.3
105.3
134.1
3
5.2
2
3.7
1
1.5
1 Excludes railroads and airlines.
Shift provisions were less prevalent in nonmanufacturing than in manufacturing, appearing in
only about two-thirds of the agreements. How
ever, in mining, crude petroleum, and natural gas
production, in communications, and in utilities,
over 90 percent of the agreements had such
provisions.
Of the agreements referring to shift operations,
1,317 called for the payment of a shift differential,
and a number included specifications for shift
schedules, rotation, and so forth. Two-thirds of
the agreements with shift differentials (905),
covering a like percentage of workers, provided for
fixed second and third shifts.6 Such agreements
stipulated that the second and third shifts would
begin and end at a certain time or defined the
second and third shifts as work performed within
specific time limits. For example:
6
For purposes of classification, the regular day shift was considered the
first shift, while the evening (or afternoon) and night shifts were considered
as second and third shifts, respectively.
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12
37.1
13
1
7
7
2
21
21.1
2.8
7.3
22.6
5.0
102.7
2
1
1
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
. . . the second shift will begin at 3:00 p.m. and end at
11:00 p.m. . . . the third shift will begin at 11:00 p.m.
and end at 7:00 a.m.
*
*
*
Any employee scheduled to report for work between
12 noon and 7:59 p.m. will be regarded as performing
afternoon [second] shift work. Any em ployee scheduled
to report for work between 8:00 p.m. and 3:59 a.m. will
be regarded as performing night [third] shift work.
Provisions calling for general night work were
found in approximately a sixth of the agreements
with shift differentials (228). Such clauses re
ferred to “nightwork” or “night shift” operations,
but did not refer specifically to second or third
shifts. An additional 21 agreements provided for
a second or evening shift only.
Shift rotation was stipulated by 119 agreements.
Of these, 22 had clauses indicating that all shift
work would be on a rotating basis. The remaining
97 agreements, however, provided for a combina
tion of shift rotation among certain groups of
SH IFT PROVISIONS IN MAJOR UNION CONTRACTS
workers and fixed shift for others. Such provi
sions were common in continuous-process indus
tries, e.g., chemicals, and electric and gas utilities,
where 7-day operations were required. An ex
ample follows:
Straight daywork.— The straight day schedule will re
quire 8 hours . . . from 7:30 a.m. to 11:30 a.m. and from
12:00 noon to 4:00 p.m. Dayworkers shall have regularly
scheduled days off.
Rotating shift work.— The schedule for 3-shift rotation
shall consist of 3 shifts of 8 consecutive hours per day.
Shifts shall be from 7:30 a.m. to 3:30 p.m., from 3:30 p.m.
to 11:30 p.m., and from 11:30 p.m. to 7:30 a.m. . . .
Em ployees assigned to shift schedules shall rotate in
accordance with the applicable schedules . . .
Fixed shift work.— The fixed shift schedule will require
8 consecutive hours of work. Such schedules will be
definitely assigned with an established schedule of days
off . . .
A small number of agreements (44) with shift
provisions were not grouped with any of the
foregoing types. Almost all of these were tele
phone agreements which had no set number of
shifts, but provided varying differentials based
upon the ending time of tours of duty.
Types and Amounts of Shift Differentials
Shift differentials were of three major types:
Money differentials for time worked outside the
first or regular day shift, expressed as a cents-perhour addition to, or as a percentage of, day shift
rates; time differentials that usually provided a
full day's pay for reduced hours of work (or a
proportional allowance where less than the usual
number of hours were worked); and combined
time and money differentials that provided for
reduced hours of work plus a higher rate of pay.
Straight money differentials
were the most prevalent type found in the study
(table 2). A uniform cents-per-hour addition to
first shift rates accounted for about 60 percent of
the agreements with second (or general nightwork)
and third shift differentials. Uniform percent
additions to first shift rates appeared in 18 percent
of the second shift or general nightwork provisions
and in 14 percent of the third shift provisions.
A small number of agreements stipulated uniform
cents or percent additions for fixed shifts and
varying differentials for swing or rotating shifts,
or did not state a uniform premium, but provided
M o n e y D ifferentials.
4 9 7 0 8 0 — 59------- 3
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
273
for additions to day rates with the amount varying
among occupations (or departments) or by wage
ranges. Still further variations, each involving a
few agreements, were found which were grouped
under “other money differentials" in table 2.
The amount of shift premium, typically higher
for the third than for the second shift, varied
Table 2.
Types of shift differentials in major collective
bargaining agreements, 1958
Type of shift differential
Second shift
or general
nightwork
Third shift
Agree Workers Agree Workers
ments (thou ments (thou
sands)
sands)
Total______________________________ . 1,293 5, 831.0
Money differentials:
Uniform cents addition to first shift rates.
Uniform percent addition to first shift
rates___ ____ ___________________
Uniform cents addition for fixed shifts
and variations for swing or rotating
shifts___________________________
Uniform percent addition for fixed
shifts and variations for swing or
rotating shifts......................................
No uniform premium specified but
higher wage scales for nightwork,
with premiums over first shift rates
varying among occupations or by
wage ranges_____________________
Other money differentials 1....................
Time differentials:
Full day’s pay for reduced hours of
work___ _____________ __________
Time and money differentials:
Full day’s pay for reduced hours of
work plus uniform cents differential..
Full day’s pay for reduced hours of
work plus uniform percent differen
tial. _____ _______________ _____
Full day’s pay for reduced hours of
work plus money differential (no
uniform premium specified but
higher wage scales for nightwork,
with premiums over first shift rates
varying among occupations or by
wage ranges)___ . ........... ................
Other time-money differentials2____
1,067
4, 990.4
777 2,886. 3
625
2,171.0
239 1, 443.1
149
1,141.6
22
44.8
23
45.8
4
144.5
3
142.9
47
63
216.9
294.8
21
25
107.3
194.2
69
365.5
66
323.8
10
30.3
69
390.2
12
36.9
22
61.4
11
39
39.8
328.4
23
41
72.0
340.5
1 Includes agreements which provided for a flat-sum payment for work
after a certain hour or between certain hours; those granting a certain per
centage payment for work after or between certain hours, not to exceed a
set dollar amount; those providing a shift differential of either a certain per
centage per hour or cents per hour, whichever sum was greater; and those
providing for varying differentials depending upon starting time of shifts.
2 Includes agreements with time and money differentials, in which either
of the differentials, or both, may vary by occupation, ending time of shifts,
length of shifts, location of duty station, or combinations of the above.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
considerably among industries. Uniform centsper-hour differentials ranged from 2% cents for the
second shift to 60 cents for the third shift. Per
centage payments ranged from 2 to 20 percent.
The variety of differentials indicated in table 3
reflects the absence of substantial interindustry
influences or interindustry patterns.
For second shift work, the predominant differ
entials, ranked in order of worker coverage, were
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
274
Time differentials on both shifts were confined
largely to agreements in the construction industry.
Most commonly, these provisions called for the
payment of 8 hours’ pay for either 7 of 7% hours of
work.
5 percent,7 8 cents, 10 percent, 10 cents, and 12
cents. For third shift work, the following order
prevailed: 10 percent, 12 cents, 10 cents, and 6
cents. In general, and in particular situations
(as table 4 shows), third shift differentials were
higher than second shift differentials.
T im e and M o n e y D ifferentials. Approximately
5 percent of second shift and almost 15 percent of
third shift differentials provided for a combina
tion of a time allowance and premium payments.
These provisions usually combined the features of
two or more of the types mentioned previously,
i.e., full day’s pay for reduced hours of work plus
a uniform cents or percent differential, or full
day’s pay for reduced hours of work plus a money
Time differentials appeared
in about 5 percent of the agreements with shift
differentials. In these cases, the worker, while
actually working a shorter number of hours,
usually received a wage payment equal to what
he would have received for working a full day
shift. For example:
T im e D ifferentials.
When or where it m ay be necessary to work shifts . . .
the second and third shifts shall be paid at the rate of 8
hours’ pay for 7 hours’ work.
Table 3.
7
In the establishments covered by these agreements, a 5-percent differential
would undoubtedly bring 10 cents or more per hour to a majority of workers.
Type and amount of shift differentials in major collective bargaining agreements, 1958
Third shift
Second shift and general nightwork
All industries
Manufacturing
Nonmanufac
turing
All industries
Manufacturing
Nonmanufac
turing
Type and amount of shift differential
Agree
ments
Total........................................................................ - ........ 1,293
Work
Work
Work
Work
Work
Work
ers
ers
Agree
ers
Agree
Agree
ers
Agree
ers
Agree
ers
(thou ments (thou ments (thou ments (thou ments (thou ments (thou
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
5,831.0
1,152 5,030.2
Monp,y differentials __ _ _ _____________________
799 2, 931.1
U n ifo rm cents (per hour) _ __________________
313.0
36
Under 5 c e n ts__________________________
326.6
121
___________________________
Fi cents
243.3
91
fi cents
_ _________- ________________
62
127.0
7 cents
____ _______________________
21
48.3
7 i/i» cents
- _________
785.5
131
8 cents
_ _________________ -_______
Oyer 8 and under 10 cents
_ _ _________
103.6
37
444.5
167
10 cents
________________________
8
16.9
Oyer 10 and under 12 cents_______________
426.2
81
12 cents
_____________________
Oyer 12 and under 1Ft cents _ ____________
13
29.0
16
34.3
15 cents
____________________
33.3
15
Over 15 cents
_____________________
243 1, 587. 6
Uniform percentage
_____________________
1
1.2
2 percent
- _____
61
823.6
5 percent
- __________________________
34
Over 5 and under 10 percent
_________
122.5
136
610.7
____________________
10 percent
11
29.7
____ _________________
Over 10 percent
No uniform ‘premium specified but higher wage
scales for nightwork, with premiums over first
shift rates varying among occupations or by
216.9
47
wage ranges ____ _________________________
63
294.8
Other money differentials 1 _______ _________
Time, differentials
________________
8 hours’ pay for 7 hours worked_______________
8 hour*’ psy for 01^ hours worked
Other time differentials
_________
Time and money differentials____ _ ___________
8 hours’ pay for 7J^ hours worked plus money differential
___________________________ - _
8 horns’ pay for 7 hours worked plus money differential
_________________ -8 hours’ pay for 6H hours worked plus money differen ti 9,1
_____________
Other combined time-money differentials 2_.........
950
343
1, 762.3
236 1,036. 9
582.2
141
258.2
10
24
57.5
55.2
20
17.7
10
4
12.0
12.8
6
21.5
9
85.7
31
1.4
1
15
36.1
3
8.0
2.4
1
13.9
7
171.3
31
1
1.2
2
13.0
2.7
1
148.5
23
4
5.9
59
33
113
7
810.6
119.8
462.2
23.8
25
21
88.4
139.8
22
42
1,067
4, 990. 4
846 3,802. 6
648 2,216.8
2.6
2
24
61.8
22
271.8
22
52.7
9.9
6
71.4
29
143.7
57
355.6
168
34.8
16
856.2
147
34
104.6
99.3
60
152.6
61
152 1,284.4
3, 635. 9
232
1,354. 6
715 3,127. 5
557 1, 772.9
1
1.0
18
42.0
38.4
18
48.5
20
9.9
6
67.5
27
44
101.6
144
302.9
18.5
8
815.0
130
98.9
32
52
84.8
57
144.0
138 1,204.8
131
91
1
6
4
2
675.1
443.9
1.6
19.8
233.4
4.2
2
13
24
8
17
2
8
4
14
3.9
42.1
52.7
16.3
41.2
5.7
14.6
8.6
79.7
835
6
28
96
22
9.2
232.4
970.2
72.8
5
27
91
15
8.0
229.7
915.8
51.3
1
1
5
7
1.2
2.7
54.4
21.5
128.5
155.0
21
25
107.3
194.2
10
10
37.8
112.1
11
15
69.5
82.1
69
21
44
1
3
365.5
88.0
268.5
2. 0
7.1
5
4
1
9.9
6.9
3.0
64
17
43
1
3
355.6
81.1
265.5
2.0
7.1
66
3
54
3
6
323.8
5.9
292.8
10.5
14.7
9
3
3
3
21.6
5.9
5.2
10.5
57
302.3
51
287.6
6
14.7
72
435.3
29
65.5
43
369.8
155
864.0
111
486.8
44
377.2
27
79.1
21
54.7
3
10.3
42
346.0
i See footnote 1, table 2.
J Includes agreements which either provided for unusual time differentials
(e.g., 7 hours’ pay for 6 H hours of work), or for a variation in time differentials,
or both time and money, by occupations, ending time of shifts, length of
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
4,068. 7
916 3,993.3
658 2,348. 9
26
54.8
269.1
97
188.1
71
52
109.3
36.3
17
772.7
125
82.1
28
358.8
136
15.5
7
66
390.1
10
21.0
31.9
15
19.4
8
212 1,416.3
8
10.9
6
24.4
16
28.8
14
22.5
2
6.3
3
10.3
28
91.6
22
59.6
6
32.0
34
335.1
46
65
333.6
410.1
42
33
328.3
76.5
4
32
5.4
333.6
shifts, location of duty station, or combinations of the above.
N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal
totals.
SH IFT PROVISIONS IN MAJOR UNION CONTRACTS
Table 4. Significant shift differential patterns in major
collective bargaining agreements, 1958 1
Shift differential pattern
Agree
ments
Workers
(thousands)
C ents per H our
Second shift:
4 cents
5 cents
5 cents
6 cents
6 cents
7 cents
7 cents
T Y i cents
8 cents
8 cents
8 cents
10 cents
10 cents
12 cents
Third shift:
6 cents____ ___________
8 cents_______ _________
10 cents________________
9 cents_____________ ___
12 cents________________
10 cents________________
12 cents________________
10 cents____ ___________
10 cents________________
12 cents_____ ___________
16 cents____ ___________
10 cents________________
15 cents________________
12 cents_____ ___________
P ercent
Second shift:
5 percent
5 percent
10 percent
10 percent
of
14
12
69
41
19
24
11
11
11
75
27
34
48
24
257.1
36.3
136.3
119.3
30.9
45.6
19.8
18.8
22.8
655.9
70.1
82.7
82.9
91.0
10
35
49
13
31.5
627.8
314.7
36.6
527
2, 679. 7
275
differential usually provided 7}£ hours’ pay for
6% hours of work, or 7 hours’ pay for 6 or 6}{
hours of work, with a money differential of either
a flat sum per week for all workers, e.g., $5, or a
cents-per-hour differential which varied by occu
pation.
More than half the communications agreements
contained time-money differentials. In this indus
try, time and money differentials often appeared in
the same agreement with variations in either the
time or money differential, or both, depending
upon such factors as occupation, length of shifts,
ending time of shifts, or location of duty station.
R egular R ate
Third shift:
7V i percent______________
10 percent_____________
10 percent______________
15 percent______________
Total accounted for. __________________
1 Includes shift combinations with cent or percent differentials found in
10 or more agreements.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items m ay not equal
totals.
differential varying among occupations or by
wage ranges. In addition, about half (39) of the
second shift time-money differentials and a fourth
(41) of those applying to the third shift provided
differentials varying by combinations of such
factors as occupation, ending time of shifts, length
of shifts, or location of duty station.
Many agreements that provided a money
differential for second shift operations had a
time-money differential on the third shift. Con
sequently, the prevalence of combined time-money
differentials was much higher in third shift than
in second shift provisions.
Second shift. Those employees working the shift
starting at 3:30 p.m. and ending at 12:00 p.m. shall receive
a bonus of 10 cents an hour.
Third shift. Those em ployees working the shift starting
at 12:01 a.m. and ending at 7:00 a.m. shall receive 8 hours’
pay plus a 10-cent-an-hour bonus for working 6}4 hours.
Industries with a significant number of agree
ments containing time and money differentials
included transportation equipment, communica
tions, and printing. In transportation equip
ment, a number of agreements in the aircraft
industry provided third shift differentials of 8
hours’ pay for 6K or 7 hours of work plus a money
differential (usually 8 or 10 cents). Over twothirds of the printing agreements provided third
shift time-money differentials. In these, the time
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Significant Shift Differential Patterns
The relationship between second and third shift
differentials in an establishment, or the shift differ
ential pattern, is often at issue in the negotiation
of shift provisions.
In the present study, more than 100 different
patterns were found among the 750 agreements
(covering 3.2 million workers) which stipulated 2
night shifts and provided a uniform cents or per
cent differential for both the second and the third
shifts. Identical patterns found in 10 or more
agreements are listed in table 4.
The most frequent pattern, appearing in 75
agreements covering about 650,000 workers, pro
vided 8 cents for the second shift and 12 cents for
the third. A majority of both the agreements and
workers in this group were in the steel industry.
Five cents for the second shift and 10 cents for the
third appeared in 69 agreements, with the paper
and food industries accounting for about a third of
these agreements. The combination of 4 cents
(second shift) and 6 cents (third shift) was stipu
lated in only 14 agreements, yet covered a large
number of workers (mostly in anthracite and bi
tuminous coal mining).
A 10-percent differential for both the second and
third shifts was found in 49 agreements covering
more than 300,000 workers. The electrical ma
chinery industry accounted for a majority of the
agreements in this category. Thirty-five agree
ments with approximately 625,000 workers called
for shift differentials of 5 percent and 10 percent.
Over half of these were in the auto and machinery
industries.
— J ohn
N.
G entry
D ivision of Wages and Industrial Relations
276
The Impact of Trading Stamps
on Food Prices
A r e c e n t r e p o r t by the Agricultural Marketing
Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture 1
presents the results of a study of the effects of
trading stamps on retail food prices. The report
concludes that, between November 1953 and
March 1957, food prices increased 0.6 percent
more in supermarkets giving trading stamps than
in the nonstamp stores. On the other hand, the
AMS estimates that the value of premiums
represented by the stamps issued slightly exceeds
the higher cost of food obtained in the stamp
issuing stores.
Although the Service found that methods of
operation for stamp plans vary considerably, all
plans have two basic features—issuance of stamps
by retailers to customers and redemption of
stamps for items of value. Stamp plans appeal
to retailers as a promotional device and to cus
tomers as a means of obtaining items of value
without direct payment.
Regarding the controversial question as to
who actually bears the cost of stamps, the report
concludes that their cost “was covered in part
by reduced costs resulting from increased [sales]
volume, in part by higher prices, and in part by
a decline in profit per dollar of sales.” Hence,
the report states, “it would appear that, on the
average in . . . 21 cities studied, consumers who
save and redeem stamps can more than recoup
the relative price difference between stamp and
nonstamp stores.” The report was careful to
point out that there were large differences among
stores in the costs of stamp plans and their effect
on operations.
During 1956, trading stamps were issued by
retail stores in all States except the District of
Columbia (where they are forbidden under the
gift enterprise statute), but the practice was not
common in the Pacific Coast and Rocky Mountain
States. Trading stamps, which cost retailers
about $375 million during that year, were issued
by retailers on sales of about $20 billion. About
57 percent of all stamp business was with retail
food stores which represented about 30 percent
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
of the country’s total grocery sales. Cost of
stamps to retailers averaged $2.25 per 1,000
stamps, or about 2 percent of sales on which issued.
The 10 largest of the trading stamp companies
surveyed accounted for about 70 percent of the
business. The trading stamp companies generally
estimate that about 90 to 95 percent of the stamps
sold to retailers are eventually redeemed by store
customers.
The report includes a brief history of the legal
actions relating to stamps and describes some of
the many bills introduced in 35 State legislatures
during 1957, which were designed to regulate
trading stamp practices. Only four States en
acted restrictive or regulatory legislation during
1957, and in only one, Kansas, were stamps
forbidden.
Relative Price Changes
The finding that food prices in stores adding
trading stamps increased more than in nonstamp
stores during the period from November 1953
(before stamps were introduced) to March 1957
(after the adoption of stamp plans) was based
upon a special computation of indexes of retail
food prices prepared by the Bureau of Labor Sta
tistics from data collected for its Consumer Price
Index.
Chain and large independent stores in the BLS
food-store sample, covering 21 cities throughout
the United States except the Pacific Coast and
Rocky Mountain States, were classified as (1)
“stamp” stores—those which adopted stamps
between September 1955 and July 1956, a period
of rapid growth in the use of stamps, and continued
to use them through March 1957; and (2) “non
stamp” stores—those which did not use stamps at
any time between November 1953 and March 1957.
Stores of both types were matched in each city,
and price trends for the two groups of stores were
compared for all foods combined and for five major
component groups of foods. Wide variations were
found among the 21 cities and among the com
ponent food groups. The average price changes
in stamp stores relative to nonstamp stores from
1 Trading Stamps and Their Impact on Pood Prices (U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing Service, Marketing Research Report
No. 295, 1958, 42 pp.).
277
IMPACT OF TRADING STAMPS ON FOOD PRICES
the period November 1953-August 1955 to the
period August 1956-March 1957 were as follows:
Average percentage changes in prices
N onstam p
stores
Stam p
stores
Stam p stores in
relation to
nonstamp stores
All foods_________________
+0.1
+0.7
+0.6
Cereals and bakery prod
u cts____________________
D airy products___________
Fruits and vegetables_____
Meats, poultry, and fish
Other foods______________
+3.3
+3. 7
+6. 9
— 5. 8
— 1. 8
+4.4
+4. 5
+4. 9
—4. 7
—. 3
+1.1
+ .8
—2. 1
+1. 3
+1.6
These data show relative price changes, not a com
parison of price levels. The report suggests, on the
basis of other studies, that “increased competition
in cities with more trading stamps may have
tended to keep prices from rising as much in
nonstamp stores as they might otherwise have
risen.”
A supplementary 1-week survey of retail food
price levels in 1957 was made by the Agricultural
Marketing Service in five cities, to investigate two
other questions concerning the effect of stamps on
food pricing. The points of inquiry were (1)
whether the items priced for the BLS Consumer
Price Index provide a fair cross section for com
paring stamp and nonstamp stores, and (2)
whether the importance of weekend sales specials,
which are not reflected in BLS data to any great
extent, might vary for the two groups of stores.
The results gave inconclusive answers to these
questions. Prices in the five cities were found to
average 2.2 percent higher in stamp stores than in
nonstamp stores. Prices of BLS items averaged
2.9 percent higher in stamp stores, whereas prices
of non-BLS items averaged the same in the two
groups of stores. The differences in price levels
may have existed, of course, before stamps were
introduced. Moreover, because price differences
between stamp and nonstamp stores varied widely
among product groups, the list of items priced and
the relative weights used greatly affected the
average differences. The BLS items were about
three times as important in the family expenditures
as non-BLS items and included many more items,
such as fresh fruits and meats, for which exact
brand-by-brand comparisons are not possible.
The 1-week survey also indicated that stamp
stores offered fewer weekend price reductions than
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
nonstamp stores. Again, it is not known whether
this difference in practice was due to the addition
of stamps. If it was, the average difference of
0.6 percent in price movements for these two types
of chains, which were based on BLS first-of-theweek prices, may be understated for the purposes
of this study. (This presents no serious problem
for the BLS index, since price changes based on
first-of-the-week or weekend prices are virtually
the same in the long run.2)
With respect to sales and profits, analysis of
data from 10 major retail chains indicated a much
greater increase in sales for stamp chains than for
nonstamp ones during the period of this stud}q and
a slight decline in profits as a percentage of sales
for stamp chains contrasted with a sharp increase
for the nonstamp chains.
Stamps and the CPI
Questions arise as to (1) whether the differences
in food price movements indicated in the report
are properly reflected in the BLS Consumer Price
Index, and (2) whether any account is taken in
the index of the premiums obtained with stamps.
For food, the Bureau collects information on
prices from a large sample of outlets in 46 cities,
chosen to represent all retail food stores in each
city. All important chains and large independent
supermarkets in each city and a representative
sample of smaller independent stores are included.
The prices collected in the chain stores are aver
aged for each food priced, using weights based on
the relative sales volume of each chain, and the
averages thus computed are combined with the
average price of the independent stores in the
sample, using weights representing total retail
sales of chains and independents in each city.
The weights used are revised periodically to bring
them up to date. By these means, the stamp and
nonstamp chains are represented according to
their relative importance in total food sales.
A theoretical question arises as to whether the
value of trading stamps represents a reduction in
prices paid for food in the form of a rebate, reduced
expenditures for housefurnishings and other pre2
For a discussion of weekend specials and the CPI, see Bureau of Labor
Statistics release, Retail Food Prices by Cities, for October 1956 and October
1957.
278
mium articles, or simply an increase in buying
power. If the first interpretation is accepted,
allowance for the value of stamps should be made
in calculating the Consumer Price Index, which is
a measure of price change from month to month.
The Bureau’s agents attempt to get realistic
prices, to include bona fide sales prices offered to
all customers, and in the case of articles like auto
mobiles and durable goods, to obtain information
on average concessions from list prices. However,
certain types of indirect price and quality changes
cannot be measured by statistical means, and they
are not reflected in the index. No account is
taken, for example, of rebates, tips, under-thecounter discounts to special customers, or special
premiums and inducements to customers in the
nature of tie-in sales. Trading stamps must be
classed with this group of special factors which
cannot be measured quantitatively, since exact
information is not available on what proportion of
customers redeem stamps and how soon, or on
appropriate values for the premiums obtained.
Under any of the three interpretations, if the
Consumer Price Index is viewed in its broad aspect
as an approximation of changes in the cost of
living, it is appropriate to consider the maximum
benefit to the average consumer from premiums
received. The value of premiums to the customer
is estimated to be 2 percent of the purchases on
which issued.3 At an estimated redemption rate
of 90 percent, the value of stamps represents about
1.8 percent of sales of food stores issuing stamps.
Based on BLS data on the prevalence of trading
stamps in food stores in the cities covered by the
BLS sample throughout the country (42 percent
of chainstores and 12 percent of independent
stores), this amounts to about 0.4 percent of sales
for all stamp and nonstamp food stores combined.
Since purchases by families in food stores repre
sent less than 25 percent of total family expendi
tures, the premiums received with food stamps
represent less than 0.1 percent of the average city
family budget.
—D oris P. R othwell
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
Presidential Recommendations for
Labor Legislation, 1959
A 20-point program to “eliminate abuses demon
strated by the hearings of the [Senate Select Com
mittee on Improper Activities in the Labor or
Management Field], protect the public interest,
and insure the rights and economic freedoms of
millions of American workers” was submitted to
the 86th Congress by President Dwight D.
Eisenhower on January 28, 1959. In his message
recommending the legislation, the President called
for a complete and effective labor-management
package, “not a piecemeal program,” and said
that the adoption of his recommendations “should
do much to eliminate those abuses and improper
practices which, I am firmly convinced, the
American public expects and believes will be
corrected through legislative action. Equally
important, [the recommendations] will do so
without imposing arbitrary restrictions or puni
tive measures on the legitimate activities of
honest labor and management officials.” Recom
mended was legislation—
1. To require all unions to file detailed annual reports
w ith the Departm ent of Labor and furnish information to
their members with respect to their financial operations.
These reports would be open to the public, including
union members.
2. To require all unions to file with the Departm ent of
Labor, as public information, copies of their constitutions
and bylaws and information as to their organization and
procedures, which would be required to include provisions,
which are observed, meeting minimum standards for
periodic secret ballot elections of officers, for the removal
of officers, and for the im position of supervisory control
over the affairs of subordinate bodies.
3. To require all unions to keep proper records on the
matters required to be reported, open to exam ination by
Government representatives and to permit union members,
subject to reasonable conditions and upon request, to see
and examine these records.
4. To require unions, union officers and agents, and
employers to report and keep proper records w ith respect
to any paym ents, transactions, or investm ents which
create conflicts of interests or have as their objective the
D ivision of Prices and Cost of Living
interference with the statutory rights of individual union
members and employees.
3
Trading Stamps and the Consumer’s Food BUI (II.S. Department of
5. To require th at union officers hold and administer
Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing Service, Marketing Research Report
No. 169, 1967).
union funds and property solely for the benefit of the
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
PR E SID E N T IA L RECOMMENDATIONS FOR LABOR LEGISLATION
union members and for furthering the purpose of the
union and to make this duty enforceable in any court in a
suit for an accounting by the union or by members.
6. To require that unions observe minimum standards
for the conduct of the elections of officers, including in
addition to periodic elections, the right of members to
vote in secret w ithout restraint or coercion and upon due
notice, uniform opportunity for all members to be candi
dates, procedures to ensure an accurate tabulation of
votes, a ban upon the use of union or employer funds to
promote candidacies for union office, and requiring consti
tutions and bylaws to contain detailed statem ents of
election procedures and compliance with such procedures.
7. To require unions to observe minimum standards
and to conform to the appropriate provisions of their
constitutions and bylaws in exercising supervisory control
over the affairs of subordinate bodies; such control should
be limited in purpose to correcting corruption, or the
disregard of democratic procedures or other practices
detrimental to the rights of the members in the subordinate
body, and assuring the performance of duties as a
bargaining representative.
8. To place the administration of this legislation in the
Secretary of Labor and to provide him w ith appropriate
and adequate authority to issue regulations, investigate,
subpena witnesses and records, bring court action to
compel compliance and to correct violations, and institute
adm inistrative procedures leading to decisions and orders,
which would be subject to judicial review, necessary to
effectuate the purposes of the legislation.
9. To prescribe criminal penalties for willful violations
of the act, for concealment or destruction of records
required to be kept, for bribery between employers and
employee representatives, for improper paym ents by
employers or their representatives to em ployees or em
ployee representatives, for em bezzlement of union funds,
and for false entries or destruction of union books and
records.
10. To preserve for union members any present remedies
under State or Federal laws, in addition to those provided
under this legislation.
11. To amend the secondary b oycott provisions of the
N ational Labor Relations Act so as to cover the direct
coercion of employers to cease or agree to cease doing
business w ith other persons; union pressures directed
against secondary employers not otherwise subject to the
act; and inducem ents of individual em ployees to refuse to
perform services with the object of forcing their employers
to stop doing business with others; and to make clear that
secondary activity is permitted against an employer
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
279
performing “farmed-out struck work” and, under certain
circumstances, against secondary employers engaged in
work at a common construction site w ith the primary
employer.
12. To make it illegal for a union, by picketing, to
coerce an employer to recognize it as the bargaining
representative of his em ployees or his em ployees to accept
or designate it as their representative where the employer
has recognized in accordance w ith law another labor
organization, or where a representation election has been
conducted within the last preceding 12 months, or where
it cannot be demonstrated that there is a sufficient showing
of interest on the part of the employees in being represented
by the picketing union or where the picketing has con
tinued for a reasonable period of tim e w ithout the desires
of the employees being determined by a representation
election; and to provide speedy and effective enforcement
measures.
13. To authorize the N ational Labor Relations Board
to decline to take cases where the effect on commerce is
relatively insubstantial and to permit the State courts
and agencies to act w ith respect to these cases.
14. To eliminate the statutory prohibition which
presently bars certain strikers from voting in representa
tion elections, although their replacements are permitted
to vote, and instead to leave the voting eligibility of
strikers, as well as all others, to the administrative dis
cretion of the N ational Labor Relations Board.
15. To authorize the Board, under carefully considered
specific conditions, to certify building and construction
trades unions as bargaining representatives w ithout an
election.
16. In order to speed up the orderly processes of
election procedures, to permit the Board under proper
safeguards to conduct representation elections w ithout
holding a prior hearing where no substantial objection to
an election is made.
17. To equalize the onus of the non-Communist affidavit
by extending it to employers, as well as unions, wishing
to use the processes of the act.
18. To make clear that parties to a valid collective
bargaining agreement need not negotiate during the life
of the agreement unless they have provided for, or agree
to, the reopening of the agreement.
19. To authorize the designation by the President of an
acting General Counsel of the Board when vacancies occur
in that office.
20. To require th at the Board be bipartisan in compo
sition by providing th at not more than three members of
the Board may be of the same political party.
280
The Economic Report
of the President
the most important lesson
taught by the recent recession is that a com
petitive economic system has remarkable power
to resist contractive pressures and, without an
extended interruption of growth, to stage a good
recovery.1 The inherent features of our economy
that make this possible—its strength and resili
ency—are due mainly to our free competitive
institutions, to the stability of our institutions of
saving, banking, and finance, and to the character
of our people, notably their industry and resource
fulness and their capacity to take a confident and
balanced view of the Nation’s economic pros
pects. Other sources of strength are due to
certain long-term, structural changes in our
economy—-which have resulted in growing per
centages of American workers being employed in
industries and occupations not readily affected
by an economic downturn—and to certain changes
in business practices, notably long-term planning
for the enlargement of operations.
Our economy is also aided in resisting recession
by features that tend to moderate the impact of a
decline in economic activity on the flow of income
to individuals and thus on the volume of spending
for consumption. The most important of these
is the Federal-State unemployment insurance
system, under which payments are made to
individuals out of work.
These features of our economy, which were
clearly evident in the 1957-58 recession, have
certain implications for public policy that are
worthy of special note. First, the capacity of
our economy to withstand contractive influences
provides time for regenerative processes to make
the adjustments needed for sound recovery, and
for the counteractive measures taken by Govern
ment, jointly with factors making for long-term
growth, to make their effects felt. Where neces
sary, efforts should be made to strengthen these
features of our economic system.
Second, the major emphasis of Federal counter
cyclical policy should be placed on measures that
will result in prompt action to help promote a
shift in the balance of economic forces from con
traction to recovery and growth. Though a
I n many respects,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
useful contribution can be made by the accelera
tion of public works projects that are already
under way or are ready to be started, little reliance
can be placed on large undertakings which, how
ever useful they may be in the longer term, can
be put into operation only after an extended
interval of planning. By the time they are fully
under way, they may exert excessive demand on
an economy that has already recovered.
Third, in contrast to large-scale public works,
monetary and credit policy, used vigorously, can
produce prompt and significantly helpful results.
Although the easing of credit does not affect all
parts of the economy to the same degree, it works
broadly, is promptly reversible, and makes its
impact felt without entailing direct governmental
intervention in the affairs of business concerns
and individuals.
Finally, the capacity to resist short-term fluc
tuations can be increased by Government actions
to strengthen the factors that make for long-term
economic growth—-vigorously competitive mar
kets, research and development activity, and
heightened incentives for all Americans to work,
save, and invest. It is on these factors that we
depend most heavily for the thrust that lifts the
economy from recession to recovery and for the
stimulus to continuing economic expansion and
improvement.
B ases for Economic Growth
Our objective now must be to establish a firm
foundation for extending economic advance and
price stability into the months and years ahead.
But this will not come about automatically. On
that point, history is clear. Action is required on
many fronts, by all groups in our society, and by
all units of government.
First, we must zealously safeguard and improve
the institutions of our free and competitive
economy.
America’s unassailable economic
strength derives in no small measure from the
fact that over the years there have been incentives
and freedom to do new things and to challenge
old and established ways. Our strength comes in
large part from the pressures which this competi
tion entails. Measures to shelter groups from
1 The text of this article has been excerpted from the Economic Report of
the President, Transmitted to the Congress January 20,1959.
THE PR E SID E N T ’S ECONOMIC REPORT
these pressures and from the need to make the
readjustments that they compel come at the cost
of limiting our capacity to grow.
Second, a high rate of growth in our economy
requires that we wage a relentless battle against
impediments to the full and most effective use
of our human and technological resources. Such
impediments curb the productivity of our work
force and increase production costs. They raise
the prices of the things we buy and limit the success
of our efforts to lift levels of living.
Third, if we are to achieve a rapid rate of eco
nomic growth and improvement in the years ahead,
we must continue to enlarge and improve the plant
and equipment that supplement human effort and
make it increasingly productive. There must be
strong incentives for businesses to commit ever
larger sums for expanding their operations and
reducing their costs. And there must also be in
centives for the thrift essential to the financing
of these critically important outlays. Policies
that weaken these incentives will cause us to fall
short of achieving our full potential for expansion.
Finally, an indispensable condition for achieving
vigorous and continuing economic growth is firm
confidence that the value of the dollar will be rea
sonably stable in the years ahead. In recent
months, prices generally have moved within a
narrow range, and some of the price increases early
in the year were the result of temporary conditions,
such as the effect of adverse weather on food sup
plies. But these facts provide no basis for com
placency regarding the long-term problem of main
taining reasonably stable prices. Despite reces
sion during the first part of the year, wage rates
continued to move upward. The rate of increase
was nearly as great as in periods of economic
expansion, and higher than the rate at which gains
in productivity have been achieved in our economy
over extended periods of time. Obviously, if we
have only limited success in restraining increases
in unit costs during recession, much remains to be
done to achieve a basis for holding prices reason
ably steady when productive capacity is more fully
utilized. To this challenge everyone must respond.
The individual consumer can play an important
part by shopping carefully for price and quality.
In this way, the American housekeeper can be a
powerful force for holding down the cost of living
and strengthening the principle that good values
and good prices make good business.
4,97080— 59-------4
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281
Businessmen must redouble their efforts. They
must wage a ceaseless war against costs. Produc
tion must be on the most economical basis possible.
The importance of wide and growing markets must
be borne in mind in setting prices. Expanded
markets, in themselves, promise economies that
help keep costs and prices in check.
Leaders of labor unions, in view of the great
power lodged in their hands, have a particularly
critical role to play. Their economic actions must
reflect awareness that stability of prices is an essen
tial condition of sustainable economic growth and
that the only road to greater material well-being
for the Nation lies in the fullest possible realization
of our productivity potential. This requires not
only that our resources be fully employed, but that
arbitrary restraints on their most effective utiliza
tion be removed. We can realize more from our
economy only to the extent that we produce more.
It is not the function of Government in our so
ciety to establish the terms of contracts between
labor and management; yet it must be recognized
that the public has a vital interest in these
agreements. Increases in money wages and other
compensation not justified by the productivity
performance of the economy are inevitably infla
tionary. They impose severe hardships on those
whose incomes are not enlarged. They jeopardize
the capacity of the economy to create jobs for the
expanding labor force. They endanger present
jobs by limiting markets at home and impairing
our capacity to compete in markets abroad. In
short, they are, in the end, self-defeating.
Self-discipline and restraint are essential if agree
ments consistent with a reasonable stability of
prices are to be reached within the framework of
the free competitive institutions on which we rely
heavily for the improvement of our material
welfare. If the desired results cannot be achieved
under our arrangements for determining wages and
prices, the alternatives are either inflation, which
would damage our economy and work hardships on
millions of Americans, or controls, which are alien
to our traditional way of life and which would be
an obstacle to the Nation’s economic growth and
improvement.
Government also has a vitally important part
to play in helping to prevent inflationary develop
ments. First, through the management of its
fiscal affairs, it can help to create an environment
favorable to the achievement and maintenance
282
of price stability. Second, to the extent consistent
with other national objectives, it must strive to
operate those Government programs that directly
affect costs and prices in a way that will contribute
to overall price stability. Third, it must lose no
opportunity, through revisions of its tax structure
or by other means, to promote improvements in
productivity and to provide greater incentives
for economic expansion.
Governmental Measures for Price Stability
Adherence to the financial plan presented [to
the Congress] in the 1960 budget [which balances
expenditures with receipts] and the pursuit of
appropriate monetary, credit, and debt manage
ment policies would help attain rising production
and employment at stable prices. Governmental
actions in other areas can also help to maintain
price stability as our economy expands.
First, the Congress is requested to amend the
Employment Act of 1946 to make reasonable price
stability an explicit goal of Federal economic
policy, coordinate with the goals of maximum
production, employment, and purchasing power
now specified in that act. Such an amendment
would strengthen Government’s hand in restrain
ing inflationary forces and would help build a
public opinion favorable to the adoption and
vigorous application of needed measures. This
amendment would make it clear that Government
is as determined to direct its policies toward
maintenance of price stability as it is to employ
them in combating economic contraction.
Second, a Cabinet Committee on Price Stability
for Economic Growth is being established to
follow governmental and private activities affect
ing costs, prices, and economic growth; initiate
studies by Government or by groups of private
citizens of price stability in relation to economic
growth; seek ways to enhance productivity in the
American economy and to build a better public
understanding of the need for reasonable price
stability in a free society and of the conditions
necessary to achieve this objective.
Third, a Committee on Government Activities
Affecting Prices and Costs is being established, to
follow the operation of all relevant Federal pro
grams, including those involving procurement,
construction, stockpiling, and commodity price
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
support, and to make recommendations to the
appropriate departments or agencies or to the
President for the administration of these programs
in line with the objective of reasonable price
stability.
Fourth, questions concerning the level and
movement of consumer prices, changes in wage
rates and earnings, and changes in productivity
have assumed such significance in our economy
as to require more and better statistics concerning
them. Accordingly, the Bureau of the Budget
has been requested to accelerate programs for
enlargement and improvement of public informa
tion on prices, wages and related costs, and
productivity.
Public Welfare and Personal Security
Substantial progress has been made by the
States in recent years in raising the standards of
the unemployment insurance system. Benefits
have been increased and their potential duration
lengthened. Coverage has been broadened to
include more than four-fifths of all employees in
nonagricultural establishments.
Still further improvements are necessary and
desirable. Enactment of legislation is requested
to provide for extending the coverage of the
system to employees of firms having fewer than
four workers; to make its benefits available to
employees of Federal instrumentalities, nonprofit
organizations, and certain other groups; to bring
the provisions of the District of Columbia system
up to those recommended for the States; and to
provide for extending the system to workers in
Puerto Rico. Benefits should be raised so that
the majority of covered workers will be eligible
for payments equal to at least half their regular
earnings; and the maximum duration of benefits
should be lengthened to 26 weeks for any person
who qualifies for any benefit and who remains
unemployed that long.
These steps would greatly enhance the contri
bution that the unemployment compensation
system makes to our economy’s capacity to resist
recession. During the recent recession, this system
offset directly about one-third of the decline in
wage and salary payments. Supplemented by
temporary legislation providing longer duration
of eligibility for employees who exhausted their
THE PR E SID E N T ’S ECONOMIC REPORT
entitlement to benefits,2 unemployment insurance
payments substantially alleviated hardships aris
ing from loss of income.
In an industrial economy, occupational accidents
may result in hardship for an employee and his
dependents. It is therefore again recommended
that the States, which have primary responsi
bility, strengthen their systems of workmen’s
compensation.
Certain legislative improvements are required
in programs that lie within Federal jurisdiction.
Proposals will be made to the Congress to extend
the coverage of the Fair Labor Standards Act.
Favorable consideration is again requested for
legislation to revise the ambiguous and outmoded
provisions of the 8-hour laws applying to Federal
and federally assisted construction projects and
to carry out the principle of equal pay for equal
work without discrimination based on sex.
The Economic Report of 1958 outlined the
responsibility of the Government to maintain
a framework of laws to protect the basic rights of
the individual, to promote integrity in labormanagement relationships, and to foster better
industrial relations. Proposed legislation to ac
complish these purposes having failed of enact
ment, the Congress will again be requested to
require reporting and disclosure of financial deal
ings between employers and employee representa
tives and their agents, and to require public
reports of union finances, organization, and pro
cedures. Requested legislation will also prescribe
standards to promote democratic procedures in
union affairs, including the election of union
officers, and to correct abuses in the supervision
of the affairs of subordinate bodies. Modifications
will be proposed in the law governing secondary
boycotts, organizational and recognition picketing,
and representation elections, and authority will
be requested for the States to act in labor-manage
ment disputes where the National Labor Relations
Board declines jurisdiction. Legislation will also
J E ditor’s N ote.—The Temporary Additional Unemployment Com
pensation Act, P.L. 441 (85th Cong., 2d sess.), approved June 4, 1958.
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283
be requested to correct shortcomings in the Wel
fare and Pension Plans Disclosure Act enacted
by the 85th Congress [2d sess., P.L. 836, approved
August 28, 1958].
Despite the forward economic strides of the
Nation since the war, some communities have
suffered substantial and persistent unemploy
ment, when measured against national experience.
Federal assistance to these communities is required
not only to mitigate the hardships of individuals
and families but also to provide for the use of
underutilized resources, to the enhancement of
the national welfare.
Programs designed to enhance personal security
also contribute to the Nation’s economic strength
and well-being. Protection from want in old age,
for families losing breadwinners, and for persons
permanently disabled is afforded by the Federal
social security system. Broadening of the cover
age of the Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability
Insurance program in recent years to nearly 90
percent of all persons in paid employment, to
gether with the normal increase in the number of
persons eligible for benefits, has increased benefit
payments from $5.7 billion in 1956 to $7.3 billion
in 1957, and to an annual rate of $8.9 billion at
the end of 1958. The increase in 1958 played an
important role in helping to maintain the flow of
incomes during recession. Benefits are currently
being paid to more than 12 million persons, and
the average monthly benefit for old age is ap
proximately $66. Amendments adopted in 1958
increased benefit amounts, which had been prac
tically unchanged since 1954, by 7 percent, effec
tive in January 1959. Taxes were also increased
in order to strengthen the actuarial basis of the
program.
Federal contributions to State-operated public
assistance programs in behalf of the aged, the
blind, the disabled, and dependent children will
continue to rise in fiscal year 1960. An Advisory
Council authorized by recent legislation is study
ing the appropriate distribution of financial re
sponsibility between the Federal Government and
the States.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
UAW Public Review Board:
First Annual Report
E ditor’s N ote.— The U nited A utom obile W orkers,
at its 16th constitutional convention in A p r il
1957, created a n im p a rtia l board to review de
cisions by the international executive board (or
m atters referred to it by that board) involving
alleged violations o f m em bers’ rights or the
A F L - C I O ’s codes o f ethical practices.
The
U A W is the fir s t u n io n since the adoption o f
the ethical practices codes by the Federation to
create such a review board} The fo llo w in g is an
excerpt o f the review board’s fir s t a n n u a l report,
covering the period A p r il 8, 1957, through S e p
tember 80, 1958. For easier reading, susp en
sion m arks to show deletions have not been
indicated.
as an agency zealous
of its independence and integrity, provides an
effective instrument of self-discipline. There are
many other instruments of self-discipline which the
United Automobile Workers union has developed
in the course of its growth. The entire democratic
process by which its leadership, local, regional, and
international is selected is a safeguard against the
seizure of authority by those who do not reflect the
will of the constituency. The constitution under
which the UAW operates and the principles of the
AFL-CIO of which it is part are similarly re
straints upon the usurpation of power and the per
formance of acts that contravene justice and
democracy. These standards are, however, ap
plied and interpreted by the governing bodies of
the union—bodies which represent authority,
democratically acquired to be sure, but authority
which to an individual member of the union un
invested with the influence and status of leader
ship must seem, in the instance of a complaint or
grievance on his part, to represent an unequal and
superior force in contrast to his own. The very
existence of the public review board as an im
partial tribunal, uninvolved in the mechanisms
of union operation and government, is eloquent
assurance to the most humble member of the
smallest local that when the need should arise, he
can have his day in a “court” that is neither in
fluenced by partisan considerations nor related to
any group in power.
T he
p u b l ic
r e v ie w
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
board
,
[There are four] possible paths by which the
board’s power under the international constitution
can be set in motion.
1. Under Article 32, Section 8, the board is em
powered to hear appeals from decisions of the
international executive board in cases involving
alleged violation of the appellant’s rights as a
member of the union.
2. Under Article 31, Section 4(a), (b), and (c),
the board is empowered to hear appeals from de
cisions of the international executive board in cases
involving alleged violation of AFL-CIO ethical
practices codes.
3. Under Article 31, Section 4(a), (b), and (c),
the board is further empowered to review on its
own motion, in the absence of appeal, any com
plaint of alleged violation of ethical practices
codes which the international executive board
has disposed of without adequate action in the
review board’s judgment.
4. Under Article 31, Section 4(d), the board is
empowered to deal with ethical-practice matters
submitted to it, in the absence of appeal, by the
international executive board.
Cases
A total of 24 cases, directly involving some 70
parties, reached the public review board during
the period covered by this report, 13 of these
under the first [three] routes, the other 11 under
route four. Of these 24 cases, the decisions in 16
have been announced, 5 others have been dis
missed for jurisdictional reasons or abandonment
by the appellants, and the remaining 3 were still
pending at the close of the period.
The full texts of these decisions are available
upon request to the public review board. The
following is a brief survey.
Cases 1 to 11 involved local officers and inter
national staff members who invoked the First
and/or Fifth Amendments in refusing to answer
questions of a Senate subcommittee concerning
alleged Communist membership, association, and
1
The public review board consists of the following members: Rabbi Morris
Adler, chairman, of Congregation Shaarey Zedek, Detroit; Magistrate J. A.
Hanrahan of the Magistrate’s Court for the county of Essex, Windsor, Ont.;
Msgr. George G. Higgins, director of the social action department of the
National Catholic Welfare Conference, Washington, D.C.; Dr. Clark Kerr,
president of the University of California; Judge Wade H. McCree of the
Wayne County Circuit Court, Detroit; Bishop G. Bromley Oxnam of the
Methodist Church, Washington, D.C.; and Dr. Edwin E. Witte, professor
of economics, University of Wisconsin. The executive director is Walter E.
Oberer, professor of law, University of Texas.
REPORT OF THE UAW PUBLIC REVIEW BOARD
activity. Their eligibility to continue in office
under provisions barring Communists was there
after inquired into in union bearings, and they
were all determined not to be disqualified. The
public review board found no occasion to disturb
these decisions.
Case 12 involved the imposition of an adminis
tratorship upon a local union and the suspension
from office of 10 local officers under Article 12,
Section 2(b). These officers were also suspended
from union membership for alleged violation of
Article 32, Section 12, in seeking a court injunc
tion against the international union, to restrain it
from interfering with local affairs, without first
having exhausted their rights of appeal within
the union. The position of these suspended
officers on appeal to the public review board was
that the international executive board had
infringed upon local autonomy in violation of the
international constitution and that therefore the
appellants were justified in refusing to abide by
certain international directives. They further
contended that in the very proceedings which
resulted in the imposition of the administratorship
and in their suspensions, the international execu
tive board had failed to abide by the provisions
of the constitution governing such proceedings
and had denied the appellants a fair hearing. In
the only split decision of the public review board
rendered to date, the board panel passing upon
the case decided, four to one, to affirm the decision
of the international executive board.
Case 13 involved a union member who lost her
job by reason of complaints lodged against her
with the local union by fellow employees. The
local officers had then cooperated with manage
ment in effecting her discharge. The public
review board affirmed the international executive
board’s decision directing the local to reimburse
her for lost wages on the ground that she had been
denied her right to a trial with respect to the
aforesaid charges.
Case 14 presented the question of the validity
of the suspension of the two appellants from
union membership under Article 32, Section 12,
prohibiting resort to a civil court until exhaustion
of rights of appeal within the union. The ap
pellants had sued another member of their local
for libel in a State court. The alleged libel was
contained in a handbill circulated during a local
election campaign. No action concerning the
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285
alleged libel was pending within the union at the
time of the resort to the civil court. The public
review board reversed the decision of the inter
national executive board and ordered the ap
pellants reinstated to membership. Article 32,
Section 12, was held not applicable to such a case.
Case 17 involved an election dispute in a local
union. The international executive board had
conducted a hearing through an appeal committee
acting under Article 32, Section 6, and had in
validated the challenged election because of cer
tain irregularities and ordered a repeat election.
The appellants contended that the appeal com
mittee was illegally constituted in that it consisted
of only two, instead of three, members of the
international executive board, in violation of
Article 32, Section 6. The public review board
reversed the decision of the international execu
tive board on the ground that the appeal com
mittee was not properly constituted. The review
board noted a substantial difference between a
three-man hearing tribunal and one composed of
only two members.
Case 20 was a companion case to Case 17. The
two cases were heard and decided together by the
public review board. Case 20 involved an appeal
by several of the Case 17 appellants from a later
decision of the international executive board up
holding the validity of the repeat election in the
local. Again, the appeal committee which heard
the case for the international executive board
was made up of only two, instead of three, mem
bers. The public review board set aside the deci
sion of the international executive board for the
same reasons as in Case 17.
Cases D ism issed. In Case 15, the appellant had
been charged with six offenses under Article 30,
constituting conduct unbecoming a member of
the union. The trial committee of his local found
him guilty as to three of these charges and in
nocent as to the other three, assessing his penalty
at 1 year’s suspension from membership. On
appeal, the international executive board affirmed
two of the charges upon which the appellant had
been convicted, but reversed the third. It modi
fied the penalty accordingly from a suspension of
12 months to one of 8 months. The charges as to
which the conviction was affirmed were that the
appellant, recording secretary of his local, (1) had
released to the press an item damaging to the local
286
union without first clearing it with other local
officers, and (2) had utilized the local membership
mailing list for his own political purposes within
the local. After indicating intention to appeal
the decision of the international executive board
to the public review board and taking the initial
steps essential thereto, the appellant abandoned
the appeal. It was accordingly dismissed by the
public review board.
Case 16 involved alleged irregularities in a local
election. The appellants appealed to the public
review board from the decision of the international
executive board upholding the election. This
appeal was also dismissed by the public review
board by reason of abandonment by the appellants.
Cases 18, 21, and 22 all involved appeals from
the handling of shop grievances by local union
and regional officials. Each of these three cases
was dismissed by the public review board for
want of jurisdiction. In none of the three cases
did the appellant [satisfy the requirements of the
constitution by making] the necessary allegations
“before the international executive board that
the grievance was improperly handled because
of fraud, discrimination, or collusion with man
agement. ” The review board was therefore
without power to act.
Cases P en d in g . Three cases were pending before
the public review board at the conclusion of the
period covered by this report.
Case 19 presents the question of whether the
president of a local union, who had allegedly
resigned from office, or the vice president is
entitled to occupy the office of president. The
appellants, several members of the local, contend
that the vice president succeeded to the presi
dency under the international constitution and
the local bylaws after the aforesaid “resigna
tion.” The issue in the case is whether the
president had effectively resigned in advance
of his attempt to withdraw the resignation upon
his return from an absence of several months
while holding a governmental office. The inter
national executive board decided the matter in
favor of the original president on the ground that
his resignation had never been formally accepted
by the local membership.
Case 23 involves an election dispute in a unit
of an amalgamated local, the appellants con
tending that there were substantial election
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
irregularities. In appealing from the adverse
decision of the international executive board, the
appellants further contend that they were denied
their rights under the international constitution
to a full and fair hearing before the union tribunal
which passed upon their matter.
Case 24 presents the question of the validity of
the international executive board’s determination
that the appellants’ good standing as members
of the union was interrupted by their temporary
suspension from local office by reason of an
allegedly “technical” misappropriation of union
funds. The appellants were paid by their local
union for time they lost from their employment
while doing union work and then were mistakenly
paid by the employer for the same time. The
sums involved were about $50 in each case.
Upon “restitution” of these sums by the appel
lants to the local union (the company refused to
accept reimbursement because of a 15-day period
of limitations on such under the collective bargain
ing agreement), the suspension of the appellants
from local office was lifted. The claim of the
appellants is that their good standing as members
of the union was not affected by the foregoing
and that therefore they have been erroneously
precluded from running for reelection to local
office by reason of their allegedly not having the
1 year of “continuous good standing in the local
union” required by Article 38, Section 4, for
such eligibility.
Financial Report
The total expenditure of the board for [the
18-month period [April 8, 1957, through Septem
ber 30, 1958] was $32,803.55. This figure includes
the sum of $3,151.18 which was disbursed for
the initial costs of establishment, purchase of
equipment, and similar nonoperational items.
The balance of $29,652.37 covers staff salaries
and office expenses, hearing and related travel,
and other operating expenses.
Members of the public review board received
no compensation for their services during the
period of this annual report. While Article 31,
Section 8, of the international constitution pro
vides that the review board shall submit an annual
budget including among other items “reasonable
compensation” for its members, no decision has
yet been reached regarding compensation for
287
REPORT OF THE UAW PUBLIC REVIEW BOARD
the review board members. During the period
covered by the present report, the review board
lacked sufficient experience as to the potential
scope of its operations to permit the preparation
of such a budget. [The procedure followed was]:
The international union caused to be deposited
in the bank designated by the public review board
the initial sum of $30,000. The certified public
accountant who audits the public review board’s
books has prepared for it a quarterly financia
statement at the end of each calendar quarter,
which, in turn, has been presented by the review
board to the international union. The interna
tional secretary-treasurer has then forwarded a
check payable to the public review board in the
amount of the difference between $30,000 and what
the review board has on hand at the end of the
quarter. This treatment of the financial situation
has enabled the review board to act with full
independence despite the fact that its funds must
be provided by the international union.
Comments
Even when allowance is made for the fact (1)
that some of [the] cases and complaints [presented
to the review board] were of considerable concern
to other less directly involved members of the
union, and (2) that the volume of matters pre
sented to such a tribunal is apt to be lightest
during its initial period of operation while those
subject to its jurisdiction are learning of its exist
ence and manner of functioning, an observer can
not help but be impressed by the low number of
grievants as compared to the UAW membership
of over 1,300,000.
This favorable impression is further enhanced
by the fact that in no case presented to the public
review board during this initial period were there
any findings by the board of corruption.
To the extent that the experience of the public
review board to date has revealed any area for
attention on the part of the union, it is with re
spect to the occasional lack of careful regard by
local or international officials for the law of the
union as formulated by the membership in the
international constitution and local bylaws. A
democratic organization must, of course, be ad
ministered not only by law but also under law.
One reason for the low volume of appeals to the
public review board is revealed in some statistics
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
recently reported by the international union con
cerning review by the international executive
board of local disciplinary cases. [These statistics
show that] the international executive board was
three times as likely to affirm local decisions in
disciplinary cases presented to it in the 2 years
before creation of the public review board as it
was in the first year after. This demonstrates a
desirably closer scrutiny of such appeals by the
international executive board because of the
existence of the public review board, thus reducing
considerably the need for further appeal.
The continued exercise of such commendable
self-discipline by union tribunals at all levels
would render the primary contribution of the
public review board to the UAW membership the
beneficial impact of its mere existence. This
would constitute a signal triumph for union selfgovernment.
Obviously, a tribunal such as the public review
board is dependent for effective discharge of its
function upon the cooperation of the international
officers and staff and of the locals and members
who seek its aid or otherwise become involved in
the exercise of its jurisdiction. The public review
board’s experience in this respect has been the best.
Particularly critical throughout has been the
unstinting cooperation and good faith of the
international union.
The first aim of the procedures
[developed by the review board] is to ascertain as
accurately as possible the particular grievance or
grievances involved and then to present these to
the other parties who are or may be concerned for
such response as they choose to make. In this way,
the issues in the particular case or complaint are
framed. Since these charges and answers to
charges are reduced to writing and copies provided
to the interested parties, all concerned have a
better understanding of the issues involved and
of the opposing points of view.
In cases where hearings are necessary, the policy
of the public review board is to hold a public
hearing in a suitable place as near to the location
of the appellant as possible, thus saving him
expenses of travel. Moreover, none of the expense
of conducting the hearing is cast upon the appel
lant. [All] expenses incidental to a hearing are
borne by the review board out of the funds sup
plied to it by the international.
B oard Procedures.
288
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
Wage Chronology No. 26:
The Anaconda Co.
Supplement No. 2— 1954-58
T he contracts between the Anaconda Co.1 and
the Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers (MMSWInd.), as amended in 1953, were terminated by the
parties during the summer of 1954. When
negotiations failed to produce an agreement, a
strike began on August 23 and continued for 54
days until a settlement was reached on October 15.
The 2-year agreements negotiated at that time
called for a general wage increase of 2 cents an
hour, increased shift differential pay, liberalized
holiday pay and vacation provisions, an increase
in company contributions for hospital and medical
benefits, improvements in pension benefits, and a
reopening in 1955. Negotiations under this re
opening resulted in a general wage advance of
11% cents an hour plus a %-cent widening of the
increments among job classes.
Three-year contracts providing an across-theboard wage rate increase of 10 cents an hour,
effective July 1, 1956, and 6-cent general wage
increases, plus a %-cent-an-hour increase in
increments between job classifications, on July 1
of both 1957 and 1958, were negotiated during the
summer of 1956. These agreements also liberal
ized paid holiday, vacation, and pension provi
sions, and increased the company’s contributions
for health and welfare insurance.
Contracts negotiated by other unions at the
three locations (Great Falls, Anaconda, and
Butte, Mont.) covered by this chronology 2
generally provided the same changes in fringe
benefits. The wage-rate changes negotiated by
the International Union of Operating Engineers
(IUOE), which was certified to represent many
of the workers in open-pit operations at Butte
after a representation election in 1956, were also
similar to those negotiated by the Mine, Mill and
Smelter Workers. However, the Metal Trades
Department (MTD) and the Building and Con
struction Trades Department (BCTD), repre
senting a number of crafts,3 negotiated somewhat
different changes in wage rates in both 1954 and
1956. In 1954, these departments negotiated
5-cent-an-hour wage increases, while the 1957 and
1958 increases were 6% cents for all workers
affected, instead of varying by labor grade.
The following tables bring the Anaconda chro
nology and supplement up to date through June 30,
1959, the expiration date of the 1956 agreements.
1 The Anaconda Copper Mining Co. became the Anaconda Co. on May
18, 1955.
2 For the basic chronology and first supplement, see M onthly Labor
Review, July 1952 (pp. 34-38) and September 1954 (pp. 1002-1003), or Wage
Chronology Series 4, No. 24.
3 These departments represented the following unions: Boilermakers;
ricklayers; Carpenters; Iron Workers; Machinists; Molders; Operating
Engineers; Painters; Pattern Makers; Plumbers; Sheet Metal Workers; and
Teamsters.
A—General Wage Changes
Provision
Effective date
July 1, 1954 (agreements
of O ct. 15, 1 9 5 4 —
M M SW ).
July 1, 1954 (agreement of
Oct. 15, 1954— B C T D
and M T D l).
July 1, 1955 (agreements of
July 1955— M M SW , and
Oct. 1955— B C T D and
M T D ).
July 1, 1956 (agreements of
June 29, 1956— M M SW ,
Sept. 7, 1956— B C T D
and M T D , and July 27,
1956— IU O E ).
See footnote at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Applications, exceptions, and other related matters
Increases
per day
Increases
per hour
$0. 16
$0. 02
. 40
. 05
1. 044
(average)
. 80
. 13
(average)
. 10
Included a general wage change consisting of an 11%-cent-anhour across-the-board increase and an approximate average
of 1lA cents an hour resulting from increasing increments
between m ost job classes from 5% to 5% cents an hour.
T hese adjustm ents ranged from % to 6 cents an hour.
The agreements provided for additional deferred wage-rate
increases of—
6 cents an hour, plus a %-cent increase in increments between
job classes, effective July 1 of both 1957 and 1958— M M SW
and IUOE.
6% cents an hour effective July 1 of both 1957 and 1958—
B C T D and M T D .
WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 26: THE ANACONDA CO.
289
A—General Wage Changes—Continued
Provision
Effective date
Increases
per day
July 1, 1957 (agreements of
June 29, 1956— M MSW ,
and July 27, 1956—
IU O E ).
Julv 1, 1957 (agreement of
Sept. 7, 1956— B C T D
and M T D ).
July 1, 1958 (agreements of
June 29, 1956— M M SW ,
and July 27, 1956—
IU O E ).
July 1, 1958 (agreement of
Sept. 7, 1956— B C T D
and M T D ).
Applications, exceptions, and other related matters
Increases
per hour
. 541
(average)
. 52
. 54
(average)
. 52
. 068
(average)
. 065
Included a general wage change consisting of a 6-cent-an-hour
across-the-board increase and an approximate average of
0.8 cent an hour resulting from increasing increments be
tw een most job classes from 5% to 6^ cents an hour. These
adjustments ranged from / to 3 cents an hour.
Across-the-board increase.
. 068
(average)
Increase applied in same w ay as on July 1, 1957. Increments
between m ost job classes increased to 6% cents an hour.
. 065
Across-the-board increase.
1 For unions represented by the Building and Construction Trades De
partm ent and Metal Trades Department, see text footnote 3.
B-—Basic Daily Rates for Selected Occupations 1
Effective date
Location and occupation
Butte:
__
Carpenters, boss_ _
Carpenters, regular _ _ _ _ _
Compressormen 2
Diamond drill runners 2
Dispatchers (train)
Miners, regular 4
_
Miners, shaft 4
Operators, crane, shovel, or tractor 2 _
Truckdrivers:
_____
Under 2 tons __
___
2 to 5 tons _ _
Over 5 ton s.
_ _
Great Falls and Anaconda:
Cranemen (small) __
_ _
Engineers (dinky), large engine drivers
and helpers _
_
Operators 5______
___
Suboperators 5___
Truckdrivers:
Under 2 to n s ..
2 to 5 tons __ _
B utte, Great Falls, and Anaconda:
Machinists, boss
_ _ _
M achinists, r e g u la r __ __
M achinists’ h elp ers.- _
Laborers, regular
_ __
_ _
July 1,
1953
July 1,
1954
July 1,
1955
July 1,
1956
July 1,
1957
$16.
16.
16.
15.
15.
14.
15.
$17.
16.
16.
15.
15.
14.
15.
$18.
17.
17.
16.
16.
15.
16.
$19.
18.
18.
3 18.
17.
16.
17.
18.
$19.
18.
18.
18.
18.
17.
18.
18.
86
00
00
57
57
71
57
50
56
32
85
85
91
85
30
36
12
12
65
71
65
12
82
88
72
72
23
25
23
72
$20.
19.
19.
19.
18.
17.
18.
19.
34
40
32
32
81
79
81
32
15. 14
15. 57
16. 00
15. 54
15. 97
16. 40
16. 62
17. 09
17. 56
17. 42
17. 89
18. 36
17. 94
18. 41
18. 88
18. 46
18. 93
19. 40
15. 14
15. 30
16. 38
17. 18
17. 74
18. 30
15. 57
14. 71
14. 28
15. 73
14. 87
14. 44
16. 85
15. 91
15. 44
17. 65
16. 71
16. 24
18. 23
17. 25
16. 76
18. 81
17. 79
17. 28
15. 14
15. 57
15. 30
15. 73
16. 38
16. 85
17. 18
17. 65
17. 74
18. 23
18. 30
18. 81
16.
16.
14.
13.
17.
16.
15.
14.
18.
17.
16.
14.
19.
18.
16.
15.
19.
18.
17.
16.
20.
19.
17.
16.
86
00
71
85
1 Excluding shift differentials and premium overtime payments.
2 International Union of Operating Engineers certified as collective bar
gaining agent, July 10, 1956.
3 Job upgraded providing an additional 47 cents a day ( 5 % cents an hour).
* Rates shown are for miners paid by the day.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
26
40
16
73
73
87
73
July 1,
1958
26
40
11
01
50
56
15
97
30
36
95
77
82
88
47
27
34
40
99
77
5 Operators handle various machines and equipment, such as the flotation
machines in the concentrator, the reverberator furnaces and the convertor,
the manganese kiln, or any other department equipment. Suboperators
help the operators.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
290
C—Related Wage Practices
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
Shift Prem ium P ay
July 1, 1954 (agreements of
Oct. 15, 1954— M M SW ,
and B C T D and M T D ).
Increased to: 5 cents an hour for work on
second shift; 10 cents an hour for third
shift; and T% cents an hour for intermedi
ate shifts.
H oliday P a y
Qualification for holidays for members of
B utte stationary engineers local reduced
from 26 to 13 w eeks.1
Eliminated: Requirement th at holiday m ust
fall on scheduled day of work in order for
employee to receive holiday pay.
Added: Failure to report to work because of
death in im mediate fam ily not considered
as making employee ineligible for holiday
pay.
July 1, 1954 (above agree
ments) .
July 1, 1956 (agreements of
June 29, 1956— M M SW ,
July 27, 1956— ITJOE,
and Sept. 7, 1956—■
B C T D and M T D ).
Added: For B C T D and M T D only— em
ployee to receive an additional day’s
straight-tim e pay for holiday falling dur
ing his vacation.
Added: 7th paid holiday.
H oliday was: For M M SW , em ployee’s birth
day; for B C T D , M T D , and IUOE,
Miners’ Union D ay in B u tte, Smelterm en’s U nion D ay in Anaconda, and Com
mercial D a y in Great Falls.
P aid Vacations
July 1, 1954 (agreements of
Oct. 15, 1954— M M SW ,
and B C T D and M T D ).
Added: Vacation pay for otherwise quali
fied employees who quit or were dis
charged.
Apr. 1, 1956 (agreements of
June 29, 1956— M M SW ,
July 27, 1956— IUOE,
and Sept. 7, 1956—
B C T D and M T D ).
Added: Additional half week’s vacation pay
for employees w ith 10 but less than 15
years’ service.
Pay based on average straight-tim e rate
earned during final 12 weeks of em ploy
ment.
Added: For B C T D and M T D only— em
ployees qualified for vacation and apply
ing for pensions to receive their vacations
before comm encement of pension.
Accident and Sickness Benefits
July 1, 1954 (agreements of
Oct. 15, 1954— M MSW ,
and B C T D and M T D ).
July 1, 1956 (agreements of
June 29, 1956— M M SW ,
July 27, 1956— IUOE,
and Sept. 7, 1956—BCDT
and M T D ).
See footnote at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Dependents: Company contributions in
creased by 50 cents a m onth (to $2) plus
sum equal to amount contributed by em
ployee up to maximum of $1.50 a month—total $3.50—for fam ily hospital and medi
cal coverage, M M SW .
Company contribution increased by $2 a
m onth (to $3.50), B C T D and M T D .
Employees: Company contribution to hos
pital and medical benefits changed to
average of $2.76 a month.
N onindustrial sickness and accident benefits:
Increased to weekly maximum of $32.50.
Employees to contribute minimum of $1 a
month.
Company contribution of $1 a m onth per
employee continued.
291
WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 26: THE ANACONDA CO.
C —Related Wage Practices—Continued
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
Pension Plan
N ov. 1, 1954 (agreements of
Oct. 15, 1954— MMSW,
and B C T D and M T D ).
July 1, 1957 (agreements of
June 29, 1956— M MSW ,
July 27,1956—IUOE, and
Sept. 7, 1956—BCTD and
M T D ).
A ormal retirement: M onthly pension at age
65 changed to $1.75 for each year’s con
tinuous service up to 30 years, plus social
security benefits.
Early retirement: Added employee option of
choosing deferred normal pension starting
at age 65.
D isability benefits: Increased to $70 a month
reduced by statutory benefits, other than
fixed paym ent for loss of bodily member.
Added: $1,000 paidup life insurance for re
tirees.
Normal retirement: M onthly pension at age
65 increased to $2.25 for each year’s con
tinuous service up to 35 years, plus social
security benefits.
D isability benefits: Increased to $90 a month.
1 Reduction to 20 weeks in 1953 applicable only to Butte miners. Qualification for metal and building trades employees at Butte reduced to 13 weeks In 1953.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Significant Decisions
in Labor Cases*
Labor Relations
The United
States Supreme Court held 1 that a State court
had no power to enjoin peaceful organizational
picketing involving interstate commerce.
The consolidated actions here reviewed were
brought by 12 hotels to enjoin the union from
peacefully picketing them. The Florida Supreme
Court affirmed the issuance of permanent injunc
tions against the picketing,2 citing as authority an
opinion 3 in which that court had stated that the
following limitations were placed upon picketing:
The union must show that it represents the
employees; the “employer must have been told of
the object to be accomplished by the picketing
and afforded an opportunity to negotiate whatever
differences there may be or impediments there are
to accomplish the objective of the picketing.”
The Supreme Court, in reversing the judgments
of the State court, declared that the Florida
courts were without jurisdiction to enjoin this
organizational picketing whether it was activity
protected by section 7 of the Labor Management
Relations Act or prohibited by section 8(b)(4).
The court noted that this “follows even though
the NLRB refused to take jurisdiction.”
State P ow er to E n jo in P icketing.
The U.S.
Supreme Court held 4 that a State could not apply
its antitrust law 5 to enjoin a union and carriers
from carrying out an article of a collective bar
gaining agreement that prescribed the minimum
rental and certain other terms of hire of motor
vehicles leased to the carriers by owners who
drove their vehicles in the carriers’ service.
The multiemployer, multistate collective bar
gaining agreement provided that the wages, hours,
and working conditions of owner-operators were
to be those applied to the carriers’ drivers of
carrier-owned vehicles and that the equipment
rental payment made to owner-operators “must
be in an amount not less than ‘the minimum
rates’ specified by the article which ‘result from the
joint determination of the parties that such rates
represent only the actual cost of operating such
[leased] equipment. . . .’ ” The same article fur
ther provided that all “leases by union members
who drive their vehicles for carriers in effect on
the operative date of the collective bargaining
agreement are to ‘be dissolved or modified within
thirty (30) days’ to conform to the terms and
conditions of the article.” The parties declared
the intent of the article to be “to assure the pay
ment of the union scale of wages . . .”
The action was brought by a member of the
union who was an owner-operator, to have the
parties to the collective bargaining agreement
enjoined from carrying out the article. At the
time the agreement was negotiated, the plaintiff
was subject to written lease agreements with the
carriers, the terms and conditions of which dif
fered substantially from those of the collective
bargaining agreement, particularly in regard to
rental compensation.
The Ohio Court of Common Pleas held the
article to be a price-fixing arrangement violating
the State’s antitrust law because “there are re
strictions and restraints imposed upon articles
[the leased vehicles] that are widely used in trade
and commerce . . . [and] preclude an owner of prop
erty from reasonable freedom of action in dealing
with it.” The State court of appeals affirmed the
trial court’s decision and enjoined the carrying
out of the article. An appeal, addressed to the
Ohio Supreme Court, was dismissed for want of
a debatable constitutional question.
The U.S. Supreme Court, in reversing the
State decisions, adopted the union’s argument
A p p lic a tio n o f State A n titr u s t L a w .
292
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
‘Prepared in the TJ.S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor. The
cases covered in this article represent a selection of the significant decisions
believed to be of special interest. No attem pt has been made to reflect all
recent judicial and administrative developments in the field of labor law or
to indicate the effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in which contrary
results may be reached based upon local statutory provisions, the existence of
local precedents, or a different approach by the courts to the issue presented.
i H o t e l E m p l o y e e s U n i o n , L o c a l 2 5 5 v. S a x E n t e r p r i s e s , I n c . and S a m e v.
L e v y , e t a l . , d . b . a . S h e r r y F r o n t e n a c H o t e l S t u y v e s a n t C o r p . (U.S. Sup. Ct.,
Jan. 12, 1959).
1 H o te l E m p lo y e e s
U n i o n , L o c a l 2 5 6 v. L e v y , 93 So. 2d 583 (1957); H o t e l
E m p lo y e e s
U n i o n , L o c a l 2 5 5 v. L a n s b u r g h , 93 So. 2d 591 (1957); H o t e l E m
p l o y e e s U n i o n , L o c a l 2 5 5 v. S a x E n t e r p r i s e s , I n c . , 93 So. 2d 591 (1957).
3
F o n t a i n e b l e a u H o t e l C o r p . v. H o t e l E m p l o y e e s U n i o n , L o c a l 2 5 5 , 92 So. 2d
415 (1957).
* L o c a l 2 1 , T e a m s t e r s v. O l i v e r and A . C . E . T r a n s p o r t a t i o n C o . (U.S. Sup.
Ct., Jan. 19, 1959).
5 Page’s Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 1331.01 (1953).
DECISIO NS IN LABOR CASES
293
that the objective of the article was not price
fixing but wage regulation in that it was aimed
at protecting “the negotiated wage scale against
the possible undermining through diminution of
the owner’s wages for driving which might result
from a rental which did not cover his operating
costs.” The court noted that inadequacy of a
rental was of vital concern to drivers of carrierowned vehicles because “an inadequate rental
might mean the progressive curtailment of jobs
through withdrawal of more and more carrierowned vehicles from service.”
Finding the provisions to be directed toward
wages, the U.S. Supreme Court deemed them a
result of the obligation under section 8(d)6 of the
LMRA to bargain collectively with respect to
wages.
The Court concluded that the State law could
not be applied because to do so would frustrate
the parties’ solution of problems which Congress
had required them to negotiate in good faith and
on which it imposed no limitations relevant here.
The paramount force of Federal law, the Court
declared, precluded the application of State law
even though the Federal law “is expressed in the
details of a contract which Federal law empowers
the parties to make, rather than in terms of an
enactment of Congress.”
The dissenting Justice would have affirmed the
judgment of the State court of appeals on the
ground that the owner-operator was not an em
ployee of the carriers but was, rather, an in
dependent contractor, and as such, excluded from
the coverage of the LMRA by section 2(3).7
In ju n c tio n A g a in st M a ritim e Boycott. A Federal
district court held 8 that the Norris-LaGuardia
Act precluded the issuance of an injunction against
United States unions from threatened picketing
of American-owned foreign-flag cargo vessels and
from inducing others to refuse to handle ships or
cargo in United States ports and that the com
bination of those unions with foreign trade unions
in the threatened picketing and secondary boycott
« 29 U.S.C. § X58(d) (1952).
' 29 U.S.C. § 152(3) (1952).
• A f r a n T r a n s p o r t C o . v. N a t i o n a l
Dec. 19, 1958).
»15 U.S.C. § l e t seq. (1952).
1» 29 U.S.C. § 104 (1952).
» 29 U.S.C. § 113 (1952).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M a r itim e
U n io n
(U.S.D.C., S.D.N.Y,.
did not remove the protection of the NorrisLaGuardia Act.
This action was brought under the Sherman
Anti-Trust A c t9 by Liberian and Panamanian
corporations, which operated vessels under the
registry of those countries, against certain Amer
ican unions. Their vessels transported cargo
from foreign to United States ports. The corpo
rations alleged that the U.S. unions entered into
a combination and conspiracy with a federation
of labor unions whose offices were in Europe, to
obstruct the plaintiffs’ ships in ports throughout
the world in restraint of foreign commerce in
violation of the Sherman Act by threatening to
picket and refuse to service the ships of the
corporations and to persuade other unions to
picket and refuse to serve those ships. The
corporations moved for a temporary injunction
restraining the American unions from carrying
out their threatened plans.
Denying the temporary injunction, the court
declared that section 4 of the Norris-LaGuardia
A c t10 which prohibits injunctions to prevent cer
tain acts “in any case involving or growing out of
any labor dispute” precluded such relief here.
The court found the existence of a “labor dispute”
as defined in section 1311 of the act to include
“any controversy concerning terms or conditions
of employment . . .” The court reasoned that
a labor dispute was involved here because the
defendant unions had a vital interest in the wages
and conditions of employment of the crews of the
plaintiffs. The court relied upon the assertions
of the unions that the continuing transfer of
American vessels to foreign flags where wages and
working conditions were below those on American
vessels would tend to depress the standards which
they established by collective bargaining for their
own members and would result in the shrinkage
of job opportunities available to their members
and that the unions by their intended activities
sought to deter further transfer. The court de
clared that “whether or not the unions are correct
in their promise that the raising of standards on
Liberian and Panamanian vessels, and the dis
couragement of continued transfer to foreign flags,
will in fact have the effect they claim is of no
merit here.”
The court rejected the plaintiffs’ contention that
the defendants lost the protection of the NorrisLaGuardia Act because they acted and intended
294
to act in concert with foreign unions, stating that,
while a union which acts to restrain trade in
combination with nonlabor or business groups
violates the Sherman Act, there is “nothing in
the Norris-LaGuardia Act, or the Sherman Act
or in any other statute which prevents or restricts
American labor unions from acting in concert or
combination with foreign trade unions or associa
tion of trade unions or with their members, to
carry out legitimate labor objectives in the course
of a labor dispute/’
The court indicated that the plaintiffs could not
avail themselves of the provision of the TaftHartley Act which created an exception to the
Norris-LaGuardia Act in cases of secondary boy
cotts since the plaintiffs either had not followed or
could not follow the procedure prescribed by that
act which the court stated to be the exclusive
remedy against such proscribed conduct.
A
United States district court held 12 that the Rail
way Labor Act does not confer upon it jurisdiction
of a suit by a discharged employee to recover
damages from his union and its general chairman
for negligent failure to prosecute a grievance
arising out of the employee’s discharge.
Despite repeated requests to the union, of which
he was a member, no action was taken to prosecute
the discharge through grievance procedures. The
employee then sued the union and its general
chairman for failing to protect his rights “with
due diligence and loyalty.”
In granting requests to dismiss the action for
lack of jurisdiction, the court rejected the em
ployee’s argument that the doctrine of Steele v.
Louisville & N ashville R ailroad Co.13 should be
extended to include negligence in addition to
hostile discrimination. In the Steele case, the
Supreme Court had “held that the [Railway
Labor] Act had, by implication, imposed upon the
union the enforceable duty of representing all
within the bargaining unit without hostile dis
crimination against any of them.”
The court distinguished the negligence case
before it from the hostile discrimination situation
by indicating that since “negligence is by hy
pothesis unintentional,” it does not “appear that
the duty of fair representation enunciated in
Steele would be appreciably affected by either
promulgating or rejecting a Federal right to sue a
Ju risd ic tio n Over R a ilw a y U nion Negligence.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
bargaining representative for negligent failure to
prosecute a grievance.”
The court found an absence of congressional
intent either to allow or disallow suit under the
Railway Labor Act for negligent failure to
prosecute a grievance. That finding was used to
buttress the dismissal of the action because the
court reasoned that the justification for Federal
action must be even greater when action is
initiated by the judiciary than by the legislature
since the States have a voice in the deliberations
of Congress.
The court noted further that “a contrary
holding would bring all such negligence actions
within the jurisdiction of the Federal courts,” thus
substantially increasing then- work load. The
court stated: “While this is not, perhaps, strictly
relevant to the initial question of whether a
Federal rule should be formulated, it is not without
import where other considerations do not suggest
the advisability of adopting such a rule.”
A
United States court of appeals held14 that a
Federal district court had jurisdiction of an action
by union members to compel the union to furnish
them with a financial report as required by sections
9 (f) and (g) of the LMRA and that the power of
the district court is derived from the jurisdictional
statute dealing with actions arising under acts of
Congress regulating commerce15 and not from
section 301(a) of the LMRA.
This action was brought by 12 members of a
union seeking a mandatory injunction to require
the union and its officers to make and furnish
financial reports. The members asserted that
they had exhausted all the processes available
within the union. The district court dismissed
the action on the ground that it did not have
jurisdiction over the subject matter.
In reversing the district court, the court of
appeals reasoned that the statute providing that
“district courts shall have original jurisdiction of
any civil action or proceeding arising under any
act of Congress regulating commerce . . .” 16
conferred jurisdiction upon the district court in
M em ber A ctio n to Compel F in a n cia l R eporting.
is B o h a n n o n v. R e a d i n g C o . (U.S.D.C., E.D. Pa., Dec. 18, 1958).
13 323 U.S. 192 (1944).
ii A d a m s v. I n t e r n a t i o n a l B r o t h e r h o o d o f B o i l e r m a k e r s (C.A. 10, Dec. 3,1958).
13 28 U.S.C. § 1337 (1952).
is Ibid.
295
DEC ISIO NS IN LABOR CASES
this case because the members “assert and seek
the enforcement of a right which they claim is
given to them by 9 (f) and (g), which is a statute
regulating commerce and the defendants deny
that right to the plaintiffs.”
The court declared that a mandatory obligation
is imposed upon unions by sections 9 (f) and (g),
which provide that no investigation shall be made
by the Board in a representation case and no
complaint shall issue in an unfair labor practice
case pursuant to a charge made by a union unless
such union furnished its members annual financial
reports. The court noted that no administrative
remedy was available to the members.
The court indicated that section 301(a) of the
LMRA which confers jurisdiction upon Federal
district courts in breach of contract suits between
employers and labor organizations or between
labor organizations does not apply to suits between
labor organizations and their members. The
court held, therefore, that provision did not
confer jurisdiction of this suit upon the district
court.
The dissenting judge declared that compliance
with sections 9 (f) and (g) is not mandatory and
reasoned that, therefore, the members had been
denied no right which gave rise to Federal
jurisdiction.
Wages and Hours
The U.S. Supreme Court sus
tained 17 the U.S. Department of Labor’s position
that the Fair Labor Standards Act covers the
nonprofessional employees of engineering and
architectural firms which furnish plans and speci
fications for the extension and improvement of
interstate facilities, including military airports,
private bus terminals, radio and television instal
lations, and roads.
The Secretary of Labor brought this action
under section 17 18 of the Fair Labor Standards
Act to restrain the architectural engineering firm
in question from violating the recordkeeping
F L S A Coverage.
« M i t c h e l l v. L u b l i n , M c G a u g h y & A s s o c i a t e s (U.S. Sup. Ct., Jan. 12,1959).
«29 U.S.C. §217 (1952).
» Citing 29 U.S.C. §§ 206, 207, 211 (1952).
*> M i t c h e l l v. L u b l i n , M c G a u g h y & A s s o c i a t e s , 250 F. 2d 253 (C.A. 4, 1957).
« 29 U.S.C. §§ 206, 207 (1952).
m Quoting M i t c h e l l v. V o l l m e r & C o . , 349 U.S. 427, 429 (1955).
x H a h n v. R o s s I s l a n d S a n d & G r a v e l C o . (U.S. Sup. Ct., Jan. 12, 1959).
m 33 U.S.C. §§ 901-950 (1952 and Supp. 1958).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
and overtime provisions of the a c t19 in regard to
draftsmen, fieldmen, clerks, and stenographers.
It was undisputed that the employees worked on
plans and specifications for the repair and con
struction of various interstate instrumentalities
and facilities.
The district court dismissed the complaint and
the court of appeals affirmed that decision, ruling
that the employees were not covered by the act
because their work was incident to the firm’s
“local” professional practice of advising a “general
miscellany of clients” concerning a variety of
projects.20
The Supreme Court, in reversing the court of
appeals, indicated that the test to be applied in
determining whether these employees were “en
gaged in commerce” within the coverage of sec
tions 6 and 7 of the a c t21 is “whether the work is
so directly and vitally related to the functioning
of an instrumentality or facility of interstate
commerce as to be, in practical effect, a part of it,
rather than an isolated activity.” 22 The Supreme
Court then found their work in preparing plans
and specifications to be directly and vitally related
to the functioning of the interstate facilities
“because, without the preparation of plans for
guidance, the construction could not be effected
and the facilities could not function as planned.”
Consequently, the Court concluded that the non
professional employees who participated in the
preparation of such plans were “engaged in
commerce” and covered by the act.
Workmen’s Compensation
Negligence S u it a n d L ongshorem en1s A ct. The
U.S. Supreme Court held 23 that coverage by the
Federal Longshoremen’s and Harbor Workers’
Compensation A ct24 did not prevent an employee
from bringing a negligence action against his
employer where the employer elected not to
participate in the workmen’s compensation pro
gram provided for in the State statute which also
declared that any employer electing not to partici
pate in the State program would be liable for
damages for the injuries or death of his employees,
occasioned by his negligence, default, or wrongful
act and where the employee was injured in a
“twilight zone.” That is the area where it
is impossible to predict in advance of trial whether
a worker’s injury occurred in an operation which,
296
although maritime in nature, is so “local” as to
allow State compensation laws to apply.25
The employee was injured while working on a
barge on navigable waters within the State of
Oregon. His employer had complied with section
32 26 of the Longshoremen’s Act requiring every
employer to buy compensation insurance or to
furnish proof of ability to pay compensation but
had elected not to participate in the Oregon work
men’s compensation program. The Oregon act
provided that when an employer elected to refuse
the act’s automatic compensation provisions his
employee, injured through the negligence, default,
or wrongful act of the employer, could maintain a
negligence action for damages.27 The Oregon Su
preme Court, affirming the decision of the trial
court, held that the employee’s sole remedy was
under the Federal statute and the “twilight zone”
doctrine was inapplicable because the workman
was seeking redress not under a State compensa
tion statute but, rather, through a common law
action.28
In reversing the State Supreme Court, the U.S.
Supreme Court reasoned that the employee’s re
covery was provided by the State compensation
act, despite the fact that the employer had rejected
State compensation coverage, because that statute
itself provided for negligence actions against non
participating employers. The U.S. Supreme Court
concluded that since the injury occurred in the
“twilight zone” it followed from that court’s deci
sion in D avis v. D epartm ent o j Labor 29 that the
recovery sought in this action was not barred by
the Longshoremen’s Act. In that case, the court
had held that the State could make an award under
its compensation law for death within the “twilight
zone” where no administrative action had been
taken under the Federal statute.30
The dissenting Justices in the negligence case
argued that in this case compensation benefits
under the Longshoremen’s Act were clearly avail
able at all times to the employee and that, there
fore, the “twilight zone” doctrine which was
created in D avis for a doubtful case, should not
be applied here.
Veterans’ Reemployment
A United States
court of appeals, dealing with nonunion employ
ment, held 31 that where a veteran, on his own
Rem oval F rom H igher P osition.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
insistence, had contracted for a higher and better
paid position than he held before military service,
unrelated to his former position by any line of
promotion, the employer was not required to retain
the veteran in the higher position for the full year
following his reemployment, where the employer
coupled notice of termination of the higher posi
tion with an unqualified offer of the preservice
position and the veteran quit. The court also held
that a new corporation, organized after these
events to take over part of the former employer’s
operations, even if a “successor in interest” under
the Universal Military Training and Service Act,32
would not have been liable to the veteran for any
wrongdoings of the predecessor where the successor
had never become the veteran’s employer, had not
discharged him and had not contractually assumed
the liabilities of the predecessor employer which
continued in business.
The veteran had been employed as an inspector
at $500 a month before military service. After
his satisfactory military service, the veteran did
not ask for restoration to the job of inspector
which had never changed in duties or pay.
Instead he initiated negotiations which led to a
contract as assistant manager, at $700 a month.
He began working as assistant manager on Feb
ruary 15, 1953, within 90 days after his honorable
discharge. On May 27, 1953, the employer told
the veteran that the corporation wished to cut
expenses and said that he must return to his
position as inspector at $500 per month or end his
employment. Refusing to take a pay cut, the
veteran said he could readily find a suitable posi
tion elsewhere. After further inconclusiv e discus
sions, on July 15, 1953, the employer dismissed the
veteran from its employment as of that date but
it paid the veteran until July 31, 1953. On
July 31, 1953, a new corporation was formed to
take over a lease of the employer and buy the
fixtures and complete certain contracts. No
shareholder of the new company held any stock in
the employer corporation which continued in
business in other locations. After July 15, 1953,
25 H a h n v. R o s s I s l a n d S a n d & G r a v e l C o . , footnote 23, s u p r a .
26 33 U.S.C. § 932 (1952). See H a h n v . R o s s I s l a n d S a n d & G r a v e l
2d 668 (1958).
22 5 Oreg. Rev. Stat. § 656.024 (1957).
28 H a h n v. R o s s I s l a n d S a n d & G r a v e l C o . , footnote 26, s u p r a .
22 317 U.S. 249 (1942).
so Ibid.
si R i x v. T u r n b u l l - N o v a k , I n c . (C.A. 8, Nov. 14,1958).
82 50 U.S.C. App. § 459 (1952).
C o .,
320 P .
297
DECISIO NS IN LABOR CASES
the veteran never worked for either the employer
or the new corporation. On August 17, 1953, the
veteran obtained employment at the rate of $528
per month, which continued beyond 1 year from
his return from service.
The veteran brought an action against the new
corporation claiming that it was a successor in
interest to his employer and hence liable for
damages for unlawful discharge violating the
reemployment statutes. He claimed pay loss
from August 1, 1953, to February 15, 1954.
After trial, the district court found33 that the
defendant was not a successor in interest to the
employer. It also noted that the veteran had
not claimed his statutory rights but had instead
entered into a new contract of employment which
was terminable at will. The district court con
cluded that because he had voluntarily contracted
for a higher position with more salary and respon
sibility, the veteran was preempted from later
claiming statutory protection against discharge.
The court of appeals expressed serious doubt
whether, by contracting for the new position which
was terminable at will and by not requesting
33 159
F. Supp. 199 (U.S.D.C., W.D. Mo., 1958).
restoration to his preservice position, the veteran
waived or lost his rights against his preservice
employer to hold the position he left for military
service for the balance of the statutory year.
The appellate court concluded that, even without
waiver, the employer was not in the circumstances
obligated to retain the veteran for the full year in
the new and higher position.
Turning to the claim against the new corpora
tion, the court of appeals recognized that the act
obligates successors in interest to restore eligible
veterans to their former positions and maintain
such employment for 1 year. The breach of duty
relied on here was discharge without cause within
1 year, said the court, but the veteran never
requested of the new corporation reemployment
in his preservice position, was never employed or
discharged by the new corporation. The old
corporation continued substantial business opera
tions and the new one had not contracted to
assume any liability of the old to the veteran.
The new corporation was not liable to this veteran,
because the reemployment statutes do not make a
successor liable for damages incurred by the
wrongful act of the predecessor before the transfer
of assets.
Union Conventions, April 16 to May 15, 1959
D a te
O rg a n iza tio n
Place
M ay 4 ___
M ay 4 ___
M ay 4 ___
American Federation of Hosiery W orkers_________
U nited Shoe Workers of America__________________
U tility Workers Union of America_________________
M ay 11 _ _
International Ladies’ Garment W orkers’ U nion____
M ay 11 __
Operative Plasterers’ and Cement M asons’ International Association of the U nited States and
Canada.
N ew York, N .Y .
St. Louis, Mo.
M iami Beach,
Fla.
M iami Beach,
Fla.
W ashington, D .C .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Chronology of
Recent Labor Events
pact also sets the jet-plane crew at three pilots plus a
flight engineer, as did the union’s earlier agreement with
the Eastern Air Lines. (See also M LR, Feb. 1959, p. 182.)
January 12
The United Automobile Workers
January 2, 1959
United Shoe Worker members in Boston, Lynn, and
Salem, Mass., ratified a 2-year contract covering about
12,000 employees with manufacturers in eastern Massa
chusetts, providing for hourly wage increases of 5 cents
im m ediately and 3 cents on January 1, 1960, and estab
lishm ent of a pension fund with employer contributions of
2 cents an hour.
The National Labor Relations Board ruled that the
owners of the N ew York D aily News and of the Wall
Street Journal had m aintained illegal union-shop arrange
m ents for mail room employees, and ordered the money
illegally exacted from the employees to be refunded.
The cases were News Syndicate Co., Inc. and Burton
Randall; New York M ailers’ Union No. 6, International
Typographical Union and Same. (See also p. 304 of this
issue.)
January 4
I nternational Typographical Union members
in
Grand Rapids, Mich., ratified an agreement with Booth
Newspapers, Inc., calling for hourly wage increases of
9 cents im m ediately plus 10 cents a year later and “ex
panded fringe benefits” for em ployees of tw o local news
papers. This was the last of the settlem ents affecting nine
papers of the Booth chain struck November 25, 1958.
January 7
The National Maritime Union and the Seafarers’
International Union, long-tim e rivals (see Chron. item
for Feb. 21, 1957, M LR, April 1957) signed a peace pact
setting up a joint comm ittee as an “effective vehicle for
meeting and attem pting to resolve problems of common
concern.” Each union also agreed to withdraw pending
unfair-labor-practice charges against the other, and to
stop attem pts at organizing unlicensed seamen in crews
now represented by the other. (See also p. 303 of this issue.)
January 11
The Air Line Pilots’
executive comm ittee ratified an
18-month contract with American Airlines, ending a strike
in progress since December 19 and calling for maximum
m onthly pay scales of $1,695 to $2,370, depending on the
kind of aircraft flown, for the 1,500 pilots involved. The
298
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
announced an
“understanding” on a national contract, to expire March
1, 1962, with the Electric Auto-Lite Co. for about 12,000
workers in 11 plants throughout the country, a majority
of whom had been on strike since December 1. Effective
upon notice of ratification by the 17 UAW locals involved,
the pact calls for a 4-cent hourly basic wage increase,
retroactive to September 1, 1958, a like increase on
September 1 of both 1959 and 1960, and other im prove
ments. (See also p. 300 of this issue.)
Two days later, the union reached an agreement, to
expire October 1, 1961, w ith the International Harvester
Co., for 37,000 employees, m ost of whom had been on
strike since mid-November, providing for continuation
of a 2.5-percent (minimum 6 cents an hour) improvementfactor increase (with the first year’s increase retroactive
to August 23, 1958), additional 4- to 8-cent hourly in
creases for skilled workers, and other improvements in
some benefits. (See also p. 300 of this issue.)
The Michigan Supreme Court ruled
th at em ployees of
Ford Motor Co. plants in M ichigan, idled as a result of a
strike at a company plant in Ohio, were entitled to unem
ploym ent benefits for the layoff period under the M ichigan
E m ploym ent Security A ct which denies such benefits to
em ployees of a struck “establishm ent.” The court held
th at the plants in the tw o States, despite their operational
interdependence, were not one establishm ent within the
meaning of the act. The case was Alexander Park v.
A ppeal Board of M ichigan Employment Security Com
mission.
The U.S. Supreme Court ruled th at Florida State courts
did not have jurisdiction to enjoin organizational picketing
of hotels engaged in interstate commerce, even though the
N L R B had refused to take jurisdiction, because the picket
ing did not involve violence th at would warrant State
court action. The cases were Hotel Employees Union,
Local 255 v. Sax Enterprises, Inc. and Same v. Levy, d.b.a.
Sherry Frontenac Hotel Stuyvesant Corp. (See also p. 292
of this issue.)
The
U .S. Supreme Court ruled, in Mitchell v. Lublin,
McGaughy & Associates, th a t nonprofessional employees
of an engineering and architectural firm were “engaged in
commerce” and therefore covered by the Fair Labor
Standards Act since their work was “intim ately related”
to the preparation of plans and specifications for repair and
construction work on instrum entalities and facilities of
interstate commerce. R ejecting the firm’s contention th at
its activities were essentially local in nature, the Court
stated th at the Congress, in enacting this legislation, had
deemed controlling the activities of the em ployees and not
the business of the employer.
299
CHRONOLOGY OF LABOR EVENTS
January 14
Anthracite mine operators and the U nited M ine Work
ers (Ind.) signed an agreement, effective February 1,
calling for a daily pay increase of $1, a 20-cent raise in
health and welfare royalty paym ents to 70 cents per ton
of coal mined, and vacation pay of $160 (formerly $140)
for about 20,000 miners. (See also p. 301 of this issue.)
contracts for the crews of such ships shall be sought
“through affiliated unions of the country in which actual
control of the shipping operation is vested .” The opera
tors’ refusal to bargain would be followed by strike actions
in the home countries, backed up by worldwide boycotts
by IT F affiliates. In the past, the policy was for unions
in the countries where the crews were recruited to obtain
their contracts.
The United Hatters, Cap and Millinery Workers Union
announced it would provide $300,000 of the $500,000
needed by the financially ailing Merrimac H at Corp.,
Amesbury, Mass., to prevent its liquidation and thus save
jobs for 325 union members. (See also p. 303 of this issue.)
The N L R B modified its model union-shop clause, as cited
in Keystone Coat, Apron & Towel S u p p ly Co. and Local
897, International Brotherhood of Teamsters (see M LR,
Dec. 1958, p. 1399), to provide th at the statutory grace
period during which an employee shall join a union shall
be 30 days but th at the parties may contract for a longer
period.
January 18
January 26
T he United Automobile Workers
The Civil Aeronautics Board ten tatively approved an
agreement among six major airlines to cut revenue losses
resulting from strikes (see Chron. item for N ov. 2, 1958,
MLR, Jan. 1959). Several conditions were attached to
the Board’s approval (see also p. 304 of this issue).
January 17
and the D etroit
Building Trades Council jointly announced an agreement
to im plem ent on the local level the 1958 national agreement
between the Industrial Union and the Building and Con
struction Trades departm ents of the A FL -C IO for the
settlem ent of jurisdictional disputes (see Chron. item for
Feb. 11, 1958, MLR, April 1958). The pact, effective
March 1, sets a joint standing com m ittee for the solution
of jurisdictional problems and goes beyond the national
agreem ent by pledging the parties to m utual aid and
cooperation in organizing, within their respective juris
dictions, and in collective bargaining. (S eealsop . 302 of
this issue.)
January 19
The U.S. Supreme Court ruled th at a State antitrust
law m ay not be invoked against a collective bargaining
contract provision setting a minimum rental for ownerdriven vehicles leased to carriers. The court held th at
such a provision was a wage agreement, rather than a
price-fixing agreement. As a wage provision, it was
within the area of collective bargaining required by the
Labor M anagement Relations Act and, therefore, the
application of State law was precluded. The case was
Local 24, International Brotherhood, of Teamsters v. Oliver
and A .C .E . Transportation Co. (See also p. 292of this issue.)
A Pennsylvania D epartm ent of Labor and Industry
“directory” minimum wage order (effective since July 1,
1958) for retail trade occupations became mandatory.
The order set hourly rates of 75 cents to $1 (according to
the size of the comm unity) for women and minors.
January 23
The Maritime Unit of the International Transportworkers Federation wound up a 5-day conference in London
on its campaign against the “flag of convenience” ships
(see Chron. item for Dec. 1, 1958, M LR, Feb. 1959),
having adopted the U.S. delegation’s proposal that
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January 27
The Communications Workers and the Wisconsin
Telephone Co. reached an agreement expected to set a
pattern for the union’s 1959 bargaining w ith the Bell
System. Contract terms included a wage raise averaging
8.2 cents an hour, a fourth week of vacation after 30 years’
service, an increase of $15 in the minimum m onthly
pension, and a reduction in the workday to 7 hours for
telephone operators working split shifts. (See also p. 301 of
this issue.)
January 28
The A FL -C IO Building and Construction Trades D e
partment, meeting in Miami Beach, Fla., and representa
tives of the Associated General Contractors and the
N ational Constructors Association announced an agree
ment to establish a joint com m ittee to study their common
problems, particularly those arising from certain labor
practices th at contribute to high construction costs, and
which have resulted in the flight of work to nonunion
contractors. (See also p. 302 of this issue.)
January 31
The President named Vice President Richard M. Nixon
chairman of the newly created Com m ittee on Price
Stability for Economic Growth, whose task will be, as
defined by Mr. Nixon, “to conduct studies and make
recommendations to business, labor, and Government for
action which will insure maximum economic growth”
accompanied by “reasonable price stab ility.” The group
will enlist the advice of experts from the field of business,
labor, and other segm ents of the economy.
Developments in
Industrial Relations*
Collective Bargaining and W age Changes
R efin in g . A 1959 wage adjustment
pattern in the petroleum industry may have been
established with the acceptance by the bargaining
policy committee of the Oil, Chemical and Atomic
Workers International Union of an offer from the
Sinclair Oil Corp. of a 5-percent pay increase,
averaging about 13.5 cents an hour, for approxi
mately 9,500 workers. The union sought a 25cent increase during negotiations in 1958; the
latest pay increase, in 1957, amounted to 6 percent.
Other companies, including the Continental Oil
Co., Standard Oil of Indiana and California, the
Sun Oil Co., the Atlantic Refining Co., and
Ashland Oil and Refining Co., have offered their
union employees increases similar to that agreed
to at Sinclair, and comparable pay raises for
nonunion workers were announced by Sinclair Oil,
Ashland Oil, Sunray Mid-Continent Oil Co., and
Continental Oil.
Petroleum
Tentative agreement to end a
2-month strike by members of the United Auto
mobile Workers against the International Har
vester Co. was reached on January 14, and by the
end of the month, most of the locals had ratified
the contract. Affecting 37,000 workers, the
agreement (scheduled to run until October 1, 1961)
continued the 2^-percent (minimum 6 cents an
hour) improvement factor, with the first increase
being retroactive to August 23, 1958. The next
two improvement-factor increases will go into
effect in September 1959 and October 1960.
Among other contract changes were provisions for
additional 4- to 8-cent increases for skilled workers,
a fourth week of vacation after 25 years’ service,
and improvements in pension, medical, and
supplemental unemployment benefits.
An agreement of “understanding” on a new
contract scheduled to run until March 1, 1962,
was reached on January 12 by the Electric Auto-
M etalw orking.
300
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Lite Co. and the UAW. Settlement terms
included a 4-cent-an-hour general wage increase
plus a 1-cent cost-of-living adjustment, both
retroactive to September 1, 1958; deferred pay
raises of 4 cents an hour effective in September of
both 1959 and 1960; and additional increases for
certain skilled jobs. Other improvements were
made in pension, health and welfare, and supple
mentary unemployment benefits. The contract,
covering about 12,000 workers, of whom a ma
jority had been on strike since December 1, was
to go into effect upon notice of ratification.
A new 39-month contract covering about 6,000
workers represented by the UAW at Willys
Motors, Inc., was ratified by union members on
January 9. The settlement included wage in
creases, increased pension benefits, liberalized
hospitalization expense coverage, and establish
ment of a severance pay plan along with revisions
in the supplemental unemployment benefit plan.
According to a union representative, the settlement
was equivalent to the Big Three automobile
agreements,1 although the money involved was
allocated differently.
On December 28, members of Teamsters Local
1145 ratified a new contract with MinneapolisHoneywell Regulator Co. calling for wage increases
ranging from 7 to 14 cents an hour for 7,000
production and maintenance workers effective
January 1, 1959. Tool designers received a
16-cent-an-hour pay raise. Other contract im
provements included 4 weeks’ vacation after 20
instead of 25 years’ service, and an increase in
daily hospital benefits from $15 to $18. The
agreement is to be in effect until February 1, 1961,
with a reopening on wages in the second contract
year.
Other M a n u fa c tu rin g . A general pay increase of
approximately 5 percent for some 37,000 employees
of Eastman Kodak Co. was announced by the
company. The increase was to go into effect on
January 26, 1959.
In early January, members of the United Shoe
Workers union ratified a new 2-year agreement
with shoe manufacturers in eastern Massachusetts
calling for a 5-cent-an-hour wage increase for
about 12,000 workers and a 3-cent deferred pay
‘Prepared in the Division of Wages and Industrial Relations, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, on the basis of currently available published material.
1 See M onthly Labor Review, November 1958, pp. 1284-1285.
DEVELOPMENTS IN IN DU STRIA L RELATIONS
raise a year later. The settlement also provided,
beginning January 1, 1960, for a 2-cent-an-hour
employer contribution to establish a pension fund
with details of the plan to be worked out; however,
if no agreement on an appropriate pension plan
can be reached, then the money is to be used as an
additional wage increase.
Pay raises averaging about 20 cents an hour
were negotiated by the Tobacco Workers Inter
national Union for about 2,700 workers at the
Greensboro, N.C., cigarette plant of P. Lorillard
Co. Settlement terms—negotiated under a re
opening clause of a contract expiring December 31,
1959—provided increases ranging from 8 to 17
cents (averaging 13 cents) effective January 5,
1959, with the remainder to go into effect in
June and September of 1959. According to the
plant manager, the raises will bring rates into
approximate alinement with those at the com
pany’s plant in Louisville, Ky.
About 20,000 hard-coal miners were in
line for a $l-a-day pay increase effective February
1, 1959, as the United Mine Workers (Ind.) and
representatives of anthracite mine operators
signed a new agreement on January 14. The
contract also called for an increase in employer
royalty payments to the miners’ health and welfare
fund from 50 cents to 70 cents per ton mined,2
and a raise in the annual vacation payment from
$140 to $160. The operators also agreed to
permit union officials to inspect their records “on
all data related to wages, hours, and working
conditions.” The agreement may be terminated
on or after February 1, 1960, upon 60 days’
notice.
M in in g .
Trade. Tentative agreement to end a work
stoppage involving about 1,000 supermarkets in
southern California and members of the Retail
Clerks International Association was reached on
January 28. The 5-year settlement—expected to
affect about 35,000 workers—was valued by the
Food Employers Council, Inc., at 60.8 cents an
hour, with 49 cents allocated to wages and 11.8
s In June 1958, the trustees of the Anthracite Health and Welfare Fund
had put into effect a reduction in monthly pension benefits from $50 to $30
(see M onthly Labor Review, September 1958, p. 1026) because of a drop in
coal production and the consequent decline in payments that finance the
fund; the benefit level, however, was restored to $50 in September 1958.
The question of increased royalty payments was reportedly one of the key
issues th at held up settlement.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
301
cents to fringe benefits. Wage rates are scheduled
to go up 15 cents an hour during the first year,
11.5 cents more in the second year, and 7.5 cents
in each of the remaining 3 years. The settlement
also called for a cost-of-living escalator clause
beginning in the third contract year.
In the area of fringe benefits, provision was
made for additional employer contributions for an
improved health and welfare program, including
establishment of dental and psychiatric care.
Other improvements included an improved pension
plan, which provides protection against changes
in the cost of living, and establishment of a
supplementary unemployment benefit plan. Ac
cording to the employers’ representative, there
were also revisions in night and Sunday premium
rates “which will result in savings for the industry.
New rates for work during these hours,” it was
explained, “will serve to reduce the total package
by amounts estimated at 2 to 5 cents an hour,
depending on store scheduling.”
On January 20, Sears, Roebuck & Co. and a San
Francisco local of the Retail Clerks signed a new
3-year contract calling for time and one-half for
all nightwork after 6:30 p.m., which was de
scribed as a significant change from the practice
of paying overtime rates for work after 8 hours on
any day or after 40 hours in any week which is
prevalent in the department store field in some
major areas. The contract also featured wage
increases, commissions for part-time workers, and
increased mileage pay allowance; about 800
workers are employed by the 2 stores involved.
Transportation. The first
1959 agreement between the Communications
Workers of America and a Bell telephone company
was reached on January 27, with the Wisconsin
Telephone Co. and the union agreeing to wage
increases reportedly averaging 8.2 cents an hour.
The increases—affecting about 6,300 workers—
ranged from $1 to $3 weekly for traffic department
employees, and from $2 to $5 for plant employees.
In what was described by union sources as a
“major breakthrough,” the 15-month agreement
also made revisions in the vacation and pension
provisions. A fourth week of vacation after 30
years’ service was established; and according
to CWA President Joseph A. Beirne, this was the
first vacation improvement in 20 years. The
company’s pension plan was liberalized by an
C om m unications and
302
increase in minimum monthly pension benefits of
$15 (to $115 for employees retired at age 65).
The pension plan was further liberalized by chang
ing the basis for computing pensions from the
average of the best 10 years’ earnings to the best
5 years. (The 10-year basis had not been
changed since the plan was established in 1913.
The pension fund, according to the union, has
assets of more than $2.5 billion, and in 1958
earned more in interest than it paid out in
benefits.) Generally similar contracts were signed
by Northwestern Bell and Illinois Bell on the
31st of the month; other CWA contracts up for
negotiation within the Bell System were expected
to follow the same pattern.
Under a wage reopening clause, United Air
Lines and the International Association of Ma
chinists agreed upon wage increases ranging from
11 to 17 cents an hour, effective December 1,
1958, for about 7,700 mechanics and other ground
service personnel. Bates of pay are also scheduled
to go up again by 12 to 15 cents on December 1,
1959, and the contract negotiated in April 1958
was extended for 1 year to October 1, 1960. Pay
scales for mechanics will thus rise to $3 an hour
during the final contract year.3
C onstruction. A 50-cent-an-hour pay increase
spread over 3 years was featured in an agreement
reached between the Carpenters union and the
Associated General Contractors of America, Inc.,
and the Home Builders Association for about
14,000 workers in western and central Washington.
The settlement called for a 19-cent wage increase
effective January 1, 1959, an additional 16 cents
next January, and 15 cents in January 1961.
About 9,000 general and semiskilled workers in
western Washington, represented by the Interna
tional Hod Carriers’, Building and Common
Laborers’ Union and employed by members of the
Associated General Contractors received a 15cent-an-hour pay increase, effective January 1,
1959. The 3-year agreement also provides for
similar pay advances on January 1 of both 1960
and 1961.
Legislative Developments
Two labor reform bills were introduced in the
Congress during the month. The 1959 drive for
labor reform opened on January 20 with a bill co
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
sponsored by Senators John F. Kennedy and Sam
J. Ervin, Jr. Its provisions were generally similar
to the Kennedy-Ives bill4 that was defeated in
the House of Kepresentatives in August 1958.
Earlier in the month, Senator Kennedy, chair
man of the Labor and Public Welfare Committee,
appointed a commission of twelve experts (three
each from labor and management and six public
representatives) to recommend changes in the
Labor Management Kelations Act of 1947. The
commission was asked to report by June 1.
The administration’s labor bill was introduced
on January 28 by Senator Barry Goldwater and
13 other Senators. While the two bills were in
many respects similar in union reform provisions,
there were significant differences in their proposals
for Taft-Hartley Act revision.
Union Activities
An agreement, to become effective March 1,
1959, between the United Automobile Workers and
the Detroit Building Trades Council was the first
significant local implementation of a national
agreement on problems of craft industrial union
jurisdiction signed in February 1958 by the
Industrial Union and the Building and Construc
tion Trades departments of the AFL-CIO.5 The
Detroit agreement calls for the construction unions
to do all new plant construction and for the UAW
to do all regular maintenance work. Work assign
ments in the so-called “doubtful areas,” such as
rearrangement of machine equipment and re
modeling of plants, are to be governed by past
practice; any unresolved issues are to be worked
out by a joint six-man committee, which will meet
periodically “for the purpose of maintaining
friendly and cooperative relationships.” In addi
tion, the agreement provides for joint cooperation
in the areas of organizing, with the parties pledged
to “refrain from attempting to organize or repre
sent, for the purpose of collective bargaining,
workers who properly belong within the jurisdic
tion” of the other.
At the mid-winter meetings of the Building and
Construction Trades and the Metal Trades depart
ments of the AFL-CIO in Miami Beach, Fla.,
a For earlier airline settlements, see M onthly Labor Review, January
1959, p. 62, and February 1959, p. 182.
4 See Monthly Labor Review, August 1958, pp. 904-905.
5See Monthly Labor Review, April 1958, p. 421.
DEVELOPMENTS IN IN D U ST R IA L RELATIONS
James A. Brownlow, president of the MTD, re
ported that the department’s executive council
had authorized the appointment of six members
to a joint committee on cooperation with the
building trades. Mr. Brownlow reported that
similar action had been taken by the construction
group. The aim of this committee, according to
Mr. Brownlow, would be to increase organizational
effectiveness of the craft unions and to avoid
conflict among them. George Lynch, president
of the Pattern Makers League, said that sponsors
of the committee plan hoped that the two depart
ments would eventually merge.
In a move to cut down wasteful practices in the
construction industry, the Building Trades De
partment, together with representatives of two
employer associations—the Associated General
Contractors of America, Inc., and the National
Constructors Association—announced on January
28 tentative plans for establishing a joint com
mittee toward solving problems of mutual con
cern.6 Employer and union spokesmen expressed
their belief that the project represented a signifi
cant beginning toward industrywide cooperation
through lowering building costs and increasing job
opportunities in such a way as to expand public
and private building.
A meeting of a joint constitutional committee
in Cleveland, Ohio, was one of the first steps
toward merger of the International Chemical
Workers Union, and the Oil, Chemical and Atomic
Workers International Union, in accordance with
a timetable set up by resolutions at the unions’
separate conventions in the fall of 1958.7 Accord
ing to an announcement by the union presidents,
the committee studied structural differences and
similarities of the constitutions and was prepared
to draw up a number of constitutional proposals
suitable for the proposed merged organization.
The constitutional committee’s findings are to be
presented to a joint merger committee this
spring and, if accepted, will be voted on at both
union conventions, scheduled to meet later in the
year.
8The proposal had been preceded, in February 1958, by an agreement
between the Building Trades Department and the National Constructors
group which set up a 10-point “declaration of principles” designed to promote
the use of labor saving devices and to reduce artificial restrictions of output.
(See Monthly Labor Review, April 1958, p. 422.)
7 See Monthly Labor Review, November 1958, p. 1290, and December 1958,
p. 1409.
s See M onthly Labor Review, February 1959, p. 186.
9See M onthly Labor Review, February 1959, p. 186.
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303
In an effort to end years of maritime strife, the
National Maritime Union and the Seafarers’ Inter
national Union signed a memorandum of agree
ment on January 7, 1959, setting up a joint com
mittee “to resolve problems of common concern.”
Under the agreement—signed by Joseph Curran
and Paul Hall, presidents of the NMU and SIU,
respectively—the parties agreed to drop all cur
rent charges filed against each other in the courts
and before the National Labor Relations Board.
Thus, the Seafarers agreed to withdraw its charges
filed before the NLRB involving American Coal
Shipping Co., Inc., which has been partially
organized by the NMU, and the NMU agreed
to withdraw its charges and court appeals affect
ing the status of American Banner Line, Inc., and
the Robin Line division of Moore-McCormack
Lines, Inc. The two unions had been discussing
the jurisdictional issue for several months and,
in December 1958, they had cooperated in a
4-day, worldwide boycott against “runaway”
ships flying “flags of convenience.”8
The schism within the National Federation of
Post Office Clerks (AFL-CIO) deepened as a
rebel group, suspended in December 1958 by the
parent organization,9 withdrew and announced on
January 18 the formation of the National Postal
Clerks Union (Ind.). The dispute centered over
the dissident faction’s demand that the union
elect its officers through a mail referendum, rather
than at conventions. John McKay, chairman of
the rival group, said that membership support
was being lined up in such cities as Boston,
Detroit, Los Angeles, Minneapolis, and New
York.
In mid-January, the United Hatters, Cap and
Millinery Workers Union announced that it had
bought the controlling interest in a Massachusetts
hat company in order to save the company from
liquidation and to assure continued employment
of 325 union members. Under the arrangement,
the union said it was investing $300,000 in a new
company which would take over the Amesburg,
Mass., plant of the Merrimac Hat Corp. (manu
facturer of felt hat bodies) that had been shut
down since November 1958, pending the owners’
decision on whether to sell or liquidate. The
new company is to be capitalized at $500,000—■
with $100,000 invested by the Skin Trading Corp.
and Henry Poliak, Inc., and the remaining capital
stock being offered to the employees and others
304
in the community. A majority of the new board
of directors will be representatives of the union;
the others will be the president of the old corpora
tion, who will assume that capacity in the new
corporation, and representatives of the Skin
Trading Corp. and Henry Poliak, Inc.
Since the union investment might be considered
a violation of the AFL-CIO Code of Ethical
Practices, which declares that “no responsible
trade union official should own or have a sub
stantial business interest in a business enterprise
. . . with which his union bargains collectively,”
Alex Rose, president of the Hatters, assured the
AFL-CIO that “no officer of our international
union will derive any personal profit from the
Merrimac investment, nor is our union entering
this transaction for its own profit or power.”
Other Developments
On January 16, the Chrysler Corp. suspended
some of its operations because of a shortage of
automotive glass. The company said the shortage
had resulted from a strike at Pittsburgh Plate
Glass Co.—its principal supplier of windshields
and window glass—which has been in effect since
October 1958. Later in the month, Chrysler
obtained court writs to remove its automotive
glass equipment and molds from two of Pittsburgh
Plate Glass Co.’s plants. Chrysler Corp. officials
said that 7 of its assembly plants, employing
about 20,000 workers, had been closed as a result
of the strike; other plants were operating on a
short workweek basis.
The Michigan Supreme Court ruled in a 5-2
decision on January 13 that employees idled by
a strike of employees of the same company in
another State were entitled to unemployment
compensation. The court’s ruling resulted from
a case involving 11,000 employees of Ford Motor
Co. in the Detroit area who were laid off because
of a 1953 strike at a Ford plant in Canton, Ohio.
The Michigan Employment Security Commission
was ordered to pay claims ranging from $27 to
$105 and totaling an estimated $1 million.
In early January, the National Labor Relations
Board declared that two New York City news
papers, the New York Daily News and the Wall
Street Journal, had turned over to a local of the
International Typographical Union the sole au
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
thority to hire mailing room employees and were
therefore maintaining illegal closed shop contracts.
The NLRB said the union had used this authority
to deny employment to nonunion workers. The
two workers involved as plaintiffs in the cases
were to be paid for any loss of income suffered, and
all dues and initiation fees “illegally extracted”
were to be refunded to the mail room employees
of the two papers. Costs of the refunds in the
case of the News are to be borne by both the ITU
and the News; in the other case, the union alone
was ordered to pay the refunds since the Journal
was not a defendant.
A mutual assistance pact, set up by six of the
Nation’s airlines to channel strike-stimulated
revenues to competing carriers who lose business
when their flights are halted by strikes,10 was
tentatively approved by the Civil Aeronautics
Board on January 26. The Board’s acceptance,
however, was conditional on strike-bound lines
routing prospective passengers to “all alternative
air services” instead of just to signatory com
panies, and on the pact’s not violating the “rights
and duties” of parties in airline disputes governed
by the Railway Labor Act. Other conditions
were that the Board reserve the right to decide
how strike payments should affect future rate
making decisions, and that the airlines report to it
on changes in the agreement, payments, and
methods for computing payments. Approval
would not become official until a formal order and
opinion had been issued.
Starting its third year of investigation, the U.S.
Senate Select Committee on Improper Activities
in the Labor or Management Field returned once
again to the activities of the International Brother
hood of Teamsters. (Senator Homer E. Capehart
replaced former Senator Irving M. Ives on the
committee.) Committee investigators testified
that since 1949 commissions and service fees
charged by certain insurance companies for han
dling of Teamsters Central and Michigan Con
ference welfare funds exceeded the code of ethical
practices of the National Association of Insurance
Commissioners by more than $750,000. The
Teamster accounts were allegedly obtained
through the influence of Teamster President
James R. Hoffa.
io See M onthly Labor Review, January 1959, p. 62.
Book Reviews
and Notes
E ditor’s N ote.— L istin g o f a 'publication in th is
section is fo r record a n d reference only a n d does
not constitute a n endorsem ent o f p o in t o f view
or advocacy o f use.
Special Reviews
By Russell DeReamer.
New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1958.
357 pp. $7.
This book is a management safety guide for
the supervisor of a large industrial department
in carrying out his day-to-day responsibilities
for the safety of his workers. It outlines the
philosophy, practices, and procedures found ef
fective in controlling accidents in large modern
industrial plants.
Approximately one-third of the book is devoted
to the development of safe working conditions.
Included are the human factors in machine and
equipment safety, the techniques of machine
safeguarding and reduction of industrial noise,
fire prevention and fire fighting methods, and
types and care of personal protective equipment.
A section on accident case histories analyzes
and discusses control measures for typical accident
situations a supervisor might face. Problems
of personalized safety training and how to handle
them, the promoting of employee participation in
a safety program, and the need for having and
enforcing safety rules are discussed.
The author questions the value of employee
and labor-management safety committees. In
place of committees, he stresses the need for a
closer relationship between the supervisor and
the individual employee on safety, including
personal safety discussions, daily safety contacts,
and regular safety meetings conducted by the
supervisor.
The author suggests that the supervisor appoint
an employee as safety observer to conduct inspec
tions, accident investigation, and other safety
activities and report to him on matters requiring
M odern S a fe ty Practices.
305
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action. Observer appointments are rotated until
all workers have served.
The types of safety inspections to be made,
the importance of accident investigation, and the
methods of investigation and cause analysis form
another well-organized section, which should be
useful to an industrial supervisor in his safety
responsibilities.
Of particular interest is an appendix, which
contains a basic safety program including an
outline for five sessions of safety training, a
typical American Standards Association Safety
Code, and sources of safety information and
educational materials.
This book is a welcome addition to the safety
literature and is recommended for students of
management, supervisors, and safety engineers.
—R obert D. G idel
D ivision of Safety Standards and Services
Bureau of Labor Standards
In fla tio n B e Controlled? By Harold G.
Moulton. Washington, Anderson Kramer
Associates, 1958. 302 pp. $4.95.
N o M a jo r D epression in Our L ifetim e. By A. W.
Zelomek. New York, International Statis
tical Bureau, Inc., 1958. 128 pp. $2.
These two books complement each other,
although they review the economic scene from
two entirely different points of view.
Mr. Zelomek is a practicing business forecaster,
and his book is written for the layman. It is
simple and readable. His basic concern is with
business depression and unemployment. His
conclusion: While we shall continue to experience
occasional business readjustments, we are well
insulated against a deep depression.
He lists a host of reasons for his confidence.
The first is political—‘fit is imperative for the
party in power to try to maintain full employment
and promote economic expansion.” Next, there
are the built-in economic stabilizers, such as an
elastic monetary system, social security programs,
taxes, and agricultural price supports. Finally,
we in the United States have an expanding
economy with a growing population, rising real
incomes and standards of living, a high potential
for more construction, both public and private,
and a new industrial frontier. For good measure,
we can count on an expansion of American
exports.
Can
306
Zelomek’s book is assertive rather than argu
mentative. He does not explore any of the
limitations, risks, or consequences of an expan
sionary economy. The subject of inflation is
mentioned but not discussed.
Dr. Moulton begins where Zelomek stops.
From analysis of the longer term trends in the
economy, he is convinced that there is an in
exorable trend toward inflation. To find the
answer to the critical question: “Can inflation be
controlled?” Dr. Moulton begins by analyzing
and rejecting most of the traditional economic
explanations of changing price levels. The value
of gold, the quantity of money in circulation, the
supply of credit, the rate of interest—none of
these, he thinks, adequately explains long-run
price movements. Nor do Treasury deficits (or
surpluses) have any effect—“there never has been
any correlation between fiscal deficits or surpluses
and the movements of commodity prices.”
In his view, it is the money costs of production
which ultimately determine the general level of
prices. These costs tend to establish a floor under
prices and they provide the incomes which pur
chase the goods produced. For the economy as
a whole, labor costs dwarf all other costs com
bined. The total compensation of employees,
including the earnings of the self-employed, con
stitute three-fourths of total costs. So it is wage
and salary costs which basically determine the
price level.
There is one countervailing factor, namely,
productivity, according to Dr. Moulton. Wage
rates can rise much faster than prices because the
reduction in labor requirements brought about by
technological progress holds down the labor cost
per unit of product. However, he believes that
the advance in wage rates, including fringe bene
fits, will continue to outstrip the improvements in
productive efficiency in the years ahead. Con
sequently, he expects “a progressive increase in
the general level of commodity prices over the
coming decades.” Even a major depression, with
substantial reductions in wage rates, would re
verse the trend only temporarily, he thinks.
So, regarding the outlook on inflation, Dr.
Moulton is pessimistic. The only hope he sees
is that the rate of technological progress might
rise faster than wages, and this is a forlorn hope
because of the bargaining power of unions in a
full employment economy.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
Moulton’s analytical arguments are directed
toward economists, but his conclusions are simply
stated for the guidance of government policy
makers and the general public. Throughout the
book he is vigorous and provocative.
Many questions remain unanswered. One
difficulty is that Dr. Moulton omits any analysis
of the business cycle. Why do not rising costs
and rising prices bring about a business depression
and unemployment? Will higher costs incurred
in the production process always furnish the
purchasing power to buy the finished goods at
higher prices? Has enough attention been paid
to the influence of wars—and the new “cold”
wars—'Upon the price level? Might not a decade
of peace develop a somewhat different balance of
prices and wages?
Can inflation be controlled? Dr. Moulton
states the essential requirements for continued
prosperity and price stability; namely, a threeway sharing of the gains of technological ad
vances—portions going, respectively, to labor in
increased wages, to management in increased
profits, and to the general public (including farm
ers and the professions) in lower prices. But he
has little hope that any such balancing of gains
will be realized. So inflation will go on in the
future as it has in the past.
— E w an C lague
Commissioner of Labor Statistics
The Older P o p u la tio n of the U nited States: The
Characteristics and Contributions o f the N a
tio n ’s Older People. By Henry D. Sheldon
with introductory and summary chapters by
Clark Tibbitts. New York, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., 1958. 223 pp. $6.
This Census monograph brings together a large
amount of historical Census materials on the age
characteristics of our population and work force.
It also contains an extensive discussion of many
important facts about our aged population, derived
from Census data and other related statistics.
Among the subjects covered are the changing age
distribution of the population and the geographic
distribution, employment characteristics, family
and living arrangements, and income of our older
population.
The author has made resourceful and imagina
tive use of historical data to obtain new perspec
tives for reviewing the data. For example, the
BOOK REVIEW S AND NOTES
analysis of the growth in the size of our older
population and their increasing proportion of the
total shows that most of the increase between 1900
and 1950 resulted from the smaller numbers of
persons born in this country 60 years prior to 1900
as compared with the 60 years prior to 1950. The
effects of other lesser causes—migration and the
decline in the death rate—are roughly approxi
mated.
The chapter on aging and employment sum
marizes some of the main factors associated with
retirement. Such factors as disability, formal re
tirement, and age discrimination are given lengthy
treatment but, in the author’s words, “answers to
the pressing questions in this field still remain, in
part, equivocal.” The discussion of historical de
cline in labor force rates among men and the
reasons for the decline is stimulating, but some
what inconclusive. Another interesting aspect of
the book is the author’s development of data show
ing occupational survival patterns. These data
are based on the proportions of a given age group
that survive in the same occupation from one
Census period to the next. They provide insight
into variations in the rates of retirement in several
different occupations.
The appendix sections, which make up almost
half of the book, are particularly valuable to
specialists in this area. The techniques used for
the analyses are explained, and the background
data shown in great detail. In addition, many
analytical tables on special aspects of the labor
force are presented.
As a whole, the book is well written and well
documented, and is a useful source volume for
problems relating to the older population of this
country.
—Stuart Garfinkle
D ivision of Manpower and Em ploym ent Statistics
Bureau of Labor Statistics
The Older W orker i n In d u stry: A S tu d y o j the
A ttitu d e s o j In d u stria l W orkers Tow ard A g in g
and Retirem ent. By G. Hamilton Crook and
Martin Heinstein. Berkeley, University of
California, Institute of Industrial Kelations,
1958. 143 pp. $2.
The Older Worker in Industry is another in the
series of useful studies made possible by the 1950
Rockefeller Foundation grant to the University
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307
of California’s Institute of Industrial Relations.
Its predecessors include The Economic Status
of the Aged, by Peter Steiner and Robert Dorfman;
Union Policy and the Older Worker, by Melvin
Bers; and Retirement Policies Under Social Secu
rity, by Wilbur Cohen.
The present volume reports conclusions from
an intensive study of worker attitudes toward
age and aging, jobs and work, retirement and
retirement policies in industry, retirement expec
tations and preparation, and supervisor ratings
and performance records. The study is based
largely on interviews with 936 skilled, semiskilled,
and unskilled workers in 27 California establish
ments, mainly manufacturing. Some of the find
ings, such as attitudes toward work and jobs and
toward retirement, confirm those previously re
ported in studies conducted by the Bureau of
Old-Age and Survivors Insurance and the Uni
versity of Chicago, as reported by Eugene Fried
mann and Robert Havighurst. Most of the study,
however, explores relatively new territory.
One phase of the research is concerned with
worker performance in relation to chronological
age, to the worker’s concept of his own age, and
to type of retirement policy. The investigators
suggest that further research on workers’ attitudes
may have important implications for hiring and
retirement practices. Another concern of the re
search was to investigate the hypothesis that
attitudes toward work and retirement change
with age. A rather surprising conclusion is that,
while most workers believe the worker’s interest
should be the primary factor in developing retire
ment policies, the majority are willing to leave
actual policy determination to others. Most
workers expect to be retired, but relatively few
have developed realistic retirement plans or are
engaged in any serious preparation for it. The
study pioneers in including a sizable number of
women in the sample. Sex differences are found
in attitudes toward work, in supervisory ratings,
and in retirement attitudes and expectations.
The authors point repeatedly to the wide vari
ations in responses and warn against generaliza
tions. One interpretation of the data might be
that they reflect not only individual differences
but also the present transition stage between a
highly work-centered society and another society
in which retirement will become a part of the
normal work-life cycle.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
308
The study represents an admirable attempt to
achieve objectivity. The authors appear to be
wholly frank in their descriptions of the sampling
and interviewing procedures. Interpretations are
clearly labeled as such so that they are not easily
confused with conclusions which flow directly
from the data. The book should be useful to
researchers, management and personnel people,
union officials, and community planners, adult
educators in particular.
—Clark T ibbitts
Assistant Director, Special Staff on Aging
U.S. D epartm ent of Health, Education, and Welfare
The E fficiency o j the Coal In d u stry: A n A p p lic a
tio n o j L in e a r P rogram m ing. By James M.
Henderson. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard Uni
versity Press, 1958. 146 pp., bibliography.
$4.50.
An application of a relatively new technique to
a traditional economic problem—the cost to the
economy of deviating from the competitive norm—
is presented in this book. A “transportation type”
model is set up for the bituminous coal industry
for each of the years 1947, 1949, and 1951. The
unit cost of producing coal by 2 methods in each
of 11 districts, the capacity of each district, the
actual demand for coal from these districts plus
3 others, and the transportation costs for possible
shipments are determined for each year. (The
data are uniformly stated in dollars per 10 billion
British thermal units (B.t.u.) to make the various
grades of coal comparable.) Using transportation
and unit production costs, the delivered costs per
10 billion B.t.u. in each consuming district from
the relevant producing districts are then cal
culated. Using these data, the author formulated
and solved, three separate linear programing
problems, one for each year. These solutions
resulted in a minimum cost (not unique) solution
for each year. The dual system of these problems
gives the competitive delivered prices and unit
royalties associated with the minimum cost
solution. Henderson then compares the com
petitive solutions with that actually occurring and
determines the additional costs borne by the
consumers, operators, and owners because of
“inefficiency” as compared with the competitive
norm.
The models give a minimum cost solution for
meeting the actual consumption (as it occurred
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
under the inefficient price structure) in each year.
The author explicitly assumes the price elasticity
of demand for coal to be zero. Had the com
petitive price associated with the minimum cost
solution actually occurred, consumption would
have been different—and substantially so. This
reviewer has evidence that elasticity is closer to
—2 and therefore believes Henderson has under
stated the costs of inefficiency, as no account is
taken of the use of other high cost fuels instead of
coal in some regions, and overstated it because
of overuse of coal in others. (The competitive
prices, region by region, are both above and below
the actual prices.) On the basis of his weighted
average, he has understated the total costs.
This book is stimulating, very well written, and
represents a substantial contribution to the
technique of industry study. However, it should
be considered but a first approximation of a
solution to the problem it poses.
—W illiam A. V ogely
Assistant Chief Econom ist
Bureau of Mines
E conom ics , Science, and P roduction: Science as a
Politico-Econom ic Factor o j P roduction. By
Boris Monsaroff. New York, Vantage Press,
1958. 196 pp. $3.
This book represents an attempt to link eco
nomics with technology and the physical sciences.
The author is a chemical engineer who has become
interested in economics. The main thesis of the
book is that economic theory has neglected tech
nology and science as a factor of production. Mr.
Monsaroff examines the writings of a group of
classical economists starting with Adam Smith, in
an effort to show that they have given scant atten
tion to the means of production and have concen
trated instead on problems of existing wealth
distribution, economic organization, and the strug
gle between the various factors for a share of total
wealth. Where the author might have attempted
to bring his main proposition into the context of
modern economic growth analysis—the use of
national income accounts, surveys of planned busi
ness outlays for capital equipment, projections of
these data, and the like—he was either unaware of
such activity or chose to ignore it.
This book has value despite the limitations of its
basic premises and the author’s oversimplifications.
BOOK REVIEW S AND NOTES
It should be of interest to professional economists
and scholars alike in tracing the relationship of
science and technology to economic history. For
example, growing technology, he points out, was
partly responsible for dampening the spread of the
Communist revolution from Russia to the working
classes of other countries because “science has
elevated the proletariat to the level of the middle
class and planted in the working class a middleclass psychology, which is essentially nonrevolu
tionary.” He later quotes Lenin as saying that
Russia needed “more engineers and accountants
and fewer Communists.”
Here is a book in simple and dear language by
an engineer and production man who has a sense
of cultural and historical perspective. He believes
that better means of production have at least as
great importance to society as improvements in
social structures, and even though his economics
may be sketchy, he relates all of this in a highly
readable fashion.
—K. G. V an A uken , Jr .
Office of Field Service
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Collective Bargaining
Check Points fo r Sound Collective Bargaining. N ew York,
N ational Association of Manufacturers, Industrial
Relations Division, 1958. 24 pp., bibliography.
$ 1.
The Legal Nature of Collective Bargaining Agreements.
B y Archibald Cox. (In Michigan Law Review, Ann
Arbor, Mich., N ovem ber 1958, pp. 1-36. $1.50.)
The Legal Status of Collective Bargaining. B y Walter L.
D aykin. (In Labor Law Journal, Chicago, January
1959, pp. 11-17, 50. $1.)
Education and Training
A Practical Guide to On-the-Joh Training. B y Herbert
Engel. Albany, N .Y ., State D epartm ent of Com
merce, 1958. 25 pp. (Small Business Bull. 3.)
Vocational Training for Older M arried Women Reentering
the Labor Force [Canada]. B y Marion V. Royce.
{In Labor Gazette, Canadian D epartm ent of Labor,
Ottawa, December 1958, pp. 1355-1358. 50 cents;
25 cents in Canada.)
Management Trainees Evaluate Role-Playing. B y Wallace
G. Lonergan. Chicago, University of Chicago, In
dustrial Relations Center, 1958. 6 pp. (N o. 88;
reprinted from Journal of the American Society of
Training Directors, October 1958.)
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
309
Employment
Occupations of Federal White-Collar Workers, February 28,
1957. W ashington, U.S. Civil Service Commission,
Em ploym ent Statistics Office, 1958. 73 pp. (Pam
phlet 56-1.) 50 cents, Superintendent of D ocum ents,
W ashington.
U.S.
Census of Governments, 1957: Local Government
Employment in Standard M etropolitan Areas. Wash
ington, U.S. D epartm ent of Commerce, Bureau of the
Census, 1958. 69 pp. (Vol. II, N o. 3.) 50 cents,
Superintendent of Docum ents, W ashington.
Recent Employment and Earnings Developments in the P ri
mary Iron and Steel Industry. By Robert M. Shaw.
{In Em ploym ent and Earnings, U.S. D epartm ent of
Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, W ashington,
January 1959, pp. iii-v ii. 40 cents, Superintendent
of D ocum ents, W ashington.)
Changing Shares of Jobs Among Nonmanufacturing Indus
tries Since World W ar I I . By Rudolph C. M endels
sohn. {In E m ploym ent and Earnings, U.S. D epart
m ent of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, W ashing
ton, December 1958, pp. iii-x v . 45 cents, Superin
tendent of D ocum ents, W ashington.)
Employment Trends in France in 1957 and Early 1958.
{In Industry and Labor, International Labor Office,
Geneva, November 15, 1958, pp. 358-377. 25 cents.
D istributed in United States by W ashington Branch
of ILO.)
Labor Law
Federal Supremacy in Labor-Management Relations. By
Robert C. Knee. {In Fordham Law R eview, New
York, Autumn 1958, pp. 373-389. $1.50.)
State Power to Regulate Labor Relations: M ajor Develop
ments During the Supreme Court’s 1957-58 Term. By
Donald H. W ollett. {In W ashington Law Review
and State Bar Journal, Seattle, Wash., Winter 1958,
pp. 364-379. 50 cents.)
The Supreme Court and the Non-Communist Affidavit. By
John A. Morgan, Jr. {In Labor Law Journal,
Chicago, January 1959, pp. 28-44, bibliography. $1.)
Constitutional and Statutory Provisions of the States: Fair
Employment Practices Acts; Civil Rights. B y M ollie
Z. Margolin and Elizabeth Elward, respectively.
Chicago, Council of State Governments, 1958. 88 pp.
(Vol. X III.) $2.50.
Labor Act Upside Down: N L R B — Now an Employer
Agency? By Joseph E. Finley. W ashington, Public
Affairs Institute, 1958. 26 pp. 25 cents.
Accommodation of the N orris-LaGuardia Act to Other
Federal Statutes. {In Harvard Law R eview, Cam
bridge, Mass., December 1958, pp. 354-371. $1.50.)
310
Provincial Labor Standards— Concerning Child Labor,
Holidays, Hours of Work, M inim um Wages, Equal P ay
for Equal Work, Workmen’s Compensation, Fair
Employment Practices, and Weekly Rest-Day. Ottawa,
Canadian D epartm ent of Labor, Legislative Branch,
1958. 24 pp. 25 cents.
Labor-Management Relations
Labor Relations in the Atom ic Program. B y D avid B.
Johnson. (In Vanderbilt Law R eview, Nashville,
Tenn., December 1958, pp. 161-178. $2.)
Labor Relations in the A ir Transport Industry, 1941-1957.
B y E. B. M cN att. Urbana, 111., U niversity of
Illinois Institute of A viation, 1958. 36 pp. (Aero
nautics Bull. 22.) Free.
Proceedings of the Eighth A nnual Labor-Management Con
ference, A p ril 11-12, 1958. Morgantown, W est
Virginia U niversity, Institute of Industrial Relations,
1958. 88 pp.
Labor-Management Cooperative Committees in B ritain ’s
Electricity S u pply Industry. B y R. D . V. Roberts
and H . Sallis. {In Industrial and Labor Relations
Review, Ithaca, N .Y ., October 1958, pp. 86-103.
$1.75.)
The Workers’ Share in Management and Profits in Luxem
bourg. B y George Als. {In International Labor
Review, Geneva, December 1958, pp. 575-584. 60
cents. Distributed in United States by W ashington
Branch of ILO.)
The Challenge of Employee Shareholding: How to Close the
Gap Between Capital and Labor. By George Copeman. London, Business Publications, Ltd., 1958.
200 pp. 18s.
Industrial D isputes in Australia, [1913-1957]. Melbourne,
Commonwealth of Australia, D epartm ent of Labor
and N ational Service, 1958. 26 pp. Free.
Labor Organizations
Union Constitution Provisions: Election and Tenure of
National and International Union Officers, 1958. By
Harry P. Cohany and Irving P. Phillips. Washing
ton, U.S. D epartm ent of Labor, Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1958. 37 pp. (Bull. 1239.) 30 cents,
Superintendent of D ocum ents, W ashington.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
Union Traditions and Membership A pathy. By Bernard
Karsh. Urbana, U niversity of Illinois, Institute of
Labor and Industrial Relations, 1958. 6 pp. (R e
print Series, 68; from Labor Law Journal, September
1958.) 10 cents.
Interunion Representation Disputes and the N L R B . By
Benjamin Aaron. Los Angeles, U niversity of Cali
fornia, In stitu te of Industrial Relations, 1958.
17 pp. (Reprint 75; from Texas Law R eview, Oc
tober 1958.) 20 cents.
A Prim er on Engineering Unionism. B y Jack F. Culley.
{In Iowa Business D igest, State U niversity of Iowa,
Bureau of Business and Economic Research, Iowa
City, Fall 1958, pp. 10-14.)
H istory of the American Flint Glass Workers’ Union of
North America, 1878-1957. B y Thom as W. Rowe
and Harry H. Cook. Toledo, Ohio, American Flint
Glass Workers’ Union, [1958]. 188 pp.
Right-to-Work Laws: A Study in Conflict. B y Paul
Sultan. Los Angeles, U niversity of California,
In stitu te of Industrial Relations, 1958. 134 pp.
(Industrial Relations M onograph 2.) $1.75.
Labor Organization in Canada, 1958. Ottawa, Canadian
D epartm ent of Labor, Economics and Research
Branch, 1958. 119 pp. (47th annual report.)
35 cents, Queen’s Printer, Ottawa.
Report of Proceedings of Canadian Labor Congress, Second
Convention, W innipeg, M anitoba, A p ril 21-25, 1958.
[Ottawa, Canadian Labor Congress, 1958.] 136 pp.
A Giant’s Strength: Some Thoughts on the Constitutional
and Legal Position of Trade Unions in England. A
study by The Inns of Court Conservative and Unionist
Society. London, Christopher Johnson Publishers,
Ltd., 1958. 86 pp.
Austrian Labor’s B id fo r Power; The Role of the Trade
Union Federation. B y Charles A. Gulick. {In
Industrial and Labor Relations R eview, Ithaca, N .Y .,
October 1958, pp. 35-55. $1.75.)
Migratory Labor
Report of the New York State Joint Legislative Committee
on M igrant Labor, 1958. [Albany, N .Y .], 1958.
32 pp. (Legislative D oc., 1958, 20.)
The Constitution and Government of the A F L —CIO. By
John Hutchinson. {In California Law R eview,
Berkeley, December 1958, pp. 739-781. $2.)
M igratory Labor in Oregon. Portland, Oreg., Legislative
Interim Com m ittee on M igratory Labor, 1958.
72 pp.
The Public Review Board Reports to the U A W Membership.
{In Solidarity, International Union, U nited A uto
mobile, Aircraft & Agricultural Im plem ent Workers
of America, Indianapolis, Ind., December 22, 1958,
pp. 4-7.)
Occupations
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The Job of the Federal Executive. B y Marver H. Bernstein.
W ashington, The Brookings Institution, 1958. 241
pp., bibliography. $3.50.
BOOK R EVIEW S AND NOTES
11A d Hoc” Meeting on Conditions of Work and Employment
of Nurses, [Geneva, October 6-11, 1958\. (In Industry
and Labor, International Labor Office, Geneva,
December 1, 1958, pp. 403-409. 25 cents. Distrib
uted in United States by W ashington Branch of ILO.)
The Shortage of Nurses and Conditions of Work in Nursing.
B y M. Kruse. (In International Labor Review,
Geneva, November 1958, pp. 476-503. 60 cents.
Distributed in U nited States by W ashington Branch
of ILO.)
Pensions and Retirement
F ads and Trends in Insured Pensions . . . From an A naly
sis of 600 Group Plans. Hartford, Connecticut
General Life Insurance Co., 1958. 44 pp.
Negotiated Pension Plans in California, June 1958. (In
California Industrial Relations Reports, Departm ent
of Industrial Relations, D ivision of Labor Statistics
and Research, San Francisco, December 1958,
pp. 4-12.)
Selective Retirement and Preretirement Counseling in the
T V A . B y E. B. Shultz. (In Industrial and Labor
Relations R eview, Ithaca, N .Y ., January 1959,
pp. 206-213. $1.75.)
Top Management Looks at Executive Age and Retirement.
B y K enneth H enry. (In D un’s R eview and Modern
Industry, N ew York, September 1958, pp. 40-41,
137-142. 75 cents.)
A n A nalysis of 227 Superannuation Plans [in Australia].
B y E. R. Jacobs. (In Personnel Practice Bulletin,
Commonwealth of Australia, D epartm ent of Labor
and N ational Service, Melbourne, December 1958,
pp. 11-16. 3s. 6d.)
Personnel Management and Practices
The Personnel Function: A Progress Report— W ith a
Section on the Problem Employee. N ew York, American
M anagement Association, 1958. 139 pp. (M anage
m ent Report 24.) $3.75; $2.50 to AM A members.
Selective Placement: A ids for Placement Officers and Super
visors in H iring Workers According to Their Physical
A bilities. Washington, U.S. Civil Service Commis
sion, 1958. 75 pp. (Personnel M ethods Series, 9.)
30 cents, Superintendent of Docum ents, W ashington.
Psychological Tests in Executive Selection. Compiled by
A. H . Clairman. Princeton, N . J., Princeton Uni
versity, Industrial Relations Section, January 1959,
4 pp. (Selected References, 85.) 30 cents.
The Management of Scientific M anpower— With a Special
Supplement on Engineering Education. N ew York,
American M anagement Association, 1958. 160 pp.
(M anagem ent Report 22.)
$3.75; $2.50 to AM A
members.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
311
Compensating Supervisors on J u ry D uty. B y J. Roger
O’Meara.
(In M anagement Record, N ational In
dustrial Conference Board, Inc., N ew York, January
1959, pp. 14-17.)
Rehabilitation
The Sheltered Workshop: A Community Rehabilitation
Resource for the M entally Retarded. B y Abraham
Jacobs and Joseph T. Weingold. N ew York, Colum
bia U niversity, Teachers College, 1958.
105 pp.,
bibliography.
Rehabilitation in Australia. B y F. H . Rowe. (In Inter
national Labor Review, Geneva, N ovem ber 1958,
pp. 461-475. 60 cents. D istributed in U nited States
by W ashington Branch of ILO.)
Technical and Scientific Personnel
Selected Papers Given at the Conference on the Role of the
Engineer-Scientist in America, M ichigan State Uni
versity, A p ril 25-26, 1958. [East Lansing], Michigan
State University, Labor and Industrial Relations
Center, 1958. 68 pp. $1.
Adm inistration of Salaries and Intangible Rewards for
Engineers and Scientists. B y John W. Riegel. Ann
Arbor, U niversity of Michigan, Bureau of Industrial
Relations, 1958. 189 pp. $6.
Final Report to the President by the President’s Committee
on Scientists and Engineers. W ashington, The Com
mittee, 1958. 49 pp.
Scientists and Engineers in American Industry, January
1957— A Prelim inary Report. Washington, N ational
Science Foundation, 1958. 6 pp. (Scientific M an
power Bull. 10, N S F -5 8 -3 8 .) Free.
Unemployment Insurance
Experience of Claimants Exhausting Benefit Rights Under
Unemployment Insurance, 17 Selected States.
By
Saul J. Blaustein and Harper R. Fortune. Washing
ton, U.S. D epartm ent of Labor, Bureau of Em ploy
ment Security, 1958. 56 pp. (BES U -178.) Free.
Characteristics and Labor M arket Status of M issouri
Claimants Exhausting Unemployment Insurance Benefit
Rights, F ebruary-July 1957. Jefferson City, Missouri
D ivision of E m ploym ent Security, 1958. 54 pp. Free.
Research in Unemployment Insurance: A Study of the
Characteristics and Labor M arket Experience of [North
Carolina] Claimants Exhausting Benefits in Calendar
Year 1957. Raleigh, N orth Carolina E m ploym ent
Security Commission, 1958. 62 pp. Free.
Benefits, Incomes and Expenditures of Unemployed Workers:
Experience of a Group of Unemployment Insurance
Beneficiaries in Albany-Schenectady-Troy, Spring
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
312
1957. Report of a survey conducted by Columbia
University, Bureau of Applied Social Research. N ew
York, State D epartm ent of Labor, D ivision of
Employm ent, 1958. 85 pp. Free.
Adm inistering Employment Security During a Recession.
B y Robert C. Goodwin. (In E m ploym ent Security
Review, U.S. D epartm ent of Labor, Bureau of
Em ploym ent Security, U .S. E m ploym ent Service,
Washington, December 1958, pp. 3-5, 40. 20 cents,
Superintendent of D ocum ents, W ashington.)
Suitable Work for Unemployment Compensation Purposes
in Pennsylvania. B y Peter A. Prosper, Jr. and Monroe
Newm an.
U niversity Park, Pennsylvania State
University, College of Business Administration,
Bureau of Business Research, 1958. 32 pp. (Bull. 60.)
Wages, Salaries, and Hours of Work
Occupational Wage Survey: Baltimore, M d., August 1958
(Bull. 1240-2, 24 PP-, 95 cents); Buffalo, N . Y. (Erie
and Niagara Counties), September 1958 (Bull. 1240-3,
24 PP-, 35 cents). W ashington, U.S. D epartm ent of
Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1958. Available
from Superintendent of D ocum ents, W ashington.
Occupational Wage Differentials in the Basic Steel Industry.
B y Jack Stieber. (In Industrial and Labor Relations
Review, Ithaca, N .Y ., January 1959, pp. 167-181.
$1.75.)
The Earnings and Employment of Seamen on U .S. Flag
Ships: D aily Earnings, M ay 1957; Employment
Patterns, J u ly 1956-June 1957; Annual Earnings,
Ju ly 1956-June 1957; Fringe Benefits. W ashington,
U .S. D epartm ent of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics
in cooperation w ith Federal M aritime Board and U.S.
D epartm ent of Commerce, M aritime Administration,
1958. 90 pp. (Bull. 1238.) 60 cents, Superintendent
of D ocum ents, W ashington.
Wage Rates and Hours of Labor [in Canada], October 1957—
Fortieth A nnual Report. Ottawa, Canadian D epart
m ent of Labor, Economics and Research Branch, 1958.
265 pp. In English and French. $1, Queen’s Printer,
Ottawa.
Workmen’s Compensation
Workmen’s Compensation and Radiation In ju ry.
By
Gerald L. H utton.
(In Vanderbilt Law Review,
N ashville, Tenn., December 1958, pp. 145-160. $2.)
Workmen’s Compensation in Canada— A Comparison of
Provincial Laws. Ottawa, Canadian D epartm ent of
Labor, L egislative Branch, 1958. 43 pp. 25 cents,
Queen’s Printer, Ottawa.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Miscellaneous
Economic Report of the President Transmitted to the Congress,
January 20, 1959. 225 pp. 75 cents, Superintendent
of D ocum ents, W ashington.
Proceedings of New York U niversity Eleventh Annual Con
ference on Labor, New York City, M ay 26-28, 1958.
Edited by Em anuel Stein. Albany, N .Y ., M atthew
Bender & Co., Inc., 1958. 476 pp. $11.50.
Trading Stam ps and Their Im pact on Food Prices. W ash
ington, U.S. D epartm ent of Agriculture, Agricultural
Marketing Service, M arketing Research D ivision,
1959. 42 pp. (M R Report 295.) 30 cents, Super
intendent of Docum ents, W ashington.
The Economic Order— A n Introduction to Theory and Policy.
B y Paul T. Hom an, Albert Gailord Hart, Arnold W.
Sam etz. N ew York, Harcourt, Brace and Co., Inc.,
1958. xxiv, 839 pp. $6.95.
The Goals of Economic Policy. B y George J. Stigler.
Chicago, U niversity of Chicago Law School, 1958.
15 pp. (Henry Simons Lectures, 1.)
Wage-Price Links in a Prolonged Inflation. B y E. M.
Bernstein. (In Staff Papers, International M onetary
Fund, W ashington, N ovem ber 1958, pp. 323-368.
$1.50.)
A nnual Report of the Waterfront Commission of New York
Harbor for the Year Ended June 30, 1958. N ew York,
The Commission, 1958. 32 pp.
The Federal Wage Board Program. B y J. K enneth Mulli
gan. (In Public Personnel Review , Chicago, October
1958, pp. 285-288. $2.)
Public Policies Toward Organized Labor. B y Richard C.
W ilcock. Urbana, U niversity of Illinois, In stitute of
Labor and Industrial Relations, 1958. 13 pp. (Re
print Series, 70; from Bologna Center Review , Winter
1958.) 10 cents.
Consumer Investment Expenditures. B y James N . Morgan.
(In American Economic R eview , M enasha, W is., D e
cember 1958, pp. 874-902. $1.50.)
Food Consumption and Income Changes. B y J. Frank
Gaston. (In Business Record, N ational Industrial
Conference Board, Inc., N ew York, D ecem ber 1958,
pp. 537-541.)
Glossary of Work Study Terms. Paris, Organization for
European Economic Cooperation, European Produc
tiv ity Agency, 1958. 124 pp. (In English, French,
and German.) $1.50. Available from OEEC M ission,
W ashington.
Current Labor Statistics
CONTENTS
A.—Employment
Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours
worked, and sex
316 Table A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
320 Table A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establish
ments, by industry
324 Table A-4. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by State 1
325 Table A-5. Employees in manufacturing, by State 1
326 Table A-6. Insured unemployment under State programs and the program of
unemployment compensation for Federal employees, by geographic
division and State
327 Table A-7. Unemployment insurance and employment service programs, selected
operations
315 Table A -l.
B.—Labor Turnover
328 Table B -l. Labor turnover rates in manufacturing
329 Table B-2. Labor turnover rates, by industry
C.—Earnings and Hours
331
Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers,
by industry
C-2. Average weekly earnings, gross and net spendable, of production
workers in manufacturing industries, in current and 1947-49 dollars
C-3. Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours in industrial and construc
tion activities
C-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls in industrial and construction
activities
0-5. Average hourly earnings, gross and excluding overtime, of production
workers in manufacturing, by major industry group
0 —6. Gross average weekly hours and average overtime hours of production
workers in manufacturing, by major industry group
C-7. Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing, by
State and selected area 1
Table C -l.
346 Table
347 Table
347 Table
348 Table
349 Table
350 Table
1 This table is included in the March, June, September, and December issues of the Review.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
313
314
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
CONTENTS—Continued
D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
358 Table D -l. Consumer Price Index—United States city average: All items and
major groups of items
359 Table D-2. Consumer Price Index—United States city average: Food, housing,
apparel, transportation, and their subgroups
359 Table D-3. Consumer Price Index—United States city average: Special groups
of items
360 Table D-4. Consumer Price Index—United States city average: Retail prices
and indexes of selected foods
361 Table D-5. Consumer Price Index—All items indexes, by city
362 Table D-6. Consumer Price Index—Food and its subgroups, by city
363 Table D-7. Indexes of wholesale prices, by major groups
364 Table D-8. Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
365 Table D-9. Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings
366 Table D-10. Indexes of wholesale prices, by stage of processing
366 Table D -ll. Indexes of wholesale prices, by durability of product
E.—Work Stoppages
367 Table E -l.
Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes
F.—Building and Construction
368 Table F -l.
369 Table F-2.
370 Table F-3.
370 Table F-4.
371
Table F-5.
372 Table F-6.
Expenditures for new construction
Contract awards: Public construction, by ownership and type of
construction
Building-permit activity: Valuation, by private-public ownership,
class of construction, and type of building
Building-permit activity: Valuation, by class of construction and
geographic region
Building-permit activity: Valuation, by metropolitan-nonmetropolitan
location and State
Number of new permanent nonfarm dwelling units started, by owner
ship and location, and construction cost
G„—Work Injuries
Table G -l. Injury-frequency rates for selected manufacturing industries 2
2 This table is included in the January, April, July, and October issues of the Review.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A.— EMPLOYMENT
315
A.—Employment
T able A -l.
Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours worked, and sex
[In thousands]
Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and o ver1
Employment status
1959
Jan.
1958
Dec.
Nov.8 Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
Annual average
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
1958
19572
Total, both sexes
Total labor force_________ _________ 70,027 70, 701 71,112 71,743 71,375 72,703 73,104 73,049 71,603 70,681 70,158 69,804 69,379
71,284
70, 746
Civilian labor force___ _____ _______
Unemployment....... ............................
Unemployed 4 weeks or less____
Unemployed 5-10 weeks. _____
Unemployed 11-14 weeks _____
Unemployed 15-26 weeks. ____
Unemployed over 26 weeks ........
Employment_____ ______________
Nonagrlcultural______________
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours...............
Worked 1-14 hours________
With a job but not at work * .
Agricultural _ _______________
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours_______
Worked 1-14 hours________
With a job but not at work 4.
68, 647
4,681
1,833
959
438
785
667
63,966
58,122
44,873
7,324
3, 047
2,876
5,844
3,827
1,361
457
199
67,946
2,936
1, 485
650
240
321
239
65,011
58,789
46,238
6,953
2,777
2,821
6,222
4,197
1, 413
416
196
67,430
4,724
1,861
1,044
444
557
818
62,706
58,013
46,044
6,880
3,288
1,801
4,693
2,772
1,132
504
285
68, 081
4,108
1, 706
771
328
520
782
63, 973
59,102
47,076
6,960
3,313
1, 753
4, 871
2,845
1,266
522
238
68,485
3,833
1,632
695
272
499
735
64,653
58,958
44,114
9,915
3,146
1,783
5,695
3,750
1,369
390
187
69, 111
3,805
1,522
667
225
581
811
65,306
58,902
46,522
7,221
3,062
2,094
6,404
4,690
1,212
376
126
68,740
4, 111
1,569
644
436
573
888
64, 629
58, 438
46,719
6,381
2,751
2,586
6,191
4,263
1,348
436
144
70,067
4,699
1,716
933
399
678
972
65,367
58, 746
44, 440
6,099
2,522
5,684
6,621
4,668
1,339
405
209
70,473
5,294
2,069
1,198
357
798
872
65,179
58,461
42,289
6,336
2, 749
7,087
6, 718
4,442
1,564
485
228
70,418
5,437
2,569
875
372
931
689
64,981
58,081
45, 352
6,668
2,863
3,198
6,900
4,861
1,533
399
107
68,965
4,904
1, 778
930
444
1.146
605
64,061
57, 789
45,819
7.147
3,224
1,799
6,272
4,452
1,370
348
103
68,027
5,120
1,725
933
577
1,301
585
62,907
57,349
44,166
7,840
3,190
2,153
5,558
3, 561
1,390
444
162
67.510
5,198
1,753
1,153
845
1,045
401
62,311
57,239
44,206
7,789
3,346
1,899
5,072
2,945
1,373
503
251
67,160
5,173
1,946
1, 517
562
795
353
61,988
57,158
43,213
8,218
3,252
2,476
4,830
2, 551
1,265
667
346
66,732
4,494
2.007
1,187
435
556
309
62,238
57,240
44,764
7,317
3.147
2.007
4,998
2,896
1,303
510
289
Males
Total labor force___________________ 47,981 48,190 48,418 48, 756 48,759 50,017 50,359 50,005 48,858 48,396 48,126 47,944 47,801
48,802
48,649
Civilian labor force________________
Unemployment__________________
Employment_____ _______ _____
N onagricul tural -............ ..............
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours________
Worked 1-14 hours________
With a job but not at work *.
Agricultural_________________
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours________
Worked 1-14 hours________
With a job but not at work * .
45,186
3,141
42,045
37, 646
31.093
3,788
1,437
1,325
4,399
2,740
976
411
271
46,197
3,155
43,042
38, 240
31, 390
3,736
1,329
1, 784
4,802
3,413
857
353
179
45,882
1,893
43,989
38, 952
32, 546
3,461
1,197
1,748
5,037
3,716
842
309
171
Total labor force___________________ 22,046 22, 510 22, 695 22,987 22,617 22, 686 22, 745 23,043 22,745 22,286 22,032 21,861 21, 578
22, 482
22,097
Civilian labor force _______________ 22,013
Unemployment__________________ 1,442
Employment____________________ 20, 571
Nonagricul tural______________ 20,032
Worked 35 hours or more___ 14,039
Worked 15-34 hours_______ 3,446
Worked 1-14 h o u rs________ 1,889
With a job but not at work A
058
Agricultural................ ..................
539
Worked 35 hours or more___
190
Worked 15-34 hours_______
278
Worked 1-14 h o u rs...............
56
With a job but not at work A
15
22,451
1,526
20, 924
19,882
13, 483
3, 589
1, 718
1 ,093
1,042
414
504
104
20
22,064
1,043
21,021
19,837
13,692
3,491
1, 580
1,073
1,184
482
671
107
25
45,417
3,282
42,135
37,981
32,005
3,434
1,399
1,143
4,154
2,582
854
448
270
45,601
2, 902
42, 699
38, 464
32,423
3, 418
1, 414
1,210
4,235
2,644
933
443
216
45,822
2, 504
43,318
38,614
30,966
5.160
1,294
1,195
4,704
3,362
866
308
168
46,155
2,454
43, 701
38,693
32, 547
3,505
1,261
1, 378
5,008
3,961
660
281
106
46,155
2, 615
43, 539
38,623
32, 714
3,119
1,122
1,669
4, 916
3,691
787
313
126
47, 412
3,081
44, 331
39,040
31,608
3,065
1.154
3,214
5,291
4,058
742
307
184
47,759
3,513
44,247
38,901
30,078
3,362
1,312
4,149
5,346
3,906
912
330
198
47,406
3,521
43,884
38,588
32,141
3,418
1,246
1,782
5,296
4,214
733
261
89
46,252
3,266
42,986
37,962
31, 862
3, 555
1,395
1,151
5,024
3, 930
753
247
93
45, 774
3,492
42.282
37, 578
30,867
4,027
1,395
1,289
4,704
3,281
947
329
147
45, 510
3,743
41, 767
37,340
30, 552
4,087
1. 427
1,273
4,427
2, 777
1,000
420
230
45,332
3,632
41, 700
37, 429
29, 833
4,326
1,494
1, 776
4,271
2,393
971
586
321
Females
22, 479
1,206
21,273
20,638
14, 653
3, 542
1, 900
544
635
201
333
80
21
22,663
1,329
21,334
20,343
13,147
4,755
1,852
589
991
388
503
82
19
22,956
1,351
21, 605
20,209
13, 975
3,717
1,801
716
1,396
729
552
95
21
22, 586
1,496
21.090
19, 815
14. 006
?, 263
1. 629
918
1,275
572
561
123
18
i Estimates are based on information obtained from a sample of households
and are subject to sampling variability. Data relate to the calendar week
ending nearest the 15t,h day of the month. The employed total Includes all
wage and salary workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid workers in
family-operated enterprises. Persons in institutions are not included.
Because of rounding, sums of individual Items do not necessarily equal
totals.
* Beginning with January 1957, two groups numbering between 200,000 and
300,000 which were formerly classified as employed (under “with a job but
not at work”) were assigned to different classifications, mostly to the unem
ployed. For a full explanation, see Monthly Report on the Labor Force,
4 9 7 0 8 0 — 59-
-7
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
22,655
1,619
21,036
19, 706
12,833
3, 035
1,368
2,471
1,330
610
597
98
25
22, 714
1,781
20,933
19,560
12,211
2,974
1,437
2,939
1,373
536
652
156
29
23,012
1,915
21,096
19, 493
13,210
3,250
1,617
1,416
1,603
647
801
138
18
22,713
1,638
21,075
19, 826
13, 757
3,592
1,829
648
1,249
522
617
100
10
22,254
1,629
20,625
19, 770
13,299
3,813
1,795
864
855
280
444
115
15
22,000
1,456
20, 544
19,899
13,654
3,701
1,919
625
645
169
373
83
20
21,829
1, 541
20,288
19, 729
13,380
3,892
1,759
700
559
159
294
81
25
21, 546
1,353
20,193
19, 594
13, 672
3,530
1. 711
681
599
156
327
99
18
February 1957 (Current Population Reports, Labor Force, Series P-57,
No. 176).
8 Survey week contained legal holiday.
8 Includes persons who had a job or business but who did not work during
the survey week because of Illness, bad weather, vacation, or labor dispute.
Prior to January 1957, also included were persons on layoff with definite
instructions to return to work within 30 days of layoff and persons who had
new jobs to which they were scheduled to report within 30 days. Most of
the persons in these groups have, since that time, been classified as unem
ployed.
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
316
T able A -2.
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
[In thousands]
1959
1958
Annual
average
Industry
Jan.2 Dec.2 Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
1957
1956
Total employees......... — ......................................... 50, 266 51,909 51, 432 51,136 51, 237 50, 576 50,178 50, 413 49, 949 49, 726 49,690 49, 777 50,477 52,162 51,766
704
92.7
M in in g ________ - - -------------------------M etal__ __________________________
Iron_____________________________
Copper___________________________
Lead and zinc_____________________
Anthracite_________________________
Bituminous-coal_____________________
190.6
Crude-petroleum and natural-gas production _______________________
Petroleum and natural-gas production
(except contract services)__________ —
Nonmetallic mining and quarrying..........
103.4
Contract construction_________________
Nonbuilding construction_____________
Highway and street construction_____
Other nonbuilding construction______
■Rnllding onnsst.rnnt.ion
General contractors. _______________
Special-trade contractors____________
"Plumbing and heating........................
Painting and dennrating
Electrical work____________ _____
Other special-trade contractors_____
2,331
713
93.1
30.1
30.3
12.3
712
93.7
31.2
29.6
12.1
708
90.6
31.9
27.5
11.1
711
90.7
31.8
28.4
11.4
708
88.8
29.9
27.7
11.5
705
90.3
30.4
27.1
12.1
717
92.9
30.4
28.2
13.3
711
91.7
28.7
28.2
13.7
716
91.2
27.6
28.1
13.9
733
95.9
31.3
28.9
14.1
747
97.8
32.0
29.3
14.4
766
101.2
33.9
29.9
14.8
809
111.2
38.9
32.6
16.7
807
108.8
35.1
33.3
17.4
19.6
192.4
19.5
190.5
19.3
189.1
18.5
187.2
18.1
184.5
19.4
179.6
19.2
190.1
20.0
192.2
19.6
199.0
22.8
206.3
24.1
212.4
23.3
219.8
28.4
230.0
29.3
228.6
300.8
296.7
296.6
301.5
304.7
302.9
303.2
297.8
298.8
302.6
309.5
315.8
326.2
324.8
182.8
182.9
184.0
187.8
190.4
190.8
190.4
187.8
188.7
189.3
190.2
191.1
193.8
192.3
107.5
111.2
112.4
113.0
111.6
112.4
111.8
109.5
107.6
105.0
103.2
106.1
113.3
115.2
2,478 2,784 2,887 2,927 2,955 2,882 2,805 2,685 2,493 2,316 2,173 2,387 2,808 2,929
520
439
400
672
453
605 652
670
647
586
593
503
656
611
215.0 286.7 317.3 328.4 326.1 318.1 311.1 280.5 214.7 162.6 142. 8 166.8 250.1 257.9
305.2
276.2
257.5 286.4 335. 6 335.3
288.0 318.1 335.1 343.5 343.6 337. 7 335.8 330.0
1, 975 2,179 2,235 2, 255 2,285 2,226 2,159 2,074 1,973 1, 877 1,773 1,934 2,222 2,336
' 677.0 769.0 789.2 802.1 ' 825.0 ' 811.0 ' 789 4 764.0 720.9 688.4 648.8 ' 721.1 869.3 970.0
1, 298. 0 1, 410.3 1, 445.3 1,453.0 1,459. 5 1, 414. 9 1,369.8 1,309.9 1,252.0 1,188. 6 1,124.3 1, 212.9 1,352. 7 1,366.0
' 308. 7 315.3 323.7 ' 321. 9 ' 318. 7 311.6 299.6 285.9 282.3 284.7 288.0 302.6 321.7 328.7
162.9 181.6 189.4 193.5 200.7 197.4 180.4 171.2 152.5 139.0 128.9 136.4 164.2 170.9
176.3 179.3 183.9 187.1 182.2 173.9 166.9 162.6 160.8 163.2 168.2 173.4 188.9 186.2
650.1 734.1 748.3 750.5 757.9 732.0 722.9 690.2 656.4 601.7 539.2 600.5 677.9 680.2
Manufacturing______________________
15,626 15,757 15,795 15,536 15,755 15,462 15,161 15,206 15,023 15,104 15,355 15,593 15,865 16.782 16,903
Durable goods___________________ 8,962 8,994 8,982 8,663 8, 814 8, 571 8,496 8, 564 8,480 8, 564 8, 742 8, 906 9,138 9,821 9,835
Nondurable goods________________ 6,664 6,763 6,813 6,873 6, 941 6,891 6,665 6,642 6,543 6,540 6,613 6,687 6,727 6,961 7,068
D u r a b le
goods
Ordnance and accessories_____________
Lumber and wood products (except
furniture)_______________________
T .npninn camps! and non trim to rs
Sawmifls and planing mills__________
Mlllwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products__________
Wooden containers_________________
Miscellaneous wood products________
137.8
136.4
133.9
129.2
130.4
128.5
127.2
125.4
123.5
122.8
121.9
121.1
120.0
129.3
131.9
599.1
624.8
85. 9
307.9
645.2
96.2
317.2
659.3
100.3
324.5
655.1
99.0
324.4
645.7
94.7
323.7
637. C 643.3
92.8 100.2
320.0 318.4
606.6
81 1
307.1
585.1
71.6
296.7
579.9
69.0
295.3
581.5
69.6
294.9
592.1 654.6
71. C 87.1
299.6 331.6
735.6
108.0
378.6
132. 7
44.8
53. 5
133. 4
44.9
53.5
135.1
45.7
53.7
133.6
45.2
52.9
131.4
43.6
52.3
128. C 127. C 121.3
44.6
45.6
45.2
51.6
52.1
51.9
120.4
44.1
52.3
118.7
44.2
52.7
121.2
43.2
52.6
122.4
45.6
53.5
128.7
49.7
57.5
135.7
54.5
58.8
370.4
268.4
373.5
271.1
374.3
271.7
369.9
266.4
360.2
258.4
345.5
248.6
346.4
246.5
343.9
245.9
351.1
251.0
356.7
254.5
360.4
258.1
375.6
265.9
380.1
267.2
44.8
45.0
44.8
45.6
44.5
41.2
42.3
41. £
43.1
43.7
44.1
44. a
48.0
48.4
33. £
34.2
34.5
35.0
34. a
33.7
34.a
33. £
33. £
34.5
35.8
35.7
37.9
37.9
23. a
21. C
23.8
26 6
Furniture and fixtures________________
Household furniture_______________
Office, public-building, and professional furniture__________________
Partitions, shelving, lockers, and fixtures__ ________________ _______
Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous
furniture and fixtures_____________
367.5
Stone, clay, and glass products......... ..........
Flat glass. _______________________
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown..
Glass products made of purchased glass.
Cement, hydraulic _____________________
Structural clay products ................. ..........
Pottery and related products________
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products____________________________
Cut-stone and stone products................
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
504.8
p rn d n e is
343.0
244.7
23.2
23. a
22.9
22.5
22. C
23. a
22 5
21. £
22.3
22 . a
518.5 522.1
23. C 22.4
96.4
96.0
17.3
17.3
42.3
41.7
74.1
75.1
45. a
45.1
519.4
16.4
97.6
17.3
42.8
76. t
44.7
535.0
31. £
98.9
16.7
43.1
75.9
43. £
526.3
30. a
96.9
16.0
42.6
76.1
42.6
519.4
28. a
97.3
15.6
42.6
75.2
42.1
513.4
27. 7
95.9
15.4
43 2
73.0
41. £
501.8
26. a
93.6
15.1
42.7
71.2
41.9
498.5 499.1
27. a
28.2
92.8
93.8
15.3
15.7
41.2
40.1
70.0
69.0
44. C 44. £
504.3
31.7
93.5
16.4
40.3
69.9
45.2
515.5
33. Í
93.5
16.9
41.2
45.5
552.5 563.3
34. 7 35.1
98.8
95.9
17.9
17.8
42. C 43.6
80.4
86.6
49.8
54.1
109. Í
18.3
112.6
18.5
114.1
19.0
116.3
19.0
115.4
18.3
112. £
18.7
no. a
18.4
107.5
17.9
103.5
18.3
101.2
17.8
99.8
17.5
101.2
17.9
112. C 116.2
19.0
19.5
93.2
92.2
91.5
89. a
88.1
86.7
87.1
85.6
86.i
88.4
90. C
93.1
7 2 .4
97.9
94. 5
Primary metal industries_____________ 1,154.2 1,155.3 1,139.7 1,107. 7 1,103.3 1,073.2 1,060.9 1,070. 5 1,053.4 1, 065.6 1,104.0 1,134.6 1,183.8 1,309.7 1,312.6
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
mills.____________ _____________________
563. £ 557. £ 554.5 540. 7 525.4 516.5 523. £ 508.1 509.8 528. £ 543. £ 567.2 642.7 630.2
Iron and steel foundries
208 1 203 5 188.3 194.1 185 8 189.0 189.6 189.7 193.9 200.4 208. 4 217.6 233.8 243.0
Primary smelting and refining of non54. a
53. 5 53.4
53.7
53. £ 55. a
59. C 60. £
ferrous metals _______________ _________
53.8
57.1
64. (
55. a
68.1
67.8
Secondary smelting and refining of
1
1
.4
11.]
11.5
nonferrous metals _____________________
h .í
11.8
11.5
11.3
10. £
10. £
h .a
11.7
12 . a
13.2
14.0
Bolling, drawing, and alloying of non110. ( 108. 7 106.8 105. 6 104. Í 103.6 102.« 101.1 103.6 104. 4
105 . a 109.5 lis.a
ferrous m etals.. . _____________________
118.2
N o n f e r ro u s f o u n d rie s
56.0
63.2
58.7 I 58.9
54.5
55.1
57.7
58.7
62.3
61.5
53.9
61.7
71.4
77.6
Miscellaneous primary metal indus143.8! 142. ( 134.4 1 139.2 1 3 6 . ( 133.8 134.8 134.2 134.8 142.1 145.7 151.5 165.2 161.8
tries.................................................. .
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able
A-2.
31?
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry ^C ontinued
[In thousands]
1959
1958
A nnual
a v e ra g e
Industry
J a n .3
Dec.3
N ov.
Oct.
S e p t.
A.ug.
J u ly
Ju n e
M ay
A p r,
M ar.
F eb.
Jan.
1957
1956
Manufacturing—Continued
D u r a b le
goods
—Continued
Fabricated metal products (except ord
nance, machinery, and transporta
tion equipment)_________________ 1, 051. 1, 075. 0 1, 061. 1,028. 1,056. 1,022.
Tin cans and other tinware_________
55. 5
58. 3 59.3
62.3
63.2
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware____
136.2 134.4 115.6 131.5 124.5
Heating apparatus (except electric)
and plumbers’ supplies___________
108.8 112.5 113.9 112.5 110.1
Fabricated structural metal products..
294.5 298.5 304.8 308.8 307.1
Metal stamping, coating, and engrav
ing.....................................................
225.8 223.3 207.8 217.1 202.2
Lighting fixtures......................................
48.6
48. C 43.8
46.0
43.3
Fabricated wire products................. .
55 .8
55.2
56.0
51.4
53.0
Miscellaneous fabricated metal prod
ucts____________________________
131.8 130.2 127.8 125.3 120.5
998.1 1,004. 4
61.2
59. £
121.4 124.8
987.
57.
121.6
998. 1,021. 1,042. 1,080. 1,132. 1,119 0
56.3
55.
55.
54.
58 5
59
123.2 130.
134.
141.5 144. £ 14912
106.3
303.8
107.0
301.6
105.8
296.9
108.4
298.0
199.0
41.7
50.0
202.0
42.5
50.1
198.8 201.3
41. < 42.6
49.4
49.7
108.
300.
107.7
305.3
108.3
315.8
110 c
325.2
121 0
30214
207.0
44.5
51.4
215.6
46.0
52.4
228.4
48.1
54.4
245 3
51 4
59.0
288 7
50 5
61. 5
114.7 116.5 115.7 119.4 122.5 125.7 130.1 137.4 137.2
Machinery (except electrical)...... ............. 1, 507. 0 1, 495. 0 1,474.7 1,461.6 1,466.4 1,436. 9 1, 449.8 1,471.9 1, 485.5 1, 523.4 1,558.9 1, 579.7 1, 609.3 1, 737 9 1 780 1
Engines and turbines_____ ________
96.8
91.2
95.9
92.3
90.2
89.2
90. Ü 92.1
93.2
95.0
96.0
96 4 84' 1
95.5
Agricultural machinery and tractors...
127.2 123.1 139.5 138.2 134.7 136.1 136.0 136.8 143.9 145.5 143.9 141.2 148 4 1 150
0
Construction and mining m achinery... —
118.2 114.1 115.7 116.9 118.5 119.0 118.7 119.6 124.6 129.0 132.3 135.4
158 1
1 5 S A
Metalworking machinery___________ —
218.7 215.1 209.2 210.8 205.6 211.6 218.1 225.3 231.0 239.8 245.2 254.7 287'6 28413
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)_________
156.3 155.4 154.8 155.4 155.1 154.3 156.8 158.6 162.0 164.9 169.0 172.1 181 0 187 8
General industrial machinery.............. .
213.9 212.2 211.0 212.6 211.6 212.5 217.8 219. C 223.4 231.0 235.1 240.9 254
7
Office and store machines and devices.
130. 5 130.3 129.1 127.2 124.1 123.6 124.2 122.1 121.8 122.2 119.9 124.4 137.78 250*
126ll
Service-industry and household ma
chines__________________________
173.4 171.2 165.9 165.2 158.5 163.8 165.7 167.2 171.1 173.7 175.1 174.8 189 9 209 2
Miscellaneous machinery parts______
260.0 257.4 245.2 247.8 238.6 239.7 244.6 244.8 252.4 257.8 263.2 270.3 289.0 278.8
Electrical machinery_________________ 1,184.3 1,174. 7 1,164. 9 1,119. 5 1,133.1 1,104.6 1,078.5 1,079.9 1 ,0 7 7 .6 1,092.3 1,114.4 1,132.4 1,161. 5 1,223.3 1,202.1
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial appa
ratus_________________________
380.7 377.2 361.1 367.9 363. 7 360.2 362.4 365.0 372.0 381.6 389.1 399.3 420.2 410 1
Electrical appliances_______________
35. 8 37.0
35.3
33.1
34.6
31.9
31.8
33.5
34.8
34.9
35.6
36.8
40 9 49 8
Insulated wire and cable____________
28.0
26.9
27.6
26.2
24.6
23.2
24.4
23.7
24.3
24.9
25.3
25.9
26 4
27.2
Electrical equipment for vehicles_____
67.8
50.5
67.8
63.8
58.4
57.8
58.1
57.7
60.7
64.0
66.4
71.3
73 9
75.2
Electric la m p s..._________________
26.0
25.8
25.6
25.2
25.1
24.6
25.5
26.2
26.8
27.8
28.7
29.3
30
9,
28 5
Communication equipment_________ —
589.5 582.6 576.0 569.4 554.6 536.6 532.3 526.7 528.3 535.3 541.0 552.0 579.8 557 8
Miscellaneous electrical products_____
46.9
44.1
46.9
46.0
45.1
44.2
45.4
44.8
45.4
45.9
46.3
46.9
49.8
49.6
Transportation equipment____________ 1, 685. 0 1, 680. 8 1, 670. 4 1,461.8 1, 572. 2 1,500. 3 1, 528. 6 1, 547.8 1, 546. 4 1, 570.0 1,620. 2 1,676.0 1, 736.8 1,878.1 1, 823 4
Motor vehicles and equipment______
717.5 702.7 506.4 613.0 518.9 579.2 592.9 596.4 605.5 648.8 702.0 756.4 786.3 809 9
Aircraft and parts__________________
764.9
767.3 763.1 763.7 755.2 751.2 751.2 742.8 754.2 756.6 756.8 762.4 861. 7 809 8
Aircraft________________________
459 .9
462.6 459.7 460.9 458.9 455. 9 454.2 445.5 456.6 457.8 455.3 457.5 522.3 494* 4
Aircraft engines and parts_________
151.6 152.1 152.6 153.9 150.9 151.3 151.7 151.6 152.3 152.4 154. 0 156.6 179.1 167 1
Aircraft propellers and parts_______
15.8
16.2
15.7
17.2
17.0
18.0
18.8
19.3
19.8
20.3
20.6
20.8
20. 5 16 9
Other aircraft parts and equipm ent.. —
137.6 136.9 134.6 131.9 128.2 126.0 126.5 126. 4 125.5 126.1 126.9 127.5 139.8
180 9
Ship and boat building and repairing..
143. 4 146.0 142.2 140.9 141.1 142.1 146.9 146.7 144.8 145.9 147.1 146.1 148.8
180 0
Shipbuilding and repairing________
123.5 127.1 124.7 124.6 125.3 124.7 127.6 125.5 123.7 125.4 125.8 125.3 126.9 109.8
Boatbuilding and repairing________
19.9
18.9
17.5
16.3
15.8
17.4
21.2
19.3
21.1
20.5
20.8
21.3
21.9
20 2
Bailroad equipment_______________
45. 9 44. 5 39.9
44.5
45.3
47.3
47.8
52.2
57.1
60.2
61.8
64.2
71.6
64 3
Other transportation equipment_____ —
9.1
10.2
9 .9
10.1
9.8
8 .8
9.0
8.3
8.4
8.7
8.3
7.7
9.7
9 .9
Instruments and related products______ 320.2 320.6 318.8 316.9 313.0 309.1 306.8 308.6 309.3 313.7 317.4 320.9 325.7 837.9 335.6
Laboratory, scientific, and engineering
instruments___________________
59.0
57.9
58.2
57.8
57.5
57.5
56.9
57.1
58.1
58.3
59.3
60.2
65.1
64.9
Mechanical measuring and controlling
instruments___________________
85.6
84.7
83.6
85.5
81.1
81.4
82.2
82.2
83.5
84.7
85.5
86.2
90.
9
87.2
Optical instruments and lenses______
15.0
15.0
14.6
14.4
13.8
13.6
13.7
13.5
13.4
13.3
13.4
13.7
13.9
13.9
Surgical, medical, and dental instru
ments________________________
42.2
41.4
41.3
41.2
41.0
41.1
41.3
41.4
41.4
41.7
41.9
42.5
42.0
41.0
Ophthalmic goods_________________
24. 0 23.8
23.6
22.0
23.1
23.0
23.6
23.6
23.9
24.3
24.4
24.9
25.2
25.7
Photographic apparatus____________ —
64. 9 65.1
64.9
64.8
64.8
64.9
64.8
64.9
65.7
66.5
67.2
68.1
70.0
68.5
Watches and clocks___________ ____
29.9
29.2
2 9 .9
29.8
27.8
25.3
26.1
26.6
27.7
28.6
29.2
30.1
30.8
34.4
Miscellaneous manufacturing indastries-. 450.8 460.0 478.0 484.6 478.6 463.7 444.0 452.8 445.9 449.5 453.6 455.6 452.2 490.0 501.0
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware...
45.8
46.3
46.1
45.3
43.1
42.6
43.1
42.5
43.2
44.1
44.9
45.0
46.3
49.9
M usical instruments and parts______
17.3
17.4
17.1
16.7
15.9
14.7
15.7
15.7
16.1
16.2
16.9
17.4
18.2
18.5
Toys and sporting goods........................
70.9
92.9
85.2
92.9
89.7
84.2
84.9
81.3
79.3
75.8
73.6
69.3
90.6
94.6
Pens, pencils, other office supplies____
29.4
29.9
29.9
29.6
29.8
28.7
31. 5 31.9
32.1
31.9
31.6
31.8
31.9
32.0
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions___ —
60.8
60.9
61.8
61.0
59.6
54.6
53.9
56.0
55.0
58.3
59.5
58.8
61.4
64.5
Fabricated plastics products................ —
87.4
87.7
87.1
85.9
82.8
80.6
80.0
79.1
80.9
83.8
85.4
86.7
91.5
87.5
Other manufacturing industries______
148.1 151.2 149.4 147.2 142.8 138.6 141.6 141.5 142.9 143. 5 143.7 143.2 150.0 154.1
N o n d u r a b le
goods
Food and kindred products.............. ....... 1, 382. 2 1,438. 3 l, 488. 5 l, 555.4 l, 623. 2
Meat products____________________
312.7 313.4 313.1 312.7
Dairy products____________________
93.2
93.9
96.8 101.3
Canning and preserving____________
180.5 211.6 271.7 347.0
Grain-mill products________________
112.0
113.3 115.7 117.0
Bakery products___________________ —
282.7 283.9 285. 9 285.4
Sugar................... .............................. ......
40. 8 ; 46.0
28.9
42.5
Confectionery and related products___
78. 9¡ 82.01 81.9
80.3;
Beverages..... ..........................................
202. 5 208. 5 209.5 211.0!
Miscellaneous food products..................
135.0 135.91 138.31 139. 61
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
, 621.4 l, 529.7 ,484.3 1. 416.6 t, 385.3 ,379.2 l, 386.8 L. 406. 8 , 509.8 , 548 6
310.0 307.2 306.8 302.0 294.1 297.5 302.7 312.8 326.2 337 O
105.7 107.4 107.2 103.4
99.1
97.5
95.8
96.3 104.9 108 7
342.0 254.5 210.1 174.3 169.9 157.7 161.2 162.8 220.8 233.3
117.0 116.0 115.3 112.2 111. 3 111.7 111.7 111.7 114.3 118 4
286.0 287.3 287.4 283.3 281.9 282.1 282.7 283.6 287.2 288.4
26.8
27.1
26 7 27.4
25.1
25.7
26.4
32.8
31.3
31.6
75. 5 6 8 .6
71.3
70.4
75.5
71.0
74.0
76.0
77.5
78.7
216.6 220.2 216. 8 205.3 198.1 200.3 196.9 198.2 209.9 213 0
141.8 141.4 142.71 138.3 134.2 133.31 133.9 132.6 137.7 139.5
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
318
T able A -2.
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
Annual
average
1958
1959
Industry
Jan.2 Dec.2 Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
1957
1956
Manufacturing—Continued
N o n d u r a b le
goods
—Continued
Tobacco manufactures..............................
Cigarettes........ .......................................
Cigars___________________________
Tobacco and sn u ff..—. ........................ .
Tobacco stemming and redrying......... .
88.7
92.2
36.9
28.7
6.5
20.1
95.5
37.2
29.1
6.5
22.7
104.1
36.6
29.1
6.5
31.9
106.8
36.9
28.7
6.5
34.7
96.3
36.9
28.6
6.5
24.3
79.4
36.3
27.7
6.4
9.0
80.1
36.5
28.7
6.5
8.4
79.7
36.0
28.6
6.5
8.6
80.0
35.8
28.7
6.4
9.1
84.3
35.6
29.8
6.5
12.4
89.6
35.8
30.6
6.4
16.8
Textile-mill products..................................
Scouring and combing plants............
Yam and thread mills----------------Broad-woven fabric mills___________
Narrow fabrics and small wares----Knitting mills.........................—........
Dyeing and finishing textiles............
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings.Hats (except cloth and m illinery)...
Miscellaneous textile goods----- ------
942.3
953.2
5.4
109.8
399.3
28.8
210.1
86.4
46.4
10.4
56.6
958.4
5.3
110.1
400.2
28.5
215.6
86.2
45.9
10.2
56.4
954.7
5.3
109.3
399.0
28.4
217.1
85.3
45.3
9.8
55.2
951.4
5.3
109.0
399.2
28.2
216.2
84.8
44.6
9.9
54.2
946.4
5.6
108.3
398.1
27.6
215.3
84.9
43.3
10.4
52.9
920.4
5.5
104.4
392.9
26.8
204.6
82.9
41.7
9.9
51.7
930.6
5.4
106.9
394.3
26.9
208.7
83.8
42.2
10.4
52.0
921.8
5.0
106.2
393.0
26.4
203.3
83.9
42.4
10.3
51.3
928.0
5.0
106.9
398.8
26.7
199.9
84.9
44.5
9.7
51.6
935.9
5.0
107.7
404.5
27.2
197.7
84.6
46.1
10.1
53.0
945.8
5.1
109.4
408.5
27.3
198.0
85.8
46.7
10.5
54.5
Apparel and other finished textile prod
ucts.......... ........ .......................... .......
Men's and boys' suits and coats-------Men’s and boys’ furnishings and work
clothing...............................................
Women’s outerwear-------------- --------Women’s, children’s undergarments.—
Millinery......... .......................... - ........
Children’s outerwear........ ..................
Fur goods........ ...........- ------- ---------Miscellaneous apparel and accessories
Other fabricated textile products-----
93.9
35.7
30.6
6.4
21.2
94.1
34.6
32.6
6.6
20.3
98.1
34.2
34.5
7.0
22.4
951.4 1,004.8 1,057.6
4.8
5.5
6.6
110.6 116.0 122.7
411.4 428.7 456.9
27.5
29.1
29.8
196.6 214.5 221.1
85.6
88.4
91.7
47.8
51.5
54.3
10.5
12.3
10.6
66.6
60.5
62.2
1,186.4 1,183.2 1,181.2 1,184.3 1,172.1 1,120.7 1,122. 5 1,113.4 1,115.5 1,148.2 1,181.4 1,168.0 1,198.6 1,211.2
' 110.2 ' 106.2 106.4 109.7 107.2 103.1 107.4 105.7 101.5 109.8 111.2 110.9 117.6 123.1
315.9 315.9 317.4 317.7 314.5 307.3 310.4 304.2 302.7 311.1 311.9 306.8 316.5 317.4
348.2 345.2 339.9 343.5 348.9 328.1 319.2 328.8 332.8 333.8 357.1 351.6 352.1 354.2
117.2 118.7 117.5 115.1 112.6 106.5 109.9 110.0 114.0 115.5 116.0 115.9 119.6 120.9
20.4
21.9
12.1
18.0
14.9
18.9
20.4
21.1
13.8
18.7
16.7
16.8
19.9
18.7
71.8
75.2
74.1
67.9
70.3
76.0
75.4
73.8
74.8
75.4
74.0
73.4
73.8
74.8
9.9
9.7
10.2
10.3
8.8
10.7
11.1
10.4
11.3
11.9
11.2
12.0
9.9
12.0
55.9
56.3
55.7
53.9
53.9
58.3
59.5
53.1
55.6
59.2
62.7
58.3
59.9
60.3
134.2 135.1 133.0 131.0 123.5 119.3 119.7 118.1 119.0 120.4 122.3 124.2 130.5 128.9
Paper and allied products..............- ........
Pulp, paper and paperboard mills.......
Paperboard containers and boxes........
Other paper and allied products-------
548.7
551.4
270.4
152.5
128.5
553.7
271.4
154.3
128.0
553.8
270.7
154.1
129.0
554.5
271.7
153.2
129.6
550.2
272.3
149.9
128.0
537.8
265.3
146.0
126.5
542.0
267.9
147.2
126.9
539.3
266.8
146.2
126.3
541.7
268.1
145.8
127.8
543.6
268.0
147.2
128.4
545.7
268.8
147.9
129.0
552.1
272.1
150.8
129.2
566.3
277.4
155.3
133.6
567.7
278.0
155.7
134.0
Printing, publishing and allied Industrles.
News papers..............................- .............
Periodicals-----------------------------------Books___________________________
Commercial printing............ ................
Lithographing........................................
Greeting cards.................... - .................
Bookbinding and related industries...
Miscellaneous publishing and printing
services________________________
849.3
859.3
319.6
62.3
56.5
221.2
66.7
20.6
44.6
856.8
318.8
62.6
55.6
219.9
66.4
21.9
44.0
858.3
318.2
63.0
55.3
221.5
66.2
22.4
44.2
854.8
316.1
62.4
55.4
220.7
65.6
21.7
45.4
847.8
315.7
60.0
54.8
218.1
65.2
21.1
45.4
844.2
315.8
59.5
54.3
218.0
65.0
20.5
44.2
847.2
316.9
60.1
54.0
219.5
65.2
20.5
44.4
845.5
316.1
60.8
54.3
219.1
65.4
18.8
43.9
850.9
314.9
61.5
64.7
221.5
65.4
18.3
44.4
854.2
315.5
61.8
55.2
222.8
65.7
17.8
44.8
853.2
315.0
62.1
55.2
222.1
65.5
18.1
44.6
855.8
315.2
62.6
55.4
223.9
65.4
18.0
44.8
857.9
815.0
61.7
55.5
223.0
66.7
19.5
46.1
850.5
311.9
64.4
53.6
221.2
64.3
19.6
46.0
67.8
67.6
67.5
67.5
67.5
66.9
66.6
67.1
70.2
70.6
70.6
70.5
69.5
69.5
Chemicals and allied products..................
Industrial inorganic chemicals----------Industrial organic chemicals-------------Drugs and medicines------ ------ ----Soap, cleaning and polishing prepara
tions----- --------------------------------Paints, pigments, and fillers...............
Gum and wood chemicals--------------Fertilizers------- --------------------------Vegetable and animal oils and f a ts...
Miscellaneous chemicals.......................
819.33
-
824.0
100.0
312.9
103.1
823.7
100.5
312.2
102.7
825.1
100.0
311.3
102.7
821.4
100.7
311.1
103.2
816.0
101. C
310.4
103.9
805.9
100.8
305. Í
103.7
809.0
101.7
305.8
102.9
816.8
102.1
306.1
102.6
826.6
103.7
309.0
102.9
825.4
104.4
310.5
102.7
824.5
104.9
313.7
102.1
831.2
105.9
317.6
102.3
844.8
108.2
323. e
100.0
833.2
108.6
318.1
96.7
-
50.4
73.7
7.6
33.4
41.4
101.5
50.5
73.7
7.6
32.0
42.8
101.7
50.9
73.8
7.8
34.1
42.8
101.7
50.0
51.1
74.4
74.0
7.8
7.8
32. Ç 30.9
38. £ 36.0
101.7 101.6
49.2
73.4
7.1
30.2
35.Î
99.5
48.5
72.:
7.7
33.7
36.1
100.3
47.9
71.2
8. (
42.7
35. Í
100.4
47.8
71.6
7.9
46.3
36.5
100.9
48.2
72.:
7.9
41.1
37. 4
100.9
48.3
72.6
7.9
35.5
38.4
101.1
48.5
50.0
73.1
7 5 .4
8. C
8.5
34.5
35.8
40.:
40.5
101.0 102.8
50.1
75.6
8.4
36.0
40.9
98.8
Products of petroleum and coal..........
Petroleum refining--------------------Coke, other petroleum and coal
products_______________________
231.00
.
233.6
187.6
235.
188.5
233.1 238.7
186. C 191.5
239.2
192. £
239. 7
193.5
239.1
192.6
238.3
192.9
237.9
193.3
238.4
194.2
241.4
195.2
243.8
196.7
-
46.0
46.
Rubber products........ ....................... —
Tires and inner tubes............................
Rubber footwear...............................
Other rubber products........................
3
-
Leather and leather products............
Leather: tanned, curried, and finished
Industrial leather belting and packing
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings.
Footwear (except rubber)--------------Luggage------------- ------- ------- ------Handbags and small leather goods—
Gloves and miscellaneous leather goods
Bee footnotes at end of table.
3
-
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
-
-
47.1
249.5
199.1
252.1
200.8
47.2
46.3
46.2
46.5
45.4
44.fi
44.2
46.2
47.1
50.4
51.3
238. f
98.1
20.
120.:
233.
96.
20.
lie .:
233.5
96.8
20.5
116.:
230.5
96.:
20.
113.
234.7
98. ‘
20.7
115.
243.
102.,
20.
120.:
251.4
105.fi
2i.:
124.
260.
109.2
21.fi
130.1
265.2
110.
21. £
133.:
269.2
111.5
24.1
133.0
366.
360.
38.
38.
4.:
4.
18.
17.
241.
246.
14. ! 14.
3i.:
30.
13.:
12.
363.
39.,
4.'
18.
245.
14.:
28.:
li.
369.
379.8
42.7
40.'
4.1
6.0
18.«> 19.8
243.
246.3
16.3
15.
32.8
30.
16.9
16.
257.1
103.4
21.2
132.5
253.
102. :
21.
130.
252.8 245.3
101. C 99.7
21.:
21.
124. £
130.
367.
38.4
4.
19.5
245.
15.1
31.2
13.7
363.
38.
4.
18.
238.
16.
33.
14.
354.
37.
4.;
17.8
230.
16.
33.
15.
360.
37.8
4.:
17.
237.
15.8
32.'
15.:
362. f 354.
340.
353.
339.
37.:
36.:
37.
37.Í
37.:
3.
3.
3. i
3.'
3.'
18.
17., : 17.:
18.
18.
229.
240.
237.
238.
226.
14. i 14.:
15.
14.
14.
31. • 28. 1 27.. : 24.
26.
15. ll 14.
14.
13.
13.Í
A.— EMPLOYMENT
T able
A-2.
319
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1959
1958
A nnual
a v e ra g e
Industry
Jan.2 Dec.2
N ov.
O c t.
S e p t.
A ug.
J u ly
June
M ay
A p r.
M ar.
F eb.
Jan.
1957
1956
Transportation and public utilities_______
Transportation______________________ 2,490
Interstate railroads.......... ..........................
Class I railroads_________ __________
Local railways and buslines__________
Trucking and warehousing____________
Other transportation and services______
Buslines, except local_______________
Air transportation (common carrier)...
Pipe-line transportation (except nat
ural gas)................................................
Communication_____________________ 747
Telephone________________________
Telegraph__ _____________________
Other public utilities_________________ "593"
Gas and electric utilities____________
Electric light and power utilities____
Gas utilities_____________________
Electric light and gas utilities com
bined________________________
Local utilities, not elsewhere classi
fied.....................................................
3,875
3,885
3 ,8 9 '
3 ,8 9 ’
3 , 88(
3 ,9 0 '
3,904
3,910
3,874
3,883
3,944
3 , 98S
4,151
4,161
2,535
2, 536
2,546
2,523
2,520
2,526
2,527
2,499
2, 503 2,524
2, 552 2, 587
2,741
2, 773
949.
961.1
951.
959.
957.!
957.!
957.:
945.!
951.!
965.8
989. £ 1,013. 1,123.4 1,190. 5
824.
841.
831.
839.!
844. '
837..
836. £ 825. £ 828.!
840.Î
861.!
884. :
984. 1,0 4 2 .6
93. £
94.
94.1
94.
95.:
9 5 .'
96.
95. £
97.
97.Î
101.
100. £ 103. e
109.5
830.2
822.6
811.
787.
790.
781.3
790. ‘
774.
770.'
779.8
782. e
790. C 812.3
803.6
661.5
668.5
679.!
6 8 6.!
672.4
681.
6 8 3 .'
682.
683.
680.7
682. £ 701.8
678.0
669.1
39.!
40.3
41.3
42.5
43.
43.
42. i
42.:
4 1 .'
41.0
40. £
42. C
42. £
4 2 .0
124.6
134.6
141.1
141.3
142. C 142.7
141.2
143.3
141. C 142.0
144.7
145.0
144.6
130.5
Wholesale and retail trade_____________
Wholesale trade_____________________
Wholesalers, full-service and limited
function_______________________
Automotive..........................................
Groceries, food specialties, beer, wines,
and liquors ................... ....................
Electrical goods, machinery, hardware,
and plumbing equipment.......... .
Other full-service and limited-function
wholesalers------------------------------Wholesale distributors, other________
Retail trade............. ............ .....................
General merchandise sto res..................
Department stores and general mail
order ho u ses..___ _____________
Other general merchandise stores___
Food and liquor stores........ ..................
Grocery, meat, and vegetable markets.
Dairy product stores and dealers.......
Other food and liquor stores_______
Automotive and accessories dealers___
Apparel and accessories stores_______
Other retail trade______ ___________
Furniture and appliance stores..........
Drug stores.........................................
11,954 11,382 11,225 11,151 11,011 10,984 11,035 10,961 10,940 10,939 10,948 11,140 11,302 11,221
3.059
3,039
3,052
3 ,016
2,994
2,989
2,980
2,960
2,982
3,010
3,023
3,051
3,065
3 ,008
3,019
25.1
747
709.1
37. c
596
573.6
255. C
151.1
25.2
751
712.6
37.4
598
575.2
255.8
151.5
25.4
752
713.7
37.5
599
576.5
256.6
151.8
25.8
757
718.8
37.7
606
582.7
259.4
153.4
26.4
764
725.6
37.8
613
589.1
261.9
155.6
26.7
769
730.3
3 8 .;
612
588.8
262.0
155.1
26.5
772
732.7
3 8 .5
605
581.!
260. C
152.3
25.8
777
737.!
38.6
598
575.4
257.7
149.8
25.7
783
743.5
38.5
597
574.4
257. (
149.3
2 5 .5
789
749. i
3 9 .0
597
574.3
257.6
149.1
25.8
795
755.5
39.1
597
574.5
258.1
148.9
25.8
800
759.7
3 9 .9
598
575.2
258.3
149.2
26.4
810
76S. 2
41.4
600
577.2
258.7
149.0
2 5 .9
795
751.2
4 2 .6
593
569.1
250.2
145.3
167.5
167.9
168.1
169.9
171.6
171.7
169.6
167.9
167.5
167.6
167.5
167.7
169.5
173.6
2 2 .4
2 2 .7
2 2 .9
23.1
23.5
2 3 .5
2 3 .2
2 3 .0
2 3 .0
2 2 .8
2 2 .4
2 2 .4
2 3 .0
2 3 .6
1, 801. 3 1 ,7 9 1 .2 1, 776.6 1,762. 7 1, 744.6 1,737.1 1, 730. 2 1, 713.9 1, 722. 5 1, 737. 8 1,744. 8 1, 762. 2 1,7 7 2 .1 1 ,7 5 4 .0
129.1
127.9
128.8
127.8
127.4
127.6
126.3
124.1
124.3
124.4
125.1
125.2
123.3
118.8
8,018
1,384.1
312.6
311.9
307.7
306.1
299.0
300.8
297.4
293.5
297.8
302.8
303.0
304.2
303.4
3 0 5.0
440.0
439.7
438.2
437.4
437.0
436.1
435.9
434.2
436.5
441.2
444.4
449.3
457.1
455.2
919.6
910.8
902.8
891.4
881.0
872.8
870.6
862.1
863.9
869.4
872.3
883.5
888.3
875.0
1.257. 7 1 ,2 6 1 .0 1,262. 8 1, 253. 2 1,249. 7 1, 252.2 1, 249.8 1, 245. 7 1, 259. 4 1, 271. 8 1, 277.9 1,288. 6 1,2 9 3 .1 1, 254.3
8,895
8,186
8,135
8,330
8,017
7,995
8,055
8,001
7,958
7,929
7,925
8,089
8,237
8, 213
1, 936. 0 1, 575.3 1 ,4 7 3 .8 1,4 2 0 .8 1,3 5 0 .9 1 ,3 3 6 .7 1 ,3 6 1 .0 1 ,3 5 8 .4 1,351. 5 1,331. 7 1 ,3 1 6 .4 1 ,3 8 6 .4 1, 457.1 1 ,4 5 5 .7
1, 251.3 1,022. 7 946.1
908.1
870.8
863.5
8 7 6.7
872.4
864.5
856.9
854.0
905.7
944.4
9 4 3.8
527. 7 512.7
684.7
552.6
480.1
473.2
484.3
486.0
487.0
474.8
462.4
480.7
512.7
511.9
1,6 1 0 .8 1, 597.3 1, 595. 5 1. 582.1 1, 590.7 1, 594.1 1, 593.6 1, 591. 7 1, 598. 3 1,602. 2 1, 599.1 1, 573. 9 1, 542.4
1,179. 4 1,168. 6 1,156. 4 1 ,1 4 6 .7 1,130.6 1,139.1 1,1 4 0 .1 1,140. 7 1,139. 3 1,150. 0 1,1 5 1 .1 1,149. 9 1 ,1 0 6 .9 1 ,0 7 6 .9
222.4
220.0
230.2
234.0
221.0
234.3
233.2
229.6
225.7
227.6
224.9
226.3
234.3
231.9
218.5
230.3
221.2
218.6
217.2
217.6
220.8
223.3
224.8
222.6
226.2
222.9
232. 7 233.6
754. 5 755.0
780.7
763.0
756.6
755.2
755.7
756.6
757.2
768.0
778.4
792.6
804.2
809.6
602. 5 590.4
712.1
619.3
552.4
546.7
591.8
586.7
583.7
576.2
554.8
583.3
604.6
610.3
3, 836. 2 3, 761. 7 3, 757. 5 3, 773.6 3 ,7 8 0 .9 3, 759. 6 3, 752. 0 3, 705.4 3,673. 9 3 ,6 5 4 .3 3,673. 2 3, 727. 5 3, 796. 8 3, 795. 4
392.4
409.2
397.2
388.5
385.1
384.5
3 8 5.6
385.0
385.4
387.3
3 9 0.0
390.3
394.8
3 9 5.8
356. 9 3 5 5 .2
395.6
360.1
353.2
352.9
351.9
349.3
347.7
345.7
345.8
357.5
354.7
3 4 1.2
1, 581. 5 1, 629. 7
762.
583.
3,707.
Finance, insurance, and real estate______
Banks and trust companies____ ______
Security dealers and exchanges________
Insurance carriers and agents__________
Other finance agencies and real estate___
2,3G7
2,371
'618. 5
86.6
893.0
773.2
2,374
616.5
85.0
892.3
778.9
2,380
615. 5
85. 2
894.2
785.0
2,392
616.4
8 4 .8
900.3
790.8
2,413
621.9
85.6
906.1
799.2
2,410
621.6
85.2
903.7
799.6
2,391
615.0
8 3 .8
895.6
796.3
2,370
610.4
8 3 .3
892.3
783.5
2,356
612. 2
8 3 .2
893.8
766.8
2,348
612. 4
8 3 .8
892.7
759.1
2,343
612.1
8 4 .0
889.6
756.9
2,344
610. 5
8 3 .7
887.6
762.0
2,348
602.8
8 3 .8
869.6
792.0
2,308
578.7
82. 4
825.9
821.1
Service and miscellaneous_______ . . . ____
Hotels and lodging places..........................
Personal services:
Laundries________________________
Cleaning and dyeing plants...................
Motion pictures_____________________
6,303
6,381
466.4
6,426
473.6
6,463
4 78.6
6,472
526.6
6,452
608.3
6,465
607.0
6, 488
538.1
6,455
510.0
6,384
499.9
6,267
476.4
6,240
476. 7
6,241
473.2
6,336
531.0
6,160
515. 4
307.4
166.8
179.2
309.0
168.3
183.1
311. 0
169.8
191.3
311.6
166.5
195.3
314.3
163.1
195.6
3 1 7.7
167.1
193.9
318.1
173.4
192.6
314.1
172.1
193.5
310.6
168.9
192.9
310.8
164.6
185.9
311.3
162.7
186.1
3 16.2
165.9
186.8
326.3
169.8
204.1
332.3
165.8
223.4
8,074
2,172
2,145. 5
961.6
542.7
641.2
22.1
4 .8
5,902
, 517.6
i, 384.1
2, 742. 6
3 .1 5 0 .2 i, 159.1
8,040
2,173
2,145. 6
963.0
538.8
643.8
22.1
4 .8
5,867
1, 517.1
1, 349. 7
2, 716. 7
5,150.1
7,943
2,174
2 ,1 4 6 .8
962.5
539.0
645.3
2 2 .2
4 .7
5,769
1,476.3
1, 292. 7
2, 573. 9
3,195.1
7,678
2,192
2,164. 6
967.6
541.6
655.4
22.2
4 .7
5,486
l, 443.9
i, 041.9
2,230.2
Î, 255.6
7,664
2,192
2,164. 7
968.8
538.9
657.0
22.2
4 .7
5,472
i, 443. 7
1,027.9
2, 223.2
3,248.4
7,866
2,184
2, 156.8
966.5
535.9
654.4
2 2 .3
4 .8
5,682
, 466. 7
;, 215. 0
2, 483. 2
i , 198. 5
7,870
2,151
2,123. 8
958.3
528.2
637.3
2 2 .0
4.7
5, 719
, 473.1
245. 5
2, 608.6
i , 110.0
7,850
2,150
2,123. 5
956.9
530.5
636.1
2 1 .9
4 .6
5,700
, 462. 9
, 237.1
l , 617. 6
5,082. 4
7,822
2,141
2,114.7
953.8
531.1
629.8
2 1 .9
4 .6
5,681
, 453. 6
:, 227.0
2,628. 5
?, 052.1
7,789
2,140
2,113.3
953.6
532.8
626.9
2 1 .9
4 .6
,649
, 443. 2
, 205. 5
, 614. 2
i,034. 5
7,749
2,137
2,110. 5
952.3
532.9
625.3
22.1
4 .6
5,612
L, 435. 2
1,176. 9
2, 584. 0
5, 028.1
7,626
2, 217
2,190. 2
1,007.3
551.4
631.5
22.1
4 .6
ï, 409
, 382. 9
i, 025. 7
2, 401. 8
!, 006. 8
7,277
2, 209
2,183.1
1,034.1
535.3
613.7
2 1 .9
4 .3
5,068
L, 300.6
!, 767. 8
2, 219.7
2,848. 7
Government__________________________ 8,068 8,377
Federal *___________________________ 2,169 2. 487
Executive________________________
2, 460.4
Department of Defense___________
958.5
Post Office Departm ent___________
861.0
Other agencies___________________
640.9
2 2 .1
Legislative________________________
Judicial__________________________
4 .8
State and local * . .......................... ..........
5,890
State............... ..........................................
1, 509. 6
4, 380. 6
Local.........................................................
Education________________________
2, 740. 0
1 Beginning with the August 1958 issue, figures for 1956-58 differ from those
previously published because of the adjustment of the employment estimates
to 1st quarter 1957 benchmark levels indicated by data from government
social insurance programs. Statistics from 1957 forward are subject to revi
sion when new benchmarks become available.
These series are based upon establishment reports which cover all full- and
part-time employees in nonagricultural establishments who worked during,
or received pay for, any part of the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the
month. Therefore, persons who worked in more than one establishment
during the reporting period are counted more than once. Proprietors, selfemployed persons, unpaid family workers, and domestic servants are ex
cluded.
2 Preliminary.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3 Data for Federal establishments refer to continental United States; they
relate to civilian employees who worked on, or received pay for, the last day
of the month.
4 State and local government data exclude, as nominal employees, elected
officials of small local units and paid volunteer firemen.
N ote: For a description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954),
Soubce: U.8. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except those for the Federal Government, which Is prepared by the
U.S. Civil Service Commission, and that for Class I railroads, which is
prepared by the U.S. Interstate Commerce Commission.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
320
T able A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
[In thousands]
Annual
average
1958
1959
Industry
Jan. 2 Dec.2 Nov.
M in in g - _______________________________
Metal______________________________
Iron___ __ ___________ ____________
Copper
_______________________
Lead and zinc_____________________
A nthracite_________________________
Bituminous-coal_____________________
Crude-petroleum and natural-gas production _______________________
Petroleum and natural-gas production
(except contract services)__________
Nonmetaliic mining and quarrying_____
C o n tra c t c o n s t r u c t i o n ._____________ - ____
Non building construction_____________
Highway and street construction_____
Other nonbuilding construction______
Building construction________________
General contractors,. _____________
Special-trade contractors____________
Plumbing and heating____________
Painting and decorating......................
Electrical work. _______ _________
Other special-trade contractors_____
M a n u fa c tu rin g ___________________________
Durable goods___________________
Nondurable goods________________
D u r a b le
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
1957
1956
566
76.4
25. 5
25.1
9.9
17.8
171.2
563
77.0
26.7
24.4
9.7
17.7
169.5
560
73.8
27.3
22.5
8.6
17.5
168.3
564
74.3
27.3
23.2
9.2
16.7
166.2
559
72.1
25.3
22.4
9.3
16.2
163.3
556
73.5
25.7
22.0
9.7
17.5
158.0
569
76.4
25.8
22.9
10.8
17.4
169.2
563
75.2
24.1
22.9
11.2
18.2
171.3
567
74.4
22.9
22.8
11.4
17.9
177.3
583
79.2
26.4
23.7
11.6
21.1
184.2
597
81.0
27.2
24.1
11.9
22.3
190.3
616
84.3
29.0
24.7
12.3
21.7
196.9
664
94.4
33.9
27.3
14.1
26.4
208.4
673
92.9
30.4
28.3
14.9
26.8
208.8
210.5
205.8
205.7
210.8
213.3
211.8
211.4
206.2
206.7
210.4
217.3
223.6
238.0
245. 4
108.2 108.1 109.3 112.9 115.2 115.6 114.8 112.3 113.1 113.9 115.0 116.2 122.6 128.0
86.0
98.6
89.0
96.3
90.6
87.9
95.1
92.5
93.9
94.8
93.4
94.8
95.5
90.0
2,109 2,407 2,508 2,544 2,570 2,503 2,432 2,318 2,132 1,961 1,817 2,025 2,442 2,559
331
382
515
581
448
370
520
596
573
538
532
580
598
433
190.7 261.8 292.3 303.4 301.0 293.0 285.6 255.8 191.1 140.0 120.5 144.1 226.8 234.8
241.9 269.8 287.5 294.7 294.8 288.4 287.4 282. 1 257.3 229.8 210.4 237.7 288.5 284.8
1,676 1,875 1,928 1, 946 1, 974 1,922 1,859 1,780 1,684 1, 591 1,486 1,643 1,927 2, 039
' 588. 3 680.6 698. 5 709.1 730.1 717.0 695.5 670.1 627.9 596.9 556.0 626.7 772.6 868. e
1,087. 5 1, 194. 2 1, 229. 9 1, 236. 9 1, 244. 0 1, 204. 5 1,163. 9 1,110.0 1,056.5 993.6 930.3 1,015.8 1,154.1 1,170.0
250.7 257.6 265.8 263.6 260.3 253.7 243.3 230.4 227.8 230.0 233.6 247.2 265.9 271.9
146.1 164.4 172.2 176.3 183.9 180.2 163.5 155.1 137.1 124.1 113.9 122.0 150.1 157.4
140.7 143.8 148.4 151.6 146.5 138.9 132.5 128.9 127.1 128.7 133.1 137.4 151.7 149.7
550.0 628.4 643.5 645.4 653.3 631.7 624.6 595.6 564.5 510.8 449.7 509.2 586.4 591.0
11,812 11,946 11,981 11,721 11,940 11,645 11,353 11,415 11,245 11,310 11,542 11,767 12,024 12,911 13,195
6, 714 6, 749 6, 742 3,421 5,579 6,339 6,270 6,350 5, 269 6,337 6, 502 6,653 6,869 7,523 7,667
5,098 5,197 5,239 5, 300 5,361 5,306 5,083 5,065 4,976 4,973 5,040 5,114 5,155 5,388 5,528
74.8
533.6
H u f ie r y h a n d to o ls , a n d h a r d w a r e
Heating apparatus (except electric) and
plumbers’ supplies_______________
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving.
Fabricated wire products.......................
Miscellaneous fabricated metal products____________________ _____--S ee fo o tn o te s at e n d of ta b le
73.9
71.4
66.6
68.4
66.8
67.0
68.3
67.8
69.0
67.7
67.0
67.6
76.9
83.8
559.5
80.2
280.1
579.4
s90. 0
289.6
594.4
94.2
297.5
590.1
93.1
297.3
580.6
88.4
296.8
572.0
86.5
292.9
578.3
93.8
290.9
542.4
74.9
279.7
520.3
65.5
269.1
515.0
62.9
267.5
516.5
63.5
267.5
526.4
64.8
272.1
588.3
80.1
303.5
666.7
100.3
349.2
114.0
41.8
46.9
313.2
234.4
112.4
41.2
46.1
309.8
229.6
110.5
39.5
45.4
300.5
221.9
107.3
40.5
44.8
285.5
211.7
106.9
41.3
45.4
286.8
210.4
101.6
40.9
45.3
283.5
208.4
100.1
39.9
45.7
283.2
208.9
98.5
40.0
46.1
290.1
213.9
100.6
39.0
45.9
295.3
217.5
101.6
41.3
46.6
298.5
220.6
108.3
45.5
50.9
314.2
228.9
114.7
50.2
52.3
319.2
230.9
m
306.4
407.7
943.9
__ _______
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals___________________
Non ferrous foundries_______________
Miscellaneous primary metal industries.
Fabricated metal products (except ord
nance, machinery, and transporta
tion equipment)_________________
T i n cans and o t h e r t in w a r e
_ ______
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Sept.
goods
Ordnance and accessories_____________
Lumber and wood products (except fur
niture)_____________ ___________
Logging camps and contractors______
Sawmills and planing mills__________
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products__________
Wooden containers — _____________
Miscellaneous wood products________
Furniture and fixtures________________
Household furniture________________
Office, public-building, and professional
furniture _____________________
Partitions, shelving, lockers, and fixtures _________________________
Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous fur
niture and fix tu res_______________
Stone, clay, and glass products________
Flat glass _______________________
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown..
Glass products made of purchased glass.
Cement, hydraulic_________________
Structural clay products----------- ------ Pottery and related products________
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products.
Cut-stone and stone products________
Miscellaneous nonmetaliic mineral
p ro d u cts______________________ Primary metal industries______ _____ Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
m ills__________________________
Iron and steel foundries..........................
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals____________________
Secondary smelting and refining of nonf e r r o u s m e t a ls
Oct.
818.4
111.8
40.8
46.6
309.1
230.8
M »
112.2
l 40.9
34.9
46.7
312.3
233.6
ï n
35.2
35.0
36.0
35.1
32.0
32.9
32.7
33.5
33.9
34.2
34.5
38.2
39.1
25.5
25.6
25.8
26.5
26.2
24.8
25.2
24.8
24.8
25.4
26.4
26.3
28.4
28.6
17.9
421.9
19.4
81.3
14.3
34.4
64.4
38.7
87.9
15.8
17.9
426.2
18.8
82.1
14.3
35.0
65.5
38.9
90.3
16.0
18.0
422.3
12.1
83.2
14.2
35.4
66.2
38.4
91.7
16.4
17.7
438.1
28.0
83.9
13.7
35.7
66.1
37.7
94.0
16.5
17.3
429.7
26.4
82.2
13.1
35.3
66.3
36.6
93.0
15.6
17.0
422.0
24.4
82.2
12.7
35.2
65.4
35.8
90.3
16.1
18.3
416.5
23.9
80.8
12.5
35.7
63.3
35.7
88.4
15.9
17.6
404.9
22.4
78.4
12.2
35.3
61.7
35.4
85.2
15.3
16.0
402.2
23.5
77.4
12.3
33.8
60.4
37.5
82.1
15.7
16.9
402.7
24.3
78.6
12.6
32.8
59.2
38.4
80.1
15.2
17.2
408.0
27.8
78.2
13. 6
33.0
59.8
38.8
78.8
15.0
17.1
418.5
30.1
77.7
13.9
33.9
62.4
38.9
80.3
15.3
65.7
945.1
65.3
929.8
64.7
898.6
62.5
896.5
61.2
863.8
59.9
851.9
60.3
859.3
59.0
840.4
59.5
848.5
61.5
885.1
63.1
912.5
66.0
71.0
70.0
958.4 1,081. 6 1,097.4
465.3
178.1
459.3
174.2
457.1
158.5
444.9
164.8
428.0
155.9
419.1
159.2
424.6
159.8
408.3
159.8
407.3
163.5
426.8
169.6
440.0
177.4
462.0
186.3
537.0
201.6
532.6
211.7
43.0
41.9
41.1
40.8
41.1
40.8
41.0
42.3
43.8
45.3
47.0
49.6
53.5
54.5
8.9
8.7
8.4
8.2
8.1
7.9
7.7
7.7
7.9
8.1
8.2
8.7
9.8
10.5
84.9
51.1
113.8
83.6
50.3
111.8
81.9
47.6
104.0
81.0
47.7
109.1
80.3
44. S
105.5
79.1
42.3
103.5
78.3
43.6
104.3
76.5
42.7
103.1
78.7
43.9
103.4
79.3
46.0
110.0
79.9
46.9
113.1
83.5
49.5
118.8
89.2
58.6
131.9
93.6
64.2
130.3
824.2
47.8
108.9
827.1
50.6
107.0
791.2
51.7
87.6
821.6
54.4
103.6
788.3
55. S
96.6
764.9
53.4
93.4
772.6
52.3
96.7
755.9
60. (
93. ‘
765.8
48. (
94.8
786.6
48.5
101.1
805.8
47.9
105.5
840.0
46.4
112.1
892.5
51.4
115.5
890.5
51.2
120.4
87.8
82.4
86.1
211.9 214.7 219. Î
185.7 183.1 166.2
38.:
37. £ 32.8
44.4
44. S 45.1
86.5
224.8
175.6
35.!
42.3
84.1
80.4
223. S 220.5
160.9 158.1
33.2
31.6
39.2
40.7
81.4
218. f
161.4
32.2
39.7
82.6
83.0
81.9
80.3
214.8 216. ( 219. C 222.6
158.3 159.5 165.0 172.8
35. 1
31.2
32.2
33.!
41.4
38. S 39. C 40.7
82.4
232. (
184.
37.1
43.5
83.9
241. ?
201.3
40. f
47.9
93.8
225.5
197.4
40.4
50.8
103. C 100.8
98.5
88.3
90.0
98.4
102.4
109.9
111.0
104.
93.7
89. C
92.8
95.3
18.7
20.6
456.0 470.7
30.9
31.4
83.4
81.0
15.0
15 1
35.0
36.7
70.3
76.8
43.3
47.6
90.6
95.1
16. 5
17.0
321
A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able A-3.
Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, byindustry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1959
1958
Annual
average
Industry
Jan .2 Dec. 2 Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
1957
1956
Manufacturing — Continued
D u r a b le g o o d s—
Continued
Machinery (except electrical)____ _____ 1, 053.1 1,041.7 1 , 020.1 1,004. 5 1,007.0 976.8
61.1
62.3
56.8
56.9
58.6
Engines and turbines_______________
88.2
83.1
96.9
91.8
Agricultural machinery and tractors__
95.3
76.2
80.2
79.5
Construction and mining machinery__
78.4
77.3
158.4 155.0 149.1 150. 5 145.6
Metalworking machinery___________
107.2 106.2
Special-Industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)-------------105.0 105.3 104.5
134.7 132.9 131.7 132.0 130.3
General Industrial machinery________
88.4
88.5
82.7
86.3
Office and store machines and devices—
87.7
Service-Industry and household ma128.8 125.7 121.4 120 .1 113.3
chines__________________________
Miscellaneous machinery parts______
193.5 190.9 178.5 180.5 172.3
Electrical machinery__ ______________
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and Industrial appa-
801.0
rat.n s
Electrical a p p lia n c e s
Insulated wire and cable____________
Electrical equipment for vehicles_____
E l e c t r ic l a m p s
Communication equipment ________
Miscellaneous electrical products_____
210.5
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries— 352.6
Jewelry, silverware, and plated w are...
Musical Instruments and parts_______
Toys and sporting goods_____ ______
Pens, pencils, other office supplies____
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions____
Fabricated plasties products_________
Other manufacturing industries______
N o n d u r a b le
103.7
131.0
82.1
105.8
136.2
83.1
107.5
137.2
81.7
140.7
81.3
110 .1
112.3
146.8
81.8
115.8
149.4
81.0
118.3
154.7
83.9
125.9
166 3
99.2
133.3
172 7
95.2
118.5
172.9
120.7
178.3
121.7
180.4
125.8
186.6
127.8
192.3
128.3
196.7
128.1
202.7
141.2
221.5
160 1
217 3
794.7
788.2
746.0
762.2
734.0
711.6
716.4
715.3
729.2
749.3
766.6
793.3
857.7
870.3
257.2
26.7
21.7
52.8
22.3
379.9
34.1
253.9
27.9
21.3
53.1
237.7
26.3
20.9
35.9
244.2
25. 5
238.6
24.1
18.6
44.3
21.3
354.9
32.2
235.1
23.0
17.3
43.3
237.7
239.6
24.4
17.7
43.1
22.3
336.1
32.1
245.9
25.6
18.3
45.6
253.5
25.6
18.8
48.7
23.8
346.3
32.7
259.9
26.1
19.1
51.0
24.6
353.1
32.8
268.1
27.2
19.7
288. 4
31 2
20 9
59.3
26 1
395 8
36 0
207 2
39 6
2 2 .1
375.7
34.2
Transportation equipment-___ _______ 1,211.7 1,207. 7 1,199. 0
568.0 554.1
Motor vehicles and equipment_______
480.8 483.7
Aircraft and parts__________________
290.2 293.3
Aircraft. _______________________
90.4
90.5
Aircraft engines and parts_________
10.2
10 .1
Aircraft propellers and p arts.__.........
90.0
89.8
Other aircraft parts and equipm ent..
119.6 122.4
Ship and boat building and repairing__
Shipbuilding and repairing._______
102.6 106.4
17.0
16.0
Boatbuilding and repairing________
32.1
30.7
Railroad equipment________________
Other transportation equipment____ _
7.2
8 .1
Instruments and related products--------Laboratory, scientific and engineering
instruments - __________________
Mechanical measuring and controlling
instrum ents---__________________
Optical instruments and lenses_______
Surgical, medical, and dental instruments . _______________________
Ophthalmic goods ________________
Photographic apparatus____________
Watches and clocks________________
990.2 1.014.1 1,028.6 1,060.8 1,090.2 1,108.6 1,134.0 1,255.7 1,278.7
56.5
58.1
64.2
60.8
62.3
65. 7 65.9
61 9
68. 3
94.0
94.5
95.2 101.0 101. 5 100.5
98.3 105 7 103 4
79.8
80.1
79 8
84.3
87.6
90.7
93.3 109. 4 1118
151.7 157.6 164.0 168.7 175.9 180.5 188.8 218.2 218.7
21.8
372.0
31.4
20.2
49. 2
21. 4
368.4
3 3 .3
20.8
340.6
31.5
22.8
18.5
43.5
21.6
339.7
32.6
22.8
338.7
32.3
55 .5
25.2
364.1
33.5
20 9
59 0
25 1
392 0
36 ç
991.5 1 , 100.1 1,033. 6 1,062.9 1,083.8 1,081.2 1,103.0 1,152.7 1,206.9 1 , 266.7 1,383.6 1.354.1
357.8 462.9 402.2 432.7 443.5 446.3 453.5 495.7 546.0 599.1 630. 1 648 R
480.8 480.4 474.1 471.3 476.2 467.7 479.3 482.6 483.8 489.9 563. 6 537 4
291.0 291.7 291.4 289.1 291.6 281.5 292.7 294.4 293.2 295.6 340 9 326 8
87.7
90.9
87.9
89.2
89.5
89.6
90.9
90.3
88.7
93.3 111 3 105 3
1 1 .1
11.9
13.9
14.1
10.4
12.8
13.8
11.0
13.3
14.3
13.9
11.3
83.9
89.1
82.4
83.1
84.7
85.6
86.8
83.3
83.7
86.7
97.5
94.0
118.4 118.0 118.1 119.2 123.9 123.6 121.8 123.0 124.6 123.9 127 2 111 4
103.7 104.4 105.0 104.5 107.5 105.4 103.8 105.5 106.2 105.7 108. 5 93 9
13.1
18.4
14. 7 13.6
16.4
18.2
17.5
14.7
18.0
18.2
18. 7 17 5
44.5
26.1
37.0
41.8
46.0
47.9
30. 5 31.2 32.7
33.0
54. 7 48 6
8.4
8.0
6.6
6.9
6.5
8*2
8.3
7.0
7.2
6.6
5.9
8 0
209.8
209.0
207.2
204.9
199.2
195.9
199.1
200.4
204.1
207.8
210.9
214.9
226.2
230.3
32.1
32.0
31.7
31.6
30.8
30.6
31.2
31.4
31.8
32.2
32.8
33.3
36.6
37.7
57.2
57.5
10 .1
10.0
56. 8
9.6
56.0
9. 5
63.4
9.1
53.4
8.9
54.1
9.2
54.4
9.1
55.6
9.1
56.6
9.1
57.0
9.4
57.6
9.8
62.1
10.3
61 1
27.8
18.7
39.6
24.3
27.0
18.5
39.8
24.2
27.0
18. 2
39.6
24.3
27.0
17.9
39.2
23.7
26.6
17.9
38.9
22.5
27.0
17.6
38.5
19.9
27.2
18.2
38.3
20.9
27.2
18.2
38.8
21.3
27.2
18.4
39.8
22 .2
27.5
18.8
40.4
23.2
27.8
18.8
41.4
23.7
28.2
19.3
42.2
24.5
28.9
19.6
43.7
25.0
28 5
20 3
44J.
28* 0
361.2
36.1
14.3
57.2
21.7
49.3
68.3
114.3
379.4
36.3
14.4
71.4
385.8
36. 2
14.2
78. 8
380.0
35.6
13.7
79.0
365.6
33.5
13.0
75.5
346.2
32.8
354.5
33.4
12.9
70.7
49.1
66.7
114.3
47.9
64.0
350.6
33.4
13.3
64.7
23.3
43.2
61.8
110.9
354.4
34.3
13.4
61.2
23.1
46.4
64.5
111.5
355.0
34.8
14.2
59.1
49. 9
68.3
116.2
348.1
32.8
13.0
67.5
23.1
42.3
59.9
109.5
351.1
34.9
14.7
54.8
22.9
46.5
390.6
36.3
15.3
75.6
24.0
49.2
71.6
118.6
405.1
39 9
15 7
79 6
23 8
52 3
70.2
123.6
977.6
238.6
69.8
141.1
78.4
164.2
948.5
230.8
65.8
136.7
77.7
162.8
20.4
57.2
105.6
91.5
941.7
233.4
64.3
124.4
78.2
163.2
19.7
60.3
107.8
90.4
951.0
238.5
62.6
128.3
78.3
164.5
70.1
30.9
27.0
5.4
74.2
30.7
28.0
5.4
6.8
10 .1
79.2
31.0
28.8
5.3
14.1
2 2 .1
49.2
68.4
117.6
22.2
21.6
21.6
110 .1
11.8
70.1
20 . 6
43.1
61.6
106.2
22.8
44.5
61.0
109.2
22.6
47.4
65.5
111.4
66.6
110.7
lo! 6
goods
Food and kindred products......................
M eat pro d u cts____________________
Dairy products____________________
Canning and preserving------------------Grain-mill products________________
B a k e ry p ro d u c ts
......
Sugar.'..'__________________________
Confectionery and related products___
Beverages________________________
Miscellaneous food products_________
Tobacco manufactures__________ _____
Cigarettes________________________
Cigars___________________________
Tobacco and s n u f f ______________________
Tobacco stemming and redrying_____
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
945.9 1 , 001. 6 1, 050.1 1,115.2 1,178. 4 1,172.0 1,080.6 1,038.7
250. 7 250.9 250. 5 249.0 246.0 243.8 243.1
71. 5 73.0
62.2
62.2
73.0
64. 4 67.9
147.9 178.1 237.1 311.8 306.9 220.2 176.8
82.4
82.5
81.4
78.4
81.0
76.9
81.0
162 1 164.0 166.1 165.8 166.3 167.1 167.5
21.4
40.4
23.4
21.6
21.4
35.6
36.8
66. 5
61.5
54.6
67.6
58.0
64.5
68.1
108.8 114.8 115.4 115.2 117.7 120.9 119.5
96.3
98.3
98.0
98.4
92.9
93.7
95.8
79.3
82.3
32.2
27.0
5. 5
17.6
85.0
32.2
27.3
5. 4
20 .1
93.6
31.7
27.4
5. 5
29.0
96.1
32.0
27.0
5.5
31.6
85.5
32.0
26.9
5.4
2 1.2
69.5
31.3
26.1
5.4
6.7
70.2
31.5
27.1
5.4
6.2
2 2 .1
56.7
1 1 1 .8
94.8
69.8
31.1
27.0
5.4
6.3
2 1 .1
61.8
105.2
90.7
969.0 1,065. 7 1,104.0
247.9 259.2 268.8
62.9
69.6
72.1
129.9 187.7 201.5
77.9
79.5
83.5
164.9 169.9 172 0
27.6
26.1
26.4
62.2
63.5
64 3
105.9 116.1 119.7
89.8
94.1
95.7
83.9
31.2
28.9
5.4
18.4
84.4
30.2
30.9
5 .5
17.8
89.5
30.7
32.8
5.9
20 .1
322
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
T able A-3.
Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
Industry
Annual
average
1958
1959
Jan. 2 Dec.* Nov.
Oct.
Sept
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
M ar.
Feb.
Jan.
1957
1956
860.9
4.3
101.9
384.4
23.9
176.5
74.8
39.1
9.5
46.5
912.9
5.0
107.2
401.5
25.4
194.3
77.1
42.5
9.4
50.5
965.9
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods— Continued
Textile-mill products.............................. __
Scouring and combing plants________
Yarn and thread mills______________
Broad-woven fabric mills___________
Narrow fabrics and smallwares______
Knitting mills.........................— ...........
Dyeing and finishing textiles................
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings___
Hats (except cloth and millinery).........
Miscellaneous textile goods_________
851.7
861.9
4.9
101.4
371.3
25.2
190.1
74.6
38.7
9.1
46.6
867.0
4.8
101.7
372.1
24.8
195.3
74.6
38.2
8.9
46.6
863.
4.
100.
370.
24.
197.
73.
37.
8.
45.
859.9
4.8
100.6
371.1
24.5
196.0
73.4
36.7
8.6
44.2
855.2
5.1
99.9
370.1
23.9
195.0
73.8
35.3
9.0
43.1
Apparel and other finished textile prod
ucts___________________________ 1,044.9 1, 057.8 1,053.3 1,051. 2 1,055.3 1,044.3
97.4
95.0
93.9
93.8
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats........ .
97.5
M en’s and boys’ furnishings and work
c lo th in g ____________________________
288.0 287.6 289.1 289.6 287.0
312.1 308.2 303.1 306.7 312.2
Women’s outerwear_______________
105.3 106.9 105.6 103.3 100.9
Women’s, children’s undergarments...
18.4
17.6
14.5
16.5
18.7
Millinery________________________
67.4
65.0
66.3
66.3
Children’s outerwear______________
65.6
8.2
9.4
9.3
9.4
7.5
Fur goods............................. ..................
54.1
54.6
53.8
52.7
52.8
Miscellaneous apparel and accessories.
112.5 113.7 111.8 110.1 102.5
Other fabricated textile products.........
830.2
5.0
96.0
365.3
23.2
184.2
71.7
33.8
9.0
42.0
839.7
4.9
98.5
366.7
23.3
188.5
72.4
34.1
9.3
42.0
830.5
4.4
97.5
365.5
22.9
183.0
72.5
34.1
9.2
41.4
837.2
4.4
98.3
371.6
23.2
179.8
73.6
36.1
8.6
41.6
992.0
90.8
993.6
95.1
984.7
93.3
986.7 1,017.7 1,050.6 1,036.8 1,064.5 1,079.8
89.3
97.2
98.5 105.3 110.9
98.7
279.9
291.4
94.5
14.7
66.5
8.6
47.4
98.2
283.2
282.5
97.6
11.8
66.8
8.5
49.3
98.8
277.0
292.1
97.7
10.1
62.0
7.9
47.8
96.8
275.6
296.4
101.3
12.7
59.4
6.5
48.0
97.5
284.3
285.7
279.6
2 9 5 .7
3 1 8.7
3 1 3.4
66.6
103.6
15.7
65.7
7.6
60.5
844.2
4.4
99.1
376.9
23.7
177.2
73.4
37.6
9.1
42.8
103.3
18.0
63.3
7.2
49.9
98.8
441.7
222.7
120.0
99.0
429.0
215.4
116.1
97.5
433.4
218.8
117.1
97.5
431.7
218.5
116.1
97.1
434.2
220.1
115.6
98.5
435.7
100.1
447.0
222.5
124.0
100.5
550.6
159.4
26.3
33.3
178.6
50.1
16.2
34.9
547.6
157.1
26.1
33.8
177.5
49.6
15.8
35.9
541.7
156.3
24.7
33.3
175.1
49.4
15.4
35.7
537.2
155.7
24.1
32.9
174.6
49.1
14.7
34.7
541.0
157.5
24.6
33.1
176.0
49.3
14.7
34.8
540.4
157.4
25.6
33.3
175.7
49.6
13.2
34.2
544.7
155.9
25.8
33.7
178.1
49.6
12.8
34.8
547.0
156.2
25.9
34.3
178.9
49.8
12.3
35.2
854.7
4.5
100.8
381.1
23.8
177.8
74.7
38.2
9.5
44.3
103.7
19.3
7.5
50.1
100.3
6.1
113.7
429.7
26.2
201.2
80.1
45.7
10.8
52.4
288.9
312.0
106.8
16.3
65.7
7.8
53.2
108.5
291.5
100.4
458.8
229.1
125.2
104.5
463.4
230.4
127.2
105.8
649.2
156.4
26.0
34.7
180.7
49.4
12.3
35.3
553.2
156.1
25.6
35.2
181.3
50.7
13.8
37.0
549.6
155.1
27.8
33.4
179.6
48.5
14.1
37.2
102.2
3 14.0
108.4
16.5
66.0
8.4
56.3
107.8
446.5
99.4
445.9
222.5
124.3
99.1
540.
551.1
159.8
26.5
34.2
178.3
50.4
14.6
35.2
548.0
159.7
25.7
33.2
176.8
50.2
15.7
34.9
52.1
51.8
51.8
51.8
51.8
51.4
51.0
51.4
54.0
64.4
54.3
54.4
53.5
63.9
Chemicals and allied products________
Industrial Inorganic chemicals______
Industrial organic chemicals________
Drugs and medicines______________
Soap, cleaning and polishing prepara'
tlons....................................— ........—
Paints, pigments, and fillers_________
Gum and wood chemicals___________
Fertilizers________________________
Vegetable and animal oils and fats___
Miscellaneous chemicals___________
514.7
616.5
66.3
196.3
57.1
514.0
66.5
194.0
56.9
516.5
510.9
193.1
56.7
191.4
57.2
66.0
504.1
66.0
190.0
57.5
495.5
65.6
186.4
57.5
500.1
66.9
186.8
57.4
510.0
67.3
187.7
57.6
519.3
68.5
190.1
58.1
619.0
69.2
192.3
58.3
518.5
69.5
195.7
58.0
525.3
70.5
199.7
58.6
545.1
73.0
210.3
57.9
653.3
75.0
217.0
57.2
30.5
44.3
30.7
44.2
22.5
29.6
63.4
31.5
44.6
6.4
23.4
26.5
63.9
30.4
45.0
6.4
21.4
23.9
63.5
29.7
44.0
6.5
20.9
23.1
61.8
29.5
43.4
6.3
24.1
23.4
62.3
29.0
42.4
6.6
33.1
23.5
62.8
29.1
42.5
6.5
36.7
24.6
63.2
29.6
43.0
6.5
31.5
25.5
63.1
29.7
43.1
6.5
26.1
26.4
63.5
29.8
43.7
23.8
28.6
63.4
31.3
44.4
6.4
24.6
30.1
63.7
25.0
28.1
63.3
30.7
45.9
7.2
26.7
28.1
65.3
30.3
47.0
7.1
27.3
28.6
63.8
Products of petroleum and coal________
Petroleum refining.................... ............
Coke, other petroleum and coal prod
ucts_______ ______________ ______
152.8
155.3
119.3
155.9
119.5
153.3
116.4
157.5
120.4
157.4
121.3
157.4
121.5
157.9
121.7
157.5
122.3
156.7
122.4
156.4
122.7
158.7
123.3
161.0
124.7
168.0
128.1
172.2
131.0
36.0
36.4
36.9
37.1
36.1
35.9
36.2
35.2
34.3
33.7
35.4
36.3
39.9
41.2
Rubber products____________ ______
Tires and inner tu b e s .................. ........
Rubber footwear__________________
Other rubber products_____________
199.5
198.4
77.4
17.1
103.9
195.3
76.2
17.2
101.9
194.5
75.3
17.1
181.2
72.5
16.1
92.3
175.1 175.8
71. C 71.2
15.9
16.3
88.2
88.3
172.3
70.4
16.3
85.6
176.0
72.1
16.5
87.4
184.0
76.0
16.7
91.3
191.3
78.5
17.0
95.8
200.9
81.6
17.5
205.9
83.3
17.6
105.0
211.1
102.1
187.5
74.1
16.8
96.6
Leather and leather products_________
Leather: tanned, curried, and finished.
Industrial leather belting and packing.
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings
Footwear (except rubber).......................
Luggage............. ............................... .
Handbags and small leather goods____
Gloves and miscellaneous leather goods
See footnotes at end of table.
328.9
328.7
34.3
3.5
17.6
324.3
34.0
3.4
16.6
214.2
13.6
29.7
315.0
33.7
3.3
15.9
205.9
13.6
29.4
13.2
321.0
33.6
3.2
15.7
212.9
13.2
29.0
13.4
323.2
33.1
2.9
16.5
216.8
13.1
27.5
13.3
316.7
32.2
2.7
16.2
215.4
12.2
24.8
13.2
301.5 299.9
33. C 33.0
3.0
2.7
15.4
15.1
205.4 202.4
12. C 11.8
20.8
22.8
12.2
11.8
320.0
34.2
3.2
15.8
217.1
11.7
26.6
11.4
326.2
34.8
3.5
16.8
221.3
322.8
35.2
3.6
16.9
27.0
24.3
329.2
36.4
3.5
16.8
219.1
13.1
26.1
14.2
339.0
38.4
3.8
17.7
221.5
13.9
28. 9
14.8
Paper and allied products................. ........
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills___
Paperboard containers and boxes____
Other paper and allied products..........
Printing, publishing, and allied Indus
tries___________________________
Newspapers______________________
Periodicals_______________________
Books___________________________
Commercial printing_______________
Lithographing..................... ...................
Greeting cards..................... ............ —
Bookbinding and related Industries__
Miscellaneous publishing and printing
services________________________
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
439.8
443.1
220.9
122.8
6.2
221.2
12.7
27.5
11.9
6.2
12.8
222.2
124.2
66.2
314.3
33.6
2.7
16.2
213.0
12.4
23.6
12.8
220.0
116.7
99.0
438.4
221.0
117.7
99.7
545.8
155.9
25.8
34.6
178.5
49.5
12.4
34.8
11.8
11.0
444.8
223.6
120.8
6.6
101.8
220.8
11.8
10.2
85.2
19.8
106.1
323
A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able A-3.
Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1059
Annual
average
1958
Industry
Jan.»
Transportation and public utilities:
Other public utilities..................................
Gas and electric utilities...... ................
Electric light and power utilities___
Gas utilities.........................................
Electric light and gas utilities com
bined___________________ ____
Local utilities, not elsewhere classified..
Wholesale and retail trade:
Wholesale trade......................................... .
Wholesalers, full-service and limitedfunction............................................
Automotive..... ....................................
Groceries, food specialties, beer,
wines, and liquors______________
Electrical goods, machinery, hard
ware, and plumbing equipment___
Other full-service and limited-func
tion wholesalers________________
Wholesale distributors, other________
Retail trade:
General merchandise stores.................. .
Department stores and general mail
order houses___________________
Other general merchandise stores___
Food and liquor stores..........................
Grocery, meat, and vegetable m ar
kets................................................... .
Dairy-product stores and dealers____
Other food and liquor stores________
Automotive and accessories dealers___
Apparel and accessories stores________
Other retail trade (except eating and
drinking places)________________
Furniture and appliance stores____
Drug stores___________________ _
Dec.»
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
1957
1956
530
510.0
220.1
136.0
532
511.4
220.5
136.4
533
512.9
221.0
137.1
540
519.7
223.9
139.0
547
525.8
226.3
141.1
548
526.9
226.6
141.4
541
520.4
224.9
138.9
534
513.8
222.4
136.3
534
513.4
222.5
136.0
534
513.7
222.8
135.7
534
514.1
223.5
135.7
535
515.0
224.0
136.2
540
519.0
226.0
136.4
535
513.8
219.6
133.4
153.9
19.8
154.5
20.2
154.8
20.4
156.8
20.6
158.4
21.0
158.9
21.1
156.6
20.7
155.1
20.5
154.9
20.4
155.2
20.3
154.9
20.0
154.8
20.0
156.6
20.7
160.8
21.2
2,659
2,656
2,646
2,625
2,601
2,597
2,593
2,571
2,592
2,617
2,633
2,662
2,695
2,661
1, 582. 4 1, 574.0 1, 560.3 1, 546.3 1, 526.3 1, 520.6 1, 514. 7 1, 499.1 1, 509. 5 1,523.8 1, 532.4 1, 551.4 1, 572.2 1,562. 6
112.3 112.2 111.3 111.3 111.0 110.7 109.6 107.5 107.9 108.0 109.1 109.3 108.4 104.3
281.0
280.4
276.3
275.5
268.2
269.8
267.1
263.3
267.2
272.2
272.4
273.5
273.4
275.1
382.8
382.5
381.6
380.1
379.8
379.0
378.4
376.9
379.8
383.8
387.1
392.7
402.7
402.0
806.3 798.9 791.1 779.4 767.3 761.1 759.6 751.4 754.6 759.8 763.8 775.9 787.7 781.2
1,076. 3 1, 082.4 1, 085.6 1,078.3 1,074.4 1,076.6 1,077.9 1,072.3 1,082.4 1,093.6 1,100.3 1,111.0 1,122.6 1,098.1
1, 833.9 1, 474.3 1,372.2 1,322.9 1,252.8 1,238.6 1,263.6 1,259.9 1,251.8 1,232.4 1,218.5 1,288.7 1,356. 5 1,355. 3
1,180.0 953.2 875.1 840.0 802.0 795.3 808.3 803.5 794.5 787.5 785.7 837.8 875.9 876.4
653.9 521.1 497.1 482.9 450.8 443.3 455.3 456.4 457.3 444.9 432.8 450.9 480.6 478.9
1, 507.2 1, 488. 3 1, 475.6 1,479. 8 1,468.2 1,478.0 1,481.1 1, 479.2 1, 477. 5 1,484.0 1, 490.3 1,488.6 1,465. 5 1,440.9
1,108. 6 1, 097.3 1, 084. 7 1,076.8 1,060. 5 1,069.6 1,070. 5 1,068.8 1,067.5 1,078. 7 1,079.8 1,080.9 1,038.4 1,014. 5
187.7 188.9 190.8 202.1 207.1 207.3 206.1 201.6 198.7 196.8 197.2 197.7 206.7 205.1
210.9 202.1 200.1 200. E 200.6 201.1 204.5 208.8 211.3 208.5 213.3 210.0 220.4 221.3
693.8 676.5 667.5 667.2 670.1 668. 6 668.9 669.5 670.0 680.4 690.3 704.8 719.3 727.1
660.3 568.1 551.8 540.7 496.8 503.0 541.9 636.3 533.8 526.1 505.2 534.4 556.6 565.5
2,154. 7 2, 072. 5 2,062.5 2,070. 5 2, 065.4 2,058.3 2,049. 6 2,025.2 2,020.2 2,014. 5 2,025.2 2,061.3 2,094.6 2,104. 5
372.8 360.6 355.5 352.0 349.3 349.1 350.5 350.4 349.9 351.7 354. 5 354.7 361.2 363.8
376.6 340.7 338.0 337.0 334.5 334.2 332.5 330.4 328.9 327.3 327.2 339.7 337.7 327.5
1 For comparability of data with those published In Issues prior to August
1958 and coverage of the series, see footnote 1, table A-2.
Production and related workers Include working foremen and all nonsuper
visory workers (Including leadmen and trainees) engaged in fabricating, proc
essing, assembling, Inspection, receiving, storage, handling, packing, ware
housing, shipping, maintenance, repair, janitorial, watchman services,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Aug.
product development, auxiliary production for plant’s own use (e.g., powerplant), and recordkeeping and other services closely associated with the
aforementioned production operations.
» Preliminary.
S o u r c e : U .S . D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r , B u r e a u o f L a b o r S ta t is tic s .
324
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
T able A-4. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by State 1
[In thousands]
1958
State
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
1957
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Annual average
1957
1956
Alabama________________ 737.1
729.3
718.9
717.9
731.7
725.8
713.0
719.1
719.0
720.5
718.8
728.1
741.5
739.5
Arizona________ ______
295.0
288.5
286. 2 281.8
276.6
277.8
276.7
276.6
275.7
273.8
273.1
273.1
276.1
267.1
Arkansas________________ 338.8
342.1
343.1
335.9
332.4
333.7
340.5
326.8
326. 2 326.9
322.4
323.7
333.3 330.2
California_______________ 4,607. 6 4, 534. 0 4, 551. 3 4, 551. 2 4, 530. 9 4,456. 7 4,438. 6 4,379.8 4,333.3 4,331. 8 4,326.5 4,359.9 4, 534. 9 4,481. 0
Colorado________________ 466.0
464.1
466.4
464.2
472.6
466.0
471.7
450.9
445.9
441.9
446.5
454.4
468.3
465.1
723.0
246.4
328.8
4,348.0
' 457.8
853.9
Connecticut___ __________ 891.4
879.1
854.4
869.8
877.0
873.4
867.9
867.4
869.6
870.2
912.2
876.7
904.5
148.1
Delaware..................... .......... 142.2
148.7
145.1
149.1
147.1
147.5
143.7
142.6
143.4
142.5
145.2
149.9
150.8
District of Columbia______ 514.7
504.6
502.5
503.1
502.8
502.6
502.4
496.7
494.2
495.7
492.2
493.9
511.1
505.9
Florida_________________ 1,210. 7 1,174. 2 1,146. 2 1,124. 0 1,111.4 1,105.3 1,118.1 1,127. 8 1,153.6 1,168.2 1,182.3 1,183. 9 1,189. 6 1,132.7
Georgia_______ _________ 968.4
963.7
957.3
952.0
958.8
936.8
939.8
928.8
936.1
939.7
937.8
946.9
975.2
966.4
909.8
153.8
501.0
1,045.6
968.6
Idaho___________________ 144.9
146.7
152.0
147.9
149.8
152.0
150.7
142.5
136.2
139.3
135.3
138.1
144.8
145.8
144.3
Illinois_____ ___ ________ 3, 354. 8 3,344. 7 3, 344.2 3,340.4 3, 299.1 3, 267.0 3, 294. 6 3, 282. 6 3,293. 2 3,302.0 3, 308. 5 3,362.1 3,502. 0 3,497. 5 3, 498.8
In d ian a________________ 1, 344. 5 1, 348.3 1,324. 8 1,343.1 1,313. 2 1,304.0 1,311.8 1,302. 2 1, 302.3 1,305.0 1,319.2 1,355. 2 1,411.6 1,418.6 1,420. 2
640.1
635.3
Iowa....................................... 645.7
644.6
646.6
635.0
647.8
630.9
626.8
617.1
614.8
621.0
641.3
639.6
649.6
532.2
K ansas_________________ 539.0
537.2
536.1
539.0
540.4
531.3
535.7i 535.6
528.3
526.9
534.2
551.2
553.8
557.9
Kentucky____ ___________ 632.9
618.9
631.4
631.7
625.7
611.8
615.0
614.6
610.7
610.2
614.1
627.2
642.1
656.2
636.3
758.4
Louisiana_______________
775.5
769.7
765.4
759.0
757.7
762.0
764.0
765.5
767.8
770.3
772.7
804.8
789.1
757.6
M aine.. ________
262.9
275.0
266.0
270.1
271.9
271.6
273.0
258.8
252.6
255.2
259.5
262.1
273.0
276.2
279.2
M aryland_________ .
879.9
870.6
861.7
855. 2 858.2
876.6
848.9
873.8
841.9
838.7
832.1
841.7
887.1
876.0
863.0
Massachusetts___________ 1,824.3 1,788.2 1, 788. 2 1, 792.1 1, 795. 5 1,778.0 1, 784. 4 1,763.0 1, 751. 8 1, 747. 8 1,754.9 1,766.4 1,855. 4 1,840.2 1,845.5
Michigan_______________ 2,191. 2 2,187. 9 2,023. 2 2.120. 5 2,044.1 2,051. 5 2,082. 8 2,075.2 2,085.6 2,128.2 2,175. 4 2,250. 4 2,385.9 2,376.0 2,437.9
910.2
M in n eso ta__________
912.7
897.5
915.8
924.8
927.3
906.3
889.2
874.1
864.9
868.8
880.6
915.3
912.6
' 899.7
380.2
366.2
Mississippi_________ _ .
378.2
361.5
380.0
376.5
362.3
363.5
363.5
362.0
358.7
362.6
372.4
366.7
366.9
_____ 1, 300. 9 1,277. 9 1, 265. 7 1, 272.3 1, 263.0 1, 261. 2 1, 267. 4 1,255. 2 1,247.3 1,245. 5 1,244. 5 1,262.0 1,298. 2 1,290.9 1,295.8
Missouri. .
..
M ontana_______________
160.3
171.8
169.6
163.3
168.2
170.4
170.8
163.5
157.4
151.7
151.4
154.6
161.1
167.3
' 166.7
N ebraska... -----------------357.5
352.5
357.6
360.7
357.9
348.5
351.8
350.7
345.5
339.3
339.0
342.6
351.6
351.1
356.2
Nevada_________________
86.2
91.1
87.2
89.1
90.2
86.7
90.7
82.6
80.1
79.0
78.2
79.3
82.0
86.4
85.2
New H am pshire_________ 179.0
181.6
186.1
182.8
182.8
185.3
183.6
177.5
173.8
174.2
175.5
177.8
183.8
185.8
183.6
New Jersey______________ 1, 871. 6 1, 871. 7 1,864. 9 1, 880. 6 1,875. 5 1,869. 0 1,869.3 1, 848. 5 1,852. 5 1, 844.1 1, 857.1 1, 876. 7 1,934.8 1,958. 6 1,930. 4
New Mexico-------------------- 224.9
223.1
218.9
217.0
218.8
218.7
220.0
217.4
212.7
210.0
210.0
211.2
215.7
208.7
196.0
New York. . . . _______ 6,111.2 6,097.1 6,076.1 6,066. 7 6,015.3 5, 983. 3 5,990. 6 5, 964. 7 5, 960.9 5,963.8 5,970.0 6,024.5 6,276.7 6,193.8 6,120.4
North Carolina__________ 1,095. 9 1,094. 0 1, 099.0 1,100. 0 1,078.7 1,059.1 1,062. 5 1,061.6 1,060.3 1,063. 7 1,064.6 1,074. 4 1,105.0 1,090.3 1,089.5
North Dakota........ ......... 120.2
120.9
123.1
124.9
123.0
121.9
125.0
118.1
114.8
111.5
110.8
112.6
118.8
119.2
117.2
Ohio.. . . ______
2,988. 9 2,981. 9 2,944. 4 2, 963. 6 2,904. 4 2, 898. 5 2,907. 5 2, 887.2 2,897. 2 2,916.6 2,943.2 3,009. 5 3,151. 8 3,162. 8 3,174.0
560.4
Oklahoma____ _______ .. 564.0
557.9
559.6
556.8
556.7
555.5
555.2
555.0
553.4
556.0
565.5
580.3
573.0
' 573.6
Oregon_____________ . . . 470.5
486.2
484.4
477.5
472.8
492.4
478.6
456.2
449.1
441.3
437.3
441.9
464.2
477.7
489.0
Pennsylvania___________ 3,656. 3 3, 627. 5 3,620. 2 3,627.4 3, 598. 8 3, 583. 9 3,607. 4 3, 591. 9 3, 583. 2 3, 574.7 3, 592.9 3,654.1 3,801.3 3,806.9 3,782.7
Rhode Island____________ 279.4
273.7
279.0
277.1
276.6
270.7
271.1
266.8
266.6
267.2
268.1
269.4
282.4
284.0
294.7
South Carolina______ ____ 535.8
526.7
523.9
532.0
530. 6
531.6
522.5
524.9
524.9
526.6
524.7
528.8
541.6
536.7
535.2
South Dakota____________ 131.0
133.2
135.2
135.3
134.5
134.2
133.7
131.1
127.7
124.9
123.8
124. 5
128.0
127.8
129.2
Tennessee_______________ 856.8
850.6
849.2
839.9
852.5
830.5
836.1
830.0
829.1
829.7
824.8
835.8
862.8
860.0
861.4
Texas----------------------------- 2, 524. 4 2,483.8 2,471. 7 2,462.1 2,458.0 2,449. 8 2,456. 4 2, 438. 9 2, 435.1 2, 430. 3 2,432.0 2,445. 5 2,516.0 2,472.2 2,412.2
U tah__ ________________
247.2
245.4
247.2
237.6
233.9
246.6
235.9
232.5
229.3
227.8
225.9
228.7
240.2
238.8
233.9
Vermont____________ .
101.0
100.2
101.6
102.5
106.7
106.2
101.7
99.5
97.8
97.0
97.0
97.4
101.4
104.0
104.8
Virginia_______________ . 1,018.4 1,010. 4 1,012.9 1,004.6
992.6
986.1
988.6
984.9
980.6
977.3
975.8
984.0 1,015.0
995.0
970.5
Washington___________ .. 794.1
793.3
807.1
806.0
791.6
792.3
787.6
766.2
759.5
753.2
748.5
751.6
781.5
790.8
773.2
West Virginia__ _________ 477.3
473.3
476.8
474.4
468.5
461.7
461.4
460.6
462.2
467.2
469.2
483.2
505.7
504.9
496.1
Wisconsin__ ____ _____ 1,134.4 1,131. 6 1,125. 9 1,141.8 1,132. 4 1,137. 4 1,123. 4 1,108.0 1,095. 5 1,093. 3 1,095. 8 1,113.0 1,153.9 1,154.0 1,144.6
Wyoming___ ___________
86.2
87.9
89.0
91.6
93.8
92.3
90.3
83.4
80.9
78.6
78.8
80.7
84.0
87.6
87.8
1 Data for earlier years are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics or to the cooperating State agency. State agencies also make avail
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
able more detailed industry data. See table A-5 for addresses of cooperating
State agencies.
325
A.— EMPLOYMENT
T able
A-5. Employees in manufacturing, by State 1
[In thousands]
1957
1958
State
Dec.
Alabama________________ 230.6
Arizona_________________
40.6
88.3
Arkansas _____ _________
California..._____ _______ 1,194. 9
74.6
Colorado________________
Connecticut _____ . . . . 391.2
58.3
Delaware.. ______ _____ District of Columbia______
17.5
Florida.............................. — 174.7
Georgia_________________ 312.2
Idaho___________________
24.6
Illinois—.............. .................. 1,128. 5
Indiana_________________ 548.8
Iowa_____________ _ . . . 163.7
K ansas.................................. 112.8
Kentucky_______ ____ ___ 161.0
Louisiana_______________
140. 5
97.4
M aine__________________
M aryland_______________ 251.8
Massachusetts..................— 653.2
M ich ig an _______________ 894. 5
Minnesota----------------------- 211. 9
Mississippi _____________ 111.1
Missouri________ _______ 372.3
M ontana________________
19.6
Nebraska_______ _______ _
57.5
Nevada______ ___________
4.7
New Hampshire....................
78.6
New Jersey______________ 738.7
New Mexico_____________
22.2
New York. _____________ 1, 750. 0
462. 6
North Carolina__________
6.5
North Dakota___________
Ohio____________________ 1,194. 8
Oklahoma_______ ______
80.0
Oregon_____ . . ............ .
127.9
Pennsylvania_______ ____ 1, 359. 7
111.9
Rhode Island . _________
South Carolina _________ 220.3
South Dakota____________
12.3
Tennessee_______________ 287.2
Texas_________ ________ _ 460. 9
U tah___________________
37.7
3 3 .3
Vermont____________ ____
Virginia................................. 255.0
Washington_____________
218.6
West Virginia____________ 118.2
Wisconsin_______________ 424.5
6.6
Wyoming_______ . . . . ..
Nov.
228.4
40.3
89.0
1,199. 5
75.5
389. 5
59.0
17.6
169.4
314.3
26.4
1,123. 9
552.5
163.0
112.8
163.1
144.1
100.1
256.7
652.1
897.2
213.2
113.8
364.2
20.4
57.1
4.7
81.1
744.3
22.1
1, 789.8
466.7
6.7
1,190.1
80.3
134.1
1, 362. 6
112.5
220.6
12.8
289.3
461.2
38.3
33.0
259.1
220.7
119.6
422.8
6.9
Oct.
229.6
39.8
89.8
1,217.5
75.6
386.2
55.9
17.3
163.2
309.7
27.1
1,128. 4
526.9
162.5
111.8
164. 4
139.7
102.2
253.4
648.1
733.7
215.6
113.1
353.1
21.4
58.1
4.7
80.2
735.7
21.8
1, 777. 7
471.9
6.5
1,141.7
80.5
141.3
1,357. 6
112.1
219.6
12.8
289.7
457.0
38.9
33.1
260.6
225.4
120.9
414.2
7 .1
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
229.0
39.5
89.1
1,234. 0
74.4
382.8
58.3
17.0
159.7
312.9
27.1
1,130. 4
546.9
162.3
112.1
161.1
139.6
102.8
256.6
645.8
841.8
221.6
112.1
228.5
38.7
87.7
1,235. 6
73.7
365.5
57.2
16.8
157.0
309.6
27.6
1,110.6
525.1
160.3
111.5
158. 3
137.6
103.6
257.0
639.9
772.0
218.1
110.6
366.9
21.5
57.0
4.7
79.0
740.2
21.9
1, 749. 8
459.6
6.8
1,129. 6
80.6
146.5
1,349. 9
108.9
220.3
12.5
285.5
458.3
36.9
33.0
252.9
221.9
118.3
421.0
6.6
225.6
39.0
87.0
1,177. 2
72.9
364.1
56.2
16.6
153.8
302.7
26.6
1,084. 8
521.1
159.4
114.8
152.4
137.0
101.4
251.2
622.8
784.0
213.6
107.7
366.4
21.2
56.4
4.7
77.5
729.4
22.4
1,708. 8
442.2
6.8
1,121. 9
80.6
139.8
1,341.3
105.5
217.2
12.6
280.7
456.5
36.4
32.8
247.4
221.3
116.9
426.3
6.5
226.1
39.6
86.6
1,158. 2
70.8
379.6
56.3
16.8
157.4
302.3
25.2
1,094. 3
522.8
159.4
115.7
152.8
137.2
102.1
251.8
631.0
796.4
204.5
106.3
365.3
20.6
56.2
4.6
78.0
735.2
22.4
1,711.0
443.3
6.7
1,126. 3
80.8
139.4
1,348. 2
106.8
217.3
12.5
281.6
458.3
34.2
32.6
247.0
217.4
116.0
413.5
6.3
224.6
39.4
83.5
1,142. 4
67.8
380.7
55.6
16.8
159.1
292.2
23.1
1,088. 9
516.5
156.7
115.9
151.3
138.0
94.2
248.5
625.6
796.4
205.3
105.1
359.6
19.3
55.3
4.6
76.8
727.8
22.3
1, 705. 8
441.2
6.5
1,115.4
79.2
126.8
1,346. 5
104.5
217.2
12.0
278.9
454.7
33.5
32.4
245.4
208.5
114.2
409.4
5.9
225.1
38.9
83.2
1,135. 9
67.0
385.6
55.5
16.8
158.2
302.4
21.7
1,109. 0
519.5
154.9
116.2
149.8
138.5
92.5
246.9
630.9
813.1
202.8
106.1
360.4
18.4
54.3
4.5
75.8
734.5
21.9
1, 728.2
442.1
6.5
1,135. 7
79.1
122.1
1,355.0
105.1
218.9
11.7
279.2
458.9
227.1
38.4
84.5
1,137. 8
67.6
393.0
57.0
16.8
162.9
307.7
20.9
1,132.2
526.8
155.2
118.4
156.4
138.4
96.3
250.0
642.9
857.6
204.2
105.4
369.9
18.1
54.3
4.5
77.6
741.4
21.6
1, 775. 4
447.7
6.3
1,170.0
80.5
117.4
1, 365. 0
107.8
220.2
11.6
281.1
463.4
33.1
32.6
248.6
203.0
117.0
420.0
5.9
228.5
38.0
83.2
1,140.1
67.6
397.1
57.8
16.6
168.7
309.9
21.4
1,152. 2
542. 1
155.4
120.1
161.5
139.9
100.1
250.0
653.9
902.6
206.2
104.1
372.3
18.3
54.8
4.4
79.1
761.2
21.5
1, 803. 3
452.7
6.3
1,204. 6
82.8
116.3
1,397.2
109.5
221.0
11.7
281.9
468.0
33.6
32.8
250.2
201.5
118.5
423.4
6.0
234.5
38.2
83.5
1,149. 6
71.7
402.9
59.6
16.5
170.2
314.5
22.4
1,173. 9
565.5
157.8
121.6
164.6
141.0
101.6
252.5
658.7
953.9
207.9
104.1
374.1
19.1
56.1
4.5
79.9
772.4
21.3
1,814.4
458.7
6.4
1,243. 5
84.0
117.5
1,423. 9
110.1
222.7
11.6
285.4
471.7
34.6
32.7
254.6
202.4
121.7
432.8
6.4
238.3
38.8
84.0
1,180. 2
73.0
412.3
60.6
16.9
171.2
321.2
24.1
1, 205. 7
585.2
160.5
124.0
173.6
147.5
103.8
259.7
674.5
1, 006. 2
214.4
105.3
379.4
19.9
58.3
4.6
81.7
786.0
21.3
1,870. 4
466.9
6.5
1,285.3
85.8
123.2
1, 459.2
113.5
226.1
11.9
290.2
473.5
36.2
33.7
259.3
206.8
125.1
439.2
6.7
3 6 3 .3
21.2
57.1
4.7
79.8
746.3
22.1
1, 784. 3
473.6
6.7
1,169. 9
80.2
146.4
1,364. 4
112.3
221.9
12.5
288.1
459.1
39.8
33.0
256.2
225.3
119.9
429.3
6. 7
3 3 .3
32.6
245.5
205.0
115.7
410.2
5.7
Annual average
1957
1956
241.2
243.7
39.5
35.9
86.5
90.3
1,240. 7 1, 202.6
71.8
70.7
435.2
427.3
60.1
61.1
16.6
16.1
148.4
161.3
326.1
334.8
25.2
27.0
1,259. 5 1,291. 2
614.2
607.9
169.2
165.8
124.2
127.9
170.2
172.6
149.9
147.1
110.1
107.5
269.9
272.0
710.6
692.1
1,025. 5 1,081.0
223.2
220.0
106.1
106.8
389.0
389.0
21.2
20.8
58.0
58.2
5.3
5.8
83.1
82.9
823.2
816.7
20.8
20.0
1,922.2 1,943.3
470.6
467.0
6.5
6.5
1, 339. 9 1,370.4
90.7
86.9
136.3
144.9
1, 509. 4 1, 505.7
118.7
127.8
231.9
228.5
12.0
12.0
300.6
296.8
483.8
471.9
35.2
36.5
36.4
38.6
259.5
258.2
221.4
208.0
130.3
130.7
454.7
463.5
6.7
6.7
i Data for earlier years are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics or to the cooperating State agency. State agencies also make avail
able more detailed industry data.
Cooperating State Agencies
ALABAMA—Department of Industrial Relations, Montgomery 4.
ARIZONA—Unemployment Compensation Division, Employment Se
curity Commission, Phoenix.
ARKANSAS—Employment Security Division, Department of Labor,
Little Rock.
CALIFORNIA—Division of Labor Statistics and Research, Department of
Industrial Relations, San Francisco 1.
COLORADO—U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Denver 2.
CO N N EC TICU T—Employment Security Division, Department of Labor,
Hartford 15.
D ELA W A R E—Unemployment Compensation Commission, Wilmington
99.
D IS T R IC T OF COLUM BIA—U.S. Employment Service for D.C.,
Washington 25.
FLO R ID A —Industrial Commission, Tallahassee.
GEORGIA—Employment Security Agency, Department of Labor, Atlanta
3.
IDAHO—Employment Security Agency, Boise.
ILLIN O IS—Division of Unemployment Compensation and State Employ
ment Service, Department of Labor, Chicago 6.
INDIA NA—Employment Security Division, Indianapolis 25.
IOWA—Employment Security Commission, Des Moines 8.
KANSAS—Employment Security Division, Department of Labor, Topeka.
K E N TU C K Y —Bureau of Employment Security, Department of Economic
Security, Frankfort.
LOUISIANA—Division of Employment Security, Department of Labor,
Baton Rouge 4.
M A IN E—Employment Security Commission, Augusta.
M A RYLAND—Department of Employment Security, Baltimore 1.
MASSACHUSETTS—Division of Statistics, Department of Labor and In
dustries, Boston 16.
M ICH IG A N —Employment Security Commission, Detroit 2.
M IN N ESO TA —Department of Employment Security, St. Paul 1.
M ISSISSIPPI—Employment Security Commission, Jackson.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M ISSOURI—Division of Employment Security, Jefferson City.
M ONTANA—Unemployment Compensation Commission, Helena.
NEBRASKA—Division of Employment Security, Department of Labor,
Lincoln 1.
NEVADA—Employment Security Department, Carson City.
NEW H A M PSH IR E —Department of Employment Security, Concord.
NEW JE R SE Y —Bureau of Statistics and Records, Department of Labor
and Industry, Trenton 25.
NEW M EXICO—Employment Security Commission, Albuquerque.
NEW YORK—Bureau of Research and Statistics, Division of Employment,
State Department of Labor, 500 Eighth Avenue, New York 18.
N ORTH CAROLINA—Division of Statistics, Department of Labor,
Raleigh.
N O R TH DAKOTA—Unemployment Compensation Division, Workmen’s
Compensation Bureau, Bismarck.
OHIO—Division of Research and Statistics, Bureau of Unemployment Com
pensation, Columbus 16.
OKLAHOMA—Employment Security Commission, Oklahoma City 2.
OREGON—Unemployment Compensation Commission, Salem.
PENNSYLVANIA—Bureau of Employment Security, Department of
Labor and Industry, Harrisburg.
RHO DE ISLAND—Division of Statistics and Census, Department of
Labor, Providence 3.
SOUTH CAROLINA—Employment Security Commission, Columbia 1.
SOUTH DAKOTA—Employment Security Department, Aberdeen.
TEN N E SSE E —Department of Employment Security, Nashville 3.
TEXAS—Employment Commission, Austin 19.
UTAH—Department of Employment Security, Industrial Commission,
Salt Lake City 10.
V ERM O NT—Unemployment Compensation Commission, Montpelier.
VIRGINIA—Division of Research and Statistics, Department of Labor and
Industry, Richmond 14.
W ASHINGTON—Employment Security Department, Olympia.
W EST VIRGINIA—Department of Employment Security, Charleston 5.
W ISCONSIN—Statistical Department, Industrial Commission, Madison 3.
W YOM ING—Employment Security Commission, Casper.
326
T able A-6.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
Insured unemployment under State programs and the program of unemployment com
pensation for Federal employees,1 by geographic division and State
[In thousands]
1958
Geographic division and State
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
1957
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Continental United States..................... 2,110.8 1, 781.2 1,722. 4 1,905.8 2,202. 7 2, 510.9 2,667.3 2,984.0 3,302.3 3,275.5 3,163.1 2,877.0 2. 111. 7
New England_____ _____ __________ 173.4 132.4 126.7 137.6 153.6 190. Í 204.8 238.6 263. é 251.9 240.2 235.7 182.8
M aine_______________________
17.6
13.4
11. ]
14.]
13.4
1 6 .4
25.]
18.7
30.0
24.7
21.8
22.2
18.5
New Hampshire_______________
5.9
7.5
5.8
7.7
9.2
7.8
10.1
12.5
15. £
12.5
10.5
10.6
8.2
Vermont____________ ____
4.1
2.9
2.S
2.6
3. C
3.;
3.7
4.6
5.9
6.8
6.9
6.5
5. 4
Massachusetts____ ____________
87.6
64.2
62.4
59. Í
66. S 85. C 91.2 106.6 121.7 119.7 113 9 112.1
92.0
Rhode Island______ _____ _____
16.1
11.4
19.2
11. C 12. C 14.5
20. C 23.5
26.9
27.2
27.0
27.0
20.4
Connecticut...................................
40.4
34.5
36.9
47.4
39.3
57.1
61.0
66.2
63.5
61.1
60.0
57.2
38.4
Middle Atlantic..................................... 668.4 559.2 542.2 572.1 636.1 735.2 780.2 831.6 885.1 865.8 831.8 794.3 605.4
New York________________ .
319.6 250.0 233.5 245.4 269.7 334.4 358.2 374.6 391.4 381.2 364.5 348.2 272.2
New Jersey_____________
100.9
85.1
87.1
83.6
95.8 110.2 118.9 136.3 150.3 149.4 145.5 141.8 107.3
Pennsylvania............................. ...... 248.0 224.1 225.1 239.6 270.5 290.6 303.1 320.7 343.5 335.2 321.8 304.3 225.9
East North C en tral________________
403.5 350.9 369.2 444.7 570.8 638.3 692.5 771.0 838.3 800.7 742.4 631.6 419.0
O h io ......................... ...........
106.6
88.0
90.6 108.5 138.0 166.1 186.5 211.3 223.1 212.3 202.0 166.4 118.1
Indiana______________
43.7
33.7
33.9
39.9
53.1
61.4
68.5
80.7
89.8
88.3
87.9
76.4
47.3
Illinois___________________
109.2
93.8
95.5 109.1 133.3 148.2 156.9 169.8 176.8 176.3 168.0 151.7
81.8
Michigan_____________________
106.2 105.0 120.0 155.7 208.7 223.6 241.7 265.5 296.4 267.2 231.3 188.7 133.9
Wisconsin_____________________
30.4
37.9
29.3
31.6
37.7
38.9
38.9
43.7
52.1
56.5
53.2
48.4
38.0
West North Central........... ................... 105.2
77.7
71.1
78.7
85.8
96.6 104.6 127.3 167.2 188.2 185.2 162.1 111.7
Minnesota____________________
33.4
22.3
20.4
18.8
24.8
27.8
31.4
40.0
53.6
68.1
56.0
50.1
34.0
Iowa _______________ _____
9.3
6.1
5.1
5.6
7.3
8.8
9.4
11.7
15.9
20.9
22.8
18.8
12.0
M issouri........................ ...... ...
37.8
33.6
34.9
40.0
43.6
38.0
47.4
54.9
64.4
63.7
61.2
56.2
41.3
North Dakota_________________
5.0
1.9
.5
.6
.7
1.0
1.2
1.9
4.6
7.5
7.9
6.7
4.2
South Dakota__________ _____
2.4
1.0
.5
.5
.6
.7
.8
1.2
2.6
4.3
4.5
3.8
2.4
Nebraska___________ _____
6.1
3.8
4.2
2.8
3.0
3.6
4.2
5.3
8.5
12.4
12.4
10.1
6.5
Kansas_________________
11.2
8.9
8.4
8.6
10.8
10.5
10.1
12.3
17.6
21.2
20.3
16.6
11.3
South Atlantic................... ....................
213.1 184.0 186.7 207.1 240.9 281.7 285.0 310.8 326.2 313.7 306.1 283.5 196.8
Delaware__________________
5.1
3.5
3.5
4.0
5.7
5.8
5.3
6.2
6.9
6.5
6.4
5.4
3.8
M aryland_____________ ____
30.1
37.3
28.7
30.9
35.0
38.6
39.7
42.9
46.5
47.3
47.2
41.9
29.1
District of Columbia..................... .
6.7
6.0
7.2
5.8
6.0
6.8
7.2
7.8
8.9
10.0
8.6
10.3
6.5
Virginia.____ ____________
18.3
15.0
16.2
26.1
13.8
20.6
27.3
29.3
31.6
33.2
33.8
28.1
17.4
West Virginia__ ____ _______
26.4
32.1
29.6
38.4
43.8
27.5
47.6
52.7
52.1
47.8
44.6
36.8
23.7
North Carolina_____________ _
34.4
42.3
32.2
54.9
34.3
41.7
55.9
63.5
68.6
66.5
66.7
64.3
44.6
South Carolina_________________
14.9
13.5
16.4
13.6
14.7
20.9
20.0
22.5
23.8
22.5
23.0
26.2
18.1
Georgia_________ ________ _____
31.4
27.5
28.1
31.6
36.4
44.9
46.3
50.5
52.5
47.9
46.0
45.8
33.8
Florida______________ _____
27.5
27.7
37.4
33.5
39.9
39.5
35.2
35.4
35.7
32.1
27.9
26.4
19.7
Annual average
1957
1956
1, 465.8 l f22fi 7
' 121. 9
86 7
82
11. C
fi 4
6.0
18
2. 8
41 7
61.4
12 fi
16.5
24.2
16.5
427.6
189.3
80. 5
157.9
370 «
165 4
fi7 fi
137.8
283.8
65.6
33.5
68.2
93.2
23.2
257 5
47 fi
31 3
69 fi
100 0
19.0
80.0
22.6
8.9
30.3
2. 4
1. 7
5.4
8.6
71 9
19 ! 8
7.8
27 9
22
1 fi
154.7
3.1
17. 7
5.3
13.7
14.1
39. 3
15.2
27.5
18.7
123.3
21
12* 2
44
11 s
5 Ì l
7 .6
110
31 3
13 0
21 9
16.0
East South Central_________ _____ _
Kentucky________________
Tennessee________________
Alabama_________________
Mississippi________________ __
112.8
29.1
38.6
30.5
14.7
100.6
25.9
34.6
28.8
11.4
99.1
28.1
32.4
27.7
10.8
111.0
33.8
35.9
29.0
12.2
131.7
41.6
42.2
33.1
14.8
155.9
49.8
50.5
38.4
17.2
165.0
54.1
52.7
37.9
20.3
188.1
61.3
59.6
44.2
23.0
200.5
66.1
64.0
46.1
24.2
196.3
60.6
65.1
45.9
24.7
200.1
57.4
68.8
47.3
26.6
177.0
47.5
65.5
40.9
23.1
West South Central.......... .....................
Arkansas______________________
Louisiana______________
Oklahoma_______________
Texas____________________
134.3
37.1
46.1
32.5
18.6
110.9
33.1
40. 2
22.6
15.0
98.5
30 1
36.1
20 8
11.5
115.5
18.0
26.8
18.2
52.5
102.3
14.3
23.7
15.7
48.7
101.4
12.6
24.4
14.1
50.3
110.1
12.9
25.9
15.2
56.1
120.7
15.5
26.2
17.4
61.6
129.9
17.9
27.3
19.0
65.6
133.6
18.8
26.8
20.0
68.0
153.8
24.2
29.5
23.9
76.1
165.0
27.5
29.8
27.6
80.1
158.8
26.4
28.4
28.2
75.9
126.6
25.5
23.8
21.0
56.2
94.1
18.6
15.5
15.5
44.6
72.1
14.8
13.2
12.7
31.4
57.9
11 6
12.4
M ountain ...... .................................
M ontana________________ .
Idaho______________
Wyoming_______________ .
Colorado______________________
New Mexico___________________
Arizona___________________
U tah____________________
Nevada
147.1
27.8
27.5
25.8
66.0
51.0
9.1
8.1
2.6
8.4
4.1
7.8
6.2
4.8
39.1
6.0
4.9
1.6
7.0
3.6
7.4
4.5
4.1
30.2
4.0
2.7
1.1
5.4
3.4
7.2
3.4
3.0
32.3
3.8
2.8
1.1
6.7
3.4
7.9
4.0
2.7
36.0
4.1
3.4
1.4
6.1
4.3
9.1
4.9
2.8
38.7
5.0
3.3
1.6
5.9
4.6
9.6
5.6
3.2
41.1
5.9
3.0
2.0
6.8
4.8
9.1
6.0
3.6
51.7
7.8
4.1
2.6
9.4
5.7
10.2
7.4
4.5
72.5
12.0
6.9
3.9
13.5
7.3
12.7
10.2
6.0
86.5
16.6
10.1
4.4
15.8
7.6
13.4
11.7
6.8
77.1
15.0
12.4
3.7
11.7
6.1
10.5
10.9
6.8
55.7
10.4
9.6
2.4
8.2
4.7
8.4
6.9
5.2
34.5
6.3
5.2
1.7
5.1
3.5
5.5
4.5
2.8
26.5
3.7
3.9
Pacific............................... .........
Washington______________
Oregon_______________________
California_____________________
90.2
17.9
12.6
4.3
16.0
7.3
12.4
12.4
7.3
267.8
55.9
30.8
181.0
234.9
46. 6
24.2
164.1
195.8
36.9
16.7
142.3
212.3
35.9
16.9
159.5
227.1
37.9
17.8
171.3
244.4
32.4
16.8
195.1
260.5
25.3
15.3
220.0
311.0
35.1
20.7
255.2
384.1
47.6
31.1
305.4
413.7
59.2
39.8
314.6
420.0
68.1
45.2
306.6
389.1
72.1
48.7
268.2
311.9
61.8
40. 7
209.4
180.3
33.3
22. 9
124.1
132.2
28.1
16.2
87.8
¿ y notaagdd0ftoWtS b tc a u s e iT r o u n d in g ^ 11 WCekS ln th®month- FigUreS
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
10 5
23.5
1 4
3 fi
2.7
4.5
3
2.8
e
SouECE: U-S- Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security.
327
A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able A-7.
Unem ploym ent insurance and em ployment service programs, selected operations 1
[All Items except average benefits amounts are In thousands]
1958
1957
1956
Dec.
Dec.
Item
Dec.
Employment service:
New'applications for work.
Nonfarm placements_____
Nov.
737
406
Oct.
740
413
Sept.
775
514
Aug.
725
489
776
545
July
812
459
June
M ay
979
456
866
439
Apr.
Mar.
954
404
951
332
Feb.
Jan.
999
312
1,101
355
810
360
612
410
State unemployment Insurance pro
grams: >
1,229
2,024
2,285
1,815
1,795
1,983
1,538
1,513
1,251
1,659
1,186
1,924
1,259
1,258
Initial claims *........................ ......
Insured unemployment * (aver
1,285
2,112
2,877
3,163
3,276
3,302
2,984
2,667
2,203
2,511
1,906
1,722
1,781
2,111
age weekly volume)............. .
3.2
6.9
5.1
7.6
7.9
7.9
7.1
5.2
6.0 6.3
4.5
4.3
4.1
5.1
Rate of Insured unemployment *.
Weeks of unemployment com
3,950
7,211
8,583 10,277 10,879 12,020 13,055 12,457 10,793 10,780
5,939
7,776
7,997
7,157
pensated___ _______________
Average weekly benefit amount
$27.43
for total unemployment........... $30.41 $30.46 $30.45 $30.66 $30. 50 $30. 62 $30.80 $30.80 $30.88 $30.53 $30.48 $30.09 $29.75 $104,245
Total benefits paid........... -......... $234,683 $174,470 $210,300 $231,141 $255,432 $305,638 $325,039 $363,550 $403,845 $370,248 $320,181 $313,012 $207,110
Unemployment compensation for
veterans: •
Initial claims *............................. .
Insured unemployment * (aver
age weekly volume)_________
Weeks of unemployment com
pensated.......... ........ .................
Total benefits paid T................... .
Railroad unemployment Insurance:
Applications 8...............-............. .
Insured unemployment (average
weekly volume)____________
Number of payments •_...............
Average amount of benefit pay
ment *....................................
Total benefits paid 18..................
All programs:11
Insured unemployment *
31
74
72
23
35
170
$4,574
145
$3,883
279
$7,546
258
$6,924
43
36
140
284
135
309
106
227
59
119
$69.31 $70.15 $69. 91 $70.35 $69.60 $59.44 $66.85 $67. 27 $68.59 $67.86 $67.52 $65.07 $64.22
$19, 755 $16,030 $19, 076 $18,144 $19,861 $14, 735 $16,651 $20,574 $23,153 $21,626 $19,093 $20,127 $14,498
$58.08
125
$3,311
102
2,693
129
3,391
22
20
17
125
287
121
113
272
2,307
229
1,957
1,863
193
$5,047
384
248
$6,553 $10,151
119
286
118
260
2,062
2,374
i Average weekly Insured unemployment excludes territories; other Items
Include them.
1 Data Include activities under the program of Unemployment Compensa
tion for Federal Employees (UCFE), which became effective on January 1,
1955.
> Àn initial claim is a notice filed by a worker at the beginning of a period
of unemployment which establishes the starting date for any insured un
employment which may result if he Is unemployed for 1 week or longer.
* Number of workers reporting the completion of at least 1 week of unem
ployment.
8 The rate of Insured unemployment Is the number of Insured unemployed
expressed as a percent of the average covered employment in a 12-month
period.
• Based on claims filed under the Veterans’ Readjustment Assistance Act
of 1952. Excludes claims filed by veterans to supplement State, UCFE, or
railroad unemployment insurance benefits.
r Federal portion only of benefits paid jointly with other programs. Weekly
benefit amount for total unemployment is set by law at $26.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
24
333
$8,853
117
80
128
250
101
2,717
252
2,847
345
$9,285
334
$8,922
368
$9,833
20
24
128
307
146
338
149
319
3,186
3,527
3,505
3,375
3,065
2,256
$6,868
1,379
8 An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker at the beginning of
his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no application is required
for subsequent periods in the same year.
8 Payments are for unemployment in 14-day registration periods; the aver
age amount is an average for all compensable periods. Not adjusted for
recovery of overpayments or settlement of underpayments.
18 Adjusted for recovery of overpayments and settlement of underpayments.
11
Represents an unduplicated count of insured unemployment under the
State, U CFE, and Veterans’ Programs, and that covered by the Railroad
Unemployment Insurance Act. Beginning with November 1958, includes
data for ex-servicemen under the program of Unemployment Compensation
for Ex-servicemen, effective October 27, 1958.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security
for all items except railroad unemployment insurance, which are prepared
by the U.S. Railroad Retirement Board.
328
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
B.—Labor Turnover
T able B -l.
Labor turnover rates in manufacturing 1
[Per 100 employees]
Year
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
July
June
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Annual
average
Total accessions
1949...............................................1950.................................................
1951_________________ ______
1952____________________ ____
1953________________________
1954................ ................................
1955___________________- ........
1956________________________
1957......... ....................................
1958___________________ _____
3.2
3.6
5.2
4.4
4.4
2.8
3.3
3.3
3.2
2.5
2.9
3.2
4.5
3.9
4.2
2.5
3.2
3.1
2.8
2.2
3.0
3.6
4.6
3.9
4.4
2.8
3.6
3. 1
2.8
2.4
2.9
3. 5
4.5
3.7
4.3
2.4
3.5
3.3
2.8
2.5
3.5
4.4
4.5
3.9
4.1
2.7
3.8
3.4
3.0
3.0
4.4
4.8
4.9
4.9
5.1
3.5
4.3
4.2
3.9
3.8
1949....................... .....................
1950................... ............................
1951_________ ______________
1952................................................
1953......... ......................................
19.54________________________
1955................................................
1956................................................
1957________________________
1958.............................................. .
4.6
3.1
4.1
4.0
3.8
4.3
2.9
3.6
3.3
5.0
4.1
3.0
3.8
3.9
3.6
3.5
2.5
3.6
3.0
3.9
4.8
2.9
4.1
3.7
4.1
3.7
3.0
3.5
3.3
4.2
4.8
2.8
4.6
4.1
4.3
3.8
3.1
3.4
3.3
4.1
5.2
3.1
4.8
3.9
4.4
3.3
3.2
3.7
3.4
3.6
4.3
3.0
4.3
3.9
4.2
3.1
3.2
3.4
3.0
2.9
1949................ .............................. 1950................... ............................
1951________________________
1952.......................... .................... .
1953..................... ..........................
1954________________________
1955................................................
1956____ ______________ _____
1957....................... ........................
1958____ ___________________
1.7
1.1
2.1
1.9
2.1
1.1
1.0
1.4
1.3
.8
1.4
1.0
2.1
1.9
2.2
1.0
1. 0
1.3
1.2
.7
1.6
1.2
2.5
2.0
2.5
1.0
1.3
1.4
1.3
.7
1.7
1.3
2.7
2.2
2.7
1.1
1.5
1.5
1.3
.7
1.6
1.6
2.8
2.2
2.7
1.0
1.5
1.6
1.4
.8
1.5
1.7
2.5
2.2
2.6
1.1
1.5
1.6
1.3
.8
3.5
4.7
4.2
4.4
4.1
2.9
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.3
4.4
6.6
4.5
5.9
4.3
3.3
4.5
3.8
3.2
3.9
4.1
5.7
4.3
5.6
4.0
3.4
4.4
4.1
3.3
4.0
3.7
5.2
4.4
5.2
3.3
3.6
4.1
4.2
2.9
3.4
3.3
4.0
3.9
4.0
2.7
3.3
3.3
3.0
2.2
2.8
3.2
3.0
3.0
3.3
2. 1
2.5
2.5
2.3
1.7
22.3
3. 5
4.4
4.4
4.4
3.9
3.0
3.7
3.4
2.9
3.0
4.0
4.2
5.3
4.6
4.8
3.5
4.0
3.9
4.0
3.5
4.2
4.9
5.1
4.9
5.2
3.9
4.4
4.4
4.4
3.5
4.1
4.3
4.7
4.2
4.5
3.3
3.5
3.5
4.0
3.2
4.0
3.8
4.3
3.5
4.2
3.0
3. 1
3.3
4.0
2.8
3.2
3.6
3.5
3.4
4.0
3.0
3.0
2.8
3.8
2 2.7
4.3
3. 5
4.4
4.1
4.3
3.5
3.3
3.5
3.6
3.6
1.8
2.9
3.1
3.0
2.9
1.4
2.2
2.2
1.9
1.2
2.1
3.4
3.1
3.5
3.1
1.8
2.8
2.6
2.2
1.5
1.5
2.7
2.5
2.8
2.1
1.2
1.8
1.7
1.3
1.1
1.2
2. 1
1.9
2.1
1. 5
1.0
1.4
1.3
.9
.8
0.9
1.7
1.4
1.7
1.1
.9
1.1
1.0
.7
2.7
1.5
1.9
2.4
2.3
2.3
1.1
1.6
1.6
1.4
.9
0.3
.4
.4
.3
.4
.2
.3
.3
.3
.2
0.2
.4
.3
.4
.4
.2
.3
.3
.2
.2
0.2
.4
.4
.4
.4
.2
.3
.3
.2
.2
0.2
.3
.3
.4
.3
.2
.3
.3
.2
.2
0.2
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
2.2
0.2
.3
.3
.3
.4
.2
.3
.3
.2
.2
1.8
.6
1.4
1.0
1.3
1.7
1.3
1.2
1.6
1.9
1.8
.7
1.3
.7
1.5
1.7
1.1
1.4
1.8
1.6
2.3
.8
1.4
.7
1.8
1.6
1.2
1.3
2.3
1.7
2.5
1.1
1.7
.7
2.3
1.6
1.2
1.5
2.7
1.6
2.0
1.3
1.5
1.0
2.5
1.7
1.4
1.4
2.7
2 1.7
2.4
1. 1
1.2
1. 1
1.3
1.9
1.2
1.5
1.7
2.3
0.1
.4
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
0.1
.3
.4
.3
.3
.1
.2
0.1
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
2.2
0.1
.2
.5
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
Total separations J
3.8
2.9
4.4
5.0
4.3
3.1
3.4
3.2
3.1
3.2
Quits
1.4
1.8
2.4
2.2
2.5
1.1
1.6
1.5
1.4
.9
Discharges
1949_______________ ________
1950................... ........ ....................
1951..............................................
1952.......................... -.................1953..............................- ...............1954................................................
1955................................................
1956.............................................. 1957________________________
1958.............- ........... ..................-
0.3
.2
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.3
.2
.2
0.3
.2
.3
.3
.4
.2
.2
.3
.2
.2
0.3
.2
.3
.3
.4
.2
.2
.3
.2
.2
0.2
.2
.4
.3
.4
.2
.3
.3
.2
.2
0.2
.3
.4
.3
.4
.2
.3
.3
.3
.1
0.2
.3
.4
.3
.4
.2
.3
.3
.2
.2
1949________________________
1950____ ____________ ______1951________________ _____—
1952................................. - ........... 1953................................................
1954...............................................
1955...............................................
1956...............................................
1957................................................
1958........................................... —
2.5
1.7
1.0
1.4
.9
2.8
1.5
1.7
1.5
3.8
2.3
1.7
.8
1.3
.8
2.2
1.1
1.8
1.4
2.9
2.8
1.4
.8
1.1
.8
2.3
1.3
1.6
1.4
3.2
2.8
1.2
1.0
1.3
.9
2.4
1.2
1.4
1.5
3.0
3.3
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.9
1. 1
1.6
1.5
2.4
2.5
.9
1.0
1. 1
.9
1.7
1.2
1.3
1.1
1.8
1949...................... ...................
1950_____________ __________
1951................ ................ ...............
1952................................................
1953........................................... —
1954_____________ __________
1955......... .......................................
1956......... ....................................
1957....................................... ........
1958................ ................................
0.1
.1
.7
.4
.4
.3
.3
.2
.3
.3
0.1
.1
.6
.4
.4
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
0.1
.1
.5
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
0.1
.1
.5
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
0.2
.3
.3
.3
.4
.2
.3
.2
.2
.1
Layoffs
2.1
.6
1.3
2.2
1.1
1.6
1.3
1.2
1.3
2.0
Miscellaneous separations, including military
i Month-to-montb changes in total employment in manufacturing indus
tries as indicated by labor turnover rates are not comparable with the changes
shown by the Bureau’s employment series for the following reasons:
(1) The labor turnover series measure changes during the calendar month,
while the employment series measure changes from midmonth to midmonth;
(2) Industry coverage is not identical, as the printing and publishing
Industry and some seasonal industries are excluded from turnover;
(3) Turnover rates tend to be understated because small firms are not as
prominent in the turnover sample as in the employment sample; and
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0.1
.1
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.3
.2
0.1
.1
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
0.1
.2
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
0.1
.3
.4
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.3
.2
0.1
.4
.4
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
(4) Reports from plants affected by work stoppages are excluded from the
turnover series, but the employment series reflect the influence of such
stoppages.
* Preliminary.
* Beginning with data for October 1952, components may not add to total
separation rates because of rounding.
N ote: For a description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
Sotjece: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
329
B.— LABOR TURNOVER
T able
B-2.
Labor turnover rates, by industry 1
[Per 100 employees]
Separations
Total accessions
Total
Industry
D u r a b le
O ood»
Ordnance and accessories- ____________________
Lumber and wood products (except furniture).........
Logging camps and contractors- ____________
Sawmills and planing mills _............................
Mlllwork, plywood, and prefabricated structural
wood products__________________________
Furniture and fixtures............... ................. ...............
Household furniture_______________________
Other furniture and fixtures...................... .........
Stone, clay, and glass products...................................
Glass and glass products........................................
Cement, hydraulic------------------------------------Structural clay products____________________
Pottery and related products-----------------------Primary metal Industries______________________
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling mills---Iron and steel foundries____________________
Gray-Iron foundries____________________
Malleable-Iron foundries_________ _______
Steel foundries_________________________
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous
metals:
Primary smelting and refining of copper,
lead, and zinc------------- ----------------------Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous
metals:
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of copper___
Nonferrous foundries----------------------------------Other primary metal Industries:
Iron and steel forgings. ------------------------Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)-----------Cutlery, handtools, and hardw are.....................
Cutlery and edge tools__________________
H andtools____ _____________________
H ardw are______________ _____________
Heating apparatus (except electric) and plumb
ers’ supplies. _____________ ____________
Sanitary ware and plumbers’ supplies-------Oil burners, nonelectric heating and cooking
apparatus, not elsewhere classified______
Fabricated structural metal products-------------Metal stamping, coating, and engraving. ____
Machinery (except electrical)___________________
Engines and turbines----------------- ---------------Agricultural machinery and tractors_________
Construction and mining machinery_________
Metalworking machinery___________________
Machine tools__ _______ ______________
Metalworking machinery (except machine
tools)_______________________________
Machine-tool accessories________________
Special-industry machinery (except metalworking machinery) ________________________
General Industrial machinery ---------- ------------------------------Office and store machines and devices_______________
Service-Industry and household machines_________
Miscellaneous machinery parts --------------------------------------Electrical machinery ______________________________________________
Electrical generating, transmission, distribution, and Industrial apparatus ________________________
Communication equipm ent.______ ______________________
Radios, phonographs, television sets, and
equipment ______________________________________________
Telephone, telegraph, and related equipment ___________________________________________________
Electrical appliances, lamps, and miscellaneous
products _______________ ____________________________________
Transportation equipment_____ ________________________________
Motor vehicles ntiti equipment
Aircraft and parts _________________________
A ircraft______________________________
A1rr>7-flft engines and parts
Aircraft propellers and parts_____________
Other aircraft parts and equipment____________
See footnotes at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Miscellaneous,
Including military
Layofls
Dec.
Nov.
Dec.
Nov.
Dec.
Nov.
Dec.
Nov.
Dec.
Nov.
Dec.
Nov.
1958
1958
1958
1958
1958
1958
1958
1958
1958
1958
1958
1958
Manufacturing
All manufacturing____________________________
Durable goods_______ _____________________
Nondurable goods *......... .....................................
Discharges
Quits
2.3
2.6
1. 7
2.8
3. 0
2. 3
2.8
2.0
3. 1
1.8
1.6
2.0
2.0
1.8
2.8
2.5
6.0
1. 9
2. 4
2.5
3.0
1. 3
.6
2.2
1. 4
2.8
1. 7
1.8
2.6
2. 5
3. 0
2.2
2.2
2.6
2.2
2.7
2.8
2.5
2.2
4. 1
6. 9
3.8
2.2
2.7
.7
2. 7
2.7
2.9
3.4
3. 3
3. 6
.7
2.7
1. 7
4. 1
4. 6
3. 7
2. 3
1. 7
3. 0
3. 9
1. 4
.4
.4
.3
. 5
2.0
2.1
2.6
2.6
1.8
2.8
2. 5
2. 9
1. 5
2.0
2.5
3. 1
3. 0
3. 5
2. 3
2. 3
2.5
2.4
2. 3
1.8
2.6
2.5
2. 5
3. 6
3.5
1. 9
2.9
3.4
4. 8
2. 4
2. 3
1. 9
1.2
1.6
2.8
2.0
3. 1
2.0
2. 3
1. 3
3. 0
2.8
2.2
2.1
1. 9
2. 4
1.6
5. 0
3. 7
2. 3
2. 3
2. 9
3. 6
3. 1
2.8
2.6
1.8
1.6
1.1
1.6
1.2
1. 4
1.0
1.2
2.1
1. 7
.7
3. 1
2.0
2.5
1.6
2.7
2. 9
3. 5
4. 3
.9
0
3.4
3.0
(4)
3. 2
3.0
3. 5
3. 6
3. 9
4.3
3. 1
1.6
1.2
3. 0
(4)
2. 9
5.4
1. 9
1. 9
1. 7
.6
2.6
2.6
1.8
1.8
1. 5
0
2. 7
.4
.6
.3
.2
.5
2.0
2. 9
.8
.7
3.2
3.0
.7
1.6
2. 5
1.8
1.6
1. 4
2.1
2.1
1.0
2.6
.8
1.2
3. 1
.8
2.6
2.0
2.6
1. 9
2.6
0. 4
.4
.4
.4
.3
.9
1. 9
2.8
2.1
2.6
2.1
1. 5
4. 8
1. 4
3.9
.6
.8
1.8
3. 9
2. 9
3. 0
2. 7
0. 7
3. 9
7. 5
3. 7
1.6
1.6
1. 5
1.0
2.1
2. 9
3. 2
3. 0
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.0
1. 3
1.8
.2
.2
.6
.9
.7
0.8
.7
.9
0.8
1. 4
1. 9
1. 3
0.1
.3
.6
0.1
1.1
1.0
.3
.7
2.7
5. 6
2. 3
4. 3
.1
.3
.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
4
.9
.
.2
.2
.6
.1
0
.7
.4
.1
.1
.1
.2
.5
.4
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.6
.7
.4
.8
.9
.7
2. 3
.6
1.1
.6
1.1
.4
2. 4
1. 9
.5
.4
.7
.5
.3
2. 7
4. 0
4. 1
.5
.5
.5
2.0
1.2
2.2
1.8
1. 7
1. 5
2. 3
1. 4
2.8
2.1
1. 3
3. 2
1. 7
2.1
1.8
2.1
2.6
.9
.4
.5
.7
.4
.8
.9
. 5
.9
1.0
1. 3
.9
1.1
.7
.7
.4
0
.7
.4
.6
.6
.6
.9
0
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.1
.1
.2
.
4
,i
a
,i
. 1
0
.2
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.1
(3.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
2.6
1.0
1. 7
1.6
2.2
2.0
1.1
3. 4
3.7
2.8
.9
1.0
.9
.8
.4
1. 4
.2
.3
.1
.3
.1
.2
.3
.2
.2
.4
.3
. 5
.6
.8
.3
.3
.4
.2
.1
.1
.1
0
.7
.7
.7
.3
.2
. 1
0
0
.2
.2
.2
. 1
.6
.6
.6
.4
.5
.4
.5
.5
0
3. 1
2. 3
1. 9
1.8
2.1
1.8
2.2
.3
.4
1.2
2.8
.7
.4
.4
.6
.6
.2
.1
.8
.6
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
.4
.5
.4
1.6
1. 7
1. 5
0.2
.2
.2
1.1
1.0
1.1
.7
.6
.6
.4
.3
.5
1. 7
1. 9
1. 5
0.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.1
. 1
. 1
. 1
. 1
.5
1.6
2.6
2.2
1.0
.8
.3
.8
.6
.1
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.6
2.3
.8
1. 7
2.8
0
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.3
.1
.2
.2
.1
.2
.1
1. 3
.1
1. 4
3. 0
2. 9
.1
.2
.2
.2
•
3
0
1. 5
.2
.2
.2
.2
.7
7
1.0
.2
1.2
1.1
.9
.2
. 1
.1
.3
3
.2
. 3
. 1
. 1
0
0
. 1
. 1
.
.9
.9
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
. 1
0
.
.3
.2
.2
.2
. 1
11
. 1
.2
.1
.3
.2
.1
.2
. 1
.3
.
1. 9
. 1
. 1
.
1. 3
.8
.2
.2
.2
.3
.2
.2
.2
. 4
1. 4
1. 9
in
.2
1.2
2.1
. 1
.2
1.1
.3
l i
0
2. 4
.7
.3
.7
.7
.2
.1
.1
1. 4
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.9
1. 4
.9
.1
.2
1. 4
.5
.5
.1
0
.3
.2
1.1
.1
.1
. 1
. 1
. 1
1.6
.6
2.3
1.0
1.0
.8
1.6
.6
2.0
1.1
5
2.1
1.0
.9
.2
.2
.1
.2
.1
.2
.1
.2
.2
.1
.2
.3
.2
.1
.1
.2
1. 3
1. 5
1. 7
1. 3
.3
0.3
#2
.1
2.4
2.7
.5
1. 4
.8
1.2
0. 3
.1
.1
. 2
1. 4
.3
.3
0.2
.2
2
1.2
2.0
1.8
2.6
1. 4
.8
1.0
2.0
.6
0.2
.2
.2
. 2
.3
4
.
,i
,i
.2
.1
.1
330
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
T able B-2.
Labor turnover rates, by industry1—Continued
[Per 100 employees]
Separations
Industry
Total accessions
Total
Quits
Discharges
Miscellaneous,
including military
Layoffs
Dec.
1958
Nov.
1958
Dec.
1958
Nov.
1958
Dee.
1958
Nov.
1958
Dec.
1958
Transportation equipment—Continued:
Ship and boat building and repairing_________
Railroad equipment.................. ............................
Locomotives and parts................................
Railroad and street cars_________________
Other transportation equipment_____________
(4)
(4)
(4)
13.2
2.1
8.6
13.7
.8
21.9
.8
(4)
(4)
(4)
6.7
6.7
10.4
9.0
9.2
9.0
7.8
(4)
(4)
(4)
0.2
.6
1.4
.2
.3
.2
1.0
(4)
(4)
(4)
(3)
0.4
0.4
.1
(3)
.1
.4
(4)
(4)
(4)
5.9
5.6
8.3
8.3
8.3
8. 4
6.3
(4)
(4)
(4)
0. 5
.1
0.2
.4
.5
.2
.2
Instruments and related products
_ .
Photographic apparatus.................... ....................
Watches and clocks________________________
Professional and scientific instrum ents________
1.7
(4)
1.5
2.2
2.1
.7
3.0
2.1
1.6
(4)
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.2
2.6
1.4
.6
(4)
.4
.7
.7
.4
.5
.7
.1
(4)
.1
.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
.7
(4)
1.2
.8
.6
.6
1. 6
.5
.2
(4)
.2
.2
.2
,i
.3
.1
2.6
1.6
2.9
1.6
8.4
2.1
5.3
1.3
1.0
.8
1.3
.7
.2
.2
.3
.1
7.0
.9
3.6
.4
.2
.1
.1
.1
1.9
1.3
2.0
1.8
3.0
2.9
2.0
2.1
3.1
2.5
2.7
2.3
4.2
3.7
2.8
3.1
.5
.3
.3
.9
.9
.4
.5
1.4
.2
.2
.1
.3
.2
.2
.1
.3
2.3
1.9
2.2
1.1
2.9
2.8
2.1
1.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.3
.1
.2
(4)
.5
.4
.7
(4)
1.9
1.9
2.1
1.8
4.4
1.9
2.6
1.5
.9
1.2
(4)
2.1
2.8
2.0
1.2
.8
1.0
1.1
.9
.8
.4
.7
.9
.5
.2
2.0
1.6
1.7
2.2
3.0
2.1
3.1
3.5
1.4
1.3
1.7
.4
2.6
2.8
2.8
2.7
4.6
1.4
.9
2.0
1.7
2.8
2.4
2.9
2.4
6.9
3.6
2.4
3.2
1.8
1.9
2.0
3.5
6.0
2.9
2.1
1.5
2.5
1.8
2.2
1.1
1.7
1.1
1.0
1.3
.9
1. 5
.8
2.3
1.9
2.7
2.2
2.8
.3
.7
.5
1.2
.3
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.0
1.4
1.5
1. 5
1.0
.6
.6
1. 5
1.3
1.6
.6
.4
.9
.4
.4
.3
2
.6
.4
.2
.2
.5
,2
1.2
.6
1. 5
.6
1.6
(4)
.2
.1
.3
(4)
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.2
2.5
2.1
2.8
1.6
1.7
2.7
2.9
3.0
2.7
1.7
1.2
2.3
1.0
.8
.8
.9
1.2
.7
.4
.2
1.9
1.4
2.1
2.2
3.8
2.2
4.1
(4)
2.1
.9
4.0
(4)
2.8
2.2
2.1
1.9
4.2
5.5
9.9
3.7
2.8
1.1
(4)
3.8
3.0
4.4
1.8
1.2
2.4
1.6
.7
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.0
.7
1.5
.8
2.1
1.9
2.4
1.5
2.6
(4)
1.1
.2
2.5
(4)
1.6
.9
.9
.6
3.0
4.1
8.6
2.2
1. 6
.4
(4)
2. 0
18
2.4
1. 0
6
1.1
11
3.8
.4
.2
.6
1.0
1.3
.6
1.2
.7
5. 5
2.0
.7
1. 5
.6
1. 0
1.1
1. 7
4 5
1.1
1. 2
8
1.2
11
1 fi
7
12
3
.5
^8
.4
2.6
2.7
(4)
(4)
1.8
1.1
3.6
1.2
6.6
3.8
1.5
1.8
1.8
2.0
(4)
(4)
.8
.8
2.3
3.3
1.7
1.5
1.4
.9
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
1.2
1.4
(4)
(4)
Nov.
1958
Dec.
1958
Nov.
1958
Dec.
1958
Nov.
1958
Manufacturing—Continued
D u r a b le
G oods
—Continued
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware ___
N o n d u r a b le
G oods
Pood and kindred products
_
Meat products... _________________________
Grain-mill products________________________
Bakery products__________________________
Beverages:
M alt liquors___________________________
Tobacco manufactures
Cigarettes________________________ ______
Cigars........................ ................... ........... .............
Tobacco and snuff_________________________
Textile-mill products__________________________
Yarn and thread mills______________________
Broad-woven fabric mills___________________
Cotton, silk, synthetic fiber______________
Woolen and worsted___________________
Knitting mills........... .................. ..........................
Full-fashioned hosiery__________________
Seamless hosiery_______________________
Knit underwear______________________
Dyeing and finishing textiles______________
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings___________
Apparel and other finished textile products___ ____
Men’s and boys’ suits and eoats
Men’s and boys’ furnishings and work clothing..
PaDer and allied p r o d u c t s ___
Pulp, paper, and paperboard m ills.....................
PaDerboard containers and boxes
Chemicals and allied products_________ _________
Industrial inorganic chemicals____________
Industrial organic chemicals____________
Synthetic fibers___________ _______
Drugs and medicines__________________
Paints, pigments, and fillers.................... ............
Products of netroleum and coal
......
Petroleum refining______________________
Rubber products.......... ............ ........ ..................
Tires and inner tu b e s ........................
Rubber footwear.______________ _____ __________
Other rubber products ........... ...................................
Leather and leather products___________ .
Leather: tanned, curried, and finished...............
Footwear (except rubber)________________
Nonmanufacturing
Metal mining______________________
Iron mining___________________________ .
Copper mining_______________________
Lead and zinc mining...................... ..............
Anthracite mining______________________
Bituminous-coal mining_______ .
Communication:
Telephone__________________
Telegraph •____________________ _
(4)
(4)
3.3
.7
.8
1 See footnote 1 and Note, table B -l. Data for the current month are
preliminary.
1 Excludes the printing, publishing, and allied industries group, and the
following industries: canning and preserving; women’s, misses’, and chil
dren’s outerwear; and fertilizer.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(4)
.7
.4
1.2
(4)
.9
.9
.9
.9
.8
1.2
1.1
1.3
.9
.4
(4)
1.4
1.0
1.6
.5
.4
.7
.4
.3
.2
.2
.6
.4
.2
.2
.4
.2
.9
.6
1.3
.6
1.4
.6
.1
.3
.2
.8
.2
1.1
.8
.2
.2
.8
.5
.3
.3
.3
.2
.1
.2
.2
.1
.2
.1
.2
.1
.2
.2
.1
.3
.1
1
.3
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
(4)
3
.1
.4
.1
.1
.3
.1
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
.
.7
7
’4
1
.1
.
(3)
1
1
J.
(3)
2
.2
.6
6
.3
7
_5
6
1.0
.1
.1
.1
(4)
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
(4>
.1
1
.1
.2
2
.2
1
1
.1
.1
.2
(3)
.4
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
(3)
(3)
.1
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
a
^2
.2
JL
.1
J2
.2
.2
1
J l
.2
1 O
3
.2
.1
[_4
8
1.0
3
.2
.3
J2 ,
.3
.2
.8
.9
.1
.2
(8)
(4)
(4)
(3)
(3)
.1
(3)
.1
(3)
(3)
(3)
.7
14
(4)
(4)
.5
.4
10
2 fi
1
.4
1.2
.5
3
5
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(3)
(3)
(4)
(4)
.2
.6
(4)
(4)
.
.4
.1
.1
(4)
,i
.2
3 Less than 0.05.
4 Not available.
5 Data relate to domestic employees except messengers.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
.1
.1
J )
J3
.2
.1
.2
.1
.3
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
331
C.—Earnings and Hours
T able C -l.
Year and month
Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry 1
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn hours
earn earn hours
ings
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Mining
Iron
Total: Metal
1956: Average_____
1957: A v e r a g e
December___
1958: January_____
February........
M arch______
April________
M ay________
June.............. .
July.................
August______
September___
O cto b er____
November___
December.......
$98. 81
102. 21
102.03
99.72
98.81
97.02
94.62
96. 01
101.89
99. 96
101. 24
102.14
102.40
103. 60
105.30
41.0
40.4
39.7
38.8
38.3
37.9
37.4
38.1
39.8
39.2
39.7
39.9
40.0
40.0
40.5
Coal
Metal
Total: Mining
$2. 41 $96. 83
2.53 98. 74
2.57 97.27
2. 57 97.27
2.58 96. 78
2. 56 95.40
2.53 92.93
2. 52 91.10
2.56 92.34
2. 55 96.13
2. 55 95.63
2.56 98. 04
2. 56 98. 30
2. 59 100. 84
2.60 100.44
42.1
40.8
39.7
39.7
39.5
39.1
38.4
37.8
38.0
88.3
37.8
38.6
38.7
39.7
39.7
$2.30
2. 42
2.45
2. 45
2. 45
2. 44
2.42
2.41
2.43
2.51
2. 53
2.54
2. 54
2.54
2. 53
$96. 71
103.49
97.46
98.19
99.63
96.93
93.96
94. 23
98.28
104.43
105.28
104. 80
101.03
102. 60
101.03
39.8
39.5
36.5
36.5
36.9
35.9
34.8
34.9
36.4
36.9
37.2
36.9
35.7
36.0
35.7
Copper
$2.43 $100. 28
2. 62 97. 75
2.67 98.66
2.69 98.25
2.70 95.52
2.70 94. 96
2.70 93.30
2. 70 88. 22
2.70 85.56
2.83 89.78
2.83 87.71
2. 84 94. 67
2.83 99.79
2. 85 105. 75
2.83 102. 51
43.6
40.9
40.6
40.6
39.8
39.9
39.2
37. 7
36.1
37.1
35.8
38.8
40.4
42.3
41.5
Lead and zinc
$2.30 $89.24
2.39 88. 97
2.43 91.52
2.42 86.24
2.40 84.50
2.38 85.10
2. 38 84. 74
2.34 83.89
2.37 86.03
2.42 86. 55
2.45 83.16
2.44 83.16
2. 47 87.42
2.50 89.02
2.47 92.74
Bituminous
1956: Average_____
1957: Average_____
December____
1958: January..
February........
March______
April............ .
M ay_____ .
June________
July
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
$106.22
110.53
107. 92
103.36
100.62
96.37
90.60
93. 30
106.30
97.85
105.90
106. 55
107. 76
107.31
115. 90
37.8
36.6
35.5
34.0
33.1
31.7
30.0
31.1
35.2
32.4
35.3
35.4
35.8
35.3
38.0
Petroleum and nat
ural-gas produc
tion (except contract services)
$2.81 $101.68
3.02 106. 75
3.04 111.64
3.04 110. 56
3.04 110.83
3. 04 110. 97
3.02 108. 81
3.00 107.06
3.02 110.57
3.02 110.83
3.00 106.67
3.01 110. 02
3.01 107. 60
3.04 112.06
3.05 108.27
41.0
40.9
41.5
41.1
41.2
41.1
40.6
40.4
40.8
41.2
40.1
40.9
40.3
41.2
40.4
Nonmetallic mining
and quarrying
$2.48 $85.63
2.61 87.80
2. 69 86. 31
2. 69 84. 25
2.69 81.00
2.70 83.22
2.68 85. 45
2.65 89. 59
2.71 91.49
2.69 91.94
2.66 93.39
2. 69 95.34
2. 67 95.37
2. 72 92.84
2.68 88.19
44.6
43.9
42.1
41.5
39.9
41.2
42.3
43. 7
44.2
44.2
44.9
45.4
45.2
44.0
41.6
1956: Average_____
1957: Average..........
December.......
1958: January_____
February........
March______
April_______
M ay________
June_____ _
J u l y . . . _____
August______
September___
October_____
N o v em b er__
December___
$104. 94
110.15
110.11
110. 59
102.96
110.30
110.01
115. 26
114.57
114. 51
116.87
120. 07
120. 66
113. 59
112. 78
39.9
39.2
38.5
38.4
36.0
38.3
38.6
40.3
40.2
39.9
40.3
40.7
40.9
38.9
38.1
37.3
36.9
35.5
35.7
33.4
35.6
36.2
37.4
37.2
37.3
37.9
37.8
38.1
36.4
35.2
Total: Nonbuilding
construction
$2.73 $101.59
2.89 105.07
2. 97 102. 60
3.00 103.79
3.01 96.21
2. 99 101.90
2.98 103.45
2. 97 110.56
2.96 108.67
3.00 110. 57
3.00 114.66
3.04 117. 32
3. 04 118. 71
3. 04 108.11
3. 09 103.88
40.8
39.8
38.0
38.3
35.5
37.6
38.6
41.1
40.7
40.8
42.0
42.2
42.7
39.6
37.5
$2.49
2.64
2. 70
2.71
2.71
2.71
2.68
2.69
2.67
2.71
2. 73
2.78
2.78
2. 73
2.77
Total: Building
construction
36.4
36.1
34.9
35.2
33.0
35.2
35.5
36.3
36.2
36.3
36.7
36.5
36.8
35.4
34.5
$2.80
2.96
3.05
3.07
3.08
3.06
3.06
3.06
3.06
3.09
3.09
3.13
3.13
3.14
3.18
$95.04
98.89
97. 76
100.39
91.58
100.04
101. 60
105.12
103.46
104.54
106.48
105. 56
107. 01
103.37
99.12
36.0
35.7
34.3
35.1
31.8
35.1
35.4
36.5
36.3
36.3
37.1
36.4
36.9
35.4
33.6
Total: Specialtrade contractors
$2.64 $107.16
2.77 112.17
2.85 111. 58
2.86 112.29
2.88 107.18
2.85 112.29
2.87 113.21
2.88 115.12
2.85 115.16
2.88 116 89
2.87 117.90
2. 90 118. 99
2. 90 119.64
2.92 115. 73
2. 95 115.83
36.7
36.3
35.2
35.2
33.6
35.2
35.6
36.2
36.1
36.3
36.5
36.5
36.7
35.5
35.1
2.65
2.63
2.62
2.62
2.59
2. 59
2.60
2. 61
2.61
2.64
Highway and street
construction
$97. 63
98.66
91.14
92. 96
85.26
88.21
94. 57
105.84
103.25
106. 50
112.31
114. 23
117.04
102.62
93.36
41.9
40.6
37.2
38.1
34.8
36.6
38.6
42.0
41.3
41.6
43.7
43.6
44.5
40.4
36.9
$2.33
2.43
2.45
2.44
2. 45
2.41
2.45
2. 52
2.50
2. 56
2. 57
2. 62
2.63
2.54
2. 53
Plumbing and
heating
$2.92 $112.31
3.09 118. 87
3.17 121.86
3.19 122.36
3.19 117.85
3.19 120.80
3.18 121. 77
3.18 121. 66
3.19 122.47
3.22 124. 64
3.23 124.97
3.26 126. 39
3.26 126. 39
3.26 121.77
3.30 127.21
Other specialtrade contractors
$3.17 $102.39
3. 37 106. 30
3.42 102. 92
3.42 104. 54
3.42 97.34
3.46 105.43
3. 49 106. 64
3. 52 110.09
3.55 109.51
3.58 111.51
3.58 112. 46
3.62 113.53
36. Í 114.12
3. 62 110. 66
3.64 106.26
Painting and
decorating
38.2 $2.94 $99.81
38 1 3.12 103. 75
38.2
3.19 102.23
3.22 102.94
38.0
36.6
3. 22 100. 78
37.4
3.23 103.80
37.7
3.23 106. 91
37.9
3. 21 106. 79
37.8
3.24 107.71
38.0
3. 28 108. 42
3.28 110. 76
38.1
38.3
3.30 110. 25
38.3
3.30 110.92
36.9
3.30 108.73
38.2
3. 33 108.14
34.9
34.7
33.3
33.1
32.3
33.7
34.6
34.9
35.2
35.2
35.5
35.0
35.1
34.3
33.9
$ 2 .8 6
2.99
3.07
3.11
3.12
3. 08
3.09
3.06
3.06
3.08
3.12
3.15
3.16
3.17
3.19
Manufacturing
Contract construction—Continued
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 .6 6
2 .6 8
2 .6 8
Special-trade contractors
General contractors
Special-trade contractors—-Continued
39.5
1956: Average_____ $125.22
39.2
1957: Average_____ 132.10
December....... 134. 75 39.4
38.7
1958: January_____ 132.35
37.5
February____ 128.25
38.2
M arch. I ____ 132.17
38.2
133.32
April
135.
52
38.5
M ay_______
38.5
June____ ___ 136.68
July
137.11
38.3
August______ 136. 76 38.2
Septem ber.. . 140. 09 38.7
38.6
October_____ 140.12
37.2
November___ 134.66
38.7
December___ 140. 87
8ee footnotes at end of table.
$2.40
2.63
Building construction
$2.63 $101. 92
2. 81 106.86
2.86 106.45
2.88 108.06
2.86 101. 64
2.88 107. 71
2.85 108.63
2.86 111.08
2. 85 110. 77
2.87 112.17
2. 90 113. 40
2.95 114. 25
2.95 115.18
2.92 111. 16
2. 96 109. 71
Electrical work
32.9
31.1
26.6
30.5
27.5
25.0
22.3
25.8
30.9
30.8
28.8
30.8
29.7
29.9
35.2
Nonbuilding construction
Total: Contract
construction
$1.92 $101.83
2.00 106.64
2.05 105.44
2.03 107.10
2.03 100.53
2.02 106.44
2.02 107.88
2. 05 111.08
2.07 110.11
2.08 111.90
2.08 113. 70
2.10 114. 91
2.11 115.82
2.11 110. 66
2.12 108.77
Nonbuilding
construction—Con.
Other nonbuilding
construction
$2.14 $78.96
2.17 81.79
2.20 70.76
2.14 81.74
2.15 73. 70
2.16 66.25
2.14 58. 65
2.14 67.60
2.14 80. 96
2.18 79. 77
2.16 74. 59
2. 20 80. 08
2.18 77.52
2. 22 78. 04
2.24 92.93
Contract construction
Mining—Continued
Coal —Continued
41.7
41.0
41.6
40.3
39.3
39.4
39.6
39.2
40.2
39.7
38.5
37.8
40.1
40.1
41.4
Anthracite1
Durable goods
Total: Manufacturing
35.8 $2.86 $79.99
35.2
3.02 82.3S
33.2
3.10 82.74
33.4
3.13 81.66
3.11 80.64
31.3
33.9
3.11 81.45
34.4
3.10 80.81
35.4
3.11 82.04
35.1
3.12 83.10
35.4
3.15 83.50
35.7
3.15 84.35
35.7
3.18 85.39
36. C 3.17 85.17
3.18 86.58
34.8
3.22 88.26
33.0
Durable goods
40.4 $1.98 $86.31
39.8
2.07 88.66
39.4
2.10 88.93
2.11
87.14
38.7
38.4
2.1C 86.46
38.6
2.11 87. 75
38.3
2.11 87.3C
2.12 88.37
38.7
39.2
2.12 89.89
39.2
2.13 89.83
39.6
2.13 91.14
39.9
2.14 92.46
39.8
2.14 91.83
39. Ç 2.17 94.3C
40.3
2.19 95.88
41.1
40.3
39.7
38.9
38.6
39.0
38.8
39.1
39.6
39.4
39.8
40.2
40.1
40.5
40.8
Nondurable goods
$2.10 $71.10
2.20 73. 51
2.24 74.88
2. 24 73.54
2.24 73.15
2. 25 73.53
2.25 73.14
2.26 73. 91
2.27 75.08
2.28 75. 66
2.29 76.04
2.30 77. 03
2.29 76.83
2. 34 77.22
2. 35 78.01
39.5
39.1
39.0
38.3
38.1
38.1
37.7
38.1
38.7
39.0
39.4
39.5
39.4
39.4
39.6
$1.80
1.88
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.93
1.94
1.94
1.94
1. 94
1.93
1.95
1.95
1.96
1.97
Total: Ordnance
and accessories
$91. 54
95.47
98.74
100. 77
99.06
99. 72
100.12
99. 88
100.94
100.94
100.69
103.00
103. 00
103.16
106.43
41.8
40.8
40.8
41.3
40.6
40.7
40.7
40.6
40.7
40.7
40.6
41.2
41.2
41.1
41.9
$2.19
2.34
2.42
2.44
2.44
2.45
2.46
2.46
2. 48
2. 48
2.48
2. 50
2. 50
2. 51
2. 54
332
T able C -l.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry 1—Con.
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs
A vg.
h rly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs
A vg.
h rly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs
A vg.
h rly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs
A vg.
A vg.
h rly . w k ly .
e a rn e a rn
ings
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs
A vg.
h rly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs
A vg.
h rly .
e a rn
ings
M a n u fa c tu rin g —C o n tin u e d
Y ear a n d m o n th
D u ra b le goods—C o n tin u e d
L u m b e r a n d w ood p ro d u c ts (except fu rn itu re )
T o ta l: L u m b e r a n d
w ood p ro d u c ts (ex
ce p t fu rn itu re )
1956: A verage______
1957: A verage______
D ecem b er____
1958: J a n u a r y ______
F e b ru a ry _____
M a rc h _______
A p ril............ ..
M a y _________
J u n e ......... .........
J u l y --------------A u g u s t..............
S e p te m b e r___
O cto b e r______
N o v e m b e r___
D e c em b er____
$70. 93
72. 04
71.37
69.69
70. 43
70.80
71.39
74. 45
76.14
74.28
77. 74
80.12
80.15
77. 59
77.36
40.3
39.8
39.0
38. 5
38.7
38.9
38.8
39.6
40.5
39.3
40.7
41.3
41.1
40.2
40.5
U n ite d S tates
$1.76 $71. 51
1.81 70.92
1.83 69.50
1. 81 67.08
1. 82 67.82
1.82 69.09
1.84 68.92
1.88 73.05
1.88 74.52
1.89 73.66
1.91 76. 70
1.94 77.68
1.95 77.30
1.93 75. 39
1.91 74. 37
$1.77 $72.14
1. 80 71.53
1. 81 70.27
1. 77 67.66
1. 78 68.58
1. 79 69. 87
1. 79 69. 69
1.84 74. 03
1.84 75. 52
1.86 74.64
1.88 77. 52
1.89 78.50
1.89 78.12
1.88 76.19
1.85 74. 99
L u m b e r a n d w ood p ro d u c ts
M illw ork
1956: A verage______ $72. 90
1957: A v erag e______
75. 55
D ecem b er____
75.22
1958: J a n u a r y ______
74. 29
F e b r u a r y _____
74. 28
M a rc h _______
74.09
A p ril_________
74. 28
M a y ......... .........
77. 57
J u n e _________
79.13
J u ly --------------79. 73
A u g u s t_______
82. 74
S e p te m b e r___
82.91
O c to b e r. ----82. 54
N o v e m b e r____ 80. 95
D e c em b er____
80. 54
40.5
40.4
39.8
39.1
39.3
39.2
39.3
40.4
41.0
41. 1
42.0
42.3
41.9
41.3
41.3
$1.80 $76.22
1. 87 76.00
1.89 77. 60
1.90 76.04
1.89 78.39
1.89 78. 39
1.89 78.20
1.92 79.60
1.93 81.18
1.94 78. 41
1.97 83.16
1.96 84.85
1.97 85. 49
1.96 85. 90
1.95 83.43
H o u se h o ld fu rn itu re *
1956: A verage______ $65.77
1957: A verage______
66.63
D e cem b er____
67.83
1958: J a n u a ry ______
63.96
F e b ru a ry _____
64. 34
M a r c h ...............
64.68
A p ril_________
63. 34
M a y _________
63.00
J u n e _________
65.23
J u ly --------------65.57
A u g u s t ______
68.61
S e p te m b e r___
70.45
O c to b e r______
70.79
N o v e m b e r___
70.28
D e c em b er........
71.55
40.6
39.9
39.9
38.3
38.3
38.5
37.7
37.5
38.6
38.8
40.6
41.2
41.4
41.1
41.6
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
41.7
39.3
38.3
38.1
37.4
37.3
37.0
36.2
37.0
36.8
38.0
39.8
38.9
38.3
38.1
41.2
40.0
40.0
39.4
40.2
40.2
39.9
40.2
41.0
39.8
42.0
41.8
41.7
41.9
41.1
$1.85 $56. 71
1.90 56.23
1.94 54.95
1.93 53.30
1. 95 53. 39
1.95 54. 67
1.96 55.10
1.98 56. 34
1.98 58.03
1.97 58.15
1.98 59.60
2.03 59.68
2.05 59.09
2.05 57.31
2. 03 57. 52
$1.43 $71.82
1.48 72.50
1.50 76. 95
1.48 67. 71
1.48 70.30
1. 49 70.12
1.49 67.90
1.49 65.68
1. 50 68.63
1.50 69. 01
1.50 74.21
1.52 76.11
1.52 78. 06
1.52 77.68
1.53 79. 65
F u rn itu re a n d fixtures—C o n tin u e d
P a rtitio n s , sh elv in g ,
lockers, a n d fixtures
$2.09 $84.05
2.17 85.22
2.19 83.64
2.19 83.38
2.20 83. 44
2.21 84.97
2.20 82.84
2.19 84.10
2.23 86. 85
2.23 86.14
2. 25 88.48
2. 27 87.98
2.27 86.80
2.27 86. 08
2.29 88.36
41.0
40.2
38.9
38.6
38.1
38.8
38.0
38.4
39.3
38.8
39.5
39.1
39.1
38.6
39.8
40.8
39.6
38.7
37.8
37.6
38.5
38.8
39.4
40.3
40.1
41.1
40.6
40.2
39.8
39.4
39.9
39.4
40.5
36.6
38.0
37.9
36.7
35.5
36.9
37.3
39.9
40.7
41.3
41.1
41.7
40.3
40.0
40.7
39.7
39.3
39.5
39.8
39.6
40.2
39.8
40.8
40.7
40.5
41.1
41.4
41.0
39.8
38.4
37.7
37.5
38.6
38.9
39.5
40.6
40.7
41.4
41.1
40.0
39.6
39.5
39.4
39.1
38.3
37.5
37.5
36.4
36.7
38.5
40.6
41.4
41.7
41.8
40.7
39.1
40.0
41.1
40.5
39.8
39.2
38.6
39.1
39.0
39.7
40.3
40.0
40.8
41.1
41.0
40.9
40.4
$2.33 $74. 48
2. 32 75.60
2.33 76. 42
2.30 74.88
2. 29 75.46
2.30 75. 65
2. 30 76.04
2. 34 78.20
2.34 79.58
2.35 79.18
2. 37 82. 57
2.41 83.18
2. 41 83. 42
2.40 83.21
2. 37 82. 40
40.7 $1.83
1.89
40.0
39.8
1.92
1.92
39.0
39.3
1.92
39.4
1.92
39.4
1.93
1.95
40.1
40.6
1.96
40.4
1.96
41.7
1.98
41.8
1.99
41.5
2.01
41.4
2.01
41.2
2.00
F u r n itu r e a n d fixtures
41.1
40.5
39.9
39.5
39.2
39.9
39.8
39.5
40.1
39.6
40.5
40.8
41.3
40.8
40.9
$1.82 $79.61
1. 89 78.99
1.94 79. 40
1.94 78.61
1.94 77.40
1.92 78.38
1. 93 77. 99
1.94 76. 42
1.97 78. 59
1.95 77. 81
1.97 82.22
1.97 83.84
1.97 81.80
1.94 81.00
1.92 82. 62
T o ta l: F u r n itu r e a n d
fix tu res
$1.46 $68. 95
1.52 70.00
1. 55 70.62
1. 55 67.76
1. 65 67.97
1. 55 68. 32
1. 55 67.26
1. 56 66. 91
1.58 69.06
1. 59 68. 85
1.59 72.09
1.59 73.80
1.60 73. 39
1.60 73. 03
1.60 74.34
Office, p u b lic -b u ild
in g , a n d profes
sio n al fu rn itu re »
41.9
40.3
39.9
39.5
38.7
38.8
38.8
38.4
39.1
39.1
40.5
41.1
40.1
39.9
40.3
$1. 96
2. 05
2.10
2.10
2. 09
2.09
2.09
2.09
2.10
2.11
2.13
2.16
2.11
2.14
2.16
F la t glass
$113.30
114. 62
118. 99
117.09
109.63
108.02
104.80
105. 09
103.32
108. 29
122.18
128.94
78.12
123. 51
135.25
41.2
40.5
40.2
40.1
38.2
37.9
36.9
37.4
36.9
37.6
41.0
42.0
28.1
40.1
42.8
40.8
40.0
39.9
38.5
38.4
38.6
38.0
37.8
38.8
38.9
40.5
41.0
41.0
40.8
41.3
$1.69
1.76
1. 77
1.76
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.78
1.77
1.78
1.80
1.79
1.79
1.80
W ood office furniture
$1.90 $71.05
1.96 64. 71
1.99 66.01
1.99 63.76
2.00 61.82
2. 02 60.10
2.01 60.38
1.99 60.64
2.01 63.92
1.99 63.11
2.03 64.94
2.04 66. 41
2. 04 65.31
2.03 63. 49
2. 05 67.89
S to n e, clay , a n d glass p ro d u c ts
T o ta l: S to n e, clay,
a n d glass p ro d u c ts
$1.64 $80. 56
1.71 83.03
1.76 83.58
1.77 82.32
1.76 80.67
1. 76 81.72
1. 76 81. 51
1. 78 82. 97
1.77 84.63
1.77 84. 40
1.77 86.90
1.78 88. 78
1.77 86.51
1.80 87. 53
1.83 87.26
39.0
38.2
37.7
35.9
37.6
37.7
37.4
39.0
39.3
38.9
39.8
39.9
39.9
38.8
39.5
M iscellan eo u s w ood
p ro d u c ts
$1.38 $60.01
1.42 61.56
1.40 61. 85
1.39 61.23
1.39 60. 76
1.40 61.85
1.41 61.69
1.43 61.62
1.44 63.36
1.47 62.96
1.45 64.40
1.46 64. 87
1.44 66.08
1.40 65.28
1.43 65.44
M attresses and
bedsprings
$1.80 $71.71
1.84 73.90
1.90 74.30
1.85 72. 75
1.85 72.75
1.85 69. 89
1.85 70.83
1.85 74.69
1.86 79. 98
1.85 80.73
1.86 82.15
1.87 82.35
1.89 80.18
1.89 75. 85
1.91 76.80
S creens, b lin d s, a n d
m iscellaneous fu r
n itu r e a n d fixtures
$2. 05 $66. 09
2.12 68.40
2.15 71.63
2.16 70. 27
2.19 69.17
2.19 69.52
2.18 70. 05
2.19 70.49
2.21 71.15
2.22 70.45
2.24 72. 22
2. 25 72.45
2.22 71. 69
2.23 73. 98
2.22 75. 76
W e st
Wooden boxes, other
than cigar
$1.39 $56. 58
1.42 56.52
1.42 53.76
1.41 52.40
1.42 52.13
1.42 54.04
1.42 54.85
1.43 56.49
1. 44 58. 46
1.45 59. 83
1.45 60. 03
1.47 60.01
1.47 57.60
1. 44 55.44
1. 46 56.49
Wood household fu r
niture, upholstered
41.4
40.4
40.3
39.1
38.3
38.9
38.1
38.1
38.7
38.8
40.8
41.5
41.9
41.7
41.9
S o u th
40.3 $1. 79 $49.09
41.6 $1.18 $90.87
1.82 49. 29
39.3
40.4
1.22 88. 62
38.4
1.83 48. 22
39.2
1.23 87.84
37.8
1. 79 48. 46
39.4
1.23 82. 57
38.1
1.80 48.09
39.1
1.23 86.10
38.6
1.81 48.83
39.7
1.23 86.71
38.5
1.81 48.83
39.7
1.23 86.02
1.86 49. 94
39.8
40.6
1.23 91.26
40.6
1.86 51.00
41.8
1.22 91. 96
1.88 50.43
39.7
41.0
1.23 91.42
1.90 52. 33
40.8
42.2
1.24 94. 33
41.1
1.91 52.15
42.4
1.23 96.16
40.9
1.91 52. 58
42.4
1.24 96.16
1.90 52. 20
40.1
1.24 93.12
42.1
40.1
1.87 50.96
41.1
1.24 93.62
(except fu rn itu re )— C o n tin u e d
W o o d en co n tain ers »
Wood household fu r
niture (except u p
holstered)
$1.62 $59.20
1.67 59. 79
1.70 60. 45
1.67 57.87
1.68 56.68
1.68 57. 96
1.68 56. 77
1. 68 56. 77
1.69 58.05
1.69 58. 20
1.69 61.20
1.71 63.08
1.71 63.69
1.71 63. 38
1.72 64.11
M etal office furniture
1956: A verage______ $87.15
1957: A verage______
85.28
D ecem b er____
83.88
1958: J a n u a r y ______
83.44
F e b ru a ry _____
82. 28
M a rc h _______
82.43
A p ril_________
81.40
M a y ....... ...........
79.28
J u n e ...................
82. 51
J u ly --------------82. 06
A u g u s t_______
85.50
S e p te m b e r___
90.35
O cto b e r______
88.30
N o v e m b e r___
86.94
D e c em b er........
87.25
40.4
39.4
38.4
37.9
38.1
38.6
38.5
39.7
40.5
39.6
40.8
41.1
40.9
40.1
40.2
Plyw ood
M illw o rk , p ly w o o d ,
a n d p refab ricated
s tr u c tu r a l
w ood
p ro d u c ts *
S aw m ills and p lan in g m ills, general
S aw m ills a n d p la n in g
m ills»
42.8
40.7
41.0
39.6
38.4
37.1
37.5
37.9
39.7
40.2
41.1
42.3
41.6
40.7
42.7
$1.66
1.59
1. 61
1.61
1.61
1.62
1.61
1.60
1.61
1.57
1.58
1.57
1. 57
1. 56
1.59
G lass a n d glassw are,
p ressed or b lo w n »
$2. 75 $79.40
2.83 83.58
2.96 84.56
2. 92 84.77
2. 87 84.56
2.85 86.00
2. 84 83.85
2. 81 84. 71
2.80 86. 40
2.88 84. 28
2. 98 85. 97
3.07 85. 97
2. 78 87.67
3. 08 87.16
3.16 87.16
39.7
39.8
39.7
39.8
39.7
40.0
39.0
39.4
40.0
39.2
39.8
39.8
40.4
39.8
39.8
$2.00
2.10
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.15
2.15
2.15
2.16
2.15
2.16
2.16
2.17
2.19
2.19
383
« . —EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
C -l.
Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
brly. wkly Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Avg.'
hrly.
earn
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
Durable goods—Continued
Stone, clay, and glass products—Continued
G la s s c o n ta in e r s
1956: Average_____
1957; A v e ra g e
December----1968: January
February____
M arch______
A p ril_______
M ay________
June________
July_______
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
$80. 59
85.01
85.20
85.86
86.69
87.29
86. 58
87.67
88. 75
86. 37
88. 07
86. 58
88. 73
87.23
86. 76
o r b lo w n g la s s
39.7 $2.03 $77.81
40.1
2.12 81.56
2.13 83.63
40.0
40. 5 2.12 83.42
40.7
2.13 81.58
2.15 83. 67
40.6
39.9
2.17 79.92
40.4
2.17 80.14
40.9
2.17 81.79
39.8
2.17 80. 77
40.4
2.18 82. 04
39.9
2.17 85.14
40.7
2.18 86. 40
40.2
2.17 87.25
39.8
2.18 87. 56
F lo o r a n d
1956: A verage......... $73. 57
1957: Average_____ 75.81
December___
75. 46
1958: J a n u a ry ____
73.92
February------ 73.54
74.30
M arch______
April
74.11
M ay________ 76. 44
J u n e _______ 77.39
July_______
77.18
August__ ___ 78. 59
September___ 79. 37
October_____
78.99
November___ 78.00
December___
78. 60
P re sse d
w a l l tile
40.2
39.9
39.3
38. 5
38.5
38.9
38.6
39.4
40.1
40.2
40.3
40.7
40.3
40.0
40.1
39.7
39.4
39.4
38.8
38.3
39.1
37.7
37.8
38.4
38.1
38.7
39.6
40.0
39.3
39.8
$1.96 $69.12
2.07 70. 67
2.12 72.07
2.15 68.92
2.13 67.30
2.14 68.20
2.12 67.88
2.12 68. 99
2.13 69.72
2.12 70.25
2.12 72.68
2.15 75. 70
2.16 75.07
2.22 76.45
2.20 77. 04
C la y
S e w e r p ip e
$1.83 $72. 76
1.90 73.26
1.92 70. 31
1.92 65.29
1.91 65.45
1.91 65. 66
1.92 67.69
1. 94 73.34
1.93 76.82
1.92 76.63
1.95 77. 81
1.95 79. 59
1.96 79.60
1.95 76.44
1.96 73. 30
Glass products made
of purchased glass
40.2
39.6
37.6
35.1
35.0
35.3
36.2
38.0
39.6
39.5
39.7
40.4
40.2
39.0
37.4
$1.81 $80.36
1.85 83.81
1.87 83.92
1.86 80.91
1.87 78.08
1.86 77.95
1.87 78.40
1.93 80.19
1.94 83.25
1.94 86.07
1.96 87.66
1.97 91. 72
1.98 91.10
1.96 91.15
1.96 88. 50
Cement, hydaulic
Structural clay
products 2
1966- A v e r a g e
1957: Average__,___
December___
1958: January_____
February____
M arch______
April_______
M ay________
J u n e _______
July________
August______
September___
October......... .
November.
December___
$69.87
70.98
70. 67
69.74
69.38
71.96
73.21
74.98
74.26
72.94
73. 21
75.21
75.26
72. 58
72.94
41.1
40.1
39.7
39.4
39.2
40.2
40.9
41. 2
40.8
40.3
40.9
41.1
40.9
40.1
40.3
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
products 2
$1.70 $83.23
1. 77 86.67
1.78 85.93
1.77 84.41
1.77 83.81
1.79 85.67
1.79 83.98
1.82 84. 58
1.82 87. 74
1.81 85. 75
1.79 89.42
1.83 91.35
1.84 91.62
1.81 91.80
1.81 03.94
B la s t fu r n a c e s ,
Blast furnaces, steel
works, and rolling
m ills2
w o rk s,
a n d
tile
39.2
38.8
37.8
35.8
34.7
34.8
35.0
35.8
37.0
37.1
37.3
38.7
38.6
38.3
37.5
$2.05 $72.20
2.16 73.48
2.22 74.10
2.26 71.86
2.25 73.08
2.24 73. 24
2.24 71.60
2.24 70.85
2.25 71.40
2. 32 70.38
2. 35 71.71
2. 37 74. 30
2.36 75. 52
2.38 77.29
2.36 76.63
37.8
37.3
36.5
35.4
36.0
35.9
35.1
34.9
35.0
34.5
35.5
36.6
37.2
37.7
37.2
$1.91 $81.88
1.97 82. 75
2.03 81.51
2.03 81.54
2.03 78.80
2.04 80.16
2.04 81.76
2. 03 85. 77
2.04 88.20
2.04 89. 49
2.02 90. 50
2.03 90. 37
2. 03 91.80
2.05 88.91
2.06 86. 51
44.5
43.1
41.8
41.6
39.8
40.9
41.5
43.1
44.1
44.3
44.8
44.3
45.0
43.8
42.2
40.1
39.8
39.9
38.4
37.9
38.7
37.7
37.0
37.4
37.6
38.0
39.7
40.5
40.5
41.1
A s b e s to s p r o d u c ts
$2.21 $84. 65
2.28 89.87
2.33 87.70
2.32 84.53
2.30 85. 36
2.30 84.50
2.31 84.07
2. 35 86.80
2.35 90.42
2. 31 88. 75
2. 31 95.49
2. 33 94. 39
2. 35 94.21
2. 36 92.21
2.40 94. 47
41.7
41.8
40.6
39.5
39.7
39.3
39.1
40.0
41.1
39.8
41.7
41.4
41.5
40.8
41.8
N o n c la y
$2.03 $89.38
2.15 90.20
2.16 83. 54
2.14 78. 57
2.15 81.74
2.15 83.63
2.15 82.69
2.17 83. 78
2.20 87.97
2. 23 89.67
2.29 92.13
2.28 99.18
2.27 95. 63
2.26 97. 64
2.26 108.47
$1.84 $78. 75 45.0 $1.75
43.5
1.84
1.92 80.04
41.8
1.87
1.95 78.17
1. 89
41.7
1.96 78.81
1.91
39.0
1.98 74.49
1.91
41.2
1.96 78.69
1.92
42.0
1.97 80.64
1.94
43.6
1. 99 84.58
1.94
2.00 85. 94 44.3
1.95
44.5
2. 02 86.78
1.95
2. 02 87. 75 45.0
1.97
2.04 87. 47 44.4
45.1
1.96
2. 04 88.40
1.94
2.03 84. 39 43.5
41.2
1.95
2.05 80.34
Primary metal
Industries
r e fr a c to r ie s
39.2
37.9
35.1
32.6
34.2
34.7
34.6
35.2
36.5
36.9
37.0
39.2
38.1
38.9
41.4
$2.28
2.38
2. 38
2.41
2.39
2. 41
2.39
2.38
2.41
2. 43
2. 49
2.53
2. 51
2. 51
2. 62
Total: Primary metal
industries
$96. 52
98. 75
97.16
95.23
94.21
95.35
95.20
96.23
99.96
102. 91
103.95
106. 74
106. 59
108. 08
109.45
40.9
39.5
38.1
37.2
36.8
37.1
36.9
37.3
38.3
38.4
38.5
39.1
38.9
39.3
39.8
$2.36
2. 50
2.55
2. 56
2. 56
2. 57
2.58
2.58
2.61
2.68
2. 70
2.73
2.74
2. 75
2.75
s te e l
r o llin g
m i l l s , e x c e p t e le c tr o
m e ta llu r g ic a l
h o llo w
$1.69 $83.84
41.3 $2.03 $73. 44 40.8 $1.80 $69. 97 41.9 $1.67
40.7
2.16 74.61
39.9
1.87 69.60
1 .78 87.91
40.7
1. 71
1.82 90.09
40.4
1.90 68.73
2.23 73.91
38.9
39.5
1. 74
2.24 71.06
1.89 66. 35 38.8
1.71
1.79 89.60
40.0
37.6
2.22 69.93
1.89 64.81
1.79 87. 47 39.4
37.0
37.9
1.71
37.9
1. 88 67.37
39.4
1.79 87.19
39.1
2.23 71.25
1. 71
2.24 72.38
1.81 89.82
40.1
38.5
1.88 69.95
40.2
1.74
2.24 74.28
1.83 90.94
40.6
39.3
1.89 70. 82 40. 7 1.74
40.4
2.28 76.17
1.89 72.80
1.83 92.11
40.3
41.6
1.75
2.34 76. 19 40.1
1.82 95.24
40.7
1.90 72. 63 41.5
1.75
1.84 95. 58 40.5
2.36 77. 95 40.6
1.92 73. 85 42.2
1.75
41.1
2. 38 79. 35 40.9
1.94 73.33
1.86 97. 82
41.9
1.75
1.94 74. 03
1.84 96. 70
40.8
2.37 79.15
40.8
42.3
1. 75
1.94 73. 39 41.7
41.1
40.3
1.76
1.86 97.41
2.37 78.18
2.34 75.46
39.1
1.93 68. 34 39.5
1.73
1.87 94. 54 40.4
Pottery and related Concrete, gypsum, and
r e fr a c to r ie s
C o n c r e te p r o d u c ts
products
plaster products 2
A b r a s iv e p r o d u c ts
$2.04 $88. 62
2.14 90. 74
2.17 92.97
2.17 89.09
2.16 87.17
2.18 89.01
2.17 87.09
2.18 86. 95
2.21 87.89
2. 21 86.86
2. 23 87.78
2. 25 92. 50
2.24 95.18
2.25 95.58
2. 28 98.64
40.8
40.5
39.6
38.9
38.8
39.3
38.7
38.8
39.7
38.8
40.1
40.6
40.9
40.8
41.2
a n d
40.9
39.7
39.6
38. 5
37.6
38.1
37.5
37.7
38.1
38.6
39.5
40.7
40.8
41.1
41.2
Stone, clay, and glass products—Continued
Cut-stone and stone
products
B r ic k
E le c tr o m e ta llu r g ic a l
p r o d u c ts
p ro d
Iron and steel found
ries 2
M a lle a b le -ir o n fo u n d
G r a y -ir o n fo u n d r ie s
r ie s
u c ts
1956: Average
$102.06
40.5
104. 79 39.1
37.2
December___ 101.18
36.4
1958: Ja n u a ry ____ 100.46
February____ 98.18
35.7
36.4
March______ 100.46
A p ril.______ 100.91
36.3
M ay_______ 101.66
36.7
37.8
June________ 106.60
Ju ly ________ 111. 72 38.0
37.9
August--------- 112.18
September___ 115. 71 38.7
October___ . 114. 52 38.3
November. . . 115. 50 38.5
December___ 116. 40 38.8
See footnotes at end of table.
1957: A v e r a g e
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2.52 $102.47
2.68 105.18
2.72 101.28
2. 76 100. 55
2. 75 98. 26
2.76 100. 55
2.78 101.00
2. 77 101. 75
2.82 106. 97
2. 94 112.10
2. 96 112. 56
2.99 116.10
2.99 114.90
3.00 115.89
3.00 116. 79
40.5
39.1
37.1
36.3
35.6
36.3
36.2
36.6
37.8
38.0
37.9
38.7
38.3
38.5
38.8
$2.53
2.69
2.73
2. 77
2.76
2. 77
2.79
2. 78
2.83
2. 95
2.97
3. 00
3. 00
3. 01
3. 01
$88.22
93.26
96.00
98.81
98.23
96.00
99. 55
97. 91
98.60
100. 65
99. 65
101.45
100. 75
103.12
103. 53
40.1 $2.20 $87.34
40.2
2.32 87. 64
40.0
2. 40 86.41
2.41 82.31
41.0
41.1
2.39 82.76
40.0
2. 40 82. 54
2.44 81.52
40.8
2. 46 82. 67
39.8
39.6
2. 49 85.10
40.1
2.51 86.16
2. 51 86. 25
39.7
40. 1 2. 53 88. 77
40.3
2.50 87. 93
2. 54 91.87
40.6
2. 55 94.56
40.6
41.2
39.3
37.9
36.1
36.3
36.2
35.6
36.1
37.0
37.3
37.5
38.1
37.9
38.6
39.4
$2.12 $83.84
2.23 84.15
2. 28 83. 55
2.28 78. 72
2.28 78.94
2.28 79.39
2.29 78.62
2. 29 80. 86
2. 30 83.03
2. 31 84. 22
2. 30 84.15
2. 33 87. 25
2.32 85. 88
2.38 90. 48
2. 40 92.28
40.7
38.6
37.3
35.3
35.4
35.6
35.1
36.1
36.9
37.1
37.4
38.1
38.0
38.5
39.1
$2.06 $83.84
2.18 84.63
2.24 86.24
2.23 81.09
2. 23 84. 45
2.23 83.17
2.24 80. 33
2. 24 81.45
2.25 86.41
2. 27 84.83
2.25 86. 03
2. 29 88.94
2.26 85. 33
2. 35 91.03
2. 36 96. 87
40.5
39.0
38.5
36.2
37.7
36.8
35.7
36.2
37.9
37.7
37.9
38.5
37.1
38.9
40.7
$2.07
2.17
2.24
2. 24
2.24
2.26
2. 25
2.25
2.28
2. 25
2. 27
2. 31
2.30
2.34
2. 38
334
T able C - l.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
brly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Con.
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
brly.
earn
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
Durable goods—Continued
Primary metal industries—Continued
S te e l fo u n d r ie s
1956: Average_____ $95.63
1957: Average.......... 95.65
December....... 93. 21
1958: January_____ 91.20
February____ 90.38
M arch............. 89.28
April............... 88.08
M a y ,. ______ 87.00
June.............
88.81
July— ....... — 91.50
August______ 91.74
September___ 92.61
October_____ 94.35
November___ 95.73
98. 50
December___
42.5
40.7
39.0
38.0
37.5
37.2
36.7
36.1
36.7
37.5
37.6
37.8
38.2
38.6
39.4
$2.25
2.35
2.39
2.40
2.41
2.40
2.40
2.41
2.42
2.44
2.44
2.45
2.47
2.48
2.50
R o llin g , d r a w in g ,
a n d
a llo y in g
$95.18
94. 54
96.64
90.34
91.44
92.16
90.82
91.54
98.17
99.88
101. 52
102. 59
104.42
107.95
108.89
42.3
40.4
40.1
37.8
38.1
38.4
38.0
38.3
40.4
40.6
41.1
41.2
41.6
42.5
42.7
$91.46
95.82
97. 53
97.04
98.09
97.69
97.04
96.96
96. 96
98. 55
99. 54
101. 05
102. 36
104.04
105.16
a n d
$2.25
2.34
2.41
2.39
2.40
2.40
2.39
2.39
2.43
2. 46
2.47
2. 49
2.51
2. 54
2. 55
h ea vy-
r iv e te d p i p e
1956: Average_____
1957: Average_____
December___
1958: January_____
February____
M arch______
April_______
M a y ________
June________
July..... ...........
August______
September___
October____
November___
December___
$94.48
99.05
96.89
97.66
96.90
95.74
99.96
97.66
102.83
107. 74
112.34
105.18
110.00
108.78
107.29
40.9
40.1
38.6
38.6
38.0
37.4
39.2
38.0
39.4
40.2
41.3
39.1
40.0
39.7
39.3
H a rd w a re
s m e ltin g
r e fin in g
$2.22 $88.81
2.36 89. 91
2.42 90.05
2.42 88.70
2.44 89.15
2.43 88.98
2.42 88.31
2.43 87.42
2.43 89.10
2.47 90. 46
2.52 89. 24
2.52 91.01
2. 54 91. 54
2. 55 94.89
2.54 96.05
a n d
$90. 90
96.00
98.06
97.32
100. 80
102.62
102. 47
103.68
106.04
101. 26
107.20
108. 27
110.97
112.19
110.84
40.4
40.0
39.7
39.4
40.0
40.4
40.5
40.5
41.1
39.4
40.0
40.1
41.1
41.4
40.9
$2.25 $88.94
2.40 91.20
2.47 90. 48
2.47 90.25
2.52 89.24
2.64 89.71
2.53 88.86
2.56 90.87
2.58 93.60
2. 57 91.96
2.68 93.60
2.70 95.18
2.70 94.87
2.71 96. 63
2.71 98.71
r e fin in g
o f
a lu m in u m
z in c
41.5
40.5
40.2
39.6
39.8
39.9
39.6
39.2
39.6
39.5
38.8
39.4
39.8
40.9
41.4
$2.14
2.22
2.24
2.24
2. 24
2.23
2.23
2. 23
2.25
2. 29
2.30
2.31
2. 30
2.32
2.32
Nonferrous foundries
a llo y in g
P r im a r y
o f c o p p er,
le a d , a n d
o f a lu m in u m
Primary metal in
dustries—Continued
W e ld e d
41.2
40.6
40.3
40.1
40.2
40.2
40.1
39.9
39.9
39.9
39.5
40.1
40.3
40.8
41.4
P r im a r y
R o llin g , d r a w in g ,
a n d
o f co p p er
1956: Average_____
1957: Average..........
December.......
1958: January_____
February____
M arch______
April...............
M a y ................
June..............
Ju ly .-..........
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
Primary smelting
and refining of
nonferrous metals 1
40.8
40.0
39.0
38.9
38.3
38.5
38.3
39.0
40.0
39.3
40.0
40.5
40.2
40.6
41.3
$2.18
2.28
2.32
2.32
2.33
2.33
2.32
2.33
2.34
2.34
2.34
2.35
2. 36
2.38
2. 39
$95.34
103.68
106.13
106.52
109. 35
109.89
109. 62
110.43
108.80
108. 78
115. 20
117.38
118. 90
117.74
119.19
40.4
40.5
40.2
40.5
40.5
40.7
40.6
40.6
40.0
39.7
40.0
40.9
41.0
40.6
41.1
$2.36 $85.04
2.56 87.53
2.64 89.57
2.63 86.40
2. 70 85.24
2. 70 85.24
2. 70 87.60
2. 72 85. 72
2.72 86.37
2.74 88. 44
2.88 89.73
2.87 90.72
2.90 93.15
2.90 93.34
2. 90 94. 66
Miscellaneous pri
mary metal
industries 1
$100.14
100.85
99. 31
98. 30
96.77
96.90
96.14
97.02
101.14
102.83
104.15
106.13
106.93
109. 48
111. 38
41.9
40.5
39.1
38.7
38.1
38.0
37.7
37.9
39.2
39.4
39.6
39.9
39.9
40.4
41.1
Secondary smelting
and refining of
nonferrous metals
Iro n
a n d
$2.39 $105.42
2.49 105.97
2.54 101. 52
2.54 100.47
2.54 98.89
2. 55 99.53
2.55 97.94
2.56 98.58
2.58 101.46
2.61 103.60
2.63 101.57
2.66 104.34
2.68 104. 83
2.71 108. 42
2.71 112.44
42.1
40.9
40.9
40.0
39.1
39.1
40.0
39.5
39.8
40.2
40.6
40.5
41.4
41.3
41.7
$2.02
2.14
2.19
2.16
2.18
2.18
2.19
2.17
2.17
2.20
2.21
2.24
2.25
2.26
2.27
s te e l fo r g in g s
42.0
40.6
38.6
38.2
37.6
37.7
37.1
37.2
38.0
38.8
37.9
38.5
38.4
39.0
40.3
$2. 51
2.61
2.63
2.63
2.63
2.64
2.64
2. 65
2.67
2.67
2.68
2. 71
2.73
2. 78
2.79
Rolling, drawing, and
alloying of nonferrous
metals 3
$93.38
95.51
96.96
93. 65
95.80
96.68
95.80
96.43
101.09
99. 75
103.02
104.60
106.30
108. 52
108. 94
W ir e
$96.83
96.63
97.76
96.04
94.82
93.84
91.26
94.33
99.45
99.25
102. 72
105.88
105. 52
107. 90
110. 66
41.5
40.3
39.9
38.7
39.1
39.3
39.1
39.2
40.6
39.9
40.4
40.7
41.2
41.9
41.9
$2.25
2.37
2.43
2.42
2.45
2.46
2.45
2.46
2.49
2.50
2.55
2.57
2. 58
2.59
2.60
d r a w in g
42.1
40.6
39.9
39.2
38.7
38.3
37.4
38.5
40.1
39.7
40.6
41.2
40.9
41.5
42.4
$2.30
2.38
2.45
2.45
2.45
2.45
2.44
2.45
2.48
2. 50
2.53
2.57
2.58
2.60
2.61
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)
Total: Fabricated
metal products
$2.31 $85.28
2.47 88.94
2. 51 89.24
2.53 87. 25
2. 55 86.36
2.56 87.42
2.55 87.14
2.57 88. 65
2. 61 90.80
2.68 91.20
2. 72 92. 52
2.69 93.89
2.75 93.02
2.74 94. 66
2.73 95.76
41.2
40.8
40.2
39.3
38.9
39.2
38.9
39.4
40.0
40.0
40.4
41.0
40.8
40.8
41.1
$2.07
2.18
2.22
2.22
2.22
2.23
2.24
2.25
2.27
2.28
2.29
2.29
2. 28
2.32
2. 33
Heating apparatus
(except electric) and
plumbers’ supplies 3
Tin cans and other
tinware
$92.20
96.88
101.19
96.23
98.42
100.36
98. 74
102.59
106.68
107. 68
110.16
107. 78
106.55
108. 52
107.49
42.1
41.4
41.3
39.6
40.5
41.3
40.3
41.2
42.5
42.9
43.2
42.6
41.3
41.9
41. 5
Cutlery, handtools,
and hardware 1
$2.19 $81.60
2.34 85.65
2.45 83.92
2.43 82. 99
2.43 82.56
2.43 82.94
2. 45 81.53
2.49 83. 21
2.51 85.67
2.51 84. 46
2. 55 86.80
2.53 86.18
2.58 87.99
2. 59 92.77
2. 59 96.48
O il
S a n ita r y
w a re a n d
p lu m b e r s ’ s u p p lie s
40.8
40.4
39.4
38.6
38.4
38.4
38.1
38.7
39.3
39.1
40.0
39.9
41.7
41.6
42. 5
b u rn e rs,
$2.00 $72.62
2.12 74.77
2.13 76.00
2.15 73.53
2.15 72. 58
2.16 74.11
2.14 75.26
2.15 75.85
2.18 75.46
2.16 75. 83
2.17 75.05
2.16 76.78
2.11 78. 78
2. 23 79.77
2.27 79.58
a n d
e d g e to o ls
40.8
40.2
40.0
38.7
38.0
38.6
39.2
39.1
39.1
39.7
39.5
40.2
40.4
40.7
40.6
H a n d to o ls
$1.78 $82.82
1.86 83.37
1.90 85.81
1.90 82.82
1.91 82.51
1.92 82.99
1.92 82.94
1.94 81.38
1.93 83.71
1.91 83.76
1.90 84.70
1.91 87.25
1.95 88. 31
1.96 89.38
1.96 89. 65
41.0
39.7
40.1
38.7
38.2
38.6
38.4
37.5
38.4
38.6
38.5
39.3
39.6
39.9
40.2
$ 2 .0 2
2 .1 0
2.14
2.14
2.16
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.17
2.20
2.22
2.23
2.24
2.23
n o n e le c
tr ic h e a tin g a n d
in g
C u tle r y
cook
a p p a r a tu s , n o t
Fabricated structural
metal products 8
S t r u c tu r a l s te e l a n d
o r n a m e n ta l m e ta lw o r k
e ls e w h e r e c la s s ifie d
1956: Average
$83.44
1957: Average_____ 89.13
December___
85.02
1958: January_____ 85.31
February____ 85.31
M arch______
85.03
April_______
82. 56
M a y ------------ 85.80
June________ 88.93
July------------- 86. 80
August______ 90. 98
September___ 88.40
October_____ 90. 93
November___ 97.98
December... . 104.04
40.7
40.7
39.0
38.6
38.6
38.3
37.7
39.0
39.7
39.1
40.8
40.0
43.3
42.6
43.9
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2.05 $79.99
2.19 83.95
2.18 86. 55
2.21 86.07
2.21 84.97
2.22 85.41
2.19 85.14
2.20 84.75
2.24 87.07
2. 22 86.19
2. 23 88. 58
2. 21 92.03
2.10 92.70
2.30 90.50
2.37 90.50
39.6
39.6
39.7
39.3
38.8
39.0
38.7
38.7
39.4
39.0
39.9
40.9
41.2
40.4
40.4
$2.02 $82. 68
2.12 86.41
2.18 90.06
2.19 90.39
2.19 89.24
2.19 87.94
2.20 86.94
2.19 86.79
2. 21 91.48
2. 21 88. 85
2.22 90.62
2.25 94.24
2.25 92. 97
2.24 94.30
2.24 96.17
39.0
39.1
39.5
39.3
38.8
38.4
37.8
37.9
39.6
38.8
39.4
40.1
39.9
40.3
41.1
$2.12 $79.00
2.21 82. 58
2.28 84. 77
2.30 84.10
2.30 82.64
2.29 84.10
2.30 84. 07
2. 29 83. 85
2.31 84.89
2.29 84.85
2.30 87. 42
2. 35 91.27
2. 33 92.80
2.34 88.88
2.34 88.22
39.9
39.7
39.8
39.3
38.8
39.3
39.1
39.0
39.3
39.1
40.1
41.3
41.8
40.4
40.1
$1.98 $87.57
2.08 92. 99
2.13 93.71
2.14 91.71
2.13 89.83
2.14 91.08
2.15 90.46
2.15 91.54
2.16 93.56
2.17 94.94
2.18 96. 52
2.21 96.46
2.22 95.11
2.20 94.80
2.20 95.20
41.5
41.7
41.1
40.4
39.4
39.6
39.5
39.8
40.5
40.4
40.9
40.7
40.3
40.0
40.0
$2.11 $87.57
2. 23 94.73
2.28 94.35
2.27 92.11
2.28 89.38
2.30 91.31
2. 29 90.91
2.30 93.09
2.31 94.02
2. 35 95. 88
2.36 97.23
2. 37 96.05
2.36 94. 56
2. 37 93.46
2.38 92.75
41.5
42.1
41.2
40.4
39.2
39.7
39.7
40.3
40.7
40.8
41.2
40.7
39.9
39.6
39.3
$ 2 .1 1
2.25
2.29
2.28
2.28
2.30
2.29
2.31
2.31
2. 35
2.36
2.36
2.37
2.36
2.36
335
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C -l.
Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn^ hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
M anufacturing—0 on tinued
Year and month
Durable goods—Continued
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)—Continued
M etal doors, sash,
frames, molding
and trim
1956: Average_____ $84.85
1957: Average-------- 89.79
December----- 91.02
1958: January_____ 87.38
February____ 86.58
March______
86.36
April________ 84.86
M ay....... ........ 87.52
Ju n e________ 88.75
Ju ly ------------- 90. 68
August............ 91.30
S ep tem b er.,.. 91. 71
91.13
October_____
November___ 92.11
December....... 92.06
40.6
41.0
41.0
39.9
39.0
38.9
38.4
39.6
39.8
40.3
40.4
40.4
40.5
40.4
40.2
$2.09 $87.98
2.19 92. 77
2.22 93.25
2.19 93.43
2.22 91.94
2.22 92.97
2.21 92.73
2.21 90.17
2.23 94.71
2.25 94. 96
2.26 95.92
2.27 97.04
2.25 97. 53
2.28 97.44
2.29 98.33
Lighting fixtures
1956: Average......... $76.40
1957: Average........... 79.80
78.16
December___
1958: January-------- 76.94
February____ 75. 75
74. 77
M arch______
April----- ------ 75.75
M ay________ 78.13
80.57
June..............
July------------- 81.97
August______ 81.81
September___ 83.84
O ctober......... 81.40
November___ 85.48
85.70
December___
40.0
39.7
38.5
37.9
37.5
37.2
37.5
38.3
39.3
39.6
40.3
40.7
40.7
40.9
41.2
Boiler-shop products
41.5
41.6
40.9
40.8
39.8
39.9
39.8
38.7
40.3
39.9
39.8
40.1
40.3
40.1
40.3
$2.12
2.23
2.28
2.29
2.31
2.33
2.33
2.33
2.35
2.38
2.41
2.42
2. 42
2.43
2.44
Fabricated wire
products
$1.91 $80.75
2.01 82.21
2.03 82.59
2.03 81.33
2.02 79.90
2.01 80.29
2.02 80.26
2.04 81.30
2.05 82. 92
2.07 82. 89
2.03 82.92
2.06 87.10
2. 00 86.48
2.09 86.58
2.08 90.47
41.2
40.1
39.9
39.1
38.6
38.6
38.4
38.9
39.3
39.1
39.3
40.7
40.6
39.9
41.5
Metal stamping,
coating, and en
graving >
Sheet-metal work
$90.52
93.56
95. 76
93.96
92.80
91.64
92.43
95.24
97.47
96. 32
101.70
101.22
99.12
96.48
100.60
42.3
41.4
41.1
40.5
40.0
39.5
39.5
40.7
41.3
40.3
42.2
42.0
41.3
40.2
41.4
$2.14 $87.76
2.26 90.13
2.33 89.33
2.32 87.08
2.32 87.46
2.32 89.89
2.34 90.68
2.34 92.40
2.36 93.03
2. 39 93.26
2.41 92.10
2. 41 95.40
2.40 91.25
2.40 96.70
2.43 98.71
Miscellaneous fab
ricated metal
products J
$1.96 $86.09
2.05 89.01
2.07 87.45
2.08 85.28
2.07 84. 41
2.08 83.71
2.09 81.75
2.09 83.22
2.11 85.97
2.12 87.86
2.11 90.68
2.14 93.98
2.13 93. 71
2.17 94.62
2.18 95.53
42.2
41.4
40.3
39.3
38.9
38.4
37.5
38.0
38.9
39.4
40.3
41.4
41.1
41.5
41.9
Fabricated metal
products
(except
ordnance, machin
ery & transportation
equipment) —Con.
$2.04
2.15
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.18
2.18
2.19
2.21
2.23
2.25
2.27
2.28
2.28
2.28
p r o d u c ts
39.2
39.6
38.5
36.0
37.1
40.4
36.0
38.5
39.5
42.2
39.3
42.0
42.5
43.1
41.9
$2.13 $66.64
2.22 70.49
2.25 70.07
2.25 66.60
2.26 68.26
2.27 74.34
2.29 66.60
2.31 72.00
2.32 74.66
2.32 79.76
2.32 73.49
2.31 81.06
2.27 82.03
2.37 82. 75
2.39 80.03
a n d
$97.36
98.64
91.85
93.84
98.06
95.45
99.54
101.59
104.66
107.61
110. 25
115. 02
99.84
103.17
100.73
42.7
41.1
37.8
38.3
39.7
38.8
40.3
40.8
42.2
42.2
42.9
43.9
39.0
40.3
39.5
42.6
41.7
40.7
39.0
38.5
38.2
37.8
37.8
38.5
39.3
40.2
40.9
41.2
41.3
42.1
B o lts ,
Total: Machinery
(except electrical)
$2.01 $93. 26
2.11 94.30
2.13 94.30
2.12 92.90
2.11 92.12
2.12 93.22
2.11 92.75
2.11 93.38
2.13 94. 25
2.14 93. 77
2.15 93. 77
2.16 95. 60
2.18 94.41
2.18 96.96
2.18 99.06
42.2
41.0
40.3
39.7
39.2
39.5
39.3
39.4
39.6
39.4
39.4
40.0
39.5
39.9
40.6
$90.27
93.22
96.14
96.53
92.25
94.24
98. 21
102.97
100.44
103. 53
98.36
96. 75
98. 89
90.21
98. 30
40.3
39.5
39.4
39.4
37.5
38.0
39.6
40.7
39.7
40.6
39.5
38.7
39.4
35.1
38.4
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2.21
2.30
2.34
2.34
2.35
2.36
2.36
2. 37
2.38
2. 38
2.38
2. 39
2.39
2.43
2.44
m a
c h in e r y (e x c e p t tr a c
to r s )
1956: Average...........
1957: Average-------December.......
1958: January_____
February____
M arch______
April...............
M ay________
Ju n e ...............
July.................
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December.......
$2.21
2.30
2.34
2.33
2.35
2.37
2.40
2.43
2.48
2. 43
2.42
2.40
2.37
2.49
2.52
n u ts ,
r iv e ts
41.0
40.6
38.7
38.2
38.0
37.1
37.7
36.9
38.4
38.2
38.3
38.7
39.7
40.1
40.8
$2.28 $90.61
2.40 95.41
2.43 91.72
2. 45 90.15
2.47 89.68
2.46 87.93
2.47 88. 60
2.49 86.72
2.48 91.01
2. 55 91.30
2.57 91.54
2.62 92.49
2. 56 96.47
2.56 97.04
2.55 101.18
$2.21 $88. 41
2.35 91.08
2.37 89.47
2.36 87.91
2.36 84. 64
2.37 83. 25
2.35 78.59
2.35 81.54
2.37 84.98
2. 39 86. 79
2.39 91.64
2. 39 97. 76
2.43 97.94
2.42 99.30
2.48 100. 25
42.3
41.4
40.3
39.6
38.3
37.5
35.4
36.4
37.6
37.9
39.5
41.6
41.5
41.9
42.3
$2.09
2.20
2.22
2.22
2.21
2.22
2.22
2. 24
2. 26
2.29
2.32
2.35
2.36
2.37
2.37
Machinery (except electrical)
A g r ic u ltu r a l
T r a c to r s
41.6
40.8
39.8
38.5
38.6
39.6
40.0
40.2
40.3
40.2
39.7
41.5
39.7
40.6
41.4
w a sh e rs, a n d
S te e l s p r in g s
p a ils
Engines and
turbines >
e n g in e s ,
b in e s ,
a n d
tu r
w a te r
D ie s e l
a n d
$2.24 $82.37
2.36 89.20
2.44 92.92
2. 45 92.63
2. 46 93.03
2.48 95. 47
2.48 93.26
2. 53 93.50
2.53 94.60
2. 55 92. 27
2.49 91.87
2.50 94. 24
2.51 93. 83
2.57 87. 79
2.56 89.44
39.6
40.0
40.4
40.1
40.1
40.8
40.2
40.3
40.6
39.6
39.6
40.1
40.1
37.2
37.9
$95.45
99. 55
103.32
100.50
100. 50
102.16
100.00
99. 75
102.26
99. 57
101.12
104.49
105. 82
103.36
105.99
41.5
40.8
41.0
40.2
40.2
40.7
40.0
39.9
40.1
39.2
39.5
40.5
40.7
39.6
40.3
$2.30 $101.33
2.44 113.05
2.52 117.02
2.50 103.88
2.60 104.68
2. 51 105.06
2. 50 106.27
2.50 106. 93
2.55 109.21
2. 54 108.13
2.56 111.93
2. 58 114. 65
2. 60 116. 31
2.61 113.24
2.63 114.21
Construction and
mining m achinery1
$2.08 $92.23
2.23 92.84
2.30 91.87
2.31 90.94
2.32 89.47
2.34 89.24
2.32 89.24
2.32 89.94
2.33 90.09
2.33 91.80
2.32 93.22
2. 35 94.25
2. 34 94.09
2.36 96.00
2.36 97.85
42.5
40.9
39.6
39.2
38.4
38.3
38.3
38.6
38.5
38.9
39.5
39.6
39.7
40.0
40.6
41.7
42.5
42.4
39.2
39.5
39.2
39.8
39.9
40.3
39.9
40.7
40.8
41.1
40.3
40.5
$2.43
2.66
2.76
2.65
2.65
2.68
2.67
2.68
2.71
2. 71
2.75
2. 81
2.83
2.81
2.82
C o n s tr u c tio n a n d m in
in g
m a c h in e r y , e x c e p t
o ilfie ld
$2.17 $92.01
2.27 92.39
2.32 90.16
2.32 90.09
2.33 88.39
2.33 89.01
2.33 89.32
2.33 90.40
2.34 90. 79
2.36 93.14
2.36 92.98
2.38 94. 41
2.37 92.90
2.40 94.88
2.41 95.92
o th e r
n o t
$94.21
95.51
98.82
99.23
98.98
101.11
98.00
97.36
99.60
96. 72
97.36
101. 40
102.31
100. 47
103. 57
O ilfie ld
a n d
$2.17 $92.45
2.27 93. 75
2.30 95.18
2.31 92.90
2.32 91.26
2.33 89. 71
2.32 88.22
2.33 88.92
2.34 88.69
2. 37 89.30
2.36 93.06
2.39 94.40
2.37 96.70
2.39 98.33
2.41 102.37
e ls e
Agricultural machin
ery and tractors1
c la s s ifie d
41.5
40.3
40.5
40.5
40.4
41.1
40.0
39.9
40.0
39.0
39.1
40.4
40.6
39.4
40.3
$2.27 $86.80
2.37 91.31
2. 44 94.56
2.45 94.49
2.45 92.73
2.46 94.95
2. 45 95. 76
2.44 98.01
2.49 97.28
2.48 97. 84
2.49 95.04
2. 51 95.74
2.52 96.47
2.55 88.69
2. 57 93.97
m a c h in e r y
to o ls
m a c h in e r y
42.4
40.7
39.2
39.0
38.1
38.2
38.5
38.8
38.8
39.3
39.4
39.5
39.2
39.7
39.8
in
te r n a l-c o m b u s tio n
e n g in e s ,
w h e e ls
w h ere
1956: Average....... .
$85.63
1957: Average-------- 87.99
December....... 86.69
1958: January-------- 82.68
February____ 81.24
M arch______
80.98
April________ 79.76
M a y ......... .
79.76
June________ 82.01
July------------- 84.10
August______ 86.43
September___ 88. 34
October-------- 89.82
November___ 90.03
December___
91.78
Stamped and
pressed metal
products
$1.70 $91.94
1.78 93.84
1.82 93.13
1.85 89. 71
1.84 90. 71
1.84 93.85
1.85 96.00
1.87 97. 69
1.89 97.93
1.89 97. 69
1.87 96. 07
1.93 99.60
1.93 94.09
1.92 101.09
1.91 104.33
M e ta l s h ip p in g
b a r r e ls , d r u m s , k e g s ,
S te a m
S c re w -m a c h in e
41.2
40.6
39.7
38.7
38.7
39.6
39.6
40.0
40.1
40.2
39.7
41.3
40.2
40.8
41.3
Vitreous-enameled
products
42.8
41.3
40.5
39.7
39.0
38.6
37.7
38.0
37.9
38.0
39.6
40.0
40.8
40.8
42.3
40.0
39.7
39.9
39.7
38.8
39.4
39.9
40.5
40.2
40.1
39.6
39.4
39.7
36.2
38.2
$2.17
2.30
2.37
2.38
2.39
2. 41
2.40
2.42
2.42
2. 44
2.40
2. 43
2.43
2.45
2.46
Metalworking
machinery s
$2.16 $108.69
2.27 106. 57
2.35 101.91
2.34 99.90
2.34 101.09
2.33 103.72
2.34 104.00
2. 34 103.10
2. 34 102.05
2. 35 99.58
2.35 97.41
2.36 99.31
2. 37 99.31
2.41 102.17
2.42 105.41
45.1
42.8
40.6
39.8
39.8
40.2
40.0
39.5
39.4
38.9
38.5
39.1
39.1
39.6
40.7
$2.41
2.49
2.51
2. 51
2. 54
2.58
2.60
2.61
2.59
2.56
2.53
2. 54
2.54
2.58
2. 59
336
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1958*
T able C -l.
Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry 1—Con.
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
ho u rs
A vg.
h rly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs
A vg.
h rly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs
A vg.
h rly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs
A vg.
h rly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs
A vg.
h rly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs
A vg.
h rly .
e a rn
ings
M a n u fa c tu rin g —C o n tin u e d
Y ear a n d m o n th
D u ra b le goods—C o n tin u e d
M a c h in e ry (except e le c tr ic a l) - -C o n tin u e d
M e ta lw o r k in g
M a c h in e
to o ls
c h in e r y
c h in e
1956: A v e ra g e ,........... $106.02
1957: A v e ra g e ............ 100. 86
95. 92
D e cem b er____
93.06
1958: J a n u a r y ______
89. 77
F e b r u a r y _____
90. 92
M a r c h ........... ..
89. 49
A p ril_________
88.67
M a y _________
89.76
J u n e _________
J u ly — ............ 88. 43
88. 77
A u g u s t_______
91.06
S e p te m b e r___
91.82
O c to b e r______
N o v e m b e r____ 93.27
96.96
D e c e m b e r. --
45.7
42 2
39.8
39.1
38.2
38.2
37.6
37.1
37.4
37.0
37.3
38.1
38.1
38.7
39.9
$2.32 $97. 41
2. 39 99. 42
2. 41 98.49
2.38 95.69
2.35 95.20
2.38 95. 84
2.38 96. 61
2.39 93. 61
2.40 95.23
2. 39 97. 52
2. 38 99.58
2. 39 98.04
2.41 99.71
2.41 101.12
2.43 103.42
P a p e r -in d u s tr ie s
m a c h in e ry
m a
-
(e x c e p t m a -
M a c h in e -to o l a ccesso -
to o ls )
r ie s
43.1
41.6
40.2
38.9
38.7
38.8
38.8
37.9
38.4
38.7
38.9
38.6
39.1
39.5
40.4
$2.26
2. 39
2. 45
2. 46
2. 46
2. 47
2.49
2. 47
2.48
2. 52
2. 56
2. 54
2. 55
2. 56
2. 56
P r in tin g -tr a d e s
c h in e r y
a n d
m a e q u ip
$115.12
112.67
106. 30
105. 56
109. 06
112. 74
113. 30
113.58
110. 70
106. 00
101. 40
103. 88
103.22
106. 67
110.42
45.5
43.5
41.2
40.6
41.0
41.6
41.5
41.3
40.7
40.0
39.0
39.8
39.7
40.1
41.2
S p ecial-in d u stry m ach in ery
(except
m e ta lw o rk in g m ac h in e r y ) 8
$2.53 $89. 88
2. 59 90.06
2. 58 89. 98
2.60 88.62
2. 66 87. 52
2. 71 87.69
2.73 87. 25
2.75 87.64
2.72 88.26
2. 65 88. 65
2.60 89. 72
2.61 91.25
2. 60 91.25
2.66 92.75
2.68 94. 53
G en eral in d u s tria l
m a c h in e ry 1
42.8
41.5
40.9
40.1
39.6
39.5
39.3
39.3
39.4
39.4
39.7
40.2
40.2
40.5
41.1
P u m p s , a ir a n d
F o o d -p r o d u c ts
$2.10 $89.67
2.17 91.02
2.20 91.76
2. 21 91.03
2. 21 91.03
2.22 91.88
2.22 91.48
2.23 91.25
2.24 93.38
2.25 94. 48
2. 26 96.00
2.27 94.89
2.27 95.06
2.29 94.13
2.30 95.47
gas
c o m p re sso rs
m a c h in -
T e x tile
m a c h in e r y
e ry
41.9
41.0
40.6
40.1
40.1
40.3
40.3
40.2
40.6
40.9
41.2
40.9
40.8
40.4
40.8
C o n veyo rs a n d
in g
$2.14 $76. 59
2. 22 77. 55
2.26 78.14
2. 27 76. 61
2.27 75.26
2.28 73. 92
2.27 72. 96
2.27 72. 94
2.30 74.28
2. 31 74.48
2. 33 76. 83
2.32 78.80
2.33 79. 00
2.33 79.79
2. 34 82.61
co n vey-
e q u ip m e n t
B lo w e r s ,
41.4
40.6
40.7
39.9
39.2
38.5
38.0
37. 6
37.9
38 0
39 0
40.0
40.1
40.3
41.1
$1.85'
1. 91
1.92
1.92
1. 92
1.92
1.92
1.94
1.96
1. 96
1.97
1.97
1. 97
1.982.01
e x h a u st
a n d
v e n tila tin g fa n s
m e n t
1956: A v erag e______ $97. 65
96.78
1957: A v e ra g e ............
96.14
D e c e m b e r____
1958: J a n u a r y ............ 90.03
87.20
F e b r u a r y _____
M a rc h _______
87.16
86. 24
A p ril_________
89.20
M a y _____ . . .
88.31
J u n e _________
88.88
J u l y --------------89.10
A u g u s t_______
89. 72
S e p te m b e r___
91.14
O c to b e r______
94.07
N o v e m b e r___
96. 51
D e c e m b e r____
46.5
44.6
.43.5
41.3
40.0
39.8
39.2
40.0
39.6
39.5
39.6
39.7
39.8
40.9
41.6
$2.10 $102. 70
2.17 99.90
2. 21 98. 57
2.18 98.90
2.18 97.28
2.19 99.95
2. 20 98. 49
2. 23 97. 69
2.23 97. 69
2. 25 96.62
2. 25 95. 06
2. 26 99. 54
2.29 97. 51
2.30 100. 94
2.32 102.92
I n d u s tr ia l tr u c k s ,
tr a c to r s , e tc .
43.7
41.8
40.9
40.7
40.2
41.3
40.7
40.2
40.2
39.6
38.8
40.3
39.8
40.7
41.5
M e c h a n ic a l
$2. 35 $92. 65
2.39 92. 89
2. 41 94.19
2. 43 91.48
2. 42 89.86
2. 42 90. 32
2. 42 90. 32
2. 43 90.94
2.43 92. 90
2.44 91. 96
2. 45 93. 22
2. 47 94. 33
2.45 95.12
2.48 96. 24
2.48 98.09
p o w e r-
tr a n s m is s io n
e q u ip -
m e n t
1956: A v e ra g e ............ $90.49
89. 78
1957: A v erag e______
D e c e m b e r____
90. 23
1958: J a n u a r y ______
89. 77
F e b r u a r y _____ 88. 86
M a rc h ________ 89. 32
A p r i l ________
90. 48
M a y _________
91.34
91. 57
J u n e _________
J u l y --------------93. 62
A u g u st..............
97. 75
S e p te m b e r___ 100.28
O c to b e r______
94. 71
95.59
N o v e m b e r___
D e c e m b e r ...
97.76
41.7
39.9
39.4
39.2
38.3
38.5
39.0
39.2
39.3
39.5
40.9
41.1
39.3
39.5
39.9
$2.17 $95.02
2. 25 94. 53
2. 29 93.60
2. 29 92. 20
2.32 90.24
2.32 91.26
2.32 89. 94
2.33 90.17
2.33 91.18
2. 37 91.03
2.39 91.80
2. 44 93. 30
2.41 96. 40
2. 42 99.31
2.45 100. 94
S erv ic e -in d u stry a n d
ho u seh o ld m a c h in e s 1
42.5
41.1
40.6
39.6
38.9
39.1
39.1
39.2
39.7
39.3
39.5
39.8
39.8
40.1
40.7
M e c h a n ic a l
a n d
$2. 22 $90. 71
2.30 94.16
2. 34 96. 82
2. 34 93.20
2.35 90.09
2.34 90. 55
2. 33 91.41
2.33 88.47
2.35 91.03
2. 34 91.87
2. 36 91.03
2.38 94. 83
2.41 94.37
2. 44 93.03
2.45 98.33
D o m e s tic la u n d r y
e q u ip m e n t
See f o o tn o te s
$86. 24
87.30
87.58
89. 50
86.78
89.04
85.88
89.21
90. 74
91.31
91.31
94.89
87.25
95.34
97.17
40.3
39.5
39.1
39.6
38.4
39.4
38.0
39.3
39.8
39.7
39.7
40.9
38.1
40.4
41.0
a t e n d of ta b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2.14 $89. 54
2. 21 88. 53
2.24 83.68
2. 26 88. 78
2. 26 89.62
2. 26 89.31
2. 26 85. 88
2. 27 91.39
2.28 94.25
2.30 96.16
2. 30 98.23
2. 32 111. 60
2.29 101.40
2.36 97.93
2.37 97.04
40.7
39.0
36.7
38.6
38.3
39.0
36.7
38.4
39.6
39.9
41.8
45.0
41.9
40.3
40.1
42.4
41.0
40.1
39.1
38.8
39.0
39.2
39.4
40.0
39.1
39.4
39.7
39.6
39.8
40.7
$2.13 $97. 61
2. 20 98. 59
2.24 100.12
2.24 95.04
2. 24 93. 21
2.24 92. 49
2.26 92. 49
2. 25 93.12
2.28 94.95
2.29 92.69
2.29 93.94
2.30 93.94
2. 32 93.21
2.33 94. 57
2.34 94.82
Office a n d sto re m ach in es a n d d evices 2
41.8
41.3
41.2
40.0
39.0
39.2
39.4
38.3
38.9
39.6
38.9
40.7
40.5
40.1
42.2
d r y -c le a n in g
$2.20 $81. 34
2.27 83.84
2.28 85.06
2.30 82. 59
2. 34 79.07
2. 29 80.39
2.34 79.55
2.38 79.59
2.38 86.22
2. 41 81.37
2.35 86.33
2.48 84.89
2. 42 87.95
2. 43 90.52
2.42 92.66
43.0
41.6
41.2
39.6
39.0
38.7
38.7
38.8
39.4
38.3
38.5
38.5
38.2
38.6
38.7
C o m p u tin g
a n d
$2.27 $86.53
2.37 87. 48
2. 43 89. 79
2.40 86. 85
2. 39 85. 75
2.39 86.24
2. 39 86.07
2. 40 88. 03
2.41 89.91
2. 42 89. 87
2. 44 90. 68
2.44 92. 57
2. 44 92.97
2.45 92. 75
2.45 93.15
41.8
40.5
41.0
39.3
38.8
39.2
39.3
39.3
40.5
40.3
40.3
40.6
40.6
40.5
40.5
$2.07
2.16
2 .1 2
2. 21
2. 21
2. 20
2 .1 2
2. 24
2.22
2.23.
2.25
2.28
2 .291
2.29
2 .3 2
m a c h in e s
c a s h r e g is te r s
T y p e w r ite r s
3
oven s
$2.17 $90. 23
2.28 90.23
2.35 92.34
2. 33 89.78
2.31 90.87
2.31 91. 73
2. 32 91.80
2.31
91.18
2.34 93. 37
2. 32 93.60
2.34 93.46
2. 33 95. 34
2.33 95.27
2. 32 96.56
2.33 96.48
41.2
40.1
39.8
38.7
39.0
39.2
39.4
39.3
39.9
40.0
39.6
40.4
40.2
40.4
40.2
$2.19
2.25
2. 32
2.32
2.33
2.34
2. 33
2.32
2.34
2. 34
2.36
2. 36
2. 37
2.39
2.40
C o m m e r c ia l la u n d r y ,
p r e s s in g
1956: A v erag e______
1957: A v erag e______
D e c e m b e r____
1958: J a n u a r y ______
F e b r u a r y _____
M a rc h _______
A p ril_________
M a y ____ . . .
J u n e _________
J u ly --------------A u g u s t ............
S e p te m b e r___
O cto b e r______
N o v e m b e r___
D e c e m b e r____
s to k e r s
in d u s tr ia l fu r -
n a c es a n d
42.8
41.1
40.0
39.4
38.4
39.0
38.6
38.7
38.8
38.9
38.9
39.2
40.0
40.7
41.2
$2.18 $90. 31
2. 26 90. 20
2.32 89.82
2. 31 87. 58
2.31 86.91
2.31 87.36
2. 31 88. 59
2.32 88.65
2.34 91.20
2. 34 89.54
2.36 90.23
2. 37 91.31
2. 39 91.87
2.40 92.73
2.41 95.24
a n d
$96.05
98.01
100.10
99.20
101.15
102.31
100. 90
100.00
102. 21
104.14
103. 42
104. 34
104. 90
106.63
106. 92
41.4
40.5
40.2
40.0
40.3
40.6
40.2
40.0
40.4
41.0
40.4
40.6
40.5
40.7
40.5
R e fr ig e r a to r s a n d
S e w in g
m a c h in e s
c o n d itio n in g
$2.32 $82.60
2. 42 76.64
2. 49 79.20
2.48 70.56
2. 51 67. 82
2.52 70. 40
2. 51 73.09
2.50 74.84
2.53 79.60
2. 54 77. 42
2.56 77. 40
2. 57 81.41
2. 59 82. 01
2.62 83.63
2. 64 81.39
a h -
u n its
41.3
39.3
39.8
36.0
34.6
36.1
37.1
37.8
39.6
39.1
38.7
40.5
40.2
40.4
39.7
$2.00s
1.95
1.99
1.96
1.96
1.95
1.97
1.98
2.01
1.98
2.00
2. 01
2.04
2.07
2.05
M iscellan eo u s m ac h in e ry p a r t s 2
m a c h in e s
41.5
41.3
40.7
39.9
38.2
38.1
37.7
37.9
40.1
38.2
39.6
39.3
41.1
42.3
42.7
$1.96 $88.97
2.03 89.20
2.09 93.20
2. 07 88.88
2.07 89.27
2.11 89. 72
2.11 88.59
2.10 86.03
2.15 87.24
2. 31 87. 01
2.18 87.85
2.16 87.14
2.14 86.91
2.14 89. 67
2.17 93.48
41.0
40.0
40.7
39.5
39.5
39.7
39.2
37.9
38.6
38.5
38.7
38.9
38.8
39.5
41.0
$2.17 $86.22
2.23 87.64
2. 29 88.82
2. 25 91. 60
2. 26 87.17
2. 26 90. 52
2. 26 86. 26
2. 27 90. 74
2.26 91.20
2.26 91. 77
2. 27 91.64
2.24 93. 32
2.24 82. 40
2.27 96.39
2.28 99. 53
40.1
39.3
39.3
40.0
38.4
39.7
38.0
39.8
40.0
39.9
39.5
40.4
36.3
40.5
41.3
$2.15 $89. 87
2.23 91.62
2.26 92. 75
2.29 90. 52
2. 27 90. 23
2.28 90. 85
2. 27 90. 62
2.28 91.01
2.28 92.34
2. 30 91.64
2.32 92.73
2.31 94. 47
2.27 92. 51
2.38 98.16
2. 41 98. 81
41.8
40.9
40.5
39.7
39.4
39.5
39.4
39.4
39.8
39.5
39.8
40.2
39.2
40.9
41.0
$2.15
2.24
2.29
2.28
2.29
2.30
2.30
2.31
2.32
2. 32
2. 33
2. 35
2. 36
2.40
2.41
337
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C -l.
Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
Ings
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
Ings
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
Ings
Avg.
hrly.
earnIngs
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
Ings
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
Ings
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
Ings
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
Durable goods—Continued
Machinery (except electrical)—Continued
F a b r ic a te d
tin g s , a n d
1956: Average......... .
1957: Average.........
December___
1958: January....... February.......
March........ .
April...............
M ay...............
J u n e _________
Ju ly ........ .......
A u g u s t............
September__
October_____
November__
December___
$88.99
91. 13
95.35
92. 57
90.94
90. 55
90.48
89.63
90. 39
91.87
92. 04
93.30
94. 33
95.68
96.72
C a rb o n
a n d
$84. 46
84.80
82. 47
83.50
82.60
82. 35
82.60
84.20
85.63
85. 41
86. 29
86.11
88. 40
89.06
90. 72
g r a p h ite
41.2
40.0
38.9
39.2
38.6
38.3
38.6
38.8
39.1
39.0
39.4
39.5
40.0
40.3
40.5
$80. 60
83.10
84.63
83.60
84.42
83. 44
81.81
82. 28
82. 40
83.00
84. 37
87.12
88 22
92.06
88.13
39.9
39.2
39.0
38.0
38.2
38.1
37.7
37.4
37.8
37.9
38.7
39.6
40.1
41.1
39.7
41.4
39.8
38.8
38.6
38.5
38.5
38.2
38.1
38.8
37.7
38.2
39.7
37.5
42.2
41.7
E le c tr ic a l
tu b e s
$67.25
70.23
71. 24
71.61
71.43
71.06
72. 96
72. 94
74. 86
72. 77
74. 30
76. 81
76. 82
77.81
77.03
$2. 05 $80.16
2.12 81.61
2.12 81.58
2.13 80.96
2.14 81.12
2.15 82.32
2.14 82. 08
2.17 83.28
2.19 85. 57
2.19 85. 75
2.19 83.13
2. 18 87. 08
2.21 85. 57
2.21 88.75
2. 24 90.49
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2.15 $90.31
2. 24 92.96
2.27 93.02
2.27 91.03
2.28 90.74
2.29 91.60
2.29 92.23
2.30 92.86
2. 30 94. 54
2.29 93.03
2.31 94. 54
2. 34 95.65
2.31 93.38
2.48 97.10
2.48 98.47
a n d
re
40.9
40.2
39.6
39.3
39.0
39.2
38.9
39. 1
39.8
39.7
39.4
40. 5
39.8
40.9
41.7
$2.02 $84. 71
2.12 85.08
2.17 83.23
2. 20 81.80
2.21 81.60
2.19 82.42
2.17 82.42
2. 20 81.80
2.18 87.36
2.19 88. 18
2.18 84. 24
2. 20 88.20
2. 20 88. 62
2.24 89.04
2.22 90.52
43.0
41.5
40.8
39.9
40.0
40.4
40.4
40.1
41.8
42.6
40.5
42.0
42.2
42.2
42.7
a n d
e q u ip
r e p a ir )
g e n e r a to r s ,
m o to r -g e n e r a
P o w e r
tio n
41.3
40.6
40.6
39.6
39.7
39.6
39.0
39.5
39.7
39.7
40.0
40. 4
40.4
40.9
40.7
40.2
39.2
38.8
38.4
38.0
37.8
37.4
37.3
39.0
38.6
38.7
40.6
34.6
41.3
41.8
40.8
40.1
39.6
39.1
39.0
39.1
39.0
39.1
39.6
39.3
39.7
40.4
39.9
40.6
40.5
a n d
$2.20
2.30
2.33
2.29
2.32
2.33
2.33
2.33
2.33
2.31
2.32
2. 35
2. 35
2.36
2. 34
Electric lamps
$2.10 $75.07
2.19 76.62
2. 23 77. 21
2.24 78. 59
2.25 77.60
2.28 77.59
2.26 78.39
2.27 77.79
2. 29 78. 74
2.31 79. 34
2. 29 80.16
2.32 81. 35
2.22 85.01
2.40 87.74
2.38 86.88
Miscellaneous
electrical
products 3
d is tr ib u
42.2
40.6
39.7
39.5
39.6
39.9
39.7
39.8
39.7
39.8
39.5
40.3
39.8
39.8
39.9
S to r a g e
40.8 $1.92 $87.12
40.4
2.02 90.09
2.07 89. 44
40.0
39.9
2.07 88. 53
39.4
2.08 87. 48
39.6
2.09 89. 86
39.8
2.09 89. 32
39. 5 2.09 90.09
2.08 92. 40
40.0
39.9
2.11 92.17
2.09 93. 26
39.8
40.9
2.10 97. 76
40.8
2.08 94.99
2.16 104. 98
41.6
2.21 119. 04
42.6
40.8
39.7
38.8
39.1
38.8
38.6
39.0
38. 7
38.6
38.7
39.1
39.3
40.1
41.0
40.6
S w itc h g e a r ,
board,
in d u s
d e v ic e s
s u p p lie s
40.7
39.6
39.3
39.0
38.4
38.9
38.9
39.0
38.7
38.6
39.2
39.4
39.8
39.7
40.3
$1.87
1.94
1.99
1.98
1. 98
2.00
1.99
2.00
2.02
2.03
2.02
2. 02
2.06
2.04
2.06
42.0
41.2
41.0
39.8
39.8
39.7
39.4
39.4
39.8
39.6
39.7
40.0
40. 0
40.3
40.4
$2.15 $101. 68
2.26 96. 28
2.35 92.17
2.33 91. 71
2.31 88.01
2.33 86. 48
2. 32 87. 55
2. 32 88.39
2. 33 89. 47
2.33 88. 62
2.32 90. 63
2. 33 92.11
2. 36 90.29
2.36 88.08
2.35 90.29
Communication
equipm ent1
40.4
39.8
39.2
38.8
39.0
39.1
39.1
39.3
39.8
39.2
39.9
40.5
40.1
40.3
40.0
b a tte r ie s
(d ry
w e t)
39.8
40.0
39.9
39.9
39.9
39.7
39.8
39.7
40.1
40.2
39.9
40.8
41.3
41.2
40.7
R a d io s ,
44.4
41.5
39.9
39.7
38.1
37.6
37.9
38.1
38.4
38.2
40.1
40. 4
39.6
38.8
39.6
$2.29
2.32
2.31
2.31
2.31
2.30
2.31
2.32
2. 33
2. 32
2. 26
2. 28
2. 28
2. 27
2.28
p h o n o g ra p h s,
te le v is io n
s e ts ,
a n d
e q u ip m e n t
$1.88 $72. 98
1.97 75.83
2.01 76.64
2.04 77. 40
2.05 78.98
2.05 79. 39
2. 07 79. 78
2.06 79.98
2.07 81.60
2.06 80. 39
2.07 81.40
2. 08 83.64
2.08 82.01
2.09 83.03
2.11 83.41
P r im a r y
a n d
E le c tr ic a l w e ld in g
a p p a r a tu s
tr ia l c o n tr o ls
$2.13 $64. 48
2.23 68.00
2. 27 68.63
2. 27 69.03
2. 29 69.83
2.31 69. 48
2.32 70.05
2.31 70. 67
2.31 70. 98
2.31 73.16
2. 32 70. 22
2. 35 72. 22
2. 30 73.10
2. 43 74. 57
2. 56 73. 26
a n d
s w itc h
a n d
$90. 30
93.11
96.35
92.73
91.94
92. 50
91.41
91.41
92. 73
92. 27
92.10
93. 20
94.40
95.11
94. 94
W ir in g
$2.10 $76.11
2.19 76.82
2.25 78. 21
2.23 77.22
2.23 76.03
2.25 77.80
2. 24 77. 41
2.25 78.00
2.26 78.17
2.26 78. 36
2. 25 79.18
2.26 79. 59
2. 27 81.99
2.29 80. 99
2.29 83.02
41.5
40.5
40.2
39.5
39.3
39.4
39.1
39.3
39.5
39.4
39.7
40.1
40.0
40.4
40.6
$1.84 $75.95
1.93 78.41
1.99 78. 79
2.01 79.15
2. 00 79. 95
2. 01 80.16
2. 01 80. 94
2.01 80.96
2. 04 82.39
2.05 80. 75
2.05 82. 59
2. 07 84.24
2.12 83.41
2.14 84.23
2.14 84.40
b a tte r ie s
40.9
40.4
39.4
39.0
38.2
38.9
38.5
39.0
40.0
39.9
40.2
41.6
41.3
43.2
46.5
Electrical generaiing, transmission,
distribution, and
industrial appara
tus 3
$1.98 $87.15
2.07 88. 70
2.11 90. 45
2.12 88. 09
2.13 87.64
2.14 88. 65
2.14 87. 58
2.14 88 43
2.15 89. 27
2.15 89. 04
2.14 89. 33
2.16 90. 63
2.15 90. 80
2.19 92. 52
2.20 92.97
tr a n s fo r m e r s
$2.20 $92. 84
2.31 93.38
2.38 92.50
2.35 90. 46
2.37 91.87
2.37 92. 97
2. 36 92.50
2.38 92.73
2. 39 92.50
2.40 91. 94
2. 40 91.64
2. 42 94. 71
2.41 93. 53
2. 47 93.93
2.46 93.37
Electrical equipment
for vehicles
42.9 $2.22 $78. 34
41.4
2.28 81.61
40.5
2.29 82.80
39.6
2.33 82. 59
39.5
2. 33 81.95
39.4
2. 33 82. 76
39.4
2.35 83.18
39.5
2. 36 82. 56
2.35 83.20
39.6
2. 34 84.19
38.8
40.2
2. 36 83.18
40. 2 2.36 85. 89
2. 36 84. 86
40.5
40.2
2.37 89. 86
40.5
2.38 94.15
Total: Electrical
machinery
$2.14 $80. 78
2. 24 83. 01
2.28 83. 56
2.27 82. 89
2.28 83. 07
2.29 83. 67
2.30 83. 46
2.31 83.67
2.34 85.14
2.32 84. 50
2. 34 84.96
2. 35 87.26
2.37 85. 79
2.38 88.91
2. 39 89.10
to r s e ts
$1.97 $84. 42
2. 05 85. 85
2. 04 86. 52
2.05 86.02
2. 04 85.50
2.04 86.18
2.04 84. 52
2.04 84. 67
2.09 89.31
2. 07 89.17
2. 08 88. 62
2.10 94.19
2.10 76. 81
2.11 99.12
2.12 99.48
te le g r a p h ,
r e la te d
a n d
s h o p s (J o b
42.2
41.5
40.8
40.1
39.8
40.0
40.1
40.2
40.4
40.1
40.4
40.7
39.4
40.8
41.2
M o to r s ,
$1.96 $90.86
2.03 93. 79
2.06 96.63
2.06 93.06
2.08 94.09
2.10 93. 85
2.11 92.04
2.13 94.01
2.15 94. 88
2.16 95.28
2.11 96.00
2. 15 97. 77
2.15 97. 36
2.17 101.02
2.17 100.12
Insulated wire and
cable
39.1 $1.72 $95. 24
38.8
1. 81 94. 39
1.86 92. 75
38.3
1.86 92. 27
38.5
38.2
1.87 92.04
38.0
1.87 91.80
1.90 92. 59
38.4
1.88 93 22
38.8
1.90 93.06
39.4
38. 1 1.91 90. 79
38.9
1.91 94. 87
1.93 94. 87
39.8
39.6
1.94 95.58
39.7
1.96 95. 27
39.1
1.97 96.39
See footnotes at end of table.
a n d
in d ic a tin g ,
m e a s u r in g ,
m e n t
1956: Average......... .
1957: Average..........
December___
1958: January_____
February____
March______
April..............
M ay_______
June...............
July................
August...........
September__
October____
November__
December___
M a c h in e
c o r d in g in s t r u m e n ts
T e le p h o n e ,
R a d io
r o lle r
b e a r in g s
$2.16 $89.01
2.25 89.15
2.32 88.08
2.32 87. 62
2.32 87. 78
2.31 88.17
2.32 87. 48
2.31 87.63
2.30 89.24
2.32 86. 33
2. 33 88. 24
2. 35 92.90
2. 37 86. 63
2.38 104. 66
2.40 103.42
(e l e c t r i c a l )
Electrical
appliances
1956: Average_____
1957: Average_____
December___
1958: January_____
February____
March______
April_______
M ay_______
June________
July.................
August_____
September__
October_____
November__
December___
B a ll a n d
v a lv e s
41.2
40.5
41.1
39.9
39.2
39.2
39.0
38.8
39.3
39.6
39.5
39.7
39.8
40.2
40.3
p r o d u c ts
1956: Average_____
1957: Average_____
December___
1958: January.........
February........
March........... .
April_______
M ay........... ...
June...............
July................
August_____
September__
October____
November__
December___
p ip e , fit-
Electrical machinery
X -r a y
40.1
39.7
39.1
38.7
39.1
39.3
39.3
39.4
40.0
39.6
40.1
40.8
40.2
40.5
40.1
a n d
$1.82
1.91
1.96
2.00
2.02
2.02
2.03
2.03
2. 04
2. 03
2. 03
2. 05
2.04
2.05
2.08
n o n r a d io
e le c tr o n ic tu b e s
$1.62 $87. 53
1.70 89. 47
1. 72 91.76
1.73 91.71
1. 75 90. 57
1.75 91.60
1. 76 91.66
1.78 92.40
1. 77 93.32
1.82 94. 47
1.76 93. 26
1.77 94. 47
1.77 93. 93
1.81 95. 51
1.80 97.23
40.9
40.3
40.6
40.4
39.9
40.0
40.2
40.0
40.4
40.2
40.2
40.2
39.3
40.3
41.2
$2.14
2.22
2.26
2.27
2. 27
2. 29
2. 28
2. 31
2. 31
2. 35
2. 32
2.35
2. 39
2. 37
2. 36
338
T able C -l.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry 1—Con.
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
ho u rs
A vg.
h rly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
ho u rs
A vg.
h rly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
h rly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs
A vg.
h rly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs
A vg.
h rly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs
A vg.
h rly .
e a rn
ings
M a n u fa c tu rin g —C o n tin u e d
Y e a r a n d m o n th
D u ra b le goods—C o n tin u e d
T r a n s p o rta tio n e q u ip m e n t
T o ta l: T ra n sp o rta tio n e q u ip m e n t
1956: A v erag e............ $ 94.48
97.36
1957: A verage............
D e c e m b e r____
99.70
95. 45
1958: J a n u a r y ............
F e b r u a r y _____ 94.96
97.32
M a rc h ......... —
A p ril— ............. 97.07
98.85
M a y _________
99.50
J u n e ...................
. It
J u ly ....................
A u g u s t______ 102. 0C
S e p te m b e r----- 100. 98
O c to b e r---------- 102. OC
N o v e m b e r------ 106. 78
D e c e m b e r____ 111. 19
100
40.9
40.4
40.2
38.8
38.6
39.4
39.3
39.7
39.8
39.6
40.0
39.6
40. C
40.6
41.8
$ 2.31
2.41
2.48
2 . 46
2 . 46
2 . 47
2 . 47
2.49
2.50
2 . 53
2.55
2 . 55
2 . 55
2.63
2.66
M o to r vehicles a n d
e q u ip m e n t *
$ 94.
71
98. 4C
100. 65
92. 5C
92. 5C
95. 75
96. 0C
97.64
98.14
97. 3C
99.82
98. 43
100. 04
110. 7C
118.80
a n d
$ 94.89
95.65
97.53
98. 49
97.53
98.42
97.69
101.09
102.06
102. 91
104. 34
103. 57
104.49
103. 97
104.12
41.8
40.7
40.3
40.7
40.3
40.6
40.2
40.6
40.5
40.2
40.6
40.3
40.5
40.3
40.2
$ 2.27
$ 96.90
2.35
2.42
2.42
2.42
2.43
2.43
2.49
2.52
2 . 56
2 . 57
2 . 57
2 . 58
2.58
2.59
98.23
100. 65
99.00
99. 75
100.90
100. 40
100. 55
103.38
103. 79
102. 47
105. 83
100.35
106.04
106. 86
p a r ts , a n d
$ 2.35
$ 95.91
2.46
2 . 51
2 . 48
2.48
2 . 5C
2 . 5C
2 . 51
2.51
2 . 51
2 . 54
2.55
2 . 52
2 . 76
2 . 75
99.85
102.11
93.37
93.37
97.28
97. 54
98.94
99. 2C
98. 82
101.66
99. 58
101.91
113.03
121. 80
A i r c r a f t e n g in e »
A ir c r a ft
1956: A verage.............
1957: A v erag e--------D e c e m b e r____
1958: J a n u a r y ............
F e b r u a r y _____
M a r c h _______
A p ril-------------M a y _________
J u n e ........... .......
J u ly ....................
A u g u s t_______
S e p te m b e r----O c to b e r______
N o v e m b e r___
D e c e m b e r____
40.3
40. C
40.1
37.3
37.3
38.3
38.4
38. £
39.1
38.8
39.3
38.6
39.7
41. C
43.2
M o to r v e h ic le s , b o d ie s ,
40.3
40.1
40.2
37.2
37.2
38.3
38.4
38.8
38.9
38.6
39.1
38.3
39.5
41. 1
43.5
$ 2.38
$ 81.61
2.49
2 . 54
2 . 51
2 . 51
2.54
2 . 54
2 . 55
2. 55
2 . 56
2.60
2.60
2 . 58
2.75
2 . 80
84.56
86.33
86. 80
85.02
86.11
85.02
86.94
87.20
87. 6C
89. 2C
88. OS
84.92
92.46
94. 42
$ 96.93
2.39 97.76
2 . 51 101. 76
2.50 97.58
2.50 98.36
2 . 51 94. 71
2 . 61 95.99
2.62 94. 71
2.54 95.11
2 . 55 93. 77
2.53 92. 83
2 . 55 96. 46
2.56 95. 68
2 . 58 98. 57
2 . 60 99. 87
42.7
41.6
42.4
41.0
41.5
40.3
40.5
40.3
40.3
39.9
39.5
40.7
40.2
40.9
41.1
a n d
$ 2.27
2.35
2.40
2.38
2.37
2.35
2.37
2.35
2.36
2 . 35
2.35
2.37
2. 38
2.41
2.43
b u s
T r a ile r s
40.4
39.7
39.6
40.0
39.0
39.5
39.0
39.7
40.0
40. C
40.0
39.3
38.6
40.2
40.7
$ 2.02
2.13
2.18
2.17
2.18
2.18
2.18
2.19
2.18
2.19
2.23
2 . 24
2 . 20
2 . 30
2 . 32
e q u ip m e n t
98.01
99.78
100.67
100. 43
99.63
100. 53
100.28
100.28
102. 59
103.16
105. 84
105. 75
107.10
104. 83
107.93
42.8
42.1
41.6
41.5
41.0
41.2
41.1
41.1
41.2
41.1
42.0
41.8
42.0
41.6
43.0
$
(tr u c k
a n d
$ 82 .
59
81.35
81.09
78.17
77. 54
80.60
79.80
83. 79
87.13
85. 47
85. 28
87. 57
88. 83
84.65
87.14
39.9
39.3
38.8
37.4
37.1
38.2
38.0
39.9
41.1
40.7
41 . C
41.7
41. £
40.5
41.3
$ 2.07
$ 95.99
2.07
2.09
2.09
2.09
2.11
2.10
2.10
2.12
2.10
2.08
2.10
2.12
2 . 09
2.11
96.76
99.06
98. 66
98. 58
99.06
98. 33
100.44
102.16
102. 62
104. 04
104. 04
104.09
104.19
105.11
S h ip a n d b o a t b u ild in g a n d rep airin g »
$ 2.29
$ 89.33
2.37
2.42
2.42
2.43
2.44
2 . 44
2.44
2.49
2 . 51
2 . 52
2 . 53
2.55
2. 52
2 . 51
94.88
94. 77
94.14
91.85
96.78
95. 80
97. 51
96.78
99. 65
100. 98
100. 35
102. 68
99. 72
102.18
39.7
39.7
39.0
38.9
37.8
39.5
39.1
39.8
39.5
39.7
39.6
39.2
39.8
38.8
39.3
$ 2.25
2.39
2.43
2 . 42
2.43
2 . 45
2.45
2 . 45
2.45
2 . 51
2.55
2.66
2 . 58
2 . 57
2.60
T ra n s p o rta tio n e q u ip m e n t—C o n tin u e d
B o a tb u ild in g a n d
R ailro ad e q u ip m e n t*
L o c o m o tiv e s a n d
r e p a ir in g
1956: A v erag e............
1957: A v erag e-...........
D e cem b er____
1958: J a n u a r y ............
F e b r u a r y ____
M a rc h _______
A p ril—..............
M a y . . . .............
J u n e ...................
J u ly ....................
A u g u s t_______
S e p te m b e r___
O c to b e r______
N o v e m b e r___
D e cem b er____
$
73. 57
77.78
77,22
76.83
74.50
79.39
78.20
80. 56
78.98
76. 43
77. 79
79. 60
79. 20
78. 80
79. 00
40.2
40.3
39.2
39.2
38.4
40.3
39.9
41.1
40.5
38.6
38.7
39.8
39.6
39.6
39.7
$
56
100.80
104.67
101.92
100.10
102.96
100.81
99. 64
98.21
98. 05
97.94
97. 99
96. 75
1.99 104.18
1.99 106.08
1.83
1.93
1.97
1.96
1.94
1.97
1.96
1.96
1.95
1.98
2.01
2.00
2.00
L a b o ra to ry , seientifie, a n d engineering
in s tru m e n ts
1956: A v e ra g e ............ $ 94.95
1957: A v erag e______
97.17
D e c em b er____ 100.28
1958: J a n u a r y ______ 100.45
F e b r u a r y .........
96.56
M a rc h _______
99.05
A p ril____ ____ 102.18
M a y _________ 100.35
J u n e ................... 103.48
J u ly .................... 101. 40
A u g u s t............. 104. 70
S e p te m b e r___ 107. 74
O c to b e r______ 105. 73
N o v e m b e r___ 108. 00
D e c em b er____ 109.13
42.2
41.0
41.1
41.0
39.9
40.1
41.2
40.3
40.9
40.4
40.9
41.6
41.3
41.7
42.3
S e e f o o tn o te s a t e n d o f t a b l e ,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$ 94.
39.9
40.0
39.8
39.2
38.5
39.0
37.9
37.6
37.2
37.0
37.1
36.7
35.7
38.3
39.0
$ 2.37
2.52
2.63
2.60
2.60
2.64
2.66
2.65
2.64
2.65
2 . 64
2.67
2. 71
2.72
2 . 72
$ 99.
41
102.41
103.48
100.10
98.81
102.96
102. 44
101. 53
104.41
107.07
102. 97
104. 28
102. 27
107.05
108.93
42.3
40.8
39.8
39.1
38.3
39.6
39.4
38.9
39.7
40.1
39.3
39.5
37.6
39.5
39.9
$ 92.19
2 . 51
2.60
2 . 56
2.58
2.60
2.60
2 . 61
2.63
2 . 67
2.62
2.64
2 . 72
2.71
2.73
99.79
105.07
102.97
100. 75
103.21
99.96
99.06
94.78
93.98
95. 40
94. 69
95.12
102.65
104. 99
M ech an ical m easu rin g a n d controlling
In s tru m e n ts
O p tic al in s tru m e n ts
a n d lenses
$ 2.25
$ 83.64
$ 2.04
$ 83.03
2.37
2.44
2.45
2.42
2.47
2.48
2.49
2.53
2 . 51
2.56
2 . 59
2.56
2 . 59
2 . 58
86.27
85. 57
84.93
84.50
84.89
84.46
84.80
86.51
86. 24
86.90
88.18
87. 96
89 . 87
91.35
2.13
2.15
2.15
2.15
2.16
2.16
2.18
2.19
2.20
2 . 20
2 . 21
2.21
2. 23
2.25
85.22
84.77
82. 86
82.82
84.32
85.36
84.02
85.85
91.43
91.24
93.50
93.95
94.82
93.06
41.0
40.5
39.8
39.5
39.3
39.3
39.1
38.9
39.5
39.2
39.5
39.9
39.8
40.3
40.6
40.5
40.2
39.8
38.9
38.7
39.4
39.7
38.9
39.2
41.0
41.1
42.5
42.9
43.1
42.3
a n d
s tr e e t
cars
$ 2.35
$ 2.05
2.12
2.13
2.13
2.14
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.19
2.23
2.22
2.20
2.19
2.20
2.20
38.9
39.6
39.8
39.3
38.6
38.8
37.3
37.1
35.9
35.6
36.0
35.2
35.1
37.6
38.6
$ 2.37
2.52
2.64
2.62
2.61
2.66
2.68
2 . 67
2.64
2.64
2.65
2 . 69
2.71
2.73
2 . 72
S urgical, m ed ical,
a n d d e n ta l in stru m e n ts
$
71. 51
74.37
75.81
75.43
74.28
74.87
75. 25
75. 46
78. 78
78.00
79.39
80. 99
81.20
80.80
82. 42
42.1
41.0
40.6
40.6
40.4
40.6
40.3
40.5
40.7
40.4
40.8
40.8
40.5
40.7
40.9
S h ip b u ild in g
$ 2.28
2.36
2.44
2.43
2.44
2.44
2.44
2.48
2.51
2 . 54
2.55
2 . 55
2.57
2 . 56
2.57
a n d
r e p a ir in g
$ 92.27
97. 81
97.50
97.00
94. 75
99.43
98.67
100.19
99.43
102. 68
104.01
102. 83
106.13
102.94
105. 84
39.6
39.6
39.0
38.8
37.6
39.3
39.0
39.6
39.3
39.8
39.7
39.1
39.9
38.7
39. 2
$ 2.33
2 . 47
2.50
2.50
2.52
2.53
2.53
2.53
2.53
2.58
2.62
2 . 63
2.66
2 . 66
2.70
In s tr u m e n ts a n d
re la te d p ro d u c ts
R a ilr o a d
p a r ts
A ircraft a n d p arts*
a u to m o b ile )
O th e r a ir c r a ft p a r ts
a n d p a r ts
$ 2.28
a n d
b o d ie s
A ir c r a ft p r o p e lle r s
p a r ts
42.5
41.1
40.1
39.6
39.9
40.2
40.0
39.9
40.7
40.7
40.5
41.5
39.2
41.1
41.1
T r u c k
a c c e s s o r ie s
40.4
40.2
39.9
39.7
39.3
39.2
39.4
39.3
40.4
40.0
40.3
40.7
40.6
40.4
40.8
$
1.77
1.85
1.90
1.90
1.89
1.91
1.91
1.92
1.95
1. 95
1.97
1.99
2.00
2 . 00
2.02
O th e r tr a n s p o rta tio n
e q u ip m e n t
T o ta l: I n s tr u m e n ts
a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts
$ 77.
79.
$ 82.01
59
59
77. 46
81.12
82. 56
82.58
82. 56
81.48
82.39
78.83
83. 35
85.03
85.24
79.38
85.75
40.2
39.4
37.6
39.0
39.5
39.7
39.5
38.8
39.8
37.9
39.5
40.3
40.4
37.8
39.7
$
1.93
2.02
2.06
2.08
2.09
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.07
2.08
2.11
2.11
2.11
2.10
2.16
O p h th a lm ic goods *
$ 64.64
67.26
64.30
69.16
69.91
70.10
69. 55
70.47
70.86
70. 68
69. 55
73.30
73. 84
74.80
74. 77
40.4
39.8
37.6
38.0
38.2
38.1
37.8
38.3
38.3
38.0
37.8
39.2
39.7
40.0
40.2
$
85.03
85.17
85.14
84.50
85.50
85.72
85. 46
87.16
87.34
87. 96
89. 47
89.28
90. 76
91.62
40.8
40.3
39.8
39.6
39.3
39.4
39.5
39.2
39.8
39.7
39.8
40.3
40.4
40.7
40.9
$ 2.01
2.11
2.14
2.15
2.15
2.17
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.20
2.21
2.22
2.21
2.23
2 . 24
P h o to g ra p h ic a p
p a ra tu s
1.60 $ 91. 46
1.69 94.60
1. 71 96.96
1.82 96.08
1.83 96.00
1.84 96.40
1.84 96.40
1.84 96.40
1.85 97.36
1.86 98.17
1.84 97.20
1.87 97. 44
1.86 98.58
1.87 99.80
1.86 100. 61
41.2
40.6
40.4
40.2
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.4
40.4
40.0
40.1
40.4
40.9
40.9
-
$ 2.22
2.33
2.40
2.39
2.40
2.41
2.41
2.41
2.41
2. 43
2.43
2 . 43
2.44
2 . 44
2.46
339
0 .— EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C -l.
Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry 1—Con.
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
ho u rs
A vg.
A vg.
h rly . w k ly .
e a rn e a rn
ings
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
ho u rs
A vg.
h rly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w kly.
e a rn
ings
A vg.
h rly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
h rly .
e a rn
ings
A vg,
w k ly .
h o u rs
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
h rly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs
A vg.
h rly .
e a rn
ings
M a n u fa c tu rin g — C o n tin u e d
D u ra b le goods—C o n tin u e d
Y ear a n d m o n th
In s tru m e n ts a n d
re la te d p ro d u cts—
C o n tin u e d
W a tch es a n d clocks
1956 : A v erag e............
1957 : A v erag e---------
$
D e cem b er........
1958 : J a n u a r y ............
F e b r u a r y _____
M a r c h _______
A p ril________
M a y .................
J u n e _________
J u ly — ...........—
A u g u st........
S e p te m b e r___
O c to b e r______
N o v e m b e r___
D e c e m b e r.........
70.77
72.15
72.18
70 . 87
72.00
72.76
73 . 32
71.63
71 . 82
74 . 47
73 . 52
7 5.24
76.38
75.81
76 . 02
39 .1
3 9 .0
3 8 .6
38.1
38 .5
38 .7
3 9 .0
38 .1
3 8 .2
3 9 .4
3 8 .9
3 9 .6
4 0 .2
3 9 .9
3 9 .8
$
1.81
1.8 5
1.8 7
$
D e c e m b e r........
62.56
65.69
65.11
.4 7
66
66.68
1958 : J a n u a r y ______
F e b r u a r y ..........
M a r c h _______
A p ril_________
M a y ...................
J u n e .................J u ly — .............
A u g u st_______
S e p te m b e r___
O c to b e r.............
N o v e m b e r___
D e cem b er____
67.34
66.09
66.13
66.86
66 35
.
66.52
67 . 37
68.40
6 8.16
67 . 16
39 .1
39.1
3 8 .3
3 8 .2
38.1
3 8 .7
3 8 .2
3 8 .9
3 9 .1
3 8 .8
3 8 .9
3 9 .4
4 0 .0
3 9 .4
3 8 .6
T o ta l: M iscellaneous
m a n u fa c tu rin g
in d u strie s
70.53
72 . 22
72.47
72.52
71.76
72.13
72.15
71.94
73.08
72 .1 3
72 . 6 8
74.19
74.56
75.14
75 .3 6
$
1.86
1.8 7
1.88
1.88
1.88
1.88
1.89
1. 89
1.9 0
1.90
1.9 0
1.9 1
T o y s a n d s p o rtin g
goods J *
1956 : A v erag e............
1957 : A v erag e______
M iscellan eo u s m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s trie s
$
1.60
1.68
a n d
D e cem b er........
F e b r u a r y _____
M a r c h _______
A p ril..................
M a y _________
J u n e ...................
J u ly — .............
A u g u st..............
S e p te m b e r___
O c to b e r______
N o v e m b e r___
D e c e m b e r____
$
1.86
1. 87
73.81
74.07
76.41
72.65
73.05
72 . 8 6
73.28
74.26
74 . 74
72.83
74.34
76.67
80.33
82.70
81 . 56
66
3 8 .9
3 8 .9
3 7 .6
3 7 .9
3 7 .8
3 8 .5
37 .9
3 9 .0
3 9 .0
3 8 .7
3 8 .7
3 9 .2
40.1
3 9 .7
3 8 .1
$
1.59
1.6 4
4 1 .7
4 0 .7
4 1 .3
3 9 .7
3 9 .7
3 9 .6
3 9 .4
3 9 .5
4 0 .4
3 9 .8
4 0 .4
4 1 .0
4 2 .5
4 3 .3
4 2 .7
S p o r tin g
a n d
goods
c h i l d r e n ’s v e h ic le s
61.85
63 .8 0
62.42
64 . 81
65 . 02
65.84
64.05
64 . 74
64 . 74
64 . 24
63.86
64 . 6 8
. 97
66.30
6 3 .63
$
1.7 0
1.74
1.7 5
1.7 4
1.7 3
1.70
1 . 71
1. 71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1. 73
1.7 4
$
1.66
63.83
69.70
69.74
. 89
69.30
70 . 20
69.48
69.45
70.95
71 . 55
72.68
73.60
71.86
71.39
72.31
68
1.71
1.7 2
1. 71
1.6 9
1.66
1
1.66
. 66
1.65
1.65
1.67
1. 67
1. 67
$
1.77
1.8 2
1.8 5
1 .8 3
1.8 4
1.84
3 9 .4
3 9 .6
3 9 .4
3 8 .7
3 8 .5
3 9 .0
3 8 .6
3 8 .8
3 9 .2
3 9 .1
3 9 .5
4 0 .0
39 .7
3 8 .8
3 9 .3
69.06
70.07
73 . 63
70.05
70.40
69.70
70.13
70 . 71
7 2 .22
70.00
71 . 28
7 2 .04
76.08
78 . 01
78 . 26
$
1.86
1.88
1.85
1.83
1.8 4
1.8 7
1.89
1.91
1.91
a th le tic
*
$
1.62
1.7 6
1.7 7
1.78
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.79
1.81
1.83
1. 84
1.8 4
1.81
1.8 4
1 .8 4
S ilv e r w a r e
a n d
p la te d
fin d in g s
4 1 .6
4 0 .5
4 1 .6
3 9 .8
4 0 .0
3 9 .6
3 9 .4
3 9 .5
4 0 .8
4 0 .0
4 0 .5
4 0 .7
4 2 .5
4 3 .1
4 3 .0
$ 1 .6 6
66.58
67 . 30
66.08
67 .4 3
. 25
. 85
69.03
69 .6 5
. 73
64.39
66.42
67 . 43
67.15
. 28
. 28
$
66
68
68
68
68
41.1
4 0 .3
39 .1
3 9 .9
3 9 .2
3 9 .8
3 9 .9
3 9 .8
3 9 .5
3 8 .1
3 9 .3
3 9 .9
3 9 .5
3 9 .7
3 9 .7
$
1.6 2
1 .6 7
1.6 9
1.6 9
1 .6 9
1.7 3
1 .7 3
1. 75
1.7 4
1 .6 9
1.6 9
1.6 9
1.70
1. 72
1 .7 2
$
74.37
74.64
74.86
76.83
75.85
75.85
75.07
75.27
75 . 85
75 . 46
75.46
76 . 24
76.22
76 . 42
77.02
4 0 .2
3 9 .7
39 .4
3 9 .4
39 .1
3 9 .3
39.1
3 9 .0
39 .3
39 .1
39.1
39 .5
39 .7
3 9 .8
3 9 .7
$
1.85
1.88
1.90
1. 95
1.94
1.9 3
1.9 2
1.9 3
1.93
1. 93
1.9 3
1.9 3
1.92
1. 92
1.94
$
75.03
7 8 .1 7
80.18
80.60
79.80
79.60
79.80
80.80
81.81
81.99
81.56
82 . 78
81.80
8 3 .6 4
8 4 .26
$
76.12
79.00
79.68
80.12
79 . 52
80.16
80 . 77
81.76
84.58
85.02
83.00
84 . 45
81.61
82 . 0 1
8 3.03
4 4 .0
4 2 .7
4 1 .5
4 1 .3
41 .2
40 .9
4 1 .0
41 .5
4 2 .5
42 .3
41 .5
4 1 .6
40 .6
4 0 .4
40 .9
S ee f o o tn o te s a t e n d o f t a b l e .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$
4 1 .0
4 0 .5
40 .7
40.1
3 9 .7
3 9 .6
3 9 .7
4 0 .2
40 .7
4 1 .2
4 1 .4
4 1 .6
4 0 .9
4 1 .0
4 1 .1
Ice c re a m
1.73
1.85
1.92
1.94
1.93
1.96
1.9 7
1.97
1.9 9
2.01
2.00
2 03
2.01
.
2 .0 3
2 .0 3
$
77. 65
8 1 .90
8 2 .57
83.38
83.60
83.00
84.62
84 .8 4
. 48
8 9 .86
89.03
8 9 .89
87 . 99
87 . 97
8 8 .82
86
a n d
4 2 .2
4 2 .0
41 .7
41 .9
4 1 .8
4 1 .5
42.1
4 2 .0
4 2 .6
43 .2
42 .6
4 2 .4
4 1 .9
4 1 .3
4 1 .7
$
1 .8 3
1 .9 3
1.97
$
84.03
8 7 .0 8
89.32
89.15
86.30
.7 5
87.25
88.36
90 . 54
91.58
89.87
9 3 .94
93 . 25
97 . 44
95 . 22
2.01
2.01
2.01 86
2.01
2.01
2.01
1.9 9
1.97
1.9 9
2.00
2 .0 4
2.0 5
1.84
1.95
1.9 8
1.9 9
2.00
2.00
2.01
2.02
2.0 3
2 .0 8
2.0 9
$
62 . 0 2
63 . 57
63.84
64.98
63.41
62.87
64.70
65.62
63.58
64.31
69.47
71.06
. 73
6 2 .16
65.49
2.12
2.10 66
2.1 3
2 .1 3
$ 2 .0 2
2 .1 5
2.20
2.2 4
2 . 23
2 .2 3
2.22
2.22
2.2 3
2 .2 5
2.2 3
2.2 8
2 .2 8
2 . 32
2 . 30
C a n n in g a n d
p re s e rv in g J
ic e s
$
4 1 .6
4 0 .5
4 0 .6
3 9 .8
3 8 .7
3 8 .9
3 9 .3
39 .8
40 .6
40.7
4 0 .3
4 1 .2
4 0 .9
4 2 .0
4 1 .4
39 .5
3 9 .0
3 8 .0
3 8 .0
3 7 .3
3 7 .2
37 .4
3 8 .6
3 8 .3
40 .7
42.1
4 2 .3
4 0 .2
3 7 .9
3 8 .3
$
M e a tp a c k in g ,
w h o le
92.00
96.41
99.12
99 .3 9
95 .8 3
96.80
9 5 .83
97.93
100 . 45
$
101
100 28
. 68
.
106 . 08
105.32
111.11
107 . 52
4 2 .2
4 1 .2
4 1 .3
40 .9
3 9 .6
40 .0
3 9 .6
4 0 .3
41 .0
41.0
40 .6
4 1 .6
4 1 .3
4 2 .9
4 2 .0
$
c a n n e d
2 .1 8
2 .3 4
2 .4 0
2 .4 3
2 .4 2
2.4 2
2.4 2
2 .4 3
2.4 5
2 . 48
2.4 7
2 . 55
2 . 55
2 .5 9
2 . 56
a n d
c u red
1.68
1.71
1.70
1.69
1.7 3
1.70
1.66
1.58
1. 65
1.68
1.66
1.6 4
1.71
4 1 .9
4 1 .2
4 0 .8
39 .4
39.1
3 9 .6
3 9 .3
3 9 .4
3 9 .4
3 9 .3
3 9 .9
4 1 .7
4 2 .7
4 3 .7
4 2 .0
$
1.99
2.0 4
2 .0 5
$
2.02
2.0 4
2 . 05
2.0 7
2 .0 8
2 .0 6
2 .0 5
2.10
2 .1 3
2 .1 5
2 .1 8
2 .1 5
$
62 . 33
6 5 .07
64 . 57
63.74
63.14
63.36
64.73
64 . 51
65.35
64.73
65 .0 2
66 .1 9
. 25
67 . 99
6 6 .53
66
S a u sa g e s
3 9 .2
3 9 .2
38 .9
38 .4
3 8 .5
3 8 .4
3 8 .3
3 8 .4
3 8 .9
3 8 .3
3 8 .7
3 9 .4
3 9 .2
3 9 .3
3 9 .6
a n d
$
1.5 9
1.66
1.66
1.66
80 . 54
8 3 .03
8 4 .46
8 0 .1 3
79 . 95
82.40
80 . 32
79 . 87
80 . 47
8 1 .4 8
8 5 .65
87 . 33
88.81
8 8 .5 8
92 . 23
4 1 .3
4 0 .5
4 1 .0
38 .9
3 9 .0
4 0 .0
3 8 .8
3 8 .4
3 8 .5
3 8 .8
4 0 .4
4 1 .0
4 1 .5
41 . 2
4 2 .7
$
1.95
2 .0 5
2 .0 6
2.0 6
2.0 5
2 .0 6
2 .0 7
2 .0 8
2.0 9
2.10
2.12
2 .1 3
2 .1 4
2 .1 5
2 .1 6
F a b ric a te d p lastics
p ro d u c ts
$ 7 5 .35
78 . 31
78 . 74
76.80
75.65
75.84
76.04
76.81
79 . 37
78 .9 8
79.77
82 .7 4
81.76
81.54
82 . 54
1.6 4
1.6 5
1.6 9
1
1.68
1.6 9
1.68
1.68
. 68
1.6 9
1. 73
1.68
4 1 .4
4 1 .0
4 0 .8
4 0 .0
3 9 .4
3 9 .5
3 9 .4
3 9 .8
40 .7
4 0 .5
40 .7
4 2 .0
4 1 .5
4 1 .6
4 1 .9
$
1.8 2
1.91
1.9 3
1.9 2
1.9 2
1.9 2
1.9 3
1.9 3
1.9 5
1.9 5
1.9 6
1.97
1.97
1 . 96
1.9 7
D a ir y p ro d u c ts *
c a s in g s
s a le
S e a fo o d ,
1.57
1.6 3
M u sic a l in s tru m e n ts
a n d p a rts
a n d
w a re
C o stu m e je w e lry ,
b u tto n s , n o tio n s
P e n s , pencils, o th e r
office su p p lies
F o o d a n d k in d re d p ro d u c ts
M e a t p ro d u c ts *
88
1
M iscellaneous m a n u
factu rin g in d u strie s—
C o n tin u e d
T o ta l: F o o d a n d
k in d re d p ro d u cts
8 3 .3 8
84.05
83.64
79 . 59
79.76
81.18
81.35
8 1 .95
8 1 .16
80 . 57
83 . 79
. 82
91.81
9 5 .27
9 0 .3 0
$
1 .7 3
1 .7 7
1 .7 6
1.7 6
1.7 6
1.7 8
1.7 9
1. 77
1. 75
1.7 6
1. 77
1.7 9
. 81
1 .8 2
N o n d u ra b le goods
C o n d en sed a n d
e v a p o r a te d m ilk
1958 : J a n u a r y ______
1.7 5
1.81
1.8 3
1.8 5
1.8 4
1.84
1.8 5
1.8 4
1.8 5
1 .8 4
1.8 4
1 .8 5
1.85
J e w e lr y
D u ra b le goods—
C o n tin u e d
D e cem b er........
1958 : J a n u a r y ........~
F e b r u a ry _____
M a r c h ____ __
A p ril_________
M a y ............... —
J u n e _________
J u ly — .............A u g u s t ............
S e p te m b e r___
O c to b e r______
N o v e m b e r____
D e c e m b e r.........
1956 : A v erag e______
1957 : A v erag e---------
$
G a m e s , to y s , d o lls ,
O th e r m a n u fa c tu rin g
in d u strie s
1956 : A v erag e--------1957 : A v erag e______
4 0 .3
3 9 .9
3 9 .6
3 9 .2
3 9 .0
3 9 .2
3 9 .0
39 .1
3 9 .5
3 9 .2
3 9 .5
40 .1
4 0 .3
4 0 .4
4 0 .3
Jew elry , silv erw are,
a n d p la te d w are s
$
50.66
51.88
50 . 45
54.48
50.45
52.87
56 . 92
55.94
51.10
58.27
59.47
55.17
58.33
53 . 21
60 . 8 6
3 0 .7
30 .7
28 .5
30.1
2 8 .5
29 .7
3 1 .8
30 .4
29 .2
35 .1
3 3 .6
29 .5
3 1 .7
29 .4
3 2 .2
$
1.65
1.6 9
1.7 7
1.81
1.77
1.7 8
1.79
1.8 4
1 . 75
1.66
1.77
1.8 7
1.84
1.81
1.8 9
$
8 5 .08
88 51
.
91.98
91.48
90.12
89 . 72
90.12
93.25
94.58
97.06
94 . 81
9 5 .88
94.64
97 .7 0
9 8 .1 8
4 1 .5
4 0 .6
40 .7
4 0 .3
3 9 .7
39 .7
3 9 .7
4 0 .9
4 1 .3
4 2 .2
4 1 .4
4 0 .8
40.1
4 1 .4
41 . 6
$
2.0 5
2 .1 8
2 .2 6
2 . 27
2 .2 7
2 .2 6
2 .2 7
2 .2 8
2.2 9
2 .3 0
2 . 29
2 . 35
2 . 36
2 . 36
2 . 36
C a n n e d fr u its , vege
ta b le s , a n d s o u p s
$
66.14
6 6 .83
67.37
6 8 .29
.3 3
64.70
69.12
69 . 34
66
66.22
67 . 20
72 . 67
75 . 82
69.64
6 4 .0 6
67.64
4 1 .6
40 .5
3 9 .4
3 8 .8
3 7 .9
37 .4
38 .4
3 9 .4
3 8 .5
42 .8
4 3 .0
4 4 .6
41 .7
3 9 .3
39 .1
$
1. 59
1.6 5
1.71
1.76
1.7 5
1.7 3
1.80
1. 76
1. 72
1.57
1.6 9
1.70
1. 67
1.63
1.7 3
$
74.65
77 .8 3
78.96
80 . 41
79.42
78 . 47
80.06
80 . 64
83 .0 3
84.71
83.73
84 .1 8
82 . 76
82 . 59
82 . 98
4 2 .9
4 2 .3
4 2 .0
42.1
4 1 .8
4 1 .3
4 1 .7
42 .0
4 2 .8
43 .0
42 .5
4 2 .3
4 1 .8
4 1 .5
4 1 .7
$
1.74
1.8 4
1.88
1.91
1.9 0
1 .9 0
1.92
1.92
1.94
1. 97
1.97
1.9 9
1.9 8
1.9 9
1.9 9
G rain -m ill p ro d u c ts *
$
80.97
85.50
87 . 67
. 51
88.54
87.70
87.49
88
86.88
89.73
90 . 98
90.37
92 . 53
91.94
9 1 .5 7
9 2 .4 2
4 3 .3
4 3 .4
4 3 .4
4 3 .6
4 3 .4
4 3 .2
43.1
4 2 .8
4 4 .2
4 4 .6
4 4 .3
4 4 .7
4 4 .2
4 3 .4
4 3 .8
$
1.87
1.9 7
2.02
2 .0 3
2 .0 4
2.0 3
2.0 3
2.0 3
2.0 3
2 .0 4
2 .0 4
2 .0 7
2 .0 8
2
2.11
. 11
340
T able C -l.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry 1—Con.
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
ho u rs
A vg.
h rly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
ho u rs
A vg.
h rly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs
Y e a r a n d m o n th
A vg
h rly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
h rly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs
A vg.
h rly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs
A vg.
h rly .
e a rn
ings
M a n u fa c tu rin g —C o n tin u e d
N o n d u ra b le goods—C o n tin u e d
F o o d a n d k in d re d p ro d u c ts —C o n tin u e d
F lo u r a n d o th e r g r a in m ill p r o d u c t!
1956: Average......... .
1957: Average_____
December----1958: January....... .
February____
M arch______
April_______
M ay_______
June________
July............... .
August_____
September__
October......... .
November__
December___
$84. 73
. 88
91. 26
92.12
90.00
90. 64
89.38
. 56
92. 98
94.26
93.87
98.93
97. 61
97. 43
96. 97
88
88
43.9
44.0
44.3
44. 5
43.9
44.0
43.6
43.2
44.7
45.1
44.7
45.8
45.4
44.9
45.1
$1.93 $76.65
.0 ? 80.59
2.06 82.84
2. 07 84. 42
2.05 82.32
2.06 82.27
2.05 84. 29
2.05 81.46
2.08 83. 40
2. 09
. 56
83. 51
2.16 84.52
2.15 84. 36
2.17 85. 61
2.15 86.19
2
2.10
86
C a n e -s u g a r r e fin in g
1956: Average_____
1957: Average_____
December___
1958: January_____
February____
M arch______
April..............
M ay_______
June...... .........
July-----------August_____
September__
October_____
November__
December___
$87. 36
92.60
94.33
93.60
89.60
90. 97
97. 76
91. 54
97.90
104. 31
104. 48
105. 56
101.15
. 00
. 81
102
101
42.0
41.9
42.3
41.6
40.0
39.9
41.6
39.8
42.2
44. 2
43.9
43.8
42.5
42.5
42.6
B a k e ry p ro d u c ts 3
P r e p a r e d fe e d s
43.8
43.8
43.6
44.2
43.1
43.3
43.9
43.1
44.6
45.8
44.9
45.2
44.4
43.9
44.2
$1.75 $73.08
1.84 75. 76
1.90 77.39
1.91 76. 81
1.91 77. 42
1. 90 77. 21
1.92 77. 61
1.89 78. 99
1.87 79. 98
1.89 80.78
79.79
1.87 79.80
1.90 80.00
1.95 79.80
1.95 80. 80
1.86
2.21
2
43.1
43.1
49.7
44.1
41.2
38.3
37.4
40.2
41.2
40.0
39.1
39.7
46.1
49.8
48.6
$1.80 $62. 00
1.87 64.48
1. 84 64.08
1.91 65.74
2.06 64.68
2.19 64.68
2.13 65.02
65.18
2.06
. 86
2.06 65. 79
2.09
.45
2.07 69. 55
1.79 66.80
1.89
. 30
1.89 67.09
2.01
66
68
66
40.0
39.8
39.8
39.6
39.2
39.2
38.7
38.8
39.8
38.7
40.5
41.4
40.0
39.7
39.7
1.88
2.00
2
62.17
1
1.68
1.68
1.68
o th e r
B is c u its , c ra ck ers,
a n d
$1.84 $65.84
1. 92
. 51
1.96 71.13
1.96 72.07
1.98 71.71
1.97 71. 31
1.98 71. 89
72.25
73.16
73. 89
72.83
2.03 72. 52
2.03 71.97
2.04 72.17
2. 04 74. 45
40.7
40.5
40.3
39.8
39.8
39.9
39.9
40.5
40.7
40.8
40.4
40.4
40.5
40.2
40.3
68
2.00
2.01
2.02
2.02
66
39.8
39.6
39.6
39.5
39.2
39.0
38.5
38.5
39.6
38.2
40.2
41.2
39.8
39.4
39.6
$1.50 $85. 63
1. 57
. 98
1.56 89. 50
. 61
. 59
1.60 88.14
1.60
. 82
1.63
. 43
1.63 92. 69
1.63 95. 35
1.65 96.00
1. 65 94. 07
1.64 93. 03
1.62 92. 40
. 62 92. 97
1.64 93. 37
1
88
88
88
88
1
39.9
39.6
39.3
39.6
39.4
39.4
39.5
39.7
40.2
40.6
39.8
39.2
38.9
38.8
39.6
$1.65 $79. 98
1. 73 84.44
1.81 89. 89
. 82
. 20
1.82 85. 08
1.81 84. 65
1.82
. 34
1.82 84. 59
1.82 90. 07
1.82 92. 65
1.83 93.04
1.85 92. 60
1.85 87. 02
93.84
92. 96
1
40.2
39.9
39.6
39.2
39.0
39.3
39.3
40.3
41.1
41.2
40.9
40.1
40.0
39.9
39.9
D is tille d , r e c tifie d , a n d
a l t liq u o r s
1956: Average_____ $103. 34
1957: Average_____ 107. 44
December___ 109. 30
1958: January_____ 107. 25
February____ 106. 70
M arch______ 107.92
April.............. 107. 75
M ay_______ 114.62
June................ 118. 08
117. 62
July.............
August_____ 113. 83
September__ 113.08
October_____ 109. 62
. 22
November___
December___ 112. 97
112
39.9
39.5
39.6
39.0
38.8
39.1
38.9
40.5
41.0
40.7
39.8
39.4
38.6
39.1
39.5
b le n d e d liq u o r s
$2. 59 $81.90
2. 72 84. 42
2. 76 83. 22
2. 75 85. 57
2. 75 84. 22
2. 76 83. 78
2. 77 82. 43
2.83 84.90
. 88 84. 36
2. 89 88.03
. 53
2. 87 87.40
2. 84 94. 37
2. 87 92. 97
90. 71
2
2.86 88
2.86
39.0
38.2
38.0
38.2
37.6
37.4
36.8
37.9
38.0
39.3
39.0
38.0
40.5
39.9
39.1
M iscellan eo u s food
p ro d u c ts 3
$2.10 $72.92
. 21 76.86
2.19 78. 69
2. 24 79. 30
2. 24 79. 90
2. 24 79. 54
2. 24 78. 36
2. 24 79. 32
79. 32
2.24 80.12
2.27 81.16
2. 30 82.78
2. 33 82.19
2. 33 84. 42
2. 32 84. 22
2
2.22
41.2
41.1
41.2
41.3
41.4
41.0
40.6
41.1
41.1
41.3
41.2
41.6
41.3
42.0
41.9
1.86
1.88
M a n u fa c tu r e d
s ta r c h
41.4
41.2
40.8
41.4
41.5
40.1
41.3
40.9
42.3
41.7
40.6
41.8
42.8
44.4
45.7
$2.09 $69. 55
. 21 73. 43
. 26 75.10
2. 25 74. 48
2. 27 73.95
. 26 75. 86
2. 30 75.07
2.31 74. 90
2.31 74. 09
2.28 76. 56
2.32 77. 74
2. 37 76. 78
2.41 74. 29
2.44 76.29
2. 42 74. 90
2
2
2
T o b acco m a n u fa c tu re s —C o n tin u e d
C ig a rettes
1956: Average........ .
1957; Average....... .
December___
1958: January........ .
February___
March...........
A pril.............
M ay_______
June...... ........
Ju ly ...............
August_____
September__
October____
November__
December___
$70.88
73. 60
75.20
76.11
70. 49
70. 31
77. 55
77. 97
80.64
79. 87
79.87
75. 98
76. 57
80. 73
82. 98
40.5
40.0
40.0
40.7
38.1
37.8
40.6
40.4
42. C
41.6
41.6
40.2
40.3
41.4
41.7
S ee f o o tn o te s a t e n d o f t a b l e .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1. 75 $47.63
1. 84 49. 63
. 88 51.05
1. 87 49. 98
1. 85 49. 71
49. 14
1.91 48.06
1.93 50.73
1.92 51. 51
1.92 51.92
1.92 52. 88
1.81
54. 77
1.9C 54. 49
1. 95 55. 30
1.99 53. 62
1
1.86
37.5
37.6
38.1
37.3
37.1
36.4
35.6
37.3
37.6
37.9
38.6
39.4
39.2
39.5
38.3
$1. 27 $57.13
1. 32 60. 75
1.34 62.32
1. 34 62. 46
1.34 61.62
1.35 61.12
1.35 60. 92
1.36 62.87
1.37 63.13
1.37 63. 00
1. 37 64. 73
1.39 61.92
1.39 62.66
. 40 63. 75
1.40
. 35
1
66
37.1
37.5
38.0
37.4
36.9
36.6
36.7
37.2
37.8
37.5
38.3
37.3
37.3
37.5
38.8
2.00
2.05
2.09
2.16
2.12
2.16
2.18
2.21
2.21
1.96
1.84
1.83
$2.13 $64. 68
2. 23 67. 48
2.26 67. 56
2.26 65. 93
. 26 65.36
2.26
. 50
2. 25 67. 40
2. 30 68.64
2. 32 71.12
2. 33 71.98
2. 30 72. 54
2. 32 69.37
2. 31 67. 57
2.33 67. 82
2. 34 68.06
2
66
41.2
41.4
40.7
40.2
40.1
40.8
41.1
41.6
43.1
43.1
43.7
42.3
41.2
41.1
41.0
$1. 57
1.63
. 66
1. 64
1.63
1.63
1. 64
1. 65
1.65
1.67
1
1.66
1.64
1.64
1.65
1.66
44.3
44.5
44.7
44.6
43.5
43.6
43.9
43.8
44.1
45.3
45.2
44.9
43.7
44.1
43.8
ic e
T o ta l: T o b acco
m a n u fa c tu re s
$1. 57 $56.02
1. 65 58.67
. 68 60. 21
1.67 60. 84
1. 70 59. 12
1. 74 58. 99
1.71 62. 70
1. 71 64.24
. 30
1.69 65. 74
1.72 62. 96
1.71 60.15
1.70 60.19
1. 73 62. 72
1.71 65.74
1
1.68 66
38.9
38.6
39.1
39.0
37.9
37.1
38.0
38.7
39.7
39.6
39.6
40.1
39.6
39.2
39.6
$1. 44
1.52
1. 54
1.56
1.56
1. 59
1.65
1.66
1.67
1.66
1.59
1.50
1.52
1.60
. 66
1
T e x tile-m ill p ro d u c ts
T o b a cco a n d sn u fl
C igars
$1.86
1.95
1. 78
Tobacco m an u factu res
o il, a n d
2
2.01
43.0
43.3
50.5
43.1
41.5
40.5
40.9
39.9
41.7
42.5
42.1
41.9
44.4
51.0
50.8
B o ttle d s o ft d r in k s
C o rn s ir u p , su g a r,
$1.77 $86. 53
1. 87 91. 05
1.91 92.21
1.92 93. 15
1. 93 94.21
1. 94 90.63
1.93 94.99
1.93 94.48
1.93 97. 71
1.94 95.08
1.97 94.19
1.99 99. 07
1.99 103.15
. 01 108. 34
110. 59
86
88
F o o d a n d k in d re d p ro d u c ts— C o n tin u e d
M
S u g ar 3
p r e tz e ls
B e v e ra g e s 3
C o n fe c tio n e r y
$1. 55 $59. 70
. 62
. 61 61. 78
. 66 63. 60
1.65 62. 72
1. 65 62. 40
. 68 62. 76
62. 76
64. 55
1. 70 63.03
1.69
. 33
67. 57
1.67 64. 48
1.67 63.83
1.69 64. 94
1
1
1
a n d
b a k e r y p r o d u c ts
$1.80 $74. 89
77. 76
1.93 78. 99
1.93 78.01
1.95 78.80
1.94 78.60
1. 95 79.00
1.96 81.00
1.97 81.81
1.98 82. 42
1.98 81.61
1.99 82.01
1.99 82.22
82.01
. 01 82. 21
C o n fec tio n ery a n d
re la te d p ro d u c ts 3
B e e t su g a r
$2. 08 $77. 58
80.60
2.23 91. 45
2. 25 84.23
2. 24 84.87
. 28 83. 88
2. 35 79. 66
2.30 80. 80
2.32 84. 87
2. 36 82. 40
2.38 81.72
2. 41 82.18
2.38 82.52
2. 40 94.12
2. 39 91. 85
40.6
40.3
40.1
39.8
39.7
39.8
39.8
40.3
40.6
40.8
40.3
40.1
40.2
39.9
40.2
B re a d
T o b acco s te m m in g
a n d re d ry in g
$1.54 $47.04
. 62 48.13
1.64 51.08
1.67 50. 44
1.67 52. 27
1. 67 51. 99
. 66 54. 83
1.69 56. 78
1.67 57. 98
57. 45
1.69 49.28
48. 62
47. 36
1.70 44.14
1. 71 52. 96
1
1
1.68
1.66
1.68
39.2
38.2
39.6
39.1
39.3
37.4
36.8
37.6
38.4
38.3
38.2
41.2
39.8
35.6
38.1
T o ta l: T ex tile-m ill
p ro d u c ts
$1.20 $57.42
1.26 58. 35
1. 29 58.35
1. 29 56. 40
1. 33 56.70
.39 56. 40
1.49 54.90
1.51 55.95
1. 51 57.98
1.50 57. 90
1.29 59.19
1.18 59.95
1.19 60. 95
1.24 61. 26
1.39 61.10
1
39.6
38.9
38.9
37.6
37.8
37.6
36.6
37.3
38.4
38.6
39.2
39.7
40.1
40.3
40.2
S couring a n d c o m b
in g p la n ts
$1.45 $66. 08
1.50 64. 32
1. 50 63.12
1.50 60.92
1.50 63.60
1. 50 61.39
1. 50 62. 64
1.50 63.20
1. 51 67.68
1.50
1.51 67. 42
1. 51 65. 99
1.52 64.88
1.52 65.45
1.52
. 46
68.10
66
41.3
40. 2
39.7
38.8
40.0
39.1
39.9
40.0
42.3
42.3
42.4
41.5
40.3
40.4
41.8
$1.60
1.60
1.59
1. 57
1.59
1. 57
1. 57
1.58
1.60
1.61
1.59
1.59
1.61
1.62
1.59
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C -l.
341
Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
M anufacturing—Cont inued
Year and month
Nondurable goods—Continued
Textile-mill products—Continued
Y a rn a n d th re a d
m ills 8
Y a r n
m ills
T h rea d
B ro ad -w o v en fabric
m ills 8
m ills
C o tto n , s ilk , s y n th e tic fib e r
U n ite d S ta te s
A v erag e.......... .. $52.39
A v erag e______
52.72
D ecem b er____
52.16
J a n u a r y ______
50.23
F e b r u a ry _____
50.09
M a r c h ___ __
49.62
A p r il..
___
48.51
M a y __ ______
49.21
J u n e . . ...............
51.66
J u ly ....................
51.94
A u g u s t_______
53.76
S e p te m b e r___
54.46
O cto b e r______
55.13
N o v e m b e r___
56.12
D e c e m b e r......... 56. 26
39.1
38.2
37.8
36.4
36.3
35.7
34.9
35.4
36.9
37.1
38.4
38.9
39.1
39.8
39.9
$1.34 $52.53
1.38 53.1C
1.38 52.16
1.38 50.09
1.38 49.82
1.39 49.35
1.39 47.96
1.39 48.9C
1.40 51.38
1.40 51.66
1.40 54.0C
1. 40 54. 71
1.41 54.85
1. 41 56. 37
1.41 56. 52
39.2
38.2
37.8
36. <
36.1
35.5
34.5
35.2
36.7
36. £
38. 1
38.8
38. £
39.7
39.8
$1.34 $52.79
1.3£ 55. li
1.38 54.9£
1.38 53.16
1.38 53.3C
. 3£ 52.45
. 3£ 53.72
. 3£ 49.21
1.4C 51.26
1.4C 50. 6£
1.41 52.97
1.41 54.2 4
1.41 54. 72
1.42 56.16
1.42 58.00
1
1
1
39.1
39.1
39.0
37.7
37.8
37.2
38.1
34. £
36.1
35.7
37.3
38.2
38. C
39.0
40.0
$1.35 $56.28
1.41 56.70
1.41 57.28
1.41 54.96
1.41 55.10
1.41 54.81
1.41 52.85
1.41 53.86
1.42 55.68
1.42 56.41
1.42 57. 38
1.42 57.96
1.44 58. 98
1.44 59. 42
1. 45 59. 39
40.2
39.1
39.5
37.9
38.0
37.8
36.7
37.4
38.4
38.9
39.3
39.7
40.4
40.7
40.4
$1.40 $54.66
1.45 5 5 .6i
1.45 56.49
1.45 54.20
1.45 54.20
1.45 53.25
1.44 51.18
1.44 52.40
1.45 54.20
1.45 54. 53
1. 46 55. 77
1.46 56. 74
1.46 57.89
1.46 59. 02
1. 47 58. 44
C o tto n , s ilk , s y n th e tic
fib e r
—C o n tin u e d
a n d
w o r s te d
N a rro w fabrics a n d
66
66
41.6
40.8
39.3
38.3
39.4
39.9
39.4
40.6
41.8
41.8
41.5
41.6
41.7
41.0
40.8
$1.57 $58.51
1.60 60.80
1.59 60.74
1.59 59.67
1.59 58.22
1.59 58.37
1.59 57.68
1.60 58.91
1.61 60. 76
1.61 60.45
1.60 60.45
1.60 61.69
1.60 61. 31
1.60 62. 49
1.60 63.34
66
68
38.2
36.6
38.1
36.9
38.2
38.8
36.9
37.0
36.1
35.9
37.5
37.8
39.0
39.8
39.7
41.2
40.6
40.3
39.1
40.3
39.7
39.1
39.9
41.8
40.0
40.6
40.8
41.7
41.6
41.5
See footnotes at end of table.
497080-
59 -
h o s ie r y
$1.47 $53. 68
1.52 54.09
1.53 54.17
1.53 51. 98
1.52 52.85
1.52 53.14
1.51 51.74
1.53 53. 29
1.55 54. 75
1.55 54. 67
1.55 56.12
1.55 57.18
1. 56 57.48
1.57 58.16
1.56 57.28
37.8
37.3
37.1
35.6
36.2
36.4
35.2
36.5
37.5
37.7
38.7
38.9
39.1
39.3
38.7
N o rth
$1.42 $58.98
1.45 57.51
1.46 58.83
1.46 56.83
1.46 57.68
1.46 58.60
1. 47 55.94
1.46 57.07
1.46 55.94
1. 45 55.27
1.45 57. 38
1.47 58.45
1.47 59.98
1.48 60.74
1. 48 60.59
38.3
37.1
38.2
36.9
37.7
38.3
36.8
37.3
36.8
36.6
38.0
38.2
39.2
39.7
39.6
$1.54 $58.82
1.55 59.68
1.54 59.90
1.54 58.30
1.53 56.06
1.53 55.72
1.52 55.48
1.53 59.28
1.52 59.29
1.51 58.83
1.51 60.37
1.53 61.39
1.53 62. 88
1.53 62.17
1.53 61.46
38.7
38.5
38.4
36.9
36.4
36.9
36.5
38.0
38.5
38.2
39.2
39.1
39.8
39.6
39.4
$1.52
1.55
1.56
1.58
1.54
1.51
1.52
1.56
1.54
1.54
1.54
1. 57
1.58
1.57
1.56
$1.28 $56.15
1.33 57.30
1.35 55.48
1.36 52. 74
1.35 54.26
1.36 55.18
1.36 54.93
1.34 57.38
1.34 69.13
1.34 58.22
1.33 60.13
1.34 59. 67
1. 36 59. 91
1.38 60. 06
1.39 58.29
38.2
37.7
36.5
34.7
35.7
38.3
35.9
37.5
38.9
38.3
39.3
39.0
38.9
39.0
38.1
$1.47 $49.78
1.52 50.69
1.52 50.42
1.52 49.82
1.52 49.54
1.52 49. 96
1.53 47.33
1.53 48.99
1.52 50.78
1.52 51.24
1.53 53. 93
1.53 56.12
1.54 55. 98
1.54 56.12
1.53 54.74
38.0
37.0
36.8
36.1
35.9
36.2
34.3
35.5
36.8
37.4
38.8
39.8
39.7
39.8
39.1
$1.31
1.37
1.37
1.38
1.38
1.38
1.38
1.38
1.38
1.37
1.39
1.41
1.41
1. 41
1.40
S e a m le s s h o s ie r y
U n ite d S tates
$1.55
1.55
1.53
1.53
1.53
1.63
1.52
1. 51
1.51
1.50
1.49
1. 51
1.51
1.51
1. 51
D y ein g a n d finishing
textiles 8
A v erag e............ $65.92
.99
A v e ra g e .. . ._
66.50
D e cem b er.
64.12
J a n u a r y __ ___
66.50
F e b r u a r y _____
M a r c h _____ __ 65.11
64.12
A p ril_________
May
65.04
69.39
J u n e _________
July
65.60
66.58
A u g u s t_______
67.32
S e p te m b e r ___
69. 64
O c to b e r______
69.06
N ov em b er
. 48
D e c e m b e r____
$1.48
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.51
1.53
1.53
1.52
1. 53
1.54
1. 54
1.55
1.55
—C o n tin u e d
S o u th
A v erag e______ $59.21
A v erag e______
56.73
D e cem b er____
58. 29
J a n u a r y ______
56.46
F e b r u a r y _____ 58.45
M a r c h ..............
59.36
A p ril___
56.09
M a y _________
55.87
J u n e ...................
54. 51
J u l y . . ................. 53.85
A u g u s t . . . ___
55.88
S e p te m b e r____ 57.08
O cto b e r______
58. 89
N o v e m b e r____ 60.10
D e c e m b e r____
59.95
39.8
40.0
39.7
39.0
38.3
38.4
38.2
38.5
39.2
39.0
39.0
39.8
39.3
39.8
40.6
39.5
38.5
39.2
38.3
38.2
37.4
37.4
37.8
38.2
39.0
38.8
39.4
39.7
39.9
40.6
K n ittin g m ills 8
U n ite d S tates
$1.35 $65.31
1.41 65.28
1.42 62.49
1.41 60.90
1.41 62.65
1.41 63.44
1.40 62. 65
1.40 64.96
1.41 67.30
1.41 67.30
1.42 66.40
. 56
1.42
. 72
1.43
1. 43 65. 60
1.43 65.28
40.0
38.9
39.6
37.8
37.8
37.5
36.1
36.8
37.8
38.3
39.0
39.4
40.3
40.8
40.3
F u ll-fa s h io n e d
h o s ie r y
N o rth
$1.37 $58.46
1.43 58.52
1.43 59.58
1.43 58.22
1.43 58.06
1.42 56.85
1.41 56.47
1.42 57.83
1.43 58.45
1.42 59.28
1.43 59. 36
1.44 60.68
1.44 61.14
1.45 61.85
1.45 62. 93
F lu ll-fa s h io n e d
W o o le n
S o u th
A v erag e............ $54.00
A v erag e______
54.85
D e c em b er____
56.23
J a n u a r y _____
53.30
F e b r u a r y _____ 53.30
M a rc h ... . . .
52. 88
A p r i l . . . ...........
50.54
M a y ...................
51.52
J u n e ......... .........
53.30
J u l y . . ...............
54.00
A u g u s t----------55.38
S e p te m b e r___
55. 95
O c to b e r______
57.63
N o v e m b e r____ 58. 34
D e c e m b e r____
57. 63
39.9
38.9
39.5
37.9
37.9
37.5
36.3
36.9
37.9
38.4
39.0
39.4
40.2
40.7
40.3
-8
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$46.21
48.55
49.01
47.06
47.46
47.54
45.02
46.98
48.60
50.63
50. 65
51.30
52.47
53.79
52. 26
N o rth
$1.28 $49.40
1.33 51.14
1.35 48.50
1.36 48. 93
1.36 52.69
1.37 50.82
1.36 51.52
1.35 50.87
1.35 51.29
1.35 52.22
1.34 52.68
1.35 55.13
1.37 54.88
1.39 54.53
1.39 53. 44
D y e in g
a n d fin is h in g
te x tile s
(e x c e p t w o o l
$1.60 $65.61
1.65 66.58
. 75
1.65
1. 64 64.22
1.65 66.42
1.64 65.04
1.64 63.90
1.63 65.04
68.81
1.64 64.87
.34
1.64
1.65 67.08
1.67 69.39
. 66 69. 55
. 81
1.65
66
1.66
66
1
36.1
36.5
36.3
34.6
34.9
34.7
33.1
34.8
36.0
37.5
37.8
38.0
38.3
38.7
37.6
68
41.2
40.6
40.7
39.4
40.5
39.9
39.2
39.9
41.7
39.8
40.7
40.9
41.8
41.9
41.7
)
S o u th
$1.30 $45.82
1.36 48.28
1.37 49.14
1.39 46.92
1.41 46.71
1.40 46.92
1.40 44.34
1.39 46.23
1.39 48.11
1.40 50.25
1.39 50.27
1.41 50. 65
1.40 51.95
1.42 53.41
1.41 52.26
C arp e ts, ru g s, o th e r
floor coverings 8
$1.59 $74.16
1.64 74.70
1.64 75.33
1. 63 76.89
1.64 75.14
1.63 75.74
1.63 73.70
1.63 73.88
1.65 75.24
1.63 77.52
1.63 77.90
1.64 80. 41
81.51
81.37
1.65 82.80
1.66
1.66
38.0
37.6
35.4
35.2
37.3
36.3
36.8
36.6
36.9
37.3
37.9
39.1
39.2
38.4
37.9
41.2
40.6
40.5
40.9
40.4
40.5
39.2
39.3
39.6
40.8
41.0
42.1
42.9
42.6
42.9
W o o l c a r p e ts , r u g s
a n d
$1.80 $73.26
1.84 72.25
71.74
74.59
72.86
1.87 71.39
68.63
69.16
1.90 69.18
1.90 69. 55
1.90 72. 86
1.91 77.79
1.90 78.12
1. 91 78.54
1.93 79. 34
1.86
1.88
1.86
1.88
1.88
35.8
36.3
36.4
34.5
34.6
34.5
32.6
34.5
35.9
37.5
37.8
37.8
38.2
38.7
37.6
,
c a rp et y a rn
40.7
39.7
39.2
40.1
39.6
38.8
37.5
38.0
37.6
37.8
39.6
41.6
42.0
42. 0
42.2
H a ts (except cloth
a n d m illin ery )
$1.80 $57.38
1.82 59.04
1.83 63.79
60.26
1.84 59.29
1.84 57.35
1.83 54. 42
1.82 57.19
1.84 60. 42
1.84 60.39
1.84 59. 67
1.87 58.98
55. 28
1.87 59.16
62. 56
1.86
1.86
1.88
35.2
36.0
38.2
37.2
36.6
35.4
33.8
35.3
36.4
36.6
35.1
34.9
33.3
34.8
36.8
M iscellan eo u s tex tile
goods 8
$1.63 $66.83
1.64 69.03
1.67 69.65
1.62 66.85
1.62 66.78
1.62 66.78
1.61 65.53
1.62 66.43
69.65
1.65 68.60
1.70
.95
1.69 72.92
71.28
1.70 71. 56
1.70 73.03
1.66
68
1.66
40.5
39.9
39.8
38.2
38.6
38.6
38.1
38.4
39.8
39.2
39.4
41.2
40.5
40.2
40.8
$1.65
1.73
1.75
1.75
1.73
1.73
1.72
1.73
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.77
1.76
1.78
1.79
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
342
T able C -l.
Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry1—Con.
A vg.
h rly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly . wAkvg.
ly .
earn - i
ho u rs
tags
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs
A vg.
h rly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs
A vg.
h rly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs
A vg.
h rly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs
A vg.
h rly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs
A vg.
h rly .
e a rn
ings
M a n u fa c tu rin g —C o n tin u e d
N o n d u ra b le goods—C o n tin u e d
Y e a r a n d m o n th
T ex tile-m ill p ro d u c ts —C o n tin u e d
Felt goods (except
woven felts and hats)
$1.77 $66.43
67.32
66.57
. 86 63.72
1.90 64.38
1.90 65.30
1.90 65.87
1.93 64.05
. 71
1.95
1.93 65. 69
1.93 61.59
1.92 70.43
1. 93
. 55
1.95 65.88
1.94 64.96
40.6
39.4
39.2
38.3
37.2
38.2
36.8
37.9
38.6
39.2
39.9
40.9
40.1
41.0
41.0
1956: A v erag e............ $71. 86
73.28
1957: A v erag e--------D e c e m b e r____
72.91
71.24
1958: J a n u a r y ............
F e b r u a r y .......... 70.68
M a r c h _______
72.58
69.92
A p ril..................
73.15
M a y ....... ...........
75.27
J u n e ............. —
75. 66
J u ly ....................
77.01
A u g u st_______
S e p te m b e r____ 78.53
O c to b e r---------- 77.39
N o v e m b e r___
79.95
D ecem b er____
79. 54
Paddings and uphol
stery filling
Lace goods
1.86
1.86
1
68
66
38.4
37.4
37.4
35.4
37.0
37.1
36.8
36.6
38.6
36.7
34.6
38.7
37.6
36.2
36.7
$1.73 $68. 74
1.80 71.46
1.78 72.80
1.80 68.38
.73
1.74
1.76 67.46
1.79 66.70
1.75 68.56
1.78 72.22
1.79 71.34
1.78 72. 45
1.82 76.68
1. 77 75. 72
1.82 76.08
1.77 77.89
66
40.2
40.6
40.0
38.2
37.7
37.9
37.9
38.3
39.9
39.2
40.7
42.6
42.3
41.8
42.1
Processed waste and
recovered fibers
$1.71 $54.10
1.76 57.40
1.82 58.52
1.79 57.34
1.77 57.17
1.78 58.00
1. 76 57. 74
1.79 57.86
1.81 58.87
1.82 57.23
1.78 57.82
1.80 62.13
1.79 62.82
1.82 61.95
1.85 62.82
41.3
41.0
41.5
40.1
39.7
40.0
40.1
39.9
40.6
39.2
39.6
41.7
41.6
41.3
41.6
Artificial leather, oil
cloth, and other coated
fabrics
$1.31 $87.40
1.40 92.66
1.41 95.70
1.43 89.24
1.44 87.97
1.45
. 71
1.44 83.74
1.45 86.27
1.45 92.23
1. 46 91.58
1.46 91.58
1.49 98. 57
1.51 92.01
1.50 94.55
1. 51 100.09
86
43.7
43.5
43.9
41.7
41.3
40.9
39.5
40.5
42.5
42.4
42.4
44.4
42.4
42.4
43.9
Cordage and twine
$2.00 $57.28
2.13 58.44
2.18 59.36
2.14 55.78
2.13 58.98
58.37
57.53
2.13 57.99
2.17 59.67
2.16 60.04
2.16 61.05
62.06
2.17 60. 83
2.23 60. 21
2.28 61.85
2.12
2.12
2.22
$1.45
1. 51
1.53
1.52
1.54
1. 54
1.53
1.53
1. 53
1.52
1.53
1.54
1.54
1.54
1. 55
39.5
38.7
38.8
36.7
38.3
37.9
37.6
37.9
39.0
39.5
39.9
40.3
39.5
39.1
39.9
A p p a re l a n d o th e r fin ish e d te x tile p ro d u c ts
T o ta l: A p p a re l a n d
o th e r fin ish ed te x tile
p ro d u c ts
1956: A v erag e............ $52. 64
53.64
1957: A v erag e............
D e c e m b e r____
52.80
1958: J a n u a r y ............ 53.00
F e b r u a r y ..........
52.65
M a r c h _______
51.70
A p ril..................
51.75
52.20
M a y _________
J u n e ...................
52.50
J u ly ....................
53.40
A u g u s t . .......... 55.33
S e p te m b e r___
55.23
O c to b e r............ 55.08
N o v e m b e r___
54.42
D e c e m b e r____
54. 72
M e n ’s a n d b o y s’
s u its a n d coats
$1. 45 $63.12
1.49 63.01
1.50 60. 54
1. 51 60.02
1.50 58.61
1.49 58.43
1.50 56.14
1. 50 60.19
1.50 61.59
1.50 60. 55
1. 52 62.30
1.53 63.01
1. 53 61.41
1. 52 61.60
1.52 62.12
36.3
36.0
35.2
35.1
35.1
34.7
34.5
34.8
35.0
35.6
36.4
36.1
36.0
35.8
36.0
W o m e n 's o u te rw e a r 1
36.7
35.6
34.4
34.1
33.3
33.2
31.9
34.2
34.6
34.8
35.2
35.6
34.5
34.8
35.7
M e n ’s a n d b o y s’ fu r
n ish in g s a n d w o rk
c lo th in g *
$1.72 $45.26
1.77 46.23
1.76 45.31
1.76 45.67
1. 76 44.96
1. 76 45.18
1.76 44.16
1.76 44.42
1.78 44.70
1.74 46.34
1.77 47.62
1.77 48. 38
1.78 47.60
1.77 47. 21
1.74 47. 21
W o m e n ’s d r e s s e s
36.5
36.4
35.4
35.4
35.4
35.3
34.5
34.7
35.2
36.2
37.2
37.5
36.9
36.6
36.6
H o u s e h o ld
S h ir ts , c o lla r s , a n d
$1.24 $45.88
1.27 46.46
1.28 46. 57
1.29 45.80
1. 27 45.44
1.28 45. 44
1.28 44.54
1.28 44.42
1.27 44.07
1.28 46.21
1.28 47.49
1.29 48.89
1.29 48. 50
1.29 48.89
1.29 47. 97
a p p a re l
$1.62 $55. 62
56.03
1.63 53. 61
55.24
1.67 55.38
49.41
1.67 61.25
1. 67 59.68
53.61
54.78
1.73 58. 48
1.73 55.21
1.73 55.90
1. 71 55.40
1.71
56.60
35.2
35.0
33.9
34.5
34.7
33.0
34.4
34.4
33.4
34.6
35.2
33.5
33.7
33.5
34.5
C o r s e ts a n d
1.66
1.66
1.66
1.66
1.68
36.1
35.8
35.2
35.2
34.9
35.2
34.7
35.1
35.1
34.3
35.0
36.1
36.3
36.5
36.2
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1.58 $44. 76
1.61 46.44
1.61 46.96
1.62 45.89
. 61 44.98
1.62 47.29
1.74 47.52
1. 74 47.22
1.67 46.33
1.64 45.72
1.71 47. 29
1.72 47.08
1.72 47.57
1.71 48. 51
1.71 48.81
1
M illin e ry
$1.43 $62.02
1.47 62.11
1.47 57.96
1.49 55.36
1.48 73.72
1.48 69.89
1.49 61.00
1.50 49.54
1.51 58.71
1.49 62.79
1.51 68.62
1.50 69. 52
1.51 68.24
1.50 56.90
1.50 64.80
36.7
35.9
33.7
31.1
38.8
38.4
33.7
28.8
32.8
34.5
36.5
36.4
36.3
32.7
36.2
36.1
36.0
36.4
35.3
34.6
36.1
36.0
35.5
35.1
34.9
36.1
35.4
35.5
36.2
36.7
C h ild re n ’s
o u te rw ea r
a llie d
g a r m e n ts
1956: A v e ra g e ........... $51. 62
1957: A v e ra g e ...........
62.63
51.74
D e c e m b e r........
1958: J a n u a r y ______
52. 45
F e b r u a r y .........
61. 65
M a r c h _______
52.10
51.70
A p ril..................
62. 65
M a y ...................
53.00
J u n e ...................
J u l y . ........ .........
61.11
A u g u st—........... 52.85
S e p te m b e r____ 54.15
54. 81
O cto b e r______
N o v e m b e r____ 54. 75
D e c e m b e r......... 54.30
35.2
34.8
33.3
34.1
34.4
30.5
35.2
34.3
32.1
33.4
34.2
32.1
32.5
32.4
33.1
$1.69 $48.44
1.73 50.55
1.72 48.14
1.78 49.87
1.90 49.68
1.82 49.10
1.81 48.06
1.72 48.87
1.79 50. 65
1.82 51. 57
50.74
1.91 50.54
51. 71
1.74 50.05
1.79 49.40
1.88
1.88
36.7
36.9
35.4
36.4
36.0
36.1
35.6
36.2
36.7
37.1
36.5
36.1
37.2
36.8
35.8
36.7
36.3
36.1
35.5
35.5
35.5
34.8
34.7
34.7
36.1
37.1
37.9
37.6
37.9
36.9
$1.25 $46. 49
1.28 47.06
1.29 45. 89
1.29 48.31
1.28 47.68
1.28 47.78
1.28 46.73
1.28 45.11
1.27 45. 63
1.28 46. 57
1.28 47. 95
1.29 47.16
1.29 46. 41
1.29 45.28
1.30 47.84
W o m e n ’s s u it s , c o a ts ,
a n d
1956: A v erag e............ $57.02
1967: A v erag e............
58.10
D e c e m b e r____
55.26
57.27
1958: J a n u a r y ............
F e b r u a r y ____
57.95
M a r c h ...............
54.78
A p ril_________
57.45
M a y _________
57.45
J u n e ...................
55.44
J u l y ....................
58.13
A u g u s t_______
60.90
S e p te m b e r___
57.96
O c to b e r............. 58.30
N o v e m b e r____ 57.29
D e c em b er____
59.00
S e p a r a te tr o u s e r s
n ig h tw e a r
$1.24 $68.14
1.29 68.54
1.29 63.83
1.30 69.09
1.30 69. 63
1.31 65.16
1.32 57.32
1.33 60.99
1.32 64.62
1.31 72.16
1.31 75.24
1.33 70.64
1.34 71.11
. 71
1.34
1.33 70.64
66
s k ir ts
33.9
33.6
32.4
33.7
33.8
32.1
29.7
32.1
32.8
35.2
36.0
33.8
33.7
32.7
34.8
$1.32 $49. 71
1.37 49.90
1.36 51.24
1.37 49.07
1.38 49.00
1.36 49.00
1.35 47.80
1.35 49.07
1.38 50.20
1.39 51.26
1.39 50. 74
1.40 52.82
1.39 53.48
1.36 52.97
1.38 54.10
37.1
35.9
36.6
34.8
35.0
35.0
33.9
34.8
35.6
36.1
36.5
37.2
37.4
37.3
38.1
$1.26 $40.29
1.30 42.47
1.30 41.65
1.32 40.59
1.31 42. 46
1.32 43.78
1.32 42.24
1.30 40. 60
1.30 41.76
1.29 39.90
1.31 44. 54
1.31 45.05
1.30 42. 82
1. 29 42.95
1.30 42.60
W o m e n ’s a n d ch il
d re n ’s u n d e rg a rm e n tss
$2.01 $47. 55
2.04 48.91
1.97 48.20
2.05 48.28
2.06 48.20
2.03 48.69
1.93 47.60
1.90 47.68
1.97 48.28
2.05 48.06
2.09 49. 68
2.09 50.86
52.30
2.04 52.40
2.03 50.01
2.11
M iscellan eo u s
ap p a re l a n d
accessories
36.9
36.2
35.3
36.6
36.4
36.2
35.4
34.7
35.1
36.1
36.6
36.0
35.7
35.1
36.8
36.3
36.5
35.7
35.5
35.7
35.8
35.0
34.8
35.5
35.6
36.8
37.4
37.9
37.7
36.5
U n d e n
s h ir ts
36.3
36.3
35.6
34.4
36.6
37.1
35.8
34.7
36.0
34.1
38.4
38.5
36.6
36.4
35.8
wear
a n d
$1.11
1.17
1.17
1.18
1.16
1.18
1.18
1.17
1.16
1.17
1.16
1.17
1.17
1.18
1.19
n ig h t-
w e a r i e x c e p t c o rse ts
$1.31 $45.38
1.34 47.47
1.35 46.31
1.36 46.28
1.35 46.80
1.36 47.29
1.36 45.63
1.37 45.33
1.36 46.05
1.35 46.70
1.35 48.38
1.36 49.65
1. 38 51. 21
1.39 51.57
1.37 48.31
O th e r fab ricate d
te x tile p ro d u c ts *
$1.34 $53.39
1.39 66.70
1.40 59.82
1.41 65.90
1.40 54. 66
1.40 55.35
1.41 54.15
1.41 56.32
1.41 56.92
1.42 56. 39
1.39 57. 45
1.42 59.14
1.43 57.91
1.42 59.06
1.42 58.44
W o rk
36.3
36.8
35.9
35.6
36.0
36.1
35.1
34.6
35.7
36.2
37.5
37.9
38.5
38.2
36.6
$1.25
1.29
1.29
1.30
1.30
1.31
1.30
1.31
1.29
1.29
1.29
1.31
1.33
1.35
1.32
C u r ta in s , d r a p e r ie s ,
a n d
o th e r h o u s e -
fu r n is h in g s
37.6
37.8
38.1
36.3
36.2
36.9
36.1
37.3
37.2
37.1
38.3
38.4
38.1
38.1
37.7
$1.42 $46.98
1. 50 49.37
1. 57 50.38
1. 54 47.97
1.51 48.28
1.50 49.71
1.50 48.33
1. 51 49.41
1.53 50.05
1.52 49.28
1.50 51.46
1.54 51. 71
1.52 52.36
1.55 52.61
1.55 52.75
36.7
37.4
37.6
35.8
36.3
37.1
35.8
36.6
36.8
38.5
38.4
38.3
38.5
38.4
38.5
$1.28
1.32
1.34
1.34
1.33
1.34
1.35
1.35
1.36
1.35
1.34
1.35
1.36
1.37
1.37
343
O.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C -l.
Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
Nondurable goods—Continued
Apparel and other finished textile products—
Continued
Textile bags
1956:
1957:
1958:
Average____ _
Average..........
December___
January_____
February____
M arch.............
April...............
M ay-----------June________
July------------August--.........
September___
October..........
November___
December___
$
57.28
59.40
62.22
60.37
59.44
59.75
58 . 75
59.06
59.14
6 0.68
61.38
63 . 55
60.98
60.83
60 . 76
39 .5
3 9 .6
40 .4
39 .2
38 .6
38 .8
3 7 .9
38 .6
38 .4
3 9 .4
39 .6
41 .0
39 .6
3 9 .5
3 9 .2
Paper and allied products
Total: Paper and
allied products
Canvas products
$
1.45
1.50
1.54
1.5 4
1. 54
1.54
1.5 5
1. 53
1.54
1.54
1. 55
1. 55
1. 54
1.54
1.55
$
55.66
57.33
57.08
58.31
58.80
59.25
60.15
6 3 .8 0
63.09
62 . 40
59.15
63.11
60.05
60.20
60.49
3 9 .2
3 9 .0
3 7 .8
3 9 .4
3 9 .2
3 9 .5
40.1
41 .7
4 0 .7
4 1 .6
3 9 .7
4 0 .2
4 0 .3
40 .4
4 0 .6
$
1.4 2
1.4 7
1. 51
1.4 8
1.50
1.50
1.5 0
1.5 3
1.55
1.5 0
1.4 9
1.5 7
1.49
1. 49
1.49
$
83.03
86.29
87.15
86.11
85.49
86.11
85.69
86.10
88.20
8 8 .83
90.53
9 1 .38
91.38
90.95
91.38
42 .8
4 2 .3
41 .9
4 1 .4
41.1
41 .4
4 1 .0
4 1 .0
4 1 .8
4 1 .9
4 2 .5
4 2 .7
4 2 .7
4 2 .5
4 2 .5
1.94
2 .0 4
2 .0 8
2 .0 8
2 .0 8
2 .0 8
2 .0 9
$
Pulp, paper, and
paperboard mills
$
2.10
2.11
2.12
2 .1 3
2.1 4
2.1 4
2.1 4
2 .1 5
Paper and allied products—Continued
Other paper and
allied products
Fiber cans, tubes, and
drums
1956:
1957:
1958:
Average_____
Average...........
December.......
January...........
February........
M arch ............
April.............. .
M ay________
June................
July------------A u g u st-.........
September,__
October..........
November___
December.......
$
79 . 56
83.01
86.03
83.10
81.27
87 . 95
82.60
8 4 .6 3
84 . 89
88. 29
89.60
89.98
92 . 51
97.16
88. 51
40 .8
40.1
40 .2
3 9 .2
38 .7
41 .1
38 .6
3 9 .0
39 .3
40 .5
41.1
40 .9
41 .3
42 .8
40 .6
$
1.95
2 .0 7
2.1 4
$
2.12
2.10
2.1 4
2.1 4
2.1 7
2 .1 6
2 .1 8
2 .1 8
2.20
2 .2 4
2 . 27
2.18
72 . 92
76.07
77.93
76.97
76.97
77.36
76.99
76.61
77 . 97
78.55
79.95
80 . 75
80 . 95
80 . 75
8 1 .16
4 1 .2
40 .9
40 .8
4 0 .3
4 0 .3
4 0 .5
40 .1
3 9 .9
4 0 .4
4 0 .7
4 1 .0
4 1 .2
4 1 .3
4 1 .2
4 1 .2
$
1. 77
1.86
1.91
1.91
1.91
1.91
1.9 2
1.9 2
1.93
1 .9 3
1 .9 5
1.9 6
1.9 6
1.9 6
1.9 7
91.05
94.18
95.90
94.37
93.26
93.48
93 .0 4
9 3 .24
95 . 87
96 . 73
98.31
99 .2 0
98.75
98 . 72
99 .6 2
44 .2
4 3 .4
4 3 .2
42 .7
4 2 .2
4 2 .3
42 .1
4 2 .0
42 .8
4 2 .8
4 3 .5
4 3 .7
4 3 .5
4 3 .3
4 3 .5
$
Paperboard con
tainers and boxes 3
2 .0 6
2 .1 7
$
2.22
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.22
2 .2 4
2.2 6
2 .2 6
2 . 27
2 .2 7
2.2 8
2.2 9
76.13
79.90
79.17
78.20
78.41
79.79
78.80
8 0 .40
83.02
8 3 .0 2
8 5 .68
86 .0 9
86 .5 0
86.09
85 .2 7
4 1 .6
4 1 .4
40 .6
3 9 .9
3 9 .8
40 .3
3 9 .6
4 0 .2
41.1
41.1
4 2 .0
4 2 .2
4 2 .4
4 2 .2
4 1 .8
$
1.8 3
1. 93
1.9 5
1. 96
1.9 7
1.9 8
1.9 9
1956:
1957:
1958:
Average_____
Average...........
December___
January_____
February........
M arch.............
April...............
M ay________
June________
July------------August— ........
September___
O ctober.........
November___
December___
93.03
95.76
97.36
95.74
95.40
96.68
94.92
9 4.82
96.22
97.11
97 . 75
100.19
99.04
98.39
100.19
$
40.1
39 .9
3 9 .9
39 .4
39 .1
39 .3
38 .9
3 8 .7
38 .8
3 9 .0
39.1
39 .6
3 9 .3
3 9 .2
3 9 .6
$
2 .3 2
2.4 0
2 . 44
2 .4 3
2 .4 4
2 .4 6
2 .4 4
2 . 45
2 .4 8
2 . 49
2 . 50
2 . 53
2 .5 2
2 . 51
2 . 53
2 .0 4
2 . 04
2 .0 4
2 . 04
2.0 4
Industrial Inorganic
chemicals3
1966:
1957:
1958:
Average........... $ 95.35
Average......... . 100.04
December___ 104.17
January_____ 102. 50
February____ 102.66
March______ 102.82
April................ 102. 56
M ay________ 103.38
June................ 104. 96
July................. 104.60
August--------- 105.41
September___ 107. 42
October_____ 105.97
November___ 107.01
December....... 108. 99
41 .1
41 .0
4 1 .5
4 1 .0
40 .9
4 0 .8
4 0 .7
40 .7
41 .0
40 .7
40 .7
41 .0
40 .6
41 .0
41 .6
S e e f o o tn o te s a t e n d o f t a b l e .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$
2 .3 2
2 .4 4
2 . 51
2 .5 0
2.5 1
2 .5 2
2 .5 2
2 .5 4
2 .5 6
2 . 57
2 .5 9
2 .6 2
2.6 1
2. 61
2 .6 2
94.40
96.53
96.53
94.87
96.25
98.42
9 7 .52
9 7 .54
98.81
100 . 23
100.61
101 . 39
100.10
100.61
101. 26
4 0 .0
3 9 .4
3 9 .4
3 8 .1
3 8 .5
3 8 .9
3 8 .7
3 8 .4
3 8 .9
3 9 .0
3 9 .3
3 9 .3
39 .1
3 9 .3
3 9 .4
$
2 .3 6
2 .4 5
2 . 45
2 . 49
2 .5 0
2 .5 3
2 .5 2
2 . 54
2 . 54
2 . 57
2 . 56
2 . 58
2 .5 6
2 . 56
2.5 7
93.90
96.25
98.04
95.76
96.14
97.02
96 .1 4
97.01
97.38
97.38
9 8 .54
99 . 56
99 . 6 8
99.30
101 . 76
$
3 8 .8
3 8 .5
3 8 .6
3 7 .7
3 7 .7
3 7 .9
3 7 .7
3 7 .6
3 7 .6
3 7 .6
3 7 .9
3 8 .0
3 7 .9
3 7 .9
3 8 .4
$
2.4 2
2 .5 0
2.5 4
2.5 4
2 .5 5
2.5 6
2 . 55
2 . 58
2 .5 9
2 .5 9
2 .6 0
2. 62
2.6 3
2.6 2
2 .6 5
Newspapers
99.64
102.03
105.85
$
100.10
101 . 44
101.09
102.37
103 . 72
103 . 72
102.55
103.14
104 . 49
105.19
105.44
110 . 23
36 .1
3 5 .8
3 6 .5
3 5 .0
35 .1
35 .1
3 5 .3
3 5 .4
3 5 .4
3 5 .0
3 5 .2
3 5 .3
3 5 .3
3 5 .5
3 6 .5
Periodicals
$
96 .1 6
101.05
101.85
2.86 100. 47
99.71
2 .8 9
2.88 102.31
2 .9 0
9 9 .07
2 . 93
98.81
2 .9 3 100.23
2 .9 3 103.62
2 .9 3 108 . 6 8
2.9 6 107.86
2 .9 8 105.73
2.9 7 102.70
3 .0 2 104.02
2 .7 6
2 .8 5
2 .9 0
$
93.43
9 7 .68
102.01
9 9 .88
99.38
9 9 .38
101.18
9 9 .70
101. 6 6
103.53
102.17
105 . 01
105.30
106.08
106.71
40 .8
40 .7
41 .3
40 .6
4 0 .4
4 0 .4
4 0 .8
4 0 .2
40 .5
4 0 .6
3 9 .6
40 .7
4 0 .5
4 0 .8
4 1 .2
$
2 . 29
2 .4 0
2 .4 7
2 . 46
2 . 46
2 . 46
2 .4 8
2 .4 8
2 . 51
2.5 5
2 .5 8
2 . 58
2 .6 0
2.6 0
2.5 9
4 1 .7
4 1 .5
40 .6
40 .0
39 .9
4 0 .2
3 9 .7
4 0 .3
41 .3
4 1 .2
42.1
4 2 .4
4 2 .5
42 .1
4 1 .9
$
1 .8 2
1.91
1.93
1 .9 4
1.9 5
1. 96
1 .9 7
1 .9 8
2. 0 0
2.00
2.02
2. 0 2
2. 0 2
2.01
2.02
3 9 .9
40 .1
40.1
3 9 .4
39.1
3 9 .5
38 .7
3 8 .3
3 9 .0
3 9 .4
4 0 .4
3 9 .8
3 9 .6
3 8 .9
3 9 .4
Books
$
2.41
2 .5 2
2 . 54
2 . 55
2 . 55
2 .5 9
2 .5 6
2 .5 8
2 . 57
2 .6 3
2 .6 9
2 . 71
2 .6 7
2.6 4
2.6 4
$
61.44
6 4 .18
66.18
67.61
68.71
70.38
69.09
68.5 3
66.39
63 . 58
64.09
66.09
65.77
68.60
68.85
3 8 .4
3 8 .2
3 8 .7
3 8 .2
3 8 .6
39.1
3 8 .6
3 8 .5
3 8 .6
3 7 .4
3 7 .7
3 8 .2
3 7 .8
3 9 .2
3 8 .9
$
1.60
$
1.68
1. 71
1.7 7
1.78
1.80
1. 79
1.78
1.72
1.7 0
1.7 0
1.7 3
1.74
1.7 5
1. 77
Industrial organic
chemicals3
$
92.89
96.93
99.39
98.17
97.44
97.84
98.00
9 8 .98
100.12
100.69
100.85
102 . 25
101.91
103.07
103 . 57
41 .1
40 .9
4 0 .9
4 0 .4
40 .1
40 .1
4 0 .0
4 0 .4
4 0 .7
4 0 .6
40 .5
4 0 .9
4 0 .6
4 0 .9
41 .1
$
2.2 6
2 .3 7
2 .4 3
2 .4 3
2 .4 3
2 .4 4
2 . 45
2 .4 5
2 .4 6
2.4 8
2 .4 9
2.5 0
2 . 51
2 . 52
2.5 2
72.10
73.71
74.69
73.14
72.95
73.15
72 . 95
7 3 .53
74.07
72 . 91
76 . 43
75.42
76.40
77.93
78.58
3 9 .4
3 9 .0
3 8 .5
3 7 .7
3 7 .8
3 7 .9
3 7 .8
3 7 .9
3 7 .6
3 7 .2
3 8 .6
3 7 .9
3 8 .2
3 8 .2
3 8 .9
93.66
9 9 .90
100 . 94
99 . 55
9 9 .80
100.45
9 9 .47
102.18
102 . 75
102.31
104.08
105 . 75
105.66
107.70
106.01
42 .0
4 1 .8
41 .2
4 0 .8
4 0 .9
4 1 .0
4 0 .6
4 1 .2
41.1
40 .6
4 1 .3
4 1 .8
4 1 .6
4 2 .4
4 1 .9
83 .8 4
84 .3 5
8 4 .67
8 5 .0 6
8 4 .02
84.24
8 5 .02
85 . 58
85 . 75
8 5 .19
8 8 .2 6
88.5 3
87.42
8 6 .46
88.20
4 0 .5
3 9 .6
3 9 .2
3 9 .2
3 8 .9
3 9 .0
3 9 .0
3 8 .9
3 8 .8
3 8 .9
3 9 .4
3 9 .7
39 .2
3 8 .6
3 9 .2
$
2 .0 7
2 .1 3
2.16
2 .1 7
2 .1 6
2.1 6
2 .1 8
2.20
2.21
2 .1 9
2 .2 4
2 .2 3
2 .2 3
2 .2 4
2 .2 5
$
Miscellaneous pub Total: Chemicals and
lishing and print
allied products
ing services
1.8 3 $ 109.09
1.8 9 110 . 78
1 .9 4 109.25
1.9 4 108 . 77
1.9 3 109.73
1.93 110.21
1.9 3 107 . 73
1 .9 4 110 . 96
1.9 7 111. 2 2
1.9 6 111 . 30
1.9 8 112.86
1.9 9 110 . 70
2.00 112.42
2 .0 4 113 . 78
2.02 114.00
Plastics, except syn
thetic rubber
$
$
Chemicals and allied
products
Bookbinding and
related Industries
Greeting cards
Alkalies and chlorine
$
75.89
79.27
78.36
77.60
77.81
7 8 .79
78.21
79 . 79
82 . 60
82 . 40
8 5 .04
8 5 .65
85 .8 5
84 .6 2
84 . 64
Printing, publishing, and allied industries
Total: Printing, pub
lishing, and allied
industries
Lithographing
$
$
2.00
2.02
2.02
Printing, publishing, and allied industries—Continued
Commercial printing
Paperboard boxes
$ 2 .2 2
2 .3 9
2 .4 5
2 .4 4
2 .4 4
2 .4 4
2 .4 5
2 .4 8
2 . 50
2 . 52
2 .5 2
2 .5 3
2 .5 4
2 .5 4
2.5 3
39 .1
3 8 .6
3 8 .2
3 7 .9
38 .1
3 8 .4
3 7 .8
3 8 .0
3 7 .7
37 .6
3 8 .0
3 7 .4
3 7 .6
3 7 .8
3 8 .0
$
2 .7 9
2 .8 7
$
2.86
2 .8 7
2.88
2 .8 7
2 .8 5
2 .9 2
2 .9 5
2 .9 6
2 .9 7
2 .9 6
2 .9 9
3.0 1
3 .0 0
Synthetic rubber
$
104. 67
107.98
112.34
109 . 62
109.21
110 . 03
108.14
110.03
112.61
111 . 52
112 . 75
113.98
114.67
117.88
120.56
4 1 .7
4 0 .9
4 1 .3
4 0 .6
4 0 .6
4 0 .6
4 0 .2
4 0 .6
41.1
40 .7
4 1 .0
4 1 .0
41.1
41 .8
42 .3
$
2 . 51
2 .6 4
2 .7 2
2 .7 0
2 . 69
2.7 1
2 .6 9
2 . 71
2 .7 4
2 .7 4
2 .7 5
2 .7 8
2 . 79
2 .8 2
2 .8 5
87 .1 4
91 . 46
9 3 .34
9 2 .62
9 2 .57
92.39
9 2 .39
9 3 .43
94.94
9 5 .06
9 5 .2 4
95 . 94
95.94
9 6 .82
9 7 .47
4 1 .3
4 1 .2
4 1 .3
40 .8
4 0 .6
4 0 .7
4 0 .7
4 0 .8
41.1
4 0 .8
4 0 .7
4 1 .0
4 1 .0
4 1 .2
4 1 .3
$ 2 .1 1
2.22
2 .2 6
2 .2 7
2 .2 8
2 .2 7
2 .2 7
2 . 29
2.3 1
2 .3 3
2 .3 4
2 . 34
2 .3 4
2 .3 5
2 .3 6
Synthetic fibers
$
7& 00
82.21
84 .0 3
8 2 .3 7
81 .3 3
8 2 .7 4
82.71
83 . 79
85 .4 4
86 .0 7
87 .0 8
8 6 .46
84 . 96
8 5 .60
8 7 .29
4 0 .0
4 0 .3
4 0 .4
3 9 .6
3 9 .1
3 9 .4
3 9 .2
3 9 .9
4 0 .3
4 0 .6
4 0 .5
4 0 .4
39 .7
40 .0
4 0 .6
$
1.9 5
2 .0 4
2 .0 8
2 .0 8
2 .0 8
2.10
2.11
2.10
2.12
2.12
2 .1 5
2 .1 4
2 .1 4
2 .1 4
2 .1 5
344
T able C -l.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours ings
ings horas
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings]
Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
Nondurable goods—Continued
Chemicals and allied products—Continued
Soap, cleaning and
Drugs and medicines polishing
preparations2
E x p lo s iv e s
1956: Average.......... $87.29
1957: Average........ - 93.30
December....... 91.77
1958: January-------- 90.32
February------ 92.97
M arch______ 92.20
91.49
April_______
M ay...........— 92.75
June------ ------ 95.65
July.......... ...... 95.36
August--------- 98.16
September___ 99.29
99. 53
October_____
November___ 99.46
December___ 97.92
40.6
41.1
39.9
39.1
39.9
39.4
39.1
39.3
40.7
39.9
40.9
41.2
41.3
41.1
40.8
$2.15
2.27
2.30
2.31
2.33
2.34
2.34
2.36
2.35
2.39
2.40
2. 41
2.41
2.42
2.40
Gum and wood
chemicals
1956: Average-------- $75.33
1957: Average-------- 78.20
December___ 78.58
1958: January........... 79.90
February........ 78.50
M arch............. 77.83
April------------ 81.83
M ay..... ........ . 80.03
79.93
June-----------July................. 81. 45
August--------- 80.26
September----- 80.64
October-------- 79.90
November___ 80. 77
December___
81.71
42.8
42.5
41.8
42.5
41.1
41.4
42.4
41.9
41.2
42.2
41.8
42.0
41.4
41.0
41.9
$78.55
82.82
85.08
85.49
86.11
85.90
85.68
84.85
86.11
86. 71
85. 41
85.63
86.24
87.29
87.48
40.7 $1.93 $90.64
40.8
2.03 96.17
41.5
2.05 100.28
41.1
2.08 98.74
41.2
2.09 96.47
41.1
2.09 98.90
40.8
2.10 98.33
40.6
2.09 99.31
41.2
2.09 100.21
40.9
2.12 100.21
40.1
2.13 104.16
40.2
2.13 105.00
40.3
2.14 102.18
40.6
2.15 102.09
40.5
2.16 106.17
$1.76 $67.68
1.84 71.83
1.88 72.49
1.88 73.25
1.91 71.10
1.88 72.58
1.93 73.52
1.91 78. 41
1.94 72. 51
1.93 73.44
1.92 72.92
1.92 75. 54
1.93 75.23
1.97 75.29
1.95 75.84
42.3
42.5
41.9
42.1
41.1
43.2
43.5
44-3
41.2
40.8
41.2
42.2
42.5
42.3
41.9
41.2 $2.20 $98.16
41.1
2.34 104.65
41.1
2.44 110.09
2.42 108.09
40.8
39.7
2.43 104.54
40.7
2.43 107.98
40.3
2.44 107.45
2.44 108.12
40.7
40.9
2.45 109.06
40.9
2.45 109.47
42.0
2.48 113.21
42.0
2. 50 114.90
41.2
2.48 111. 10
41.0
2.49 110.70
42.3
2. 51 115. 72
Vegetable and animal
oils and fats 2
Fertilizers
$1.60 $74.58
1.69 78.67
1.73 79.17
1.74 80.19
1.73 80.15
1.68 81.10
1.69 81.78
1.77 81.08
1. 76 84.29
1.80 84.24
1. 77 83.18
1.79 81.91
1.77 83.44
1.78 83.08
1.81 82.58
45.2
44.7
45.5
44.8
43.8
43.6
43.5
42.9
43.9
43.2
43.1
43.8
46.1
45.9
44.4
Chemicals and allied products—Continued
E s s e n tia l o ils ,p e r fu m e s ,
c o s m e tic s
1956: Average-------- $66.30
1957: Average-------- 68.85
December....... 71.89
1958: January-------- 70.80
February-....... 71.94
M arch______ 71.37
April------------ 72.52
M ay....... ........ 72.73
June.- ......... - 72.15
July................. 71.04
August______ 71.81
September___ 73.12
October_____ 75.01
November___ 74.64
December___
75.24
39.0
38.9
39.5
38.9
39.1
39.0
39.2
39.1
39.0
38.4
38.4
39.1
39.9
39.7
39.6
C o m p re sse d
fie d
$1.70
1.77
1.82
1.82
1.84
1.83
1.85
1.86
1.85
1.85
1.87
1.87
1.88
1.88
1.90
$90.09
95.91
96.93
97.58
97.82
96.15
98.23
98. 71
100. 74
98. 57
101. 09
100.60
100. 86
103.91
101.76
and l i q u e
g ases
42.1
41.7
40.9
41.0
41.1
40.4
41.1
41.3
41.8
40.9
41.6
41.4
41.0
41.9
41.2
S o a p
a n d
40.9
41.2
41.7
41.1
39.6
40.9
40.7
40.8
41.0
41.0
42.4
42.4
41.3
41.0
42.7
$1.65 $67.95
1.76 71.52
1.74 73.15
1.79 74.29
1.83 73.48
1.86 74.63
1.88 77.44
1.89 77. 22
1.92 80.29
1.95 80.28
1. 93 78.57
1.87 75.52
1.81 79.51
1.81 77.08
1.86 77.12
45.0
44.7
46.3
45.3
44.0
43.9
44.0
42.9
43.4
42.7
42.7
43.4
47.9
47.0
45.1
1956: Average_____
1957: Average_____
December___
1958: January_____
February........
M arch______
April_______
M ay....... .......
June________
July.................
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December.......
$100.95
106.52
105.84
98.52
93.02
98.05
95.67
99.48
103.63
106.59
113.96
113.40
113.24
115. 75
122. 55
39.9
40.5
39.2
36.9
35.1
37.0
36.1
37.4
38.1
38.9
40.7
40.5
40.3
40.9
42.7
S e e fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f t a b l e .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2.53 $71.89
2.63 73.47
2.7Ò 79.35
2.67 74.87
2.65 74.68
2. 65 76.61
2.65 75.46
2.66 75.85
2.72 77.20
2.74 75.25
2.80 77.18
2.80 76. 62
2. 81 77.01
2.83 77. 22
2.87 78.01
39.5
39.5
40.9
39.2
39.1
39.9
39.3
39.3
40.0
39.4
40.2
39.7
39.9
39.6
39.8
$86.11
89.38
89.47
89.20
88.98
89.60
89.65
91.58
95. 57
95.91
94.58
94.76
94.02
95.76
97.11
A n im a l
$1.51 $85.35
1.60 88.75
1.58 89.32
1.64 90.00
1.67 91.12
1.70 90. 29
1.76 88.17
1.80 86.43
1.85 89.24
1.88 88.27
1.84 88.71
1.74 90.82
1.66 89.87
1.64 93.93
1.71 92.01
41.6
41.0
40.3
40.0
39.9
40.0
40.2
40.7
42.1
41.7
41.3
41.2
40.7
41.1
41.5
o ils
a n d
45.4
44.6
44.0
43.9
43.6
43.2
42.8
43.0
44. 4
43.7
43.7
44.3
43.0
44.1
43.4
Products of petroleum and coal
Total: Products of
petroleum and coal
$2.14 $104.39
2.30 108.39
2.37 111. 38
2.38 109.89
2.38 108.53
2.38 109.07
2.39 110.97
2.39 110.16
2.41 111. 93
2.41 113.16
2.43 110. 29
2.43 112. 33
2.46 110.15
2.48 112.46
2.47 110.80
Rubber footwear
$2.40
2.54
2.64
2.63
2.64
2.64
2.64
2.65
2.66
2.67
2.67
2. 71
2.69
2.70
2. 71
V e g e ta b le o ils
41.1
40.9
40.8
40.4
39.9
40.1
40.5
40.5
41.0
41.0
40.4
40.7
40.2
40.6
40.0
P a in ts , v a r n is h e s , la c
q u e rs, a n d
$2.07 $84.04
2.18 87.33
2.22 87.23
2.23 86.76
2.23 86.76
2.24 87.60
2.23 87.42
2.25 89.76
2.27 93.91
2.30 93.63
2.29 91.88
2.30 92.29
2.31 91.58
2.33 92.43
2.34 94.62
fa ts
e n a m e ls
41.4
41.0
40.2
39.8
39.8
40.0
40.1
40.8
42.3
41.8
41.2
41.2
40.7
40.9
41.5
$2.03
2.13
2.17
2.18
2.18
2.19
2.18
2.20
2.22
2.24
2.23
2.24
2.25
2.26
2.28
Miscellaneous chemi
cals 2
$1.88 $80.38
1.99 84.03
2.03 86.46
2.05 85.60
2.09 86.22
2.09 86.18
2.06 86.22
2.01 86.40
2.01 87.45
2.02 85.54
2.03 86.98
2.05 86. 98
2.09 87.64
2.13 89.10
2.12 88.84
40.8
40.4
40.4
40.0
40.1
39.9
40.1
40.0
40.3
39.6
39.9
39.9
40.2
40.5
40.2
$1.97
2.08
2.14
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.16
2.18
2.18
2.18
2.20
2. 21
Rubber products
other petroleum Total: Rubber prod
Petroleum refining Coke,
and coal products
ucts
$2.54 $108.39
2.65 112.88
2.73 116.31
2.72 115.06
2.72 113.24
2.72 114.09
2.74 115.59
2. 72 113.65
2. 73 115. 75
2. 76 117.26
2.73 113.08
2.76 116.00
2. 74 113.48
2.77 116. 28
2. 77 114.00
4a 9
40.9
41.1
40.8
40.3
40.6
40.7
40.3
40.9
41.0
40.1
40.7
40.1
40.8
40.0
Kubber products—Continued
Tires and inner tubes
Paints, pigments, and
fillers 2
g ly c e r in
$2.65
2.76
2.83
2.82
2.81
2.81
2.84
2.82
2.83
2. 86
2.82
2.85
2. 83
2.85
2.85
$91.32
96.00
94.33
93.06
92.02
91.25
94.96
98.23
98.71
99.46
100. 85
101.02
98. 98
99.60
99.35
41.7
41.2
39.8
39.1
38.5
38.5
39.9
41.1
41.3
41.1
41.5
40.9
40.4
40.0
39.9
$2.19 $87.23
2.33 91.53
2.37 92.40
2.38 87.48
2.39 85.04
2.37 87.02
3.38 85.88
2. 39 87. 86
2.39 91.10
2.42 91.89
2.43 96.80
2. 47 97. 51
2.45 97. 27
2.49 98.09
2.49 102.90
40.2
40.5
40.0
38.2
37.3
38.0
37.5
38.2
39.1
39.1
40.5
40.8
40.7
40.7
42.0
$2.17
2.26
2.31
2.29
2.28
2.29
2.29
2.30
2.33
2.35
2.39
2.39
2.39
2.41
2.45
Leather and leather products
Leather and Leather: tanned, cur Industrial leather
Other rubber products Total:
leather products
ried, and finished
belting and packing
$1.82 $78.96
1.86 82.62
1.94 84.03
1.91 80.94
1.91 80.32
1.92 79.87
1.92 79.87
1.93 80.29
1.93 83.77
1.91 82. 92
1.92 86.24
1.93 89. 21
1.93 88. 78
1.95 88. 54
1.96 92.60
40.7
40.7
40.4
39.1
38.8
38.4
38.4
38.6
39.7
39.3
40.3
41.3
41.1
40.8
41.9
$1.94 $56.02
2.03 57.60
2.08 58.34
2.07 58.19
2.07 57.41
2.08 56.83
2.08 53.54
2.08 55.42
2.11 57.46
2.11 57.97
2.14 58.19
2.16 57.99
2.1f 58.46
2.17 59.63
2. 21 61.37
37.6
37.4
37.4
37.3
36.8
36.2
34.1
35.3
36.6
37.4
37.3
36.7
37.0
37.5
38.6
$1.49 $74.24
1.54 76.64
1.56 78.80
1.56 77.42
1.56 77.02
1.57 75.65
1.57 74.65
1.57 75.82
1. 57 78.98
1.55 76.40
1.56 78.19
1. 58 79.79
1.58 79.58
1.59 81.19
1.59 83.03
39.7
39.3
39.6
39.1
38.9
38.4
37.7
38.1
39.1
38.2
38.9
39.5
39.2
39.8
40.5
$1.87 $73.71
1.95 77.27
1.99 76.76
1.98 75.43
1.98 71.25
1.97 72.58
1.98 69.19
1.99 70.87
2.02 73.73
2.00 74.31
2. 01 76.82
2. 02 78. 21
2.03 80. 54
2.04 80.16
2.05 79.65
40.5
41.1
40.4
39.7
37.7
38.4
37.0
37.3
38.2
38.5
39.6
39.5
41.3
40.9
41.7
$1.82
1.88
1.90
1.90
1.89
1.89
1.87
1.90
1.93
1.93
1.94
1.98
1.95
1. 96
1.91
0 .—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C -l.
345
Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Transportation and
public utilities
Nondurable goods—Continued
Transportation
Year and month
Leather and leather products—Continued
1956: Average..........
1957: Average_____
December___
1958: January...........
February____
M arch______
April________
M ay________
June................
July.................
A ugust..........
September___
October___ _
November___
December.......
Boot and shoe cut
Footwear (except
Handbags and small
Luggage
stock and findings
rubber)
leather goods
$53.63
37.5 $1.43 $53. 57 37.2 $1.44 $62. 88 39.3 $1.60 $51.00
37.5 $1.36
55.42
37.7
1. 47 55.13
1.49 62.43
37.8
1.42
38.3
1.63 53.68
37.0
57.45
38.3
36.9
1.66 54.95
1.42
1.50 55. 35
36.9
1.50 61.25
38.7
37.2
1.69 54.67
37.7
56. 55 37.7
1.50 56.17
1. 51 56.62
33.5
1.45
55.65
38.5
1.45
1.50 54. 96 36.4
37.1
1.51 59.32
35.1
1.69 55.83
35.8
1.50 53. 96 35.5
1.52 60.29
1.67 56.12
38.7
1.45
53.70
36.1
1.52 49.68
34.8
32.9
1.68 52.49
36.2
1.45
52.90
1.51 62.33
37.1
36.4
1.51 51.94
34.4
1.66 52.13
36.2
1.44
54.96
1.51 63.25
38.1
1.66 53.36
1.50 54.36
1.51 63.91
38.5
38.1
36.8
1.45
57.15
36.0
37.2
1.44
1.50 55.80
56. 85 37.9
1.50 66. 08 39.1
1.69 53. 42 37.1
1.44
36.9
1.50 55. 57 36.8
38.4
55.35
1.51 66.07
39.8
1.66 55.30
36.3
1.50 54.93
54.45
35.9
1.53 66.57
40.1
1.66 54.96
37.9
1.45
1.50 55. 08 36.0
39.4
1.65 58. 58 40.4
55.05
36.7
1.53 65.01
1.45
1.53 56. 21
36.5
1.54 66.19
39.4
1.68 59.42
57. 22 37.4
40.7
1.46
1.69 56.63
1.50 58. 67 38.1
1. 54 65.91
39.6
1.43
58.20
38.8
39.0
Transportation and public utilities—Continued
Transportation—Con.
1956: Averaee.
1957: Average_____
December___
1958: January_____
February____
M arch.............
Anril.. .
M ay____ _
June...............
July------------August______
September___
October_____
November___
December.......
Communication
Class I railroads 5
$88.40
94.24
97.92
99. 01
101.26
96. 24
98. 95
100.12
101.19
103.28
100.94
103.39
103. 52
104.19
41.7
41.7
40.8
41.6
41.5
40.1
41.4
41.2
41.3
42.5
41.2
42.2
42.6
40.7
$2.12
2.26
2.40
2.38
2.44
2.40
2.39
2. 43
2.45
2. 43
2.45
2.45
2.43
2.56
Other public utilities
Local railways and
Switchboard operat
Line construction
Total: Gas and elec
Telephone
Telegraph 8
employees i
buslines
ing employees 6
tric utilities
39.5 $1.86 $60.70
43.5 $2.33 $82. 74 42.0 $1.97 $91.46
43.1 $1.96 $73.47
37.7 $1.61 $101.36
$84.48
41.2 $2.22
1.69 102.48
42.7
2.40 87.36
40.9
1.95 62.70
43.2
2.05 76.05
37.1
41.8
2.33
88.56
39.0
2.09 95.30
1.73 105.22
42.6
2.47 85.89
89.65
2.08 77. 59 38.6
35.9
40.9
41.2
2.10 98.88
43.1
2.01 62.1Í
2.40
35.3
1. 73 102.09
41.5
2. 46 85.90
41.1
2.39
42.6
2.08 76.38
38.0
2.09 97.51
40.8
2.01 61.07
88. 61
1.74 101. 76 41.2
2.47 86.10
38.2
36.3
2.41
42.5
41.0
41.0
2.10 98. 81
88.83
2.09 76.78
2.01 63.16
1.74 102.18
41.2
2.48 86.52
41.2
40.4
37.8
2.02 61.25
2.09 76.36
35.2
2.42
2.10 97.77
42.6
89.03
1.74 101.84
40.9
2.49 87.35
2.44
40.8
41.4
42.7
2.11 76. 53
2.03 61.42
2.11 99.55
37.7
35.3
90.10
1.77 101. 75 40.7
2. 50 89.04
2.04 63.01
35.6
2.12 98. 42 40.5
2.43
2.10 77.11
37.8
42.0
43.0
90.30
1.75 104.90
2.54 91.34
38.2
2.12 78.31
41.3
41.9
40.7
2.46
2.05 63.35
36.2
2.18 100.12
91.16
43.0
2.56 91.76
41.9
1.75 107.01
2.13 79. 31
38.5
2.06 63.88
41.8
2.19 100.12
40.7
2.46
36.5
91. 38 42.9
1.76 106. 91
2.57 91.78
41.6
42.1
40.9
2.47
38.6
2.07 64. 77 36.8
42.9
2.12 79.90
2.18 101.02
90.95
2.58 93.63
37.4
1.77 108.10
41.9
2.24 101.84
40.9
2.49
2.14 81.12
39.0
2.08 66.20
41.8
90.74
42.4
2.58 93.41
1.79 107. 84 41.8
40.9
2.13 81.51
2.09 67.30
41.7
2.51
42.5
39.0
37.6
2.24 102.66
90.53
2.59 92.51
42.2
2.52
41.3
2.24 103. 57 41.1
39.7
2.09 69. 38 39.2
2.14 82.97
1.77 109.30
42.6
91.16
2.61 93.18
2.52
2.11 65.34
36.5
1.79 109.62
42.0
41.6
2.24 103. 57 41.1
42.3
38.8
2.15 81.87
90. 95
Transportation and public utilities—Continued
Wholesale and retail trade
Retail trade
Other public utilities—Continued
Electric light and
power utilities
1956: Average
1957: Average_____
December___
1958: January_____
February____
M arch______
April________
M ay________
June________
July------------August______
September___
October____
November___
December___
Gloves and miscella
neous leather goods
$48.47
37.0 $1.31
49.59
36.2
1.37
48.69
35.8
1.36
49.32
36.0
1.37
36.3
50.46
1.39
50.40
1.40
36.0
50.34
35.7
1.41
49.98
35.7
1.40
50.04
1.39
36.0
50.26
35.9
1. 40
50.40
36.0
1.40
49.62
35.7
1.39
50.87
36.6
1.39
51.01
36.7
1.39
52.50
37.5
1.40
$93.38
97.06
99.95
98. 98
99.14
99.80
100.45
99. 72
101.68
101. 68
102. 59
102.66
103.22
103. 73
103. 89
41.5
41.3
41.3
40.9
40.8
40.9
41.0
40.7
41.0
41.0
41.2
40.9
40.8
41.0
40.9
$2. 25 $86.30
2.35 90.13
2.42 94. 58
2. 42 92.80
2.43 96.05
2.44 93.15
2.45 92.46
2.45 92.23
2.48 93.67
2.48 93. 90
2.49 94.60
2. 51 96.12
2. 53 97.41
2. 53 98. 71
2.54 98.95
Department stores
and general mail
order houses
1956: Average........... $48. 77
1957: Average.......... 50.26
52.54
December___
1958: January_____ 50. 57
February____ 50.52
M arch______
51.10
A pril.............. 51.50
M ay________ 52.15
June________ 53.61
July........ ........ 53. 91
August............ 53.25
September___ 52.65
October.......... 52.50
November___ 51.41
December....... 54.98
35.6
34.9
37.0
34.4
34.6
35.0
34.8
35.0
35.5
35.7
35.5
35.1
35.0
34.5
37.4
See footnotes a t e n d of ta b le.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Electric light and
gas utilities combined
Gas utilities
40.9
40.6
41.3
40.7
41.4
40.5
40.2
40.1
40.2
40.3
40.6
40.9
41.1
41.3
41.4
$2.11
2.22
2.29
2.28
2.32
2. 30
2. 30
2. 30
2.33
2.33
2.33
2.35
2.37
2.39
2.39
Food and liquor
stores
$1.37 $63.38
1.44 65.50
1.42 65.52
1.47 65.70
1.46 65.87
1.46 65.87
1.48 66.23
1.49 66. 42
1.51 68.08
1.51 69. 56
1.50 69.38
1.50 68. 44
1.50 68.42
1.49 68.97
1.47 68.06
37.5
36.8
36.2
35.9
35.8
35.8
35.8
35.9
36.6
37.4
37.3
36.6
36.2
36.3
36.2
$93.11
97.10
100.86
100.21
100. 86
98.85
103. 48
102.97
103.63
103. 38
103.94
105.93
106.49
107.01
107.94
41.2
40.8
41.0
40.9
41.0
39.7
40.9
40.7
40.8
40.7
40.6
40.9
40.8
41.0
41.2
$2.26 $81.20
2.38 84.42
2.46 86.46
2.45 85.41
2.46 85. 57
2.49 85.79
2.53 85.14
2.53 86. 40
2.54 87.42
2. 54 88.26
2.56 87.64
2.59 88. 66
2.61 87. 85
2.61 88. 22
2.62 88.07
Automotive and ac
cessories dealers
$1.69 $81.28
1.78 83.22
1.81 82.16
1.83 82.34
1.84 80.54
1.84 81.28
1.85 81.72
1.85 83.66
1.86 84.10
1.86 84.53
1.86 84.73
1.87 83.47
1.89 83.22
1.90 83.90
1.88 85.11
43.7
43.8
43.7
43.8
43.3
43.7
43.7
43.8
43.8
43.8
43.9
43.7
43.8
43.7
44.1
Wholesale trade
40.4
40.2
40.4
40.1
39.8
39.9
39.6
40.0
40.1
40.3
40.2
40.3
40.3
40.1
40.4
$2.01
2.10
2.14
2.13
2.15
2.15
2.15
2.16
2.18
2.19
2.18
2.20
2.18
2.20
2.18
Apparel and acces
sories stores
$1.86 $47.54
1.90 49.13
1.88 50.62
1.88 50.81
1.86 50.26
1.86 49.19
1.87 50.08
1.91 50. 72
1.92 51.01
1.93 51.25
1.93 50.69
1.91 50.86
1.90 50.91
1.92 50.76
1.93 52.69
34.7
34.6
35.4
34.8
34.9
34.4
34.3
34.5
34.7
35.1
35.2
34.6
34.4
34.3
35.6
$1.37
1.42
1.43
1.46
1.44
1.43
1.46
1.47
1.47
1.46
1.44
1.47
1.48
1.48
1.48
Retail trade (except General merchandise
eating and drinking
stores
places)
38.6 $1.57 $43.40
$60.60
35.0 $1.24
1.64 44.85
34.5
38.1
62.48
1.30
62.43
1.28
38.3
36.0
1.63 46.08
63.50
33.9
1.68 45.77
1.35
37.8
1.34
34.1
37.8
63.50
1.68 45.69
34.4
1.33
63.13
1.67 45.75
37.8
34.2
1.34
63.50
37.8
1.68 45.83
1. 35
63.88
34.3
1. 69 46. 31
37.8
38.2
1.37
64.94
1.70 47. 68 34.8
1.37
35.2
66.18
38.7
1.71 48. 22
35.2
1.35
66.18
38.7
1.71 47.52
64.98
34.5
1.36
38.0
1.71 46.92
37.9
34.3
1.36
64.81
1.71 46.65
1.35
64.47
34.0
37.7
1.71 45.90
1.33
64.68
1.68 48. 55 36.5
38.5
Other retail trade
Furniture and appli Lumber and hard
ware supply stores
ance stores
42.5 $1.71
$69.30
42.0 $1.65 $72.68
42.2
1.77
41.9
71.23
1.70 74.69
1.78
41.8
1.74 74.40
42.6
74.12
1.79
41.3
1.72
73. 93
71.72
41.7
1.79
40.8
1.67 73.03
41.6
69.47
1.80
41.3
1.66 74.34
68.89
41.5
41.6
1.65 75.30
1.81
41.8
68.97
1.84
1.69 77. 83 42.3
70. 98 42.0
1.82
42.5
1.72 77.35
72.07
41.9
1.72
42.6
1.83
77.96
72. 41
42.1
1.84
42.9
1.76 78.94
41.8
73.57
1.85
42.8
1.75 79.18
41.7
72.98
1.86
42.6
73.81
41.7
1. 77 79.24
1.85
42.0
74.05
1.78 77.70
41.6
1.84
41.8
42.5
1.80 76.91
76.50
346
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
T able C -l.
Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry 1—Con.
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Finance, insurance, and
real estate 9
Year and month
Banks
and
trust
com
panies
$61.97
64.21
65.15
65. 56
65.60
65. 53
65.60
65. 72
65. 56
65.93
65. 80
65.98
66.24
66. 54
66.96
1956: Average.........
1957: Average____
December___
1958: January____
February___
M arch______
April_______
M ay..............
June...............
July-..............
August_____
September__
October
November__
December___
Security
dealers
and ex
changes
$97. 56
98. 77
98.00
98.19
97.77
95. 65
98. 64
103.60
105.42
106.21
107. 55
108.04
115. 41
121.46
120. 65
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Service and miscellaneous
Personal services
Insur
ance
carriers
Hotels, year-round 18
Cleaning and dyeing plants
Laundries
$77.49
80. 73
81. 78
82.12
82. 68
82.60
82.38
82. 59
82.86
83.00
83.49
83.19
82.97
83.45
83.97
$42.13
43. 52
44.69
44.40
44. 58
44.29
44. 29
44.80
45.31
45.60
44. 91
45.09
45.65
45.49
46.40
$1.03
1.08
1.12
1.11
1.12
1.11
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.12
1.13
1.13
1.14
1.16
40.9
40.3
39.9
40.0
39.8
39.9
39.9
40.0
40.1
40.0
40.1
39.9
40.4
39.9
40.0
1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to August
1958 and coverage of these series, see footnote 1, table A-2.
In addition, hours and earnings data for anthracite mining have been
revised from January 1953 and are not comparable with those published in
issues prior to August 1958.
For mining, manufacturing, laundries, and cleaning and dyeing plants
data, refer to production and related workers: for contract construction, to
construction workers; and for the remaining industries, unless otherwise
noted, to nonsupervisory workers and working supervisors.
Data for the latest month are preliminary.
* Italicized titles which follow are components of this industry.
8 Averages shown for 1956 are not strictly comparable with those for later
years.
8 D ata beginning with January 1958 are not strictly comparable with those
shown for earlier years.
8 Figures for Class I railroads (excluding switching and terminal com
panies) are based upon monthly data summarized in the M-300 report by
the Interstate Commerce Commission and relate to all employees who
received pay during the month, except executives, officials, and staff assist
ants (ICO Group I).
T able C-2.
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
$42.32
43.27
43.85
43.68
43.23
43.68
44.30
44. 75
45.37
45.26
44. 80
44.80
44.92
44.23
45.08
40.3
39.7
39.5
39.0
38.6
39.0
39.2
39.6
39.8
39.7
39.3
39.3
39.4
38.8
39.2
$1.05
1.09
1.11
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.13
1.13
1.14
1.14
1.14
1.14
1.14
1.14
1.15
$49.77
50. 57
50.30
49. 27
47.09
49.53
50.70
52. 40
53.47
51.07
49.48
51.34
52.80
51.86
51.59
39.5
38.9
38.4
37.9
36.5
38.1
38.7
39.7
39.9
38.4
37.2
38.6
39.4
38.7
38.5
Motion
picture
produc
tion and
distri
bution
$91.66
99.48
103.67
97.43
98.79
97.84
95.43
96.26
96. 55
97.10
97. 67
100.62
102.32
101.44
13.74
$1.26
1.30
1.31
1.30
1.29
1.30
1.31
1.32
1.34
1.33
1.33
1.33
1.34
1.34
1.34
8 Data relate to employees in such occupations in the telephone industry
as switchboard operators, service assistants, operating-room instructors, and
pay-station attendants. In 1957, such employees made up 39 percent of
the total number of nonsupervisory employees in establishments reporting
hours and earnings data.
1 Data relate to employees In such occupations in the telephone industry
as central office craftsmen; installation and exchange repair craftsmen; line,
cable, and conduit craftsmen; and laborers. In 1957, such employees made
up 29 percent of the total number of nonsupervisory employees in establish
ments reporting hours and earnings data.
8 D ata relate to domestic nonsupervisory employees except messengers.
9 Average weekly hours and average hourly earnings data are not available.
18 Money payments only; additional value of board, room, uniforms, and
tips not included.
N ote: For a description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing
Major BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except that for Class I railroads (see footnote 5).
Average weekly earnings, gross and net spendable, of production workers in manufacturing
industries, in current and 1947-49 dollars 1
1958
Item
Dec.
Nov.
Gross average weekly earnings:
Current dollars................
1947-49 dollars ................... .
88.26
71.35
N et spendable average weekly
earnings:
Worker with no dependents:
Current dollars_________
1947—
49 dollars..
___
Worker with 3 dependents:
Current dollars_________
1947-49 dollars__________
1957
Annual
average
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
86. 58
69.88
$85.17
68.85
$85.39
69.03
$84.35
68.19
$83. 50
67.39
$83.10
67.18
$82.04
66.38
$80. 81
65.43
$81. 45
66.06
$80. 64
65. 83
$81.66
66.77
72.27
58.42
70.93
57.25
69.80
56.43
69.97
56.56
69.14
55.89
68.46
55.25
68.14
55.08
67.29
54.44
66.30
53. 68
66.81
54.18
66.17
54.02
66. 98
54.77
67. 85
55.80
67. 57
56.21
65.86
56.68
79.78
64.49
78.41
63.28
77.25
62.45
77.43
62.59
76.58
61.91
75.88
61. 25
75. 55
61.08
74.68
60.42
73.67
59.65
74.20
60.18
73. 54
60.03
74.37
60. 81
75.26
61.89
74. 97
62.37
73.22
63.01
Dec.
1957
1956
M a n u fa c tu r in g
1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to August
1958, see footnote 1, table A-2.
Net spendable average weekly earnings are obtained by deducting from
gross average weekly earnings, Federal social security and income taxes for
which the worker is liable. The amount of tax liability depends, of course,
on the number of dependents supported by the worker as well as on the level
of his gross income. Net spendable earnings have been computed for 2 types
of income-receivers: (1) a worker with no dependents; (2) a worker with 3
dependents. The primary value of the spendable series is that of measuring
relative changes in disposable earnings for 2 types of income receivers.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$82. 74 $82.39
68.04 68. 54
$79.99
68.84
The computations of net spendable earnings for both the worker with no
dependents and the worker with 3 dependents are based upon the gross aver
age weekly earnings for a l l production workers in manufacturing without
direct regard to marital status, family composition, or other sources of
income.
Gross and net spendable average weekly earnings expressed in 1947-49
dollars indicate changes in the level of average weekly earnings after adjust
ment for changes in purchasing power as measured by the Bureau’s Con
sumer Price Index.
8 Preliminary.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
347
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C -3.
Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours in industrial and construction activities 1
[1947-49=100]
Annual
average
1958
1959
Industry
Jan.2 Dec.2 Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
1957
1956
96.7
69.5
104.9
97.4
102.5
335.1
98.5
68.4
123.8
96.9
101.2
317.6
97.8
68.0
135.3
94.5
96.0
297.0
99.6
68.3
136.1
96.5
98.6
305.0
97.3
67.4
137.9
93.5
94.0
293.5
93.8
66.1
132.1
90.2
92.0
295.1
93.9
68.7
128.1
90.6
93.7
300.9
90.9
65.1
122.7
88.1
91.3
297.9
89.0
64.5
109.1
87.8
91.6
303.9
89.9
67.0
98.9
90.2
94.4
298.2
89.7
69.3
85.9
91.6
95.7
294.4
93.9
72.6
102.4
94.1
99.5
302.2
105.6
81.4
127.3
104.1
112.9
339.4
109.9
83.8
135.0
108.1
117.3
378.8
74.1
105.5
96.5
92.6
76.3
105.3
98.6
90.0
80.0
106.4
97.9
79.8
105.1
101.9
86.3
77.4
100.7
99.3
81.9
73.6
91.9
95.6
80.6
76.7
92.1
94.9
81.1
70.3
88.7
91.0
77.1
66 .2
89.0
88.9
77.2
65.6
92.7
89.2
81.0
65.4
93.7
89.2
82.7
66.4
95.1
93.0
87.8
76.6
103.9
104.5
105.4
88.1
107.7
109.6
110.6
107.8
91.2
125.5
126.1
110.5
107.2
87.9
124.7
121.5
109.6
102.5
85.6
116.1
99.1
107.9
107.0
86.9
101.3
98.3
86.7
120.0
103.2
102.0
100.2
107.7
101.9
94.6
87.5
109.1
107.1
101.3
94.8
89.9
110.9
108.3
104.0
98.0
92.9
114.3
113.5
105.4
99.8
93.7
116.7
116.5
106.8
105.1
97.1
120.9
122.9
109.5
116.9
111.0
134.0
139.6
117.5
116.6
116.5
138.5
108.7
106.5
97.3
84.3
109.0
105.0
94.5
91.3
82.3
81.0
72.9
99.3
91.7
86.2
82.7
98.9
94.0
98.1
95.8
71.8
93.6
92.8
97.0
84.1
70.6
88.0
88.0
89.2
68.3
67.5
90.9
87.0
84.7
69.1
68.0
88.3
84.3
78.7
67.1
65.3
88.6
83.3
75.4
66.1
64.5
90.1
85.2
74.7
68.4
66.8
89.7
86.6
75.5
74.5
68.0
89.4
87.8
77.8
81.2
68.1
101.2
7 3 .7
100.9
92.6
91.4
92.1
72.9
105.9
97.0
90.6
86.4
80.6
101.4
110.6
100.3
111.4
100.7
112.0
101.2
112.2
101.1
110.3
94.1
105.6
92.4
106.4
91.3
104.0
90.5
104.5
94.0
105.8
98.2
105.9
96.7
108.2
113.9
102.0
104.1
116.4
111.9
101.1
82.2
104.8
93.4
109.7
100.3
110.2
110.0
108.5
97.2
84.3
92.1
88.8
106.6
95.7
85.5
86.1
87.2
107.6
97.2
85.8
86.3
84.8
107.3
98.6
84.5
82.7
78.3
108.4
100.0
84.1
83.0
75.3
109.5
100.0
83.2
87.8
85.3
108.7
99.6
83.9
89.7
88.6
109.5
101.5
86.2
96.5
88.8
112.4
106.2
91.1
104.8
90.8
112.7
108.3
93.8
106.7
93.9
94.4
T otal_________________ - ________ -__ _
________________________ 67.2
"Mining
99.5
Contract construction_________________
Manufacturing
____ „______________ 95.4
Durable good s
100.7
Ordnance and accessories___________ 333.5
Lumber and wood products (except
furnltnriO
....
69.2
Furniture and fixtures______________ 103.9
Stone, clay, and glass products_______ 92.6
93.1
Prim ary metal industries___________
Fabricated metal products (except
ordnance, machinery, and trans
portation equipment)___________ 105.5
Machinery (except electrical)________ 91.5
Electrical "machinery_______________ 125.7
Transportation equipment__________ 122.2
I n s tr u m e n ts and related products____ 109.2
Miscellaneous manufacturing Indus91.9
trie s
_
_______________ _
89.2
Nondurable goods___________________
76.5
Food and kindred products_________
Tobacco manufactures______________ 77.1
Textile-mill products_______________ 71.7
Apparel and other finished textile
products______________________ 100.2
Paper and allied products___________ 109.5
Printing, publishing and allied indus
tries _______ - __________-_____ 108.7
Chemicals and allied products.............. 100.8
82.4
Products of petroleum and coal______
Rubber products......................... ........... 104.5
Leather and leather products________ 9 3 .7
83 .9
100.0
89.5
8 6 .2
99.2
85.0
96.2
86.8
100.3
81.6
99.4
85.9
113.6
110.6
93.7
86.4
80.8
74.7
138. 5
121.1
1 Preliminary.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
i For comparability of data with those published In Issues prior to August
1958, see footnote 1, table A-2.
For mining and manufacturing, data refer to production and related
workers; for contract construction, to construction workers.
T able C -4.
83 .2
Indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls in industrial and construction activities 1
[1947-49=100]
Annual
average
1958
1959
Activity
Jan.2 Dec.2 Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
1957
1956
109.1
106.8
105.0
105.5
103.6
101.8
106.2
99.0
98.2
103.6
108.0
112.5
124.3
121.6
Contract construction
182.7
212.2
231.4
232.9
232.8
223.1
213.3
205.1
183.2
166.3
145.5
172.8
207.1
207.7
Manufacturing.............................................. 157.6
161.0
158.4
152.5
155.7
150.0
144.8
144.9
140.9
139.6
143.6
144.9
149.9
162.7
161.4
Mining
,
__
i See footnote 1, table 0-3.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 Preliminary.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
348
T able C-5.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
Average hourly earnings, gross and excluding overtime, of production workers in manu
facturing, by major industry group 1
Ex
Ex
Ex
Ex
Ex
Ex
Ex
Gross cluding Gross cluding Gross cluding Gross cluding Gross cluding Gross cluding Gross cluding Gross
over
over
over
over
over
over
over
time *
time *
time *
time *
time 1
time *
time *
Year and month
Durable goods
Total: Manu
facturing
1956: Average____
1957: Average.........
December---1958: January.........
February.......
M arch______
April_______
M a y .. .........
June________
July................
August_____
September__
October_____
November__
December3. . .
Ex
cluding
over
time *
$1.98
2.07
2.10
2.11
2.10
2.11
2.11
2.12
2.12
2.13
2.13
2.14
2.14
2.17
2.19
$1.91
2.01
2.05
2.06
2.06
2.07
2.07
2.07
2.07
2.08
2.07
2. 08
2. 08
2.11
2.12
Total: Durable
goods
$2.10
2.20
2.24
2.24
2.24
2.25
2.25
2.26
2.27
2.28
2.29
2.30
2. 29
2. 34
2.35
$2.03
2.14
2.19
2.20
2.20
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.22
2.23
2.23
2.24
2. 23
2. 26
2.28
Ordnance and
accessories
$2.19
2,34
2.42
2. 44
2.44
2.45
2.46
2.46
2. 48
2.48
2.48
2. 50
2. 50
2. 51
2. 54
$2.12
2.28
2.37
2.38
2.38
2.39
2.40
2.41
2.43
2.42
2.42
2. 43
2. 44
2.44
2.48
Lumber and
wood products
(except furni
ture)
$1.76
1.81
1.83
1.81
1.82
1.82
1.84
1.88
1.88
1.89
1.91
1.94
1.95
1.93
1.91
$1.69
1.75
1.78
1.75
1.77
1. 77
1.79
1.82
1.81
1.83
1.83
1.86
1.87
1.85
1.84
Furniture and
fixtures
$1.69
1.75
1.77
1.76
1.77
1. 77
1.77
1.77
1. 78
1.77
1.78
1.80
1. 79
1.79
1.80
$1.64
1.70
1.72
1. 72
1.73
1.74
1.74
1. 74
1. 74
1. 73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.74
Stone, clay, and Prim ary metal
glass products
industries
$1.96
2.05
2.10
2.10
2.09
2.09
2.09
2.09
2.10
2.11
2.13
2.16
2.11
2.14
2.16
$1.88
1.98
2.03
2.04
2.04
2.03
2.03
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.07
2.03
2.06
2. 08
Durable goods—Continued
Machinery
(except electrical)
1956: Average......... $2.21
1957: Average.........
2.30
December___
2.34
1958: Ja n u a ry .._ _ 2.34
February.......
2.35
M arch______
2.36
April_______
2. 36
M a y .. .........
2.37
June________
2.38
July. ............
2.38
August_____
2.38
September—
2.39
October_____
2. 39
November__
2.43
December3. . .
2.44
$2.12
2.23
2.29
2.30
2.30
2.31
2.32
2.33
2.33
2.33
2.33
2.34
2.34
2.36
2.37
Electrical
machinery
$1.98
2.07
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.14
2.14
2.15
2.15
2.14
2.16
2.15
2.19
2. 20
$1.92
2.02
2.08
2.10
2.11
2.11
2.11
2.12
2.12
2.12
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.13
2.14
Transportation
equipment
$2.31
2. 41
2.48
2.46
2.46
2.47
2.47
2.49
2.50
2.53
2. 55
2. 55
2.55
2.63
2.66
$2.23
2.35
2. 42
2.41
2.42
2.43
2. 44
2.45
2.46
2. 48
2.48
2.49
2.48
2. 53
2.55
$2.29
2.44
2.51
2.52
2.53
2. 54
2. 54
2.55
2. 57
2.64
2. 65
2.67
2.68
2.69
2.69
$2.07
2.18
2.22
2.22
2.22
2.23
2.24
2.25
2.27
2.28
2. 29
2. 29
2.28
2.32
2.33
$2.00
2.11
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.20
2.21
2.21
2.22
2.22
2 22
2.21
2.24
2.25
Nondurable goods
Instruments
and related
products
$2.01
2.11
2. 14
2.15
2.15
2.17
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.20
2. 21
2.22
2.21
2.23
2. 24
$2.36
2.50
2. 55
2. 56
2. 56
2.57
2. 58
2.58
2.61
2.68
2.70
2.73
2.74
2.75
2.75
Fabricated
metal products
$1.96
2.06
2.09
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.18
Miscellaneous
manufacturing
industries
$1.75
1.81
1.83
1.85
1.84
1.84
1.85
1.84
1.85
1.84
1.84
1.85
1.85
1.86
1.87
$1.69
1.76
1.78
1.81
1.80
1.80
1.81
1.81
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.79
1.79
1. 81
1.81
Total: Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products
$1.80
1.88
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.93
1.94
1.94
1.94
1. 94
1.93
1.95
1. 95
1.96
1.97
$1.83
1.93
1.97
2.01
2.01
2.01
2.01
2.01
2.01
1.99
1. 97
1.99
2.00
2. 04
2.05
$1.75
1.83
1.86
1.88
1.87
1.88
1.89
1.89
1.89
1.89
1.88
1.89
1.89
1.90
1.91
$1.76
1.86
1.90
1.94
1.94
1.95
1.95
1.95
1.94
1.92
1.89
1.91
1.93
1.96
1.98
Tobacco manufactures
$1.44
1.52
1.54
1.56
1.56
1.59
1.65
1.66
1.67
1.66
1. 59
1. 50
1. 52
1 60
1.66
$1.42
1. 50
1 51
1 53
1 55
1.58
1.62
1 63
1 63
1. 63
1 55
1 48
1 50
1 58
1.62
Nondurable goods—Continued
Textile-mill
products
1956: Average____
1957: Average____
December___
1958: January.........
February.......
March______
April..............
M ay...............
June...............
Ju ly ...............
August_____
September__
October_____
November__
December3..-
$1.45
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1. 50
1. 51
1. 50
1. 51
1. 51
1. 62
1. 52
1. 52
$1.40
1.46
1.46
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1. 46
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
Apparel and
Paper and
Printing, pub Chemicals and
other finished allied products lishing, and al allied products
textile products
lied industries 4
$1.45
1.49
1.50
1.51
1.50
1.49
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.52
1.53
1. 53
1. 52
1. 52
$1.43
1.47
1.48
1.49
1.48
1.47
1.48
1. 48
1. 48
1.48
1.49
1.50
1.50
1.49
1.49
$1.94
2.04
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.14
2.14
2.15
$1.84
1.94
1.99
1.99
1.99
2.00
2.01
2.01
2.02
2.03
2.03
2.03
2.03
2. 04
2. 05
$2.42
2.50
2.54
2.54
2. 55
2. 56
2.55
2.58
2. 59
2.59
2.60
2.62
2.63
2. 62
2.65
1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to August
1958, see footnote 1, table A-2.
2 Derived by assuming that the overtime hours shown in table C-6 are paid
for at the rate of time and one-half.
3 Preliminary.
4 Average hourly earnings, excluding overtime, are not available separately
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____
$2.11
2.22
2.26
2.27
2.28
2.27
2.27
2.29
2.31
2.33
2. 34
2.34
2.34
2. 35
2. 36
$2.05
2.16
2.21
2.22
2.23
2.22
2.22
2.24
2.26
2.28
2.28
2.28
2. 27
2. 29
2.30
Products of
petroleum and
coal
$2.54
2.65
2.73
2. 72
2.72
2.72
2.74
2.72
2. 73
2. 76
2. 73
2.76
2. 74
2. 77
2.77
$2.47
2. 59
2.68
2.68
2.68
2.68
2.69
2.67
2.68
2.70
2.67
2. 70
2.69
2. 72
2.72
Bubber prod
ucts
Leather and
leather prod
ucts
$2.17
2.26
2.31
2.29
2.28
2.29
2.29
2. 30
2.33
2. 35
2.39
2. 39
2. 39
2. 41
2. 45
$1.49
1.54
1.56
$2.09
2.18
2.25
2.25
2.24
2.25
2.25
2.25
2.26
2.28
2.30
2 31
2. 31
2.33
2.35
1.56
1. 57
1.57
1. 57
1. 57
1.55
1.56
1. 58
1.58
1. 59
1.59
$1.47
1.52
1.53
1.54
1. 54
1.55
1.56
1.55
1. 55
1.53
1. 54
1. 56
1. 55
1. 56
1.56
for the printing, publishing, and allied industries group, as graduated over
time rates are found to an extent likely to make average overtime pay signif
icantly above time and one-half. Inclusion of data for the industry in the
nondurable-goods total has little effect.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
C.— EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C-6.
349
Gross average weekly hours and average overtime hours of production workers in manu
facturing, by major industry group 1
Gross
Over
time 3
Gross
Over
time 3
Gross
Over
time 3
Gross
Over
time 3
Over
time 3
Gross
Over
time 3
Total manufac
turing
40.4
39.8
39.4
38.7
38.4
38.6
38.3
38.7
39.2
39.2
39.6
39.9
39.8
39.9
40.3
2.8
2.4
2.0
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.7
1.9
1.9
2.3
2.4
2.4
2.6
2.6
Total: Durable
goods
41.1
40.3
39.7
38.9
38.6
39.0
38.8
39.1
39.6
39.4
39.8
40.2
40.1
40.3
40.8
3.0
2.4
1.9
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.7
1.8
2.1
2.3
2.4
2.6
2.7
Ordnance and
accessories
41.8
40.8
40.8
41.3
40.6
40.7
40.7
40.6
40.7
40.7
40.6
41.2
41.2
41.1
41.9
2.9
2.0
1.7
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.6
1.9
2.1
2.4
2.2
2.3
2.1
Lumber and
wood products
(except furn
iture)
40.3
39.8
39.0
38.5
38.7
38.9
38.8
39.6
40.5
39.3
40.7
41.3
41.1
40.2
40.5
3.3
2.8
2.5
2.2
2.2
2.4
2.2
2.6
2.9
2.7
3.5
3.7
3.6
3.4
3.2
Furniture and
fixtures
Over
time 3
40.8
40.0
39.9
38.5
38.4
38.6
38.0
37.8
38.8
38.9
40.5
41.0
41.0
40.8
41.3
2.8
2.3
2.3
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.7
1.9
2.6
3.0
3.0
2.7
3.0
Stone, clay, and Prim ary metal
glass products
industries
41.1
40.5
39.8
39.2
38.6
39.1
39.0
39.7
40.3
40.0
40.8
41.1
41.0
40.9
40.4
3.6
3.1
2.7
2.4
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.3
3.3
2.9
Durable goods—Continued
1956: Average.........
1957: Average.........
December___
1958: January____
February___
March______
April....... ......
M ay...............
June_______
July................
August_____
September__
October_____
November__
December 3. . .
Gross
Gross
Over
time
Durable goods
Year and month
1956: Average.........
1957: Average____
December___
1958: January____
February.......
March............
April_______
M ay...............
June_______
J u ly ...............
A ugust.-.......
September__
October..........
November__
December 3„ -
Gross
Machinery
(except elec
trical)
Electrical
machinery
42.2
41.0
40.3
39.7
39.2
39.5
39.3
39.4
39.6
39.4
39.4
40.0
39.5
39.9
40.6
40.8
40.1
39.6
39.1
39.0
39.1
39.0
39.1
39.6
39.3
39.7
40.4
39.9
40.6
40.5
3.7
2.6
1.9
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.8
1.8
2.1
2.2
Transportation
equipment
2.6
1.9
1.3
1.0
1.0
1.0
.9
1.0
1.2
1.3
1.6
2.2
2.0
2.2
2.2
40.9
40.4
40.2
38.8
38.6
39.4
39.3
39.7
39.8
39.6
40.0
39.6
40.0
40.6
41.8
2.9
2.4
2.0
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.5
2.1
2.0
2.5
3.3
3.7
2.8
2.0
1.2
1.2
1.0
.9
1.0
.9
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.7
1.6
1.8
1.9
41.2
40.8
40.2
39.3
38.9
39.2
38.9
39.4
40.0
40.0
40.4
41.0
40.8
40.8
41.1
3.0
2.8
2.1
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.7
2.0
2.0
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.6
2.8
Nondurable goods
Instruments
and related
products
40.8
40.3
39.8
39.6
39.3
39.4
39.5
39.2
39.8
39.7
39.8
40.3
40.4
40.7
40.9
40.9
39.5
38.1
37.2
36.8
37.1
36.9
37.3
38.3
38.4
38.5
39.1
38.9
39.3
39.8
Fabricated
metal products
2.3
2.0
1.8
1.5
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.4
1.3
1.5
1.8
1.8
2.0
2.1
Miscellaneous
manufacturing
industries
40.3
39.9
39.6
39.2
39.0
39.2
39.0
39.1
39.5
39.2
39.5
40.1
40.3
40.4
40.3
2.6
2.3
2.2
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.9
1.7
2.1
2.4
2.6
2.6
2.8
Total: Non
durable goods
39.5
39.1
39.0
38.3
38.1
38.1
37.7
38.1
38.7
39.0
39.4
39.5
39.4
39.4
39.6
2.5
2.4
2.2
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.7
1.9
2.1
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.5
Food and kin Tobacco manu
dred products
factures
41.0
40.5
40.7
40.1
39.7
39.6
39.7
40.2
40.7
41.2
41.4
41.6
40.9
41.0
41.1
3.3
3.1
3.0
2.9
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.8
3.1
3.2
3.2
3.5
3.2
3.4
3.2
38.9
38.6
39.1
39.0
37.9
37.1
38.0
38.7
39.7
39.6
39.6
40.1
39.6
39.2
39.6
1.1
1.2
1.4
1.1
.7
.8
1.3
1.6
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.3
1.0
1.3
1.9
Nondurable goods—Continued
Textile-mill
products
1956: Average........1957: Average.........
December___
1958: January.........
February___
March______
April_______
M ay .- .........
June....... .......
July................
August...........
September__
October_____
November__
December 3—-
39.6
38.9
38.9
37.6
37.8
37.6
36.6
37.3
38.4
38.6
39.2
39.7
40.1
40.3
40.2
2.6
2.2
2.1
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.4
1.5
1.9
2.0
2.3
2.5
2.8
3.0
2.9
Printing, pub
Apparel and
other finished Paper and allied lishing, and al Chemicals and
textile products
products
lied industries allied products
36.3
36.0
35.2
35.1
35.1
34.7
34.5
34.8
35.0
35.6
36.4
36.1
36.0
35.8
36.0
1.2
1.1
.9
.8
.9
.9
.8
.8
.8
1.0
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
42.8
42.3
41.9
41.4
41.1
41.4
41.0
41.0
41.8
41.9
42.5
42.7
42.7
42.5
42.5
4.6
4.3
3.8
3.6
3.5
3.5
3.2
3.4
3.8
3.9
4.4
4.5
4.5
4.4
4.3
38.8
38.5
38.6
37.7
37.7
37.9
37.7
37.6
37.6
37.6
37.9
38.0
37.9
37.9
38.4
1 F o r c o m p a ra b ility of d a ta w ith th o se p u b lish e d in issues p rio r to A ugust
1958, see fo otnote 1, ta b le A-2.
1 C overs p re m iu m o v ertim e h o u rs of p ro d u c tio n a n d re la te d w orkers d u rin g
th e p a y period en d in g n ea re st th e 15th of th e m o n th . O v ertim e h o u rs are
th o se for w h ich p re m iu m s w ere p a id because th e ho u rs w ere in excess of th e
n u m b e r of h o u rs of e ith e r t h e s tra ig h t-tim e w o rk d a y o r w orkw eek. W eekend
4 9 7 0 8 0 — 59-------9
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3.2
3.0
3.1
2.4
2.3
2.5
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.6
2.7
2.7
2.5
2.8
41.3
41.2
41.3
40.8
40.6
40.7
40.7
40.8
41.1
40.8
40.7
41.0
41.0
41.2
41.3
2.3
2.2
2.1
1.9
1.8
1.9
1.9
1.9
2.0
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.2
2.1
2.2
Products of
petroleum and
coal
41.1
40.9
40.8
40.4
39.9
40.1
40.5
40.5
41.0
41.0
40.4
40.7
40.2
40.6
40.0
2.0
1.9
1.5
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.9
1.7
1.8
1.5
1.5
1.3
Rubber prod
ucts
40.2
40.5
40.0
38.2
37.3
38.0
37.5
38.2
39.1
39.1
40.5
40.8
40.7
40.7
42.0
2.8
2.8
2.2
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.5
2.4
2.2
3.0
3.0
2.8
2.8
3.8
Leather and
leather prod
ucts
37.6
37.4
37.4
37.3
36.8
36.2
34.1
35.3
36.6
37.4
37.3
36.7
37.0
37.5
38.6
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.0
.6
.8
.9
1.0
1.2
1.2
1.4
1.4
1.6
a n d h o lid ay ho u rs are in c lu d ed o n ly if p re m iu m w age ra te s w ere p a id . H o u rs
for w h ich o n ly sh ift d ifferen tial, h az ard , in c en tiv e, or o th e r sim ilar ty p e s of
p rem iu m s w ere p a id are ex cluded. T h e se d a ta are n o t av a ilab le p rio r to 1956.
3 P re lim in a ry .
Source: U.S. D e p a rtm e n t of L a b o r, B u re a u of L a b o r S tatistic s.
350
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
T able C-7. Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing, by State and selected
area1
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Year and m onth
Arizona
Alabama
Birmingham
State
1956:
1957:
1957:
1958:
Average........... $64.15
Average-------- 69.21
69.84
December___
January-------- 67.88
February____ 65.68
M arch______
67.30
April............... 66.59
M ay................ 67.66
June................ 70. 41
July..... ........... 70.25
August______ 71.71
September___ 72.25
O cto b er------- 71.89
November___ 72.25
December___
73.38
39.6
39.1
38.8
37.5
36.9
37.6
37.2
37.8
38.9
38.6
39.4
39.7
39.5
39.7
40.1
$1.62 $82.82
1. 77 89.60
1.80 90.00
1.81 90.95
1. 78 88.32
1.79 89.70
1.79 90.00
1.79 88.01
1.81 92.29
1.82 93.38
1.82 94.30
1.82 94.71
1.82 93.06
1.82 93. 69
1.83 95.52
40.4
40.0
39.3
38.7
38.4
39.0
39.3
38.6
40.3
39.4
40.3
40.3
39.6
39.7
39.8
$2.05 $76.95
2.24 86.07
2.29 83.28
2.35 80. 77
2.30 77.65
2.30 79.80
2.29 79.07
2.28 80.34
2. 29 82.26
2.37 81.45
2.34 82.95
2.35 85.20
2.35 85.36
2.36 84.99
2.40 84.10
40.5
40.6
39.1
38.1
36.8
38.0
38.2
39.0
38.8
38.6
39.5
40.0
39.7
39.9
39.3
Little Rock-North
Little Rock
Average.......... $54.94
Average........... 58.03
December....... 58.98
January........... 58.07
February____ 57.96
March............. 56. 65
April—............. 58.11
M ay________ 59.05
June...... ......... 59. 94
July................. 58. 84
August______ 58. 95
September___ 60.12
O ctober____
61.69
November___ 60. 64
December___
60.15
40.4
40.3
40.4
39.5
39.7
38.8
39.8
39.9
40.5
40.3
40.1
40.9
41.4
40.7
40.1
$1.90 $90.09
2.12 90. 54
2.13 90.94
2.12 91.53
2.11 89.60
2.10 91.08
2.07 89. 55
2.06 92.21
2.12 91.88
2.11 93.43
2.10 94.00
2.13 94. 64
2.15 96.82
2.13 96.87
2.14 97.64
Phoenix
42.1 $2.14 $87.78
40.6
2.23 87.82
2.24 88.00
40.6
40.5
2.26 90.68
40.0
2.24 90.00
40.3
2.26 91.48
39.8
2.25 90.45
2.26
92.92
40.8
40.3
2.28 93. 20
40.1
2.33 94.24
40.0
2.35 96. 80
40.1
2.36 95.84
41.2
2.35 96. 87
40.7
2.38 96.80
41.2
2.37 97. 41
State
$1.36 $89.93
1.44 92.89
1.46 94.07
1.47 92.84
1.46 93.76
1.46 94.03
1.46 93.35
1.48 95.17
1.48 97.18
1.46 97.36
1.47 98.85
1.47 99.25
1.49 98.83
1.49 99.81
1.50 101.49
41.6 $2.11 $56.30
2.19 58.11
40.1
40.0
2.20 58. 41
40.3
2.25 57. 96
40.0
2.25 58.26
40.3
2.27 57.13
40.2
2.25 57.48
40.4
2.30 56.21
2. 29 57. 77
40.7
40.1
2. 35 58.80
2.39 60. 09
40.5
40.1
2.39 60.35
40.7
2.38 60.83
2.39 60.15
40.5
41.1
2. 37 59.80
40.6
40.0
39.5
38.8
39.2
39.2
38.9
39.4
39.7
39.8
40.8
40.7
40.3
40.2
40.7
Fresno
$2.22 $77.20
2.32 78.87
2.38 75.21
2.39 73.89
2.39 76.65
2.40 73.83
2.40 75. 56
2.42 77.30
2. 45 76.81
2. 45 80.05
2.42 83.66
2.44 81.65
2.45 84.76
2. 48 85.80
2.49 79.16
38.8
37.8
36.1
34.9
36.1
34.7
35.4
36.0
36.0
37.8
39.9
38.7
39.4
38.1
36.6
Los Angeles-Long
Beach
$1.99 $89.90
2.09 93.42
2.08 94.77
2.12 93.88
2.13 93.88
2.13 94.36
2.13 93.24
2.15 95.13
2.13 96.89
2.12 97.14
2.10 97.80
2.11 98.41
2.15 98.41
2.25 99.15
2.16 101. 50
40.9
40.5
40.1
39.6
39.6
39.7
39.2
39.6
39.9
40.0
40.3
40.3
40.3
40.5
41.1
$2.20
2.31
2.36
2.37
2.37
2.38
2.38
2.40
2. 43
2. 43
2. 43
2.44
2.44
2.45
2.47
Sacramento
$92. 59
96.03
101. 57
104.90
105.78
102.06
103. 47
98.32
103.16
106. 65
102. 90
119.39
104.07
108. 98
113.01
41.5
40.1
40.3
41.9
42.1
40.7
41.9
40.5
40.5
40.9
41.4
47.1
40.6
41.1
42.3
California—-Continued
San Diego
1956:
1957:
1957:
1958:
Average...........
Average...........
December___
Ja n u a ry ____
February-----March.............
April_______
M ay........... .
June________
July________
August—....... .
September___
O cto b er------November___
December.......
$92.31
93. 75
95.89
98.75
98.09
101.01
99.66
102.29
107. 25
107. 66
109. 54
107. 76
107.66
103.73
105. 89
41.6
40.9
40.4
41.4
41.1
41.8
41.3
41.2
42.0
41.7
42.5
41.7
41.5
40.5
41.2
San FranciscoOakland
$2.22
2.29
2.37
2.39
2.39
2.42
2.42
2.48
2. 55
2. 58
2. 58
2. 58
2.59
2.56
2. 57
State
40.5
39.8
39.2
38.9
39.1
38.6
39.1
38.5
39.3
40.0
40.6
40.5
41.1
40.1
39.6
$1.39
1.46
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.48
1.47
1.46
1.47
1.47
1.48
1.49
1.48
1.50
1.51
California
Arkansas—Con.
1956:
1957:
1957:
1858:
State
Mobile
Arkansas
$92.12
95. 67
96.10
95.91
95.55
96.91
96.03
97.47
99. 22
101.40
103.37
101. 57
101.95
102. 64
103. 82
39.7
39.2
38.3
38.2
38.0
38.2
37.8
38.5
39.0
39.4
40.6
39.6
39.4
39.1
39.2
41.3
40.6
39.0
37.7
39.0
38.5
38.5
39.8
40.5
40.3
44.0
42.8
39.7
41.0
41.1
$2.23
2.40
2.52
2. 51
2.51
2. 51
2.47
2.43
2. 55
2. 61
2.49
2.54
2.56
2.65
2.67
$87.86
92.57
97.01
94. 56
98.01
94. 41
95.20
96.22
99. 91
100.17
102. 51
100. 61
104.04
102. 23
103.92
40.4
39.9
40.4
39.4
40.3
39.5
39.5
40.0
40.9
40.7
41.3
40.3
41.7
41.3
41.3
$2.18
2.32
2.40
2.40
2.43
2.39
2.41
2.41
2.44
2. 46
2. 48
2.49
2.50
2. 48
2.52
Colorado
Stockton
San Jose
$2.32 $87.92
2.44 91.31
2. 51 92.48
2. 51 90.17
2. 61 92. 79
2. 54 92.40
2. 54 92.03
2. 53 96.05
2. 55 98.91
2. 58 93.90
2. 55 97.06
2. 56 96.05
2.59 94.30
2.63 107.00
2.65 103. 63
San BernardinoRiverside-Ontario
$2.13 $83.93
2.25 85.92
2.37 88.23
2.39 86.21
2.38 86.21
2.40 87. 90
2.39 87.61
2. 41 86.24
2. 44 88. 48
2.33 88. 57
2. 20 91.39
2.25 96. 81
2.37 92.14
2.61 93.72
2.52 93. 54
40.3
39.7
38.9
37.5
37.5
38.2
38.5
38.2
39.0
38.6
42.7
43.7
41.5
40.0
39.9
State
$2.08 $82.21
2.16 87.10
2.27 88.56
2.30 86.98
2.30 86.02
2.30 87. 69
2.28 88.13
2.26 90.63
2. 27 91.08
2.30 91.76
2.14 92. 70
2.21 93.02
2.22 90.00
2.35 94.16
2.34 94.81
40.9
40.7
41.0
39.9
39.1
39.5
39.7
40.1
40.3
40.6
41.2
40.8
40.0
41.3
41.4
Denver
$2.01 $82.21
2.14 87.10
2.16 89.76
2.18 87.52
2.20 86.85
2.22 87.30
2.22 89.02
2.26 91.48
2. 26 91.43
2. 26 90. 85
2.25 93.52
2. 28 94.19
2.25 94.48
2.28 95. 53
2.29 95.82
40.7
40.7
40.8
39.6
39.3
39.5
40.1
40.3
40.1
40.2
41.2
40.6
40.9
41.0
41.3
$2.02
2.14
2.20
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.22
2.27
2. 28
2.26
2. 27
2.32
2.31
2.33
2. 32
Connecticut
State
1956:
1957:
1957:
1958:
Average........... $82. 57
Average_____ 84.66
December___ 84.40
January........... 83.28
February____ 82.86
March______
83.25
April_______
83.03
M a y ..______ 83.42
June________ 84.50
July________
84. 71
August______ 85. 93
September___ 87.23
O ctober____
88.48
November___ 89.93
December___
90.80
See ootnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
41.7
40.7
40.0
39.1
38.9
38.6
38.8
38.8
39.3
39.1
39.6
40.2
40.1
40.6
40.9
Bridgeport
$1.98 $86. 52
2.08 88.32
2.11 87. 81
2.13 85.85
2.13 85.80
2.14 87.24
2.14 87.47
2.15 87.86
2.15 87.86
2.15 90. 22
2.17 88.06
2.17 91.08
2.16 92.57
2.2C 93. 66
2.22 94.76
42.0
40.7
40.1
39.2
39.0
39.3
39.4
39.4
39.4
40.1
39.5
40.3
40.6
40.6
41.2
Hartford
$2.06 $88.17
2.17 88.60
2.19 85.28
2.19 85.03
2.20 85. IS
2.22 85.63
2.22 86.3C
2.23 86.91
2.23 88.26
2. 25 88.48
2.23 87.81
2.26 88.88
2.28 90.85
2. 29 91.71
2.30 92.52
42.8
41.4
39.3
38.3
38.2
38.4
38.7
38.8
39.4
39.5
39.2
39.5
40.2
40.4
40.4
New Britain
$2.06 $80. 75
2.14 81.61
2.17 81.30
2.22 78.69
2.23 79.07
2.23 80.22
2.23 79.8C
2.24 79.17
2.24 80.85
2. 24 80. 85
2.24 81.51
2. 25 83.16
2.26 83.37
2.27 84.61
2.29 86.69
41.2
40.2
39.7
38.2
38.2
38.2
38.0
37.7
38.5
38.5
39.0
39.6
39.7
40.1
40.7
New Haven
$1.96 $78.31
2.03 81.41
2.05 81.37
2.06 80. 55
2.07 80.13
2.1C 80. 75
2.1C 79.66
2.1C 79.46
2.1C 80.29
2.1C 81.48
2.0£ 82. 55
2.1C 82.74
2.1C 84.16
2.11 85. 81
2.13 87.29
41.0
40.3
39.5
39.1
38.9
39.2
38.3
38.2
38.6
38.8
39. t
39.4
39.7
40.1
40.6
Stamford
$1.91 $85. 88
2.02 88.73
2.06 90.54
2.06 90.50
2.06 89.87
2.06 88.70
2.06 90.17
2.08 88.48
2.08 89.78
2.1C 90.63
2.1C 91.03
2. If 92.43
2.12 92.62
2.14 93.02
2.15 96. 37
40.7
40.7
40.6
40.4
40.3
39.6
39.9
39.5
39.9
40.1
40.1
40.9
40.8
40.8
41.9
$2.11
2.18
2.23
2.24
2.23
2.24
2.26
2.24
2.25
2.26
2.27
2.26
2.27
2.28
2.30
O.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
351
T able C-7. Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing, by State and selected
area 1—Continued
Year and m onth
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Connecticut--Con.
Delaware
Waterbury
1956:
1957:
1957:
1958:
Average_____ $82. 78
Average_____ 84.85
December___
87.48
January_____ 84.89
February____ 83. 59
M arch______
84.67
A pril............... 83.16
M ay................ 82.99
June................ 85.28
July................. 86. 51
August______ 88. 66
September___ 89. 5 4
O cto b er____
91.27
Novem ber___ 93.86
December___
94.08
41.6
40.6
40.5
39. c
38.7
39.2
38.5
38.6
39. £
39.5
40. i
40.7
41. £
41.9
42.0
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
State
$1.99 $79.37
2.09 84.61
2.16 88. 66
2.16 84.97
2.16 83.25
2.16 84.2(
2.16 83. 67
2.15 83.92
2.17 83. 6(
2.19 82. 71
2.20 84.25
2.2C 85.41
2.21 87.72
2.24 87.69
2.24 87.42
District of Columbia
Wilmington
40.7 $1.95
40.1
2.1(
40.1
2.2C
38.1
2.19
38.2
2.18
38.8
2.17
39.1
2. 1 4
39. 4
2.11
40. C 2.09
39.2
2.11
40.9
2.06
40.1
2.11
40.1
2.15
39.5
2.22
39.2
2.23
$90.72
94. Q4
98.01
93. 27
90.96
93. 27
92.61
93. 51
94.86
94. 57
95.6E
95.2C
98.06
98.16
96.89
40.5
40.1
40.5
38.7
37. £
38.7
38.6
38.8
39.2
38.6
38. £
38.7
39.7
38.8
38.6
$2.24
2.35
2.42
2.41
2. 4C
2.41
2.4C
2.41
2.42
2.45
2.46
2.46
2.47
2. 53
2.51
$83. 77
86.85
89.54
89.15
88.17
89.8£
91.08
93.0E
94.25
92.46
94. 77
94.83
93. 67
94. 56
95. 51
1956:
1957:
1957:
1958:
Average_____ $63.18
Average_____ 65.04
December___
66.90
January........... 66.97
February____ 65. 57
64.41
March______
April________ 65.46
M a y ............... 65.02
June________ 65. 57
July................. 66.81
August______ 66. 64
September___ 68.11
69.32
O cto b er____
Novem ber___ 70.93
70.64
December___
40.5
39.9
40.3
40.1
39.5
38.8
39.2
38.7
38.8
39.3
39.2
39.6
40.3
41.0
40.6
$61. 71
65.77
69.81
66.80
64. 96
65.3C
64. 91
65.8C
68.3S
66. 47
67.49
69.19
68.38
68.71
68. 71
State
State
40.6 $1.52 $57.17
40.6
1.62 59. 67
41.8
1.67 60.92
40. C 1.67 59.21
38.9
1.67 58.06
39.1
1.67 57.90
39.1
1. 66 57.13
39.4
1.67 66.40
40.7
1.68 59.52
39.1
1.70 60.30
39.7
1. 70 61.93
40.7
1.70 62.00
40.7
1.68 61.20
40.9
1.68 63.18
40.9
1.68 64.21
$2.11 $62.47
2.21 65.37
2.2£ 68.39
2.28 67. 56
2.2i 66.38
2.27 66.40
2.26 66.86
2.31 67.37
2.31 69.08
2.3C 68.23
2. 34 68.97
2. 33 70.24
2.33 70.24
2. 37 71.04
2.37 70.62
1956:
1957:
1957:
1958:
Average_____ $86.15
Average_____ 88. 67
89. 09
December___
January_____ 87.91
February____ 86.86
M arch. ____
87. 55
April________ 87. 30
M a y . . _____ 87.86
Ju n e.. _____ 89.24
July------------- 89. 77
August______ 90.29
September___ 92.75
October ___ 91.62
N ovem ber___ 92.96
94.10
December___
41.0
40.3
39.8
39.1
38.7
38.8
38.6
38.8
39.3
39.4
39.7
40.3
39.9
40.0
40.3
Chicago
$2.10 $90.04
2.20 92. 78
2.24 92. 75
2.25 91.41
2.24 90.58
2.26 91.32
2. 26 90.47
2.26 91.63
2.27 93.88
2.28 94.14
2.27 95. 53
2. 30 98.02
2.30 96.74
2.32 98.03
2. 33 99.16
41.0
40.3
39.6
38.8
38.5
38.6
38.3
38.5
39.2
39.0
39.6
40.3
39.9
40.1
40.4
Peoria
$2.20
2.30
2.34
2. 36
2. 35
2.37
2.36
2.38
2.39
2. 41
2. 41
2.43
2.42
2.44
2.45
$88.74
90.49
90.40
91.44
83. 61
85.71
92.83
93.64
95.16
95. 55
95. 61
96.78
97.18
98.65
101.58
Iowa —Continued
Des Moines
1956:
1957:
1957:
1958:
S ee
Average_____ $83.37
Average_____ 88.39
December____ 89. 30
January_____ 89.75
February____ 88.09
87. 45
M arch. ____
April________ 88.15
M ay................ 88.33
June________ 89.53
July________
90.60
August— ....... 90.00
September___ 92.35
91.50
O cto b er____
November .. 91.46
91.67
December___
footnotes
39.5
39.3
39.2
39.1
38.7
38.3
38.5
38.5
39.0
38.6
38.8
38.7
38.9
38.4
38.8
$71.38
74. 26
78.38
74. 88
73.72
73.53
73. 54
68. 71
77.42
79.79
81.00
78.01
76.40
82.40
84.84
40.1
39.5
40.4
39.0
38.8
38.7
38.5
38.6
39.7
40.5
40.3
39.6
40.0
41.2
42.0
$1.78 $74. 76
1.88 79.4£
1.94 79. 76
1.92 78.94
1.90 79.15
1.90 76.82
1.91 77.78
1. 78 79.52
1.95 82.12
1.97 80. 75
2. 01 84.00
1.97 84.40
1.91 82. 78
2.00 84.20
2.02 86.00
a t e n d of ta b la .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
40.6
39.7
38.8
39.0
35.6
36.1
38.9
39.1
39.5
39.6
39.7
39.7
39.8
39.6
40.2
Rockford
$2.18 $92. 24
2.28 93.25
2.33 92.44
2.34 89.30
2.35 87.53
2.37 87.56
2.39 85.20
2.39 85.02
2.41 86. 57
2.41 85.40
2.41 83. 59
2.44 90.24
2.44 91.87
2.49 92. 88
2.53 96.12
44.1
42.5
41.6
40.4
39.8
39.7
38.5
38.3
38.9
38.4
37.8
40.1
40.9
40.9
41.4
$2. 09
2.19
2.22
2.21
2.20
2. 21
2.21
2.22
2.23
2.22
2.21
2.25
2.25
2.27
2.32
$86. 66
90. 56
90.43
89.11
87.78
88.33
87. 70
89.07
91.24
91.37
92.82
95.20
93.94
96.15
99. 98
42.0
41.4
40. £
40.9
40.8
39.6
40.3
41.2
41.9
41.2
42.0
42.2
41.6
42.1
43.0
41.8
41.6
41.7
41.2
40.5
40.8
40.8
41.0
41.4
41.2
41.2
41.5
41.3
41.7
41.7
41.0
40.7
40.0
38.9
39.3
38.2
39.6
40.7
41.8
39.8
42.8
41.6
42.2
42.6
42.7
State
$1.78 $84. 67
1.92 84.44
1.95 82.50
1.93 87.56
1.94 78.87
1.94 85.28
1.93 83.84
1.93 83.84
1.96 91.38
1.96 86.28
2.00 90.29
2.00 89. 87
1.99 90.09
2.00 85.50
2.00 89.23
41.3
40.4
39.1
41.3
38.1
41.4
40.7
40.5
42.7
40.7
43.2
41.8
41.9
39.4
41.5
Iowa
State
State
40.7
40.2
39.4
38.8
38.3
38.4
38.1
38.7
39.4
39.1
39.6
40.5
39.8
39.7
41.1
$2.13
2.25
2. 30
2.30
2.29
2.30
2.30
2. 30
2.32
2.34
2.34
2.35
2. 36
2.42
2.43
$78.37
82. 46
82.65
84.11
83.94
83.84
83.36
85.75
85.69
87.52
86. 43
89.74
89.61
90.65
90.63
40.4
40.0
39.4
39.8
39.7
39.4
39.1
39.8
39.8
40.1
40.2
40.8
40.8
40.7
40.6
$2.05
2. 09
2.11
2.12
2.07
2.06
2.06
2.07
2.14
2.12
2.09
2.15
2.15
2.17
2.15
$1. 94
2.06
2.10
2.12
2.12
2.13
2.13
2.15
2.15
2.18
2.15
2.20
2.20
2.23
2.23
Kentucky
Topeka
$2.02 $80.12
2.12 84. 75
2.19 86. 59
2.19 82. 46
2.17 82.08
2.18 79. 65
2.16 82. 77
2.16 83.93
2.15 91.04
2.18 84.03
2.19 97. 66
2.26 94.33
2. 24 96.20
2.30 98.15
2. 29 98. 27
40.4 $1.67
40. C 1.78
1.82
39.7
38. c
1.80
38.8
1.80
38.6
1.81
1.84
37.7
1.84
39.0
39.8
1.85
1.82
38.8
39.1
1.85
1.85
39.5
39. £
1.85
39.9
1.85
40.9
1.85
Indiana
Kansas
State
$2.11 $84.42
2.25 88.29
2.28 91.20
2. 29 90.04
2. 28 87.96
2.28 89.17
2.29 88.28
2.30 88.54
2.30 89.18
2. 35 89. 61
2.32 90.42
2.39 93.72
2. 35 92.80
2.38 96.18
2.37 95. 37
$1.52 $67.47
1.61 71.20
1. 66 72.25
1.66 68.94
1.65 69. 84
1.66 69.87
1.68 69.37
1.68 71.76
1.71 73.63
1.71 70.62
1.72 72.34
1.7c 73.08
1.73 73.82
1.72 73.82
1.71 75.66
Savannah
Illinois
State
41.1
40.6
41.2
40.7
40.2
40.0
39.8
40.1
40.4
39.9
40.1
40.6
40.6
41.3
41.3
Idaho
Atlanta
39.7 $1.44
39. C 1.53
39.3
1. 55
38.2
1.65
1. 54
37.7
37. e
1.54
1.54
37.1
37.6
1.50
38.4
1.55
38.9
1. 55
39.7
1. 56
40.0
1.55
40.0
1.53
1.56
40.5
40.9
1.57
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Jacksonville
Georgia
Tampa-St.
Petersburg
$1. 56
1.63
1.66
1. 67
1.66
1.66
1.67
1.68
1.69
1.70
1. 70
1.72
1.72
1.73
1.74
39.7
39. c
39.1
39.1
38.5
39.6
40.3
40.3
40.8
40.2
40.5
40.7
40.2
39.9
40.3
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Florida
Washington
Florida—Continued
Miami
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly,
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Wichita
$1.96 $88.02
2.08 93.02
2.16 95.58
2.12 94.25
2.09 92.57
2.08 94.52
2.09 92.35
2.06 94.10
2.18 93.69
2.11 94. 76
2.28 94.39
2.27 99.84
2.28 99.49
2.30 100.32
2.30 99.90
41.8
42.1
42.3
41.6
41.1
41.5
41.0
41.4
41.5
41.4
40.8
41.1
40.8
40.8
41.1
State
$2.10 $74.29
2.21 78.25
2.26 79.08
2.26 77. 51
2.25 75. 64
2.28 75.98
2. 25 76.29
2.27 77.71
2.26 80. 60
2.29 79.00
2.31 80.19
2.43 81.41
2.44 83. 03
2.46 82.82
2.43 81.60
40.2
40.0
40.3
39.7
39.0
38.9
38.9
39.3
40.3
39.9
40.5
40.5
40.9
40.4
40.8
Louisville
$1.85 $83.14
1.96 88.20
1.96 89.97
1.95 89. 07
1.94 86.24
1.95 86. 74
1.96 88.67
1.98 87.88
2.00 92.50
1.98 90. 50
1.98 92.14
2.01 93.04
2.03 95.11
2.05 92.86
2.00 93.15
40.7
40.7
41.0
40.6
39.3
39.6
39.7
40.0
41.2
40.7
41.1
41.3
41.7
40.7
41.8
$2.04
2.17
2.19
2.19
2.20
2.19
2.23
2.20
2.25
2.22
2.24
2.25
2.28
2.28
2.23
352
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
T able
C-7. Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing, by State and selected
area —Continued
Year and month
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Louisiana
Baton Rouge
State
Avftrage_ _
$74.98 41.2 $1.82 $103.79
1957: Average_____ 78.74 40.8 1.93 104.52
1957: December___ 81.34 41.5 1.96 110.84
1958: January.......... 79.80 39.9 2.00 108.00
February...... . 78.58 38.9 2.02 107.05
80.00 39.8 2.01 107. 73
M arch______
April............. . 81.00 40.1 2.02 109.47
M ay________ 81.19 39.8 2.04 107.73
June—............. 82.21 40.3 2. 04 107. 59
July----- ------ 81.59 39.8 2. 05 110. 30
August--------- 83.64 40.8 2. 05 107. 98
September___ 82. 82 40.8 2.03 110.97
October_____ 81. 61 40.6 2.01 111.38
November___ 84. 55 42.7 1.98 112. 74
December....... 83.20 41. 6 2.00 112.19
40.7
40.2
40.9
40.0
39.5
39.9
40.1
39.9
39.7
40.7
39.7
40.5
40.8
40.7
40.5
Maine—Continued
1956: Average_____
1957: A verage.___
1957: December___
1958: January_____
February____
March____ .
April_______
M ay________
June______ .
July— -----August— . . .
September___
October_____
November___
December___
$68.60
70. 08
69.66
72.54
73.32
71.87
72.08
69.21
67.53
74. 85
75.28
72. 78
71.16
71. 62
73.50
41.5
40.9
39.9
40.8
40.9
40.2
39.9
38.8
38.3
42.3
41.7
40.4
39.8
39.4
40.3
$2.55 $73.57
79.60
79.20
79.37
77. 57
78.97
78.98
80.34
80. 75
78. 52
84. 65
83.60
81.95
84. 63
82. 56
40.2
40.2
39.8
39.1
38.4
38.9
39.1
39.0
39.2
38.3
40.5
40.0
39.4
40.3
39.5
$1.83
1.98 $76.73
1.99 77.98
2.03 76.11
2.02 74.59
2.03 75.52
2.02 76.36
2.06 76.40
2.06 78.34
2. 05 76. 57
2. 09 80.06
2.09 79. 49
2. 08 79. 84
2.10 81. 25
2.09 81.32
41.7
41.7
40.7
40.1
40.6
40.4
40.0
40.8
40.3
41.7
41.4
41.8
42.1
41.7
$1.65 $79.15
82.03
84.24
83.25
80.54
82.43
82.09
83.56
84.64
84.14
85.86
85.41
86.88
87. 85
89.91
40.8
39.9
39.9
39.4
38.4
39.0
38.9
39.5
40.0
39.5
40.5
40.1
40.6
40.3
40.5
$1.94 $83.82
2.06
2.11
2.12
2.10
2.11
2.11
2.12
2.12
2.13
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.18
2.22
86.47
88.35
87.08
84.18
86. 59
86.17
87.98
89. 57
88. 99
91.76
91.53
92.16
92.92
95. 53
$1.84
1.87
1.87
1.86
1.86
1.89
1.91
1.92
1.90
1.92
1.92
1.91
1.93
1.95
1956: Average_____
1957: Average_____
1957: December___
1958: January_____
February........
M arch______
April______
M ay________
June____ ____
July------------August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
$57.71
60.26
61.60
59.84
60.00
58.19
57.92
57.83
59. 09
60. 64
61.18
62.53
60. 59
61.17
62. 27
37.8
38.2
38.5
37.4
37.5
36.6
36.2
36.6
37.4
37.9
38.0
38.6
37.4
37.3
38.2
Springfield-Holyoke
$1.53 $79.00
1.58
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.59
1. 60
1.58
1.58
1.60
1.61
1.62
1.62
1.64
1.63
80.82
81.00
79.97
79.98
80.58
79.98
80.78
83.22
83.41
84. 04
82.81
83.62
83.41
85.88
41.1
40.2
39.9
39.2
39.4
39.5
39.4
39.6
40.4
40.1
40.6
40.2
40.2
40.1
40.7
40.7
40.4
39.9
40.0
40.5
40.0
39.0
37.8
39.6
40.3
40.9
40.2
40.5
39.6
41.3
65.30
65.99
65.76
66.12
65.38
63.97
62.98
64.94
66. 71
67.17
66. 63
67.45
66.82
69.07
1956: Average_____
1957: Average_____
1957: December___
1958: January_____
February____
M arch______
April_______
M ay_____ _
June________
July— ___
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
$86.86
88.70
90.53
89.48
87.63
90.76
88.97
91.27
91.09
89. 32
92. 73
93.37
83.14
92. 00
97. 54
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
40.8
40.1
40.2
40.0
39.0
39.6
38.7
39.7
39.9
39.4
40.3
40.7
37.1
39.5
41.7
Lansing
$2.13 $98.31
2.21 98. 51
2.25 101. 59
2.24 100.15
2.25 100. 61
2.29 103.08
2.30 100.08
2.30 102. 58
2.28 101. 89
2. 27 99. 42
2. 30 115. 98
2. 29 105. 27
2. 24 99.73
2.33 112. 56
2.34 114.00
41.1
39.5
39.7
39.4
39.5
39.6
38.7
39.9
39.4
38.4
41.2
39.8
39.7
42.3
42.6
41.1
40.1
40.0
39.4
38.2
39.3
39.1
39.7
40.3
39.4
40.6
40.5
40.6
40.4
41.0
$2.04 $72. 21
2.16
2.21
2.21
2.20
2. 21
2. 21
2. 22
2. 22
2.26
2.26
2. 26
2.27
2.30
2.33
74.28
75.26
73.92
74.30
73.73
73. 53
74.30
76.25
76.44
76.05
77. 62
76.83
77. 62
79. 80
Worcester
81.93
82.29
77.65
80.43
80.05
79.04
79.97
80.85
83. 25
82. 89
83. 98
84. 50
85.46
88.26
40.9
39.9
39.0
36.8
38.3
38.3
38.0
37.9
38.5
38.9
39.1
39.8
39.3
39.2
40.3
Muskegon
$2.39 $88.96
2.49
2. 56
2.54
2.55
2.60
2. 59
2.57
2. 59
2.59
2. 82
2. 65
2.51
2. 66
2. 68
1.65
1.64
1.63
1.63
1.64
1.66
1.64
1.66
1.64
1.66
1. 67
1.69
1. 67
Boston
40.1
39.4
39.2
38.5
38.7
38.4
38.1
38.3
39.1
39.2
39.2
39.6
39.2
39.2
40.1
$1.80 $75.41
1.88
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.93
1.94
1.95
1.95
1.94
1.96
1.96
1.98
1.99
78.99
81.56
79. 54
79.54
79. 72
80.50
80.70
82.35
82.74
83.16
84. 99
83.74
83. 46
86.80
40.0
39.5
39.4
38.8
38.8
38.7
38.7
38.8
39.4
39.4
39.6
39.9
39.5
39.0
40.0
State
54.79
55.40
55.38
54.34
50.84
50.82
55.64
57. 72
58.05
56. 51
57.43
56.00
60.41
37.7
37.4
36.8
37.2
37.2
36.2
33.7
33.5
36.8
38.3
38.6
37.2
37.9
36.3
40.0
$1.45
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.50
1. 51
1.52
1.51
1.51
1.51
1. 52
1.52
1. 54
1.51
Fall River
$1.88 $54.16
2.00
2.07
2. 05
2.05
2.06
2.08
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.10
2.13
2.12
2.14
2.17
55.18
55.72
56.06
55.90
54.82
55.18
55.30
54.48
55.35
56.47
56.94
58. 72
56.03
57.78
$2.01 $94.98
2.06
2.11
2.11
2.10
2.09
2.08
2.11
2.10
2.14
2.12
2.11
2.15
2.18
2.19
97.64
98.17
94.98
94.55
97.92
97. 55
97.15
98.66
97. 52
99. 61
101. 63
98.09
105.30
108. 50
40.8
40.0
39.6
38.5
38.2
39.2
39.1
39.0
39.4
39.1
39.7
40.2
39.3
40.1
41.1
Detroit
$2.33 $100.98
2.44 103.32
2.48 102.27
2.47 99.33
2.48 98.36
2.50 104.60
2.50 105.27
2.49 103.90
2. 50 104.42
2.49 102. 52
2.51 104. 86
2. 53 107. 09
2.50 105. 21
2.63 108. 29
2.64 113. 24
41.0
40.0
39.2
38.1
37.5
39.5
39.8
39.4
39.3
38.7
39.2
39.9
39.2
38.8
40.3
37.1
36.3
36.9
36.4
36.3
35.6
35.6
35.0
34.7
35.7
36.2
36.5
36.7
34.8
36.8
$1.46
1.52
1.51
1.54
1. 54
1.54
1. 55
1.58
1.57
1.55
1.56
1. 56
1.60
1.61
1. 57
91.68
94. 20
92.43
90.35
93.95
92.59
89. 45
90. 25
90. 24
91.91
95. 77
95.04
92. 21
93.76
40.0
39.4
39.3
39.0
37.9
39.0
38.5
37.3
37.7
37.6
38.2
39.3
39.0
37.7
38.1
Flint
$2.46 $98. 21
2.58 100.38
2.61 104.90
2.61 97.48
2.62 96. 77
2.65 99.02
2.65 101.42
2.64 101.10
2. 66 102. 27
2. 65 103. 91
2. 68 110.15
2.68 105.30
2.68 66.14
2.79 124.04
2. 81 124. 30
40.8
39.8
40.8
38.5
38.1
38.1
38.8
38.5
39.2
39.3
40.2
39.9
25.1
44.0
44.0
$2.41
2.52
2.57
2.53
2.54
2.60
2.62
2.63
2.61
2.64
2.74
2.64
2. 64
2. 82
2.83
Minnesota
Michigan—Continued
Grand Rapids
$1.56 $54.41
1.62 55. 56
Michigan
$1.92 $82.37
2.01
2.03
2.04
2.03
2.04
2. 03
2.04
2.06
2. 08
2. 07
2.06
2.08
2.08
2.11
$63.43
State
Massachusetts—Continued
New Bedford
Lewiston
State
Massachusetts
Baltimore
State
1.71
1.74
1.78
1.79
1.79
1.81
1.79
1.76
1.77
1. 80
1.80
1.79
1.82
1. 83
Shreveport
Maryland
Portland
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Maine
New Orleans
2.60
2.71
2. 70
2.71
2.70
2.73
2.70
2. 71
2. 71
2. 72
2.74
2.73
2. 77
2.77
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Saginaw
$2.22 $88.66
2.33 92.95
2.40 94.99
2. 37 86.68
2.38 92.54
2.41 92.04
2.41 92. 50
2.40 95. 56
2. 39 97. 92
2. 40 96. 32
2. 41 93.25
2. 44 100. 98
2. 44 82.36
2.45 107.02
2. 46 107. 44
40.3
40.1
40.2
36.9
38.9
38.4
38.8
40. C
40. C
39.8
39.1
41. 2
37.1
42.1
42.2
State
$2.20 $81.01
2.32
2.36
2.35
2.38
2.40
2.38
2.39
2. 45
2. 42
2. 39
2. 45
2. 22
2. 54
2. 55
84.03
85.95
85.99
85.08
84.90
84.94
85.49
85. 92
85. 94
85.29
86.25
88. 87
90. 08
90.60
40.8
40.2
39.9
39.4
39.2
39. C
39. C
39.2
39.4
40.3
39.7
40.4
40.4
40.4
40.3
Duluth
$1.99 $83.06
2.09 86. 52
2.15
2.18
2.17
2.18
2.18
2.18
2.18
2.13
2.15
2.13
2. 20
2.23
2. 25
83.71
85.95
87.62
86.34
86. 75
86.67
88.24
99.36
96. 01
93.28
90. 73
95.30
98.70
38.2
37.6
35.8
36.5
37.2
36.3
36.6
36.7
37.3
39.7
39.0
38.4
37.3
38.2
38.6
$2.18
2.30
2.34
2.36
2.36
2.38
2.37
2.36
2.37
2. 50
2.46
2.43
2. 43
2.49
2. 55
353
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C-7. Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing, by State and selected
area 1—Continued
Year and month
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Minnesota—Con.
February____
March______
April___ . . .
M ay________
June................
July------------August______
September___
October.........
November___
December.......
$83.41
40.6
40.2
40.0
39.5
39.2
39.0
38.9
39.0
39.4
39.6
39.9
40.1
40.1
40.1
40.3
86.42
87.61
87.38
86. 20
86.10
85.93
86.79
87.80
88.41
89. 64
90. 59
90. 96
91. 58
92.64
57.28
55.68
55.27
59.10
58. 52
59.65
59.85
59.34
61.71
62.73
62.36
61.76
61. 50
40.1
39.7
39.5
38.4
37.6
39.4
38.5
39.5
39.9
39.3
40.6
41.0
41.3
40.9
41.0
Montana
February.......March______
April________
M ay________
June________
July------------August______
September___
October_____
November___
December.......
$91.30
41.3
39.1
38.5
38.9
38.2
38.3
39.3
39.2
40.2
39.3
40.3
40.9
42.2
41.1
40.9
86.43
85.39
87.81
86. 63
86.17
88.86
89.11
92.02
90. 95
92. 59
95. 32
95. 60
94. 59
94.65
$1.29 $59. 78
1.40
1.45
1.45
1.47
1.50
1.52
1.51
1. 50
1.51
1. 52
1. 53
1.51
1. 51
1.50
63.23
67.26
62. 25
63.52
64.74
65.94
66.01
70. 38
66.67
69.66
69.54
69.12
68. 00
69.70
42.1
41.6
42.3
39.4
40.2
41.5
42.0
41.0
42.4
40.9
43.0
42.4
43.2
42.5
42.5
State
$2. 21 $75.19
2. 21 78.12
2.22 79. 63
78.17
77.73
77.58
78.03
79.66
81.50
79.93
79.71
81.84
80. 87
85. 26
83.67
41.8
41.4
41.6
40.6
40.3
40.4
40.7
41.5
42.6
41.8
41.8
42.2
41.5
42.7
42.1
$1.42 $75. 50
1.52
1.59
1.58
1.58
1.56
1. 57
1.61
1.66
1.63
1.62
1.64
1.60
1.60
1.64
78.03
80.44
77. 76
77.33
77.12
76.65
77.79
79.95
80. 72
81.28
81.50
81.04
84. 75
85.21
Omaha
$1.80 $80.36
1.89
1.91
1.93
1.93
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.91
1.91
1.91
1.94
1.95
2.00
1.99
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
39.8
39.3
39.5
38.5
38.3
38.1
37.7
38.1
38.8
39.1
39.4
39.0
38.9
39.7
40.0
Kansas City
$1.90 $81.58
1.98
2. 04
2.02
2.02
2.03
2.03
2.04
2. 06
2.06
2.07
2.09
2.08
2.13
2.13
85.34
89.21
86.54
86.86
86.44
86.76
87.30
90.24
90.05
90. 51
92.30
93.42
94.30
97.14
40.1
39.6
40.0
38.8
38.8
38.6
38.6
38.7
39.7
39.4
39.6
40.1
40.4
40.6
41.5
Nevada
State
2.26
2. 27
2. 25
2.26
2.28
2. 29
2.31
2.30
2.33
2. 27
2.30
2. 32
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
82.61
83. 27
83.21
83.18
81.97
82.88
84. 36
87.12
87.01
86.37
88.98
87.63
92. 82
90.29
42.2
41.1
40.5
40.3
40.4
40.2
40.5
40.8
41.6
41.3
41.0
41.6
41.1
42.8
42.2
2.01 97.02
2.05 96.64
2.07 99.46
2.06 97.40
2.04 98.03
2.05 99.18
2. 07 97.41
2.09 101.52
2.11 103. 86
2.11 106. 93
2.14 106. 26
2.13 107.33
2.17 106. 66
2.14 108. 00
37.9
38.5
37.9
38.7
38.5
38.9
39.2
38.5
38.6
38.9
40.2
39.5
39.9
39.8
40.3
$2.02 $83.19
2.15 86. 63
2.23
2.22
2.22
2.23
2. 24
2.25
2.27
2. 28
2. 28
2.30
2.31
2.32
2.34
Newark-Jersey C ity 3
1956: Average_____
1957: Average_____
1957: December___
1958: January--------
February____
M arch........ .
April________
M ay________
June________
July------------August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
$82.98
85.23
86. 01
84.80
84. 47
84.96
84.42
85.15
86.46
86.50
87.78
87.94
88.80
90. 84
91.63
40.5
39.9
39.4
38.9
38.8
38.9
38.6
38.9
39.3
39.0
39.7
39.7
40.0
40.3
40.4
$2.05 $84.33
2.14
2.18
2.18
2.18
2.18
2.19
2.19
2.20
2. 22
2. 21
2. 22
2. 22
2. 25
2.27
86.46
88.38
86.80
86. 40
86. 53
86. 65
85.91
87. 74
87.74
88. 65
88.98
88.98
92.45
92.86
40.6
39.9
39.9
39.1
38.9
39.1
39.1
38.7
39.4
39.1
39.7
39.9
39.9
40.6
40.8
2.17
2. 22
2. 22
2.22
2. 21
2.22
2.22
2.23
2. 24
2. 23
2. 23
2.23
2.28
2.28
85.37
85. 53
82. 66
84. 61
83. 85
82. 81
84.34
86. 41
84.57
86.63
86.17
90.03
90.98
91.49
41.1
40.5
39.8
38.7
39.5
39.0
38.5
38.9
39.8
38.9
39.7
39.4
40.7
40.8
40.9
State
$2.43 $63.24
2.52
2.59
2.57
2. 53
2. 52
2. 53
2. 53
2.63
2.67
2. 66
2. 69
2. 69
2. 68
2.68
Perth A m boy 3
$2.03 $84.85
2.11
2.15
2.14
2.14
2.15
2.15
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.18
2.19
2. 21
2.23
2.24
New Mexico--Con.
February____
M arch_____
April_______
M ay________
June________
July------------August______
September___
October_____
November___
December.......
$83.84
90.67
96.88
96. 28
88.84
94.16
87.86
91.39
94.66
97. 38
94. 39
94. 30
94.76
92.10
97. 67
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
41.3
41.4
41.4
41.5
40.2
41.3
39.4
40.8
41.7
42.9
41.4
41.0
41.2
39.7
42.1
State
$2.03 $78. 96
2.19
2.34
2.32
2. 21
2. 28
2. 23
2.24
2. 27
2. 27
2. 28
2. 30
2.30
2.32
2.32
2.17
2.22
2.21
2.22
2.22
2.23
2.24
2.28
2.27
2.28
2.30
2.29
2.34
2.33
64.48
64.15
64.22
64.39
64.12
62. 32
62.43
65.27
65.11
65.93
66. 50
65. 51
66. 73
66.73
40.8
40.3
39.6
39.4
39.5
39.1
38.0
38.3
39.8
39.7
40.2
40.3
39.7
40.2
40.2
Manchester
$1.55 $57.90
1.60
1.62
1. 63
1.63
1. 64
1.64
1.63
1.64
1.64
1.64
1. 65
1.65
1.66
1.66
38.6
38.6
37.8
38.4
38.1
37.2
36.4
36.6
37.5
38.2
39.1
38.9
37.7
38.8
39.6
59.44
58.97
60.29
59. 82
58.40
57.15
57.46
59.25
59.97
61.78
61. 46
59.94
62.08
63.36
$1. 50
1.54
1.56
1.57
1.57
1.57
1.57
1. 57
1. 58
1.57
1.58
1.58
1.59
1.60
1.60
87.26
87.44
87. 57
86.41
86.68
86.80
86.76
88.64
89. 31
88. 58
87. 93
90. 95
92.76
95.06
40.5
39.9
39.3
39.2
38.8
38.8
38.7
38.8
39.1
38.9
38.9
38.6
39.7
40.0
40.4
Trenton
$2.10 $81.41
2.19
2.23
2. 23
2.23
2.23
2.24
2.24
2. 27
2.30
2.28
2.28
2.29
2.32
2.35
84.18
81.24
85.65
82.25
85.42
82.58
84. 51
83. 93
87.18
85.93
86. 86
86. 85
90. 56
89.50
40.3
39.8
38.0
39.6
38.4
39.4
38.5
39.4
39.0
39.7
39.6
39.9
40.3
40.7
39.9
State
$2.02 $85. 70
2.12
2.14
2.16
2.14
2.17
2.15
2.15
2.15
2.20
2.17
2.18
2.15
2.22
2.24
41.2
40.9
41.2
40.2
39.5
40.1
39.5
40.0
41.3
42.2
41.4
40.7
39.8
40.2
41.8
89.98
93.52
88.04
85.72
88. 62
86.11
86. 40
88. 80
91.57
89.42
89.13
87.96
89.24
93. 21
$2.08
2.20
2.27
2.19
2.17
2.21
2.18
2.16
2.15
2.17
2.16
2.19
2. 21
2.22
2.23
New York
Albuquerque
1956: Average-------1957: Average-------1957: December___
1958: January_____
$2.07
New Mexico
P aterson 3
$2.08 $83.31
40.2
40.0
40.0
39.2
38.9
39.0
38.7
39.0
39.4
39.7
39.8
39.5
40.4
40.3
40.4
88.87
86.83
86.31
86. 40
86.23
87.46
89. 66
90.19
90.60
90. 78
92. 60
94.18
94.23
New Hampshire
State
$1.90 $92.10
St. Louis
New Jersey
State
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Missouri
Nebraska
State
1956: Average_____
1957: Average_____
1957: December___
1958: January_____
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Jackson
State
$2.05 $51. 73
2.15 55. 58
2.19
2.21
2.20
2.21
2.21
2. 22
2.23
2.23
2.25
2.26
2.27
2. 29
2. 30
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Mississippi
Minneapolis-St. Paul
1956: Average...........
1957: Average_____
1957: December___
1958: January--------
Avg.
hrly.
earn
tags
81.57
81.96
81.81
80.83
81.12
81.07
81.94
82. 91
83.19
83. 45
83. 94
84.63
85. 54
85. 85
39.6
39.2
38.6
38.2
37.8
37.9
37.9
38.1
38.5
38.5
38.7
38.7
39.1
39.3
39.3
Albany-Schenectady-Troy
$1.99 $86.95
2.08
2.12
2.14
2.14
2.14
2.14
2.15
2.15
2.16
2.15
2.17
2.17
2.18
2.18
90.91
94. 78
91.48
89. 62
91.09
88.95
89.95
91.79
91.06
91.16
93.85
95.02
94.63
95. 77
40.6
40.4
40.7
39.8
38.9
39.6
38.5
38.4
39.1
38.9
39.1
39. 7
40.1
39.8
40.0
Binghamton
$2.14 $73.98
2.25
2.33
2.30
2.30
2.30
2.31
2.34
2.35
2. 34
2. 33
2.36
2.37
2.37
2.40
75.96
77. 81
75.39
75. 53
75.65
72.89
73.84
73.10
70. 75
75.74
76. 92
76. 43
79. 02
79.29
39.7
39.5
39.7
38.2
38.1
38.2
36.7
37.1
36.7
35.8
37.3
38.0
37.9
38.7
38.9
Búllalo
$1.86 $93.84
1.92
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.98
1.99
1.99
1.99
1.98
2.03
2.02
2.02
2.04
2.04
96.70
96.95
96.14
94.96
95.04
95.45
97. 26
98. 21
99. 07
98.41
99. 32
101.14
103.73
104.02
41.1
40.3
39.8
39.2
38.9
38.7
38.8
39.2
39.3
39.5
39.5
39.6
39.9
40.3
40.4
Elmira
$2.28 $78.43
2.40
2.44
2. 46
2.44
2.46
2.46
2.48
2.50
2.51
2. 49
2. 51
2.54
2. 57
2. 57
79.99
85.07
80. 80
80.88
81.68
82. 96
81.32
81.08
80.51
82.20
85.29
83.49
86.45
87.42
40.6
39.6
40.1
38.7
39.0
39.2
39.5
38.9
39.1
38.9
39.5
41.0
39.7
40.7
40.8
$1.94
2.02
2.12
2.09
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.09
2.08
2.07
2.08
2.08
2.10
2.12
2.15
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
354
T able C -7. Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing, by State and selected
area 1— Continued
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Year and m onth
New York—Continued
Nassau and Suffolk
Counties 2
1956: Average...........
1957: Average----- ...
1957: December----1958: January...........
February. . . .
March ------April_______
M ay________
June________
July________
August— . ---September----October_____
November----December-----
$90.07
41.7
40.4
39.1
39.6
39.1
40.0
40.4
40.1
40.6
40.6
40.7
40.3
40.5
40. 7
40.0
89.16
86.72
87.27
86.22
87.66
89.11
89.98
92.12
91.91
91.65
92.03
91.66
92.28
91.92
New York-Northeastern New Jersey
39.2
38.8
38.2
37.8
37.8
37.7
37.7
37.9
38.4
38.2
38.5
38.3
39.0
39.3
39.4
$2.16 $78. 79
2.21
2.22
2.20
2.21
2.19
2.21
2.24
2.27
2.27
2. 25
2.28
2.26
2. 27
2. 30
81.09
81.37
81.27
81.27
81.06
81.06
81.49
82.94
82.89
83. 55
83.49
85.02
85. 67
86.29
$2.01 $74.76
2.09
2.13
2.15
2.15
2.15
2.15
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.17
2.18
2.18
2.18
2.18
Westchester County 2
February____
M arch______
April________
M ay________
June________
July________
August______
September----October_____
November___
December.......
40.4
39.8
38.2
36.8
38.5
37.9
38.3
38.5
39.5
39.1
40.2
39.2
39.8
41.0
40.9
$79.92
82.44
82.14
76.90
81.87
81.17
81.33
81.63
85.73
85.08
87.22
84.13
84.20
91.19
99. 33
38.0
37.7
36.9
36.9
36.9
36.7
36.6
37.1
37.4
37.4
37.5
37.3
38.1
38.3
38.3
$1.97 $85.67
2.04
2.08
2.12
2.11
2.11
2.11
2.11
2.11
2.13
2.12
2.14
2.14
2.12
2.11
Syracuse
Rochester
87.64
88.87
87.64
86.40
87.94
88. 48
89.25
90.36
90.42
91.32
92.43
89.25
93. 42
94. 97
40.8
39.9
39.5
38.8
38.1
38.7
38.9
39.0
39.3
39.2
39.6
40.0
39.3
40. 4
40.6
$2.10 $83. 61
2.20
2.25
2.26
2.27
2.27
2.28
2.29
2.30
2.30
2.31
2. 31
2.27
2. 31
2.34
85.25
85.92
85.21
78.58
85.83
84. 53
85.26
86.65
86. 98
89.29
89. 89
90.42
90.01
92.65
39.9
39.1
39.0
37.3
37.6
37.8
36.6
37.3
38.1
39.0
39.6
40.3
40.6
40.9
39.7
55.91
56.16
53. 71
54.14
54.81
53.07
54.09
55.25
56. 55
57.42
58. 03
58.87
60.12
58. 76
$1.36 $58.61
1.43 61. 51
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1. 45
1. 44
1.45
1.47
1.48
62.22
61.38
62.09
63.02
62.87
62.56
63.43
64.15
65.03
68.10
66. 88
67. 04
66.17
40.7
40.2
40.4
39.6
39.8
40.4
40.3
40.1
40.4
40.6
40.9
42.3
41.8
41.9
41.1
Utica-Rome
41.4
40.4
39.9
39.4
36.3
39.5
38.9
38.9
39.4
39.5
39.9
39.9
40.2
40.0
40.4
$2.02 $78.42
2.11
2.15
2.16
2.16
2.17
2.17
2.19
2.20
2.20
2.24
2.25
2. 25
2. 25
2.29
80.22
81.40
80. 80
78.75
80.69
79.52
80.44
81.71
82. 74
83. 97
83. 76
83. 41
85. 34
84. 09
41.2
40.4
40.0
39.5
38.6
39.5
39.2
39.6
40.1
40.3
40.8
40.5
40.4
40.8
40.2
$1.90
1.99
2.04
2.05
2.04
2.04
2.03
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2. 07
2.07
2.09
2.09
North Dakota
Greensboro-High
Point
Charlotte
State
$1.98 $54.26
2.07
2.15
2.09
2.13
2.14
2.13
2.12
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.15
2.12
2. 22
2. 28
77.16
76.86
78.12
78.06
77.36
77.25
78.28
78.96
79. 54
79. 62
79. 79
81. 56
81.08
81. 03
2
N orth Carolina
New York—Con.
1956: Average-------1957: Average-------1957: December----1958: January--------
New York City
$1.44 $53.24
1.53
1.54
1.55
1.56
1.56
1.56
1.56
1. 57
1. 58
1.59
1. 61
1.60
1.60
1.61
55.25
55.92
52.35
53.73
53.58
49.49
52.12
53. 29
56.15
54. 31
56.06
55.92
57. 87
54. 61
38.3
38.1
38.3
36.1
36.8
36.7
33.9
35.7
36.5
38.2
37.2
38.4
38.3
39.1
36.9
State
$1.39 $75.53
1.45
1.46
1.45
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.47
1.46
1. 46
1.46
1.48
1.48
78.74
77.58
78.62
78.74
78.83
80.20
80.00
80.82
80.75
80.09
77. 79
82. 59
79. 85
81.57
43.7
42.8
41.6
41.5
41.8
41.8
42.0
42.3
42.9
43.3
42.6
42.1
44.3
41.6
42.0
Fargo
$1.73 $80.94
1.84
1.87
1.90
1.89
1.89
1.91
1.89
1.88
1.87
1.88
1.85
1.87
1.92
1.94
82.10
81.06
81.17
79.49
80.89
82.05
83.37
86.35
81.58
82. 41
85.02
81.73
83. 58
83.14
43.3
42.1
40.7
40.6
39.5
40.3
39.8
40.5
42.1
41.4
41.1
41.1
41.9
39.3
39.8
$1.87
1.95
1.99
2.00
2.01
2.01
2.06
2.06
2.05
1.97
2.01
2.07
2.07
2.13
2.09
Ohio
1956: Average_____
1957: Average_____
1957: December___
1958: January--------
February____
March______
April_______
M ay________
June_______
July___ _____
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
$90.81
93.36
92.95
90.44
88.79
89.70
89.36
90.06
92.47
92. 72
93.95
95.91
95.16
98. 99
101. 71
41.0
40.2
39.3
38.4
37.8
38.1
37.8
38.1
38.9
38.9
39.1
39.7
39.2
40.0
40.8
38.9
39.4
38.3
36.5
34.9
35.7
35.1
35.7
36.4
36.0
36.6
39.1
37.4
39.4
39.8
$2.21 $91.73
2.32
2.37
2.36
2.35
2.35
2.36
2.36
2.38
2.38
2.40
2. 42
2.43
2. 47
2.49
97.24
97.26
91.31
86. 55
88.94
87.32
89.14
91.58
91.93
95. 36
102.82
98.30
104. 54
106. 60
Cincinnati
Canton
Akron
State
$2.36 $90.81
2.47 91.93
2. 54 91.02
2.50 86.70
2.48 85.15
2.49 86.49
2.49 85.74
2.50 84.40
2. 52 90.17
2. 55 89.44
2. 61 91.97
2.63 96.13
2. 63 97.95
2.65 100.17
2.68 101.43
40.3
38.7
37.7
36.0
35.5
36.0
35.8
34.9
37.3
36.6
37.4
38.7
39.0
39.3
39.8
$2.25 $84.62
2.38
2.41
2.41
2.40
2.40
2.39
2.42
2.42
2. 44
2. 46
2. 48
2. 51
2. 55
2. 55
86.20
87. 65
85.01
84.21
84.03
84. 41
85.15
87. 51
87. 56
88.97
89.64
92.99
92. 58
94. 40
41.6
40.4
40.5
39.5
39.1
39.0
38.9
39.0
39.6
39.6
40.0
40.2
41.0
40.6
41.0
Cleveland
$2.03 $95.13
2.13 96.88
2.16 94. 77
2.15 92.37
2.15 90.90
2.15 91.14
2.17 92.05
2.18 92.48
2.21 94. 42
2. 21 94. 46
2. 22 94.60
2.23 97.23
2.27 99.58
2.28 102.00
2.30 104.30
Toledo
1956: Average_____
1957: Average_____
1957: December___
1958: January_____
F e b r u a r y .__
M arch______
A pril
May
June________
J u l y . . . _____
August......... .
September___
October_____
November___
December-----
$97.14
99.33
99. 85
98.63
96.90
100.02
95.68
99.30
102.07
103.07
101.92
103. 82
91.13
108. 64
112. 22
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
41.3
40.2
39.9
39.4
38.7
39.5
37.9
39.4
40.0
40.2
40.0
40.4
35.6
41.0
41.9
$2.35 $92.04
2.47 95.72
2. 5C 96. 81
2.50 95.95
2.50 93.68
2. 53 94.27
2.52 95.40
2.52 97.45
2.55 97. 6C
2.56 98.16
2. 55 100.26
2. 57 100.14
2. 56 99. 81
2.65 99. 69
2.68 100. 28
40.1
39.7
39.7
39.4
38.6
38.7
39.1
39.8
39.5
39.5
40.1
40.0
39.5
39.5
39.6
$2.28 $85.03
2.37
2. 41
2.39
2.39
2.40
2.43
2.42
2. 43
2. 44
2.46
2.47
2. 50
2.53
2. 55
89.54
90.12
87.48
85.98
87.65
87.27
87.48
90.82
86. 23
90. 79
87. 97
90. 25
92. 36
96.23
40.7
40.7
40.2
39.2
38.4
39.1
39.3
39.2
39.8
38.3
40.2
38.5
39.8
39.7
40.5
$2.09
2.20
2.24
2.23
2.24
2.24
2.22
2.23
2.28
2.25
2. 26
2.28
2. 27
2.33
2.38
Oklahoma
Ohio—Continued
Dayton
41.7
40.8
39.4
38.6
38.0
38.0
37.9
38.2
38.8
38.7
38.5
39.4
39.8
40.3
40.9
Columbus
Youngstown
$2.30 $101.19
2. 41 104.40
2. 44 100. 24
2. 44 97.13
2.43 95.28
2.44 97.36
2.44 94. OS
2.45 95.47
2.47 100.12
2. 4S 104.38
2. 5C 105.29
2. 50 108.02
2. 53 106. 56
2. 52 109.18
2. 53 113. 88
40.8
39.6
37.0
36.1
35.5
36.1
34.9
35.4
36.8
37.9
37.5
37.9
37.0
38.0
39.5
State
$2.48 $78.66
2.64
2.71
2.69
2.68
2.70
2.70
2.70
2. 72
2.75
2. 81
2. 85
2. 88
2. 87
2.88
80.59
81.20
80.19
79.40
78.20
79.59
82.81
85.28
85.06
83.64
83. 85
82. 62
83.84
84. 05
41.4
40.7
40.2
39.7
39.5
39.1
39.4
40.2
41.2
40.7
40.6
40.9
40.7
41.1
41.2
Oklahoma City
$1.90 $74.98
1.98
2.02
2.02
2.01
2. OC
2.02
2.06
2.07
2.09
2.06
2.05
2.03
2. 04
2.04
78.31
77.75
78.81
74.64
74.40
75.89
77.68
78.28
78.06
80.18
80.03
78.50
80. 90
80.48
42.6
42.1
41.8
41.7
39.7
40.0
40.8
41.1
41.2
41.3
42.2
41.9
41.1
41.7
41.7
Tulsa
$1. 76 $85.07
1.86
1.86
1.89
1.88
1.86
1.86
1.89
1. 9C
1.89
1.90
1.91
1.91
1.94
1.93
88.48
91.48
86. 75
85.12
85.34
87.30
93. 77
97.23
99.12
95.94
91.14
91. 71
90. 57
90.90
40.9
40.4
40.3
38.9
38.0
38.1
38.8
39. S
41.2
41.3
41. C
39.8
40. 4
39.9
40.4
$2.08
2.19
2.27
2.23
2.24
2.24
2.25
2.35
2.36
2.40
2.34
2. 29
2. 27
2. 27
2. 25
355
O.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C-7. Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing, by State and selected
area 1—Continued
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Year and m onth
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
February___________
M arch_____________
April______________
M ay_______________
June_______________
July .............................
August____________
September__________
October ______ _ __
November__________
T ') A r> A m h p ,r
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
38.9
38.3
38.6
38.0
38.3
38.1
37.9
38.7
38.9
37.9
39.6
39.4
39.2
38.3
38.7
$89. 98
89.20
91. 75
90. 06
90.69
90.14
90. 47
93.46
92. 39
90. 51
93.18
95.43
95.18
94.06
95. 43
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
$86.07
86.56
88.39
88.41
88.36
89.22
89.17
90. 75
91.06
88.77
89.95
91.81
92. 31
91.69
93. 62
39.0
38.0
38.0
37.8
37.6
38.0
37.8
38.1
38.6
37.6
37.7
38.4
38.8
37.7
38.4
Allentown-BethlehemEaston
State
Portland
$2. 31
2.33
2.38
2.37
2. 37
2. 37
2.39
2.42
2. 38
2.39
2.35
2.42
2.43
2. 46
2. 47
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Pennsylvania
Oregon
State
1956: Average____________
1957: Average____________
1957: December__________
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$2. 21
2.28
2. 33
2.34
2.35
2. 35
2.36
2.38
2.36
2.36
2.39
2. 39
2.38
2. 43
2.44
$80.20
83.16
82.22
80.94
79.92
80.30
79.66
80.50
81.75
83.38
83. 38
84.63
84.80
85. 41
86. 58
$2.00
2.10
2.13
2.13
2.12
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.14
2.16
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
2. 22
40.1
39.6
38.6
38.0
37.7
37.7
37.4
37.8
38.2
38.6
38.6
39.0
38.9
39.0
39.0
$78. 41
80.70
79.12
77.12
77.07
77.28
76.29
75.87
76.86
77. 75
76.38
76. 80
77. 75
76. 91
78. 28
39.4
38.8
37.5
36.9
36.7
36.8
36.5
36.5
36.6
37.2
36.9
37.1
37.2
36.8
37.1
$1.99
2.08
2.11
2. 09
2.10
2.10
2.09
2.08
2.10
2.09
2.07
2.07
2.09
2.09
2.11
Erie
42.2
40.8
39.4
39.6
38.8
39.4
38.7
38.9
39.4
40.6
40.2
40.8
39.3
39.8
39.7
$86.51
87. 72
86.68
87.52
85.75
86.68
85. 53
85. 97
87.07
91.76
89.65
91.80
88. 43
90.74
91.31
$2.06
2.15
2.20
2. 21
2.21
2.20
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.26
2.23
2.25
2.25
2.28
2.30
Pennsylvania—Continued
1956:
1957:
1957:
1958:
Average____________
Average__________ December__________
January__ _________
February___________
M arch_____________
April________ _____
M ay_____ _________
June__ _______ ____
Julv _____________
Ausust _____ _____
September__________
October____________
November............. ......
December____ _____
$72. 47
75. 65
71.05
71.63
70.11
69. 55
70. 30
71.82
73.34
73. 54
73. 54
72. 96
71.06
72. 77
73.54
39.6
39.4
37.2
37.7
36.9
36.8
37.0
37.6
38.4
38.3
38.3
38.2
37.6
38.1
38.3
$1.83
1.92
1.91
1.90
1.90
1.89
1.90
1.91
1.91
1.92
1.92
1.91
1.89
1.91
1.92
$70.35
72.50
72.98
71.68
71.34
72.07
71.34
72.10
72.80
72.80
72. 44
74.89
76.63
77. 08
76. 76
40.9
40.5
40.1
39.6
39.2
39.6
39.2
39.4
40.0
40.0
39.8
40.7
41.2
41.0
40.4
$1.72
1.79
1.82
1. 81
1.82
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.84
1.86
1.88
1.90
$83.22
85. 57
86. 90
84.97
83.88
83. 82
83.82
84. 48
86.36
87.42
88.88
89.95
88.43
89. 95
91.03
40.4
39.8
39.5
38.8
38.3
38.1
38.1
38.4
38.9
39.2
39.5
39.8
39.3
39.8
40.1
$2.06
2.15
2.20
2.19
2.19
2.20
2. 20
2.20
2. 22
2. 23
2. 25
2. 26
2. 25
2. 26
2. 27
$95. 99
101.09
99. 72
96.23
95.86
96. 63
97.27
97.27
98.80
102.43
102.11
104. 76
103. 57
104.99
107. 29
40.5
39.8
38.5
37.3
37.3
37.6
37.7
37.7
38.0
3S.8
38.1
38.8
38.5
38.6
39.3
1956:
1957:
1957:
1958:
Average______ _____
Average______ _____
December__________
January_____ ______
February___________
M arch_____________
April______________
M ay_______________
June _ ___________
J u l y __ ___________
August __________
September__________
October____________
November____ - ____
December___ ______
$60.14
61.28
60.59
60.91
60.10
62.16
59.10
61.78
62.16
62. 65
62. 48
61. 42
63.03
63. 25
63.46
38.8
38.3
37.4
37.6
37.1
37.0
35.6
37.9
37.9
38.2
38.1
37.0
38.2
38.1
38.0
1 .6 6
1.65
1.66
1.67
$55.58
57.66
55.13
55. 96
55.65
58. 99
55.81
56.25
56. 29
56. 99
57.35
57. 72
58.08
58.04
57. 92
37.3
37.2
35.8
36.1
35.9
37.1
35.1
35. 6
35.4
36.3
36.3
36.3
36.3
36.5
36.2
$1.49
1.55
1.54
1.55
1.55
1.59
1.59
1.58
1.59
1.57
1.58
1.59
1.60
1. 59
1.60
$68.88
70. 30
72.00
71.56
72. 32
71.60
73.08
70. 88
72. 27
70.88
72. 51
71.63
75.12
74.16
74.93
41.0
40.4
40.0
40.2
40.4
40.0
40.6
39.6
40.6
40.5
41.2
40.7
41.5
41.2
40.5
1956:
1957:
1957:
1958:
A v erag e.._________
Average__ ____ _____
December______ ____
January_________ __
February______ ____
M arch.. __________
April______________
M ay. _____________
J une_______________
July
___________
August________ ____
September _________
October____________
November__________
December__________
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$55.61
56. 74
57.31
56.84
55.15
55.54
54.08
54. 52
55.82
56.40
57. 71
58. 25
58.44
59.02
58. 25
40.3
39.4
39.8
39.2
38.3
38.3
37. S
37.6
38.5
38.9
39.8
39.9
40.3
40.7
39.9
State
Charleston
$1.38
1.44
1. 44
1.45
1.44
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.46
1.45
1.45
1.46
$60.95
64.96
68. 85
69. 94
65.57
66. 5C
65. 27
67.40
67.3C
6 6 .0 4
72.8C
71.92
71.05
71.17
72. 04
$1.68
1.74
1.80
1.78
1.79
1.79
1.80
1.79
1.78
1.75
1.76
1.76
1.81
1.80
1.85
$66.00
67.25
68. 54
67. 74
67.31
67. 26
67. 21
68.33
70.37
68. 97
67.08
70. 46
70.17
70. 27
71.56
39.7
39.1
39.1
38.9
38.9
38.7
39.0
39.2
40.4
39.1
37.9
39.8
39.2
38.4
40.2
$1.66
1. 72
1.75
1.74
1.73
1.74
1.72
1.74
1.76
1.76
1.77
1.77
1. 79
1.83
1. 78
40.1
40.1
40.5
40. E
39.5
40.8
39.8
40.6
38.9
37.1
40.9
41.1
40.6
40. t
40.7
40.3
39.7
38.6
38.6
36.7
36.5
37.8
37.6
38.3
38.0
39.0
39.4
39.4
40.0
39.4
$1.81
1.86
1.86
1.88
1.87
1.86
1.87
1.86
1.87
1.86
1.88
1. 89
1. 91
1.93
1.93
$1. 52
1.62
1.7C
1.71
1.66
1.63
1.64
1.66
1.73
1.78
1.78
1.75
1.75
1.74
1.77
$76. 64
80.02
82. 52
81.55
77. 23
78.52
77.08
80. 43
83.34
82.77
82. 57
82.16
87. 95
91.84
90.92
44.8
44.0
43.7
43.4
41.2
41.8
41.7
43.5
44.8
45.0
44.7
43.7
44.6
47.7
46.3
$66.17
68.63
69.77
68.60
67.94
67.82
68.03
69.30
70. 70
68. 85
69.17
70. 58
71.02
71.15
72.50
40.1
39.9
40.1
39.2
39. 5
39.2
39.1
39.6
40.4
39.8
39.3
40.1
39.9
40.2
40. 5
$1.65
1.72
1. 74
1.75
1.72
1.73
1.74
1.75
1.75
1.73
1.76
1. 76
1.78
1. 77
1.79
Tennessee
South Dakota
South Carolina
State
$72.94
73.84
71.80
72.57
68.63
67.89
70.69
69.94
71.62
70.68
73.32
74.47
75. 25
77.20
76.04
Providence
State
York
Wilkes-BarreHazleton
$1.55
1.60
1.62
1.62
1. 62
1.68
1.66
1.63
1.64
1.64
1.64
$2. 37
2.54
2. 59
2.58
2. 57
2.57
2.58
2.58
2.60
2.64
2.68
2.70
2.69
2.72
2. 73
Rhode Island
Pennsylvania—Continued
Scranton
Reading
Pittsburgh
Philadelphia
Lancaster
Harrisburg
State
Sioux Falls
$1.71 $84.59
1.82
87. 42
90.71
1.89
90.89
1.88
1.87
84.60
1.88
88.43
85. 94
1.85
1.85
89.33
93.41
1.86
1.84
94.47
92.90
1.85
96.94
1.88
1. 97 107.37
1.93 106. 23
1.96 106. 22
47.3
45.5
45.6
45.0
42.4
43.9
42.8
44.7
46.0
47.2
45.8
46. 9
48.4
50.4
50.1
$1.79
1.92
1.99
2.02
2.00
2. 01
2.01
2.00
2.03
2.00
2.03
2.07
2 .2 2
2 .1 1
2.12
$63. 20
66.07
66.42
63.71
64.51
65.96
65.11
65. 40
66.25
67.66
68. 51
69. 32
67.25
66. 74
68.03
40.0
39.8
39.3
37.7
38.4
38.8
38.3
38.7
39.2
39.8
40.3
40.3
39.1
38.8
39.1
$1.58
1.66
1.69
1.69
1.68
1.70
1.70
1.69
1.69
1.70
1.70
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.74
356
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
T able C-7. Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing, by State and selected
area —Continued
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Year and m onth
Tennessee—Continued
Chattanooga
1956:
1957:
1957:
1958:
Average...
Average...
December.
Jan u ary ...
February..
March___
April.........
M ay_____
June_____
July-------August__
September.
October__
November.
December-
$65. 20
68.80
71. 56
68. 71
66.88
67. 41
67.08
64. 75
69.06
70. 70
71. 82
72.25
72.58
72.07
74.89
40.0
40.0
40.2
38.6
38.0
38.3
37.9
37.0
38.8
39. 5
39.9
39.7
40.1
39.6
40.7
Knoxville
$1.63
1.72
1.78
1.78
1.76
1.76
1. 77
1. 75
1.78
1.79
1.80
1.82
1.81
1.82
1.84
$73.66
78. 21
79.95
79. 49
79.49
80. 50
78.69
79.34
80.36
80. 77
80. 99
83.21
83.39
82.80
83.60
39.6
39.3
39.0
38.4
38.4
38.7
38.2
38.7
39.2
39.4
39.7
40.2
39.9
40.0
40.0
Texas
Memphis
$1.86
1. 99
2.05
2.07
2.07
2.08
2.06
2.05
2.05
2.05
2.04
2. 07
2.09
2.07
2. 09
$70.69
73.35
74.43
72. 56
66.25
73. 68
72. 91
72.31
67.28
73.23
73. 53
74. 34
74.92
71. 74
73. 97
41.1
40.3
39.8
38.8
36.6
39.4
39.1
39.3
37.8
39.8
40.4
40.4
40.5
39.2
40.2
Nashville
$1.72
1.82
1. 87
1.87
1.81
1.87
1.86
1. 84
1. 78
1. 84
1.82
1.84
1.85
1.83
1.84
$65. 37
67.20
69.20
67. 77
67.30
67.38
69.03
69. 87
71.81
73.16
73.39
75. 71
73. 85
71.37
74.34
40.6
40.0
40.0
39.4
38.9
38.5
39.0
39.7
40.8
41.1
41.7
41.6
40.8
39.0
40.4
State
$1.61
1.68
1.73
1.72
1.73
1.75
1.77
1. 76
1.76
1.78
1.76
1.82
1.81
1.83
1.84
$80.32
84. 46
85.90
84.45
83.01
83.21
82.39
84.03
85.69
85.27
85.07
87.15
85.49
86.32
86.94
Texas—Continued
Dallas
1956:
1957:
1957:
1958:
Average_______
Average_______
December______
January_______
February...........
M arch________
April—___ ____
M ay___________
J u n e ____________
July---------------A u g u s t_________
September...........
October............. .
November_____
December______
$75. 58
77. 49
79.13
77. 95
76. 38
77.38
76.80
78. 58
79.15
77.95
80.34
81.73
80.95
81. 34
80.92
Fort Wort h
41.3
41. 0
41.0
40. 6
40.2
40.3
40.0
40.3
40.8
40. 6
41.2
41.7
41.3
41. 5
41.5
$1.83
1.89
1.93
1. 92
1.90
1.92
1.92
1.95
1.94
1.92
1.95
1.96
1.96
1.96
1.95
$89. 67
92.29
94.60
92.63
91.03
93.13
92.90
96.05
101. 50
102.09
102. 01
100.94
100. 53
100.50
101.56
42.1
41.2
40.6
40.1
38.9
39.8
39.7
40.7
41.6
41.5
41.3
40.7
40.7
40.2
40.3
$91. 53
96.23
99. 53
98. 57
96.88
95.99
95.60
94. 56
97.44
96.80
97.03
100.77
98. 90
98. 57
100.36
U tah—Continued
1956:
1957:
1957:
1958:
Average_______
Average_______
December_____
January_______
February______
March________
April__________
M ay__________
June__________
July..... ...............
August________
September_____
October.............. .
November_____
December..........
$83.23
86.48
88. 22
85.75
86.98
87.16
86.29
86. 37
86. 72
86. 46
87. 42
89.32
87. 78
88.66
92.77
41.0
40. 6
40.1
39.7
39.9
39.8
39.4
39.8
39. 6
39.3
40.1
40.6
39.9
40.3
41.6
State
$2.03
2.13
2.20
2.16
2.18
2.19
2.19
2.17
2.19
2.20
2.18
2.20
2. 20
2. 20
2.23
41.8
41.3
41.3
40.9
40.2
40.5
40.0
39.9
40.6
40.5
40.6
41.3
40.7
40.9
41.3
San Antonio
$2.19
2.33
2.41
2.41
2.41
2.37
2.39
2.37
2.40
2.39
2. 39
2. 44
2. 43
2.41
2.43
1956:
1957:
1957:
1958:
Average_______
Average_______
December_____
January_______
February______
M arch________
April____ ______
M ay__________
June__________
July---------------A ugust...............
September_____
October......... ......
November........ .
December...........
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$67. 47
71. 46
73. 93
71. 60
68. 76
69. 21
70. 47
69.48
70.13
71. 60
71. 60
70.92
77. 08
82.68
76.05
40.4
40. 6
40. 4
39. 5
38.2
39.1
40. 5
38.6
39. 4
40.0
40.0
39.4
41.0
42.4
39.0
$1.67
1. 76
1.83
1.81
1.80
1.77
1.74
1.80
1. 78
1.79
1.79
1.80
1.88
1.95
1.95
40.6
40.7
40.9
40.2
38.9
39.4
39.0
39.6
39.0
39.4
39.7
39.6
39.9
40.2
39.8
$1.44
1.52
1. 54
1.56
1.56
1.55
1. 56
1.59
1.61
1.60
1.59
1.63
1.60
1.58
1.59
$83.01
88.36
88.62
90. 79
89.47
89. 54
88.85
89.15
90. 22
88.46
90.06
89. 89
89. 47
93.60
95. 27
$67. 36
68.14
67.44
67.10
66.93
66.72
66.30
67. 55
67.98
68. 38
68.70
69.73
69.72
69. 41
71.69
42.1
40.8
39.8
39.5
39.6
39.4
39.2
39.6
39.9
40.3
40.4
40.7
40.8
40.4
41.5
Burlington
$1.60
1.67
1.70
1.70
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.71
1.71
1.70
1.70
1.72
1.71
1.72
1.73
$60.79
66.09
70. 77
69.40
68.84
68. 32
67.71
68. 72
68. 64
72.45
73. 41
70.67
72.47
71.72
74.01
40.8
40.3
40.2
40.2
39.9
40.5
40.2
40.3
40.0
41.0
41.3
40.3
40.8
40.0
41.0
$2.07
2.22
2.29
2.34
2.30
2. 29
2. 29
2.28
2. 29
2. 28
2. 28
2.27
2 30
2 34
2.37
Springfield
$1.49
1.64
1.76
1.73
1.73
1.69
1.68
1.70
1.72
1.77
1. 78
1.75
1.78
1.79
1.81
$84.20
79.60
78. 72
76.95
76.33
75. 71
75.45
73.53
76. 47
75.72
75. 54
79. 01
75.44
79.23
81.97
43.4
40.0
39.0
38.3
38.5
38.4
38.2
37.1
38.0
38.4
37.9
38.8
37.4
39.0
40.2
State
1.9
2.02
2.01
1.98
1.97
1.97
1.98
2.01
1.97
1.99
2. 04
2.02
2. 03
2.04
$61.81
64.40
65.01
'4.18
63.20
64.02
63.08
64.02
65. 50
65.90
66.99
67.40
67 65
68 39
67.94
40. 4
40.0
39.4
38.9
38.3
38. 8
38 0
38.8
39 7
39 7
40. 6
40 6
41 0
41 2
40.2
$1. 53
1. 61
1. 65
1.65
1. 65
1.65
1 66
1.65
1 65
1 66
1 65
1 66
1 65
1 66
1.69
Washington
Itichmond
$68.47
71.86
75.44
73.89
71.10
72.83
73.66
73.63
74. 56
74.56
77.23
75.70
74. 56
76.92
76. 57
40.1
39.8
38.7
38.8
38. 9
39.1
38.8
39.1
39. 4
38 8
39. 5
39.6
38 9
40. 0
40.2
Virginia
Virginia—Continued
Norfolk-Portsjnouth
$58.46
61.86
62.99
62.71
60.68
61.07
60.84
62.96
62. 79
63.04
63.12
64. 55
63. 84
63. 52
63. 28
State
Vermont
Salt Lake City
$1.94
2.05
2.09
2.08
2.07
2.07
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.09
2.08
2 10
2 08
2.09
2.10
Utah
Houston
$2.13
2.24
2.33
2. 31
2. 34
2.34
2.34
2. 36
2. 44
2.46
2. 47
2.48
2. 47
2. 50
2. 52
41.4
41.2
41.1
40. 6
40.1
40. 2
39.8
40.4
41.0
40.8
40. 9
41.5
41.1
41.3
41.4
41.0
40.6
41.0
40.6
39.5
39.8
39.6
39.8
40.3
40.3
41.3
40.7
40.3
40.7
40.3
State
$1.67
1.77
1.84
1.82
1.80
1.83
1.86
1.85
1.85
1.85
1. 87
1.86
1.85
1.89
1.90
$88. 77
90.25
92. 67
91.76
90.92
91.62
90. 82
91.86
91.91
92.47
94.03
96. 82
98.95
98.44
98. 71
39.1
38.6
38.8
38.6
38.3
38.5
38.1
38.5
38.6
38.5
38.5
39.3
39.8
39.1
39.0
Seattle
$2. 27
2.34
2.39
2.38
2.38
2.38
2.38
2.39
2.38
2.40
2. 44
2.46
2.49
2. 52
2.53
$86.87
89.39
91.94
90. 92
89. 91
90.95
89.70
90.40
89. 58
93.83
95. 50
96.13
99.25
99. 81
99.97
38.9
38.5
38.9
38.5
38.4
38.8
38.3
38.5
38.3
38.6
38.9
38.9
39.6
39.5
39.5
Spokane
$2.23
2.32
2.36
2.36
2.34
2.35
2.34
2.35
2.34
2.43
2. 46
2.47
2.51
2.53
2. 53
$91.82
94.53
94. 79
95.24
96. 22
99. 75
100.11
99.11
101. 63
98. 22
98.10
102.69
106.10
107 27
105.62
39. 9
38. 9
38 2
38 5
38 9
39 8
39. 7
39 2
40 2
39 5
38 3
39 2
40 3
40 8
39.8
$9! 30
2 43
2 48
2 47
2 47
2 50
2 52
2 53
2 53
2 4Q
2 56
2 62
2 63
2 6,3
¿65
0 —EARNINGS AND HOURS
357
T able C-7. Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing, by State and selected
area 1—Continued
Avg.
wkly
earn
ings
Year and month
Avg.
wkly
hours
Avg.
hourly
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly
earn
ings
Avg.
hourly
earn
ings
Washington—-Con.
Average............ ........... $84.89
Average____________ 87.86
December__________
89.75
January____________ 88.09
February___________ 88.59
March_____________ 88. 70
April______________
86.87
M ay_______________ 89.09
June_______________ 91.33
July------ ------- --------- 87.40
A u g u st____________ 91.33
September__________ 95. 40
October_________ .. 95. 20
November_______ ..
94.25
December__________
93. 71
38.3
38.2
38.3
37.8
38.0
38.1
37.2
37.4
38.3
37.3
38.6
39.3
39.2
38.9
38.3
Avg.
wkly
earn
ings
State
$2.22
2.30
2.34
2.33
2.33
2.33
2.33
2.38
2.38
2.34
2.36
2.43
2.43
2.42
2. 45
Avg.
wkly
hours
Avg.
hourly
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly
hours
Avg.
wkly
earn
ings
Avg.
hourly
earn
ings
West Virginia
Tacoma
1956:
1957:
1957:
1958:
Avg.
wkly
hours
$80.18
83.07
83.49
83.28
82.72
83.16
83.32
83.80
85.47
88.30
88. 20
89.50
87. 69
90. 06
91.71
39.5
39.0
38.3
38.2
37.6
37.8
37.7
37.9
38.5
38.9
39.2
39.6
38.8
39.5
39.7
Charleston
$2.03
2.13
2.18
2.18
2.20
2.20
2.21
2.20
2.22
2.27
2.25
2. 26
2.26
2.28
2.31
$97.85
102.06
105.18
104. 78
102.44
102. 44
104.80
104.12
106.75
107.94
105.06
105. 60
105. 65
109. 08
111.66
40.6
40.5
40.3
40.3
39.4
39.4
40.0
40.2
40.9
41.2
40.1
40.0
38.7
40.4
40.9
Avg.
hourly
earn
ings
Wisconsin
Wheeling-Steubenville
$2.41
2.52
2.61
2.60
2.60
2.60
2.62
2.59
2. 61
2.62
2.62
2.64
2.73
2. 70
2.73
Avg.
wkly
hours
$87.24
90.00
87.36
86.62
87.82
89. 75
90. 53
88.14
92.11
101. 30
101. 08
103. 72
101.46
103. 45
103. 52
38.6
37.5
36.1
35.5
35.7
35.9
35.5
35.4
35.7
37.8
38.0
38.7
38.0
38.6
38.2
$2.26
2.40
2.42
2.44
2.46
2. 50
2. 55
2.49
2.58
2.68
2.66
2.68
2.67
2.68
2. 71
State
$84.25
86.10
87.34
86.03
85.25
85.90
84.93
87. 67
88.37
86.86
86. 85
87.19
89.13
90.11
93.21
41.7
40.9
40.5
39.7
39.5
39.7
39.3
40.1
40.5
41.3
40.6
40.7
40.9
40.6
41.4
$2.02
2.10
2.15
2.17
2.16
2.16
2.16
2.19
2.18
2.10
2.14
2.14
2.18
2.22
2.25
W isconsin—Continued
Kenosha
1956:
1957:
1957:
1958:
Average____________
Average........................
December__________
January____________
February..... ................
March_____________
A p ril...........................
M ay_______________
June........ ........... ..........
J u ly .............................
A u g u s t....................
September__________
October____________
November__________
December__________
$82.19
88.47
91.44
90.59
90.20
91.52
91.26
107. 45
99.70
94. 71
95. 48
95.07
107.20
99.63
115.76
37.8
39.0
39.4
38.8
38.5
38.9
38.9
43.0
40.8
39.5
39.8
39.7
42.7
40.4
43.5
Madison
La Crosse
$2.17
2.27
2.32
2.34
2.34
2.36
2.35
2.50
2.44
2. 39
2.40
2.39
2. 51
2. 47
2.66
$80.80
86.56
86.21
85.68
89.69
89.46
89.94
88.52
89.64
89.32
90.84
89.08
87. 07
88. 00
89.05
40.3
39.8
38.6
38.6
40.1
39.8
40.1
39.5
40.1
39.9
39.8
39.2
39.2
39.4
39.8
$2.00
2.18
2.24
2.22
2.24
2.25
2.24
2.24
2. 24
2.24
2.28
2.27
2.22
2. 24
2.24
$91. 63
93.93
94.48
91.26
90.43
90.68
92. 55
91.42
91.43
96.31
92.10
95. 78
96.47
100. 88
102.05
41.2
40.4
39.8
38.8
38.5
38.5
39.8
38.9
39.1
39.7
38.9
39.1
39.4
40.4
40.8
Milwaukee
$2.22
2.33
2.37
2.35
2.35
2.36
2.33
2.35
2.34
2.42
2.37
2.45
2.45
2. 50
2.50
$92.81
94.37
93.80
93.27
92.14
93.00
91.56
95.25
96.25
95. 38
95.52
95.92
95.95
96.71
98.94
41.4
40.4
39.9
39.3
39.0
39.3
38.6
39.7
39.9
39.7
39.8
39.7
39.7
39.6
40.3
Racine
$2.24
2.34
2.35
2.37
2.36
2.37
2.37
2.40
2.41
2.40
2.40
2.42
2.42
2.44
2.46
$85.77
88.96
89.58
90.59
91.19
92.31
91.84
92.73
92.31
91.48
90. 38
92.05
93. 64
93. 40
94.45
W yoming
State
1956:
1957:
1957:
1958:
A verage___________ $89.73
A verage___________ 92.17
December__________ 97.88
January.. _________ 98.80
February___________ 93.07
M arch_____________ 93.80
April______________
97.11
M ay_______________ 96.43
June_____________ . 94.82
July---------------------95.28
August_____________ 94.48
September__________ 93. 89
October____________ 89.60
November__________ 92.73
December__________
94.70
40.6
39.9
41.3
40.0
38.3
38.6
39.0
39.2
38.7
39.7
40.9
41.0
39.3
39.8
40.3
Casper
$2.21 $106. 52
2.31 112.18
2.37 121. 76
2.47 115. 49
2.43 111. 33
2.43 114. 69
2.49 117.33
2.46 119.14
2. 45 118.90
2.40 115. 74
2.31 113. 72
2.29 118.37
2.28 112.52
2.33 110.68
2.35 115.60
40.5
40.5
41.7
40.1
39.2
40.1
40.6
40.8
41.0
39.5
39.9
40.4
39.9
38.7
40.0
$2.63
2. 77
2.92
2.88
2.84
2.86
2.89
2.92
2.90
2.93
2. 85
2.93
2.82
2.86
2.89
1 Data for earlier years are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics or to the cooperating State agency. See table A-5 for addresses
of cooperating State agencies.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 Subarea of New York-Northeastern New Jersey.
40.4
39.9
39.7
39.5
39.5
40.0
39.7
39.5
39.6
39.6
39.3
39.6
40.1
39.8
40.1
$2.12
2.23
2.25
2.30
2.31
2.31
2.31
2.35
2.33
2.31
2.30
2.32
2.34
2.35
2.36
358
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
D .— Consumer and W holesale Prices
T able D -l.
Consumer Price Index 1—United States city average: All items and major groups of items
[1947-49=100]
Year and month
All Items
Food
Housing
Transporta Medical care Personal care Reading and
tion
recreation
Apparel
Other goods
and services
95.9
104.1
100.0
101.2
112.6
114.6
112.8
112.6
110.9
111.7
115.4
120.3
95.0
101.7
103.3
106.1
112.4
114.6
117.7
119.1
120.0
121.7
125.0
127.7
97.1
103.5
99.4
98.1
106.9
105.8
104.8
104.3
103.7
105.5
106.9
107.0
90.6
100.9
108.5
111.3
118.4
126.2
129.7
128.0
126.4
128.7
136.0
140.5
94.9
100.9
104.1
106.0
111.1
117.2
121.3
125.2
128.0
132.6
138.0
144.4
97.6
101.3
101.1
101.1
110.5
111.8
112.8
113.4
115.3
120.0
124.4
128.6
95.5
100.4
104.1
103.4
106.5
107.0
108.0
107.0
106.6
108.1
112.2
116.7
96.1
100.5
103.4
105.2
109.7
115.4
118.2
120.1
120.2
122.0
125.5
127.2
114.3
114.3
114.3
114.2
114.2
114.4
114.7
114.5
114.9
114.9
115.0
114.7
110.6
110.8
110.8
111.2
119.6
119.6
119.6
119.5
119.4
119.7
119.9
120.0
120.4
120.8
120.9
120.8
103.3
103.4
103.2
103.1
103.3
103.2
103.2
103.4
104.6
104.6
104.7
104.7
127.6
127.4
127.3
125.3
125.5
125.8
125.4
125.4
125.3
126.6
128.5
127.3
126.5
126.8
127.0
127.3
127.5
127. 6
127.9
128.0
128.2
128.7
129.8
130.2
113.7
113.6
113.5
113.7
113.9
114.7
115.5
115.8
116.6
117.0
117.5
117.9
106.9
106.4
106.6
106.6
106.5
106.2
106.3
106.3
106.7
106.7
106.8
106.8
119.9
119.8
119.8
119.8
119.9
119.9
120.3
120.4
120.6
120.6
120.6
120.6
1956: January......... ...........
February...................
March___________
April_______ _____
M ay_____________
June..........................
J u ly ..........................
A ugust.....................
September................
October....................
November________
December_________
114.6
114.6
114.7
114.9
115.4
116.2
117.0
116.8
117.1
117.7
117.8
118.0
109.2
108.8
109.0
109.6
113.2
114.8
113.1
113.1
113.1
112.9
112.9
120.6
120.7
120.7
120.8
120.9
121.4
121.8
122.2
122.5
122.8
123.0
123.5
104.1
104.6
104.8
104.8
104.8
104.8
105.3
105.5
106.5
106.8
107.0
107.0
126.8
126.9
126.7
126.4
127.1
126.8
127.7
128.5
128.6
132.6
133.2
133.1
130.7
130.9
131.4
131.6
131.9
132.0
132.7
133.3
134.0
134.1
134.5
134.7
118.5
118.9
119.2
119.5
119.6
119.9
120.1
120.3
120.5
120.8
121.4
121.8
107.3
107.5
107.7
108.2
108.2
107.6
107.7
107.9
108.4
108.5
109.0
109.3
120.8
120.9
121.2
121.4
121.5
121.8
122.2
122.1
122.7
123.0
123.2
123.3
1957: January__________
February_________
M arch.__________
April____ ________
M ay_____________
June..........................
July...........................
August......................
September________
October__________
November________
December________
118.2
118.7
118.9
119.3
119.6
120.2
120.8
121.0
121.1
121.1
121.6
121.6
112.8
113.6
113.2
113.8
114.6
116.2
117.4
117.9
117.0
116.4
116.0
116.1
123.8
124.5
124.9
125.2
125.3
125.5
125.5
125.7
126.3
126.6
126.8
127.0
106.4
106.1
106.8
106.5
106.5
106.6
106.5
106.6
107.3
107.7
107.9
107.6
133.6
134.4
135.1
135.5
135.3
135.3
135.8
135.9
135.9
135.8
140.0
138.9
135.3
135.5
136.4
136.9
137.3
137.9
138.4
138.6
139.0
139.7
140.3
140.8
122.1
122.6
122.9
123.3
123.4
124.2
124.7
124.9
125.1
126.2
126.7
127.0
109.9
110.0
110.5
111.8
111.4
111.8
112.4
112.6
113.3
113.4
114.4
114.6
123.8
124.0
124.2
124.2
124.3
124.6
126.6
126.7
126.7
126.8
126.8
126.8
1958: January____ _____
F ebruary............ —
M arch......................
April_____________
M ay_____________
June_____________
J u ly .........................
August___________
September.................
October______ ____
November________
December___ _____
122.3
122.5
123.3
123.5
123.6
123.7
123.9
123.7
123.7
123.7
123.9
123.7
118.2
118.7
120.8
121.6
121.6
121.6
121.7
120.7
120.3
119.7
119.4
118.7
127.1
127.3
127.5
127.7
127.8
127.8
127.7
127.9
127.9
127.9
128.0
128.2
106.9
106.8
106.8
106.7
106.7
106.7
106.7
106.6
107.1
107.3
107.7
107.5
138.7
138.5
138.7
138.3
138.7
138.9
140.3
141.0
141.3
142.7
144.5
144.3
141.7
141.9
142.3
142.7
143.7
143.9
144.6
145.0
146.1
146.7
147.0
147.3
127.8
128.0
128.3
128.5
128.5
128.6
128.9
128.9
128.7
128.8
129.1
129.0
116.6
116.6
117.0
117.0
116.6
116.7
116.6
116.7
116.6
116.6
117.0
116.9
127.0
127.0
127.2
127.2
127.2
127.2
127.2
127.1
127.1
127.2
127.3
127.3
1959: January__________
123.8
119.0
128.2
106.7
144.1
147.6
129.4
117.0
127.3
Average__________
Average__________
Average.....................
Average.....................
Average....... .............
Average.....................
Average.....................
Average__________
Average_____ _____
A verage...................
Average................. —
Average----------------
95.5
102.8
101.8
102.8
1955: January....................
February...................
M arch___________
April..........................
M ay_____________
June_____________
July_____________
August......................
September................
October.....................
November________
December.................
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1954:
1955:
1956:
1957:
1958:
111.0
113.5
114.4
114.8
114.5
116.2
120.2
123.5
111.1
111.3
112.1
111.2
111.6
110.8
109.8
109.5
111.0
i The Consumer Price Index measures the average change In prices of goods
and services purchased by urban wage-earner and clerical-worker families.
Data for 46 large, medium-size, and small cities are combined for the United
States average.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
N ote : For a description of this series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
S o urce : U .S . Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
359
D .—CONSUMER AND W HOLESALE PRICES
T able
D-2.
Consumer Price Index ^ U n ite d States city average: Food, housing, apparel, transpor
tation, and their subgroups
[1947-49=100]
A nnual
a v e ra g e
1958
1959
G ro u p
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O c t.
S e p t.
A ug.
J u ly
Ju n e
M ay
A p r.
M ar.
F eb.
Jan.
1958
1957
F o o d 5 ______________________________________
F o o d a t h o m e _____________ - ................~
C e r e a ls a n d b a k e r y p r o d u c t s ..............
M e a t s , p o u l t r y , a n d f is h ----------------D a i r y p r o d u c t s ___________ - _______
F r u i t s a n d v e g e t a b l e s ------- ------------O t h e r fo o d s a t h o m e 8..............................
119.0
117.1
133.9
113.8
114.1
121.7
109.9
118.7
116.8
134.0
113.0
114.3
120.1
110.7
119.4
117.6
134.0
113.5
114.5
121.1
112.6
119.7
118.0
133.9
114.6
114.5
121.0
113.2
120.3
118.7
133.5
115.8
114.1
120.7
115.2
120.7
119.2
132.9
117.7
113.0
124.9
112.8
121.7
120.5
132.9
119.2
112.4
131.9
111.8
121.6
120.4
132.9
118.3
111.7
134.3
110.9
121.6
120.5
132.8
116.6
111.8
137.4
111.5
121.6
120.5
132.7
115.9
112.5
136.6
112.4
120.8
119.6
132.7
114.4
114.1
130.7
113.8
118.7
117.2
132.6
112.0
114.5
124.4
111.3
118.2
116.7
132.5
110.2
114.6
121.9
113.1
120.3
118.8
133.1
115.1
113.5
127.1
112.4
115.4
113.8
130.5
105.2
111.8
118.6
112.9
H o u s i n g 4________ _____ - _______________ - _
R e n t ____ _____ __________________________
G a s a n d e l e c tr i c it y ____ _________________
S o lid fu e ls a n d fu e l o i l _________________
H o u s e f u r n is h in g s _______________________
H o u s e h o ld o p e r a t io n ........................................
128.2
138 .8
118.2
138.9
103.2
133.1
128.2
138.7
118.2
137.0
103.6
132.8
128.0
138.4
118.1
135.8
103.5
132.6
127.9
138.3
118.1
135.6
103.4
132.4
127.9
138.2
118.0
135.2
103.6
132.2
127.9
138.1
117.5
133,6
103.3
132.1
127.7
137.8
117.0
132.3
104.0
131.2
127.8
137.7
116.9
131.7
104.1
131.1
127.8
137.5
116.5
131.6
104.0
130.9
127.7
137.3
11 6 .0
134.2
104.0
130.9
127.5
137.1
115.9
136.7
103.9
130.7
127.3
137.0
115.9
137.2
104.9
129.9
127.1
136.8
115.7
138.4
104.2
129.7
127.7
137.7
117.0
134.9
103.9
131.4
125.6
135.2
113.0
137.4
104.6
127.5
A p p a r e l .............................................................................
M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ _______________________
W o m e n ’s a n d g ir ls ’_____________________
F o o t w e a r ________________________________
O th e r a p p a r e l
...............................................
106.7
108.0
9 8 .7
130.8
9 1 .7
107.5
108.4
100.2
130.4
9 2 .3
100.6
107.7
108.5
130.3
92 .3
107.3
107.9
100.2
130.1
91 .8
107.1
108.3
9 9 .6
130.1
9 2 .0
106.6
108.3
9 8 .5
130.0
9 1 .9
106.7
108.5
9 8 .6
129.7
9 2 .0
106.7
108.8
9 8 .5
129.8
9 1 .9
106.7
108.9
9 8 .4
129.7
92.1
106.7
109.1
9 8 .2
129.8
9 1 .9
106.8
108.9
9 8 .8
129.5
9 1 .9
106.8
109.0
9 8 .6
129.5
9 2 .0
106.9
109.0
9 8 .8
129.3
9 1 .9
107.0
108.6
99.1
129.8
92 .0
106.9
109.0
9 9 .2
127.9
92 .1
T r a n s p o rta tio n
_____________ _____ ________
P r i v a t e _____- __________ ______ _________
P u b l i c . . ..........- ................... ............... .................
144.1
133.1
191.8
144.3
133.3
191.8
144.5
133.6
191.1
142.7
131.8
190.4
141.3
130.4
189.8
141.0
130.1
189.5
140.3
129.3
189.5
138.9
128.0
187.7
138.7
128.0
186.1
138.3
127.6
186.1
138.7
128.0
185.9
138.5
127.9
185.4
138.7
128.4
182.4
140.5
129.7
188.0
136.0
125.8
178.8
* In addition to subgroups shown here, total housing includes the purchase
price of homes and other homeowner costs.
* Includes yard goods, diapers, and miscellaneous items.
S o urce : U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1 See footnote 1, table D -l.
i I n addition to subgroup» shown here, total food Includes restaurant meals
an d other food bought and eaten away from home.
»Includes eggs, fats and oils, sugar and sweets, beverages (nonalcoholic),
and other miscellaneous foods.
T able
D-3.
Consumer Price Index ^ U n ite d States city average: Special groups of items
[1947-49=100]
All items
less food
All items
less shelter
All com
modities
All com
modities
less food
Durable
commodi
ties 2
Nondura
ble com
modities
less food 8
Average __________________________________
Average ________ __________________________
Average
_
___________________ ____ ___
Average ___________________________________
Average ______________________ _____- _____
Average
_________________________ ______
Average _______________________ _____ ___
Average
________________________ ______
Average ___________________________ ____
Average __________________________________
Average
_ _____________________________
Average__-_________________________________
95.1
101.9
103.0
104.2
110.8
113.5
115.7
116.4
116.7
95.6
103.1
101.3
102.0
110.5
112.7
113.1
113.0
112.4
96.3
103.2
100.6
101.2
110.3
111.7
111.3
110.2
109.0
95.7
102.9
101.5
101.3
108.9
109.8
110.0
108.6
107.5
94.9
101.8
103.3
104.4
112.4
113.8
112.6
108.3
105.1
95.7
103.1
101.1
100.9
108.5
109.1
110.1
110.6
110.6
118.8
122.8
125.5
114.0
117.8
121.2
110.1
113.6
116.3
108.9
112.3
113.4
105.1
108.8
110.5
January __________________________________
February __________________________________
March ___________________________________
April _____________________________________
M ay. _____________________________________
J u n e ______________________________________
July _____________________________________
August ______________ - ____________________
September- __________________________________
October - ________________________________
November__________________________________
T)p(*emher
_ _____________________ - _____
124.7
124.8
125.0
125.0
125.1
125.2
125.4
125.6
125.8
126.0
126.5
126.5
120.0
120.2
121.0
121.2
121.3
121.4
121.6
1 2 1.4
121.5
121.5
121.7
121.5
115.4
115.5
116.4
116.6
116.6
116.6
116.8
116.4
116.4
116.4
116.6
116.3
113.5
113.2
113.1
112.8
112.9
112.9
113.1
113.2
113.5
113.9
114.5
114.4
126.4
121.5
116.2
114.0
Year and month
1947:
1948:
1949*
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1QM:
1955:
1956:
1957*
1958:
1958:
1959: J a n u a r y .
__________________________________
1 See footnote 1 and Note, table D -l.
2 Includes household appliances, furniture and bedding, floor coverings,
dinnerware, automobiles, tires, radio and television sets, durable toys, sport
ing goods, and from 1953 forward, water heaters, kitchen sinks, sink faucets,
and porch flooring.
, ,,
»Includes solid fuels, fuel oil, textile housefurnishings, household paper,
electric light bulbs, laundry soap and detergents, apparel (except shoe re
pairs), gasoline, motor oil, prescriptions and drugs, toilet goods, nondurable
toys, newspapers, cigarettes, cigars, beer, whiskey, and from 1953 forward,
house paint and paint brush.
* Includes rent, gas, electricity, dry cleaning, laundry service, domestic
service, telephone, water, postage, shoe repairs, auto repairs, auto insurance,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
AU
All services
services ‘ less rent *
94.5
100.4
105.1
108.5
114.1
119.3
124.2
127.5
94.7
100.1
105.2
108.1
114.6
120.1
124.6
127.7
113.0
116.1
116.9
129.8
132.6
137.7
142.4
130.1
133.0
138.6
143.8
110.5
110.3
109.6
109.6
109.7
109.6
109.8
109.9
110.3
111.2
112.8
112.9
117.0
116.7
116.9
116.6
116.5
116.7
116.9
116.9
117.2
117.2
117.1
117.0
140.5
141.0
141.7
142.1
142.3
142.3
142.6
143.0
143.0
143.1
143.4
143.5
141.7
142.3
143.1
143.5
143.8
143.8
144.1
144.4
144.4
144.5
144.8
145.0
112.4
116.7
143.9
145.4
auto registration, transit fares, railroad fares, professional medical services,
hospital services, group hospitalization, barber and beauty shop services,
television repairs, motion picture admissions, and from 1953 forward, home
purchase, real estate taxes, mortgage interest, property insurance, repainting
garage, repainting rooms, reshingling roof, and refinishing floors.
* Formerly all services less shelter for 1953 and later years; for definition of
services, see footnote 4.
N o te : Indexes from 1953 forward have been revised to reflect the distribu
tion of shelter items, formerly included In “all services and shelter” now en
titled “all services," among the appropriate commodity and service classi
fications.
S ource: U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics.
360
T able
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
D-4.
Consumer Price Index —United States city average: Retail prices and indexes of selected
foods
Commodity
Cereals and bakery products: U n i t
Flour, wheat--- ------ ---------5 lb ..
Biscuit mix 4___________ 20 oz._
Corn meal---------- --------------lb ..
Rice----- --------------------- ...lb ._
Rolled o a ts........ ........... ...18 oz._
C o rn flak es............ ........... 12 oz..
Bread_______ ____________ lb ..
Soda crackers 4----------------- lb ..
Vanilla cookies__________ 7 oz..
Meats, poultry, and fish:
Aver
age3
price,
Jan.
1959
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1959
1958
Annual
average
Jan.
Dec.3 Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
1958
1957
114.0
96.0
114.9
98.2
138.2
151.1
147.0
113.7
126.2
113.9
96.0
115.2
98.1
138.4
151.0
147.1
113.8
126.3
113.6
95.9
116.1
97.7
138.4
150.9
147.2
113.8
126.6
113.4
95.9
116.6
97.7
138.3
150.5
147.1
113.8
126.6
113.6
95.9
116.6
98.0
138.0
150.2
146.1
114.0
126.6
114.0
95.7
116.3
98.1
138.0
150.0
144.6
113.6
126.5
114.6
95.8
115.7
97.6
138.0
149.7
144.5
113.8
126.5
114.9
95.8
115.6
97.5
138.0
149.7
144.4
113.6
126.5
115.4
96.0
155.5
96.8
137.9
149.4
144.0
113.7
126.7
115.4
95.9
115.4
96.3
137.9
149.0
143.8
113.6
126.8
115.1
96.0
115.3
95.9
137.7
148.5
143.7
113.4
127.7
114.7
96.0
115.2
95.8
137.5
147.6
143.7
113.6
127.6
114.4
96.0
114.1
95.6
137.2
146.5
143.7
113.3
128.1
114.4
95.9
115.6
97.1
137.9
149.4
145.0
113.7
126.9
113.4
95.8
113.3
93.5
134.9
136.1
141.0
112.4
127.3
120.2
123.0
129.3
116.0
123.8
114.3
149.7
108.7
121.9
98.6
103.3
109.6
119.9
121.0
127.0
114.4
121.8
112.5
146.9
109.4
122.5
99.6
103.6
112.3
120.0
120.5
126.9
113.1
121.6
112.0
146.2
110.2
124.8
101.2
101.6
112.6
121.4
120.2
126.4
112.9
121.3
111.7
146.0
113. 7
126.9
107.9
102.0
112.4
122. 5
119.5
125.4
112.6
122.2
110.8
145.9
116.8
128.6
113.7
102.8
111.9
124.3
119.8
125.8
113.0
122.4
110.9
145.1
120.3
130.1
118.2
106.7
111.6
125.4
122.3
128.5
117.4
124.3
112.6
144. 7
120.7
132.2
116.5
107.1
113.1
124.2
122.6
128.8
118.2
124.5
112.3
145.3
118.3
131.8
112.4
106.1
112.6
122.0
121.7
128.4
116.9
124.5
110.9
144.3
115.0
125.4
110.4
104.7
111.8
121.5
121.5
128.4
118.5
123.9
109.1
143.1
114. 7
125.3
109.2
105.5
113.4
118.8
117.9
125.2
115.4
121.6
103.3
142.4
112. 6
123.0
105.8
105.5
112.4
116. 7
114.8
122.7
110.2
120.4
100.7
140.4
111.3
121.7
105.9
102.3
113.2
115.1
112.8
122.1
106.6
120.6
98.3
135.9
110.1
120.8
103.7
102.1
110.5
19,1 n
lift 6
126.3
114.1
122.4
108.8
143.9
114 4
126.2
108.7
104.2
112.3
108 7
102.8
113.7
95.0
111.0
86.6
127.9
107 8
119.1
101.5
97.4
103.5
107.9
109.5
72.1
108.4
110.2
69.0
107.9
109.7
71.7
108.4
108.7
71. 6
108.7
106.7
74.1
110.1
105.1
77. 6
109.6
104.2
81.5
108.6
103.4
81.9
106.5
101.6
81. 7
105.2
99.7
80.1
102.9
98.4
83.5
100.2
98.1
79.7
99.0
97.7
77.0
106.3
103.6
77.5
93.1
93.1
78.4
121.0
126.3
119.9
123.9
119.6
123.1
119.0
122.0
118.2
121.1
117.8
120.1
117.6
119.9
1Ï7. Ì
119.4
117.6
120.4
117.6
120.4
117.1
119.7
115. 4
116.6
113.8
113.9
117 6
120.0
109. 9
107.6
127.8
128. Ö 128.4
130.1
C e n ts
55.0
26.8
12.9
18.7
20.4
25.7
19.6
29.2
24.4
Beef and veal----------- ----------Round steak---------------- lb .. 3106. 7
Chuck roast--------- ------- lb .. « 64.3
Rib ro ast..------------------ lb .. «82.5
Hamburger___________ lb .. 55.6
Veal cutlets..................... -lb .. 139.1
Pork
___________ _______
Pork chops, center c u t..- lb .. 88.8
Bacon, sliced----------------lb .. 72.1
Ham, whole___________ lb .. 67.5
Lamb, leg............ ...............-lb.
75.5
Other meats:
Frankfurters 4-------------- lb .. 65.7
Luncheon meat 4_.12-oz can.. 53.0
P o n l t r v frvlng chickens_____ ..
Ready-to-cook— ________ lb_ 42.9
Fish
___ ________________
Fish, fresh or frozen.......... ......
Ocean perch fillet, frozen...lb._ 47.6
Haddock, fillet, frozen___ lb__ 59.7
Saimon, pink_____ 16-oz. can.. 61.4
Tuna fish,chunk 4
6-6Ji-oz. can.. 33.7
Dairy products:
Milk, fresh, grocery----------------- _____
Homogenized, with vitamin D
added_________ ______ fit_ 24.0
Milk fresh, delivered__________
Homogenized, with vitamin D
added. _______________qt__ 25.3
Ice cream 4_______________ p t „ 29.5
B utter----------- -------- ---------lb .. 74.7
Cheese, American process---- lb .. 58.2
Milk evaporated— 14^-oz. can.. 15.1
All fruits and vegetables:
Frozen fruits and vegetables4----Strawberries 4--------------10 oz.. 26.4
Orange Juice concentrate 4.6 oz.. 27.4
Peas, green 4 -------------- 10 oz.. 20.1
22.9
Beans, green 4 -------------- 9 oz.
Fresh fruits and vegetables____
Apples__________ ______-lb .. 12.8
Bananas________________ lb .. 17.2
Oranges_______________ doz.. 64.3
Lemons 9._ --------------------lb .. 19.5
G rapefruit1011------------- each.. 12.4
Peaches 1013_____________lb .. (10)
(10)
Strawberries 1015 —-............ p t „
Grapes, seedless 1013---------- lb .. (10)
Watermelons 1019________ lb .. (10)
Potatoes..... ....................10 lb_. 54.3
Sweet potatoes....................l b .. 13.9
Onions_________________ lb .. 10.8
Carrots___________ _____ lb .. 14.7
Lettuce............................head.. 16.7
Celery 11__________ _____ lb._ 15.1
Cabbage........... -.................-lb .. 10.2
Tomatoes4______ _____. ..l b .. 35.3
Beans, green____________ lb .. 29.9
Canned fruits and vegetables.. ..
Orange Juice4. ....... .46-oz. can.. 46.7
Peaches___________ #2J^ can.. 35.6
Pineapple___________ #2 can.. 35.7
F ruit cocktail4____ #303 can.. 27.6
Corn, cream style___#303 can.. 18.6
Peas, green.............. .#303 can.. 21.0
15.9
Tomatoes____ ____#303 can..
Baby foods 4_______ 4}4~5 oz.. 10.1
Dried fruits and vegetables__ _
Prunes_________________ lb .. 38.9
17.2
Dried beans.........................l b „
See footnotes at e n d of ta b le.
Indexes (1947-49=100, unless otherwise specified)
129.0
129. 8
131.7
131.5
131.3
131.3
131.2
131.1
131.0
130.8
130.4
97.5
97.9
98.2
98.0
96.6
96.2
95.9
95.3
95.2
95.3
95.0
94.9
94.4
96.1
93.3
120.8
121.3
121.7
121.2
120.7
119.1
118.2
117.0
117.1
118.3
120.5
121.2
121.5
119.8
117.6
125.1
125.7
126.1
126.0
125.4
123.9
122.6
121.6
121.7
122. 4
125.2
125.8
126.0
124.4
122.1
97.9
94.5
109.6
111.4
98.2
94.1
109.3
111.3
98.3
94.2
109.2
111.1
98.4
94.6
109.3
111.3
98.4
94.4
109.1
111.2
98.4
93.0
109.2
111.1
98.0
93.0
109.4
111.2
98.3
93.0
109.5
111.1
98.3
93.1
109.5
110.9
98.4
93.5
109.9
111.1
98.2
94.8
110.0
110.8
98.4
94.8
109.8
110.5
98.4
94.8
109.9
110.1
98.3
93.9
109.5
111.0
97.4
94.0
109.3
107.2
119.1
82.2
149.1
102, 7
105.0
121.1
113.3
106.9
139.2
105.1
122.7
(10)
122.4
82.3
157.5
102.4
105.3
118 5
109.3
110.8
151.6
101.8
125.4
(10)
(10)
(10)
(10)
97.5
118.5
111.1
111.0
126.6
103.1
112.0
109.0
105.3
115.0
147.4
112.0
114.7
105.7
109.0
99.9
110.8
103.1
123.2
157.6
92.7
122.6
81.9
157.9
102.2
105.7
120.3
103.2
114.2
179.2
100.5
138.0
(10)
(10)
(10)
(10)
95.3
114.0
107.4
108.4
114.2
98.6
99.5
99.8
104.3
114.6
146.6
111.4
114.1
104.7
108.1
100.1
111.2
102.9
121. 9
151.9
94.1
122.2
81.1
157.5
101.9
105.6
120. 5
108.2
113.3
189.5
99.3
(10)
(10)
(10)
94.9
(10)
93.3
111.5
105.5
110.1
126. 8
90.2
101.8
76.4
104. 2
114.1
144.3
110.2
113.1
103.5
100.8
100.2
113.3
102.9
121. 5
144.5
97.9
122.4 121.8
81.3
81.9
157.7 156.8
101.3 100.6
106.6 106.4
120. 5 127. 7
127.1
(«)
106.1 118.3
189.3 174.2
97.6
96.6
(!0)
(10)
92.6
89.5
(10)
(10)
79.9
88.5
(10)
54.9
98.7 111.7
122.7 166.6
106.4 111.2
114.8 119.7
110.9 103.2
96.5
97.3
101.3 101.3
65.2
69.3
90.9
80.2
113.2 112. 4
139.8 132.8
109.2 108.2
112.9 112.4
102.3 101.4
105.6 104.8
100.1 100.2
115.0 119.8
102.9 102.8
121.4 120. 4
138.6 137.8
101.3 100.3
121.0
82.0
155.2
100.2
106.3
139 5
(8)
103.2
173.8
97.1
(10)
104.1
(10)
110.9
69.6
127.4
165.2
119.9
118.0
111.6
116.4
119.8
82.4
152.2
99.8
106.4
144.0
193.3
104.2
165.4
98.9
(10)
(10)
76.7
(10)
101.6
128.7
159.5
123.0
113.9
106.4
127.1
126.3
101.7
93.9
110.6
121.1
107.6
112.1
100.9
103.7
99.5
124.2
102.2
118. 5
137.0
97.9
116.2
82.6
143.2
99.5
106.6
150.0
157.7
103.8
160.9
102.9
149.3
(10)
95.2
(10)
(10)
144.1
158.4
132.9
108.4
145. 8
147.0
152.3
157.8
125.0
109. 5
117.5
107.9
111.8
100.8
104.0
99.4
121.0
101.7
117. 3
137.2
95.9
115.5
82.5
141.5
99.5
106.4
149.3
133.3
98.3
169.0
101.8
130.5
(10)
(10)
(10)
(10)
155.9
152.9
159.7
106.2
135.5
132.4
160.9
163.8
136.3
108.6
114.4
108.4
111.7
100.7
103.7
99.7
118.2
101.8
116 4
137.0
94.8
112.7
82.6
134.8
99.7
105.2
140.9
121.8
104.8
147.7
102.6
118.2
(10)
(10)
(10)
(10)
138.4
147.6
128.7
119.3
140.7
109.7
174.1
148.6
110.3
81.9
129.4
100.4
103.1
131 4
117.6
106.9
142.2
101.8
116.4
(10)
(10)
(10)
(10)
115.7
138.3
105.5
123.7
113.0
108.4
165.5
145.8
(«)
106 5
107.6
80.3
123.4
100.5
102.6
128 0
114.1
104.9
137.3
104.2
122.4
(10)
(10)
(10)
(10)
112.6
134.2
101.2
135.2
118.3
102.2
151.7
138.7
171.0
106 0
109.4
109.3
110.9
100.6
103.6
101.2
106.3
102.2
112 n
136.2
88.5
117.9
81.9
147.3
100.7
105.5
189 6
1 128. 6
107.4
165.0
100.4
12128.6
» 95.4
i®86.0
I? 93. 6
ii 75.4
118.3
140.8
117.7
115.7
121.1
110.7
129.8
114.2
110.5
110 8
126.8
109.2
112.4
101.9
105.1
100.1
115.3
102.4
97.8
82.1
99.4
100.9
99.2
m
(10)
(10)
102.3
123.7
126. 6
116.2
116.4
103.8
148.9
125.6
141.1
115.6
149.0
113.8
115.5
106.5
110.1
99.4
110.1
103.2
123.5
161.0
91.0
1 1 1 .0
94.2
94.3
111.5
125.5
108.0
112.3
101.2
104.1
99.6
123.7
102.5
119. 6
137.5
99.3
(«)
107.4
111.9
109.5
111.4
100.6
103.6
100.6
112.2
102.2
113 9
136.1
91.4
lii.i
109.1
111.0
100.8
103.9
100.9
107.9
102.0
112 3
136.1
89.0
14(16
95.3
8140.8
107.7
126.2
103.0
12111. 3
HI 09. 9
1« 80. 7
is 90. 6
W87. 5
107.9
131.0
111.9
117.1
121.9
104.1
125.9
105.1
117.7
106 8
113.2
110.4
110.2
100.3
102.2
102.1
103.4
1 0 2 .6
14o! 3
85.2
361
D ._C O N SU M E R AND W HOLESALE PRICES
T able D -4 .
Consumer Price Index 1—United States city average: Retail prices and indexes of selected
foods—Continued
Indexes (1947-49=100, unless otherwise specified)
age2
price,
Jan.
1959
Commodity
Jan.
Dec.*
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
1958
1957
99.5
106.8
99.2
106.9
99.1
107.1
99.3
107.3
99.3
106.7
99.9
106.5
100.5
106.5
100.3
106.4
100.4
106.7
100.3
106.6
100.1
106.3
100.0
105.9
99.1
104.9
99.8
106.5
99.0
103.9
100.2
99.4
168.9
150.2
125.0
125.4
84.9
99.8
99.3
171.4
153.9
124.9
125.2
85.4
99.5
98.8
173.8
157.8
124.4
124.4
85.4
99.5
98.7
174.1
158.4
124.7
123.8
85.5
99.6
97.9
174.7
159.2
124.5
123.8
85.6
99.9
97.2
178. 2
164.4
124.4
123.1
85.8
99.8
96.9
179.9
167.3
124.5
121.9
85.8
99.9
96.4
180.9
168.9
124.3
121.7
85.9
100.0
96.1
181.2
169.9
124,2
120.7
86.2
100.6
96.4
182.5
171.6
124.2
120.8
86.2
100.8
96.3
183.4
172.9
124.2
120.7
86.1
100.4
97.4
184.7
175.0
124.0
120.3
85.8
100.1
98.2
184.8
175.2
123.8
120.4
86.3
100.0
97.5
179.1
166.2
124.3
122.2
85.8
100.0
99.2
192.7
187.4
122.9
118.1
86.8
87.8
76.0
81.7
100.6
114.6
120.1
118.4
112.2
117.4
88.4
76.2
83.4
100.9
115.4
120.0
118.4
112.1
116.6
82.2
76.0
84.3
100.8
li 5. 7
120.0
118.3
111.9
116.4
88.1
76.1
84.7
100.8
115.7
120.0
118.4
111.5
116.8
88.2
76.3
85.2
100.7
115.9
119.9
118.3
111.3
116.4
89.2
76.2
84.4
100.9
115.4
119.8
118.4
110.9
116.3
89.9
76.5
83.3
100.7
113.7
119.6
118.1
110.7
116.2
89.9
77.3
83.1
100.8
112.5
119.2
117.6
110.5
115.9
90.9
77.7
82.7
101.0
111.5
118.4
116.2
110.2
115.7
91.0
78.0
82.6
100.6
111.0
117.1
115.9
109.7
115.9
90.5
78.0
82.6
101.0
110.9
113.9
115.6
108.7
115.9
90.1
77.7
82.0
100.8
110.5
113.6
115.6
107.9
115.3
91.5
78.1
82.6
100.7
110.5
113.7
115.8
107.3
115.4
89.7
77.0
83.4
100.8
113.2
117.9
117.2
110.2
116.1
93.1
78.5
83.8
99.2
109.8
112.8
114.6
106.0
5.2
58.1
114.1
83.3
114.3
84.4
114.2
89.9
114.4
91.4
114.3
98.5
114.2
87.2
114.2
82.5
113.8
78.9
113.2
81.1
109.6
84.5
100.7
90.6
100.4
81.4
100.5
87.6
110.3
86.5
114.5
100.4
82.2
9.1
106.4
105. 7
104.7
104.3
104.4
104.4
104.4
104.6
104.3
104.1
104.0
104.1
103.8
104.4
103.0
Other foods at home:
Cents
Partially prepared foods:
U n it
Soup, tomato 4. ...ll-o z . can.. 12.4
Beans with pork 4...16-ox. can.. 15.1
Condiments and sauces:
Pickles, sliced4________15 oz~ so 26.7
Catsup, tomato 4______ 14 oz._ 22.6
■Rpvpragps _ _____________
Coffee___________ ________ (21)
Tea bags 4 ____ package of 16.. 24.2
Cola drink 4____ carton, 36 oz.. 28.3
Fats and oils. _________ _____
Shortening, hydrogenated
3-lb. can.. 92.3
Margarine, colored_______ lb .. 28.9
22.1
Lard.
. _________ lb ..
Salad dressing------ ------- p t.. 37.8
56.1
Peanut butter 4_________ lb ..
Sugar and sweets..... .....................
Sugar__ _____________ 5 lbs.. 56.9
Corn syrup 4.................. .24 oz.. 26.3
Grape jelly 4__________ 12oz._ 28.1
C h o co late b a r 4. . _______ 1 o z ..
E g g s, g rad e A , la rg e------------d o z ..
M iscellan eo u s foods:
G e la tin , fla v o re d 4____ 3-4 o z ..
Annual
average
1958
1959
1 See fo o tnote 1 a n d N o te , ta b le D - l.
2 B ased on prices in th e 46 cities u sed in co m p ilin g th e C o n su m er P rice
In d e x . A verage prices for each of th e 20 large cities liste d in ta b le D -5 are
av a ilab le u p o n re q u e st.
2 P rices collected 1 w eek earlier th a n th e w eek co n tain in g th e 15th as usual.
4 D ecem b er 1952=100.
'P r ic e s p u b lish e d p rio r to J a n u a ry 1959 w ere for U .S . C hoice grade only .
N o w in c lu d e som e prices e s tim a te d on th e basis of U .S . G ood grade.
6 N o t av a ilab le.
1 10 m o n th s ’ average.
211 m o n th s ’ average.
» M a y 1953=100.
10 P ric e d o n ly in season.
11 J a n u a r y 1953=100.
T able D -5 .
I2 7 m o n th s ’ average,
is J u ly 1953=100.
i* 3 m o n th s ’ average.
1« A p ril 1953=100.
io 2 m o n th s ’ average,
u 4 m o n th s ’ average,
io 5 m o n th s ’ average,
io Ju n e 1953=100.
20 S pecification ch an g ed from pick les, sw eet to p ick les, sliced as of J a n u a r y
1959.
21 P rice of 1-lb. can , 83.7 cen ts. P rice of 1-lb. b ag , 64.0 cen ts (p riced o n ly in
ch a in stores a n d large su p e rm a rk e ts).
Source: U.S. D e p a r tm e n t of L a b o r, B u re a u of L a b o r S tatistic s.
Consumer Price Index x- -All items indexes, by city
[1947-49=100]
Annual average
1958
1959
City
1956
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
1957
United States city average *_
123.8
123.7
123.9
123.7
123.7
123.7
123.9
123.7
123.6
123.5
123.3
122.5
122.3
120.2
116.2
Atlanta, Ga_____________
Baltimore, M d___________
Boston, Mass____________
Chicago, 111 _______ _____
Cincinnati, Ohio...................
Cleveland, Ohio__________
Detroit, Mich____ _______
Houston, Tex. __________
Kansas City, M o_________
Los Angeles,'Calif...............
Minneapolis, M inn..............
Mow Vnrlf . N V
Philadelphia, P a _________
Pittsburgh, P a___________
Portland, Öreg----------------St. Louis, Mo____________
San Francisco, Calif______
Scranton, P a___________ _
Seattle, W a s h ___________
Washington, D.O-------------
(3)
0
125.4
127.1
0
(*)
123.3
(3)
124.5
126.2
125.3
121.8
123.4
124.4
124.2
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
124.4
125. 5
0
0
0
127.4
0
124.5
123.4
124.2
0
126.1
0
121.7
123.5
0
0
125.4
127.3
0
0
123.3
0
124.9
125.6
124.5
121.5
123.3
124.5
124.5
124.6
124.8
0
127.4
122.5
(*)
123.8
0
0
125.6
(*)
121.4
123.4
0
0
0
126.9
0
125.1
123.7
124.0
0
125.2
0
121.1
123.4
0
0
0
0
125.3
128.4
0
0
125.4
127.6
0
0
124.3
0
124.8
125.4
124.9
121.1
123.3
124.7
124.7
0
0
0
0
0
124.9
124.8
0
127.5
122.7
0
124.2
0
0
125.1
0
121.0
123.0
0
0
124.5
128.0
0
(*)
0
(*)
0
0
127.0
0
125.0
124.3
123.7
0
125.2
0
121.1
122.9
0
0
(*)
0
0
124.5
127.0
0
0
124.4
0
123.7
125.6
124.1
121.2
122.9
123.8
125.0
0
0
0
0
0
124.9
124.1
0
126.8
122.3
(*)
124,2
0
0
125.0
0
121.2
123.1
0
0
124.5
126.7
0
0
0
(*)
0
0
126.2
0
124.5
123.7
122.3
0
124.1
0
120.3
122.3
0
0
0
0
119.1
125.0
120.3
0
0
123.4
126.1
0
0
123.7
0
122.4
123.7
123.2
120.0
122.2
122.6
123.3
0
0
0
0
0
121.4
121.0
121.2
123.3
119.6
122.1
122.2
121.5
121.1
121.2
121.1
117.6
120.8
120.2
121.7
121.2
123.1
116.9
123.1
118.3
118.1
116.9
117.1
119.5
116.0
118.0
118.7
117.8
117.5
117.4
117.0
113.9
117.0
116. 5
118.0
117.2
118.4
112.9
118.1
114. 9
0
127.0
122.4
(3)
123.3
(3)
(*)
126.2
(3)
121.3
123.5
(3)
(3)
125.7
127.9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
120.7
126.0
121.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
(*)
0
0
120.4
126.3
121.2
1 See fo otnote 1 a n d N o te, ta b le D - l . Indexes m easure tim e-to-tim e
ch anges in prices of goods a n d services p u rch ased b y u rb a n w age-earner a n d
clerical-w orker fam ilies. T h e y do n o t in d ic a te w h e th e r it costs m ore to live
in o ne c ity th a n in an o th er.
2 A verage of 46 cities.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0
120.7
126.1
121.3
2 In d ex es are c o m p u te d m o n th ly for 5 cities a n d once ev e ry 3 m o n th s o n a
ro ta tin g cycle for 15 o th e r cities.
Source: U .S . D e p a rtm e n t of L a b o r, B u re a u of L a b o r S ta tistic s.
362
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
T able D-6.
Consumer Price Index 1—Food and its subgroups, by city
[1947-49=100]
Food at home
Total food»
City
Total food at home
Jan.
1959
Jan.
1958
Dec.
1958
Jan.
1959
Dec.
1958
Cereals and bakery products
Jan.
1958
Jan.
1959
Meats, poultry, and fish
Jan.
1958
Dec.
1958
Jan.
1959
Jan.
1958
Dec.
1958
United States city average «...
119.0
118.7
118.2
117.1
116.8
116.7
133.9
134.0
132.5
113.8
113.0
110.2
Atlanta, Qa_______________
Baltimore, M d_____ ______
Boston, Mass______________
Chicago, 111.. ___________
Cincinnati, Ohio___________
116.2
118.8
118.7
115.7
120.2
115.7
118.8
118.9
115.1
119.4
116.2
118.8
117.1
115. 5
119.8
115.1
115.9
116.0
113.2
117.9
114.6
115.9
116.4
112.4
117.0
115.3
115.6
115.2
113.3
118.2
125.0
128.7
132.5
123.3
133.5
125.0
128.7
132.8
123.2
131.8
125.9
127.6
131.1
125.5
132.3
115.9
113.0
115.4
105.6
112.4
115.6
112.8
114.5
105.0
112.7
112.9
108.9
108.9
102.7
112.0
Cleveland, Ohio___________
Detroit, Mich........ ..................
Houston, Tex.......... ................
Kansas City, M o .......... ..........
Los Angeles, Calif____ _____
115.1
118.6
116.4
113.4
124.1
115.3
118.5
116.7
113.2
123.9
115.6
119.7
116.3
113.8
121.0
112.9
116.4
114.8
111.0
120.3
113.0
116.2
115.2
111.0
120.0
113.8
117.7
114.8
111.8
117.7
129.2
125.3
126.0
127.5
144.9
129.2
125.3
126.2
127.6
145.8
129.6
125.8
126.5
127.4
140.0
107.3
109.0
109.5
108.8
115.2
108.1
109.7
110.7
108.4
111.7
105.8
107.1
107.3
108.0
111.3
Minneapolis, M inn_______
New York, N .Y ___________
Philadelphia, P a ____ .. . .
Pittsburgh, P a_____________
Portland, Oreg— .....................
118.3
120.7
121.7
120.6
120.9
117.8
119.1
121.8
119.6
121.5
116.9
118.6
121.2
119.8
118.9
115.5
118.6
119.2
119.4
119.4
115.0
116.9
119.4
118.2
119.9
115.7
116.8
118.9
118.6
117.5
134.5
142.4
139.4
133.2
140.4
134.4
142.4
139.5
132.2
140.3
134.2
137.4
134.0
130.4
135.7
108.6
116.2
115.6
113. 7
118.4
107.9
113.5
113.8
113.4
117.2
104.9
110.7
112.2
109.8
112.2
St. Louis, Mo____________
San Francisco, Calif________
Scranton, P a______________
Seattle, Wash_____________
Washington, D.O____ _____
120.2
123.0
116.4
121.1
120.1
119.9
122.8
116.1
121.2
119.3
118.9
121.2
116.0
118.6
119.7
115.8
121.4
116.0
119.8
118.0
115.4
121.1
115.6
120.1
117.1
115.1
119.4
115.8
118.0
117.7
125.0
147.3
135.6
146.1
132.2
124.8
147.3
135.6
146.8
132.3
125.5
140.9
134.6
141.2
130.9
110.0
117.9
114.6
314.9
115.2
110.3
116.5
114.7
114.7
113.0
107.2
114.7
110.3
109.6
110.4
Food at home—Continued
City
Dairy products
Jan.
1959
Dec.
1958
Fruits and vegetables
Jan.
1958
Jan.
1959
Dec.
1958
Other foods at home 4
Jan.
1958
Jan.
1959
Dec.
1958
Jan.
1958
United States city average *........ ...... ...........
114.1
114.3
114.6
121.7
120.1
121.9
109.9
110.7
113.1
Atlanta, Qa_______________ ________
Baltimore, M d____________ .
Boston, Mass________________ ________
Chicago. Ill___________ _____ ___ _____ _
Cincinnati, Ohio___________________ .
114.0
117.2
115.7
112.8
116.4
113.6
117.4
118.2
112.8
116.2
114.4
117.4
117.9
113. 0
117.9
124.2
116.8
117.4
120.2
124.0
120.7
116.4
117.0
116.4
119.7
123.6
119.4
118.4
121.4
122.7
103.2
109.3
102.9
114.9
114.1
103.9
109.9
104.1
115.5
113.9
106.9
112.0
106.6
117.6
116.4
Cleveland, Ohio............................................. .
Detroit, Mich_____ ______ _ _
Houston, Tex_________________________
Kansas City, M o________ _________ ____ _
Los Angeles, Calif................ ................ ..........
110.4
111. 5
111.7
108.1
110.0
110.2
111.7
111.8
108.0
110.4
110.8
113.5
113.0
111.6
110.2
112.3
129.6
124.7
113.6
131.9
111.5
126.6
124.7
113.7
133.8
115.3
133.5
121.7
113.0
122.3
112.7
110.3
109.2
103.6
110.9
112.7
110.3
109.3
103.9
111.9
116.2
113. 8
112.9
105.8
114.5
Minneapolis, Minn
New York, N .Y ..... ......... . . . ..............
Philadelphia, P a________________
Pittsburgh. P a______________
Portland, Oreg—.........................
104.7
118. 2
118.9
117.1
117.4
104.8
117.9
121.3
116.9
117.5
107. 7
116.5
119.8
117.1
117.2
125.0
118.5
121.5
121.9
120.1
123.8
113.8
123.1
116.4
119.6
126.6
120.0
124.6
121.4
115.7
116.3
108.5
108.2
118. 8
110.9
116.3
109.0
108.2
118.4
114.3
119.4
111.5
111.4
122.9
115.5
St. Louis, Mo___ __________
San Francisco, Calif..........................
Scranton, P a ..____ _____ _____
Seattle, Wash_____________
Washington, D.O..... ................
105.5
116.8
113.4
115.4
118.4
105.5
116.8
113.4
115.5
117.9
103.3
116.8
113.7
118.5
119.5
127.4
129.6
113.8
129.0
118.4
124.6
127.9
112.3
127.1
115.3
126.0
123.3
117.4
122.8
121.5
117.4
109.6
107.4
108.1
110.9
117.5
111.2
106.8
110.5
112.3
120.6
112.5
110.2
111.5
113.4
1 See footnote 1, table D -l.
» See footnote 2, table D-2.
* Average of 46 cities
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
<gee footnotes, table D-2.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
363
D.— CONSUMER AND W HOLESALE PRICES
T able D -7 .
Indexes of wholesale prices, by major groups 1
N onmetallic min
e r a l s —s t r u c
tural
Tobacco manu
factures
and
bottled bever
ages
124.8
125.4
126.8
127.4
127.3
127.4
127.7
127.9
127.9
128.1
127.8
128.0
145.1
145.1
146.5
147.7
146.8
145.8
144.9
150.2
151.9
152.2
152.1
152.3
133.3
133.9
134.7
135.7
136.5
136.8
136.9
137.7
139.7
141.1
143.4
143.6
118.0
118.2
118.1
118.0
118.0
118.1
118.3
119.1
119.7
121.0
121.1
121.2
127.0
127.1
127.9
128.6
128.6
128.9
130.6
130.8
131.1
131.5
131.2
131.3
121.7
121.7
121.7
121.7
121.6
121.6
121.7
122.5
122.8
123.1
123.5
123.6
89.6
88.7
88.2
92.1
96.1
92.9
91.3
91.1
89.9
89.2
91.2
91.7
128.6
128.5
128.7
128.6
128.9
128.9
129.5
129.9
130.1
130.9
130.9
131.0
152.2
151.4
151.0
150.1
150.0
150.6
152.4
153.2
152.2
150.8
150.4
150.5
143.9
144.5
144.8
145.0
145.1
145.2
145.8
146.2
146.9
147.7
149.2
149.4
121.9
121.9
121.9
121.6
121.6
121.7
122.2
122.4
122.3
122.6
122.7
123.5
132.0
132.7
133.2
134.6
135.0
135.1
135.2
135.3
135.2
135.3
135.4
135.7
124.0
124.1
124.1
124.5
124.5
124.7
127.7
127.7
127.7
127.7
127.8
128.0
93.2
92.4
92.0
91.4
89.4
87.3
88.8
90.1
89.4
87.7
86.8
87.2
116.1
113.6
112.4
111.0
110.3
110.7
111.9
113.7
114.1
113.0
112.6
112.9
145.1
116.3
130.8
110.8
130.8
144.6
115.8
110.6
115.5
130.5
144.6
110.7
144.5
130.5
111.0
115.7
115.9
130.5
110.8
143.8
116.4
130.5
144.2
110.7
110.4
116.8
131.0
144.7
131.0
144.4
110.0
118.6
120.4
131.7
109.9
145.2
131.9
110.2
120.8
146.1
131.9
110.2
146.6
120.0
110.0 3 146.3 3119.8 3 131.3
150.0
150.1
149.8
148.6
148.6
148.8
148.8
150.8
151.3
152.2
153.0
153.0
149.4
149.3
149.2
149.4
149.4
149.5
149.5
149.5
149.4
149.9
151.2
151.5
123.8
123.6
123.5
123.4
123.2
123.0
123.2
123.0
123.0
123.0
122.7
122.8
128.1
136.4
128.1
136.5
128.0
135.3
128.0
135.4
135.4
128.0
135.2
128.0
135.3
128.0
128.0
135.2
128.0
136.7
128.8
136.7
128.7
136.7
136.9 3 128.6
88.3
89.3
94.3
97.8
96.2
93.7
97.2
96. 6
92.5
91.2
93.2
100.9
113.9
110.2
153.0
151.8
123.2
137.3
128.6
100.9
96.4
104.4
99.2
103.1
114.8
111.6
110.1
110.3
110.7
114.3
117.6
100.0
107.3
92.8
97.5
113.4
107.0
97.0
95.6
89.6
88.4
90.9
98.2
106.1
95.7
99.8
111.4
108.8
104.6
105.3
101.7
101.7
105.6
95.3
103.4
101.3
105.0
115.9
113.2
114.0
114.5
117.0
122.2
125.6
100.1
104.4
95.5
99.2
110.6
99.8
97.3
95.2
95.3
95.3
95.4
101.0
102.1
96.9
104.6
120.3
97.2
98.5
94.2
93.8
99.3
99.4
90.9
107.1
101.9
103.0
106.7
106.6
109.5
108.1
107.9
111.2
117.2
101.4
103.8
94.8
96.3
110.0
104.5
105.7
107.0
106.6
107.2
109.5
99.0
102.1
98.9
120.5
148.0
134.0
125.0
126.9
143.8
145.8
145.2
93.7
107.2
99.2
113.9
123.9
120.3
120.2
118.0
123.6
125.4
119.0
98.6
102.9
98.5
100.9
119.6
116.5
116.1
116.3
119.3
127.2
129.6
91.3
103.9
104.8
110.3
122.8
123.0
126.9
128.0
136.6
14a 4
151.2
1955:
Ja n u a ry ...
February..
March.......
April____
M ay........
June_____
July_____
August___
September.
October__
November.
December.
110.1
110.4
110.0
110.5
109.9
110.3
110.5
110.9
111.7
111.6
111.2
111.3
92.5
93.1
92.1
94.2
91.2
91.8
89.5
88.1
89.3
86.8
84.1
82.9
103.8
103.2
101.6
102.5
102.1
103.9
103.1
101.9
101.5
100.2
98.8
98.2
115.2
115.7
115.6
115.7
115.5
115.6
116.5
117.5
118.5
119.0
119.4
119.8
95.2
95.2
95.3
95.0
95.0
95.2
95.3
95.3
95.4
95.4
95.6
95.6
91.9
92.3
92.2
93.2
92.9
92.9
93.7
93.8
94.0
95.3
96.4
96.7
108.5
108.7
108.5
107.4
107.0
106.8
106.4
107.2
108.0
108.0
108.6
109.3
107.1
107.1
106.8
107.1
106.8
106.8
106.0
105.9
106.0
106.5
106.6
106.6
136.8
140.6
138.0
138.3
138.0
140.3
143.4
148.7
151.7
147.8
150.6
151.0
120.3
121.2
121.4
122.4
123.5
123.7
124.1
125.1
125.7
125.4
125.0
125.1
116.3
116.6
116.8
117.4
117.7
118.3
119.0
119.7
120.5
122.8
123.2
123.6
1956:
January__
February..
M arch___
April____
M ay_____
June........
July_____
August___
September.
October. .
November.
December.
111.9
112.4
112.8
113.6
114.4
114.2
114.0
114.7
115.5
115.6
115.9
116.3
84.1
86.0
86.6
88.0
90.9
91.2
90.0
89.1
90.1
88.4
87.9
88.9
98.3
99.0
99.2
100.4
102.4
102.3
102.2
102.6
104.0
103.6
103.6
103.1
120.4
120.6
121.0
121.6
121.7
121.5
121.4
122.5
123.1
123.6
124.2
124.7
95.7
96.0
95.9
95.1
94.9
94.9
94.9
94.8
94.8
95.3
95.4
95.6
96.7
97.1
97.7
100.6
100.0
100.2
100.1
100.0
100.2
99.7
99.8
99.2
111.0
111.2
110.9
110.6
110.8
110.5
110.7
110.9
111.1
111.7
111.2
114.0
106.3
106.4
106.5
106.9
106.9
107.1
107.3
107.3
107.1
107.7
108.2
108.3
148.4
147.1
146.2
145.0
143.5
142.8
143.3
146.9
145.7
145.8
146.9
147.9
126.3
126.7
128.0
128.5
128.0
127.3
126.6
125.2
123.6
122.0
121.5
121.0
1957:
Jan u ary .—
February—
M arch----April____
M ay_____
June_____
July_____
August___
September.
October. .
November.
December.
116.9
117.0
116.9
117.2
117.1
117.4
118.2
118.4
118.0
117.8
118.1
118.5
89.3
88.8
88.8
90.6
89.5
90.9
92.8
93.0
91.0
91.5
91.9
92.6
104.3
103.9
103.7
104.3
104.9
106.1
107.2
106.8
106.5
105.5
106.5
107.4
125.2
125.5
125.4
125.4
125.2
125.2
125.7
126.0
126.0
125.8
125.9
126.1
95.8
95.7
95.4
95.3
95.4
95.5
95.4
95.4
95.4
95.1
95.0
94.9
98.4
98.0
98.4
98.6
98.9
99.8
100.6
100.3
100.0
100.1
100.0
99.6
116.3
119.6
119.2
119.5
118.6
117.2
116.4
116.3
116.1
115.8
115.7
116.2
108.7
108.8
108.8
109.1
109.1
109.3
109.5
109.8
110.2
110.4
110.3
110.6
145.0
143.9
144.3
144.5
144.7
145.1
144.9
146.9
146.5
146.2
144.7
145.7
121.3
120.7
120.1
120.2
119.7
119.7
119.3
118.6
117.8
117.3
116.9
116.3
1958:
Ja n u a ry ...
February..
M arch___
April____
M ay..........
June_____
July_____
August___
September.
October__
November..
December.
118.9
93.7
119.0
96.1
119.7 100.5
119.3
97.7
98.5
119.5
119.2
95.6
119.2
95.0
93.2
119.1
119.1
93.1
92.3
119.0
119.2
92.1
119.2 3 90.6
109.5
109.9
110.7
111.5
112.9
113.5
112.7
111.3
111.1
110.0
109.5
108.8
126.1
125.7
125.7
125.5
125.3
125.3
125.6
126.1
126.2
126.4
126.8
127.2
94.6
94.1
94.0
93.7
93.5
93.3
93.3
93.3
93.3
93.2
93.1
3 93.3
99.5
99.6
99.5
99.7
99.9
100.3
100.3
100.5
100.2
101.4
102.3
103.6
1959:
January 2_.
119.5
108.8
127.5
93.3
104.0
All commodities
1947:Average.
1948:Average_
1949:Average_
1950: Average'
1951 ¡Average.
1952:Average.
1953:Average.
1954¡Average.
1955:Average.
1956:Average.
1957:Average.
Year and
month
91.5
1 As of January 1958, new weight factors reflecting 1954 values were intro
duced into the index. Technical details furnished upon request to the
Bureau.
2 Preliminary.
2 Revised.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
146.1
120.0
131.5
io a e
M iscellan eo u s
products
F u r n itu r e an d
ot her h o us e
hold durables
97.0
97.1
95.6
94.0
91.3
89.1
90.8
89.8
90.3
91.5
88.0
88.8
Metals and metal
products
121.4
121.6
121.6
121.6
121.6
121.6
121.6
121.7
121.7
121.7
121.7
121.7
Pulp, paper, and
allied products
122.0
121.8
121.9
122.3
123.2
123.7
125.3
126.1
126.4
126.8
125.2
125.4
L um ber and
wood products
115.5
115.4
115.1
115.1
115.1
115.2
115.5
116.0
116.4
116.9
117.2
117.3
Rubber and rub
ber products
125.8
126.1
126.1
126.3
126.7
127.1
127.6
128.5
130.0
131.4
132.5
133.0
Chemicals and
allied products
130.1
131.5
131.9
132.9
132.5
132.6
136.7
139.5
141.9
142.4
142.9
143.9
Fuel, power, and
lighting mate
rials
100.8
103.1
96.1
96.6
104.9
108.3
97.8
102.5
92.0
91.0
89.6
H id e s , sk in s ,
l e a th e r , a n d
leather products
97.2
100.5
102.3
103.5
109.4
111.8
115.7
120.6
121.6
122.3
126.1
Textile products
and apparel
93.9
101.7
104.4
106.9
113.6
113.6
118.2
120.9
124.2
129.6
134.6
All commodities
other than farm
and foods
119.0
121.5
123.0
124.6
128.4
137.8
146.1
95.6
101.4
103.1
105.3
114.1
112.0
114.2
115.4
115.9
119.1
122.2
Processed foods
92.5
100.9
106.6
Farm products
Machinery and
motive products
[1947-49=1001
N ote: For a description of this series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
364
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
T able D -8 .
Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities 1
[1047—
49=100, unless otherwise specified]
Commodity group
1959
Annual
average
1958
Jan.2
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
1957
1956
All commodities......................... „
119.5
119.2
119.2
119.0
119.1
119.1
119.2
119.2
119.5
119.3
119.7
119.0
118.9
117.6
114.3
Farm products.................................
Fresh and dried fruits and vegetables...
Grains.. _________ ________
Livestock and live poultry___
P lant and animal fibers_____
Fluid milk_______________
Eggs— ......... ..............................................
Hay, hayseeds, and oil seeds__
Other farm products_______ _______ _
91.5 2 90.6
102.5 3 99.2
76.1
76.1
90.3
87.6
99.4
99.6
95.7 3 96.2
72.5
77.7
76.4
75.0
134.6 136.4
92.1
93.1
92.3
398.1 3101.5 397.9
75.3
76.1
76.8
90.1
88.4
91.5
100.6 100.7 101.1
96.2
96.6
95.8
86.5
91.1
98.6
72.2
74.0
73.3
137.7 138.8 137.3
93.2
95.0
95.6
98.5
97.7 100.5 96.1
93.7
397.2 3106.3 3102.0 3122.0 3129.2 3142. 5 3127.0 3120.9
77.3
81.3
79.8
84.2
85.7
82.2
79.9
79.0
94.0
96.7
98.8
99.8
94.5
95.8
91.1
86.2
101.8 101.8 101.9 101.6 101.4 101.7 102.8 103.4
93.5
92.0
90.2
90.5
91.7
95.7
98.0
98.3
81.5
76.1
74.9
75.7
77.1
93.6
74.2
73.9
75.9
76.2
79.3
79.7
79.9
79.4
79.0
79.2
139.5 139.9 141.4 142.0 142.3 143.4 142.2 143.7
90.9
103.6
84.1
80.2
104.0
96.0
77.2
82.0
144.6
88 4
104.2
87 0
71 3
102 8
94.5
81 9
82 6
146.9
Processed foods_______________
Cereal and bakery products_____
Meats, poultry, and fish........
Dairy products and ice cream .................
Canned and frozen fruits and vegetables..
Sugar and confectionery............. .
Packaged beverage materials____
Animal fats and oils................ .
Crude vegetable oils............
Refined vegetable oils____
Vegetable oil end products____
Other processed foods________________
108.8 108.8
117.5 117.4
103.3 101.4
113.2 113.7
110.8 113.0
115.3 117.0
154.7 157.9
57.9 3 60.7
54.1
54.1
59.8
63.8
76.8 3 76.8
96.2
97.0
109.5
118.0
102.5
113.6
112.9
116.3
161.2
68.2
57.5
63.8
79.4
97.4
111.3
116.9
108.2
112.4
111.8
116.0
161.2
80.4
56.6
67.5
81.6
96.5
All commodities other than farm and foods. 127.5
110.0
118.2
103.5
113.6
112.1
116.7
161.2
75.4
56.1
63.4
80.4
97.0
111.1
117.8
107.1
113.9
111.4
116.5
161.2
74.7
55.3
64.5
81.3
96.7
112.7
117.5
112.1
111.6
111.3
116.4
165.2
74.1
57.0
67.5
82.6
97.1
113.5
118.5
114.1
111.1
110.3
116.4
168.4
73.4
58.8
70.0
83.2
96.9
112.9
117.9
112.8
110.8
108.2
115.5
168.4
72.7
63.9
70.9
85.2
96.9
111.5
118.4
108.5
111.4
107.6
114.3
168.4
72.3
64.1
70.9
85.1
97.1
110.7
117.8
105.9
113.4
106.8
113.1
168.4
73.7
63.6
70.9
85.8
96.4
109.9
118.1
102.7
114.2
105.7
114.2
173.3
70.4
66.4
70.9
86.3
95.2
109.5
118.0
101.7
114.2
105.6
114.6
173.3
68.5
67.7
70.9
86.4
95.5
105.6
116.9
91.9
111.7
103.9
113.4
183.1
75.6
65.7
70.1
86.1
95.5
101. 7
115 2
81.6
108 6
107.9
109 8
192. 7
69.8
68 5
73 4
85.3
96.8
127.2
126.8
126.4
126.2
126.1
125.6
125.3
125.3
125.5
125.7
125.7
126.1
125.6
122.2
All commodities except farm products____ 124.2 3124.0
123.7
123.5
123.5
123.4
123.3
123.1
123.1
123.0
123.0
122.9
123T 122.1
118.6
Textile products and apparel.......... ............. 93.3 3 93.3
88.7
Cotton products....................... ......
88.6
Wool products................... ....................... 97.4
97.5
79.3
Manmade fiber textile products__
79.4
Silk Droducts...........
104.7 105.1
Apparel________ _____________
99.3 3 99.3
Other textile products________________ 76.7
75.9
93.1
88.0
97.9
79.3
106.0
99.2
76.6
93.2
87.8
98.4
79.7
107.1
99.3
76.3
93.3
87.9
99.6
79.7
115.8
99.3
75.3
93.3
87.7
100.4
80.0
116.3
99.3
75.9
93.3
87.4
100.5
80.1
116.2
99.3
74.8
93.3
87.6
101.3
80.4
109.9
99.1
73.6
93.5
88.3
100.5
80.3
116.1
99.1
75.4
93.7
88.5
101.6
80.5
116.5
99.2
75.4
94.0
89.0
102.8
81.0
116.1
99.3
73.8
94.1
89.3
103.8
81.2
117.5
99.2
74.2
94.6
90.2
105.1
81.3
119.5
99.4
74.7
95.4
90.7
109. 5
82.0
122.1
99.6
76.4
95.3
93.0
103. 7
81. 4
121.9
99 6
72.8
Hides, skins, leather, and leather products. 104.0 103.6
68.7
Hides and skins_________ _______
66.6
Leather...........................
99.3
99.2
123.2 123.1
Footw ear..................... ............. ...........
Other leather products_________ ______ 98.5 3 98.2
102.3
65.1
94.7
122.9
97.4
101.4
62.0
92.8
122.8
97.2
100.2
59.0
91.3
121.9
96.7
100.5
60.4
91.5
121.8
96.8
100.3
58.1
91.5
121.8
97.1
100.3
57.0
91.8
121.8
97.3
99.9
55.4
91.1
121.8
97.3
99.7
53.3
91.1
121.7
97.6
99.5
51.2
91.0
121.9
97.5
99.6
51.2
90.6
122.0
98.5
99.5
50.5
90.7
121.8
98.5
99.4
55.2
90.2
121.1
98.0
99 3
59.2
91.2
119.3
98.6
Fuel, power, and lighting materials.........
Coal................................. ........................
Coke....................................................
Gas fuels * ........................................
Electric power
_____________
Petroleum and products______________
113.9
125.3
163.1
112.1
100.7
118.2
112.9
123.7
161.9
107.8
100.7
117.2
112.6
123.8
161.9
106.0
100.8
116.9
113.0
123.8
161.9
106.3
100.9
117.5
114.1
122.7
161.9
104.1
100.8
119.7
113.7
121.9
161.9
102.0
100.8
119.2
111.9
121.1
161.9
97.9
100.1
117.1
110.7
120.3
161.9
97.4
100.1
115.3
110.3
119.7
161.9
98.3
100.0
114.7
111.0
119.8
161.9
98.1
100.0
115.8
112.4
126.2
161.9
101.1
100.1
117.0
113.6
126.2
161.9
101.5
100.1
118.9
116.1
126.1
161.9
100.0
100.0
123.0
117.2
124.4
161.7
(J)
(!)
127.0
111.2
114.5
149.7
(!)
(•)
118.2
Chemicals and allied products...........
Industrial chemicals............. .............
Prepared paint______________________
Paint materials___________________
Drugs and pharmaceuticals......................
Fats and oils, inedible_______________
Mixed fertilizer___________________ _
Fertilizer materials_______
Other chemicals and allied products____
110.2
124.0
128.2
102.9
93.0
59.8
109.9
107.2
106.7
110.0
123.7
128.2
102.8
93.2
61.5
109.8
105.3
106.2
110.2
123.6
128.2
102.7
93.2
64.7
110.2
105.2
106.6
110.2
123.6
128.2
102.8
93.9
62.6
109.9
106.3
106.6
109.9
122.7
128.2
102.9
94.4
61.7
110.1
104.3
106.8
110.0
122.8
128.2
103.3
94.4
62.5
110.8
104.4
106.4
110.4
123.1
128.2
103.4
94.4
62.5
111.1
108.0
107.0
110.7
123.5
128.2
103.4
94.5
61.9
111.2
110.3
107.4
110.8
123.9
128.4
103.9
94.3
61.5
111.2
110.3
107.2
111.0
124.3
128.4
104.0
94.1
62.2
111.4
110.3
107.2
110.7
123.7
128.4
104.4
94.0
64.2
111.3
110.3
106.8
110.6
123.6
128.4
104.7
93.6
62.9
111.6
110.4
106.9
110.8
123.9
128.4
104.8
93.6
63.1
111.9
110.7
106.9
109.5
123.5
126.3
100. 5
93.3
61.4
110.0
106.8
105.7
107.2
121.4
120.0
99.6
92 1
56 2
108.7
108 4
103.2
146.1
Rubber and rubber products_____
Crude ru b b er.................... ...........
138.9
Tires and tubes_________ _____
151.9
Other rubber products.............................. 143.6
146.3
137. 8
152.8
143. 8
146.6
142.6
152.8
142.3
146.1
140.1
152.8
142.4
145.2
135.7
152.8
141.8
144.4
134.3
152.8
140.9
144.7
133.0
152.1
142.7
144.2
129.4
152.1
143.0
143.8
127.7
152.1
143.0
144.5
131.2
152.1
143.0
144.6
131.3
152.1
143.3
144.6
131.2
152.1
143.3
145.1
133.7
152.1
143.3
145.2
141.3
150.9
140.9
145.8
146 7
152 2
138.0
Lumber and wood products__________
L um ber.. .................................... .
Mill work___________ _____
Plywood....... ........... ........... ................
120.0 119. 8
120.5 120.1
129.9 130.5
99.3 3 99.1
120.0
120.2
130.5
100.1
120.8
120.8
130.5
102.7
120.4
121.0
127.6
102.0
118.6
119.0
126.8
100.2
116.8
116.7
127.3
98.3
116.4
116.8
127.1
94.9
115.9
116.7
127.1
92.2
115.7
115.9
127.6
94.4
115.5
115.9
127.6
92.9
115.8
116.2
127.6
93.6
116.3
116.5
127.7
95.6
119.0
119.7
128.3
96.4
125. 4
127.2
129.1
101.7
Pulp, paper, and allied products.................
W oodpulp.................................
Wastepaper__________________
P aper................................................
Paperboard.............. .............................
Converted paper and paperboard products_______________________
Building paper and board.........................
131.5
121.2
101.0
142.1
136.2
131.3
121.2
95.8
142.1
136.2
131.9
121.2
111.3
142.1
136.2
131.9
121.2
111.3
142.0
136.2
131.7
121.2
106.4
141.8
136.5
131.0
121.2
87.0
141.8
136.0
131.0
121.2
86.1
141.8
136.0
130.5
121.2
71.8
141.8
136.0
130.5
121.2
71.8
141.8
136.0
130.5
121.2
75.3
142.9
136.1
130.5
121.2
75.3
143.0
136.2
130.8
121.2
83.6
143.1
136.3
130.8
121.2
83.6
143.2
136.3
129.6
118.8
77.2
141.9
136.3
127.2
117.7
112.3
137.3
134.8
127.7
143.7
127.8
143.7
127.9
143.4
127.9
143.4
127.9
143.4
127.8
143.4
127.9
143.4
127.9
144.1
128.0
144.1
127.2
144.1
127.2
142.5
127.2
141.7
127.2
141.7
126.1
141.5
123.1
136.9
Metals and metal products_______
Iron and steel........................ ...
Nonferrous metals____________
M etal containers____________________
Hardware.......................................
Plumbing equipment____________
Heating equipment....................................
Fabricated structural metal products___
Fabricated nonstructural metal products.
See footnotes at end of table.
153.0 153.0
172.0 171.7
133.2 3133.2
156.7 159.8
172.7 172.6
124.9 124.8
121.8 3121.8
134.0 133.9
145.4 145.4
153.0
172.0
133.7
156. 5
172.5
124.6
121.4
133.8
145.4
152.2
171.4
130.8
156.5
172.0
124. 0
121.4
133.6
145.7
151.3
171.8
127.3
156.1
172.0
123.7
121.5
133.1
145.4
150.8
171.3
126.1
155. 7
172.0
119.9
121.2
133.3
145.4
148.8
167.0
124.9
155.7
171.7
119.9
121.2
133.1
145.0
148.8
166.7
124.8
155.7
171.7
122.8
121.0
133.7
145.0
148.6
166.2
123.9
155.7
170.7
122.8
120.8
134.1
145.9
148.6
166.4
124.1
155.7
169.0
123.6
120.8
134.1
145.9
149.8
167.3
127.0
155.7
168.9
124.8
120.7
134.5
146.7
150.1
167.6
127.8
152.8
168.6
125.9
121.3
134.7
146.7
150.0
166.6
128.7
152.8
168.4
127.3
121.5
134.6
147.0
151.2
166.2
137.4
151.2
164.9
130.2
122.1
133.8
144.8
148 4
154,7
156.1
141,6
155.9
133.9
119 0
132.6
135.1
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
365
D.—CONSUMER AND W HOLESALE PRICES
T able
D-8.
Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities1—Continued
[1947-49=100, unless otherwise specified]
1959
1958
Annual
average
Commodity group
Jan.3
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb,
Jan.
1957
1956
151.8 151.5
142.9 «142.7
170.8 3170.3
170.8 3170.6
151.2
141.5
168.0
170.2
149.9
139.2
166.8
170.0
149.4
138.9
166.0
169.3
149.5
137.7
165.6
169.3
149.5
138.4
165.6
169.7
149.5
138.3
165.5
169.4
149.4
138.4
165.5
169.6
149.4
138.5
165.4
170.7
149.2
138.3
165.4
170.7
149.3
138.3
165.6
170.7
149.4
138.4
165.6
171.2
146.1
133.6
160.0
167.0
137.8
127.6
148. f
156. 4
163.0 3162.3 161.6 160.2 159.3 3158.8
149.2 3148.4 147.9 147.6 147.4 147.6
152.5 152.4 152.4 3152.7 3152.7 152.8
143.1 3143.1 3142.8 139.7 139.0 139.0
159.7
147.5
152.6
139.0
160.0
147.7
152.6
139.0
159.6
147.6
152.3
139.0
159.4
149.0
151.8
139.0
159.2
148.9
151.3
139.1
159.6
148.8
151.3
139.1
160.6
148.8
151.2
139.1
157.6
145.2
149.0
135.4
147.5
137. C
138.4
129. 8
Furniture and other household durables__
Household furniture_________________
Commercial furniture................................
Floor covering.................. ..........................
Household appliances............................
Television, radio receivers, and phonog ra p h s................................................... .
Other household durable goods_______
123.2
124.2
155.0
126.5
104.5
Nonmetalllc minerals—structural________
Flat glass......................... ............ ..........
Concrete ingredients_________________
Concrete products........... ..........................
Structural clay products______________
Gypsum products_______ _______ ____
Prepared asphalt roofing______________
Other nonmetallic minerals.......................
137.3
135.2
140.2
128.6
159.2
133.1
118.9
131.4
Tobacco manufactures and bottled bev
erages........................................................
Cigarettes....................................................
Cigars.......................................... ................
Other tobacco manufactures___________
Alcoholic beverages__________________
Nonalcoholic beverages_______________
Machinery and motive products_________
Agricultural machinery and equipm ent..
Construction machinery and equipmentMetalworking machinery and equipment.
General purpose machinery and equip
m ent__ _________________________
Miscellaneous machinery......................... .
Electrical machinery and equipment.......
Motor vehicles______________________
Miscellaneous p ro d u cts.._____ _________
Toys, sporting goods, small arms, and
ammunition___ ___________________
Manufactured animal feeds................ ......
Notions and accessories_______________
Jewelry, watches, and photographic
equipment________________________
Other miscellaneous products_________
122.8
123.9
155.0
126. 5
103.8
122.7
123.7
155.0
126.5
103.8
123.0
123.0
155.0
126.5
104.2
123.0
122.8
155.0
126.6
104.0
123.0
122.6
155.0
127.1
104.7
123.2
122.6
155.0
127.1
104.8
123.0
122.6
154.2
128.3
104.9
123.2
122.8
154.2
128.9
104.9
123.4
122.8
154.2
128.9
105.3
123.5
122.8
154.2
129.8
105.3
123.6
123.3
154.2
130.1
105.3
123.8
123.1
154.1
131.9
105.4
122.2
122.5
150.4
133.4
105.5
119.1
119.0
141.8
131.1
105.5
93.4
92.5
155.5 3155.5
92.7
155.0
94.9
155.0
94.9
154.9
94.9
154.7
95.0
155.1
93.7
155.2
94.3
155.1
94.7
155.1
94.7
155.0
94.7
155.0
95.4
155.0
94.4
148.3
93.1
140.9
136.9
135.2
139.2
128.4
158.8
133.1
118.9
131.4
136.7
135.0
139.1
128.1
158.4
133.1
118.9
131.2
136.7
135.0
139.1
128.1
158.2
133.1
118.9
131.2
136.7
135.0
139.1
127.9
158.2
133.1
118.9
131.2
135.2
135.3
139.1
128.1
155.6
133.1
103.3
131.2
135.3
135.7
139.0
128.4
155.6
133.1
103.3
131.2
135.2
135.7
138.9
128.3
155.6
133.1
103.3
131.2
135.4
135.7
139.0
128.2
155.6
133.1
106.1
131.2
135.4
135.7
138.9
127.9
155.5
133.1
107.2
131.2
135.3
135.7
138.7
127.9
155.5
133.1
107.2
131.1
136.5
135.7
139.0
127.8
155.5
127.1
124.6
131.1
136.4
135.7
138.9
127.6
155.5
127.1
124.6
131.1
134.6
135.7
136.0
126.4
154.0
127.1
122.3
128.0
129.6
133.4
130.6
123.0
148.0
127.1
111.7
123.4
128.6 3128.6
134.8 134.8
106.6 106.6
139.7 139.7
121.7 121.7
148.9 3148.9
128.7
134.8
106.6
139.7
121.7
149.3
128.8
134.8
106.6
139. 7
121.7
149.3
128.0
134.8
106.6
139.7
120.1
149.3
128.0
134.8
106.6
139.7
120.1
149.3
128.0
134.8
106.6
139.7
120.1
149.3
128.0
134.8
106.6
139.7
120.1
149.3
128.0
134.8
106.6
139.7
120.1
149.3
128.0
134.8
106.6
139.7
120.1
149.3
128.0
134.8
106.6
139.7
120.1
149.3
128.1
134.8
106.6
144.3
120.1
149.3
128.1
134.8
106.6
144.3
120.1
149.3
126.1
129.4
105.0
136.0
119.5
149.2
122.3
124.0
104.2
122.8
115.8
148.3
100.9
100.9
93.2
91.2
92.5
95.6
97.2
93.7
96.2
97.8
94.3
89.3
88.3
89.6
91.0
118.4
86.2
97.5
118.6
86.4
97.5
118.6
72.6
97.5
118.6
69.0
97.5
118.6
71.4
97.5
119.3
76.8
97.5
119.1
79.7
97.5
119.1
73.3
97.5
119.1
78.0
97.5
119.1
80.9
97.5
119.1
74.6
97.5
119.5
65.7
97.5
119.4
64.0
97.4
117.7
67.3
97.3
116.1
72.0
95.3
108.3 107.9 107.9 107.8
132.5 3132.4 3132.2 3132.
107.7
132.4
107.7
132.4
107.8
132.3
107.8
132.6
107.3
132.4
107.3
132.4
107.4
131.9
107.3
131.7
107.1
131.5
107.5
128.4
104.9
124.1
1 See Note and footnote 1, table D-7.
3Preliminary.
3Revised.
‘ January 1958=100.
T able
D-9.
8Not available.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings 1
[1947-49=100]
1959
1958
Annual
average
Commodity group
Jan.3 Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June M ay Apr. Mar. Feb.
All foods_____ __________________ _____ ___________
All fish____ _________ _____ _______________________
Special metals and metal products...... ....................... ..........
Metalworking machinery___________________ ___ ____
Machinery and equipment__________________________
Agricultural machinery (including tractors)____________
Total tracto rs...___ _______________________________
Steel-mill products............................................ ................... .
Construction materials 4...... ..................................................
Soaps......... .............................................................................
Synthetic detergents_____________________________ _.
Refined petroleum products.____ ____________________
East Coast petroleum___________________________
Mid-continent petroleum____ ______ _________
Gulf Coast petroleum_____________________ ______
Pacific Coast petroleum................................ ..................
Pulp, paper and products, excl. bldg, paper....................
Bituminous coal, domestic sizes______________________
Lumber and wood products, excl. millwork____________
1 See Note and footnote 1, table D-7.
3 Preliminary.
3 Revised.
4 This index was formerly Building materials.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
106.3 3106.3
135.4 134.8
150.4 150.4
178.6 3178.2
156.6 3156.3
144.4 3143.9
152.7 3152.5
188.4 3188.3
132.2 3132.0
110. 5 108.6
101.3 101.3
115.8 114.3
110.0 109.3
117.7 116.6
120.3 117.6
109.4 107. 5
131.2 3130.0
128. 9 126.3
118.7 3118.3
107.4
128.3
150.4
177.8
155.9
142.5
150.1
188.3
132.0
108.5
101.3
113.9
108.0
116.1
116.6
110.6
131.6
126.1
118.6
108.3
129.6
148.8
177.4
155.4
139.9
148.2
187.6
132.1
108.5
101.3
114.6
108.0
118.1
116.3
110.6
131.6
125.6
119.6
109.3 108.5
130.1 129.9
147.9 147.5
178.0 178.1
155.1 3155.0
139.5 138.4
147.0 146.1
188.1 187.8
132.0 130.6
109.8 107.7
101.3 101.3
117.2 116.6
109.2 108.4
117.5 116.4
120.6 120.6
121.3 121.3
131.4 130.7
124.2 123.0
119.6 117.6
110.2
131.2
146.2
178.0
155.2
138.9
147.0
183.0
129.6
107.7
101.3
114.1
107.7
112.0
119.7
118.3
130.6
120.8
115.4
110.6
131.5
146.3
178.0
155.2
138.7
146.8
183.0
129.5
107.7
101.3
111.9
108.6
112.0
114.3
112.2
130.1
118.8
114.9
111.7
128.6
146.1
178.0
155.0
138.7
146.8
183.1
129.2
109.0
101.0
111.1
108.6
108.7
114.3
116.4
130.2
117.2
114.3
111.2
122.9
146.1
178.0
155.0
138.8
147.0
183.1
129.0
109.0
101.0
112.5
111.0
110.8
114.3
117.7
130.2
117.4
114.0
112.4
124.8
146.9
178.0
154.8
138.7
147.3
183.1
129.4
107.1
101.0
113.9
112.3
110.7
117.2
120.4
130.2
125.5
113.7
109.5
126.9
147.1
178.0
154.9
138.7
147.5
183.2
130.1
107.1
101.0
116.1
114.1
114.3
117.4
124.1
130.6
125.5
114.1
Jan.
1957
1956
108.6
123.7
147.0
178. 6
155.0
138.7
147.5
183.2
130.3
107.1
101.0
121.0
116.7
120.7
123.5
127.7
130.6
125.5
114.7
104.0
119.4
146.9
176.1
151.9
133.7
141.3
178.9
130.6
104.5
99.0
125.8
122.0
124.3
128.8
132.3
129.3
121.5
117.7
100.8
114.1
143.3
165.0
142.1
127.4
132.5
163.2
130.6
99.7
95.1
117.5
114.6
118.3
118.8
117.4
127.0
115.4
124.9
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
366
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
T able D -1 0 .
Indexes of wholesale prices, by stage of processing 1
[1947-49=100]
1959
Annual
average
1958
Commodity group
Jan.2 Dec. Nov. Oct.
Sept. Aug. July
June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan.
1957
1956
All commodities........................................... .......................... 119.5 119.2 119.2 119.0 119.1 119.1 119.2 119.2 119.5 119.3 119.7 119.0 118.9 117.6 114.3
Crude materials for further processing..................................
Crude foodstuffs and feedstuffs....... ..............................
Crude nonfood materials except fuel............................ Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for manu
facturing____ ____________________________
Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for con
struction................... ..............................................
Crude fuel........................................................................
Crude fuel for manufacturing.................... ...............
Crude fuel for nonmanufacturing industry.............
98.1 3 97.0 98.4 98.0 98.4 99.1 100.0 100.7 101.7 100.3 101.5 99.5 97.5 97.2 95Â)
89.7 88.4 89.9 89.3 90.7 92.1 94.3 95.7 97.7 95.4 96.7 93.2 90.3 87.7 84.0
110.5 110.1 111.2 111.1 109.6 109.3 107.7 107.0 106.0 106.3 107.1 107.9 107.6 112.5 114.2
Intermediate materials, supplies, and components...........
Intermediate materials and components for manu
facturing.................................. ...... ...............................
Intermediate materials for food manufacturing.....
Intermediate materials for nondurable manu
facturing.............. ..................................................
Intermediate materials for durable manufacturing.
Components for manufacturing________ _______
Materials and components for construction-------------Processed fuels and lubricants____________________
Processed fuels and lubricants for manufacturing...
Processed fuels and lubricants for nonmanufactur
ing Industry........... .................................................
Containers, nonreturnable_______________________
Supplies.............................................................................
Supplies for manufacturing- ...............................
Supplies for nonmanufacturing industry................
Manufactured animal feeds...............................
Other supplies....................................................
Finished goods (goods to users, including raw foods and
fuels)___________________________________________
Consumer finished goods. ____________________ ..
Consumer foods_____________________________
Consumer crude foods _________ _____ _
Consumer processed foods________ ____ _ ..
Consumer other nondurable goods_____________
Consumer durable goods________________ _____
Producer finished goods............... ..................................
Producer goods for manufacturing industries.........
Producer goods for nonmanufacturing industries..
126.3 126.3 125.7 125.4 125.4 125.3 125.0 124.7 124.9 125.1 125.0 125.0 125.4 125.1 122.1
109.0 108.6 109.8 109.7 108.1 107.8 106.0 105.2 104.1 104.4 105.3 106.3 105.9 111.5 113.6
140.2
125.9
125. 5
126.5
139.2
123.5
123.1
124.1
139.1
123.0
122.6
123.6
139.1
123.1
122.7
123.7
139.1
120.6
120.3
121.1
139.0
118.8
118.5
119.2
138.9
118.2
117.9
118.5
139.0
117.9
117.6
118.3
138.9
117.9
117.7
118.3
13a 7
123.4
123.0
124.1
139.0
123.5
123.1
124.2
138.9
123.0
122.6
123.6
136.0
119.7
119.4
120.1
130.6
113.3
113.0
113.7
127.7 127.8 127.8 127.6 127.3 127.2 126.7 126.9 126.8 126.9 127.1 127.3 127.5 126.9 123.7
99.2 100.4 101.2 101.4 101.5 101.8 102.6 103.4 103.5 103.2 102.4 102.5 102.4 99,9 98.0
104.5 104.5
156.7 3156.6
150.7 150.7
134.3 3134.2
105.9 105.6
105.3 105.0
104.3
156.6
150.7
134.1
105.4
104.8
104.2
156.2
150.2
134.2
105.6
104.9
104.1
155.4
!149.8
133.7
107.7
106.6
104.2
155.0
149.5
132.7
107.6
106.5
104.3
152.9
149.5
132.1
106.0
105.1
104.5
152.9
149.4
132.1
105.0
104.5
104.6
152.9
149.0
132.0
104.6
104.2
105.0
152.9
148.5
131.8
105.4
105.0
105.2
153.6
148.8
131.9
106.1
105.7
105.4
153.6
149.1
132.6
107.7
107.2
105.7
153.8
149.3
133.0
111.1
109.9
105.7
153.2
148.3
132.9
113.0
111.2
104.3
148.5
142.9
132.0
106.7
105.3
106. 9 106.6
137.9 138.7
118.6 3118. 6
140.5 3140.5
107.9 107.9
85.2 85.6
121.1 120.9
106.5
138.0
114.9
140.3
103.0
72.4
120.9
106.9
137.9
113.5
140. 5
101.0
66.9
121.0
109.6
137. 7
113.7
139.3
101.8
69.5
120.7
109.5
137.7
114.8
138.2
103.5
74.0
120.9
107.6
137.5
116.1
139.1
105.0
77.7
121.0
106.0
137.4
114.6
139.4
102.9
71.7
121.2
105.4
137.5
116.3
139.6
105.1
76.9
121.6
106.2
137.1
117.3
140.6
106.1
79.8
121.6
107.0
137.0
115.5
140.4
103.7
73.4
121.5
108.7
136.3
113.2
140.7
100.5
65.1
121.3
113.1
136.4
112. 7
140.6
99.9
63.5
121.3
116.0
134.3
112.5
137.6
101.1
67.6
120.7
109.1
128.5
111.3
132.9
101.6
72.9
na 2
120.9 120.5
113.1 112.8
107.8 3107.6
95.1 3 95.5
110.6 110.2
112. 7 3112.2
126.4 3126.1
152.3 3152.0
157.0 3156.7
148.3 3148.0
120.6
113.0
108.5
97.8
110.9
112.0
126.0
151.6
156.3
147.5
120.6
113. 3
109.6
100.6
111.5
112.2
125.0
150.3
155.0
146.3
120.9
113.7
110.8
100.6
113.0
112.2
124.6
150.1
154.8
146.1
120.6
113.3
110.0
94.1
113.3
112.0
124.7
150.0
154.6
146.2
120.8
113.7
111.5
95.7
114.8
111.4
124.7
150.0
154.6
146.0
120.7
113.6
111.6
93.2
115.5
111.0
124.7
150.0
154.7
146.0
121.0
113.9
112.5
102.4
114.7
110.9
124.7
150.0
164.7
146.0
120.9
113.7
111.9
105.9
113.3
111.1
124.8
150.1
154.7
146.3
121.4
114.4
113.1
117.3
112.4
111.5
124.9
150.0
154.5
146.3
120.6
113.3
110.1
105.8
111.1
111.8
124.9
1.50.1
154.6
146.3
120.6
113.3
109.2
102.8
110.6
112.5
125.1
150.1
154.6
146.3
118.1
111.1
104.5
95.0
106.4
112.4
123.3
146.7
151.2
142.9
114.0
108.0
101.0
9& 2
102.1
109.9
119.7
138.1
142.2
134.9
1 See footnote 1, table D-7.
8 Preliminary.
8 Revised.
T able
139.1
121.8
121.4
122.3
N ote : For a description of these series, see New BLS Economic Sector
Indexes of Wholesale Prices, M onthly Labor Review, December 1955 (p.
1448).
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
D -ll.
Indexes of wholesale prices, by durability of product
[1947-49=100]
Annual
average
1958
1959
Commodity group
Jan.1 Dec.
All commodities.............................................
Total durable goods............................ .
Total nondurable goods.........................
Total manufactures............................. ......
Durable manufactures______________
Nondurable manufactures ....................
Total raw or slightly processed goods___
Durable raw or slightly processed goods.
Nondurable raw or slightly processed
goods........... .........................................
Prelim inary.
8Revised.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Nov.
119.5 119.2 119.2
144.7 144.5 144.4
105.8 105.4 105.5
125.2 2 125.1 124.8
145.8 145.6 145.4
109.0 108.8 108.4
100.3 2 99.5 100.6
113.4 111.7 114.4
99.6 2 98.8
99.8
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
1957
1956
119.0
143.7
105.6
124.5
144.7
108.5
100.8
113.7
119.1
143.2
106.1
124.6
144.3
109.1
101.0
111.5
119.1
142.8
106.2
124.6
143.9
109.4
100.6
111.7
119.2
142.1
106.8
124.6
143.3
109.8
101.3
106.8
119.2
142.1
106.8
124.5
143.3
109.7
101.4
106.1
119.5
141.9
107.3
124.5
143.2
109.7
103.1
102.9
119.3
141.9
107.1
124.5
143.3
109.6
102. 6
103.1
119.7
142.2
107.5
124.3
143.4
109.2
104.9
105.9
119.0
142.4
106.4
124.1
143.6
108.8
102.3
107.1
118.9
142.5
106.1
124.4
143.7
109.2
100.5
104.7
117.6
141.4
104.7
123.2
142.0
108.4
98.9
122.3
114.3
136.7
102.1
119.5
136.8
105.8
97,0
136.3
100.0
100.4
100.0
101.0
101.2
103.2
102.6
104.8
102.0
100.2
97.7
94.9
N o te : For a description of these series and data beginning with 1947, see
Wholesale Prices and Price Indexes, 1957, BLS Bull. 1235 (1958).
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
367
E.— WORK STOPPAGES
E.—Work Stoppages
T able E - l .
Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes 1
W o r k e r s I n v o lv e d in s to p p a g e s
N u m b e r o f s to p p a g e s
M a n - d a y s id le d u r in g m o n t h
or year
M o n th a n d y ea r
B e g in n in g in
m o n th or y ea r
1935-39 ( a v e r a g e ) __
_____________________________________
1947-49 ( a v e ra g e )
_ ______________
1945
'
’...........................................................................................
1946
......................... ........ .........................................
1947
.................................... ....................................
1948
.........................................
_________ ___________________
1949
1950
.
_ ................................................. .................
......................... .............................................
1951
............................................... ........ ...........
1952
1953
.................................................
1954
.
................ .................................. ...............
1955
_
......................... ....................... .................
1956
......................................................
1QK7
2,862
3, 573
<750
4,985
3 , 693
3 ,4 1 9
3, 606
4,843
<737
5 ,117
5,091
3', 468
4,320
3| 825
3 ,6 7 3
1958: J a n u a r y 3_______________ - ___________________________
F e b r u a r y 2___..............................................................................—
M a r c h 3________________ _________ _____________________
A p r i l 2. . ........................................... - ................................................
M a y 3............................................ .........................................................
J u n e 3__________________________________________________
J u l y 2________________________ - . ------------------------ -A u g u s t 2______________________
__________________ - S e p te m b e r 2........... .......... ..................................................................
O c to b e r 3------------------ -------------------------------------------------N o v e m b e r 2___________________________________________
D e c e m b e r 2--------------------- ----------------------------------------- —
200
150
200
275
350
350
350
300
400
300
1959: J a n u a r y 2..............................................................................................
B e g in n in g in
m o n th or year
I n e ffe c t d u r
in g m o n t h
1 ,1 3 0 ,0 0 0
2,380, 000
3 , 470; 000
4 ,6 0 0 ,0 0 0
2 , 170, 000
i; 960,000
3,030, 000
2 , 410,000
2 ,2 2 0 ,0 0 0
3, 540,000
2 ,4 0 0 ,0 0 0
1, 530,000
2 ,6 5 0 ,0 0 0
1,9 0 0 ,0 0 0
1,3 9 0 ,0 0 0
N um ber
P e r c e n t o f e s ti
m a te d w o rk
in g ti m e
1 6,900,000
39, 700,000
3 8 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0
116,000, 000
34, 600,000
3 4 ,1 0 0 ,0 0 0
50, 500,000
3 8 ,8 0 0 ,0 0 0
2 2 ,9 0 0 ,0 0 0
59,100, 000
2 8 ,3 0 0 ,0 0 0
22, 600,000
2 8 ,2 0 0 ,0 0 0
3 3 ,1 0 0 ,0 0 0
16, 500,000
0 .2 7
.4 6
.4 7
1 .4 3
.4 1
.3 7
.5 9
.4 4
.2 3
.5 7
.2 6
.2 1
.2 6
.2 9
.1 4
90,000
45,000
165,000
110,000
150,000
160,000
160,000
140,000
400,000
450, 000
225,000
60,000
110,000
70, 000
200,000
160,000
200,000
250,000
240,000
250,000
500,000
525,000
300,000
180, 000
750,000
500,000
1,2 0 0 ,0 0 0
1,2 5 0 ,0 0 0
2 ,000,000
1, 650,000
1 ,7 0 0 ,0 0 0
2 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0
2, 500,000
5, 250,000
2, 500,000
2,0 0 0 ,0 0 0
.0 7
.0 6
.1 3
.1 3
.21
.1 8
.1 8
.2 2
.2 8
.5 3
.3 0
150
300
275
300
375
475
500
525
475
575
525
400
300
225
325
75,000
150,000
2 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0
.2 3
200
i The data include all known work stoppages involving six or more workers
and lasting a full day or shift or longer. Figures on workers involved and
man-days idle cover all workers made idle for as long as one shift in establish
ments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect or
secondary effects on other establishments or industries whose employees are
made idle as a result of material or service shortages.;;
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
I n e ffe c t d u r
in g m o n t h
*
.21
Preliminary.
N o te : For a description of this series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1964).
S ource : U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
368
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
F.—Building and Construction
T able F - l .
Expenditures for new construction 1
[Value of work put in place]
Expenditures (in millions of dollars)
Type of construction
1959
1958
Feb.2 Jan.3
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
1958
1957
Total
Total
Total new construction________________ 3, 475
3,674
4,024
4,448
4,745
4, 751
4,707
4,548
4, 347
4,000
3,636
3,342
3,106
48,980 48,115
Private construction.................................... 2,500
Residential buildings (nonfarm) _ ___ 1,369
New dwelling units____________ 1,070
245
Additions and alterations ______
N onhousekeeping_____________
54
638
Nonresldential buildings 4 ..................
Industrial_____________ _____
167
262
Commercial ..................... ............
Office buildings and ware148
houses................................ .
S tores, r e s ta u r a n ts , and
114
garages .............................
209
Other nonresldential buildings__
Religious.. .............................
70
Educational.........................
44
Hospital and institutional
47
Social and recreational.............
34
Miscellaneous...........................
14
Farm construction________________
101
Public u tilitie s-......... ..........................
380
Railroad...........................................
20
Telephone and telegraph___ ____
64
Other public utilities _________
296
All other private__________________
12
Public construction....................................
975
Residential buildings 8_____________
92
Nonresldential buildings (other than
military facilities)—.......................... .
322
Industrial...................................... .
27
Educational.. ...............................
197
Hospital and institutional ....... .
29
Administrative and service.____
39
Other nonresldential buildings__
30
Military facilities 7________________
98
Highways _____________________
265
Sewer and water system s.. ................
96
Sewer________________ ______
60
Water. ......... ............................ .
36
Public service enterprises__________
25
Conservation and development_____
63
All other public__________________
14
2,618
1,448
1,150
243
55
660
173
268
2,887
1,605
1,260
288
57
722
176
305
3,119
1,741
1,330
354
57
760
178
327
3,184
1,764
1,340
370
54
750
175
319
3,172
1,732
1,315
366
51
741
174
315
3,153
1,708
1,275
382
51
743
179
316
3,082
1,645
1,205
388
52
754
185
326
2,959
1,559
1,125
382
52
735
193
315
2,752
1,421
1,015
355
51
698
204
285
2,651
1,289
945
296
48
677
218
263
2, 410
1,177
890
239
48
689
235
262
2,270
1,078
810
219
49
705
252
258
33,947 33,988
17,884 17,019
13,405 12,615
3,859 3,903
620
501
8,720 9,556
2,443 3,557
3, 561 3,564
153
163
167
165
167
169
169
169
165
163
161
161
1,986 1,893
115
219
73
47
48
35
16
98
398
23
68
307
14
1,056
91
142
241
78
50
49
39
25
100
444
19
66
359
16
1,137
88
160
255
81
52
50
42
30
114
487
21
71
395
17
1,329
84
154
256
81
53
51
44
27
134
519
22
79
418
17
1,561
82
148
252
80
53
52
43
24
161
520
27
75
418
18
1,579
73
147
248
79
52
53
42
22
173
512
25
71
416
17
1,554
71
157
243
75
50
52
41
25
169
494
19
76
399
20
1,466
69
146
227
70
46
51
37
23
160
486
25
77
384
19
1,388
65
120
209
65
43
51
32
18
146
470
25
81
364
17
1,248
63
100
196
61
42
50
28
15
126
446
24
82
340
13
1,085
62
101
192
61
41
50
26
14
113
419
23
80
316
12
932
60
97
195
64
42
50
25
14
104
372
21
71
280
11
836
56
1,575 1,671
2,716 2,435
868
863
525
567
625
610
424 311
206
252
1,600 1,590
5, 554 5,624
406
276
903 1,068
4,375 4,150
199
189
15,033 14,127
506
832
356
28
223
30
42
33
105
285
105
66
39
28
71
15
361
28
227
32
41
33
110
350
109
69
40
30
74
15
379
30
229
37
47
36
125
485
117
72
45
35
88
16
427
31
259
41
55
41
140
630
124
76
48
45
96
17
430
31
259
40
58
42
135
645
130
80
50
52
97
17
428
32
259
39
55
43
120
635
133
81
52
52
100
15
421
33
262
37
49
40
105
585
128
77
51
47
98
13
411
34
257
34
46
40
95
545
123
73
50
41
96
12
386
34
239
32
43
38
88
455
118
69
49
39
87
12
374
31
238
31
39
35
80
335
111
65
46
33
79
11
350
29
222
29
36
34
77
235
105
62
43
28
68
9
312
28
201
24
30
29
73
220
91
54
37
21
56
7
1 Estimated monetary value of new construction p ut in place during the
periods shown, including major additions and alterations but excluding
maintenance and repair. These figures differ from permit-valuation data
reported in the tabulations for building-permit activity (tables F-3, F-4,
and F-5) and the data on value of contract awards (table F-2).
2 Preliminary.
8 Revised.
* Expenditures by privately owned public utilities for nonresldential build
ing are included under “ Public utilities.”
8 Includes Federal contributions toward construction of private nonprofit
hospital facilities under the National Hospital Program.
8 Includes nonhousekeeping public residential construction as well as house
keeping units.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
4,622
370
2,877
401
530
444
1,235
5,350
1,388
837
551
450
1,004
152
4,503
473
2,825
350
439
416
1,322
4,971
1,344
781
563
393
971
117
7 Covers all building and nonbuilding construction, except production
facilities (which are included in public industrial building), and Armed
Forces housing under the Capehart program (which is included in public
residential building).
N o te : For a description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing
Major BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954). See also Technical
Note on Revised Estimates of Residential Additions and Alterations, 1945-56
(in M onthly Labor Review, August 1957, p. 973).
Source: Joint estimates of the TJ.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Statistics and U.S. Department of Commerce, Business and Defense
Services Administration.
369
F.—BUILD IN G AND CONSTRUCTION
T able F -2 .
Contract awards: Public construction, by ownership and type of construction 1
Value (in millions of dollars)
1958
Ownership and type of construction
Dec.
Nov.2 Oct.2 Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Total public construction____ ______
986.8
812.6
954.4 1,177. 7 1.277.6 1,252.1 1,812.8 1,608.0 1,165. 5 941.5
Federally owned3--------------------------Residential buildings.......................
Nonresidential buildings.................
Educational---------------- ------Hospital and institutional........
Administrativo and service----Other nonresidential buildings.
Airfield buildings................
Troop housing______ ____
Warehouses— ......... ...........
All o th er...........................
Airfields 5...........................................
Conservation and development___
Highways_____________________
Electric power.......................... ........
All other federally owned-----------State and locally owned..........................
Residential buildings___________
Nonresidential buildings..................
Educational........... ....................
Hospital and institutional___
Administrative and service___
Other nonresidential buildings.
Highways-------------------------------Sewer and water systems________
Sewer..........................................
W ater..........................................
Public service enterprises________
Electric power..................... ......
Other_____________________
Conservation and development___
All other State and locally owned__
238.3
2.2
87.7
8.2
22.4
15.9
41.2
11.0
1.3
1.2
27.7
28.1
51.5
2.0
31.0
35.8
748.5
20.1
271.9
178.2
20.2
45.2
28.3
343.6
82.1
56.2
25.9
13.6
8.8
4.8
10.9
6.3
111.9
7.8
39.3
3.2
3.4
10.8
21.9
5.9
1.1
1.8
13.1
14.7
17.0
2.0
26.9
4.2
700.7
26.9
246.0
162.0
14.4
40.8
28.8
336.3
67.0
51.8
15.2
10.9
6.1
4.8
5.8
7.8
121.0
22.7
41.5
.8
.8
10.4
29.5
1.5
4.3
.1
23.6
11.4
29.4
9.9
1.0
5.1
833.4
31.7
286.7
196.6
17.3
28.1
44.7
387.5
74.9
50.5
24.4
21.8
6.0
15.8
12.5
18.3
222.7
223.6 166.8 695.2 474.2
86.4
42.4 101.3
52.4
115.1
28.3
54.6
44.8 239.8 184.9
.6
2.2
1.8
5.0
13.8
.1
1.2
.4
11.2
27.0
1.2
14.0
6.9
29.1
37.8
28.6 177.0 123.8
50.0
20.7
.4
11.9
9.0
63.6
37.7
3.9
22.5
1.8
5.7
36.2
9.2
.9
1.8
1.6
10.2
14.1
30.6
54.4
17.6
67.0
21.4
53.2
2.7
150.3 120.3
73.9
23.2
23.3
6.1 133.1
9.3
25.4
8.0
3.4
11.8
6.3
18.2
1.9
13.1
13.9
3.9
4.7
31.4
55.9
17.8
955.0 1,054.0 1,085.3 1,117. 6 1,133.8
31.9
70.3
35.8
64.8
67.6
325.9 327.0 335.6 355.9
271.0
197.3
227.1 225.1 212.3 229.2
36.4
31.4
36.7
19.6
55.8
53.4
34.8
35.8
40.6
25.7
32.6
29.4
36.9
28.4
26.9
519.0 525.6 461.0 418.8
420.2
76.6
91.0 116.1 104.7 129.2
77.3
73.1
49.3
66.9
74.5
24.1
56.1
38.8
30.2
27.3
55.4 114.0 137.4
89.4
53.9
69.4
21.2
18.9
84.2 107.3
36.5
30.1
20.0
32.7
29.8
12.2
9.0
6.4
12.0
17.1
20.3
15.8
16.2
17.6
21.0
1 Includes major force account projects started (construction done directly
b y a government agency using a separate work force to perform nonmainte
nance construction on the agency’s own property).
2 Includes revisions in federally owned components.
3 Includes construction contracts awarded under Lease-Purchase pro
grams which terminated with P.L. 85-844, approved August 28,1958.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
273.9
29.2
122.8
6.3
12.9
24.7
78.9
38.1
8.0
3.5
29.3
29.7
68.5
9.9
3.4
10.4
891.6
47.2
326.5
208.8
32.5
40.5
44.7
365.5
95.9
66.0
29.9
24.5
12.1
12.4
15.7
16.3
189.7
33.0
79.0
5.8
14.7
16.2
42.3
13.9
4.0
4.4
20.0
18.0
28.5
3.6
16.6
11.0
751.8
30.9
311.0
213.2
37.3
31.6
28.9
291.4
80.4
48.9
31.5
24.4
6.1
18.3
3.4
10.3
1957
1958
1957
Total
Total
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
822.6
696.6
718.9 13,508.1 11,473.8
121.9
52.0
22.2
3.2
.3
6.4
12.3
1.9
.5
1.0
8.9
17.5
12.7
5.4
4.0
8.1
700.7
30.7
279.2
188.3
17.9
48.4
24.6
213.2
56.9
37.9
19.0
108.2
102.9
5.3
7.6
5.0
120.2
47.5
42.8
.8
.8
10.5
30.7
1.8
(4)
.8
28.1
8.3
8.0
4.8
1.5
7.3
576.3
21.8
239.5
169.5
15.0
30.7
24.3
207.2
75.2
55.8
19.4
16.0
7.0
9.0
10.8
5.8
58.4 2,959.4
3.2
592.0
987.7
28.7
51.7
.4
95.2
.2
183.9
9.9
18.2
656.9
1.2
196.7
89.3
.4
36.5
(4)
16.6
334.4
1.4
475.6
14.3
475.2
3.7
95.5
137.8
3.7
3.4
195.6
660.5 10,548. 7
20.2
479.7
238.7 3,576.2
163.7 2,407.6
19.8
334.5
18.8
455.6
36.4
378.5
272.1 4,489.3
94.5 1,050.0
65.1
708.2
29.4
341.8
19.4
669.5
9.4
450.0
219.5
10.0
11.2
123.3
4.4
160.7
2,317.3
406.2
776.5
48.4
78.9
148.3
500.9
98.9
60.9
35.0
306.1
182.2
663.8
91.5
140.3
156.8
9,156. 5
326.7
3,409.4
2,450. 5
287.1
315.4
356.4
3,825.1
1,034.2
619.4
414.8
364.2
200.1
164.1
112.7
84.2
4 Less than $50,000.
3 Beginning with January 1958, includes missile launching facilities which
were previously included under All other federally owned.
S ource : U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics and U.S.
Department of Commerce, Business and Defense Services Administration,
370
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
T able
F-3.
Building-permit activity: Valuation, by private-public ownership, class of construction,
and type of building 1
Valuation (In millions of dollars)
Class of construction, ownership, and
type of building
1958
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.2
Sept.
Aug.
Ju ly
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
1957
1958
1957
Dec.2
Total
T otal2
All building construction __________ 1,334.0 1,493. 7 1,907. 7 1, 857.3 1,942.0 1,952.6 2,042. 6 1,920.1 1, 797.1 1, 516.8 1,110.1 1,153.0 1,100. 8 20,068.8 18,168. 8
P riv a te ..-......................................... 1,148. 9 1,358.3 1,689.6 1, 597.2 1,665.6 1,732.9 1, 703.1 1,557. 7 1,568.3 1,324. 5 938.4 995.1 958.4 17,290.2 16,002. 7
Public________________________ 185.1 135.4 218.0 260.1 276.4 219.8 339.5 362.4 228.8 192.3 171.7 157.9 142.4 2,778.6 2,166.1
New residential building........................
Dwelling units ( h o u s e k e e p in g
only). ......... ..................................
Privately owned____________
1-family________________
2-family................................
3- and 4-family__________
5-or-more family_________
Publicly owned. _____ ______
Nonhousekeeping buildings.............
New nonresidentfal buildings...............
Commercial buildings.....................
Amusement buildings ...........
Commercial garages_________
Gasoline and service stations...
Office buildings_____________
Stores and other mercantile
buildings_________________
Community buildings....................
Educational buildings ______
Institutional b uildings.............
Religious buildings...................
Garages, private residential...........
Industrial buildings___ _________
Public utilities buildings.—.............
All other nonresidential buildings..
Additions and alterations___________
746.9
912.2 1,128. 4 1,118.0 1,053.0 1,083.2 1,056.1 1,024.3
959.1
779.1
536.9
578.4
558.2 10, 994.4
9,413. 3
732.0
716.6
599.2
20.4
11.6
85.5
15.4
14.9
462.4
162.3
11.3
1.7
8.9
69.9
897.2 1,108.0 1,104.7 1,035. 6 1,062. 8 1,037.4 1,001.9
875.0 1,084.0 1,021.4 982.1 1,039.3 953.6 935.8
732.9 951.8 898.0 856.4 888.0 838.4 813.3
25.2
22.2
25.5
26.1
25.5
23.7
25.5
12.9
15.1
14.2
10.3
13.5
14.5
11.6
103.6
82.7
83.0
85.4
92.6
86.0 113.2
83.4
22.2
23.9
53.5
83.8
23.5
66.1
20.4
13.3
18.7
15.0
17.5
20.4
22.4
454.7 603.2 572.2 719.9 672.9 795.1 727.6
153.7 219.2 171.9 249.2 236.2 201.4 263.0
21.9
12.3
12.8
14.3
16.1
17.6
30.8
4.5
3.7
1.5
8.9
6.8
4.1
5.6
11.4
10.8
10.4
8.8
11.0
11.2
11.0
63.8 117.3
62.3 106.5
92.6
64.0 139.9
942.8
916.9
793.2
27.5
10.8
85.4
25.8
16.3
656.9
269.9
17.8
6.6
11.6
116.7
760.0
729.5
622.8
21.3
11.0
74.4
30.5
19.1
586.2
228.6
13.3
5.0
11.3
119.9
525.0
491.4
419.0
15.7
8.4
48.3
33.6
11.9
452.3
149.8
14.7
3.4
8.8
64.8
563.1
548.2
464.4
16.9
8.9
58.0
14.9
15.2
435. 6
140.6
10.2
4.2
10.2
56.0
536.8 10,789.1
525.3 10,302.6
451.7 8,885. 2
17,1
275.7
6.5
143.0
50.0
998.8
11.5
486.5
21.5
205.3
436.2 7,158. 7
151.4 2,447. 4
11.6
192.9
2.1
56.0
9.9
125.5
67.4 1,074. 7
9, 229.1
8, 938.9
7,923.0
228.8
111.6
675.5
290.2
184.2
6,851. 2
2, 224.6
139.8
57.5
159.2
976.1
70.5
181.6
99.7
50.0
31.8
6.0
47.9
27.2
37.4
124.6
68.9
185.5
109.0
40.5
36.0
13.1
55.4
21.7
25.2
126.9
117.2
219.5
119.2
51.0
49.2
18.2
61.9
36.9
50.6
181.1
79.0
236.6
159.6
40.8
36.2
10.3
57.5
21.2
32.0
151.5
58.1
171.9
118.4
26.2
27.4
4.8
44.9
47.4
33.5
120.8
60,0
168.7
108.9
33.7
26.1
5.9
62.8
28.4
29.2
139.0
60.3
998.2
165.8 2,679.0
111. 1 1,639.3
27.3
569.2
27.3
470.3
6.3
178.7
63.8
864.6
22.1
424.6
26.7
564.5
106.4 1,915. 6
892.0
2,487. 5
1,497. 2
525.0
465.4
200.5
1,092.3
424.3
422.0
1, 904.3
83.9
224.1
149.3
33.0
41.7
21.4
71.7
34.1
32.7
176.1
79.4
248.5
169.8
37.5
41.3
21.9
66.1
33.6
30.2
167.1
99.8
261.1
171.0
49.9
40.1
19.4
70.8
64.0
55.4
169.0
* Data relate to building construction authorized by local building permits
in all localities (over 7,000) having building-permit systems—rural nonfarm
as well as urban. Figures on the amount of construction contracts awarded
for Federal projects and for public housing (Federal, State, and local) in
ermit-issuing places are added to the valuation data (estimated cost entered
y builders on building-permit applications) for privately owned projects;
construction undertaken by State and local governments is reported by local
officials. Because permit valuations generally understate the actual cost of
construction and because of lapsed permits and the lag between permit
T able
F-4.
97.6
92.9
268.6 235.0
139.4 144.0
78.1
47.5
43.5
51.2
19.2
19.4
61.5 2 204.1
30.4
24.2
62.9 105.1
196.5 191.4
90.3
276.6
149.9
81.0
45.6
19.1
53.6
55.5
59.9
168.2
issuance or contract-awarded dates and start of construction, these data do
not represent the volume of building construction started.
Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily equal
totals.
2 Revised.
* Includes a retroactive building permit issued during the month for a steel
plant, valued at $120 million, which was actually begun early in 1957.
S o urce : U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Building-permit activity: Valuation, by class of construction and geographic region 1
Valuation (in millions of dollars)
Class of construction and
géographie region
1958
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.2
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
1957
1958
1957
Dec.2
Total
Total 2
All building construction 3 __________ 1,334.0 1,493.7 1,907.7 1, 857.3 1, 942.0 1,952.6 2,042.6 1,920.1 1, 797.1 1, 516.8 1,110.1 1,153.0 1,100. 8 20,068.8 18,168. 8
Northeast..... ..................................... 268.9 324.8 358.4 385.3 397.1 364.2 387.1 380.4 360.4 270.5 189.4 215.7 219.4 3,908.9 3,886.1
North C e n tra l................................. 306.3 438.7 575.9 542.2 519.3 568.0 643.2 531. 5 539.0 395.4 224.2 231.2 319.1 5,530. 2 5,283. 5
South.................................................. 365.0 382.0 516.2 473.8 532.6 499.3 508.3 518.2 457.1 418.9 370.3 375.7 291.6 5, 418. 7 4,627.0
W est.................................................. 393.7 348.3 457.2 456.0 493.1 521.1 504.0 489.9 440.6 431.9 326.2 330.4 270.7 5,210. 9 4,372.3
New dwelling units (housekeeping
only) ..................................................
Northeast-......... ...............................
North Central...................................
South___ _________ ___________
W est. ...............................................
New nonresidential buildings............
Northeast______ _______ _______
North Central_________________
South___ _____________________
West...................................................
Additions and alterations......................
Northeast..... ............. .......................
North Central_________________
South______ __________________
West .................................................
1 See footnote 1, table F-3.
2 Revised.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
732.0
131.2
157.5
202.7
240.6
462.4
109. 5
120.3
123.1
109.6
124.6
25.4
26.8
34.3
38.0
897.2 1,108.0 1,104. 7 1,035. 6 1,062.8 1,037.4 1,001.9
191.4 199.2 231.8 195.4 198.1 203.2 220.8
261.7 336.8 318.0 278.2 304.9 279.9 273.7
218.7 283.1 282.7 267.5 275.8 281.3 245.7
225.5 288.9 272.3 294.4 284.0 273.1 261.7
454.7 603.2 572.2 719.9 672.9 795.1 727.6
101.0 118.8 115.9 156.6 121.5 137.1 123.7
142.4 184.4 173.5 196.4 208.9 311.4 210.9
123.0 181.5 141.2 212.8 162.0 174.4 216.5
88.2
118.4 141.6 154.1 180.6 172.2 176.5
126.9 176.1 167.1 169.0 196.5 191.4 168.2
28.9
44.2
35.5
41.3
42.5
34.9
36.7
31.4
45.4
48.3
41.7
48.2
50.6
48.6
35.9
48.2
45.0
45.3
53.7 48.9
45.7
38.2
30.7
40.8
51.6
50.1
40.6
42.2
942.8
189.2
278.4
248.5
226.6
656.9
132.1
211.0
151.5
162.3
181.1
35.9
46.5
51.2
47.6
760.0
131.2
205.1
218.7
205.0
586.2
109.8
148.2
154.9
173.2
151.5
28.2
40.0
41.8
41.4
525.0
59.7
102.7
198.2
164.4
452.3
107.7
91.9
130.1
122.7
120.8
20.8
28.3
37.8
33.9
563.1
79.7
109.1
195.6
178.7
435.6
107.5
89.3
131.3
107.5
139.0
24.7
32.2
43.3
38.8
536.8 10,789.1
102.1
2,035.6
131.8 2,911. 4
156.8 2, 919.1
146.1 2,923.0
436.2 7,158. 7
89.8 1,443.3
156.7 2,095. 2
94.3 1, 902. 8
95.4 1,717.5
106.4 1,915. 6
23.5
398.9
25.5
491.2
30.4
531.2
27.1
494.1
9,229.1
1,864.8
2,645. 9
2,370.0
2,348.4
6,851. 2
1,556.8
2,103. 8
1,668.3
1,522.4
1,904. 3
424.8
499.9
520.7
458.9
* Includes new nonhousekeeping residential building, not shown separately.
S o urce : U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
371
F.—BUILD IN G AND CONSTRUCTION
T able F -5 . Building-permit activity: Valuation, by metropolitan-nonmetropolitan location and Stated1
V a lu a tio n (In m illio n s o f d o lla r s )
1958
State and location
Nov.
Oct.2 Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
1957
1957
1956
Dec.2 Nov.
T o ta l2
Total
All States________
_____________ 1,493.7 1,907.7 1,857.3 1,942.0 1,952.6 2,042. 6 1, 920.1 1, 797.1 1, 516.8 1,110.1 1,153.0 1,100.8 1,235.3 18,168.8 18, 787.8
Metropolitan areas 8------------------- 1,175.0 1,493.7 1,446.4 1, 533.2 1,533.0 1, 581. 6 1,483.0 1, 388.9 1,196.6 881.2 918.2 863.7 962.4 14,130. 7 14,688.9
Nonmetropolitan areas__________ 318.7 414.0 410.9 408.8 419.6 461.0 437.1 408.2 320.2 228.9 234.8 237.1 272.9 4,038.1 4,098.9
Alabama________ _________ _______
Arizona__________________________
Arkansas ------------------------------- -California________ ________ _______
Colorado............ ......................................
16.3
18.3
4.1
240.2
24.0
21.1
26.0
7.5
301.2
26.3
18.8
23.0
7.5
298.7
25.5
23.9
39.9
6.6
313.8
27.4
22.8
23.6
7.0
373.2
27.9
25.3
25.5
9.8
340.4
34.8
20.8
33.1
5.3
308.1
37.9
18.2
20.5
7.9
275.0
25.6
21.1
23.6
6.3
317.4
15.1
16.6
19.9
4.6
208.6
24.3
15.3
13.2
4.3
247.2
15.8
16.5
13.0
5.4
195.3
16.0
15.6
15.1
4.4
219.5
17.6
190.6
224.6
72.7
3,055. 5
261.9
173.3
189.7
57.4
3,163.3
282.0
Connecticut _____________________
Delaware.-- --------------------------------District of Columbia----------------------Florida...... ........... ...... ............................
Georgia.....................................................
27.6
5.9
21.3
65.0
28.4
32.6
8.3
10.5
93.0
24.3
35.4
7.6
10.3
81.6
26.4
33.1
13.1
42.9
76.7
23.7
32.0
8.4
12.6
88.9
24.4
30.8
6.2
13.8
78.3
25.8
30.6
6.7
66.5
84.1
27.8
30.9
6.1
8.3
83.3
36.6
20.2
3.6
6.4
69.6
27.3
17.7
6.9
9.3
83.5
19.6
18.7
7.0
12.9
70.9
28.3
18.4
2.3
3.1
77.0
17.1
27.9
4.5
13.7
73.4
15.3
390.6
68.9
133.8
948.0
252.4
375.1
66.0
66.8
834.8
250.1
Idaho_____________ ____ ___________
Illinois......................................... - ........
Indiana________________ _____ ____
Iowa_____________________________
K a n s a s...................................................
5.0
114.8
28.8
15.2
12.5
4.0
122.9
40.6
26.3
15.8
3.9
115.0
43.3
20.5
14.3
4.5
106.5
33.3
36.9
13.5
4.6
130.0
33.2
21.6
12.7
3.5
233.0
33.1
19.3
11.3
4.5
136.2
33.4
18.5
12.6
5.9
112.9
33.7
16.8
14.6
3.9
110. 2
30.4
17.4
10.6
1.6
53.8
21.3
3.9
10.0
1.3
55.8
22.5
6.5
11.5
1.8
93.8
20.0
7.9
10.9
2.5
73.6
19.3
12.5
7.1
38.2
1,240.0
419.5
160.5
134.8
39.6
1, 334.3
432.0
181.9
151.9
Kentucky________________________
Louisiana___________________ ______
M aine___________________________
M aryland. ---------------------------------Massachusetts.........................- ..............
12.8
21.7
3.1
32.0
34.1
17.3
29.4
2.3
46.0
42.1
19.2
35.1
3.4
49.1
41.0
17.8
34.6
4.2
67.4
34.8
15.6
26.6
3.3
41.2
48.3
19.8
29.3
4.4
48.3
68.8
12.2
29.6
2.9
39.4
47.4
13.5
21.0
4.1
35.7
50.3
15.5
31.2
.9
35.4
31.5
6.3
17.3
.3
28.0
14.0
13.5
32.3
.7
27.2
24.0
5.0
19.6
.8
25.2
24.2
10.6
16.8
1.3
33.8
26.6
169.1
250. 5
29.2
448.7
440.5
168.2
273.1
33.9
430.4
470.4
Michigan_________________ _______
Minnesota---- ------- ---------------- ------Mississippi --------------------- ------- —
M issouri__________________ ______
M ontana----------- ----------- - ..................
66.3
29.3
3.9
50.7
3.9
95.7
55.6
6.7
35.2
4.0
88.3
54.4
3.1
39.4
3.8
88.1
40.8
4.8
32.3
5.6
104.8
45.6
3.2
40.7
4.0
90.6
39.8
6.6
40.4
2.9
83.3
51.5
3.9
31.1
4.5
78.9
60.4
7.3
31.9
4.7
64.5
22.1
2.9
23.1
1.5
27.7
14.1
7.5
18.7
1.4
38.8
10.1
2.2
17.8
1.2
43.9
18.1
3.0
29.0
1.6
73.5
27.0
4.5
15.5
1.9
933.4
390.7
54.2
302.0
35.1
1,090.8
376.1
53.5
306.7
42.7
Nebraska.................................................
Nevada------------ -------------------------New Hampshire___________________
New Jersey_______________________
New Mexico.............................................
8.6
4.7
2.1
63.9
7.8
10.1
4.4
2.8
77.0
15.1
15.1
4.1
2.7
73.3
11.6
12.4
5.4
2.5
62.8
15.0
9.0
4.3
3.2
75.0
12.9
7.1
5.9
4.3
65.6
11.4
11.8
5.7
2.7
80.0
12.1
17.1
8.3
2.5
76.7
6.8
5.4
3.8
3.4
62.6
8.6
2.5
4.7
2.0
27.1
7.5
3.1
2.0
.6
51.4
11.0
6.3
3.1
4.6
42.9
6.3
3.1
7.8
2.0
49.9
8.9
78.5
60.2
30.1
727.4
88.4
82.0
45.5
37.8
811.8
77.2
New York................— ...........................
N orth C arolina..---------------------------N orth Dakota------------------------------Ohio_____ ____- ........-........ - ...............Oklahoma........ ........................................
134.5
20.1
2.9
77.3
11.0
126.8
17.1
5.3
122.6
16.6
160.7
20.1
6.4
97.5
14.5
181.2
19.6
5.3
108.2
14.1
129.3
17.4
4.6
116.3
18.3
128.3
20.9
7.9
115.8
16.8
145.7
26.3
4.6
98.2
13.2
122.1
22.7
5.6
118.8
14.4
99.4
17.6
1.6
78.7
22.6
91.3
18.0
.4
51.5
15.9
80.1
16.1
.3
44.9
10.3
90.1
10.5
.6
60.6
7.4
108.8
13.4
1.5
57.2
9.3
1,453.4
194.3
37.2
1,093.7
121.3
1, 476.0
221.6
40.5
1, 205. 5
143.2
Oregon__________________ ________
Pennsylvania............................- ..........—
Rhode Island_________ ____ _______
South Carolina-----------------------------South D akota.........................................
10.0
54.1
4.7
4.9
3.6
19.3
67.2
6.9
6.5
4.2
16.7
62.3
5.2
6.9
4.3
17.0
73.3
4.3
5.6
3.3
16.0
66.2
6.2
6.0
3.5
22.7
74.8
7.4
7.5
2.4
18.4
65.7
4.6
9.3
3.6
36.2
68.6
4.5
6.6
4.1
12.9
47.7
3.7
5.4
3.4
9.7
35.2
1.6
4.8
.6
8.5
37.1
2.9
6.1
.8
7.6
36.1
2.1
3.7
1.8
7.2
51.1
4.3
2.7
2.4
138.9
749.3
48.8
63.4
36.4
182.0
781.4
59.6
75.8
37.4
Tennessee-------------------- ---------------Texas____________________________
U t a h .............................................. ........
Vermont....... ..................................... ......
11.9
88.3
7.1
19.3
99.4
11.3
17.9
112.3
15.7
23.9
128.0
15.9
24.5
103.7
16.7
25.8
102.4
20.8
47.3
38.5
36.2
15.1
97.6
14.2
1.1
34.8
22.7
77.4
12.4
.2
26.5
13.6
83.9
6.4
.2
28.4
8.8
64.0
6.9
.2
18.5
12.4
68.0
5.9
44.3
20.0
108.1
16.3
2.7
58.1
23.4
179.3
1,013. 4
113.5
15.6
385.2
213.8
916.9
145.3
10.1
457.5
45.4
7.1
38.7
3.5
36.6
7.3
46.2
2.3
37.5
13.6
42.4
3.1
45.8
6.4
46.7
3.1
34.8
11.1
44.1
2.0
28.3
6.4
28.2
2.6
34.3
5.5
19.8
1.8
22.5
4.3
19.1
1.3
17.9
4.4
26.5
1.3
24.3
3.0
32.9
1.3
335.3
80.8
457.8
21.1
390.6
64.4
442.0
25.6
V ir g in i a ...................... ................................ .............
30.2
86.0
21.8
106.1
10.3
1.3
40.2
Washington_______________________
West V irginia..........................................
Wisconsin— .................................... ......
25.6
4.1
28.5
1.8
43.1
7.1
41.7
2.4
55.9
5.3
43.8
2.6
W y o m i n g ................................................................
i S ee f o o tn o te 1, t a b l e F - 3 .
* R e v is e d .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
.7
.6
.9
.5
.7
.6
.9
8 C o m p r is e d o f 168 S t a n d a r d M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a s u s e d I n 1950 C e n s u s .
S o u a c E : U .S . D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r , B u r e a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s .
372
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1959
T able F-6.
Number of new permanent nonfarm dwelling units started, by ownership and location,
and construction c o st1
Number of new dwelling units started
Period
Total
Privately Publicly
owned
owned
1950..................................................
1951............ ........... . .......................
1952.................................................
1953..-....... ...................................
1954.......... .....................................
1955................. ...............................
1956..................................................
1957................... ............................
1958 3______________________ _
1,396,000
1,091,300
1,127,000
1,103,800
1, 220,400
1,328,900
1,118,100
1,041,900
1, 201, 700
1,352,200
1,020,100
1,068, 500
1,068,300
1.201, 700
1,309,500
1,093, 900
992,800
1,134, 500
1954: First quarter........................
Second quarter.....................
Third quarter.......................
Fourth quarter.....................
1955: First quarter........................
Second quarter__________
Third quarter___________
Fourth quarter__________
1956: First quarter........................
January____ __________
February_____________
M arch................................
Second quarter.................
April____________ _____
M ay_________________
June...... .................. ..........
Third quarter.......................
Ju ly ................................. .
August..............................
September.....................
Fourth quarter.....................
October.............................
November ...................
December..........................
1957: First quarter.........................
January______________
February......................
March_______________
Second quarter.....................
April..................................
M a y ................................
June..................................
Third quarter___________
Ju ly ...................................
A ugust...___ _________
September____________
Fourth quarter__________
October_______________
November........ ................
December.........................
1958: First q u a rte r......................
January....... ............ ........
February..........................
March_______________
Second quarter...................
April.................................
M ay_________________
Ju n e ..................................
Third q u arter.....................
July....................................
August .............................
September........................
Fourth quarter 3............. .....
October 4_____________
November 3___________
December 3____ . . . ___
1959: First quarter____________
January 3_______ ___ _
236,800
332, 700
346,000
304,900
291,300
404,100
362,300
271,200
252,100
75,100
78,400
98, 600
332,500
111, 400
113, 700
107, 400
298,900
101,100
103,900
93,900
234,600
93,600
77,400
63,600
217,000
64,200
65,800
87,000
296,600
93, 700
103, 000
99,900
289,700
97,800
100,000
91,900
238,600
97,000
78,200
63,400
215,400
67,900
66,100
81,400
320, 500
99,100
108,500
112,900
357, 800
112, 800
124, 000
121,000
308.000
115.000
102,000
91,000
232,200
326,500
339,300
303, 700
288,000
397,000
357, 800
266, 700
244,600
73, 700
77,000
93, 900
325,300
109,900
110,800
104, 600
292,900
99,000
103,200
90, 700
231,100
91,200
77,000
62,900
202,500
60,100
63,100
79,300
282,800
91,400
96,900
94,500
280,900
93,900
96,800
90,200
226,600
88,400
75, 700
62, 500
201,200
62, 900
61,000
77,300
296, 800
94,200
101, 300
101,300
334,100
108,600
114, 600
110,900
302,400
112, 900
100,000
89, 500
86,000
83, 300
Metro Nonmetro North North
politan
politan
east Central South
places
places
West
Total
Privately
owned
Publicly
owned
43,800 1,021,600
776,800
71,200
794,900
58,500
35,500
803,500
18,700
896,900
19,400
975,800
24,200
779,800
49,100
699, 700
825, 200
67, 200
374,000
314, 500
332,100
300,300
323,500
353,100
338,300
342,200
376, 500
(s)
0
0
0
243,100
273,100
228.800
195, 500
0
(2)
(2)
0
(2)
325,800
356,000
303,100
258,400
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
359, 700
389,000
334, 200
346,300
(2)
$11,788,595 $11,418,371
0
9,800,892
9,186,123
0
10,208,983
9, 706, 276
0
10,488,003 10,181,185
0
291,800 12,478,237 12,309,200
310,800 14, 644,647 14,345,829
252,000 13,077,027 12,814, 776
241, 700 12,693,995 12,126,800
14,404, 407 13, 590, 788
0
$370, 224
614, 769
502, 707
306,818
169,037
198,818
262,251
667,195
813,619
4,600
6,200
6,700
1,200
3,300
7,100
4,500
4.500
7.500
1.400
1.400
4,700
7,200
1,500
2,900
2,800
6,000
2,100
700
3,200
3,600
2,400
400
700
14,500
4,100
2,700
7,700
13,800
2,300
6,100
5,400
8,800
3,900
3,200
1,700
12,000
8,600
2,500
900
14,200
5,000
5,100
4,100
23,700
4,900
7,200
11, 600
23. 700
4,200
9, 400
10,100
5,600
2,100
2,000
174,300
244,000
252,800
225,800
221,800
294,800
263, 400
195.800
183.800
54,300
57,600
71,900
228,300
76,200
77,600
74, 500
202,900
69, 700
70,900
62,300
164,800
64,900
54,800
45,100
149,100
44,000
46,600
58, 500
200,300
63,500
68,200
68,600
192,600
63,400
67,700
61, 500
157,700
61,800
52,500
43,400
143, 700
44, 500
44,400
54,800
218,100
67, 400
73,900
76,800
248, 400
80,600
82, 800
85,000
215,000
79,100
72, 300
62,500
88,700
93,200
79,100
69, 500
109,300
98, 900
75,400
68,300
20,800
20,800
26, 700
104,200
35,200
36,100
32,900
96,000
31,400
33,000
31,600
69, 800
28, 700
22, 600
18,500
67,900
20,200
19,200
28,500
96,300
30, 200
34,800
31,300
97,100
34,400
32,300
30, 400
80,900
35,200
25,700
20,000
71,700
23,400
21,700
26,600
102, 400
31, 700
34,600
36,100
109, 400
32, 200
41,200
36, 000
93,000
35,900
29,700
47,400
67,300
72, 500
55, 900
53,100
89,100
75,400
55,500
45, 700
12,400
14,400
18,900
72,300
23,400
24, 700
24,200
61,800
21,800
20,800
19,200
49,000
20,100
16,500
12,400
33,800
9,300
9,700
14, 800
60,700
19,900
20,900
19,900
57,900
19,200
21,800
16,900
43,100
19,500
13,800
9,800
27, 400
8,100
7,000
12,300
63,800
18,900
23,400
21, .500
65,800
19,600
22,200
24, 000
52, 700
98,400
97,800
76,900
63,400
116,600
108,000
68,000
58,200
15, 700
16,400
26,100
98,100
33,600
33,300
31,200
87,200
29,900
29, 200
28,100
59,600
26,200
19,200
14, 200
46,800
10,700
14,000
22,100
77,200
23,700
25, 700
27,800
79,300
27,000
27,300
25,000
55,100
24,200
17,400
13, 500
40, 200
11,000
11,200
18,000
79, 400
25, 700
27,000
26,700
91, 600
28,600
30, 700
32, 300
77,600
90,900
99,900
91,300
95,900
109,700
99, 400
84,000
83,200
27,200
26,800
29, 200
93,200
31,100
32, 800
29,300
86, 500
27, 700
30,700
28,100
71,300
27,500
22, 700
21,100
80,000
26,000
24,600
29,400
92,800
28,100
33, 700
31,000
91,200
31,500
31,000
28,700
82; 300
30,100
28,200
24,000
88,100
28,700
28,700
30, 700
103, 300
33,000
32, 600
37,700
117,900
36,200
42,400
39,300
59,100
76,100
75,800
80,800
78,900
88,700
79,500
63, 700
65,000
19,800
20,800
24,400
68,900
23,300
22,900
22,700
63,400
21, 700
23,200
18,500
54, 700
19,800
19,000
15,900
56,400
18,200
17,500
20,700
65,900
22,000
22, 700
21,200
61,300
20,100
19,900
21,300
58,100
23,200
18,800
16,100
59, 700
20,100
19,200
20,400
74,000
21, 500
25,500
27,000
82, 500
28,400
28, 700
25, 400
36,300
63, 600
27, 400
19,900
0
31, 800
1, 500
27,000
0
(2)
(2)
0
(2)
41,002
55,673
61,895
10,467
32,239
67,126
44,259
55,194
84,562
13, 783
15,438
55,341
79,415
15,687
33,697
30,031
60,406
21,873
4,988
33,545
37,868
25,821
4,651
7,396
177,052
47,317
32,206
97, 529
166,269
28,781
72,596
64,892
91,835
43,370
31,163
17,302
132,039
97,169
25,037
9,833
165, 684
54,924
62,229
48, 531
280, 561
55,442
85,992
139,127
298, 938
51,188
119,984
127, 766
68, 436
26,870
25,016
2,700
60, 800
25, 200
(2)
(2)
(2)
1 E xcludes te m p o ra ry u n its , conversions, d o rm ito ry accom m od atio n s,
tra ile rs, a n d m ilita ry b arrac k s; includes p re fab ricated ho u sin g if p e rm a n e n t.
T h e se e stim ates are b ased on (1) m o n th ly b u ild in g -p e rm it rep o rts a d ju ste d
for la p se d p e rm its a n d for lag b etw e en p e rm it issuance a n d th e s ta r t of co n
s tru c tio n , (2) c o n tin u o u s field su rv ey s in n o n p erm it-issu in g places, a n d (3)
rep o rts of p u b lic co n stru c tio n c o n tra c t aw ard s.
P riv a te co n stru c tio n costs are b ased on p e rm it v a lu a tio n a d ju ste d for
u n d e rs ta te m e n t of costs sh o w n on p e rm it ap p licatio n s. P u b lic co n stru c tio n
costs are based on c o n tra c t values or e s tim a te d c o n stru c tio n costs for in d i
v id u a l projects.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Estimated construction cost1
(in thousands)
Location
0
2, 240, 448
3, 454, 571
3,590,366
3,192, 852
3,076,198
4,416,285
4,025,441
3,026, 723
2,846,008
814,448
887,138
1,144,422
3, 923,607
1,309,175
1,346, 587
1,267,845
3, 532,193
1, 201,139
1,227,269
1,103. 785
2, 775, 219
1,103,963
930, 642
740,614
2,609,458
752,234
784,019
1,073,205
3,645, 531
1,152,166
1,264,385
1, 228,980
3,535, 278
1,198,141
1, 207,763
1,129, 374
2,903, 728
1,195,309
946,481
761,938
2, 546,848
792,427
781,091
973,330
3,886, 703
1,192,101
1, 323, 709
1, 370, 893
4,297,469
1,362,890
1,466,281
1,468,298
3,673,387
1,405,196
1, 200, 016
2,199,446
3.398,898
3, 528,471
3,182,385
3,043,959
4,349,159
3,981,182
2,971, 529
2, 761,446
800,665
871, 700
1,089,081
3, 844,192
1, 293,488
1,312,890
1, 237,814
3,471, 787
1,179,266
1, 222, 281
1,070, 240
2, 737,351
1,078,142
925, 991
733,218
2, 432,406
704,917
751,813
975,676
3, 479,262
1,123,385
1,191,789
1,164,088
3,443,443
1,154, 771
1,176,600
1,112,072
2,771,689
1,098,140
921,444
752,105
2, 381,164
737. 503
718,862
924, 799
3, 606,142
1,136,659
1,237, 717
1, 231, 766
3,998, 531
1, 311, 702
1,346,297
1.340, 532
3,604 951
1,378,326
1,175, 000
0
1 ,0 6 8 ,1 7 5
1,051, 625
16; 550
0
1 ,0 0 7 ,8 7 5
978, 775
29,100
* N o t av ailab le.
8 P re lim in a ry .
4 R ev ised .
N ote : F o r a d escrip tio n of th e se series, see T e c h n iq u e s of P re p a rin g
M a jo r B L S S ta tis tic a l Series, B L S B u ll. 1168 (1954).
S o u r c e : U .S . D e p a r tm e n t of L a b o r, B u re a u of L a b o r S ta tistic s.
B. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1959
New Publications Available
For Sale
Order sale publications from the Superintendent of D ocum ents, Government Printing
Office, W ashington 25, D .C . Send check or money order, payable to the Superintendent
of D ocum ents. Currency sent at sender’s risk. Copies may also be purchased from any
of the Bureau’s regional offices. (See inside front cover for the addresses of these offices.)
BLS Bull. 1240-2: Occupational Wage Survey, Baltimore, Maryland, August
1958. 24 pp. 25 cents.
BLS Bull. 1240-3: Occupational Wage Survey, Buffalo, New York, Septem
ber 1958. 24 pp. 25 cents.
BLS Bull. 1240-4: Occupational Wage Survey, St. Louis, Missouri, October
1958. 16 pp. 15 cents.
BLS Bull. 1236: Digest of One Hundred Selected Health and Insurance
Plans Under Collective Bargaining, Early 1958. 253 pp. $1.25.
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U n it e d S t a t e s
G o v e r n m e n t P r i n t in g O f f i c e
D I V IS IO N O F P U B L I C D O C U M E N T S
W a s h i n g t o n 2 5 , D .C .
OFFICIAL
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