Full text of Monthly Labor Review : March 1958, Vol. 81, No. 3

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Democracy and Trade Unionism—
1.

Efforts at Democratic Union Participation

2.

Requirements for Union Democracy

3.

Use of the Law to Obtain Union Democracy

W ages, Prices, and Inflation in Great Britain

UNITED STATES DEPARTM ENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

J ames P. M itchell, Secretary

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
E w an C laque,
H

enry

H erm an
W. D

Commissioner

J . F it z g e r a l d ,

B.

uane

Assistant Commissioner

B yer,

Assistant Commissioner

E v a n s,

Assistant Commissioner

P h il ip A r n o w ,

Assistant Commissioner

Arnold E. C hase, Chief, Division of Construction Statistics
H. M. D outy, Chief, Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
J oseph P. G oldberg, Special Assistant to the Commissioner
L eon G reenberg , Chief, Division of Productivity and Technological Developments
R ichard F. J ones, Chief, Office of Management
W alter G. K eim , Chief, Office of Field Service
P aul R. K ersciibaum, Chief, Office of Program Planning
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F rank S. M cE lroy, Chief, Division of Industrial Hazards
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Abe R othman, Acting Chief, Office of Statistical Standards
Oscar W eigert, Special Assistant to the Commissioner
M orris W eisz, Chief, Division of Foreign Labor Conditions
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Monthly Labor Review
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR • BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

L a w r e n c e R. K l e i n , Editor-in-Chief
M a r y S. B e d e l l , Executive Editor

CONTENTS
Special Articles
253 Democracy and Trade Unionism
253 Efforts at Democratic Union Participation
255 Requirements for Union Democracy
258 The Usefulness of the Law in Obtaining Union Democracy
260 Wages, Prices, and Economic Policy in Great Britain, 1954-57
265 Labor Ideology and Practice in Europe and the U. S.

Summaries of Studies and Reports
270
274
282
284
287

The 1958 Bargaining Programs for the Automobile Workers
Earnings in Footwear Manufacturing, April 1957
A New Approach to Collective Bargaining
Union Wage Scales of Local-Transit Operating Employees, 1957
AFL-CIO Meeting on Industrial and Labor Force Changes by 1965

Departments
in
302
281
291
295
297
303
309

The Labor Month in Review
Conferences and Institutes, April 16 to May 15, 1958
Union Conventions, April 16 to May 15, 1958
Significant Decisions in Labor Cases
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Developments in Industrial Relations
Book Reviews and Notes
Current Labor Statistics

March 1958 • Voi. 81 • No. 3
1883 -1958


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The Labor Month
in Review
R ising unemployment and the weakening general
economic situation accented much of the labor
news during March. Announcement on March 11
that unemployment in February had exceeded 5
million and that a rising number of workers were
exhausting unemployment insurance benefits co­
incided with the opening of a 3-day AFL-CIO
economic and legislative conference of 1,000 trade
union leaders in Washington.
Secretary of Labor James P. Mitchell, repre­
senting the President, analyzed the economy
and outlined the legislative and administrative
steps which the President is urging or taking “to
hasten the full recovery of our economy.” He
warned against “ill-advised action” and “farreaching money spending which . . . will not pro­
vide the needed jobs . . . now.” In brief, the
program included speeded-up defense spending,
especially in industries and areas where unemploy­
ment is most severe; acceleration and extension of
Federal highway and other public works programs;
stimulation of housing construction and home
buying through easing of credit and cash require­
ments, plus more funds for urban renewal projects;
easier general credit for business and consumer
purchases; depressed area redevelopment legisla­
tion; extension of the Trade Agreements Act to
bolster foreign trade; and extension of duration of
benefits for recipients of unemployment insurance.
Should the recession persist, the Secretary said,
other measures may be necessary, including “a
major and substantial cut in personal and business
taxes.”
President George Meany, in outlining the AFLCIO proposals for recovery, listed several which
differed from the Secretary’s only in timing,
emphasis, or extent. These related to public
works and housing, increased defense spending,
long-range help to depressed areas, extension of
unemployment benefits, and the tax cut. In
addition, he proposed general wage increases and


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boosting the Federal minimum wage to $1.25 an
hour.
Mr. Meany declared that it was a “time for
bold, decisive actions” by the Government, but
“not the time to indulge ourselves in partisan
name-calling or partisan blame-tossing.”
On March 13 he led a group of se^en trade
union officials who conferred with the President
on the AFL-CIO views.
N egotiation with the major automobile com­
panies relative to shortened work schedules was
sought by the United Automobile Workers, whose
members have severely felt curtailed production
schedules and hours of work for several months.
The union, consequently, has requested layoffs
for all workers not required for a full 40 hours a
week so that they might become eligible for un­
employment insurance and company-financed
supplemental unemployment benefits. It claims
that such benefits would about equal what most
workers receive in wages for a 24-hour week.
Chrysler management on March 3 acceded to
the request, which has also been made to General
Motors and Ford. At Chrysler, however, revision
of work schedules was tied in with a means for
settlement of a long-standing dispute over produc­
tion standards. Strikes over work pace (permis­
sible under the contract) and company disciplinary
action over refusal to accept production quotas
have been sporadic for more than a year. Agree­
ment was reached to establish the January 19
performance rates plus “improvements . . . since
that date” as a temporary standard pending a
joint union-management examination of situations
“where the facts demonstrate the performance is
out of line.” (Interestingly, for the first time in
over 20 years, a UAW Pontiac local rejected a
strike in a dispute over production standards,
citing current economic conditions.)
Negotiations on contract changes for the auto
industry were to commence March 25 with
General Motors, whose 3-year agreement with
the union expires May 29. Discussions with
Ford were scheduled for March 31. In pre­
paration, the General Motors and Ford depart­
ments of the union have held conferences at which,
in the main, the bargaining demands of the
union’s recent special convention (see p. 270) were
endorsed. The union’s skilled trades conference
in

IV

rejected a recommendation for an hourly minimum
of $3.25, but endorsed efforts to wipe out skilled
rate differentials between captive and independent
jobbing shops. Under the UAW constitution,
skilled workers have rights to vote separately
on contract terms affecting them and to strike
independently, provided the international execu­
tive board consents. The union has been con­
cerned with recent defectionist sentiment among
the 250,000 of its members who are craftsmen.
A 9-State strike of 105,000 International
Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union dressmakers
(first in 25 years), was virtually settled after
7 days. A 3-year pact called for an 8-percent
direct wage increase, severance pay, improved
minimum and overtime rates, and stricter con­
tract enforcement by the union.
long- awaited inquiry by the McClellan
committee into the strike and boycott by the
United Auto Workers against the Kohler Co.
began on February 26, after considerable delay
while members of the committee disagreed over
procedural matters. Testimony was acrimo­
nious, with company and union witnesses echoing
the charges each side has been making since
the strike began about 4 years ago. At one
point in the hearing, a suggestion by the union
that the committee itself arbitrate the dispute
was rejected by the company. UAW President
Walter P. Reuther, waiting to testify, had pleaded
that the hearing not “deteriorate into a political
brawl and name-calling contest.”
Two witnesses who had testified before the
same committee concerning use of union funds
for personal benefit made news again in late
February. Dave Beck, former president of
the Teamsters, was sentenced to prison in Seattle
for stealing $1,900 from the union; he has ap­
pealed. James R. Hoffa, his successor, addressing
a meeting of the International Longshoremen’s
Associated, expelled from the AFL several years
ago for racketeering, promised them Teamster
support. The ILA will be opposing the AFLCIO Great Lakes drive (see below). “Your
problems are ours,” he said. However, he did
not reiterate his 1956 offer of a formal working
alliance, possibly to keep the way clear for ulti­
mate readmittance of the Teamsters to the AFLCIO. Three officers of the Carpenters, including
Maurice A. Hutcheson, its president and a

T he


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958

member of the AFLr-CIO executive council,
were indicted in Indiana on charges of bribing a
State official in connection with right-of-way deals.
Seven AFL-CIO maritime unions in midFebruary united to organize Great Lakes shipping
workers. About 25,000 eligible workers are in­
volved, with about 10,000 more expected by 1960
as a result of the St. Lawrence Seaway Develop­
ment.
Action by the AFL-CIO forced the merger on
February 24 of the former AFL and CIO State
federations in Michigan, the 35th State merger
achieved since December 1955. About 700,000
are represented by the new organization. Some
building trades unions, especially those under
Hoffa influence in the Detroit area, boycotted the
merger. A court case is in the offing concerning
transfer to the new organization of the funds of
the former Michigan AFL group.
The Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and
Enginemen called a special meeting for April 8 to
consider the report of a Canadian special commis­
sion which would eliminate firemen on diesel loco­
motives in yard and freight service. The commis­
sion was established last year to consider dispute
with the Canadian National Railway on the need
for the firemen. The finding is expected to have
an effect on negotiations with American carriers.
A F ederal judge, on February 20, on appeal by
the Government, ruled that strike benefits con­
stitute taxable income. The case involved bene­
fits received during the Kohler strike. A jury
last November had ruled in favor of the taxpayer.
On February 26, the National Labor Relations
Board general counsel formally warned building
trades unions and contractors’ associations that
after June 1 any existing closed shop practices
would draw severe penalties. Closed shops are
illegal under the Taft-Hartley Act, but enforce­
ment has not been severe or general in the con­
struction industry, mainly because of the long
history of such agreements between builders and
unions. On the basis of a previous case, the
NLRB could order restitution of all dues, fees,
and assessments collected under the agreement.
Dr. Jonas Salk, developer of the antipolio
vaccine, on February 19 received the 1957 MurrayGreen award offered annually for public service.
The award carries a $5,000 prize, which the win­
ner dedicated to further medical research.

Democracy and Trade Unionism
E ditor’s N ote.— The following articles were excerpted from papers presented
at a session on Democracy and Trade Unionism at the 17th annual meeting
of the American Economic Association which was held in Philadelphia, Pa.,
on December SO, 1957. Titles have been altered, minor word and style
changes and transpositions have been made without notation, and ellipsis
marks have not been used to indicate unused portions of the papers.

Efforts at Democratic
Union Participation
B e n ja m in D . S e g a l *

O ne op the obstacles to union democracy is the
decline in membership participation in decision­
making, with which many unions are genuinely
concerned. The problem of getting more than a
small percentage of the members to attend meet­
ings is most serious where locals are large and
membership is scattered over a wide area in differ­
ent locations. The three cases cited subsequently
illustrate, but do not necessarily typify, union
efforts to increase membership participation in
decisionmaking.
The Representative Assembly

A representative assembly was set up when the
American Newspaper Guild’s New York Local 3
was born. It was deliberately patterned after the
representative assembly idea used by Congress,
and for like reasons. Assembly delegates are
elected by units1 on the basis of 1 delegate and
1 alternate for each 25 unit members.
Each unit has as many votes in the assembly as
it has members in good standing on the first day
of the month in which the assembly meets. Each
unit’s votes are divided equally among its dele­
gates, and if delegates and alternates are absent,
the unit’s votes are absent, without proxy. The
local executive board members have no votes in
the assembly unless they are given votes by their
respective units. The assembly elects its own
officers—a chairman and a vice chairman. Neither
may be a member of the local executive board in

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another capacity; they become board members by
virtue of their election as assembly officials.
Ordinarily, the assembly of Local 3 has more
than 300 delegates. It meets once a month. The
local’s executive board may order special meet­
ings, and any 16 assembly members also may call
a meeting, on at least 3 days’ notice. Attendance
is seldom as much as 150, less than half of the as­
sembly. This is, however, a better percentage
than most local unions have. A controversial
issue will of course attract more members.
The assembly functions to review or to request
board decisions, including salary payments. The
assembly may authorize a strike, subject to unit
approval. It seldom alters executive board deci­
sions, but has the power to do so by referendum
which is mandatory upon a petition of at least
10 percent of the members in good standing. In­
stead of a referendum, the assembly may refer a
matter to a local meeting.
There is a sizable turnover among assembly
delegates—about 20 percent a year—which in­
creases membership participation. Tradition holds
that every department within a unit should have
at least one assembly delegate if possible.
Convention Procedures

Moving on beyond the local level, we next con­
sider an international union convention. The case
•Of the International Union of Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers,
i A unit is a shop division; for example, the New York Times employees
form one unit and the Saturday Review of Literature employees form another.
Members of each unit elect their own officers, settle unit issues whenever
possible, and ratify or reject contracts negotiated by the local union’s negoti­
ators for each unit. Units must meet every other month and their procedures
must conform with the high standards of democracy set by the international.
For example, observers are encouraged to attend negotiations and all strikes
must be voted by a majority of the striking unit.

253

254
chosen is the convention of the Communications
Workers of America (CWA), where all of the dele­
gates are rank-and-file members instead of staff
members.
The CWA leadership has developed a number
of procedures to encourage greater membership
participation as well as democratic competition.
To generate interest in the convention, the union
devotes from 4 to 8 hours at its week-long educa­
tional institutes to convention procedures. At­
tending these institutes are 1,000 or so local union
officers and shop stewards—a significant portion
of the local leadership. In addition, 2 hours are
spent on CWA government and convention pro­
cedures at each of its 2-day schools, which reach
some 4,000 local union officers.
At the convention itself, the most interesting
innovation is a combination telephone and micro­
phone system set up on the convention floor to
facilitate and speed up delegate participation in
debate. (The CWA is, I believe, the only organ­
ization using such a system.) There are five sets
of microphones: privilege (for motions to adjourn,
to recess, to raise a question of special privilege,
to call for orders of the day, or to raise a point of
order), questions, motions, “for” debate, “against”
debate. Next to each microphone is a telephone,
and each telephone leads to a separate parliamen­
tarian seated on the convention platform. A del­
egate wishing to use a mike must first discuss it
with a parliamentarian to determine priority and
timing. This prevents loss of time for out-oforder motions or questions which the chairman
might be asked needlessly. If a delegate disagrees
with the parliamentarian’s ruling, he may appeal
to the convention chairman. Delegates are rec­
ognized in order as they arrive at the telephone.
Education

In the long run, I am convinced that many
headaches unions have could be solved by a wellrun and adequately financed education program
among local union officers, stewards, and members.
While a growing number of unions have education
programs, not many of them are adequately staffed
or financed. Probably the most intensive and
extensive education program by any union is that
of the United Automobile Workers (UAW), whose
current “Heart of the Union” program is defined

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958

as a “core training program designed to present
the history, theory, method, aims, and goals of
the labor movement to UAW members.”
By next summer, it is planned to reach a total
of 150,000 members, more than 10 percent of the
average membership, in a third of the union’s
nearly 1,300 locals. The purpose is to develop
5.000 new discussion leaders, and already nearly
1.000 union members have volunteered to lead
classes for the first time. There also will be 18
summer schools, with some 4,000 students; 500
weekend institutes, with about 50,000 participat­
ing; and some 500 additional classes conducted in
cooperation with university systems to reach
approximately 5,000 persons.
Summary

The difficulties of finding cure-all methods of
stimulating democracy are apparent when we note
some of the suggested remedies. Even the ap­
parent effectiveness of the two-party system in
the International Typographical Union does not
appear to lend itself to application to unions in
larger industries with different structures, tradi­
tions, and operations—such as the mass-produc­
tion industries. Likewise, the suggestion that the
number of years a union officer could hold office
should be limited does not have validity in the
union framework. The competency and the
integrity of the man should be the chief criteria.
The argument that unions are too large and
should be cut down to size or decentralized further
has no validity and little to do with union democ­
racy. A study of labor history will show that
unions tend to follow the organization patterns set
by industry—this was as true when companies
operated in small single-plant units as during the
present multiplant corporation pattern.
Perhaps the most important and basic require­
ment for union democracy is that the leadership
sincerely believe in the democratic method and
want to encourage membership to “take hold of
democracy.” In turn, the membership must have
the functioning desire to be democratic and act
responsibly. There are encouraging signs that a
growing number of the union leadership recognize
these needs, for the major burden of achieving more
widespread and greatly needed union democracy
rests upon the trade unions themselves.

DEMOCRACY IN UNIONS

255

Requirements for
Union Democracy

headed by the president, the prestige and power
that go with the office make the posts attractive,
even where no money or only a nominal sum is
involved. Such unpaid jobs, however, tend to
turn over frequently even where there is wide­
spread satisfaction with the incumbent. Its
duties crowd into his spare time, disrupt his
family life, and after a time he usually prefers to
leave both the prestige and the headaches of the
office to someone else.
The situation of the full-time, paid local union
officer is entirely different. He does not super­
impose additional duties on a working day in the
plant or at the trade. Instead, he works at a desk
like any other executive, and enjoys a larger
income than he could earn in the shop. It rarely,
if ever, happens that one gives up all these ad­
vantages voluntarily to return to the trade.
These rewards, both in economic and psycho­
logical terms, are enormously increased as one
moves up to the important jobs at the national
union level. Measured by any test—salary,
economic power, political influence, or publicity—
the heads of the important national unions are
part of the power elite of the Nation. Only men
with great personal drive are likely to win their
way to such posts, and only rarely does one re­
linquish his office voluntarily. The question rather
is why so few aspirants contest for such desirable
posts, why the heads of important unions tend
to be reelected for successive terms without op­
position.

J oel S e id m a n *
concept of democracy is appropriate in a
trade union context? It must be granted that
some discipline is necessary to permit effective
functioning; that unrestrained democracy borders
on anarchy, just as excessive discipline results in
dictatorship; and that there is a border area
where the values of discipline, efficiency of ad­
ministration, or collective bargaining effectiveness
appear to conflict with democracy.
Granted that authority must be vested in leaders
if contracts are to be negotiated and union affairs
administered, democracy is achieved if the mem­
bers can make their will felt, if they can replace
the leaders and change the policies that they
dislike. Their ability to do this, however, is
diminished by the low level of membership
participation found in most local unions.1

W hat

The Role of the Union Leader

In all of this, the position of the union leader is
an interesting one. He has a vested interest in
preferring discipline to democracy, in order to
ensure his own tenure of office. His reputation
as a labor leader in his own union, as elsewhere,
depends largely upon his ability to match, if not
exceed, the collective bargaining gains obtained
by rival unions. If he fails in this, his own
members will become dissatisfied and likely
support an opposition candidate or become an
easy prey to rival unions, while his organizers
can expect little success in enrolling new members.
His own interests, therefore, drive him in the
direction of wage and related gains for his mem­
bers—most of whom are likely to care far more
for such advances than for the exercise of abstract
democratic rights.
It should be noted that union posts vary
enormously in their appeal, with their material
benefits as well as psychological rewards increasing
as one mounts the scale. At the local level, the
unpaid posts of steward may be difficult to fill,
because of the unrewarding nature of the stew­
ard’s duties, combined with the lack of compensa­
tion. At the level of the local-wide officers,

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Political Advantages of Officeholders

The political advantages of the holder of union
office may be divided into three groups: (1)
control over channels of communication, (2)
opportunity to build a political machine, and
(3) elements of power over the rank and file.
In a small local union, the incumbent has little
advantage in terms of communication. The
larger the local, however, the greater advantage
he enjoys over any challenger. Particularly is
‘ Chairman, Social Science Staff, University of Chicago.
i
Most studies have shown union meeting attendance at rather low levels.
Sayles and Strauss, for example, found attendance usually ranging between
2 and 6 percent in a group of industrial locals of medium size: Leonard R.
Sayles and George Strauss, The Local Union: Its Place in the Industrial Plant
(New York, Harper & Brothers, 1953), p. 173. A recent estimate places
typical branch (local union) attendance in Britain between 3 and 15 percent,
with a heavy concentration between 4 and 7: B. C. Roberts, Trade Union
Government and Administration in Great Britain (Cambridge, Mass.,
Harvard University Press, 1956), p. 95.

256
this true where members work on scattered jobs
as in building or many service industries. Here,
the business agent is known to all on the jobs
he services and forms the communications link
between the member and the organization.
In the national union, moreover, these advan­
tages are vastly increased. The publicity that an
important national head receives in the daily
press, the union journal that functions as a press
organ for him, the flow of communications in
his name to all the local unions, the spotlight that
plays on him at the national convention, the
expense account that permits him to visit locals
throughout the country—all these are political
advantages of the first order, impossible of match­
ing by a rival candidate. Best of all, these activ­
ities, so vital to a reelection campaign, are carried
on throughout his term of office, and at the union’s
expense. An opposition candidate, in contrast,
needs large sums of money just to bring his name
and program to the attention of the membership.
Supplementing his control over communication
is the power of the union head to build a political
machine. The head of a small local union has
few favors at his disposal. If the local is large
enough to support several paid officers, these be­
come political plums worth striving for. The
question there is whether the head of the organi­
zation has enough influence with the membership
to carry to election those whom he puts upon his
slate. It is highly unlikely that an independent
candidate will outvote any of the business agents
and other officers who run as a slate for reelection;
and the ambitious member is more likely to bide
his time, support the incumbent groups, and hope
for a place on the slate when a vacancy occurs.
The head of a large national union, of course,
typically has dozens of desirable positions, most of
them appointive, around which a political machine
can be built. Posts of organizer or international
union representative, usually at the disposal of
the union president or under his effective control,
can be used to reward supporters or to placate
ambitious men heading large locals who might
otherwise seek high elective office. If the inter­
national vice presidents or general executive board
members are elected by majority vote of the con­
vention, then the head of the union who enjoys the
support of most of the delegates may control the
entire election. Ambitious men therefore tend to
wait their turn for administration support, mean­

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958

while showing their faithfulness and value to the
head and building up popular support in their own
right so that they will bring strength to the
administration slate.
The more desirable the union post, the more
effective it is as a reward for political support and,
by the same token, the more its threatened loss is
an effective punishment. Here the crucial factor
is the desirability of the union post in financial as
well as psychological terms, as compared with
working at the trade. In professional and some
white-collar occupations, where work is interesting,
fairly well paid, and of prestige value in the com­
munity, the union job is of no great value and its
loss is relatively unimportant. In the skilled
trades, except for the printers, the difference both
in terms of pay and prestige is greater, and con­
sequently the union job is the foundation of the
political machine. In less skilled work, it is even
more effective; it is very rare for the factory
worker who loses his union post to return to his
old occupation. The result is not only that the
political machine is built and kept intact but that
the former official is not back in the plant and in
the union to provide experienced leadership to an
opposition group.
In addition to all these advantages, the union
head often possesses power over rank-and-file
members that may be used to crush dissent.
Although this power is not generally abused, the
machinery is faulty precisely at the point where
the political process within the union is involved.
The chief weaknesses of the judicial process
from this point of view are: (1) members may be
subject to charges based on vague provisions in the
union constitution, such as “conduct unbecoming
a member” or “insubordination or just and suf­
ficient cause” ; (2) the union executive and
judicial machinery typically is merged, so that
officers sit in judgment on or review cases in which
their factional opponents are defendants; (3) the
right of appeal to a disinterested body of judges is
available only in several unions, such as the
Upholsterers’ International Union and the United
Automobile Workers; and (4) many unions permit
too easy revocation of the charters of locals, with­
out requirement for the reestablishment of auton­
omous rights within a specified period of time.
If union officers abuse their authority, why do
union members submit? The answer is, I think,
twofold: (1) the great majority, concerned with

DEMOCRACY IN UNIONS

economic benefits rather than with internal union
political life, tend to support an administration
that produces wage gains and other benefits; and
(2) the sanctions that can be imposed upon recal­
citrants are very effective. Expulsion from a
union, where a union-shop clause exists, resulted
in the loss of one’s job until the Taft-Hartley Act
effected a modification. In industries such as the
building trades, where jobs are typically of short
duration and where, to all practical purposes, the
closed shop still operates, loss of union member­
ship means banishment from the unionized portion
of the industry. Where jobs are filled under a
hiring hall or other employment system under
union control, political opponents may be dis­
criminated against without depriving them of
union membership. Even where a threat to one’s
job is not involved, loss of union membership
may cost a worker a pension, insurance, rights
under a health or welfare plan, or other important
benefits. As a result, workers submit, except
where dissatisfaction is so widespread that they
can replace the disliked union with another—pro­
vided that their jobs are not lost in the process.
Because of all the political advantages possessed
by national union heads, the political life of the
national union tends to develop at best into a
one-party political structure and at worst into a
personal dictatorship. A functioning democracy,
as opposed to a single political machine or a
benevolent dictatorship, is likely to emerge in a
large organization only where the formation and
activity of opposition political groups are con­
sidered legitimate. For such activity to be effec­
tive, in turn, nonadministration groups must be
able to meet, raise funds, print literature, and
reach the membership by circularizing the locals
and by having space in the union publications.
All of this will far from equal the political ad­
vantages of the administration; in their absence,
these advantages will prove insurmountable.
Current Status of Union Democracy

It seems clear, from this brief review of problems
and practices, that the state of democracy within
unions, particularly at the national level, leaves
much to be desired. Besides making it possible

456114— 58------ 2


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257
for opposition groups to form and to function
effectively, it is necessary to improve the disci­
plinary machinery of the union, particularly by
providing for prompt review by an im partial
body, and to reduce the power of union heads over
the members and the locals, as by specifying the
reasons for which receiverships m ay be imposed
and limiting their length. Equally obvious are
the needs to hold regular and frequent local
meetings and national conventions, to protect the
right of members to participate freely, and to
see th at meetings are properly conducted and that
ballots are counted honestly. Th e right of appli­
cants to be admitted to unions without discrimina­
tion because of religion, national origin, race, or
other arbitrary grounds also needs protection.

Among the ethical practices codes developed
by the American Federation of Labor and Congress
of Industrial Organizations is one on union
democratic processes. Observance of its provisions
would prevent gross abuses of democracy, though
without striking at many of the factors responsible
for the erection of one-party political structures
in so many unions. Yet the code represents very
substantial progress, even though nonaffiliates of
the AFL-CIO are not subject to it. Beyond this,
three ways in which Government might intervene
could be listed: (1) it could establish further rights
of action at law for aggrieved members; (2) it
could give regulatory powers to an administrative
agency such as the National Labor Relations
Board; and (3) it could weaken the coercive power
of unions over members by modifying unionsecurity provisions.
None of these approaches is without its prob­
lems. Legal remedies are too expensive and too
long delayed to afford much relief to the individual
member, and the two other approaches may be
seized upon by those interested in reducing the
bargaining strength of unions. The type of action
that I would support, by Government as well as
by the labor movement, would be designed to
strengthen democratic procedures and controls
without injuring collective bargaining effective­
ness. Indeed it is possible that strengthening of
internal democracy, by improving morale, may
increase membership loyalty and therefore bar­
gaining strength.

258

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958

The Usefulness of the Law
in Obtaining Union Democracy
C lyde

W.

S um m ers*

How e f f e c t iv e can the law be in protecting the
union members’ basic democratic rights of partici­
pation, due process, accountability, and equal
protection? The law at present gives only halting
protection to these rights. Legal relief comes
erratically, giving too little, too late, and costing
too much. This compels a closer scrutiny of these
weaknesses to determine whether they are in­
herent or subject to correction.
Legal Protection of Members’ Rights

The first and most critical weakness is that open
recognition of these rights is blocked by thread­
bare legal doctrines which equate labor unions
with sewing circles. Union members, it is mechan­
ically repeated, have only those rights provided
by the union constitution; and constitutional
clauses which prohibit distribution of circulars,
organizing groups within the union, and creating
dissension or causing disruption, are notoriously
common. Few courts frankly repudiate oppres­
sive use of these clauses, but use elastic contract
logic to covertly protect individual rights. The
veil of doctrine and legal logic conceals the results.
Democracy draws little strength from such de­
viousness, for the myth that a union is a voluntary
association is perpetuated in the minds of union
members and leaders, and even in the minds of
unperceptive lawyers and judges.
The law need not be so obtuse. These basic
democratic rights are capable of explicit recogni­
tion and statement as legal principles. They are
the rights of a union member as a citizen in his
industrial government and can be broadly stated
as a bill of rights for union members. Like any
bill of rights, they are not self-defining absolutes
but are qualified by the union’s right to survive.
Their application to specific fact situations is ex­
ceedingly difficult, and the wavering boundary
lines must be pricked out case by case. Simplicity
and certainty cannot be achieved, but explicit
declaration of these rights will clear away clouds
of doubt and confusion. Problems can be faced
squarely and legal remedies made more effective.

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The second major weakness of the law is its
delay. The main stumbling block is the wellthumbed rule that courts will not intervene until
all appeals within the union are exhausted. This
rule is solidly based, for unions should have first
opportunity and responsibility to correct their
mistakes. However, the protracted process of
appealing through the hierarchy of officials, end­
ing with the union convention, may take years.
Dissenters will have been silenced, opposition
groups disintegrated, corruptly elected officials en­
trenched in power, and union treasuries plundered.
The judges, inwardly aware of the dangers of such
delay, have created multiple exceptions which
allow easy circumvention whenever necessary.
However, constant repetition of the rule dis­
courages the union member, misleads the lawyers,
and frequently trips the harried judge who does not
see the paths of avoidance.
This barrier need not be so high or so deceptive.
Two changes in the law could enable it to fulfill its
constructive purpose and reduce its destructive
consequences. A simple statutory rule could
require exhaustion of all appeals available within
the union in a short period of time, perhaps 6
months. Unions thus could correct themselves
and would be encouraged to provide prompt
internal appeals. In addition, the law could, in
appropriate cases, protect the rights of members
by giving interim relief until those appeals were
exhausted. Such measures would not only pro­
tect against the dangers of delay but would also
reduce if not eliminate the need for debilitating
exceptions.
The third weakness of legal remedies is the high
cost of litigation. A simple expulsion case may
cost several thousand dollars in transcripts,
printing charges, and lawyers’ fees. The very
prospect of such financial burdens discourages
members from asserting their rights, and lawyers
are reluctant to take such cases knowing that they
will receive little or no pay. Those in power,
with the whole union treasury to draw on, can
extend litigation and multipfy legal costs until
those who protest are financially crushed.
Two devices could be used to give some help.
When individuals are forced to seek legal protec­
tion for democratic rights, they might well be
considered as protecting rights belonging to all
•Professor of Law, Yale University Law School.

259

DEMOCRACY IN UNIONS

members equally. If their claims are upheld,
they should be entitled to full repayment of all
legal costs incurred in protecting these rights.
This is no more than minority stockholders or
beneficiaries of trusts are now given when they
assert rights held in common. The other method
is to place enforcement of democratic rights in
an administrative agency which then carries the
burden of investigation and prosecution. This
would give to the rights of union citizenship the
same aid as has been given to the right to join
unions for 20 years under the National Labor
Relations Act.
None of these three weaknesses which now
hobble the courts in protecting democratic rights
is wholly incurable. Significant strengthening
could be gained by relatively simple changes. The
inquiry, however, cannot end here, for the goal is
not legal victories or judicial proclamations but
more effective democratic rights. These rights,
particularly in the one-party system characteristic
of unions, are primarily instruments of protest.
The ultimate test is whether the law helps or
hinders dissenters in making effective protest
against existing policies or established leaders.
Encouraging Democratic Institutional Practices

Using the law to strengthen the working ele­
ments of active self-government, which make
union democracy a practicing reality, poses much
more difficult problems. These elements cannot
be framed as legal commands, for they grow out
of institutional structures and mechanisms within
the union organization. The law cannot decree
that the union create open channels of communica­
tions, provide leadership training, or eliminate its
monolithic bureaucracy. These must be achieved,
if at all, by indirection. Furthermore, these
working elements are the sum total of an intricate
network of devices and practices which may exist
in an infinite variety of combinations.
The most stubborn problem is the oligarchic
structure which provides those in power with a


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powerful political machine composed of subordi­
nate officers, staff members, and field representa­
tives, none of whom dare to question established
policies or entrenched leadership. Legal recogni­
tion of the right of union employees to organize
might possibly provide political independence to
these secondary leaders. Instead of dutifully
echoing the official line, they might stimulate
debate on critical issues, provide channels of com­
munication, and give leadership to a more vital
functioning democracy.
The law can potentially strengthen the focal
point of union democracy by protecting local
unions from total domination by the international
union. The law cannot decree local autonomy,
for centralized power, particularly in collective
bargaining, is largely compelled by economic
necessity.
Conclusion

The primary responsibility for strengthening
union democracy lies not on the law but on the
labor movement. On union leaders rests the duty
to develop the institutional mechanisms and
practices which can give life and meaning to the
forms of democracy. On union members rests
the obligation to assert their rights of citizenship
and to exercise their instruments of self-govern­
ment. The law ought not remove from the labor
movement its responsibility to keep its own house
in order but should only reinforce the efforts of
those forces within who work to achieve these
ideals.
The law could not decree union democracy, for
apathetic members cannot be compelled to action,
nor can indifference be transformed to interest.
The most that the law can do is to safeguard the
basic rights essential for the life of union democ­
racy, and to contribute where possible to en­
couraging those institutions which give it vitality.
The law has fallen far short of this limited goal
primarily because it has not explicitly recognized
it as a goal.

Wages, Prices, and
Economic Policy in
Great Britain, 1954-57
H. M. D outy*

On S e p t e m b e r 19, 1957, the Bank of England
raised the interest rate charged commercial banks
for loans from 5 to 7 percent. This action may
prove to be the climax to a series of measures over
a period of almost 3 years designed to arrest the
upward spiral of domestic prices and wages and to
safeguard Britain’s external economic position.
Although in a number of important respects the
British and American economic situations differ
decidedly, an examination of the efforts of the
British Government to achieve economic stability
may not be without relevance for the long-run
problems of wage-price-profit relationships faced
in this country.1
Efforts To Reduce Inflationary Pressures

The present phase of the inflationary process in
Great Britain dates from about mid-1954.2 The
initiating factor appears to have been an increase
in the already high rate of domestic investment.
After allowing for price changes, fixed investment
in 1955 increased 7.5 percent over its 1954 level.
Furthermore, national income and expenditure
rose much more than production; aggregate
wages and salaries in 1955 increased 8.5 percent,
partly from a rise in employment and in hours of
work, but mainly from higher wage and salary
rates; property income (rent, dividends, and in­
terest) received by individuals rose by 8 percent;
and consumer prices advanced by about 3.5 per­
cent.3 The economy was overstrained and the
balance of payments suffered.
Beginning in early 1955, the British Govern­
ment sought through a series of measures to ease
the strain to which the economy was being sub260

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jected. The principal lines of action may be
classified broadly as follows:
1. Reduction in general demand for goods and
services through higher interest rates. The Bank
of England discount rate was 3 percent at the
beginning of the period; it was increased to 3.5
percent in January 1955, to 4.5 percent in Feb­
ruary 1955, to 5.5 percent in February 1956, and
after a reduction to 5 percent in February 1957,
to 7 percent in September, the highest rate in
37 years.
2. Reduction in domestic demand through in­
creased taxation. The principal action involved
substantial increases in October 1955 in purchase
tax (in effect a sales tax based on wholesale prices)
on a wide range of consumer goods. At the same
time, the tax on distributed profits was raised.
In February 1956, tighter controls over instalment
purchases of automobiles, appliances, and other
consumer durable goods were instituted.
3. Direct restraints on capital investment. In
February 1956, a cut in planned capital expendi­
tures of the nationalized industries was announced.
At the same time, the investment allowance pro­
vided in 1954 to encourage fixed capital expansion
in private industry was suspended and curtail­
ments were made in the Government’s own capital
expenditures. It is now planned to limit for the
next 2 years the investment of all public authori­
ties, in money terms, to the fiscal 1957-58 level.
4. Exhortation, in several forms. There have
been numerous appeals to labor and management
to exercise restraint in wage and price actions,
including a White Paper on full employment.4
Supplementing increases in the bank rate have
been appeals and virtual direction to the com­
mercial banks to limit credit advances.
5. The establishment on August 13, 1957, of a
Council on Prices, Productivity and Incomes, with
the following terms of reference: “Having regard
to the desirability of full employment and in*Of the D ivision of Wages and Industrial Relations, Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
1
For a discussion of some of the factors pointing to the likelihood of longrun inflationary pressures in the United States, see John T. Dunlop, The
Secular Outlook: Wages and Prices (Los Angeles, University of California,
Institute of Labor and Industrial Relations, 1957).
1 For an account of the situation through 1955, see Disinflationary Policy
and Wages in Great Britain (in M onthly Labor Review, March 1956, pp.
269-273).
3
Economic Survey, 1956 (London, H. M . Stationery Office, March 1956,
Cmd. 9728).
3
The Economic Implications of Full Employment (London, H. M . Sta­
tionery Office, March 1956, Cmd. 9725).

261

WAGES, PRICES, AND ECONOMIC POLICY IN BRITAIN

creasing standards of life based on expanding
production and reasonable stability of prices, to
keep under review changes in prices, productivity,
and the level of incomes (including wages, salaries,
and profits) and to report thereon from time to
time.” The initial membership of the council is
composed of an eminent jurist, a distinguished
economist, and a well-known accountant.
These various measures represent a determined
effort to achieve stability in costs and prices within
a framework of freedom of economic decision.
They were intended, of course, largely to influence
private decisions; it was hoped, in particular, that
the upward spiral of wages and prices could be
brought to an end. In general, the various
monetary and fiscal measures were expected to
reduce pressure on resources, thus lessening pres­
sure for, and stiffening resistance to, wage increases;
a dampening of wage increases would, it was
believed, restrain price increases designed to cover
higher wage costs and to maintain or increase
profits. A correlative goal was to increase exports
relative to imports and thus to improve the pre­
carious British balance of international payments.
The Wage-Price Spiral

As the September 1957 action increasing the
discount rate to 7 percent suggests, the previous
measures had at best only limited effectiveness in
containing inflation. Prices and wages had con­
tinued to advance. The accompanying chart
shows that wage rates rose by 24 percent between
January 1954 and November 1957. During the
same period, retail prices increased on the average
by 18 percent. The gain in real wage rates over
this period of almost 4 years was about 5 percent.5
The change in wage rates and retail prices from
June to June of each year beginning with 1954 is
shown in the following tabulation:
Percentage increase in—
Wage rates Retail prices

195419551956-

55_______
56_______________________
57________

6 .9
7. 3
6.0

4 .9
4. 7
3.6

For both wages and prices, the rate of increase in
the 1956-57 period was somewhat lower than in
the two earlier periods, but not sufficiently so as
to suggest that the pressures on the wage-price
5
For a discussion of wage-price relationships in the United States, see
Interrelationship of Prices, Wages, and Productivity, 1946-57 (in M onthly
Labor Keview, January 1958, pp. 14-22).


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T a b l e 1.— Increases

in weekly wage rates, selected industries
and occupations, Great Britain, 1954-57

Industry and occupation

Building:
Bricklayers________
Laborers___________
Engineering:
Fitters_____________
Laborers___________
Local authorities:
Bus drivers and conductors__________
Laborers___________
Agriculture: Laborers___

1954

1955

1956

1957

s. d.

s. d.

S. d.

s. d.

9 2
9 2

11 0
7 4

12 10
12 10

9 2
9 2

8 6
6 6

11 0
8 0

12
9

6
6

11 0
9 0

11 0
5 6
17 0

11 0
10 6
18 0

5
11
6

0
0
0

11 0
9 0
9 0

1 Granted in January of following year.

N ote: At the current official rate of exchange, 1 shilling (s.) =14 cents,
and 1 penny (d .)=1.166 cents.
Source: M inistry of Labor Gazette, various issues.

structure had significantly relaxed. Insofar as
wages are concerned, this maintenance of pressure
is shown also by table 1, which sets forth in money
terms the wage-rate increases for the calendar
years 1954-57 for a number of major occupational
groups.
“ Hard” Collective Bargaining, 1957

To a greater extent than in the United States,
changes in basic wage rates in Great Britain are
arrived at through collective bargaining or, for
some large groups of workers such as agricultural
laborers, through the decisions of statutory boards.
Bargaining tends to take place on an industry
basis and, in some cases, for very large industry
aggregations. Bargaining (with the right to
strike) occurs in nationalized as well as private in­
dustry. The unions typically formulate their
demands in the fall; negotiations with the appro­
priate employer bodies may extend over varying
periods of time; settlements tend to be bunched in
the late winter or spring. This “seasonal” be­
havior of wage rates is shown for recent years
quite clearly in the accompanying chart.
By mid-1956, the Government’s disinflationary
policies had produced a “hard bargaining” climate.
The largest single wage bargain in Great Britain,
affecting upwards of 3 million workers, is between
the Confederation of Shipbuilding and Engineer­
ing Unions and the Engineering and Allied Em­
ployers’ National Federation. The same union
group negotiates also with the Shipbuilding Em­
ployers’ Federation. Following a wage increase
made effective in March 1956, the engineering
employers’ federation took the unusual step of
announcing that further increases in wages would

262

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958

Indexes of W age Rates and Cost of Living, Great
Britain, January 1954-N ovem ber 1 9 5 7

I <» « 1 I « '

1954

I » » » » » » » I

1955

1 » 1« • « « * » 1 *

1956

1 ! I I 1 I I I I I

1957

Sowrc«: M inistry o f Labor Gazati«

be resisted. Nevertheless, the union confedera­
tion, at its annual conference in August 1956, re­
solved to press for a substantial wage advance,
which later was defined as 10 percent.
Two separate but closely related disputes sub­
sequently developed. In both shipbuilding and
engineering, negotiations extending from October
1956 to March 1957 failed to dent employer op­
position to a wage increase. The shipyards were
struck on March 16. With respect to the much
larger engineering industry, the unions decided on
a “rolling” strike: workers were first called out on
March 23 in selected districts throughout the
country. At this point, some 1,200,000 workers
were reported on strike—200,000 in shipbuilding
and the remainder in engineering.
On March 25, the Minister of Labor intervened
in both disputes. A series of separate conferences
relating to the stoppages were held. In ship­
building, the employers offered an increase of 5
percent, contingent upon union acceptance of a
document providing for (1) no further wage claim
for at least a year 6 and (2) union effort to end a
variety of practices tending to inhibit production.
Negotiations were broken off when the unions

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insisted on a higher increase, whereupon the
Minister of Labor on March 29 appointed a Court
of Inquiry. In engineering, the employers offered
a wage increase of 3.5 percent if the unions would
agree to a document similar to that presented in
shipbuilding. Again, there was failure to agree,
and on March 30, the engineering strike was
extended to the London district, affecting an
additional half million workers. A Court of
Inquiry was appointed on April 1. In both ship­
building and engineering, the strikes were called
off as of April 4.7
The Courts of Inquiry held speedy hearings and
recommended in both disputes that the parties
consider as alternatives (1) a wage increase of
approximately 5 percent or (2) a somewhat larger
increase (about 6.5 percent), with agreement in
written form for a wage “standstill” for a year and
other provisions designed to increase efficiency.8
The larger increase was agreed to in both engineer­
ing and shipbuilding.9 The settlements were the
outcome of 5 months of negotiation and stoppages
idling more workers than any others since the
general strike of 1926. The new contracts repre­
sented a signal victory of union power.10
The outcome of those disputes was at least
partially determined by increases won earlier in
other industries, notably on the railroads. Rather
than face a strike by the National Union of Railwaymen, the British Transport Commission agreed
to a 5-percent increase after the shipbuilding
• In Great Britain, union contracts typically have no fixed term; they can
be reopened at any time.
7 The 2 Courts of Inquiry had identical membership. The 2 disputes were
heard separately and 2 reports were issued. See Report of a Court of Inquiry
into a Dispute Between Employers Who Are Members of the Engineering
and Allied Employers’ National Federation and Workmen Who Are M em ­
bers of Trade Unions Affiliated to the Confederation of Shipbuilding and
Engineering Unions (London, H. M . Stationery Office, M ay 1957, Cmd.
159); and a similar report relating to the shipbuilding dispute (Cmd. 160).
8 The provisions of the document suggest that labor discipline in this oldest
of industrial countries may not be exactly rigorous. For example, one pro­
vision was to the effect that the unions “ will issue to all their members a
statement drawing their attention to the following matters: (a) the necessity
of members starting work promptly at the recognized starting times; (b) the
necessity of continuing to work until the recognized stopping times; (c) the
fact that men must not stop work during working hours for the purpose of
attending union meetings without permission of the management.”
9 Settlement was reached in engineering on M ay 23 with acceptance of the
supplementary agreement, a portion of which is cited in footnote 8. In ship­
building, negotiations were concluded on June 11, with acceptance of a 1-year
standstill to wage demands, but with the remainder of the proposed supple­
mentary agreement replaced by a general statement affirming the mutual
desire of the parties to resolve the difficulties referred to at the hearing before
the Court of Inquiry. The increases went into effect in both situations as of
M ay 27. See M inistry of Labor Gazette (London, H. M . Stationery Offices,
June and July 1957), pp. 219 and 262.
i<) See H. A. Clegg and Rex Adams, The Employers’ Challenge (Oxford,
Basil Blackwell, 1957).

268

WAGES, PRICES, AND ECONOMIC POLICY IN BRITAIN

stoppage had begun.11 This action tended to
undermine the employers1 position. When the
government intervened in the engineering and
shipbuilding stoppage on March 25, the employers,
as noted previously, offered 5 percent in ship­
building and 3.5 percent in engineering. With
reference to the 3.5-percent increase, the Court of
Inquiry in the engineering dispute remarked:
We can appreciate the unwillingness of the unions to
accept this offer, having the knowledge that in other
industries which were not profitable or much less profitable
than the engineering industry appears to be, wage increases
of 5 percent had been made. We make this point even
while we recognize that a general rise of wages of 5 percent
over the greater part of the economy was out of proportion
to the change in the general index of production and that
it might well have inflationary implications.12

Toward the end of its report, the Court of
Inquiry broadened its frame of reference to include
comment on the dilemma that free economies
face in the wage-price-profits spiral. The court
stated:
The wages problem in recent years has become an
integral part of an inflationary situation which confronts
the whole economy. Employers see in the recurring annual
demands for wage increases a form of pressure which
raises their production costs and which is so general that
it cannot be associated with the economic condition of a
particular industry. Unions, on the other hand, feel
impelled to press for higher wages to compensate for the
upward movement in retail prices which is anticipated.
Both sides of industry are anxious that the inflationary
process should be terminated but are unable to agree upon
the appropriate measures to attain that end. In each
industry, it is perhaps inevitable that each party should
take a sectional view of its own interest though on both
sides of industry as a whole there are to be found spokes­
men who have a consciousness of the larger issues which
are involved and who have a genuine desire to meet
them.13
>i The circumstances of this case are worth summary. In January 1957,
the Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen accepted an
increase of 3 percent awarded by the railways’ arbitration tribunal. The
National Union of Railwaymen, the largest union on the nationalized rail­
roads, rejected a similar offer in separate negotiations with the Transport
Commission. The offer was then raised to about 3.5 percent. This offer
was also rejected and consequently withdrawn, and the case went to arbitra­
tion. The arbitration tribunal awarded 3 percent. This award was rejected,
a strike threatened, and the Transport Commission then agreed to 5 percent.
u Report of Court of Inquiry (in engineering dispute), op. eit., p. 17.
» Ibid., p. 19.
u Beveridge did not, of course, argue that full employment would mean
zero unemployment. He suggested indeed that an unemployment rate of
3 percent probably would be necessary on account of seasonal and frictional
factors. See William H. Beveridge, Full Employment in a Free Society
(New York, W. W. Norton and Co., 1945), pp. 127-128. This does not
negate his view that “ the labor market should always be a seller’s market
rather than a buyer’s market.” Ibid., pp. 18-19.
Lionel Robbins, The Economist in the Twentieth Century and Other
Lectures in Political Economy (London, Macmillan and Company, 1954),
p. 31. Italics in original.


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Condition of the Labor Market

There is no settled definition of “full employ­
ment.” At one extreme clearly is the Beveridge
conception that full employment means an
excess of job vacancies over job seekers.14 On
the other hand, Bobbins suggests that the aim
of policy should be “the provision of as many jobs
as there are applicants, 'provided th a t th e y a re w illin g
to go to t h e m y 15 In the United States, the
Employment Act of 1946 declares that it is Federal
policy to create conditions “under which there
will be afforded useful employment opportunities,
including self-employment, for those able, willing,
and seeking to work . . . ” In fact, during the
12 years, 1946-57, unemployment in the United
States has ranged from 2.5 percent (1953) to
5.5 percent (1949) of the civilian labor force.
Except for 1946 and 1947, average annual
unemployment in postwar Great Britain has
remained below 2 percent of the labor force.
Vacancies registered at the employment ex­
changes have typically outnumbered the registered
unemployed, often in the ratio of 2 to 1 or better.
As of any particular time during the past decade,
the demand for labor at existing wage rates has
tended to exceed the supply. In this fulfillment
of the Beveridge objective, there has been in­
evitably, and quite apart from the institutional
force of trade unionism, upward pressure on the
level of wages. Employer competition for labor
in postwar Britain has been keen and persistent
and has been reflected in the upward “wage
T a ble 2.— Percentages of national unemployment and wage

rate increase in manufacturing, Great Britain and the
United States, 195J+-57
Percentage unem­
ployed

Percentage wage rate
increase

Year
Great
Britain 1
1954___________________
1955___________________
1956
___
___
1957 (10 months)_______

1.3
1.1
1.2
1.4

United
States 2
5.0
4.0
3.8
3 4.2

Great
Britain 3
5.8
6.9
5.8
6.1

United
States 4
2.1
4.4
5.9
3.8

1 Persons registered as unemployed as a proportion of estimated total num ­
ber of employees.
2 Unemployed as proportion of civilian labor force.
3 Increase measured from January to January.
4Average hourly earnings excluding premium pay for overtime and the
effects of interindustry employment shifts as measured from January to
January.
5 Beginning January 1957, a revised definition of “unemployed” had the
effect of fractionally increasing the proportion of workers in this category;
hence 1957 is not strictly comparable with the preceding years.
Source: Columns 1 and 3—British M inistry of Labor Gazette; column
2—Bureau of the Census, M onthly Report on the Labor Force; column 4—
Bureau of Labor Statistics.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958

264

drift”—the divergence between the actual level
of earnings and the level of wage rates established
through collective bargaining. It has been re­
flected also, until 1957, in the willingness of em­
ployers with comparatively little overt friction
to come to agreement with the unions on annual
wage claims.
It may be instructive to look broadly at the
condition of the labor market in Great Britain
and the United States during the 1954-57 period
with which we are dealing. Table 2 shows annual
rates of national unemployment and of wage in­
crease in manufacturing in the two countries. In
1954, for example, the percentage of unemployed
in Great Britain was 1.3 as compared with 5 in the
United States. The relative increase in manufac­
turing wage rates was substantially more than
twice as great in the former country. In each of
the 4 years, unemployment was lower in Great
Britain than in the United States, and in 3 of these
years, factory wage rates advanced more sharply.
It must be remembered that British productivity
experience is substantially less favorable than our
own 16—a fact which has a bearing on the relative
increases in prices in the two countries. During
the 4-year period beginning January 1954, the
level of retail prices increased about 8 percent in
the United States and 18 percent in Great Britain.
An experienced British observer of labor market
conditions has recently suggested that “the rise in
incomes could be kept to more manageable pro­
portions by a restriction in demand which would
involve unemployment rising to 3 percent, the
level that was at the end of the war widely accepted
as the right figure to aim at in a full employment
policy.” 17 But he also points out that “to change
from an annual increase in wages of 6 or 7 percent
to one of 2 to 3 percent may not . . . be achieved
without an increase in industrial unrest” and a
change in the postwar government policy of inter­
vention in industrial disputes. Any policy for the
dampening down of the rate of wage increase
must, to be viable, have a similar effect on profits,
for the wage-price spiral is basically a struggle over
the distribution of income under conditions of
excessive demand on the resources of the com­
munity.18


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The Problem of Policy

It would not be correct to conclude from the
foregoing analysis of selected aspects of recent
British economic experience that the disinfla­
tionary effort since 1955 has been entirely without
effect. This by no means has been the case. One
prime objective was to improve the British balance
of international payments, which had worsened
alarmingly in 1955. The dampening of internal
consumption permitted exports to rise relative to
imports and, despite the adverse effects of the
Suez adventure, particularly on “invisible” trans­
actions, the British external economic position
appears to have been strengthened.19 There has
been a slight softening in the labor market, and it
can perhaps be argued that costs and prices rose
somewhat less than they might have risen in the
absence of the measures that were taken.
Inflation is a complex phenomenon; it is prob­
able that in most peacetime situations a neat
assignment of initiating and sustaining factors
cannot be made. The control of inflation presents
immense difficulties, especially in view of the
variety of goals that modern economic policy
seeks to achieve : price level stability, full employ­
ment, economic growth. These goals are not
necessarily incompatible, but their joint realiza­
tion within a framework of freedom in job choice,
consumption, saving, and investment represents
a challenge of the first order.
The British experience is worth close attention,
for it represents a determined effort primarily
through monetary and fiscal measures to achieve
reasonable stability in costs and prices at a high
level of economic activity. It would appear that
the effectiveness of such measures will depend in
part on institutional factors, including trade union
and business policy.
For example, see Marvin Frankel, British and American Manufacturing
Productivity (Urbana, University of Illinois, Bureau of Economic and
Business Research, 1957).
1 1 B. C. Roberts, Some Trends in the Labor Market (in London and Cam­
bridge Economic Bulletin, September 1957).
See
J. Brown, The Great Inflation, 1939-51 (London, Oxford Univer­
sity Press, 1955), chapters 4-6.
See Survey of Disinflation (in The Economist, April 6, 1957, pp. 57-61),
and Britain’s Payments Surplus Improves (in British Affairs, December
1957, pp. 141-144).

A.

Labor Ideology
and Practice in
Europe and the U.S.
M orris Weisz *

E uropean and American labor movements view

each other from differing backgrounds which must
be appreciated by persons who wish to understand
the current relations between the two groups.
Characteristics of the European scene which dis­
tinguish then* labor movements 1 from the Amer­
ican counterpart are briefly these :
First, the social stratification of the population,
a remnant of feudalism in most European coun­
tries. Characteristic of this stratification is a lack
of class mobility. Even when a worker has im­
proved his economic status he cannot easily change
his social status.
Second, the ideological background, pervading
all aspects of the workers’ lives. The vast
majority of the working class think of themselves
as Socialists, Communists, anarchists, or members
of a religious labor group. These ideological
identifications do not apply alone to political
activities: they also govern the trade union and
social activities of Europeans.
Third, the lower standard of living, resulting
from the general complex of economic, political,
and social conditions. In the United States, the
industrial machine developed in a situation of
opportunity for acquisition of land at relatively
little cost. As a result, our developing industry
constantly competed with the attractiveness of the
frontier for the services of a relatively short supply
of labor, thus bidding up the price of labor and
encouraging technological improvements requir­
ing less labor. In Europe, on the other hand,
workers did not have the advantage of a relatively

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close frontier and found themselves competing for
jobs. Land hunger thus bred low wages; and
these, in turn, failed to provide the needed spur to
improved industrial efficiency.
Fourth, the political system which limited the
basic rights of workers as citizens, thus directing
their aspirations toward the attainment of political
freedom as a necessary part of the fight for eco­
nomic advantages.
Each of these characteristics of the European
labor background serves as the basis for a particu­
lar European criticism of the trade unions of the
United States.
The social stratification in Europe results in
European labor’s charge that United States
unions lack class consciousness. The charge
reflects a feeling that, somehow or other, greater
class consciousness on the part of American labor
would have beneficial economic or political results.2
European unions criticize their American coun­
terparts for their lack of ideology. The pragma­
tism of American trade unionists is attacked as
the antithesis of ideology; while it may put
bread and butter—and meat—on the table of the
American worker, Europeans are disturbed by
the ideological void which they claim exists.
This may be in part a psychological compensation
for a relative lack of economic well-being, or it
may be a genuinely troubled reaction to the
emphasis on “more” in the American trade union­
ist’s vocabulary. The ideological nature of labor
activity in Europe—especially in countries such
*0f the D ivision of Foreign Labor Conditions, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
This article is based on a speech presented by the author before a meeting
of the Washington, D . C., Chapter of the Industrial Relations Research
Association on October 2,1957.
1 i n using the term “ labor movement” as applied to European countries,
the author refers broadly to the composite movements comprising a political
party, a trade union center, and a cooperative society, working together with
varying degrees of cohesiveness and relative strength in each country.
There are, of course, many differences among the labor movements of the
individual European countries, but the differences among them are far less
significant than the differences between them all, as a group, when compared
with the trade unions of the United States. Therefore, while generalizations
presented here cannot be taken as applicable equally to all European coun­
tries. they can be useful in differentiating certain characteristics in the labor
movements of Europe and the United States.
2 It is not only labor that is class conscious in Europe. The author recalls
a conversation with management representatives in one European country
during which he reviewed the benefits which could accrue to management
were personnel relations improved. The management representative did
not discuss the merits of this point of view, nor did he even attempt to judge
its economic cost; instead, he later expressed his opinion privately to a third
person that “ this American is crazy if he wants us to grant benefits to our
class enemy.”

265

266
as France and Ita ly which have anarcho-syndical­
ist traditions— sometimes confuses the industrial
relations picture. A strike in those countries is
frequently called w ithout relation to a particular
economic issue under a tta c k ; it is then stopped
without settlem ent of the specific issue. This is
reminiscent of the situation as Samuel Gompers,
first president of the American Federation of
Labor, found it in France in 1910:
On the occasion of such general strikes, the men asked
to walk out sometimes do so merely for the sake of senti­
ment. Thus, workmen are subjected to loss, the com­
munity is made uneasy, the employers are disgusted, and
the newspapers given a sensation, with good cause to laugh
or to sneer at the follies of the workingman. After the
strikers have satisfied the demands of their sanguine
temperament, demonstrated liberty, equality, and frater­
nity, and sung the Marseillaise, they renew the long day,
the low wage level, and the toilsome existence against
which they rebelled.3

W hile agreeing th at the standard of living in
Europe is lower than th a t in the U nited States,
European labor (with decreasing fervor, it is
true) tends to ascribe this deficiency alm ost
fatalistically to “ the system ”— to a poor economic
organization, which essentially can be corrected
only by basic changes in the economic system.
M ost American unionists feel th at, without waiting
for such basic changes, a more aggressive economic
policy on the part of European labor would tend
both to increase wages and improve the operations
of the economy. In this respect especially, there
are im portant differences among the European
countries, but it is safe to say th a t all their labor
movements place some degree of stress— in
public statem ents a t least— upon the need for a
radical change in the nature and functioning of
the whole economic system .4
On the question of political activ ity , there seems
to be a m utual misunderstanding of alm ost stagger­
ing proportions. Americans tend to underesti­
m ate the political problems th a t have faced the
European labor movements. T h ey seem to ignore
the fa ct th at European workers were pushed in
the direction of radical political philosophies
because they lacked the right to vote. The
American laborer generally had th a t right, and
could devote full time to the economic fight, even
utilizing the right to vote for achieving economic
objectives. F o r their part, European unionists
underestim ate the full extent to which American


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958

labor has participated in political activities, as
well as the advantages th at have accrued to it
from such participation; they characterize the
American trade unions as politically naive, taken
in by “capitalist” political parties. Europeans
also tend to underestimate the advances which
have been made on the United States political
scene in recent years, caused a t least in p art by
the political pressure of trade unions.

Tactics— Collaboration versus Militancy
A strange paradox in European views of Ameri­
can labor exists with respect to the issue of trade
union m ilitancy. U ntil Europeans have actually
seen our labor movement in action, United States
labor is considered “class collaborationist.” Few
Europeans have read one authoritative statem ent
on this su bject by Samuel Gompers, certainly not
a revolutionary trade unionist; and the few who
have read it do not believe it serves as any guide
to current United States trade union practice.
W hile Gompers did not accept a class struggle
philosophy, he recognized some conflicting in­
terests of labor and m anagement in his day:
From my earliest understanding of the conditions that
prevail in the industrial world, I have been convinced and
I have asserted that the economic interests of the employ­
ing class and those of the working class are not harmonious.
That has been my position ever since—never changed in
the slightest. There are times when, for temporary
purposes, interests are reconcilable; but they are tem­
porary only.4

Europeans are more apt to read such statem ents
as the following:
My philosophy is that we most benefit our membership
through cooperation of our unions with our industries in
seeking solutions of problems. We try to prevent stoppages
in our industry.
You cannot take from business what business does not
have. You cannot take something out of a bucket unless
it is first in the bucket. You cannot do by magic what
you cannot do by reason; there is no mystery in either
business or labor.
3
Samuel Gompers, Labor in Europe and America (New York, Harper &
Brothers, 1910), p. 251.
* Even the Catholic unions advocate “planned organization of the economy
. . . [requiring] that production, distribution, and investments should be
controlled as far as primary consumer and producer goods are concerned: di­
rected, as far as secondary goods or comfort articles are concerned: free as far
as research and culture are concerned.” (Labor, official publication of Inter*
national Federation of Christian Trade Unions, Vol. II, No. 3, August
1957, p. 17.)
5 Samuel Gompers, The American Labor Movement (Washington, D . C.,
American Federation of Labor, 1914, reissued in 1954), p. 23.

LABOR IDEOLOGY AND PRACTICE IN EUROPE AND THE U. S.
If you drive business to the wall, you destroy the jobs
of your fellows and both you and they have nothing.6

Now, the paradox which exists is this: While
they feel that American trade unionists are naive
on the political front and not class conscious,
many European trade unionists at the same time
criticize their American colleagues for being irre­
sponsible in economic terms because they demand
higher wages without considering whether the
firm or the economy generally can afford such
rises in costs. European labor has talked “radical”
in general political terms, but the fear of poverty
which characterizes the atmosphere in which most
collective bargaining in Europe is carried out has
caused European labor to act in a much less
“radical” manner in carrying out its economic
functions.7
Thus, we have the average class-conscious Euro­
pean trade unionist bargaining collectively on the
basis of what the marginal producer can afford to
pay. This is in contrast to American practice,
where the modern trade unionist may speak of the
community of interest between labor and manage­
ment, while in the actual collective bargaining
process, he brashly demands all he can get, and
even more, from the firm with which he bargains.
The French intellectual, Michel Collinet, has force­
fully sided with American trade unionists in this
matter:
As a result both of its direct contacts with employers and
its increasingly effective political action, the trade union
movement has already become a dominant force in Ameri­
can society. Its pragmatism, to which European Marxists
object, is not only an Anglo-Saxon heritage (in actual
fact, the movement includes representatives of every race
on earth!) but a consequence of its social maturity.
By making a sacrosanct dogma of the “class war” and
other formulas, the revolutionaries of the Old World have
so clearly demonstrated their inability to comprehend the
* From M y Labor Philosophy, an article originally written for the ScrippsHoward Newspapers by Dave Beck, who was, at that time, the president of
the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, and widely distributed abroad.
Of course, such statements have been made by many other United States
leaders, and most Europeans interested in the American labor movement
know that Mr. Beck’s operations as a trade union leader were not typical
of those of United States labor leaders as a whole. But Europeans sometimes
raise the question as to whether the more sordid aspects of some recently
revealed activities, as criticized by the A FL -O IO , are not a logical out­
growth—if a monstrous one—of the “nonideological” (as they see it) approach
adopted by the United States trade unions.
7 Another factor which sometimes tends to inhibit aggressiveness is the
political responsibility which many European unions have had to shoulder
because of their relationships to political parties.
8 American Unions Through French Eyes (in International Free Trade
Union News, N ew York, A FL-C IO Free Trade Union Committee, August
1957, Vol. 12, No. 8).


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267

real trend of modern society that the American trade
union movement can afford to laugh at their criticisms.
It has not reached its present position without what has
sometimes been a bloody struggle, but it has been able to
adapt its methods to the tremendous changes which have
taken place in American society during the twentieth
century and to give the working class a position that is
almost without parallel in other industrialized countries—
let alone those which are under the heel of Communism, of
course! 8

Immediately after the end of the war, the eco­
nomic situation in Europe was such that in Ger­
many, the Netherlands, Norway, and Belgium—
in fact, wherever European labor had some
measure of political strength, and especially where
it was represented in the government—collective
bargaining was carried out in an atmosphere of
trade union “responsibility.” Until their govern­
ments were on their feet economically, most trade
unionists in northern Europe felt they could not
afford to take, through collective bargaining,
everything that their political and economic
strength might get for them. The policy of “wage
restraint” was characteristic of the late forties
and lasted well into the fifties with respect to
some of the countries, especially the Netherlands
and Germany.
Structural Differences

European and American labor leaders are
shocked by each other’s methods of organizing
workers into trade unions. Here, again, the setting
of these differences must be examined. Most
European trade unionists do not have the same
relationship to their unions as do their American
counterparts. A member of a European trade
union generally is tied to his labor movement—
political party as well as trade union—by other
than job considerations. He is a member of a
“Catholic” trade union, a “Socialist” trade union,
or a “Communist” trade union, and he is not
likely to change that affiliation as he changes from
job to job. The American’s trade union affili­
ation is more often job oriented. If he is an indus­
trial worker, he feels free to go from one union to
another, depending upon the plant or industry in
which he works. If he is a craftsman, he will
generally retain membership in his union while he
remains a member of the craft, but here, again,

268

his fellow craftsman beside him at the bench will
be a member of the same union.
In the United States, the trade unions have
generally advocated—and in a large measure have
achieved—acceptance of the concept of the ex­
clusive collective bargaining agent, under which
the majority union represents all the workers in
the bargaining unit. A multiplicity of trade union
affiliation has dominated the character of Euro­
pean collective bargaining. In many countries
of Europe, this multiplicity presents an employer
the opportunity of playing one union against
another in the collective bargaining process. In
England, Germany, and the Scandinavian coun­
tries, unions are too strong to permit this to happen;
while workers may belong to various different
unions, they generally bargain together, especially
since the unions are members of the same national
trade union federation. In other countries, such
as the Netherlands, Belgium, and Switzerland,
the democratic unions are strong, but their ability
to bargain successfully is limited somewhat by
the varying degrees to which the Socialist- and
Catholic-oriented unions are willing to cooperate
fully with one another. In Austria, there has
devloped a remarkably successful form of cooper­
ation between groups which had been associated
with the prewar Socialist and Christian labor
movements. The current structure of the Austrian
Federation of Trade Unions permits adherents of
the prewar Christian trade unions to affiliate
to the Christian international trade union federa­
tion (CISC), with the AFTU paying dues to that
organization based upon an estimate of the numeri­
cal strength of these adherents. The AFl'U as a
whole is affiliated to the International Confedera­
tion of Free Trade Unions. At the conventions
of the AFTU, both international organizations are
invited and are represented. This ideological
compromise has strengthened political and eco­
nomic cohesion of Austria’s labor movement. The
free trade union movements of France and Italy
suffer from the fact that the strongest trade union
centers are Communist dominated, and the antiCommunist trade unions have found it difficult
to establish themselves firmly.
Recent Changes in Europe and the United States

During the past decade, a combination of factors
has contributed to a gradual adjustment of out­

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958

look on the part of leading groups of European
trade unionists. The generally improved eco­
nomic situation and the weakening of Communist
strength in most countries have been the most
important of these factors. While it is not yet
possible to evaluate fully the effect of the United
States aid programs—-governmental as well as
those initiated by the American trade unions—
upon the European labor movements, there is no
doubt that the exchange of trade union leaders
and even of rank-and-file members between
European countries and the United States has
created an atmosphere in which important trade
union policies on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean
have been subjected to reappraisal.
Whatever changes have come about in trade
union collective bargaining psychology in Europe
have been adopted gradually and without any
specific reference to American procedures or the
advisability of following American techniques.
They have been adopted, in fact, without any
formal rejection of any ideology of the past. In
European trade union circles, there simply seems
to be less and less talk about who is to own a
machine, and more about how the machine can
be operated more efficiently, and how workers
could profit from resulting increases in productiv­
ity. This is similar to a development in the United
States. Here, without explicitly stating it, the
AFL (and, more recently, the AFL-CIO) has
gradually departed from Gompers’ theses on vol­
untarism and accepted more programs which in­
volve governmental intervention in the workers’
economic situation.9
While in many European countries ideological
self-examination is taking place, the developments
in Austria have been especially interesting. For
many years the home of leftwing democratic
socialism, Austria has recently seen a reexamina­
tion of socialist ideology which promises to be far
reaching. In a draft program currently being
considered by member organizations of the Aus­
trian Socialist Party, one sees such statements as
the following: “Modern economy has evolved en8 In Voluntarism in the American Labor M ovement (M onthly Labor Re­
view, September 1954, pp. 967-971), D avid J. Saposs reviews the changes in
attitude of the AFL towards workers’ reliance upon legislation and govern­
mental administration. He finds that, from its earliest days until 1954, the
A FL gradually advocated more governmental protection of conditions of
work, without however expressly rejecting Gompers’ voluntarism. Today,
far from asking workers to rely exclusively on trade unions to promote and
protect their interests, we find the AFL-C IO going so far as to advocate
some measure of governmental regulation of trade union practices.

LABOR IDEOLOGY AND PRACTICE IN EUROPE AND THE U. S.

tirely otherwise than Marx forecast . . .
or
“trade unions should be independent of the state
and political parties, and union membership should
be voluntary.”
It would seem, then, that the two labor move­
ments, that is, the single trade union movement
in the United States and the complex of labor
movements in Europe, are moving closer together
in day-to-day practice, in many cases without
explicitly denying either Gompers or Marx. But
such observations have been made before. In
describing some new developments in German
trade union thought of more than 30 years ago,
Professor Perlman concluded:
Thus socialism, in the sense in which intellectuals under­
stand it—a mechanical change in the ownership of indus­
try, rather than a change in its functional control, regard­
less of the legal forms of ownership—gets quietly shelved
as an issue for the present and, in all probability, as an
issue for the future as well.10

Gompers also noticed, during a trip to Europe
in 1910, a similar turning away from the shibbo­
leths of the past:
The idea of a crusade springing from the doctrines of a
“savior of society” is to some extent yet fostered on the
European Continent at the big mixed headquarters of
“the party,” the voluntary cooperative societies, and the
unions. It usually finds visual expression in a portrait
of Marx on the wall, perhaps flanked by others—in
Germany, Lassalle; in France, Louis Blanc; in Italy,
Mazzini—together with local philosophers or poets having
a place in the hearts of the people. But everywhere I

found the leaders at headquarters occupied, not with
speculative philosophies, but the live questions of the
hour.11

If the European labor movement had been
turning away from its socialist concepts almost a
half century ago, why have not the two move­
ments arrived closer together ideologically at the
present point? True, the type of legislative
activity Gompers found in Europe was closer to
his idea of desirable legislative activity. He was
happy to note the interest in laws guaranteeing
workers’ rights, rather than prescribing certain
specific desirable conditions of labor. (Gompers
feared that favorable conditions, if gained through
legislative rather than trade union action, would
weaken the unions.) But events in Europe since
Gompers made his observations did not permit
his hopes to be realized. Instead, two world wars
and a depression forced workers to continue to
rely upon an essentially legislative approach to
meeting their economic needs. Today’s situation
is different. While the European trade unionists
have lost none of their interest in constructive
labor political action, there is now the prospect
that they will adopt new collective bargaining
techniques which may result in solidifying the
labor movement as an economic force in Europe.
10
Selig Perlman, A Theory of the Labor Movement (N ew York, The
Macmillan Co.. 1928), p. 310.
»1 Samuel Gompers, Labor in Europe and America, op. cit., pp. 283-284.

Economists and sociologists who are familiar with the subject say that labor
organizations are formed because there is a class struggle in society. To the
men of science, “class struggle” means something specific, something concrete.
To the everyday man, unless he has had the advantage of a working class
education, it has no particular meaning; it is an abstract term. But he knows
the substance of the class struggle. There are the problems that we are
confronted by every day of our lives, that have all the meaning for us; and if
we understand those problems, we know what we are organizing for.
—Joseph Schlossberg, Problems of Labor Organizations (New York, Amalgamated
Clothing Workers of America, Amalgamated Educational Series, Pamphlet 2,
1921), p. 8.


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269

Summaries of Studies and Reports

The 1958 Bargaining Programs
for the Automobile Workers
Two major actions occupied the special con­
vention of the United Automobile, Aircraft &
Agricultural Implement Workers which was held
January 22 through January 24, 1958, in Detroit.
The first was approval of separate bargaining
programs for the automobile industry 1 and for
aircraft and missiles plants. Approval of a tem­
porary dues increase to help build a strike fund
of $50 million by June 1 constituted the second.
The meeting was authorized by and, in practical
effect, was a continuation of the regular biennial
convention held April 7-12, 1957.2 The delegates
to the 1957 convention remained accredited,3 and
members of the various committees retained their
posts.
The Model Change in Bargaining Demands

Bargaining goals formulated 9 months earlier,
however, did not carry over in toto. The shorter
workweek with increased take-home pay was
abandoned as a prime objective for 1958 bargain­
ing in the automobile industry, although it was
retained in subordinate parts of the principal
collective bargaining resolution4 and in a general
call to the AFL-CIO to study the matter.
T h e A u to m o b ile D e m a n d s . As finally adopted on
January 23, the main bargaining program resolu­
tion for the auto industry was unchanged from
the form in which it was presented to the con­
vention. It was in two parts: minimum basic
and supplementary economic demands. Its pur­
pose was to help provide “a massive injection of
purchasing power into our economy in order to
establish a dynamic balance between productive
power and purchasing power.”
The supplementary proposal was for a profitsharing plan, and its boldness and virtually

270

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unheralded announcement6 tended to obscure the
elements of the minimum basic demands. Profit
sharing was proposed in the following language:
We propose, as the basis of the supplementary economic
demands, that the corporations first meet the minimum
costs of doing business, that they pay the basic wages due
their workers and the basic salaries of executives, and
retain for basic dividends to stockholders 10 percent of net
capital before taxes.
We propose that one-half of [the] profits above 10
percent on net capital before taxes be retained by the
corporation for stockholders and executives.
We propose that one-fourth be allocated to wage earners
and to those salaried employees who do not participate in
executive bonus plans.
We recommend that the remaining one-fourth be allo­
cated in the form of a price rebate to consumers.
The rebate to consumers is a recommendation rather
than a formal collective bargaining demand, in line with
management’s insistence that prices are not subject to
collective bargaining.
This allocation of profits above 10 percent would be made
at the end of each year, when the volume of profit would be
a known and not a conjectural quantity.
The workers’ share of the supplementary package would
be used for such purposes as the workers in each section of
our union themselves decide through the democratic
processes of the UAW.

Chief elements of the basic economic demands
included:
1. A percentage wage increase based on productivity
presently attainable “under conditions of full employment
and full production.”
2. Elimination of wage-rate inequities within and among
companies for all wage classifications.

i
The farm-equipment industry, though not specifically mentioned, pre­
sumably was grouped with the automobile industry.
s See M onthly Labor Review, June 1957, pp. 697-701.
3 In addition to the elected delegates at the Detroit convention, a number of
local union presidents and bargaining committeemen sat in the convention
with a voice but no vote.
< Actually, the president of the U AW had pointed out during the 1957
convention that “ the timing of reduction in work hours is not an arbitrary
decision that either management or labor can make,” but rather is dependent
on economic conditions as they relate to technology.
» The details of both parts of the program were sent in an administrative
letter to local unions and convention delegates only 10 days before the conven­
tion. The text of that letter was varied somewhat by the convention’s
joint constitution-resolutions committee, especially in relation to the letter’s
reference to temporary shelving of the shorter workweek.

THE UAW’S 1958 BARGAINING PROGRAM
3. “Factoring” of existing cost-of-living allowances into
basic rates.
4. Changing the supplementary unemployment benefits
formula to provide, among other things, for 52 (instead
of 26) weeks; 65 percent of gross pay plus $2 a week for
each dependent up to 6; an unlimited ceiling on benefits;
a daily rather than weekly basis for benefits for “protection
against short workweeks.” (Earnings amounting to less
than the daily benefit would be supplemented accordingly.)
5. On shifts of plant location due to changes in tech­
nology or market requirements, workers would have trans­
fer privileges with full seniority (for multiplant companies,
an areawide seniority system would be in force), pension,
and other vested rights; the union and existing wage rates
would be recognized in the new plant; workers trans­
ferring would receive moving allowances, with nonmovers
receiving severance pay.
6. Establishment of joint labor-management committees
“in every major corporation” to study the impact of tech­
nological advances. (It was at this juncture that the
shorter workweek would enter the lists.)
7. Increases of retirement and disability benefits to
$2.75 and $5.50 per month of service; periodic escalation of
pension benefits; reduction of service requirements for
vesting rights and disability retirement.
8. Inclusion of worker representatives among pension
fund trustees to work toward investment of funds in
low-cost housing.
9. Comprehensive prepaid medical and hospital care,
with union participation in administration of the program.

In line with admonitions by the union’s presi­
dent, Walter P. Reuther, and repeated references
in the overall resolution regarding the need in the
1958 negotiations for “flexibility,” the list of
demands closed with a renunciation of firm long­
term contracts.6 Pointing to a possible “drastic
change in the international situation,” as well as
rapid domestic economic change, the resolution
stipulated that 1958 contracts “must be of short
duration or must provide for reopening of all
economic provisions at appropriate intervals.”
T h e A i r c r a f t P r o g r a m . Because of problems pe­
culiar to the aircraft and missiles industry and its
collective bargaining pattern, a separate set of
demands was proposed for it. For one thing, the
resolution claimed that all but 15 percent of the
industry’s business originated with the Govern­
ment and was dependent in large part on the shifts
in national and international developments; thus
“in a real sense, it [the union] bargains with the
• The 1957 convention had specified no more than 2 years. Specific terms
mentioned at the Detroit convention indicated 12 to 14 months.
7 Disagreement over production schedules has been the cause of numerous,
sometimes unauthorized, local strikes.


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271
Federal Government itself.” Moreover, in such
matters as shift differentials, sick leave, rest period
pay, job evaluation schemes, union security, and
seniority, the contracts differ widely from those
in the auto industry. Finally, union influence in
the industry is shared with the International As­
sociation of Machinists (IAM) which has con­
tracts in plants with about two-thirds of total
employment. Both unions had worked out in a
“harmony of purpose” a joint basic program for
1958 negotiations, which were already under way
in some plants at convention time.
The aircraft program did not include a profitsharing plan. It did contain the following:
1. In addition to a basic wage increase, extension of
escalator clauses to all contracts. (Generally, IAM con­
tracts did not contain these, and the variance led to a
proposed 13-cents-an-hour “catchup” increase for such
situations.)
2. An extensive “economic security” plan providing
severance pay and relocation allowances.
3. Jointly administered apprentice training programs to
supply the increasing requirements for skilled labor in the
industry and to halt “pirating from other industries.”
4. Elimination of “abuses of the job evaluation wage
plan system, including the multigrade structure.”
5. Extension of the union shop.
O th er B a r g a in in g R e s o lu tio n s . Noneconomic de­
mands and their relation to local unions were the
subject of two additional resolutions.
One gave cognizance to the role of local unions
in handling day-to-day problems at the shop level.
It proclaimed that “management judges . . . a
union . . . not by its persuasiveness in top nego­
tiations alone, but by its vigilance and its energy
on the floor of the shop. Our contracts must pro­
vide all the scope required to permit our local
union and plant leadership to carry out their full
responsibilities to our members.”
The second was devoted to production schedules
and work pace. The union, the resolution con­
tended, “grew out of the workers’ rebellion against
speedup.” It “continues to regard the fight
against excessive production standards as a central
task.” 7 Rejecting the principle of using “objec­
tive criteria” for setting work pace, the resolution
reaffirmed the union’s policy of reserving the right
to strike in disputes over production standards.
It denied management’s right to discipline workers
“who, despite reasonable effort, fail to meet pro­
duction standards while a dispute is pending.”

272
The Debate on the Auto Program

As the official UAW newspaper 8 itself described
the discussion preceding the vote on the collective
bargaining resolution for the automobile industry,
it was a “dandy debate, little dispute.” More
than 40 individuals took the floor to speak on the
matter over the better part of 2 days, but the
discussion was somewhat desultory.
No solid opposition developed to either the basic
or supplementary proposals, although many of the
speakers echoed arguments for the shorter work­
week heard in April 1957. The resolution was
overwhelmingly adopted, yet specific support for
profit sharing per se during the discussion did not
appear to be enthusiastic, especially among dele­
gates representing members who would be unlikely
to benefit directly by the plan.9
The issue of the shorter workweek had been
drawn very clearly by President Reuther during
the debate: “If you are for the shorter workweek
as a top basic demand, then you are against this
resolution” and the tactical approach the program
contains. He reiterated that the union had
changed its tactics, not its mind.
Industry Reaction

On the opening day of the convention, the
union’s executive board invited Harlow H. Curtice,
president of General Motors Corp., to address the
convention and provide the delegates “with what­
ever information you believe will be helpful to
them in drafting a collective bargaining program
that is sound and realistic.” The letter of invita­
tion was one in a series of public communications
issued by the union and automobile corporation
officials following publication of the union’s pro­
posed bargaining program on January 13. Com­
pany reaction had been swift and in flat opposition,
characterizing the proposals—especially the profitsharing portion—as inflationary, unrealistic, and
basically inimical to the free enterprise system.10
Mr. Curtice, in answer to the invitation, sent a
letter to the delegates on January 22 in which he
stated the company’s position. He pointed to the
current economic uncertainties and suggested
that “prospects for an upturn would be vastly
improved if the UAW adopted a program tailored
to the economic facts of life instead of publicizing


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958

plans for super strike funds . .
In addition,
he advised the union to keep itself “sufficiently
flexible so that [it would] not be in a frozen posi­
tion at the bargaining table . . . Such a posi­
tion would impede the possibility of peacefully
resolving our differences.” He then suggested
extending the present agreement for a period of 2
years. Such a settlement, among other advan­
tages, “would immediately allay fears of costly
strikes.”
On January 23, Ernest R. Breech, chairman of
the board of the Ford Motor Co., in a speech in
Nashville, Tenn., presented his company’s posi­
tion on the union’s bargaining proposals. He had
hoped that the union (personified by its president)
“would realistically avoid complicating the al­
ready serious problems facing our country today
by maintaining the status quo in the new auto­
mobile contracts . . . or at least not taking so
extreme a position as seriously to threaten a wave
of industrial discord.
“Make no mistake about this: industry cannot
submit to further excessive demands or sit back
and passively watch the unbridled growth of
union power. Free industry begins to see its very
existence threatened by that power, and it will
have no choice but to fight as effective a defense
as it can . . .
“For many years now, time and economic con­
ditions have been kind to the Reuthers of this
country . . . Unfortunately for them, they are
today working against the economic tide. Yet in
the inexorable law of union politics, the ante must
be raised and reraised.”
Acknowledging “the social irresponsibility of
oldtime owners of industry,” he warned that the
same public opinion which corrected the old
abuses “cannot help but see in growing union
monopoly power a new threat . . . ” He ex­
pected “labor’s thoughtful friends . . . to protect
and perpetuate the good things that organized
labor has done for the people of this country.”
8 UAW Solidarity, January 27, 1958.
• As a delegate from a Muncie, Ind., foundry somewhat skeptically put it
in objecting to the profit-sharing plan: “ So there won’t be any profits over
10 percent!”
w The prebargaining skirmishing had really begun last August 18 when
the union suggested to Ford, Chrysler, and General Motors that if the manu­
facturers would cut the price of cars by $100, the union would take that fact
into account in formulating its 1958 demands. The companies had con­
tended that product pricing could not be a bargaining issue, that labor costs
had risen faster than car prices, and that the proposal was specific only as to
price cutting.

273

THE UAW’S 1958 BARGAINING PROGRAM

He did not want, he said, “union busting,” but
rather “curbing the abuses that threaten our
prosperity and our free economy.”
Thus, both industry leaders made a first offer
and expressed a willingness to bargain. But both
also indicated an adamant opposition to profit
sharing and other economic demands which, in
their opinion, were not consonant with economic
conditions and suggested that a strike situation
might be avoided by taking these matters into
account.
The Strike Assistance Program

On the last day of the convention, the union
revised its constitution to provide means for in­
creasing its strike fund, which totaled about $24
million at the end of 1957, to $50 million. This
will be accomplished by a temporary $5 a month
increase in dues during March, April, and May
1958, and by authority to borrow up to $10 million.
The increase in dues would not apply to members
earning less than $150 a month and would be only
50 percent applicable to those earning between
$150 and $250. There was also a provision for a
pro rata credit or rebate to locals if the bargaining
demands of “all substantial segments of the inter­
national have been achieved” and approved, and
if the strike fund has a balance of $25 million and
is considered adequate to remaining needs. Former
members who during active membership con­
tributed to the surplus would also be eligible for
their share of the rebate or credit.
Subsequent to May 1958, if 50,000 or more
members are engaged in a stoppage, the $5 in­
crease in dues may be reestablished for as long as
50,000 are out and until the strike fund totals at
least $25 million. If at any other time the fund
falls below the $20 million or $15 million levels,
dues may be raised by $1 or $2, respectively, until
the fund reaches par again.
Oddly enough, the joint constitution-resolutions
committee split on the issue of the rebate provision
of the dues increase. The majority of the com­
mittee was opposed to rebating. The minority
reflected the position of the union administration
and was supported by the convention.
Strike assistance was established as a matter of
right, commencing the third week on a sliding scale
of benefits as follows:

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Family
status

8d-7th
weeks

Single_______________________
Couple______________________
Family______________________

12th and
subsequent
weeks

8th-llth
weeks

$12
17
22

$15
20
25

$17
23
30

Additional strike benefits will be used to con­
tinue members’ group life and medical-hospital
insurance premiums. To meet emergency situ­
ations, each striking local will receive an extra
fund, over and above the fixed rate of benefits,
equal to $1 per member beginning the 3d week,
$2 for the 8th through the 11th, and $3 from the
12th on. Strike kitchen funds of about 31 cents
per member will also be furnished striking local
unions.
The union estimated its costs of strikes of
varying duration in any of the three major
companies as follows:
General Motors

Number of
members. _

350, 000

3d-7th
$41, 370, 000
weeks__
8th-11th
38, 696, 000
weeks. __
Per week after
11, 389, 000
11th w eek.

Ford

Chrysler

140, 000

95, 000

$16, 520, 000

$11, 314, 000

15, 546, 000

10, 571, 000

4, 550, 000

3, 108, 000

Despite the extraordinarily large strike fund,
the union was apparently not entering negotiations
in a spirit of belligerence. It was also aware that
the economic setting was especially unfavorable.
President Reuther in his closing remarks to the
convention pointed out that “we ought to get
people to understand that we have adopted this
strike relief program not because we are strikehappy, not because we want a strike in any com­
pany, large or small, in 1958 . . .
“We pray that when we approach the bargaining
table in 1958, labor and management can sit
there . . . in the knowledge that [both] have
responsibilities to the whole community which
. . . transcend their separate responsibilities.
“. . . We are going to the bargaining table. We
are not going there flexing our muscles. We are
not going there with a chip on our shoulders. We
are not going there saying ‘Let’s get it over with
and get on the bricks . .
On the basis of the economic realities, he ad­
monished repeatedly on the adverse circumstances
surrounding the union’s position in bargaining.
“We are,” he said at one point, “carrying a heavy

274

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958

pack.” In his opening remarks, he made the
point that “We can all agree that in collective
bargaining the transition from theory to practice
is very abrupt. You can have a perfect theoretical
position and then you go to the bargaining table
and the boss says ‘no.’ That is the end of the
theory, and then you are up against the practical
aspects of it.
“We have a problem. It is a serious tactical
problem and tactics and timing in collective
bargaining are decisive. Collective bargaining
takes place in the real world where these factors
that affect the decisions have to be looked at
sanely and sensibly. They have to be evaluated
and then you make a decision . . .
“I think we need to understand that we are
going to the bargaining table at a time when there
are many negative factors that complicate our
problems . . .
“This means that we have to recognize these
factors and try to formulate an approach which
still gets us where we have to go . . .”
Other Actions

The convention took note of only 4 resolutions
other than those related to collective bargaining
demands and the strike fund, although 95 resolu­
tions (most of them variants on a few basic themes)
had been received. In addition to the appeal for
the AFL-CIO study committee 11 mentioned
previously, separate resolutions pledged full aid
to labor political action in the 1958 elections
and gave conditional support to the Senate Select
Committee on Improper Activities in the Labor or
Management Field. The full employment resolu­
tion presented an omnibus economic program for
the Nation, the States, and municipalities, which
ranged from a proposed national full employment
conference to mortgage payment moratoriums,
tax reductions, school construction, increased
minimum wages, farm relief, aid to small business,
and publication of car inventory data.
With the exception of the Governor of Michi­
gan, no outside speaker addressed the delegates.
Auto union representatives from Great Britain,
Belgium, Germany, Sweden, Mexico, and India
attended as guests.
— L a w r e n c e R . K l e in
11

An interesting sidelight on changing attitudes wrought by the A F L CIO merger appears in this resolution. It contains what is probably the first
appeal by a UAW convention to the Gompers and A FL tradition.


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Earnings in Footwear
Manufacturing, April 1957
workers in the footwear manufac­
turing industry of the United States earned an
average of $1.47 an hour in April 1957, exclusive
of premium pay for overtime or for work on
holidays, weekends, and late shifts. A survey
conducted by the U. S. Department of Labor’s
Bureau of Labor Statistics disclosed that earnings
of the nearly 195,000 production workers within
the scope of the study were widely dispersed,
with the largest concentration (19 percent) earning
from $1 to less than $1.05 an hour.1 For the
middle 50 percent of the workers, earnings ranged
from $1.10 to $1.70 an hour. Five percent of the
workers earned $2.50 or more an hour. Women
in production jobs averaged $1.30 an hour, while
men workers, who accounted for 43 percent of the
labor force, averaged $1.70 an hour.
In the four regions 2 having the largest concen­
tration of workers, hourly earnings for production
workers averaged $1.39 or more. Nationwide
averages ranged from $1.52 an hour in 3 of the 9
product branches of the industry studied to $1.33
in the misses’ and children’s cement-process and
stitchdown shoe branches.
The study also provided information on straighttime hourly earnings for office workers and for
selected job classifications of production workers
by branch of industry, as well as data on certain
establishment practices including hours of work,
paid vacations, paid holidays, and on health,
insurance, and pension benefits.

P roduction

Industry Characteristics

The shoe manufacturing industry in the United
States produced approximately 585 million pairs
of shoes in 1957,3more than 3 pairs for every man,
1 The study included establishments employing 20 or more workers and
primarily engaged in manufacturing footwear except house slippers and
rubber footwear. Data were obtained by personal visits to 514 establish­
ments employing 70 percent of the workers estimated to be within the scope
of the study.
The term “ production workers,” as used in this study, includes working
foremen and all nonsupervisory workers engaged in nonoffice functions;
“ office workers” includes all nonsupervisory office workers.
Additional detail will be published in Wage Structure: Footwear, April
1957, BLS Report 333.
2 See table 1, footnote 2, for definition of regions.
3 Wall Street Journal, December 26, 1957.

EARNINGS IN FOOTWEAR MANUFACTURING

woman, and child in the Nation. Shoes are made
in a wide variety of sizes, styles, shapes, and ma­
terials and by many different methods of con­
struction. Classification by type of shoe refers
basically to the means by which the outsole is
attached to the other parts of the shoe. Thus,
shoes are referred to as sewed, cemented, or nailed.
Within each of these groups, there are a number
of distinctive methods such as Goodyear-welt,
McKay-welt, and stitchdown (sewed shoes), and
conventional-lasted and slip-lasted (cemented
shoes). Measured in terms of production-worker
employment in April 1957, major types of shoe
construction were women’s cement-process (con­
ventional-lasted), 71,000 workers, and men’s Good­
year-welt dress shoes, 43,000 workers. Among 7
other selected types, employment ranged from
about 14,000 to 7,000 (table 1). Plants primarily
engaged in producing women’s shoes of all types
accounted for slightly more than half of the in­
dustry’s labor force; employment in men’s shoe
plants accounted for more than a fourth, with
misses’ and children’s and infants’ shoe plants
accounting for the remainder of the total.
The product mix varied from region to region.
Whereas employment in women’s shoe plants ex­
ceeded that in men’s shoe plants by 3 to 1 in the
Middle Atlantic and Middle West regions and by
2 to 1 in New England, nearly equal numbers were
employed in producing men’s and women’s shoes
in the Great Lakes region. Among these major
producing regions, only in the Middle Atlantic
region did employment in plants producing misses’,
children’s, and infants’ shoes exceed that in men’s
shoe plants.
New England shoe plants accounted for a third
of the production workers in the industry. About
20 percent of the total were employed in the
Middle Atlantic region, 16 percent in the Great
Lakes, and 14 percent in the Middle West. Massa­
chusetts, Missouri, New York, and Pennsylvania
are the leading footwear manufacturing States;
together, they accounted for more than half of
the industry’s work force.
Employment in individual plants within the
industry averaged about 250 in April 1957. More
than 70 percent of the workers, however, were in
plants employing more than 250 workers. By
branch of industry, the concentration of employ­
ment in these larger factories ranged from nearly
85 percent in the men’s Goodyear-welt dress shoe

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275
plants to slightly more than 50 percent in the
misses’, children’s, and infants’ stitchdown shoe
plants.
Nearly 30 percent of the employment was in
communities of 100,000 or more population;
among the 4 major regions, the proportion of
workers in these communities ranged from nearly
40 percent in New England to less than 20 percent
in the Middle West. By branch of industry, the
proportion employed in the larger cities ranged
from about 45 percent in the women’s Goodyearwelt shoe branch to less than 5 percent in estab­
lishments primarily manufacturing misses’ and
children’s cement-process shoes (conventionally
lasted). Less than 20 percent of the workers in
plants producing misses’, children’s, and infants’
stitchdown and women’s McKay shoes were em­
ployed in the larger communities.
The complexities of shoe manufacturing are
such that as many as 200 distinct operations are
frequently carried on in a single establishment.
Occupations range from those requiring only a
brief period of training for the worker to highly
skilled jobs involving the cutting and trimming of
leather parts. Women outnumber men in the
industry by a ratio of 4 to 3 and are employed
largely on stitching operations. Men, on the
other hand, account for most of the employment
in the cutting and lasting operations as well as in
the maintenance work in the factory.
Incentive systems of wage payment applied to
71 percent of the production and related workers
in the study. The proportion of incentive workers
was 38 percent in the Pacific region and from 69
to 74 percent in the other 6 regions for which
separate data were compiled. Although a few
plants reported production bonus plans, about 95
percent of all incentive workers were paid on a
straight piecework basis, with earnings computed
on the basis of their individual output. With
the exception of maintenance mechanics, janitors,
inspectors (crowners), and floor boys or girls,
workers in the jobs studied in this survey were
generally paid on a piecework basis.
Establishments in which a majority of the
production workers were covered by terms of
labor-management agreements employed slightly
more than half of the industry’s workers. Among
the four major regions, the proportion of workers
covered by agreements ranged from three-fourths
in the Great Lakes region to slightly more than a

276

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958

third in the M iddle A tlantic region. Two-thirds
of the workers in the M iddle W est and slightly
more than half the workers in New England were
employed in establishm ents with labor-m anage­
m ent agreements. The two m ajor unions in the

T able

1.

industry are the United Shoe W orkers of Am erica
and the B o o t and Shoe W orkers Union, b oth
affiliated with the A F L -C IO . Nonaffiliated
unions also have representation in the footwear
industry.

N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s tr a ig h t- tim e h o u r ly e a r n in g s 1 o f n o n s u p e r v is o r y office a n d p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s i n f o o tw e a r
m a n u f a c tu r in g e s ta b lis h m e n ts , b y se le c te d c h a r a c te r is tic s , U n ite d S ta te s a n d s e le c te d r e g io n s ,2 A p r i l 1 9 5 7
u . S .3

N ew England

M iddle Atlantic

Border States

Item
Number
of
workers

Average
hourly
earnings 1

Number
of
workers

Average
hourly
earnings 1

Number
of
workers

Average
hourly
earnings i

Number
of
workers

Average
hourly
earnings 1

All nonsupervisory workers__________________________

206,300

$1.46

70,460

$1.55

40,456

$1.48

7,253

Office workers--_______ _______ __________ __________
Production workers:
Total_________________ ________________________
M en_______________________________________
W omen____ _____________ __________________
Establishment size:
20-250 workers____________ _____ ____________
251 workers or more___ ______________________
Community size:
Under 100,000_______________________________
or more____ _______ __________________
Predominant type of shoe :4
M en’s Goodyear-welt dress s h o e s..___________
M en’s Goodyear-welt work shoes_____________
W omen’s cement-process (conventional-lasted)
shoes________________________ _____________
W omen’s cement-process (slip-lasted) shoes____
W omen’s Goodyear-welt shoes________________
W omen’s M cK ay shoes (including L ittlew ay)..
M isses’ and children’s cement-process (conven­
tional-lasted) shoes_______________ _____ ____
Misses’ and children’s Goodyear-welt shoes.........
M isses’, children’s, and infants’ stitchdown
shoes_______________________________

11, 778

1.30

3,202

1.24

1, 912

1.33

370

1.18

194, 522
83,136
111, 386

1.47
1.70
1. 30

67,258
29, 532
37, 726

1. 57
1.84
1. 36

38, 544
18, 828
19, 716

1.48
1.73
1. 25

6,883
2,693
4,190

1.28
1.41
1.19

54, 018
140, 504

1. 46
1. 47

20, 767
46, 491

1.50
1.60

16, 613
21, 931

1. 54
1.45

1,452
5,431

1.27
1.28

140,170
54, 352

1.40
1. 64

41, 784
25,474

1.52
1. 65

27,192
11,352

1.37.
1.77

6,425

1. 27

42,947
8,042

1.52
1. 45

15, 931
1,966

1.65
1.53

70,929
14,178
7, 363
8, 748

1.52
1. 36
1.44
1.43

31, 733

1. 56

1,261
6,247

1. 51
1.45

11, 240
6,786
1,231

1.70
1. 29
1.35

7,083
10,877

1.33
1. 52

1,675

1.48

13, 928

1.33

100,000

Great Lakes
Number
of
workers

M iddle West

Average
hourly
earnings 1

Number
of
workers

2,041

1. 38

5,355

1.44

Southwest

Average
hourly
earnings 1

Number
of
workers

$1.27

Pacific

Average
hourly
earnings i

Number
of
workers

Average
hourly
earnings >

A ll nonsupervisory workers__________________________

34, 021

$1.45

30,633

$1.39

5,267

$1. 25

2,762

Office workers............................. ..........................................
Production workers:
T otal....................................... .................. .............................
M en________________________________________
W omen____ ________________________________
Establishment size:
20-250 workers............................ ............................... .
251 workers or more_____ _____ _______________
Community size:
Under 100,000.................... ............... .............. ..........
100,000 or more__________________ ____________
Predominant type of shoe : 4
M en’s Goodyear-welt dress shoes______________
M en’s Goodyear-welt work shoes.____________ _
W omen’s cement-process (conventional-lasted)
shoes________________________________ ______
W omen’s cement-process (slip-lasted) sh o e s-.I...
W omen’s Goodyear-welt shoes___ _____ _______
W omen’s M cK ay shoes (including L ittlew ay)...
M isses’ and children’s cement-process (conven­
tional-lasted) shoes.................................................
M isses’ and children’s Goodyear-welt shoes____
M isses’, children’s, and infants’ stitchdown
shoes.............. ........................... ............

1,994

1.29

3,595

1.37

233

1.18

97

1. 75

32,027
l l i 542
20,485

1.46
1. 71
1.31

27,038
11,070
15,968

1.39
1. 56
1 . 28

5,034
1,921
3,113

1.26
1.38
1.18

2,665
955
1, 710

1. 57

1.39

7,063
24, 964

1.38
1.48

3, 754
23,284

1.35
1.40

1,261
3, 773

1.15
1.29

1,921
744

1.51
1.73

23,938
8, 089

1.41
1.60

22,169
4,869

1. 35
1. 59

4,632

1.26
2,665

1.57

11,124

1.53
12,035
2,192

1.41
1. 36
1. 35

1, 244
776

L65

9, 851

1.42

2,137

1.54

1,703

1. 54

2,473

1.29

i
Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidavs.
and late shifts.
a The regions used in this study include: New England—Connecticut,
Maine, Massachusetts, N ew Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont*
Middle Atlantic—New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; Border States—
Delaware, District of Columbia, Kentucky, Maryland, Virginia, and West
Virginia; Great Lakes—Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and
Wisconsin; Middle West—Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota
and South Dakota; Southwest—Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas*
Pacific—California, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington.


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1,220

$1.58

1.88

1 71

3 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately.
4 Establishments were classified on the basis of the major type of shoe pro­
duced during the preceding year. The production-worker total includes
data for establishments predominantly producing types of shoes other than
those shown separately (e. g., nailed shoes, Goodyear turn shoes, and pre­
welt shoes). Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing house
slippers or rubber footwear were excluded from the study.
N ote: Dashes indicate no data reported or data inadequate to meet publi­
cation criteria.

277

EARNINGS IN FOOTWEAR MANUFACTURING

T a ble 2. — Percent distribution of production workers in footwear manufacturing establishments, by average straight-time

hourly earnings,l United States and selected regions,3 April 1957
U. S.3
Average hourly earnings 1
(in cents)

Under 100
TOOand under 105
105 and under 110

Total
0.4
19.3
6.0
7.0
5.3
4.7
5.5
4.2
3.9
3.6
3.3
6.5
5.2
4.4
3.7
2.9
2.6
2.2
1.7
1.4
1.2
1.0
.8
.7
.5
1.8

_____

1 1 0 and under 11/5

115 and under 120-_ _ 190 and under 125
__ _ __
125 and under 130 _ _ _- __

1510 and
135 and
140 and
145 and

under 135

under 140 _ ____ _
under 145 _______ __
under 150 ____
150 and under 160 _
__
___
160 and under 170 -170 and under ISO

1 R0 and under 1 Q0

190 and under 200
900 and under 210

____

910 and under 220

220 and under 230 - ________
230 and under 240. ____ __
240 and under 250 __
__
250 and under 260 ___- ____
260 and under 270- _________
270 and under 280.
___
280 and under 290 _ _
..
290 and over----- -------------------

Men

Women

New
England

0.4
25.6
7.8
8.8
6.5
5.7
6.3
5.1
4.3
3.8
3.4
6.0
4.5
3.3
2.4
1.7
1.2
.9
.6
.4
.3
.2
.1
.1
.1
.2

0.2
10.9
3.5
4.7
3.6
3.4
4.5
2.9
3.4
3.4
3.2
7.0
6.1
5.9
5.3
4.5
4.5
4.0
3.3
2.8
2.4
2.1
1.7
1.4
1.1
4.0

0.1
16.7
6.1
6.4
4.3
3.8
5.0
3.9
3.3
3.0
2.9
6.5
5.2
4.7
4.3
3.7
3.3
2.8
2.3
2.0
1.6
1.7
1.4
1.1
.8
3.2

Middle
Atlantic

0.8
20.2
5.6
7.1
5.4
4.2
5.2
3.9
3.9
3.6
3.2
6.2
4.9
4.3
3.1
2.6
2.7
2.3
2.0
1.5
1.3
1.1
.9
.8
.6
2.7

Border
States

0.1
31.9
8.1
7.1
6.6
5.1
6.0
3.5
3.6
3.6
4.0
5.1
4.1
2.7
2.5
1.1
1.5
.9
.7
.4
.5

.3
.1
.1
.1
.1

Great
Lakes
0.4
12.6
5.1
9.1
6. 5
5.6
5.8
4.8
4.8
4.1
3.7
7.4
6.0
4.9
4.3
3.1
2.8
2.5
1.8
1.3
1.1
.7
.4
.4
.2
.6

Middle
West

0.5
22.2
5.7
7.3
5.7
5.3
5.1
4.6
4.0
4.2
3.7
6.6
5.3
4. 6
3.6
2.7
2.2
1.7
1.3
1.1
.8
.6
.4
.3
.2
.4

Southwest

0.4
38.7
5. 6
6.4
5.9
4.1
6.1
3.2
3.4
3.4
2.8
5.2
4.0
3.6
2.1
1.4
1.1
1.0
.4
.4
.3
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1

Pacific

17.8
2.0
4.8
3.9
6.6
5.7
3.6
3.4
2.9
1.8
6.1
7.8
5.0
4.1
3.4
3.1
3.6
2.4
2.3
1.9
2.0
1.7
1.2
.9
2.1

Total----- --------------------

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

Number of production workers.
Average hourly earnings l

194, 522
$1.47

83,136
$1.70

111, 386
$1.30

67,258
$1.57

38,544
$1.48

6,883
$1.28

32,027
$1.46

27,038
$1.39

5,034
$1.26

2,665
$1.57

1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
2 For definition of regions, see table 1, footnote 2.

8 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily
equal 100.

Average Hourly Earnings

Although the proportion of workers in 1957 at
or near the $1 Federal minimum wage was smallest
in the Great Lakes region, average hourly earnings
for all production workers in that region were
exceeded in the New England, Pacific, and Middle
Atlantic regions.
Other than the concentration of workers at the
entry-level wage, individual earnings in the
industry were widely dispersed (table 2). Earn­
ings of the middle half of the workers ranged from
$1.10 to $1.70 an hour. Five percent earned
$2.50 or more an hour. This comparatively wide
dispersion is to be expected in an industry that
employs most of its workers on a piecework basis,
is widely distributed geographically, and employs
a wide variety of production operations with
attendant variations in skill and training require­
ments.
Women averaged $1.30 an hour, compared with
a $1.70 average for men. Nearly half the women
but less than a fourth of the men had average
earnings of $1 but less than $1.20 an hour. Men’s
averages were usually 25 to 45 cents higher than

Footwear employees engaged in nonsnpervisory
factory jobs averaged $1.47 an hour in April 1957,
or 12 percent more than in April 1953 when the
Bureau last made a comprehensive study of
earnings in the industry.4 The Federal minimum
wage was increased from 75 cents to $1 an hour,
effective March 1, 1956. In April 1957, 19 per­
cent of the workers were in the $1 and under $1.05
earnings interval. In April 1953, about 8 percent
of the workers were at or near the 75-cent mini­
mum then in effect. As illustrated in the follow­
ing tabulation, the degree of clustering at or just
above the existing minimum wage varied among
regions studied:
Percent of production workers
whose average hourly earnings
were—
76 but less
$1 but less
than $1.06 in than 80 cents in
A p ril 1963
A p ril 1867

NewEngland___ __
— ______
Middle Atlantic----- --- _ ______
Border States------- -------- _____
______
Great Lakes_______—
Middle West_____ _ __ ______
S o u th w est__ —
- - ______
Pacific__ _____ __ - - ______

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16.
20.
31.
12.
22.
38.
17.

7
2
9
6
2
7
8

5.
7.
13.
5.
9.
21.
,

9
3
8
6
7
9
5

4
See Earnings of Shoe Workers, March 1953 (in Monthly Labor Review,
January 1954, pp. 40-44).

278
women’s averages in each region and industry
branch for which separate data were available.
Although averages for women were generally
lower than for men employed in the same jobs,
the overall differences in average wages noted also
were accounted for to a significant extent by
differences in the occupational distributions of
men and women.
Among the 4 m ajor regions (together accounting
for 85 percent of the industry’s production work­
ers), average pay levels ranged from $1.57 an hour
in New England to $1.39 in the M iddle W est.
Averages of $1.48 and $1.46 were recorded for the
Middle A tlantic and G reat Lakes regions, respec­
tively. Averages were lower in the other regions
except the Pacific ($1.57).

Among the 9 selected product branches, nation­
wide averages ranged from $1.52 an hour in plants
primarily manufacturing women’s conventionally
lasted cement-process shoes, men’s Goodyear-welt
dress shoes, and misses’ and children’s Goodyearwelt shoes to $1.33 in misses’ and children’s
cement-process and stitchdown shoes. Pay rela­
tionships among industry branches differed some­
what from region to region.
Nationwide, workers employed in communities
of less than 100,000 population averaged $1.40 an
hour as compared with average earnings of $1.64
for workers in larger communities. W ithin each
of the 4 m ajor regions, earnings were higher in
communities of 100,000 or more population, by
amounts ranging from 13 cents in New England
to 40 cents in the Middle A tlantic region.

Earnings comparisons by size of establishment
revealed that, in 5 regions, workers in plants with
more than 250 workers averaged from 5 to 22
cents more than did workers in smaller plants. In
the Middle Atlantic region, however, the average
for the “small plant” group was 9 cents above the
average for all workers in plants with more than
250 workers. Nationwide and in the Border
States, averages for the two plant-size groups
differed by only 1 cent.
T h e foregoing comparisons of production worker
earnings do not, of course, isolate the influence of
each factor such as product, occupational staffing,
size of com m unity, and size of establishm ent as
a determ inant of wages. T h e interrelationship of
some of the variables has been suggested in the
discussion of industry characteristics.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958

Office employees accounted for about 5 percent
of the industry’s employment and averaged $1.30
an hour on a nationwide basis. Regionally, aver­
ages ranged from $1.18 in the Southwest and
Border States to $1.75 in the Pacific region.

Occupational Earnings

Average earnings are presented in table 3 for
selected plant jobs, grouped according to the
general sequence of operations in shoe manu­
facturing. The first of these, cutting of shoe
uppers and linings, is carried on both by hand
and machine methods. Average earnings of
machine cutters on vamp and whole shoe—numeri­
cally the most important men’s occupation
studied—ranged from $1.85 an hour in misses’,
children’s, and infants’ stitchdown shoe plants to
$2.18 in the men’s Goodyear-welt dress shoe
industry branch, based on national averages.
The several parts of the upper and lining are
progressively assembled and stitched, making a
completed shoe upper. The majority of the
women in the shoe industry were employed as
sewing-machine operators on fitting operations.
The numerically important group of women
sewing decorative designs on shoe uppers (fancy
stitchers) had hourly averages ranging from $1.23
in plants producing stitchdown shoes to $1.45
in plants producing women’s cement-process,
conventional-lasted shoes. Women top stitchers
(sew lining to upper part of shoe) and vampers
(sew together the forepart of the upper and the
two quarters of the shoe) usually averaged
slightly higher pay. Substantial numbers of
women were also employed as pasters, backers,
or fitters and as floor girls; nationwide averages
in the 9 product branches were mostly at the
$1.15-$ 1.20 level for these two job categories.
A ttachm ent of the shoe upper and lining to the
insole is accomplished by a series of lasting
operations, m any of them requiring skilled opera­
tors. Average hourly earnings for men workers
employed as pullover machine operators, bedmachine operators, and side lasters varied widely
among product groups and regions. Although
nationwide averages for these jobs were m ostly
at the $1.60-$2 level, higher averages were not
uncommon, particularly in the women’s cem entprocess (conventional-lasted), women’s M cK ay ,

EARNINGS IN FOOTWEAR MANUFACTURING
T a ble 3.

279

1

Average straight-time hourly earnings of workers in selected production occupations, by selected branches of the
footwear manufacturing industry, United States and selected regions April 1957

,2

M en’s Goodyear-welt
shoes

M isses’ and children’s shoes

Women’s shoes

Cement-process
Work

Dress
Sex, department, and occupation

Slip-lasted

C on ventional-lasted

Ce­
ment
Good­ Good­ proc­
year- year- ess,
welt welt conventionallasted

New Great
Middle
New Middle Great Middle
U . S .3 Eng- Lakes U .S . U. S.» Eng- Atlantic Lakes West U. S .3 Atlantic U. 8 . U .S .
land
land
$1.73 $1.89 $1.80 $1.59

Men, total.

$1.80 $1.83

$2.04 $1.66

$1.66

$1.54

1.69

1.63

2.00

1.91

$1.44 $1.61 $1.73

u . s.

Stitchdown *

M iddle
U . S .3 Atlantic

$1.46

$1.53

$1.66

1.38
1.80

1.36
1.87

Cutting
Cutters, cloth lining, machine........
Cutters, leather lining, machine—
Cutters, vamp and whole shoe,
h a n d ............................. ...................
Cutters, vamp and whole shoe,
machine.............................................

1.81
1.87

2.05
1. 89

2.01

1.74

1 . 80

1.98

2.21
2.00

2.06
2.09

1.80
1.38

1.66

1.62
1.43

1.99

2.05

1.94

2 35

2 32

2.03

2.52

2.08

2.29

2.18

2.43

2.16

1.98

2.12

2.23

2.01

1.93

1.88

1.86
1.91

2. 36
2.08

1.87
1.91

1.66

1.97
2.05

2.12
2.20

2.17

2.00

1.79
1.81

1.83
1.89

1.90
2.05

2.15

1.88

1.85

1.99

1.58
1.78

2.00

1.63

1.58

1.30
1.84
1.31
1.61

1.66

1.60
1.52
1.93
1.49

1.92
1.67
2.13
1.43

1.74

1.76
1.71
1.67

1.66

1.84

1.58

1.72

Lasting
Assemblers for pullover, m achine..
Bed-machine operators...... ..............
Heel Hangers.......................................
Heel-seat lasters---- --------- ----------Platform-cover lasters.......................
Pullover-machine operators--------Side lasters, machine____________
Thread lasters__________________
Toe formers____________________
Toe lasters, automatic or semiauto­
matic machine________________

1.82

1.68

1.82

2.12

1. 78

1.57

1.67

1.78

1.83

1.53

1.49

1.70

1.79

1.48

2.26
1 .94

2.53
2.14

2.29
2.07

1.92
1.84

2.20

2.38

2.21

2.06
1.92

1.95
1.81

1.88

2.04

1.68

1. 77

2.01

2.07

2.24
2.19

1.99

2.10

2 20

1.89

1.68

2.08

1.64

1.37

1.94

2.03

1.61

2.24
1.93
1 .99
2.27

2.63

2.02
1.88

2.19

2.35

2.42

1.87

2.08

2.10

2.20

2.29
2. 55

2.23
2.09
1.87
2.26

1.64

2.21

1. 77
1. 94

1.82

1.83

2.05

1.67

1.47

2.07

2.26

2.21

1.84

1.91
2. 04
2. 08
1.91

2.00
2.12

2.08
1.77

1 . 61

1.76
1. 57
2.15
1. 75

1.72

2 .11

1.93
2. 50
2.14
2.35

2.44
2.72

1. 69
1.97

1.79
2.13

1.47

1.21

1.35
1. 54

1.09

1.12

1.94

1.10

1.85

1.24
1.35
1.08
1.71

1.12

1.22

2.14

1.27

1.19

1.89

1.64

1.67

L 95

Bottoming
Edge trim m ers......... .....................
Goodyear stitchers..................... .
Heel attachers, machine----------Inseamers______ _____ - ............
Littleway stitchers-----------------M cK ay stitchers..........................
Rough rounders______ ______ _
Sole attachers, cement process...
Wood-heel seat fitters, hand___
Wood-heel seat fitters, machine.

1.83

1.81

1.98
1.90

1.80
1. 78
1.94

1.85
2.08
2.29

Ï. 80

1.96

1.48
1.92

1.75
2.27

1.44
1.51

1.47
1.77

1.71
1.76

1 .1 1

1.08

1.09
1.28
1.08

1.07

1.66

1.86

1.20

1.23

1.38

1. 59

1.39

1.68

Finishing
Bottom scourers.
Edge setters------

1. 76

2.20

1.90
2. 44

1. 78
2.15

2.13

1.94
2.33

1.85
2.34

Miscellaneous
1.14
1 47

1 .11

Floor boys_____________
Inspectors (crowners)----Janitors________________
Mechanics, maintenance.

1.19
1.45
1.15
1.87

1.12
2.10

1 54
1.24
2.07

1.18
1. 35
l.ii
1.72

1.15
1. 40
1.13
1.95

1.29
1.07
2.25

1. 51
1.18
2.03

Women, total.....................

1.33

1.38

1.35

1.30

1.33

1.37

1.32

1.29

1.27

1.44
1 48

1 50
1 55

1.32
1.37

1.50
1 64

1. 52

1.25
1.37

1.19

1.80

1.54

1.59

1.62

1.55

1.61

1.51

1.27

1.13
1.44

1.21

1.12

1.83

1.43
1.14
1.90

1.04
1.59

1.30

1.33

1.25

1.15

Cutting
Cutters, cloth lining, machine____
Cutters, leather lining, m achin e...
Cutters, vamp and whole shoe,
machine------- ------------------

1.59

1.83

1. 55

1.12

1.22

1.41

1.50

1.63

1.35

Fitting
Fancy stitchers-----------------Pasters, backers, or fitters, upper
hand------ ------ ---------------Platform-cover stitchers-----Sock-lining stitchers_______
Top stitchers............................
Vampers___________ _____ Miscellaneous
Floor girls______________
Inspectors (crowners)-----

1.37

1.59

1.43

1.31

1.45

1.56

1.42

1.33

1.40

1.33

1.19

1.41

1.38

1.38

1.23

1.26

1.21

1.23

1.27

1.1C

1.29

1.30

1.38

1.23

1.20

1.20

1 .11
1.21

1.20

1.21

1.18

1.16

1.24

1.20

1.44
1.41

1.44
1.42

1.45
1.41

1.22

1.25

1.32
1.28

1.10

1.22
1.21

1.22

1.10

1.12
1 .11

Ï .22

1.45
1.51

1.59
1.79

1 . 5c

1.5C

1.31
1.4C

1.51
1.49

1.65
1.59

1.42
1.30

1.32
1.46

1.47
1.38

1.4c
1.49
1.30
1.38

1.20

1.13
1.29

1.23
1 . 3t

1 . 2C
1 . 2C

1.20
1.21

1.16

1.20
1 . ie

1.26
1.26

1.2C
l.li

1.21
1.22

1.27

1.22

1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
2 For definition of regions, see table 1, footnote 2.
3 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately.


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1.36
1.44

1.27

1.16 j

4 Includes infants’ stitchdown shoes.
N ote: Dashes indicate no data reported or data inadequate to meet publi­
cation criteria.

280

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958

and misses’ and children’s Goodyear-welt shoe
branches.

worker exceeded those of the lowest paid worker
in the same job , type of plant, and area by $1 or
more. M oreover, some workers in com paratively
low-paid jobs (as measured by average earnings
for all workers) earned more than some workers
employed in jobs for which higher averages were
recorded.

In the bottoming department, the outsole is
permanently attached to the shoe. The means
employed to accomplish this identifies the type
of shoe made. Men Goodyear stitchers averaged
$1.93 and $1.88 in men’s dress and work shoe
plants, respectively, and slightly less in other
branches. McKay stitchers averaged $1.57 in
women’s McKay shoe plants. Men sole attachers
in women’s conventional-lasted cement-process
shoe manufacture averaged higher earnings than
workers in either of the above classifications.
Men employed as edge trimmers were among
the highest paid in the industry, with average
earnings ranging from $1.64 an hour in the misses’
and children’s cement-process shoe branch to $2.24
in the men’s Goodyear-welt dress shoe branch.

Establishment Practices

Data were also obtained on certain establish­
ment practices: minimum entrance and job
rates6; work schedules ; and selected supplementary
benefits including paid holidays, paid vacations,
retirement plans, life insurance, sickness and
accident insurance, and hospitalization and sur­
gical benefits (table 4).
8 The survey included a series of occupational earnings studies in selected
labor markets. Separate data for these will also be included in BLS Report
133.
A comparison of job performance by age for pieceworkers in 15 men’s foot­
wear establishments is summarized in the M onthly Labor Review, Decem­
ber 1957, pp. 1467-1471.
8 Minimum entrance and minimum job rates for purposes of this study
are defined as the lowest established rates for inexperienced and experienced
workers, respectively, in unskilled occupations, except watchmen, appren­
tices, and handicapped and superannuated workers.

Earnings of individual workers varied greatly
within the same job , branch of industry, and
labor m arket.5 T h e widespread use of incentive
pay systems and individual worker differences
in output were reflected in the fa ct that, in m any
instances, hourly earnings of the highest paid

T a ble 4. —Percent of production workers employed in footwear manufacturing establishments with formal provisions for

,2

selected supplementary wage benefits,1 United States and selected regions April 1957
Selected benefits >

.»
U . S.»

Paid vacations:4 T otal__________ ____ ___________
After 1 year of service........... ................ .....................
week__ ______________________________
After 5 years of service________ ____ __________
week__________________________ ____ ___
weeks__________________________________
After 15 years of service___________ _____ ______
week__________________________________
weeks__________________ ____ __________
3 weeks__________ _________ ______________

100

Paid holidays 1________________________ ____ _____
1-4 days____ ______ __________________________
5 days____ ______________ ____________________
days_________________ ____ ________________
7 days____________________ __________________
d a y s ..................................... ....................................

90
4

98
93
98
36
55
98
36
54
3

20
75
98

20
44
31

90

(«)

99
95
99
23
72
99

70
4

94
3
23
45

Border
States

Great
Lakes

100

21

77
24
65
79
77
48

70
33
59
73
71
34

79
17
83
82
77
39

84
15
69
82
74
61

7

38
4

12

17
13

(«)

20

9

100

100

100
100
100
100

100

98
99

100

100

1

99

87

94

26
60

(6)

72

11

24
15

26
15
60

2
2

57
79
79
48
(8)

26
70

19
79

88
1
2
81
4

91

1

4
27
69

3

100
100

Pacific

99
99
99

4
94

4
45
39

Southwest

100

96

88

24
39
9

Middle
West

100
100

98
92
98
24
74
98
24
49
25

52
19
4

* If formal provisions for supplementary benefits in an establishment were
applicable to half or more of the workers, the benefits were considered ap­
plicable to all workers. Because of length-of-service and other eligibility
requirements, the proportion of workers currently receiving the benefits may
be smaller than estimated.
3 For definition of regions, see table 1, footnote 2.
3 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately.
4Vacation payments based on a percent of annual earnings were converted
to an equivalent time basis. Periods of service were arbitrarily chosen and


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100

21

6
12

11

6
8

M iddle
Atlantic

100

98
94
98

1
1
2
1
2

Health, insurance, and pension plans: i
Life insurance____________ ___________________
Accidental death and dismemberment insurance.
Sickness and accident insurance______ ____ ____
Hospitalization insurance_____________________
Surgical insurance____________________________
Medical insurance____________________________
Catastrophe insurance________________________
Retirement pension plan_____________________
N o health, insurance, or pension plan............. ..

N ew
England

(«)

2

6

16
84

88
3

1

84

(8)

94
15
87
87
87
80

16
84

57

76
3

66

72
72

76
76
7

28

24

10
66

do not necessarily reflect the individual provisions for progressions For
example, the changes in proportions indicated at 15 years’ service include
changes in provisions occurring between 5 and 15 years.
« Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarilv eaual
totals.
6 Less than 0.5 percent.
f i Includes only those plans for which at least a part of the cost is borne by
the employer and excludes legally required plans such as workmen’s com­
pensation and social security.

281

EARNINGS IN FOOTWEAR MANUFACTURING

Established minimum rates of
$1 an hour for inexperienced production workers
were reported by virtually all of the establish­
ments visited. A few establishments, largely in
the New England and Middle Atlantic regions,
reported higher entrance rates—up to $1.10. In
about three-fourths of the establishments, $1 was
also the minimum for workers who had acquired
experience on the job. In most of the remaining
establishments, $1.05 an hour was reported as the
minimum job rate; 5 percent of the establishments
reported rates of $1.10 to $1.25.
M i n i m u m R a te s .

S c h e d u le d H o u r s . Work schedules of 40 hours a
week were applicable in April 1957 to 95 percent
of the production workers within the scope of
the survey. Individual plant schedules ranged
from 32 to 54 hours a week. About 1 percent
of the workers were employed on second shifts,
and a few were paid a differential over first-shift
rates.
H o lid a y s . Nine-tenths of the production
workers were employed in establishments pro­
viding paid holidays. Over half of the workers
in the industry received 6 days annually, with
about a fifth and a tenth receiving 7 and 5 days,
respectively.
Regionally, the most common practice in New
England and on the Pacific Coast was 7 days a
year; 5 days in the Border States; and 6 days
in all other regions.
P a id

Virtually all workers in the indus­
try received paid vacations after qualifying periods
of service. Vacation payments in establishments
employing 70 percent of the total work force were

P a i d V a c a tio n s .

determined on the basis of the employee’s average
earnings for a specified length of time (i. e., 1 week,
2 weeks, etc.). In the remainder of the establish­
ments, payments were based on a stipulated per­
cent of annual earnings; for purposes of presenta­
tion, these payments were converted to an equiva­
lent time basis. Nearly 95 percent of the produc­
tion workers were provided a week’s vacation
with pay after 1 year of service. With only a few
exceptions, a 1-week vacation also applied to
workers with up to 5 years of service. Two weeks’
vacation was provided after 5 years of service
in establishments employing three-fourths of the
workers. Nearly a third of the workers were
employed in establishments providing 3 weeks’
vacation after 15 years of service.
H e a lth , I n s u r a n c e , a n d P e n s io n P la n s .

Life, hos­
pitalization, and surgical insurance benefits, paid
wholly or in part by employers, were available to
slightly more than three-fourths of the production
workers. Sickness and accident and medical in­
surance benefits were available to two-thirds and
half of the workers, respectively. Accidental
death and dismemberment insurance was available
to a fourth of the workers.
Retirement pension plans were reported in
establishments with a sixth of the production
workers. These benefits were available to nearly
two-fifths of the workers in the Middle Atlantic
region and to a fourth in the Great Lakes region.
Such plans were in addition to benefits available
under Federal old-age, survivors, and disability
insurance.
— L . E a r l L e w is
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations

Union Conventions, April 16 to May 15,1958
Date

May
May
May
May

12_____
12_____
12_____
15_____
Date

April 20____
May 9 ______
May 14_____
456114— 58-------3


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National and international unions

United Furniture Workers of America_____
Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America
United Textile Workers of America________
United Railroad Operating Crafts (Ind.)___
State federations

Mississippi Labor Council_____
Colorado Labor Council_______
Georgia State AFL-CIO_______

Place

New York, N. Y.
Atlantic City, N. J.
Miami Beach, Fla.
Chicago, 111.
Place

Jackson
Colorado Springs
Savannah

282

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958

A New Approach to
Collective Bargaining
E ditor’s N ote.—

T h e f o llo w in g

a rtic le

w as

ex­

c e rp te d f r o m a p a p e r p r e s e n te d b y H a r o ld J .
R u tte n b e rg , p r e s id e n t o f S ta r d r ill- K e y s to n e C o.,
B e a v e r F a lls , P a ., before the 8 8 2 d m e e tin g o f
the N a tio n a l I n d u s t r ia l C o n feren ce B o a r d in
J a n u a r y 1 9 5 8 . N o e l lip s i s m a r k s have been
u s e d to in d ic a te u n u s e d p o r tio n s o f the tex t.

T he unions’ collective bargaining program [in
basic industry] has validity only in the face of
industry failure. The 1930’s was a period when
industry’s failures gave birth to the widespread
growth of unions in the basic industries. These
newly formed or reborn unions formulated a
collective bargaining program to fill in the void
created by the failure of industry to raise wages
to increase purchasing power, reduce hours to
spread the work, eliminate wage inequities,
modernize working conditions, stop indiscriminate
hiring and firing, and correct the other abuses that
had developed through unilateral labor policies
and actions of management.
This was the unions’ collective bargaining
program in the thirties, and it still is their basic
approach to every new collective bargaining
contract [although increased emphasis has been
placed on fringe benefits]. Evidence of this con­
clusion was the revival last year of the 30-hour
week proposal and recent talk about a 3-month
vacation program.
There is no single, magic formula for moderniz­
ing collective bargaining contracts, nor are
strongly held, vested interests or rights easily or
quickly yielded or changed.
M y premise is th a t m anagem ent’s acts and
deeds, policies and principles, are the basic
determ inants of union actions and policies. After
all, unions came into being as a reaction against
managem ent policies, and necessarily their whole
orientation is influenced by what m anagement
does and says.

[Management, as well as organized labor, has
failed to change its basic policy since the 1930’s.
During that decade, management came to rely
on automation as the sole answer to increased
wage costs, as the more efficient use of under­
utilized capacity greatly offset the rising costs.

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Since the end of the war, however, automation has
proved to be insufficient for controlling price
increases.]
The continuous and growing inflationary gap in
America’s economy is the fundamental develop­
ment that has rendered obsolete management’s
sole reliance on automation. In 1957, the infla­
tionary gap was almost 20 percent of our gross
national product: $38 billion for defense, $38
billion for capital expenditures, and a $6-billion
export-import trade deficit. All of the money
paid out in wages, salaries, and dividends to
produce 100 percent of the gross national product
can be spent to buy only four-fifths of it.
The meaning of the inflationary gap is that
automation as the sole answer to increased wage
costs is inadequate because the resulting increased
productivity is not enough, nor does it come fast
enough, to absorb more than a third of the increase
in employment costs, [as has been the experience
of the United States Steel Corp.] As a conse­
quence, so much of the higher employment costs
are passed on in higher prices that the resulting
price increases are intolerable.
It therefore follows that the first step is for
management to cease relying primarily, if not
solely, upon its original concept of automation
as the means for increasing productivity.
It is irresponsible for the leaders of industry to
make speeches and issue press releases in which
they complain about the unions forcing up wage
costs faster than productivity is increasing and,
at the same time, to deny their employees and the
unions the opportunity to participate fully with
management in the job of increasing productivity.
The leaders of industry should propose the fol­
lowing collective bargaining program to their
employees and their collective bargaining agencies,
the unions:
We are continually interested in raising the real income
of our employees, no less than you and your unions are
interested in raising your real plane of living. We can
only do this in the future by joining hands to increase
productivity.
We are unable to increase productivity fast enough
through automation alone. We are compelled to pass on
in higher prices that portion of increased wage costs that
cannot be absorbed through higher productivity. You
are insulated against these compulsory price increases by
having your wages increased automatically as the cost
of living goes up. This places both of us in an untenable
position with other Americans. We, therefore, propose:
1. To pay higher wages for more production.

A NEW APPROACH TO COLLECTIVE BARGAINING

283

2. To provide the maximum capital that our resources
permit for the purchase and installation of equipment to
increase production.
3. To provide the best management that we can develop.
4. To organize practical means for all employees to
cooperate with management to increase production.
5. To enlarge existing, and create new, training schools
for the dual purpose of (a) operating and maintaining
new equipment at maximum production and (b) retraining
for new positions those managerial and operating employees
whose old positions have been replaced by new equipment
or methods.
6. To negotiate, through collective bargaining agencies,
a practical measurement of increased production so that
we can pay productivity wage increases semiannually to
the extent that production has been increased. This
measurement of production shall give the proper weight
to the components of increased production, namely:
(a) The physical and mental performance of employees;
(b) the investment of capital; (c) the contributions of
management through improved methods and practices
and other managerial skills; (d) the contributions of
employees resulting from their cooperation with manage­
ment to increase production; (e) the effect of the volume
of production or the percentage of capacity operations;
(f) the product mix; (g) the effect of new materials and
the quality of raw materials; and (h) the effect of increases
or decreases in the amount of purchased goods and services.
7. To pay one-half of the semiannual productivity wage
increases in direct wages, and to place the other half in
a separate fund to increase fringe benefits as shall be nego­
tiated annually with collective bargaining agencies.

I do not believe that*the productivity rate for manu­
facturing and all the services is going to rise fast enough
to provide (1) higher living standards for 2.5 million more
people every year and also (2) the wherewithal to main­
tain our military establishment and win the economic war
in which we are engaged with the Soviet Union. When
the leaders of industry and labor begin to realize that their
chariot needs more horsepower than the automationists
can put out, they will turn to be “humanationists.”
Humanation is the next major development in American
industry, and it will naturally result in the current patterns
of industrial relations undergoing some major alterations.

*

*

*

*

*

[You must recognize that] output per man-hour does not
measure all of the components of productivity, and this
limited measurement reflects much more than just the
performance of employees. Your unions cannot claim
for you the full benefit of productivity, as these benefits
should be distributed equitably to our stockholders who
supply the capital, our managers who provide manage­
ment, and our customers who support our business.
One of the biggest brakes on increased productivity is
the pegging of production, which is condoned, if not en­
couraged, by too many union representatives in far too
many places. We recognize that management policies and
actions are a factor in employees’ pegging output at arbi­
trary levels. This is obviously among the first problems
that will receive our joint attention under this proposal.
We shall approach the negotiation of this proposal with
an open mind and in a fair spirit of cooperation. The
one fundamental on which we cannot compromise is that
money wage increases shall be tied to increased production.
In the administration of this fundamental, we propose
to give every employee the fullest opportunity to con­
tribute toward higher productivity, so that he can earn
more money by producing more goods.

In my speech before the National Industrial
Conference Board in 1956, I said:


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Management is willing and well prepared for
this second revolution in industrial relations.
When the unions won the first revolution in the
thirties, the great universities and management
organizations began to sow the seeds for this
second revolution.
All that is needed now is for the leaders of
industry to open the door for management. The
labor leaders will quickly adjust themselves to
management setting the pace and pattern of col­
lective bargaining and industrial relations. And
they will do it with less pain than management
[experienced during the] revolution of the thirties.
The progress in management growth and capa­
bilities in the field of human relations since the
thirties is a revolution in itself. Management is
now breaking through as the dominant partner
in the collective bargaining relationship, and the
gap with the labor leaders is no longer of serious
magnitude.
The gap which I am trying to bridge is the
larger one that still persists between the leaders
of industry and the labor leaders. There is no
denying the competency of labor leaders in con­
ducting group activities. They have much to con­
tribute to the art and effectiveness of manage­
ment, and have been doing so indirectly and
negatively. The time has come for a direct and
positive program of cooperation between manage­
ment and unions to increase productivity.
From my earliest contacts with the men and
women who work in our mines, mills, and fac­
tories, I have always felt that the greatest single
force for increased production lies locked up in
their untapped, inherent creativeness. The key
to unlocking this great force for greater produc­
tion is to bring America’s workers and their unions
into full participation in the creative work of
management.

284

Union Wage Scales of Local-Transit
Operating Employees, 1957
H ourly wage scales of unionized local-transit
operating employees in cities of 100,000 or more
population rose an average of 8.5 cents, or 4.3
percent, during the 12 months ending July 1, 1957,
according to the 37th annual study of union wage
scales in the local-transit industry by the U. S.
Department of Labor’s Bureau of Labor Sta­
tistics.1
Scales were advanced during the year for 98
percent of the workers covered by the survey.
Hourly increases of 5 to 7 cents were applicable to
slightly more than a fourth of the workers, of 10
to 12 cents for approximately the same proportion,
and of 14 cents or more for a seventh. As a result
of these widespread wage changes, union hourly
scales on July 1, 1957, averaged $2.08 for all
operators of local-transit equipment.2 Negotiated
rates of $2.05 to $2.15 an hour were in effect for
slightly more than two-fifths of the operators.
Straight-time weekly work schedules were re­
ported for 94 percent of the operating employees
surveyed. They varied from 40 hours to more
than 48, and averaged 41.1 hours. For 3 of every
4 operators, the standard workweek was 40 hours;
about 1 of every 12 had a straight-time schedule
of 48 hours or more.
Pension program provisions were incorporated
in labor-management contracts affecting 96 per­
cent of the transit workers studied. Health and
insurance plans were reported for slightly more
than 90 percent of the workers included in the
study.
Scale Increases

Of the contracts in effect on July 1, 1957, in
the 52 cities surveyed, approximately half were
negotiated for 2 years and about a fourth for a
longer period. Such multiyear contracts usually
provided for one or more interim increases. How­
ever, only those scale changes that actually be­
came effective between July 1, 1956, and July 1,
1957, were included in the current survey even
though they might have been in contracts nego­
tiated prior to July 1, 1956. The scale changes
presented in this report do not reflect the total


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958

wage advances negotiated in individual agree­
ments during the survey year.
The Bureau’s index of union hourly wage scales
for local-transit operating employees on July 1,
1957, was 52.1 percent above the level of the
years 1947-49 (table 1). During the 12 months
preceding July 1, 1957, union hourly wage scales
of transit operators increased 4.3 percent. The
rate of advance was the greatest annual gain
registered since the year ending July 1, 1954,
when a rise of 5.0 percent was recorded.
Between July 1, 1956, and July 1, 1957, union
hourly scales advanced 4.3 percent for operators
of 1-man cars and buses; 5.2 percent for those on
2-man surface cars; and 3.7 percent for elevated
and subway operators. In terms of cents per
hour, union rates for operators of 1-man cars and
buses, who represented 88 percent of all workers
studied, advanced 8.5 cents on the average.
Motormen and conductors on 2-man cars and
operating employees on elevated and subway cars
increased their averages 10 and 7 cents, respectively.
Pay scales were raised during the 12 months
ending July 1, 1957, for 98 percent of the 1-man
car and bus operators, for 86 percent of those on
2-man cars, and for all of the elevated and subway
|í i Union scales are defined as the minimum wage scales or maximum
schedules oí hours agreed upon through collective bargaining between unions
and employers. Rates in excess of the negotiated minimum, which may
be paid for special qualifications or other reasons, are not included.
The information presented in this report was based on union scales in
effect on July 1, 1957, and covered approximately 70,000 local-transit operat­
ing employees in 52 cities with populations of 100,000 or more. Trackmen
and maintenance workers were excluded from the study. Operating em­
ployees of municipally owned transit systems were included ir unions acted
as the bargaining agents. Data were obtained primarily from local union
officials by mail questionnaire; in some instances, Bureau representatives
visited local union officials to obtain the desired information.
The current survey was designed to reflect union wage scales of localtransit operating employees in all eities of 100,000 or more population. All
cities with 500,000 or more population were included, as were most cities in
the population group of 250,000 to 500,000. The cities in the 100,000 to 250,000
group selected for study were distributed widely throughout the United
States. The data for some of the cities included in the study were weighted
in order to compensate for cities which were not surveyed. In order to pro­
vide appropriate representation in the combination of data, each geographic
region and population group was considered separately when city weights
were assigned.
Mimeographed listings of union scales are available for each city included
in the survey. Detailed summary information is included in BLS Bull. 1229.
2
Average hourly scales, designed to show current levels, were based on all
scales reported in effect on July 1, 1957. Individual scales wero weighted
by the number of union members having each rate. These averages are not
designed for precise year-to-year comparisons because of fluctuations in
membership and in the classifications studied. Average cents-per-hour and
percent changes from July 1, 1956, to July 1, 1957, were, however, based on
comparable quotations for the various classifications in both periods,
weighted by the membership reported for the current survey. The index
series, designed for trend purposes, was similarly constructed.
Data from the 1956 survey appeared in the M onthly Labor Review, March
1957, pp. 347-349, and in BLS Bull. 1208.

285

UNION SCALES OF LOCAL-TRANSIT OPERATING EMPLOYEES

operating employees. Although wage adjust­
ments ranged from 3 cents to more than 18 cents
an hour for operators of 1-man cars and buses,
approximately half of the operators of such vehicles
had their hourly scale advanced at least 8 cents.
Scale increases of 5 to 7 cents affected threetenths of these workers; of 10 to 12 cents, a fifth;
and of 14 cents or more, a seventh. All of the
motormen and conductors of 2-man cars affected
by scale revisions had advances of 10 to 15 cents.
Among the elevated and subway operators, who
are concentrated in 5 major cities, scales increased
3 cents for slightly more than half of the workers
and 11.5 cents for 3 of every 10.
On a percentage basis, the increases typically
represented gains of 3 to 6 percent for operators
on 1-man cars and buses. The gains ranged
from 5 to 8 percent for all operators of 2-man
cars and, for elevated and subway operators, from
2 to 3 percent for a third and from 6 to 7 percent
for a somewhat larger proportion.
Current Wage Scales
Negotiated pay scales for local-transit operators
generally provided for length of service differ­
entials—an entrance rate, one or more interme­
diate rates, and a maximum or top rate.3 Al­
though the time intervals between rate steps
varied among cities, 3 or 6 months of employment
was the typical period during which the entrance
or beginning rate applied. The maximum or
top rate was usually reached after 1 year’s service.
Length of service was not a determining factor
in a few cities, as only a single rate was specified.
Hourly entrance or starting rates for operators
of 1-man cars and buses on July 1, 1957, ranged
from a low of $1.40 in Charlotte, N. C., to a high
of $2.24 in San Francisco, Calif. Maximum or
top rates for these operators varied from $1.50
an hour in Charlotte to $2.46 an hour in Boston
for multiunit car operators. In half of the cities
surveyed, the top rate for some workers was $2
or more an hour. Such top rates were reported for
all but 1 of the cities with 500,000 or more popula­
tion and for almost half of those studied in the
250,000 to 500,000 population group.
i This so-called top rate becomes the employee’s basic scale after a specified
period of employment with the company. It is not a maximum rate in the
sense that the company may not pay more.


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T able

1.

Index of union hourly wage rates of local-transit
operating employees, 1929-57
[1947-49=100]

Date
1929:
193(11931:
19321933:
19341935:
193619371938:
1939*
^940:
1941*
1942*
1943:

Date

Index

M ay 15
M ay 15
M ay 15
M ay 15
M ay 15
M ay 15
M ay 15
M ay 15
M ay 15
June 1
Jim p, 1
Jnnft 1
June 1
July 1
July 1____________

52.4
52 9
52.9
51.9

(0

50.4
52.3
52.7
55.2
56.8
57.2
57.9
60.0
64.4

68.6

1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
3949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1954:
1955:
1956:
1957:

July 1____________
July 1_______ __
July 1____________
Oct. 1____________
Oct. 1............ ...........Oct. 1____________
Oct. 1____________
Oct. 1_____ _______
Oct. 1____________
July 1____________
July 1__________ July 1____________
July 1____________
July 1___________ -

Index
69.1
69.9
81.9
92.4
101.7
105.9
110.9
118.2
127.0
129.9
136.4
140.4
145.9
152.1

1Information not available.

Union scales in effect on July 1, 1957, for localtransit operating employees in cities of 100,000
or more population averaged $2.08 an hour.
Operators of 1-man cars and buses averaged $2.07,
and those on 2-man cars and on elevated and
subway operations, $2.11.
Hourly rates of $2.05 to $2.15 were specified in
labor-management contracts for slightly more than
two-fifths of the operators of 1-man cars and
buses, and of $2.15 to $2.25 for a sixth. Rates of
$2.25 or more affected a tenth, approximately
the same proportion as for those with rates of
less than $1.85 an hour. For motormen and
conductors on 2-man cars, rates ranged from $1.95
to $2.10 for half of the workers and from $2.15 to
$2.25 for the other half. Among operating em­
ployees on elevated and subway systems, a fifth
had negotiated scales of $1.95 to $2; a fourth, of
$2.10 to $2.15; three-eighths, of $2.15 or more;
and an eighth had scales of less than $1.95 an
hour.
City and Regional Rate Differences
City and regional averages, designed to show
current rate levels, are of course affected not only
by the wide variation of scales which exists among
the individual cities, but also by variations in the
proportions of union members at each of the
graduated scales within cities. These differences
are reflected in the weighting of individual rates
by the number of workers employed. Therefore,
even though all rates in two areas may be identi­
cal, the averages for the two may differ.

286

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958

On a city basis, average rates on July 1, 1957,
varied from $1.50 in Charlotte, N. C., to $2.33
in Boston, Mass. Scales averaged $2 or more in
26 of the 52 cities studied; except for Houston,
Tex., all cities with a half million or more popula­
tion had such averages. Levels of $1.75 to $2
prevailed in 18 cities.
During the 12 months ending July 1, 1957,
pay scales were adjusted upward for some transit
operating employees in all but one of the cities
studied. Hourly increases ranged from 3 cents
for bus drivers in Knoxville and Memphis, Tenn.,
and for some operators in New York City, to 37
cents in Omaha, Nebr. Most of the rise in Omaha
resulted from a reduction in weekly straight-time
hours with no reduction in weekly earnings. The
most frequent increases were 5, 6, and 10 cents;
each of these increases occurred for some transit
workers in 8 or 9 cities. Advances of more than
10 cents were registered by some or all of the
operators in 10 cities.
Grouping the cities according to population size
showed that average hourly scales on July 1, 1957,
were virtually the same for the 2 largest size
groups—$2.14 in cities of 1,000,000 or more and
$2.15 for those of 500,000 to 1,000,000 population.
The average rate for the group with 250,000 to
500.000 population was $1.98, 15 cents higher
than the average for the group with 100,000 to
250.000 population, the smallest size studied.
Average union hourly wage rates of local-transit
operating employees, by region July 1, 1957

T able 2.

f

Average rate per hour
Region i
All
workers

Operators
of 1 -man
cars and
buses

United States_______ _

$2.08

$2.07

$2.11

$2.11

N ew England____ ____
Middle Atlantic_________
Border States __ _______
Southeast___________
Great Lakes_________
Middle W est________
Southwest________
M ountain_________
Pacific_________________

2.10

2.09

2. 09
2.09

2. 03

2 08

2.17
2.03
1.85
1.83
2.14

2.18
2.03
1.84
1.83
2.14

2.17

2.12

2.02
1.68

2.02
1 . 68

Motormen Elevated
and con­ and subway
ductors of operators
2-m an cars

9 ?4

2.03

2.12

■The regions used in this study inelude: New England—Connecticut,
Mame, Massachusetts, N ew Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont;
Middle Atlantic—N ew Jersey, N ew York, and Pennsylvania; Border States—
Delaware, District oí Columbia, Kentucky, Maryland, Virginia, and West
Virginia; Southeast—Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina,
South Carolina, and Tennessee; Great Lakes—Illinois, Indiana, Michigan,
Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin; Middle West—Iowa, Kansas, Missouri,
Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; Southwest—Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; Mountain—Añzona., Colorado, Idaho, Montana
N ew México, ütah, and Wyoming; Pacific—California, Nevada, Oregon,
and Washington.


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Average rates varied widely among the in­
dividual cities in each population group. The
range was widest (61 cents) in the smallest size
group and narrowest (12 cents) for the cities of
1,000,000 or more population. Overlapping of
average scales existed among cities in the various
population groups. F o r example, the average
hourly rate for Seattle ($2.24) in the 250,000 to
500,000 population group was higher than all but
2 of the 18 cities with a population of a half million
or m ore: Boston and Milwaukee had levels of
$2.33 and $2.24, respectively.
On a regional basis, scales for local-transit
operators averaged highest ($2.17) in the G reat
Lakes region and lowest ($1.68) in the Southeast.
Three other regions— New England, $2.10, Middle
A tlantic, $2.09, and the Pacific, $2.14—also had
average scales in excess of the national level
(table 2).

Related Wage Practices
S ta n d a r d W o rk w e ek. Straight-tim e weekly work
schedules as of Ju ly 1, 1957, were reported for
local-transit operating employees in 45 of the 52
cities studied. Such weekly schedules affected 94
percent of the local-transit operating employees
covered by the survey. T h e average straighttime workweek for these workers was 41.1 hours,
compared with 41.3 hours on Ju ly 1, 1956. R e ­
ductions in standard weekly straight-tim e hours
were indicated for 5 cities.

Typically, the standard workweek continued
to be 40 hours, as it was in the previous year.
This schedule, which was in effect in about threefifths of the cities studied, was applicable to all
of the operating employees on elevated and subway
systems, to two-tliirds of those on 2-man cars,
and to about three-fourths of the 1-man car and
bus operators. Workweeks of 48 or more hours
were reported for 9 percent of the operators on
1-man cars and buses and for 14 percent of the
motormen and conductors on 2-man cars.
In s u r a n c e a n d P e n s io n P la n s .

tiated

health,

insurance,

and

Coverage of nego­
pension p la n s4

4
The prevalence of negotiated health, insurance, and pension programs for
local-transit operating employees was first studied by the Bureau in J uly 1954.
Information for these plans was restricted to those financed entirely or in
part by the employer. Plans financed by workers through union dues or
assessments were excluded from the study. N o attem pt was made to secure
information on the kind and extent of benefits provided or on the expenditures
for such benefits.

287

AFL-CIO MEETING ON INDUSTRIAL AND LABOR FORCE CHANGES

incorporated in labor-management contracts for
local-transit operating employees remained vir­
tually unchanged during the year ending July 1,
1957. Negotiated agreements applicable to
slightly more than 90 percent of the workers
included in this study contained provisions for
health and insurance plans. Pension-plan clauses
were in contracts applying to 96 percent of the

transit workers studied. Plans financed jointly
by workers and employers were in effect for about
4 of every 5 workers provided health and insurance
protection, and for 3 of every 5 of those covered by
pension programs.

AFL-CIO Meeting on Industrial and
Labor Force Changes by 1965

among young persons (aged 14-24) and men 65
years of age or more. The Nation’s labor force
would increase by 10.5 million, or nearly 17 per­
cent. Most of the increase in the labor force, thus,
would occur among women aged 35 and over and
among workers aged 14-24—4 million in each of
these two categories or, together, about four-fifths
of the total increase. The number of part-time
workers would also increase by 3.7 million.
Possible effects of automation were noted. The
large increase in women workers will come at a
time when changing technology is restricting some
of the traditional areas of job opportunities for
women, the Commissioner observed. In the sub­
sequent discussion, Mr. Jacobs contended that
the projections underestimated the possible ad­
verse effects of the rapidly growing office tech­
nology on white-collar workers.
Shifts in the industrial and occupational distri­
bution of employment would probably accompany
the 1955-65 increase in the labor force. Mr.
Clague noted particularly that agricultural em­
ployment would continue to decline (falling by

in labor force participation rates,
population size and distribution, plant location,
and industrial technology, during the years 195565, will have many implications for trade unionism,
reports presented at the AFL-CIO Conference
on the Changing Character of American Industry
indicated.1 The conference heard forecasts of
demographic, industrial, occupational, and re­
gional shifts expected in the Nation’s labor force
and considered trade union activities in light of
the various trends.
C hanges

The Labor Force
The size of the labor force will be dependent,
the Commissioner of Labor Statistics said, upon
population growth (a 25-million increase is pre­
dicted between 1955 and 1965), a rising standard
of living, and a high level of production.2 More­
over, the part-time job market would condition
the labor force activity of married women and
young people.
C h a n g es i n C h a ra c te ristic s. The population, as
projected by the U. S. Bureau of the Census, was
expected to rise sharply in the age group 14 to 24.
The age group 25-44 would show almost no change,
but there would be substantial growth in the age
group 45 and over. Labor force participation
rates, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics,3
were expected to increase among women—partic­
ularly among married women over age 35 whose
children are of school age or older—and to decline

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

—A. R.

P feffer

and

J ohn

F.

L a c is k e y

Division of Wages and Industrial Relations

1 At this conference, in Washington, D . C., January 16, 1958, the speakers
were: Ewan Clague, Commissioner of Labor Statistics: Walter Isard, Pro­
fessor of Economics, Wharton School of Finance, University of Pennsylvania,
who presented a paper prepared in collaboration with Victor R. Fuchs, Assist­
ant Professor of Economics, Columbia University: George W. Taylor, Pro­
fessor of Industry, Wharton School; SolomoD Barkin, Director of Research,
Textile Workers Union; Maywood Boggs, Vice President, International
Brotherhood of Boilermakers; Samuel Jacobs, Washington office, United
Automobile Workers; Peter Henle, Assistant Director of Research, A F L CIO; and Seymour Brandwein, Research Department, A FL-CIO.
2 The estimated changes in the labor force, presented by Mr. Clague, as­
sumed that gross national product by 1965 would total $560-$570 billion at
1955 price levels—about a 45-percent increase over the decade. The estimates
also assumed continuity of the present institutions and economic structure
in the United States, continued technological advance over broad areas,
relatively full employment, absence of war or natural catastrophe, and any
economic recession that does occur, of brief duration, not significantly more
severe than recessions that commenced in 1949 and 1953, and not seriously
affecting the long-term rate of economic growth.
2
See Labor Force Projections to 1975, by Sophia Cooper (in M onthly Labor
Review, December 1957, pp. 1443-1450).

288
about 1 million, or 11 percent, to 5.7 million) and
that the number of nonfarm wage and salary
workers would expand by about 19 percent above
the 1956 figure of 51.9 million. Among nonfarm
wage and salary workers, the increase will be most
rapid for white-collar workers.
Wage and salary employment would increase
in all major industry divisions. A rise of about
one-third was forecast for finance, insurance, and
real estate and of almost one-fourth for contract
construction. In trade, a 20-percent rise in em­
ployment by 1965 was predicted, and a larger rise
in the service industries. An employment gain of
more than a sixth was projected for the mining
division and about that for government. Trans­
portation and public utilities would show about a
10-percent gain.
A 15- to 20-percent rise in manufacturing em­
ployment was predicted by 1965, with the rise for
durable-goods industries (a,bout 22 percent) ap­
proximately twice that for nondurable-goods
industries. Within the durable-goods group,
metalworking industries would show the largest
increases. Among the nondurables, chemicals and
paper would have the largest relative increases in
employment. There may be declines of more than
10 percent in leather, and of 5 to 10 percent in
both the textile and tobacco industries.
Employment would increase more rapidly
among white-collar workers than among bluecollar workers, the total increases being 6.7 and 3.3
million, respectively. Also, each of the whitecollar groups is expected to grow faster than the
labor force as a whole. Clerical and kindred
workers, the most numerous group, would in­
crease about one-fourth by 1965. Professional,
technical, and kindred workers were expected to
expand approximately 43 percent. The sales and
managerial groups would show the smallest rise—
about one-fifth.
A continuing rise in skill level will characterize
the blue-collar group, and there will be divergent
trends. Skilled workers may increase by more
than 1.5 million—or at a somewhat faster rate
than the total labor force—with the large increase
in construction employment and the growing need
for skilled maintenance and repair men.
Operatives (e. g., single-machine operators,
assembly workers, truckdrivers) would expand
by 1.7 million, or about 13.5 percent. In past


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958

decades, mechanization had greatly increased the
number of operatives, but recent advances can
permit great production gains without commen­
surate increases in the number of semiskilled
workers. However, Mr. Clague reminded the
conference that the introduction of automatic
machinery and equipment has been and is expected
to continue to be gradual. Moreover, he said,
the extension of mechanization in many plants
will require additional semiskilled workers in large
numbers.
Employment of laborers has remained relatively
stable in recent years and little change in the
number employed was expected.
The service group of workers is expected to
expand by about 1.5 million, reflecting the
anticipated rise in population and levels of
income.
R e g io n a l S h if ts . Some indications of the future
locational pattern of industry were presented by
Professor Isard. In a future peacetime economy,
he suggested, the Pacific and Gulf Coast States
and their adjoining “satellite” States are likely
to show higher relative employment gains than
the Nation as a whole. Areas showing less than
the national rate of change would likely include
areas in New England (exclusive of Connecticut),
the Pittsburgh area and other interior parts of
the Middle Atlantic States, the Youngstown and
Detroit areas, and some other areas in the East
North Central region. Analysis of expenditures
for new construction suggested that the Northeast
would continue to show relative losses in manu­
facturing employment, and that the West South
Central and Pacific regions would show the major
gains. Other factors affecting regional trends
included the changes in utilization of coal and
other natural resources, sources of cheap power,
decentralization of the auto industry, suburban­
ization, and expansion of the tourist industry, as
well as past trends.
The conclusions were based largely on an anal­
ysis of regional rates of growth in population and
nonagricultural employment4 (total and by in­
dustry division) in the periods 1939-56 and 1947* Whereas, Professor Isard observed, 2 out of 3 nonagricultural jobs in 1939
were in the North and the other was in the South or West, the proportion is
currently 60-40. If this trend continues, he said, the South and West will
have over half the nonagricultural jobs by about 1975.

AFLr-CIO MEETING ON INDUSTRIAL AND LABOR FORCE CHANGES

56.® Differences between actual regional rates of
growth and the rates which would have prevailed
had each region grown at the national rate were
used as a measure of regional “shifting,” but
Professor Isard cautioned that such “shifting”
did not imply that any physical movement across
regional boundaries had actually taken place.
Manufacturing and wholesale and retail trade
revealed relatively the most “shifting”—in terms
of number of jobs. On the basis of the proportion
of jobs affected by “shifting,” mining ranked first,
with finance, insurance, and real estate second.
The least relative “shifting” occurred in transpor­
tation and public utilities and in service and mis­
cellaneous industries.6
Manufacturing made great shifts from the
Northeast (New England’s heaviest losses occurred
in this field) and, following 1947, by far the great­
est gains occurred in the Pacific, West South
Central, and South Atlantic regions. In whole­
sale and retail trade, there was considerable shift­
ing, especially away from the West North Central
and Middle Atlantic regions, and toward the three
Southern regions. Other trends, in summary,
were that mining employment lost heavily in the
Middle Atlantic, South Atlantic, and East South
Central regions. Finance, insurance, and real
estate experienced relatively large declines in the
Middle Atlantic and very significant gains in the
South Atlantic and Mountain regions. Govern* The analysis, based on BLS State and industr data on nonagricultural
employment, used U. S. Bureau of the Census geographic groupings, which
are as follows:
Northeast: New England—Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, N ew
Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; and Middle Atlantic—N ew Jersey,
N ew York, and Pennsylvania.
North Central: East North Central—Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio,
and Wisconsin: and West North Central—Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska,
Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota.
South: South Atlantic—Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,
Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia:
East South Central—Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee: and
West South Central—Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas.
West: Mountain—Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New
Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming: and Pacific—California, Oregon, and Wash­
ington.
« The effect of differences in industrial structure would be apparent if the
Calculations were in greater industrial detail, Professor Isard said. For ex­
ample, if manufacturing were broken down, the employment losses in N ew
England would be found related in part to a shift among specific industry
groups and also in part to the fact that N ew England industries on the
average did not grow as fast as others predominantly located in other regions.
t For a review of the UAW convention in April 1957, see M onthly Labor
Review, June 1957, pp. 697-701. The convention had adopted a resolution
to assure sizable groups of such workers in a plant direct representatives of
their own choosing on local and national bargaining committees. They are
now permitted to negotiate supplementary agreements dealing with their
special problems. The workers affected have the right to vote on the ratifi­
cation of these agreements, and also the master agreement, and the right to
take independent strike action.

456114— 58 --------- 1


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

289

ment employment had large declines in the Middle
Atlantic and significant gains in the West and
South. The Pacific region was the fastest growing
over the whole period 1939-56, though, except in
manufacturing, the gains slowed considerably after
1947. During 1947-56, the Mountain region sur­
passed others in rate of growth.
Implications for Unions

To meet the problems raised by the occupa­
tional, industrial, and geographic shifting of the
labor force, the conference discussion suggested
a four-pronged approach—organizing, bargaining,
training, and legislation. Moreover, it under­
scored the necessity for resolving conflicts that
may develop within and between unions, especially
jurisdictional disputes.
As devices for encouraging discussion and
compromise prior to formal bargaining or other
concrete action, Mr. Taylor cited the practice
of forming departmental groupings within the
Federation and the needle trades plan, capped by
a Joint Wage Board. Stronger bargaining roles
have been assigned to professional, technical,
and office workers, as well as to skilled workers,
Mr. Jacobs indicated, referring to UAW conven­
tion action in 1957.7
Interunion jurisdiction has been complicated
by the industrial changes, Professor Taylor
pointed out. He observed that it has become
virtually impossible to obtain a definition of
exclusive jurisdiction that will be operative auto­
matically and self-effectuating. He cited the
CIO jurisdictional disputes plan as a notable
adjustment to changed circumstances, though
the approach would not, he thought, apply to
job jurisdiction. Mr. Jacobs suggested that
some very interesting jurisdictional questions
would show up within the industrial union
structure if the process, rather than the job,
became the definitive factor.
The principal collective bargaining approaches
to coping with plant relocation were reviewed by
Mr. Brandwein. Lengthy discussion of this
problem dealt with the needs of workers at both
new and abandoned locations. A union may try
to get the company to maintain operations where
it is, Mr. Brandwein said. For example, in the
garment, millinery, and shoe industries, charac­
terized by small plants, unions have negotiated

290
contract pledges that the plant will remain in its
present location. A union may also cooperate in
efforts at modernization, so as to avoid a move.
Also, unions have sought to eliminate geographical
differentials in wages and other conditions, partic­
ularly in multiplant companies. If a plant does
move, the union may try to get the affected
workers transferred to jobs at the new place at
comparable pay with full retention of accumulated
rights, and to secure financial aid (e. g., severance
pay and compensation for accrued rights) for
workers who do not want to move.8 In addition,
the union usually attempts to spread the move
over an extended period to permit the cutback in
work force to occur through attrition and normal
retirements. Unions have sought and obtained
payment of all moving expenses for the worker, as
well as some extra adjustment expenses.
Also with regard to collective bargaining, Mr.
Taylor suggested the desirability of reviewing
policies regarding such matters as adjustment of
wage rates to reflect increased productivity; job
seniority—formerly designed primarily to apply to
promotions; and job evaluation, where fringe bene­
fits and other gains have increased the value of a
worker’s job.
In unions’ review of their policies in the light
of the labor force changes, Mr. Henle suggested
that consideration be given to the following
points:
What is the best method for organizing groups of
workers which include a large proportion of youngsters or
older women? To what extent is it necessary to develop
new techniques to better organize clerical and technical
workers?
How can unions with a broader membership base make
effective provision for minority groups of clerical and
technical workers? Are any changes necessary to adapt
union methods to the increasing number of women workers?
What policies on such issues as wages and seniority
provide the best balance between full-time and part-time
workers? Does the increased emphasis on skill require
any change in attitudes toward wage differentials for
skilled workers? Are special approaches to wages and
grievances required to meet the needs of white-collar
workers?
What educational methods can be utilized to provide
newcomers to the labor movement an understanding of its
* The plan—the 1936 Washington Job Protection Agreement—under which
railroads have met such problems was cited as a case in point. For a discus­
sion of this and other measures directed toward unemployment problems in
the railroad industry, see Maintenance of W ay Employment, by William
Haber and Mark L. Kahn (in M onthly Labor Review, October and
November 1957, pp. 1177-1182 and 1315-1320).


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958
history, objectives, and programs? What measures can
be taken more effectively to gain general public under­
standing and support of the need for trade unions for all
types of workers?

r" Union organizing might be more difficult, some
conference speakers believed. “During the next
10 years,” Mr. Henle advised, “American unions
will find in the labor market a steadily increasing
proportion of workers who have . . . not been
exposed to the hardships around which unionism
has traditionally been built, and whose jobs will
largely be those in which unions have generally
not been accepted.” Mr. Boggs summed up by
saying that the problem will be accentuated in
areas where labor is least organized and least
troublesome in areas best organized.
Union training programs would require review.
Current UAW bargaining demands, Mr. Jacobs
indicated, include a proposal to lift the maximum
age of 25 for apprentices in order to channel dis­
placed production workers into skilled trades.
Mr. Boggs suggested the expansion or inaugura­
tion of training and educational programs, in­
cluding apprenticeships and on-the-job training,
that would enable workers to meet the higher
standards anticipated. “There is still urgent
need,” Mr. Clague said, “for a more skilled, more
versatile, and a better trained labor force. Labor,
management, educational institutions, and gov­
ernment at all levels must cooperate on this
problem.”
To control plant closings and provide funds
with which to aid communities and individuals,
Mr. Barkin recommended, as a legislative ap­
proach: (1) Revision of the Internal Revenue
Code to discourage purchase of enterprises—
with subsequent plant closings—by buyers pri­
marily interested in the tax advantages of the
loss carryover provisions contained in sections
381-382; and (2) creation of a special fund for
direct financing of benefits to the individuals and
communities affected. He also stated that to
assist individual workers affected by plant closings,
legislation should provide for extended unem­
ployment benefits, severance pay, maintenance
and vocational and educational training during
adjustment, food distribution programs, assist­
ance to workers moving to a new area, job place­
ment assistance through the United States Em­
ployment Service, and earlier retirement under
the Federal social security system.

Significant Decisions
in Labor Cases*
Labor Relations
D is c r e tio n a r y L ic e n s in g o f U n io n O rg a n ize rs . The
United States Supreme Court invalidated1 on
constitutional grounds a city ordinance which
made the licensing of membership solicitors for
dues-collecting organizations contingent on the
discretion of city officials, and reversed a convic­
tion of a union organizer for failure to register
under this ordinance before soliciting union mem­
bership.
The nine-section municipal ordinance provided
that, before any person solicited members for any
organization or union to which such members
were required to pay dues or other fees, the
solicitor must obtain a permit from city officials.
In passing upon any application under the ordi­
nance, the city officials were to consider the charac­
ter of the applicant, the nature of the business of
the organization, and the effect of the organization
upon the “general welfare of the citizens’’ of the
city. The ordinance also provided that if the
person desiring the license received compensation
of any sort for obtaining members, a fee of $2,000
per year and $500 for each member obtained must
be paid to the city. Criminal penalties were pro­
vided for soliciting members without a permit.
The union organizer convicted of soliciting mem­
bers without a permit in this case had been in the
city “going around talking to some of the women
to organize the factory workers” employed in a
nearby town and had held meetings at the houses
of some of these women. She had told the work­
ers that membership dues in the union would be
64 cents per week but would not be payable until
the employees were organized. No money was
accepted. Blank membership cards were given
out and the organizer explained that the immediate
objective was to “have enough cards signed to
petition” the National Labor Relations Board for
a representation election. The organizer had
made no application for a license under the statute.

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On appeal of the conviction in a lower court, a
State appellate court had refused to consider the
organizer’s atta ck on the unconstitutionality of
the statute, on the grounds th at she had not
properly raised the constitutional question because
she had made no attem pt to comply with the
ordinance and had not challenged the ordinance
by section but in to tal.2
In reversing the decision of the State court, the
United States Supreme Court, with two justices
dissenting, rejected the contention th at the con­
stitutionality of the statu te was not properly
raised. I t held th at the organizer had properly
challenged the ordinance in total as all parts of
it related to her activities and all sections of the
ordinance were interrelated. Consequently, the
Court found th at it had jurisdiction to consider
the constitutional question.
The Court held th a t the ordinance, which con­
tained no definite standards for the granting of a
permit, made the enjoym ent of the freedom of
speech protected by the F irst and Fourteenth
Amendments to the United States Constitution
dependent solely upon the will of the city officials.
Consequently, the ordinance was an unconstitu­
tional prior restraint upon the exercise of liberty
protected by the Constitution.
E m p lo y e r L i a b i l i t y A f te r B u s in e s s D is p o s a l. A
Federal court of appeals held 3 th at an employer
who sold a part of his business in which discriminatively discharged employees had been employed
was liable for their loss of employment after the
sale and th at he must reinstate them in employ­
m ent in his remaining business.
In this case, a common carrier for hire had
maintained an intrastate shuttle-bus line as well
as an interstate (long-line) bus operation. Shortly
after a union attem pted to organize the carrier’s
employees, the employer discharged, ostensibly
for cause, two of his drivers— a shuttle-bus driver
and a long-line bus driver. A few months later,
the employer sold his shuttle line to a competitor
and term inated the employment of those em*Prepared in the TJ. S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor. The
cases covered in this article represent a selection of the significant decisions
believed to be of special interest. No attempt has been made to reflect all
recent judicial and administrative developments in the field of labor law or
to indicate the effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in which contrary
results may be reached based upon local statutory provisions, the existence of
local precedents, or a different approach by the courts to the Issue presented.
S taub v. City o f B a xley (U. S. Sup. Ct., Jan. 13, 1958).
94 Ga. App. 18, 93 S. E. 2d 375 (1956).
N L R B v. M isso u ri T ra n sit Co. (O. A. 8, Dec. 27,1957).

1
3
3

291

292
ployees engaged in that operation. Subsequently,
the union filed charges of unfair labor practices
with the National Labor Relations Board.
The NLRB had found 4 that the two employees
had been discharged because of union activities
and that the employer had disposed of the shuttlebus route and had discharged the other shuttlebus drivers for discriminatory reasons in violation
of the National Labor Relations Act. It ordered
the discharged employees for whom jobs were not
available in the employer’s interstate line placed
on a preferential hiring list and ordered the em­
ployer to compensate these drivers for all loss of
earnings.
The court distinguished the decision in this
case from another 5 in which it refused to enforce
a Board order imposing liability on an employer
after the date he had sold his entire enterprise and
in which it had held that the employer’s motive in
selling was immaterial. It found that the present
Board order was not based on any control by the
employer of the portion of the business sold, but
was directed only to reinstatement in the em­
ployer’s existing business. Consequently, the
court found that the Board’s remedy was proper
and enforceable.
A w a r d s . A Federal
district court found 6 that it had jurisdiction
under section 301 of the Taft-Hartley Act to
enforce an arbitration award which made an
employer liable for the vacation pay of his union
employees.
In this case, the employer and the union sub­
mitted the issue of the former’s liability for
vacation pay to an arbitrator. Upon the em­
ployer’s failure to comply with the arbitrator’s
decision, the union moved for summary judgment
in the district court. The employer contended,
in moving for dismissal on jurisdictional grounds,
that the action was, in effect, one to recover
accrued wages and that the Federal district court
only had jurisdiction if the action was collective
in character and not “uniquely personal.” 7
The court, distinguishing this case from a Su­
preme Court decision8 on which the employer
had based his contention, found that, although the
arbitration award specified certain amounts were
due to individual employees, the claims were not
uniquely personal rights of the individual em­
ployees so as to deny the court jurisdiction under
E n fo rc e m e n t o f A r b itr a tio n


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958

section 301. According to the court, the ar­
bitration provisions of the collective bargaining
agreement made the enforcement of vacation
pay awards a collective right of the union. Re­
lying upon another Supreme Court decision9which
upheld a union’s rights to compel an employer to
arbitrate under section 301, the court held that
it had jurisdiction to enforce an arbitration award
already made.
The
NLRB dismissed a complaint10 against an inter­
national union and one of its locals, which at­
tempted to force an employer to assign work to
their members instead of members of another
union, on the grounds that an agreed upon method
existed for settling the dispute despite the fact
that they refused to comply with it. The Board
based its decision on its present procedural rules,
although it found that these rules w'ere erroneous
and contrary to the provision and purpose of the
National Labor Relations Act. It announced that
the rules will be changed.
In this case, the Lathers had struck to compel
the employer to assign certain work to their mem­
bers instead of those of a Carpenters union. The
strike was discontinued, as a result of an agree­
ment in a Federal district court injunction pro­
ceeding, prior to the issuance of the complaint
against the Lathers unions’ alleged violation of
section 8 (b) (4) (D) of the National Labor Re­
lations Act. The complaint also stated that the
unions involved were bound by an agreement to
settle jurisdictional disputes under the procedures
of the National Joint Board for Settlement of
Jurisdictional Disputes in the Building and Con­
struction Industry as they were members of the
Building and Construction Trades Department of
the American Federation of Labor and Congress
of Industrial Organizations which had set up that
board. Thereafter, the joint board issued a de­
cision awarding the disputed work to the CarpenV o lu n ta r y A d ju s tm e n t i n U n io n J u r is d ic tio n .

* 116 NLRB 587 (Aug. 14, 1956).

8N L R B v . N e w M a d rid M a n u fa c tu rin g Co., 215 F. 2d 908 (C. A. 8,1954).
6A m algam ated Clothing W orkers v. A . L . K o rn m a n Co. (U. S. D. C., M. D.,
Tenn., Dec. 17,1957).
7A m algam ated Clothing W orkers v. A . L . K o r n m a n Co. (IT. S. D. C.,
M. D., Tenn., May 2, 1956).
8Association o f W estinghouse Salaried E m ployees v. W estinghouse Electric
Corp., 348 U. S. 437 (1955); see Monthly Labor Review, June 1955, p. 679.
8Textile W orkers U nion v. L in co ln M ills , 353 U. S. 448 (1957); see Monthly
Labor Review, August 1957, p. 956.
W ood, W ire and M eta l L athers In tern a tio n a l U n io n and A coustical Con­
tractors Association o f Cleveland, 119 NLRB No. 166 (Jan. 17, 1958).

293

DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES

ters union. The Lathers unions denied that they
were bound by the joint board decision and refused
to abide by it. The NLRB regional director had
brought the unfair labor practice charge without
instituting a hearing proceeding under section
10 (k), which empowers the Board to determine
the nature of a jurisdictional dispute unless satis­
factory evidence that the parties have adjudicated
or agreed upon methods for voluntary adjustment
of the complaint is presented, and which provides
that upon “voluntary adjustment of the dispute,
such charge shall be dismissed.’'
The NLRB found that the Lathers unions were
bound by the determination of the joint board,
despite their contentions, because they continued
to belong to the AFL-CIO department, and that
an agreed upon method for settling the dispute
existed. Construing the present NLRB rules to
require dismissal of a complaint where such an
agreed upon method existed, even though the
machinery for resolving the dispute had broken
down, the Board, with one member dissenting,
held that the Administrative Procedure Act and
“the elementary matter of fairness in the adminis­
tration of the [National Labor Relations] Act”
required that these rules be followed even though
they were “inconsistent with the statutory scheme
and intent.”
However, the Board construed the NLRA to
permit the institution of an unfair labor practice
complaint proceeding under section 8 (b) (4) (D)
without the prerequisite of a hearing and deter­
mination under section 10 (k) “if it appears that
there exists an agreed upon method of voluntary
adjustment which has broken down in settling an
underlying jurisdictional dispute.” According to
the Board, section 10 (k) should be interpreted to
allow an unfair practice charge to remain alive
until a final settlement of a dispute is made, so
that unfair labor practice action may be immedi­
ately taken against a party that resorts to a juris­
dictional strike despite the existence of an agreed
method of adjustment.
Unemployment Compensation
D is q u a lif ic a tio n f o r M is c o n d u c t. A Michigan cir­
cuit court held 11 that misconduct which will

11

P arke, D avis & Co. v. M ichigan E m p lo y m e n t Security Com m ission and
J o h n Ross. (Mich. Oir. Ct., Dec. 13, 1957).

12 343 Mich. 380.
is D a m e v. C. A . B atson Co. (U. S. D . C., M ass., Dec. 16, 1957).


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disqualify a claimant for benefits under the
unemployment compensation law does not include
all forms of immoral or illegal conduct, but only
conduct of such a nature and severity as to give
real concern to the employer. In this case, the
claimant was observed in the act of accepting and
pocketing a can of apple juice which had been
stolen from the employer, and was discharged.
A referee found that claimant’s actions constituted
misconduct within the meaning of section 29
(1) (a) (2) of the Michigan Employment Security
Act and sustained the disqualification for benefits,
but was reversed by the Michigan appeal board.
On appeal, the circuit court ruled that equating
criminal and civil penalties was incorrect, and
that the basic legal question involved was whether
the claimant’s actions, considered in the light and
purpose of the unemployment compensation act,
were of sufficient import and seriousness to be
defined as misconduct “for the purposes of this
statute.”
Basing its decision on the dissenting opinion in
C a s s a r v. E m p lo y m e n t S e c u r ity C o m m is s io n ,12
the court stated: “There is no question but what
the action of the claimant in receiving the can of
apple juice and putting it in his pocket was wrong.
There is no question but what such action cannot
be justified either morally or legally. But such a
finding does not in and of itself establish such
misconduct in connection with his employment as
to give rise to the serious consequences that will
follow the interpretation of the statute sought by
the appellants.” Concluding that the misconduct
contemplated by the statute must be of a nature
and severity to give “real concern,” the court
held that the de minimis doctrine was appli­
cable in the instant case and affirmed the finding
of the appeal board which had awarded benefits
to the claimant.
Veterans’ Reemployment
R e in s ta te m e n t o f C o n stru c tio n L a b o re r. A recent
decision of a United States district co u rt13 dealt
with the reemployment rights of a veteran who
worked as a laborer on construction projects of a
contractor before military service. The veteran
in this case had worked for the employer during 6
months before his military service. During that
period, breaks of a day or two had occurred in
his work after completion of one project and before

294
commencement of another. On October 31, 1951,
he had stopped work, telling his employer that he
intended to enlist. He did not enlist at once but
did do so on November 19, 1951. When he
applied for reinstatement on November 16, 1953,
the construction job on which he had last worked
was finished. The employer told him that work
was slow and he would see what he could do.
After requesting work several times, the veteran
refused a position which the employer offered on
April 16, 1954, and for which the veteran would
have needed transportation. In his preservice
job, the veteran neither needed nor was paid for
transportation. No other work was offered and
the veteran was unemployed until May 15, 1954.
During the period of the veteran’s postservice
unemployment, only one employee—a union shop
steward—was employed continuously; from time
to time during that period, however, other laborers
had been employed. The veteran sued the
employer for damages and recovered.
The court disallowed the employer’s first de­
fense, that because of the gap between his resig­
nation and his enlistment the veteran did not
leave his position to enter military service, finding
as a fact that he had done so.
In rejecting the second defense, that the posi­
tion of laborer in the construction industry was
a “temporary” position which could not be a
foundation for reemployment rights, the court’s
ruling for the veteran proceeded on the following
reasoning: the employer had proved that, because
of the nature of the construction industry, his
need for common labor was uneven and all such
labor was hired “by the job” ; but because the
employer employed many laborers, holding their
positions to be “temporary” would “do violence
to the congressional purpose, removing, by a
simple contrivance, a large segment of his employ­
ees from the purview of the act.” The court held
that such positions must not be considered “tem­
porary” where there was either a right or a custom
of reemployment when the position was not
continuous. In this case, it found that there was


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958

a custom, not a right. “The important matter
is whether plaintiff was consistently treated by
defendant as employable for regularly available
common labor.”
The existence of several short breaks in the 6
months of preinduction employment was con­
sistent with a position “other than temporary,”
according to the court. The conclusion did not
depend on whether the laborer was “transferred”
or “rehired” on the next construction projects
after these breaks. In this connection, the court
noted that the only seniority recognized was
priority for a regular union steward, a priority
which the court held applicable even in fixing
statutory rights. The court remarked, however,
that among common laborers employed by a
contractor, the absence of seniority might even
mean a certain amount of preference for the
veteran.
The court also concluded that the veteran was
not required to accept the position offered. The
absence of need for transportation in his pre­
service position implied that his position was
within the territorial jurisdiction of the local
laborers’ union. The employer, therefore, did not
offer a “like” position and the veteran properly
refused it.
The court further held that the veteran was not
entitled to work in his former or a “like” position
while the only person working was the regular
union steward, because of the special priority
attached to that office. On the other hand, though
no work was available when the veteran applied
for restoration, his rights were violated whenever
the employer thereafter called on the union to
supply laborers instead of assigning the work to
the veteran.
Finally, the court decided that the employer’s
bona fide belief that the veteran had no statutory
right to reemployment was no defense. Damages
were awarded, in terms of pay with interest from
the date of suit, for all hours when any person
except the shop steward was employed in a
laborer’s position.

Chronology of
Recent Labor Events

January 10
A n n o u n c e m e n t w a s m a d e by the Air Line Stewards and
Stewardesses of an agreement with the Trans-World Air­
lines, providing for a union shop and dues checkoff, wage
increases of $43 to $58 a month, and other improvements
for 1,500 hostesses and flight pursers. It was the union’s
first union-shop pact with a major airline.

January 11
January 3, 1958
A n o r d e r of the Oregon State Wage and Hour Commis­
sioner went into effect, raising the minimum hourly wages
for women and minor workers in the laundry and dry
cleaning industry from 60 to 75 cents immediately and
to 80 cents on July 3, and providing for time and one-half
rates for work in excess of 8 hours daily or 44 hours weekly.
On January 24, the Pennsylvania Secretary of Labor
and Industry promulgated, orders setting new minimum
wage rates for women and minor workers in the State’s
restaurants, hotels, and motels, effective May 12, 1958,
ranging from 58 cents to $1.05, depending on whether the
workers receive tips and/or meals. The orders also in­
creased the ratio of learners to total employment from 1
in 10 to 1 in 3, and lengthened the learner period from
480 to 600 hours, or 3 months.

January 4
A F e d e r a l d is t r ic t c o u r t in Washington, D. C., acting
on the request of three Massachusetts locals of the United
Electrical Workers (Ind.), which claimed they had been
denied a hearing before the Subversive Activities Control
Board, issued a temporary restraining order holding up
the Justice Department’s efforts to have the Board declare
the UE Communist-infiltrated. (See Chron. item for
Aug. 24, 1954, MLR, Oct. 1954.) Ten days later, the
order was extended indefinitely, pending further prelimi­
nary hearings before the Board.

January 8
io g u a r d i (Johnny Dio), labor racketeer and former
union official, was sentenced in the Court of General Ses­
sions of New York City to serve 15 to 30 years in prison
for extorting money from employers by the use of pickets.
(See Chron. item for July 25, 1957, MLR, Sept. 1957.)

J ohn D

January 9
R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of the Teamsters Central Conference
locals ratified two 3-year contracts providing for hourly
wage increases of 10 cents on February 1 and 7 cents in
each subsequent year, incorporation into the base rate of
the 10-cent hourly increase over the last 3 years, and other
improvements for approximately 160,000 road and local
cartage drivers in 13 midwestern States.


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T h e C o m m u n ic a t io n s W o r k e r s and the American Tele­
phone and Telegraph Co. signed a 16-month contract pro­
viding for weekly wage increases for 25,000 employees—
$2 to $4 for long distance operators and $1 to $5 for
maintenance men in 42 States and the District of Columbia.
(See also p. 298 of this issue.)

January 13
T h e U. S. S u p r e m e C o u r t , in Staub v. City of Baxley, laid
aside a union organizer’s conviction under an ordinance of
the city of Baxley, Ga., forbidding solicitation of members
for dues-collecting organizations without a license issuable
by the city authorities at their discretion, and declared the
statute unconstitutional as abridging free speech guaran­
teed by the First and Fourteenth Amendments. (See also
p. 291 of this issue.)
T h e U n it e d H a t t e r s ended their first nationwide strike
by agreeing with the industry’s representatives on a con­
tract calling for wage increases and other improved benefits
for 22,000 workers. (See also p. 298 of this issue.)

January 16
w a s m a d e that, in order to save jobs for
100 workers scheduled for layoff, Local 101 of the United
Rubber Workers in Detroit agreed with the United States
Rubber Co. on a shorter workweek (32 instead of 40 hours)
for employees in some departments, with resulting reduc­
tion in pay. The step was taken after 410 employees were
laid off and 645 others were scheduled to go soon thereafter.

A nnouncem ent

January 17
The National Labor Relations Board, in a policy revi­
sion, decided it will take up future unfair labor practice
complaints in jurisdictional disputes in cases where volun­
tary dispute-adjustment machinery exists “if it appears
that [the machinery] has broken down in settling an under­
lying jurisdictional dispute.” The case was Wood, Wire
and Metal Lathers International Union and Acoustical
Contractors Association of Cleveland. (See also p. 292 of
this issue.)

January 20
is t r ic t C o u n c il N o. 14 and the Painting and
Decorating Contractors Association of Chicago agreed

P a in t e r s D

295

296
upon a 2-year contract covering 14,000 workers, providing
hourly wage increases totaling 12}£ cents an hour and
employer contributions of 10 cents per man-hour to a
pension fund. (See also p. 299 of this issue.)
T h e C o u r t o f G e n e r a l S e s s i o n s of New York City
sentenced James T. Atkins, international president of the
Masters, Mates and Pilots, to 1 year in jail for taking a
$100 bribe from a union member to get him a job on a ship.

January 21
acting under the Railway Labor
Act, created an emergency board to study a dispute be­
tween Eastern Air Lines, Inc., and the Flight Engineers
union. A week later, the President established a similar
board to study the company’s dispute with the Air Line
Pilots Association. An issue in both disputes is whether
jet airliners should carry a flight engineer or a third pilot.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958
their organizations as having seceded from the interna­
tional and to deprive them of control over their locals’
funds. The petitioners, on behalf of the international,
claimed the locals’ announced disaffiliation was invalid under
the international’s constitution and that the constitution
gives the international control over funds of locals in case of
secession. The court questioned the constitutional au­
thority of the specially appointed petitioning officials them­
selves and said that an injunction would harm the locals’
interests in their funds.

January 27

P r e s id e n t E is e n h o w e r ,

January 23

E. R. S q u i b b & S o n s , a pharmaceutical manufacturer,
and 2 Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers locals announced
agreements on new contracts, later ratified by union mem­
bers, calling for an average 11-cent hourly package for
3,500 workers in the company’s Brooklyn, N. Y., and New
Brunswick, N. J., plants. (See also p. 299 of this issue.)
U. S. S u p r e m e C o u r t denied review in A . H . B u l l
C o . v. S e a f a r e r s ’ U n io n , thereby in effect
affirming a decision of the Federal court of appeals in New
York City (see Chron. item for Nov. 21, 1957, MLR, Jan.
1958) that the Norris-LaGuardia Act bars Federal dis­
trict courts from issuing antipicketing injunctions under
the Taft-Hartley Act, in order to specifically enforce no­
strike agreements.
T he

S te a m s h ip

P r e s id e n t - e l e c t J a m e s R. H o f f a and other newly
elected officers of the Teamsters took office, after the suit
challenging the validity of the union's last convention
(see Chron. item for Nov. 4, 1957, MLR, Jan. 1958) was
halted indefinitely by a consent decree of the Federal
district court in Washington, D. C., giving effect to
the convention’s decisions but appointing a 3-member
board to monitor union activities for 1 year or until the
next Teamster convention. (See also p. 300 of this issue.)

New York State Court of Appeals upheld an arbitra­
tor’s award enjoining a union from continuing a slowdown
in violation of a collective bargaining agreement, since the
agreement stipulated speedy arbitration of disputes and
nothing short of an injunction could satisfy this provision.
The case was I n r e R u p p e r t .
T he

January 24
A s p e c i a l 3 - d a y c o n v e n t io n of the United Auto Workers
ended in Detroit, having adopted bargaining goals for the
union’s forthcoming contract negotiations with the auto­
mobile industry, including a profit-sharing plan proposed
by President Walter P. Reuther. (See also p. 270 of this
issue.)
T h e Bakery and Confectionery Workers, recently expelled
from the AFL-CIO (see Chron. item for Dec. 5, 1957,
MLR, Feb. 1958), failed to obtain a New York State
supreme court temporary injunction to prevent officers
of locals 50 and 51 in New York City from representing


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January 29
T h e U. S. S e n a t e , approving the continuation of the
Select Committee on Improper Activities in the Labor or
Management Field until January 31, 1959, increased the
committee’s authorized expenditures for the coming year
$20,000 over last year’s $500,000. (See Chron. item for
Jan. 30, 1957, MLR, Mar. 1957.)
On January 31, the committee wound up its 9-day in­
vestigation of the Union of Operating Engineers, having
received evidence and heard testimony charging abuses
of the union’s funds and other malpractices by its local
and international officials, including President William E.
Maloney. The committee’s chairman referred to Maloney
as controlling the union “through his association with
mobsters and racketeers.” (See also p. 301 of this issue.)
i v i s i o n of the New York State Supreme
Court announced its decision upholding the right of the
Waterfront Commission of New York Harbor to disci­
pline longshoremen found guilty of misconduct in water­
front strikes. The case stemmed from the longshoremen’s
prolonged strike in 1954 (see Chron. item for Apr. 1, 1954,
MLR, June 1954).

T he A ppellate D

Developments in
Industrial Relations*
Bargaining Proposals and Wage-Cost Issues

On J a n u a r y 13, the United Automobile Workers
international executive board made public its
1958 collective bargaining proposals for the auto­
mobile industry, which in addition to “basic
m in im u m ” economic demands also called for a
profit-sharing plan.1 According to Walter P.
Reuther, president of the union, the UAW’s
basic wage demands would “realistically reflect
the increase in national productivity possible with
our present day economy . . . [and] would add
nothing to unit costs of production and would be
noninflationary.” He noted that “the rate of pro­
ductivity advance in the economy as a whole, as
calculated from Bureau of Labor Statistics data,
was 3.9 percent per year during the entire postwar
period, 1947 through 1956 . . 2 Other pro­
posals included elimination of wage-rate inequi­
ties, a liberalized cost-of-living escalator provision,
a “substantial increase in supplemental unem­
ployment benefits,” and pension and hospitalmedical insurance improvements.
“Unless,” Mr. Reuther declared, “a substantial
portion of excessive profits is diverted into con­
sumer purchasing power through higher wages and
lower profits, the existing imbalance between
productive power and purchasing power will con­
tinue, creating the danger that the already serious
present recession will spiral into one of much more
serious proportions.”
The union also advanced a proposal that major
automobile companies, after meeting basic wage
and salary costs and after setting aside basic
dividends for payment to stockholders, share
their profit above 10 percent on net capital before
taxes. Distribution of such profits would be
made on the following basis: One-half of the
excess profits to go to stockholders and execu­
tives; one-fourth to wage and salary workers; and


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one-fourth to consumers through a year-end re­
bate. Spokesmen for the major auto companies
immediately charged that the union’s bargaining
proposals were inflationary and unrealistic.3
Joseph A. Beirne, president of the Communica­
tions Workers of America, announced on January
24, following a meeting of the CWA’s 57-member
policy committee, that, as an aid in shaping the
union’s bargaining demands, he would “ask the
CWA executive board to authorize me to ask the
Secretary of Labor to appoint a fact-finding board
of eminent Americans to hear our beliefs and guide
us in our demands.”
The policy committee had met to hear reports
on economic trends and the problems of telephone
rate regulations before drafting 1958 demands.
Mr. Beirne explained that the purpose of the com­
mittee (established by a CWA constitutional
change in 1957) was to seek attainable objectives
based on recognition that the Bell System is a
public utility depending on rates fixed by Federal
and State regulatory bodies.
Negotiations with the Southern Bell Telephone
and Telegraph Co. begin this spring, at which
time the union plans to ask for “an equitable and
substantial general wage increase” and liberalized
vacation benefits. Mr. Beirne denied any sug­
gestion that the present “softness” of the economy
made wage and price rises inadvisable; on the
contrary, he asserted that higher wages would
“bolster consumer purchasing power, which is the
key to an urgently needed upswing in the eco­
nomic cycle.”
In a speech before the third annual forecasting
luncheon of the Girard Trust Corn Exchange
Bank, the vice president and general counsel of
Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Leland Hazard, de­
clared that management must call a halt to
•Prepared in the D ivision of Wages and Industrial Relations, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, on the basis of currently available published material.
For details of the special convention which met to consider these pro­
posals, see p. 270 of this issue.
s Estimated in terms of output per man-hour worked; in terms of output per
man-hour paid, productivity increased at the average annual rate of 3.4
percent during this period. For periods covering several decades, produc­
tivity increased at the rate of about 2 percent per year. See Economic Report
of the President, January 20, 1958, p. 107.
s While profit-sharing plans have become somewhat more popular in recent
years, they are still relatively uncommon in American industry. A BLS
study in 17 labor market areas in 1955-56 found that such plans covered only
about 7 percent of the production workers and 13 percent of the office workers
in these areas. See Supplementary Wage Provisions in 17 Labor Markets,
1955-56 (in M onthly Labor Review, November 1956, pp. 1285-1287).

1

297

298
“creeping inflation” by refusing wage increases,
even if the refusals resulted in strikes. Mr. Hazard
warned against the “vicious cycle” of “higher
wages, higher prices,” and advocated an open
conference between top-level officials of labor,
management, and Government to discuss the
problem of wages and prices.
Against this background of conflicting views
regarding wage-rate increases and their effect on
the current economic situation, President Eisen­
hower in his economic report to the Congress of
the United States noted the responsibility of man­
agement, labor, and Government regarding the
wage-cost-price spiral. “Business managements,”
the President cautioned, “must recognize that
price increases that are unwarranted by costs . . .
not only lower the buying power of the dollar, but
also may be self-defeating by causing a restriction
of markets, lower output, and a narrowing of the
return on capital investment. The leadership of
labor must recognize that wage increases that go
beyond overall productivity gains are inconsistent
with stable prices, and that the resumption of
economic growth can be slowed by wage increases
that involve either higher prices or a further nar­
rowing of the margin between prices and costs.
Government, for its part, must use its powers to
help keep our economy stable and to encourage
sound economic growth with reasonably stable
prices.” 4
As a means of reducing operating costs and
thereby stimulating railroad passenger business,
Guy L. Brown, grand chief engineer of the Broth­
erhood of Locomotive Engineers, advocated that
the union eliminate certain “outmoded” working
conditions in the railroad industry. In a letter
addressed to the union’s business agents and State
legislative representatives, Mr. Brown declared
that the union “should be willing to recognize
that some of our agreements are outmoded and
be willing to give serious consideration to proposed
changes.”
Theodore Short, chairman of the labor relations
committee of the Association of Western Railways,
replied that the industry would “welcome any
considerations the engineer union . . . will give
to eliminate any of the burdens imposed by any
uneconomic working agreements.” He added that
the “financial condition of the railroad industry
demands the sympathetic attention of everyone,
including that of all its labor organizations.”

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958

W age Settlem ents
C o m m u n ic a tio n s . On January 11, the Communi­
cations Workers of America and the American
Telephone and Telegraph Co. concluded negotia­
tions for about 25,000 long distance telephone
employees with a 16-month contract providing
weekly wage increases of from $2 to $4 for oper­
ators and $1 to $5 for maintenance men. The
agreement, effective February 10 and subject to
ratification by union members, averted a threat­
ened nationwide strike.
A p p a r e l. The first nationwide strike in the milli­
nery industry, and one that was unusual in that
it involved an entire needle trade, was ended on
January 13 when negotiators for the United
Hatters, Cap and Millinery Workers and repre­
sentatives of the millinery industry agreed upon
new 2-year contracts for 22,000 workers. Terms
included pay increases of $5 for weekworkers and
of 5 percent for pieceworkers on a 35-hour week.
In addition to extending paid holidays to piece­
workers and liberalizing their overtime provisions,
the settlement also included a 2 percent increase
in employer contributions to the vacation fund
to provide a second week’s paid vacation; an in­
crease in employer contributions to both the retire­
ment and welfare funds; and in areas where the
40-hour week prevailed, a reduction of the
workweek to 37% hours at no loss in pay. Some
of these supplementary benefits were not to become
effective until 1959.
In late December, representatives of the Inter­
national Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union agreed
upon new contracts for its members employed by
various associations engaged in the manufacture
of children’s clothes. Affecting 25,000 workers in
New York, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and New
Jersey, the 3-year pacts provided a $3 wage in­
crease for all weekworkers (except for cutters, who
received $5), a 6% percent advance for piece­
workers, and a $3 a week increase in the minimum
wage rates for all craft workers (except floor
workers, whose minimum rates were raised by $4).
Employers will increase their contributions to the
pension fund by 0.5 percent beginning January 1,
1959, and a like amount the following year, thus
bringing their contributions to a total of 2 percent
of payroll by 1960; other contract changes included
4 Economic Report of the President, January 20,1958, p. v.

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

liberalized overtime provisions and an additional
paid holiday for pieceworkers.
Toward the end of January, the Knitted Outer­
wear Manufacturers Association and the ILGWU
agreed upon a 5 percent wage increase effective
April 14 for 7,500 workers employed in the Phila­
delphia, Pa., area. Negotiated under a wage re­
opener of a contract signed in October 1955, the
agreement was further extended to July 1, 1960,
with a provision for another wage reopening in
July 1959. The contract also raised the minimum
hourly pay from $1.10 to $1.15 and provided for
premium pay after 37% hours effective July 1,1958,
and after 35 hours beginning on April 1, 1959.
The 35-hour week had become the normal work­
week in 1955 when premium pay applied after
40 hours per week.
M e ta lw o r k in g . A week-old strike was ended on
January 22 when members of Local 3 of the Inter­
national Brotherhood of Electrical Workers agreed
to accept a $5 weekly pay advance offer by the
New York Lamp and Shade Manufacturers As­
sociation, Inc. Affecting 3,000 workers in Man­
hattan, Brooklyn, Queens, and the Bronx, the
settlement provided for a further $3 raise in
December 1958 and improved vacation and wel­
fare benefits. The minimum starting rates of $1.05
and $1.10 were increased to $1.25.
In early January, the United Automobile Work­
ers and the Scovill Manufacturing Co. signed a
22-month contract affecting about 3,800 employees
in the firm’s Waterbury and Waterville, Conn.,
plants. Retroactive to December 15, 1957, wages
were increased by 3 percent, with an additional 1
percent for the top 5 labor grades, including skilled
trades employees. Other contractual changes in­
cluded revised shift differentials, $40-a-week sick­
ness and accident benefits for all employees
(formerly $35 a week for employees earning $1,315
or less and $40 for those earning more), and vested
pension rights for employees with 10 years or more
of service. Expiring October 15, 1959, the con­
tract carries provision for reopening on any
economic issue on December 1, 1958; the pension
agreement was extended to December 31, 1959.
C h e m ic a ls.
On January 24, E. R. Squibb &
Sons and the Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers
agreed on new contract terms after only 2 hours of
bargaining talks. The settlement, offered by

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299
management at a preliminary negotiating session,
was reached about 3% months in advance of the
expiration of the old contracts, as the pharma­
ceutical concern was celebrating its 100th anni­
versary. Rates of pay for the 3,500 workers in
Brooklyn, N. Y., and New Brunswick, N. J., were
raised by 5 percent (averaging about 11 cents an
hour) effective February 1, 1958; other changes in­
cluded 3 weeks’ vacation after 10 instead of 15
years’ service and a reclassification program for
some jobs.
C o n stru c tio n . A 2-year contract for 14,000 Chi­
cago area painters was reached on January 20 by
the Painting and Decorating Contractors Associa­
tion of Chicago and the Painters District Council
No. 14. Under the contract the painters were
scheduled to receive a 2^-cent-an-hour wage in­
crease, effective April 1, 1958, and beginning on
the same date, the employers will contribute 10
cents a man-hour into a pension fund. On April
1, 1959, an additional 10 cent wage advance will go
into effect, bringing the painters’ regular hourly
scales to $3.60.
Raises amounting to 45 cents over a 2-year
period were agreed upon in early January by 8
craft unions and the Southwest Louisiana Chapter
of the Associated General Contractors of America
for 6,000 construction workers. Rates were in­
creased by 20 cents retroactive to January 1,
1958, by another 5 cents on July 1, 1958, and by
20 cents more on January 1, 1959.
O th er I n d u s tr ie s . On January 9, the Hotel and
Restaurant Employees concluded bargaining talks
with the Long Beach and Orange County (Cali­
fornia) Hotel and Restaurant Association. Nego­
tiated under a reopening clause of a contract
expiring in 1961, the agreement provided for a
3-step wage increase totaling approximately 10
percent in 1958 and 1959 and improved “fringe”
benefits. The settlement, affecting over 6,000
culinary workers and bartenders, also included a
reopening on wages and other issues on February 1,
1960.
In Detroit, Local 101 of the United Rubber
Workers and the United States Rubber Co.
agreed upon a share-the-work plan under which
workers in some of the company’s departments
will work a minimum of 32 hours instead of the
normal 40 hours. Peter Bommarito, president of

300
the local, reported that the plan would save the
jobs of about 100 workers.
Other Developments

In a special message to
Congress, President Eisenhower on January 23
proposed labor legislation to stop “corruption,
racketeering, and abuse of trust and power in
labor-management relations.” The proposals,
which had been outlined by Secretary of Labor
James P. Mitchell in December,5 called for de­
tailed public reporting of employee health and
welfare funds and of union finances to a Com­
missioner of Labor Reports, election of union
officials by secret ballot, punishment under
Federal law for embezzlement of union funds, and
curbs on secondary boycotts as well as on certain
types of organizational picketing.
Reaction of labor to these proposals was gener­
ally wary.6 However, David Dubinsky, president
of the ILGWU and an AFL-CIO vice president,
said that evidence of corruption in the Teamsters
(Ind.), the International Longshoremen’s Associa­
tion (Ind.), and other unions demonstrated the
need for some sort of Government investigative
machinery with the right of subpena and other
legal sanctions. Mr. Dubinsky praised the steps
labor had taken to correct some of these abuses,
but predicted that labor would ultimately accept
Government regulatory bodies to insure honest
trade unionism.
L e g is la tiv e P r o p o s a ls .

T e a m ste r s. The trial of the rank-and-file suit to
void the election of James R. Hoffa as president
of the Teamsters union ended on January 21
with a surprise compromise that permitted Hoffa
to take office. The settlement (in the form of a
consent decree issued by the U. S. District Court
for the District of Columbia) lifted the prelim­
inary injunction that had prevented Hoffa from
taking office and set up a special “board of
monitors” (who will serve as officers of the court
and will at all times be subject to removal by it)
to oversee affairs of the union. This board will
consist of 3 members—1 to be named by each of
the respective factions, and a neutral chairman,
subject to court approval, nominated by the
first 2.7 The monitors’ term will be 1 year and
thereafter until a convention is held to elect new
officers, provided, however, that after 1 year

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958

either the monitors or the union may petition
for their discharge. Under the plan, the board
will help insure democratic elections, aid the
union’s executive board in setting up adequate
procedures and controls over union funds, and
draft a model code of local union bylaws. In
addition, the order bars Hoffa and other officers
from having a financial interest in companies
with which the union has collective bargaining
contracts, and directs the union’s executive board
to “examine and review the status and conditions
of affiliated local unions’ trusteeship to the end
that trusteeships be removed and self-government
restored with all deliberate speed . . .”
A few days after Hoffa took office, the Teamster
president announced that collection of the Team­
ster defense fund 8had “been held up temporarily”
pending meetings with officials of the regional
conferences scheduled for this spring. Mr. Hoffa
denied an earlier report that he had ordered the
return of all payments.
Teamsters were also in the news with regard
to State mergers. In Michigan, efforts to merge
the AFL and CIO State bodies broke down after
the AFL group reportedly insisted on retaining
the Teamsters as members of the negotiating
committee. On February 4, the AFL-CIO Ex­
ecutive Council revoked the Michigan AFL and
CIO charters, and issued a convention call for
February 24-28 to set up a new State federation.
In other parts of the country, the truck drivers’
union was expelled by the New York City Central
Trades and Labor Council and by the Chicago
Federation of Labor. Among the relatively few
groups that had dropped the Teamsters from
their merged ranks by the end of January were
State labor organizations in Massachusetts, Maine,
Tennessee, and Wisconsin.
The newly char­
tered AFL-CIO American Bakery and ConfecB a k e r s a n d L a u n d r y W o rk e rs.

* See M onthly Labor Review, January 1958, pp. 45-47.
Although favoring laws that would “aid the labor movement in combating
racketeer infiltration,” a resolution adopted at the A FL-C IO convention
in December 1957 declared it “the responsibility of the labor movement to
insure that union elections and internal procedures are fair and democratic
. . .” See Th eSecond Biennial Convention of the A FL -C IO (in M onthly
Labor Review, February 1958, pp. 149-150).
On January 31, Godfrey P. Schmidt and L. N . D . Wells, Jr. (attorneys
for each group) were named as two members, and Nathan Cayton (former
chief Judge of the Municipal Court of Appeals in Washington, D . C.) was
chosen from a list submitted to the court to act as chairman.
6See M onthly Labor Review, January 1958, p. 72.

8

7

301

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

tionery Workers’ International Union 9 continued
to grow in membership during January, while
efforts continued within the Bakery Workers’
Union, ousted by the Federation in December,
to remove its president. By the end of January,
76 locals representing about 50,000 workers re­
portedly had voted to switch affiliation from the
ousted union. These included locals in Minnesota,
Missouri, New York, Pennsylvania, Washington,
D. C., and Wisconsin. The new union also an­
nounced that industry representatives had agreed
to transfer coverage under the jointly operated
welfare and pension funds to assure the newly
chartered locals of further protection of these
benefits.
In a move designed to oust James G. Cross as
international president, rank-and-file members of
a New York local of the expelled Bakery Workers’
Union succeeded in having all their candidates
elected as delegates to a special convention for the
election of international officers scheduled for
early March. AFL-CIO officials had indicated
that the union could reaffiliate if Cross were ousted
from office.
In the case of the expelled Laundry Workers
International Union, the AFL-CIO announced in
early January that it would call an “exploratory
meeting” to determine how many locals would
accept direct affiliation with the Federation.
Following the meeting, the AFL-CIO revealed
that a Laundry and Cleaning Trades International
Council had been formed. Peter M. McGavin,
special assistant to George Meany, reported that
17 former LWIU locals had seceded and had been
chartered by the AFL-CIO to form the nucleus of
the new council.
Beginning its second year
of hearings into alleged union corruption, the U. S.
Senate Committee on Improper Activities in the
Labor or Management Field turned its attention
to activities of the International Union of Oper­
ating Engineers. Testimony during the first days
of the hearings centered on Victor S. Swanson,
former business manager of Local 3 in San FranS e n a te I n v e s tig a tio n s .

* See The Second Biennial Convention of the A FL -C IO (in M onthly
Labor Review, February 1958, p. 148).
See M onthly Labor Review, November 1957, p. 1383.
» In a letter dated February 6, Mr. Maloney announced his resignation as
president of the union because of “physical impairment.” Joseph J.
Delaney, international secretary-treasurer, was named by Maloney as
acting president.


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cisco. In September 1957, the international’s
executive board had found him guilty of corruption
and barred him from holding any union office for
5 years.10 Mr. Swanson was charged by the
congressional committee with ordering false entries
in the local’s books, profiting from a California
union real estate deal, and other financial irregu­
larities. Mr. Swanson denied that he had received
any “kickback” on the sale of union property.
Additional testimony involving Local 3 officials
included charges of illegal counting of ballots and
conversion of dues money, and of falsified meeting
records.
The committee also charged officials of Long
Island, N. Y., Local 138 of the Operating Engineers
with payroll padding and other questionable
practices. Peter Batalias testified that six “strong
arm men” had beaten him because he had offered
a motion at a union meeting in 1955 to allow more
members to vote. He further testified that of a
total membership of about 2,000 workers in the
local, only 550 members were allowed to vote;
these, the witness said, included at least 169 men
who had employer status and with whom the union
had collective bargaining contracts. William
DeKoning Jr., president of Local 138, acknowl­
edged that there wTere different classes of mem­
bers—a majority of them with no voting rights.
The committee disclosed evidence of alleged
beatings to keep certain union officials in power
in other locals of the union. Joseph S. Fay, con­
victed extortionist, ex-business agent for Newark
Local 825, and former trustee of a Philadelphia
local, said that his wife was put on the Newark
local payroll while he served time in prison from
1948 to 1956, and that he is now receiving a yearly
“pension” of some $12,600. In answer to charges
that his men beat members who opposed his man­
agement of a Philadelphia local, Fay denied that
he ever used “goons, tough guys, or body guards.”
Committee investigators also charged William
E. Maloney, the union’s international president,
with fraudulent tax returns and personal use of a
yacht bought and operated from union funds.
Mr. Maloney sent a physician’s certificate that he
was too ill to testify.11
In January it was revealed that
the AFL-CIO was abolishing the jobs of about
125 field and headquarters employees. About
half of the men affected were transferred to other
O th er A c tio n s .

302

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958

Federation jobs, including a new speakers bureau;
some were retired and a “substantial number”
discharged. The retrenchment was effective Feb­
ruary 1, and workers affected were to receive
severance pay of 2 weeks for each year of service.
Reportedly the reduction in force was due to a
lack of success in organizing campaigns, a reduc­
tion in income resulting from the Teamsters’
expulsion, and a shift in emphasis to public rela­
tions. Secretary-Treasurer William F. Schnitzler
said the cutbacks were for reasons of economy
and efficiency.
The Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen an­
nounced it had canceled its 1958 convention in an
attempt to reduce expenses ; the last previous con­
vention, held in 1954, cost the union $2.5 million.
In 1957, employment on class I railroads dropped

below 1 million for the first time in 18 years; in
mid-November, it stood at 943,471.
On January 13, a city ordinance requiring
organizers for groups whose members are required
to pay dues to obtain licenses before soliciting
members was ruled unconstitutional by the United
States Supreme Court. The decision arose from a
law passed by the city of Baxley, Ga., which
vested in the mayor and city council the authority
to issue such permits but didyiot stipulate stand­
ards to be followed. In the 7-to-2 decision, the
Court declared that the “uncontrolled discretion”
exercised by the mayor andfthe city council under
the law placed “a forbidden burden upon the
exercise of liberty protected by the Constitution.” 12
12See also p. 291 of this issue.

Conferences and Institutes, April 16 to May 15, 1958
E ditor’s N ote.— A s a se rvic e to i t s r e a d e r s , the M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w
p u b lis h e s a lis t o f fo r th c o m in g co n feren ces a n d in s titu te s d ev o te d to th e b ro a d f i e l d
o f in d u s t r ia l r e la tio n s . I n s titu te s a n d o r g a n iz a tio n s a re in v ite d to s u b m it
sc h e d u le s o f su c h m e e tin g s f o r lis tin g .
T o be tim e ly en o u g h f o r p u b lic a tio n ,
a n n o u n c e m e n ts m u s t be re ce ive d 9 0 d a y s p r i o r to the d a te o f a co n feren ce.
Date

April 17-18____

April 19-25.

April 23-25.

April 24-25____
April 24-25____
April 28-30____

May 7-9

May 8-9


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Conference and sponsor

Place

16th Annual Industrial Relations Conference. S p o n s o r :
Twin Cities Chapter, Society for the Advancement of
Management and the Industrial Relations Center, Uni­
versity of Minnesota.
National Industrial Health Conference. S p o n s o r s : Indus­
trial Medical Association, American Association of In­
dustrial Hygiene, American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists, and American Association of
Industrial Dentists and Nurses.
Seminar on Preparation for Collective Bargaining and
Negotiating the Union Contract. S p o n s o r : American
Management Association.
21st Annual Tennessee Industrial Personnel Conference.
S p o n s o r : University of Tennessee.
13th Management Engineering Conference. S p o n s o r : Soci­
ety for Advancement of Management.
Seminar on Work Standards and Incentives to Increase
Production. S p o n s o r : American Management Associa­
tion.
Seminar on the Role of the Production Manager in Labor
Relations. S p o n s o r : American Management Associa­
tion.
Annual Meeting. President’s Committee on Employment
of the Physically Handicapped. S p o n s o r : Office of the
President’s Committee on Employment of the Physically
Handicapped.

Minneapolis, Minn.

Atlantic City, N. J.

San Francisco, Calif.

Knoxville, Tenn.
New York, N. Y.
San Francisco, Calif.

New York, N. Y.

Washington, D. C.

Book Reviews
and Notes
E ditor’s N ote.— L is ti n g

o f a p u b lic a tio n i n th is

se ctio n i s f o r re co rd a n d referen ce o n ly a n d d o es
n o t c o n stitu te a n e n d o rse m e n t o f p o in t o f v ie w
o r a d vo c a cy o f u se.

Special Reviews

By
Peter T. Bauer and Basil S. Yamey. Chicago,
University of Chicago Press, 1957. 271 pp.
$2.25.

T h e E c o n o m ic s o f U n d e rd e v e lo p e d C o u n trie s.

E c o n o m ic B a c k w a r d n e s s a n d E c o n o m ic G row th :
S tu d ie s i n the T h e o ry o f E c o n o m ic D e v e lo p ­
m e n t. By Harvey Leibenstein. New York,
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1957. 295 pp.
$6.75.
T he A d m in i s tr a ti o n o f T e c h n ic a l A s s is ta n c e : G row th
th e A m e r ic a s . By Philip M. Glick.
Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1957.
390 pp. $5.50.
in

T he

E c o n o m ic s

of

C o m m u n is t

E a s te r n

E u ro p e.

By Nicolas Spulber. Cambridge, Massa­
chusetts Institute of Technology, 1957. 525
pp. $12.50, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New
York.
Political developments since the end of World
War II have brought to the fore the economic
problems of underdeveloped countries (or, as they
are now more frequently called, countries in the
process of development). The four volumes here
reviewed provide insight into the economic prob­
lems of these countries now and in the future.
The Bauer-Yamey study is the latest of the
Cambridge Economic Handbooks series. Perhaps
the most important contribution made by the
authors is in the first part of the volume, where
they subject to analysis the economies of countries
during the period preceding the inauguration of
development programs, avoiding the more fre­
quently studied aspects of such economies during
their process of growth. Persons interested in the
labor aspects of these economies would do well to

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review the authors’ description of the issues in­
volved in measuring the labor force and obtaining
statistics on occupational distribution where
economies have not yet developed to the point of
devoting significant proportions of their efforts to
industrial enterprise.
The second part of the Bauer-Yamey volume
evaluates the proper role of government in the
economic development and growth of these
countries. While the authors are convinced that
governments of underdeveloped countries do have
some important functions to perform in this con­
nection, they feel that “government has only a
limited role as an active propulsive agent in
economic development . . . ” They prefer an
economic system in which “decisionmaking is
widely diffused and coordinated by the market
mechanism . . . ” The rationale for this view,
here stated more thought-provokingly than else­
where, will be familiar to readers of Hayek.
The volume by Leibenstein is a theoretical work
containing some empirical information gathered
by scholars all over the world, including a small
amount of statistical data on the characteristics
of backward economies. The author attempts to
study an abstract problem, warning us that the
empirical data he cites should not mislead the
reader into believing that the volume is anything
but “a venture in the art of speculation.” The
abstract problem to which the author addresses
his attention is the formulation of a theory which
will explain why some countries develop advanced
industrial economies while others remain more or
less industrially stagnant. The theory that is
developed explains economic backwardness as a
state of quasi-equilibrium. Countries in such a
state have certain common characteristics—eco­
nomic (disguised unemployment, low volume of
trade, etc.), demographic (high fertility and mor­
tality rates, low life-expectancy, etc.), cultural,
political, and technological. The author’s thesis
is that a “critical minimum effort” in the form of
a stimulant to development is needed as a shock to
the economy before it can be pushed out of the
orbit in which it moves in a state of quasi­
equilibrium. Anything less than the critical mini­
mum effort will have no ultimate result on the
economy; a greater effort will destabilize the
economy, giving it a chance to develop further.
Among the specific aspects of the quasi-equilib­
rium state considered by Leibenstein is the rela303

304
tionship between wages and productivity in
underdeveloped countries. He selects the device
of dividing the wage-productivity relationship into
two parts: First, the relationship between income
and nutrition; second, the relationship between
nutrition and productivity. Using economic mod­
els and careful reasoning, the author comes to the
conclusion that “up to some point, the effective
work units are increased as wages are increased.”
The Glick volume came out of a National
Planning Association project on technical coopera­
tion in Latin America. It is an excellently written
case study of the administration of technical
assistance, as well as a critique of the various
policies followed by the United States Government
in administering its aid program. There is also a
valuable discussion of the relationship between
bilateral and multilateral programs, and the place
that each has in achieving the common goal of
raising living standards in the less developed
areas of the world.
After examining the history of 15 years’ effort
by our Government in carrying out its economic
programs in Latin America, Glick reviews the
operating problems of aid programs: the choice
of the instruments to be used for effective coopera­
tion; the structure needed for program planning;
the measures necessary to secure competent
technicians; and the type of organization that can
best serve the objectives of the program, including
the requirements of United States foreign policy.
On the question of personnel, a broad view is
taken as to the use of United States technicians in
foreign programs. The point is well made that
such technicians can sometimes be too highly
specialized for ready adaptation to their tasks; it
is more important to make certain that they
understand the general objectives of the United
States program and can easily fit into the scheme
of things in a foreign country. Glick recommends
that an aid program must achieve some permanent
status for its personnel in order to attract com­
petent staff. A “core” career service must be
developed, and this group’s efforts must be sup­
plemented by specialists selected carefully.
Glick shows a keen appreciation of the problems
faced by administrators of foreign aid located
thousands of miles from Washington. The con­
flict between the operator in the field and the
backstopper in Washington are delineated with
appreciation for the validity of the point of view

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958

of each. Similarly, the difficulties encountered in
Washington between the area specialists and the
subject-matter specialists are outlined with an
appropriate diffidence as to the possibility of
arriving at a perfect solution to what is essentially
an insoluble problem. By advocating administra­
tive compromises rather than theoretical con­
clusions, Glick serves his readers well.
In a sense, the Spulber study covers for the
Soviet bloc of countries somewhat the same mate­
rial that the other books under review cover for
the rest of the world. It describes the theoretical
framework of the economic systems of Czecho­
slovakia, Poland, Hungary, Rumania, Bulgaria,
and Yugoslavia, and reviews Soviet efforts to
industrialize these countries and to “develop”
them so that they can better serve the political
and economic objectives of the Soviet Union.
There is also some excellent discussion of the
economic relationships between the Soviet Union
and the satellite countries. Spulber stresses the
fact that the bulk of the data contained in his
study are, necessarily, taken from official Sovietcontrolled sources. Nevertheless, he feels that,
with some reservations, these official data can be
used to advantage in order to understand the
economic systems under study.
As far as manpower is concerned, Spulber finds
that the basic prewar pattern has not been sig­
nificantly changed. Czechoslovakia is still the
only country with less than 30 percent of her total
population dependent upon agriculture; Poland
and Hungary each have about half their popula­
tions dependent upon agriculture; the other three
countries have over 70 percent so occupied.
Nevertheless, in absolute numbers, there have
been significant increases in the number of workers
employed in mining and manufacturing, especially
in Poland, Hungary, and Rumania. With respect
to Poland, the author quotes an official Polish
source as saying, “The growth of industrial output
in recent years has been determined only partially
by increased labor productivity. It was mainly
due to the significant growth in the numbers
employed in industry.”
Soviet “aid” to satellite countries is described
rather thoroughly by Spulber, and serves as good
background material to what has since become
known about the extent of Soviet economic activ­
ities behind the Iron Curtain. The recent State
Department survey—The Soviet Bloc Economic

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES

Offensive in Less Developed Areas—supplements
the data contained in this volume. It is the
Spulber study, however, which supplies valuable
information as to the theoretical background of
these aid programs. It also describes the “tech­
nical assistance” given in terms of supplying
Soviet-trained experts to the satellite countries.
As distinguished from the American aid effort,
however, Spulber concludes that the Soviet
Union has used its program to gain price ad­
vantages for itself and to milk the satellite coun­
tries of many products.
In his concluding remarks, Spulberrefers to recent
political developments in Poland and Hungary.
There is some comfort to the West in the author’s
conclusion that “the falling outputs of these two
countries indicate that, instead of diminishing, the
orbit conflicts are deepening and increasing in
scope. The saddling of countries and peoples with
a stifling bureaucratic regime, and the reluctance
of Russia to concede even limited political freedom
to her satellites, are bound to initiate new and
even more powerful centrifugal tendencies in the
Soviet bloc. Neither the passage of time nor the
lessons of the past are likely to alleviate these
conflicts.”
— M o r r is W eisz
Bureau of Labor Statistics

T h ree E s s a y s o n th e S ta te o f E c o n o m ic S c ie n c e.

By Tjalling C. Koopmans. New York,
McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1957. 231 pp.
$6.50.
What is the state of economic science? Koop­
mans is both optimistic and skeptical. He deals
hardly at all with questions of general economic
stability but thinks, in this connection apparently,
that economics as a practical art is ahead of
economics as a science. The longest of the essays
deals with optimality propositions and the postu­
lates of competitive equilibrium. For questions
centering around allocation of resources, Koop­
mans’ attitude is that the results so far, although
quite elegant, are in large part unrealistic. “The
theories that have become dear to us can very
well stand by themselves as an impressive and
highly valuable system of deductive thought,
erected on a few premises that seem to be well
chosen first approximations to a complicated
reality.” But the reader is left to judge what the

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305
consequences of such simplified models are for
public policy in an imperfectly competitive
economy.
The essays deal in considerable part with the
implications for economics of recent developments
in linear programming and activity analysis,
input-output analysis, theory of games, sample
surveys, statistical inference, econometrics, and
computing techniques. Promising as these devel­
opments are, Koopmans thinks they have not yet
paid off in terms of greater realism in economic
theory. Too often the new tools, in their early
applications at least, suggest their own assumptions
rather than the other way around. He himself
demonstrates the usefulness of linear activity
analysis in improving the theory of competitive
equilibrium—showing that a pricing system is
possible and that we can make certain valid
optimality statements. If this seems like “kicking
at an open door,” Koopmans responds that greater
precision in the formulation of postulates and
propositions makes the lack of realism stand out
more clearly and invites a succession of models
incorporating additional elements of reality. But
these, it should be noted, may not generally be
consistent with competitive equilibrium.
The essays do not purport to be a comprehensive
appraisal of the present condition of economics as
a science. Their purpose in part is to reduce the
mysteries that separate specialists and divide
mathematical and nonmathematical economists.
Essentially they represent a plea for more rigorous
methods, incorporating facts and reasoning, deriv­
ing from logic and mathematics. The explicit
formulation thus required will facilitate communi­
cation between specialists, in the author’s view.
The essays, however, go only part way in satisfying
the plea of nonmathematical economists for the
mathematical economists to tell them what they
have been doing. This may remain the case
until beginning economists get a basic training
in the logic of mathematics. Koopmans obviously
believes economic theory has relevance for eco­
nomic policy, but how this advice is communicated
to the public and made useful for public policy
purposes was not intended to be answered by the
essays.
— C h arles D . S tew art
Deputy Assistant Secretary for Research and
Development, U. S. Department of Labor

306
Arbitration
Essentials of Labor Arbitration: A Handbook for the Guidance
of Management. New York, Commerce and IndustryAssociation of New York, Inc., 1957. 21 pp. $1.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958
Characteristics of Unemployment in Contract Construction,
1956-57. By Donald M. Landay. {In Construction
Review, U. S. Department of Labor and U. S. Depart­
ment of Commerce, Washington, December 1957,
pp. 4-8. 30 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.)

Techniques and Procedures in Labor Arbitration. Princeton,
N. J., Princeton University, Industrial Relations Sec­
tion, January 1958. 4 pp. (Selected References 79.)
30 cents.

Handicapped W orkers

Labor Arbitration in State Courts. By William J. Isaacson.
{In Arbitration Journal, New York, Vol. 12, No. 4,
1957, pp. 179-190. $1.50.)

Employment of the Physically Handicapped—A Bibliog­
raphy. By Jean A. Donnelly. Washington, Presi­
dent’s Committee on Employment of the Physically
Handicapped, and U. S. Library of Congress, 1957.
93 pp. 35 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.

Fifty Years of Grievance Arbitration: The Anthracite Experi­
ence. By Stanley Young. {In Labor Law Journal,
Chicago, October 1957, pp. 705-713. $1.)

Automation
Automation: A Study of its Economic and Social Conse­
quences. By Frederick Pollock. New York, Fred­
erick A. Praeger, Inc., 1957. 276 pp., bibliography.
$5.

Some Social Factors in Job Placement and Community
Life of the Handicapped as Seen in Several Settings
and Services in Relation to Long Island Industry:
Second Interim Report, June 15, 1957. Garden City,
N. Y., Adelphi College, 1957. 243 pp., bibliography.

H ealth and W elfare

Technology and Social Change. By Francis R. Allen and
others. New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc.,
1957. 529 pp., bibliography. $7.

Employee Health Services: A Study of Managerial Attitudes
and Evaluation. [Ann Arbor], University of Michi­
gan, Institute for Social Research (for U. S. Public
Health Service), 1957. 102 pp.

Automation and Recent Trends. Hearings before the Sub­
committee on Economic Stabilization of the [Con­
gressional] Joint Economic Committee, 85th Con­
gress, 1st session, pursuant to sec. 5 (a) of Public Law
304, 79th Congress. Washington, 1957. 100 pp. 30
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.

Periodic Health Examinations in the Hotel Industry. By
Frank P. Guidotti, M. D. New York, New York
Hotel Trades Council & Hotel Association of New
York City Health Center, 1957. 5 pp. (Reprinted
from Industrial Medicine and Surgery Nov. 1957.)

The Trade Union Movement Faces Automation. By Alfred
Braunthal. {In International Labor Review, Geneva,
December 1957, pp. 540-557. 60 cents. Distributed
in United States by Washington Branch of ILO.)
Company Experiences with Automation. Washington,
Bureau of National Affairs, Inc., 1958. 10 pp.
(Personnel Policies Survey 46.) $1.
Life in the Automatic Factory. By Charles R. Walker.
{In Harvard Business Review, Boston, JanuaryFebruary 1958, pp. 111-119. $2.)
Technological Change—A Problem for Labor. By E. A.
Forsey. {In Canadian Labor, Canadian Labor
Congress, Ottawa, December 1957, pp. 7-10, 12-13.
30 cents.)

Employment and Unemployment
Work Experience of the Population in 1956. Washington,
U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Cen­
sus, 1957. 20 pp. (Current Population Reports, Labor
Force, Series P-50, No. 77.) 15 cents, Superin­
tendent of Documents, Washington.

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Health Services for Public Assistance Recipients in Canada.
Ottawa, Canadian Department of National Health
and Welfare, Research and Statistics Division, 1957.
189 pp. (Health Care Series, 1.) Free.

Labor Legislation
Federal-State Jurisiction: Federal Preemption Under Section
10{a of the Taft-Hartley Act— P. S. Guss, Doing Busi­
ness as Photo Sound Products Manufacturing Company
v. Utah Labor Relations Board, 353 U. S. 1 {1957). By
David Wilkins Epp and Paul V. Noyes. {In Cornell
Law Quarterly, Ithaca, N. Y., Winter 1958, pp.
308-315.)

)

State Workmen's Compensation Laws as of August 1957.
Washington, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Standards, 1957. 70 pp. (Bull. 161, rev.)
30 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Highlights in State Unemployment Insurance Legislation,
1957. By Albert B. Ratcliff. {In Labor Market
and Employment Security, U. S. Department of
Labor, Bureau of Employment Security, Washington,
December 1957, pp. 1-6, 18. 30 cents, Superintend­
ent of Documents, Washington.)

307

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
L a w s R e la t i n g to L a b o r a n d E m p l o y m e n t [ in I l l i n o i s ], 1 9 5 7 .

Chicago, Illinois Department of Labor, 1957.

Personnel Management and Practices

343 pp.
By Robert Lee
Morrow. New York, Ronald Press Co., 1957. 468
pp. (2d ed. of Time Study and Motion Economy.)
$7.50.

M o tio n E c o n o m y a n d W o r k M e a s u r e m e n t.

By Fuat M.
Andie. ( I n Middle Eastern Affairs, Council for
Middle Eastern Affairs, Inc., New York, November
1957, pp. 366-372. 50 cents.)

D e v e lo p m e n t o f L a b o r L e g is la tio n i n T u r k e y .

By Edward T. P.
Watson. ( I n Harvard Business Review, Boston,
January-February 1958, pp. 69-76. $2.)

D i a g n o s i s o f M a n a g e m e n t P r o b le m s .

Labor-Management Relations
I n v e s tig a tio n o f I m p r o p e r A c ti v i t i e s i n th e L a b o r o r M a n ­
a g e m e n t F ie ld .
Hearings before the Select Committee
on Improper Activities in the Labor or Management
Field, United States Senate, 85th Congress, 1st ses­
sion, pursuant to S. Res. 74. Washington, 1957. 17
parts, various pagings. (Hearings February-November 1957.) Various prices. Available from Superin­
tendent of Documents, Washington.
A n A n a l y s i s a n d R e - e v a lu a tio n o f P ic k e t in g i n L a b o r R e la ­

By Morris D. Forkosch. ( I n Fordham Law
Review, New York, Autumn 1957, pp. 391-440. $1.)

tio n s .

T h e M a n i n M a n a g e m e n t: A P e r s o n a l V i e w ( I n c l u d i n g A
P r o b l e m s ) . New York,
American Management Association, 1957. 60 pp.
(General Management Series, 189). $1.75; $1 to
AMA members.

S e c tio n o n E x e c u tiv e H e a lth

S e le c tio n , D e v e lo p m e n t, a n d I n v e n to r y .
New
York, American Management Association, 1957. 68
pp. (Personnel Series, 171.) $1.75; $1 to AMA
members.

E x e c u tiv e

A p p l i c a t i o n s o f B e h a v io u r a l R e s e a r c h . Edited by
Rensis Likert and Samuel P. Hayes, Jr. Paris,
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization, 1957. 333 pp. $3.25.

Som e
S t a t e I n te r v e n tio n i n P u b l i c U t i l i t y L a b o r - M a n a g e m e n t R e ­

By Edward Sussna. ( I n Labor Law Jour­
nal, Chicago, January 1958, pp. 35-42. $1.)

la tio n s .

New
York, National Association of Manufacturers, Indus­
trial Relations Division, 1957. 28 pp., bibliography.
(Information Bull. 26.'' 25 cents.

S e t t l i n g C o m p l a i n t s i n th e N o n u n i o n i z e d O p e r a tio n .

By Lee E. Danielson.
Michigan Business Review, University of Michi­
gan, Ann Arbor, January 1958, pp. 8-14. Free.)

Y o u r M a n p o w e r N e e d s o f th e F u tu r e .
(In

H ig h -T a le n t M a n p o w e r .
By Marvin Bower.
Harvard Business Review, Boston, JanuaryFebruary 1958, pp. 66-72. $2.)

N u r tu r in g
(In

Older Workers and the Aged
A g i n g i n th e M o d e r n W o r ld : A B o o k o f R e a d in g s — S e le c tio n s
f r o m th e L ite r a tu r e o f A g i n g f o r P le a s u r e a n d

I n s tr u c ­

tio n .
Compiled by Clark Tibbitts; A H a n d b o o k f o r
G r o u p M e m b e r s — A S t u d y D is c u s s io n S e r ie s f o r A d i d t s .

Prepared under the direction of Clark Tibbitts and
Wilma Donahue. 246 and 175 pp., respectively.
$2.25; G u id e b o o k f o r L e a d e r s — A S e r ie s o f A d u l t S t u d y
D is c u s s io n P r o g r a m s .
By Clark Tibbitts and Wilma
Donahue. 68 pp. $1. Ann Arbor, University of
Michigan, Institute of Human Adjustment, Division
of Gerontology, 1957.
C o m p a r a tiv e J o b P e r f o r m a n c e b y A g e : L a r g e P la n t s i n th e
M e n 's F o o tw e a r a n d H o u s e h o ld F u r n it u r e I n d u s t r i e s .

Washington, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1957. 60 pp. (Bull. 1223.) 45
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
O ld e r P e o p le a n d th e I n d u s t r i a l C o m m u n ity :

A

R e p o rt of

th e 1 9 5 7 S p r i n g M e e tin g o f th e N a t i o n a l C o m m itte e o n
th e A g i n g o f th e N a t i o n a l S o c ia l W e lfa r e A s s e m b ly .

Edited by Elma Phillipson.
mittee, 1957. 46 pp. $1.
P e n s io n

New York, The Com­

P l a n s a n d th e E m p l o y m e n t o f O ld e r W o r k e r s : A

R e p o r t P r e p a r e d f o r th e I n te r d e p a r tm e n ta l C o m m itte e o n
O ld e r

W orkers.

Labor, 1957.
Ottawa.

Ottawa, Canadian Department of
57 pp. 50 cents, Queen’s Printer,


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By Keith Ocheltree.
Chicago, Public Personnel Association, 1957. 41 pp.,
bibliography. (Personnel Report 527.) $2; $1.50 to
PPA members.

H o w to P r e p a r e a S o u n d P a y P la n .

H u m a n R e la tio n s : B o o n o r B o g le ?
By Donald R. Schoen.
( I n Harvard Business Review, Boston, November-

December 1957, pp. 41-47.

$2.)

By James Menzies Black.
Dun’s Review and Modern Industry, New York,
February 1958, pp. 3fi-37, 62, et seq. 75 cents.

P la n n i n g A h e a d i n P e r s o n n e l.
(In

Vocational Guidance
V o c a tio n a l a n d P r o f e s s io n a l M o n o g r a p h s : T h e C o a l I n d u s ­
tr y .
By M. Edmund Speare (No. 89, 32 pp., bibli­

ography); T h e I r o n a n d S te e l I n d u s t r y . By Tom
Campbell (No. 26, 40 pp., bibliography); T e a c h in g .
By William H. Burton (No. 12, 40 pp., bibliography).
Cambridge, Mass., Bellman Publishing Co., 1957.
$1 each.
O u tlo o k i n th e B a k i n g I n d u s t r y .
By Sol
Swerdloff. ( I n Occupational Outlook, U. S. Depart­
ment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, December
1957, pp. 17-25. 30 cents, Superintendent of Docu­
ments, Washington.)

E m p lo y m e n t

308

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958

Employment Outlook for Accountants. Washington, U. S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1957. 4 pp. (Bull. No. 1215-32.) 5 cents, Superin­
tendent of Documents, Washington. (Reprinted from
1957 Occupational Outlook Handbook.) Other re­
prints in this series include:
Bull. No.
A r c h i t e c t s _________________
A u to m o b ile I n d u s t r y _______
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Wages and Salaries
Wages and the Public Interest. Washington (1001 Connecti­
cut Avenue NW.), Conference on Economic Brogress,
1958. 62 pp. 50 cents.

Executive Compensation. Washington, Bureau of National
Affairs, Inc., 1957. 10 pp. (Personnel Policies
Forum Survey 45.) $1.
Wage Incentive Plans. {In Collective Bargaining Report,
American Federation of Labor and Congress of
Industrial Organizations, Washington, December
1957, pp. 73-78.)
Wages and Related Elements of Labor Cost in European
Industry, 1955— A Preliminary Report. {In Inter­
national Labor Review, Geneva, December 1957,
pp. 558-587. 60 cents. Distributed in United
States by Washington Branch of ILO.)

Miscellaneous
The American Economy. By Alvin H. Hansen. New
York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1957. 199 pp.
$5.
Economic Report of the President Transmitted to the Con­
gress, January 20, 1958. 199 pp. 65 cents, Super­
intendent of Documents, Washington.
The World of David Dubinsky. By Max D. Danish.
Cleveland, Ohio, World Publishing Co., 1957. 347
pp. $4.75.
Britons in American Labor: A History of the Influence o f
the United Kingdom Immigrants on American Labor,
1820-1914-. By Clifton K. Yearley, Jr. Baltimore,
Johns Hopkins Press, 1957. 332 pp. (Johns Hop­
kins University Studies in Historical and Political
Science, Series LXXV, No. 1, 1957.) $4.
Inflation in Perspective. By G. L. Bach. {In Harvard
Business Review, Boston, January-February 1958,
pp. 99-110. $2.)
The Prestige Evaluation of Occupations in an UnderDeveloped Country: The Philippines. By Edward A.
Tiryakian. {In American Journal of Sociology, Uni­
versity of Chicago Press, Chicago, January 1958, pp.
390-399. $1.75.)

Wages and Related Benefits, 17 Labor Markets, 1956-57:
Earnings Trends, Intercity Comparisons, Occupational
Earnings, Supplementary Practices. By Otto Holl­
berg and Herbert Schaffer. Washington, IT. S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1957. 85 pp. (Bull. 1202.) 50 cents, Superin­
tendent of Documents, Washington.

Components of Population Change, 1940-50: Estimates of
Net Migration and Natural Increase for Each Standard
Metropolitan Area and State Economic Area. By
Donald J. Bogue. Oxford, Ohio, Miami University,
Scripps Foundation, 1957. 145 pp. (Scripps Founda­
tion Studies in Population Distribution, 12.) $3.75.

Clerical Salaries in Twenty Cities, October 1957. By
Mitchell Meyer and Harland Fox. New York,
National Industrial Conference Board, Inc., 1957.
24 pp. (Studies in Personnel Policy, 164.)

Year Book of Labor Statistics, 1957. Geneva, International
Labor Office, 1957. xvi, 535 pp. (In English, French,
Spanish.) 17th ed. $5. Distributed in United
States by Washington Branch of ILO.


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Current Labor Statistics
CONTENTS
A.—Employment and Payrolls
311 Table A -l.
312 Table A-2.
316 Table A-3.
319 Table A-4.
319
320
321
322

Table A-5.
Table A-6.
Table A-7.
Table A-8.

323 Table A-9.

B.

Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours
worked, and sex
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries
Indexes of production-worker employment and weekly payrolls in
manufacturing
Government civilian employment and Federal military personnel
Employees in nonagricultural establishments for selected States 1
Employees in manufacturing industries, by State 1
Insured unemployment under State programs and the program of
unemployment compensation for Federal employees, by geographic
division and State
Unemployment insurance and employment service programs, se­
lected operations

Labor Turnover
324 Table B -l. Labor turnover rates in manufacturing
325 Table B-2. Labor turnover rates in selected industries

C.

Earnings and Ho
Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory
employees
C-2. Average weekly earnings, gross and net spendable, of production
workers in manufacturing industries, in current and 1947-49
dollars
C—3. Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours in industrial and construc­
tion activity
C-4. Average hourly earnings, gross and excluding overtime, of production
workers in manufacturing, by major industry group
C-5. Gross average weekly hours and average overtime hours of produc­
tion workers in manufacturing, by major industry group
C-6. Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing
industries for selected States and areas 1

327 Table C -l.
343 Table
343 Table
344 Table
345 Table
346 Table

1This table is included in the March, June, September, and December issues of the Review.


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309

310

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958

CONTENTS—Continued
D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
354 Table D -l.
355 Table D-2.
355 Table D--3,
356 Table D-4.
357
358
359
360
362
362

Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table

D-5.
D-6.
D-7.
D-8.
D-9.
D-10.

Consumer Price Index— United S tates city average: All items and
m ajor groups of items
Consumer Price Index— United S tates city average: Food, housing,
apparel, transportation, and their subgroups
Consumer Price Index— United S tates city average: Special groups of
item s
Consumer Price Index— United S tates city average: K etail prices
and indexes of selected foods
Consumer Price Index— All item s indexes for selected dates, by city
Consumer Price Index— Food and its subgroups, by city
Indexes of wholesale prices, by m ajor groups
Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
Indexes of wholesale prices, by economic sectors
Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings

E.—Work Stoppages
363 Table E -l.

Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes

F.—Building and Construction
364 Table F -l.
365 Table F-2.
366 Table F-3.
366 Table F-4.
367 Table F-5.
368 Table F-6.

Expenditures for new construction
C ontract awards: Public construction, by ownership and type of
construction
Building permit activ ity: Valuation, by private-public ownership,
class of construction, and type of building
Building permit activ ity: Valuation, by class of construction and
geographic region
Building permit activ ity: Valuation, by metropolitan-nonm etro­
politan location and S ta te
Number of new permanent nonfarm dwelling units started, by owner­
ship and location, and construction cost

G.—Work Injuries
T ab le G - l .

Injury-frequency rates for selected m anufacturing industries 2

2 This table is included in the January, April, July, and October issues of the Review.


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311

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

A.—Employment and Payrolls
T able A -l. Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours worked, and sex
[In thousands]
Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over i

Employment status

1958
Jan.

1957 s
Dec.

N ov.3

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

Annual average

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

1957

1956

Total, both sexes
Total labor force____________________ 69, 379 70,458 70,790 71,299 71,044 71,833 73,051 72,661 70, 714 69, 771 69, 562 69,128 68,638

70,746

70, 387

Civilian labor force- ________________ 66,732
Unemployment_____ ____ _________ 4,494
Unemployed 4 weeks or less____ 2,007
Unemployed 5-10 weeks- ______ 1,187
435
Unemployed 11-14 weeks_______
Unemployed 15-26 weeks_______
556
309
Unemployed over 26 weeks, ___
Employm ent............................................ 62,238
Nonagricultural____ _________ 57,240
Worked 35 hours or more___ 44, 764
Worked 15-34 hours________ 7,317
Worked 1-14 hours_____ . . .
3,147
W ith a job but not at work *. 2,007
Agricultural
___________ ____ 4,998
Worked 35 hours or more___ 2, 896
Worked 15-34 hours________ 1,303
Worked 1-14 hours..................
510
289
With a job but not at work A

65,821
3, 244
1,645
808
292
312
188
62, 578
57,643
46,638
6,612
2, 672
1.721
4,935
3,032
1,162
471
270

67, 946
2,936
1,485
650
240
321
239
65,011
58,789
46,238
6,953
2, 777
2,821
6,222
4,198
1,413
416
196

67, 530
2, 551
1,214
594
211
301
232
64, 979
58, 394
46,062
6, 715
2,648
2,969
6,585
4,577
1,399
416
192

Total labor force_______ ____________ 47,801 48,096 18,286 48,503 48, 620 49. 745 50,307 50,160 48, 657 48. 214 48, 006 47, 692* 47, 498

48, 649

48, 579

Civilian labor force ____________ _
Unemployment___________________
Employm ent_____________________
Nonagricultural..... ........................
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours_____ . .
Worked 1-14 hours_________
With a job but not at work «
Agricultural. . _______________
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours________
Worked 1-14 hours_________
With a job but not at work A

45,882
1, 893
43, 989
38,952
32, 546
3,461
1,197
1,748
5,037
3,716
842
309
171

45, 756
1,608
44,148
38,870
32, 536
3,388
1,135
1,810
5. 278
3,993
806
308
171

67,770
3,374
1,593
857
297
380
246
64,396
59,012
46, 579
7,343
3,188
1,901
5,385
3, 266
1,301
557
260

68,061
3,188
1,724
699
240
280
243
64,873
59,057
42,170
11, 558
3,090
2, 239
5,817
3,586
1,427
548
256

68,513
2, 508
1,272
538
175
268
255
66,005
59,168
47,051
6,784
2,934
2.399
6,837
4,893
1,383
390
172

68, 225
2, 552
1, 438
448
210
263
193
65, 674
59,156
47, 652
6, 207
2,664
2, 632
6. 518
4,318
1, 633
421
146

68,994
2,609
1,386
506
247
238
232
66,385
59, 562
45, 992
5,637
2,110
5,823
6, 823
4,918
1,364
317
224

70, 228
3,007
1, 582
731
201
234
260
67, 221
59, 449
44, 272
5,969
2, 345
6, 863
7. 772
5, 742
1,514
366
150

69,842
3, 337
2, 028
620
182
261
247
66, 504
58,970
46,988
6, 241
2,498
3,243
7,534
5,402
1,622
396
115

67, 893
2, 715
1, 398
520
161
377
260
65.178
58, 519
47,116
6,576
2, 942
1,886
6, 659
4, 616
1, 523
351
170

66, 951
2,690
1,251
507
224
439
267
64,261
58, 506
47, 230
6, 671
2, 920
1.684
5, 755
3,851
1,411
356
137

66, 746
2. 882
1,167
684
368
410
253
63, 865
58, 431
46, 989
6, 699
3, 065
1, 678
5. 434
3,492
1, 352
364
225

66, 311
3,121
1,335
883
288
390
227
63,190
57, 996
46,183
7,134
2,894
1, 787
5,195
3,254
1,264
454
222

Males

45,186
3,141
42,045
37,646
31,093
3,788
1, 437
1,325
4,399
2,740
976
411
271

45,440
2,392
43, 047
38, 413
32,096
3,680
1,375
1, 262
4, 634
3, 075
876
444
239

45, 589
2,041
43,548
38,713
29,402
6,471
1,381
1, 458
4,834
3,264
952
393
226

45,751
1,594
44,156
38,865
32,773
3,317
1,240
1, 534
5,292
4,111
758
270
153

45, 835
1, 565
44, 270
39,155
33, 371
2, 992
1,162
1,630
5,115
3, 779
925
282
128

46, 940
1, 596
45, 344
39, 953
32, 992
2, 711
950
3, 299
5, 391
4, 221
741
231
198

47, 517
1, 803
45, 713
39, 738
31. 823
2, 891
1, 010
4, 015
5,975
4,862
754
238
121

47,375
2,054
45,321
39,647
33,713
2,984
1,096
1,854
5,674
4,499
820
260
96

45, 870
1,665
44, 205
as, 982
33, 251
3,165
1,309
1, 257
5,222
4,009
815
249
152

45,428
1.809
43, 620
38. 747
33, 027
3,350
1,248
1,122
4, 872
3, 560
912
282
118

45, 223
1,950
43, 273
38, 635
33,046
3,260
1, 218
1, 111
4,638
3, 279
856
309
194

44,908
2,095
42, 813
38, 331
32, 439
3,424
1, 228
1,240
4,482
3, 076
867
354
185

44, 714
2,150
42. 564
38, 244
32, 619
3,291
1,143
1, 190
4,320
2,854
825
400
240

Females
Total labor force____ ________________ 21, 578 22, 362 22, 506 22,796 22,424 22,088 22, 745 22, 500 22,056 21, 556 21,557 21,436 21,140

22, 097

21,808

Civilian labor force. ______ __________
Unemployment__________ _________
E m p lo y m en t____ ______ ____ _____
Nonagricultural_______________
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours________
Worked 1-14 hours_________
With a job but not at work A
Agricultural _________________
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours________
Worked 1-14 hours_________
With a job but not at work «

22,084
1.043
21, 021
19,837
13, 692
3,491
1,580
1,073
1,184
482
571
107
25

21, 774
943
20, 831
19, 524
13, 526
3,327
1.513
1,158
1,307
585
594
108
21

21, 546 22,330 22, 473
1, 353
981 1,147
20,193 21,349 21,326
20, 598 20,343
19, 594 14,483 12,768
13, 672 3, 663 5, 086
3,530 1,813 1,709
1, 711
780
639
681
751
982
599
322
191
156
425
476
327
155
113
99
22
30
18

22,763
914
21,849
20,303
14,278
3,467
1,694
864
1,546
782
625
120
19

22, 390
986
21, 404
20, 001
14, 281
3, 215
1, 502
1.002
1,403
539
708
139
17

i Estimates are based on information obtained from a sample of households
and are subject to sampling variability. Data relate to the calendar week
ending nearest the 15th day of the month. The employed total includes all
wage and salary workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid workers in
family-operated enterprises. Persons in institutions are not included.
Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily equal
totals.
» Beginning with January 1957, two groups numbering between 200,000 and
300,000 which were formerly classified as employed (under “with a job but
not at work”) were assigned to different classifications, mostly to the m em ployed. For a full explanation, see M onthly Report on the Labor Force,


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

22,054
1,013
21, 041
19, 609
12,999
2,926
1,159
2, 524
1, 433
697
623
86
26

22, 711
1,203
21, 508
19, 711
12, 449
3, 078
1,335
2,849
1, 797
879
760
129
29

22,467
1,283
21,183
19,323
13, 275
3,257
1,402
1,389
1,860
902
802
137
19

22,023
1,050
20, 974
19. 537
13, 865
3.411
1,632
628
1,437
609
708
101
IS

21, 523
882
20,641
19, 758
14. 203
3. 322
1, 672
562
883
291
499
74
19

21, 524
932
20, 592
19, 796
13,943
3, 439
1,847
567
796
213
496
56
31

21. 403
1,026
20, 377
19, 665
13, 745
3, 710
1,666
544
712
178
398
100
36

21,107
1,094
20,013
19, 399
14, 018
3,321
1,529
531
614
178
337
71
30

February 1957 (Current Population Reports, Labor Force, Series P-57,
No. 176).
• Survey week contained legal holiday.
‘ Includes persons who had a job or business but who did not work during
the survey week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, or labor dispute.
Prior to January 1957, also included were persons on layoff with definite
instructions to return to work within 30 days of layoff and persons who had
new jobs to which they were scheduled to report within 30 days. Most of
the persons in these groups have, since that time, been classified as
unemployed.
Souece: U. 3. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958

312

Table A -2 . Em ployees in nonagricultural establishm ents, by industry 1
[In thousands]
1958

1957

Annual
average

Industry
Jan.*
Total employees.
M ining__________
M etal_____ ____
Iron...................
Copper---------Lead and zinc.
Anthracite_________________________
Bituminous-coal______________________

813
103.6

231.1

Nonmetallic mining and qu arrying...

112.0

Contract construction___ _____________
Nonbuilding construction___________
Highway and street_______________
Other nonbuilding construction____
Building construction_______________
General contractors____ __________
Special-trade contractors........ ............ . . .
Plumbing and heating_____________
Painting and d eco ra tin g ...............
Electrical work_________________
Other special-trade contractors___

2,570

Ordnance and accessories..

N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan,

1957

1956

50,965 53,025 52, 789 53,043 53,152 52,891 52,605 52,881 52, 482 52,270 51,919 51,704 51, 716 52, 543 51,878

Crude-petroleum and natural-gas pro­
duction__________________________
Petroleum and natural-gas production
(except contract services)___________

M anufacturing------------------Durable goods *___
Nondurable goods <

Dec.*

862

826
104.0
35.9
30.3
15.3

829
104.5
36.9
30.3
14.7

837
105.7
38.1
30.3
14.9

110.1

112.2

39.6
32.0
15.4

40.1
32.8
15.9

857
113.4
39.3
33.4
16.8

858
112.4
38.9
33.4
17.5

835
111.9
38.2
33.0
17.4

833
110.8
36.1
33.5
18.2

831
110.2
34.8
33.9
18.3

833
110.2
34.9
33.7
18.3

832
110.2
35.1
33.6
18.3

840
109.7
37.4
32.5
16.7

816
108.3
34.6
33.3
17.4

26.0
234.8

24.1
235.5

27.3
237.3

28.4
237.0

27.2
237.9

31.0
231.3

30.6
241.9

26.6
238.7

28.5
239.0

30.4
240.1

30.8
242.9

31.1
242.0

28.3
238.1

29.7
230.8
330.8

853

344.8

346.0

346.8

356.3

363.1

362.0

354.8

340.0

339.8

338.8

338.7

336.5

346.7

206.7

205.2

206.8

213.3

217.6

217.6

212.0

203.6

204.0

202.3

201.8

200.4

207.2

196.4

116.1

118.7

120.1

121.2

121.3

119.2

118.7

118.2

115.3

111.8

110.0

111.8

116.8

116.2

3,059 3,224 3,285 3,305 3,275 3,232 3.082 2,906 2,756 2,673 2,667 3,025 2,993
738
715
496
714
572
730
652
514
663
728
502
631
608
275.0 320.2 333.8 340.4 331.0 321.5 296.2 237.3 199.9 184.9 191.5 271.1 263.3
351.7 376.5 395.0 396.4 397.4 397.4 392.0 366.8 334.7 314.1 310.6 310.4 360.1 342.6
Ì, 567 !, 547
2,265 2,407 2,509 2, 555
2,518 2,419 2,334 2,242 2,177 2,165 1,394
2, 387
866.0 936.3 980.3 1, 009.6 , 030.2 ,039.8 l, 005. 5 977.5 944.6 898.7 878.2 885.7 955.1 995.1
1,399.1 1,470. 8 1, 528.2 1, 545. 4 , 537.0 , 507.1 1,512.5 ,441.1 , 389. 5 , 343. 3 , 298. 5 , 279.5 , 439. 0 ., 391.8
331.7 338.7 350.4 351 8 344.2 332.6 342.7 333.7 334.6 331.8 331.5 335.1 338.2 334.0
181.6 198.6 211.8 223 0 226.6 226.5 205.2 190.5 176.5 159.0 148.9 151.5 191.8 179.5
227.4 231.2 237.1 240.2 242.7 241.2 237.2 223.5 218.2 219.5 221.0 223.2 230.3 198.1
658.4 702.3 728.9 730.4 723.5 706.8 727.4 693.4 660.2 633.0 597.1 569.7 678.7 680.2
2,838
573
221.6

15,880 16,325 16,573 16,783 16,905 16,955 16,710 16,852 16, 762 16,822 16,933 16,945 16,959 16,800 16,905
i, 802 9, 756 », 913 9,895 9,927 9,976 9,992
9,113 9, 414 9, 584 9,687 9, 710
990
',808 9,825
,989 7,096 7,195 7,153 6,954 i, 939 6, 867 6, 895 6,957 6.953 6,969 6, 992 7,080
6,767 6,911
116.1

116. 5

117.8

119.8

123.6

126.5

126.2

126.7

127.6

129.4

130.0

130.6

132.0

125.5

130.6

Food and kindred products____________ 1,417.0 1,474. 6 1, 518.1 1, 591.8 1, 673.6 1,654.6 1, 578. 9 1,510. 7 , 451.8 , 433.1 1,430.8 ,429.2 1,459.0 , 517. 9 1, 552.0
325.4 332.1 330.7 330.4 327.0 328.9 325.7 320.7 320.3 323.1 325.4 338.2 327.3 337.4
Meat products---------- ------------ ------ 95.2
109.8 104.3 101.5
99.4
96.5
Dairy products---------------------------98.8 103.2 109.1
98.7 102.6 102.6 109.3
172.6 193.7 261. 5 347.5 326.7 253.9 197.1 168.2 166.1 158.0 159. 5 164.9 214.3 231.1
Canning and preserving_____________
113.2 114. 1 116.8 118.0 118.2 115.1 113.2 113.5 114.4 116.1 116.3 116.5 115.7 118.7
Grain-mill products_________________
288.1 289.5 290.7 290 9 292.4 292.2 289.5 287.6 286.5 285.9 286.2 286.3 288.8 289.1
Bakery products.........................................
28.7
29 8
25.4
47.9
27.9
42.7
27.1
25.2
25.0
Sugar.............................................................
30.4
43.3
25.9
32.0
31.8
78.8
84.4
Confectionery and related products___
73.8
75.6
83.7
77.4
85.8
71.3
73.5
85.6
79.1
81.1
78.9
79.3
215.6 218.6 222.1 226.8 229.9 234.4 229.4 218.8 207.4 209.0 202.
Beverages__________________________
204.2 218.4 215.3
137.4 139.9 142.3 143.3 143.8 144.1 145.1 140.2 135.9 136.7 135.4 134.8 139.9 140.0
Miscellaneous food products__________

111.1

Tobacco manufactures_________________
Cigarettes__________________ ____ ___
Cigars........................... ...............................
Tobacco and snuff___________________
Tobacco stemming and redrying______

89.6

Textile-mill products________ __________
Scouring and combing plants_________
Yarn and thread mills_______________
Broad-woven fabric mills____________
Narrow fabrics and small wares_______
Knitting mills..............................................
D yeing and finishing textiles...... ............
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings........
Hats (except cloth and millinery)..........
Miscellaneous textile goods___________

947.4

94.0
36.0
32.0
6.5
19.5
975.6
5.6
116.5
419.3
28.4
204.3
86.5
48.6
10.5
55.9

95.7
35.8
32.6
6.5
20.8

985.3
5.3
116.1
418.9
28.7

212.0
87.9
48.9
10.3
57.2

103.8
35.2
32.8
6.5
29.3

108.3
35.8
32.3

100.0

33.6

25.7

6.6

35.7
32.0

6.6

998.1 1,003.0 1, 002.3
6.4
5.9
117.2 118.2 116.1
424.1 426.4 427.5
29.1
29.3
29.3
215.7 216.5 217.2
87.9
88.5
88.3
49.9
50.3
50.3
10.0
9.7
10.2
58.0
57.1
57.7

6.6

80.1
34.2
30.1
6.3
9.5

82.5
34.3
32.6

81.9
33.7
32.9

9.0

8.7

6.6

6.6

82.8
33.7
33.4
6.7
9.0

,

85.9
33.7
33.4
6.7
12.1

92.6
33.7
33.7
6.7
18.5

97.3
34.2
33.1
6.7
23.3

92.8
35.8
32.6

6.6

17.8

97.3
34.2
34.5
7.0
21.6

986.2 1,004.2 1,003.6 , 012.1 1 020.1 ,024.5 1,026.9 , 004.0 1,057.3
6.4
6.9
6.4
6.7
6.3
6.9
114.9 117.7 118.1 118.5 119.2 120.5 120.7 117.8 123.0
423.1 428.4 429.2 434.5 437.4 441.5 444.9 429.7 457.2
28.5
29.4
29.0
29.2
29.6
29.6
29.8
29.2
29.8
211. 2 216.2 213.2 211.7 212.6 209.6 208.9 212.5 220.6
86.1
88.9
88.1
88.0
89.1
89.3
89.6
88.2
91.7
49.4
49.0
52.8
51.1
54.3
55.2
54.0
51.1
54.2
10.2
10.9
10.6
11.5
10.0
11.1
11.5
10.6
12.3
57.9
59.2
56.8
58.2
60.0
60.4
61.3
58.6
61.6

6.6

6.2

6.8

Apparel and other finished textile prod­
ucts......... ............................... .................... 1,178.2 1,197. 5 1,205.1 1, 211.0 1, 219.4 1,219.5 1,156.8 1,180. 5 1,173.2 1,204.5 1,233.4 1,228. 5 1,209. 1,203. 5 1,215.4
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats.............
117.9 115.4 119.1 121.7 121.8 117.3 122.8 121.0 122.6 124.8 124.8 124.
121.4 124.1
M en’s and boys’ furnishings and work
clothing--------------- -----------------------303.1 308.6 313.1 315.5 312.5 303.9 309.4 304.9 307.2 310.1 309.0 303.
308.3 315.4
358.1 353.3 346.8 354.2 358.4 328.4 336.1 337.2 357.9 372.6 372.1 368.
Women’s outerwear_________________
353.6 356.4
121.3 124.1 124.3 124.2 122.0 115.8 119.2 121.1 123.8 124.8 123.6 120.
Women’s, children’s undergarments...
122.0 121.6
18.6
19.7
16.8
19.7
16.1
15. 4
M illinery----------------------------------------20.5
14.1
15.3
22.4
21.9
18.
18.4
18.7
80.4
77.5
80.1
78.9
78.9
79.7
Children’s outerwear------------------------72.5
79.6
75.4
76.5
78.4
75.
77.7
74.8
12.8
11.6
12.0
12.7
12.6
9.8
12.5
12.0
11.7
Fur goods.....................................................
9.8
9.5
10.
11.6
11.6
64.2
64.8
63.5
64. 5
Miscellaneous apparel and accessories..
63.3
61.2
60.9
60.3
61.7
62.7
61.1
60.
62.3
63.4
Other fabricated textile products............
127.5 132.3 131.8 127.1 129.6 123.5 125.1 126.3 129.0 129.7 128.1 127.
128.2 129.4
See footnotes at end of table.


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313

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

Table A-2.

Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
Annual
average

1957

1958
Industry
Jan.2 D ec.2 Nov.
Manufacturing—Continued
Lumber and wood products (except
621.8
furniture)
_ _________________
Logging oamps arid nontractors _____
Sawmills and pi an in p mills ____
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products__________
Wooden containers
___
Miscellaneous wood products------------- —

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

1957

1956

648.1
77.4
342.5

670.3
83.4
354.0

691.9
91.2
361.8

699.5
88.4
368.9

713.5
94.7
376.8

713.7
101.6
373.0

729.7
110.9
377.3

708.1
100. 6
368.4

680.0
83.2
359.5

660.9
75.4
349.4

657.4
72.0
349.4

662.9
71.4
353.5

685. 9
87.3
360.9

741.4
104.0
388.1

126.4
48.0
53.8

129.5
48.8
54.6

133.3
50.1
55.5

135.0
50.8
56.4

135.5
50.0
56.5

132 7
50.1
56.3

131.9
52.5
57.1

129.2
52. 5
57.4

127.2
52.2
57.9

126.4
52.0
57.7

125.9
52.6
57.5

127.2
53.3
57.5

130.1
51.0
56.6

135.8
55.0
58.5

Furniture and fixtures_________________ 358.1
Household furniture_________________ ______
Office, public-building, and professinnal furniture
__________
Partitions, shelving, lockers, and
fixtures
____________
Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous
furniture and fixtures______________ —

367.7
261.9

373.4
266.2

378.1
267.9

379.8
267.9

378.2
266.6

369.6
259.1

371.8
261.0

368.6
259.1

372.5
263.2

373.1
263.1

373.9
263.1

373.0
261.5

373.2
263.3

379.0
266.4

43.9

44.9

46.2

47.4

47.7

47.0

47.5

47.1

47.6

47. 4

47.9

47.4

46.8

48.1

37.0

37.0

38.4

39.2

38.8

38.8

38.6

38.1

37.7

37.6

37.6

38.3

38.1

37.9

24.9

25.3

25.6

25.3

25.1

24.7

24.7

24.3

24.0

25.0

25.3

25.8

25.0

26.6

565.9

575.9
277.3
161.7
136.9

578.8
277.4
164.6
136.8

580.4
277.1
164.1
139.2

580.6
277.8
163.5
139.3

576.0
278.4
159.4
138.2

569.7
276.0
156.6
137.1

578.7
281.5
158.8
138.4

573.1
277.8
157.1
138.2

575.0
278.8
157.1
139.1

574.6
279.1
156. 7
138.8

573.1
279.6
155.9
137.6

575.7
280.9
157.6
137.2

575.9
278.3
159.5
138.1

569.9
278.0
156.7
135.2

866.1

874.7
324.4
62.0
53.6
233.0
62.3
16.6
44.8

876.1
324.3
62.3
53.4
231. 2
62.8
19.0
45.3

875.5
322.8
61.7
53.6
231.4
63.1
18.9
46.7

869.9
321.6
60.9
53.6
229.3
62.6
18.1
47.1

859. 5
317.9
58.9
53.4
228.9
62.2
17.3
45.8

860.3
320.0
59.1
53.6
228.0
62.1.
17.2
45.4

861.7
321.8
58. 5
53.3
227.2
62.5
17.6
46.1

859. 5
320.5
59.2
53.4
227.0
62.1
16.6
45.9

863.8
320.0
59.7
54.0
227.6
62.6
16.4
46.4

864.4
319.5
60.5
55.0
227.9
62.7
16.3
45.9

861.0
318.8
61.0
54.7
225.8
62.1
16.2
45.9

862.2
317.3
61.5
54.4
228.1
62.2
17.2
46.2

865. 8
320.7
60.5
53.8
228.8
62.5
17.3
46.0

852.5
313.7
64.2
53.1
222.4
63.1
18.8
46.0

78.0

77.8

77.3

76.7

75.1

74.9

74.7

74.8

77.1

76.6

76.5

75.3

76.2

71.2

815.9
Chemicals and allied products...................
Industrial inorganic chemicals______
Industrial organic chemicals__________
Drugs and m ed icin es.,............................ ______
Soap, cleaning and polishing preparations
___________ ________
Paints, pigments, and fillers_________
Gum and wood chemicals____________
Fertilizers
_______________
Vegetable and animal oils and fats____
Miscellaneous chemicals_____________ —

823.1
103.8
308.1
108.0

828.6
104. 5
309.2
107.6

832.2
105.8
309.3
106.2

833.9
107.0
313.3
105.7

832.5
107.6
315.1
105.5

829.4
107.7
316.0
104.4

831.8
108.1
315.8
102. 6

837.8
108.0
314.7
101.5

841.8
107.7
316.4
101.5

840.1
107.7
317.1
101.4

835.7
107.6
317.4
100.9

834.5
107.8
318.8
100.3

833.5
106.9
314.3
103.8

830.6
108.4
315.7
97.7

49.6
75.5
8.1
32.4
40.8
96.8

50.5
75.8
8.0
32.6
42.0
98.4

51.0
77.0
8.6
33.9
41.8
98.6

51.3
77.9
8.7
33.3
39.0
97.7

51.2
78.6
8.8
31.0
36.3
98.4

50.6
79.0
8.8
30.5
35.5
96.9

50.7
77.9
8.5
33. 5
36. 5
98.2

50.1
77.5
8.6
42.5
37.2
97.7

50.3
77.0
8.7
44.9
38.0
97.3

50.6
76.6
8.7
42.0
39.4
96.6

50. 6
76.6
8.6
36.7
40.6
96.7

50. 2
76.4
8.5
34.4
41.2
96.9

50.7
77.2
8.5
35.6
39.0
97.5

60.3
76.2
8.4
36.0
40.5
97.4

Products of petroleum and coal_________
Petroleum refining
_ ___________
Coke, other petroleum and coal
products
__________________

251.7

253.6
203.9

256. 6
204.8

257.9
205.0

261.3
208.1

261.3
208.5

259.9
207.2

259.1
206.3

257.2
205.4

256.8
205.5

255.6
204.4

255.9
204. 5

253.0
203.9

257.3
205.6

254.3
202.6

49.7

51.8

52.9

53.2

52.8

52.7

52.8

51.8

51.3

51.2

51. 4

49.1

51.7

51.7

Rubber products. ___________________
Tires and inner tubes______*_________
Rubber footwear __________________
Other rubber products.._____________

263.7

267.5
111.4
22.0
134.1

269.3
111.4
22.3
135.6

269.9
111.6
22.1
136.2

266.9
111.6
22.1
133.2

264.7
111.3
22.0
131.4

259.7
110.6
21.6
127. 5

255.7
104.5
21.8
129.4

262.1
110.7
21.6
129.8

249.7
97.5
21.7
130.5

269.9
113.1
22.1
134. 7

271.1
113.1
22.1
135.9

274.5
113.6
22.6
138.3

264.7
109.8
22.0
132.9

269.2
111.5
24.1
133.6

Leather and leather products. ----------Leather: tanned, curried, and finished.
Industrial leather belting and packing
Root and shoe cut stock and findings
Footwear (except rubber)____________
Lugeraiie
__ _________________
Handbags and small leather goods _
Gloves and miscellaneous leather goods.

371.1

374.5
39.9
5.5
20.1
243.3
16.7
35.1
13.9

374.9
40.4
5.4
19.5
239.1
17.2
36.1
17.2

375.4
40.4
5.3
19.4
239.5
17.5
36.0
17.3

378.0
40.6
5.2
19.3
242.6
17.3
35.1
17.9

382.9
41.0
5.1
19.9
246.8
17.6
34.7
17.8

372.5 373.9
41.0
40.3
5. C
5.0
20.0
19.9
243.2 243.6
17. C 17.1
29. S
30.2
17.1
17.1

366.3
40.4
5.1
19.7
238.4
16.8
29.2
16.7

375.3
40.7
5.2
19.9
243. 7
16.6
32.6
16.6

382.3
40.9
5.2
20.4
248.2
16.8
34.0
16.8

381.3
41.5
5. 3
20.5
246.5
16.5
35.0
16.0

376.6
41.7
5. 3
20.2
245.8
15.9
33.0
14.7

376.1
40.8
5. 2
19.9
243.2
17.0
33.4
16.6

381.5
42.7
5.2
20.0
246.3
16.6
33.7
17.0

504.8
Stone, clay, and glass products_________
F ]a/ glass
______________
Glass^and glassware, pressed or blown.
Glass products made of purchased glass.
Cement, hydraulic _________________
Structural clay products------------------Pottery and related products.................. ______
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster prodnets
_______________
Cut-stone and stone products...... ........... ______
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
products.._______ ________________
See footnotes at end of table.

530.3
32.9
93.1
16.2
42.1
78.3
49.5

543.7
32. S
96.4
16.3
42.5
80.9
50.3

551.3
32.6
97.2
16.9
42.5
82.4
50.3

556.8
31.6
98.5
16.5
43.1
83.6
50.9

555.3
31.3
98.2
16.6
41. 6
83.9
60.2

538.2
30. f
94.3
16.3
29.7
83.5
49.7

555.2
30.7
97.7
16.5
41. 5
83.3
51.4

550.4
30.7
96.0
16. 5
42.6
80.7
52.0

549.0
31.5
94.8
16.7
42.2
80.5
53.4

545.5
32.3
94.1
16.9
42.4
79.3
54.0

543.0
33.4
93.1
16.9
42.3
78.1
54.6

645.6
34.2
93.6
17.2
42.4
80.5
54.0

547.0
32.0
95.6
16.6
41.2
81.4
51.7

561.5
34.2
95.0
17.5
43.4
86.9
54.6

111. 1
18.6

115.6
18.6

118.8
19.3

120.9
19.2

120.9
19.2

121.5
19.2

122.2
18.9

120.2
19.1

117.6
19.2

114.8
18.9

113.3
18.8

112.9
18.8

117.3
19.0

117.6
19.5

88.5

90.2

91.3

92.5

93.4

93.1

93.0

92.6

93.1

92.8

92. 5

92.0

92.2

92.8

Paper and allied products_______ ______
Pnlp paper and paperboard mills
Paperboard containers and boxes
Other pappr and allied products_____
Printing, publishing, and allied Industries
-- - _____
Newspapers
_______________
Periodicals
____________________
Books
___________________
Commercial printing
Lithographing______________________
Greeting cards
Rookbinding and related industries
Miscellaneous publishing and printing
services
______________

4 5 6 1 1 4 -5 8 -

5


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314

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958

Table A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1958

Annual
average

1957

Industry
Jan. 2 D ec.2 N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug,

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

1957

1956

Manufacturing—Continued
Primary metal industries........................ 1, 177.5 1, 231.3 1, 255.3 1, 276.9 1, 2 S 9 . 4 1, 3 0 6.5 1, 302 . 7 1, 318.9 1, 318 . 7 1, 328.0 1, 338.2 1, 348 . 8 1, 355 . 4 1, 305.4 1, 3 1 1.0
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
616.4
629.7
654.6
659 . 5
662.2
599.3
641.7
648 . 4 648.9
652 . Ì
mills
______________________
651.5
661.8
643 7 630 6
218.4
2 1 7.6
22 2 .6
2 2 5.4
231.5
234.9
240.4
241 . 8 227.8
2 1 8.6
224.3
Iron and steel foundries______________
229.0
229.8
241.0
Primary smelting and refining of non68 .9
68 .9
64 .3
6 4 .6
64 .6
66 .9
67.1
67 .9
67.9
6 8 .6
70.3
ferrous metals ___________________
66.0
67.2
67.5
Secondary smelting and refining of
14.1
14.1
14.4
14.4
13.8
13.9
14.1
14.1
14 .5
14.5
nonferrous metals_________________
13.9
14.4
14.2
14.3
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of non112.4
109.4
107.8
109.9
112 . 2
112.2
107.7
109.0
111.6
112.3
109.7
115.8
ferrous metals
_________________
no 7
116 9
74.1
76.4
79 .6
8 2 .3
72 .2
76 .8
76.1
75 .3
82 .6
8 3 .8
Nonferrous foundries________________
77 .0
77.4
77 .9
7 9 .6
Miscellaneous primary metal indus156.4
161.3
163.9
163.1
165. 5 166.6
168 . 5 168.4
158.5
163.9
166.5
167 . 4 163.9
t r ie s __ __________________________
161.1
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)---------------------------- 1, 075.4 1, 109 . 6 1, 127.0 1, 129.1 1, 118.8 1, 118.2 1, 108 . 2 1, 125 . 6 1, 121.1 1, 128.2 1, 134.1 1, 138 . 8 1, 137 . 8 1, 124 . 7 1, 116.6
57.4
55.4
59.9
55.4
51.5
52 .9
58 .9
58.4
54.7
53 .8
Tin cans and other tinware......................
6 0 .6
56.6
56.3
57.7
144.4
145.2
147.9
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware
146.6
147.2
140.5
13S . 4 136.6
140.9
142.7
150.1
152.3
144.3
149.2
Heating apparatus (except electric) and
111.4
109.9
109.7
plumbers’ supplies________________
112.8
111.4
111.6
110.3
108 . 8
no.8
109.8
111. 7 111.7
121 4
no 7
323.4
332.4
322.1
320.2
Fabricated structural metal products..
336 . 5 337.5
335.4
3 3 4.2
317.0
32 9 .3
3 3 2.3
327.5
3 2 8.7
303! 4
Metal stamping, coating, and engrav222.6
228.5
219.1
236.0
240.6
244.1
246.3
225.1
231.0
220.1
228.7
230.4
231 2 234 3
i n e ______________________________
50 .8
52.0
54.6
53.5
51.1
53.4
53.2
53 .5
54 .6
51.9
52 .7
Lighting fixtures____________________
51.2
53.0
50.8
59.4
62.1
5 8 .7
Fabricated wire products.........................
59.1
60 .4
6 2 .8
63 .8
65.0
58.1
58 .8
59 .5
60 .6
61.9
60 .7
Miscellaneous fabricated metal prod136.8
141.2
140.4
141.2
139.9
139.4
140.3
140.5
140.9
136.7
139.5
140.4
130 8 137 9
u c t s _____________________________
Machinery (except electrical)---------------- 1, 572 . 7 1, 585.9 1, 608.2 1, 635.9 1, 657.0 1, 658 . 7 1, 686 . 4 1, 714.6 1, 728.4 1, 750.1 1. 764.0 1,
81 . 6
85.0
Engines anrl turbines________________
81.8
84 1
85. 5
82.1
81 . 7
83 .9
81 . 7
82 . 6
143.2
Agricultural machinery and tractors__
142. 5 142.5
142.4
157.3
137.0
137. 7
146.6
147 . 7 154.2
151.2
155
.
2
155.4
144.0
152.1
Construction and mining machinery__
134 . 9
139.1
148.3
149 . 6
153.9
283.5
292.3
Metalworking machinery____________
267.6
293.5
255 . 6 260.3
2 7 5.2
289.1
277.3
290.9
Special-industry machinery (except
179.0
185.4
metalworking machinery)__________
177.2
177.6
183 . 7 183.6
183.8
172.4
174 . 6
176.3
268.2
260.6
2 6 3.7
269.8
General industrial machinery________
2 5 5 .4
262 . 6 267.7
267.3
257.1
266.7
131.3
136.4
Office and store machines and devices..
129.2
131.5
136.0
132.2
134.9
135.2
122.0
126.3
Service-industry and household ma163.0
165.0
192.9
163 . 5 174.1
179.6
196,7
chines _ _________________________
163.1
163.3
187.3
273.9
Miscellaneous machinery parts_______
270.0
271 . 5 272.2
282.5
284.0
2 6 3.4
277.4
268.1
279.0

763.6 1, 752 . 4 1, 693 . 4 1, 716.4
86. 5
85 .8
83 5
79 6
149.4
154 . 7
147 2 149 5
154.6
156.9
149 6 151 9
291.7
290.7
280.7
282 ! 5
185.8
269.2
136.0

187 . S
268.3
134.5

180 Q 188 1
265 1 259 6
132.0

12 4 ! 7

199.6
283.2

198.5
282.7

178 9

205 6
274 9

275 5

Electrical machinery............. ...................... 1. 160 . 5 1, 192.9 1, 221.4 1, 239.2 1, 251.3 1, 232 . 8 1, 219 . 7 1, 222.0 1,211.2 1, 216.2 1 , 228 . 2 1 , 232.0 1, 236.2 1, 22 5 .0 1 , 202.9
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial appa409 . 5 415.0
424.1
407.0
410 . 5 413.7
417.6
ratus
- .. ____________________
403.3
419.6
428.6
430.1
433.0
417 5 415 Q
47 .9
49 . 7
50.4
49 4
49.0
47.4
Electrical apDliances_________________
47 . 4
4 9 .2
47.2
48 . 1
51.5
52.6
52.4
52 6
26.2
2 6 .4
2 6 .2
26 .2
Insulated wire and cable...... ...................
25 .1
2 5 .8
2 6 .2
26 .2
26 .0
2 6 .8
27 .0
27.5
26 ! 3
2&1
72 .6
75.1
74.8
75.3
Electrica! equipment for vehicles_____
75 .0
75 . 6
72 .6
73.6
79.1
71.8
79 . 4
79 . 6
75 3
73 9
28 .4
Electric lamps. _
28 .3
28 . 4
28.5
28 4
28 4
28.1
28 2
2 8 .2
28.3
28 4
28 6
28 6
580.9
600.2
606.2
562.4
564.9
Communication equip m ent...................
566.3
585.2
598.9
578.6
568.0
565.6
566.1
578 . 3 557.7
Miscellaneous electrical products
50.0
50.2
51 .5
50 .4
49.3
47 . 7
51.2
50 .3
49 .3
48 .9
48 8
49 0
49 8
Transportation equipm ent.._____ ______ 1, 745 . 5 1, 831 . 5 1, 837 . 4 1, 822.1 1, 787 . 4 1, 876 . 5 1, 888.3 1, 925.9 1,941 . 4 1, 950.8 1, 980.1 1 , 984 . 7 1, 977.3 1, 904.9 1 , 830 . 5
Motor vehicles and equipment*. ____
694.3
772 . 5 762.9
812 . 7 823.4
830 . 8 8 0 8 753.7
793.9
853 . 1 863 6 872 . 7 807 i
Aircraft aofi parts
868. 5 885 . 8 902.0 905.6 906.9 909.1 908 . 6 904 8 891 5 878 i
787 . 2 806 . 2 847.2
553.9
Aircraft __ ______________________
476 9 489 0
516 . 7 529.5
557 . 2 554 9
542 . 4
556 2 558 3
557.0
546 8
537 5
176.9
Aircraft engines and parts__________
165 . 5 169 . 7 173.0
183.3
155.1
158 . 2
179.7
184 . 2 183 8
174 3
178 . 9
181 0
21 .0
2 0 .6
Aircraft propellers and parts.............. .
2 0 .6
20 .6
2 0 .3
20.1
2 0 .5
20 .6
20 .4
20 .4
20.1
19.7
2 0 .5
1 6 .9
150.2
Other aircraft parts and equipment
144.4
148.7
134 . 9
149.9
149 . 9
138 . S
148 . 5 148.2
146 8 146 0
144 0
145 g
Ship and boat building and repairing..
146.9
145.6
145.8
147.1
146 . 5 146.6
145 . 2 142 3
148 . 7 146 . 5 143.6
139 6 145 4 1°8 9
Shipbuilding and repairing
129.8
129 . 7 131.2
120 7
128 7
130 . 7
129.9
127 1 124.0
125 5 122 7
130 4
15 . 7
16.8
Boatbuilding and repairing............... .
16.1
19.6
16.9
16.7
15.8
18.8
19.4
19.7
18.9
19.6
17.9
is! 9
67 .2
67 .0
Railroad equipment_________________
65 .3
59 . 4
64 .8
67 . 7
64 7
62 . 5
61.1
65 .6
6 4 .0
65 <>
65 2
9 .6
10 .7
Other transportation equipment___ . . . —
10.6
9 .4
8 .5
10.6
9 .2
9 .8
10.0
9 .7
9 .0
8 .3
9.6
9 .9
Instruments and related products..............
Laboratory, scientific, and engineering
instrum en ts_____________________
Mechanical measuring and controlling
instruments____ _________________
Optical instruments and le n s e s ...____
Surgical, medical, and dental lnstruments____________________________
Ophthalmic goods___________________
Photographic apparatus______________
Watches and c lo c k s_________________

3 2 5 .7

Miscellaneous manufacturing Industries.
.Tewelrv, silverware, and nlafed ware
Musical instruments and'parts_______
Toys and sporting goods____________ _
Pens, pencils, other office supplies____
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions____
Fabricated plastics products_________
Other manufacturing industries...,.___

454.5

See footnotes at end of table.


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3 3 1.6

334.9

3 3 6.9

338.8

340.5

335.2

3 3 8.0

339.0

342.3

3 4 2.2

3 4 1.2

341.7

3 3 8.3

3 3 5.9

69 .3

70 1

71 .6

73.2

75 .4

7 5 .6

75.1

74.8

75 .6

7 3 .9

73 .8

72.7

73 .4

6 7 .3

81 .3
14.0

82 8
13 9

84.1
13 .7

84 .4
13.6

84 . 6
13 .6

84 .6
13.8

85 . 4
13.8

85 .5
13.7

86 .4
14.0

87 .3
14.1

86 3
14.1

87 5
14 0

85 0
13 ! 9

85 5
13.9

41 .9
24 .1
69.1
31 . 9

42 .2
24 6
69 5
3 1 .8

4 1 .6
24 . 6
69 .2
32 .1

41 .6
2 4 .2
70.0
31 .8

41 .3
24 0
70 . 4
31 .2

41 .5
23 .5
70 .0
26.2

42 . 2
24.0
69 . 4
28.1

42 . 2
24 0
68 . 5
3 0 .3

4 2 .3
24 . 2
68 .6
3 1 .2

42 0
24 5
68 8
31 . 6

42 0
24 7
69 0
3 1 .3

41 7

41 9

41 0

69 2
31 9

69 2

468.4
49 2
17.2
74 . 5
32 .1
59 . 2
86 . 2
150.0

494.3
50 . 0
17 . 7
89.1
3 2 .4
60 . 5
88 . 6
156.0

505.5
50 . 6
17 .6
96.1
3 2 .5
61 . 4
89 . 9
157.4

507.7
50 .4
17.5
97 . 5
3 2 .6
63 . 4
9 0 .4
155.9

494.8
48 . 5
16 .9
94 .3
3 2 .6
62 . 5
88 . 6
151.4

468.0
45 .9
16.5
8 3 .8
31 .4
57.4
8 6 .0
147.0

485.0
47 . 2
16.9
88 . 9
3 1 .9
59 .5
88 . 8
15 Ì .8

480.6
47 . 2
17.1
88 . 2
31.1
58.1
8 8 .0
150.9

480.1
47 . 7
17.3
84 .9
3 1 .0
59 . 0
87 .9
152.3

4 7 9.4
48 8
17.8
80 . 8
3 0 .7
60 . 3
8 9 .9
151.1

477.6
50 1
1 8 .0
79 1
3 0 .7
60 4
89 6
149.7

24 7

475.5
50 3
18.1
76 1
31 .4
60 . 8

89 6

149.2

30 7

34 4

484.9
48 Q
17.4
86 4

4 9 9 .3

31 ! 7

3 1 .9

60 2
88 6
151.7

18.3

154.8

315

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

Table A-2.

Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1958

Annual
average

1957

Industry
Jan.2 D ec.2 N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

1957

1956

4,159 4,206 4,215 4,199 4,181 4,156 4,153 4.147 4,120 4,126 4,155
Transportation and public utilities________ ,002 4,100 4,123
4,157
596 2,693 2, 713 2, 747 2,783 2, 776 2,760 2, 762 2, 749 2,747 2,746 2, 723 2, 733 2,743 2,768
Transportation................ ..............................
1, 065.3 1, 082.2 1,115.0 1,136.5 1,148.6 1.139.8 1,144. 5 1.137.1 1,136.0 1,132.0 1,132. 5 1,139.0 1,126.2 1,190. 5
Interstate railroads______ ___________
___ 918.7 943.5 975.2 994.8 1,007.2 1,007. 7 1,011.9 1,004. 4 992.4 988.0 988.7 996.1 986.3 1,042. 6
Class I railroads__________________
105.8 105. 4 107.4 107. 6 107.7 107.7 108.0 108.4 108.4 108.6 108.5 108. 2 107.1 110.6
Local railways and buslines__________
847.2 854.9 855.1 854.1 838.3 833.4 829.2 821.0 821.1 820.2 819.3 817.0 833.8 807.5
Trucking and warehousing___________
674.3 670.5 669.4 684.9 681.0 678.8 679.8 682.6 681.4 685.2 662.3 669.0 676.3 658.9
Other transportation and services____
46.2
43.7
44.2
44.5
45.7
43.2
45.8
45.1
44.0
42.3
42.5
44.2
42.6
42.4
Buslines, except local.............................
145.2 144.6 141.5 147.6 147.6 147.0 146.1 145.2 144.7 143.1 141.8 141.2 144.2 130.5
Air transportation (common carrier).
824
809
824
805
805
808
814
809
813
810
803
799
810
806
795
C ommunlcation______________________
763.8 766.7 766.8 771.8 782.0 781.6 770.0 767.1 766.3 763.8 760.9 756.9 768.2 751.2
Telephone................................................—
40.3
41.3
41.5
42.1
40.3
41.0
41.9
41.9
41.4
41.9
41.5
41.7
41.8
Telegraph— ------ ---------------------------42.6
602
603
615
60Ï
602
609
615
606
597
597
594
593
602
595
594
Other public utilities__________________
577.7 577.9 578.2 584.1 589.8 589.6 581. 5 573.3 572.5 570.7 569.9 569.6 577.9 570.1
Gas and electric utilities_____________
251.2 251.3 251.3 254.4 256.9 256.6 253.0 249.3 248.8 247.9 247.1 246.6 251.2 247.8
Electric light and power utilities—
145.1 145.1 145.1 146.3 147.5 147.7 146.1 143.7 143.6 143.1 143.4 143.8 145.1 144.2
Gas utilities______________________
Electric light and gas utilities com­
181.4 181.5 181.8 183.4 185.4 185.3 182.4 180.3 180.1 179.7 179.4 179.2 181.6 178.1
bined___________________________
24.9
24.1
24.2
24.3
24.9
24.5
23.9
24.0
24.2
24.4
23.6
23.6
Local utilities, not elsewhere classified..
24.0
23.9
Wholesale and retail trade_______________ 11,497 12,354 11,840 11,664 11,620 11,499 11,493 11,505 11,411 11,428 11,265 11,225 11,298 11,543 11,292
Wholesale trade.............................................. ,166 3,209 3,210 3,200 3,180 3,179 3,166 3,140 3,1X3 3,114 3,117 3,114 3,106 3,154 3,032
Wholesalers, full-service and limited
1, 855. 5 1,854.4 1, 844.8 1, 837. 7 1,831.2 1,825. 3 1, 807.9 1. 795.8 1, 796.3 1, 800.9 1,800.6 1,803. 2 1,821. 6 1, 767. 5
fu nction., j _____________________
126.2 125.8 126.2 126.3 125.8 125.1 123.7 121.6 121.6 120.3 119.8 119.5 123.5 118.8
Autom otive______________________
Groceries, food specialties, beer,
328.3 328.9 324.7 324.6 320.6 321.2 319.3 315.2 318.4 319.2 317.8 316.4 321.1 310.2
wines, and liquors .............................. —
Electrical goods, machinery, hard­
463.1 465.3 466.0 465.7 467.4 466.3 464.4 460.9 461.4 462.8 462.7 462.4 464.2 456.9
ware, and plumbing equipment—
Other full-service and limited-func­
937.9 934.4 927.9 921.1 917.4 917.2 900.5 898.1 894.9 898.6 900.3 904.9 912.8 881.6
tion wholesalers_________________
1, 353. 8 1.355.4 1, 354. 9 1, 342.2 1, 347. 7 1,340.3 1, 332.0 1,317.3 1,317.6 1.315.9 1, 313.6 1.302. 7 1, 332.8 1, 264.9
Wholesale distributors, other_________
Retail trade___ _____ _________________ ,331 9,145 8, 630 8,464 8,440 8,320 8, 327 8, 365 8,298 8,314 8,148 8,111 8,192 8, 389 8, 260
388.2 1, 899. 4 1, 555.7 1, 447.4 1, 419. 2 1, 351.6 1, 346.9 1,379.8 1, 382. 2 1, 401.9 1,343.0 1, 333. 2 1,387. 7 1,437.7 1,450.7
General merchandise stores__________
paw
Department stores and general mail­
1,220.2 1, 014. 3 932.7 909.3 874.1 871.1 888.4 885.0 890.5 862.0 859.2 899.4 925.4 938.8
order houses_____ ______ . ______
679.2 541.4 514.7 509.9 477.5 475.8 491.4 497.2 511.4 481.0 474.0 488.3 512.3 511.9
Other general merchandise stores__
Food and liquor stores______________ , 633. 7 1, 666.0 1, 649. 5 1,622.1 1, 613.7 1, 599.7 1,605.8 1,606.9 1,600. 7 1,602. 6 1,590.8 1, 586.8 1,575. 2 1, 609. 5 1, 563.6
Grocery, meat, and vegetable mar­
1,190.9 1,181.5 1,156.6 1,140.1 1,120.9 1,126. 5 1,127.6 1,126. 2 1,124.7 1,123. 5 1,118. 5 1,113.3 1,137. 5 1,086.4
kets_________ _______ _________
228.1 228.7 230.2 237.6 244.4 245.4 241.9 237.3 234.0 230.3 227.3 226.7 234.3 231.9
Dairy product stores and dealers___
247.0 239.3 235.3 236.0 234.4 233.9 237.4 237.2 243.9 237.0 241.0 235.2 237.7 235.3
Other food and liquor stores........... .
798.2 823.0 809.7 801.6 801.1 805.2 806.5 803.6 798.2 795.8 796.0 793.2 794.1 801.1 808.7
Automotive and accessories dealers___
607.7 734.2 644.3 625.9 614.7 571.6 580.7 619.8 621.7 657. 9 592.4 581.2 608.2 619.6 616.0
Apparel and accessories stores________
Other retail trade____________ _______ , 903.2 4,022.0 3,970.9 3,967.0 3, 991.1 3,992.2 3,987. 4 3, 955.1 3,895. 5 3, 855.6 3, 826.1 3,816. 2 3,827.1 3,921.3 3,831.0
414.6 402.3 397.0 392.5 392.4 392.6 392.8 392.2 394.7 395.3 395.1 394.2 396.2 395.8
Furniture and appliance stores...........
407.1 381.1 380.2 373.5 374.1 376.5 372.4 360.9 364.2 354.7 352.2 360.1 370.8 345.6
Drug stores_______________________
Finance, insurance, and real estate---------Banks and trust companies____________
Security dealers and exchanges_________
Insurance carriers and agents--------------Other finance agencies and real estate__

2,338

2,348
627.2
83.8
866.6
770.5

2,355
626.2
83.9
865.2
779.9

2,356
623. 4
83.8
861.6
787.1

2,361
621.7
84.2
861.8
793.5

2,389
629.6
85.6
867.7
805.8

2,390
626.0
85.3
865.0
814.0

2,359
614. 4
83.8
853.1
807.8

2,329
606.7
82.8
845.8
793.4

2,320
6Ó6.9
83. C
845.6
784.3

2,310
6Ó5.2
83.6
842.5
779.1

2,301
6Ó2.3
82.7
837.0
779.1

2,293
596.5
82.6
830. i
783.1

2.313
615.6
83.7
853. 5
790.2

2,306
581.9
82.4
821.7
820.1

Service and miscellaneous_______________
Hotels and lodging places__________
Personal services:
Laundries__________________________
Cleaning and dyeing plants-------------M otion pictures-------- -------------------------

6,400

6,474
469.6

6,512
479.5

6,547
487.9

6,541
527.1

6,509
597.7

6,524
598.0

6,551
539.7

6,520
512.6

6,432
499.0

6,317
482.3

6,273
480.7

6,239
473.6

6,457
517.0

6,231
518.0

322.8
158.7
210.5

325.0
161. 7
218.3

327.7
163.6
226.6

329.5
160.6
232.1

333.2
156.1
230.5

337.9
162.7
229.3

336.5
167.6
228.9

333.5 328. 5
168. C 164.0
227.0 224.1

328.2
160.3
216.5

328.0
158.9
212.3

329.6
160. (
211.6

330.0
162.0
222.5

333.5
164.8
226.6

7,465 7,760 7,498 7,473 7,381 7,157 7,157 7,343 7,387 7,376 7,360 7,334 7,302 7,380 7,178
Government___________________________
Federal8____________________________ >, 138 2,422 2,148 2,156 2,179 2,212 2, 219 2,211 2,202 2,205 2,0)3 2, 200 2,198 2,214 2,209
State and local •_______ _____ - ................. 5,327 & 338 15, 350 5,317 5,202 4, 945 4, 938 5.132 5,185 5,171 5,157 5,134 5,106 5,166 4,969
» Beginning with the July 1957 issue, the data for 1955-56 shown in this
table are not comparable with those published in previous issues. They have
been revised because of adjustment to first quarter 1956 benchmark levels indi­
cated by data from government social insurance programs. Comparable data
for earlier years are available upon request. Data for 1956 and 1957 are sub­
ject to revision when new benchmarks become available.
These series are based on establishment reports which cover all full- and.
part-time employees in nonagricultural establishments who worked during,
or received pay for, any part of the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the
month. Therefore, persons who worked in more than one establishment
during the reporting period are counted more than once. Proprietors, selfemployed persons, unpaid family workers, and domestic servants are ex­
cluded.
1 Preliminary; subject to revision without notation.
s Durable goods include: Ordnance and accessories; lumber and wood
products (except furniture); furniture and fixtures; stone, clay, and glass
products; primary metal industries; fabricated metal products (except
ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment); machinery (except
electrical); electrical machinery; transportation equipment; instruments and
related products; and miscellaneous manufacturing industries.


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* Nondurable goods include: Food and kindred products; tobacco manu,
factures; textile-mill products; apparel and other finished textile products’
paper and allied products; printing, publishing, and allied industries; cheml
icals and allied products; products of petroleum and coal; rubber products’
and leather and leather products.
8 Data for Federal establishments refer to the continental United States;
they relate to civilian employees who worked on, or received pay for, the last
day of the month.
8 State and local government data exclude, as nominal employees, elected
officials of small local units and paid volunteer firemen.
•Formerly titled “ Automobiles." Data not affected.

N ote: For a description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except that for the Federal Government, which is prepared by the
U . S. Civil Service Commission, and that for Class I railroads, which is
prepared by the U . S. Interstate Commerce Commission.

316

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958

T able A -3. Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries 1
[In thousands]
1957

1958

Annual
average

Industry
Jan.2 D ec.2 Nov.

Mining_________

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

1957

1956

M eta l.,............... .
Iron....... ...........
Copper______
Lead and zinc.

669
873
31.0
25.2
12.8

671
876
32.0
25.1
12.2

680
88.8
33.2
24.9
12.4

694
92.5
34.4
26.5
12.8

703
94.5
35.0
27.2
13.3

699
95.8
34.3
27.7
14.2

704
95.5
34.2
28. (
14.8

686
95.7
33. £
27.7
14.8

685
94.2
31.5
28.1
15.5

686
93.9
30.3
28.6
15.6

689
94.5
30.6
28.6
15.7

689
94.6
30.8
28. 5
15.6

688
930
32.6
27.2
14.1

&80
Q2 5
30 0
98 3
14.9

Anthraclte_____
Bituminous coal.

24.2
212.0

22.4
211.9

25.4
214.5

26.5
214.2

25.2
214.8

28.9
208.6

28.3
218.9

24.7
216.7

26.6
217.4

28.4
218.4

221.8

28.9

28.9
221.4

26.4
215.8

21o! 8

246.7

248.2

248.9

258.0

264.7

264.0

260.6

248.5

248.8

249.7

250.5

249.4

253. 5

249.8

Ì27.1

126.0

127.4

133.3

137.7

137.9

136.3

129.5

130.1

130.1

131.0

130.3

131.8

130.7

98.3

100.9

102.3

103.0

103.3

101.5

100.9

100.8

98.0

95.2

93.4

95.0

99.4

99.5

12,048 12,477 12,703 12,893 12,992 13,024 12,788 12,955 12,894 12,960 13,085 13,114 13,150 12,925
6,865 7,152 7, 305 7,389 7,397
7,476 7,432 7,603 7,600 7,635 7,693 7, 721 7, 740 7, 517
Durable goods 3___
5,183 5,325 5, 398 5,504 5,595
5,548 5,356 5,352 5, 294 5,325 5,392 5,393 5,410 5,408
Nondurable goods *.
67 4
68.3
69.5
Ordnance and accessories______________
66.2
72.7
75.0
74.0
75.8
76.5
78.3
79.0
79.4
80.6
74.7
Food and kindred produ cts..__________ 974.1 1, 029.7 1, 072.8 1,143. 2 1, 218.0 1,194.3 ,120. 2 1, 056. 4 1, 004. 2 989.8 988.8 987.1 1,014.9 1, 068.9
Meat products............................................ .............. 259.1 265. 7 264.2 262.8 259.2 261.1 257.9 253.2 252.7 255.3 257.6 ' 269. 9 ' 259. 8
63.9
65.0
66.9
70.1
75.3
Dairy products_____________________ ______
77.1
76. C 71.5
68.5
66.8
65.3
69. 6
67.2
141.0 162.0 228.9 312.9 292.2 220.8 164.3 136.2 135.1 127.2 128.6 134.3 182.1
Canning and preserving_____________ ______
79.0
79.6
82.2
83.2
Grain-mill products_________________ ______
82.9
79.2
77.5
78.4
78.7
80. 5
80. 7
81.4
80.5
169.3 170.7 171.8 172.0 172.8 173.1 171.6 169.4 168.4 168.2 168.5 168.3 170.3
Bakery products____________________ ______
42. 4
37.5
37.9
23.6
Sugar______________________________ ______
24.5
22.7
22. C 19.8
20.3
20.2
20.9
25.3
26.8
69.6
71.3
69.2
64.4
71.3
Confectionery and related products--------------57.4
59.9
59.6
61.3
62.8
64.5
66.4
64. 6
116.8 120.2 122.3 124.9 125.2 130.0 127.1 120.9 113.0 114.8 109.2 1 1 1 . 0
Beverages__________________________ ______
119.8
93. 5
95.9
98.4
97.7
98.7
Miscellaneous food p r o d u cts...............................
98.8
95.2
91.8
93.0
91.8
91.1
95.4

13 1%
7 65Q
i 537

Crude-petroleum and natural-gas pro­
duction_________ ______ __________ ______
Petroleum and natural-gas production
(except contract services)______ ____ ______
Nonmetallic mining and quarrying------------------

Manufacturing__________

1

100.1

Tobacco manufactures___________
Cigarettes-........................................
Cigars________________________
Tobacco and snuff_____________
Tobacco stemming and redrying.
Textile-mill products__________________
Scouring and combing plan ts.................
Yam and thread mills_______________
Broad-woven fabric mills____________
Narrow fabrics and small wares______
Knitting m ills ..____ ______ __________
Dyeing and finishing textiles...................
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings........
Hats (except cloth and millinery)_____
Miscellaneous textile goods......................

80.4

856.3

97 1

83.0
1 105 3
9fiQ 1
7 27
1QQ fi

83 7

17 9 1

?fi 5
64 8
190 8
96.0

84.5
31.4
30.3
5. 5
17.3

85.9
31.2
30.9
5.4
18.4

94.0
30.6
31.1
5. 5
26.8

98.4
31.2
30.6
5. 5
31.1

90.4
31.1
30.3
5.5
23.5

70.8
29.6
28.4
5.3
7.5

73.2
29.8
30.9
5.6
6.9

72.8
29.3
31.2
5.6
6.7

73.6
29.3
31.7
5.7
6.9

76.5
29.3
31.6
5.6

83.7
29.8
32.0
5.6
16.3

88.1
30. 4
31.2
5. 7
20.8

82. 2
30.3
30.9
5. 5
15.5

88 7
30 7

884.1
4.9
107.4
392.2
24.8
183.9
(5. 4
39.7
9. 5
46.3

893.3
4. 6
107.1
391.3
25.0
191.7
76.7
40.0
9.3
47.6

906.2
5.2
108.4
396.5
25.6
195.3
77.2
41. 4
9.0
47.6

911.6
5.7
109.2
398.9
25.8
196.5
77.4
41.4
8.6
48.1

911.4
6.0
107.3
400.2
25.4
197.2
77.0
41.1
8.9
48.3

895.4
5.8
106.0
396.0
24.8
191.2
75.2
40.3
9.0
47.1

912.9
6.2
108.7
401.4
25.4
196.7
76.7
40.2
9.4
48.2

911.2
5.9
109.2
401.9
25.6
193.2
76.5
41.9
8.8
48.2

919.4
5.5
109.5
407.1
25.8
191.5
77.4
43.7
9.6
49.3

928.5
5.8
110.6
410.4
26.0
192.7
77.5
45.3
10.1
60.1

932.7
6.1
111. 5
414.5
26.2
189.5
77.8
46.2

934.6
6.2
111.6
417.6
26.0
188.7
78.2
45.2
9.7
51.4

912.0
5. 7
108. 9
402.4
25. 5
192.4
76.9
42.2
9.3
48.7

Qfi5 fi
6 3

10.0

10.1

50.8

Apparel and other finished textile prod-

39 g
19.3

113 0
430 0
96 2

900 7

80 1
4 fi fi

io 8
52.0

1, 042. 5 1, 062. 5 1, 070. 7 1,075.2 1, 083.7 1,083. 5 1,023.8 1,044.7 1,039.0 1,068. 9 1,098.1 1,094. 5 1,075. 5 1, 068. 5 1 083 3
104.9 102.7 106.1 109.0 108.8 104.7 110.0 108.1 110.0 112.2 ' 112. 5 112.3 108.7
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats___ _________
’ ill! 8
M en’s and boys’ furnishings and work
276.6 282.1 285.7 288.4 286.0 277.5 282.2 278.3 280.6 282.8 282.1 277.0 281. 4 98Q 5
clothing__________________________ ______
Women’s outerwear.................................. .............. 317.8 313.9 306.6 313.6 318.0 289.1 295.8 296.9 316.5 331.9 331.2 327.8 313. 2 310 0
108.4
Women’s, children’s undergarments_________
111.3
108.9
106.0 107.9 110.5 111.9
107.5 109.0 108 9
14. 5
M illinery__________________________________
13. 2
16. 2
17.3
17.3
13.8
11.9
13.1
18.1
19.5
16.5
16.1
16 4
Children’s outerwear_______________________
68.7
69.9
70.6
71.1
71.6
70.2
70.6
66.8
63.7
67.8
69.8
67.4
fifi Q
68.9
Fur goods...................................................................
9.2
9.7
9.9
9.8
8.9
9.2
9.4
8.9
7.0
7.2
7.0
7.3
8 8
86
57.1
58.2
58.4
Miscellaneous apparel and accessories________
58.0
57.2
54.7
55.2
54.0
54.9
56.3
54.7
53.6
55 9
57 0
Other fabricated textile products.......................... 105.3 109.9 110.4 105.4 106.8
103.6 105.0 107.6 108.0 106.7 106.1 106.5 108.2
Lumber and wood products (except
furniture)_________________________ 550.4 580.2 602.1 622.7 630.9 644.6 645.3 658.9 638.0 611.8 592.6 589.0 594.3 617.2 672 2
Logging camps and contractors..............
71.3
77.0
84.6
81.6
88.2
94.8 103.1
92.6
76.3
68.3
Qfi 0
64.8
64.5
80 5
Sawmills and planing mills___________
312.0 323.4 330.9 338.5 346.1 342.6 345.5 337.6 329.2 318.9 318.9 322.9 330.3 358! 0
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
105.9 109.1
structural wood products__________
114.5 114.8
111.5 108. 8 107.1 106.5 106.1 107.0 109.7 115 0
44. 5
Wooden containers__________________
43.6
45.7
46.3
45. 4
45.8
48.2
48.2
47.9
47.8
48.3
49.0
50 fi
46.6
47.4
Miscellaneous wood products____ ____
48.1
48.9
50.1
50.0
50.0
50.6
50.8
51.3
51.1
50.9
50.9
50.1
52! 0
Furniture and fixtures____ ____________
297.4 306.4 311.6 316.9 318.9 316.6 308.6 311.0 307.5 311.5 312.3 312.8 312.4 312 3 318 5
Household furniture................ .................
225.2 228.9 231.2 231.6 229.9 222.9 225.0 222.5 226.9 226.6 226.5 225.4 226.9 230! 4
Office, public-building, and professional
furniture__________________________
34.4
35.3
36.6
37.8
38.0
37.4
37.8
37.5
38.0
38.0
38.5
37.9
37.3
38.9
Partitions, shelving, lockers, and fix­
tures__________ ____ ______________
27.4
27.5
28.8
29.5
29.2
29.1
28.9
28.6
27.9
28.1
28.0
28.7
28.5
28.6
Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous
furniture and fixtures.......... ...............
19.4
19.91 20.3
19.5
19.2
19.3
18.9
18.71 19.6
19.8
20.4
19.6
20.6
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

111.1

111.1

102.6

102.0

112.6

112.1

20.0

20.0 111.0

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

Table A-3.

317

Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1958

Manufacturing—Continued

Paper and allied products______________
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills
Paperboard containers and boxes_____
Other paper and allied products______

Annual
average

1957

Industry
Jan.2 D e e.2 N ov.

Oct.

455.4

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

1957

1956

467.1
231 1
126.6
100 4

466.5
231 1
126.5
108 0

465.5
231 5
126.1
107 9

467.
232 r
127,
108 0

466.

465.2

128! €

128.0

558.7 555.3
158 5 157 8
25 5
25 6
34 8
34 9
182! 0
m il
47 Q 47 2
11 2
11 2
37.2
37.2

1.57 4
25 5
34 8
18:1 9
47 3
11 9
37! 6

557.1

558.9

651.1

185.3
47 5

180.6

36! 9

37.2

465.5
228. 5
130.5
106. 5

468.6
229.2
133.1
106.;

470.2 468.9
228. 6 228 6
132.8 131.3
109. C 109 0

465.1
229
128.
107

459.0
226 6
125.6
106 8

46S. S
232 8
128.0
108 1

464.9
230 6
1261 7
108 2

Printing, publishing and allied industries
557.9
Newspapers_______ __________ __
Periodicals_____ ______ ____ _________
Books____ _ ____________ _______
Commercial printing......... _.................. . ______
L ithography.,_________________ ____
Greeting cards. ___ . _____________
Bookbinding and related industries
Miscellaneous publishing and printing
services............................................... .

565.2
162.5
26.0
34.0
188.8
47.6
11.4
35. 4

565.7
161. 5
25.5
33. 7
187.5
47. i
13.8
36.0

566.8
160.4
25.8
33.9
188.2
48.1
13.8
37.5

563.3
159 8
25 3
34 0
186.9
47. 6
13 2
37.8

553.1
156 •
24 1
33 5
185.0
47 2
12 5
36.6

552.2
157 1
24 1
33 7
184.4
47 0
12 3
36.3

556.0
150 3
24 2
34 1
18411
47 4
12 6
37.1

554.9 559.2
150 3 158 7
24 Q 25 4
34 2
34 8
183.4 184.2
47 1
47 7
11 6
11 3
37.4
36.9

59.5

59.8

59.1

58. 7

57. 8

57 3

57 2

57 5

50 7

50 3

50 6

58 7

58 0

Chemicals and allied products____ ____ _ 516.4
___
Industrial inorganic chemicals___
Industrial organic chemicals________ ___
Drugs and medicines___ ________
Soap, cleaning and polishing preparations.. _
_________ _________
Paints, pigments, and fillers______
Gum and wood chemicals.................... . ______
Fertilizers____ _________________ ____
Vegetable and animal oils and fats____
Miscellaneous chemicals........................... —

524.7
69.4
197.0
62. 5

528.0
70.2
196. 6
62.3

532.3
71.4
196.9
61.4

533.1
71.7
200.4
60. 7

529.5
72.1
200. 9
60.3

528.8
72.0
203.3
59.9

534.7
73.0
205.8
59.2

544.3
73.2
206.7
58.8

549.1
73.2
208.4
58.7

550.0
73.5
210.7
58.8

547.9
73.6
212.1
58.8

548. 5
73.8
214.4
59.1

538.0
72.4
204.7
60.0

30.4
45.2
6.7
23.5
28.7
61.3

31.1
45.4
6.6
23.5
29.8
62.5

31.5
46.5
7.2
24.9
29.8
62.7

31.8
47.4
7.4
24.2
27.3
62.2

31 5
48.0
7.5
22. 2
24. 7
62.3

31 0
48.5
7.4
21 6
23 7
61.4

30 7
47.7
7.2
24 4
24 4
62.3

30 4
47.5
7.3
33 3
24 9
62.2

30 7
47.2
7.4
35. 8
25. 9
61.8

30 0
46.9
7.4
33 1
27 5
61.2

31 0

30 6

27 8
28 7
61.4

Products of petroleum and coal________
Petroleum refining.. . . . . . . . . . . .
Coke, other petroleum and coal products_____________ ________ ________

167. 2

168.9
130.1

171.4
130.6

173.0
131.2

175.0
132.8

175.1
133.4

174.8
133.0

175.3
133.3

174.0
132.9

173.4
132.7

172.8
132.0

173.4
132.3

38.8

40.8

41.8

42.2

41. 7

41 8

42 0

41 1

40.7

40 8

41 1

30 0

Rubber products.____________________
203.2
Tires and inner tubes______ ______ _
Rubber footwear......... ............................... ___
Other rubber products............................. —

207.4
83.7
17.9
105.8

209.0
84.0
18.0
107.0

209.5
84.4
17.7
107.4

206.4
84.4
17.6
104.4

204.3
84.2
17.2
102.9

199.8
83.9
16.8
99.1

196.8
78.2
17.4
101.2

204.2
849
17.3
102.0

191.3
71.1
17.5
102.7

211.4
86.9
17.8
106.7

212.6

216.0
87.4
18.3
110.3

205.6
83.4
17.6
104.6

211.1
85.2
19.8
106.1

Leather and leather products_____ _____
329.4
Leather: tanned, curried, and finished.
Industrial leather belting and packing.
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings...
Footwear (except rubber)......................... ______
Luggage____________________
Handbags and small leather goods____
Gloves and miscellaneous leather goods.

332.6
35.5
4.3
17.9
218. 5
13.8
30.7
11.9

333. 0
35.9
4.2
17.4
214. 5
14.3
31.7
15.0

333.6
36.0
4.0
17.3
215.1
14.6
31.4
15.2

336.1
36.3
4.0
17.1
217.8
14. 5
30.6
15.8

341.1
36.8
3.9
17.7
221.8
14. 9
30.3
15.7

331.6
36.0
3.8
17.8
218.9
14 2
25. 7
15.2

332.7
36.7
3.9
17.8
219.0
14. 4
25. 8
15.1

324.8
36.0
3.9
17.6
213.8
14 1
24. 7
14.7

333.6
36.3
4.0
17.7
218.9
14 0
28.1
14.6

340.8
36.5
4.0
18.2
223.4
14 1
29 8
14.8

340.1
37.1
4.0
18.3
221.8

335. 5
37.3
4.0
18.1
221.2
13 4
28 9

334. 6
36.4
4. 0
17.7
218.6
14 3
29 0
14.6

340.8
38.4
4.0
18.0
221.5
14 2
29 7
15.0

Stone, clay, and glass products_________
Flat glass.____ ______ _______ ________
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown .
Glass products made of purchased glass.
Cement, hydraulic__________________
Structural clay products_____________
Pottery and related products_________
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products_____ _________ _____________
Cut-stone and stone products________
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
products__________________________

410.9

435.6
29.4
78.3
13.5
35.2
68.3
42.7

448.3
29.4
81.9
13.5
35.5
70.6
43.7

455.5
29.0
82.5
14. 1
35.6
72.1
43.7

460.8
28.0
84.0
13.8
36.1
73.6
44.2

459. 3
27.5
83.8
13.9
34.8
73.7
43.5

442.6
27.2
79.9
13.7
23.0
73.4
42 8

459.3
27.1
83.0
13.8
34.6
73.3
44. 5

456.2
27.4
81.7
13.8
35. 7
70.8
45.3

455.2
28.3
80.5
14.0
35.3
70.5
46. 7

451.4
28.9
79.6
14.1
35 5
68.9
47.2

449.0
30.0
78.4
14.2
35 4
68.1
47.8

453.3

30.9
79. 1
14.5
35 7
70.4
47 3

452.2
28.5
81.0
13.9
34 3
71.3
44.9

469.6
30.6
80.4
14.8
36 5

88.9
16.0

93.1
16.1

96.4
16.7

98.0
16.6

98.5
16.6

99 0
16 6

99.1
16.4

97 3
16 7

94.8
16.8

92 5
16.5

90 7
16.4

91 0
16 4

94 9
16.5

96 3
17.0

63.3

64. 5

65.4

66.5

67.0

67 0

67. 5

67.5

68 3

68 2

68 0

68 0

66 9

68 9

Primary metal industries.......... ................ .
Blast furnaces, steelworks, and rolling
mills_____ ____________________ _
Iron and steel foundries______________
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals____________ _ . . .
Secondary smelting and refining of
nonferrous metals_________________
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals..........................................
Nonferrous foundries.................................
Miscellaneous primary metal industries___ ______ ______ ___ _ ______

957.6 1, 005.6 1,028. 5 1,049. 2 1,061.0 1, 077.3 1,075.3 1,092.5 1,092. 6 1,101.0 1,112.0 l, 123.7 t, 132. 7 1, 078.9 1,096.0

Fabricated metal products (except
ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)_______ ____ _
Tin cans and other tinware______ ____
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware
Heating apparatus (except electric)
and plumbers’ supplies_____ _______
Fabricated structural metal products..
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving
Lighting fixtures..._________ ____ ___
Fabricated wire products____________
Miscellaneous fabricated metal products.
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

837.2

47.2
7.3

86.8
17.8
108.0

14 0

30. 8
14.1

47.3
7.2

551.6
75.0
215. 6
57.8

31 0

25 7
28 0
61.5

47.1
7.2

20 7
27 0
61.9

4L 3
7.1
62.8

171.8
132.8

173.1
132.2

173.8
132.2

12.6

40 Q

41 6

77.0

48.1

493. 6
186. 5

509.1
187.5

523.2
190.8

534.1
187.6

540.6
194.1

542. 5
193.1

546. 6
197.9

546 4
198 4

548 9
199.9

553 7
203 3

558 7
208 3

210.4

559 0

537 9
196. 4

532 9

50.5

50. 9

50.7

52.0

52.7

52 6

53.5

53 9

54. 7

54 6

54.5

56 5

53 1

54 2

9.8

9.9

10.4

10.5

10.3

10.5

10.5

10.7

10.8

10.8

10.8

10.8

10.6

10.7

82. 8
58.4

84. 7
60. 5

83.0
62.9

84.1
62.1

86.6
62.3

85.1
61. 5

87.4
63. 2

87 2
63.3

87. 5
65.6

85. 5
68.0

87. 2
68.3

91.1
69.7

85. 9
63.9

92.6
65.8

124.0

125.9

128.2

130.6

130.7

130.0

133.4

132.7

133.6

136.1

135.9

135.2

131.1

129.8

870.3
44.3
117. 2

887.4
45.6
117. 6

889.4
48.1
115.6

878.1
51.5
111.3

878.4
53.1
109.0

868.6
52. 5
107 2

886.5
51.0
111.4

882.9
49.3
113.4

889.4
50.2
114.9

898.0
48.3
118. 5

902.4
47.5
121.2

903.7
46.8
123.2

886.2
49.1
114.9

888.4
50.5
120.3

82.6
244.6
184.4
42.4
46.8
108.0

85.0
247. 5
190.2
43.4
47.4
110.7

83.8
251.2
187.8
43.5
47.3
112.1

84.0
252.0
177.2
42.3
47.7
112.1

86.7
249.7
179.7
40.9
48.1
111.2

83.7
247.7
181.0
39.8
48.1
108.6

85. 2
85.3
249.7 243. 4
187.8 189.1
40.2
40.6
49.2
48.8
112.41 112.6

85.1
239.5
193.9
41.4
50.7
113.7

84.5
239.6
199. 6
42.0
51.3
114.2

84.5
83. 5
237.6 235.5
202.6 205.2
42.7
42.7
52. 5
53.6
113.81 113.2

84.4
244. 7
189.9
42.0
49.3
111.9

94.1
226.1
193.9
40.7
51.2

210.0

111.6

318

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958

T able A-3. Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1958
Industry

1957

Annual
average

______
Jan.2 D ec.2 N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan

1957

1956

Manufacturing—Continued

Machinery (except electrical)__________ 1,112.4 1,122.0 1,141. 3 1,166.4 1,185. 8 1,180.3 1, 206. 6 1, 238.6
Engines and turbines....................... .......................
57.4
59.2
57.0
57.0
56.9
57.4
56.9
Agricultural machinery and tractors............... .
95.3
95.7 100.6 100.4 100.1 101.4 104.3
Construction and mining machinery..................
93.3
97.0 101.6 105.7 106.2 107.7 109.1
Metalworking machinery___________________
189.8 193.6 200.0 207.2 207.9 213.9 220.2
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)_________________ 118.6 120.4 122.3 122.7 121.0 124.3 127.9
General industrial machinery________ _____
164.5 165.9 168.7 170.7 169.2 172.6 174.1
97.2
Office and store machines and devices________
84.7
88.7
92.0
92.9
93.3
92.7
Service-industry and household ma­
chines.............. ............................ ........................... 119.1 119.5 119.0 120.4 118.4 127.4 133.4
Miscellaneous machinery parts............................
199.3 203.5 205.2 208.5 207.4 209.5 213.2
Electrical machinery__________________
Electrical generating, transmission, dis­
tribution, and industrial apparatus...
Electrical appliances_________________
Insulated wire and cable_____________
Electrical equipment for vehicles_____
Electric lamps______________________
Communication equipment__________
Miscellaneous electrical products...........
Transportation equipment___________
Motor vehicles and equipment*_____
Aircraft and parts__________________
Aircraft—................................................
Aircraft engines and parts________
Aircraft propellers and parts______
Other aircraft parts and equipment—.
Ship and boat building and repairing.
Shipbuilding and repairing_______
Boatbuilding and repairing_______
Railroad equipm ent-............................
Other transportation equipment..........

796.0

255.4 1,277.3 1,291.1 1,294.4 1, 287. 4 1,221.4 1,267.9
60.5
59.5
61.9
61.3
62.3
58.8
57.9
106.5 111.8 114.3 112.4 107.8 105.0 108.0
110. 8 112.5 112.6 114. 4 112.6 107.1 111.1
222.6 224.3 225.7 224.4 223. 5 212.9 217.2
128.0
174.5
98.5

128.4
175.8
99.8

129.7
178.3
100.2

130.2
178.6
101.2

132.0
178.7
100.5

125.6
172.8
95.0

133.5
174.3
94.2

140.6
214.4

146.4
217.8

149.6
219.4

152.0
218.9

150.8
219.6

132.9
211.3

157.4
214.3

825.6

851.8

869.1

878.9

861.1

847.5

854.9

847.3

853.0

869.4

876.7

884.4

860.1

871.3

273.1
35.7
19.3
58.9
24.3
380.4
33.9

276.3
37.5
19.8
59.4
24.2
398.0
36.6

278.4
37.8
20.1
58.9
24.4
413.0
36.5

283.5
37.1
20.2
58.2
24.5
417.9
37.5

278.9
35.3
20.0
56.3
24.3
409.2
37.1

280.9
35.9
19.9
56.5
24.5
393.7
36.1

286.7
35.6
19.9
57.6
24.5
394.2
36.4

290.1
36.6
19. 8
55.8
24.8
384.6
35.6

294.2
38.7
19.9
59.5
24.7
380.3
35.7

299.2
39.9
20.8
63.2
24.7
386.5
35.3

301.8
41.1
20.9
63.9
24.8
389.0
35.2

304.9
41.1
21.5
64.3
24.9
392.3
35.4

287.5
37.7

297.3
41.8
20.8
59.0
23.9
392.0
36.5

1,269.7 1,351.2 1,349.9 1,321. 3 1,277. 8 1,363.0 1,373.0 1, 415.2
667.8 649.7 590.2 531.2 610.3 602.6 632. 4
508.7 519.4 548. 7 560.6 573.5 585.0 593. 9
309. 5 315.4 334. S 341.0 351.4 357.8 363.2
93.4
95.4 100.3 102.9 104.5 109.0 112.3
13.9
14.1
14.2
13.7
14.4
13.9
14.0
91.9
99.5 102.7 103.7 103.8 104.2
94.9
123.4 125.3 124.1 125.4 124.7 125. 5 128.0
108.7 111.2 110.6 112.3 111.6 111.4 111.9
14.7
14.1
13.5
14.1
16.1
13.1
13.1
44.5
49.5
47.4
52.0
52.7
51.5
45.6
6.8
8.1
8.8
8.2
9.1
8.9
7.9

2 0 .1

59.3
24. 6
394.9
36.0

434.8 1, 446.0 1,474.3 1, 482. 2 1, 480.8 1, 402.2 1, 358.3
651.9 663.0 689. 2 699.8 709.7 645.7 651.8
598.3 601.6 603.1 602.6 595.2 574.6 540.8
366.8 366.5 367.2 367.3 362.6 350.9 329.8
113.2 116.8 117.9 117.6 116.0 108.2 104.4
14.1
13.9
13.9
13.6
13.3
11.3
14.0
104. 4 104.2 104.1 104.1 103. 3 101.5
95.3
123.2
124.9 122.3 119.8 124.4 110.5
125.8
109.1 106.3 107.8 105.4 103.5 109.1
94.1
16.9
16.7
17.1
16.9
16.3
16.4
15.3
50.5
49.6
50.1
49.5
50.8
49.6
47.0
7.7
7.5
7.4
6.6
8.0
7.9
8.2

Instruments and related products______
212.2
Laboratory, scientific, and engineering
instruments______________________________
Mechanical measuring and controlling
instruments________________________ _____
Optical instruments and lenses______________
Surgical, medical, and dental instru­
ments___________________________________
Ophthalmic goods_________________________
Photographic apparatus_______ ______________
Watches and clocks___________ _____________

219.4

221.8

223.4

225.1

225.2

220.6

224.0

226.1

229.5

230.6

230.2

231.4

225.4

230.3

38.5

38.8

39.4

40.0

41.0

42.0

42.2

42.3

44.3

42.3

42.6

42.2

41.4

39.1

54.6
10.4

55.8
10.2

56.9
10.2

57.6
10.2

57.7
10.1

57.7
10.2

58.3
10.2

58.5
10.2

58.5
10.4

60.6
10.5

59.5
10.6

61.0
10.5

58.0
10.3

59.9
10.6

28.5
18.8
42.6
26.0

28.8
19.4
42.7
26.1

28.4
19.3
42.6
26.6

28.3
18.9
43.7
26.4

28.0
18.7
43.9
25.8

28.4
18.3
43. 5
20.5

29.0
18.7
43.5
22.1

29.1
18.8
42.9
24.3

29.4
18.9
42.9
25.1

29.3
19.2
43.2
25.5

29.2
19. a
43.5
25.5

28.9
19.3
43.7
25.8

28.8
18. £
43.1
24.9

28.5
20.3
43.9
28.0

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.. 354.9
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware_________
Musical instruments and parts______________
Toys and sporting goods___ ____ ____________
Pens, pencils, other office supplies___________
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions___________
Fabricated plastics products________________
Other manufacturing industries_____________

368.7
38.7
14.7
60. 5
24.1
46.9
66.6
117.2

394.1
39.5
15.1
75.4
24.1
48.1
68.9
123.0

405.4
40.0
15.1
81.8
24.5
49.0
70.2
124.8

407.3
39.7
15.0
82.9
24.7
51.0
70.5
123.5

394.9
38.0
14.5
79.6
24.7
50.5
68.3
119.3

369.4
35.7
13.7
69.7
23.5
45.7
65.8
115.3

386.1
36.8
14.0
74.5
24.0
47.6
69.2
120.0

382.7
36.7
14. a
73.4
23.2
46.6
68.8
119.7

382.3
37.1
14.4
70.1
23.2
47.5
68.9
121.1

382.0
38.2
14. £
66.2
23.1
48.5
71.2
119.9

380.7
39.6
15.1
64.7
23. (
48.5
71.4
118.4

379.0 386.1
40. C 38.3
15.2
14.7
62.1
72.0
23.1
23.7
48. a
48. £
71.4
69.2
118.3 119.9

403.5
40.6
15.5
78.3
23.8
51.7
69.5
124.1

i For coverage of the series and comparability of data with those published

in issues prior to July 1957, see footnote 1, table A-2.

Production and related workers include working foremen and all nonsupervlsory workers (including leadmen and trainees) engaged in fabricating,
processing, assembling, inspection, receiving, storage, handling, packing,
warehousing, shipping, maintenance, repair, janitorial, watchman services,
product development, auxiliary production for plant’s own use (e. g., power


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plant), and recordkeeping and other services closely associated with the
aforementioned production operations.
2 Preliminary; subject to revision without notation.
3 See footnote 3, table A-2.
4 See footnote 4, table A-2.
•Formerly titled “ Automobiles.” Data not affected.
S ource: u , S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

319

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

T able A-4. Indexes of production-worker employment and weekly payrolls in manufacturing1
[1947-49=100]
Employ­
ment

Period

1939:
1940:
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:

Average
Average
Average
Average
Average
Average
A vera g e__ _____ ____
Average . _________
Average .......................
Average.. _ ________
Average
__________

Weekly
payrolls

66.2
71.2
87.9
103.9
121.4
118.1
104.0
97.9
103.4
102.8
93.8

29.9
34.0
49.3
72.2
99.0
102. 8
87.8
81. 2
97.7
105.1
97.2

Period

Employ­
ment

Weekly
payrolls

Average_____________
Average_____________
Average___ _________
Average___ ________
Average_____________
Average_____________
Average_____________
Average_____________

99.6
106.4
106.3
111.8
101.8
105.6
106.7
104.5

111.7
129.8
136.6
151.4
137.7
152.9
161.4
162. 7

1957: J a n u a ry __ ____ _____
February____________

106.8
106.0

165. 5
165.0

1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1954:
1955:
1956:
1957:

Period

Em ploy­ Weekly
ment
payrolls

1957: M arch.............................
April________________
M a y ________________
June________________
July_________________
August______________
September___________
October_____________
November ........... . . .
December 2__________
1958: January 2__— ____ __

105.8
104.8
104.2
104.7
103.4
105.3
105.0
104. 2
102.7
100.9
97.4

164.3
161.5
161.0
163.8
160. 5
164.7
164.7
162.6
160.9
157. 7
149.5

N oth: For a description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).

i For coverage of the series and comparability of data with those published
in issues prior to July 1957, see footnote 1, tables A-2 and A-3.
s Preliminary.

Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

T able A-5. Government civilian employment and Federal military personnel1
[In thousands]
1957

1950

Annual average

Item
Dec.
T o ta l c iv ilia n em ploym e n ts. . ................................ 7,760

N ov.

7,498

Oct.

7,473

Sept.

7,381

Aug.

7,157

July

7,157

June

7,343

M ay

7,361

Apr.

7,351

Mar.

7,335

Feb.

7,334

Jan.

7,302

Dec.

7,589

1957

7,380

1956

7,178

2, 214
2,211
2,202
2,209
2,156
2,179
2,205
2. 483
2,148
2,212
2,219
2, 203
2, 200
2,196
Federal employment— ........ 2, 422
Executive..... .................... 2,395. 6 2,120.9 2,128.9 2,152. 7 2,184. 7 2,192.0 2,184. 4 2,175. 8 2,178. 6 2,176. 5 2,173. 3 2,170.1 2, 456. 2 2,187. 6 2,183.1
Department of De961.2
971.5
995.3 1,018.1 1,023.4 1,023.0 1,021.1 1,025.2 1,028. 7 1,031. 7 1,033. 5 1,034. 8 1,007. 6 1,034.1
fense........................ 954.5
Post Office Depart548.6
535.3
520.4
523. 7
521.9
521.4
518.7
522.3
521.8
521.9
519.1
805.3
816.8
526.6
533.8
ment __________
631.4
632.4
613. 7
642.7
625.9
616.1
630.8
633.7
644.7
647.2
631.6
621.3
617.6
625.9
Other agencies......... 624.3
21.9
22.0
21.9
21.9
21.9
22.0
22.1
22.0
22.1
22.3
22.3
22.0
21.8
22.1
22.3
L egislative___________
4.4
4.6
4.3
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
Judicial.............................
232.3
211.5

230.4
209.5

231.0
210.2

231.5
210.6

235. 4
214.3

237.0
215.9

236.3
215.2

232.1
211.3

232.8
212.0

232. 9
212.0

232.5
211.6

232. 2
211.4

239.4
218.5

233.1
212.2

231.2
210.3

78.5

83.6

84.3

85.3

87.3

88.3

88.2

87.0

87.3

87.4

87.5

88.0

88.0

86.1

88.6

16.4
116.6
20.1
.7

9.2
116.7
20.2
.7

9.1
116.8
20.1
.7

9.0
116.3
20.2
.7

8.9
118.1
20.4
.7

8.8
118.8
20.4
.7

8.9
118.1
20.4
.7

8.9
115.4
20.1
.7

9.0
115.7
20.1
.7

8.9
115. 7
20.2
.7

8.9
115.2
20.2
.7

8.9
114.5
20.1
.7

16.8
113. 7
20.2
.7

9.6
116.5
20.2
.7

9.3
112.4
20.2
.7

State and local employm e n t4_____________ ____
State ________________
Local_________________
Education____________
Other.................................

5,338
1, 369. 7
3, 968.1
2,470.8
2, 867.0

5, 350
1, 367. 6
3,982.0
2,484. 8
2,864. 8

5,317
1,359.8
3,957.1
2,448. 9
2,868.0

5, 202
1,322. 8
3, 878. 9
2, 296. 5
2, 905. 2

4,945
1, 288.7
3, 656.3
1, 988.9
2,956.1

4,938
1. 298. 5
3,639. 8
1, 982. 3
2, 956.0

5,132
1,340.3
3, 791.3
2, 216.5
2,915.1

5,159
1, 344. 7
3, 814. 2
2, 342. 6
2, 816.3

5,146
1, 340.7
3, 804. 9
2. 350. 8
2, 794. 8

5,132
1, 333. 4
3, 798. 6
2, 351.0
2, 781.0

5,134
1, 328. 5
3,805. 9
2, 345. 5
2, 788.9

5,106
1, 323. 9
3, 782. 3
2, 313. 9
2, 792. 3

5,106
1,321. 5
3, 784. 7
2, 314. 3
2, 791. 9

5,166
1,335. 6
3, 830. 7
2, 301.2
2,865.1

4,969
1, 281. 5
3, 687. 3
2,178. 6
2, 790. 2

Total military personnel

2,647

2,690

2,729

2, 789

2, 819

2,839

2, 826

2,820

2, 821

2,821

2, 817

2,816

2,809

2, 786

2, 848

District of Columbia *___
Executive____________
Department of Defense .......................
Post Office Department __________
Other agencies_____
Legislative____________
Judicial_______________

A r m y ................................
Air Force_____________
N avy ________________
Marine Corps...................
Coast G uard...................

918.1
878.7
629.5
190.7
30.0

935. 9
890, 9
639.1
193.5
30.2

955. 3
902.1
646. 8
194.9
30.3

980.3
916. 7
663.1
198.0
30.4

992.4 1,001.3
922. 2
920.8
674.7
685.5
199.1
200.7
30.5
30.5

i For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to July
1057, see footnote 1, table A-2.
Data for Federal establishments relate to persons who worked on, or
received pay for, the last day of the month. Those for State and local govern­
ment relate to employees who worked during, or received pay for, any part
of the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month.
Because of rounding, the sums of individual items may not equal totals.
* Data refer to the continental United States only.
» Includes all Federal civilian employment in Washington Standard M et­
ropolitan Area (District of Columbia and adjacent Maryland and Virginia
counties).


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

998.0 1,000.2 1,001.1 1, 001. 2
914.2
919.8
916. 4
914.8
677.1
675.9
678.0
678.3
197.4
200.9
198.1
197.7
29.9
29. 5
29.3
29.7

997.3
915.3
676.4
198.9
29.1

993. 4
918. 4
676.0
199.6
29.0

992.3
914.6
673.1
200.8
28.6

981.2 1,030.1
910.9
916.1
666.7
672.7
197.5
200.4
29.9
28.8

4 Excludes, as nominal employees, elected officials of small local units and
paid volunteer firemen.
* Data refer to the continental United States and elsewhere.
Source: Federal civilian employment, U. S. Civil Service Commission;
State and local government employment, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau
o/ Labor Statistics; military personnel, U. S. Department of Defense, Office
of the Secretary.

320

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958

T able A-6. Employees in nonagricultural establishments for selected States 1
[In Thousands]
1957

1956

State
Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Annual average
1956

1955

A labam a2________________ 741.8
737.2
742.1
743.8
743.1
736.9
741.0
742.7
739.1
736.4
734.9
735.9
723.0
749.7
Arizona__________ ________ 275.8
273.0
268.2
264.9
265. 7
259. 6
270.9
265.7
265.5
266. 7
265. 8
262.5
262.8
246.4
332.2
332. 5
Arkansas_________________
331. 8
332.3
337.1
338.5
333.7
331.1
328.0
322.5
326.1
321.6
333.8
327.9
C alifornia____ _ . . . __ 4,536. 3 4,492. 4 4, 541. 2 4, 576. 8 4, 541.4 4, 494. 7 4,511.0 4,461. 6 4,434.9 4,403. 3 4,392.3 4,387. 0 4, 548. 2 4,348. 0
Colorado2, ___
...
467.5
479.4
457.2
469.7
475.4
479.2
476.3
467.8
453.1
453.7
467.2
453.6
450.3
457.8

690.8
221.2
317. 5
4,087.5
433.2

C onnecticut__ ___ ______
S22.1
924.9
929.0
931. 2
913. 3
918. 5
929.7
917.9
909. 9
904. 9
901. 9
930 3
903 8
D elaw are.. . . . . _______
150. 3
149.6
151.1
152.4
153.8
151.2
154.3
150.8
150. 2
155.4
148.6
147.5
148.5
153.8
517.3
509.7
509.5
504.9
503.0
5C1.0
District of Columbia 2_____
506.6
505. 7
506.0
508.5
505. 2
499.6
516.2
501.0
Florida2 _________________ 1,187. 3 1,148. 6 1,122. 3 1,110. 7 1, 097. 0 1, 092. 8 1,106.8 1,120.6 1,150.1 1,155. 2 1,154.2 1,145.0 1,139. 8 1,045.6
Georgia. _ ______________ 985.1
978.2
977.9
970.1
971.4
978.5
979.3
970.6
974.8
968.1
967.8
970.9
995.9
971.1

869.3
141.4
494.6
951.0
936.7

Idaho . ------- - - - - - - - ___ 144.4
145.0
149.9
151.4
149.3
149.7
148.1
142.8
139.9
136.0
137.3
134.6
145. 4
144.3
Illinois__ _________
3,502. 0 3,494. 6 3, 514. 8 3, 530.4 3, 514. 2 3,487. 7 3, 514. 5 3,495.1 3, 500. 2 3,481. 9 3,470. 3 3,466. 3 3,579. 9 3, 498. 8
Indiana2
______ _____ 1,412.1 1,413.7 1, 428. 7 1, 428. 5 1, 423.1 1,415.9 1,421.3 1,415.7 1,412.7 1,408.1 1, 398. 8 1, 401. 5 1, 439. 5 1, 420. 2
Iowa
______ ______ _ .
656.0
654.6
659.0
656.2
660.4
655.5
654.9
644.1
644.2
663. 7
655.7
648.3
664.5
653. 5
K ansas2 ____ __________
552.8
553.2
558.4
563.7
565.8
564.3
554.9
550.7
537. 7
535.0
559.2
568.3
544.6
552.3

137.5
3,392. 7
1, 393. 2
641.3
547.5

L ouisiana________________ 790.8
783.0
785.4
778.8
781. 1
781.8
783.9
771.6
775.5
768.3
767.3
767.3
787.8
756.1
287. 0
M ain e.. . ______ _______
289.2
288.6
273.8
266. 2
268.0
271. 6
273. 9
275.3
279.5
283. 7
273.3
284.4
281.7
Maryland. . . . . . .
880.2
878.2
884.0
862.1
883.0
880.8
878.6
873.5
866. 7
863. 2
886.3
871.3
897.1
863.0
M assachusetts.. .
_______ 1,853.1 1,825. 7 1,840.1 1,850. 5 1,852.1 1, 842.9 1, 859. 7 1, 845. 6 1, 842. 3 1,822.7 1,817.0 1, 817. 5 1,893. 5 1, 845. 5
Michigan__________ ______ 2, 388. 2 2, 363.1 2, 338. 2 2, 287. 9 2 , 338.0 2,334.0 2,365. 6 2, 393.4 2, 409. 9 2,423. 0 2,432. 0 2,441.4 2, 514. 5 2,437.9

711.1
3 274. 4
824.6
1, 800. 3
2,479. 2

M innesota____________ . . .
915. 3
926. 7
939.4
933.9
909.6
892. 6
874.2
939.8
951.8
918.3
876.0
873.3
917.4
899.7
M ississippi2. . . . . . ____
373. 0
370.0
372. 8
373.2
364. 3
363.2
364.6
363. 3
361. 7
366. 2
363.5
364.7
376.7
366.9
Missouri____
________ 1, 295. 0 1, 289. 6 1, 291. 0 1, 296. 8 1,287.0 1, 287. 5 1, 289.4 1, 283.9 1, 285. 2 1, 287. 5 1, 280. 0 1, 279. 3 1,322. 7 1, 293.1
_______
Montana . . . .
161.4
165.4
170.0
176.9
175. 2
176.8
174.8
168.6
163.0
157.8
159.0
158.6
165. 2
166.7
Nebraska. ______ _____ _
354.2
352.1
351.9
357.6
358.7
355.3
355.8
358.3
353.5
349.0
346.1
343. 0
358.4
356.9

872.0
355. 5
1, 277. 6
159.8
355.5

Nevada_________ _________
82.2
83.5
90.0
91.9
92.0
90.4
84.2
86.5
87.7
84.7
82.7
82.6
84.1
85.2
N ew Hampshire__________
184.0
183.3
191.4
188.8
188.9
186. 5
188.8
182.9
182.5
180.8
180.1
180.1
184.7
183.6
N ew Jersey___
_______ 1, 883.1 1, 894. 0 1, 905. 5 1, 926. 2 1, 934. 3 1, 928.8 1,928. 6 1,913.1 1, 904.1 1, 904. 0 1, 893. 7 1, 895. 3 1, 957. 7 1,918.4
N ew Mexico 2 . . . . _____ 214.8
213.7
212. 0
213.8
212.7
213.1
211.6
207.7
204.8
199.2
201.3
198.8
202.6
196.0
N ew Y o r k .. _____________ 6,088. 7 6,064. 3 6, 076. 9 6, 096.1 6,070. C 6, 032. 6 8,045. 0 6, 023.8 6,019. 6 5, 989. 5 5, 961.4 5,986. 2 6,233. 2 6, 063. 8

84.0
180.2
1,863. 7
181.6
5,942.0

North Carolina_____ _
1,102.4 1, 096. 8 1,104. 8 1,108. 3 1, 092.4 1, 074.9 1, 079. 2 1, 080. 6 1,083. 7 1,080.8 1, 082. 2 1, 090. 4 1,117.4 1,091. 5
North Dakota ___________
120.2
123.2
122.4
121.2
118. 6
122.9
119.3
111.1
111.4
124.3
115.3
110.3
116.7
116. 5
O hio2
______ ____ 3,152. 2 3,148.1 3,175. 7 3,185. 3 3,169. 3 3,162. 9 3,182.1 3,174. 8 3,160.4 3,158. 0 3,140. 7 3,144. 5 3, 249. 6 3,174. 0
Oklahoma2_______________ 580.1
575.9
576.2
576.7
571.2
579.2
578.9
576. 8
568.2
564.0
576.4
565.7
563. 2
573.6
Oregon 2__ _______________ 465.0
495.2
471.1
487.0
502.1
499.7
480.2
455.4
495.6
471.0
458.3
453.5
479.8
489.0

1,049.1
113.5
3, 086.4
559.8
472.6

Pennsylvania_______ _. ._ 3, 797. 0 3, 779.4 3, 803. 6 3,811. 8 3,802. 7 3,792. 5 3, 826. 2 3,800. 5 3, 796.4 3,771. 3 3,763. 6 3,765. 7 3, 895. 7 3,777. 2
Rhode I s la n d ____ . . . ._ 281.7
280.4
282. 5
285. 9
284.4
283.4
285.2
283.0
286.1
285.3
283.3
282.6
296.3
294.7
South Carolina ____ _____
538.5
530. 7
532. 2
527.9
530.6
533. 5
528.0
532.1
531.8
531.4
534.1
531.8
534.5
542.8
South Dakota 2. . . ______
126.4
130.0
130. 8
131. 0
131.6
132.8
125.0
122.0
127.4
129. 2
131.3
127.6
121.8
121.3
Tennessee_______________
853.5
849.8
852.4
854.8
856.9
850.8
849.2
853.6
854.5
854.5
850.1
845.9
874.8
859.8

3, 700. 7
293.9
524.7
124.4
3 847. 2

Texas_______ ____ ______ 2, 514.4 2, 479. 7 2,487. 0 2,494. 0 2, 489.1 2, 486. 8 2,482. 6 2.461.1 2, 456. 4 2, 445.6 2, 437.4 2,431. 3 2,497.4 2,412. 2
U t a h ____________________
240.9
241. 6
246.2
250.2
243.5
239.2
244.8
237.9
234.6
231.6
227. 6
228. 5
239.1
233.9
Vermont. _______ . . . . .
100. 8
103.2
101.0
109.2
108.1
104.7
105. 0
103.2
102. 3
102.1
102.1
102.7
105.2
105.0
V irginia2 . . ____________ 1,014.4 1, 008. 7 1. 010. 9 1,010.8 1, 001.4
995.8
999.8
993.8
976.7
967.3
970.3
997.9
989.6
970.5
W ashington2 . . .
781.5
810.0
822. 6
816.4
788.8
816.6
811.2
793.0
777.9
773.2
766.9
750.7
754.5
784.7

2,302.7
223.3
101.9
920.4
756.4

W est Virginia 2 . . _____
503.5
509.5
512.3
513.9
510. 0
503.6
506.5
507.0
496.4
492.2
512.0
502.8
492.7
496.1
Wisconsin___ ____________ 1,139. 4 1,135.9 1,142. 0 1,162. 6 1,162.1 1,161.4 1,144. 4 1,135. 7 1,129. 7 1,122. 9 1,121.0 1,119. 6 1,158. 6 1,136.4
W yoming ____ _________
85.2
87.2
95.9
89.6
92.6
96.9
93.1
85.5
82.8
81.5
80.1
80.8
85.8
87.8

473.3
1,103. 5
85.8

1 Data for earlier years are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics or to the cooperating State agency. State agencies also make
available more detailed industry data. See table A-7 for addresses of
cooperating State agencies.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2 Revised series; not comparable with data previously published.
3 N ot strictly comparable w ith data shown for later years,

321

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T able

A-7. Employees in manufacturing industries by States 1
[In thousands]
1956

1957

Annual average

State
Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

247.9
243. 5
245. 5
240.0
244.0
A labam a2___ __________ - 238.4
39.9
40.0
41.0
40.1
38.9
39.9
Arizona____________ _ ___
88.4
87.7
88.6
88.9
84.1
85.8
Akansas____ ____ _______ California_____ .
_______ 1,180. 2 1,207. 4 1, 254. 7 1,290. 8 1, 303.8 1,259. 4
73.4
73.2
75.7
75.0
72.9
74.7
Colorado 2______________
427.4
413.7
419.5
422.1
416.7
Connecticut __ _
___
61.4
61.5
61.9
63.0
60.6
60.7
D elaw are.,
. . . . . _____
16.7
16.8
16.7
16.8
16.8
16.8
District of Columbia 2_____
156.4
159.4
154.4
153. 3
171.2
166.1
____
Florida2 _ .
326.3
325.4
329.2
328.9
323.7
326.1
Georgia_________
. - 27.7
27.3
24.4
27.5
28.1
Idaho.
..........................
25.0
Illinois______ _ . . . ______ 1,205. 7 1,235.9 1, 255.3 1, 266. 5 1, 263.0 1,245. 5
608.2
610.5
605.1
595.4
607.5
584. 7
Indiana 2_____ . . . . .
165.7
165.4
166.9
167.6
160.4
162.4
Iow a..
__
______
132.4
130.9
131.5
126.1
129.1
125.0
Kansas____ __________
166.4
168.5
165.0
163.2
169.1
160. 7
Kentucky . . .
_______
147.8
150.3
149. 1
151.6
149.3
148.1
Louisiana. ______
110.9
109.8
104.1
108.3
106.1
101.7
Maine
....
272.1
274.0
274.8
270.2
259.7
265.2
Maryland. 676.1
677.4
685.8
689.3
685.0
672.2
Massachusetts______ . . .
988.3
929.3
992.9
982.0
Michigan___ _
. . . . . . 1,010.7 1,008.1
232.4
236.6
233.5
218.2
223. 6
M innesota_____ _
___ 214.4
106.6
108.3
107.2
107.6
105.6
106.1
M ississippi2____. . . -----394.3
393.4
393.9
381.4
387.4
386.5
Missouri.
.
22.3
21.9
22.2
21.1
19.7
22.0
M ontana______ _____ _
57.1
58.5
57.5
57.7
56.7
57.8
Nebraska______ _____ . .
5.4
5.6
5.3
4.9
5.0
4.6
Nevada
_____ ______
83.4
83.8
82.1
82.5
82.3
82.7
New Hampshire.
. ...
794.6
801.6
803.0
780.9
784.8
768.3
N ew Jersey..
_ ____
21.4
20.7
21.3
21.2
21.2
21.1
N ew Mexico 2___ .
1,824. 5 1,869.9 1,893.3 1, 918. 7 1,899. 7 1,847.8
N ew York. _____
457.7
484.4
475.6
471.9
480.6
North Carolina_________
468.1
6.4
6.7
6.4
6.5
6.4
6.3
North Dakota___
. ...
O h io2. ___ . . . . .
.1,286.0 1,307.6 1,327.0 1,331.2 1, 328. 3 1, 324. 6
86.5
86.2
86.8
87.1
87.0
Oklahoma2. . .
-----85.9
151.5
148.3
140.4
146.5
122.9
131.1
Oregon2. .
. _ ...
Pennsylvania. __
. _____ 1,461. 0 1,481.6 1, 496.0 1, 509. 5 1, 513. 7 1, 501. 7
115.9
120.3
118.8
118.2
112.8
114.7
Rhode Island
224.4
228.4
227.5
223.4
224.9
South Carolina______ _____ 223. 7
12.2
12.3
12.3
12.3
12.0
South Dakota 2_________
11.7
293. 7
290.0
Tennessee
287.4
292.3
283.8
290. 4
488.8
481.5
485.9
489.0
479.7
473.6
T exas... . . _________
38.8
40.8
38.0
39.5
36. 1
37.9
Utah 2___________________
36.2
35.4
36.9
36.2
34.0
33.8
Vermont- __
256.5
264.1
261.2
265.7
259.5
262.9
Virginia 2_ ____
238.6
237.1
230.3
238.0
214.2
W ashington2__ . . .
206.8
128.6
133.2
132.7
133.9
125.3
130.5
West Virginia 2__ _
467.0
465.6
449.8
466.1
444.9
Wisconsin. _______
. . . . 439.3
7.3
7.1
7.4
7.0
6.7
7.1
W yom ing________________
i Data for earlier years are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics or to the cooperating State agency. State agencies also make availC o o p e r a tin g S t a t e A g e n c ie s
A LA B A M A —Department of Industrial Relations, Montgomery 4.
ARIZONA—Unemployment Compensation Division, Employment Secur­
ity Commission, Phoenix.
A R K A N SA S—Employment Security Division, Department of Labor,
Little Rock.
C A LIFO R N IA —Division of Labor Statistics and Research, Department of
Industrial Relations, San Francisco 1.
COLORADO—U . S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Denver 2.
C O N N E C T IC U T —Employment Security Division, Department of Labor,
Hartford 15.
D E L A W A R E —Unemployment Compensation Commission, Wilmington
99.
D IS T R IC T OF COLU M BIA —U . S. Employment Service for D . C.,
Washington 25.
FL O R ID A —Industrial Commission, Tallahassee.
GEORGIA—Employment Security Agency, Department of Labor,
Atlanta 3.
ID A H O —Employment Security Agency, Boise.
ILL IN O IS—Division of Unemployment Compensation and State Employ­
ment Service, Department of Labor, Chicago 6.
IN D IA N A —Employment Security Division, Indianapolis 25.
IOWA—Employment Security Commission, Des Moines 8.
K A N SA S—Employment Security Division, Department of Labor, Topeka.
K E N T U C K Y —Bureau of Employment Security, Department of Economic
Security, Frankfort.
L O U ISIA N A —Division of Employm ent Security, Department of Labor,
Baton Rouge 4.
M A IN E —Employment Security Commission, Augusta.
M A R Y L A N D —Department of Employment Security, Baltimore 1.
M A SSA C H U SE T TS—D ivision of Statistics, Department of Labor and
Industries, Boston 8.
M IC H IG A N —Employment Security Commission, Detroit 2.
M IN N E SO T A —Department of Employment Security, St. Paul 1.
M ISSISSIPPI—Employment Security Commission, Jackson.
4 5 6 1 1 4 — 58------ 6


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

1956

241.2
246.7
245.6
243.5
243.7
244.7
242.6
245.5
35.9
37.8
37.9
38.2
39.3
38.7
39. 9
40.8
89.5
85.9
87.0
86.3
85.6
88.5
87.9
88.5
1, 246. 8 1, 238. 4 1,236.0 1,229. 6 1, 222. 7 1,219.1 1,233.8 1,202. 6
73.2
70.7
69.4
71.2
69.5
69.8
69.7
69.6
434.0
437. 4
438.3
436.5
436.5
430.8
434.6
430.6
60.1
60.5
59.4
59.5
60.4
60.2
62.2
61.3
16.4
16.1
16.2
16.5
16.2
16.5
16.5
16.6
148.4
162.3
165.6
164.7
164.5
162.7
159.7
158.0
335.3
337.2
334.8
331.4
329.9
332.0
326.4
327.7
25.8
27.0
24.2
22.4
22.1
24.1
23.0
26.2
1,259. 6 1, 256.1 1,272.1 1,282.1 1, 284.9 1,286.8 1, 294. 9 1,291.2
614.2
616.4
619.7
611.7
616.1
615.0
608.4
607.5
169.0
169.5
168.0
167.7
166.9
168.8
164.6
166.0
124.2
127.6
126.2
127.7
126.7
128.5
128.1
129.3
170.3
172.5
175.7
164.5
166.9
168.2
165.4
166.5
149.6
152. 6
146.6
147.7
147.2
146.5
147.5
149.7
110.1
108.3
107.0
99.6
103.3
107.0
110.6
102.0
269.9
276.4
275.4
274.6
274.4
275.0
275.3
272. 5
710.6
715.1
705.3
707.8
700.6
704.6
694.4
693.3
1,007.4 1,034.1 1,057.3 1,087. 5 1,102. 7 1,110.2 1,116.0 1,081.0
220.0
222.1
218.1
219.0
219. 8
219.0
222.7
221.0
106.8
105.6
105.2
105.7
106.0
105. 7
105.6
103.8
389.4
393.8
392.5
393.2
395.5
394.5
390.2
391.0
21.2
21.1
20.2
19.4
19.4
20.4
19.7
21.7
57.9
57.8
56.1
55.3
55.7
55.7
57.0
56.3
5. 6
5.8
5.5
5.4
5.5
5.5
5.4
5.6
83.1
83.0
83.6
84.4
84.3
84.8
83.9
82.3
817.8
821.4
814.2
818.0
815.9
797.2
794.7
803.2
20.4
20.0
19.9
20.4
19.9
20.2
21.3
20.8
1, 862.8 1,860.3 1,887. 8 1, 912. 4 1, 911.2 1, 913. 4 1, 956. 9 1, 929.2
471.3
476.8
471.7
467.3
463.0
464.3
458.8
460.6
6. 5
6. 3
6.2
6.2
6.1
6.3
6.5
6.3
1,338.9 1, 344. 7 1,351.2 1,374. 6 1,379. 5 1,385. 7 1,393.0 1,370.4
90.7
90.3
89.4
88.6
84.9
88.3
86.2
86.0
144.9
131.1
123.5
123.7
139.4
133.2
126.5
148.9
1, 516.0 1, 509. 3 1, 512.0 1,516.5 1, 522.3 1, 522. 5 1, 532. 9 1, 503. 3
127.8
126.3
125.0
121.2
119.9
118.3
118.6
117.6
231. 3
229.8
229.4
229.9
228.5
226.4
228.1
224.9
11.9
12.0
11.4
11.4
11.5
11.6
11.6
12.1
299.6
297.6
294.9
293.5
294.8
292.9
294.2
291.8
471.9
479.3
483.8
480.1
484.5
484.3
487.8
486.0
35.2
36.0
34.0
33.6
34.6
34.0
34.7
35.3
38. 6
39.0
38.8
38.1
37.8
37. 5
36.6
36.8
.258. 2
261.1
258.0
257.2
257.8
257. 1
256.4
258.2
208.0
206.8
202.9
204.0
213.7
211.0
224.8
235.2
130. 7
132.0
130.5
128.1
128.2
130.5
130.5
131.9
463.8
462. 6
458. 5
457.9
457.7
454.0
450.3
452.0
6. 7
6.9
6.3
6.1
6.0
6.2
6.3
6.5
able more detailed industry data.
.
,, , ,
2 Revised series; not comparable with data previously pubiisnea.

1955
235.4
31.3
85.7
1,121.0
67.1
419.2
58.3
16.2
138. 5
331.7
25.2
1,257. 9
620.2
167.4
126.2
165.7
149. 5
107.4
259.7
691.8
1,164.2
210.2
104. 7
383.4
20.4
58.7
ò. V
82.2
800.5
18.1
1,913.0
460.4
6. 4
1,346.8
87.9
143.3
1,480.9
130.2
229.8
11. 6
292.4
446.4
33. 4
86. 5
250.7
202.4
128. 6
450. 5
6. 5

M ISSO U R I—D ivision of Employment Security, Jefferson City.
M O N T A N A —Unemployment Compensation Commission, Helena.
N E B R A SK A —Division of Employment Security, Department of Labor,
Lincoln 1.
„
N E V A D A —Employment Security Department, Carson City.
N E W H A M PSH IR E —Department of Employm ent Security, Concord.
N E W JE R SE Y —Bureau of Statistics and Records, Department of Labor
and Industry, Trenton 25.
N E W M EX IC O —Employment Security Commission, Albuquerque.
N E W YO R K —Bureau of Research and Statistics, D ivision of Employment,
State Department of Labor, 500 Eighth Avenue, N ew York 18.
N O R T H CAROLINA—Division of Statistics, Department of Labor,
N O R T H D A K O TA —Unemployment Compensation Division, Workmen S
Compensation Bureau, Bismarck.
OHIO—Division of Research and Statistics, Bureau of Unemployment
Compensation, Columbus 16.
OKLAHOM A—Employment Security Commission, Oklahoma City 2.
OREGON—Unemployment Compensation Commission, Salem.
P E N N SY L V A N IA —Bureau of Employment Security, Department of
Labor and Industry, Harrisburg.
,
. ,
R H O D E ISL A N D —Division of Statistics and Census, Department of
Labor, Providence 3.
. .
_ ,
,
SO UTH CARO LIN A —Employment Security Commission, Columbia 1.
SO UTH D A K O TA —Employment Security Department, Aberdeen.
T E N N E S S E E —Department of Employment Security, N ashville 3.
T E X A S—Employment Commission, Austin 19.
. .
U T A H —Department of Employment Security, Industrial Commission,
Salt Lake City 10.
. .
V E R M O N T —Unemployment Compensation Commission, Montpelier.
V IR G IN IA —D ivision of Research and Statistics, Department of Labor and
Industry, Richmond 14.
W A SH IN G T O N —Employment Security Department, Olympia.
W E ST V IR G IN IA —Department of Employm ent Security, Charleston 5.
W ISC O N SIN —Statistical Department, Industrial Commission, Madison 3.
W Y O M IN G —Employment Security Commission, Casper.

322

Table A-8.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958

Insured unemployment under State programs and the program of unemployment compen­
sation for Federal employees,1 by geographic division and State
[In thousands]
1957

Geographic division and State
Dec.
Continental United States_____
New England________________
M aine___________ ________
New Hampshire__________
Vermont_________________
Massachusetts____________
Rhode Island_____ _____ . . .
Connecticut______________
New York . _
New Jersey.

N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

1956

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Eeb.

Jan.

Dec.

2,111.7 1, 513.1 1, 236. 9 1,166.7 1,150. 7 1,284.6 1, 251. 2 1,349 7 1, 475. 4 1, 592. 5 1, 730. 3 1, 737. 4 1,285. 0
182.8 128. 7 104.6
95.0
98.2 110.1
98.3 113. 7 122.9 125. 4 136.1 145.9 ' 109. 3
14.1
18. f
10.3
8.8
7.7
7.8
7.6
13. C 13.3
10.2
10.6
11. 7
10.0
8.2
5. 7
4.9
5.1
4.9
5.4
5.3
6.6
7.0
5.6
5.9
6.9
5.9
5. 4
.6
2.6
2.1
19
2.0
2.1
2.3
2.7
3.1
3.2
2.6
2. 2
92.0
63.0
50.9
47.6
45.9
53.4
50.2
57.2
59.8
64.7
72.1
79.9
59.4
20. 4
14. 5
12.2
11.0
17.2
14.3
13.8
17.2
18.9
19.8
19.8
18.9
12.8
38.4
27. 9
23.7
20.4
24.0
24. 2
18.8
19.6
21.2
22.0
24.5
25.9
19.0
605.4 423.7 358.9 326.7 343.7 405.2 390. 3 411.6 429.4 441.6 481.6 511.9 377.9
272.2 184. 2 147. 8 132.4 140.7 183.1 183.3 190.5 191.7 195.2 217.8 231. 6 176.3
107.3
75. 6
69. 4
63.0
66.7
71.2
77.1
77.2
81.1
83.1
91.3 101. 5
68. 2
225.9 163.9 141.8 131.2 136.3 145.1 135.3 143.9 156.5 163.3 172.6 178.9 133.4

8

Annual average
1957

1956

1,465. 8
121.9

1, 225.2
86.7
8.2
6.4

11.0

6.0
2.8

1 .8

61.4
16.5
24.2

41.7
12.0
16.5

427.6
189.3
80.5
157.

370.8
165.4
67.6
137.8
257.5
47.5
31.3
59.6

East North Central_________________
Ohio___________________________
Indiana...... ............ ..............................
Illinois____________________ ____ _
Michigan______________________
Wisconsin______ ____ __________

419.0
118.1
47.3
81. 8
133. 9
38.0

295.0
79. 6
33.9
61. 5
94. 2
25. 8

256. 9
57.3
26.5
53.8
101.5
17.9

277.8
52.3
26.9
52.7
129.8
16.2

234.4
50.7
26.5
61.1
79.2
16.9

248.7
52.6
28.0
63.1
87.1
17.8

252.3
54. 0
28.7
70. 5
SI. 2
17.8

254.8
55.3
31.8
67.0
81. 4
19.3

272.3
62.4
33.7
68.1
84.8
23.3

283.8
65.8
33.7
74.9
82. 7
26.7

304.2
70.7
41.6
79.6
82.8
29.5

308.6
69.1
43.8
85. 3
80. 4
30.0

228.3
61. 4
29.3
56.0
67. 8
23.9

283.8
65.6
33.5
93.2
23.2

100.0

West North Central_______________
M innesota.._____ _____________
Iowa_________________ ____ ___
Missouri______ _______________
North Dakota__ _______________
South D akota____________ ____
Nebraska_____________________
Kansas_________________________

111.7
34. 0
12. 0
41. 3
4.2
2. 4
6. 5
11.3

71.7
18.9
/. 1
30. 6
1.8
.1
3.9
8. 2

55.0
12. 4
5. 2
27.7
.5
.5
2.6
6.1

46.5
9.8
5.0
22.9
.3
.4
2.4
5.6

45.2
11.3
58
19.8
.4
.5
2.6
4.9

51.1
12.1
6.2
23.1
.4
.5
3.0
5.8

68.8
13.5
6.3
28.3
.5
.5
3. 1
6.6

69.6
18.7
7.2
29.9
1.0
,8
4.3
7.6

96.0
32.1
9.6
32.0
3.4
2.1
6.9
10.0

110.8
37.2
12.7
31.7
5.6
3.7
8.9
11.1

126.6
38. 1
15.5
37.8
6.0
4.5
10.8
13.8

120.0
34. 8
14.2
38.7
5.4
4.0
9.9
12.9

83.6
23.1
9. 5
29.4
3.4
2.4
6.9
8.8

80.0

71.9
19.8
7.8
27.9

South Atlantic______ ______________
Delaware__________ ____ _______
M aryland______________________
District of Columbia____________
Virginia________________________
West Virginia.................................... .
North Carolina_________________
South Carolina....... .........................
Georgia________________________
Florida...............................................

196.8
3. 8
29.1
6. 5
17.4
23. 7
44. 6
18.1
33. 8
19. 7

147.1
2. 7
19. 4
5. 2
11.9
16. 2
33. 4
14. 4
25. 8
18.0

136.7
2. 7
16.1
4. 6
10.1
12.0
28.3
14.0
26.0
22.9

139.8
2.9
16.6
4.5
11.4
11.3
28.8
13.4
24.8
26.0

145.6
2.5
16.7
4.8
14.2
11.9
30.5
13.8
24.9
26.3

166.1
2.8
17.1
4.8
16. 9
13.1
40.9
16.7
29.8
24.1

148.8
2.4
15. 5
4.4
15. 9
12.1
40.7
14.8
26.8
16.3

148. 3
2.5
16.9
4.4
12.3
12 2
44.5
14.6
26.8
14.0

146.5
3.0
15.3
5.1
11.1
12. 7
44.9
14.9
26.5
13.0

154.3
3.7
14.0
6.1
14.2
13.9
45.8
15.3
27.2
14.1

163.2
4.2
17.3
7.2
15.5
15. 7
45.9
15.3
27.6
14.5

162.6
3. 7
17.9
6.3
13.9
15.0
43.9
16.8
30.1
15.1

116.4
2. 6
12.2
4.6
9. 4
10.3
30.1
12. 7
21.6
13.0

154.7
3.1
17.7
5.3
13.7
14.1
39.3
15.2
27.5
18.7

123.3
2.1

East South Central.
Kentucky_____
Tennessee..........
Alabama______
M ississippi.........

134.3
37.1
46.1
32. 5
18.6

107.6
29.3
37. 2
27.1
13.9

91.8
27.2
31.0
22.5
10.5

87.6
26.1
31.9
19.8
9.9

90.6
28.9
32.7
17.7
11.2

102. 7
30. 8
38.6
19. 7
13.7

101. 8
31.9
37.3
18.9
13.7

109.2
34.5
38.6
20.5
15.5

119.8
37.4
43.5
22.1
16.9

125. 7
38.5
45.0
23.8
18.4

133.3
40.4
49. 7
24.1
19.1

127.0
35.6
50. 4
22. 6
18.4

97.7
29.6
36. 4
17.5
14.1

110.9
33.1
40.2
15.0

98.5
30.1
36.1
20.8
11.5

West South CentralArkansas_______
Louisiana______
Oklahoma______
Texas__________

94.1
18. 6
15. 5
15. 5
44.6

73.0
13. 2
11. 8
12.9
35.1

54.7
8. 7
8.7
9.6
27.7

50.3
8.5
8.6
9.0
24.1

53.4
9.8
9.4
9.7
24.5

58.5
11.0
11.8
9.8
25.9

62.5
11.4
12.3
11.4
27.4

72.6
14.3
14.2
13.1
31.0

81.5
18.2
15.9
14.0
33.5

85.7
19.3
16.7
14.9
34.7

94.2
23.0
17.8
17.4
36.0

86.5
21.6
16. 5
15.8
32.7

65.3
15.0
11. 2
12.3
26.8

72.1
14.8
13.2
12.7
31.4

57.9
11.6
12.4
10.5
23.5

M ountain______
M ontana___
Idaho______
Wyoming___
Colorado.......
New Mexico.
Arizona_____
U tah_______
Nevada_____

55.7
10. 4
9.6
2.4
8.2
4. 7
8. 4
6. 9
5.2

38.1
6. 8
6. 0
1. 4
5. 6
3. 6
6. 4
4.3
4.0

23.1
4.0
2.7
.7
3.2
2. 4
5.1
2 2
2.7

18.3
2.9
1.9
.4
2.8
2.0
4.5
1.9
1.9

19.4
2.7
2.2
.5
3.2
2.4
4.5
2.2
1.6

19.8
2.7
2.1
.6
3.5
2.7
4.2
2.5
1.5

20.4
2.9
1.9
.9
3.7
2.7
4.0
2.8
1.5

26.8
4.5
3.3
1.3
4.5
3.2
4.6
3.6
1.8

37.8
7.8
5.4
1.9
S. 7
4.0
5.6
4.9
2.5

49.6
10.5
8.4
3.0
6.6
4.8
6.4
6. 7
3.4

56.9
11.3
10.2
3.6
7.5
5.5
6.8
8.1
3.9

49.4
8.9
9.0
3.1
6.6
4.3
6.0
7.8
3.8

33.0
5.2
6. 5
1. 7
4.7
2. 7
4.2
4. 8
3.2

34.5
6.3
5.2
1.7
5.1
3.5
5.5
4.5

26.5
3.7
3.9
1.4
3.6
2.7
4.5
3.9

Pacific________

311.9
61. 8
40. /
209.4

228.1
46.1
29.3
152.7

155. 2
31. 2
20.8
103.2

124.7
23.9
15.6
85.3

120.1
20.0
11.9
88.2

122.3
16.4
11.3
94.7

118.0
13.3
9.1
95. 7

143.1
18.3
13. 1
111.7

169.1
26.6
20.7
121.8

215. 5
38.8
30.0
146.6

234.2
51.4
35.6
147.2

225.4
52.2

173.5
41. 8
28.8
102.9

180.3
33.3
22.9
124.1

132.2
28.1
16.2
87.8

Washington..
Oregon_____
California__

1

may not add to exact column totals because of rounding.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Figures

135.8

68.2

22.6

8.9
30.3
2.4
1.7
5.4

8.6

22.6

2.8

19.0

2.2

1.6

5.1
7.6

12.2

4.4
11.3
11.0

31.3
13.0
21.9
16.0

2.8

S ource: U . S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security.

323

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

Table A-9. Unemployment insurance and employment service programs, selected operations 1
[All Items except average benefit amounts are In thousands]
1957

1956

1955

Dee.

Dec.

Item
N ov.

Dec.
Employment service:
New applications for work-------Nonfarm placements-------- --------

810
360

819
406

Oct.

Sept.

813
540

Aug.

672
636

713
561

July

738
533

June

832
528

M ay

740
534

709
480

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

691
425

747
387

898
433

612
410

602
431

State unemployment Insurance programs 3
1,229
1,193
1, 565
1,002
897
1,099
1,001
881
1,267
842
1,032
1,193
2,024
1,346
Initial claims
.............................
Insured unem ploym ent4 (aver­
1,144
1,285
1,737
1,592
1, 730
1,350
1, 475
1, 251
1,285
1,151
1,167
2,112
1,237
1,513
age weekly volum e)___ ______
4.3
4. 0
3.6
3.0
3.3
3.1
2.8
2.8
3.0
5.1
3.6
Rate of Insured unemployment K
Weeks of unemployment com­
3,787
3,950
6,680
6,302
6,118
5, 766
5,517
4,686
4,883
4,095
4,497
4,693
7,211
4,814
pensated.......................... ..............
Average weekly benefit amount
$26.10
$27.
73
$27.
43
$27.
85
$27.
72
$27.
72
$27.
44
$27.
47
$27.
59
$27.87
$28.64
for total unemployment............. $29. 75 $29.44 $29.20
$95,153
Total benefits paid____________ $207,110 $136,627 $131, 832 $113,325 $121,333 $130,130 $123,540 $145,657 $154,329 $168, 841 $164, 860 $177,598 $104, 245
Unemployment compensation for
veterans:4
Initial claims 8_______________ Insured unem ploym ent4 (aver­
age weekly volum e)--------------Weeks of unemployment com­
pensated __ ____ ___________
Total benefits paid 3----------------Railroad unemployment Insurance:
Applications
..........................
Insured unemployment (average
weekly volume)_____________
Number of payments A ----------Average amount of benefit pay-

28
41

21
30

18
24

21

16

35

29

20
34

24
33

16
31

18
39

21
47

32

23

31

23

49

45

35

47

145
$3,883

197
$5,230

170
$4, 574

115
$3,104

112
$3,013

142
$3,793

165
$4,406

165
$4, 639

138
$3, 710

156
$4,222

191
$5,155

218
$5,886

207
$5, 594

206
$5,572

36

34

22

16

18

54

33

16

10

9

11

19

17

21
47
107

103
227

79
142

59
119

45
92

43
113

50
94

36
86

42
109

53
125

60
151

67
138

68
165

59
119

$64.22
Total benefits paid !C...................... $14,498

$62. 59
$8,852

$62.20
$7, 332

$62.01
$5,689

$58.62
$6, 660

$53. 50
$4,960

$60.86
$5,109

$57.68
$6,211

$58.14
$7, 227

$59.68
$8,973

$60.01
$8,252

$58. 65
$9, 772

$58. 08
$6,868

$54. 82
$5, /D1

1,623

1,314

1,240

1,228

1,368

1,319

1,424

1, 565

1,700

1,846

1,851

1,379

1,238

All programs:11
Insured unem ploym ent4----------

2,256

1 Average weekly insured unemployment excludes territories; other items
include them.
„
,
. _
* Data include activities under the program of Unemployment Compensa­
tion for Federal Employees (U C FE ), which became effective on January 1,
10611.
,
. .
» An initial claim is a notice filed by a worker at the beginning of a period
of unemployment which establishes the starting date for any insured unem­
ployment which may result if he is unemployed for 1 week or longer.
* Number of workers reporting the completion of at least 1 week of unem­
ployment.
,
. . .
,
,
,
i The rate of insured unemployment Is the number of Insured unemployed
expressed as a percent of the average covered employment in a 12-month
period.
« Based on claims filed under the Veterans' Readjustment Assistance Act
of 1952. Excludes claims filed by veterans to supplement State, U C FE , or
railroad unemployment insurance benefits.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

: Federal Dortion only of benefits paid jointly with other programs. Weekly
benefit amount for total unemployment is set by law at $26.
» An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker at the beginning of
his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no application is required
for subsequent periods in the same year.
» Payments are for unemployment in 14-day registration periods; the aver­
age amount is an average for all compensable periods. N ot adjusted for
recovery of overpayments or settlement of underpayments.
10 Adjusted for recovery of overpayments and settlement of underpayments.
u Represents an unduplicated count of insured unemployment under the
State, U C FE , and veterans’ programs, and that covered by the Railroad
Unemployment Insurance Act.

Source: U. 8. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security
for all items except railroad unemployment insurance, which are prepared
bv the U . 8. Railroad Retirement Board

324

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958

B.—Labor Turnover
Table B - l.

Labor turnover rates in manufacturing 1
[Per 100 employees]

Year

Jan.

Feb,

Mar.

Apr.

M ay

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

N ov.

Dec.

Annual
average

Total accessions
1948.
1949.
1950.
1951.
1952.
1953.
19.54.
1955.
1956.
1957.

4.6
3.2
3.6
6.2
4. 4
4. 4
2.8
3.3
3.3
3.2

3.9
2.9
3.2
4.5
3.9
4.2
2.5
3.2
3.1
2.8

4.0
3.0
3.6
4.6
3.9
4.4
2.8
3.6
3.1
2.8

4.0
2.9
3.5
4.5
3.7
4.3
2.4
3.5
3.3
2.8

4.1
3.5
4.4
4.5
3.9
4.1
2.7
3.8
3.4
3.0

1948.
1949.
1950.
1951.
1952.
1953.
1954.
1955.
1956.
1957.

4.3
4.6
3.1
4.1
4.0
3.8
4.3
2. 9
3.6
3.3

4.7
4.1
3.0
3.8
3.9
3.6
3.5
2.5
3.6
3.0

4.5
4.8
2.9
4.1
3.7
4.1
3.7
3.0
3.5
3.3

4.7
4.8
2.8
4.6
4.1
4.3
3.8
3.1
3.4
3.3

4.3
5.2
3.1
4.8
3.9
4.4
3.3
3.2
3.7
3.4

4.5
43
3.0
4.3
3.9
4.2
3.1
3.2
3.4
3.0

1948.
1949.
1950.
1951.
1952.
1953.
1954.
1955.
1956.
1957.

2.6
1.7
1.1
2.1
1.9
2.1
1.1
1.0
1.4
1.3

2.5
1. 4
1.0
2.1
1.9
2.2
1.0
1.0
1.3
1.2

2.8
1.6
1.2
2.5
2.0
2.5
1.0
1.3
1.4
1.3

3.0
1.7
1.3
2.7
2.2
2.7
1.1
1.5
1.5
1.3

2.8
1.6
1.6
2.8
2.2
2.7
1.0
1.5
1.6
1.4

2.9
1.5
1.7
2.5
2.2
2.6
1.1
1.5
1.6
1.3

1948.
1949.
1950.
1951.
1952.
1953.
1954.
1955.
1956.
1957.

0.4
.3
.2
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.3
.2

0.4
.3
.2
.3
.3
.4
.2
.2
.3
.2

0.4
.3
.2
.3
.3
.4
.2
.2
.3
.2

0.4
.2
.2
.4
.3
.4
.2
.3
.3
.2

0.3
.2
.3
.4
.3
.4
.2
.3
.3
.3

0.4
.2
.3
.4
.3
.4
.2
.3
.3
.2

1948.
1949.
1950.
1951.
1952.
1953.
1954.
1955.
1956.
1957.

1.2
2. 5
1. 7
1.0
1. 4
.9
2.8
1. 5
1. 7
15

1.7
2.3
1.7
.8
1.3
.8
2.2
1.1
1.8
1.4

1.2
2.8
1.4
.8
1.1
.8
2.3
1.3
1.6
1.4

1.2
2.8
1.2
1.0
1.3
.9
2.4
1.2
1.4
1.5

1.1
3.3
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.9
1.1
1.6
1.5

1.1
2.5
.9
1.0
1.1
.9
1.7
1.2
1.3
1.1

1948
1949
1950
1951.
1952.
1953.
1954.
1955.
1956.
1957

0 1
.1
.1
.7
.4
.4
.3
.3
.2
.3

0.1
.1
.1
.6
.4
.4
.2
.2
.2
.2

0.1
.1
.1
.5
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2

0.1
.1
.1
.5
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2

5.7
4.4
4.8
4.9
4.9
5.1
3.5
4.3
4.2
3.9

4.7
3.5
4.7
4.2
4.4
4.1
2.9
3.4
3.3
3.2

6.0
4.4
6.6
4.5
5.9
4.3
3.3
4.5
3.8
3.2

5.1
4.1
5.7
4.3
5.6
4.0
3.4
4.4
4.1
3.3

4.5
3.7
5.2
4.4
5.2
3.3
3.6
4.1
4.2
2.9

3.9
3.3
4.0
3.9
4.0
2.7
3.3
3.3
3.0
2.2

2.7
3.2
3.0
3.0
3.3
2.1
2.5
2.5
2.2
2 1.6

4.4
3.5
4.4
4.4
4.4
3.9
3.0
3.7
3.4

5.1
4.0
4.2
5.3
4.6
4.8
3.5
4.0
3.9
4.0

5.4
4.2
4.9
5.1
4.9
5.2
3.9
4.4
4.4
4.4

4.6
4.1
4.3
4.7
4.2
4.5
3.3
3.5
3.5
4.0

4.1
4.0
3.8
4.3
3.5
4.2
3.0
3.1
3.3
4.0

4.3
3.2
3.6
3.5
3.4
4.0
3.0
3.0
2.8
2 3.6

4.6
4.3
3.6
4.4
4.1
4.3
3.5
3.3
3.5
3.5

3.4
1.8
2.9
3.1
3.0
2.9
1.4
2.2
2.2
1.9

3.9
2.1
3.4
3.1
3.5
3.1
1.8
2.8
2.6
2.2

2.8
1.5
2.7
2.5
2.8
2.1
1.2
1.8
1.7
1.3

2.2
1.2
2.1
1.9
2.1
1.5
1.0
1.4
1.3
.9

1.7
.9
1.7
1.4
1.7
1.1
.9
1.1
1.0
2.6

2.8
1.5
1.9
2.4
2.3
2.3
1.1
1.6
1.6
1.3

0.4
.3
.4
.4
.3
.4
.2
.3
.3
.3

0.4
.2
.4
.3
.4
.4
.2
.3
.3
.2

0.4
.2
.4
.4
.4
.4
.2
.3
.3
.2

0.4
.2
.3
.3
.4
.3
.2
.3
.3
.2

0.3
.2
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
2.2

0.4
.2
.3
.3
.3
.4
.2
.3
.3
.2

1.2
1.8
.6
1.4
1.0
1.3
1.7
1.3
1.2
1.6

1.0
1.8
.7
1.3
.7
1.5
1.7
1.1
1.4
1.8

1.2
2.3
.8
1.4
.7
1.8
1.6
1.2
1.3
2.3

1.4
2.5
1.1
1.7
.7
2.3
1.6
1.2
1.5
2.7

2.2
2.0
1.3
1.5
1.0
2.5
1.7
1.4
1.4
2 2.6

1.3
2.4
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.3
1.9
1.2
1.5
1.7

0.1
.1
.4
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2

0.1
.1
.3
.4
.3
.3
.1
.2
.2
.2

0.1
.1
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
2
2.2

0.1
.1
.2
.5
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2

Total separations »
4.4
3.8
2.9
4.4
5.0
4.3
3.1
3.4
3.2
3.1
Quits
2.9
1.4
1.8
2.4
2.2
2.5
1. 1
1.6
1.5
1.4
Discharges
0.4
.2
.3
.3
.3
.4
.2
.3
.2
.2
Layoffs
1.0
2.1
.6
1.3
2.2
1.1
1.6
1.3
1.2
1.3

Miscellaneous separations, including military
0.1
.1
.1
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.3

5 Month-to-month changes in total employment in manufacturing indus­
tries as indicated by labor turnover rates are not comparable with the changes
shown by the Bureau’s employment series for the following reasons:
(1) The labor turnover series measure changes during the calendar month,
while the employment series measure changes from midmonth to midmonth;
(2) Industry coverage is not identical, as the printing and publishing
industry and some seasonal industries are excluded from turnover;
(3) Turnover rates tend to be understated because small firms are not as
prominent in the turnover sample as in the employment sample: and


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

0.1
.1
.1
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2

0.1
.1
.2
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2

0.1
.1
.3
.4
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.3

0.1
.1
.4
.4
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2

(4)
Reports from plants affected by work stoppages are excluded from the
turnover series, but the employment series reflect the influence of such
stoppages.
» Preliminary.
* Beginning with data for October 1952, components may not add to total
separation rates because of rounding.
N ote: Fora description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing Maior
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).

Soubce: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

B : LABOR TURNOVER

325
T able B-2. Labor turnover rates in selected industries1
[Per 100 employees]
Separations
Total accessions
Total

Industry
Dec.
1957

Nov.
1957

Dec.
1957

Quits

N ov.
1957

Dec.
1957

Discharges

Nov.
1957

Dec.
1957

Miscellaneous, in­
cluding military

Layoffs

N ov.
1957

Dee.
1957

N ov.
1957

Dec.
1957

N ov.
1957

M anu fa ctu rin g

All manufacturing_____________________
Durable goods 8..................................... .
Nondurable g o o d s ............................
Ordnance and accessories...............................
Food and kindred products____ ____ ____
Meat products...........................................
Grain-mill products___________ _____
Bakery products.......................................
Beverages:
Malt liquors........................................
Tobacco manufactures....................................
Cigarettes.................... ...............................
Cigars______________________ ______
Tobacco and sn u ff................... ..............
Textile-mill products___________________
Yarn and thread mills______________
Broad-woven fabric mills.......................
Cotton, silk, synthetic fiber______
Woolen and worsted____________
Knitting mills___ . . . . __________
Full-fashioned hosiery_____ _____
Seamless hosiery________ _______
Knit underwear....... .........................
Dyeing and finishing textiles________
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings__
Apparel and other finished textile prod­
ucts----------- ---------- ----------------------M en’s and boys’ suits and coats___
M en’s and boys’ furnishings and work
clothing_______________ ________
Lumber and wood products (except fur­
niture)______________________________
Logging camps and contractors______
Sawmills and planing mills__________
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products....................
Furniture and fixtures__________________
H ousehold fu rn itu re___ ____________
Other furniture and fixtures......... .........
Paper and allied products______________
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills___
Paperboard containers and boxes------Chemicals and allied products__________
Industrial inorganic chemicals...............
Industrial organic chemicals_________
Synthetic fibers.................................
Drugs and medicines_______________
Paints, pigments, and fillers_________
Products of petroleum and coal__________
Petroleum refining________ _________
Rubber products____ _ ______________
Tires and inner tubes..............................
Rubber footwear___________________
Other rubber products______________
Leather and leather products___ ______ _
Leather: tanned, curried, and finished.
Footwear (except rubber)..................
Stone, clay, and glass products....................
Glass and glass products.......................
Cement, hydraulic_________________
Structural clay products.....................
Pottery and related products........... .
Primary metal industries......... ...................
Blast furnaces, steelworks, and rolling
mills...................... ....... .............. ...........
Iron and steel foundries_____________
Gray-iron foundries........ ..................
Malleable-iron foundries.............. .
Steel foundries__________________
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals:
Primary smelting and refining of
copper, lead, and zinc_________
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals:
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of
copper............................. ..................
Nonferrous foundries...............................
Other primary metal industries:
Iron and steel forgings......................
See footnotes at end of table.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.2
2.1
2.2
1.6
3.0
3.0
2.4
2.5

3.6
3.9
3.1
4.7
3.6
4.3
2.4
2.9

4.0
4.3
3. 4
5.0
4.9
4.4
3.8
4.7

.6
.4
.9
.3
1.6
1. 7
1.9
1.7
3.6
1.2
1.0
1.0
.8
1.2
(4)

2.8
1.2
1.1
1.5
.7
2.6
2.5
2.8
2.6
4.9
2.4
2.3
2.1
1.8
1.9
1.8

(4)
2.4
.8
4.4
1.6
3.7
2.9
2.9
2.1
9.4
5.3
8.2
2.7
3.8
3.2
(4)

4.8
1.9
.7
3.2
1.7
3.6
3.5
3.1
2.3
8.9
4.2
2.2
3. 7
2.9
1.8
5.9

2.2
4.5

2.8
2.0

4.3
4.2

1.4

2.6

2.3
4.2
2.0

1.6
1.6
1.6
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.9
1.4

0.6
.6
.8
0. 5
.6
.3
.5
.8

0.9
.8
1.1
0.7
1.1
.5
.8
1.7

0.2
.2
.1
0.1
.1
.1
.1
.2

0.2
.2
.2
0.1
.3
.3
.2
.4

2.6
2.9
2.1
4.0
2.7
3.7
1.6
1.7

2.7
3.0
2.0
4.0
3.4
3.3
2.7
2.3

.1
.2
.2
.3
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.1
.1
.2
.2

(4)
1.5
.1
3.2
.7
2.4
1.6
1.6
.8
8.4
4.0
6.7
1.3
2.9
2.4
(4)

4.1
.3
(s)
.5
.7
2.1
1.9
1. 6
.8
7.6
2.5
.6
2.0
1.6
.8
4.7

0.2
.2
.1
0.2
.2
.2
.1
.1

0.2
.2
.2
0.2
.2
.3
.1
.2

.7
.5
1.1
.2
.9
1.0
.9
1.0
.7
1.1
1.1
1.2
.8
.5
(4)

.4
1.3
.5
2.4
.5
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.2
.7
.8

4.2
6.4

1.3
1.0

1.9
1.5

.1
.1

.2
.1

2.8
3.0

2.1
4. 7

4.4

3.6

1.3

1.9

.1

.2

2.9

1.4

2.8
7.6
2.2

5.2
9.4
4.8

5.1
9.3
4.8

1.0
2.5
.8

1.2
2.2
1.1

.2
.1
.3

.3
.4
.2

3.8
6.5
3. 5

3.5
6. 6
3.3

.2
.3
.2

.2
.1
.2

.9
1.7
1.3
2.6
1.5
1.1
1.1
.9
.9
.6
.6
.9
.7
.6
.5
1.0
.7
1.6
1.1
3.1
1.4
3.3
1.3
1.2
.3
2.2
.7
1.1

1.3
2.1
2.0
2.1
1. 5
1.1
2.2
1.0
1.1
.7
.7
1. 7
.5
.5
.3
1.4
.8
3.1
1.6
3.6
2.4
3.8
1.5
1.9
.9
1.8
1.3
1.2

3.6
3.6
3. 7
3.2
2.4
1.8
2.7
1.8
1.0
1.8
2.6
1.2
1.0
1.3
1.0
3.2
1.2
3.6
4.7
3.2
2.3
3.4
3. 5
2.2
4.8
5.2
1.9
3.3

3.0
4.3
3.9
5.2
2.9
1.8
3.3
1.8
1.9
1.4
1.7
1.0
2.5
1.6
1.1
2.5
1.3
3.7
3.2
3.9
3.7
3.9
2.9
2.3
2.0
4.2
2.8
3.7

.6
.7
.8
.5
.6
.4
.8
.4
.4
.2
.2
.7
.4
.3
.3
.5
.2
1.1
.6
1. 5
.7
1.6
.4
.4
.3
.6
.5
.3

1.0
1.1
1.2
.9
.9
.5
1.4
.5
.5
.3
.2
.6
.6
.2
.2
.8
.4
1.6
.9
1. 7
.7
1.8
.7
.6
.6
.9
.8
.4

.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.1
.3
.1
.1
.1

.3
.3
.3
.3
.2
.1
.4
.1
.1

1.7
2.8
2.3
3.9
1.6
1.0
1.4
1.0
1.1
.9
1.3
.1
1.7
1.1
.6
1.4
.7
1.6
1.9
1. 4
2.6
1.2
1.7
1.4
1.1
2.2
1.7
2.9

.2
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2

.8
1.5
1. 5
1.6
1.4

.7
1.8
1.7
3.0
1.3

3.5
2.8
2.2
2.8
3.5

3.7
3.4
2.8
2.7
4.3

.3
.4
.4
.7
.4

1.3

1.1

2.2

1.4

.9
1.8

1.1
2.0

2.4
5.1

1.2

1.1

3.3

(4)

(4)

(4)
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.3
.1
(«)
.1
(4)

.2
.1
.1
.1
.4
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1

(4)
.1
.1
(»)
.6
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
(5)
(6)

(5)
(J)
.2

.1
.2

.1
.1

.1
.1

(4)

.1

(«)

.1
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1

,i
.1
.3
.2
.4
.1
.4
.2
.1
.1
.6
.1
.1

2.7
2.6
2. 6
2.5
1.5
1.1
1. 5
1.2
.3
1.4
2.3
.2
.5
.7
.4
2.3
.7
2.0
3.7
1.3
1.2
1.3
2.8
1.6
4.1
4.3
1.3
2.6

.2

.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.4
.2
.5
.3
.1
.2
.6
.1
.2

.3
.6
.6
.8
.4

.1
.2
.1
.1
.2

.1
.2
.2
.2
.2

3.0
2.1
1.6
1.7
2.8

3.0
2.4
1.8
1.4
3.5

.2
.2
.2
.2
.2

.3
.2
.2
.2
.2

.5

.5

.2

.2

1.3

.5

.2

.2

1.9
6.2

.2
.6

.3

.1
.2

.1
.2

1.8
4.2

1.3
5.1

.3

.8

.2

.2
.2

5.8

.4

.6

.1

.2

2.6

4.8

.2

.2

(«)

.2
.1
.1

(s)
(5)

.2
.1
.1

(5)

«

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958

326

T able B-2. Labor turnover rates in selected industries 1—Continued
[Per 100 employees]
Separations
Total accessions
N ov.
1957

Dec.
1957
M anu fa ctu rin g —Continued
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation
equipment).
_____________________
'Cutlery, "handtools, and hardware----Olltlery and edge tools ____________
H andtools__ _____________ - ____
H ardw are__________________
Heating apparatus (except electric)
and plumbers' supplies______ ____
Sanitary ware and plumbers'
supplies
___________ ______
Oil burners, nonelectric heating
and cooking apparatus, not elsewhere classified_______________
Fabricated structural metal products.
M etal stamping, coating, and en­
graving..
_________________
Machinery (except electrical! Engines and turbines_______________
Agricultural machinery and tractors..
Construction and mining machinery..
Metalworking machinery___________
Machine to o ls _________________
Metalworking machinery (except
machine t o o ls ) ._____________
Machine-tool accessories_________
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)______ . . .
General industrial machinery______
Office and store machines and devices.
Service-industry and household machines ________________ _______
Miscellaneous machinery parts______
Electrical m a c h in er y .._____________ ___
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial apparatus . . . ____ ________ _____
Gemmnnination equipment_________
Radios, phonographs, television
sets, and equipment___
Telephone, telegraph, and related
equipment_____________ _____
Electrical appliances, lamps, and miscellaneous products_______________
Transportation e q u ip m e n t.____ ______
Motor vehicles and equipment*...........
Aircraft and part?__________________
Aircraft . . ____. ________ _____
Aircraft engines and parts______
Aircraft propellers and parts_____
Other aircraft parts and equipment______
_______________
8hip and boat building and repairing.
Railroad equipment___ ____________
Locomotives and parts____ _____
Railroad and street cars_________
Other transportation equipment_____
Instruments and related products_______
Photographic apparatus____________
Watches and clocks
Professional and scientific instruments___________________________
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.._
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware.

1.8
1.2
1.1
.8
1.4

2.6
2.6
1.9
2.1
3.0

Dec.
1957

Nov.
1957

N ov.
1957

Dec.
1957

3.9
3.0
3.1
2.2
3.4

4.3
2.8
1. 5
3.2
3.0

0.6
.7
.7
.4
.8

Nov.
1957

Dec.
1957

Miscellaneous, ineluding military

Hayons

Discharges

Quits

Total

Industry

Dec.
1957

0.9
1.0
.8
.8
1.1

0.2
.3
.1
.3
.3

0.3
.3
.2
.3
.4

N ov.
1957

N ov.
1957

Dec.
1957

2.9
2.0
2.2
1.4
2.2

2.9
1.4
.5
2.0
1.4

0.2
.1
.2
.1

0.2
.1
.1
.2
.1

1.8

2.6

4.1

4.3

.6

.8

.2

.3

3.2

3.0

2.0

3.7

4.3

1.8

.6

.7

.3

.4

3.2

.6

.2

.1

1.7
2.0

1.9
2.2

4.0
2.9

6.0
4.1

.5
.6

.9
.9

.2
.2

.3
.3

3.2
1.8

4.6
2.7

.2

.2
.2

2.3
1.3
1.5
2.5
1.2
.7
.6

3.7
1.6
2.3
2.5
1.2
.9
.7

5.4
2.6
1.5
1.2
2.9
2.8
3.2

4.6
3.9
4.8
6.1
4.8
4. 5
5.1

.7
.4
.4
.4
.4
.3
.3

.9
.6
.5
.6
.6
.5
.4

.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1

.4
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2

4.3
1.8
.9
.3
2. 1
2. 2
2.5

3.1
2.9
3.7
5.0

.1
.2
.1
.4

4.2

.3

.2
.2
.4
.4
.2
.2
.3

.5
.9

.7
1.4

2.2
2.9

3.1
5.1

.4
.3

.5
.8

.1
.1

.1
.1

1.5
2.3

2.3
3.9

.3

.2

.9
1.0
.9

1.2
1.6
1.6

2.2
2.3
2.1

2.8
3.2
3.0

.4
.5
.4

.6
.7
.6

.1
.1
.1

.2
.2

1.5
1.5

1.8
2.1
2.0

.2
.1

.2
.1

2.5
1.1
1.4

2.2
1.5
2.0

4.4
2.8
4.1

4.3
3.1
4.1

.5
.4
.7

.7
.5
1.2

.1
.1
.2

.3
.2
.3

3.5
2.0
3.0

3.0
2.2
2.4

.2
.2
.2

.3
.2
.2

1.4
1.1

1.6
2.0

2.4
4.9

3.0
4.8

.6
.9

.7
1.6

.1
.3

.2
.4

1.5
3.5

2.0
2.5

.2
.2

.2
.2

1.5

2.4

7.4

6.8

1.0

2.1

.3

.4

5.8

4.0

.3

.3

.5

1.4

1.8

2.0

.6

.8

.2

.5

.8

.6

.1

.2

2.1
2.2
2.2
1.0
.9
1.0
2.8

2.7
3.0
4.0
.9
.8
1 1
1.9

5.0
4.7
5.2
2.9
2.7
4.1
1.1

4.5
5.0
3.7
5.1
4 9
5. 3
1.6

.6
.6
.4
.7
.7
.7
.6

1.0
.9
.6
1.0
1.0
.9
.7

.3
.2
.3
.1
.1
.1
.1

.3
.2
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2

3.8
3.6
4.2
2. 0
1.8
3.1
.2

3.0
3.5
2.3
3. 8
3.6
4.0
.5

.3
.2
.3
.1
.1
.1
.1

.3
.4
.7
.1
.1
.2
.1

1.6
(4)
4.7
(4)
5.6
.7
1.1
(4)
1.2

1.8
8.8
4. 0
3.0
4.5
.5
1.3
.7
2.6

4.7
(4)
5.4
.(4)
6.3
12.7
2.4
(4)
4.9

7.5
10.0
8.0
2.3
10. 7
10.5
3.0
1.3
3.5

.8

.2

.3

.3
.5
.2
.1
.3
1.0
.1
.1
.3

3.6
(4)
4. 6
(4)
5.5
11.8
1.6
(4)
3.9

6.1
7.3
7.1
1.0
9.9
8.0
1.9
.7
2.0

.1

.6

1.0
2.0
.4
.7
.3
1.4
.7
.5
.9

.2

.1
.2
.3
.5
.2
.1
.3
.1
.2

1.1
1.8
.8

1.1
3.0
1.6

2.3
6.1
2.5

3.4
6.8
2.4

.6
.7
.7

.7
1.3
1.1

.1
.2
.1

.1
.3
.2

1.5
5.0
1.4

2.3
5.0
1.1

.1
.2
.2

.3
.1
.1

1.3
.4
1.9
1.0
1.2
.7

(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
4.2
1.1

2.3
1.2
3.6
1.8
2.3
2.5

(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)

(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
({)
(')

.2

(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
3.3
.6

.7
.8
1.1
.6
1.4
2.0

(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)

.6
.4

1.2
.2
1.9
.8
.7
.3

.3
.1

.2
.2
.3
.3
.2
.1

1.1
.7

(4)
(4)

1.3
2.1

(4)
(4)

1.0
.9

(4)
(4)

.2
.8

(4)
(4)

(4)
(4)

(4)

.3
.3
.7
.6

(4)
(4)

(4)

.2
.3
.2
.1

(4)
(4)

(4)

.4
.2
.1
.1

N o n m anufacturing

Metal mining_________ _______________
Iron mining_______________________
Copper mining ____________________
Lead and zinc mining______________
Anthracite mining. ___________________
Bituminous-coal mining________________
Communication:
Telephone_________________________
Telegraph 8_____ _________________

(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
.6
.6
(4)
(4)

» See footnote l and Note, table B -l.
s For definition, see footnote 3, table A-2.
» For definition, see footnote 4, table A-2, except that the labor turnover
series excludes the printing, publishing, and allied industriesgroup, and the
following industries: canning and preserving; women’s, misses’, and children's
outerwear; and fertilizer.
I


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

(»)

.2
.1

(s)
(5)
(«)

.1

C4)
(4)

< Not available.
* Less than 0.05.
« Data relate to domestic employees except messengers.
•Formerly titled “ Automobiles.” Data not affected.
Source : U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

.1
.3

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

327

C.—Earnings and Honrs
T able

C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

Year and month

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­
ings
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Mining
Metal
Total: Metal
1956: Average........... $96. 83
December____ 99. 92
1957: Average........... 98. 98
98.05
January_____
97. 29
February____
March_______ 97. 23
A pril............... 97. 10
M ay_________ 97.58
98.81
June________
. 28
July_________
August______ 101.35
September___ 102. 84
October______ 98.31
96. 53
November___
December____ 99.47

42.1 $2.30 $96. 71
42.7
2 34 103. 09
40.9
2.42 104.01
41.9
2.34 100. 90
41.4
2.35 99.31
41.2
2. 36 99. 45
40.8
2.38 96. 26
41.0
2.38 99. 58
2.41 103. 06
41.0
40.6
2. 47 109. 61
41.2
2. 46 111. 76
2. 49 114. 78
41.3
39.8
2. 47 106. 23
39.4
2. 45 100. 34
2. 45 101. 99
40.6
Mining—Continued

100

Petroleum and nat­
ural-gas produc­
tion (except con­
tract services)
1956: Average............
December____
1957: Average______
January_____
February____
March_______
April________
M ay________
June________
July................. .
August______
September___
October............
November___
December____

$101.68
104. 58
106. 49
104. 83
101.91
101.25
100. 75
104. 23
109.18
. 00
106. 52
113. 28
106. 92
109. 34
111.64

110

41.0
41.5
40.8
41.6
40.6
40.5
40.3
40.4
41.2
41.2
40. 5
41.8
40.5
40.8
41.5

2

$101. 92
36.4 $2.80
104 91
2.89
36.3
107. 22
36.1
2. 97
34 1
2.92
99. 57
105. 63
36.3
2.91
104. 76
36.0
2. 91
36.2
105. 70
2. 92
36.4
2.94
107. 02
36 9
108. 49
2. 94
108. 93
36.8
2. 96
37. 2
110. 48
2. 97
111. 14
36. 8
3. 02
36.6
110. 53
3. 02
104. 23
34.4
3.03
34.9
106.10
3.04
Building construc­
tion—Con.
Special-trade con­
tractors—Continued
Other special-trade
contractors

1956: Average_____ $102. 39
December____ 104 73
1957: Average............ 106.30
January_____
95 93
February____ 104. 25
March_______ 103. 49
April___ ____ 105.14
M ay________ 107. 04
June________ 108. 84
J u ly ............... 108. 60
A ugust............
. 60
September___
. 88
October______
November___ 104.13
December____ 102. 30

110
111100.00

35.8
35.2
35.2
32. 3
35. 1
35.2
35 4
35.8
36.4
36. 2
36.5
36.0
35.6
33.7
33.0

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

39.8
41. 4
39.7
40.2
39.1
39.0
37.6
38.9
40.1
40.9
41. 7
42. 2
39.2
37.3
38.2

Copper
$2. 43 $100. 28
2. 49
. 66
. 62 98. 23
2. 51 99.68
2. 54 98.37
2. 55 98. 94
2. 56 99.83
2. 56 99. 17
2.57 98.88
. 68 98.00
97. 20
2. 72 93.60
2. 71 92.20
2.69 96. 32
2.67 99. 29

2

86

44.6
43.6
43.8
42.0
43.1
43.4
43.3
44.3
45.0
44.9
45.6
45.0
44.7
42.6
42.5

36.0
35.6
3.57
33 0
36.1
35.4
35. 7
36.0
36.6
36.7
37.2
36. 4
36. 4
33.7
34.2

Anthracite

Lead and zinc
$2.30 $89. 24
2. 33 91 14
2.39 89.19
2.34 89. 44
2. 32
. 78
2.35 90. 25
2. 36 91.10
2.35 90.03
2.40 89.60
2. 45 87. 85
2. 43
. 75
2. 40 89. 60
2. 42
. 10
2. 42 87.08
2. 41 91.54

43.6
43.2
41.1
42.6
42.4
42.1
42.3
42.2
41.2
40.0
40.0
39.0
38.1
39.8
41.2

88

88
88

33.2
41.7 $2.14 $87. 65
42.0
2.17 107.45
36.3
41.1
2.17
35.9
41.6
2.15 "ÌÓ5.~55
32.0
41.1
2.16 95. 36
27.8
41.4
2.18 79. 79
2.19 92.06
31.1
41.6
30.8
41.3
2.18 88.70
34 3
41. 1
. 18 100. 50
33.1
2.18 95. 33
40.3
31.3
40. 9
2. 17 91.08
. 18 105. 19
41.1
35.3
31.5
40.6
2.17 93.87
28.9
40.5
2.15 84. 68
41.8
2.19
Contract construction

2

2

Bituminous
$2.64 $106. 22
2. 96 115. 33
110. 53
2.94 110 63
2. 98 112 51
2.87 109. 58
2. 96 111. 74
. 88 107. 76
2. 93 114.08
. 88 112.17
2. 91 110. 96
2. 98 112. 91
2.98
2. 93 102.18
108. 83

2
2

110.66

37.8
38.7
36.6
37.5
38.4
37.4
37.0
35.8
37.6
36.3
36.5
36.9
36.4
33.5
35.8

$2.81
2. 98
3.02
2. 95
2. 93
2. 93
3. 02
3.01
3.05
3. 09
3.04
3.06
3.04
3.05
3.04

Nonbuilding construction
Total: Contract
construction

$1.92 $101. 83
1.96 103. 78
106.64
1.96 98. 55
1.95 104.80
1.95 104. 23
1.96 104.88
1.98 106.39
108.11
. 02 109.15
2. 03 111.07
2.05 110. 84
2.04 110.25
2.04 103.30
2.05 105. 44

2.00
2.01
2

General contractors
$95.04
96 48
98. 89
89. 76
98.19
95.93
97. 46
99.00
100. 65
102. 03
103. 79
102. 65
102. 65
95.37
96. 79

100

2
2.68

Nonmetallic mining
and quarrying

$2. 48 $85. 63
2. 52 85. 46
2.61 87.60
2. 52 82. 32
2.51 84. 05
2. 50 84. 63
2.50 84.87
2. 58 87.71
2.65 90. 45
2. 67 90. 70
2. 63 92. 57
2.71 92. 25
2. 64 91.19
. 68
. 90
2.69 87.13

Total: Building
construction
1956: Average_____
December____
1957: Average_____
January_____
February____
M arch_______
A pril................
M ay________
June___ _____
J u ly ..............
August______
September___
October______
November___
December____

Coal

Iron

37.3 $2. 73 $101.59
40.8 $2. 49
2.82 99. 96
39. 2
2. 55
36 8
36.9
2.89 105.07
39.8
2.64
2.84 94.86
34.7
37 2
2. 55
2.
84
39.6
2. 56
101.38
36.9
39.4
2. 55
36. 7
2.84 100. 47
2. 58
36.8
2. 85
. 88
39. 1
37.2
. 86 103. 88
39.8
2.61
40. 7
. 62
37.8
. 86 106. 63
37.9
. 88 110. 77
41.8
2. 65
38.3
112.41
42.
1
2.67
2.90
2. 94 110.16
2. 70
37. 7
40.8
2. 69
37.5
2. 94 109. 21
40.6
34.9
2. 96 98. 82
2.70
36.6
2.
97
38.2
2.71
35.5
103. 52
Building construction
Special-trade

2
2
2

Total: Special-trade
contractors

$2.64 $107.16
2 71 111 14
2. 77 112. 84
2. 72 106. 45
2. 72 111.33
2.71 110. 96
2. 73 111.33
2. 75 112.61
2. 75 114. 58
2. 78 113. 34
2. 79 115.63
. 82 116. 55
. 82 115. 97
2. 83 109. 97
2. 83 112. 25

2
2

Total: Nonbuilding
construction

36.7
36 8
36.4
34.9
36.5
36.5
36.5
36.8
37 2
36.8
37.3
37. 0
36.7
34.8
35.3

100

2

122
121.86

38 2
38 8
38.1
37 8
38 2
38 1
38. 1
38. 1
38.4
37.8
38. 7
38.8
38.4
36.5
38.2

$97. 63
90. 94
98. 66
83.90
93. 09
91.77
93. 37
96. 64
101. 33
107.01
109. 06
104. 00
103. 34
89. 41
92. 25

41.9
39.2
40.6
36.8
40.3
39.9
39.9
40.1
41.7
43.5
43.8
41.6
41.5
36.2
37.5

Other nonbuilding
construction

$2.33 $104. 94
2. 32 106.23
2. 43 110.15
2.28 101. 73
2.31 106. 50
2.30 106. 35
2. 34 106. 54
2.41 109. 93
2. 43 111.32
2. 46 114.05
2. 49 115. 30
2. 50 115. 89
2. 49 114. 23
2. 47 106. 56
2. 46 110. 78

39. 9
39.2
39.2
37.4
39.3
39. !
38.6
39.4
39.9
40.3
40.0
40. 1
39.8
37.0
38.6

$2.63
2.71
. 81
2. 72
2. 71
2. 72
2. 76
2. 79
2.79
2. 83
2. 84
2.89
2. 87
. 88
2.87

2

2

contractors
Painting and
decorating

Plumbing and
heating

$2.92 $112. 31
3.02 117 56
3.10 118. 87
3 05 115 67
3. 05 116 89
3.04 116.97
3. 05 116. 97
3.06 117. 73
3.08 119. 42
3.08 116. 80
3. 10 120. 74
3. 15 123. 77
. 11
3.16
3.16 116. 44
3.18

Highway and street

$2.94 $100.10
3 03 100. 74
3.12 104.10
3.06 97.28
3. 06 99. 57
3 07 102. 31
3. 07 102. 31
3.09 104.14
3 11 105. 55
3 09 105. 95
3. 12 107. 76
3. 19 107. 57
3.18 105. 79
. 20
3.19
3.19 102. 54

102

35.0
34.5
34.7
33.2
34 1
34 8
34.8
35.3
35 3
35.2
35.8
35. 5
34.8
33.4
33.4

Electrical work

$2. 86 $125. 61
2 92 129. 82
3.00 132.10
2 93 127. 65
2. 92 130. 75
2. 94 131 26
2. 94 130. 48
2. 95 131. 66
2.99 134. 06
3.01 132. 83
3.01 132. 50
3.03 134. 30
3.04 135. 49
3. 06 128. 25
3.07 136. 57

39.5
39 7
39.2
38.8
39.5
39.3
39.3
39.3
39.9
39.3
39.2
39. 5
39.5
37.5
39.7

$3.18
3 27
3.37
3 29
3.31
3.34
3. 32
3. 35
3. 36
3.38
3. 38
3. 40
3. 43
3. 42
3.44

Manufacturing

Total: Manu­
facturing

$2.86 $79.99
2. 95 84. 05
3.02 82.39
2.97 82. 41
2. 97 82 41
2 94 82. 21
2. 97 81. 59
2. 99 81.78
2. 99 82.80
3. 00 82.18
3. 03 82. 80
3. 08 82. 99
3.09 82. 56
3. 09 82. 92
3. 10 82. 74

40.4
41 0
39.8
40. 2
40. 2
40. 1
39.8
39.7
40.0
39.7
40 0
39.9
39.5
39.3
39.4

Durable goods

$1.98
2 05
2.07
2 05
2. 05
2. 05
2.05
. 06
2.07
2. 07
2. 07
2.08
2. 09

2

$86 31
91.34
88.66
89.16
88. 75
88. 94
88.29
87.85
. 70

88
88.00
89. 06
89. 24
. 75
. 93
88.93

88
2.11 88
2.10

41 1
41.9
40.3
40 9
40.9
40.8
40.5
40.3
40. 5
40.0
40.3
40.2
39.8
39.7
39.7

Nondurable goods 8

$2.10 $71.10
18 73 84
. 20 74.09
. 18 72 73
2.17 73.10
. 18 73 12
18 72. 74
2.18 73.13
2. 19 74. 09
. 20 74. 47
74. 26
. 22 75. 24
2. 23 74.10
2. 24 74.50
2.24 74. 88

2
2
2
2
2

2
2.21
2

39.5
39 7
39.2
39 1
39.3
39.1
38.9
38.9
39.2
39.4
39 5
39.6
39.0
38.8
39.0

Total: Ordnance
and accessories

$1.80 $91. 54
96. 70
1.89 95.06
95.76
96.18
1.87 95. 68
1.87 95.63
94.02
1.89 94.83
1.89 93.60
93.83
1.90 95.04
1. 90 94. 96
1.92 96.00
1.92 98. 25

1.86
1.86
1.86
1.88

1.88

41.8
42 6
40.8
42.0
42 0
41.6
41.4
40.7
40.7
40.0
40. 1
40.1
39.9
40.0
40.6

Food and kindred
products
Total: Food and
kindred products4

$2.19 $75. 03
2.27 77. 71
2.33 78.17
. 28 77. 18
2 29 77 39
2 30 76.81
2. 31 77. 20
2.31 78.38
2 33 78. 94
2. 34 79. 27
2. 34 77.71
2. 37 79. 10
2. 38 77. 99
2. 40 79.18
2. 42 80.59

2

41.0
40.9
40.5
40 2
40 1
39 8
40.0
40.4
40 9
41. 5
409
41.2
40.2
40.4
40.7

$1.83
1 90
1.93
1.92
1 93
1.93
1 93
1.94
1.93
1.91
1.90
1.92
1 94
1.96
1.98

328

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958

Table C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Year and month

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. w kly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg,
hrly.
earn­
ings

Manufacturing—Continued
Food and kindred products—Continued
Meat products * 5

1956: Average-------- $84.03
December____ 87.14
1957: Average..........- 87.08
87.10
January_____
85. 57
February____
March_______ 83. 71
April— _____ 84.99
86.28
M ay________
J u n e ............... 87.13
July...... .......... 87.31
August.............
85. 22
September___
89. 60
O c to b e r .____ 89. 13
November___
90. 83
December___
89. 54

41.6
41.3
40.5
40.7
39.8
39.3
39.9
40.7
41.1
40.8
40.2
41. 1
40.7
41.1
40.7

$2.02 $92.00
96. 87
2.15 96. 64
2.14 97. 25
2.15 94. 71
2.13 92. 52
2.13 93.15
95.17
95.87
2.14 95.76
94.39
. 18
. 08
2.19 99. 29
. 21
. 82
. 20 99.12

2.11

2.12
2.12
2.12
2 100
2 101
2

Canning and
preserving >
1956: Average-------- $62.02
December........ 61.02
63.41
1957: Average-----January........... 61.99
February____
61.78
M a r c h ...____ 61. 59
April............... - 62.83
M ay________
62.75
June________
61.18
July ................. 64.17
August---------- 65.93
September___
. 01
October______ 62. 65
November----- 60. 26
December____ 63. 88

66

39.5
37.9
38.9
37.8
37.9
37.1
37.4
37.8
38.0
41.4
40.7
41.0
38.2
37.2
37.8

40.6
40.3
40.3
39.8
40.0
39.8
40.2
40.4
40.9
41.0
40.6
40.3
40.0
40.0
40.2

$1. 57 $50.66
. 61 54. 87
1.63 52.19
1.64 50.49
1.63 46.31
53.15
53.69
53.80
1.61 50.24
1.55 54. 77
. 62 51.34
1.61 58.13
1.64 50.66
1.62 47. 08
1.69 50. 51

1

1.66
1.68
1.66
1

66

39.9
40.4
39.8
39.3
39.9
40.2
39.5
39.0
40.4
39.4
40.6
40.9
39.6
39.6
39.9

1.88

1.88
1

Seefootnotes at end of table.

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

88

88

40.7
40.6
40.5
40.1
40.3
40.1
40.5
40.6
40.9
40.9
40.7
40.5
40.3
40. 2
40. 5

39.8
40.3
39.6
39.0
39.6
40.0
39.2
38.7
40.2
39.0
40.5
40.8
39.3
39.3
39.8

41.5
41.4
40. 6
40.1
39.8
39.3
40.5
41.0
41.8
41.6
40,7
40.7
40.5
41.1
41.0

Dairy products *

$2. 05 $74. 47
75. 54
2.19 77. 46
75.66
2.13 75.06
2.13 76.02
2.15 75.84
2.17 77. 53
2.18 78.87
2.19 80.85
2.18 77.83
. 21 78.91
2. 24 77.38
. 26 77. 00
. 26 78. 58

$1.65 $65. 99
1.72 65. 01
1.70
. 66
1.70 65.18
1.69 65.63
1.72 65. 66
1.71
.47
1. 73
. 64
1.57 64.08
1.63 67. 32
1.70 69.14
1.73 68.30
1.70 65.90
1. 77 63. 73
1. 76 67. 77

66

66
66

41.5
39.4
40.4
38.8
39.3
38.4
38.2
39.2
38.6
44.0
41.9
41.9
39.7
39.1
39.4

2
2
2

$1.59 $30.97
1. 65 83.14
1. 65 85. 50
83.38
1.67 82.60
1. 71 82.03
1. 74 82.22
1.70 83.61
83.66
1.53 86.72
1. 65 87. 56
1.65 90.74
88.24
1.63 85.85
1.72 87. 90

1.86 66
68
1.88 66
1.88

68.11
68

40.0
39.3
39.5
38.7
38.9
38.8
39.0
39.6
40.9
41.6
40.1
39.6
39.0
39.0
38.9

1.68

1.66
1.66

86

40.1
39.9
39.9
39.2
39.5
39.4
39.8
40.1
40.6
41.4
40.7
40.1
39.4
39.1
39.5

1.86
1.86
1.88

86.11

43.0
47.5
43.4
39.4
40.6
40.8
39.4
40.2
43.4
42.0
39.1
41.8
41.7
49.8
50.7

88

2.01
2.02

2

2.21

2
2
2

41.2
41.6
41.5
40.5
40.7
40.6
41.0
41.5
42.5
43.7
42.5
42.2
40.5
40.1
40.7

43.9
44.8
43.9
45.5
44.1
43.3
43.1
43.4
43.3
44.3
44.0
45.5
44.0
43.3
44.2

Ice cream and ices

$1. 73 $77. 46
1.78 78. 47
1.85 81. 71
1.80 77.33
1.80 78. 66
1.83 79.07
1.83 79.27
1.83 82.60
1.85 83.89
1.85 86.29
1.84 81. 51
1.87 82. 37
1.87 82.59
1.89 81.39
1.91 82. 37

$1. 86 $86.94
1.76 86.71
1.94 92.18
88.78
85.75
2.04
.75
2.06 87.64
2.08 91.10
2.13 102.38
2.09 96.78
2.07 90. 86
2.06 92.80
1.89 93. 91
1. 76 91.84
1. 79 94. 30

2.00
2.01

88

$1.93 $76.83
1.98 78.99
79. 97
79.17
1.98 77.47
1.96 77.29
1.97 79.06
1. 97 79.17
1.99 80.10
81.99
2.05 81. 35
2.09 82.40
2.06 82.21
2. 07 80.33
2.07 82.84

2.02
2.00

2.02

2
2.20

2.20
2
2.22

39.8
39.5
39.5
39.0
39.2
39.0
39.5
39.9
40.2
40.7
39.9
39.3
38.6
38.5
39.6

$1.84
1. 90
1.95
1.90
1.90
1.91
1.91
1.93
1.96
1.97
1.95
1. 98
1.99
1.99
1. 98

43.9
43.4
43. 7
43.5
42.8
42.7
43.2
43.5
44.5
45.3
44.7
44.3
44.2
42. 5
43.6

$1.75
1.82
1.83
1.82
1.81
1.81
1.83
1.82
1.80
1.81
1.82

1.86
1.86
1.89
1.90

Beet suaar

$2.08 $78.12
, 12 85.80
79. 42
2.16 71.23
2.16 83.07
2.17 79.98
2.18 78.39
2.19 74.40
2.26 81.61
2.23 79. 79
70. 60
. 22 83.95
72.80
2. 24
91
2. 24 91.26

M alt liquors

$1. 57 $103.08
1.61 104. 28
1.62 107. 44
1.58 102.18
1.58 103. 49
1.60 103.74
1.59 105.86
1.62 108.13
1.67 111.35
112. 74
1.63 109. 73
1.64 108. 08
1.62 106.15
1.63 105. 49
1. 65 109. 30

1.66

41.8
40.9
41.9
41.1
39.7
40.9
40.2
41.6
45.3
43.4
41.3
41.8
42.3
41.0
42.1

42.1
41.3
41.9
40.7
41.4
41.4
41.5
42.8
42.8
43.8
41.8
41.6
41.5
40.9
41.6

Prepared feeds

Cane-sugar refining

Bottled soft drinks

$2.13 $64.68
2.16 66.98
. 21 67. 23
2.16 63.99
2.17 64.31
2.19 64.96
2.19 65.19
67.23
2.25 70.98
2. 24 72. 54
. 21 69.28
2.23 69. 21
22 65. 61
. 22 65. 36
2.24 67.16

43.9
42.7
42.5
43.4
42.6
42.9
42.7
43.3
43.2
43.6
42.7
43.0
41.5
41.1
41.2

Flour and other
grain-mill products

$1.87 $84.73
1.92 88.70
1.97
. 68
1.93 91.00
1.93 87.32
1.93 84.87
1.93 84.91
1.94 85. 50
1.91 86.17
1.94 89.49
1. 99 90.20
2.03 95.10
90.64
89. 63
2. 03 91.49

Sugar «

$1.65 $79.98
1.70 83.60
1.73 84.20
1.71 78.80
1.71 81.61
1.70 83.23
1. 71 81.16
1.71 83.62
1.72 92.44
1.73 87.78
1. 73 80.94
1.72
1.76 78. 81
1.80 87. 65
1.82 90. 75

Beverages *

$1.50 $35.41
1.52 86.18
1.57 88.18
1.53 84.67
1.56 85. 72
1. 56 86.29
1.57 87.16
1.58 88.62
1.59 91.35
1.58 92.74
1. 58 89. 95
1.59 89.42
1.58 87. 47
1. 57
. 80
1. 56 88.48

43.3
43.3
43.4
43.2
42.8
42.5
42.6
43.1
43.8
44.7
44.0
44.7
43. 9
42.5
43.3

Condensed and
evaporated milk

$1.74 $75.95
1. 79 76. 01
1.84 78. 63
1.81 78.12
1.80 76.68
1.81 78. 51
1.81 78.14
1.82 79.24
1.83 79.92
1.85 80.66
1.84 78.57
1.87 80. 41
77.61
77. 68
78.69

Grain-mill products»

Biscuits, crackers,
and pretzels

$1.84 $66.00
. 81
1.92
. 34
1.87 66.18
. 52
65.96
1.89 66.69
1.91 67. 72
1.92 70. 35
1. 93 71.97
1. 92 69. 37
1.94
1.95
. 64
1.97 70. 20
1. 96 70. 80

42.3
42.2
42.1
41.8
41.7
42.0
41.9
42.6
43.1
43.7
42.3
42.2
41.6
41.4
41.8

2.11
2.12

Canned fruits, vegetables, and soups

Confectionery

$1. 55 $59.70
1.56 61.26
1.62 62.17
1.58 59.67
1.60 61.78
1.60 62.40
1.61 61. 54
1.63 61.15
1.63 63.92
1.63 61.62
1.62 63.99
1.63 64.87
. 62 62.09
1.62 61.70
. 61 62. 09

1
1

30.7
31.9
30.7
29.7
27.4
30.9
31.4
31.1
32.0
33.6
30.2
33.6
29.8
26.6
28.7

Sausages and
casinos

$2.18 $85.08
2.29 87. 35
2. 34
. 91
2. 31 85.01
2.31 84. 77
2.29 83. 71
2.30 87.08
2.31
.97
2.31 91.12
2. 33 91.10
2. 32 83.73
2.40 89.95
2. 41 90. 72
2. 43 92. 89
2.40 92. 66

Bread and other
bakery products

$1.80 $74.89
1.83 75. 52
77. 76
1.84 74.99
1.85 75.76
1.84 75.39
1.85 76. 55
1.87 77.55
78. 53
1.89 78.94
. 88 78.14
1.90 78. 57
1.91 78.59
1.94 79.19
1.93 79. 38

Confectionery and
related products «
1956: Average_____ $61.85
December____ 63.02
1957: Average______ 64. 48
January_____
62.09
February___
63.84
March_______ 64.32
April . . ____
63.60
M ay.................. 63. 57
June________
65.85
J u ly ................. 64.22
August............. 65. 77
September___
. 67
October______ 64.15
November____ 64.15
December. . .
64.24

42.2
42.3
41.3
42.1
41.0
40.4
40.5
41.2
41.5
41.1
40.6
41.7
41.2
41.9
41.3

Seafood, canned and
cured

Bakery products «

1956: Average______ $73.08
December____ 73. 75
1957: Average--------- 75.76
January_____
73. 23
February____
74.00
March_______ 73.23
April-----------74.37
M ay.................. 75.55
June________
76.89
July_________
77.49
August______
76.33
September___
76. 57
October______ 76.40
N ovem ber___ 77. 60
December........ 77.59

Meatpacking, wholesale

86

43.4
48. 2
42. 7
37.1
42.6
39.4
39.0
37.2
40.2
40.3
35.3
42.4
41.6
49.1
49.6

$1.80
1.78
. 86
1.92
1.95
2.03

1

2.01
2.00
2.03
1.98

2.00
1.98
1.75
1. 77
1.84

Distilled, rectified, and
blended liquors
$2.59 $81.90
2.64 82.35
2.72 84. 20
2.62 80.59
2. 64 84.42
83.76
85.09
2. 71 83.54
2. 77 84. 42
2.77
2.75 85.69
2. 75 84. 52
2. 75 84. 97
2.74 86.19
2. 76 82.19

2.66
2.68

86.02

39.0
38.3
38.1
36.8
38.2
37.9
38.5
37.8
38.2
39.1
38.6
37.9
38.8
39.0
37.7

$2.10
2.15
. 21
2.19

2
2.21
2.21
2. 21
2.21
2.21
2.20
2.22
2.23
2.19
. 21
2.18

2

329

0 : EARNINGS AND HOURS

Table C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg.
wkly. w kly.
earn­ hours
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

M anuíacturing—C ontinued

Year and month

Tobacco manufactures

Food and kindred products—Continued
Miscellaneous food
products 1
1956: Average--------- $72.92
December........ 75. 40
1957: Average..........- 76. 86
75.62
January_____
February....... . 77.00
March_______ 75.03
74.85
April-----------M ay......... ......... 74.30
June_________ 76.36
77. 79
Ju ly.-----------78.06
August______
78. 88
September___
O ctober.......... 77.49
November___
77. 71
December____ 78.50

41.2
41.2
41.1
41.1
41.4
41.0
40.9
40.6
41.5
41.6
41.3
41.3
41.0
40.9
41.1

Corn sirup, sugar,
oil, and starch

$1.77 $86. 53
1.83 90. 03
1.87 91.49
1. 84 89.44
87.53
1.83 87.10
1.83
1.83 88.80
1.84 90.69
1.87 95.37
1.89 96.02
1.91 94.62
1.89 95.26
1.90 93.89
1.91 91.80

1.86

86.88

41.4
41.3
41.4
41.6
40.9
40.7
40.6
41.3
41.6
42.2
42.3
41.5
41.6
41.0
40.8

Total: Tobacco
manufactures

Manufactured ice

$2.09 $69.71
2.18 72.61
. 21 73. 59
2.15 71.97
2.14 73. 55
2.14 72. 58
2.14 73.02
2.15 72.90
2.18 72.70
2.26 74.49
2.27 73.54
2.28 74.09
2.29 71.81
2. 29 74.12
2. 25 75.60

2

44.4
45.1
44.6
44.7
45.4
44.8
44.8
45.0
44.6
45.7
44.3
44.1
43.0
43.6
45.0

$1. 57 $56. 41
. 61 58.90
1.65 58.91
. 61 57. 81
1.62 57. 37
1.62 57. 99
1.63 57. 04
1.62 61.78
1.63 60.99
1.63 63.76
57.22
58.11
1.67 56.30
1.70 58.13
60.76

1
1

1.66
1.68

1.68

1956: Average........... $57.13
December____ 60.29
1957: Average--------- 60.75
58.30
J a n u a r y ..---February____
57. 56
March_______ 57.92
April—............. 57.83
M ay_________ 59.98
June_________ 61.94
July-------------- 62.16
62.48
August........—
September___ 61.61
October______ 60.47
November___
61.38
December____ 62.10

37.1
38.4
37.5
36.9
36.2
36.2
35.7
36.8
38.0
37.9
38.1
37.8
37.1
37.2
38.1

Tobacco stemming
and redrying

$1. 54 $47.04
1. 57 48. 86
1.62 47. 38
1.58 47.63
1. 59 49.15
1.60 49.45
1.62 53. 65
1.63 56.36
1.63 54. 52
1.64 55.15
1.64 45.48
1.63 47. 85
1.63 45.19
1. 65 41. 54
1.63 46. 31

39.2
39.4
37.6
38.1
38.7
36.9
37.0
38.6
37.6
38.3
37.9
40.9
38.3
33.5
35.9

38.9 $1. 45
1. 48
39.8
38.5
1.53
1. 49
38.8
1.49
38. 5
1.53
37.9
36.8
1. 55
39.1
1.58
38.6
1.58
1.61
39.6
38.4
1.49j
1.46
39.8
38.3
1.47
1.55'
37.5
38. 7: 1.57

$70.88
76.08
73. 78
75.17
71.06
71. 28
67.88
77.19
74.59
81.16
72.29
72. 62
68.98
72. 74
77. 331

40.5
41.8
40.1
41.3
39.7
39.6
37.5
41.5
40.1
43.4
39.5
39.9
37.9
38.9
40.7

$1. 75 $47.63
. 82 49. 92
1.84 49. 88
1.82 48.12
1. 79 49.01
1.80 48.10
1. 48 47.55
48.86
49.63
1.87 47. 78
1.83 50. 27
1.82 52.38
1.82 52.90
1. 87 52. 75
1.90 51.19

1

1.86
1.86

37.5
38.4
37.5
37.3
37.7
37.0
36.3
37.3
37.6
36.2
37.8
38.8
38.9
38.5
38.2

$1.27
1.30
1.33
1. 29
1.30
1.30
1.31
1.31
1.32
1.32
1.33
1.35
1.36
1.37
1.34

Textile-mill products

Tobacco manufactures—Continued
Tobacco and snuff

Cigars

Cigarettes

$1.20 $57. 57
1. 24 60.30
1.26 58. 35
1.25 58.65
1.27 58.80
1.34 58.35
1. 45 57.90
1.46 57.60
1.45 58.35
1.44 57.90
58.65
1.17 59.04
1.18 59.04
1.24 58. 29
1.29 58. 35

1.20

39.7
40.2
38.9
39.1
39.2
38.9
38.6
38.4
38.9
38.6
39.1
39.1
39.1
38.6
38.9

Y am and
thread mills 1

Scouring and
combing plants

Total: Textilemill products

$1. 45 $66. 56
1.50 67.23
1.50 64. 40
1.50 65.19
1.50 65.83
1. 50 62.65
1. 50 64.72
1.50 65.92
1.50
1.50 69.47
1.50 62.81
1.51 64.08
1.51 59.84
1.51 60.70
1.50 63.12

68.20

41.6
41.5
40.0
41.0
41.4
39.4
40.2
41.2
42.1
42.1
39.5
40.3
37.4
37.7
39.7

$1.60 $52.53
1.62 54.79
1.61 52.72
1. 59 54.10
1.59 53.82
1.59 52.99
1.61 52.44
1.60 52.68
1.62 52.85
1.65 53.10
1. 59 52. 61
1.59 52. 58
1.60 52.82
1.61 51. 99
1.59 52. 44

39.2
39.7
38.2
39.2
39.0
38.4
38.0
37.9
38.3
38.2
38.4
38.1
38.0
37.4
35.0

Far« mills

$1.34 $52.53
1.38 55.18
1.38 53.10
1.38 54.49
1.38 54.21
1.38 52.99
1.38 52.68
1.39 52.54
1.38 53. 24
1.39 53.10
1.37 52. 61
1.38 52. 44
1.39 52.54
1.39 51.85
1.38 52. 30

39.2
39.7
38.2
39.2
39.0
38.4
37.9
37.8
38.3
38.2
38.4
38.0
37.8
37.3
37.9

$1.34
1. 39
1.39
1.39
1.39
1. 38
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.3«
1.37
1.38
1.39
1.39
1.38

Cotton, silk, synthetic fiber
Broad-woven
fabric mills J

Thread mills

1956: Average______ $53.33
December------ 56.00
1957: Average--------- 55. 27
56. 26
January_____
55.30
February____
March_______ 55.13
54.60
A pril............
M ay......... ......... 64.88
54. 46
June____ ____
July................... 54.85
56.09
August______
55. 98
September___
October______ 56.52
November___
54.43
December____ 55. 66

39.5
40.0
39.2
39.9
39.5
39.1
39.0
39.2
38.9
38.9
39.5
39.7
39.8
38.6
39.2

$1.35 $56. 28
1. 40 59. 71
1.41 56.70
1.41 57. 57
1.40 56.70
1.41 56. 55
1.40 56. 26
1.40 55.97
1.40 56.41
1.41 56.26
1.42 56.99
1.41 57. 52
1.42 57.67
1.41 56.94
1.42 57.13

40.2
40.9
39.1
39.7
39.1
39.0
38.8
38.6
38.9
38.8
39.3
39.4
39.5
39.0
39.4

Woolen and worsted

$1.40 $54. 66
1.46 58.34
1.45 55.48
1. 45 56.49
1. 45 55.10
1.45 55.34
1.45 55.06
1.45 54.10
1.45 54.91
1.45 54.77
1.45 55. 77
1.46 56.30
1.46 56.88
1.46 56. 30
1.45 56. 34

39.9
40.8
38.8
39.5
38.8
38.7
38.5
38.1
38.4
38.3
39.0
39.1
39.5
39.1
39.4

South

North

United States
$1. 37 $58.46
1.43 61.16
1.43 58. 91
1.43 57.00
1.42 56. 47
1.43 57.61
1. 43 57.46
1.42 57.61
1.43 59.67
1.43 59.98
1.43 60.74
1.44 60.83
1.44 59.36
1.44 57.68
1.43 59. 74

39.5
40.5
38.5
37.5
37.4
37.9
37.8
37.9
39.0
39.2
39.7
39.5
38.8
37.7
39.3

$1.48 $54.00
1.51 58.08
1. 53 55.24
1. 52 56.12
1. 51 54.99
1.52 54.71
1.52 54. 43
1.52 53.72
1.53 54.00
1. 53 53.86
1.53 54. 85
1. 54 55.38
1.53 56.63
1. 53 56.20
1.52 55. 95

40.0
40.9
38.9
39.8
39.0
38.8
38.6
38.1
38.3
38.2
38.9
39.0
39.6
39.3
39.4

1956: Average............ $58. 51
December------ 60.30
1957: Average--------- 60.80
60.8C
January...........
60. 40
February.........
M a rc h ............ 60.70
60.10
April___ ____
M ay .................. 60.1C
61.40
June________
July— ............ 61. 51
60.80
August______
61.9September___
October______ 61. D
November___
60.1
60.81
December___

39.8 $1.47
40.2
1.50
1.52
40.0
40. C 1. 52
40. C 1. 51
40.2
1. 51
39.8
1.51
1.51
39.8
1.52
40.
40.2
1.51
1.52
40.
40.
1.51
39.. 54
1.5.
38.8
1. 54
39.

Seefootnotes at endof table.

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1

Knitting mills 1

53.68
54.43
54.46
53.36
54.08
54.31
53. 65
53.73
54.46
53.94
55.33
55. 71
55.18
54.46
54. 31

37.8 $1.45
37.8
.44
1.46
37.3
36.8
1. 4,
.4.
37.3
37.2
1.46
37. C 1. 4,
36.8
1. 46
1.46
37.3
37.2
1.4.
1.46
37.8
37.8
1.4'
1.46
37.8
1.46
37.3
37.2
1.46)!

1

1

$58.98
60.61
57. 51
59. 58
59. 58
59. 7!
57.91
55.8C
54. 56
54. If
55.9C
56.06
58. 28
58.86
59.14

38.3
39.1
37.1
38.
38.
38.3
37.
36.
35.
34.
36.6
36.4
37.6
38.
38.4

South

North

United States
$1. 54 $58.93
1. 55 59.34
.55 59. 9C
1. 56 58. 7,
1.56 58.6f
1.56 59. oe
. 5, 56.62
1.5, 57. 6C
1. 5, 58.0C
1.5, 58. 3. 5¿ 59. 21
1. 5¿ 61. 21
1.5, 62.0Í
1. 5¿ 62.64
1.54i1 61. OC

1

1

1

38.8 $1. 52 $59.0C
1. 51 61.23
39.3
1. 55 56. 58
38.7
1. 5. 59. 7:
37. E
38.3
1.53 59.82
1.52 59.82
38. e
1. 4£ 58. 4C
38.
1.54 55.22
37.4
37.1.5-1 53.2C
. 5¿ 52.08
37. £
1. 5, 54. 638.2
39.
1.5- 54.0
1 .5Í 56.48
39.1
1.5' 57. 22
39. £
1.5C 58. 2C
39.1

1

66

66

41.6
41.3
40.8
40.9
41.3
41.2
40.9
41.7
42.0
41.6
41.3
41.4
39.4
38.1
39.1

$1. 57
1.61
1.60
1.60
1.61
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.60
1. 59
1.60
1.59
1.59
1. 59

Seamless hosiery

Full-fashioned hosiery
Narrow fabrics
and small wares

$1.35 $65.31
. 49
1.42
1.42 65.28
1.41 65. 44
1. 41 66.49
1.41 65.92
1. 41 65.44
1.41 66.72
1.41 67.20
. 56
1. 41
1.41 65.67
1.42 66.24
1.43 62.65
1.43 60. 58
1.42 62.17

38.1
39.
36.
38.
38.1
38.1
37.2
35.4
34.1
33.8
35.,
35.
36.
37.
38.1

United States
$1. 5,' $46.21
1. 57 49.2
1.55 48. 55
1. 56 47. 75
1.57 48.64
1. 57 47.91.57 47. 3C
1.5C 47. 88
1. 5C 49. 21
1.55 47.9,
1.54 49. 61
1.51 49.3¿
1.51 50.2,
1.51 49.4
1.51 48. 8'

36.1
37.
36.5
35. £
36.1
35.
35.1
36.
37.
36.
37.
37.1
37.,
36.
36.

$1. 28
1. 32
1.33
1.33
1.34
1. 34
1.34
1.33
1.33
1.31
1.32
1. 33
1.34
1.35
1.35

330

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958

Table C -l.

Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earnings

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
tags

Avg.
hrly.
earntags

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
tags

Avg.
hrly.
earntags

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
tags

Avg.
hrly.
earntags

Avg. Avg.
w kly. wkly.
earn- hours
tags

Avg.
hrly.
earntags

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
tags

Avg.
hrly.
earnings

Manufacturing—Continued

Year and month

Textile-mill products—Continued
Seam less hosiery —Continued
K n it outerwear

North
1956: Average____
December__
1957: Average____
January_____
February___
March______
April.............
M ay_______
June____
July..................
August______
September___
October_____
November___

$19.2'
50. 1
51.4.
50. 1£
51.51
50. 95
50. 5£
51. 1
51 Of
52. 11
52. 26
52. 9C
52. 85
52. 72
48.77

37. Í
37.
37.
36.
37.
36.
37
37.
38.
38.6
39.0
38. 9
38.3
38.2
35.6

$1.36 $45. 81
1.34 49. 24
1.36 48.26
1.36 47. 61
1.37 48. 01
1.35 47. 35
1.36 46. 96
1. 35 47. 46
1.34 48.94
1. 3£ 47.16
1.34 49. 37
1.36 48. 94
1.38 49.74
1.38 48.64
1.37 49.01!

Carpets, rugs, other
floor coverings >
1956: Average____
D ecem ber...
Average____
January____
February___
March___ _
April______
M ay_______
June_______
July...............
August______
Septem ber..
October____
Novem ber. .
D ecem ber...

195'

$73. 98
77. 28
74.34
76. 96
78. 26
75. 44
74. 34
/3. 05
72. 29
72. 07
73. 53
75. 67
75. 26
74.37
75.14

41.1
42. 0
40. 4
41.6
42. 3
41. 0
40. 4
39. 7
39. 6
39.6
40. 4
40. 9
40.9
40. 2
40. 4

K n it underwear

South

$1.80
1. 84
1.84
1.85
1.85
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.83
1.82
1.82
1.85
1. 84
1.85
1.861

35.
37.;
36.
35.
36.1
35.
35.
35.’
36.
36.
37.
36.8
37.4
36. 3
36.3

$1. 28 $56.15
l. 3: 55. 58
1.33 57. 3(
1.33 53. 8"
1.33 55.43
1. 33 56. if
1.34 55. 88
1.33 57. Of
1.33 58. 75
1.30 59.1‘
1.32 59. 75
1.33 60. 2'
1.33 58.06
1.34 57.07
1.35 54. 96

Wool carpets , rugs,
and carpet yarn

$73. 26
76. 54
71.89
77. 15
77. 52
73.20
72. 44
71. 16
68. 76
68. 76
72.07
72. 47
71. 55
69.32
71.92

40.7
41.6
39.5
41.7
41.9
40.0
39.8
39. 1
38.2
38.2
39.6
39.6
39. 1
38.3
39.3

$38.' $1. 4- $19.91
37.3
1.4< 48. 7‘
37.1.51 50. 5.
30. 1.48 48. 5.
37.
1.4Í 49.8'
37 ‘
1.51
50.137.
1.4E 51. 4'
37.5
1.55 50.05
38 ■
1. 6
51 1'
38. <
1.5'
50 8f
38.8
1 . 5'
51. 1'
39. :
1.5'
52.03
37.7
1.5' 51.75
37.3
1.5; 49.82
36.4 1 1.51 50.55

Hats (except cloth
and millinery)

$1.80 $57. 38
1.84 58. 13
1.82 59. 57
1.85 53. 61
1.85 61. 15
1.83 56. 76
1.82 54.61
1.82 58. 48
1.80 59. 76
1.80 59. 01
1.82 62. 16
1.83 61.38
1. 83 58.91
1.81 61.62
1.83 63. 96

35.2 $1.63
34.6
1.68
36. 1
1.65
33.3
1.61
36.4
1.68
34.4
1.65
33.3
1.64
36. 1
1.62
36. C 1.66
36.2
1.6;
37. E
1.64
1.65
37.2
35.7
1.65
36.9
1.67
38.3
1.67

38.1
36. :
36. £
35.
36.'
36.
37.3
36.
37.
37.'
37. f
37.7
37.5
36.1
36.9

$ 1.3 $65. 97
1 . 3, 69. 55
1 . 3- 67. if
1.31 65.51
1.37 68.15
1.37 68. Ot
1. 38 67. 4£
1.36 66. 83
1 36 69. 22
1.36 65.60
1.36 67.16
1.38 67.16
1.38 67.16
1.38 66.73
1.37 66. 33

1956: Average___
$68. 85
December____ 75 50
1957: Average____
70. 75
January__
71.17
February___
72. 38
M a r c h ......
71.45
April.........
70. 24
May____
69. 49
June_______
69. 95
July..........
71.28
A ugust_____
70. 45
September___
70. 84
October____
70. 27
Novem ber___ 73.02
December____ 72. 22

40.5
42. 9
40. 2
40. 9
41. 6
41.3
40. 6
40. 4
40. 2
40. 5
39. 8
39. 8
39. 7
39. 9
39. 9

$1.70 $53. 97
1. 76 59. 60
1.76 57.26
1.74 56. 72
1. 74 57. 54
1.73 57. 55
1. 73 66. 30
1. 72 57. 26
1. 74 58. 66
1. 76 58.80
1. 77 57. 82
1.78 58. 66
1. 77 57. 37
1.83 56. 09
1. 81 57.95

M en’s and boys’
furnishings
and
work clotning ®
1956: Average______ $45. 26
December____ 45 95
1957: Average______ 46. 59
January____
45. 44
February____
46. 36
March_______ 46. 72
April________
45. 72
M ay_________ 45. 07
June____ ____
46. 37
J u ly .................. 46.48
August______
47. 63
September__ ,. 48. 00
October______ 46. 98
N ovem ber___
45. 57
December____ 45. 31

36.5
35. 9
36. 4
35. 5
36 5
36 5
36.0
36. 2
36. 8
36.6
37. 5
37. 5
36. 7
35.6
35. 4

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Processed waste and
recovered fibers

41.2
43.5
40.9
41. 4
42. 0
41.4
40.5
40.9
41.6
41.7
41.3
41.6
40.4
39.5
41.1

Shirts, collars and
nightwear

$1.24 $15. 51
1. 28 47. 32
1.28 46.46
1. 28 46. 44
1.27 46. 21
1. 28 46. 18
1.27 44. 67
1.27 45. 57
1.26 45. 97
1.27 46. 48
1. 27 47. 74
1.28 48. 26
1.28 47. 86
1. 28 47. 34'
1. 28 46. 44

36.7
36.4
36.3
36. 0
36. 1
35. 8
34.9
35.6
36.2
36.6
37.3
37.7
37.1
36.7
36.0

44 0
47.0
43.5
44 4
42.0
41.8
41.6
41.8
43.9
44. 7
44.9
45.6
45.0
44.7:
43.8

$ 6 6 . 83

71. 9E
69. 2C
69.02
68. 85
68. 68
67. 4E
67. 15
69. 37
69.95
69. 65
70. 53
70.0C
70.31
69. 65

40.5
42. 1
40.0
40.6
40.5
40.4
39. 7
39.5
40. 1
40.2
39.8
40.3
40.0
39.5
39.8

$1.65 $71.10
1.71 81.65
1.73 74. 77
1.70 77.89
1.70 74. 74
1. 70 75. 62
1. 70 71.02
1.70 71.23
1.73 73. 49
1.74 72. 52
1. 75 73.70
1.75 73. 32
1.75 77. 42
1.78 74. 77
1. 75 72. 91

36.9
37.0
36.1
36. 8
37 2
37 2
36.3
36.0
36 3
36. 7
37. 1
36.2
35.6
32.9
35. 3

Cordage and tw ine

$2.00 $56. 99
2. 10 59 60
2.13 58. 74
2.08 59. 40
2.05 59. 70
2.04 59. 85
2. 05 58. 80
2. 07 57. 15
2. 12 57 68
2. 17 57. 83
2. 17 58. 67
2. 20 59 67
2.18 58. 82
2. 22 57.53
2.18 59. 21

Separate trousers

$1.24 $46. 49
1.30 48. 10
1.28 46. 93
1. 29 47.84
1.28 48. 36
1.29 48. 73
1.28 47. 55
1. 28 46.80
1.27 47.19
1.27 47. 34
1.28 48. 23
1.28' 47. 42)
1.29 45. 92
1.29 42. 771
1.29 40. 24

41.1 $1.6( $65. 51
41.
1. 6f 69. 8£
40.1.65 66. 55
39.
1. 65 65.44
41.3
1.65 68.15
41. C 1.66 67. 65
40. £
1.65 66. 75
40.5
1.65 66. 0E
41.
1 66 68. 81
40.(1
1.64 64. 87
40.
1. 65 66. 42
40.7
1.65 66. 42
40.7
1.65 66. 91
40.2
1.66 66.83
40.2
1.65 66. 58

41.'
42.
40.
39. £
4i.;
41.
40.
40.;
41.
39. g
40.
40.
40. $
40.5
40.6

$1.59
1 66
1.64
1.64
1.65
1. 65
1.64
1.64
1.65
1.63
1. 64
1.64
1.64
1.65
1.64

40.4
43. 2
40.2
42. 1
40. 4
41. 1
38.6
38.5
39 3
39.2
39.2
39.0
41. 4
40.2
39.2

$1.76 $66 09
1.89 67.97
1.86 67.14
1.85 67. 68
1.85 87. 28
1.84 67. 32
1.84 67. 32
1.85 67 13
1. 87 68. 80
1. 85 69.36
1.88 67. 51
1.88 68. 99
1.87 66. 98
1.86 66.41!
1. 86 66.57

38.2
38.4
37.3
37. 6
37.8
37. 4
37 4
37. 5
37. 8
37.9
37.3
37. 7
36. 8
37.1
37.4

$1.73
1. 77
1.80
1.80
1. 78
1.80
1.80
1. 79
1.82
1. 83
1.81
1.83
1.82
1.79
1.78

Apparel and other finished textile products

A rtificia l leather, oilcloth, and other
coated fabrics

$1.31 $88.00
1.37 98. 70
1.40 92. 66
1.37 92. 35
1. 37 86. 10
1.39 85. 27
1.39 85.28
1. 40 86. 53
1.41 93.07
1.41 97.00
1. 40 97. 43
1.41 100. 32
1.42 98.10
1.42! 99.23
1.41 95. 48

D yeing and finishing
textiles (except wool)

Miscellaneous textile
Felt goods (except
goods
woven felts and hats) 4

Textile-mill products—Continued
Paddings and upholsiery filling

Dyeing and finishing
textiles 5

39.3
40 0
38.9
39.6
39.8
39.9
39.2
38. 1
38 2
38.3
38. 6
39.0
38.7
37.6
38.7Í

W ork shirts

$1.26 $39. 82
1.30 40. 72
1.30 42. 47
1.30 40. 47
1.30 45. 40
1.31 42 60
1.31 42 60
1.30 42 34
1.30 42 92
1.29 43 50
1.30 43.82
1.31 43.15
1.29 41. 18
1.30 41.18
1. 31 49, 12

36. 2
35. 1
36.3
34.3
38.8
35 8
36. 1
36.5
37.0
37. 5
38. 1
37.2
35.5
34.9
3fi. 0

Total: Annarel and
other finished textile products

$1. 45 $52. 64
1. 49 54. 45
1.51 53.64
1.50 53.49
1.50 54 39
1. 50 54. 75
1.50 52. 84
1. 50 52. 98
1.51 53. 34 !
1.51 54. 15!
1.52 55. 20
1.53 55. 42
1.52 53. 49 j
1.53 53.10
1.53 52.60 !

36.3
36. 3
36.0
35.9
36.5
36.5
35. 7
35.8
35 8
36.1
36.8
36.7
35.9
35.4
35.3

$1.45 $63 12
1. 50 64. 78
1.49 63.01
1. 49 63. 89
1.49 64 06
1. 50 64 05
1.48 62, 48
1. 48 63. 37
1. 49 64 08
1. 50 63. 90
1. 50 64. 62
1 51 63 90
1.49 61.42.
1.50 60.34
1.49 60.89

Women’s outerwear4 4
$1. 10 $57. 02
1.10 58. 38
1.17 57. 92
1. 18 58. 27
1.17 58. 74
1. 19 59. 43
1.18 57. 70
1.16 57. 35
1 16 55. 24
1.16 58. 98
1.15 60.48
1.16 59. 14
1.16 56. 25
1.18 56.09
1.17 55.24

M en’s and boys’
suits and coats

35.21 $1. 62
35.6
1. 64
35.1
1.65
35.1
1.66
35.6
1.65
35 8
1.66
35 4
1. 63
1.62
35 4
34 1
1.62
34. 9
1.69
36.0
1. 68
35.2
1. 681
34.3
1.64
34.2
1.64
34. 1
1.62

36.7
36. 6
35.6
36. 3
38. 4
36. 6
35. 5
35. 8
35 8
36.1
36.1
35. 7
34.7
33.9
34.4

$1.72
1. 77
1. 77
1. 76
1. 76
1. 75
1. 76
1. 77
1.79
1. 77
1. 79
1. 79
1. 77
1.78
1.77

W o m en 's dresses

$55. 62
57 28
56.03
55. 49
55. 62
57. 80
59.01
58. 03
53 09
54. 42
58. 19
57. 75
55. 24
53. 92
53. 76

35.2
35.8
34.8
34.9
35. 2
35. 9
36.2
35.6
33.6
33. 8
35.7
35. 0
34.1
33.7
33. 6

$1.58
1.60
1.61
1. 59
1.58
1.01
1.63
1.63
1. 58
1.61
1. 63
1. 65
1.62
1.60
1.60

831

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees ‘—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. w kly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Year and month

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Manufacturing—Continued
Apparel and other finished textile products—Continued
H ousehold apparel

36.1
37.3
36.1
36 0
36.3
37. 1
37.0
36.9
35.0
35.2
35.5
35.2
35.3
36.3
36.9

1956: Average--------- $44. 76
December____ 47 74
1957: Average............ 46. 57
46.08
January_____
46. 83
February____
March _____ 48. 23
48. 10
April________
47.97
M ay________
June_________ 45. 50
J u ly - - .............. 45.06
45. 44
A ugust______
45. 76
September___
October______ 45. 89
47.
19
N ovem ber___
December........ 47.60

36.6
36. 4
36.9
36.9
37. 7
37.4
36.3
36.6
37.4
38.2
37.5
36.6
36.2
36. 5
35.6

33.9
34. 2
33.7
34. 4
34. 2
33.5
30.7
32.5
32.7
35.5
35.9
34.4
32.3
33.1
32.3

$1.24 $68.14
. 74
1.28
. 75
1.29
1.28 70. 52
1. 29 70. 45
. 68
1.30
1.30 59.87
1.30 63.70
1.30 65. 73
1.28 74.91
1.28 75.03
1.30 71.90
1.30 65.89
. 86
1. 30
1.29 62. 66

68
68

68

66

Children’s outerwear
1956: Average--------- $48. 31
49 14
December-___
1957: A verage.......... 50. 55
January--------- 50 55
51.27
February....... .
50.86
March_______
48.28
April________
49.41
M ay________
June_________ 51. 61
Ju ly — ..........— 52. 72
51.38
A ugust______
50. 51
September___
49. 59
October.. . . .
50. 01
Novem ber___
December........ 48. 42

Underwear and night­
Women’s and chil­
W o m en ’s suits, coats,
dren’s undergarments5 wear, except corsets
and skirts

$2.01 $47. 55
48. 81
2. 04 48. 91
2.05 48.28
2.06 49. 21
2.05 49. 45
1.95 47.70
1.96 47. 57
48.11
48.01
2 09 49. 85
2. 09 51.41
2.04 49.82
49.64
1. 94 48. 47

2.01

2.01
2.11

2.02

Miscellaneous apparel
and accessories
37.1
36.8
35.9
36.2
36.3
35. 7
34.8
34.4
35.2
36.0
35.1
36.3
36.9
36.7
36.7

$1.32 $49. 71
1. 35 51 15
1. 37 49.90
1. 37 49. 23
1.36 49. 73
1.36 49. 27
1.33 48.37
1. 35 48. 16
1.38 49.63
1.38 50. 40
1.37 48. 79
1.38 51.18
1.37 51. 66
1. 37 51.38
1.36 51.01

36.3
36. 7
36.5
36.3
37.0
36. 9
35.6
35. 5
35.9
36.1
37.2
37.8
36.9
36.5
35.9

$1.31 $45. 50
1.33 46. 74
1.34 47. 47
1.33 45. 86
1. 33 47. 50
1. 34 47.62
1.34 45.95
1. 34 45.70
1.34 45. 95
1.33 46. 46
1.34 48. 38
1.36 50. 44
1.35 48. 88
1.36 48.21
1.35 46.70

Other fabricated
textile products *

$1.34 $53. 53
1. 39 57. 22
1. 39 56.70
1. 36 55.35
1.37 55. 86
1.38 55. 42
1.39 54. 54
1. 40 55. 73
1.41 57. 23
1.40 56.10
1.39 57.98
1.41 57. 75
1.40 58.83
1. 40 59.12
1.39 60.13

37.7
38.4
37.8
37.4
38.0
37. 7
37.1
37.4
37.9
37.4
38.4
38.5
38.2
37.9
38.3

36.4
36.8
36.8
36.4
37.4
37. 2
35.9
35.7
35.9
36.3
37.8
38.5
37.6
36.8
36.2

Corsets and allied
garm ents

$1.25 $51. 77
1. 27 52.93
1.29 52. 48
1.26 52. 85
1. 27 52. 64
1.28 52. 85
1.28 51.60
1.28 51. 74
1.28 52. 41
1.28 51.62
1.28 52. 92
1.31 53. 72
1.30 52.10
1.31 52. 48
1.29 51.95

Curtains, draperies,
and other housefurnishings

$1.42 $46. 98
1. 49 48. 10
1.50 49. 37
1. 48 47. 45
1. 47 48.86
1. 47 49. 52
1. 47 48. 86
1.49 46.64
1.51 47. 92
1.50 48.34
1.51 50.05
1.50 51. 59
1.54 51.19
1. 56 49. 88
1. 57 50.27

36.7
37.0
37.4
36. 5
37.3
37.8
37.3
35.6
36.3
36.9
38. 5
38.5
38.2
37. 5
37.8

36.2
36.5
35.7
36.2
36.3
36.2
35. 1
35.2
35.9
35.6
36.0
36.3
35.2
35.7
35.1

$1. 43 $61.85
1. 45 61. 03
1.47 61.40
1. 46 63.00
1. 45 69. 27
1.46 72. 98
1.47 57. 62
1.47 51. 15
1. 46 54. 94
1.45 58.64
1.47 63.41
1.48 65.91
1.48 60.72
1.47 56. 09
1.48 58. 28

66

39.5
40 3
39.5
39. 5
40. 1
39.0
38.6
38.2
39.6
39.8
39.7
40.7
38.6
39.1
40.5

36.6
35.9
35.7
36.0
38.7
40. 1
34.3
31.0
32.9
34.7
37.3
38.1
35.3
32.8
34.9

$1.69
1.70
1. 72
1.75
1. 79
. 82

1
1.68

1.65
1.67
1.69
1.70
1.73
1.72
1. 71
1.67

Canvas products

T extile bags

$1.28 $57.28
1.30 59. 64
1.32 59.25
1. 30 58. 07
1.31 59. 35
1.31 57. 72
. 74
1.31
1.31 57.30
1.32 59. 40
1.31 60. 50
1.30 59.15
1.34 62.27
1.34 58.67
1. 33 59. 43
1. 33 62. 37

Millinery

$1.45 $55. 66
1. 48 56.06
1. 50 57. 48
1.47 56.99
1.48 55.20
1.48 56.06
1. 47 56. 34
1. 50 58. 69
1.50 59.09
1. 52 59. 45
1.49 60. 53
1.53 55.86
1.52 58.56
1.52 56. 45
1. 54 57. 45

39.2
39. 2
39.1
39 3
38 6
39. 2
39.4
40.2
40.2
39.9
38.8
38.0
39.3
38.4
38.3

$1.42
1. 43
1.47
1. 45
1.43
1. 43
1.43
1. 46
1.47
1.49
1.56
1.47
1.49
1.47
1. 50

Lumber and wood products (except furniture)
Total: Lumber and
wood products (ex­
cept furniture)
1056: Average--------- $70. 93
December____ 69 25
1957: Average-.......... 71.86
67. 25
January-------51
February____
M arch_______ 70. 27
72.00
April________
M a y ________ 73. 16
74.89
June________
July — . ........... 71.71
75.62
A ugust______
71.76
September___
October______ 73.97
71. 94
N ovem ber___
December____ 70. 98

68

40.3
39.8
39. 7
39 1
39.6
39 7
40.0
40.2
40. 7
39.4
41. 1
39.0
40.2
39. 1
39.0

Sawmills and plan­
ing mills 5
40.4
39. 5
39.3
38. 7
39. 2
39. 4
39. 7
40.0
39.9
38.8
40 5
39.2
39.8
38.8
38.6

$1.76 $71. 51
1. 74 69 13
. 81 70. 74
. 95
1. 72
. 21
1. 73
1. 77 69. 74
1.80 70.67
1.82 72.00
1.84 73. 42
1.82 70.23
1.84 74.12
1.84 72.13
1.84 72.44
1.84 71.00
. 82 69. 48

1

66
68

1

Millwork, plywood,
and prefabricated
structural wood
products «

Sawmills and planing mills, general

$1.77 $72. 54
1. 75 69. 95
1.80 71. 53
1. 73 67. 04
1. 74 69. 21
1. 77 70 53
1.78 71.86
. 80 73. 20
1.84 74.40
1.81 70. 82
1.83 74 93
1.84 72. 73
1.82 73.23
1.83 71.78
1.80 70.25

1

40.3
39.3
39.3
38 6
39. 1
39.4
39.7
40.0
40.0
38.7
40. 5
39. 1
39.8
38.8
38.6

West

South

United States
$1.80 $49.09
1.78 49. 56
1.82 49. 29
1. 76 48.00
1. 77 48.12
1. 79 48. 52
1.81 48.64
1.83 50. 26
49. 25
1.83 49. 13
1. 85 50. 87
50.31
1.84 50. 55
1.85 48.19
1.82 48. 71

1.86

1.86

41.6
41.3
40.4
40 0
40. 1
40. 1
40.2
41.2
40.7
40.6
41 7
40.9
41.1
39.
39.6

$1.18 $90. 87
. 16
. 20
. 39
. 20 84.04
86.18
. 21 87. 78
89. 31
. 22 90. 25
91.89
85. 74
92. 36
1.23
. 64
1.23 89. 47
89.62
1.23 87. 61

1 86
1.22 88
1
1.20
1
1.21
1
1.21
1.21
1.22
88
1.22

39.0
37. 3
38.1
36. 7
37.8
38. 5
39.0
38.9
39.1
36.8
39.3
37.4
38.4
38.3
37.6

$2. 33 $74. 30
2. 31 75 11
2. 32 75. 79
2. 29 73. 63
2.28 74.00
2.28 71.97
2. 29 74.40
2. 32 76. 73
2.35 77.71
2.33 75. 98
2. 35 77. 52
2.37 77. 95
2.33 76. 57
2. 34 74. 68
2. 33 75.83

40.6
40.6
40.1
39.8
400
38.9
40.0
40.6
40.9
40.2
40.8
40.6
40.3
39.1
39.7

$1.83
1.85
1. 89
1. 85
1. 85
1. 85

1.86
1.89
1.90
1.89
1.90
1.92
1.90
1.91
1.91

Furniture and fixtures

1956: A vera g e_____ $72. 90
December____ 73. 91
1957: Average-.......... 75. 5E
72. 6f
January-------72. 8f
February____
72. 68
M arch______
73.61
April________
75.
31
M ay_______
77. 4t
June________
77.64
Ju ly — ............
77.41
A ugust_____
78.4
September__
77 1
October_____
75.0
Novem ber__
74.8
December----

40.5
40.
40.4
39.
39
39.
39.
40.
41.
41.1
4i. :
41.1
40.
39.
39. f

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Wooden containers 5

Plywood

Millwork

$1.80 $76. 22
1.80 75. 6"
1.87 75. 81
1.80 74. 3’
1. 84 76 O'
1.84 71.20
.8. 76.11
. 80 78.31
1.81 78. 3i
1.81 72. 9.
1.81 77. 7(
. 9( 76. or
76. o:
74.8f
77.2

1
1

1
1.8
1.8
1.8

41.2
40.
39.
40.
40. £
38..
40.
41.
40.
38. f
40.
39.
39.
39.
39.

$1.8E $56. 71
. 8. 57. 52
1.9C 56.3"
.8. 55. 71
1.81 55. 3C
56. 0C
. 8.
.8' ' 56. 81
57. Of
1.9
57. Of
1.9
.8' 57.6(
57. 6(
1.9
56. 5'
1.9
56.7
1.9
54.9
1.9
54.7
1.9

1
1
1
1
1

40.
40.
39.
39.
39
40.
40.
40.1
40.1
40.
40.
39.
39.
38.
38.

Wooden boxes, other
than cigar

$1.39 $56. 55
1.41 56. 3C
1.42 56. 52
1. 40 55. If
1. 4f 55. 01
1. 4C 55. 88
1. 41 56. 42
1. 42 56.9f
1.42 57.4'
1.41 58. 5f
1.41 58.1,
1.41 56. 5(
1.4' 57. 2(
1.41 54. 0(
1.4
53. 52

41.0
40.
39.8
39.
39
40.
40. r
40.1
40.2
40.1
40.
39.
40.
38.
38.

Miscellaneous wood
products

$1. 3f $60.IE
1. 3' 61. 3£
1.42 61. 5€
1.3$ 60. Of
1.3' 60. 91
1.3$ 61. 5t
1. 4( 61. 7f
1.4
61. 80
1.4. 63.11
1.4. 61.91
62. 2'
1.4
62. 3'
1.4
62. Of
1.4
61. 21
1.4
62. Of
1.3

Total: Furniture and
fixtures

41.2 $1.40 $68. 9E
1. 49 71. 4£
41.
1. 52 69.60
40.
. 46
1. 4£
40.
1. 4£ 69. 5E
40.
41. C 1.5C 69. 5E
. 28
1.51
40. £
1.52 67.82
40.7
1.54 69.08
41.
. 3S
1. 54
40.:
1.51 71.61
40."
1. 54 72.3£
40.
1.54 72.04
40.1
1.5. 69. 4f
39.
1. 5. 70. 8C
40.

68

68
68

40.8
41.3
40.0
39.8
40.
40.2
39.
39.5
39.
39.1
40.
40. £
40."
39.
40.

$1.69
1. 73
1. 74
1. 72
1. 73
1. 73
1. 72
1. 73
1. 74 ’
1. 74
1.76 '
1.77
1.77
1.75 '
1.77

332

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958

Table 0-1. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg, Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Manufacturing—Continued

Year and month

Furniture and fixtures
Wood household
fu r n itu re ( except
upholstered)

Household furniture «

1956: Average........... $65. 77
December____
. 56
. 23
1957: Average______
January_____
64.78
February____
March_______ 66.40
April________
65.01
M ay................
64.02
June_________ 65.74
July— .............. 64.68
August— ___ 67.97
68.71
September___
October______ 69.12
. 86
N ovem ber___
December____ 67.60

40.6
41.3
39.9
39.5
40.0
40.0
39.4
38.8
39.6
39.2
40.7
40.9
40.9
39.8
40.0

68
66
66.00

66

$1.62 $59.20
41.4 $1.43 $71. 82
61. 45
41.
1.47 77.93
. 66 59.94
40.5
1.48 72. 50
1.64 58.84
40.3
1. 46
. 58
1. 65 58. 98
40.4
1. 46 72. 86
59. 39
40.4
1. 47 73. 97
1. 65 58.80
40.0
1.47 71.92
1.65 58.61
39.6
1.48 67.51
59.20
40.0
1.48 71.00
1.65 58.21
39.6
1.47
1.67 61.39
41.2
1.49 72.80
61.69
41.4
1.49 75. 52
1.69 62.40
41.6
1.50 75.52
; 60.49
40.6
1.49 74.03
1.69 ' 60.75
40.5
1.50 76. 95
Furniture and fixtures—Continued

1.66
1

41.6
42.4
39.5
40.8
40.4
40.3
39.3
39.1
37.5
39.6
40.2
40.4
38.2
38.9
38.2

1.66

86
88.88

2.11

2 86.86
2.20
2

41.7
42.1
41.6
41.1
41.1
41.3
41.0
40.8
41.6
41.6
42.4
42.9
42.3
41.3
40.7

40.5
40.7
39.6
39.4
40.0
40.8
40.6
40.3
39.7
39.6
39.9
39.7
38.1
38.2
39.2

See footnotes at end of table.

Fiber cans, tubes,
and dru m s

$1.82 $79.37
1.85 82. 61
1. 91 82. 61
78. 21
1.87 81.20
81. 61
82. 42
1.89 81.80
1.91 84.87
1.94 83.01
1.93 82. 62
1.96 84.24
1.96 84.38
1.94 85.20
1.93 85. 03

1.86
1.88
1.88

Books


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Partitions, shelving,
lockers, and fixtures

40.7
41.1
40.1
39.3
40.2
40.2
40.4
39.9
41.0
40.1
40.3
40.5
39.8
40.0
40.3!

$2.07 $93.03
. 08 95. 41
2.13 95.76
94.24
94.80
96.39
95.20
2.13 94.49
2.13 95.04
95.12
2.16 95.76
2.16 97.93
2.17 96.56
2.17 95.35
2.17 98.09

2
2.10
2.12
2.10
2.10

2.12

40.1
40.6
39.9
40.1
40.0
40.5
40.0
39.7
39.6
39.8
39.9
40.3
39.9
39.4
40.2

68.00
68

40.5
40.3
40.1
39.4
39.6
40.1
40.5
39.8
40.0
39.9
40.4
41.0
40.3
39.5
40.6

1.86

68

1.86
1.86
1.86

2

2

2.12
2.11

41.2
41.4
40.9
40.7
41.0
40.9
40.8
40, 7
41.0
41.0
41.3
41.7
40.9
40.5
40.8

$2.32 $94.16
2. 35 94. 41
2.40 96. 53
2.35 93. 51
2. 37 95.35
2.38 96.87
2.38 95. 50
2.38 96.53
2.40 97.66
2.39 98.50
2.40 98.70
2.43 98.70
2. 42 96.19
2.42 95.80
2.44 96.43

39.9
39. 5
39.4
38.8
39.4
39. 7
39.3
39.4
39.7
39.4
39.8
39.8
39.1
39.1
39.2

86

1.86

1.88

1

1.88
1.88
1

42.8
43.0
42.3
42.3
42.3
42.3
42.1
42.0
42.2
42.3
42.5
42.9
42.4
41.9
41.9

Pulp, paper, and
paperboard mills

66

$71. 21
70. 4C
65.19
67.20
67.62
65.83
64.06
63.04
64.94
63.18
66.98
67. 55
65.67
63.60
66.17

2.00
2.00
2.00
2.01

2.12

2

2.20
2.20
2.22
2.22
2
2

2
2

38.8
39.1
38.4
38.3
38.5
38.8
38.5
38.4
38.4
38.3
38.5
38.7
38.4
38.0
38.6

$2. 43
2. 46
2. 51
2. 46
2.48
2. 49
2.49
2. 51
2. 51
2. 51
2.51
2.53
2.53
2. 53
2. 55

38.4
38.0
38.2
38.2
38.1
38.1
38.0
38.5
38.3
38.8
38.4
38.2
38.1
38.2
39.0

Newspapers
$99.64
103. 21
101. 39
97. 86
98. 84
99. 76
101.03
103. 25
102.96
100. 54
100. 67
103.32
103. 46
. 82
105. 56

102

1.66

39.4
39.9
39.1
39.1
39.6
39.6
39.0
38.9
39.4
38.8
39.1
39.0
38.8
38.2
38.6

$1.66
1.65
1.59
1.60
1.61
1.59
1.57
1.58
1.58
1.56
1.61
1.62
1.59
1.61
1.61

41.6
42.0
41.4
40.9
41.0
41.2
40.9
40.7
41.5
41.4
42.2
42.6
42.0
41.2
40.7

$1.83
1.87
1.93
1.87
1.89
1.90
1.90
1.91
1.93
1.95
1.94
1. 97
1.98
1.96
1. 95

Periodicals
$2. 76 $96.16
2.82 93.30
2. 84 100. 95
2. 78 95. 68
2.80 99.60
. 81 99. 75
2. 83 101. 09
96. 47
. 86 97. 71
2.84 100.90
2.82 104. 60
2.87 107.38
2. 89 104. 49
. 88 101. 77
2. 90

2
2.86
2

2

Bookbinding and
related industries

$1.60 $72.10
1. 64 74. 61
. 68 73. 90
1.69 73.12
1. 71 73. 66
1.70 74. 45
1. 71 73. 32
1.70 73.13
1.67 74.07
1.64 72.94
1. 67 75. 07
73.71
1.65 73.72
1.65 73.73
1. 70 74. 88

1

36.1
36.6
35.7
35.2
35.3
35. 5
35.7
36.1
36.0
35.4
35.7
36.0
35.8
35.7
36.4

42. £
42.7
41.0
42. (
42.0
41.4
40.8
39.9
41.1
40.5
41.6
41.7
41.3
39.5
41.1

Paperboard con­
tainers and boxes 8

$1. 94 $91.05
44.2 $2.06 $76.13
1.99 94.15
44.2
2.13 78. 54
2. 04 94.18
43.4
2.17 79. 90
1.99 93.07
43.9
76.48
93. 08
43.7
2.13 77. 49
92.66
43.5
2.13 78.28
92.44
43.4
2.13 77.71
92.23
43.3
2.13 77.74
2.03 93.53
43.1
2.17 80.10
2.06 95.48
43.4
80.73
. 06 95. 26
43.3
81.87
2.08 96.79
43.6
83.92
2.08 96.35
43.4
83.16
. 08 95.24
. 22 80. 75
42.9
. 08 95. 68
. 22 79. 37
43.1
Printing, publishing, and allied industries

Greeting cards

$2. 36 $61. 44
2. 39 62.32
2. 45 64.18
2. 41 64. 56
2. 42 65.15
2. 44 64. 77
2. 43 64.98
2. 45 65. 45
2. 46 63. 96
2.50 63.63
2.48 64.13
2.48 63. 41
2.46 62. 87
2. 45 63.03
2. 46
. 30

W ood office fu rn itu re

$1.83 $79. 42
41.8 $1. 9C
1. 87 82. 91
42.3
. 9f
1.89 78.78
40.4
1.95
78. 55
40.7
1. 93
79.13
41.0
1.93
. 86 79.73
41.1
1.94
1.84 77.78
40.3
1. 93
1.87 77.79
40.1
1.94
1. 91 77.22
39.6
1.95
1.90 77. 61
39.8
1.95
1.91 81.56
41.4
1.97
1.92 81.97
41.4
1.98
1.92 78. 41
39.8
1.97
1. 91 78. 80
39.8
1.98
1. 94 79.00
39.9
1.98
Paper and allied products

Total: Printing,
publishing, and
allied industries

$1.77 $94.28
1.82 96.19
96.38
1.83 94.22
1.83 95. 48
1.83 96.61
1.84 95.87
1.84 96.38
1.85 96.38
1.87 96.13
96.64
1.89 97.91
1.90 97.15
1.91 96.14
1. 91 98. 43

lithographing

39.4
39.4
39.1
38.8
39.0
38.5
37.2
38.7
40.3
40.5
40.4
40.5
39.2
37.1
38.0

Total: Paper and
allied products

$1. 64 $83.03
1.69 85. 57
1.71
. 29
84.18
84.60
1.69 84.60
84.20
1.69 84. 42
1.70 85.67
1.72 87.14
1.72 87. 55
1.75 89.23
1.74 88.19
1.74 87. 15
1.77 87.15

1.66
1.68
1.68

Office, p ublic­
building, and
professional
fu rn itu re *

M attresses and
bedsprings

$1.80 $72. If
73. 68
1.84 73. 90
1.80 72.94
1. 84 73. 32
1.84 71.61
1.83
. 45
1.81 72.37
1.83 76. 97
1.80 76. 95
1.82 77.16
77. 76
75.26
70. 86
1.90 73. 72

Other paper and
allied products

$1.95 $72. 92
. 01 75.35
2.06 76.07
1.99 74.48
. 02 75.03
2.03 74. 85
2. 04 75.07
2.05 74.89
2.07 75. 85
2.07 76. 67
2.05 77. 64
2.08 78.81
77.71
2.13 77.36
77.93

Commercial printing

39. £
41. £
39.4
38.1
39.6
40.2
39.3
37.3
38.8
37.9
40.4
40.6
40.6
39.8
40.5

Screens, blinds, and
miscellaneous furni­
ture and fixtures

68.11
2.12 68

Paperboard boxes

1956: Average_____ $83. 84
December........ 84. 66
1957: Average______ 84. 35
January............ 82. 74
February____
84.80
March...........
85.68
April................. 85. 26
M ay________
85.84
June_________ 84. 56
July............... .
83.95
August______
86.18
September___ 85.75
October______ 82.68
82. 89
November___
December........ 85.06

68.22

1.68
1.68

$2.09 $84.05
41.0 $2.05 $66. 42
2.18 85.70
41.2
2.08
2.17 85. 22
40.2
. 57
2.15 86.32
41.3
2.09 65.40
2.15 84.66
40.9
2.07 66.53
2.15 85.69
41.0
2. 09 67. 77
2.14 84.23
40.3
2. 09 68.04
2.15 85.24
40.4
67.26
2.15 86.05
40.4
2.13
2.18 84.96
2.14
39.7
. 63
. 21
40.4
2.15 69.49
86.80
40.0
2.17 71.75
2.19 87.70
40.6
2.16 70.12
. 21 83.85
2.15 68.73
39.0
2.19 84. 53
39.5
2.14 71.86
Paper and allied products—Continued

86.86

1956: Average_____ $75. 89
December____ 77.89
79. 46
1957: Average_____
76.45
January_____
February....... . 76. 86
M arch_______ 77.64
77.08
April________
M ay................_ 77.11
June_________ 79.46
July................._ 80.70
81.83
August______
84.08
September___
October______ 82. 91
80.12
November___
December____ 78. 55

68

1.66

M etal office fu r n itu re

1956: Average............ $86.94
December____ 92.43
85.72
1957: A v era g e____
87.72
January_____
February____
March_______ 86.65
84.10
April_______
84.07
M a y ________
June_________ 80.63
. 33
July...................
88.84
August______
September___
October______ 83.66
85. 97
November___
December____ 83.66

Wood household
fu r n itu re , upholstered

39.9 $2. 41
39.7
2.35
39.9
2. 53
39.7
2.41
40.0
2. 49
39.9
2. 50
39.8
2. 54
38.9
2.48
39.4
2.48
40.2
2.51
40.7
2.57
41.3
2.60
40.5
2. 58
39.6
2. 57
40.2
2. 54
Miscellaneous pub­
lishing and printing
services

102.11

$1.83 $109.09
1.87
. 26
1.89 110. 78
1.87 109.06
. 22
. 88 113.18
109. 52

110

1.86 112
1
1.88
1.88 110.88
1.88 110.30
1.88 110.30

1.92
1.89
1.90
1.93
1.94

112. 91
111.07
111.36
107. 07
108. 77

39.1
39.1
38.6
38.4
39.1
39.3
38.7
38.5
38.3
38.3
38.8
38.7
38.8
37.7
38.3

$2. 76
2.82
2. 87
2.84
2. 87

2.88
2.83
2.88
2.88
2.88

2.91
2.87
2.87
2.84
2.84

333

O: EARNINGS AND HOURS

T able C - l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. w kly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Manufacturing—Continued

Year and month

Chemicals and allied products
Total: Chemicals and
allied products
1956: Average ____ $87.14
December____ 89. 86
91.24
1957: Average_____
January______ 89. 21
February____
89.40
March_______ 89. 40
April________
89.40
May___............ 90. 64
June_________ 91.88
July................... 92.25
A ugust______
92.25
September___
92. 70
October______ 91.84
92. 66
November___
December____ 93. 34

41.3
41.6
41.1
41.3
41.2
41.2
41.2
41.2
41.2
41.0
41.0
41.2
41.0
41.0
41.3

$2.11
2.16
. 22
. 16
2.17
2. 17
2.17
. 20
2.23
2. 25
2. 25
2. 25
2. 24
. 26
. 26

2
2

2

2
2

Industrial inorganic
chemicals ®
$95.12
98. 12
99. 55
96. 93
97. 34
97. 51
97. 99
98.33
99.63
100.53
101.18
102. 09
101.50
. 00
103. 75

102

Synthetic fibers

1956: Average_____ $77.81
December____ 79. 38
1957: Average______ 82. 21
January_____
79. 79
February____
80. 00
March_____ _ 79. 60
April................. 80. 80
M ay.................
81.61
June_________ S3.03
July— ............ 83.42
August______
83.22
September___
82. 41
October. ___ 83.01
November___
83.41
December____ 84.24

39.9
40.5
40.3
40.5
40.2
40.0
40.4
40.4
40.5
40.3
40.4
40.2
40.1
40.1
40.5

86

86

41.4
41. 4
41.0
41.0
41.0
40. 7
41.2
41.0
41.6
41.5
41.4
40.8
40.6
40.3
40.3

$2. 32 $93.20
2. 37 95. 94
2. 44 97.20
2. 37 94. 37
2.38 95. 71
2. 39 95.24
2.39 95. 65
2.41 95.41
2. 43 96.80
2.47 99.31
2. 48 99.63
2.49 98.98
2.50 98.09
2. 50 99.88
2.50 101.19

$1.95 $87. 08
1.96 91. 96
2. 04 93. 75
1. 97 91.05
1.99 91.24
1.99 92. 29
92. 25
94.89
2.05 93. 94
2.07 95.68
2.06 96.10
2. 05 96. 87
2.07 94.48
2.08 91.66
2.08 91.66

2.00
2.02

40.5
41.8
41.3
41.2
41. 1
41. 2
41.0
41.8
41.2
41.6
41.6
42.3
40.9
40.2
40.2

$2.15 $78. 55
. 20 81 19
2. 27 82.82
. 21 81.60
82.00
2. 24 82. 01
2. 25 81.61
2. 27 82.01
. 28 82.62
2.30 82. 42
2.31 81.81
2.29 83.64
2.31 84.05
. 28 85.08
. 28 84.05

2
2
2.22

2

2
2

Gum and wood
chemicals

$2.03 $75. 33
2.08 76. 08
2.13 78. 63
2.08 77. 25
2.09 76. 32
2.09 75.60
77. 35
79.49
2.13 78. 07
2.14 80.91
2.15 78.81
2. 15 80. 97
2.16 77.98
2.17 79.37
2.17 78.58

2.11
2.12

42.8
42.5
42.5
43.4
42.4
42.0
42.5
43.2
42.2
43.5
42.6
43.3
41.7
40.7
41.8

40.7
41.0
40.5
40.5
40.9
40.7
40.7
40.6
40.5
40.7
40.5
40.4
40.2
40.6
41.3

40.7
40.8
40.8
40.8
41.0
40.8
40.4
40.4
40.7
40.6
40.3
40.8
41.0
41.3
41.2

2

2.00
2.00
2
2.02

2

1.86

1.88

42.3
42. 6
42.4
42.3
42.2
43.5
43.6
44.4
41.8
41.5
41.6
41.9
41.7
41.4
41.9

101.02

100.12

41.2
41.3
41.1
41.3
41.2
41.5
41.0
40.6
41.2
41.0
41.3
41.4
40.9
40.8
41.2

1956: Average______ $80. 38
December____ 83. 84
1957: Average______ 84. 24
82. 42
January.........
February. ___ 83. 03
March_______ 83 23
April________
83.03
M ay________
83. 22
June_________ 84. 03
July................... 83.21
August______
83.82
85. 47
September___
October____
84.82
85. 22
November___
. 48
December____

86

40.8
41.3
40.5
40.4
40.9
40.8
40.7
40.4
40.4
40.2
40.3
40.7
40.2
40.2
40.6

Seefootnotes at end of table.

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Essential oils, perfumes, cosmetics

$1. 97 $66.47
2.03 70. 93
2.08 69. 21
2. 04 66.99
2.03 67. 25
2. 04
. 03
2.04
. 78
2.06 68.64
2.08 69. 45
2. 07 67.94
2.08 69. 42
71.06
68.71
68.85
2. 13 71.86

68
68

2.10
2.11
2.12

39.1
40.3
39.1
38.5
39.1
39.1
39.3
39.0
38.8
38.6
39.0
39.7
38.6
38.9
39.7

$1.60 $74. 42
l 66 75. 33
1.69 78.50
. 66 75.24
1.65 75.10
1.63 76.64
1.62 76. 74
1.69 78. 55
1.70 80.78
1.73 82.47
1.73 81.10
1.74 78. 85
1.73 78.32
1. 72 79.00
1. 73 78. 82

1

45.1
46.5
44.6
45.6
44.7
44.3
43.6
43.4
43.9
44.1
43.6
44.8
45.8
45.4
45.3

112

$98.16
. 28
104. 90
102. 92
101. 93
102. 84
. 66
102.97
105.06
103. 73
107.43
106. 91
106.30
107. 27
110. 35

100

102

40.9
41.1
41.3
41.5
41. 1
41.3
40.9
40.7
41.2
41.0
41.8
41.6
41.2
41. 1
41.8

1

1.68 68

1.86

45.0
47. 1
44.6
46.4
45.3
44.4
43. 5
42.8
43.0
43.2
42.8
44.5
46.2
45.8
46.1

$2.50
2. 58
2.63
2.58
2.56
2. 57
2.56
2. 59
2.61
2.64
. 68
2. 67
2.67
2.73
2.73

2

Paints, pigments, and
fillers 5

$2. 40 $86.11
2. 44 88.18
2. 54 89.16
2.48 87.54
2. 48 87. 53
2. 49 87.31
2. 51 88.78
. 75
2. 53
2. 55 90.69
2.53 90. 67
2. 57 91.08
2. 57 89.76
2. 58 90.13
. 61 89. 47
2.64 89. 47

88

2

41.6
41.4
40.9
41. 1
40.9
40.8
41.1
40.9
41.6
41.4
41.4
40.8
40.6
40.3
40.3

$2.07
2.13
2.18
2.13
2.14
2.14
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19

2.20
2.20
2.22
2. 22
2. 22

Animal oils and fats

Vegetable oils

$1.65 $67. 95
. 62 69. 24
1.76 71.36
1. 65 69.60
. 40
1.73 69. 26
1.76 69.17
1.81 71.05
1.84 73. 53
1.87 76.46
74. 90
1.76 71.65
1.71 72.07
1.74 71.91
1.74 72.84

41.4
41.6
40.9
41.2
40.7
40.8
40.6
40.9
39.8
41.2
40.8
40.6
40.5
41.3
41.1

$1. 51 $85. 43
1.47 85. 54
1.60 89.20
1. 50 84. 86
1.51 85. 89
1.56 87. 32
1. 59 87.60
87.96
1.71 89. 55
1. 77 89. 95
1. 75 88.31
1.61 89. 95
1.56 89.75
1. 57 91. 39
1.58 89.32

1.66

45.2
45.5
44.6
44.2
43.6
44.1
43.8
44.2
45.0
45.2
44.6
45.2
45.1
44.8
44.0

$1.89

1.88
2.00
1.92
1.97
1.98

2.00

1.99
1.99
1. 99
1.98
1.99
1.99
2.04
2.03

Products of petroleum and coal

Compressed and
liquefied gases

$1. 70 $90. 09
1. 76 94. 13
1.77 96.14
1. 74 94.08
1. 72 95.18
1.74 94. 50
1. 75 95.37
1.76 94.81
1.79 96.83
1.76 96. 79
1.78 95.08
1.79 98.09
1.78 96.70
1.77 99. 25
1.81 96. 52

2
2

42.1 $2. 23 $103. 50
2. 32 107. 33
42.1
2. 39 107. 57
41.7
2. 31 106. 30
41.8
2 32 104.19
41.9
42. C 2. 34 104. 86
2.33 103. 94
42.0
41.7
2. 36 105.93
41.5
2. 40 103.88
2.42 108. 75
41.8
42.0
2. 42 109.34
41.6
2. 44 108. 40
2. 44 108.14
41.8
2. 44 112. 75
41.7
. 20
41.4
2.44

Soap and glycerin

Vegetable and animal
oils and fats ®

Chemicals and allied products—Continued
Miscellaneous chemicals *

$2. 20
2. 25
2. 34
. 28
. 28
2. 29
2.30
2.32
2.34
2. 33
2.36
2. 36
2.38
2. 40
2. 43

Synthetic rubber

Plastics, except synthetic rubber

41.1 $2. 26 $93. 88
41 3
2. 31 98. 09
2. 37 99.66
40.9
41.1
2.31 96. 56
2. 32 97. 21
40.9
2. 33 98.28
40.8
2. 33 97 86
40. 9
2.35 98.41
41.0
41.1
2.38 99. 60
40.9
2.40 101.16
41.0
2.40 101. 64
2.41 101. 50
41.0
40.8
2.41 101. 99
2. 42 101. 75
40.8
41.01 2.42

Soap, cleaning and
polishing preparations®

$1.93 $90. 64
1.99 92. 93
2. 03 96.17
94. 16
93.94
. 01 95.04
94.30
2. 03 94.19
2. 03 96.41
2. 03 95. 53
2. 03 97. 47
2. 05 97.70
2.05 97.34
. 06 97. 92
2. 04

Fertilizers

$1. 76 $67. 68
1. 79 70. 72
1.85 71.66
1. 78 70. 22
1.80 69.63
1.80 70.91
1.82 70.63
1.84 75.04
1.85 71.06
71.80
1.85 71.97
1.87 72. 91
1.87 72.14
1. 95 71.21
72.49

Industrial organic
chemicals ®

$2. 29 $92. 89
2. 34 95. 40
. 40 96. 93
2. 33 94.94
2.34 94. 89
2. 34 95. 06
2. 35 95. 30
2. 35 96.35
2.39 97. 82
2.44 98.16
2.46 98.40
2. 45 98.81
2. 44 98.33
2. 46 98.74
2. 45 99.22

Drugs and medicines

Explosives

Paints, varnishes,
lacquers, and enamels
1956: Average_____ $84. 04
. 11
Decern her___
87.33
1957: Average_____
January_____
85.28
85. 69
F ebruary___
March_______ 85. 06
April________
. 93
M ay________
86.92
June.................. 88.61
July................... 88.81
August______
89.01
September___
87. 72
O c to b e r .___
87.70
November___
87. 45
December____ 87. 45

41.0
41.4
40.8
40.9
40.9
40.8
41.0
40.8
41.0
40.7
40.8
41.0
40.6
40.8
41. 5

Alkalies and chlorine

42.1
42.4
41.8
42.0
42.3
42.0
42.2
41.4
42.1
41.9
41.7
42.1
41.5
41.7
40.9

Total: Products of
petroleum and coal

$2.14 $104.39
. 22 105. 37
2. 30 108. 79
2. 24 106. 45
2. 25 104. 45
2. 25 104. 60
. 26 106. 71
2.29 106. 75
2.30 108. 79
2.31 111.64
2.28 109.21
2. 33 113. 30
2.33 110.03
2. 38
2. 36 110. 70

2

2

111.11

41.1
41.0
40.9
41. 1
40.8
40.7
41.2
40.9
40.9
41.5
40.6
41.5
40.6
40.7
40.7

Petroleum refining

$2. 54 $108. 39
2.57 109. 74
. 61
. 66
. 68
2. 59
2. 56 107.86
2.57 108. 26
2.59 110. 95
. 61 110.84
113. 70
2. 69 115.92
2. 69 111.60
2. 73 117.01
2.71 113.36
2. 73 115. 87
2. 72 115. 62

2

2
2.66

112
110

40.9
41.1
40.8
41.3
40.7
40. 7
41.4
40.9
40.9
41.4
40.0
41.2
40.2
40.8
41.0

Coke,otherpetroleum,
and coal products

$2. 65 $91. 32
2. 67 91.53
2. 76 95.76
93.38
2.65 93. 52
92. 57
92.57
2. 71 93.02
2.78 94.30
2.80 98.41
2.79 101.39
2. 84 101.81
. 82 99.66
2.84 95. 51
. 82 94.16

2.68
2.66
2.68

2
2

41.7
40.5
41.1
40.6
41.2
40.6
40.6
40.8
41.0
41.7
42.6
42.6
41.7
40.3
39.9

$2.19
. 26
2. 33
2.30
2.27
. 28
2.28
2.28
2.30
2.36
2.38
2.39
2.39
2. 37
2. 36

2

2

334

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958

T able C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. w kly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Year and month

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. w kly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly,
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Manufacturing—Continued
Rubber products
Total: Rubber
products

1956: Average______ $87. 23
December____ 92 74
91. 76
1957: Average_____
January_____
91. 21
February____
90.80
March.............. 89. 28
April................. 87. 60
M ay_______
88.80
J u n e ...______ 91.21
Ju ly .................. 94.16
August---------- 92. 84
92. 97
September___
October______ 93.03
November___
93.20
December____ 92.63

40.2
41 4
40.6
40.9
40.9
40.4
40.0
40.0
40.9
41.3
40.9
40.6
40.1
40.0
40.1

Tires and Inner
tubes

$2.17 $100. 95
2 24 109. 25
. 26 106. 52
2. 23 107. 64
106. 19
. 21 102. 40
2. 19 103 46
. 22 103. 46
2. 23 107. 23
. 20
2.28
2. 27 107. 83
2. 29 107. 20
2.32 105.18
2. 33 106. 62
2. 31 106.13

2
2.22
2
2

112

39.9
41 7
40. 5
41. 4
41.0
40.0
40. 1
40.1
41.4
42.5
41.0
40.3
39.1
39.2
39.0

Leather and leather products

Rubber footwear

$2.53 $71.89
2.62 73. 26
2. 63 73. 66
2.60 71. 76
2. 59 72. 10
2.56 72 68
2. 58 70. 64
2.58 71.92
2.59 72. 29
2.64 72.13
2.63 73. 05
74. 45
2.69 76.02
2. 72 78. 96
. 68 79.35

2.66

2

39.5
39. 6
39.6
39.0
39.4
39. 5
38.6
39.3
39.5
39.2
39.7
39.6
39.8
40.7
40.9

Other rubber products

$1.82 $78. 96
1. 85 82 59
82. 82
1. 84 81.39
1.83 81. 18
1. 84 81 19
1.83 79 60
1.83 79. 80
1.83 81. 81
1.84 82. 62
1.84 83.84
85.08
1.91
1.94 85.05
1.94 83.82

1.86

1.88

86.10

40.7
41.5
40.8
40.9
41.0
40.8
40.2
40.1
40.7
40.7
41.1
41.1
41.0
40. 5
40.3

Total: Leather and
leather products

$1. P4 $56.02
1.99 57. 30
2.03 57.60
1. 99 57 76
1.98 58.60
1.99 58. 52
1.98 56.83
1.99 55.90
58. 21
2.03 58. 29
2.04 58. 67
2.07 57. 66
57.04
57. 31
. 08 58.13

2.01

2.10
2.10
2

37.6
37 7
37.4
38.0
38.3
38 0
36.9
36.3
37.8
38.1
38.1
37.2
36.8
36.5
37. 5

Leather: tanned,
curried, and finished

$1.49 $74. 24
1. 52 76 42
1. 54 76. 83
1. 52 75. 65
1.53 75. 65
1. 54 75. 26
1. 54 76. 43
1.54 75. 27
1. 54 77.81
1.53 76.83
1.54 77. 22
1. 55 77. 42
1.55 77.81
1. 57 77. 61
1. 55 78.80

39.7
39 8
39.4
39. 4
39.4
39.2
39.6
39.0
39.9
39.4
39.4
39.3
39.1
39.0
39.6

$1.87
1.92
1.95
1.92
1.92
1.92
1. 93
1.93
1.95
1.95
1.96
1.97
1.99
1.99
1.99

Leather and leather products—Continued
Industrial leather
belting and packing
1956: Average______ $72. 40
December____ 75, 70
1957: Average______ 76.55
Jan u ary_____ 78.63
75. 70
February____
M arch.’_____ 75. 36
73. 47
April..............
74. 34
M ay________
74. 77
June________
July................... 77.36
78.91
August______
79. 13
September___
October______ 77.90
78. 34
November___
December____ 76.95

40.0
40 7
40.5
42. 5
40.7
40.3
39. 5
40.4
40.2
40.5
41.1
41.0
41.0
40.8
40.5

Boot and shoe cut
stock and findings

$1.81 $53. 48
55.30
1.89 55.94
1. 85 55. 77
56. 50
1. 87 55. 71
. 86 53. 07
1.84 54. 68
57.72
1.91 56.74
1.92 56.30
1.93 53. 95
1.90 55. 28
1.92 54. 81
1.90 57. 45

1.86

1.86
1
1.86

37.4
38 4
37.8
38. 2
38.7
37.9
36.6
37.2
39.0
38.6
38.3
36.7
37.1
36.3
38.3

Footwear (except
rubber)

$1.43 $53. 57
1 44 54. 31
1.48 55.13
1. 46 55. 71
1.46 56. 39
1. 47 56. 47
1. 45 54. 39
1. 47 53.04
1.48 55.73
1.47 56. 09
1.47 56. 32
1.47 54. 90
1.49 54.15
1. 51 53. 91
1.50 55. 35

37.2
37 2
37.0
37.9
38. 1
37. 9
36.5
35.6
37.4
37.9
37.8
36.6
36.1
35.7
36.9

Luggage

$1.44 $62. 72
5.46 64 13
1.49 62. 27
1.47 61.88
1.48 62.59
1. 49 63.08
1.49 61.45
1.49 61.56
1. 49 63. 50
1.48 64. 40
1.49 63. 27
1.50 65.11
1.50 62. 21
1. 51 61.92
1. 50 62. 29

39.2
38.4
38.2
37.5
38.4
38.7
37.7
38.0
39.2
40.0
39.3
39.7
37.7
37.3
37.3

Handbags and small
leather goods
$1.60 $51. 00
1. 67 53.02
1.63 53. 53
1.65 52. 50
1.63 53. 82
1.63 53. 96
1.63 52. 05
1.62 51.05
1.62 52.82
1.61 53. 34
1.61 54.14
1.64 53.58
1.65 54.10
. 66 56.16
1.67 54. 71

1

37.5
37 6
37.7
37.5
37.9
38.0
36.4
35.7
37.2
37.3
38.4
38.0
38.1
39.0
38.8

Gloves and miscel­
laneous leather goods

$1.36 $43. 34
1.41 49 71
1.42 49. 50
1.40 49. 28
1.42 49.82
1. 42 49. 87
1.43 48.96
1. 43 49. 46
1.42 50. 01
1.43 49.32
1.41 50. 32
1.41 50.14
1.42 49. 78
1.44 48. 37
1.41 48.82

36.9
37 1
36.4
36. 5
36.9
36 4
36.0
36.1
36.5
36.0
37.0
36.6
36.6
34.8
35.9

$1.31
1. 34
1.36
1.35
1.35
1.37
1.36
1.37
1.37
1.37
1.36
1.37
1.36
1.39
1.36

Stone, clay, and glass products
Total: Stone, clay,
and glass products
1956: A v e r a g e ..___ $80. 56
December____ 82. 81
1957: Average______ 83. 03
January............ 81. 41
February......... 81.61
March_______ 82. 21
April________
81.20
M ay____ ____
82.42
June.................. 83. 44
J u ly .................. 82. 82
A u g u st........... 84.25
84. 86
September___
O c to b e r ....... 84.85
84.21
November___
December........ 83.18

41.1
41.2
40.5
40.3
40.6
40.7
40.4
40.8
40.9
40.4
40.9
40.8
40.6
40.1
39.8

$1.96 $113. 03
117.99
2.05 113. 77
117.29
114. 49
112. 59
. 80
110.95
2.04 108. 90
2.05 112.28
. 06 109.02
2.08 113.52
2.09 116. 76
126. 95
2. 09 118. 59

2.01
2.02
2.01
2.02
2.01 110
2.02
2

2.10

Cement, hydraulic
1956: Average______ $83. 84
Decern ber____ 85. 49
1957: Average______ 87.91
Januarv______ 86.73
February____
84. 46
March_______ 85.28
April................ 84. 66
M ay.................. 84.66
June___ _____
86.51
J u ly ................. 83.16
August---------- 91.39
September___
93. 30
October______ 90. 50
November___
91. 35
December........ 90. 09

41.3
41. 1
40. 7
41.3
40.8
41.0
40.7
40.7
41.0
37.8
40.8
41.1
40.4
40.6
40.4

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.11
2.20

41.1
41. 4
40.2
41.3
40.6
40.5
40.0
40.2
39.6
40.1
39.5
40.4
40.4
42. 6
40.2

$2. 75 $79. 80
2. 85 82.21
2. 83 83. 58
2. 84 82. 59
. 82 81.78
2. 78 81. 99
2. 77 81. 18
2.76 84. 44
2. 75 84. 02
2.80 84.82
2. 76 84. 00
. 81 83.95
2. 89 83.74
2.98 85. 32
2. 95 84. 38

2

2

Structural clay
products 1

$2. 03 $73. 62
08 73. 97
2.16 74. 61
72. 86
2.07 73.23
2.08 73. 82
2.08 74.00
2.08 74.59
75.74
76.33
2.24 76. 52
2. 27 76.38
2. 24 76. 59
2. 25 74. 09
2. 23 73. 91

2
2.10

Glass and glassware,
pressed or blown «

Flat glass

40.9
40.2
39.9
39.6
39.8
39.9
40.0
40.1
40.5
40.6
40.7
40.2
40.1
39.2
38.9

39.7
40. 1
39.8
39.9
39.7
,39.8
39.6
40.4
40.2
40.2
40.0
39.6
39.5
39.5
39.8

$2.01 $80. 59
2.05 82. 81
85.01
2. 07 84. 44
2.06 82. 78
. 06 82. 78
2.05 82.80
2.09 86.09
2.09 85. 65
86.46
85.63
84. 74
84. 74
2.16
. 67
85. 20

2.10
2

2.11
2.10
2.12
2.12
86
2.12

Brick and hollow tile

$1.80 $70.14
1. 84
. 71
1.87 69. 60
1. 84 65. 24
1.84 66.07
1. 85 67.30
1.85 69.29
69.87
1.87 71. 55
. 88 71.55
71.72
1.90 72.28
1.91 71.58
1.89 69.43
. 90
1. 90

68

1.86
1
1.88

68

42.0
40.9
40.7
39.3
39.8
40.3
41.0
41.1
41.6
41.6
41.7
41.3
40.9
39.9
39.6

Glass containers

$2. 03 $77.81
. 06 81.40
81.14
2. 09 79. 76
2.08 80.39
. 08 80. 59
2.07 78. 97
81.39
81.40
2.14 81.59
2.13 80.78
2. 14 82. 58
2.14 82.74
2.14 82. 84
2.13 82.74

2
2.12
2
2.11
2.12

Floor and wall tile

$1.67 $73. 75
. 68 74.43
1.71 75. 81
75.03
74. 80
1.67 74.05
1.69 73. 87
1.70 75.81
1.72 76. 80
1.72 76. 80
1. 72 77.36
1.75 78. 34
1.75 76. 99
1.74 76. 61
1.74 75. 84

1
1.66
1.66

39.7
40.2
40.1
40.4
39.8
39.8
40.0
40.8
40.4
40.4
40.2
39.6
39.6
40.5
40.0

40.3
39.8
39.9
39.7
40.0
39.6
39. 5
39.9
40.0
40.0
40.5
40.8
40.1
39.9
39.5

Pressed and blown
glass
39.7
39.9
39.2
39.1
39.6
39.7
38.9
39. 7
39.9
39.8
39.6
39.7
39.4
38.0
39.4

$1.96 $68. 71
2.04 72.39
2.07 71.02
2.04 70. 22
2.03 69. 30
2.03 70. 80
2.03 69. 65
2.05 67. 55
2. 04 69. 42
2.05
. 78
2.04 69.78
2.08 72. 72
74.44
2.18 72. 40
72. 25

68

2.10
2.10

Sewer pipe

$1.83 $72. 76
1.87 72. 29
1.90 74.03
1.89 73.16
1. 87 73.16
1. 87 72.83
1. 87 71.00
1.90 74.64
1.92 73. 51
1. 92 76. 33
1.91 74.37
1.92 75. 74
1.92 76. 55
1.92 71. 98
1.92 71.25

40.2
39.5
39.8
40.2
40.2
39.8
38.8
39.7
39.1
40.6
40.2
40.5
40.5
38.7
37.9

Glass products made
of purchased glass
40.9
40.9
39.9
39. 9
39.6
40.0
39.8
38.6
39.0
39.3
39.2
40.4
40.9
40.0
39.7

$1.68
1.77
1.78
1.76
1.75
1.77
1. 75
1. 75
1.78
1.75
1.78
1.80
1.82
1.81
1.82

Clay refractories
$1.81 $80. 36
1.83 83. 95
83.81
. 82 84. 38
1.82 84.14
1.83 84. 56
1.83 83. 50
83. 07
83. 28
85. 02
1.85 85.58
1.87 82.65
1.89 84.80
. 86 82. 43
83.10

1.86
1

1.88
1.88
1.88

1
1.88

39.2
39.6
38.8
39.8
39. 5
39.7
39.2
39.0
39.1
39.0
38.9
37.4
38.2
37.3
37.6

$2.05

2.12
2.12
2.16

2.13
2.13
2. 13
2.13
2.13
2.18
2.20
2. 21
2. 22
2. 21
2. 21

335

O: EARNINGS AND HOURS

T able C -l.

Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earnings

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
Ings

Avg.
hrly.
earnIngs

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earnings

Avg. Avg.
w kly. wkly.
earn- hours
tags

Avg.
hrly.
earntags

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
tags

Avg.
hrly.
earntags

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
tags

Avg.
hrly.
earntags

Manufacturing—Continued

Year and month

Stone, clay, and glass products—Continued
Pottery and related
products
1956: Average..........- $72. 20
December........ 74 88
74.07
1957: Average_____
January_____
71. 20
74 10
February____
M arch___ ___
74. 69
April________
73. 91
M ay________
73. 11
June_________ 72.07
J u ly ________
71. 87
74. 27
A u g u s t_____
September___
74.84
October. ____ 75. 20
November___
75.78
December........ 73.73

37.8
38 4
37.6
36. 7
3S. 0
38.3
37. 9
37.3
36. 4
36.3
37. 7
37.8
37.6
37.7
36.5

Concrete, gypsum,
and plaster products *

$1.91 $81. 88
1.95 81 03
1.97 82. 56
1. 94 77. 75
1.95 79. 98
1.95 81. 08
1. 95 80. 51
1.96 83. 28
1.98 85. 55
1. 98 84.39
1.97 87.02
1.98 86.29
. 00 85. 06
82.29
81.51

2
2.01
2.02

44.5
43 8
43.0
41. 8
43. 0
42. 9
42.6
43.6
44.1
43. 5
44. 4
43.8
43. 4
42.2
41.8

Concrete products

$1.84 $78. 75
1.85 77 79
1.92 79. 86
. 86 74. 16
77. 25
1.89 78. 01
1. 89 78. 62
1.91 81.07
1. 94 83. 59
1. 94 81. 47
1.96 83. 78
1.97 82. 72
1.96 83. 35
1.95 79.10
1.95 78. 58

1
1.86

45.0
44. 2
43.4
41.9
43.4
43. 1
43. 2
44.3
44. 7
43.8
44.8
44.0
44.1
42.3
41.8

$1.75 $69. 87
1. 76 71. 40
1.84 71.15
1. 77 68.16
1. 78 69. 65
1.81 70 00
. 82 70. 05
1.83 72. 62
1.87 72. 22
71.56
1. 87 72. 67
73.21
1.89 72. 62
1.87 70.27
70.84

1

1.86
1.88

1.88

1956: Average_____ $84. 65
19
D ecem ber___
1957: Average______ 89. 66
January_____
85.49
88.41
February____
M arch_______
. 20
April_______
89. 46
92. 24
M ay________
92.88
June__ ______
July_________ 89. 84
92.18
August______
91.76
September___
O c to b e r .____ 91 30
November___
87. 89
December____ 86.65

88

88

41.7
42.4
41.7
41.5
42.1
41 8
42.0
42.9
42.8
41.4
41.9
41.9
41. 5
40.5
40.3

$2.03 $88. 24
. 08 91.41
2.15 89.49
2.06 96. 56
100. 45
94. 49
2. 13 85. 98
2. 15 86.30
. 83
2.17
2.17 85. 79
92. 54
2.19 89.86
. 20 87.12
2.17
. 87
2.15 83. 78

2

2.10
2.11

88

2.20
2

Iron and steel foundries0
1956: Average....... .. $87. 34
91.32
December___
1957: A verage......... . 87.64
Janu ary.........
. 73
February....... . 87. 78
M arch__ ____
87.12
April_____
M ay________ 86.85
June________
. 53
July_________
88.09
A u g u s t-.......... 87. 58
September___
89.04
October______ 86.64
November___
85. 58
December........ 87.25

88

86.68
88

41.2
41.7
39.3
40.7
39.9
39. 6
39.4
39.3
39.7
39. 5
39. 1
39.4
38.0
37.7
38.1

$95.34
. 86
103.68
. 21
100. 94
100. 35
101 25
102.16
. 82

100
100

102
101.66
106. 93
106. 13
107. 59
105. 20
106.13

40.4
41.0
40.5
40.9
40.7
40.3
40. 5
40. 7
40.8
40.5
40.2
39.9
40.6
40.0
40.2

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

86

$2. 28
2 32
2.38
2 39
2. 45
2.38
2. 33
2. 32
2. 35
2. 37
2. 41
2.39
2. 40
2.38
2.38

Total: Primary metal
industries

2

40.7
41.3
38.6
39.9
39.1
38.6
38. 5
38 4
39.1
39.1
38.8
39.0
37.6
37.3
37.3

$96. 52
100.94
99.00
101. 27
99.14
98.65
97. 91
97. 42
99. 70
100.44
89.82
101.26
88.18
97.41
97. 41

40.9
41.2
39.6
41 0
40.3
40. 1
39.8
39.6
40.2
39.7
39.3
39.4
38.5
38.2
38.2

$2.36 $102.06
2.45 107.16
2.50 104. 40
2. 47 108. 79
2. 46 105.06
2.46 104.01
2. 46 103. 89
2. 46 102. 31
2.48 104. 67
2. 53 107.17
2. 54 105. 65
2.57 107.09
2. 55 103. 74
2.55 102. 54
2. 55 101.73

Malleable-iron found-

$2. 06 $83. 84
2.15 86.07
2.18 84.63
2.13
. 24
2.15 85. 39
2.15 83. 50
2.15 82.01
2.16 84. 10
2.18 84. 89
2.19 83.85
2 19 83.33
87. 47
2. 23 84. 29
2. 23 85. 57
2. 25 86.69

86

2.20

Secondary smelting
and refining of
nonferrous metals

$2.36 $85.04
2.46 87. 78
2. 56 87. 53
2. 45 87. 35
. 51
2. 48
2. 49 87. 57
2. 50 87. 56
. 09
2.51
. 71
2. 52
2. 51 85. 44
90.94
. 66 89. 86
2.65 87.67
2.63 89. 76
2.64 89.82

86

86
86

42.1
41.6
40.9
41.4
4.1.0
41.7
41.3
40.8
40.9
40.3
42.1
41.6
40.4
40.8
41.2

2

88
86
86

40.7
4! 9
40.4
4L. 1
41.4
41.2
40.6
41.0
41.0
39.9
40.4
40.4
40.3
39.4
39.4

fl

Abrasive products

$2.04 $88.18
. 11 99.72
2.14 90.29
91.76
. 12 01.13
92.89
. 11 91.35
. 12 91.30
2.14 91.71
2.15
. 98
2.16
. 53
2. 17
. 55
2.18 90 94
2.17 87.93
2.17 91.80

2
2.11
2
2.12
2
2

88
88
88

39.9
42.8
39.6
40.6
40 5
41.1
40.6
40.4
40.4
39.2
39.0
38.5
39.2
37.9
39.4

$2.21
2. 33
. 28
2.26
2.25
2.26
2. 25
. 26
2.27
2. 27
2. 27
2.30
2.32
2.32
2.33

2

2

40. 5
40 9
39.1
40.9
40.1
39.7
39.5
39.2
39.8
39.4
38.7
38.8
38.0
37.7
37.4

40.5
40.6
39.0
40.3
39.9
39.2
38. 5
39.3
39.3
39.0
38.4
39.4
37.8
38.2
38.7

$2. 62 $102.47
. 62 107.57
2. 67 104. 79
109. 20
2.62 105. 46
2.62 104.41
2. 63 104. 28
. 61 102. 70
2. 63 105. 07
2. 72 107. 56
2. 73 106. 04
2. 76 107. 48
2. 73 103. 85
2. 72 102.65
2.72 101.83

2
2.66
2

Steel foundries

$2.07 $95. 63
99.10
2.17 95. 88
2. 14 98.18
2.14 96. 28
2.13 97. 86
2. 13 96 98
2.14 95.58
2.16 96. 41
2.15 95. 24
2.17 95.27
96.32
2. 23 93.21
2.24 91.63
2. 24 94.17

2.12

2.22

42.5
42.9
40.8
42.5
41.5
42.0
41.8
41.2
41.2
40.7
40.2
40.3
39.0
38.5
39.4

Blast furnaces, steed
works, and rolling
mills, except electro­
metallurgical prod­
ucts
40.5
40 9
39.1
40.9
40.1
39 7
39. 5
39.2
39.8
39.4
38.7
38.8
37.9
37.6
37.3

Electrometallurgical
products

$2. 53 $88. 44
2 63 91 13
93.43
2.67 92. 21
2. 83 90. 85
2.63 90.80
2. 64 91.25
2.62 90.52
2.64 92.00
2. 73 92.28
2. 74 95.34
2. 77 96.39
2. 74 95. 76
2. 73 96.24
2.73 95.76

2.68

40.2
40.5
40.1
40.8
40.2
40.0
40. 2
39.7
40.0
39.1
40.4
40.5
39.9
40.1
39.9

$2.20
2 25
2.33
. 26
2.26
2. 27
2. 27
2.28
2. 30
2. 36
2.36
2.38
2.40
2.40
2.40

2

Primary
smelting Primary smelting and
refining of copper,
and refining of nonlead, and zinc
ferrous metals *

$2.25 $91.46
2. 31 93.43
2.35 95. 41
2.31 94. 76
2. 32 93. 43
2.33 93. 61
2. 32 94.02
2.32 94.89
2.34 95.53
2. 34 95.18
2.37 96.96
2. 39 97. 53
2.39 97.04
2.38 98.00
2.39 96.24

41.2
40.8
40.6
41.2
40.8
40, 7
40.7
40.9
41.0
40.5
40.4
40.3
40.1
40.0
40.1

$2.22 $89.02
2.29 89. 38
2.35 90.13
2. 30 90. 64
2.29
.94
2. 30 89. 79
2.31 89. 57
2. 32 90.20
2.33 90. 83
2.35 91.13
2. 40 90. 45
2.42 91.94
2. 42 89. 50
2.40 89.15
2.40
.75

88

88

41.6
41.0
40.6
41. 2
40.8
41.0
40.9
41.0
41.1
40.5
40.2
40. 5
39.6
39.8
39.8

$2.12
. 28

2
2.22
2. 20
2.18
2.19
2. 19

2.20
2.21

2.25
2.25
2. 27
2.26
2.24
2.23

Bolling,
drawing,
drawing, and Rolling, drawing, and Nonferrous foundries
and alloying of Rolling,
alloying of aluminum
nonferrous metals » alloying of copper

$2.02 $93.38
95. 82
2.14 94. 87
94. 71
92. 86
93. 32
. 12 94.30
94. 54
95.88
94.24
2.16 95.52
2.16 98.01
2.17 97.28
. 20 96. 32
2.18 97.20

2.11
2.11
2.11
2.10
2
2.11
2.12
2.12

products

$1.70 $83. 03
1.75
41
. 46
1.77
1.73
. 72
1.75 87 77
1.75 87. 34
1. 76 85. 67
1. 78 86.92
1.77 87. 74
1. 78 85. 79
1.79 87.26
1.79 87.67
1.78 87.85
1.77 85. 50
1.78 85. 50

Blast furnaces, steel
works, and roiling
mills 1

T ies

2
2.20
2.20
2.20
2

2.66
2

38.7
39.4
37.6
40.4
41.0
39. 7
36. 9
37.2
37.8
36.2
38.4
37.6
36.3
36.5
35.2

Gray-iron foundries

$2.12 $83. 84
2.19 88.80
2.23 84.15
. 18 84. 99
84.07
82.99
82. 78
. 21 82. 94
2. 23 85.24
2.23 85.63
2. 24 84.97
2.26 85.80
. 28 83.85
2. 27 83.18
2.29 83.93

Primary refining of
aluminum
1956: Average_____
December___
1957: Average______
January_____
February____
M arch. J_____
April________
M ay________
June_________
July
A ugust______
September___
October______
November___
December____

N onday refractories

41.1
40 8
40.2
39.4
39. 8
40.0
39.8
40.8
40.8
40.2
40.6
40.9
40.8
39.7
39.8

Miscellaneous non-

Primary metal industries

Stone, clay and glass products—Continued
Asbestos products

Cut-stone and stone
products

41.5
41.3
40.2
41.0
40.2
40.4
40.3
40.4
40.8
40.1
39.8
40.5
40.2
39.8
40.0

$2.25 $95.18
2.32 96. 28
2.36 94. 30
2.31 94.53
2.31 91. 77
2.31 93.32
2.34 92.40
2. 34 93. 96
2.35 97.11
2.35 95.18
2. 40 93.13
2. 42 95. 99
2. 42 97.03
2. 42 96. 24
2.43 96. 64

42.3
41.5
40.3
41. 1
39.9
40.4
40.0
40.5
41.5
40.5
39.8
40.5
40.6
40.1
40.1

$2.25 $91.13
2. 32 94.42
2.34 96. 24
2,30 94. 60
2.30 95.34
2.31 94. 24
2. 31 95.99
2.32 95.27
2. 34 94. 40
2.35 93.69
2.34 97. 57
2.37 100. 75
2.39 98. 46
2.40 97.07
2. 41 98.06

40.5
40.7
40.1
40.6
40.4
40.1
40. 5
40.2
40.0
39.7
39.5
40.3
39.7
39.3
39.7

$2. 25 $88.94
2.32 94.02
2. 40 91.60
2.33 91.13
2. 36 91.35
2.35 91. 58
2. 37 89. 95
2. 37 90.63
2.36 91.88
2.36 91.77
2. 47 92.06
2. 50 93.26
2.48 91.64
2.47 90.94
2.47 90.48

40.8
41. 6
40.0
40. 5
40.6
40.7
39.8
40.1
40.3
39.9
40.2
40.2
¿9.5
39.2
39.0

$2.18
2.26
2.29
2.25
2.25
2. 25
. 26
2.26
2.28
2.30
2.29
2 . 31
2.32
2.32
2.32

2

336
Table C -l.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958

Honrs and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. w kly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. w kly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Manufacturing—Continued

Year and month

Fabricated metal products (except ordnance,
machinery, and transportation equipment)

Primary metal industries—Continued
Miscellaneous pri­
mary metal in­ Iron and steel forgings
dustries *
1956: Average............
December........
1957: Average_____
January............
February.........
March..............
April.................
M ay________
June_________
July— ............
August--------September___
October______
November___
December____

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

$99.90
102. 83
101.25
103. 91
102. 92
102.18

100.12

99.38
102.67
101.34
102.06
101. 45
99.57
98.16
99. 57

41.8
41.8
40.5
41.9
41.5
41.2
40.7
40.4
41.4
40.7
40.5
40.1
39.2
38.8
39.2

$2.39 $105. 42
2.46 108. 88
2. 50 105. 71
2. 48
. 66
2.48 109. 62
2. 48 109. 36
2. 46 105. 52
2. 46 105. 52
2.48 107. 90
2.49 105. 52
2.52 104. 52
2.53 103.89
2. 54 102.43
2. 53 99.68
2. 54 102. 96

112

Cutlery, hand tools,
and hardware 1
1956: Average_____ $81.60
December____ 88.41
1957: Average_____
85.86
January_____
83.62
February____
84. 03
M a r c h ...___
83. 82
April________
83. 21
M a y________
84. 44
June________
84.63
July................... 84.19
A ugust............ 85. 65
September___
90.27
October............ 89.38
November___
89.16
December____ 83.74

40.8
42. 1
40.5
40.2
40. 4
40.3
40.2
40.4
40.3
39.9
40.4
41.6
41.0
40.9
39.5

1956: Average_____ $79. 00
December____ 81.81
1957: Average_____
82. 58
January_____
80. 99
Februarv-.
83.02
March______
82.19
April_______
80. 77
M ay______
80. 96
June.................. 82.80
July................
80.55
August______
82. 97
September___
85. 46
O c to b e r .____ 85.46
November___
82.68
December___
84.38

39.
40. 3
39.7
39.7
40.3
39.9
39.4
39.3
40.0
39.1
39.7
40.5
40.5
39.0
39.8

2.10
2.12
2.10
2.11
2.12

2.12

1956: Average_____ $87.34
December____ 89. 95
1957: Average_____
94.15
January______ 87. 91
February____
87. 51
March______
87. 89
April_______
88.29
M ay____
89.32
June.................. 91.21
Julv________
88.80
August______
89.91
September___
92.29
October______ 90.72
November___
92.62
December___
89. 78

41.2
40. 7
42.6
40.7
40.7
40.5
40.5
40.6
40.9
40.0
40.5
41.2
40.5
40.8
39.9

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.30
2. 36
2.35
2.35
2. 36
2. 36
2.36
2. 35
2.36
2.37
2. 41
2. 41
2.42
2.41
2. 45

$94.66
96. 32
99. 94
97.20
98. 25
96.56
96.80
96.47
104. 58
104.67
102. 91
102. 87
97. 27
97.02
96.64

40.8
40.3
40.3
40.5
40.6
39.9
40.0
39.7
42.0
41.7
41.0
40.5
38.6
38.5
38.5

1.86

1.86
1.86
1.88

40.9
41.3
39.8
40.1
40.1
39.9
39. 7
39.9
39.7
38.5
39.9
40.0
39.7
39.9
40.1

$2.02 $83.44
2.08 92. 87
89.35
2. 07 86.03
2.07 86.67
. 86
2.08
2.08 85.84
. 08 87.91
2.09
2.09 88.48
89.35
2.14 95. 85
2.14 94.02
2.14 93.98
2.14 84.63

40.7
42.6
40.8
40.2
40.5
40.4
40.3
40.7
40.6
40.4
40.8
42.6
41.6
41.4
39.0

2.10

86

2

41.5
42.3
41.7
41.5
41.8
41.9
41.8
42.1
42.2
41.8
41.8
42.1
41.4
40.8
41.1

$2.11 $87. 57
. 18 92. 21
2. 23 94.73
2.18 90.89
2.18 91.98
2.19 93.28
93.93
. 21 94. 57
. 22 95.67
2.24 95.37
2.27 97.10
2.28 97.98
2.28 96.37
2.28 93.89
2.28 94. 58

2

2.20
2
2

39. 2
39.8
39.9
40.5
39.8
43.0
37.3
36.8
38.9
41.4
41.3
41.5
41.7
37.9
38.6

41.5
42.3
42.1
41.5
42.0
42.4
42.5
42.6
42.9
42.2
42.4
42.6
41.9
41.0
41.3

88.10

2.11

$2.11 $84.85
. 18 90.09
2.25 89. 57
2.19 86.07
2. 19 86.48
87. 51
. 21 87. 91
. 22 89. 42
2. 23 90. 25
2.26 90.67
2.29 92.51
2.30 94.02
2.30 89.82
2.29 90.98
2.29 91.02

2

2.20
2
2

Sta m p ed and pressed
m etal products

$1. 70 $91. 30
1.78 94.07
1. 70 99. 13
1.73 91.62
1.74 90.98
1.73 92.89
1.74 91.76
1. 77 93. 25
1.77 96.00
1. 76 92. 86
1.80 93. 38
1.81 97.11
1.83 94.42
1.83 97.64
1.82 93.60

41.5
40.9
43.1
40.9
40.8
41. 1
40.6
40.9
41.2
40.2
40.6
41.5
40.7
41.2
40.0

2
2
2

88

2.20
2.22
2.22
2.21

88

$2.05 $80.19
. 18 81.99
2.19 83.74
2.14 81.95
2.14 83. 39
2.15 82. 56
2.13 81.93
2.16 82.11
2.17 83.77
2.19 81.90
2.19 84.56
2.25 86.24
2.26 86.03
2.27 85. 06
2.17 86.15

2

40.6
41.9
40.9
40.6
40.6
40.7
40.7
41.4
41.4
41.4
41.3
41.6
40.1
40.8
41.0

39.7
39.8
39.5
39.4
39.9
39.5
39.2
39.1
39.7
39.0
39.7
40.3
40.2
39.2
39.7

$2.02 $82.68
. 06 83.21
86.19
. 08 83. 76
2.09 84. 63
2. 09 83.55
2.09 84. 53
84. 53
85.97
85. 53
2.13 88.36
2.14
. 58
2.14 87.69
2.17 90.06
2.17 90. 29

2
2.12
2
2.10
2.11
2.10

88

Boiler-shop products

$2.09 $87. 98
. 16 92.00
2.19 92. 77
91.56
2.13 91.98
2. 15 92. 40
2.16 91.54
2.16 92.40
2.18 91.10
2.19 92.35
2.24 93.15
2,26 94. 95
2.24 94.85
2. 23 92.80
93.48

2
2.12

2.22

Lighting fixtures

$2. 20 $76. 40
2.30 79. 80
2.30 82. 60
2.24 78.80
2. 23 78. 41
2.26 78. 41
2.26 78. 21
. 28 78.80
2.33 78.80
2.31 80.19
2.30 80.00
2. 34 82. 62
2.32 82.19
2. 37 82.80
2.34 77.18

2

T in can and other
tinware

$2.32 $85.28
41.2 $2.07 $91. 78
42.1 $2.18
2. 39 90.09
42.1
2.14 95.15
42.1
. 26
2. 48 89.16
40.9
2.18 96. 64
4.13
2. 34
2. 40 86.90
2.13 90.17
40.8
39.9
. 26
2. 42 87.33
41.0
2.13 91.98
40.7
. 26
2. 42 87. 74
41.0
2. 14 92. 84
40.9
2.27
2. 42 87.94
40.9
2.15 97.25
42.1
2. 31
2.43
. 34
40.9
2.16 94. 07
40.9
2.30
2.49 89. 40
41.2
2.17 97.90
42.2
2.32
2.51 89.13
2.19 101. 76
40.7
43.3
2.35
2. 51 90.20
41.0
42.4
99. 64
2.35
2.54 91.91
41.4
97.34
41.6
2.34
2.52 90.35
40.7
96.00
40.0
2.40
2.52 90.32
40.5
2. 23 98.17
40.4
2.43
2. 51
. 84
40.2
99.80
40.9
2.44
H eating apparatus
(except electric)
S a n ita ry ware and
H ardw are
an d p lu m b e r s ’
p lu m b ers’ su p p lies
supplies 8

H a n d tools

$1.78 $82.62
1.83 85. 90
83. 58
1.83 83.01
1.83 83.01
1. 84 82. 99
1.84 82. 58
82.99
82.97
1.84 80.47
1.85 84.19
85.60
1.89 84. 96
1. 90 85.39
1.91 85.81

Vitreous enameled
products

$2.12 $66. 64
70. 84
. 21 67. 83
. 16 70. 07
2.15 69.25
2. 17 74. 39
2.18 64.90
65.14
2.23 68.85
72.86
74.34
2. 24 75.12
2. 24 76. 31
2.27 69. 36
2.25 70.25

2.20
2.22
2.22

40.8
41.3
40.1
40.6
40. 5
40.8
40. 4
40.0
40.2
39.9
39.9
40.1
40.3
40.2
40.3

42.2
42.2
40.6
41.5
41.4
41.0
40.9
40.5
41.2
39.9
40.7
40.4
39.9
39.7
40.0

Total: Fabricated
metal products

a n d trim

2.11
2.11
2.12
2.12

2.21
2
2

2
2
2

Fabricated structural Stru ctu ra l steeland or­ M eta l doors, sash,
metal products *
nam en ta l m etal work
fr a m e s , m o ld in g ,

$1.98 fi $87. 57
2.03 92. 21
2.08 92. 99
2.04 90. 47
2.06 91.12
2.06 91.76
2.05 91.96
2.06 93. 04
2.07 93.68
2.06 93.63
2.09 94.89
95.99
94. 39
93.02
93. 71

Metal stamping, coat­
ing, and engra ving 8

$2. 51 $97.06
2. 58 99. 59
. 61 96.63
2.62 97. 53
. 61 97. 70
. 61 96. 76
2. 58 96. 52
2. 58 95.18
2.60 97.23
2. 58 94.56
2.60 98.09
2.63 97.36
2.64 96. 56
2.63 95. 68
2.64 98. 00

Cutlery and edge tools

$2.00 $72.62
75. 58
74. 59
2.08 74.30
2.08 74.12
2.08 75.07
2.07 74.34
2. 09 74.40
74.77
73.42
73.82
2.17 75.39
2.18 76.17
2.18 76. 38
76. 97

Oil burners, nonelec­
tric heating and
cooking apparatus,
not elsewhere classi­
fied

42.0
42.2
40.5
43.0
42.0
41.9
40.9
40.9
41.5
40.9
40.2
39.5
38.8
37.9
39.0

W elded and heavyriveted p ip e

W ire draw ing

40.0
39.7
41.3
39.8
39.8
39.8
39. 7
39.6
39.4
39.7
40.0
40.3
39.9
40.0
38.4

2.00
2.02
2.00

2.01

$2.12
2.15

2.21

2.17
2.17
2.17
2.19
2.19

2.21
2.21
2. 22
2.22
2.22
2.28
2.28

Sheet-metal work

$2.12 $90. 52
42.3 $2.14
2.18 93 94
42.7
2. 23 93.15
41.4
2. 25
. 18 91. 12
41.8
2.18
2.19 91.96
41.8
91.94
41.6
. 21
2.19 90. 61
41.0
41.6
93.18
2.24
2.19 94.92
42.0
2.26
94. 85
41.6
2.28
2. 25 94. 62
41.5
2.28
2.25 95.40
41.3
2.31
. 28 94.12
41.1
2.29
. 28 92.97
40.6
2.29
2.28 95.12
41.0
2. 32
M iscellaneous fabri­
Fabricated wire
cated
metal
prod­
products
ucts 8

$1.91 $80. 75
84. 65
82. 21
1.98 82.22
1.97 81.20
1.97 82. 42
1.97 81.20
1.99 80. 40
82.42
81.18
82.40
2.05 84.03
2.06 82.16
2. 07 82.39
82.78

2.01
2.00

39.0
38.7
39.0
38.6
39.0
38.5
38.6
38.6
38.9
38.7
39.8
39.9
39.5
39.5
39.6

41.5
42. 2
41.6
42. 0
42.0
42.0
41.8
42.0
41.6
41.6
41.4
42.2
41.6
40.7
41.0

41.2
40.1
41.7
40.5
40.2
40.6
40.2
39.8
40.4
39.6
40.0
40.4
39.5
39.8
39.8

2.20

2
2.20
2.20
2.22

2.20
2
2.21

2
2

$1.96 $86. 09
2.05 89.01
2.03 90. 52
2.03 89. 25
. 02 89.68
2.03 89.89
89.24
88.18
2.04 89. 02
2.05 89.21
2.06 88.99
2.08 89.82
2.08 89. 79
2. 07
. 91
2.08 87.23

2
2.02
2.02

88

42.2
41.4
42.7
42.1
42.3
42.2
41.7
41.4
41.6
41.3
41.2
41.2
41.0
40.6
40.2

$2.04
2.15

2.12
2.12
2.12

2.13
2.14
2.13
2.14
2.16
2.18
2.19
2.19
2.19
2.17

337

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

Table C-l.

Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
Machinery (except electrical)

Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)—
Continued
Metal shipping barrels,
drums, kegs, and pails
1956: Average_____
December____
1957: A vera g e____
J an u a ry .........
February____
M arch______
A p r il...............
M ay .................
June________
July— .............
A u g u st...........
September___
O ctober_____
November___
D ecem b er___

$97.16
97. 58
97. 75
97.06
96.05
98.65
97.64
96. 70
103. 53
103.58
102. 55
99.23
95.01
95. 99
93.07

42.8
41.7
40.9
41.3
40.7
41.8
41.2
41.5
43.5
42.8
42.2
40.5
39.1
39.5
38.3

$2. 27 $90.17
2.34 98. 94
2.39 95. 65
2.35 95. 94
2. 36 93.50
2.36 96.17
2. 37 94.60
2. 33 93. 32
2.38 97.94
2. 42 94. 71
2.43 96. 76
2. 45 95.82
2.43 93.85
2.43 92. 75
2.43 91.10

Steam engines, tur­
bines, and water
wheels
1956: Average............ $101. 50
December____ 113. 27
1957: Average_____ 113. 58
January_____ 108.88
February____ 110. 85
March_______ 113. 71
April________ 111. 11
M ay________ 113. 62
June________ 112.99
July.................. 114. 70
August______ 111. 04
September___ 109. 59
October. ___ 112. 75
November___ . 116.60
D ecem b er___ 117. 70

41.6
43.4
42.7
42.2
42.8
43. 4
42.9
43.2
42.8
42.8
41.9
41.2
41.3
42.4
42.8

1956: Average_____ $92.01
December____ 94. 55
1957: Average_____ 92. 39
93.44
January_____
93. 41
February____
March_______ 94. 28
93. 56
April________
M av .......... ....... 93. 56
June................. 92.89
July.................. 91.25
91.25
A ugust............
92.46
September___
October______ 89.93
88.62
November___
December____ 90. 55

42.4
42.4
40.7
41.9
41.7
41.9
41.4
41.4
41.1
40.2
40.2
40.2
39.1
38.7
39.2

1966: Average............ $89. 67
December____ 92.88
90.47
1957: Average_____
90.73
January-------February......... 90.73
March_______ 90. 72
90.07
April________
89. 42
M ay________
June_________ 89. 64
July.................. 89. 82
89.38
August.........
90.23
September___
October______ 90.64
89.28
November___
December .-- 90.39

42.7
43.0
41.5
42.2
42.2
42.0
41.7
41.4
41.5
41.2
41.0
41.2
41.2
40.4
40.9

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2. 21 $88.20
2. 35 92. 66
2.35 91.08
2.34 90. 72
2.32 91.58
2.34 91.14
2. 33 90. 27
2.31 89. 62
2.36 89. 82
2.35 90.45
2.36 90. 39
2.36 91.88
2.37 92. 70
2. 36 92.48
2.36 88.40

41.4
41.3
40.2
40.9
40.8
40.7
40.4
40.4
40.7
39.6
39.5
40.1
39.6
40.0
39.8

42.8
42.6
41.1
42.1
42.3
41.9
41.9
40.0
41.6
41.3
41.6
42.0
40.4
39.7
40.2

$2.10 $89.45
2.16 91.12
2.18 91.02
2.15 88. 75
2.15 90.03
2.16 91.94
2.16 91.52
2.16 91. 49
2.16 91.69
2.18 91.43
2.18 91.17
2.19 92.48
2 .2C 91.80
2. 21 89.78
2.21 91.76

41.8
41.8
41.0
40.9
41.3
41.6
41.6
41.4
41.3
41.0
40.7
41.1
40.8
39.9
40.6

40.0
39.8
39.7
39. 8
39.6
40.1
39.9
40.2
40.0
39.8
38.9
39.9
39.5
39.0
40.0

45.1
45.3
42.7
44.6
44.8
44.6
44. 5
43.7
43.3
42.4
41.6
41.5
40.4
39.8
40.7

41.4
41.5
40.7
41.3
41.4
41.1
40.3
40.4
40.8
40.6
40.4
39. 9
40.8
39.8
40.

45.8
46.1
42.2
44.7
44.8
44.0
43.7
42.8
42.5
41.0
41.0
40.5
40.1
39.1
39.8

$2. 24 $82.37
2.3i 84. 93
2.36 89.20
2. 33 84.67
2. 33 86.07
2.33 89. 47
2. 32 89.28
2. 31 90.58
2.33 90. 72
2.33 89.47
2. 34 88.98
2.41 91.71
2.42 89.44
2.42 89.60
2.44 93.15

$2.32
2. 40
2. 39
2.39
2. 39
2.39
2.39
2. 39
2. 40
2.37
2. 38
2.41
2. 40
2. 41
2. 41

Paper-industries
machinery
$97.48
106.00
96. 78
102.86
101. 77
100.04
99. 82
95.03
94.16
92.88
92.02
94.83
94.18
91.98
95. 91

42.2
42.6
41.0
41.9
41.9
41.8
41.4
41.1
41.1
40.7
40.5
40.7
40.2
39.7
40.3

$2. 21
2. 27
2. 30
2.27
2. 27
2. 28
2.28
2.28
2.30
2.30
2.30
2.32
2. 33
2. 34
2.34

Agricultural machin­
ery (except tractors)

Machine tools

$2.41 $106. 26
2.46 110. 64
2.49 100. 86
2. 47 106.83
2. 48 107.07
2.50 105.16
2. 49 104. 44
2. 50 102. 29
2.51 102.00
2.50 97.17
2. 48 97.58
2.50 97. 61
2.48 96.24
2.49 94.23
2. 51 95.92

$1. 85
1.90
1.91
1.90
1.89
1.89
1.90
1.90
1.91
1.91
1.91
1.91
1.93
1.93
1.92

40.3
40.1
39.5
40.2
39.8
40.0
39.5
39.6
39.5
39.3
38.0
39.4
39.5
38.8
39. 5

Total: Machinery
(except electrical)

$2.01 $93. 26
2.08 96.70
2.11 94.30
2. 09 95.11
2. 09 95.11
2.09 95.30
2.10 94. 39
2.09 93. 71
2.10 94. 53
2.10 93. 61
2.11 93.15
2.12 94. 42
2.14 93.67
2.14 92. 90
2.12 94.30

Tractors

$2.17 $90. 27
2. 24 92. 63
2.30 93.22
2. 26 93.67
2. 27 92. 73
2. 28 93.20
2. 27 91. 64
2. 27 91.48
2. 29 92.04
2.28 91. 57
2.29 88.92
2.34 94.95
2.35 95.59
2.35 93.90
2.37 96.38

Textile machinery

$2.14 $76. 59
2.18 78. 85
2.22 77.74
2. 17 78. 4 i
2.18 78. 25
2.21 77.68
2.20 76. 57
2.21 76. 76
2.22 77.93
2.23 77. 55
2.24 77.16
2.25 76.21
2.25 78.74
2.25 76.81
2. 26 78.14

42.6
43.1
41.7
42.9
43.1
42.9
42.5
41.9
41.6
41.2
41.0
41.2
40.9
40.4
40.7

$2.09 $85. 63
2.16 89. 65
2.20 87.99
2 16 89. 66
2.16 90. 08
2.17 89. 66
2.17 89 25
2.17 87. 57
2.18 87. 36
2.19 86.52
2. 21 86. 51
2.23 87.34
2. 25 87.53
2.25 86. 46
2. 21 86.28

Metalworking ma­
chinery •

$2.16 $108.69
2.22 111.44
2.27 106.32
2.20 110.16
2. 24 111. 10
2.23 111.50
2. 25 110. 81
2.24 109. 25
2.25 108.68
2. 26 106.00
2.27 103.17
2.31 103. 75
2.33 100.19
2. 33 99.10
2. 36 102.16

Food-products
machinery

42.2
42.9
41.4
42.0
42.4
42.0
41.6
41.3
41.2
41.3
40.9
41.2
41.2
41.1
40.0

Screw-machine
products

Agricultural machin­
ery and tractors *

$2.27 $86. 80
2.32 89.15
2.37 91.31
2. 32 89.95
2. 32 89.89
2.31 91.43
2.31 90. 57
2.35 91. 25
2.38 91.60
2.37 90.74
2.38 89.08
2.43 93.37
2.44 92.83
2.44 91.65
2.42 94.80

Oilfield machinery
and tools

$2.17 $92.45
2.23 94. 67
2.27 93.30
2.23 92.62
2. 24 94. 75
2.25 93.44
2.26 94,28
2. 26 89.60
2.26 93.60
2.27 93.34
2.27 94.43
2.30 97.02
2.30 94.13
2. 29 92.50
2.31 94.87

Special-industry ma­
chinery (except
metal working ma­
chinery) *

40.8
42.1
40.7
41.0
40.3
41.1
40.6
40.4
41.5
40.3
41.0
40.6
39.6
39.3
38.6

Diesel and other in
ternal combustion,
not elsewhere clas­
sified

$2. 44 $93. 98
2. 61 95.82
2. 66 95.27
2. 58 94.89
2.59 91.66
2.62 94. 02
2.59 93. 32
2.63 94. 94
2. 64 96.87
2.68 93.85
2. 65 94. 01
2. 66 97.44
2.73 96.62
2. 75 97.60
2. 75 96.32

Construction and min­
ing machinery, ex­
cept for oilfields

Bolts, nuts, washers,
and rivets

Steel springs

39.6
39.5
40.0
39.2
39.3
40.3
40.4
40.8
40.5
40.3
39.9
40.4
39.4
39.3
40. 5

43.2
43.3
41.6
42.3
42.6
42.6
42.7
42.0
41.7
41.6
41.2
42.1
40.2
39.7
40.6

43.7
43. 5
41. 7
43.0
43.4
42.8
42.8
42.7
41.1
41.1
39.6
40.8
41.3
41.
41.2

41.5
41.8
41.0
41.2
41.3
41.4
41.1
41.2
41.3
40.6
40.2
40.4
40.1
40.7
40.7

$2.30
2.40
2.46
2. 39
2. 40
2.40
2. 39
2.44
2.46
2.47
2.47
2. 50
2. 53
2. 54
2.53

Construction and
mining machinery *
42.5
42.5
40.8
42.0
41.9
41.9
41.6
41.0
41.3
40.5
40.6
40.8
39.5
39.0
39.5

$2.17
2.23
2.27
2.22
2.24
2.24
2.26
2. 25
2.26
2.27
2.27
2.30
2.31
2.30
2.33

Machine-tool
accessories

$2.26 $115.12
2.33 116. 28
2.39 112. 67
2. 34 116. 68
2. 35 118. 36
2.36 119. 73
2.36 118. 82
2.38 116. 48
2.38 116. 33
2.41 113.10
2.41 108.03
2.44 107. 68
2.43 103.38
2. 44 102. 77
2. 45 106. 55

Printing-trades ma­
chinery and equip­
ment

46.2 $2.11 $102. 70
2.19 103.in
48.
2.17 99.66
44.6
2.17 101. 91
47.4
2.17 104.16
46.6
2.17 101.86
46.1
2. 17 102.29
46.0
2.15 102. 05
44.2
2.14 97.82
44.0
2.14 98.23
43.4
2.16 92.27
42.6
2.18 97.1C
43.5
2.18 99.12
43.2
42. C 2.16 98. 81
2. 21 99. 7C
43.4

$95. 45
100.32
100.86
98. 47
99.12
99. 36
98. 23
100. 53
101.60
100. 28
99.29
101.00
101.45
103.38
102. 97

$2.08 $92.23
2.15 94.78
2.23 92.62
2.16 93. 24
2.19 93. 86
2. 22 93. 86
2. 21 94.02
2. 22 92. 25
2. 24 93.34
2.22 91.94
2. 23 92.16
2.27 93.84
2.27 91.25
2.28 89.70
2.30 92.04

M etalworking ma­
chinery (except ma­
chine tools)
$97.63
100. 89
99.42
98.98
100.11
100. 54
100.77
99. 96
99.25
100. 26
99.29
102. 72
97. 69
96. 87
99.47

Engines and turbines*

45.5
45.6
43.5
45.4
45.7
45.7
45.7
44.8
44.4
43.5
42.2
41.9
40.7
40.3
41.3

$2.53
2.55
2.59
2. 57
2.59
2.62
2.60
2.60
2.62
2.60
2. 56
2. 57
2.54
2. 55
2.58

General industrial
machinery *

$2.35 $92.87
2.37 96.77
2. 39 92.89
2.37 93. 44
2.40 93.44
2.38 93.63
2.39 92.10
2. 39 92. 51
2.38 92.48
2.39 92. 21
2.33 92.62
2.38 94.99
2 .4C 93.38
2.41 92.22
2. 42 93.79

42.6
43.2
41.1
41.9
41.9
41.8
41.3
41.3
41.1
40.8
40.8
41.3
40.
40.1
40.

$2.18
2 24
2.26
2.23
2.23
2.24
2.23
2.24
2.25
2.26
2.27
2.30
2.30
2.30
2.31

338

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958

Table C 1. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly, hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings
ings
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Manufacturing-Continued

Year and month

Machinery (except electrical)—Continued
Pumps, air and gas
compressors

1956: Average__ .
December.. .
1957: Average__ January__ .
February... .
March____ April_____ ..
May_____ .
June_____ July.......... August___ .

$

September..

October___
November.
December..

1956: Average__
December..
1957: Average___
January__
February...
March____
April..........
May_____
June_____
July..........
August___
September..
October___
November..
December—

90.53
92,66
90.20
91 . 12
92.43
90.91
89.18
91 . 1C
90 . 3 C
89.54
88.88
92 . 74
90 . 72
88 . 31
90 . 50

42.5
42.7
4 1 .0
41.8
42.4
41 .7
41.1
4 1 .6
40 .9
40 .7
40 4
41 . 4
4 0 .5
3 9 .6
4 0 .4

$

2.13 $ 97 . 61
2.17 101.09
2 . 20 98 . 59
2.18
96.98
2.18
98 . 56
2.18
99 . 8Í
2.1 7
99 . 36
2 .1 9
97 . 81
2.21
96.95
2 . 20
97 . 70
2 . 20 99.29
2 . 24 100 . 02
2 . 24 98 . 64
2. 23 98 . 56
2 .2 4
99 .6 3

43.0
43.2
4 1 .6
41 .8
42 . 1
42.5
42.1
41 .8
4 1 .6
41.4
41 . 2
4 1 .5
41.1
4 0 .4
4 1 .0

$

Computing machines
and cash registers

90.23
93 . 41
90 . 63
91 . 46
91.21
90 . 76
89 . 47
88 . 93
89 . 89
89 . 78
89 . 72
91 . 43
91 . 54
92 . 73
92 . 50

96.05
98 . 88
98.01
99.30
98 . 53
97 . 58
95.34
96.56
97 . 60
99.14
97 . 28
99.38
98 . 95
100 . 25
100.10

41.2
41.7
40 .1
41.2
40 .9
40 . 7
40 . 3
3 9 .7
3 9 .6
3 9 .9
3 9 .7
40.1
39 .8
3 9 .8
3 9 .7

$

$

2.19
2 . 24
2 . 26
2. 22
2.2 3
2 .2 3

2.22
2.24
2 . 27
2 . 25
2.2 6
2 . 28
2 . 30
2 . 33
2 . 33

$

88.97
88 . 44
89.20
86.46
86.11
87 . 78
88.80
89 . 87
89.42
90.27
90 . 72
88.40
88 . 09
93 . 48
93.38

41 .0
40 .2
4 0 .0
3 9 .3
3 9 .5
3 9 .9
40.0
40 .3
40.1
40 .3
40 . 5
4 0 .0
39 .5
4 1 .0
4 0 .6

$

2.17
2 . 20
2 . 23

2. 20
2.18

2. 20
2.22
2 . 23
2 . 23
2 . 24
2 . 24
2.21
2 . 23
2 .2 8
2 . 30

$

41 .4
41.9
4 0 .5
41 .9
41 .4
41 .0
40 .4
40 .4
4 0 .0
40 .8
40 . 2
4 0 .4
3 9 .9
40 .1
4 0 .2

$

Blowers, exhaust and
ventilating fans

2. 27
2 . 34
2 .3 7
2.3 2
2.35
2 . 36
2 . 36
2.3 4
2.35
2 . 36
2 . 41
2.41
2 . 40
2 . 39
2 .4 3

Office and store machines and devices 5

Sewing machines

1956: Average___
December1957: Average___
January___
February...
March____
April_____
May--------June______
July........... .
August____
September..
October___
November..
December...

Conveyors and con­
veying equipment

2. 32
2 .3 6
2 . 42
2.3 7
2 . 38
2.3 8
2 . 36
2 . 39
2 . 44
2 . 43
2 . 42
2 .4 6
2.4 8
2 . 50
2 .4 9

$

22
62
8 7 .2 5
87.78
90 . 58
88 . 62
84.26
84 . 48
86.41
86.24
87.64
88.48
89.93
88 . 94
88 . 76

40.1
40.1
3 9 .3
3 9 .9
40.8
40.1
3 8 .3
3 8 .4
39.1
3 9 .2
39 3
3 9 .5
39.1
3 8 .3
39 .1

$

2.15

2. 21
2.22
2.20
2.22
2. 21
2.20
2.2 0

2.21
2.20
2.23

2.2 4
2 . 30

2. 27
2.27

41.8
42.4
4 0 .6
41.2
40 .4
40 .7
40 .5
4 0 .6
40 .8
4 0 .2
40.5
4 0 .9
4 0 .2
3 9 .8
4 1 .1

$

2.07
2.13
2 .1 6
2.13
2.1 2
2.1 2
2.1 0
2.14
2 .1 5
2.1 9
2.14
2 .2 3
2 . 20
2 . 20
2 .1 9

$

82.20
86.52
76 . 04
76 . 43
76.04
77.41
77 . 61
75 . 27
75.08
74 . 31
75 . 66
75.27
78.01
78.41
79 . 00

41.1
42 .0
3 9 .3
39 .6
39 .4
3 9 .9
3 9 .8
3 9 .0
3 8 .9
3 8 .5
3 9 .0
3 8 .6
3 9 .8
3 9 .6
3 9 .5

$

2.00
2.06
1.9 5
1.93
1.93
1.94
1.95
1.93
1.93
1. 93
1 . 94
19.5
1.96
1.98
2 . 00

Miscellaneous machinery parts8
$

89 . 66
94 . 57
91.39
92.60
92 . 38
92 . 35
90.83
9 0 .80
91.58
91.13
91.13
91.53
91.88
91.37
92 . 34

41 .7
42 .6
4 0 .8
41.9
41 .8
41 .6
41.1
40 . 9
40 .7
4 0 .5
40 .5
4 0 .5
4 0 .3
3 9 .9
4 0 .5

$

$91.12
97. 61
90.00
87. 78
88.18
89.47
90. 54
89. 47
90. 50
90.85
90.90
92. 69
90.46
88.46
90. 00

41.8
43.0
40.0
39.
39.9
40.3
40.6
40.3
40.4
40.2
40.4
40.3
39.5
38.8
39.3

$86. 24
88.48
87. 30
86. 55
88.70
87. 60
84.15
84. 58
80. 07
86. 51
87. 07
89. 42
90.12
87. 08
87.98

40.3
40.4
39.5
39.7
40.5
40.0
38.6
38.8
39. 3
39.5
39.4
40.1
39.7
38.7
39.1

$88. 99
94.13
91.13
91.02
91.24
2. 22 90. 58
2.21
90.32
2. 22 89.24
2 . 25
90.32
2. 25 89.20
2. 25 89. 82
2.2 6
91. 71
2 . 28
91. 54
2 . 29
92. 63
2 . 28
95.12
2.15

2. 22

41.2
42.4
40.5
41.0
41.1
40.8
40.5
40.2
40.5
40.0
40.1
40.4
39.8
40.1
41.0

42.9
43.4
41.1
42.0
42.1
42.0
41. 4
41.0
41.1
40.4
41.0
41.0
40. 5
40.1
40.0

$2.22
2. 2i
2.3C
2.28
2. 26
2. 2fi
2. 27
2. 28
2. 29
2.30
2. 29
2.31
2.32
2. 34
2.33

Domestic laundry
equipment

$2.14 $89.32
2.19 94.39
2.21 90.06
2.18 84. 67
2.19 85. 91
2.19 84.80
2.18 80. 74
2.18 86.69
2.19 88. 26
2.19 89.60
2 . 21 87.08
2. 23 99. 78
2. 27 98. 65
2. 25 87. 93
2. 25 84. 27

Fabricated pipe, fit­
tings, and valves

2 .2 4
2.21
2.21

Mechanical poioertransmission equip­
ment

$2.18 $95. 24
2.27 99. 39
2.25 94. 53
2.20 95.76
2.21 95.15
2. 22 96.18
2.23 93. 98
2. 22 93. 48
2.24 94.12
2.26 92.92
2.25 93. 89
2. 30 94. 71
2. 29 93. 96
2. 28 93. 83
2.29 93.20

Service-industry and
household machines 8

Typewriters *

Refrigerators and airconditioning units
$ 89 .
88 .

86 . 53
90.31
87 . 70
87 . 76
85 . 65
86.28
85 . 05
86 . 88
87.72
88.04
86 . 67
91.21
88.44
8 7 .5 6
90.01

Industrial trucks,
tractors, etc.

40.6
41.4
39.5
37.8
38.7
38.2
36.7
38.7
39.4
40.0
39.1
42.1
41.8
37.9
36.8

41. 4
42.3
39.
41.4
41. 1
41.0
39.7
39.8
39.5
39.8
39.6
39.5
39.1
38.4
38.9

$90.92
93.48
94.62
93. 24
91.49
93. 88
93. 41
92. 77
94.69
90. 74
94. 39
99. 64
98.00
94. 66
92.80

41.9
42.3
41.5
42.0
41.4
42.1
41.7
41.6
41.9
39.8
41.4
42.4
41.7
40.8
40.0

$2.17
2. 21
2.28
2.22
2. 21
2.23
2. 24
2. 23
2.26
2.28
2. 28
2.35
2.35
2.32
3.32

Commercial laundry,
dry-cleaning, and
pressing machines

$2.20 $81.34
2.28 83 13
2.28 82. 62
2.24 79. 56
2. 22 79. 20
2. 22 80.59
2.20 81. 76
2.24 SI. 18
2. 24 79. 79
2. 24 86. 52
2. 25 83. 43
2. 37 87.99
2.36 87. 57
2. 32 86.30
2.29 85.48

Ball and roller
bearings

$2.16 $89.01
2 . 22 94.33
2.25 89.15
2 . 22 91.91
2 . 22 91. 24
2. 22 91.43
2.23 87.34
2 . 22 88. 36
2.23 88.48
2.23 89. 55
2. 24 88.70
2. 27 89.27
2. 30 88. 76
2. 31 87. 94
2. 32 88. 30

Mechanical stokers
and industrial
furnaces and ovens

41.5
42.2
40.7
40.8
40.0
40.7
41.5
41.0
39.5
42.0
40.5
41.9
41.7
40.9
40.9

$1.96
1.97
2.03
1.95
1.98
1.98
1.97
1.98
2.02
2.06
2. 06
2.10
2.10
2.11
2. 09

Machine shops (job
and repair)

$2.15 $90.31
2. 23 94. 81
2. 24 92. 74
2 . 22 93.93
2 . 22 93. 93
2. 23 93.68
2.20 92.60
2 . 22 92. 57
2. 24 93.11
2.25 93.07
2.24 92. 48
2. 26 92.43
2. 27! 93. 30
2. 29 92.11
2. 271 92. 84

42.2
42.9
41.4
42.5
42.5
42.2
41.9
41.7
41.2
41.0
41.1
40.9
41.1
40.4
40.9

$2.14
2. 21

2.24
2 . 21
2.21
2 . 22
2. 21
2 . 22

2. 25
2.27
2.25
2. 28
2. 27
2. 28
2.27

Electrical machinery
Total: Electrical
machinery
1956: Average___
December1957: Average___
January___
February...
March____
April_____
May_____
Ju n e..____
J u ly ..........
August........
September..
October___
November..
December...

$80. 78
84.46
82. 80
82.82
83.23
83.43
83.02
82. 21
83. 02
81.39
82. 81
83.21
81.95
82. 95
83. 56

40.8
41.2
40.0
40.4
40.6
40.5
40.3
40.1
40.3
39.7
40.2
40.2
39.4
39.5
39.6

See footnotes at end of table,


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Electrical generating,
transmission, distri­
bution, and indus­
trial apparatus 8

$1.98 $87.15
2. 05 90.69
2. 07 88. 70
2.05 88.13
2.05 88.13
2.06 88. 75
2.06 87. 89
2. 05 87. 67
2. 06 89.13
2.05 88. 91
2.06 89. 32
2. 07 90.13
2. 08 89. 20
2.10 90. 00
2.11 90.27

41.5
41.6
40.5
40.8
40.8
40.9
40.5
40.4
40.7
40.6
40.6
40.6,
40.0
40.0
40.3

$ 2.10

2.18
2.19
2.16
2.16
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.19
2.19
2 . 20
2 . 22

2. 23
2. 25
2.24

W iring devices and
su p p lies

$76.11
78.12
76. 82
76.07
77. 57
77. 39
76. 24
76. 43
77.41
77. 03
75. 46
76.83
76.44
78.21
78. 21

40.7
40.9
39.6
40.3
40.4
40.1
39.5
39.6
39.9
39.3
39.1
39.4
38.8
39.3
39.5

Carbon and graphite
products (electrical)

$1.87 $84.46
1.91 86. 93
1. 94 84.38
1.91 85.89
1.92 84. 65
1.93 85.88
1. 93 85. 26
1.93 84. 40
1. 94 84. 23
1. 96 84. 77
1.93 85. 20
1.95 84.35
1.97 82. 68
1.99 84.71
1.98 83. 74

41.2
41.2
39.8
40.9
40.5
40.7
40.6
40.0
40.3
39.8
40.0
39.6
38.1
39.4
39.5

Electrical indicating,
m easuring, and re­
cording in stru m en ts

$2.05 $80.16
2.11 83. 23
2.12 81. 61
2.10 80.00
2.09 81.61
2.11 81.00
2.10 81.20
2. 11 81. 20
2.09 83.03
2.13 81.81
2.13 81.80
2.13 82.61
2.17 82.00
2.15 83. 02
2.12 83.84

40.9
41.0
40.2
40.2
40.4
40.1
40.0
40. 2
40.9
40.3
40.1
40.1
40.0
40.3
40.5

M otors, generators,
and motor-generator
sets

$1.96 $90.86
2. 03 95. 08
2. 03 94.19
1.99 91.98
2. 02 91. 53
2.02 92.39
2.03 90. 85
2. 02 91. 25
2. 03 93. 79
2.03 94. 48
2. 04 95.76
2. 06 96. 29
2.05 97. 03
2.06 96. 56
2.07 90. 63

41.3
41.7
40.6
40.7
40.5
40. 7
40.2
40.2
40.6
40.9
41.1
40.8
40.6
40.4
40.6

$2.20
2. 28
2. 32
2. 26
2.26
2.27
2.26
2. 27
2.31
2.31
2. 33
2. 36
2. 39
2. 39
2.38

839

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

T able C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees x—Con.
Avg. Avg.
w kly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
Electrical machinery—Continued
Power and distribu­
tion transform ers

1956: Average..........- $92.62
December........ 97.02
93.15
1957: Average_____
January_____
93. 89
94. 76
February____
M a rc h .......... . 95.17
93. 89
April________
91.94
M ay________
June_________ 92.80
July— ........ — 94.07
93. 43
August______
92.92
September___
October______ 91. 25
92.34
November___
December........ 91.25

42.1
42.0
40.5
41.0
41.2
41.2
41.0
40.5
40.7
40.9
40.8
40.4
39.5
39.8
39.5

$2.20 $90.30
2.31 94. 30
2.30 92. 48
2. 29 91. 91
2.30 91.72
2. 31 92.13
2. 29 92.13
2. 27 92.10
2. 28 93.15
2.30 92. 70
2. 29 93. 11
2.30 94.39
2.31 92.52
2.32 93.03
2.31 94.89

Electric lamps

1956: Average_____ $75.07
77. 74
December___
1957: Average______ 76.81
78.12
January_____
February____
77. 55
March_______ 77. 36
76.19
April________
M ay________
74. 86
June_________ 75. 65
74.48
July..................
A ugust............. 75. 84
78.20
September___
October______ 78. 41
79.00
N ovem ber___
December____ 78.20

40.8
40.7
39.8
40.9
40.6
40.5
40.1
39.4
39.4
39.2
39. 5
39.9
39.6
39.5
39.1

Switchgear, switch­
board, and in d u s­
trial controls

42.0
42.1
41.1
41.4
41.5
41.5
41.5
41.3
41.4
41.2
41.2
41.4
40.4
40.1
40.9

$2.15 $101. 20
2. 24 100. 99
2. 25 96. 74
2.22 99. 79
2. 21 100.25
2.22 101. 38
2.22 97. 44
2. 23 98.18
2. 25 99. 53
2. 25 91.71
2. 26 99.12
2. 28 95.91
2. 29 94. 37
2.32 92.73
2.32 94.71

Communication
equipm ent5

$1.84 $75. 95
1. 91 78. 55
1.93 78.41
1.91 78.40
1.91 79.58
1. 91 79. 59
1.90 79.19
1.90 79. 00
1.92 79. 59
1.90 75. 85
1. 92 78. 00
1.96 78.40
1.98 76. 44
2.00 77.22
2.00 78.40

40.4
40.7
39.8
40.0
40.6
40.4
40.2
40.1
40.4
39.1
40.0
40.0
39.0
39.0
39.2

Electrical welding
a p p aratus

44.0
44.1
41.7
43.2
43.4
43.7
42.0
42.5
42.9
39.7
42.0
41.7
40.5
39.8
40.3

$2.30 $80.60
2. 29 83.01
2. 32 83.10
2.31 82. 58
2. 31 82. 74
2.32 82. 92
2.32 82.50
2.31 81.83
2.32 82. 43
2. 31 82.08
2. 36 82. 47
2. 30 83.10
2.33 83. 74
2.33 83.92
2.35 84.24

Radios, phonographs,
television sets, and
equipm ent

$1. 88 $72.98
1.93 75. 76
1.97 75. 83
1.96 75. 24
1.96 76. 40
1.97 76. 80
1.97 76. 61
1.97 76. 21
1. 97 76.97
1.94 75. 24
1. 95 76.00
1.96 76.02
1.96 74.30
1.98 75.08
2.00 76.64

40.1
40.3
39.7
39.6
40.0
40.0
39.9
39.9
40.3
39.6
40.0
39.8
38.9
38.9
39.1

Electrical appliances

39.9
40.1
39.2
39.7
39.4
39.3
39.1
38.6
38.7
38.9
38.9
39.2
39.5
39.4
39.0

39.1
39.0
38.9
37. 7
39.1
39.3
38.9
38.8
39.5
37.7
40. 1
40.1
38.6
37.8
38.3

1956: Average____ . $87.12
December____ 96.11
90.27
1957: Average_____
89.10
January_____
89.54
February____
88.44
M arch______
86. 94
April________
M a y ................. 86.94
89.42
June________
July— ........... 87.86
92. 25
August______
93.94
September___
October____ _ 94.35
91.03
N ovem ber___
December____ 89.67

40.9
43.1
40.3
40.5
40.7
40.2
39.7
39.7
40.1
39.4
41.0
41.2
41.2
40.1
39.5

$2.13 $94. 48
2. 23 65.90
2.24 68.23
2. 20 66.86
2.20 67. 43
2.20 68.34
2.19 70.18
2.19 70.11
2. 23 67.43
2.23 66. 59
2. 25 67. 66
2.28 67. 49
2.29 67. 82
2. 27 67.64
2.27 68.63

T ruck and bus bodies

1956: Average_____ $81.41
December____ 84. 85
84.35
1957: Average_____
81.35
January_____
83. 79
February____
March_______ 85. 01
85.86
April................
M ay________
83.37
83. 35
June________
84. 8f
July________
87. 2C
August_____
85. 79
September___
82. 94
October_____
83.81
N ovem ber__
86.3"
December___

39.8
39.7
39.9
39.8
39.9
40.2
40.8
41.0
39.9
39.4
39.8
39.7
39.2
39.1
39.9

40.0
39.6
39.2
38.7
38.6
38.9
39.1
38.8
40.1
38.8
40.
41.
40.8
37.:
39.1

X -ra y and nonradio
electronic tubes

$1.62 $87.53
1. 66 89.10
1.71 89.20
1.68 86.76
1.69 87.60
1.70 89.10
1. 72 88.00
1.71 88. 26
1.69 89. 06
1.69 92.48
1.70 90.68
1.70 89.60
1. 73 90. 97
1.73 92.11
1.72 91.98

Trailers (truck and
automobile )

40.3 $2.02 $82.80
40.6
2.09 81.97
39.6
2.13 80.75
39.3
2.07 80.11
39. S
2.10 78. 74
2.12 79.75
40.1
2.12 80.94
40.5
2.1C 79.93
39.7
2.11 83. 01
39.5
40. C 2.12 80.32
2. If 83. 42
40.4
2.15 85. 28
39.9
38.4
2. W 85.68
2. If 76.4'
38.
2.17 80.94
39.

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

P rim a ry batteries
(dry and wet )

$1.97 $84. 42
2.04 94. 13
2. 05 86. 07
2.04 86. 62
2. 03 85. 32
2. 04 84. 10
2.03 83. 85
2.04 83. 03
2.04 85. 58
2.05 85. 58
2. 07 86. 46
2.05 87. 91
2. 05 86. 58
2.07 86. 52
2.04 86.97

$1.72
1. 75
1.81
1. 75
1. 77
1. 78
1.79
1.80
1.82
1.80
1. 82
1.86
1. 86
1.85
1.86

$95. 24
100. 55
94.16
100. 25
100. 53
98.67
97. 75
95. 49
94. 81
85. 91
91.03
91. 76
90.12
93.38
92.34

42.9
44.1
41.3
43.4
43.9
42.9
42.5
41.7
41.4
38.7
40.1
40.6
39.7
40.6
40.5

40.2
42.4
39.3
40. 1
39.5
39.3
39.0
38.8
38.9
38.9
39.3
39.6
39.0
38.8
39.0

$2.10
2. 22
2.19
2.16
2.16
2.14
2.15
2.14
2. 20
2.20
2. 20
2.22
2.22
2.23
2.23

Miscellaneous elec­
trical products 5

Telephone, telegraph,
and related equip­
m en t

40.9
40.5
40.0
39.8
40.0
40.5
40.0
40.3
40.3
41.1
40.3
40.0
39.9
40.4
40.7

$2.14
2. 20
2.23
2.18
2.19
2.20
2.20
2.19
2.21
2.25
2. 25
2.24
2. 28
2.28
2.26

Total: Transporta­
tion equipment
$94.71
105.95
98.01
99. 25
98.36
97.82
96.22
94. 56
96. 24
95.20
97. 69
97.66
97. 57
101.75
100.19

Aircraft and parts !

$2.07 $95.99
2.07 100.39
2.06 97.00
2.07 99.26
2.04 98. 56
2.05 99.17
2.07 99.12
2. 06 94.6C
2.07 95. 0C
2.07 94. 94
2. 0" 96. If
2.08 95.68
2.1C 95. 84
2.05 96.4C
2.0" 98.42

42.8
43.4
41.5
41.8
41.6
41.9
42.1
42.4
42.2
41.3
41.3
42.1
41.1
40.6
40.5

Electrical equipment
for vehicles

$2.22 $78. 34
2. 28 83. 42
2. 28 81.61
2.31 81.20
2. 29 82. 01
2.30 81.00
2. 30 80. 79
2.29 80. 20
2.29 80. 80
2.22 80.60
2. 27 82. 21
2. 26 83. 23
2. 27 83.22
2.30 82.82
2. 28 83.01

40.8
41.5
40.4
40.4
40.6
40.5
40.6
40.3
40.4
40.3
40.7
40.8
40.4
40.4
40.1

$1.92
2.01
2.02
2.01
2.02
2.00
1. 99
1.99
2.00
2.00
2.02
2. 04
2. 06
2.05
2.07

Transportation equipment

Electrical machinery—Continued
Storage batteries

$2.02 $84.32
2. 07 88. 54
2.12 85.08
2.08 85. 27
2.10 84. 45
2. 11 85. 48
2.11 85.46
2.12 86.50
2.13 86.09
2.11 84.67
2.12 85. 49
2.12 86. 31
2.12 84.26
2.13 84.04
2.16 82.62

Radio tubes

$1.82 $67.25
1.88 68. 25
1.91 70. 41
1.90 65. 98
1. 91 69. 21
1. 92 69.95
1.92 69.63
1.91 69.84
1.91 71.89
1.90 67. 86
1.90 72. 98
1.91 74. 59
1.91 71.80
1.93 69.93
1.96 71.24

Insulated wire and
cable

42.1 $2.28 $94.89
2.34 97. 67
42.9
41.1
2.36 95.65
42.6
2. 33 97.71
2.33 97.21
42.3
2.35 98.05
42.2
42. C 2. 36 97.76
2. 33 92. 86
40.6
2. 34 92. 97
40.6
40.
2.35 93.1C
2. 38 95. 04
40.4
2.38 94.86
40.2
2. 3Í 95. 26
40.1
40. C 2. 41 95.51
2.43 97.11
40.

41.0
43.6
40.5
41.7
41.5
41.1
40.6
39.9
40.1
39.5
40. 2
39.7
39.5
40.7
40.4

$2.31
2. 43
2.42
2. 38
2. 37
2.38
2.37
2. 37
2.40
2. 41
2. 43
2. 46
2.47
2.50
2.48

$94.71
112. 95
99. 54
100. 36
99.29
97.12
94.17
93.84
97.42
94.71
98.80
99. 43
99 31
108.62
102.16

40.3
45.0
40.3
41.3
41.2
40.3
39.4
39.1
39.6
38.5
40.0
39.3
39.1
42.1
40.7

$2.35
2. 51
2.47
2.43
2. 41
2. 41
2.39
2.40
2. 46
2. 46
2. 47
2. 53
2. 54
2.58
2. 51

A irc ra ft engines and
parts

A ircra ft

41.8
42.1
40.7
42.3
41.
41.9
41.6
40.6
39.9
39.
40.
40.6
40.6
39.
40.

Motor vehicles and
equipm ent6*

$2.27
2.32
2.35
2.31
2.32
2.34
2. 35
2. 32
2.33
2.34
2. 3"
2.3'
2. 33
2. 46
2.41

$96.67
104. 92
98. 47
102.82
102.62
101.26
100. 2E
95. 06
96. 76
96. 26
96. 16
95.11
96. 73
97. r
100.36

M otor vehicles, bodies
p arts, and acc ’storie*

$96.15
115. 32
101.00
101.84
101.02
98.17
95.11
95. 01
98.60
96.00
100. 15
100. 74
100. 49
110. 66
103.63

40.4
45.4
40.4
41.4
41.4
40.4
39.3
39.1
39.6
38.4
39.9
39.2
39. 1
42.4
40.8

$2. 38
2.54
2. 50
2.46
2. 44
2.43
2. 42
2 43
2. 49
2. 50
2. 51
2.57
2. 57
2.61
2.54

A irc ra ft proi sellers
and part 8

42.4 $2.28 $96. 93
2.39 103.84
43.9
2.39 98.23
41.2
2. 38 92. 52
43.2
2.37 95.17
43.3
2.37 97. 16
42.7
2. 37 102. 58
42.3
2. 33 97. 76
40.8
41. C 2 .3C 96.16
2.3C 95. 88
40.
2. 41 98. 2Í
39.
2. 46 97. 2C
39.
2.4f 98. 7'
39.
2. 46 98.7'
39.
2.56 101.16
39.

42.7
44.0
41.8
40.4
41.2
41.7
43.
41.6
40.
40.8
41.
41.6
41.
4L
42.

$2.27
2. 36
2.35
2.29
2.31
2.33
2.38
2.35
2.35
2. 35
2. 38
2.36
2. 38
2.38
2.39

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958

340

T able C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. w kly,
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

M anufacturing—Con tinued
Year and month
Transportation equipment--Continued
Other aircraft parts
and equipm ent

$98. 24
104 31
99. 54
101 76
100.15
101 05
101. 24
99.17
100.06
99.30
99.07
99. 84
97. 75
November___ 98.09
December___ 100.67

1856: Average-------December-----1957: Average____
January-------February------M arch____ .
April________
M ay________
June____ ____
J u ly .................
August______
September___
October______

42. 9
44. 2
42.0
43.3
42.8
43.0
42.9
42.2
42.4
41.9
41.8
41.6
40.9
40.7
41.6

Ship and boat buildtag and repairing 4

$2. 29 $89.10
2. 36! 94 71
2.37 94.80
2. 35 93. 67
2.34 94.40
2. 35 94.80
2.36 9187
2.35 96.32
2.36 96.15
2.37 97.20
2. 37 97.28
2. 40 96.53
2.39 95. 55
2. 41 90.15
2. 42 94.18

39.6
40 3
39.5
40. 2
40.0
40.0
40.2
40.3
40.4
40.5
40. 2
39.4
39.0
37.1
38.6

Shipbuilding and
repairing

$2. 25 $92. 27
2. 35 97. 77
2.40 97.17
2. 33 96.88
2. 36 97. 11
2.37 97. 76
2.36 97.60
2. 39 98. 65
2.38 98.98
2.40 99.23
2. 42 99. 29
2. 45 98.50
2.45 97. 50
2.43 91.88
2. 44 96.25

39.6
40. 4
39.5
40.2
39.8
39.9
40.0
40.1
40.4
40.5
40.2
39.4
39.0
36.9
38.5

$2.33 $73. 57
2. 42 74.64
2. 46 77.01
2. 41 74. 43
2.44 78. 06
2 45 76.14
2. 44 77.93
2. 46 80 03
2.45 78. 72
2.45 79. 59
2. 47 77. 82
2. 50 77.82
2. 50 77.41
2.49 75.25
2. 50 76.24

car#

$91.96
97 11
100.95
97.66
98.40
99.94
99.60
99.10
97.96
100.30
99. 29
102. 56
98.43
November___ 103. 36
December___ 105. 74

1956: A v era g e.____
December-----1957: Average . .
January_____
February____
March_______
April________
M ay________
June_________
July------------ August______
September___
October. ____

Other transportation
equipment

38.8 $2. 37 $77. 59
2.44 77 02
39.8
39.9
2. 53 79.79
39. 7
2. 46 77. 42
2.46 80.40
40.0
2. 48 79. 99
40.3
2.49 79.40
40.0
2.49 81. 20
39.8
39.5
2. 48 81.40
39.8
2. 52 79.37
39.4
2. 52 82. 21
39.6
2. 59 82. 82
38.3
2. 57 81.18
39.6
2.61 77.29
39. 9' 2. 65 77.46

40.2
38.9
39.5
39.3
40.4
40.4
40.1
40.4
40.1
39.1
40.1
40.6
39.6
37.7
37.6

40.2
39. 7
39.9
39.8
41.3
40. 5
40.8
41.9
41.0
40.4
39. 5
39.5
38.9
38.2
38.9

$1.83
1.88
1.93
1. 87
1. 89
1.88
1.91
1.91
1.92
1.97
1. 97
1.97
1.99
1.97
1.96

Total Instruments
and related products

$1.93 $82. 01
1.98 84.87
2.02 85.24
1.97 84.66
1.99 85.69
1. 98 85. 47
1.98 85. 26
2.01 84. 42
2.03 85.46
2.03 84.61
2.05 84. 00
2.04 86.46
2.05 85.39
2.05 85.60
2.06 85. 79

40.8
41.0
40.4
40. 7
41.0
40.7
40.6
40.2
40.5
40.1
40.0
40.4
39.9
40.0
39.9

Laboratory, seientifie, and engineertag instruments

$2.01 $94. 95
2.07 98.18
2.11 97.17
2.08 99.03
2.09 99. 26
2.10 68. 65
2.10 97.34
2.10 93.03
2.11 96.05
2.11 95.04
2. 10 94.09
2.14 96. 72
2.14 95. 68
2.14 98. 25
2.15 100.53'

42.2
42. 5
41.0
42. 5
42.6
41.8
41.6
40.1
40.7
40.1
39.7
40.3
39.7
40.6
41.2

1956: Average_____ $71. 51
December____ 73.12
74. 37
1957: Average_____
January______ 72. 94
74. 48
February____
March_______ 73.71
April________
73. 38
M ay.......... ....... 74.15
J u n e ________ 75.30
J u ly .................. 74.00
August______
74. 59
September___
75.92
October______ 76.17
November___
75.05
December____ 75. 41

40, 4 $1. 77 $64. 48
40. 4
1. 81 65. 93
40. 2
1.85 67.09
40. 3
1. 81 64. 55
40.7
1.83 66. 23
40.5
1.82 67. 77
40.1
1.83 67. 54
40.3
1.84 67. 77
40.7
1.85 67. 54
40. C 1.85 67. 83
1. 86 68. 4C
40. 1
40.6
1.87 69. 08
40.3
1. 81 67.4t
39.5
1.90 65.63
39.9
1.89 64.30

Jew elry and findings

1956: Average______ $69.06
41.6
December____ 73. 27
42.6
70.24
1957: Average_____
40.6
January______ 68. 2i
40.1
68. 85
40.5
February____
40. (
March_______ 68. 8(
April...... ........... 68.68
39.7
M a y .......... .
40.0
69. 6(
June_________ 70.88
40.5
July................... 67. 41
39.7
August______
70. 47
40. 5
72. 38
41.6
September___
O c to b e r .____ 70. 91
40.8
November___ 71.28
40.5
41.6
December____ 74.05
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Ophthalmic goods

$1.66 $83.38
1. 72 90. 67
1.73 84.87
1.61 82.06
1. 7( 84.66
1. 72 86. 72
1.73 84.23
1.7' 80.20
1.75 80. 21
1.70 81.20
1.74 85. 90
1.74 89. 67
1. 7' 88.4!
1.76 86.94
1.78 83.641

Photographic apparatus

40.3 $1.60 $91. 46
40.2
1.64 94. 85
39.7
1.69 95.00
39.6
1. 63 94. 30
39. S
1.66 93. 8S
40.1
1.69 93. 84
40.2
1.68 93. 84
1.69 94.02
40.1
40.2
1.68 94.71
39. t
1.70 94.02
40. C 1. 71 92. 75
40.4
1.71 97.2C
39.7
1.7C 95. 76
39.3
1.67 97.20
37.6
1.71 97.20

Silverware and plated
ware

39.9
40.4
40.2
40.3
40.4
40.6
40.5
39.9
39.8
40.0
39.6
40.1
38.7
39.6
39.9

$2.37
2. 44
2. 52
2. 45
2. 45
2. 47
2. 48
2.47
2. 49
2.52
2. 52
2. 59
2. 57
2. 59
2.64

41.2
41.6
40.6
41.0
41.0
40.8
40. 8
40.7
41.0
40.7
40. 5
40.5
39. e
40.5
40.5

$99.17
102. 06
102.25
101 75
100. 85
101.02
102. 48
97. 28
102. 47
102. 56
103. 22
107.38
102.94
100. 73
103. 74

42.2
42.0
40.9
41.7
41. 5
41.4
42.0
40.2
40.5
40.7
40.8
41.3
39.9
39.5
39.9

$2.35
2.43
2. 50
2. 44
2.43
2. 44
2. 44
2.42
2.53
2. 52
2.53
2.60
2. 58
2. 55
2. 60

41.9 $1.99 $80. 54
2. 07 83. 21
43.8
41.4
2.05 82.62
41. C 2.00 81.01
41. 5
2.04 82. 01
42.3
2. 05 83. 43
41.7
2.02 83.4'
2. 00 82. 42
40. 1
2.00 82.00
40.1
40. 1
2.0] 73.53
41. 7
2. 06 81. 80
42.7
2.10 84.87
42.3
2.0Í 85.71
2.07 84.87
42.0
40.8
2.05 84.46'

41.3
41.1
40.3
40. 5
40.6
41. Í
40.7
40. '
40.0
36.1
40.1
41.0
41.2
41.0
41.0

41.0
41. 1
40.6
40.8
41.1
41.0
41.1
40.7
40.7
40.1
40.4
49.4
40.3
40.0
39.8

Optical instruments
and lenses

$2.04 $83.03
2. 09 85. 06
2.13 85. 63
2.10 83. 98
2.11 85.24
2.12 85. 24
2.13 85.05
2.13 85. 41
2.13 85. 84
2.12 85.84
2.12 84. 38
2.15 86.24
2.15 86. 00
2.15 85. 63
2.16 85.81

40.5
40. 7
40.2
39.8
40.4
40.4
40.5
40.1
40.3
40.3
39.8
40 3
40.0
40.2
40.1

$2.05
2.08
2.13
2.11
2.11
2.11
2.10
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.12
2.14
2.15
2.13
2.14

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries

Watches and clocks

$2. 22 $70. 77
2. 28 71. 76
2. 34 72. 34
2. 30 71.97
2. 29 73. 47
2. 3C 72. 34
2.30 70.10
2.31 71.23
2.31 72.15
2.31 69.66
2. 2£ 71. 97
2.4C 75.36
2.4C 73.1C
2.4C 73. 66
2.40 72.18

Musical instruments
and parts

Mechanical measurtag and controlling
instruments

$2. 25 $83. 64
2.31 85.90
2.37 86.48
2. 33 85.68
2. 33 86. 72
2. 36 86.92
2.34 87. 54
2.32 86. 69
2. 36 86.69
2.37 85.01
2.37 85. 65
2.40 86. 86
2.41 86. 65
2.42 86.00
2. 44 85.97

Instruments and related products—Continued
Surgical,
medical,
and dental instrumenta

$94. 56
98. 58
101. 30
98. 74
98.98
100.28
100. 44
98. 55
99.10
100. 80
99.79
103. 86
99.46
102. 56
105.34

Instruments and related products

Transportation equipment--Continued
Ftailroad and street

Locomotives and
parts

Boatbuilding and
repairing

39.1
39.0
39.1
38.9
39.5
39. 1
38.1
38.5
39.0
38.7
38. e
40.3
39.3
39.6
38.6

$1.81 $70. 53
1.84 72. 67
1.85 72.40
1.85 72. 40
1.86 72. 94
1. 85 73. 49
1. 84 72.22
1.85 72. 04
1.85 71.82
1.8C 71. 5C
1.85 72.0C
1.87 72. 94
1.86 72.40
1.86 72.25
1.87 72.86

Toys and sporting
goods 5 6

$1.95 $62. 56
2.01 63. 8C
2.05 65. 52
2. 00 66. 69
2.02 67. 37
2. 03 66.92
2.05 66. 59
2.0' 65. 7'
2.05 64.96
2. 02 63. 53
2.04 65. 86
2.07 65.97
2.08 65. 91
2.07 66.25
2.00 64. 94

Total Miscellaneous
manufacturing Industries

40.3 $1. 75 $74. 23
1.79 79.12
40.6
40.0
1.81 75. 26
40.0
1. 81 72. 67
40.3
1.81 74. 26
40. 6
1.81 75. 07
39.9
1. 81 73.93
39.8
1.81 73.20
39.9
1.80 74.34
39.5
1.81 72. 22
40. C 1.80 75. 67
40.3
1.81 78.12
40. C 1.81 76.41
39.7
1.82 76. 26
1.84 77.23
39.6

Games, toys, dolls, and
children’s vehicles

39.1 $1.6( $61. 85
38 C 1.64 61. 2f
39. C 1.68 63.65
39. C 1. 71 63. 08
39.1
1. 71 64. 08
39.6
1. 61 64. 2Í
39.4
1. 6Í 63. 8(
38.1
1.61 63.61
38.1
1.67 62. 5c
38. 5
1.66 61.50
39. 2
1.68 64. 62
39.5
1.67 64. 55
39. 7
1.66 64.31
39.2
1.69 65.01
38.2
1.70 62.25

Jewelry, silverware,
and plated ware 4
41.7 $1.78
43.0
1.84
40.9
1.84
40.6
1.79
40.8
1.82
1.84
40.8
40.4
1.83
40.0
1.83
40. 4
1.84
39.9
1.81
40.9
1.85
42.0
1.86
41.3
1.85
41. C 1.86
41.3
1.87

S porting and athletic
goods 6

38.9 $1.59 $63.99
1.63 67. 75
37.6
1.64 69. 52
38.8
38. C 1.66 71.35
38.6
1. 66 71. 86
39.2
1.61 71.35
38.5
1.61 70. 98
38.6
1.65 69. 17
1.62 69.34
38.6
38.2
1.61 67.94
1. 64 68.11
39. 4
1.63 j 68.78
39.6
1.62 ! 69.65
39.7
39.4
1.65 ! 68.29
37.5
1.66 69.38

39. 5
40.8
39.5
40.5
40. 6
40.5
40.1
39.5
39.1
38.6
38. 7
39.3
39.8
38.8
39.2

$1.62
1.66
1.76
1.77
1. 77
1.77
1.77
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.75
1.75
1.76
1.77

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

Table C -l.

341

Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
w kly. w kly.
earn­ hours
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earnlngs

Year and month

Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn- hours earn- earn- hours
ings
ings
ings
M anufacturlng—Continued

Avg.
hrly.
earnings

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earnings

1958: Average_____ .
December___ _
1957: Average____ January____ February___ .
March............
April............. . M a y .............. June________ .
July................ .
August...........
September__
October..........
November___
December___

Costume jewelry,
buttons, notions
$62.49
39.3
64. 64
39.9
65.24
39.3
64.06
39.3
65. 27
39.8
65. 67
39.8
64.19
38.9
64. 57
38.9
63.41
38.9
64.35
39.0
64.12
39.1
66.17
40.1
66.76
39.5
67.42
39.2
64.96
38.9

Fabricated plastic
Other manufacturing
products
industries
$75.35
41.4 $1.82 $74. 37
40.2 $1.85
41 6
78, 21
1.88 75. 17
40.2
1.87
78. 31
41.0
1.91 74.82
39.8
1.88
78.06
41.3
1.89 74.84
39. 6
1.89
78. 25
41.4
1.89 75.41
39 9
1.89
79. 65
41.7
1.91 76.14
40. 5
1.88
76. 92
40.7
1.89 74. 82
39.8
1.88
76. 36
40.4
1.89 75.0!
39.9
1.88
78.12
40.9
1.91 75.39
40.1
1.88
80.10
41.5
1.93 75.05
39.5
1.90
78. 47
41.3
1. 90 74.82
39.8
1.88
79.10
41.2
1.92 74.82
39.8
1.88
78.53
40.9
1.92 73. 30
39.2
1.87
76.97
40.3
1.91 73.12
39.1
1.87
77.76
40. 5
1.92 75.84
39.5
1.92
Transportation and public utilities—Continued

Telephone 8
1956: Average..........
December___
1957: Average____
January_____
February___
March______
April_______
M ay_______
Jun e......... .
July................

August...........

Septem ber...
October_____
November__
December___

43.5
43 7
42.7
42.5
42.8
42.5
43.0
42.7
43.0
43.0
42.4
41.9
42.8
43.0
42.8

1956: Average_____
December___
1957: Average____
January_____
February___
March______
April_______
M ay_______
June................
July----- . ___
August......... .
September___
October........
N ovem ber..
December___

$86.30
89. 40
90. 76
90.25
87.67
86. 83
87.23
88.04
89.42
90. 72
90.09
91.76
93. 07
93. 25
94. 58

40.9
41.2
40.7
41.4
40. 4
40.2
40.2
40. 2
40.1
40.5
40.4
40.6
41.0
40.9
41.3

41.7
41.0

93.08
94. 53
89. 98
92. 82
94. 55
93.07
95. 63
95. 60
93. 71
94.95
98.16

42. 5
42.2
40.9
42.0
42.4
41.0
42.5
42.3
41.1
42.2
40.9

Local railways
buslines'
$2.12 $84. 48
43.1
2.21 86. 80
43 4
88. 56
43.2
2. 19 86. 86
43 0
2.24 86.25
42.7
2. 20 86. 66
42.9
2. 21 87.29
43.0
2.23 88. 71
43.7
2.27 89. 96
44.1
2.25 90. 02
43.7
2.26 89. 40
43.4
2. 28 90.05
43.5
2.25 89.01
43.0
2.40 88.80
42.9
89.65
43.1

Total: Gas and elec­
tric utilities

42.0 $1.97 $91. 46
41.2
41.6
2. 02 93. 94
41.2
41.8
2. 09 95. 53
41.0
41.7
2. 07 92.84
40.9
41.8
2.08 92.62
40.8
41.9
2.09 93.02
40.8
41.4
2.08 94. 07
40 9
42.5
2.10 93. 61
40.7
42.2
2.10 95.30
40.9
42.2
2.10 96.41
41.2
41.9
2.10 95.94
41.0
41.9
2.10 96.93
40.9
41.5
2.10 97. 58
41.0
41.0
2. 09 97.99
41.0
40.9
2.10 98.88
41.2
Wholesale and retail trade

‘notes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$1.69 $81. 28
1. 71 81.91
1.77 83.66
1. 73 82.34
1. 74 82. 53
1. 74 82.78
1.74 83.22
1.76 84. 48
1.77 85.17
1.78 84.73
1.78 84.73
1.80 84.10
1.81 82.84
1.82 82.65
1.81 82. 53

2.00

2.05
2.02
2 . 02
2.02

2.03
2.03
2.04
2.06
2. 06
2. 07
2. 07
2. 07
2. 08

41 5
41. 6
41.3
41. 1
41.1
41. 2
41.3
41.1
41.6
41.7
41.3
41. 2
41.1
41. 2
41.3

$2. 25
2.30
2.35
2 29
2.29
2.30
2 32
2 33
2.37
2.36
2. 37
2.39
2.40
2 41
2. 42

R etail trade

and ac­
Food and liquor stores Automotive
cessories dealers
37.5
37.0
36.7
36.8
36.7
36.6
36.7
36.7
37.1
37.9
37.7
36.7
36.1
36.0
36.0

$1.96

Electric light and
power utilities

$2.22 $93.38
2.28 95 46
2.33 97.06
2.27 94.12
2. 27 94.12
2. 28 94. 76
2. 30 95. 82
2.30 95. 76
2.33 98. 59
2. 34 98.41
2.34 97. 88
2. 37 98. 47
2. 38 98.64
2.39 99. 29
2.40 99. 95

Wholesale trade

Finance, insurance,
and real estate 10

Retail trade—Continued

956: Average_____ $63.38
December........ 63.27
57: A verage..........
64.96
January_____
63.66
63. 86
February____
March_______ 63.68
April________
63.86
M ay________
64. 59
.June________
65. 67
nly................. 67.46
gust______
67.11
‘ember___ 66.06
O ber............ 65.34
Sober___
65. 52
!?er___
65.16

and

Retail trade (except General merchandise Department
stores
eating and drink­
stores
and general mail­
ing places)
order houses
41.1 $2.26 $81. 20
40.4 $2. 01 $60. 60
38 6 $1.57 $43. 40
35. 0 $1. 24 $48. 77
35.6 $1. 37
40.8
2.34 83. 84
2.06 59.83
40.7
38.6
1. 55 43.80
36.2
1. 21 50. 09
37.1
1. 35
40.8
2. 38 84.42
40.2
2.10 62. 87
38.1
1.65 44. 85
34.5
1.30 50. 75
35.0
1.45
40.4
2.33 82. 81
40.2
2.06 61. 50
38.2
1. 61 43. 94
34,6
1. 27 49. 07
34.8
1.41
40.8
2.33 82. 81
40.2
2.06 61. 50
38.2
1. 61 43. 90
34.3
1.28 49. 13
34.6
1. 42
40.6
2.35 83.01
40.1
2.07 61. 56
38.0
1.62 43. 65
34. 1
1.28 48. 99
34. 5
1.42
40.9
2.36 82.80
40.0
2. 07 61.56
38.0
1.62 44.38
34.4
1.29 49. 76
34.8
1.43
40.5
2.35 83. 81
2. 09 62. 32
40.1
38.0
1.64 44.54
34.0
1.31 50. 32
34. 7
1.45
40.7
2.36 84. 82
40.2
2.11 63.41
38.2
1.66 45. 75
34.4
1.33 51.30
34.9
1.47
41.0
2.38 85.65
40.4
2.12 64. 46
38.6
1.67 45.67
34.6
1.32 51.01
34. 7
1.47
41.0
2. 39 85. 24
40.4
2. 11 64.63
38.7
1.67 45. 72
34.9
1.31 50. 95
34.9
1.46
40.9
2. 42 86.05
40.4
2. 13 64. 01
38.1
1.68 44.80
34.2
1.31 50. 66
34.7
1.46
40.9
2.44 85.63
40.2
2.13 62.79
37.6
1.67 44.48
33.7
1.32 49. 93
34.2
1.46
40.9
2. 44 85. 60
40.0
2. 14 62. 25
37.5
1.66 44.15
33.7
1.31 49.39
34.3
1.44
40.9
2. 45 86.27
2. 13 62.43
40.5
38.3
1.63 46. 21
36.1
1.28 52.82
37.2
1.42
Wholesale and retail trade—Continued
Avg. wkly. earnings

Electric light and gas
utilities combined
$2.11 $92. 89
2.17 95.47
2.23 97.10
2.18 94. 13
2.17 95.06
2. 16 95. 41
2. 17 96. 52
2.19 95.18
2.23 96.05
2.24 97. 58
2.23 97.99
2. 26 98. 98
2. 27 99. 80
2. 28 99.80
2. 29 100. 21

Telegraph

$2.33 $82. 74
2.38 84. 03
2.40 87. 36
2.35 86. 32
2.35 86. 94
2. 35 87. 57
2. 37 86.11
2. 38 89. 25
2.40 88. 62
2. 41 88. 62
2. 40 87.99
2. 42 87.99
2. 43 87.15
2.44 85. 69
2. 47 85. 89

Other public utilities—Continued
Gas utilities

Avg.
hrly.
earnings

Other public utilities

L ine construction, in ­
stallation, and m a in ­
tenance em ployees 9

$73.47
39.5 $1.86 $60. 70
37.7 $1.61 $101.36
75. 46
39. 3
1. 92 60. 92
36.7
1. 66 104. 01
76.05
39.2
1.94 63.21
37.4
1.69 102.48
73.92
38.7
1.91 60. 26
36.3
1 66 99.88
39 0
74.88
1.92 61.79
37.0
1.67 100. 58
74.30
38.7
1.92 60.62
36.3
1 67 99.88
74. 69
38.7
1.93 60. 45
36.2
1.67 101.91
75.66
39.0
1.94 63.27
37.0
1.71 101.63
76.44
39.2
1.95 63.21
37.4
1.69 103. 20
76.63
39.5
1.94 64.05
37.9
1.69 103.63
75.47
38.9
1.94 62. 50
37.2
1.68 101. 76
75. 66
38.8
1.95 62. 87
37.2
1.69 101.40
77. 22
39.2
1.97 63.41
37.3
1.70 104.00
79. 20
40.0
1.98 66. 86
39.1
1.71 104.92
77.18
38.4
2. 01 61. C2
36.0
1.72 105. 72
Transportation and public utilities—Con.

Avg. Avg.
wkly. w kly.
earn- hours
ings

Class I railroads ?
$88. 40
90.61

Communication
Switchboard operating
employeea

Avg.
hrly.
earnIngs

Transportation and public utilities

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries—Continued
Pens, pencils, other
office supplies
$56.58
41.1 $1*62
69.22
41. 7
1. 66
67.64
40.5
1.67
67.24
41.0
1.64
67.89
40.9
1.66
67.49
40.9
1.65
67.23
40. 5
1.66
68.88
41.0
1.68
68.64
41.1
1.67
65. 86
39.2
1.68
66. 50
40.3
1.65
66. 80
40.0
1.67
67.09
39.7
1.69
69.19
40.7
1.70:
67. C3
39.2
1. 711

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings

43.7
43.8
43.8
43.8
43.9
43.8
43.8
44.0
43.9
43.9
43.9
43.8
43.6
43.5
43.9

Apparel and acces­
sories stores

$1.86 $47. 54
1. 87 50.04
1.91 49. 27
1.88 48. 65
1. 88 48. 44
1. 89 47. 75
1.90 47. 74
1.92 48.56
1.94 50.05
1.93 50. 77
1.93 49. 77
1.92 49. 82
1.90 49.30
1.90 49.25
1.88 50. 91

34.7
36.0
34.7
34.5
34.6
34.6
34.1
34.2
35.0
35.5
35.3
34.6
34.0
34.2
35.6

Other retail trade

Furniture and appli­
Lumber and hard­
ance stores
ware supply stores
$1. 37 $69. 30
42.0 $1.65 $72.68
42.5 $1.71
1. 39 73.19
42.8
1. 71 73. 08
42.0
1. 74
1.42 71.06
41.8
1.70 74. 52
42.1
1.77
1.41 70. 81
41.9
1.69 72. 21
41.5
1. 74
1. 40 68.81
41.7
1. 65 72. 73
41.8
1. 74
1.38 69. 81
41.8
1.67 72. 73
41.8
1.74
1.40 69. 81
41.8
1.67 73.85
42.2
1.75
1.42 71.06
41.8
1.70 75.23
42.5
1.77
1.43 71.65
41.9
1.71 75.65
42.5
1.78
1.43 71.14
41.6
1.71 76.01
42.7
1.78
1.41 72.41
42.1
1.72 76.01
42.7
1. 78
1.44 71.90
41.8
1.72 76.32
42.4
1.80
1.45 71.72
41.7
1.72 75.90
42.4
1.79
1.44 71. 65
41.9
1.71 74. 46
41.6
1.79
1.43 74.55
42.6
1.75 74.40
41.8
1.78

Banks Secu­ Insur­
and
rity
ance
trust dealers car­
com­ and ex­ riers
panies changes
$61. 97 $97. 56 $77. 50
62. 86
99.68 79. 89
64.27
98.67 80. 69
63. 82 101. 46 79. 43
63.74 100. 57 79.95
63. 89
96.38 80.03
63. 78
97. 45 80. 32
63. 67 101. 21 80. 47
63.80 100.13 80.95
64. 52 101. 44 81.33
64.31
96. 84 81.43
64. 48
95.44 81.13
64.74
97.70 80.77
64.64
98. 99 81.02
65.22
96. 83! 81.88

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958

342

T able C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees *■—Con.
Avg.
wkly.
earnings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earnings

Avg.
wkly.
earnings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earnings

Avg.
wkly.
earnings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earnings

Service and miscellaneous

Year and month

Personal services
Hotels, year-round »
Cleaning and dyeing plants

Laundries
1956: Average_____________
December____________
1957: Average------ -------------January______________
February..........................
March_______________
April-............................
M ay_________________
June____ _____ _____ —
J u ly .................................
A ugust.......................... ..
September____________
October---------------------November........................
December_________. . .

$42.13
43.14
43.52
42. 42
42. 32
42. 63
42.21
43.23
43. 42
43. 93
44. 25
44.11
44. 00
44. 40
44.46

40.9
40. 7
40.3
40.4
40.3
40. 6
40.2
40.4
40.2
40.3
40.6
40.1
40.0
40. 0
39.7

$1.03
1.06
1.08
1,05
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.07
1.08
1.09
1. 09
1.10
1.10
1.11
1.12

$42. 32
42. 91
43. 38
42. 59
42. 59
42.69
43.20
43. 93
44.04
43. 38
43. 34
43. 96
43. 73
43. 29
43.85

¡ For coverage of these series, see footnote 1, tables A-2 and A-3.
For mining, manufacturing, laundries, and cleaning and dyeing plants,
data refer to production and related workers only. For the remaining
Industries, unless otherwise noted, data relate to nonsupervisory employees
and working supervisors.
Data for the most recent month are subject to revision without notation.
* For definition, see footnote 3, table A-2.
* For definition, see footnote 4, table A-2.
* Averages shown for 1955 are not strictly comparable w ith those for later
years.
8 Italicized titles which follow are components of this industry.
* Data beginning with January 1957 are not strictly comparable w ith those
Shown for earlier years.
1 Figures for Class I railroads (excluding switching and terminal companies)
are based upon monthly data summarized in the M-300 report by the Inter­
state Commerce Commission and relate to aU employees who received pay
during the month, except executives, officials, and staff assistants (IOC
Group I).
8 Data relate to employees in such occupations in the telephone industry
as switchboard operators, service assistants, operating-room instructors, and


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Avg.
wkly.
earnings

40.3
40.1
39.8
39.8
39.8
39.9
40.0
40.3
40.4
39.8
39.4
39.6
39.4
39.0
39.5

$1.05
1.07
1.09
1.07
1.07
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.09
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.11
1.11
1.11

$49. 77
50.05
50. 44
49.92
48.90
49. 54
52.26
52.79
52.40
49. 91
48. 88
51.35
51.35
49. 78
50. 44

39.5
39 1
38.8
38. 7
38.2
38.7
40.2
40.3
40.0
38.1
37.6
39. 2
38.9
38.0
38.5

$1.26
1. 28
1. 30
1.29
1. 28
1.28
1. 30
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.30
1.31
1.32
1.31
1. 31

Motion
picture pro­
duction and
distribution 16
$91. 75
94. 95
99. 93
94.14
99 00
99.13
94.09
97.61
101.03
100.30
100. 79
98.48
102.94
100. 71
104. 53

pay-station attendants. In 1957, such employees made up 39 percent of the
total number of nonsupervisory employees in establishments reporting hours
and earnings data.
• Data relate to employees in such occupations in the telephone industry
as central office craftsmen; installation and exchange repair craftsmen; line,
cable, and conduit craftsmen; and laborers. In 1957, such employees made
up 29 percent of the total number of nonsupervisory employees in establish­
ments reporting hours and earnings data.
i®Data on average weekly hours and average hourly earnings are not
available.
1
11 M oney payments only; additional value of board., room, uniforms, and
tips not included.
♦Formerly titled "Automobiles.” Data not affected.
N ote; For a description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BL8 Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
Source: U. 8. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except that for OIas3 I railroads (see footnote 7).

343

EARNINGS AND HOURS
a ble

C-2. Average weekly earnings, gross and net spendable, of production workers in manufac­
turing industries, in current and 1947-49 dollars
N et spendable average weekly
earnings 1
Gross average
weekly earnings
Year

1930:
1940:
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1948:
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1963:
1954:
1955:
1956:
1957:

Average.
Average.
Average.
Average.
Average.
Average.
Average.
Average.
Average.
Average.
Average.
Average.
Average.
Average.
Average.
Average.
Average.
Average.
Average.

Gross average
weekly earnings

Worker w ith no Worker w ith 3
dependents
dependents

Year and month

Worker with no Worker with 3
dependents
dependents

N et spendable average weekly
earnings 1

Cur­
rent

194749 1

Cur­
rent

194749 8

Cur­
rent

194749 8

Cur­
rent

194749 8

Cur­
rent

194749 8

Cur­
rent

194749 8

$23. 86
25.20
29. 58
36. 65
43.14
46. 08
44.39
43.82
49.97
54.14
54.92
59. 33
64.71
67.97
71 69
71.86
76. 52
79.99
82.39

$40.17
42.07
47.03
52.58
58.30
61.28
57.72
52. 54
52.32
52. 67
53. 95
57. 71
58.30
59.89
62.67
62.60
66.83
68. 84
68. 54

$23. 58
24.69
28.05
31.77
36.01
38.29
36. 97
37. 72
42. 76
47. 43
48.09
51.09
54.04
55.66
58.54
59. 55
63.15
65. 86
67. 57

$39. 70
41.22
44. 59
45. 58
48.66
50. 92
48 08
45.23
44. 77
46. 14
47.24
49. 70
48.68
49.04
51.17
51.87
55.15
56 68
56.21

$23.62
24.95
29.28
36.28
41.39
44.06
42. 74
43.20
48. 24
53.17
53.83
57. 21
61.28
63. 62
66.58
66.78
70. 45
73 22
74.97

$39. 76
41.65
46.55
52. 05
55. 93
58.59
55 58
51.80
50. 51
51. 72
52. 88
55.65
55. 21
56.05
58 20
58.17
61.53
63.01
62.37

1956: December................... $84.05
82.41
1957: January................. .
February.................... 82 41
March....................... . 82. 21
April............................ 81. 59
M ay............................. 81.78
June______________ 82.80
J u ly .........................
82.18
A ugust----------------- 82. 80
Septem ber............... 82.99
82. 56
October................. .
November_________ 82.92
December 8________ 82. 74

$71.23
69. 72
69.43
69.14
68. 39
68.38
68. 89
68.03
68. 43
68. 53
68.18
68.19
68.04

$69.10
67.58
67. 58
67.42
66. 93
67.08
67. 90
67. 40
67. 90
68.05
67.70
67.99
67.85

$58. 56
57.17
56. 93
56.70
56.10
56. 09
56. 49
55.79
56.12
56.19
55.90
55. 91
55.80

$76. 54
74.99
74.99
74.82
74.31
74.47
75.31
74. 80
75.31
75. 46
75.11
75. 40
75.26

$64. 86
63. 44
63.18
62.93
62. 29
62.27
62. 65
61.91
62. 24
62.31
62. 02
62.01
61.89

i N et spendable average weekly earnings are obtained by deducting from
gross average weekly earnings, Federal social security and income taxes for
which the worker is liable. The amount of income tax liability depends,
of course, on the number of dependents supported by the worker as well as
on the level of his gross income. N et spendable earnings have, therefore,
been computed for 2 types of income-receivers: (1) A worker with no de­
pendents; (2) a worker with 3 dependents.
The computations of net spendable earnings for both the worker with no
dependents and the worker with 3 dependents are based upon the gross
average weekly earnings for all production workers in manufacturing indus­
tries without direct regard to marital status and family composition. The

primary value of the spendable series is that of measuring relative changes
in disposable earnings for 2 types of income-receivers.
2 These series indicate changes in the level of average weekly earnings after
adjustment for changes in purchasing power as measured by the Bureau’s
Consumer Price Index, the years 1947-49 being the base period.
a Preliminary.
N ote: For a description of these series, see Technical Note on the Cal­
culation and Uses of the Net Spendable Earnings Series (Revised February
1957), which is available upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Source: U. 8. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

T able C-3. Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours in industrial and construction activity1
(1947-49=100)
1956

1957
Industry
Dec.2 N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

1957

1956

101.4
81.2
122.9
99.6
105.8
296.1

103.5
79.5
131.2
101.2
108.1
295.7

107.5
83.2
149. 6
103.1
109.6
300.1

109. 9
86.5
153.9
105.1
110.8
315.5

110.6
86.8
157.4
105. 4
112.3
325.5

108.1
86.8
154.1
102.9
110.6
320.3

109.5
88.1
151. 5
104.9
114.7
333.9

107.0
83.8
141.4
103.7
114.0
337.0

106.5
84.0
131.1
104.5
115.1
350.9

107.0
84.3
123.0
106. 3
116.8
355. 6

107.2
85.3
119.8
106.9
117.7
360.9

106.4
85.1
112.0
107.0
117.9
366.3

112.5
87.7
135. 9
110. 8
122.0
380.4

107.1
84.5
137.3
101. 3
112.9
329.7

110.3
84.7
138.0
108.1
117.2
375.3

74.1
101.4
98.0
94.6

77.0
102.4
101.8
96.9

81.9
106.7
104.6
99.5

80.5
107.9
106. 4
103.0

86.6
106.8
106.4
104.3

83.3
100.5
101. 2
105.2

87.8
102.1
106.2
108.1

84.0
99.7
105.4
106.6

80.1
102.2
104.1
108.0

77.0
104.0
103.9
109.7

76.3
104.0
103.2
111.6

76.2
102.9
103.3
114. 3

81.8
109. 3
108.2
115.3

80.3
103.4
103. 6
105.1

88.8
107.4
109. 3
110.5

111. 2
97.5
127.5
136.3
112.7
94.7
92.2
83.9
81.1
72.4

114.3
97.9
131.0
137.2
114.4
101.5
92.9
86.8
80.0
72.5

115.2
101.2
133.7
130.4
114.9
105.0
95.4
92.0
89.4
74.6

115.5
104.3
137.7
126.9
117.2
106.4
98.4
100.4
97.1
75.2

114.4
103.1
134.8
136.7
116.1
102.4
97.3
97.8
86.2
75.0

112.5
106.0
131 1
135.6
113.8
94.4
93.8
93.1
69.5
72.8

116.0
109.8
134.5
141.7
117.0
100.0
93.2
86.5
70.2
74.7

114.7
111.4
132.4
142.9
117.1
98.7
91.4
81.1
70.6
73.7

115.5
114.0
133.9
146.5
120.0
98.9
91.9
79.2
67.2
74.8

116.9
116.5
137.2
151. 3
121. 0
100.5
93.7
78.8
72.0
76.0

117. 6
117.2
138.7
153.8
121.5
99.4
94.0
79.2
80.0
76.9

117.2
116.3
139. 2
154.1
121.4
98.3
94.0
81.6
85.0
77.0

121.4
117.4
144.7
161.0
123.3
105.6
97.4
87.9
91.9
80.3

115.1
108.0
134.3
141.9
117.2
100.1
94.0
86.7
78.6
74.6

116.3
115.6
138.6
139. 0
121.1
105.5
97.2
90.7
85.6
80.6

99.9
114.5

100.9
115.2

102.8
117.2

105. 7
118.1

106.1
116.2

98.4
114.0

99.6
116.2

99.1
114.6

101.6
115. 6

106.7
115.8

106.3
115.8

102.6
116. 3

105.5
119.1

102.4
115.7

104.5
116.9

115.4
and allied products............
i02.6
petroleum and coal_______ 91.2
»ducts------- ------------- ------ - 104.4
d leather products ...............
91.8

113.5
102.6
92.4
105.1
89.6

114.9
103.4
93.0
105.6
90.5

115.3
104.0
96.3
105.4
92.2

112.7
102.9
94.2
105.1
95.8

111.7
102. 7
96.0
103.8
93.1

112.8
104.2
95.0
101.1
92.7

112.7
106.1
94.2
102.7
86.8

113. 8
107.1
94.7
96.2
90.7

114.5
107.3
93.1
107.2
95.6

112.8
106.9
93.8
109. 2
95.9

112.6
107. 2
93.6
111.1
94.0

116. 8
107.9
94.6
112.3
93.8

113. 5
104.8
93.8
104.8
92.3

113.0
107.9
94.6
106. 7
94.4

tal *________ ____ ___________________
'dug division....... .................. .......................
utraet construction division___________
; mufacturing division_________________
mrable goods________________________
Ordnance and accessories____________
Lumber and wood products (except
furniture)___ _
____ ___________
Furniture and fixtures_____________ -Stone, clay, and glass products_______
Primary metal industries___ _________
Fabricated metal products (except
ordnance, machinery, and transport.ation equipment)_________________
Machinery (except electrical)_______
Electrical machinery____________ ____
Transportation equipment_____ ____ Instruments and related products_____
Miscellaneous manufacturing industriesNondurable goods-- _ . --------------------Food and kindred products__________
T obac manufactures____ ____ _ _ ___
Text
ill] products_______ _______
*
and other finished textile
"A.....................................................
■:i allied products____________
publishing, and allied indus-

Sec

Annual
average

h the July 1957 issue, the data shown in this table are not
those published in previous issues. See footnote 1,

8 Preliminary.
8 Includes only the divisions shown.

■hours are for the weekly pay period ending nearest the
■ad do not represent totals for the month. For mining
dustries, data refer to production and related workers,
.faction, the data relate to construction workers.

Source: U. S.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

344

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 195

Table C-4. Average hourly earnings, gross and excluding overtime, of production workers in manu
facturing, by major industry group 1
Exeluding
overtime 1

Gross

Exeluding Gross
overtime 1

Exeluding Gross
overtime 1

Exeluding Gross
overtime 1

Exeluding Gross
overtime 1

Total:
manufacturing

$1.98
2.05
2.07
2 05
2.05
2. 05
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.07
2.07
2 08
2.09
2.11
2.10

$1.91
1,98
2.01
1.98
1.99
1.96
2.00
2.00
2.01
2.01
2.01
2.02
2.03
2.05
2.05

Total: Durable
goods

$2.10
2.18
2.20
2.18
2. 17
2.18
2.18
2. 18
2.19
2.20
2.21
2.22
2. 23
2.24
2.24

$2.03
2 09
2.14
2.10
2. 10
2.11
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.14
2.16
2.16
2.18
2.19

Ordnance and
accessories

$2.19
2 27
2.33
2.28
2.29
2.30
2.31
2.31
2.33
2. 34
2.34
2. 37
2. 38
2. 40
2.42

$2.12
2 18
2.28
2. 21
2 22
2 23
2.24
2. 25
2. 28
2.29
2. 29
2.32
2.35
2.36
2. 38

Lumber and
wood products
(except
furniture)
$1.76
1 74
1.81
1. 72
1.73
1.77
1.80
1.82
1.84
1. 82
1. 84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.82

$1.69
1.68
1.74
1. 66
1.67
1.71
1.74
1.76
1. 77
1.76
1.77
1.77
1.78
1. 78
1.77

Furniture and
fixtures

$1.69
1.73
1.74
1.72
1. 73
1. 73
1.72
1.73
1.74
1.74
1.76
1.77
1. 77
1.75
1.77

$1.64
1. 67
1.69
1. 67
1.68
1.69
1.68
1.69
1.70
1.69
1. 70
1.71
1. 71
1. 71
1.72

Stone, clay,
and glass
products

$1.96
2.01
2. 05
2. 02
2.01
2.02
2. 01
2.02
2.04
2.05
2. 06
2. 08
2. 09
2.10
2.09

$1.88
1 93
1.97
1.95
1 94
1.95
1.94
1.95
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.99
2.01
2.03
2.02

Excludin
over­
tim e1

Machinery
(except
electrical)
$2.21
2. 27
2.30
2.27
2.27
2.28
2.28
2.28
2.30
2.30
2.30
2. 32
2. 33
2.34
2.34

$2.12
2.17
2.23
2.18
2.19
2.20
2.20
2. 21
2.23
2.23
2.23
2.26
2. 27
2.28
2.29

Electrical
machinery

$1.98
2.05
2.07
2.05
2.05
2.06
2. 06
2. 05
2. 06
2. 05
2.06
2.07
2. 08
2.10
2.11

$1.92
1.98
2.02
1.99
2.00
2. 01
2. 01
2. 01
2.02
2.01
2.01
2. 02
2.04
2.06
2.07

Transportation
equipment

$2.31
2. 43
2.42
2.38
2.37
2. 38
2. 37
2.37
2.40
2.41
2. 43
2. 46
2.47
2. 50
2.48

$2.23
2.30
2.35
2.29
2. 29
2.30
2. 31
2 32
2.35
2.35
2. 37
2.39
2.40
2.41
2. 41

Primary metal
industries

$2.36
2 45
2. 50
2 47
2. 46
2. 46
2. 46
2. 46
2.48
2. 53
2. 54
2. 57
2. 55
2. 55
2. 55

$2 29
2 37
2. 44
2 39
2.39
2. 40
2. 40
2. 40
2. 41
2. 46
2. 48
2. 50
2. 50
2. 50
2. 51

Fabri
metal p

$2.07
2.14
2.18
2 13
2. 13
2. 14
2. 15
2. 16
2.17
2.19
2.20
2.22
2. 22
2. 23
2.21

SI. 6
2. Ofc
2.11

2.08
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
2. It
2.11

2.12

2.13
2.14
2.16
2.16

Nondurable goods

Durable goods—Continued

1956: A verage..___
December___
1957: Average_____
January_____
February........
March_______
April.......... .
M ay________
June________
J u ly .................
August______
September__
October_____
November___
December3. . .

Exeluding Gross
overtime 1

Durable goods

Year and month

1656: Average..........
December___
1957: Average_____
January_____
February........
March_______
April_______
M ay________
June.................
July...... ..........
August______
September__
October_____
November---December3.- -

Exeluding Gross
overtime 1

Instruments
and related
products
$1.96
2.01
2.06
2.03
2.03
2.04
2.04
2. 05
2.06
2. 06
2. 06
2.08
2. 09
2.09
2.10

$2.01
2.07
2.11
2.08
2.09
2.10
2. 10
2.10
2.11
2.11
2. 10
2.14
2.14
2.14
2.15

Miscellaneous
manufacturing
industries
$1.75
1.79
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.80
1.81
1.80
1.81
1.81
1.82
1.84

$1.69
1.73
1.76
1.76
1.76
1. 76
1.76
1. 76
1. 76
1.77
1. 75
1.75
1. 75
1.77
1.79

Total: N on­
durable goods

$1.80
1.86
1.89
1.86
1.86
1.87
1.87
1.88
1.89
1.89
1.88
1.90
1.90
1.92
1.92

$1.75
1.80
1.83
1.81
1.81
1.81
1. 82
1.83
1.83
1.84
1.83
1.84
1.85
1.86
1.86

Food and
kindred
products
$1.83
1.90
1.93
1.92
1.93
1.93
1.93
1.94
1.93
1.91
1.90
1.92
1.94
1.96
1.98

$1.76
1.82
1.86
1.86
1.86
1.87
1.87
1.87
1.85
1.83
1.83
1.84
1.87
1.89
1.90

Tobacco
manufactures

$1.45
1.48
1.53
1.49
1.49
1.53
1.55
1.58
1.58
1.61
1.49
1.46
1.47
1.55
1.57

$1.43
1.46
1.51
1.47
1.48
1.51
1.54
1. 56
1.55
1.57
1.47
1.43
1.45
1.52
1.54

Nondurable goods—Continued

Textile-mill
products

1958: Average_____
December___
1957: Average_____
January_____
February____
March_______
April_______
M ay.................
June________
J u ly -...............
August______
September__
October_____
November___
December3. . .

$1.45
1 50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1. 50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1. 50
1.51
1.51
1.51
1.50

$1.40
1. 45
1.46
1,45
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.47
1.47
1.46

Apparel and
Paper and
other finished
textile products allied products

$1. 45
1. 50
1.49
1. 49
1.49
1.50
1.48
1.48
1. 49
1.50
1.50
1.51
1.49
1.50
1.49

$1.43
1 47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1. 47
1.46
1. 46
1.46
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.47
1.48
1.48

$1.94
1.99
2.04
1.99
2.00
2. 00
2.00
2. 01
2.03
2.06
2. 06
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08

$1.84
1.89
1.94
1. 89
1.90
1.91
1.91
1.91
1.94
1.95
1. 95
1.97
1.98
1.99
1.99

Printing,
publishing,
and allied
industries4
$2.43
2. 46
2.51
2. 46
2. 48
2. 49
2. 49
2.51
2. 51
2.51
2.51
2.53
2. 53
2. 53
2. 55

1 Beginning with the July 1357 issue, the data shown in this t3ble are not
eomparable with those published In previous issues. See footnote 1, table
A-2.
* Derived by assuming that the overtime hours shown in table C-5 are
paid for at the rate of time and one-balf,
• Preliminary.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

—

Chemicals and
allied products

$2.11
2.16
2. 22
2.16
2.17
2.17
2.17
2. 20
2.23
2.25
2. 25
2. 25
2.24
2. 26
2.26

$2.05
2.10
2.16
2.11
2.11
2.12
2.12
2.14
2.17
2.19
2.19
2.19
2.18
2.20
2.20

Products of
petroleum and
coal

$2. 54
2 57
2.66
2. 59
2. 56
2. 57
2. 59
2.61
2.66
2.69
2. 69
2.73
2. 71
2.73
2.72

$2. 47
2. 52
2.60
2. 54
2. 51
2. 52
2. 52
2. 54
2.60
2.62
2. 63
2. 66
2. 65
2.67
2. 67

Rubber
products

$2.17
2. 24
2.26
2.23
2. 22
2. 21
2.19
2 22
2. 23
2.28
2.27
2. 29
2. 32
2.33
2.31

$2.09
2. 15
2.18
2.15
2.15
2.14
2.13
2.16
2.15
2.18
2.18
2.21
2.23
2.25
2. 24

Leather and
leather
products

$1.49
1.52
1.54
1 52
1.53
1.54
1. 54
1 54
1.54
1.53
1.54
1.55
1.55
1.57
1.55

$1.47
1.49
1.52
1 50
1.50
1.51
1. 52
1.52
1.52
1.51
1. 51
1.52
1.53
1.54
1.53

* Average hourly earnings, excluding overtime, are not available separately
for the printing, publishing, and allied industries group, as graduated over­
time rates are found to an extent Ukely to make average overtime pay
significantly above time and one-half. Inclusion of data for the Industry
in the nondurable-goods total has little effect.
S ource : U . S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

345

Table C-5. Gross average weekly hours and average overtime hours of production workers in manu­
facturing, by major industry group 1
Gross

Overtime >

Gross

Overtime *

Gross

Overtime *

Gross

Overtime*

Gross

Overtime *

Gross

Overtime *

Gross

Overtime *

Gross

Overtim e5

Durable goods

Tear and month

Total' Manu­
facturing

1956: Average..........
December___
1957; Average_____
January___
February....
March_____
April_______
M a y .- _____
June................
J u ly .,.............
August______
September__
October..........
November___
December3. . .

40.4
41 0
39.8
40 2
40. 2
40 1
39.8
39. 7
40.0
39.7
40.0
39.9
39. 5
39.3
39.4

2.»
3 1
2.4
2.6
2.5
2 f,
2.3
2.2
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.5
2.3
2.3
2.0

Total: Durable
goods

41.1
41.9
40.3
40 6
40.9
40 8
40.5
40 3
40.5
40.0
40.3
40.2
39.8
39.7
39.7

30
3 5
2.4
29
2 7
2 6
2. 4
2.3
2.4
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.3
2.3
1.9

Ordnance and
accessories

41 8
42 6
40.8
42.0
42.0
41 6
41.4
40. 7
40. 7
40.0
40. 1
40. 1
39.9
40.0
40.6

2.9
3 4
1.9
2.7
2. 7
26
2.4
2. 1
2.0
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.2
1.3
1.5

Lamber and
wood products
(except furni­
ture)
40.3
39 8
39.7
39 1
39 6
39 7
40.0
40 2
40.7
39.4
41.1
39.0
40.2
39.1
39.0

3.3
3 0
2.8
27
2 6
2.6
2.6
2.8
3.1
2.9
3.3
3.1
2.9
2.7
2.5

Furniture and
fixtures

40.8
41 3
40.0
39.8
40 2
40 2
39.7
39.2
39.7
39.3
40.7
40.9
40.7
39.7
40.0

2.8
30
2.3
23
2.2
2.2
2.0
1.9
2.3
2.2
2.6
2.7
2.6
2.2
2.4

8tone, day, and
glass products

41.1
41 2
40.5
40.3
40. 6
40. 7
40. 4
40.8
40.9
40.4
40.9
40.8
40.6
40.1
39.8

3 6
3.1
3.1
2. 9
2.9
3.0
2.9
3.2
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.4
3.3
3.0
2.6

1966: Average . December___
1957: Average_____
January____
February___
March_____
A p r il...........
M ay-----------June........... .
J u ly ........... .
August______
September__
October_____
November-. _
December3. . .

Electrical
machinery

42 2
42.6
41.0
41 9
41.9
41 S
41.4
41. 1
41.1
40.7
40.5
40.7
40.2
39. 7
40.3

40.8
41 2
40.0
40.4
40 6
40. 5
40.3
40 1
40.3
39.7
40.2
40.2
39.4
39. 5
39.6

3.7
3 7
2.6
3 3
3.2
3.1
3.0
2.7
2.7
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.1
1.9
1.9

2.6
2.8
1.9
2.4
2.3
2. 2
2.0
1.8
2.0
1.7
2.1
2.0
1.7
1.5
1.4

Transportation
equipment

41.0
43.6
40.5
41.7
41.5
41.1
40.6
39 9
40.1
39.5
40.2
39.7
39.5
40.7
40.4

2.9
4.8
2.4
3.3
3.0
2.7
2.4
1.8
1.9
1.9
2.0
2.2
2.2
3.1
2.1

Instruments
and related
products
40.8
41 0
40.4
40.7
41.0
40 7
40 6
40.2
40.5
40.1
40.0
40. 4
39.9
40.0
39.9

40 9
41 2
39.6
41 0
40 3
40 1
39.8
39. 6
40.2
39.7
39.3
39.4
38.5
38.2
38.2

28
27
2.0
2, y
2. 2
20
2.0
18
2.2
2.1
1.8
2.1
1.6
1.4
1.2

Fabricated
metal products

41.2
42 1
40.9
40 8
41.0
41.0
40.9
40.9
41.2
40.7
41.0
41.4
40.7
40.5
40.2

3.0
3.0
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.3
2.7
2.7
2.9
2.9
2.8
3.2
2.9
2.7
2.1

Nondurable goods

Durable goods—Continued
Machinery
(except
electrical)

Primary metal
industries

2.3
2.3
2.0
2.2
2.2
2.3
2.1
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.7
2. 1
1.9
1.9
2.1

Miscellaneous
manufacturing
industries
40 3
40.6
40.0
40 0
40.3
40. 6
39 9
39 8
39.9
39.5
40.0
40.3
40.0
39.7
39.6

2.6
2 7
2.4
2.3
2.4
2.6
2.2
2.1
2.2
2.1
2.4
2.6
2.6
2.4
2.2

Total: Nondurable goods

39.6
39 7
39.2
39 1
39.3
39 Í
38.9
38.9
39.2
39.4
39.5
39.6
39.0
38.8
39.0

2.5
2 6
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.4
2.5
2.5
2.6
2.4
2.4
2.2

Food and
kindred
products
41.0
40 9
40.5
40 2
40.1
39. 8
40.0
40 4
40.9
41.5
40.9
41.2
40.2
40.4
40.7

Tobacco
manufactures

8 3
3 2
3.1
30
2.8
2.6
2 7
3.0
3.3
3.4
3.2
3 4
3.2
3.3
3.0

38.9
39 8
38.5
38 8
as 5

37. 9
36.8
39 1
38.6
39.6
38.4
39.8
38.3
37.5
38.7

1.1
1.5
1.2
1.0
.6
,9
.5

1.1
1.6
1.9
1.1
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.4

Nondurable goods-—Continued
Textile-mill
products

1956: Average_____
December___
1957: Average_____
January........
February___
March............
A pril..............
M ay________
J u n e......... .....
July- ______
August______
September__
October..........
November___
December3__

39.7
40 ?
38.9
39 1
39 2
38.9
38 6
38.4
38.9
38. 6
39.1
39.1
39. 1
38.6
38.9

2.6
2.7
2.2
23
2.3
23
2 1
2.0
2.3
2.1
2.2
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.1

Apparel and
Paper and
other finished allied products
textile products
36.3
36. 3
36.0
35 9
36 5
30 5
35.7
35.8
35.8
36.1
36.8
36.7
35.9
35.4
35.3

1.2
12
1. 1
1. 1

1.2
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.1
14
1.4
1.2
1.1
.9

42.8
43 0
42.3
42 3
42 3
42 3
42.1
42.0
42 2
42.3
42. 5
42.9
42.4
41.9
41.9

4.0
4 0
4.3
4 3
4.3
42
42
4. Ü
4. 1
4.6
4. 5
4. 8
4. 5
4.0
3.9

Printing, pub­
lishing, and al­
lied industries
38.8
39 !
38.4
38.3
38 5
38 8
38.5
38 4
38.4
38.3
38. 5
38.7
38.4
38.0
38.6

i Beginning with the July 1987 issue, the data shown In this table are not
comparable with those published in prev'ous Issues. See footnote 1, table
A -2.
* Covers premium overtime hours of production and related workers during
the pay period ending nearest the 16th of the mnmh. Overtime hours are
those for which premiums were paid because the hours were in excess of the
aarn o«r of hours of either the straight-time workday or workweek. Weekend

4 5 6 1 1 4 -5 8 -

-7


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3.2
3 5
3.0
2.8
2.9
3 2
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.8
3. 1
3.3
3.0
2.8
3.2

Chemicals and
allied products

41 3
41.6
41.1
41 3
41.2
41 2
41.2
41.2
41 2
41.0
41.0
41.2
41.0
41.0
41.3

2.3
2 3
2.2
2.2
2.1
2.2
2.2
2. 2
2.2
2.3
2.2
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.1

Products of
petroleum
and coal
41.1
41 0
40.9
11. 1
40. 8
40 7
41.2
40.9
40.9
41.5
40.6
41.5
40.6
40.7
40.7

2.0
1.8
1.9
16
16
1.6
2. 2
2. 2
2.0
2.2
1.8
2.2
1.8
1.9
1.4

Rubber
products

40.2
41 4
40.6
40.9
40 9
40 4
40 0
40 0
40.9
41.3
40.9
40.6
40.1
40.0
40.1

Leather and
leather
products
2.8
3 2
2.9
3.0
2.7
2.8
2.4
2.5
3. 1
3.8
3. 2
3.0
2.9
2.8
2.3

37.6
37.7
37.4
38.0
38.3
38 0
36.9
36 3
37.8
38.1
38.1
37.2
36.8
36.5
37.5

1.4
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.1
.9
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.2
.1.3
1.2

and holiday horns are included only If premium wage rates were paid. Hours
for which only shift differential, hazard 'incentive, or other similar types of
premiums were paid are excluded. These data are not available prior to
1056.
* Preliminary.
S ource : U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958

340

Table C-6. Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas 1
Alabama
State

Arizona

Birmingham

Mobile

State

Arkansas
Phoenix

State

Year and month
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
tags
1955:
1956:
1956:
1957:

Average_____ $60. 34
64.15
Average-------. 57
December____
January_____
February____
67.25
March_______ 67.34
April________
67.34
M a y .................
67. 55
June.................. 68.85
July_________
69. 45
August______
71. 82
September___
72. 25
October ____ 70.35
November___
68.92
December____ 69. 84

68
68.68

40.5
39.6
40.1
39.7
39.1
38.7
38.7
38.6
38.9
38.8
39.9
39.7
39.3
38.5
38.8

Avg.
hrly.
earntags

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
tags

$1.49 $78. 34
1.62 82.82
1.71
. 67
1.73 89.10
1.72 87.42
1.74 87. 20
1.74
40
1. 75 87.82
1.77 88.84
1.79 92. 06
1.80 91.53
1.82 92.69
1.79 88.43
1.79 89. 83
1.80 90. 85

86
88

Avg.
hrly.
earntags

40.8
40.4
40.5
40.5
40.1
40.0
40.0
40.1
40.2
40.2
40.5
40.3
39.3
39 4
39.5

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
tags

$1.92 $69. 55
2.05 76.95
2.14 87. 31
83.60
2.18
. 50
2.18
. 53
85. 28
2.19 84.87
84.19
2.29 79.42
. 26 91. 65
2. 30 90.54
2.25 93. 21
. 28 82. 43
2 30 82.89

2.20

2.21
2.21
2

86
86

2

Avg.
hrly.
earntags

40.2
40.5
42.8
41.8
42.4
41.6
41.4
41.0
39.9
38.0
41.1
40.6
41.8
38.7
39.1

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
tags

$1.73 $83. 62
1.90 90. 09
2.04 94. 33
. 00 93. 66
2. 04 90. 64
2.08 89.06
2.06 89. 69
2.07 90. 35
89.20
2.09 91. 21
2.23 91. 30
2.23 91.94
2.23 90.90
2.13 87.30
89.20

2

2.11

2.12

Arkansas—Con.

Average..........- $52. 20
Average............ 54. 94
December____ 57.11
56.80
January...........
February____
57.23
M arch______
57.92
April________
58. 32
M a y ........ ......... 58. 58
June________
58. 58
July-------------- 58. 87
58. 32
A u g u st_____
September___
58.61
October.. _ .
58. 58
November . . .
56. 84
December____ 58.98

4L 1
40.4
40.5
40.0
40.3
40.5
40.5
40.4
40.4
40.6
40.5
40.7
40.4
39.2
40.4

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
tags

$2. 01 $80. 60
2.14 87. 78
2.23 91.57
2.23 91.32

2.20 88.10
2. 21 87.26
2.22 86. 22
2.22 86.76

2.23
2 23
2.26
2.27
2.25
. 21
2. 23

2

86.46
88.04
. 98
89. 82
. 70
. 29
87.16

88
88
86

Avg.
hrly.
earntags

40.5
41.6
42.2
41.7
40 6
40.4
40.1
39.8
39 3
40.2
39.9
40.1
39.6
39.4
39.8

State

$1.27 $85. 24
1.36 89.93
1.41 93.17
1.42 92.39
1.42 93.15
1.43 92. 90
1.44 93.51
1.45 91.82
1.45 93.42
1.45 92.38
1.44 92.89
1.44 93.14
1.45 91.91
1.45 93.14
1.46 94. 07

40.5
40.6
40.8
40.4
40.6
40.4
40.5
39.8
40.1
39.8
40.3
40.1
39.4
39.3
39.5

Los Angeies-Long
Beach

Fresno

1955:
1956:
1956:
1957:

Average_____ $86.72
92.31
Average_____
December____ 99.11
January_____
96.99
February____
94.49
March_______ 93. 56
April____ . . .
96.05
M ay________
90. 65
June___ _____ 92.61
July-------------- 92. 38
August______
93. 67
September___
94.10
October______ 92.42
92.41
November___
December____ 95. 89

40.7
41.6
43.6
42.7
42.0
41.4
42.0
40.1
40.7
40.4
40.5
40.5
39.8
39.5
40.4

$1.99 $53. 41
56. 30
2.17 57.20
2.19 57. 02
2.17 57. 02
2.16 57.31
2.15 57.31
2.18 57.28
57.38
2.19 58.03
2.23 58.15
2.24 59.71
2.24 59.54
2.19 57. 22
2.19 58.11

2.11

2.20

$2.11 $73. 45
77.20
2.28 76.64
2.29 77.53
2. 30 77. 92
2.30 83. 09
2.31 81. 55
2.31 78.66
2. 33 79. 66
2.32 77.64
2. 30 81. 57
2. 32 78. 81
2 33 80. 02
2. 37 72. 90
2. 38 74. 82

2.22

38.1
38.8
38.1
37.8
37.6
38.8
38.1
37.4
38.0
37.1
39.5
38.1
38.5
35.1
36.0

$1.93 $85. 60
1.99 89.90
01 94.01
2. 05 93. 31
2.07 93. 86
2.14 93.86
2.14 94.40
92. 54
93.59
2. 09 93. 32
2. 07 92. 96
2. 07 92. 68
. 08 92. 35
2.08 93. 30
. 08 94. 77

2

2.10
2.10

2
2

40.9
40.9
41.5
41.1
41.2
41.0
41.1
40.3
40.5
40.4
40.2
39.9
39.7
39.7
40.1

Sacramento

$2. 09 $80. 88
92. 59
2.26 94.34
2.27 93. 66
. 28 94. 58
2.29 95.22
2. 30 96. 79
2.30 94. 32
2.31 87.15
2.31 95. 26
2. 31 90. 75
2.32 105. 28
2. 33 92.93
2.35 94.02
2. 36 94.18

2.20

2

39.2
41.5
40.0
38.8
39.3
39.4
41.7
40.2
35.7
38.7
39.4
44.9
39.4
37.7
37.8

California—-Continued
San Diego

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
tags
41.4
40.5
40.0
39.6
39.6
39.8
39.8
39.5
39.3
40.3
40.1
40.9
40.5
38.4
39.0

Avg.
hrly.
earntags
$1.29
1.39
1.43
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.45
1.46
1.44
1.45
1.46
1.47
1.49
1.49

California

Little Rock-North
Little Rock
1955:
1956:
1956.:
1957:

41.6
42.1
42.3
42.0
41.2
40.3
40.4
40.7
40.0
40.9
40.4
40.5
40.4
39.5
40.0

Avg.
hrly.
earntags

$2.13 $86.98
92.12
2. 27 95.35
2. 27 95.02
2. 25 94. 94
. 26 94.49
. 28 94. 49
. 26 94. 45
2. 27 96.50
2. 29 96.01
2.31 96.51
2.32 97.99
2. 32 95. 66
2. 34 96.10
2. 37 96.10

2.22

2
2
2

39.6
39.7
39.5
39.2
39.1
39.0
39.0
39.1
39.6
39.1
39.8
40.2
38.9
38.3
38.3

$2. 20 $82.19
2.32 87.92
2.41 93. 54
2. 42 91.36
2. 43 96.32
2. 42 90. 22
2.42 90.59
2.42 91.13
2. 43 94. 66
2.46
. 22
2. 42 91. 75
2. 44 91. 09
2. 46 84.53
2. 51 96.32
2. 51 92. 48

88

40.7
41.3
40.5
39.8
41.3
39.7
39.8
39.6
40.4
40.5
43.6
42.8
37.5
40.4
39.0

$2. 06 $81.09
2. 23 87.86
2. 36 91.62
2. 41 90.24
2.41 90.74
2. 41 90. 66
2.32 90. 68
2. 35 90. 66
2. 44 93.32
2. 46 93.30
2. 30 93.39
2. 35 92. 96
2.36 93.72
2. 50 93. 35
2. 49 97.01

40.0
40.4
40.6
39.8
39.8
39.9
40.0
39.7
40.5
40.2
40.1
39.7
39.4
39 4
40.4

$2.03
2.18
2.26
2.27
2.28
2.27
2.27
. 28
2. 31
2.32
2. 33
2. 34
2. 38
2.37
2. 40

2

Colorado

San Jose

San FranciscoOakland

San Bemardtao-Riverside-Ontario

Stockton
$2.02 $77.75
2.13 83.93
2.31 83.67
2.30 83.42
2. 33 83. 55
2. 27 85. 40
2.27 84.89
2. 30 84. 45
2.34 83.92
2.18 87. 44
88.35
2.13
. 86
2.26 85.09
2.39 87.12
2.37 88.04

2.11

86

39.4
40.3
38.8
37.8
38.1
38.7
39.3
39.2
38.5
40.5
42.7
40.7
39.9
38.9
38.7

State
$1.97 $76.92
2.08 82.21
2.16
84. 84
2.19 84. 85
. 20 84. 61
2.16 85.44
2.15
. 50
2.18 88.18
2.16
. 80
2. 07 89.01
2.13 89.13
2.13 85. 24
2. 24
. 78
2.27
. 78

2.21
2

86.11

86
88
88
88

40.7
40.9
41.6
40.4
40.6
40.1
40.3
40.8
42.0
41.3
41.4
40.7
39.1
41.1
4L 1

Denver
$1.89 $77.74
82. 21
2.07 85.28
84.04
2.09 84.44
84.63
84. 44
85.46
2.13
. 88
2.15
. 56
2.15
. 58
2.19 90. 20
2.18
. 44
2.16 90.20
2.16 89.76

2.01
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.12

86
88
88
88

40.7
40.7
41.2
40.6
40.4
40.3
40.4
40.5
40.6
41.0
41.2
41.0
40.2
41.0
40.8

$1.91
. 02
2. 07
2.07
2.09

2

2.10
2.09
2.11
2.14
2.16
2.15

2.20
2.20
2.20
2.20

Connecticut
State
1955:
1956:
1956:
1957:

Average_____ $78. 21
Average______ 82. 57
. 51
December____
January........... 84. 87
85. 49
February____
March_______ 85.91
85. 49
April________
M a y . . --------- 83. 84
June.................. 84. 45
July-------------- 84. 45
83. 84
August______
September----- 84.24
O ctober.......... 84. 42
83. 79
November___
December........ 84. 40

86

41.6
41.7
42.2
41.4
41.5
41.5
41.1
40.7
40.6
40.6
40.5
40.5
40.2
39.9
40.0

See footnotes at end of table.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Hartford

Bridgeport
$1.88 $81. 51
1.98
. 52
2.05 91.16
2.05 91.58
. 06 89.44
2. 07 89.64
2.08
. 56
. 06 87.29
2.08 87.89
. 08 87.89
2. 07 87. 26
. 54
2.08
2.1C 87.20
2.1C
. 72
87.81

86

2

2
2

2.11

88

88
86

41.8
42.0
42.4
42.4
41.6
41.5
41.0
40.6
40.5
40.5
40.4
40.8
40.0
39.6
40.1

$1.95 $81. 90
2.06 88.17
2.15 94. 82
2.16 92. 45
2.15 93.10
2.16 93.31
2.16 93.10
2.15
. 61
2.17 87. 34
2.17 87. 76
2.16 84. 23
2.17 85. 44
2.18 84.99
2.19 85. 39
2.19 85.28

88

42.0
42.8
43.9
43.0
.43.1
43.2
43.1
41.6
41.2
41.2
40.3
40.3
39.9
39.9
39.3

N ew Britain

$1.95 $77. 56
2.06 80. 75
2.16 81. 59
2.15 81.40
2.16 81. 61
2.16 82. 82
2.16 83.64
2.13 84. 45
82. 82
2.13 82.01
2.09 81. 00
80. 99
2.13 80. 78
2.14 79.13
2.17 81.30

2.12

2.12

41.7
41.2
41.0
40.7
40.6
41.0
41.0
41.4
40.6
40.2
39.9
39.7
39.6
38.6
39.7

N ew Haven

$1.86 $72.50
1.96 78.31
1.99 82. 35
81.18
82.0C
82.41
2. 04 83.02
2. 04 81.20
2.04 81.41
2. 04 80. 6C
2.03 80.6C
2.04 80.8C
2.04 80.18
2.05 80. 78
2.05 81.37

2.00
2.01
2.02

Stamford

40.5 $1.79 $81.40
41.0
1.91 85.88
41.8
1.97 87. 91
41.0
1.98 86.43
41.0
87.29
41.0
88.15
41.1
85.41
40.4
84. 99
40.5
85.60
40.1
87.67
40.1
92.80
40. C
92.35
39.5
2.03 90. 58
39.6
2.04 91.39
39.5
2.06 90. 54

2.00
2.01
2.02
2.01
2.01
2.01
2.01
2.02

40.1
40.7
40.7
40.2
40.6
41.0
40.1
39.9
40.0
40.4
41.8
41.6
40.8
40.8
40.6

$2.03

2.11

2.16
2.15
2.15
2.15
2.13
2.13
2.14
2.17

2.22
2.22
2.22
2.24
2.23

347

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

T able C—
6. Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas ^C ontinued

Year and month

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

1955: Average-------- $80. 37
1956: Average........... 82. 78

42.3
41.6

83.23
82.42
84.05
84. 46
83.63
83.21
84. 04
84.45
85.48
85. 89
86.69
87. 72
87.48

41.0
40.4
40.8
40.8
40.4
40.2
40.6
40.6
40.9
40.9
40.7
40.8
40.5

1956: December........
1957: January...........

February-----M arch..........
April.................
M ay________
June_________
July_________
A ugust______
September___
October............
November___
December........

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

40.6
40.7

$1.90 $74. 70
1 99 79.37
2.03
2.04
2.06
2. 07
2. 07
2.07
2. 07
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.13
2.15
2.16

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

42.8
40.1
40.4
39.4
41.1
40.7
41.3
40.8
39.7
39.1
40.0
41.3
40.31

89. 88
82. 21
83.22
81.56
85.08
83.44
84.67
85. 27
82. 58
80. 94
85.60
91.27
88. 66

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

$1.84 $87.97
1.95 90. 72

41.3
40.5

101. 52
92. 52
93. 79
91 25
95.35
93.03
95.71
96. 59
93.60
91.96
96.00
101. 02
97.61

43.2
40.4
40.6
39.5
41.1
40.1
40.9
41.1
40.0
38.8
40.0
41.4
40.5

2.10
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.07
2. 05
2.05
2.09
2. 08
2.07
2.14
2. 21
2.20

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly,
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

$2.13 $81.60
2.24 83.77

40.2
39.7

86.37
83.16
87.38
86.11
85. 02
86.98
87.74
85. 02
86.29
87.30
89.04
87.69
88.59

39.8
38.5
39.9
39.5
39.0
39.9
39.7
39.0
39.4
39.5
39.4
38.8
39.2

2.35
2.29
2. 31
2.31
2. 32
2.32
2.34
2.35
2.34
2.37
2.40
2.44
2.41

1955: Average...........
1956: Average-------1956: December-----1957: January--------

February____
M arch........... .
April________
M ay------ -----June________
J u ly ..................
A ugust______
September___
O ctober..........
November___
December____

Avg.
hrly.
earr­
ings

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

$2.03 $58.10
2.11 62. 47

41.5
41.1

65.10
64.79
65.10
64.53
63.44
64. 96
65 20
64. 55
65.60
66.73
65.67
66.82
68.39

42.0
41.8
42.0
41.1
39.9
40.6
40.5
39 6
40.0
40.2
39.8
40.5
41.2

2.17
2.16
2.19
2.18
2.18
2.18
2. 21
2.18
2.19
2. 21
2.26
2.26
2. 26

$63.18

40.5

$1.56

$57. 53
61.71

40.8
40.6

64.62
65.25
65.44
65.45
64. 96
63.08
63.47
63.80
65.67
66.97
66.17
65.60
66. 90

40.9
41.3
40.9
40.4
40.1
38.7
38.7
38.9
39 8
40.1
40.1
40.0
40.3

1. 58
1.58
1.60
1.62
1.62
1.63
1.64
1.64
1.65
1.67
1.65
1.64
1.66

65.25
63.99
66.14
65. 57
63.52
63.60
65.04
63.18
65.45
67.16
66.40
67. 73
69. 81

41.3
40.5
41.6
41.5
40.2
40.0
40.4
39.0
40.4
40.7
40.0
40.8
41.8

40.3
39.7

$1.41 $54. 00
1.52 57.17
1.58
1.58
1.59
1.58
1.58
1.59
1.61
1.62
1. 62
1.65
1.66
1.66
1.67

40.3
39.5
38.9
38.7
38.8
38.8
38.9
38.7
39.7
39.2
38.7
39.3
39.3

61.65
60.04
59.13
58.44
58. 59
58. 59
59.13
58. 82
60.34
59. 98
59. 21
61.70
60. 92

$1.34 $68. 54
1.44 71.38

40.8
40.1

79.27
74. 59
73.47
71.97
72.13
71.92
74.80
72.54
74.03
74. 66
72.01
81.41
77.78

41.5
40.1
39.5
38.9
39.2
39.3
40.0
39.0
39.8
39.5
38.1
40.5
40.3

1.53
1.52
1.52
1. 51
1.51
1.51
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.53
1.53
1.57
1.55

$1.68 $70. 22
1.78 74. 76

42.3
42.0

77. 75
79.34
76. 82
77.98
77. 98
78.66
81.25
79. 54
82.17
80. 75
80.18
79.98
77.81

41.8
42.2
41.3
41.7
41.7
41.4
42.1
41.0
41.5
41 9
40.7
40.6
39.9

1.91
1.86
1.86
1.85
1.84
1.83
1.87
1.86
1.86
1 89
1.89
2.01
1.93

December-----

SQ

41.2
41.0

$2.00 $85. 78
2.10 90.04

41.2
41.0

94.01
92.99
93. 25
92. 87
92.01
91.66
93. 07
92. 24
93.11
94.16
92.18
92. 63

41.5
40.8
40.9
40.8
40.4
40.2
40.5
40.0
40.2
40.3
39.5
39.8

41.4
40.7
40.8
40.7
40.4
40.2
40.5
40.1
40.2
40.5
39.8
39.9
3Q 8

2.16
2.18
2.18
2.18
2.18
2.18
2.19
2.20
2.19
2.22
2.23
2.23
2.24

$2.08 $87.69
2.20 88. 74

41.8
40.6

$2.10 $90.26
2.18 92.24

45.1
44.1

91. 45
91.17
89. 98
89.80
89.43
89.82
90. 32
90.20
90. 93
92. 23
91.42
90. 71

40.6
40.4
40.0
39.8
39.7
39.9
39.8
39.7
39.8
39.7
39.5
38.8

2. 25 94.98
2. 26 93.00
2. 25 94. 72
2. 26 94.19
2. 25 92.86
2.25 93.04
2. 27 93. 30
2.27 90.94
2.28 92. 61
2. 32 95.68
2. 31 94.23
2. 34 91.95

44.1
43.0
43. 5
43.4
42.9
42.8
42.7
41.5
42.2
42.8
42.0
41.4

2.27
2. 28
2. 28
2.28
2. 28
2.28
2.30
2. 31
2. 32
2. 34
2. 3C
2. 3C

1955: A verage.......... $80. 84
1956: A verage.......... 83.37
1956: December------ 87. 2f
88. 3:
1957: January------90.38
February.. 88. 7£
March..........
85. 5Í
April----------86. r
M a y................
88.1
June................
86.0
July.................
90.2
August............
89.6
Septem ber...
87.3
October------90.4
N ovem ber—
89.3
December—

39.
39.
40.1
39.
40.
39.
38.
39 C
39.
38.
39.
39.
38.
39.
39. 2

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2. r

2.27
2.2C
2.2;
2.2(
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2 9
2.2 $
2.3 Q
2.2 S

90.2i
86. Pi
89. 91
86. 9C
87. 61
85. 5<
85.8
87.1<
90.2
90.4
89.5 i
91.2 3
91.1 3

41.9
41.8
42.6
41.6
41.6
41.6
41.6
41.2
41.
41.
41.
41.
41.
41. 5
41. 7

$1.91 $79.36
2. OS 80.12
2.1
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.1
2.0 3
2.0 3
2.1 0
2.1 5
2.1 6
2.1 6
2.20
2.1 91

81. 72
81.06
81. 96
84. 2£
83 06
82. li
83.0
86.6
92.5
91.0
81.4
82.7
86.4 9

State

41.6
41.3

$1.96
2.05

81. 20
87.72
80.19
79.40
79.20
85.24
87.78
86. 71
86.03
86. 71
82.35
86.18
82. 50

40.0
43.0
39.7
39.9
39.8
40.4
41.8
40.9
40.2
40.9
39.4
39.9
39.1

2.03
2.04
2.02
1.99
1.99
2.11
2.10
2.12
2.14
2.12
2.09
2.16
2.11

1.86
1.88
1.86
1.87
1.87
1.90
1.93
1.94
1.98
1.96
1.97
1.97
1.95

State

$2.00 $83. 47
2.09 86.66

41.2
40.7

91.94
90.03
90.30
89. 67
88.43
89. 87
91.23
89.97
91.45
92.14
91.74
91.56
90. 51

41.5
40.6
40.6
40.4
39.9
40.3
40.4
39.9
40.2
40.4
40.1
39.7
39.3

2.15
2.16
2.18
2.17
2.16
2.17
2.19
2.19
2.19
2. 24
2. 24
2.22

$1.66 $81. 54
1.78 84. 67

State

$2.03 $75.73
2.13 78. 37

41.1
40.4

$1.84
1.94

83.11
82. 53
82.30
82. 41
80. 65
81.62
81.57
81.41
81.90
84. 37
84.15
83. 99
82.63

40.9
40.3
40.1
40.2
39.7
40.0
39.8
39.7
40.0
40.3
40.1
39.8
39.4

2.03
2.05
2.05
2.05
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.05
2.05
2.09
2.10
2.11
2.10

2. 22
2.22
2.22
2. 22
2.22
2. 23
2. 26
2.25
2. 27
2.28
2. 29
2. 31
2.3C 1

2.06
2.06
2.0‘
2.06
2.0
2.0<
2.0
2.0
2.1
2.1 9
2.1 1
2.1 9
2.1 6

94.12
92.0C
93. 62
94. 7.
94.1.
88.7
89.0
90. 6(
94.7
94.6
94.7
94.3 3
95.5 9

41.8
41.8
43.
42.1
42.
43. C
42.
41.
41.
41.
42.
42.
42.
41. 5
42. 3

Louisville

State

Wichita

42.7 $1.86 $84. 2S
41. C 1.96 88.02
40.5
40.
40.6
41.
41.1
41.
40.
41.
42.
41. 5
38. 6
39. 3
40. 11

1.75
1.73
1.72
1.74
1.71
1.74
1.77
1.79
1.82
1.85
1.82
1.80
1.82

Kentllcky

Topeka

State

$2. 0C $80. 81
2.11 84.42

42.2
40.9
39.9
40.0
39.8
40.9
41 0
39 9
39.5
40.4
39.4
39.2
39.7

73.85
70.76
68.63
69.60
68.06
71.17
72. 57
71.42
71.89
74.74
71. 71
70. 56
72.25

Iowa

Kansas

Iowa—Continued
Des Moines

1.55
1.55
1.55
1.57
1.59
1.60
1.61
1.63
1.64
1.66
1.65
1.65
1.66

Indiana
Rockford

Peoria

Chicago

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

$1.40
1.52 '$67'47 ' l ô ' i "$I~67

Savanna!1

Illinois

1955: A verage.. . — $82. 27
1956: A verage.. — 86.15
1956: December........ 89.59
1957: January-------- 88.77
88. 95
February____
M arch.............. 88. 71
April............... - 88.07
87.72
M ay________
June.................. 88. 81
88. 03
July------- -----A ugust---------- 88. 20
September----- 89.88
October............ 88.68
N ovem ber___ 89. 07

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

Idaho

Atlanta

State

Tampa-St. Peters­
burg

State

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Georgia

Florida—Continued
Miami

Jacksonvil e

State

Washington

Wilmington

State

Waterbury

Flor da

District of Columbia

Delaware

Connecticut—Con.

$2.02 $71. 75
2.10 74. 29
2.19
2.18
2.19 '
2.2C
2.2C
2.1'
2.1C
2.1Í
2. 2'
2. 2'
2. 2‘
2.2
2.2

75.20
75.29
76. 7'
76. 7C
77.1
77. IS
79. 5C
79. 5(
79.9(
79.4
78.7
77.7

41.0
40.2
40. C
40. C
40.
39.
39.
39.
40.
40.,
40.
40.
40.
39.

$1. 7 $79. 47
1.85 83.14
1. 88
1.88
I . 9;
1.9'
1.9t
1.9
1. 9Í ;
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9 5
1.9 8
.1

86.04
84. n
85.84
85. 48
86. 54
86. 7'
90. 0(
90.1.
91. 4(
89. 9,
89.6
89.2
89.9

41. C $1.94
2.04
40.8
40. £
40.C
40.'
40.
40.Í
40.
41.
41.
41.
41.
41.
40.
41.

2.11
2.11
2.11
2.14
2.15
2.15 :
2.19
2.19
2.21
2.17
2.18
2.21
2.19

348

Table C-6.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958

Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas 1—Continued
Louisiana
State

Year and month

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings
1955:
1956:
1956:
1957:

Average........... $69. 55
Average_____
74.98
December____ 76.73
January...........
77.11
February......... 77.14
March.............. 77. 57
A p r il.............. 77. 57
M ay________
78. 36
June________
78. 55
July-------------- 80.16
A ugust—........ . 79.76
September___
79.37
October_____
80.36
November___
80.12
December____ 81.12

41.9
41.2
41.7
40.8
40.6
40.4
40.4
40.6
40.7
40.9
40.9
40.7
41.0
41.3
41.6

Maine

Baton Rouge
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings
$1.66
1.82
1.84
1.89
1.90
1.92
1.92
1.93
1.93
1.96
1.95
1.95
1.96
1.94
1.95

$95. 47
103. 79
103. 83
104.09
100. 55
99. 79
101. 56
102.26
103.42
103. 74
104. 55
107. 59
107.07
110.16
110.98

40.8
40.7
40.4
40.5
39.9
39.6
40.3
40.1
40.4
39.0
41.0
40.6
40.1
40.5
40.8

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

N ew Orleans
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

$2.34 $68. 40
2. 55 73. 57
2. 57 75.98
2. 57 75.43
2. 52 77.78
2. 52 77.62
2. 52 78. 39
2. 55 79.40
2. 56 79.90
2.66 81.18
2. 55 81.41
2. 65 79.00
2. 67 79.80
2.72 78.40
2.72 78.80

40.0
40.2
40.2
39.7
40.3
39.6
40.2
40.1
41.4
41.0
40.5
39.9
40.1
39.2
39.6

State

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings
$1.71 $58. 98
1.83 63.43
1.89 66.40
1.90 66.22
1.93 66. 93
1.96 65. 76
1.95 64.85
1.98 63.40
1.93 63. 85
1.98 65. 74
2.01 66.34
1.98 66.17
1.99 66.40
2.00 61.91
1.99 65.99

40.6
40.7
41.3
40.9
41.8
41.0
40.1
39.7
40.0
41.0
41.2
40.8
40.7
38.0
39.9

Mar gland
State
1955:
1956:
1956:
1957:

Average_____ $74. 52
Average_____
79.15
December____ 82. 64
January_____
81.34
February__ _
81.58
March_______ 81.36
April________
81.11
M ay________
81.20
June_________ 83.64
July-------------- 80. 90
August_____ _ 81.43
September___
82.18
October______ 81.96
November___
83. 45
December____ 84.18

40.9
40.8
40.8
40.1
40.1
40.0
39.7
40.0
40.7
39.4
39.5
39.7
39.4
39.9
39.8

Baltimore
41.1
41.1
41.2
40.4
40.5
40.3
40.0
40.3
41.2
39.6
39.9
40.0
39.5
40.0
40.0

State
$1.92 $69.09
2.04 72.21
2.11 75.33
2.12 73. 47
2.12 74.40
2.12 74. 61
2.13 74.05
2.12 73.88
2.15 74.82
2.16 74.26
2.17 74.45
2.18 75.05
2.19 74.48
2.20 72.58
2.21 75.26

40.4
40.1
40.5
39.5
40.0
39.9
39.6
39.3
39.8
39.5
39.6
39.5
39.2
38.0
39.2

Average_____ $75.31
Average...........
79. 00
December____ 83.00
January_____
82.21
February........
81.20
March..........
80. 79
April________
80.20
M ay________
80. 20
June_________ 80.40
Ju ly_________ 81. 20
A ugust______
81.00
September___
81.20
O ctober...___ 80. 80
November___
79. 58
December____ 81.00

41.1
41.1
41. 5
40.7
40.6
40.6
40.3
40 1
40.2
40.4
40.3
40.4
40.2
39.2
39.9

$1. 71 $71.48
1.80 75. 41
1.86 79.38
1.86 76.44
1.86 79. 00
1.87 78.60
1.87 78.41
1.88 78.21
1.88 79.60
1.88 79.00
1.88 79.00
1.90 79.80
1.90 79.78
1.91 78.52
1 92 81. 56

40.0
40.0
40.5
39.0
40.1
39.9
39.8
39.5
40.0
39.5
39.7
39.7
39.3
38.3
39.4

1955:
1956:
1956:
1957:

Average_____ $106. 76
Average_____
98. 31
December____ 115. 80
January_____
97.28
February____
97.89
March_______ 97.04
April_______ _________
96. 15
M ay_________ 88.40
June________
96. 30
July_________
99. 07
A u g u s t_____ 101.22
September___ 103.01
October______ 99. 07
November___ 108. 50
December____ 101. 61

45.2
41.1
45.5
40.1
40.3
40.1
39.7
36.5
38.8
39.5
40.2
39.3
38.4
41.3
39.8

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Avg.
wkly.
hours

$1.45 $52.25
1.56 54.41
1.61 55.22
1.62 56. 56
1.60 57. 24
1.60 56.87
1.62 54. 96
1.60 52.97
1.60 55.00
1.60 56.24
1.61 56.98
1.62 56.45
1.63 55.60
1.63 53.06
1.61 54.79

38.0
37.7
38.0
38.1
38.7
38.2
36.8
35.4
37.5
38.5
38.7
37.8
37.0
35.6
36.8

$1.37 $63.19
1.45 68.60
1.45 71.99
1.49 70.23
1.48 70. 98
1.49 71.57
1.50 71. 57
1.50 68. 64
1.47 69.06
1.46 69.70
1.47 70. 54
1.49 72.32
1.50 69.46
1.49 67.32
1.49 69. 66

41.2
41. 5
42.1
40.9
41.5
41.7
41.5
40.5
40.6
40.9
41.6
42.0
40.5
39.1
39.9

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings
$1.53
1.65
1.71
1.72
1.71
1.72
1.73
1.70
1.70
1.71
1.70
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.74

Worcester

$1.83 $78. 45
1.92 82.37
2. 00 83. 64
2.02 82. 41
2. 00 83.03
1.99 83.03
1.99 81.80
2.00 80.99
2.00 83.23
2.01 81.41
2.01 82.82
2. 01 81.99
2.01 82.59
2. 03 77. 58
2. 03 S2.29

41.3
40.9
40.6
40.2
40.5
40.5
39.9
39.7
41.0
40.3
40.4
39.8
39.9
37.3
39.0

State
$1. 90
2.01
2.06
2.05
2.05
2. 05
2. 05
2. 04
2. 03
2.02
2.05
2. 06
2. 07
2.08
2.11

$94. 84
94.98
106.03
98.36
97. 52
97.16
94.84
95. 64
97. 56
96. 97
98. 57
100. 25
98. 45
100.25
99. 32

IVfuskegon
$2.36 $88.11
2. 39 88.96
2.55 96.58
2.43 93. 96
2. 43 93. 96
2. 42 92. 50
2. 42 91. 16
2.42 89.19
2. 48 88. 67
2. 51 90. 90
2.52 91. 72
2.62 94.37
2.59 91 99
2.63 86 96
2. 55 94. 20

41.0
40.0
41.9
40.8
40.8
40.2
39.6
39.0
38.5
39.3
39.4
39.8
38.8
36.8
39.3

Fall River
$1.79 $54.96
1.88 54.16
1.96 55.88
1.96 54. 21
1.97 54.15
1.97 55.42
1.97 52.60
1.98 53.76
1.99 54.15
2.00 54.83
1.99 59.90
2.01 59.03
2. 03 57.13
2.05 51.28
2.07 55.72

38.8
37.1
37.5
35.9
36.1
36.7
35.3
35.6
36.1
36.8
38.4
37.6
37.1
33.3
36.9

N ew Bedford
$1.42 $58. 53
1.46 57. 71
1.49 60.37
1.51 59. 35
1.50 60.14
1.51 59. 90
1.49 59.12
1.51 58.13
1. 50 59.66
1.49 60. 92
1.56 60.60
1.57 61.44
1.54 61.66
1.54 60. 64
1.51 61.60

39.5
37.8
38.7
37.8
38.8
38.4
37.9
37.5
38.0
38.8
38.6
38.4
38.3
37.2
38.5

$1.48
1.53
1.56
1.57
1. 55
1.56
1.56
1.55
1.57
1.57
1.57
1.60
1.61
1.63
1.60

Michigan

42.3
40.8
43.4
41.0
40.7
40.4
39.6
39.7
39 9
39.5
40.3
40.1
39.6
40.1
40.0

Detroit
$2.24
2. 33
2.44
2. 40
2.40
2.41
2.40
2.41
2. 45
2. 46
2.45
2. 50
2. 49
2.50
2.48

$97. 64
100. 98
112. 52
105.16
103. 94
102. 55
98. 90
101.29
103.02
100. 33
103.06
105. 58
103.49
106. 43
103. 57

41.8
41.0
43.8
41.4
41.1
40.5
39.2
39.8
39.7
38.5
39.7
39. 5
39.2
40.3
39.5

Michigan—Continued
jansing

Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours earn­ earn­
ings
ings
ings
ings

Boston

Massachusetts—Continued

1955:
1956:
1956:
1957:

Portland

Massachusetts

$1.82 $78.89
1.94 83.82
2.02 86.93
2. 03 85.36
2.04 85.80
2.04 85.21
2.04 85.04
2.03 85.41
2.05 88. 54
2.06 85.48
2.06 86. 71
2.07 87.08
2.08 86. 66
2.09 87.95
2.11 88. 31

Spring fleld-Holyoke

Lewiston

$105. 94
98.21
121. 45
96.20
94.43
91.91
93.86
90. 86
98. 63
101. 46
102. 56
111.94
107. 53
113.91
104.90

44.7
40.8
46.8
39.8
39.1
37.9
38.8
37.3
39.2
39.6
40.3
40.9
40.7
43.0
40.8

Grand Rapids
$2.37 $84.82
2.41 86.86
2.60 89.98
2.42 86.29
2.42 87.11
2.43 88.06
2.42 87. 54
2. 44 88. 72
2.52 88. 70
2. 56 88.45
2. 55 89.20
2.74 91. 55
2.64 91.02
2.65 87. 90
2. 57 90.31

41.6
40.8
41.2
39.8
40.2
40.3
40.1
40.4
40.1
39.7
40.2
40.6
40.4
39.4
40. 1

$2.04
2.13
2.18
2.17
2.17
2.19
2.18
2.20
2. 21
2.23
2.22
2.26
2. 25
2.23
2.25

Minnesota
Saginaw

$2.15 $92.09
2.22 88.66
2. 31 100. 55
2.30 94.82
2.30 90. 56
2.30 90. 56
2. 30 88. 82
2. 29 90. 65
2.30 93.19
2.31 92.74
2.33 93. 22
2. 37 93. 61
2.37 98. 36
2. 36 94.21
2. 40 94.84

Flint
$2.34
2. 40
2. 57
2.54
2.53
2. 53
2.52
2. 55
2.60
2. 61
2.60
2. 67
2.64
2. 64
2. 62

42.4
40.3
43.1
41.3
40.0
40.0
39.3
39.9
40.1
39.7
40.2
39.8
40.9
39.7
40. 1

State
$2.17 $78.30
2. 20 81.01
2.33 84. 65
2. 30 84.72
2. 26 84.16
2.26 84. 20
2.26 84.01
2. 27 84. 05
2.32 84.37
2.34 83.31
2.32 82.74
2. 35 82 59
2.41 84. 46
2. 37 84.14
2.37 85. 95

41.3
40.8
41.2
40.7
40.5
40.2
40.2
40.2
40.4
41.0
40.2
40.0
39.9
39.5
39.9

Duluth
$1.90 $79.00
1.99 83.06
2. 05 85.54
2. 08 90.85
2.08 89. 57
2. 09 88.40
2.09 90. 63
2.09 89.93
2. 09 88.70
2. 03 88. 44
2. 06 82.23
2. 07 80.92
2.12 80.14
2.13 83.20
2.15 83.71

39.3
38.2
39.4
40.2
39.2
39.3
39.1
38.8
38.5
38.3
35.5
35.4
35.0
35.7
35.8

M inneapolis-St. Paul
$2.01 $80. 59
2.18 83. 41
2.18 86.24
2. 26 86. 80
2.29 85.44
2.25 86.54
2.32 85. 76
2. 32 85. 39
2.31 86.20
2.31 86.21
2. 32 86.49
2. 28 87. 87
2. 29 86.00
2. 33 86.73
2.34 87.61

40.9
40.6
40.8
40.8
40.5
40.4
40.3
40. 1
40.3
39.9
40.1
40.5
39.5
39.5
40.0

$1.97
2.05
2.11
2.13
2.11
2.14
2.13
2.13
2.14
2.16
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.19

849

C: EARNTNGS AND HOURS

Table C-6.

Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas ^C ontinued
Mississippi

Year and month

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­
ings hours
1955:
1956:
1956:
1957:

Average_____ $49. 80
Average............ 51.73
December____ 53.04
January............ 53. 57
February.........
54.80
March_______ 54.25
April________
54.49
M ay.................. 55.18
June_________ 55.46
July....... ........... 56. 52
August______
57.51
September___
57.23
October______ 56. 66
November___
56. 45
December____ 57.13

41.5
40.1
39.0
39.1
40.0
39.6
39.2
39.7
39.9
39.8
40.5
40.3
39.9
39.2
39.4

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.20 $54.25
1.29 59.78
1.36 60.76
1.37 59. 86
1.37 61.30
1.37 60. 49
1.39 62 01
1.39 61.98
1.39 61.76
1.42 62.93
1.42 64.48
1.42 64.41
1.42 65.21
1.44 65.36
1.45 66.41

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

41.1
42.1
41.9
41.0
41.7
40.6
41.9
41.6
40.9
41.4
41.6
42.1
41.8
41.9
42.3

$1.32 $71.24
1.42 75.50
1.45 78. 67
1.46 78.28
1.47 78.02
1. 49 78.14
1.48 77.39
1.49 77.12
1. 51 78. 39
1.52 77.43
1.55 78.00
1.53 78. 57
1. 56 77. 75
1.56 79.44
1.57 79.93

42.2
41.8
42.0
41.0
41.2
40.6
40.6
41.3
42.6
42.0
42.0
41.5
41.4
41.4
41.7

39.9
39.8
39.9
39.9
39.8
39.8
39.5
39.2
39.5
39.3
39.4
39.3
38.9
39.1
39.2

$1.79 $80. 71
1.90 81.58
1.97 87.12
1.96 84.00
1.96 83.44
1.96 82.39
1.96 82. 75
1.97 84.22
1. 98 85.25
1.97 84.30
1.98 85. 63
2.00 86. 43
2.00
2. 03
2.04

Omaha
$1.70 $76. 68
1.80 80.36
1.88 83. 34
1.91 84. 51
1.90 82.18
1.88 80.16
1.87 80.73
1.87 82.26
1.86 84. 35
1.86 83.19
1.86 81.24
1.89 83. 16
1.88 82.52
1.92 83. 75
1.92 82.93

42.8
42.2
42.0
42.0
41.4
40.6
41.0
41.4
42.1
41.4
40. 7
40.8
40.4
40.6
40.4

40.9
40.1
41.2
39.9
39.7
39.3
39.2
39.7
39.9
39.2
39.4
39.5

39.0
37.9
38.6
38.3
38.7
38.4
38.2
39.2
38.1
37.7
39.5
39.4
38.3
38.5
37.8

$1.97 $78.20
2.02 83.19
2.10 87.35
2. 09 87.16
2.09 86. 81
2.10 87.21
2.11 86. 27
2.12 85. 81
2.14 87.29
2.16 86.17
2.17 85. 72
2.19 87.20
86. 79
88.64
89.94

State
$2.23 $60.12
2. 43 63.24
2.50 64. 78
2. 45 64.46
2. 44 65. 25
2. 46 64.94
2. 48 63.44
2.52 63.84
2.52 65. 44
2. 54 63.92
2. 57 64. 32
2.57 65.37
2.60 64.08
2. 57 63. 67
2. 59 64. 71

40.9
40.8
41.0
40.8
41.3
41.1
39.9
39.9
40.9
40.2
40.2
40.6
39.8
39.3
39.7

Newark-Jersey C ity 2
Average............ $80. 02
Average_____
84.33
December........ 88.37
86.89
January..........
February......... 86.15
M arch_______ 86. 71
April________
85.80
M a y .. . .......... . 84. 77
June.......... ....... 86.60
J u l y ________
86. 57
A u g u s t............ 87.04
S ep tem b er.... 86 82
October______ 86.19
N ovem ber.__
86 90
December____ 87. 56

40.6
40.6
41.2
40.3
40.2
40 5
40.0
39 5
40.0
39.8
40.0
39.9
39 5
39.7
39.6

Paterson 2

$1.97 $79. 07
2.08 83.31
2.14 86. 77
2.16 85.19
2.14 85.32
2 14 84 99
2 15 84 81
2.15 85.23
2 16 85.97
2.17 85.15
2.18 85. 04
2. 18 85. 66
2 18 84.52
2 19 86.59
2 21 85. 45

41.4
41.1
41.4
40.7
40.9
40.8
40.5
40.8
40.9
40 3
40 4
40.5
39.7
40.2
39.8

41.0
40.5
40.9
40.9
40.3
40.3
40 1
39.7
40.1
39.9
39 5
39 9
39. 1
39 4
39.4

41.3
41.3
40.1
38.6
39.4
39.5
40.3
38.6
39.2
37.3
39.1
38.7
39.3
39.6
39.2

$2.08
2 21
2.19
2.20
2.21
2.20
2.21
2.21
2.25
2.23
2.22
2.23
2.17
2.19
2.20

N ew Jersey

Manchester
$1.47 $55. 87
1. 55 57.90
1.58 59.58
1.58 59.58
1.58 61.20
1.58 61.20
1.59 58.14
1.60 57.07
1.60 59. 98
1.59 59. 52
1.60 58. 45
1.61 59.68
1.61 58. 90
1. 62 59. 35
1.63 59.82

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

35.8
38.6
39.2
39.2
40.0
40.0
38.0
37.3
39.2
38.9
38.2
38.5
38.0
37.8
38.1

State
$1.44 $79.16
1.50 82. 98
1. 52 86.50
1.52 85.27
1.53 85.07
1.53 85.28
1. 53 84. 51
1.53 84.26
1.53 85. 61
1.53 85. 08
1.53 85.40
1.55 86.05
1.55 84. 65
1.57 85. 85
1.57 85.67

40.7
40.5
40.9
40.3
40.3
40.4
39.9
39.8
40.1
39.7
40.0
40.1
39.3
39.6
39.3

$1.94
2.05
2.12
2.12
2.11
2.11
2.12
2.12
2.14
2.14
2.13
2.15
2.15
2.17
2.18

New Mexico

Perth A m b oy2
$1.91 $81. 22
2.03 84. 85
2.10 88. 22
2.09 88.75
2.09 86. 77
2.08 86.89
2 09 87.06
2.09 85.95
2 10 87 06
2 11 88.22
2 10 86.74
2 11 87 78
2 13 86 65
2 15 87.11
2. 15 87. 51

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

$1.95 $85. 66
2. 07 91.30
2.14 87. 71
2.15 84. 81
2.14 87.11
2.15 86.91
2.15 88.87
2.16 85. 36
2.18 88.09
2.17 83.21
2.17 86.66
2.19 86.43
2.20 85.39
2. 23 86.83
2. 24 86.12

40.1
40.2
40.8
40.6
40.5
40.6
40.2
39.8
40.0
39.7
39.6
39.8
39.4
39.8
40.1

N ew Jersey—Continued

1955:
1956:
1956:
1957:

State
Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

N ew Hampshire

State
$1.79 $86. 97
1.90 92.10
1.99 96. 50
2.01 93. 84
1.98 94. 43
1.97 94.46
1.97 94.74
1.99 98.78
2.01 96. 01
2.01 95. 76
2.00 101. 52
2.04 101.25
2. 04 99. 58
2. 06 98. 94
2.05 97.90

St. Louis

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

Nevada

State
Average_____ $71.83
Average...........
75.19
December____ 78.92
January_____
78. 33
February____
77. 98
M arch_______ 76.36
April________
76.09
M ay...... ........... 77.32
June_________ 79. 35
J u ly ...-........ — 78.17
August— ........ 78.01
September___
78. 33
October............ 77.92
November___
79.59
December........ 79.98

Kansas City

State

Nebraska

1955:
1956:
1956:
1957:

Montana

Missouri
Jackson

State

Trenton

$1.98 $78. 32
2.10 81.41
2.16 85.19
2.17 82.37
2.15 84. 36
2.16 84. 61
2.17 81.94
2.1.7 83 88
2 17 84.60
2 21 82 43
2 20 84.07
2 20 88 14
2 22 83 85
2 21 88 53
2. 22 81.21

40. 9
40.3
40.7
39.6
40.4
40.6
39 7
40 0
40.0
38 7
39.9
40 9
39 2
40.5
38.0

State
$1.91 $80. 78
2. 02 85. 70
2.09 88.60
2.08 88 54
2.09 88.97
2.08 88.36
2.06 89.44
2 10 87.50
2.11 90 45
2.13 87.45
2.11 89. 79
2 16 92 89
2 14 92 34
2 19 92 23
2.14 93 52

40.8
41.2
41.4
40.8
41.0
41.1
41.6
40.7
41.3
40 3
41.0
41.1
40.5
40. 1
41.2

Albuquerque
$1.98 $76 36
2. 08 83.84
2.14 88. 20
2 17 83.41
2.17 86 73
2.15 84 46
2.15 89 66
2.15 89 67
2 19 92 01
2 17 90.52
2 19 90 39
2.26 94 85
2 28 93 94
2 30 94 33
2. 27 95. 68

40.4
41.3
42.2
40. 1
41.3
41.0
42.9
41.9
42 4
42.3
40.9
41.6
41.2
39 8
41 6

$1.89
2.03
2.09
2.08
2.10
2.06
2.09
2.14
2.17
2.14
2.21
2. 28
2 28
2 37
2.30

N ew York
State
1955:
1956:
1956:
1957:

Average......... . $75.17
Average............ 78. 96
December____ 82.19
Janu ary_____ 80.87
81.34
February____
M arch____ _
81.69
A p r il_______
80.44
80. 31
M ay________
June_________ 81.49
J u l y -----------81 81
82 33
A u g u s t_____
82 49
September___
October_____
81 69
82.40
November___
December........ 81.96

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

39.5
39.6
40.0
39.3
39.5
39 6
39.0
39 0
39 2
39.0
39.3
39 4
38 9
39.0
38 6

Albany-SchenectadyTroy
$1.90 $81. 66
1.99 86.95
2.05 92. 46
2. 06 87.83
2 06 91.45
2.06 90. 74
2 06 89.10
2 06 88. 33
2 08 90. 79
2 10 90 38
2 C9 91 34
2 09 91 49
2 10 91 61
2 11 93 07
2.12 94. 78

40. 5
40.6
41.7
40.1
41.0
41. 1
40.5
39 9
39.9
40 0
40.4
40.5
40 1
40.3
40.7

Binghamton

$2. 02 $70. 02
2.14 73. 98
2. 22 75.43
2 19 75.19
2 23 75 93
2 21 76.14
2 20 74 38
2 21 75. 56
2 27 75. 00
2 26 74 07
2.26 75 34
2 26 76 43
2 28 76 57
2 31 79 05
2.33 77.81

39 2
39.7
40.2
39 7
39.7
40.0
39 7
39 5
39.6
39 1
39 2
39 3
39 0
39 7
39. 7

Elmira

Buffalo
$1.79 $89. 39
1. 86 93. 84
1.88 98 60
1.89 95.86
1 91 94.92
1.90 95.43
1.87 95.13
1.91 94. 40
1.89 96 63
1.90 97.51
1.92 98 77
1.95 97 99
1.96 97 74
1.99 99 05
1.96 96.95

41.2
41.1
41.7
40 6
40.3
40.5
40 3
40.0
40 4
40.3
40.6
40 3
39 8
40 3
39 8

$2. 17 $76.10
2. 28 78.43
2 37 82 78
2 36 78.15
2 35 78.15
2 36 77 55
2.36 78 94
2 36 78. 31
2 39 81 10
2 42 80. 81
2 43 81 16
2 43 77 41
2 46 82. 05
2.46 81 23
2 44 85 07

40.5
40.6
41.9
39 6
39 5
39 5
39 9
39 6
40 3
40 2
40 2
37 8
39 8
39 1
40 1

Nassau and Suffolk
Counties 2
$1.88 $83. 56
1.94 90.07
1.98 97.14
1.98 93 53
1.98 93. 79
1.96 93.83
1.98 91. 25
1 98 86 29
2. 01 87 94
2. Cl 87 14
2 02 87 68
2 05 88.17
2 06 87 18
2 08 86 41
2.12 86. 72

40.6
41.7
43.1
41 8
42.4
42 3
41.3
39 7
40.0
39 5
39.6
40 2
39 7
39.3
39 1

$2. 06
2.16
2. 26
2.24
2. 21
2 22
2. 21
2.17
2.20
2.21
2.22
2. 20
2 20
2 20
2.22

350

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958

T able

C-6. Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas 1—Continued
New York—Continued
N ew York-North­
eastern New Jersey

Year and month

N ew York City 2

Syracuse

Rochester

Utica-Rome

Avg.
wkly.
earntags

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earnings

Avg.
wkly.
earnings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earnings

Avg,
wkly.
earnings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earnings

Avg.
wkly.
earntags

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earntags

Avg.
wkly.
earntags

Avg.
wkly.
hours

1955: Average__
1956: Average— .

$75.26
78. 79

39.2
39.2

$1.92
2.01

$71. 65
74. 76

38.0
38.0

$1.89
1.97

$81.00
85.67

40.6
40.8

$1.99
2.10

$80. 08
83. 61

41.3
41.4

$1.94
2.02

$73. 44
78.42

40.7
41.2

$1.80
1.90

1956: December1957: January...
February—
March___
April..........
M ay_____
June_____
July_____
August---September.
October—
November.
December.

82.18
81.12
81.12
81.74
80.50
79.90
81.51
81.45
82.08
82.11
80. 85
81.66
81.15

39.7
39.0
39.0
39.3
38.7
38.6
39.0
38.6
38.9
39.1
38.5
38.7
38.1

2. 07
2.08
2.08
2. 08
2.08
2, 07
2.09
2.11
2.11
2.10
2.10
2.11
2.13

77. 07
76.15
76.81
77.72
76.06
76.02
76.80
77.52
78.34
78.68
77. 45
77. 53
76.86

38.3
37.7
37.8
38.2
37.4
37.6
37.8
37.5
38.0
38.3
37.7
37.7
36.9

2. 01
2.02
2.03
2.03
2.03
2.02
2. 03
2. 07
2. 06
2.05
2. 05
2. 05
2.08

87.93
87.14
87.89
87. 58
86.07
86.74
87.07
87.34
86.63
88.98
87.53
89.88
88.87

40.8
40.3
40.5
40.2
39.6
39.9
40.0
40.2
39.8
40.0
39.1
40.1
39.5

2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.17
2.17
2.18
2.18
2.18
2.22
2.24
2.24
2.25

86.60
84. 45
84.98
85.64
84. 36
82. 55
84.52
84. 58
86.23
86.80
86.40
86.61
95.92

41.6
40.8
41.1
41.1
40.6
39.9
40.5
40.0
40.5
40.6
40.1
40.1
39.9

2. 08
2.07
2. 07
2.08
2.08
2.07
2. 09
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.16
2.16
2.15

82.20
79.06
79. 49
78.22
79. 32
79.30
80. 64
81.83
79. 91
80. 71
80. 84
81.96
81.40

41.9
40.2
40.4
40.3
40.6
40.5
40.6
40.6
40.4
40.4
40.0
40.3
40.0

1.96
1.97
1. 97
1.94
1.95
1.96
1.99
2.01
1.98
2.00
2.02
2.04
2.04

North Carolina

New York—Continued
Westchester County 2
1955: Average—
1956: Average—
1956: December1957: January—
February..
March___
April____
M ay—
J u n e.........
July_____
A ugust___
September.
October.. .
November.
December-

North Dakota

Charlotte

State

.
.
.
.
.
.
.

State

38.2
38.3

2 44. 4
43.7

2 $1. 54
1.73

40.0
38.5
39.0
3S. 5
37.5
36.6
37.3
37.2
39.0
37.9
38.8
38.4
38.3

42.7
42.8
42.1
42.0
42.0
43 5
42.8
44.8
43.0
43.0
44.1
41.5
41.3

1.80
1.82
1.82
1.80
1.79
1.82
1.83
1.83
1.84
1.86
1.93
1.90
1.88

$74.24
79.92

40.0
40.4

$1.85
1.98

$51.46
54. 26

40.2
39.9

$1.28
1.36

$55. 89
58. 61

41.4
40.7

$1.35
1.44

87.16
81.60
80. 08
80.02
80. 08
79. 93
86. 97
82. 77
82. 93
82. 52
82. 28
87. 90
82.14

41.8
40.1
39.8
40.0
39.7
39.4
41.3
39.9
40.3
39.6
39.2
40.4
38.2

2.09
2.04
2.01
2.00
2.02
2.03
2. 11
2.08
2.06
2. 08
2.10
2.18
2.15

57. 51
55. 66
55. 81
56.06
55. 77
55. 48
55.20
55. 34
55. 95
55.95
56.91
56.02
56.16

40.5
39.2
39.3
39.2
39.0
38.8
38.6
38.7
39.4
39.4
39.8
38.9
39.0

1.42
1.42
1.42
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.42
1.42
1. 43
1.44
1.44

61.84
60.25
59.80
60.70
63. 04
61.97
61.97
60. 89
60.74
62. 22
62. 68
61.45
62.22

41.5
39.9
39.6
40.2
41.2
40.5
40.5
39.8
39.7
40.4
40.7
39.9
40.4

1.49
1.51
1.51
1.51
1.53
1.53
1.53
1.53
1. 53
1. 54
1.54
1.54
1.54

57.60
55.44
56. 55
56.21
54. 75
53.07
54.09
53. 57
56. 55
54. 96
56. 26
55. 68
55.92

$1.32 2$68. 45
1.39
75.53
1.44
1.44
1.45
1.46
1.46
1. 45
1.45
1.44
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.46

76.68
77. 85
76. 57
75.38
74.97
78. 95
78. 27
82.16
79.00
79. 83
84.89
79.04
77.58

Ohio

Fargo

1956: December1957: January—
FebruaryMarch___
April_____
M ay..........
June...........
July...........
August—
September.
O ctober...
November.
December-

Greensboro-High Point
$50.42
53.24

North Dakota-—Con.

1955: A v e r a g e 1956: Average—

Avg.
hrly.
earntags

Canton

Arkon

State

Cincinnati

$77 65
80. 94

44. 9
43.3

$1. 71
1.87

$86. 74
90. 81

41.1
41.0

$2.11
2. 21

$88. 98
91.73

39.2
38.9

$2. 27
2.36,

$90. 81

40.3

$2. 25

$80. 60
84.62

41.2
41.6

$1. 96
2.03

80.30
80.65
84.70
79.83
78.53
84,60
82.07
87.42
82.94
81.73
83.42
80.77
80.89

41. 5
41.4
43.0
41.6
41.7
43.8
42.3
45.6
42.6
41.9
41.4
39.5
40. 5

1.93
1.95
1.97
1. 92
1.88
1.93
1.94
1.92
1.95
1.95
2.01
2.04
2.00

95.70
93. 65
93. 38
92. 26
91.30
91. 59
93.05
93.98
93. 31
95. 44
95. 30
94.14
92.94

41.7
40.9
40.8
40. 5
40.0
40.0
40.1
40.2
40.0
40.4
40.2
39.6
39.4

2. 29
2. 29
2. 29
2. 28
2. 28
2. 29
2.32
2.34
2. 33
2. 36
2.37
2. 38
2. 36

98. 77
95. 81
95.84
92. 33
95. 22
97. 42
98. 62
100. 44
97. 98
99. 64
98. 67
97. 66
96. 77

40.5
39.7
39.6
38.5
39.5
39.8
40.2
40.5
39.4
39.8
38.6
38.7
38.6

2. 44
2.41
2. 42
2. 40
2. 41
2. 45
2.45
2. 48
2.49
2. 50
2. 56
2. 52
2. 51

94. 61
95.40
93.11
91. 79
89. 66
89. 06
92. 27
90. 35
93. 90
94. 94
90. 95
90. 20
91.80

40.4
40.3
39.5
39.1
38.4
37.8
39.2
38.1
39.1
39.1
37.8
37.4
37.9

2.34
2. 37
2. 36
2. 35
2. 33
2. 36
2. 35
2. 37
2.40
2.43
2. 41
2.41
2.42

88. 69
87.01
86.99
86. 48
85. 52
85. 55
85. 28
84. 70
85 82
86. 30
86. 50
86. 50
87. 04

42.2
41.3
41.2
41.0
40.4
40.4
39.9
39.5
40.1
40.2
40.1
40.0
40.2

2.10
2.11
2.11
2.11
2.12
2.12
2.14
2.14
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.16
2.17

Ohio —Continued
Columbus

Cleveland

Dayton

1955: Average.............
1956: Average-...........

$90. 37
. 95.13

41.7
41.7

$2.17
2. 28

$85.03

40.7

$2.09

1956: December-------1957: January---- -—
February...........
M arch________
April— ______
M ay.......... ..........
June__________
J u ly ...................
August----------Septem ber..—
O c to b e r ....----November____
December..........

_ 100.33
. 97.24
_ 97.48
- 95.69
- 95.54
- 95.61
- 95.35
. 97.57
. 96.65
- 98.05
- 99.87
- 98.98
. 94.30

42.5
41.5
41.5
41.0
40.8
40.8
40.3
40.9
40.5
40.6
40.9
40. 6
39.4

2. 36
2. 34
2. 35
2. 33
2. 34
2. 34
2. 37
2. 39
2. 39
2.42
2. 44
2. 44
2. 39

88.20
86. 28
87.34
88. 82
86. 95
87. 42
88. 75
90. 49
90.12
93. 37
93. 52
91.87
90. 75

40.9
40.2
40.5
40.9
40.1
40.3
40.6
41. 2
40.9
41.8
41.4
40.6
40.5

2.16
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.17
2.17
2. 19
2.20

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.20
2. 23
2. 26
2. 26
2.24

Toledo

$94. 26
97.14

42.1
41.3

$2.24
2. 35

$92.04

40.1

101.17
99.21
98. 91
98. 65
94. 93
96. 02
100.01
101.47
100. 39
101.35
101.14
100. 57
100. 05

41.7
40.9
40.8
40.7
39.0
39.3
40.2
40.6
40. 5
40.4
40.2
39.9
39.9

2. 43
2.43
2. 42
2. 42
2. 43
2.44
2.49
2. 50
2. 48
2. 51
2. 52
2. 52
2. 51

96. 70
91.14
92. 76
93. 46
94. 98
94. 32
96. 49
95.13
96. 58
99.63
100. 26
98. 25
97.08

40.7
38.7
39.4
39.6
39.7
39.7
40.4
39.4
39.8
40.7
40.6
39.8
39.8

Youngstown
$2. 30 $101.19
2. 38
2. 36
2. 35
2. 36
2. 39
2. 38
2. 39
2.41
2.43
2. 45
2. 47
2. 47
2. 44

107. 76
108. 58
105. 28
104. 74
103. 44
99. 26
102.18
108. 62
104. 24
109. 51
104. 81
101. 48
100. 63

40.8

$2. 48

41.7
42.0
40.8
40.6
40.2
38.7
39.0
41.1
39.1
40.2
38.8
37.7
37.2

2.58
2.59
2. 58
2. 58
2. 57
2. 56
2.62
2. 64
2.67
2.72
2.70
2.69

2. 71

351

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

C-6. Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas —Continued
Oregon

Oklahoma
State
Year and month

Portland

State

Tulsa

Oklahoma City

Avg.
wkly.
earntags

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earntags

Avg.
wkly.
earntags

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earntags

Avg.
wkly.
earntags

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earntags

Avg.
wkly.
earntags

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earntags

Avg.
wkly.
earntags

Avg.
wkly.
hours

19fiK* Average ___________ $73.87
IQRfi- A verage____________ 78.66

41.5
41.4

$1.78
1.90

$70. 47
74. 98

42.2
42.6

$1.67
1.76

$81.54
85.07

41.6
40.9

$1.96
2.08

$88. 25
89.98

39.1
38.9

$2.26
2.31

$82.00
86. 07

38.9
39.0

$2.11
2. 21

81.09
80.54
80.12
78.38
78.98
78. 60
80.98
81.39
81.80
83.02
80. 80
79.40
81.20

41.8
41.3
41.3
40.4
40.5
40.1
40.9
40.9
40.9
41.1
40.4
39.7
40.2

1.94
1.95
1.94
1.94
1.95
1.96
1.98
1.99
2. 00
2.02
2.00
2. 00
2. 02

77.35
76. 50
75.96
76.08
76. 86
77.10
79.85
78.54
79.71
79.80
79.42
78.66
77.38

42.5
42.5
42.2
41.8
42.0
41.9
42.7
42.0
42.4
42.0
41.8
41.4
41.6

1.82
1.80
1.80
1.82
1.83
1.84
1.87
1.87
1.88
1.90
1.90
1.90
1.86

2.14
2.13
2.16
2.15
2.18
2.16
2.19
2.18
2.20
2.22
2. 22
2.23
2.25

87.10
87.25
87.48
86. 75
88. 43
92. 71
92.04
87.85
90.48
85.35
89. 66
89.63
91.50

38.0
38.0
38.1
37.8
38.0
39.2
39.4
37.8
39.1
36.9
38.3
37.9
38.3

2.29
2. 30
2.29
2.30
2. 33
2.37
2.34
2.32
2.31
2.31
2. 34
2.37
2. 39

87.49
84. 52
84. 88
85.23
84.22
88. 55
88.34
87.02
88. 55
86.94
86.44
85. 74
88. 58

38.9
37.9
38.2
38.1
37.2
38.5
38.9
37.9
38.5
38.1
37.6
37.1
38. 0

2.25
2.23
2.22
2.24
2. 26
2.30
2. 27
2.30
2.30
2.28
2.30
2.31
2.33

1956: December______ ____
1957- January ___________
February___________
March ____________
April ______________
M ay _______________
June________________
July .............................
August ____________
September__________
O ctob er____________
November__________
December___________

41.4
88.60
41.8
89.03
41.6
89.86
40.7
87. 51
88.51
40.6
40.1
86.62
40.0
87.60
87.85
40.3
40.1
88. 22
40.3
89.47
39.4
87. 47
39.3
87. 64
39.7
89.33
Pennsylvania

Allento wn-Bethlehem Easton

State
1055* A verage____________
IQRfi- A verage____________

$75.20
80.20

40.0
40.1

$1.88
2.00

$71. 59
78.41

38.8
39.4

$1.85
1.99

1956: Decem ber.-...............
] 957" Jan u a ry _________ __
F e b r u a r y .._________
March ____________
April................................
M a y _______________
June ______________
Julv ______________
August ____________
September _ _______
O ctober____________
November ________
December___________

84.03
84.84
83. 20
83.60
82.97
82. 37
83.18
83.98
83. 56
84.14
82.29
82. 86
82. 01

40.4
40.4
40.0
40.0
39.7
39.6
39.8
39.8
39.6
39.5
39.0
38.9
38.5

2.08
2.10
2.08
2.09
2.09
2.08
2.09
2.11
2.11
2.13
2.11
2.13
2 13

83.79
84. 53
79.99
80.17
83.56
83.56
79.13
78.07
82. 53
82.14
79. 21
80.01
78. 58

39.9
39.5
39.0
39.3
40.4
40.0
38.0
37.9
39.3
39.3
37.9
38.1
37 6

2.10
2.14
2. 05
2.04
2. 07
2.07
2. 05
2.06
2.10
2.09
2. 09
2.10
2.09

41.6
42.2

$80. 62
86. 51

$1.94
2.05

$65.93
72.47

39.2
39.6

$1.68
1.83

$66.91
70.35

41.2
40.9

$1.62
1.72

75.24
75.26
74.24
74.84
78. 34
75.65
75.83
77.81
78.00
76.63
75.46
73.14
70. 68

39.6
39.2
39.7
39.6
40.8
39.4
39.7
39.9
40.0
39.5
39.1
38.7
37.2

1.90
1.92
1.87
1.89
1.92
1.92
1.91
1.95
1.95
1.94
1.93
1.89
1.90

72.39
70.62
72. 45
72.80
72.62
71.91
71.91
71. 20
71.33
73. 62
73.62
74.48
72.40

40.9
39.9
40.7
40.9
40.8
40.4
40.4
40.0
40.3
40.9
40.9
40.7
40.0

1.77
1.77
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.77
1.80
1.80
1.83
1.81

42.1
2.13
89.67
2.13
89.03
41.8
2.13
87.97
41.3
2.14
41.2
88.17
2.13
40.7
86.69
2.13
41.0
87.33
2.13
41.1
87.54
2.17
40.0
86.80
41.0
2.16
88. 56
2.18
41.6
90.69
2.17
40.4
87.67
2.18
40.0
87. 20
2.19
39.5
86. 51
Pennsylvania—Continued

Scranton

Reading

Pittsburgh

Philadelphia
iQfifi* A verage____________

83.22

$1.94
2.06

$89. 99
95.99

40.5
40.5

$2.22
2.37

$68. 36
72. 94

39.7
40.3

$1.72
1.81

$55. 57
60.14

38.3
38.8

1956' December___________
1957! Jan u a ry ____________
February______ _____
March______________
April _____________
M ay___ _____ _______
June__________ _____
July ________ ______
August______________
September__________
October____________
N ovem ber__________
December_____ _____

2.12
40.5
85. 86
2.13
40.0
85.20
2.11
40.3
85.03
40.0
2.12
84.80
2.14
84.74
39.6
2.14
39.9
85.39
40.0
2.15
86.00
39.8
2.16
85.97
2.16
39.9
86.18
39.9
2.17
86. 58
2.17
84. 41
38.9
2.18
39.6
86. 33
2.19
39.6
86.72
Pennsylvania-—Con.

101.02
100. 85
100.19
99. 94
100. 75
98.95
101.05
102.11
102. 54
103. 74
101. 79
101. 79
100. 75

40.9
40.5
40.4
40.3
40.3
39.9
40.1
40.2
39.9
39.9
39.0
39.0
38.6

73.60
2. 47
74.00
2. 49
74.19
2.48
73.82
2.48
73.28
2.50
74.24
2. 48
2.52
74.21
2.54
72.89
73.47
2. 57
74. 61
2.60
73.84
2. 61
75.36
2. 61
71.98
2.61
Rhode Island

40.0
40.0
40.1
39.9
39.4
39.7
39.9
39.4
39.5
39.9
39.7
40.3
38.7

1.84
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.86
1.87
1.86
1.85
1.86
1.87
1.86
1.87
1.86

62.25
61.85
62. 81
61.46
61.50
61.44
61.66
61.50
61.28
60.91
61.34
61.50
60.91

39.4
38.9
39.5
38.9
38.2
38.4
38.3
38.2
38.3
37.6
38.1
38.2
37.6

1 QSfi; Avo,rage_____________ $78.15

40.2
40.4

W ilkes-Barre—Hazleton
$52.03
55. 58

37.7
37.3

$1.38
1.49

57.30
1.58
1. 59
57.99
1. 59
57.99
58. 59
1.58
57.04
1. 61
57.13
1.60
58.13
1.61
59.09
1.61
1.60
58. 44
1.62
57.20
1.61
56. 52
1.61
56. 94
1.62
55. 80
South Carolina

37.7
37.9
37.9
37.8
36.8
37.1
37.5
37.4
37.7
36.9
36.7
36. 5
36.0

1.52
1. 53
1. 53
1. 55
1.55
1. 54
1. 55
1. 58
1. 55
1. 55
1. 54
1.56
1. 55

$1.45
1.55

Charleston

State

Providence

State

York

Lancaster

Harrisburg

Erie

Avg.
hrly.
earnmgs

1955: Average_______ ___
1956: Average_____________

$65.15
68.88

40.9
41.0

$1. 59
1.68

$62.47
66.00

40.3
39.7

$1. 55
1.66

$63.33
66.17

40.6
40.1

$1.56
1.65

$53. 30
55. 61

41.0
40.3

$1.30
1.38

$56. 56
60. 95

40.4
40.1

$1.40
1. 52

1956: December_____ ____
1957: January_____________
February
_______
March______ ________
April_______________
M ay ................- ..............
June_____ __ ____
July ................... ...........
A ugust...........................
September__________
October ____________
November ___ _____
December___________

72.04
70. 41
70. 41
70.12
68. 85
70.24
69.03
68. 57
70.52
70.58
72.09
72.45
71. 78

41.4
40.7
40.7
40.3
39.8
40.6
39.7
40.1
41.0
40.8
40.5
40.7
40.1

1.74
1.73
1.73
1.74
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.71
1.72
1.73
1.78
1.78
1.79

68. 51
65. 58
67.04
67.16
66. 63
67.26
68.51
67. 51
66.11
67.91
68. 87
67.05
68.54

40.3
38.9
39.3
39.1
39.1
39.4
40.0
39.2
38.4
39.5
39.6
37.7
39.1

1.70
1.68
1.71
1.72
1.70
1.71
1.71
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.74
1.78
1. 75

68.85
66.92
67.32
68.23
68. 06
67.66
68. 80
67. 55
67.64
68.80
69.08
67.79
69. 77

40.5
39.6
39.6
39.9
39.8
39.8
40.0
39.5
39.1
40.0
39.7
38.3
40.1

1.70
1.69
1.70
1. 71
1.71
1.70
1.72
1.71
1.73
1.72
1.74
1.77
1.74

58.49
57.63
57.31
56.59
56.59
55.77
56.45
56.16
56.06
56. 88
56. 59
56.98
57.17

40.9
40.3
39.8
39.3
39.3
39.0
39.2
39.0
39.2
39.5
39.3
39.3
39. 7

1.43
1.43
1.44
1.44
1. 44
1.43
1.44
1. 44
1.43
1.44
1. 44
1.45
1. 44

62.80
60. 68
61.07
63.92
64.24
65.04
62.41
66.91
68.47
66. 74
65.27
66.13
69.08

40.0
38. 9
39.4
40.2
39.9
40.4
39. 5
40.8
41.0
41.2
39.8
39.6
40.4

1. 57
1. 56
1. 55
1. 59
1.61
1.61
1 . 58
1.64
1.67
1.62
1. 64
1.67
1.71

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

352

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958

Table C-6. Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas 1—Continued
South Dakota
State

Tennessee
Sioux Falls

State

Chattanooga

Knoxville

Year and month

1955: Average1956: Average.
1956: December.
February. _
March____
April_____
M ay............
June______
July.............
August___
September.
October___
November.
December..

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

$72.49
76.64

45.3
44.8

$1.60
1.71

$80. 55
84. 59

47.9
47.3

$1.68
1. 79

$60. 64
63. 20

40.7
40.0

$1.49
1. 58

$62. 37
65.20

40.5
40.0

$1.54
1.63

$69. 20
73. 66

40 0
39.6

$1. 73
1.86

81.17
81.38
77. 76
76. 62
73. 75
80. 16
»0. 20
80. 05
78. 77
78. 97
84. 50
83. 71
82. 40

44.8
45.1
43.0
42. 6
41.3
44.8
44.9
45.1
43.8
42. 3
45. 4
44.9
43. 6

1.81
1.80
1.81
1.80
1. 81
1. 79
1.79
1.77
1.80
1.87
1.86
1.86
1.89

95. 67
89. 09
84.10
83. 52
78. 93
89.09
87. 43
86. 72
85.06
87.27
93.12
93. 55
90. 71

49.5
47. 7
44 6
44.1
41.9
47. 1
46.1
45.8
44.3
44.1
47.2
46.9
45.6

1.93
1.87
1.89
1.89
1. 88
1.89
1.90
1.89
1.92
1.98
1.97
1.99
1.99

65.60
65. 11
65. 11
65.67
65. 34
65. 34
65. 76
66. 33
65. 93
66. 80
66. 97
66. 25
66. 59

40.0
39.7
39.7
39.8
39.6
39.6
40.1
40.2
40.2
40.0
40. 1
39.2
39.4

1.64
1.64
1.64
1.65
1. 65
1.65
1.64
1.65
1.64
1.67
1.67
1.69
1.69

68.85
67.15
67. 83
68. 97
69.14
68. 23
68.17
68.23
69. 43
69. 32
70.18
69.52
70.80

40.5
39.5
39.9
40.1
40.2
39.9
40. 1
39.9
40.6
40.3
40.1
39.5
40.0

1.70
1.70
1.70
1. 72
1. 72
1. 71
1.70
1. 71
1.71
1. 72
1.75
1.76
1.77

76. 24
76. 63
77. 22
77. 42
77. 22
77.03
77. 22
77. 42
79.20
79. 39
79. 39
78. 92
79.95

39.5
39. 5
39.2
39. 5
39. 4
39.3
39.2
39.1
39.6
39.3
39.3
38. 5
39.0

1.93
1. 94
1.97
1. 96
1. 96
1. 96
1. 97
1.98
2. 00
2.02
2.02
2. 05
2.05

Tennessee—Continued
M emphis
1955: Average1956: Average.
1956: December..
1957: January__
February..
M arch____
A pril..........
M ay______
June............
J u ly ............
August----September.
October___
November.
December..

Texas

Nashville

State

Dallas

42.6
41.1

$1.62
1.72

$62.02
65. 37

40.8
40.6

$1. 52
1. 61

$75. 78
80. 32

42.1
41.4

$1.80
1.94

$75. 58

41.3

$1.83

$89. 67

42.1

$2.13

72. 98
71.02
72. 00
72. 54
72. 36
72. 36
72. 58
73. 57
71. 38
75. 21
74. 30
76. 52
75.17

41.0
39.9
40.0
40.3
40.2
40. 2
40. 1
40. 2
40. 1
41.1
40. 6
40. 7
40.2

1. 78
1.78
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.81
1. 83
1.78
1.83
1.83
1. 88
1.87

66.82
66. 99
66.40
67.13
66.63
66. 30
67. 03
67. 54
67. 77
67. 32
68. 23
68. 28
69.20

40. 5
40.6
40.0
40.2
39.9
39. 7
39.9
40.2
40.1
39.6
39.9
39. 7
40.0

1.65
1.65
1.66
1. 67
1. 67
1.67
1.68
1.68
1.69
1.70
1. 71
1. 72
1.73

84. 00
83.20
81.97
82. 81
82. 82
82.01
85. 28
86. 11
85. 28
86. 53
84. 25
84.65
86. 11

42.0
41.6
41.4
41.2
41.0
40.6
41.6
41.4
41.4
41.8
40. 7
40. 5
41.2

2.00
2.00
1.98
2.01
2. 02
2.02
2. 05
2.08
2.06
2.07
2.07
2.09
2. 09

79.76
79.76
77.60
78.02
77. 27
76. 54
77. 93
76. 89
77. 04
78.09
77.16
77.18
78. 91

42.2
42.2
41.5
41.5
41.1
40.5
40.8
40.9
41.2
41.1
40.4
40.2
41.1

1.89
1.89
1.87
1.88
1.88
1.89
1.91
1.88
1. 87
1. 90
1. 91
1.92
1.92

97.01
91.32
88. 54
88. 91
89.13
88. 66
94. 75
92. 51
95.15
94. 28
93.02
95. 65
95.06

43. 5
41. 7
40. 8
40. 6
40. 7
40. 3
42. 3
41.3
42.1
41. 9
40. 8
40. 7
40.8

2. 23
2.19
2.17
2.19
2.19
2. 20
2. 24
2. 24
2. 26
2. 25
2. 28
2. 35
2.33

Houston

Utah

San Anton io

State

1955: Average1956: Average.

$91. 53

41.8

$2.19

$58.46

40.6

$1.44

1956: December________
1957: January__________
February__________
March______________
A pril....... ................ .
M ay............................
June.............. ..............
July.............................
August .......................
September..................
October___________
November_________
December...................

94. 55
93.63
92. 29
92.93
94.21
92. 57
97. 86
98. 36
97.70
101. 46
96.08
96. OS
99. 22

42.4
41.8
41.2
41.3
41.5
40.6
42.0
41.5
41.4
42.1
40.2
40 2
41.0

2.23
2. 24
2. 24
2.25
2. 27
2.28
2.33
2.37
2. 36
2.41
2.39
2.39
2.42

60.94
60.38
60. 09
60. 45
60. 59
60. 40
60. 79
62. 36
63.88
64.37
63.29
62. 33
63. 96

40.9
40.8
40.6
40.3
39.6
40.0
40.8
41.3
41.7
41.8
41.1
39.7
41.0

1.49
1.48
1. 48
1.50
1. 53
1.51
1.49
1.51
1.52
1.54
1. 54
1. 57
1.56

$77. 60
83.01

40.0
40.1

87.91

40. 7
40.1
39.9
39.6
39.4
39.7
40.2
41.6
40.4
40.1
37.8
38.4
38.6

88.22

88. 98
87. 52
89. 44
88. 93
90. 85
89.44
89. 28
87.82
84. 67
85. 63
89. 55

Vermont
Salt Lake City

Burlington

$77. 52
83.23

40.8
41.0

$1.90
2.03

$63. 57
67.36

42.1
42.1

$1. 51
1.60

2.16

84. 66
85.90
84.44
84.00
86. 05
86.90
88. 58
84. 40
88. 58
89.79
85.14
85.97
87.64

40.7
41.1
40.4
40.0
40.4
40.8
41.2
40.0
41.2
41.0
39.6
39.8
40.2

2.08
2.09
2.09

69.25
67.63
68.44
68.14
67. 68
67.88
69.02
67.53
67.97
68.36

42.1
41.2
41.4
41.2
40.9
40.7
41.3
40.5
40.7
41.1
40.8
39 4
39.8

1.65
1.64
1. 65

2.20

2. 23
2.21

2. 27
2.24
2. 26
2.15
2.21

2.19
2.24
2. 23
2. 32

2.10

2.13
2.13
2.15
2.11

2.15
2.19
2.15
2.16
2.18

68.21

66.41
67. 31

1. 66

1. 65
1. 67
1.67
1. 67
1. 67
1.67
1.67
1.69
1. 69

Virginia

Springfield

$58.95
60. 79

40.1
40. 8

$1. 47
1. 49

$78. 01
84.20

43.1
43.4

68. 44
64.17
65.95
64.87
64. 57
64.23
64. 65
64. 49
A u g u s t ............... ........
67. 51
September...................... 66. 25
October........................... 68. 04
November..................... 69.04
December____ ____
69. 87
See footnotes at end of table-

43.7
40. 7
41.2
40. 9
40.2
40.4
39. 7
39.9
40.2
40.5
40. 3
39.8
40. 0

1. 57
1.58
1.60
1. 59
1.61
1. 61
1. 63
1.62
1. 68
1. 64
1.69
1.73
1. 75

84. 66
84. 04
83. 48
80.54
78.83
80. 22
81.20
76. 2S
76. 40
77. 77
78.38
78. 06
78.92

42.6
42.4
42.1
40.9
40.2
40. 1
40.5
38.6
38. 4
39. 1
39.2
38.6
39.1


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

State

$1.94
2.07

Vermont—Continued

1956: December___________
1957: J anu ary.........................
February____________
March.............................
April...............................
M ay___________ ____
J u n e ..................... .
July -................. ............

Fort Worth

$69.01
70.69

Texas—Continued

1955: Average____________
1956: Average,....................... .

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

State
$1.81 $59.30
1.94' 61. 81
1.99
1 98
1. 98
1.97
1.96
2.00
2.00
1.97
1.99
1.99
2.00
2.03
2 02

64.46
63.52
03.84
64.00
64.64
64.40
64. 88
65. 61
64. 48
64. SO
64.88
64. 87
64. 45

N orfolk-Portsmouth

40.9
40.4

$1. 45
1.53

$66. 56
67.47

41.6
40.4

40.8
39.7
39.9
40.0
40.4
40.0
40.3
40.5
40.3
40.0
40.3
39.8
39.3

1. 58
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.60
1. 61
1.61
1.62
1.60
1.62
1.61
1.63
1.64

74.10
69.20
69. 37
70.76
72. 49
69.03
71. 05
68.85
70.75
71.33
73. 85
78.17
73. 75

42.1
40.0
40.1
40.9
41.9
39.9
40.6
39.8
40.2
40.3
40.8
41.8
40.3

$.eo
1

Richmond

1. 67

$65.19
68.47

41.0
41.0

$1.59
1.67

1. 76
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1. 75
1.73
1.76
1. 77
1.81
1.87
1.83

72. 41
71.10
70. 58
69. 77
70.35
72.92
73.21
74.40
72. 22
71. 51
71.60
74.52
73. 71

42.1
41. 1
40.8
40.1
40.2
41. 2
40 9
41.8
40.8
40. 4
40.0
40.5
40.5

1.72
1. 73
1. 73
1.74
1. 75
1. 77
1. 79
1.78
1. 77
1. 77
1. 79
1.84
1.82

353

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

Table 0-6.

Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas 1
W est Virginia

Washington
State

Seattle

Year and month

State

Tacoma

Spokane

Avg.
wkly.
earntags

Avg.
w kly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earntags

Avg.
wkly.
earntags

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earntags

Avg.
wkly.
earntags

Avg.
w kly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earntags

Avg.
w kly.
earntags

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earnmgs

Avg.
w kly.
earntags

Avg.
w kly.
ours

1955: A v e r a g e 1956: Average.--

$84.68
88. 77

39.1
39.1

$2.17
2.27

$82. 20
86. 87

38.6
38.9

$2.13
2. 23

$87.62
91.82

40.7
39.9

$2.16
2.30

$82. 23
84.89

38.9
38.3

$2.12
2.22

$75.45
80.18

39.5
39.5

$1.91
2,03

1956: December.
1957: January.. .
February..
March___
April_____
M ay..........
June_____
July_____
August___
September.
O ctober...
November.
December.

91.28
90. 45
89. 25
91.28
91.90
89.82
90.28
89. 39
91.34
88.02
89.17
89.13
92.64

39.3
38.9
38.7
39.0
39.2
38.6
38.8
38.4
39.0
37.8
38.2
37.6
38.8

2. 32
2.32
2.31
2.34
2.34
2.33
2.33
2.33
2.34
2. 33
2.33
2.37
2.39

91.34
92.32
90.30
92. 41
91.70
86.16
87.39
88.13
89.19
88.02
88. 78
87.32
91.87

39.8
39.9
39.3
39.9
39.6
37.6
37.8
38.0
38.6
37.9
38.1
37.4
38.9

2.30
2.32
2.30
2.32
2. 32
2.29
2.31
2.32
2. 31
2.32
2.33
2.34
2.36

95.18
94.47
92. 76
90. 94
93.23
93.68
94. 52
94.73
96. 79
98.61
94. 83
94. 69
93.96

39.7
39.6
38.9
38.1
38.9
38. 7
39.5
39.4
38.9
39.1
38.7
38.3
38.0

2.40
2.39
2.38
2.39
2.40
2.42
2.39
2.40
2.48
2. 52
2.45
2.47
2.48

88. 21
87. 97
85. 52
85. 58
88. 73
88.86
89. 97
86.89
88. 07
89. 28
86. 79
86. 45
89.90

39.3
38.4
38.0
37.7
38.4
38.0
39.2
37.8
38.5
38.5
37.5
37.3
38.4

2.24
2.29
2.25
2.27
2.31
2.34
2. 29
2. 30
2. 29
2. 32
2. 32
2.32
2.34

82.37
84. 84
80. 50
82. 55
81. 69
82. 32
81. 90
84. 71
84. 67
84. 67
84.06
83.37
83.49

39.6
40.4
38.7
39.5
38.9
39.2
39.0
39.4
39.2
39.2
39.1
38.6
38.3

2.08
2.10
2. 08
2.09
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.15
2.16
2.16
2.15
2.16
2.18

West Virginia—Continued
Charleston

Avg.
hrly.
earnmgs

Wisconsin

W heeltag-Steubenville

Kenosha

State

La Crosse

1955: Average.. .
1956: A verage...

$93.09
97.85

40.3
40.6

$2.31
2.41

$87.24

38.6

$2.26

$80.61
84.25

42.0
41.7

$1.92
2.02

$87.90
82.19

41.2
37.8

$2.13
2.17

$78. 92
80.80

40.0
40.3

$1.97
2.00

1956: December.
1957: January...
February..
M arch___
April____
M ay..........
June_____
July_____
August___
September.
O ctober...
November.
December.

101.11
100.03
98. 95
99.14
99. 63
100.37
99.88
102.34
104.19
104.19
104. 23
104.66
105.18

41.1
40.5
39.9
40.3
40.5
40.8
40.6
41.1
40.7
40.7
40.4
40.1
40.3

2.46
2.47
2. 48
2.46
2. 46
2.46
2.47
2.49
2. 56
2. 56
2. 58
2.61
2.61

90.56
92. 20
88. 97
88. 83
89.86
87.61
87.18
91.14
92.61
93.12
92.12
89.67
87.36

38.7
38.1
37.7
37.8
38.4
37.6
37.1
36.9
37.8
37.7
37.6
36.9
36.1

2.34
2. 42
2.36
2.35
2.34
2.33
2.35
2. 47
2. 45
2.47
2.45
2.43
2.42

88.32
87. 50
86.33
86.64
85.90
85.59
86. 53
85. 49
84. 64
85.50
86.02
85.85
87.34

42.0
41.5
41.1
41.1
40.8
40.7
41.1
42.1
40.8
40.9
40.4
40.0
40.5

2.10
2.11
2.10
2.11
2.11
2.10
2.11
2.03
2.08
2.09
2.13
2.14
2.15

93. 94
87.77
88.09
86.84
86. 74
85. 41
88.77
86.25
90.04
89. 41
90. 55
90.44
91.44

41.4
39.4
39.7
38.9
38.9
38.4
39.1
38.1
39.3
38.8
39.1
39.1
39.4

2. 27
2.23
2. 22
2. 23
2.23
2.23
2.27
2.26
2. 29
2. 31
2. 32
2. 31
2. 32

85.30
85.12
85. 22
85. 56
84. 44
84.81
89. 24
85.37
89.20
88.83
87. 74
87. 26
86. 21

41.2
40.6
40.7
40.3
39.3
39.5
40.8
39.3
40.4
39.8
39.2
39.0
38.6

2.07
2.09
2.10
2.12
2.15
2.15
2.19
2.18
2.21
2. 23
2. 24
2. 24
2. 24

Madison
1955: A verage...
1956: A verage...

$83.66
91.63

40.3
41.2

1956: December.
1957: January...
February..
March___
April_____
M ay_____
June_____
July_____
August___
September.
October__
November.
December.

102.09
97.33
93. 92
93. 82
94.38
93.16
94. 25
92.35
92.00
93.59
95.16
94.37
94.48

43.3
41.4
40.6
40.5
41.0
40.3
40.8
40.9
39.8
39.7
40.0
40.0
39.8

Milwaukee
$2.07 3$87. 42
92. 81
2. 22
2.36
2.35
2.31
2.32
2.30
2.31
2.31
2. 26
2.31
2.36
2.38
2.36
2.37

96.19
95. 91
94.39
94. 53
93. 88
93.65
94. 87
94. 95
95.32
95. 50
93.13
92. 56
93.80

Racine


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

State

Casper

3 41.2
41.4

3$2.12
2. 24

$84. 55
85. 77

41.2
40.4

$2.05
2.12

$83. 23
89.73

41.0
40.6

$2.03
2. 21

$99. 80
106.52

40.9
40.5

$2.44
2.63

41.6
41.3
40.8
40.8
40.5
40.3
40.7
40.8
40.7
40.4
39.4
39.5
39.9

2.31
2.32
2.31
2.32
2. 32
2.32
2.33
2.33
2.34
2.37
2.36
2.35
2.35

87. 72
88.72
88. 28
89. 70
89. 62
88. 49
88. 24
87.14
88.09
89.96
89.26
90. 44
89. 58

40.3
40.3
40.0
40.4
40.2
39.8
39.6
39.3
39.7
40.0
39.6
39.8
39.7

2.18
2.20
2.21
2. 22
2. 23
2. 22
2. 23
2. 22
2. 22
2. 25
2.25
2.27
2.25

91.12
90.68
90. 29
91.37
91.98
93.03
93.12
90. 52
90. 80
94.09
88. 24
93.90
98. 95

41.8
39.6
39.6
39.9
40.7
40.1
38.8
39.7
40.9
39.7
38.7
40.3
41.4

2.18
2. 29
2. 28
2. 29
2. 26
2.32
2.40
2. 28
2. 22
2.37
2.28
2. 33
2.39

104.02
107. 87
102.05
102.70
107. 45
105.34
115. 42
119. 56
112.03
117.70
113.14
115.24
121. 76

39.4
40.4
39.4
39.5
40.7
39.6
40.5
42.7
40.3
41.3
39.7
39.6
41.7

2.64
2.67
2.59
2.60
2.64
2.66
2.85
2.80
2. 78
2. 85
2. 85
2.91
2. 92

1 Data for earlier years are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics or to the cooperating State agency. See table A-7 for addresses of
cooperating State agencies.

4 5 6 1 1 4 — 58------- 8

P

Wyoming

Wisconsin—Continued

2 Subarea of N ew York-Northeastern N ew Jersey.
3 N ot strictly comparable w ith data for later years,

354

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958

D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
Table D ~l. Consumer Price Index1—United States city average: All items and major groups of items
[1947-49=“ 100]
Year and month

All items

Food

Housing

Transporta­
tion

Apparel

Medical care Personal care Reading and
recreation

Other goods
and services

Average___________
A verage.....................
Average___________
Average___________
Average........ ..............
Average___________
Average___________
A verage.....................
Average.......................
Average...... ................

95.5
102.8
101. 8
102.8
111.0
113.5
114.4
114.8
114.5
116.2

95.9
104.1
100.0
101.2
112.6
114. 6
112.8
112.6
110.9
111.7

95.0
101.7
103.3
106.1
112.4
114.6
117.7
119.1
120.0
121.7

97.1
103. 5
99.4
98.1
106.9
105.8
104.8
104.3
103.7
105.5

90.6
100.9
108.5
111.3
118.4
126. 2
129.7
128.0
126.4
128.7

94.9
100.9
104.1
106.0
111.1
117.2
121.3
125.2
128.0
132, 6

97.6
101.3
101.1
101.1
110.5
111.8
112.8
113.4
115.3
120.0

95.5
100.4
104.1
103.4
106.5
107.0
108.0
107.0
106.6
108,1

96.1
100.5
103.4
105.2
109. 7
115.4
118.2
120.1
120 2
122.0

1953: January......................
February_________
March________ ____
April_____ __ _____
May_________ ____ _
June______________
Ju ly______________
August____________
September............ .
October___________
November_________
December_________

113. 9
113. 4
113.6
113.7
114.0
114.5
114.7
115.0
115.2
115.4
115.0
114.9

113.1
111 5
111. 7
111.5
112.1
113.7
113.8
114.1
113.8
113. 6
112.0
112.3

116.4
116.6
116.8
117.0
117.1
117.4
117.8
138.0
118.4
118.7
118.9
118.9

104.0
104.6
104.7
104.6
104.7
104.6
104.4
104.3
105.3
105. 5
105.5
105.3

129.3
129.1
129. 3
129. 4
129.4
129.4
129.7
130.6
130.7
130.7
130.1
128.9

119.4
119.3
119.6
120.2
120.7
121.1
121.5
121.8
122.6
122.8
123.3
123.6

112.4
112.5
112 4
112.5
112.8
112.6
112.6
112.7
112.9
113. 2
113.4
113.8

107.8
107.5
107.7
107.9
108.0
107.8
107.4
107.6
107.8
108.6
108.9
108.9

115.0
115.8
117. 5
117.9
118.0
118.2
118.3
118.4
118.5
119.7
120.2
120.3

1954: January----------------February__________
March.—.....................
April_____________
May__________ ____
June___ ___ _______
J u l y . . . .......................
August ___ ____ _
September_____ ___
October___________
November.................
December_________

115.2
115.0
114.8
114.6
115.0
115.1
115.2
115.0
114.7
114.5
114. 6
114.3

113.1
112.6
112.1
112.4
113.3
113. 8
114.6
113.9
112. 4
111.8
111.1
110.4

118.8
118.9
119.0
118.5
118.9
118.9
119.0
119.2
119.5
119.5
119.5
119.7

104. 9
104.7
104.3
104.1
104.2
104.2
104.0
103.7
104.3
104. 6
104.6
104.3

130.6
129.4
129.0
129.1
129.1
128.9
126.7
126.6
126.4
125.0
127.6
127.3

123.7
124.1
124.4
124.9
125.1
125.1
125.2
125.5
125.7
125.9
126.1
126.3

113.7
113.9
114.1
112.9
113.0
112. 7
313.3
113.4
113.5
113.4
113.8
113.6

108.7
108.0
108.2
106.5
106.4
106.4
107.0
106.6
106.5
106 9
106.8
106.6

120.3
120.2
120.1
120.2
120.1
120.1
120.3
120.2
120.1
120.1
120.0
119.9

1855: January___________
February__________
March_____________
April.................... .......
M ay______________
June......................... —
July.............................
August. ...... ............
September________
O ctober....................
November_________
D ecem ber... . . . —.

114.3
114.3
114. 3
114.2
114.2
114.4
114.7
114.5
114.9
114.9
115.0
114.7

110.6
110.8
110.8
111.2
111.1
111.3
112.1
111.2
111.6
110.8
109.8
109.5

119.6
119.6
119.6
119.5
119. 1
110.7
119. 9
120.0
120.4
120.8
120.9
120.8

103.3
103. 4
103.2
103.1
103. 3
103.2
103.2
103.4
104. 6
104.6
104.7
104.7

127.6
127. 4
127.3
125.3
125. 5
125.8
125.4
125.4
125.3
126.6
128. 5
127.3

126. 5
126.8
127.0
127.3
127.5
127.0
127.9
128.0
128.2
128.7
129.8
130.2

113.7
113.5
113 5
113.7
113.9
114. 7
115.5
116. 8
116.6
117.0
117.5
117.9

108.9
106.4
106.6
106.6
106.5
106.2
106.3
106. 3
.106. 7
306.7
106. S
106.8

119.9
U9.8
119.8
119.8
119.9
119.0
120.3
120. 4
120.6
120.6
120.8
120.6

1866: January___________
Fe bruary____ _____
March_____________
April________ . . .M ay__ __________
June_________ ____
July_____ _____ ___
August____________
September____ ____
O ctober....................
November_________
December_________

114.6
114.6
114.7
114 9
115.4
110.2
117. 0
116.8
117.1
117. 7
117.8
118.0

109 2
108.8
109.0
1.09. 6
113.0
113. 2
114.8
113 1
113.1
133. t
112.8
112.9

120.0
120.7
120. 7
120.8
120.9
121.4
121.8
122.2
122. 5
122.8
123.0
123.5

104.1
104.6
104.8
194.8
104.8
104.8
105.3
105. 5
106. 3
106.8
107.0
107.0

126.8
126. 9
1.26. 7
126. 4
127.1
128.8
127. 7
128. 5
128.6
132.6
133.2
133.1

130.7
130.9
131. 4
131.6
131.9
332.0
132. 7
133.3
134.0
134.1
134.. 5
134.7

118.5
318.9
119.2
119.5
119.6
119.9
120.1
120.3
120.5
120.8
121. 4
121.8

107.3
107.5
107.7
1082
108.2
107.6
107. 7
107.9
108 4
108.5
109.0
109.3

120.8
120.9
121.2
121.4
121.5
121.8
122 2
122 1
122.7
123.0
123.2
123.3

1957: January............... .......
February____ _____
March____________
April......... ............ .
M ay_____________
June____ ____ _____
July______________
August........................
September............ .
October___________
Novem ber. .............
December_________
1958: January.. . . . .

118.2
138.7
118.9
119. 3
119.
120. 2

112.8
113.6
113. 2
113. 8
114.6
116. 2
117.4
117.9
117.0
116.4
116. 0
116 1
118.2

123.8
124.5
124.9
125. 2
125.3
125. 5
125.5
125. 7
126.3
126.6
126.8
127.0
127.1

106.4
106.1
106.8
108.5
106.5
106. 6
106.5
106.6
107.3
107.7
107.9
107.6
106.9

133.6
134. 4
135.1
135.5
135. 3
135. 3
135.8
135.9
135.9
135. 8
140.0
138. 9
138.7

135.3
135.6
136.4
136.9
137.3
137.9
138.4
138.6
139.0
139.7
140.3
140.8
141.7

122.1
322.6
122.9
123.3
123.4
124. 2
124. 7
124.9
125.1
126. 2
126. 7
127.0
127.8

109.9
110.0

123.8
124.0
124.2
124.2
124.3
124.0
126.6
126.7
126.7
126.8
126.8
126.8
127.0

1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1954:
1955:
1956:

6
120.8

121.0
121. 1
121.1
121. 6
121.6
122.3

* The Consumer Price Index measures the average change In prices oi g>x>ds
and services purchased by urban wage-earner and clerical-worker families.
Data for 46 large, medium-elite, and small cities ers combined tor the United
States average.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

no.5

111.8
111.4
111.8
112.4
112.6
113.3
113. 4
114.4
114.6
116.6

N ote: For & description of this series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series. BLS Bull. 1168 (1964).
Source : U . S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

355

D : CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES

T able D -2 . Consumer Price Index l-—United States city average: Food, housing, apparel, transpor­

tation, and their subgroups
[1947-49=100]
Annual
average

1957
1958
Group
Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

1956

1956

118.2
116.7
132.5
110.2
114.6
121.9
113.1

116.1
114.3
131.8
106.0
114.6
113.9
114.9

116.0
114.1
131.6
104.6
114.5
114.6
115.6

116.4
114.7
131.4
108.3
114.2
114.5
116.2

117.0
115.5
131.2
110.3
113.1
114.8
115.0

117.9
116.6
131.0
111.9
111.5
121.3
113.8

117.4
116.1
130.8
109.5
110.5
126.9
111.7

116.2
114. 7
130.6
106.9
110.0
126.8
109.5

114.6
113.0
130.4
103.7
110.0
122.5
109.9

113.8
112.1
130.1
102.0
110.5
118.7
111.0

113.2
111.4
129.8
100.6
110.7
116.1
111.6

113.6
112.0
129.1
101. 4
111. 1
116.5
113.0

112.8
111.1
128.0
99. 0
111. 2
116.9
112. 7

111.7
110.2
125. 6
97. 1
108. 7
119.0
112.8

110.9
109. 7
123. 9
101.6
105. 9
113.5
111. 5

H ousing4.............................................................. 127.1
136.8
Gas and eiectricitv__________________ 115.7
138.4
Solid fuels and fuel oil_______________
Housefurnishings........................................ 104.2
Household operation_________________ 129.7

127.0
136.7
114.3
138.3
104.9
129.6

126.8
136.3
114.3
138.0
104.5
129.4

126. 6
136.0
113 8
137.6
104.8
128.7

126.3
135.7
113.7
136.8
104.8
128.3

125.7
135.4
113. 3
135. 7
103.9
128.0

125.5
135.2
112.3
135.9
104.1
127.9

125. 5
135.0
112.3
135.3
104.6
127.6

125.3
334.7
112.3
135.4
104.2
127.3

125.2
134. 5
112.4
138.1
105. 1
126.4

124. 9
134. 4
112. 4
139. 2
104.9
126.2

124.5
134.2
112.4
139.3
105. 0
125.6

123.8
134. 2
112.3
138. 9
104. 0
125.4

121.7
132. 7
111.8
130. 7
103. 0
122.9

120.0
130. 3
110. 7
125. 2
104.1
119.1

Apparel.................................................................
Men's and boys'.......................................Women’s and girls'__________________
Footwear______________ ____ - ..............
Other apparel6_____________________

106.9
109.0
98.8
129.3
91.9

107.6
109.5
100.1
129.1
92.3

107.9
109.4
100.8
129.0
92.6

107.7
109.4
100.6
128.3
92.5

107.3
109.3
99.8
128.1
92.3

106.6
108.8
98.6
128.3
92.0

106.5
108.8
98.6
128.1
91.9

106.6
109.1
98.5
127.8
91.9

106.5
109.0
98.6
127.8
92.0

106.5
108.8
98.7
127.3
92.0

106.8
108.8
99.3
127.6
92.2

106.1
108.6
98.2
127.2
91.7

106.4
108.4
98.9
126. 7
91.9

105. 5
107. 4
98.7
123. 9
91.4

103.7
105. 7
98.0
117.7
90.6

Transportation...................................................

138.7
128.4
182.4

138.9
128.6
182.4

140.0
129.7
182.8

135.8
125.4
181.6

135.9
125. 5
181.1

135.9
125.6
180.6

135.8
125.6
180.2

135.3
125.4
176.8

135.3
125. 4
176.8

135.5
125.5
176.8

135.1
125.2
175.8

134.4
124.5
175.8

133.6
123.8
174.9

128.7
118.8
172. 2

126.4
117.1
165. 7

Food at home_______________________
Cereals and bakery products_____
Meats, poultry, and fish_________
Dairy products.....................................
Fruits and vegetables____________
Other foods at hom e3— ------ --------

Public______________________ ____

4 In addition to subgroups shown here, total housing includes the purchase
price of homes and other homeowner costs.
5 Includes yard goods, diapers, and miscellaneous items.
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

1 See footnote 1, table D -l.
* In addition to subgroups shown here, total food Includes restaurant meals
and other food bought and eaten away from home.
t Includes eggs, fats and oils, sugar and sweets, beverages (nonalcoholic),
and other miscellaneous foods.

T able D-3. Consumer Price Index ^ U n ite d States city average: Special groups of items
[1947-49=100]

Y ear and month

All items
less food

All items
less shelter

All com­
modities

All com­
modities
less food

Durable
commodi­
ties 3

Nondura­
ble com­
modities
less food 3

All
services 4

All services
less r en t5

94.7

Average__
Average__
Average—
Average__
Average__
Average__
Average—
Average— .
Average.—.
Average— .

95.1
101.9
103. 0
104.2
110.8
113. 5
115. 7
116. 4
116.7
118.8

95.6
103.1
101.3
102.0
110. 5
112.7
113.1
113.0
112.4
114.0

96.3
103. 2
100.6
101. 2
110. 3
111. 7
111.3
110.2
109.0
110.1

95.7
102.9
101.5
101. 3
108. 9
109.8
110.0
108.6
107.5
108.9

94.9
101.8
103. 3
104. 4
112. 4
113.8
112.6
108.3
105.1
105.1

95.7
103.1
101.1
100.9
108.5
109. 1
110.1
110.6
110.6
113.0

94.5
100.4
105.1
108.5
114.1
119.3
124. 2
127.5
129.8
132.6

1957: January— .
February..
March___
April_____
M ay_____
June_____
J u ly ......... .
August___
September.
October—
November.
December-

121.0
121. 5
122.0
122. 3
122.3
122.5
122.8
123.0
123.4
123.7
124.6
124.5

115.9
116.4
116.5
116. 9
117.1
117.8
118.5
118.7
118. 7
118.6
119.2
119.2

111.9
112.3
112.4
112.8
113.0
113.7
114.4
114.6
114. 5
114.3
114.7
114.7

111.2
111.4
111.9
112.1
111.8
111.9
112.2
112. 1
112.6
112.8
113. 8
113.6

108.2
108.3
108.6
108.8
108.3
108.4
10S.2
108. 4
108.6
108.6
110.9
110.3

114.7
115.0
115.6
115.8
115.6
115.8
116.3
116.0
116. 7
117.0
117.4
117.3

135.0
135.7
136.3
136.7
137.2
137. 5
137.9
138.3
138.8
139.2
139.8
140.0

135.6
136.5
137.1
137.6
138.1
138.4
138.9
139.3
139.8
140.3
140.9
141.1

1958: J a n u a r y -

124.7

120.0

115.4

113.5

110.5

117.0

140.5

141.7

1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1954:
1955:
1956:

1 See footnote 1 and Note, table D -l.
* includes household appliances, furniture and bedding, floor coverings,
dinnerware, automobiles, tires, radio and television sets, durable toys, sport­
ing goods, and from 1953 forward, water heaters, kitchen sinks, sink faucets,
and porch flooring.
» Includes solid fuels, fuel oil, textile bousefumishings, household paper,
electric light bulbs, laundry soap and detergents, apparel (except shoe re­
pairs), gasoline, motor oil, prescriptions and drugs, toilet goods, nondurable
toys, newspapers, cigarettes, cigars, beer, whiskey, and from 1953 forward,
house paint and paint brash.
* Includes rent, gas, electricity, dry cleaning, laundry service, domestic
service, telephone, water, postage, shoe repairs, auto repairs, auto insurance,


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

100 1

105. 3
108.1
114.6
120.1

124.6
127.7
130.1
133.0

auto registration, transit fares, railroad fares, professional medical services,
hospital services, group hospitalization, barber and beauty shop services,
television repairs, motion picture admissions, and from 1953 forward, home
purchase, real estate taxes, mortgage interest, property insurance, repainting
garage, repainting rooms, reshingling roof, and refinishing floors.
8 Formerly all services less shelter for 1953 and later years; for definition of
services, see footnote 4.
N ote : Indexes from 1953 forward have been revised to reflect the distribu­
tion of shelter items, formerly included in “all services and shelter” now en­
titled “all services,” among the appropriate commodity and service classi­
fications.
S ource: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

356

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958

T able D -4. Consumer Price Index 1—United States city average: Retail prices and indexes of selected

foods

Commodity

Aver­
age 3
price,
Jan.
1958

Cereals and bakery products: U n it Cents
Flour, wheat__________________5lb_.55.2
Biscult mix *_________________20oz__
26. i
Com meal_________________ lb_. 12.8
Rice___ ___________________ lb .. 18.1
Rolled oats4_________________ 18o z ..20.2
Corn flakes__________________ 12oz_.25.0
Bread................
lb .. 19.1
Soda crackers 8_____________ lb .. 29.2
Vanilla cookies____ _______ 7 oz__ 24.8
Meats, poultry, and fish:
M eats__________ ______________
Beef and veal________________
Round steak........................lb._ 100.6
Chuck roast____________ lb .. 59.1
Rib roast.......................... ..l b . . 80.3
H am burger_____________lb_. 47. 8
Veal cutlets____________ lb .. 125.1
Pork......................................... .......
Pork chops, center cu t__ lb_.
87.!
Bacon, sliced___________ lb... 75.6
Ham, whole____________ lb .. 66.3
Lamb, leg________
..lb ... 76.1
Other meats:
Frankfurters*......................!b .. 60.3
Luncheon m eat3—12-oz. can.. 47.3
Poultry, frying chickens________
Readv-to-eook____________ lb .. 46.2
Fish___ _____ _______ ______ _
Fish, fresh or frozen__________
Ocean perch fillet, frozen__ lb .. 44.1
Haddock, fillet, frozen......... lb ..
50.8
Salmon, pink______16-oz. can .. 62.9
Tuna fish, chunk *
6-6pi-oz. can .. 32.5
Dairy products:
M ilk, fresh, grocery....................... .
Homogenized, with vitamin D
added_________________ qt._
M ilk, fresh, delivered......................
Homogenized, with vitamin D
added________________ q t .. 25.8
p t~ 29.6
Ice cream * ...................
B utter____ ________________ lb._ 74.!
Oheese American process___ lb__ 58.2
M ilk evaporated.__14J^j-oz. can.. 15.0
All fruits and vegetables:
Frozen fruits and vegetables 3___
Strawberries 3._ .........
10 oz_. 25.8
Orange juice concentrate *.6 oz__ 22.6
Peas, green 3.......
10 oz_„ 19.6
Beans, green3 5.....
9 oz_. 22.4
Fresh fruits and vegetables______
Apples________
lb .. 13.1
Bananas_________________ lb .. 16.9
Oranges.................................. doz._ 63.2
Lemons 3_________________lb .. 19.3
Grapefruit 89__..........
each... 12.3
Peaches 811_______________lb ..
(8)
Strawberries 8 13.__ _______pt._
Grapes, seedless 811_______ lb ..
Watermelons 8 18- ................ .lb ..
Potatoes.________
10 lb .. 59.6
15.0
Sweet p o ta to e s....................lb ..
8.6
Onions__________________ lb ..
Carrots.....................................lb... 17.1
Lettuce_______________ head.. 16.9
Celery 9__________________lb .. 14.
Cabbage_________________ lb .. 10.4
Tomatoes *_______________ lb .. 39.1
Beans, green_____________ lb .. 36.2
Canned fruits and vegetables____
Orange juice 3___________ 46-oz.can34.3
..
Peaches________________ can .. 34.3
Pineapple_______________can.. 34.3
26.1
Fruit cocktail3___________ #303can..
Corn, cream style___ #303 can .. 17.5
21.3
Peas, green..............................#303can..
T om atoes....................#303 can.. 15.6
Baby foods 3_____________4)i~5 oz...10.0
Dried fruits and vegetables_____
Prunes.___________
..lb ... 33.0
16.7
Dried beans_________
lb ..

(8)
0
0

See footnotes at end of tab le.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Indexes (1947-49=100, unless otherwise specified)
1957

1958

Annual
average

Jan.

D ec.f

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

114.4
96.0
114.1
95.6
137. 2
146.5
143.7
113.3
128.1

113.8
96.0
114. 1
95.3
137.2
143.0
142.7
113.4
127.9

113.8
95.9
114.1
95.2
136. 7
138.5
142. 5
113.4
127.9

114.1
95.9
114.0
94.6
136. 5
136. 4
142.2
112.9
127.8

114.0
95.6
114.1
94.4
136.3
136. 2
142.0
113. 2
127.4

113. 9
95.8
113.4
93.7
136.4
136. 0
141.8
113 1
127.2

113.7
95.7
113.4
93.3
136.0
135.4
141. 5
113.2
127.3

113.7
95,7
113.7
93.1
135. 7
135.0
141.0
113.1
127.7

113.6
95.8
113.6
92. 9
135.4
135.1
140.6
112.9
127.5

113.3
95.9
113.0
92.7
134.7
135. 1
140.3
112.4
127.4

113.0
95.7
112.4
92.2
133. 6
135.0
140.0
112.5
127.3

112.5
95.9

111.9
95.7

92.2
131.7
134. 5
139.1
111.5
126.7

92.2
128.5
133.4
138.2
107.3
125.4

115.1

110.5
107.7
117.8

11 1.1

115.2
107.3
119.1
99.9
115.2
90.6
129. 5
116.0
124.7
117.4
99.1
105.7

116.3
106. 8
119.2
97.8
114.4
91. 2
128.8
119.2
127.6
120.3
102. 6
105.5

113.2
105.5
117.8
96.1
113.5
89.7
128.0
114.3
127.3

110.5
103.0
114.1
04.4

106.7
101.3
112.4
94.0

104.6
99.4

102.4
96.3
105.8

110.5

105.9
117.1
98.4
113.7
89.7
128.8
108.2
120.9
103.7
95.3
104.5

110.2

114.9
91.8
130.4
105.2
117.1
96.8
99.0
105.1

108.9
105. 6
116.3
98.5
112.9
90. 1
128.7
103. 7
117.3
96.0
94.7
104.3

99.0
97.7
77.0

97.3
96.8
74.2

97.2
96.2
73.1

98.1
95.2
73.8

98.5
94.6
78.5

113. 8
113.9

112.2
111.5

111.4
110.1

110.5
108.5

130.8

130.8

130.7

94.4

93.7

93.4

121.5

121.9

126.0

112.8
122. 1

106.6

102.1

88.2

112.1

103.5
97.1
107.1
89.8
104.7
80.6
126.7
103.0
113.9
95.4
96.9
99.0

111.2

101.2

97.1
107.7

1956

1955

110.7
95. 4

119.1
128. 9
134 7
107. 3
124.0

110 R
96.3
111 4
05 2
117 6
128 0
131 0
104 0
122.4

97. 9
95 7
107.1
87 2
104 7
79 3
120. 8
93 1
107 6
79 0
92 4
99.8

101 ?
07*2
108.' 7
rq' 5
10^' 3
81 ’ 4
119 4
98 1
108 5
89* 7
93* 8
98! 2

111. 0
92 8

99.1
105.5

87.0
128.8
110.9
127. 5
103.0
98.4
107.2

84. 2
127. 2
105.2
117.0
98.3
96.9
105.6

92.1
107.1
82.5
127.3
102. 3
114.2
94.3
95.8
104.1

97.7
94.2
83.3

95.0
93.8
83.3

93.0
93.5
80.9

89.7
92. 7
78.9

88.4
91.8
79.1

90.7
80.4

87.8
89.4
79.9

87.9
75.9

85 4
84 4
80.4

91! 7

110.0
107.6

110.2
107.8

109. 6
106.8

109.0
106.0

109.7
107.2

108. 8
106.0

108.6
105.4

109.3
106.7

109.5
107.3

108 5
105.5

103 fi
m 4

130.4

130.1

130.2

130.1

129.9

129. 9

129.7

129.9

130. 2

129.5

Ì25. 5

115. 7

93.6

93.6

93.6

93.6

93.4

83.2

92.9

93.0

92.9

92.7

94.6

99.6

121.8

121.0

119.5

116.9

115.0

114.2

114.7

116.0

116.2

117.1

117.2

113.6

110.3

126.2

126.1

125.5

123.8

121.5

120.1

119.3

119.3

120.0

120.5

121.0

121.4

118.4

113.9

98.4
94.8
109.9
110.1

98.1
94.8
109.6
109.0

97.8
94.9
109. 5
108.4

98.0
95.4
109.5
108.5

98.1
94.4
109.6
108. 5

97.9
93.2
109.5
108.3

87.7
93.2
109.3
108.0

97.7
93.4
109.4
107.2

97.3
93.7
109.0
106.8

97.0
83.6
109.0
106.0

96. 6
93.8
109.2
105.4

96.3
93.8
108.9
105.3

96.5
94.0
108.8
105.3

95. 5
91. 3
108. 4
103.4

95 fi
89 2
108 O

107.6
80.3
123.4
100. 5
102. 6
128. 0
114. 1
104.9
137. 3
104.2
122.4
(8)
(8)
(8)

97.7
79.4
99.2
99.8
101.9
116.5
110.9
99.3
124.6
105.3
110.0
(8)
(8)
(s)
(8)
109.3
120.3
98.9
132.7
104.7
93.2
120.4
115.4
110.5
105.3
108.0
108.4
110.6
100.4
102.8
101.0
105. 5
102.1
111. 1
135. 0
87.3

97.8
79.4
99.4
100. 3
101.6
117.6
104.6
109.7
133.2
104.9
113.4

97.6
79.6
98.9
100.3
101.5
117.4
104.8
114.6
141.9
96.7
(s)
(8)
(8)
77.6
(8)
105.9
112.7
95.9
125. 5
133.3
92.7
114.1
83.3
104.5
105.7
108.5
110.5
110.5
100.5
102.8
102.1
104.0
102.8
110.9
137.1
86.2

97.0
79.5
97.8
100.8
99.8
118.0
123.8
110.9
139.3
97.5
(8)
100. 7
(8)
75.1
(8)
106. 2
118.2
96.7
131.1
127.9
98. 5
120.8
70.9
93 2
105. 6
108.1
110.8
110.4
100.5
102.0
102.3
103. 7
103. 0

96.3
79.0
96.4
100.3
100.3
128.5
«
115.6
133.6
98.1
(8)
99.6
(8)
88.0
72.8

95.8
79.0
95.0
100.6
100.2
137.4
194. 8
112.2
126.8
90.5
(8)
123.5
(8)
129.6
86.4
114.3
366.3
135.9
117.2
130.7
115.9
124.6
95.7
109.7
106.0
110. 3
111.3
110.4
100.3
101.9
103. 2
102.9
102.8
111.7
141.4
84.9

95.9
79.5
95.6
100.4
99.1
137.1
195.2
112.4
121.2
98.2
(8)

97.2
82.2
98.7
100. 2
98.6
129.8
171.9
103.6
118.1
104, 0
113.0
(8)
81.4
(8)
(8)
108.1
143.8
145.1
110.8
107.7
106. 7
132.5
143.4
128.0
106.6
115.4
110.7
110.2
100.1
101.6
102. 4
102.7
102 9
111.5
142.0
84.2

98.7
85.1
101. 7
100. 1
98.3
123. 5
150.1
100.8
119.4
102.5
110.1
(8)

99.6
86.5
102.4
102.0
98.1
119.0
134.6
101.1
119.0
105.9
109.1

99.8
87.5
102.9
103.0
95.9
119. 5
131.7
105.5
119. 2
113.2
109.9

105.3
128.6
116. 8
99.9
109.5
101.0
153.1
129.4
124.1
106.7
116.5
110.7
110.0
100.1
101.9
102.0
102.7
102. 5
111. 5
142.0
84.2

103.7
122.1
99.4
101.8
95.4
107.7
138.7
116.5
153.8
107.1
118.7
110.4
109.9
100.3
102.2
101.9
103.0
102. 5
111.6
142.3
84.2

100.3 103.1
99 5
88.4
93 7
91. 2
104.4 107.0
99 2
103.0 107. 5
102 7
94.8
98 9
95.9
120.0 122. 8
1ifi ft
126.3 128. 9
128 5
106.8 104. 4
105 O
118.1 126. 7
113 8
113.4 101. 9
97 1
313.4 10104.0 10 97.5
0 12 97. 4 12133 0
12 99. 7 12 95 3
0 14 80. 9 15 79 4
0 » 79.5 12 80 2
106.3 127. 8
107. 2
118.2 114. 9
123 1
91. 5 112. 4
95 2
110.5 108.1
1D8 8
129. 1 114.4
113 7
117.2
92. 7
98 9
120. 4 114. 5
119 9
113. 7 105. 4
98 5
129.4 119. 5
105 1
107.7 107. 9
104 0
122. 6 120 0
107 4
109. 7 111.0
108 fl
109.7 108. 8
lOfi 1
100.0 100. 8
101 3
102.6 106. 8
101. 5
101. 7 102.1
101 8
102.9 104.1
103 0
102. 7 100. 9
98 6
112.2 114 6
iifi 3
143.1 147. 2
138 4
84.5
85.7
93.7

120.6

98.3
135. 9

110.1
120.8
103.7

102.1

0

112. 6
134.2
101.2
135.2
118.3
102.2
151. 7
138. 7
171.0
106. 0
109. 4
109. 3
110. 9
100. 6
103.6
101. 2
106. 3
102. 2
112. 0
136. 2
88. 5

( 8)

(8)
82.6
( s)

107.1
109.2
97. 0
131.6
128.7
91.3
113. 5
95.1
113.4
105.5
108.0
109.8
110.6
300.5
103.2
101.6
104.9
101.9
110.7
136.4
86.4

1 1 1 .0

137. 7

86.1

111.0

155.8
110.2
125. 7
153. 4
97.6
121.2
77.2
98.8
105.6
108.9
110.8
110.4
100. 4
101.7
102.9
103.0
102.9
111.4
140.2
85.2

111.0

111.8

0

80.0
(s)
103.4

111.1

155.1
153.4
115.9
125.6
112.0
125.6
121.1
99.9
106.3
113.3
110.8
110.3
100.2
101.6
102.7
102.8
102.7
111.8
142.2
84.5

110.2

0
(8)
0

104.5
80. 9
126.3

101.1
112.0

93.2
95.6
97.5

88.1

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

106.0
121.6
102.5
103.0
117.3
114.9
125.4
99.3
146.9
107.3
120.1
110.3
109.6
100.1
102.3
101. 7
102.8
102.4
112.1
142.9
84.5

88.8

108.5
80. 4
124.5
98.5
109.7

88.6

95. 4
98.2

86.6

0

87 1
89* Ô

100.2

D : CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES

357

T able D -4. Consumer Price Index ^ U n it e d States city average: R etail prices and indexes of selected
foods— Continued
Average2
price,
Jan.
1958

Commodity

Other foods at home:
Partially prepared foods:
U nit Cents
Soup, tomato 3____ 11-oz. ca n ..
12.4
Beans with pork 3...16 oz. can .. 14.9
Condiments and sauces:
Pickles, sweet >_______ 7W o z ..
27.0
____ 14 o z ..
Catsup, tomato
22.3
Beverages.............................. .............
Coffee__________ ____________
0)
Tea bags 3_____ package of 16.. 23.9
Cola drink t____ carton, 36 o z ..
27.3
Fats and oils_______ ____ ______
Shortening, hydrogenated
3-lb. ca n .. 96.3
Margarine, colored...... .........lb .. 29.8
Lard__________________ _.]b_. 22.4
Salad dressing____ ____ . . . p t . . 37.7
Peanut butter *.....................lb ..
54.1
Sugar and sweets________ ______
Sugar...................................5 lb s..
55.6
Corn syrup 8___________24 o z .. 25.1
Grape jelly *.......................12 o z ..
27.6
Chocolate bar *_________ 1 o z..
4.5
Eggs, grade A, large............. do z..
61.1
Miscellaneous foods:
Gelatin, flavored *_____3-4 o z ..
8.9

Indexes (1947-49= 100, unless otherwise specified)
1958

1957

Jan.

Dec î

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

1956

1955

99.1
104.9

98.5
104.6

98.3
104.4

98.5
104.1

98.7
103. 6

99.6
104. 2

99.9
104.1

99.7
104.3

99.5
103.3

99.6
103.5

99.1
103.1

98.9
104.1

98.2
104.0

98.3
103.0

98.7
103.9

100.1
98.2
184.8
175.2
123.8
120.4
86.3

99.8
97.4
183.8
173.9
123.2
120.2
86.1

100.7
96.9
183.9
174.2
122.7
120.1
86.1

100.5
96.3
184.7
175.4
123.3
119.8
86.1

100.1
95.7
188.0
180.1
123.5
119.4
86.5

100.2
96.0
192.5
186.5
123.2
119.1
86.6

100.3
97.2
192. 6
186.9
123. 3
118.7
86.5

100.0
97.8
194.7
190.3
123.0
117.8
86.7

99.6
102. 7
194.6
190. 3
122.9
117.5
87.1

99. 5
102.6
198.5
193.3
122. 7
117.1
87.4

99.8
102.5
199. 5
197. 7
122.6
116.5
88.0

100.2
102.5
200.8
199. 7
122.4
116.3
87.8

99.3
102.4
201.3
201.0
122.2
115.0
86.6

98.8
101.6
194.0
192.0
121.2
113.0
83.1

99,4
98.1
185.6
180. 7
122.5
111.9
81.8

91.5
78.1
82.6
100.7
110.5
113.7
115.8
107.3
115.4
100.5
87.6

91.3
78.0
83.2
99.7
110.2
113.4
115.6
106.9
115.0
100.4
95.5

90.9
77.7
84. 1
99.9
110.2
113.4
115.5
106.6
115.0
100.4
98.1

90.9
78.0
84.3
99.7
109. 9
113.3
115.4
106.6
114.7
100.4
99.6

92.0
77.9
84.9
99.8
109.9
113.4
115.5
106.6
115.1
100.4
93.0

92.7
77.7
84.5
99.7
109. 8
113.3
115. 5
106. 3
114.7
100.5
85.4

92.8
77.7
83.1
99.8
109.7
113.0
114.9
106.3
114.8
100. 5
77.5

93.6
78.1
82.3
99.3
109. 5
112.7
114.2
106. 2
114.7
100. 5
68.8

94. 0
78.5
83.6
99.5
109.7
112.7
114.2
105. 8
114. 8
100.5
69.9

94.3
79.2
84. 1
99.3
109. 7
112. 5
114.0
105.7
114.3
100.4
72.3

95.3
80.3
84. 7
99.0
109.4
112. 4
113. a
105. 5
114.4
100.3
72.4

95.4
80.0
84.5
97.7
109.3
112.1
113.8
105. 3
113.9
100.1
76.9

94.1
79.0
81.9
97.0
109.7
111.5
112. 8
104.5
113.2
100.0
77.0

90.5
75.6
73.1
94.3
110. 0
109.6
109. 8
101.5
111.4
86.3

84.7
75.0
76.0
92.8
110.4
112.2
108.0
100.9
107 8
112. 6
86. 8

103.8

103.6

103.9

103.5

202. 8

103. 4

103.1

103.0

103.0

102, 7

102. 3

102 6

102. 4

99. 3

98.8

1 See footnote 1 and Note, table D -l.
2 Based on prices in the 46 cities used in compiling the Consumer Price
Index. Average prices for each of the 20 large cities listed in table D -5 are
available upon request. N ot strictly comparable with prices published for
months prior to January 1958 because of revision of outlet weights. For
explanation, see Retail Food Prices by Cities, January 1958.
3 December 1952=100.
4 Specification changed from 20 oz. to 18 oz. effective January 1958.
5 Specification changed from 10 oz. to 9 oz. effective January 1958.
6 N ot available.
? M ay 1953=100.
* Priced only in season.
8 January 1953=100.

T able

Annual
average

D~5. Consumer Price Index 1—All

100. 0

10 7 months’ average.
11 July 1953=100.
12 3 months’ average.
13 April 1953=100.
14 4 months’ average,
i* 5 months’ average,
i« June 1953=100.
i? Price of 1-lb. can 95.3 cents. Price of 1-lb. bag 77.9 (priced only in chain
stores and large supermarkets).
fPrices collected the 9th, 10th, and 11th instead of the week containing the
15th as usual.
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

item s

indexes for selected dates, by city

[1947-49=100]

City

Jan.
1958

Dec.
1957

Nov.
1957

Oct.
1957

Sept.
1957

Aug.
1957

July
1957

June
1957

M ay
1957

Apr.
1957

Mar.
1957

Feb.
1957

Jan.
1957

Annual average
1956

1955

United States city averagea.

122.3

121.6

121.6

121.1

121.1

121.0

120.8

120.2

119.6

119.3

118.9

118.7

118.2

116.2

114.5

Atlanta, Ga______________
Baltimore, M d____________
Boston, Mass__________ _
Chicago, 111_______ _______
Cincinnati, Ohio__________

0
0
123. 4
126.1
(3)

122.4
122.1
(3)
125. 6
120.8

0
(3)
(3)
125. 6
(3)

0
0
122.0
124.7
0

122.2
121.7
0
124.3
120.9

0
0
0
124.1
0

0
0
122.1
124.1
0

121.2
121.2
0
122.9
119.7

(»)
0
0
122.2
0

(»)
0
120.2
122.0
0

120.6
119.9
0
121.6
118.1

0
(*)
0
121.5
(*)

0
0
119.0
121.0
0

118.1
116. 9
117.1
119.5
116.0

116.3
115.2
113.8
117.9
113.7

Cleveland, Ohio__________
Detroit, M ich____________
Houston, Tex_____________
Kansas City, M o_________
Los Angeles, Calif_________

(3)
123.7
(3)
122.4
123.7

(3)
123.3
(3)
(3)
122.9

123.3
123. 5
122.4
(3)
122.9

0
122.7
0
121.8
122.2

0
122.8
0
0
122.0

122.8
123.0
122.1
0
121.2

0
123.1
0
121.7
121.1

0
122.5
0
0
121.0

121.7
121.9
121.1
0
120.8

0
121. 4
0
120.4
120.6

0
121.0
0
0
120.4

120.4
121.0
120.5
0
120.3

0
120.5
0
119.8
119.8

118.0
118. 7
117.8
117.5
117.4

115.6
116.5
115. 9
115.7
115.6

Minneapolis, M inn______ ..
N ew York, N . Y __________
Philadelphia, Pa_______
Pittsburgh, Pa____________
Portland, Oreg____________

123.2
120.0
322.2
122. 6
123.3

(3)
118. 7
122.1
(3)
(3)

(3)
118.6
122.1
(3)
(3)

122.2
118.4
122.0
121. i
121.9

0
118.3
121.9
0
0

0
118.7
121.6
0
0

121.6
118.4
121.2
120.7
122.2

0
117.9
120.1
0
0

0
117.2
119.8
0
0

119.8
116.9
119.7
US. 8
121.6

0
116.0
120.0
0
0

0
115.9
119.7
0
0

119.4
115.6
118.8
118.8
120.1

117.0
113.9
117.0
116. 5
118.0

116.8
112.2
115.5
133.8
115.1

St. Louis, M o____ ________
San Francisco, Calif..............
Scranton, Pa____ _________
Seattle. Wash_________ . . .
Washington, D . O________

(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)

122.5
124.8
(3)
(3)
(3)

0
0
117.8
123. 9
119.4

122.1
123.5
0
0
0

0
0
117.8
123. 7
119.1

121.3
122.8
0
0
0

0
0
116.4
122.8
117.2

120. 2
122.3
0
0
0

(*)
0
115. 5
122.2
117.5

117.2
118.4
112.9
118.1
114.9

116.0
115.6
111.4
116.7
113.6

0
0
0
0
0

1 See footnote 1 and Note, table D -l. Indexes measure time-to time
changes in prices of goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and
clerical-worker families. They do not indicate whether it costs more to live
tn one city than in another.
2 Average of 46 cities.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0

3Indexes are computed monthly for 5 cities and once every 3 months on a
rotating cycle for the 15 remaining cities.

Source: D. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958

358

T able D-6. Consumer Price Index 1—Food and its subgroups, by city
[1947—
49=100]
Food at home
Total food 2
Total food at home

City
Jan.
1958

D ec.
1957

Jan.
1957

Jan.
1958

Dec.
1957

Cereals and bakery products

Jan.
1957

Jan.
1958

Jan.
1957

Dec.
1957

M eats, poultry, and fish
Jan.
1958

Dec.
1957

Jan.
1957

United States city average8__

118. 2

116.1

112.8

116.7

114.3

111.1

132. 5

131.8

128.0

110.2

106.0

99.0

Atlanta, G a ... ........ ...............
Baltimore, M d_________
Boston, Mass_______________
Chicago, 111________________
Cincinnati, Ohio____________

316.2
118.8
117.1
115.5
110.8

113. 6
117.4
115.3
113. 9
117.6

111.2
114.9
112.1
109.5
113.8

115.3
115.6
115.2
113. 3
118.2

112. 2
113.9
112.9
111.4
115.7

109.9
111.1
109.6
107.5
112.0

125.9
127.6
131.1
125. 5
132.3

125. 3
127.4
130.6
124.5
132.2

119.0
126.9
126.8
120.4
124.5

112.9
108.9
108.9
102.7
112.0

108. 7
105. 8
105.1
99.4
106.8

101. 9
100.8
98.2
92.2
100.9

Cleveland, Ohio____________
Detroit, M ich. ____________
Houston, Tex_______________
Kansas City, M o___________
Los Angeles, Calif__________

115. 6
110. 7
116.3
113. 8
121.0

113.5
117. 4
113. 5
112.5
119.5

111.0
314.7
111.9
109.0
116.4

113.8
117. 7
114.8
111.8
117.7

111.4
115.2
111.3
110.2
115.8

109.1
112.8
110.1
106.7
113.1

.29.6
125.8
126.5
127.4
140.0

129.0
125.0
121.0
126.9
139.9

122.1
122.6
120.9
124.0
132. 9

105.8
107.1
107.3
108.0
111.3

101.7
103.0
101.2
103.4
107.8

95.8
96.1
95.6
95.3
101.5

Minneapolis, M tnn........ .
New York, N . Y__„...........
Philadelphia, Pa____________
Pittsburgh, Pa_____________
Portland, Oreg_______ ______

116.9
118.6
121. 2
119.8
118.9

115.1
115.8
118.8
116.9
117.5

112.6
112.3
115. 5
114.9
115.5

115.7
116.8
118.9
118.6
117.5

113.7
113. 6
116.3
115. 3
116.0

111.3
110.4
113.7
ii3. 0
113. 4

134.2
137.4
134. 0
130.4
135. 7

130.6
136. 7
133. 5
129.6
135. 4

129.0
131.4
130.8
127.5
130.0

104.9
110. 7
112.2
109.8
112.2

100.2
107.1
108.5
105. 4
106.8

94.6
100. 5
101.8
98.4
100.4

St. Louis, M o...........................
San Francisco, Calif________
Scranton, Pa________ ____ _
Seattle, Wash______________
Washington, D . C __________

118.9
121.2
116.0
118.6
119.7

117. 5
119.5
113.0
117.3
116.8

115.0
116.3
109.8
115.4
113.7

115.1
119.4
115.8
118.0
117.7

113.4
117.3
112.4
116.3
114.2

111.0
114.9
109.0
114.1
111.8

125. 5
140.9
134.6
141.2
130.9

124.6
140.8
131.4
141.1
129.6

123.6
138.9
125.5
137.1
128.9

107.2
114.7
310.3
109.6
110.4

103.0
108.9
106.7
106.1
105.3

97.1
104.3
99.0
99.1
98.8

Food at home—Continued
Dairy products

City
J a n .1958

Fruits and vegetables

Dec. 1957

Jan. 1957

Jan. 1958

Dec. 1957

Other foods at home 4

Jan. 1957

J a n .1958

Dec. 1957

Jan. 1957

United States city average 8_______________

114.6

114.6

111.2

121.9

113.9

116.9

113.1

114.9

112.

Atlanta, Q a ........................ .................................
Baltimore, M d . . __________ ____ _________
Boston, Mass_________________ ______ ___
Chicago, 111_____________________________
Cincinnati, Ohio_________________________

114.4
117.4
117.9
113.0
117.9

111.3
117.2
120.6
112.7
117.5

112.8
112.5
115. 2
110.7
114.2

123.6
119.4
118.4
121.4
122.7

114.6
112.0
107.1
115.1
115.1

116.9
111.3
112.9
113.7
112.8

106.9
112. 0
106. 6
117.6
116.4

107.4
114.3
108.3
119. 5
118.7

106.
113.
105.
117.
118.

Cleveland, Ohio............. . ______________
Detroit, M ich. ______ ___________________
Houston, T e x .._____ ____________ _____ _
Kansas City, M o...................................... .........
Los Angeles, C a lif.____ __________________

110.8
113.5
113.0
111.6
110.2

110.3
113. 1
112.9
111.5
110.1

108.4
112. 5
112.7
108.0
105.3

115.3
133.5
121.7
113.0
122.3

107.7
124.5
115.4
108.2
116. 9

113.1
127.0
120.1
110. 6
123.7

116.2
113.8
112.9
105.8
114.5

117.6
115.9
113.7
108.9
115.1

116.
115.
112.
106.
112.

Minneapolis, M in n ..........................................
New York, N . Y ......................... ........................
Philadelphia, Pa................................... ..............
Pittsburgh, P a ._____ ____________________
Portland, Oreg______________ _______ ____

107.7
116.5
119.8
117.1
117.2

107.9
117.4
119.9
114.4
117.4

107.8
109.6
116. 0
113.6
113.9

126.6
120.0
124.6
121.4
115.7

121.3
106.1
113.4
111.6
114.3

123.0
112.3
118.8
116.6
118.0

119.4
111. 5
111.4
122.9
115.5

122.9
113.0
113.7
124.2
116.5

119.
112.
112.
122.
115.

St. Louis, M o______________________ ____
San Francisco, Calif_____________ ___ ____
Scranton, Pa____ ___ ______ _____________
Seattle, Wash_________ _______ __________
Washington, D . C...............................................

103. 3
116.8
113.7
118. 5
119.5

103.3
116.6
113.3
118.5
119.3

102.8
113.3
108.6
116.6
115.9

126.0
123. 3
117.4
122.8
121.5

121.0
118.7
104.0
117.8
108.8

122.8
120. 5
110.2
123.0
113.0

120.6
112.5
110.2
111.5
113.4

123.2
114.6
111.9
112.8
115.2

121.
112.
109.
112.
113.

1 See footnote 1, table D -l.
2 8ee footnote 2, table D-2.
¡Average of 46 cities.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

4 See footnote 3, table D -2.
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

359

D : CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES

Table D -7 .

Indexes of wholesale prices, by m ajor groups

Farm products

1 Processed foods

All commodities
other than farm
and foods

Textile products
and apparel

H id e s , s k in s ,
le a th e r , an d
leather products

Fuel, power, and
lighting mate­
rials

C h e m ic a ls an d
allied products

Rubber and rub­
ber products

Lum ber and
wood products

Pulp, paper, and
allied products

Metals and metal
products

Machinery a n d
motive products

F u rn itu r e and
o th e r h o u s e ­
hold durables

Nonm etallic
minerals—struc­
tural

! Tobacco m a n u ­
fa c tu r e s an d
)
bottled bever1 ages

1 M is c e lla n e o u s
i
products
!

1947 1948 1949 1950
1 9 5 1 ___
1952 .
1953 1954 ._
1955.--..........
1 9 5 6 --..........

96.4
104.4
99.2
103.1
114.8
111.6
110.1
110.3
110.7
114.3

100.0
107.3
92.8
97.5
113.4
107.0
97.0
95.6
89.6
88.4

98.2
106.1
95.7
99.8
111.4
108.8
104.6
105.3
101.7
101.7

95.3
103.4
101.3
105.0
115.9
113.2
114.0
114.5
117.0
122.2

100.1
104.4
95.5
99.2
110.6
99.8
97.3
95.2
95.3
95.3

101.0
102.1
96.9
104.6
120.3
97.2
98.5
94.2
93.8
99.3

90.9
107.1
101.9
103.0
106.7
106.6
109. 5
108.1
107.9
111.2

101.4
103.8
94.8
96.3
110.0
104. 5
105. 7
107.0
106.6
107.2

99.0
102.1
98.9
120.5
148.0
134.0
125.0
126. 9
143.8
145.8

93.7
107.2
99.2
113.9
123.9
120.3
120.2
118.0
123.6
125.4

98.6
102.9
98.5
100.9
119.6
116. 5
116.1
116.3
119.3
127.2

91.3
103.9
104.8
110.3
122.8
123.0
126.9
128.0
136.6
148.4

92.5
100.9
106.6
108.6
119.0
121.5
123.0
124.6
128.4
137.8

95.6
101.4
103.1
105.3
114.1
112.0
114.2
115.4
115.9
119.1

83.9
101.7
104.4
106.9
113.6
113.6
118.2
120.9
124.2
129.6

97.2
100.5
102 3
103.5
109.4
111.8
115.7
120.6
121- 6
122.3

100.8
103.1
96.1
96.6
104.9
108.3
97.8
102.6
92.0
91.0

109.9
109.6
110.0
109.4
109.8
109.5
110.9
110.6

99.6
97.9
99.8
97.3
97.8
95.4
97.9
96.4
98.1
95.3
93.7
94.4

105.5
105.2
104. 1
103.2
104.3
103.3
105.5
104.8
106.6
104.7
103.8
104.3

113.1
113.1
113. 4
113.2
113. 6
113.9
114.8
114.9
314.7
114.6
114.5
114.6

98.8
98. 5
97.5
97.4
97.6
97.4
97.5
97.5
96.9
96.5
96.2
95.8

97.3
98.0
98.1
97.9
100.4
101.0
100.0
99.9
99.7
97.1
97.1
95.6

107.8
108.1
108.4
107.4
107.1
108.3
111. 1
110.9
111.2
111. 2
111.1

103.6
103.6
104.2
105. 5
105.5
105.6
106.2
106.3
106.7
106.7
107.2
107.1

127.3
126.2
125.7
124.8
125.4
125.0
124.6
123.5
124.0
124.2
124.3
124.8

120.5
121.1
121.7
122.2
121.8
121. 5
121.1
120. 4
119.2
118.1
117.3
117.4

115.8
115.3
115.1
115.3
115. 4
115.8
115.8
116.2
116.9
117.5
117.3
117.1

124.0
124.6
125.5
125.0
125.7
126.9
129.3
129.4
128.5
127.9
127.9
127.5

121.5
121.6
121.8
122.0
122.4
122.9
123.4
123.7
124.0
124.1
124.2
124.3

112. 7
112.9
113.1
113.9
114.1
114. 3
114.7
114.8
114.9
114. 8
114.9
115.0

114.6
114.6
115.1
116.9
117.2
118.1
119.4
119.6
120.7
120. 7
120.8
120.8

111.9
111.9
114.8
114.8
114.8
114.9
115.6
116.6
116.2
118.1
118.1
118.1

103.0
101.2
101.7
98.6
99.7
95.8
95.3
96.4
94.7
94.4
93.2
100.1

110.9
110.0
110.4
110.5
110.0
109. 7
110.0
109.5

97.8
97.7
98.4
99.4
97.9
94.8
96.2
95.8
93.6
93.1
93.2
89.9

106.2
104.8
105.3
105.9
106.8
105.0
106.5
106.4
105.5
103.7
103.8
103.5

114. 6
114.4
114.2
114.5
114. 5
114.2
114.3
114.4
114.4
114. 5
114.8
114.9

96.1
95.3
95.0
94.7
94.8
04.9
95.1
05.3
95.3
95.4
95.2
98.2

95.3
94.9
94.7
94.6
96.0

94.9
94.0
93.0
92.4
92.8
91.8

95. e

110.8
110.6
109. 2
108.6
108.2
107.8
106.2
106. 9
106.9
106.9
107.4
107.5

107.2
107. 5
107.4
107. 2
107.1
106.8
106.7
106.8
108.8
106 9
107.0
107.0

124.8
124.6
124.9
125.0
125.1
126.1
126.8
126.4
126 9
128.5
131.4
132.0

117.0
116. 8
116. 7
116.2
116.1
116.3
119.1
119.1
119.3
119.8
119.9
120.0

117.0
117.1
116.6
116 3
115.8
115.8
116.2
116 3
116.3
116.3
116.0
115.9

127.2
126.2
126.3
126.8
127.1
127 1
128.0
128.6
129.1
129.7
129.9
129.8

124.4
124.5
124. 5
124.4
124.4
124.3
124.3
124.3
124.4
124.3
125.3
125.7

115.2
115.1
115.0
135.6
115. 5
115. 4
116.3
115.3
115.3
115.6
115.6
115.7

120.9
121.0
121.0
120.8
119.3
119.1
120.4
120.5
121.7
121.9
121.8
121.8

118.2
118.0
117.9
121.6
121.4
121.4
121.4
121.5
121.5
121. 5
121.4
121.4

101.1
102.8
104.9
110.3
109.2
105.1
103.9
102.3
99.1
96.7
97.0
98.0

1955:
January__
February.
March __
April..........
M ay_____
J u n e ____
July______
August. . .
September.
October _.
November.
December.

110.1
110.4
110.0
110.5
109.9
110.3
110.5
110.9
111.7
111.6
111.2
111.3

92.5
93.1
92.1
94.2
91.2
91.8
89.5
88.1
89.3
86.8
84.1
82.9

103.8
103.2
101.6
102.5
102.1
103.9
103.1
101.9
101.5
100.2
98.8
98.2

115.2
115.7
115.6
115.7
115. 5
115. 6
116.5
117.5
118.5
119.0
119.4
119.8

95.2
95.2
95.3
95.0
95.0
95.2
95.3
95.3
95.4
95.4
95.6
95.6

91.9
92.3
92.2
93.2
92.9
92.9
93.7
93.8
94.0
95.3
96.4
96.7

108.5
108.7
108.5
107.4
107.0
106.8
106.4
107.2
108.0
108.0
108.6
109.3

107.1
107.1
106.8
107.1
106.8
106.8
106.0
105.9
106.0
106. 5
106.6
106.6

136.8
140.6
138.0
138.3
138.0
140.3
143.4
148.7
151.7
147.8
150.6
151.0

120.3
121.2
121. 4
122.4
123.5
123.7
124.1
125.1
125.7
125.4
125.0
125.1

116.3
116.6
116.8
117.4
117.7
118.3
119.0
119.7
120.5
122.8
123.2
123.6

130.1
131.5
131.9
132.9
132.5
132.6
136. 7
139.5
141.9
142.4
142.9
143.9

125.8
126.1
126.1
126.3
126.7
127.1
127.5
128.5
130.0
131.4
132.5
133.0

115.5
115.4
115.1
115.1
115.1
115.2
115.5
116.0
116.4
116.9
117.2
117.3

122.0
121.8
121.9
122.3
123.2
123.7
125.3
126.1
126.4
126.8
125. 2
125.4

121.4
121.6
121.6
121.6
121.6
121.6
121.6
121.7
121.7
121.7
121.7
121.7

97.0
97.1
95.6
94.0
91.3
89.1
90.8
89.8
90.3
91.5
88.0
88.8

1956:
January..
February..
March___
April..........
M ay_____
J u n e ____
J u ly ...........
August___
September.
October
November.
December.

111.9
112.4
112.8
113.6
114.4
114.2
114.0
114.7
115.5
115.6
115.9
116.3

84.1
86.0
86.6
88.0
90.9
91.2
90.0
89.1
90.1
88.4
87.9
88.9

98.3
99.0
99.2
100.4
102.4
102.3
102.2
102. 6
104.0
103.6
103.6
103.1

120.4
120.6
121.0
121.6
121.7
121.5
121.4
122.5
123.1
123.6
124.2
124.7

95.7
96.0
95.9
95.1
94.9
94.9
94.9
94.8
94.8
95.3
95.4
95.6

96.7
97.1
97.7
100.6
100.0
100.2
100.1
100.0
100.2
99.7
99.8
99.2

111.0

111.2
110.9
110.6
110.8
110.5
110.7
110.9
111. 1
111.7
111.2
114.0

106.3
106.4
106.5
106.9
106.9
107.1
107.3
107.3
107.1
107.7
108. 2
108.3

148.4
147.1
146.2
145.0
143.5
142.8
143.3
146.9
145.7
145.8
146.9
147.9

126.3
126.7
128.0
128.5
128.0
127.3
126.6
125.2
123.6
122.0
121.5
121.0

124.8
125.4
126.8
127.4
127.3
127.4
127.7
127.9
127.9
128.1
127.8
128.0

145.1
145.1
146.5
147 7
146.8
145.8
144.9
150.2
151.9
152.2
152.1
152.3

133.3
133.9
134.7
135.7
136.5
136.8
136.9
137.7
139.7
141.1
143.4
143.6

118.0
118.2
118.1
118.0
118.0
118.1
118.3
119.1
119.7
121.0
121.1
121.2

127.0
127.1
127.9
128.6
128.6
128.9
130.6
130.8
131.1
131.5
131.2
131.3

121.7
121.7
121.7
121.7
121.6
121.6
121.7
122.5
122.8
123.1
123.5
123.6

89.5
88.7
88.2
92.1
96.1
92.9
91.3
91.1
89.9
89.2
91.2
91.7

89.3
88.8
88.8
90.6
89.5
90.9
92.8
93.0
91.0
91.5
91.9
92.6

104.3
103.9
103.7
104.3
104.9
106.1
107.2
106.8
106. 5
105.5
106.5
107.4

125.2
125.5
125.4
125.4
125.2
125.2
125.7
126. 0
126.0
125.8
125.9
*126.1

95.8
95.7
95.4
95.3
95.4
95. 5
95.4
95.4
95. 4
95.1
95.0
94.9

98.4
98.0
98.4
98.8
99.0
99.9
100. 7
100.5
100.3
100.4
100.3
*99.5

116.3
119.6
119.2
119.5
118. 5
117.2
116.4
116.3
116.1
115.8
115.7
*116.2

108.7
108.8
108. 8
109.1
109.1
109.3
109.5
109.8
110.2
110.4
110.3
*110.6

145.0
143. 9
144.3
144. 5
144. 7
145.1
144.9
146.9
146.5
146.2
144.7
145.7

121.3
120.7
120.1
120.2
119.7
119.7
119.3
118.6
117.8
117.3
116.9
*116. 3

128.6
128.5
128.7
128.6
128.9
128.9
129.5
129.9
130.1
130.9
130. 9
131.0

152.2
151.4
151.0
150.1
150.0
150.6
152.4
153. 2
152.2
150.8
150. 4
*150.4

143.9
144.5
144.8
145.0
145.1
145.2
145.8
146.2
146.9
147.7
149.2
*149.4

121.9
121.9
121.9
121. 5
121.6
121.7
122.2
122.4
122.3
122.6
122.7
*123. 5

132.0
132.7
133.2
134.6
135.0
135.1
135.2
135.3
135.2
135.3
135.4
135.7

124.0
124.1
124.1
124.5
124. 5
124.7
127.7
127.7
127.7
127.7
127.8
128.0

93.2
92.4
92.0
91.4
89.4
87.3
88.8
90.1
89.4
87.7
86.8
87.2

93.6

108.8

126.0

94.6

99.5

115.9

110.6

144.8

116.4

130.9

150.0

149.5

123.4

136.4

128.1

88.2

1953:
January . . .
February..
March___
A p r il.___
M a y ___
June. .
July ___
August___
September,
October__
November.
December1954:
January__
February..
M a rc h __
April
M ay _____
June
July______
August.
September.
October__
November.
December-

111.0

110.2
109.8
110.1
110.9
110.5
110.5
111.0

1957:
116.9
January..
February.. 117.0
116. 9
March___
April........ . 117.2
117.1
M ay_____
117.4
June
__
118.2
July_____
118.4
A ugust___
September. 118.0
117. 8
October
November. 118.1
December. *118.5
1958:
January L_ 118.7

!

Year and
month

All commodities

[1947-49=100]

111.0

i Preliminary.
^Revised.
N ote: For a' description of this series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Soubce: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

360

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958

T able D~8, Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities 1
[1947-49=100]

Commodity group

1958
Jan.2

All commodities_____________ _______

1957
Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

118.7 *118. 5

Annual avg.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

1856

1855

118.4 118.2

117.4

117.1

117.2

116.9

117.0

116.9

114.3

110.7

90.9
105. 4
83.9
83.5
104.8
92.0
61.0
83.3
145.7

89.5
109.0
85.4
78.7
104.3
92.2
57.5
84.4
144.1

90.6
103.0
87.3
79.3
104.3
95.0
68.5
85.2
144.7

88.8
94.1
87.5
76. 6
104.0
95.8
63.8
85.1
146.0

88.8
96.1
87.0
75.0
103. 9
97. 5
66.3
84.7
148.2

89.3
100.7
89. 5
73.9
102.9
98.1
65. 7
86.6
148.8

88.4
104.2
87.0
71.3
102. 8
94.5
81. 9
82.6
146.9

89.6
104.1
87.0
75.8
102. 4
91.5
85.7
84.9
142.5

Aug.

118.1

117. 8

118.0

92.6
108.3
80.5
*82.6
103.7
*99.0
93.4
78.6
142.5

91.9
106.3
80.9
79.3
104.7
99.4
100.1
77.6
144.1

91.5
107.7
80.6
78.4
103.3
98.8
303.5
77.3
141.5

91.0
98.9
81.2
81.5
102.9
96.9
91.2
78.0
143.2

81.3
142.9

92.8
108.0
82.7
80.5
105. 0
93 1
76.2
82.4
142.9

108.8 107.4
118. 0 118.3
100. 5
95.5
114 1 114.7
105. 0 104.6
114.2 114.3
173.3 *173. 3
68.5
70.4
67.8
67.1
70.9
70 9
85. 5
86.3
95.4
96.3

106.5
117.6
93.6
114.5
103.8
114.4
172.9
71.1
65.2
68. 5
84.7
96.6

105. 5
117.3
91.6
113.7
103.6
113.8
172.9
74.0
61.5
68.5
84.7
96.0

106.5
116.7
95.7
112.4
102. 5
113.9
178.3
78.3
61.3
64.5
84.1
96.0

106. 8
116.7
97.7
110.3
102.1
113.8
183. 7
74.4
62.3
66.1
84.1
95.1

107.2
117.7
99.2
108.2
102.3
114. 3
183.7
76.2
65.3
69.9
84.3
94.8

106.1
117.0
96.6
108.1
101.9
113.5
183.7
72.1
63.8
65.5
84.9
95.4

104.9
116. 5
91.5
110.7
103.5
112.8
183.7
70. 3
62.9
65.4
85.2
95.3

104. 3
116.8
88.2
111.4
104. 9
112.1
183. 7
73.3
65.4
70.1
86.1
95.2

103.7
116.7
84.6
111.3
105. 9
112.3
190.9
78. 8
67.6
78.2
89.2
95.1

103.9
115.9
83.9
112.5
105.9
112.0
194. 5
83.4
71.7
78.5
90.2
95.7

104.3
115. 8
84.8
112. 5
105.6
113.1
196. 3
84.3
73.8
78.5
89.6
95.0

101.7
115.2
81. 6
108. 6
107.9
109. 8
192. 7
69 8
68. 5
73.4
85. 3
96 8

101.7
116.2
84. 8
106.3
105. 5
110. 5
180 1
67 7
62 2
71. 2
81. 4
99.8

All commodities other than farm and foods.. 126.0 *126.1

125.9

125.8

126.0

126.0

125.7

125.2

125.2

125.4

125.4

125.5

125.2

122.2

117.0

Textile products and apparel_____________ 94.6
90.1
Cotton products___________________
Wool products_______ ____ ______ ____ _ 105. 2
81.2
Manmade fiber textile products..............
Silk products______ ____ ______________ 119.4
A pparel... ___________________________ 99.4
74.7
Other textile products__________ _____ _

94.9
90.2
105. 8
82.1
119.5
99.6
75.8

95.0
89.8
107.4
82.3
119.6
99.6
76.7

95.1
89.9
108.3
82.3
120.0
99.6
77.2

95.4
90.0
110.3
82.3
121.1
99.7
77.2

95.4
90.2
111. 2
82.1
122.0
99.0
75.7

95.4
90. 5
111. 3
81.9
121. 5
99.5
75.8

95.5
90.6
111.5
81.9
122.4
99.5
76.8

95.4
90.7
110.9
81.8
124. 7
99.5
76.9

95.3
90.8
109.9
81. 5
124. 8
99.6
75.9

95.4
91.1
109.0
81.7
123.0
99.6
76.1

95. 7
91.9
109.5
82.0
123.2
99.6
75.9

95.8
92 3
109.1
82.1
122.8
99.7
76.8

95. 3
93.0
103. 7
81. 4
121.9
99.6
72.8

95 3
91. 5
104 7
86 6
123 8
98 5
74.5

Hides, skins, leather, and leather products. 99.5 *99. 5
50.3
Hides and sk in s.......................... .................. 50.2
Leather_______ _______ ____ ______
90.7
90.8
Footwear__________ ________________ . 122. 0 *122.0
98.8 *98.6
Other leather products________________

100.3
53.8
91.2
122.6
98.9

100.4
56.8
91.2
122.4
98.4

100.3
58.2
91.6
121.6
98.4

100.5
61.5
91.6
121.3
98.2

100.7
62.1
92.2
121.2
98.5

99.9
59.4
91.1
121.2
97.3

99.0
55.8
88.8
121.1
97.5

98.8
51.8
88.6
121.5
97.8

98.4
51.0
88.6
120.9
97.8

98.0
50.1
87.8
120.8
97.4

98.4
52.1
88.2
120.8
97.9

99 3
59.2
91 2
119. 3
98.6

93 8
56 6
84 6
112 3
95.9

Fuel, power, and lighting materials_______
C oal...................................... ................ .........
C oke..______ ______________
Gas________ _____________ ___ _______
Electricity____________ ______ _______
Petroleum and p ro d u cts..___ __________

115.9 *116.2
126. 0 126.3
161 9 161.9
120.7 *120. 7
96.1
95.1
122.9 123.5

115.7
125.8
161.9
116.0
96.1
123.5

115.8
125. 6
161. 9
112.2
96.1
124.6

116.1
124.8
161.9
112.2
95.5
125.6

116.3
124.4
161.9
111.1
96.6
125.5

116.4
124.0
161.9
ill.8
95.5
126.4

117.2
123.3
161.9
113.0
94.3
128.4

118.5
123.3
161.9
116.5
94.9
129.8

119. 5
123. 2
161.9
118.4
96.0
130.4

119.2
123.6
161. 9
118. 4
94.9
130.7

119. 6
124. 0
162.2
122.3
94. 3
131.0

116.3
124.1
159.1
119. 9
94.9
124.9

111. 2
114. 5
149.7
115. 1
94 2
118.2

107 9
104 8
135 2
1)1 6
97 0
112! 7

Chemicals and allied products__
Industrial chemicals__________
Prepared pain t._____ ________________
Paint materials____ _______ ___ _______
Drags and pharmaceuticals____________
Fats and oils, inedible___ ________
Mixed fertilizer_______ _____
Fertilizer materials___________________
Other chemicals and allied products____

110.6 *110.6
123.9 123.9
128.4 *128. 4
103. 6 101. 7
93.5
93.5
63.0
65.4
112.2 112.1
110.5 107.8
106.9 *106. 9

110.3
123.6
128.1
101.6
93.4
65.2
112.3
107.7
106.6

110.4
123.6
128.1
102.2
93.4
64.8
112.1
107.6
106.8

110.2
123. 5
128.1
101. 5
93.5
64.5
112.0
106.4
106.7

109.8
123.6
128.1
100. 5
93.4
63. 4
110.5
106. 5
105. 5

109.5
123.5
12S. 1
99.9
93.4
61.0
108.3
106.3
105.4

109.3
124.0
125. 5
99.7
93.4
60.2
108.3
106.3
105.0

109.1
123.6
124.7
99.8
93.3
59.2
108. 4
107,2
105.2

109. 1
123. 6
124.1
99.8
93.5
58.2
108.6
107. 5
105.2

108.8
122.9
124.1
100.1
93.2
57.9
108.5
106.8
105.2

108.8
123. 2
124.1
100.6
93.1
58.0
109. 3
105.9
105.1

108.7
123.5
124.1
99.0
92.6
58.7
110.2
105.9
104.5

107. 2
121. 4
120. 0
99 6
92 1
56 2
108 7
108 4
103. 2

106 6
118 1
114 5
96 8
92 8
56 6
108 7
112 6
106.0

145.7
135.7
153 5
142.7

144.7
131.6
153.6
142.3

146.2
138.1
153.5
142.5

146.5
140.3
153.5
142.2

146.9
144.3
153.5
140.8

144.9
145.0
149. 0
140.0

145.1
145.9
149.0
139.9

144.7
144.0
149.0
139.9

144. 5
143.2
149.0
140.0

144.3
142.0
149.0
140.0

143.9
140.2
149.0
140.0

145.0
145. 4
148.8
140.0

145.8
146. 7
152 2
138.0

143 8
156 8
144 9
134.4

Lumber and wood products..................
Lumber...................................................
M illw ork.__________ _________
Plywood........................ ................................

116.4 *116.3
116.6 *116. 4
127.7 127.7
95.6
95.6

116.9
117.1
128.0
96.4

117.3
117.5
128.3
96.9

117.8
118.3
128.3
94.7

118.6
119.4
128.3
95.2

119.3
120 0
128.3
96.9

119.7
120.4
128. 5
97.7

119.7
120.6
128.3
96.8

120.2
121.2
128. 3
96.7

120.1
121.2
128.7
96.2

120.7
121. 9
128.7
96. 4

121.3
122.6
128.7
97.1

125. 4
127.2
129. 1
101.7

123 a

Pulp, paper, and allied products_____ ____
W oodpulp.............................................
Wastepaoer....................................... .
Paper____________ _____ _____ ___ ____
Paperboard._____ ______ __________
Converted paper and paperboard products........................................................
Building paper and board............................

130. 9
121.2
83.5
143. 2
136. 4

131.0
121.2
88. 5
143.2
136.6

130.9
121.2
88. 5
143.3
136.6

130.9
121.2
88.5
143. 2
136.6

130.1
118.0
88.5
143.2
136.2

129.9
118.0
74.7
143. 2
136.2

129.5
118.0
68.0
142. 8
136.2

128.9
118.0
66.1
142.4
136.2

128.9
118.0
66.1
142.4
136.2

328.6
118.0
68.6
140. 7
136.2

128.7
118. 0
75. 4
140.1
136.2

128.5
118.0
76.4
139.2
136.2

128. 6
118.0
77.3
139.2
136.2

127. 2
117.7
112. 3
137. 3
134.8

lie 3

112.9
110.7
129. 8
127.1

127.2 *127. 2
141.7 141.7

127.0
141.7

127.0
141.7

126.5
141.7

126.5
141.7

126.1
141.7

125.3
141. 7

125.3
141.7

125.2
141.7

125.6
141.1

125.6
141.1

125.6
141.1

123.1
136.9

113.9
130.9

Metals and metal products_________
Iron and steel___________________
Nonferrous metals____________________
Metal containers—. ........ ..................
Hardware._________ ______________
Plumbing equipment.......... ......................
Heating equipment...................................... .
Fabricated structural metal products___
Fabricated nonstructural metal products.

150.0 *150. 4
166.9 166. 5
128. 6 130.6
152. 7 153.1
168.4 *168.1
127.6 128.5
121.8 121.5
134. 5 134.6
146.4 147.0

150.4
166.5
130.8
153.1
167.4
128.5
122.1
134.6
147. 0

150.8
167.8
129. 9
153.1
167.4
128.5
122.3
134.6
147.1

152.2
170.2
131.7
153.1
167 2
128.9
122.3
134.9
147.1

153 2
171. 2
134. 6
153.1
165.9
129.0
122.3
135.6
146.6

152.4
170.3
134. 1
152.8
164.5
129.1
122.8
134.5
145.3

150.6
165.4
13S.1
152. 5
164.3
129.1
121.9
131.7
143.1

150.0
162.9
139.9
152.5
164.3
130.1
121.4
132.2
143.3

150.1
161, 9
142.5
148.0
163. 5
131. 6
121.8
132.8
143.3

151.0
163.8
143.2
148. 0
162.2
132.0
121.6
133.4
142.8

151.4
163. 9
145.4
147.4
162.0
133.4
122. 8
133.3
142.0

152. 2
164.3
148. 7
147.5
161.5
133.4
122 3
133. 7
141.6

148.4
154. 7
156.1
141. 6
155.9
133.9
119.0
132.6
135.1

136. C
140 0
142.7
132.9
146. 4
125. 4
115.0
122. 5

Farm products......................................... .......... 93.6
Fresh and dried fruits and vegetables___ 121.6
Grains_______ ____________ __
79.1
Livestock and live poultry_____________ 86.5
Plant and animal fibers________________ 103.0
Fluid m ilk....................................... .......
97.9
Eggs-------------------------------------------------73.9
Hay, hayseeds, and oil seeds________
79.5
Other farm products............. ......................
143.6
Processed foods_________
Cereal and bakery products_____ ___
Meats, poultry, and fish____ ____ _____
Dairy products and ice cream__________
Canned and frozen fruits and vegetables..
Sugar and confectionery__
Packaged beverage materials__________
Animal fats and oils__
Crude vegetable oils_____________ ____ _
Refined vegetable oils___ ___ __________
Vegetable oil end products.......... ...............
Other processed foods_________________

Rubber and rubber products_____
144.8
Crude rubber______ _____ ______
133.7
Tires and tubes______________________
152.0
Other rubber products................................. 143.1

8eef ootnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

93.0
106.3
82.4
86.7
104.0
94.9
79.7

124. 4
128.7
105.4

122.2

361

D : CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able

D-8. Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities 1—Continued
[1947-49=100]
Annual avg.

1957

1958
Commodity group
Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

1956

1955

Machinery and motive products_________
Agricultural machinery and equipm ent-.Construction machinery and equipm ent..
Metalworking machinery and equipment.
General purpose machinery and equipment
____________________________
Miscellaneous machinery______________
Electrical machinery and equipment____
Motor vehicles................................................

149.5 *149.4
137.9 137.9
165.4 *165.3
171.3 171.3

149.2
137.4
165.2
171.3

147.7
136.2
164.9
170.6

146.9
133.4
162.9
168.9

146.2
132. 5
161.4
167.0

145.8
132.3
157.9
166.1

145.2
132.3
157.6
165.6

145.1
132.3
157.6
165.6

145.0
132.1
157.5
165.3

144.8
132.2
156. 7
164.9

144.5
132.0
156.3
163.8

143.9
131.8
156.2
163.4

137.8
127.6
148.6
156.4

128.4
123.2
137.1
142. 5

160. 7 *160. 8
149.0 148.5
151.2 150.8
139.1 *139.1

100.8
148.3
150.9
138.7

159.5
147.7
150. 7
135.5

158.5
147.3
150.8
134.8

158.0
146.3
149.6
134.7

157.4
144.5
149.5
134.7

156.5
143.9
148.2
134.7

156.0
143.8
148.2
134.7

156.2
143. 7
147.8
134.7

155.9
143. 3
147.5
134.6

155.8
143.0
147.1
134.6

155.5
142.5
146.0
134.3

147.5
137.0
138.4
129.8

134.0
129.2
128. 2
122.9

Furniture and other household durables___
Household furniture___________________
Commercial furniture_________________
Floor covering________________________
Household appliances___________ _____ Television, radio receivers, and phonographs
Other household durable goods_________

123.4
122.8
154.1
132.3
105.1

*123. 5
122.8
*154.1
*132.6
*105.4

122.7
122.8
153.8
132.5
105.1

122.6
122.6
153. 6
132.5
105.4

122.3
122.5
153.6
132.5
104.6

122.4
122.9
153. 6
132.5
104.7

122.2
122.8
153. 6
132.5
104.9

121.7
122.4
147.3
133.8
105.2

121.6
122.4
147.3
133.8
105.1

121.5
122.4
147.3
133. 8
105.4

121.9
122. 2
146.9
134.3
106.8

121.9
122.0
146.9
134.3
106.8

121.9
122.0
146.9
135.1
106.5

119.1
119.0
141.8
131.1
105.6

115.9
114.0
132.0
126.4
106.8

94.8 *95.6
153.9 *153.1

95.6
149.5

95.6
148.8

95.6
148.3

95.6
148.2

94.8
147.9

93.4
147.9

93.1
147.7

93.1
147.0

93.1
147.0

93.5
147.0

93.5
146.8

93.1
140.9

93.0
133.5

Nonmetallie minerals—structural_________
Flat glass____ ______________________ _
Concrete Ingredients_____________ ____ Concrete products____________________
Structural clay products_____ ._________
Gvpsum products_____________________
Prepared asphalt roofing_______________
Other nonmetallic minerals____________

136.4
135.7
138.9
127.5
155. 3
127.1
124.6
131.1

135. 7
135.7
130.9
127.2
155.1
127.1
124.6
131.1

135.4
135.7
136. 9
126. 7
155.1
127.1
124.6
128.5

135.3
135. 7
136.9
126.5
155.1
127.1
124.6
128.5

135.2
135.7
136.7
126.3
155.0
127.1
124.6
128.6

135.3
135.7
136.5
126.4
155.0
127.1
125.8
128.4

135. 2
135.7
136.4
126.4
155.1
127.1
125.8
128.3

135.1
135.7
135.8
126.7
155.1
127.1
125.8
128.3

135.0
135. 7
135.7
126.7
155.0
127.1
125. 8
128.3

134.6
135. 7
135.7
126.6
155.0
127.1
121, 6
128.3

133.2
135.7
135.1
125.7
150.8
127.1
118.2
127.5

132.7
135. 7
134. 8
125.6
150. 7
127.1
115.3
126.0

132.0
135.7
134.6
125.6
150.6
127.1
111.2
124.3

129.6
133.4
130.6
123.0
148.0
127. 1
111.7
123.4

124.2
128.0
124.8
118.6
140.1
122.1
106.1
121.2

Tobacco manufactures and bottled beverages ____ _________________________
Cigarettes________________ ___________
C igars.. . __________________________
Other tobacco manufactures___________
Alcoholic beverages___________________
Nonalcoholic beverages________________

128.1
134.8
105.9
144.3
120.3
149.3

128.0
134.8
105.1
144.3
120.3
149.3

127.8
134.8
105.1
144.3
119.8
149.3

127.7
134.8
105.1
144.3
119.6
149.3

127.7
134.8
105.1
143.8
119.6
149.3

127.7
134.8
105.1
143.8
119.6
149.3

127.7
134.8
105.1
143.8
119.6
149.3

124.7
124.0
105.1
134.9
119. 6
149.3

124. 5
124.0
105.1
127.7
119.6
149.3

124.6
124.0
105.1
126.9
119.0
149.3

124.1
124.0
105.1
126.0
119.0
149.0

124.1
124.0
105.1
126.0
119.0
148. 7

124.0
124.0
104.2
126.0
119.0
148.7

122.3
124.0
104. 2
122.8
115.8
148.3

121.6
124.0
103.9
121.8
114.6
148.1

88.2
Miscellaneous products____ _____________
Toys, sporting goods, small arms, and
ammunition________________________ 117.9
64.1
Manufactured animal feeds____________
Notions and accessories________________ 97.5
Jewelry, watches, and photographic
equipment__________________________ 107.1
Other miscellaneous products__ ________ 131.6

87.2

86.8

87.7

89.4

90.1

88.8

87.3

89.4

91.4

92.0

82.4

93.2

91.0

92 0

Jan.3

1 See Note, table D-7.
s Preliminary.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

118.0
62.1
*98.5

117.9
61.4
97.8

117.9
63.2
97.4

118.2
66.4
97.4

117.8
68.2
97.4

117.5
66.0
97.4

117.5
63.4
97.4

117.5
67.2
97.4

117.5
71.0
97. 4

117.5
72.0
96.7

117.5
72.8
86.7

117. 5
74.4
96.7

116.1
72.0
95.3

113 5
75 7
92.1

107.7
130.9

107.7
130.9

107.6
130.7

107.6
130.1

107.2
129.4

106.8
128.8

106.8
127.2

107.6
126.8

107.6
126. 8

107.6
126. 5

107.7
126.3

107.5
126.1

104.9
124.1

103 7
121.6

‘ Revised.
SouEca: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

362

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958

Table D-9. Indexes of wholesale prices, by economic sectors
[1947-49=100]
Commodity group

1958

Annual
average

1957

Jan.i Dec. N ov.

Oct. Sept. Aug. July

June M ay

Apr. Mar. Feb.

Jan.

1956

1955

All commodities_____________________________ . . . .

118.7 *118.5 118.1 117.8 118.0 118.4 118.2 117.4 117.1 117.2 116.9 117.0 116.9 114.3 110.7

Orude materials for further processing_______
Crude foodstuffs and feedstuffs...................................... .
Crude nonfood materials except fuel________________
Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for manu­
facturing______________ ____ ________________
Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for con­
struction........................................................................
Crude fuel................. .................. ...........................................
Crude fuel for manufacturing_________ _________
Crude fuel for nonmanufacturing Industry_______

97.5 *96.4 95.3 95.3 97.0 99.6 99.7 98.8 96.5 97.1 96.7 96.7 97.4 95.0 94.5
90.3 88.5 86.8 86.1 87.3 90.3 90.4 89.1 86.9 88.0 86.5 85.9 86.3 84.0 85.7
107.9 107.7 108.1 109.9 112.6 115.0 115.2 115.0 112.0 111.6 113.4 114.2 115.8 114.2 110.1
106.2 106.2 106.6 108.5 111.5 114.1 114.3 114.2 110.9 110.5 112.5 113.3 115.1 113.6 109.6
138.9
122.2
121.8
122.9

136.9
*122.4
*122.1
*123.0

136.9
120.5
120.2
121.0

136.9
119.0
118.7
119.4

136.7
118.6
118.4
118.9

136.5
118.0
117.8
118.2

136.4
118.0
117.9
118.3

135. 8
118.1
117.9
118.3

135. 7
119.3
119.2
119.6

135.6
120.0
119.8
120.2

135.1
119.9
119.6
120.5

134.8
121.7
121.3
122.3

134.6
120.8
120.4
121.4

130.6
113.3
113.0
113.7

124.9
105.8
105.4
106.5

intermediate materials, supplies, and components..... .........
Intermediate materials and components for manu­
facturing__ ____ ___ ____ _______________________
Intermediate materials for food manufacturing___
Intermediate materials for nondurable manu­
facturing............................... .....................................
Intermediate materials for durable manufacturing.
Components for manufacturing________________
Materials and components for construction...................
Processed fuels and lubricants___ ______ _________
Processed fuels and lubricants for manufacturing..
Processed fuels and lubricants for nonmanufactur­
ing in d u s tr y ..._____________________________
Containers, nonreturnable........................... ....... ................
Supplies. ________________________ ______________
Supplies for manufacturing.............. ............... ...........
Supplies for nonmanufacturing industry_________
Manufactured animal feeds..................................
Other supplies___________ _______ __________

105.6
153.8
149.4
132.9
111.0
109.8

105.8
154.2
*149. 3
132.9
*111.4
*110.2

105.8
154. 2
149.2
133.0
111.1
109.9

106.0
154.2
148.9
133.0
111.5
110.0

106.0
154.3
149.4
133.1
112. 0
110.3

105.9
154.7
148.8
133. 4
112.6
111.0

105. 8
153.8
148.3
133.3
112.7
110.9

105.9
151.6
147.7
132.6
113.3
111.3

105.6
152.0
148.0
132.6
114.3
112.3

105.4
152.5
147.9
132.8
115.2
113.2

105.2
152.5
147.6
132.7
114.7
112.6

105.5
152.6
147.4
132.8
114.7
112.7

105.4
152.1
147.5
132.8
112.2
110. 4

104.3
148.5
142.9
132.0
106.7
105.3

102.7
139.7
130.9
125.6
103.5
102.2

112.9
136.4
112.7
140.6
100.0
63.6
121.3

*113.5
136.6
112.4
140.6
99.5
62.0
121.6

113.3
135.5
112.1
140.6
99.2
61.2
121.5

114.1
135.3
112.3
140.2
99.7
62.6
121.4

114.9
134.9
112.6
138.5
100.9
66.0
121.3

115.4
134. 8
112.5
136.9
101.5
67.9
121.1

115.7
134.5
111.7
137.0
100. 2
65.6
120.4

116.8
134.1
110.9
136.7
99.1
63.6
119.9

117.9
134.1
112.0
136.7
100.8
67.8
120.0

118.6
132.8
113.1
136.8
102.4
71.7
120.2

118.3
132.9
113.3
136.1
103.0
73.1
120.4

118.2
132.7
113.4
135.9
103.3
73.7
120.4

115.2
133.0
113.8
135.4
104.0
75.7
120.4

109.1
128.5
111.3
132.9
101.6
72.9
118.2

105.7
119.8
108.5
127.3
100.0
76.7
113.4

Finished goods (goods to users, including raw foods and
fuels)___________________ ___________________
Consumer finished goods___ ______________________
Consumer foods. . . ____________________ ______
Consumer crude foods_________________ ____
Consumer processed foods______ ____ _______
Consumer other nondurable goods...... .....................
Consumer durable goods_______________________
Producer finished g o o d s________________________
Producer goods for manufacturing industries____
Producer goods for nonmanufacturing industries..

120.3 *119. 9
113.0 112. 5
108. 5 107. 2
101.7 104.0
109.9 108.0
112.5 *112. 6
124.8 *124. 9
150.2 *150.1
154.7 *154. 5
146.4 *146.3

119.6
112.2
106.8
105.4
107.3
112.3
124.7
149.8
154.1
146.1

106.2
106.9
106.3
112.4
123. 5
148.4
152.7
144.9

119.0 118.8
111 . 8 111.6
106.0
98.6
107.6
112. 4
123.0
147.8
152.3
144.1

118.6
111.6
106.2
96.1
108.2
112.2
123.1
147.2
151.9
143. 2

118.5
111.6
106.2
94.9
108.4
112.2
122.9
146.4
151.1
142.6

117.6
110.7
104.2
88.1
107.2
112.0
122.7
145.5
150.1
141.6

117.4
110.5
103.1
88.4
105.9
112.5
122.7
145.5
150.1
141.6

117.4
110.5
102.7
91.1
105.0
112.8
122.7
145.3
150.0
141. 4

116.9
109.9
101.3
86.3
104.1
112.7
122.9
145.1
149.7
141.2

117.0
110.2
101.8
88.7
104.3
112.9
123.0
144.7
149.2
140.9

116.7
109.9
102.3
91.0
104.4
111.8
122.9
144.3
148.8
140.5

114.0
108.0
101.0
96.2
102.1
109.9
119.7
138.1
142.2
134.9

110.9
106.4
101.1
96.4
102.2
107.8
115.9
128.5
130.9
126.6

125.3 125.4 125.3 125.2 125.4 125.5 125.2 124.5 124.7 125.0 124.9 125.1 124.8 122.1 117.0
127.4 127.6 127.5 127.3 127.4 127.4 127.1 126. 2 126.2 126.3 126.3 126.5 126.4 123.7 118.2
101.8 101.6 100.8 99.6 99.6 99.5 100.1 99.2 98.5 99.0 99.6 100.4 101.1 98.0 97.7

'Preliminary.
Revised.

Mote: For a description of these series, see New BLS Economic Sector
Indexes of Wholesale Prices, Monthly Labor Review, December 1955 (p. 1448).
Soubce: U. 8. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table D-10. Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings
[1947-49=100]
Commodity group

1958
Jan.i

All foods.__________ __________________
A l l fish. ______________ ____ ___ _____
Special metals and metai products...........................................
Metalworking machinery________________
Machinery and equipment_________
Agricultural machinery (including tractors)..........................
Total tractors____________________
Steel-mill products___ ___________ ____
Building materials______ ____ _______
S o a p s__________________ ____ ______
Synthetic detergents________________ .
Refined petroleum products__________________ ____ ____
East Coast petroleum.................................... .....................
Mid-continent petroleum___________________ ______
Gulf Coast petroleum............................
Pacific Coast petroleum .......... ... .........
Pulp, paper and products, excl. bldg, paper____________
Bituminous coal, domestic sizes______
Lumber and wood products, excl. millwork..........................
All commodities except farm products______ ______ _____
•Tj5e^mi Ilar^'
Revised.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Dec. N ov.

107.9 106.7
122.1 126.6
147.1 *147. 4
178. 8 178.7
155.1 154.9
138.3 *138.3
146.8 146.8
183.2 183.2
130.4 130.1

Oct. Sept. Aug.

July

June M ay

Apr. Mar. Feb.

Jan.

1956

1956

106.1
121. 2
147.3
178.7
154.9
137.8
146.2
183.2
130.1

105.4
119.3
146.7
178.3
154.3
136.5
145.1
183.2
130.2

105.2
120.0
147.4
177.9
153.5
133.4
142.7
183.0
130.9

105.4
116.0
148.1
177.8
152.4
132.6
141. 5
183.0
131.2

105.7
119.9
147.5
176.0
151.7
132. 4
139.3
182.9
131.4

103.7
117.2
146.2
175.0
150.9
132.5
139.3
175.6
130.7

102.8
117.0
145.8
174.9
150.7
132.5
139.3
175.7
130.7

102.4
119.4
145.9
174.5
150.6
132.3
139.2
175.3
130.7

101.0
119.4
146.5
174.1
150.2
132.3
139.0
175.3
130.5

101.5
115.3
146.8
173. 6
149.8
132.2
138.7
174.5
130.5

102.1
121.8
147.3
173.0
149.1
131.6
138.0
172.1
130.5

100.8
114.1
143.3
165.0
142.1
127.4
132.5
163.2
130.6

101.0
105.4
132.9
146.8
131.4
122.9
124.7
150.7
125.5

101.0
121.6
117.2
120.7
123.0
130.5
130.7
125.0
115.4
122.8

101.0
123.0
117.2
120.7
126.7
130. 5
130.6
124.0
115.7
122.2

101.0
124.1
117.2
121.8
126.7
135.9
129.9
123.2
116.3
122. 5

98.2
124.0
118.6
121.2
126.7
135.9
129.6
121.2
117.2

98.2
125.0
121.2
121.7
127.9
135.9
129.2
119.1
118.0
122.4

97.9
127.3
123.7
126.2
129.2
135.2
128.6
117.2
118.4
121.8

97.9
129.0
125.0
128.4
131.0
135.2
128.6
116.1
118.5
121.7

97.9
129.7
128.8
128.4
133.6
130.2
128.3
116.5
119.0
121. 7

97.9
130.0
128.8
129.4
133.6
130.2
128.5
121.4
118.9
121.6

97.9
130.3
128.8
130.2
133.6
130.2
128.2
124.1
119.6
121.7

97. 9
124.6
120.6
121.9
130.1
127.0
128.3
124.1
120.3
121.5

95.1
117.5
114.6
118.3
118.8
117.4
127.0
115 4
124.9
118.6

91.7
111.2
107.6
109.4
117.1
109.6
119.1
110.2
122.9
114.3

1 0 7 ?,

101.0
120.9
116.7
120.7
122.4
127.5
130.7
125.5
114.8
123.0

Annual
average

1957

101.0
121. 5
116.7
120.7
123.0
130.5
*130. 8
125.6
114.7
*122. 8

1 2 2 .6

N ote : For a description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (i954).
Soubce: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

363

E: WORK STOPPAGES

E.—Work Stoppages
Table E - l. Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes 1
Workers involved in stoppages

Number of stoppages
Month and year

1935-39 (average) ~
1947-49 (average)..
1945— -.................
1946 ...................
1947 ...................
1948.......................
1949 ...................
1950 ...................
1951-.......................

1952

1953
1954

1955
1956

...................

.....................
.....................

...................
...................

Beginning in
month or year

In effect dur­
ing month

Beginning in
month or year

In effect dur­
ing month

1,130.000
2, 380, 000
3. 470,000
4,600,000
2,170, 000
1,960, 000
3i 030, 000
2, 410, 000
2, 220,000
3, 540, 000
2, 400,000
1, 530, 000
2,650,000
lj 900, 000

2 R62
4 750
4 9R5
s ’ 093
2 419
s ’ 606
4’ R43
4’ 727
6 117
fi 091

S’ 46R

4' 320

i R95

Man-days idle during month
or year

Number

Percent of esti­
mated work­
ing time

16, 900,000
39, 700, 000
38,000,000
116,000,000
34 600,000
34, 100,000
50. 500,000
38, 800, 000
22,900,000
59,100,000
28,300, 000
22, 600,000
28, 200,000
33,100,000

0.27
. 46
. 47

1.43

. 41

.3 7

. 59
. 44
.23
.57
.26
• 21
.26

.29

1957: January 3— .

225
225
250
400
475
400
400
350
300
300
150
100

325
350
375
525
650
600
625
575
525
500
325
220

60,000
60,000
80, 000
150,000
190, 000
140,000
160,000
140,000
270,000
100,000
50,000
20,000

80,000
130,000
120,000
190,000
260,000
220,000
260,000
220,000
315,000
185,000
100,000
40,000

550,000
825, C00
775,000
1,380,000
1,850,000
1, 850,000
2, 500,000
1, 600,000
1.670,000
1,350,000
700,000
400,000

06
.09
.08
• 14
.18
.20
. 25
. 16
. 18
. 13
.08
.04

1958: January3—

200

300

90,000

110,000

750,000

' .07

February
March 3____
April 3_____
May 3...........
June3...........
July 3............
A ugust3----September3.
October 3__
November 2.
D ecem ber3.

i The data Include all known work stoppages involving six or more workers
and lasting a full day or shift or longer. Figures on workers involved and
man-days idle cover all workers made idle for as long as one shift in establish­
ments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect or
secondary effects on other establishments or industries whose employees are
made idle as a result of material or service shortages.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3 Preliminary.
N ote : For a description of this series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
S ource : U. 8. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

364

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958

F.—Building and Construction
T able F -l.

Expenditures for new construction1
f Value of work put In place]
Expenditures (in millions of dollars)

Type of construction

1958

1957

1957

1956

Total

Total

Feb.2 Jan.*

Dec.2 N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

Total new construction >».

3,077

3, 270

3,667

4,112

4. 495

4,569

4,561

4,361

4,308

4,025

3,657

3,295

3,007 47,255

46,060

P rivate construction__________________
Residential buildings (nonfarm )____
New dwelling un its____________
A dditions and alterations *...........
N onhousekeeping______________
N onresidential buildings 4.............I I ”
In d u strial........................... .............
Commercial________ __________
Office buildings and ware­
houses________ ______ ___
Stores, restaurants, and ga­
rages_______________ ____ _
O ther nonresidential bu ild in g s..
Religious__ ____ ___________
E d u catio n al________________
H ospital and institutional »._
Social and recreatio n al.......... .
M iscellaneous______________
F arm construction_________________
Public utilities________ ________ I I I I ’
R ailro ad ......... ....... ....................... .
Telephone and telegraph________
O ther public utilities______ _____
All other p riv ate__________ ____ ____
Public construction_______________ IIIIII
Residential buildings •..............
N onresidential buildings (other than
m ilitary facilities).................................
In d u strial______________________
E d u catio n al________________ I . . .
H ospital and in stitu tio n al....... .......
Vdministrative and service______
O ther nonresidential buildings___
M ilitary facilities f________ ____ _
H ighw ays_______
I.
Sewer and w ater system s_________
Sewer________________________ I"
W ater_______
IIIII
Public service enterprises_______ IIIII
Conservation and developm ent..........
All other public____________________

2, 262
1,065
805
212
48
675
231
254

2, 364
1,131
865
217
49
704
240
267

2, 705
1,345
1,005
290
50
764
248
305

2, 942
1,484
1,090
343
51
802
251
332

3,059
1, 535
1,130
357
48
806
256
332

3,100
1, 561
1,140
374
47
802
260
322

3,124
1, 571
1,140
387
44
805
266
319

3,046
1, 547
1,115
392
40
778
262
311

2,971
1,489
1,070
379
40
786
270
309

2,808
1,396
985
374
37
747
270
287

2, 603
1,301
940
327
34
713
271
263

2,405
1,162
' 870
258
34
709
269
264

2, 226 33,313
l ’ 043 16, 571
790 12,160
217 3,912
36
499
704 9,138
270 3,162
257 3,570

33,242
17, 632
13, 490
3,695
447
8,817
3,084
3,631

155

161

172

179

177

168

167

156

153

146

135

133

135

1,864

1, 684

99
190
64
40
47
25
14
105
407
28
74
305
10
815
58

106
197
68
42
47
25
15
101
416
31
74
311
12
906
58

133
211
74
44
48
27
18
100
483
35
86
362
13
962
57

153
219
78
46
49
28
18
114
528
37
86
405
14
1,170
56

155
218
80
47
48
27
16
133
570
42
97
431
15
1, 436
54

154
220
81
47
48
28
16
159
560
41
87
432
18
1,469
53

152
220
80
47
47
29
17
173
556
41
89
426
19
1,437
48

155
205
75
42
41
27
20
169
535
41
95
399
17
1,315
40

156
207
73
43
43
26
22
159
518
40
90
388
19
1,337
40

141
190
68
40
40
24
18
146
501
38
101
362
18
1,217
38

128
179
64
39
38
23
15
126
448
37
94
317
15
1,054
34

131
176
63
40
36
23
14
112
409
35
94
280
13
890
30

122 1.706
177 2,406
65
868
41
519
34
505
23
309
14
205
102 1,590
365 5,830
31
450
86 1,080
248 4,300
12
184
781 13, 942
31
510

1,947

12, 818
292

306
26
201
22
27
80
/Û
205
88
52
36
23
59

338
80
225
22
30
31
80
235
96
58
38
26
65
8

342
32
226
24
29
31
88
275
97
61
36 I
25 j
71
7

364
33
235
25
34
37
107
410
107
67
40
31
86
9

406
35
262
27
41
41
132
575
118
73
45
38
102

416
35
261
30
46
44
134
580
127
77
50
44
104
11

414
38
259
29
44
44
138
550
129
77
52
43
103
12

389
36
249
28
38
38
117
505
120
68
52
38
94
12

406
43
254
32
39
38
110
520
121
67
54
38
89
13

383
42
233
33
38
37
103
445
117
64
53
35
a3
13

375
42
233
31
36
33
89
330
113
63
50
30
72
11

345
41
215
27
32
30
84
230
105
59
46
26
61
9

302
37
191
23
27
24
80
195
93
53
40
21
53
6

4,072
453
2, 549
298
362
410
1,395
4,470
1.275
701
574
384
826
104

6 i

' Estimated monetary value of new construction put in place during the
periods shown, including major additions and alterations but excluding
maintenance and repair These figures difler from permit valuation data
reported in the tabulations for building permit activity (tables P-3, P-4,
. tT
,
the data on vaIue of contract awards (table F-2).
8 Preliminary.
'
! includes revisions in the series on residential additions and alterations,
a*ld dala
do* comparable with those published in issues preceding June
^ 0te on Revlsed Estimates of Residential Additions
and Aiterations, 1945-56, on page 973 of the August 1957 issue.
Expenditures by privately owned public utilities for nonresidential build­
ing are included under “Public utilities.”
8 Includes Federal contributions toward construction of private nonprofit
hospital facilities under the National Hospital Program.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

11

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

4, 481
458
2,832
333
434
424
1,275
4,840
1,347
785
562
393
975
121

2,102

768
536
328
275
195
1,560
5,113
427
1, 066
3,620
120

«includes nonhousekeeping public residential construction as well as house­
keeping units.
, 'C overs all building and nonbuilding construction, except production
facilities (which are Included in public industrial building), and Armed
I orces housing under the Oapehart program (which is included in public
residential building).
^Revised.

N ote; For a description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing

Major BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1188 (1954).

v

8

Source: Joint estimates of the U. 8. Department of Labor, Bureau of

Labor Statistics and U. S. Department of Commerce, Business and Defense
Services Administration.

365

F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION

T able F-2. Contract awards: Public construction, by ownership and type of construction 1
Value (in millions of dollars)
1957

Ownership and type of construction
Dec.

Nov.*

Oct.* Sept.* Aug.*

Total public construction......................... 707.8

869.0

890.2

740.8

Federally owned____________________
Residential b u ild in g s..._________
Nonresidential buildings_________
Educational _______ . . . . ___
Hospital and institutional____
Administrative and service___
Other nonresidential buildings
Airfield buildings________
Troop housing___________
Warehouses_____________
All other________ ________
Airfields_______________ . --------Conservation and development___
Highways______________________
Electric power___________ ______ _
All other federally owned_________
State and locally owned_____________
Residential buildings____________
Nonresidential buildings.-........ .......
Educational___ _____________
Hospital and institutional____
Administrative and service___
Other nonresidential buildings.
Highways_____________ _________
Sewer and water systems................ .
Sewer_______________________
Water______________________
Public service enterprises________
Electric pow er..-------------------Other_____ ________________
Conservation and development___
All other State and locally ow ned..

123.8
.2
39.5
2.0
20.0
2.9
14.6
.6

140.0
56. 5
45.8
.3
3.7
23.7
18.1
3.9
(2)
(2)
14.2
3.5
22.7
7.6
.8
3.1
750.2
55.2
303.5
215.4
41.0
19.7
26.8
248.0
77.0
42.7
34.3
48.2
24.3
23.9
8.4
9.9

58.5
3.5
17.7
.2
.7
i.8
15.0
2.3
1.1
.3
11.3
3.7
14.8
9.1
.9
8.8
682.3
20.4
278.1
201.0
15.5
31.7
29.9
272.3
69.8
47.8
22.0
26.6

1

47.3
3.2
20.1
.4
.2
9.9
9.6
1.2
.4
(2)
8.0
1.2
12.0
3.7
3.7
3.4
660. 5
20.2
238.7
163.7
19.8
18.8
36.4
272.1
94.5
65.1
29.4
19.4
9.4
10.0
11.2
4.4

1.0

(2)
13.0
.3
21.2
2.2
59.7
.7
745.2
23.3
267. 7
207.4
15.8
24.6
19.9
334.6
93.4
44.4
49.0
15.0
5.3
9.7
6.9
4.3

10.1
16.5
7.8
7.3


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

June

1956

Total

Total

Jan.

Dec.

866.1 1,133.2 1,315.9 1,119.3

971.6 1,107. 2 768.1

923.3

823.9 11,412.5 10. 372.2

54.1
1.4
14.3
(2)
.1
4.8
9.4
.8
(2)
.5
8.1
1.8
14.4
7.5
2.4
12.3
812.0
44.3
305.5
223.2
19.6
36.8
25.9
293.5
75.1
53.5
21.6
74.7
61. 6
13.1
10.8
8.1

309.7 345.2
21. 5 115.4
68.4
71.7
8.7
4.0
.4
4.6
3.5
7.4
59.6
41.9
7.4
11.6
9.8
7.7
2.7
4.0
36.3
22.0
34.7
49.7
83.1
143.0
4.1
15.8
2.9
23.4
18.3
12.9
661.9 762.0
7.4
14.7
256.2 300.8
191.6 234.9
17.4
15.8
20.1 • 25.0
25.1
27.1
289.5 349.6
75.4
67.7
44.1
43.6
23.6
31.8
17.4
18.8
7.7
9.0
9.8
9.7
8.6
4.5
6.4
6.9

210.2
30.2
87.1
20.5
16.1
4.5
46.0
5.6
5.6
3.5
31.3
7.9
52.8
9.3
7.9
15.0
713.1
21.8
252.8
184.9
12.6
23.3
32.0
317.1
68.9
37.3
31.6
33.1
17.1
16.0
12.0
7.4

176.4
19.9
50.8
1.4
1.1
3.8
44.5
3.0
11.7
3.6
20.2
28.0
62.6
7.1
3.9
4.1
647.5
13.8
272.2
211.5
13.9
22.9
23.9
240. 5
80.8
49.1
31.7
31.2
11.2
20.0
4.1
4.9

145.5 385.9
60.3
30.6
31.2 205.8
2.1
7.6
.3
29. 1
10.2
64.5
18.6 104. 6
23.3
14.0
.2
9.2
.9
11.3
3.5
60.8
26.4
(2)
42.1
73.5
9.0
12.1
1.1
6.0
1.8
31.5
087.7 930.0
38.8
27.5
267.0 337.8
183.0 231.9
22.2
35.8
28.7
34. 2
35.9
33.1
540.8 414. 7
80.7 103. 7
74.4
55.5
25.2
29.3
38. 7
33.3
23.7
14.7
24.0
9.6
12.3
4.8
9.4
8.2

M ay

218.5
64.5
69.7
.0
1.4
11.2
56.1
11.5
7.7
5.9
31.0
24.8
31.3
6.8
5.7
15.7
900.8
21. 7
345.2
237.6
43.6
23.3
40.7
306. 7
172.6
94.4
78.2
27.3
9.0
18 3
20.3
7.0

1

Apr.

1957

Feb.

Includes major force account projects started (construction done directly
by a government agency using a separate work force to perform nonmainte­
nance construction on the agency’s own property).
* Less than $50.000.
♦Includes revisions in federally owned components.

July*

1956
Mar.

217.3
19.3
67.3
1.5
2.0
1.5
62.3
9.3
16.4
5.8
30.8
27.0
49.7
3.4
25.6
25.0
550. 8
31.4
256.1
175.9
27.4
29.2
23.6
186.2
55.4
16.6
38.8
11.7
8.2
3.5
5.1
4.9

2, 256.0
406.6
728.6
48.3
78.6
145.9
455. 8
91 5
59.1
34.9
270.3
181.0
560.6
90.6
140.1
148.5
9,156. 5
326.7
3, 409. 4
2, 450. 5
287.1
315.4
356.4
3, 825.1
1,034.2
619.4
414.8
364.2
200.1
164.1
112. 7
84.2

2,037. 4
128.1
909. 4
23.7
43.9
87.3
754.5
72.1
122.7
63.2
496.5
155. 7
511.0
91.9
177. 5
63.8
8, 334.8
253.2
3, 202.8
2, 289.0
278.9
320.8
314.1
3, 211. 6
1,100.0
658. 9
441.1
336.5
227.2
109.3
139.3
91.4

Source: U. 8. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics and U. S.
Department of Commerce, Business and Defense Services Administration,

366

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958

T able F~3. Building permit activity: Valuation, by private-public ownership, class of construction,
and type of building 1
Valuation (in millions of dollars)
Class of construction, ownership,
and type of building

1957
Dec.

Nov.*

Oct.*

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

1956

1957

1956

Dec.*

Total

Total*

All building construction____________ 1,097.4 1, 217.9 1, 642. 7 1,551.7 1, 626.1 1, 693.4 1, 748. 7 1, 829. 7 1, 714. 4 1, 534. 3 1, 218.9 1.111.0 1,055.0 18, 041. 2 18, 787. 8
958. 5 1,054.5 1, 453. 5 1, 417. 3 1, 462. 7 1, 518. 9 1,484.9 1, 643. 8 1, 530.4 1,373.6 1,053.9 976.3 927.4 15. 935. 0 16, 903. 4
Private_________________________
Public........ ............................- .............- 139.0 163.4 189.2 134. 4 163.4 174.5 263.7 185.9 184.0 160.7 165.0 134.7 127.6 2,106. 2 1, 884.4
New residential building.........................
Dwelling units (housekeeping only).
Privately owned.......... ................
1-family...................................
2-family......... ..........................
3- and 4-family___________
5-or-more fam ily____ _____
Publicly owned............................
Nonhousekeeping buildings.............
New nonresidential buildings________
Commercial buildings 2---------------Amusement buildings 2....... .......
Commercial garages................. .
Gasoline and service station s...
Office buildings 2 ____________
Stores and other mercantile
buildings________ ______ ___
Community buildings 2 --------------Educational b u ild in g s............ .
Institutional buildings 2---------Religious buildings.___ ______
Garages, private residential.............
Industrial buildings 2----- ----- -------Public utilities buildings2------------All other nonresidential buildings 2__
Additions, alterations, and repairs........

557.1
535.7
525.4
451.8
17.1
6.5
50.0
10.2
21. 5
433.9
151.4
11.6
2.1
9. 9
67.4

645.2
632.0
600.8
535.3
16.5
8.7
40.3
31.3
13.2
451. 5
147.3
18.2
2.9
10.2
60.3

895.7
870.3
825. 6
730.8
22.2
9.9
62.8
44.7
25.4
592.1
203. 9
11.6
5.1
13.0
92.2

813.2
796.9
784.8
696. 7
20.1
9.2
58.8
12.2
16.3
569.2
203.4
10.5
4.9
14.2
102.1

885.9
871.8
852. 0
748.8
18.8
8.7
75.6
19.8
14.1
557.2
167.3
8.8
4.0
13.9
69.1

847.6
832.4
807.6
724.6
19.6
9.3
54.1
24.8
15.1
656. 5
203.3
11.9
5.3
14.8
76.2

893.7
881.9
823.2
734.1
20.3
10.0
58.8
58.7
11.8
663.4
183.5
13.8
6.9
13. 8
66.8

954.1
935.9
918.5
818. 6
20.3
11.9
67.7
17.4
18.2
676.8
231.7
13.4
7.1
15.5
106.1

909.6
896.3
884.0
794.8
21.5
11.4
56.3
12.3
13.3
624.6
197.6
15.5
7.3
15.0
73.6

819.6
803.2
801.5
710.5
20.2
10.4
60.5
1.7
16.4
556.5
167.3
11.0
3.7
14.0
56.6

599. 5
588.2
571.7
504.7
17.1
7.5
42.3
16.5
11.3
490.5
155. 6
5.9
3.7
12. 2
75.3

542.9
535. 2
528. 0
465.5
12.7
8.0
41.9
7.2
7.7
449.0
124.4
7.2
4.5
12. 5
46.1

530. 2
521.4
515. 5
455.1
11.9
5.4
43.0
5.9
8.9
414.8
141.9
5.3
4.0
10.7
63.3

9,370.8 10, 291.9
9,186. 7 10,149. 6
8, 929. 3 9, 971. 9
7, 919. 8 9, 221.8
226.5
215.0
111.6
87.9
671.5
447.2
257.3
177.7
184.2
142.3
6, 768. 9 6, 664. 5
2,175. 0 2,184. 7
139.8
116.1
57.5
60.6
159.0
165. 5
929.5
828.3

60.3
163.3
108.6
27.3
27.3
6.3
63.8
22.1
26.9
106.4

55.7
188.2
93.8
60.7
33.8
12.1
58.6
24.7
20.6
121.2

82.1
219.5
132.0
46.9
40.6
21.9
92.0
25.3
29.7
154.8

71.7
204.2
134.3
32.0
37.9
24.2
81.7
34.2
21.5
169.2

71.4
213.1
119.7
50.9
42.6
23.3
87.2
37.0
29.4
183.0

95.1
224.4
123. 5
60.4
40.5
21.6
124.9
49.5
32.7
189.3

82.2
253.5
123.1
83.2
47.2
22.7
101.9
37.7
64.1
191.6

89.6
241.6
155.7
36.4
49.5
23.1
90.5
45.8
44.0
198. 9

86.2
218.5
139.9
31.8
46.8
19.8
109.0
37.8
41.9
180.2

81.9
215.9
138.2
37. 2
40.5
14.5
99.0
22.5
37.5
158.2

58.5
153. 4
101.4
22.3
29.7
6.7
87.1
51.7
36.1
128.9

54.2
170.8
110.9
32.9
27.0
5.2
87.9
35.0
25.7
119.0

58.6
149.2
103.4
16.3
29.5
6.4
59.3
28.4
29.7
109.9

889.2
2, 468. 7
1, 483. 2
521.9
463.4
200.3
1, 084. 4
423.1
417. 3
1, 901. 5

i T>ata relate to building construction authorized by local building permits
in all localities (over 7,000) having building-permit systems—rural nonfann
as well as urban. Figures on the amount of construction contracts awarded
for Federal projects and for public housing (Federal, State, and local) in
ermit-issuing places are added to the valuation data (estimated cost entered
y builders on building-permit applications) for privately owned projects;
construction undertaken by State and local governments is reported by local
officials. Because permit valuations generally understate the actual cost of
construction and because of lapsed permits and the lag between permit
issuance or contract-awarded dates and start of construction, these data do
not represent the volume of building construction started.
Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily equal
totals.

T able

1, 014. 3
2, 263.1
1,431.4
380.3
451.4
201.9
1, 273.3
328.4
413.0
1, 831.4

2

Includes some buildings previously classified as public buildings, which
no longer are shown separately. Beginning with data for January 1956,
buildings formerly included in the public buildings category have been re­
classified, according to function, into other categories (e. g., office, industrial,
institutional). Revised statistics for periods before January 1956 w ill not be
prepared, but the effect on comparability for any one type of building would
be minor for most months.
*Revised.

Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

F-4. Building permit activity: Valuation, b y class of construction and geographic region 1
Valuation (in millions of dollars)

Class of construction and
geographic region

1957

Dec.
All building construction2........ ..............
Northeast..............................................
North Central__________________
South-------- ------ -----------------------W est.................................................. —
N ew dwelling units (housekeeping only).
Northeast____ __________________
North Central......................................
Sooth__________________________
W est........... .............. .........................
New nonresidential buildings.................
Northeast---------------- ----------------North Central__ ____ ___________
South__________________________
W est________________ ___ _______
Additions, alterations, and repairs-----Northeast______ ________________
North Central___ _______________
S o u th ...________________________
West____ ______________________

Nov.*

Oct.*

Sept.

Aug.

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

1957

1956

Dec.*

Total

Total*

1 , 0 9 7 .4 1 , 2 1 7 .9 1, 6 4 2 . 7 1, 551 . 7 1 , 6 2 6 .1 1 , C 9 3 . 4 1, 7 4 8 .7 1 , 8 2 9 . 7 1 , 714 . 4 1 , 5 3 4 .3 1 , 2 1 8 . 9 1 , 111 . 0 1 , 0 5 5 . 0
2 1 9 .4
2 6 1 .5
3 7 1 .8
3 3 8 .4
3 5 2 .8
3 5 0 .8
3 4 4 .1
439 . 2
3 5 3 .0
3 3 8 .9
2 3 5 .8
196 . 6
2 4 5 .7
319. 2
324. 6
504 . 5
4 8 9 .3
4 8 0 .0
5 1 6 .8
5 4 2 .1
5 5 8 .5
5 3 6 .5
446. 5
3 2 0 .6
2 5 8 .0
2 4 2 .8
2 8 8 .2
4 3 9 .6
3 2 4 .3
4 0 0 .2
3 8 1 .1
3 8 7 .3
4 6 5 .6
425 . 7
4 0 4 .6
354 . 9
3 3 9 .7
2 7 2 .2
3 6 0 .7
270. 6
3 0 7 .6
4 0 0 .3
3 3 9 .8
3 6 2 .5
3 9 3 .0
3 8 6 .2
4 2 2 .7
4 2 0 .3
3 9 4 .0
3 3 1 .9
2 7 9 .1
3 0 1 .8
5 3 5 .7
1 0 2 .1
1 3 1 .7
1 5 5 .9
146 . 0
4 3 3 .9
8 9 .7
1 5 6 .9
9 1 .8
9 5 .4
1 0 6 .4
23. 5
2 5 .5
3 0 .4
2 7 .1

6 3 2 .0
1 3 5 .2
164 . 9
1 6 9 .4
1 6 2 .6
4 5 1 .5
9 4 .5
1 2 8 .4
1 1 8 .9
1 0 9 .7
1 2 1 .2
2 8 .1
2 9 .5
3 2 .2
3 1 .3

8 7 0 .3
1 7 8 .2
2 5 3 .1
2 1 0 .0
2 2 9 .0
5 9 2 .1
126 . 0
1 9 3 .5
1 4 4 .5
1 2 8 .1
1 5 4 .8
3 5 .1
3 8 .9
41. 5
3 9 .3

7 9 6 .9
1 5 8 .4
2 4 7 .7
1 9 9 .5
1 9 1 .3
5 6 9 .2
1 4 7 .8
1 7 7 .6
1 3 7 .1
1 0 6 .8
1 6 9 .2
4 2 .5
4 7 .4
4 0 .6
3 8 .7

8 7 1 .8
1 9 9 .8
2 6 7 .3
203 . 6
2 0 1 .1
5 5 7 .2
1 2 9 .4
1 8 1 .7
1 2 9 .8
1 1 6 .4
1 8 3 .0
4 0 .5
5 2 .5
4 9 .1
4 0 .9

t See footnote 1, table F-3.
«Includes new nonhousekeeping residential building, not shown separately,


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

July

1956

8 3 2 .4
1 6 2 .3
2 5 7 .7
2 2 3 .4
1 8 9 .0
6 5 6 .5
1 3 9 .8
2 0 2 .2
1 5 5 .8
1 5 8 .7
1 8 9 .3
3 9 .8
5 4 .6
5 2 .2
4 2 .7

8 8 1 .9
1 8 3 .7
2 7 7 .6
2 2 0 .3
2 0 0 .3
6 6 3 .4
1 1 2 .3
2 3 0 .6
1 8 3 .1
1 3 7 .4
1 9 1 .6
4 0 .3
4 8 .0
5 7 .4
45. 9

9 3 5 .9
195 . 5
2 8 3 .0
2 3 2 .2
2 2 5 .2
6 7 6 .8
1 8 9 .2
2 0 2 .1
13 6 .1
1 4 9 .4
1 9 8 .9
5 1 .6
5 5 .0
4 8 .6
4 3 .7

8 9 6 .3
1 9 0 .4
2 6 6 .7
2 1 0 .6
2 2 8 .7
6 2 4 .6
124.1
2 1 6 .5
1 3 9 .6
1 4 4 .5
180 . 2
3 6 .8
5 1 .1
5 0 .1
4 2 .2

803. 2
1 6 0 .4
2 4 0 .0
1 8 5 .5
2 1 7 .3
5 5 6 .5
1 4 1 .0
164 . 8
118 . 0
132 . 8
1 5 8 .2
3 5 .0
3 9 .6
4 3 .3
4 0 .3

5 8 8 .2
9 6 .6
1 4 6 .1
1 7 7 .9
1 6 7 .6
4 9 0 .5
1 1 4 .1
1 4 0 .3
1 3 7 .0
9 9 .2
1 2 8 .9
2 4 .0
3 2 .8
3 9 .7
3 2 .4

535 2
8 6 .9
1 0 6 .7
172 . 5
1 6 9 .1
4 4 9 .0
8 3 .2
1 1 0 .7
1 3 1 .0
1 2 4 .1
1 1 9 .0
2 4 .8
2 4 .8
3 5 .3
3 4 .0

5 2 1 .4
1 1 9 .8
1 2 7 .1
1 3 2 .4
1 4 2 .1
4 1 4 .8
9 9 .2
9 9 .0
1 0 8 .8
1 0 7 .8
1 0 9 .9
2 4 .2
3 0 .1
2 9 .4
2 6 .2

18 ,
3,
5,
4,
4,
9,
1,
2,
2,
2,
6,
1,
2,
1,
1,
1,

041.
805 .
280.
610 .
344.

2
6
2
5
9

18 ,
4,
5,
4,
4,

787. 8
0 5 6 .2
6 8 1 .0
4 6 7 .0
583 . 5

186 . 7
851. 6
642. 9
361. 6
330. 6
768. 9
491. 7
103 . 7
660. 4
512 . 9
9 0 1 .5
4 2 2 .7
4 9 9 .8
5 2 0 .4
4 5 8 .7

10 ,
2,
3,
2,
2,
6,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,

149 . 6
200. 4
144 .
3 4 6 .0
458. 5
664 . 5
435. 8
993. 5
5 9 6 .9
6 3 8 .3
8 3 1 .4
3 9 4 .5
5 1 0 .7
4 8 1 .9
4 4 4 .3

•Revised.

S ource: U . S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

367

F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION

T able F-5. Building permit a ctiv ity : Valuation, by m etropolitan-nonm etropolitan location and S ta te 1
Valuation (in millions of dollars)
1956

1957

State and location
N ov.

Oct.*

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.*

N ov.

1956

1955

Total*

Total

1,055.0 1,351.3 18, 787. 8 18, 939.0
All States................... ................................. - 1,217.9 1,642.7 1,551.7 1,620.1 1,693.4 1, 748. 7 1,829. 7 1.714.4 1,534.3 1,218.9 1,111.0
946.1 1,278.2 1, 202. 5 1, 261. 8 1, 302. 5 1,350.6 1,423.9 1.322.4 1,203. 8 964.7 864.7 843.4 1,042. 8 14, 688. 9 15,108.9
Metropolitan areass_____________
211.6 308.5 4,098. 9 3, 830.1
246.3
271.8 364.5 349.2 364.4 390.9 398.1 405.8 392.0 330.5 254.2
Nonmetropolitan areas---------------166.5
11.2
14.7
173.3
14.3
15.2
14.1
15.4
19.9
20.0
18.7
13.8
15.6
13.0
14.1
189.7
165. 8
11.4
16.3
26.8
13.6
18.1
18.4
22.8
20.3
19.3
20.1
17.6
15.1
19. 4
Arizona.......................— .............................
54.3
3.4
57.
4
3.7
5.0
6.4
9.0
6.2
4.7
6.2
8.4
5.4
4.4
5.7
5.7
Arkansas.......................................................
229.4 203. 5 242.0 3,163.3 3, 065.1
212.3
279.7
301.4
301.1
263.8
273.4
250.7
216.1
287.6
229.5
California_______________________ ___
282.0
280.6
20.2
23.0
21.8
19.7
21.9
22.1
24.0
21.0
18.1
25.3
24.0
16.6
21.2
Colorado.............................................. .........
27.2
4.5
13.7
73.4
15.3

25.2
6.1
9.1
77.7
22.9

36.3
5.9
13.2
74.5
24.4

40.5
7.4
2.9
81.4
18.9

43.7
8.5
13.0
88.9
21.9

33.2
9.3
14.4
86.6
16.7

41.2
4.9
6.3
88.3
19.3

35.8
5.2
8.4
79.4
27.5

42.0
3.2
3.9
76.0
20.6

22.3
5.4
2.8
72.2
22.1

21.1
6.1
6. 3
70.3
20.2

22.6
3.4
2.1
57.8
12.8

37.1
6.5
4. 4
65.7
17. 4

375.1
66.0
66. 8
834. 8
250.1

359.1
62.0
87.7
746.9
276.7

Kansas...........................................................

2.5
73.4
19.3
12.5
7.1

4.7
108.9
44.1
16.6
10.8

3.0
105.7
43.9
17.1
12.6

4.0
103.9
49.0
14.7
17.9

3.3
109.0
37.8
18.2
15.8

3.6
120.1
42.2
18. 5
10.6

3.9
115. 9
34.9
16.4
12.3

4.5
142.0
33.0
17.3
9.9

3.5
111.7
51.3
11.2
10.8

1.3
93.2
20.7
6.0
10.0

2.0
61.5
23.2
4.3
5.8

1.3
75.2
20.5
7.6
8.7

3.3
92.6
30. 7
13.0
14.2

39.6
1,334. 3
is m
181.9
151.9

36.5
1, 261.6
381.0
180.1
195. 4

Kentucky......................................................
Louisiana------- -------------------------------M aine______________________ _______
M arylan d ................ ..................................
M assachusetts..............................................

10.5
16.8
1.3
33.3
26.6

12.2
23.0
2.7
55.3
38.4

16.5
20.1
3.2
29.9
31.5

14.5
20.9
1.8
32.5
42.6

16.1
23.2
3.3
40.7
50.9

18.8
27.2
3.4
53.2
45.5

22.4
24.6
4.9
44.6
42.3

16.1
17.9
3.7
36.0
39.0

16.8
17.4
2.5
30.8
51.2

13.6
20.4
1.0
38.0
28.4

6.5
19.3
.6
27.3
18.5

10.1
18.6
.8
28.8
25.9

10.6
14.9
2.7
28.1
39.5

168. 2
273.1
33.9
430.4
470.4

189.3
292.6
29.8
494.4
445.1

Michigan............ ..........................................
Minnesota__________________________
M ississippi......................................- ...........

73.5
27.0
4.5
15.5
1.9

82.1
35.2
5.8
33.5
2.7

82.6
40.1
6.3
27.7
3.1

87.9
35.2
4.4
29.4
2.6

91.1
42.1
4.4
35.0
3.4

107.8
47.4
7.8
29.1
4.0

97.6
53.7
3.2
16.8
3.9

99.4
43.1
6.0
25.8
5.1

74.2
20.1
2.8
24.7
3.0

48.2
18.3
3.6
18.6
2.3

45.2
10.4
2.5
16.7
1.3

38.9
15.0
3.0
15.3
.9

74.0
22. 5
3.5
19.4
2.3

1,090.8
376.1
53.5
306.7
42.7

1 130.4
403.3
50.3
336.4
41.7

New Hampshire____________________
New Jersey_________________________
New Mexico________________________

3.1
7.8
2.0
49.9
8.9

7.5
3.2
1.9
70.1
6.1

5.7
4.0
1.6
65.0
7.6

8.3
4.7
2.1
71.8
5.5

7.0
3.5
3.0
60.3
6.7

6.6
3.9
2.6
68.4
10.4

15.2
3.6
3.0
71.8
7.9

6.1
7.2
4.5
72.3
7.0

5.6
4.3
2.1
58.8
6.7

4.7
3.0
1.5
60.4
5.4

2.4
3.6
1.1
40.3
9.0

2.6
2.3
1.6
55.6
5.4

5.6
3.7
3.1
54.8
7.2

82.0
45.5
37. 8
811.8
77.2

100.0
75.3
41. 2
832.3
85.7

North Carolina_____________________
North Dakota--------- ------ ----------------Ohio
Oklahoma__________________________

98.0
13.4
1.5
57.1
9.3

139.5
14.5
4.3
101.2
10.5

147.4
16.9
5.0
93.3
9.3

114.1
17.6
5.4
108.1
13.2

101.2
16.9
5.7
101.3
13.8

105.6
15.5
4.1
125.7
8.5

198.0
18.5
5.4
123.9
10.6

117.8
21.5
2.9
99.1
10.9

114.1
16.2
1.6
94. 7
10.3

80.7
15.2
.5
73.6
9.2

73.3
16.1
.3
53.4
7.2

88.7
11.9
.9
53.5
8.2

103.8
14.9
1.8
78.8
15. 9

1, 476.0
221. 6
40. 5
1, 205. 5
143. 2

1 489.9
216. 4
35.6
1 216.0
149.2

Oregon........................ ...................................
Pennsylvania_______________________
Rhode Island_______________________
South Carolina______________________
South Dakota_________ _____________

7.2
51.3
4.3
2.7
2.4

12.1
66.8
6.3
5.0
4.2

12.3
53.4
5.3
5.3
3.4

13.7
93.0
5.3
6.2
3.5

14.6
75.8
5.3
7.3
4.6

13.2
74.1
3.9
5.9
2.5

14.0
72.0
5.2
5.1
4.1

12.1
74.3
4.3
8.2
6.0

11.4
64.1
2.9
4.4
2.0

7.9
49.6
1.8
4.7
1.0

12.8
39.9
1.6
4.9
.9

7.2
47.2
3.1
5.3
1.0

11.9
49.4
4.6
4. 7
1.6

182.0
781.4
59.6
75.8
37.4

157. 2
871.9
49.0
94.6
36.9

Tennessee____________________ ____
U tah....... .................... ..................................
Vermont__________ ______ —..................
Virginia-------------------------------------------

12.4
68.0
5.9
.9
23.5

14.5
89.2
11.6
1.8
30.6

14.2
88.0
10.2
7.0
32.2

15.8
83.6
9.8
.f
34.0

16.9
101.5
9.4
.6
32.4

22.0
91.3
12.2
.5
51.5

21.6
87. C
14.2
.9
36.4

18.3
83.2
8.1
1.3
33.8

15.4
82.4
13.3
1.2
29.6

10.5
77.1
7.6
.2
36.4

8.9
98.2
4.3
.2
24.7

13.6
56.1
4.3
.2
23.2

17.0
64. 9
9.0
.6
29.9

213.8
916. 9
145. 3
10. 1
457.5

219.6
1 024.6
118. 7
11.3
475.2

Washington_________________ ____ —
West Virginia. ____________________
Wisconsin____ _____ ____ ____ ____ —
W yoming__________________________

24.3
3.0
32.2
1.3

29.1
5.2
41. 1
1.7

26.4
4.5
42.7
3.1

31.3
14.8
41.0
2.1

31.8
6.9
49.3
2.5

28.9
16.4
44.9
2.2

32.5
6.8
45.9
1.8

28.5
6.0
51.8
1.8

30.5
4.6
38.7
1.6

25.7
5.2
26.0
.8

22.2
3. 1
18.7
.9

20.7
2.8
18.8
1.9

25.7
5.2
34.0
.8

390.6
64.4
442.0
25.6

381.0
67.4
438.8
18.6

Connecticut..................................................
District of Columbia...................- ...........^ F lorida.......... ................... - ...........- ...........
Idaho.............................................................
Illinois............................................................

Montana___________________________
N eb rask a..................................................

1 See footnote 1, table F-3.
,
* Comprised of 168 Standard Metropolitan Areas used in 1960 Census,


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

‘ Revised.
S ou ses: U . S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

368

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1958

T a b l e F - 6 . Number of new permanent nonfarm dwelling units started, by ownership and location,
and construction c o s t 1
Number of new dwelling units started

Period
Total

1950..
1951—
1952..
1953..
1954—
1955..
1956..
1957 3.

.
.
.
.
.

1954: First quarter___
Second quarter..
Third quarter...
Fourth quarter—
1955: First quarter___
January_____
February_____
March_______
Second quarter...
April________
M ay_________
June_________
Third quarter__
July— .............
August_______
September____
Fourth quarter...
October______
November____
December____
1956: First quarter___
January______
February_____
March_______
Second quarter...
April_________
M ay_________
June...................
Third quarter___
J u ly ..................
August_______
September____
Fourth quarter...
October........ .
November____
December____
1957: First quarter____
January______
February____ _
March________
Second quarter...
April_________
M a y _________
June_________
Third quarter___
July— ..............
August_______
September.........
Fourth quarter3_
October*______
November 8___
Decem ber3.......
1958: First quarter____
January 3__.........

Privately Publicly
owned
owned

Metro­ Nonmetro­ North­ North
politan
politan
east
Centra
places
places

South

West

Total

Privately
owned’

1,396,000
1,091,300
1,127,000
1,103, 800
1,220, 400
1.328, 900
1,118. 100
1,040,900

1,352, 200
1,020,100
1,068, 500
1,068,300
1,201, 700
1.309, 500
1,093,900
991,100

43,800
71, 200
58, 500
35, 500
18, 700
19,400
24, 200
49, 800

1,021,600
776,800
794, 900
803,500
896, 900
975,800
779. 800
699,100

374, 400
(i)
0
0
(3)
$11, 788, 595 $11,418,371
314,500
0
0
0
9,800,892
(3)
9,186,123
(i)
332,100
0
0
10, 208,983
0
9, 706, 276
300,300
0
0
10, 488,003 10,181,185
(*)
0
323, 500 243,100 325, 800 359, 700 291,800 12, 478, 237 12,309, 200
353,100 273,100 356,000 389,000 310, 800 14, 544, 647 14,345,829
338,300 228, 800 303,100 334.200 252, 000 13,086.118 12,814.776
341,800
(2)
12,333,044 11, 719,351
(2)
(2)
0

236, 800
332,700
346,000
304, 900
291,300
87, 600
89, 900
113, 800
404,100
132, 000
137, 600
134, 500
362,300
122, 700
124, 700
114,900
271, 200
105,800
89,200
76,200
252,100
75,100
78,400
98,600
332, 500
111,400
113,700
107,400
298, 900
101,100
103,900
93, 900
234,600
93,600
77, 400
63,600
215, 800
63,000
65,800
87,000
296, 600
93, 700
103, 000
99, 900
291, 800
99,900
100, 000
91, 900
236, 700
96,700
78,000
62,000

232,200
326, 500
339,300
303, 700
288,000
87, 300
87, 900
112, 800
397,000
130,500
135,100
131, 400
357,800
121, 900
122,300
113, 600
266, 700
104,800
88, 400
73, 500
244, 600
73, 700
77,000
93, 900
325,300
109,900
110,800
104,600
292,900
99, 000
103, 200
90, 700
231,100
91,200
77,000
62, 900
202, 500
60,100
63,100
79, 300
282, 800
91, 400
96, 900
94, 500
280, 900
93,900
96,800
90, 200
224, 900
88, 400
75, 700
60, 800

4,600
6,200
6,700
1,200
3, 300
300
2,000
1,000
7,100
1,500
2, 500
3,300
4, 500
800
2, 400
1,300
4, 500
1,000
800
2,700
7,500
1,400
1,400
4,700
7,200
1,500
2, 900
2,800
6,000
2,100
700
3, 200
3, 500
2,400
400
700
13, 300
2,900
2, 700
7,700
13, 800
2,300
6, 100
5, 400
10, 900
6, 000
3, 200
1,700
11, 800
8, 300
2. 300
1, 200

174,300
244,000
252,800
225, 800
221,800
68,100
66, 900
86, 800
294.800
96,800
99, 700
98, 300
263, 400
88, 400
91,500
83,500
195, 800
76, 500
64,600
54, 700
183,800
54,300
57,600
71,900
228, 300
76, 200
77, 600
74, 500
202,900
69,700
70, 900
62,300
164,800
64, 900
54,800
45,100
149,10O
44,000
46,600
58,500
200, 300
63, 500
68, 200
68, 600
192, 600
63, 400
67, 700
61, 500
157,100
61, 800
52, 900
42,400

62, 500
88, 700
93, 200
79,100
69, 500
19. 500
23,000
27,000
109,300
35, 200
37,900
36,200
98, 900
34,300
33,200
31,400
76, 400
29,300
24,600
21, 500
68,300
20,800
20, 800
26, 700
104,200
35, 200
36,100
32,900
96,000
31,400
33,000
31,600
69,800
28, 700
22,600
18, 500
66, 700
19,000
19,200
28,500
96, 300
30, 200
34, 800
31, 300
99, 200
36, 500
32, 300
30, 400
79,600
34, 900
25.100
19, 600

69,000

64, 200

4, 800

45, 200

23, 800

1 Excludes temporary units, conversions, dormitory accommodations,
trailers, and military barracks; includes prefabricated housing if permanent.
These estimates are based on (1) monthly building-permit reports adjusted
for lapsed permits and for lag between permit issuance and the start of con­
struction, (2) continuous field surveys in nonpermit-issuing places, and (3)
reports of public construction contract awards.
Private construction costs are based on permit valuation adjusted for
understatement of costs shown on permit applications. Public construction
costs are based on contract values or estimated construction costs for indi­
vidual projects.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Estimated construction cost
(in thousands)

Location

47,400
67,300
72, 500
55,900
53,100
16,000
13,500
23,600
89,100
28,600
30, 300
30, 200
75, 400
27,100
24. 900
23, 400
55, 500
23, 500
17, 700
14,300
45,700
12,400
14,400
18,900
72,300
23, 400
24, 700
24,200
61,800
21,800
20,800
19,200
49, 000
20,100
16, 500
12, 400
33,800
9,300
9, 700
14, 800
60, 700
19, 900
20, 900
19,900
57, 900
19, 200
21, 800
16, 900

52,700
98, 400
97,800
76,900
63,400
15, 600
19,700
28,100
116,600
37, 300
40,000
39,300
108,000
35, 600
38,000
34, 400
68,000
29, 400
23,000
15,600
58, 200
15, 700
16,400
26,100
98,100
33, 600
33,300
31,200
87, 200
29,900
29,200
28,100
59,600
26,200
19, 200
14,200
46, 800
10,700
14, 000
22, 100
77, 200
23, 700
25, 700
27, 800
79, 300
27,000
27, 300
25, 000

77,600
90, 900
99, 900
91,300
95, 900
30,600
32, 400
32,900
109,700
35, 700
37, 400
36, 600
99,400
32, 700
34,800
31, 900
84,000
28,500
27, 800
27, 700
83, 200
27, 200
26, 800
29, 200
93,200
31,100
32,800
29,300
86, 500
27, 700
30, 700
28,100
71,300
27,500
22,700
21,100
78, 800
24,800
24, 600
29,400
92, 800
28,100
33, 700
31, 000
93, 200
33, 500
31,000
28, 700

59,100
76,100
75, S00
80, 800
78,900
25,400
24, 300
29, 200
88, 700
30', 400
29, 900
28,400
79, 500
27, 300
27,000
25,200
63, 700
24, 400
20, 700
18, 600
65,000
19, 800
20, 800
24, 400
68, 900
23,300
22,900
22, 700
63; 400
21, 700
23, 200
18, 500
54, 700
19,800
19,000
15,900
56,400
18,200
17, 500
20, 700
65,900
22,000
22, 700
21, 200
61, 400
, 200
19,900
21,300

19, 500

0

24,200
(2)
(2)

29, 800
(2)
(2)

23, 200

0

(2)

(2)

(2)

Publicly
owned

$370,224
614, 769
502,707
306.818
169,037
198.818
271,342
613,693

0

2. 240,448
3,454, 571
3, 590, 366
3,192. 852
3,076,198
892, 794
954, 570
1,228, 834
4,416, 285
1,434, 395
1,502, 901
1,478,989
4.025, 441
1,372,150
1,369, 948
1,283,343
3.026, 723
1,178, 809
993, 986
853,928
2,850, 687
814,448
887,138
1,149,101
3,924,184
1,309,175
1,346,513
1,268,496
3,534, 804
1,201,352
1,227, 269
1,106,183
2,776,443
1,104,981
930, 589
740,873
2,540,016
718,318
762, 871
1,058. 827
3, 542, 875
1,115, 826
1, 236, 239
1,190,810
3, 452,052
1, 189, 829
1,169, 754
1,092, 469
2, 798,101
1,157, 871
915, 820
724, 410

2,199,446
3,398, 898
3,528, 471
3,182, 385
3,043, 959
890,092
934, 585
1,219,282
4, 349,169
1,421,309
1,479, 773
1,448,077
3,981,182
1,363,092
1, 346,848
1,271,242
2, 971, 529
1,168, 229
985, 891
817,409
2, 761,446
800, 665
871,700
1,089,081
3,844,192
1,293, 488
1,312, 890
1,237,814
3,471,787
1,179, 266
1,222,281
1,070, 240
2, 737,351
1,078,142
925,991
733, 218
2,351, 729
681,147
727, 081
943, 501
3, 367, 334
1,087,149
1,153, 246
1,126, 939
3, 333, 294
1,118, 486
1,138, 891
1, 075, 917
2, 666, 994
1,062,374
893, 260
711,360

55,194
10, 580
8,095
36, 519
89, 241
13, 783
15,438
60,020
79,992
15, 687
33,623
30,682
63,017
22.086
4, 988
35, 943
39,092
26,839
4, 598
7,655
188, 287
37,171
35, 790
115, 326
175, 541
28, 677
82, 993
63. 871
118, 758
71,343
30, 863
16, 552
131,107
95, 497
22, 56C
13,050

0

805,540

751,140

54,400

20

0

41,002
55,673
61,895
10, 467
32,239
2,702
19, 985
9, 552
67,126
13.086
23.128
30,912

44,259
9,058
23.100
12.101

3 Not available.
* Preliminary.
■
“Revised.

N ote: For a description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
S ottkce: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1958

New Publications Available
For Sale
Order sale publications from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office,
Washington 25, D. C. Send check or money order, payable to the Superintendent of Documents.
Currency sent at sender’s risk. Copies may also be purchased from any of the Bureau’s regional offices.
(See inside front cover for the addresses of these offices.)

Reprints from the 1957 Occupational Outlook Handbook

EM PLOYM ENT OUTLOOK FOR—
Bull. No.

1215-1
1215-2
1215-3
1215-4
1215-5
1215-6
1215-7
1215-8
1215-9
1215-10
1215-11
1215-12
1215-13
1215-14
1215-15
1215-16
1215-17
1215-18
1215-19
1215-20
1215-21
1215-22
1215-23
1215-24
1215-25
1215-26
1215-27
1215-28
1215-29
1215-30
1215-31
1215-32
1215-33

Teaching_____________________________
Health Service Occupations____________
Engineering___________________________
Physical and Earth Sciences___________
Biological Sciences______________
Social Sciences________________________
Building Trades_______________________
Printing Occupations__________________
Machining Occupations________________
Foundry Occupations_________________
Forge Shop Occupations_______________
Aircraft Manufacturing_______________
Air Transportation___________________
Atomic Energy Field_________________
Automobile Industry_________________
Banking Occupations_________________
Department Store Occupations________
Electric Light and Power Industry_____
Electronics Manufacturing OccupationsHotel Occupations____________________
Industrial Chemicals Industry_________
Insurance Occupations________________
Iron and Steel Industry_______________
Men’s Tailored Clothing Industry_____
Petroleum Production andRefining Occu­
pations
Plastic Products Manufacturing_______
Radio and Television Broadcasting____
Railroad Occupations_________________
Restaurant Occupations______________
Telephone Occupations_______________
Agricultural Occupations_____________
Accountants_________________________
Architects___________________________


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Price,
cents
15

35
15

20
15
15
40
25
20
15
5
15
20
15
15
15
15
20
15
15
15
15
15
15
20
10
15
25
15
20
35
5
5

EMPLOYMENT OUTLOOK FOR—
B u ll. N o .

1215-34
1215-35
1215-36
1215-37
1215-38
1215-39
1215-40
1215-41
1215-42
1215-43
1215-44
1215-45
1215-46
1215-47
1215-48
1215-49
1215-50
1215-51
1215-52
1215-53
1215-54
1215-55
1215-56
1215-57
1215-58
1215-59
1215-60
1215-61
1215-62
1215-63
1215-64
1215-65

Bookkeepers_________________________
Commercial Artists___________________
Dietitians and Home Economists______
Draftsmen___________________________
Foresters____________________________
Interior Designers and Decorators_____
Lawyers_____________________________
Librarians___________________________
Newspaper Reporters_________________
Personnel Workers____________________
Psychologists________________________
Secretaries, Stenographers, and Typists. _
Social Workers_______________________
Statisticians__________________________
Automobile Mechanics________________
Barbers______________________________
Beauty Operators____________________
Blacksmiths__________________________
Boilermaking Occupations_____________
Business Machine Servicemen_________
Diesel Mechanics_____________________
Dispensing Opticians and Optical Me­
chanics____________________________
Electronic Technicians________________
Electroplaters________________________
Industrial Machinery Repairmen______
Instrument Makers___________________
Jewelers and Jewelry Repairmen_______
Maintenance Electricians______________
Millwrights__________________________
Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Me­
chanics____________________________
Watch Repairmen____________________
Welders and Oxygen Cutters__________

P rice,
cents

5
5
10

5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
10

5
5
10

5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
10

U
G

n it e d

overnm ent
D IV IS IO N

O F

P

PEN A LTY

States
r in t in g

P U B L IC

O

OFFICIAL B U SIN E S S


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

f f ic e

D O CU M EN TS

W a s h i n g t o n 2 5 , D. C.

FO R

PA Y M EN T

P F ilV A T E
O F

U SE

TO

A V O ID

PO STA G E, * 3 0 0

(G P O )