Full text of Monthly Labor Review : March 1954, Vol. 77, No. 3
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Monthly
Labor
Review
MARCH
1954
VOL.
77 N O .
APR 6 1S5*
The Government and W age Determination
State Unemployment Insurance Legislation
Mobility of Electronic Technicians
Techniques o f M aking Occupational W age Studies
U N IT E D ST A T E S D E P A R T M E N T O F L A BO R
B U R E A U O F L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
James P. M itchell, Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
E w an Claque,
Commissioner
Deputy Commissioner
A r y n e s s J oy W ic k e n s ,
H erm an B . B yer,
Assistant Commissioner
H e n r y J . F it z g e r a l d ,
Assistant Commissioner
C harles D . S tew art,
Assistant Commissioner
D a v id J . S a p o s s ,
S a m u e l W e is s ,
Special Assistant to the Commissioner
Chief Statistician
D orothy S. Brady, Chief, Division of Prices and Cost of Living
H . M . D outy, Chief, Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
L eon Qreenbero , Acting Chief, Division of Productivity and Technological Developments
R ichard F. J ones, Chief, Division of Administrative Services
W alter O. K eim , Chief, Division of Field Service
P aul R. K erschbaum, Chief, Office of Program Planning
L awrence R . K lein , Chief, Office of Publications
H. E. R iley , Chief, Division of Construction Statistics
Oscar W eigert, Chief, Division of Foreign Labor Conditions
F aith M. W illiams, Chief, Office of Labor Economics
Seymour L, W olfbein , Chief, Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics
Regional Offices and Directors
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR.BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
L a w r e n c e R . K l e in ,
Editor
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
APR 6
CONTENTS
ib'b;
PUBLIC L ibha RY
Special Articles
249 The Government's Industrial Employees
II—Consultation, Bargaining, and Wage Determination
257 The Government’s Eole in Wage Determination on Inland
Waterways
Summaries of Studies and Reports
263
267
272
276
278
Mobility of Electronic Technicians
Plans and Reports on Manpower, Labor Relations, and Welfare
State Unemployment Insurance Legislation in 1953
Causes and Extent of Unemployment in Italy
Wage Chronology No. 38: Missouri Pacific Transportation Co.,
1945-53
290 Wage Chronology No. 21: Pacific Coast Shipbuilding—Supplement
No. 2
Technical Note
292 Studies of Occupational Wages and Supplementary Benefits
Departments
hi
298
303
305
310
317
The Labor Month in Review
Significant Decisions in Labor Cases
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Developments in Industrial Relations
Publications of Labor Interest
Current Labor Statistics
March 1954 • Voi. 77 • No. 3
American Labor
and the
American Spirit
A new BLS Bulletin (No. 1145) presenting the development of
the labor movement in the United States in terms of historical and
philosophical influences. Produced originally to provide productivity
teams visiting this country under Government auspices with useful
information on our trade unions, it makes an excellent background
volume for domestic use in schools, libraries, unions and personnel
offices.
The list of chapters :
Historical Background and Present Status of Labor Unions
Types of Unions and Their Interrelations
Collective Bargaining
New Attitudes in Labor-Management Relations
Collateral Activities of Unions
General Outlook and Aims of Unions
Government and Labor
Labor and Productivity
Copies should he ordered now direct from
The S u p erin ten d en t of D ocu m en ts, W ashington 25, D. C.
Price: 40 cen ts
h
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The Labor Month
in Review
A MAJOR, THOUGH NOT UNEXPECTED, BARRIER to
organic labor unity and effectuation of the AFLCIO no-raiding pact was refusal of the Teamsters
to ratify the document. Teamster president Dave
Beck contended that the union preferred to obtain
no-raiding agreements with individual unions.
Teamsters have already entered into separate
agreements with the Machinists, the Bakers, the
Upholsterers, the Laundry Workers, and the
Building Service employees, all AFL affiliates.
In addition, Beck complained that various AFL
and CIO unions had invaded the Teamsters’
jurisdiction to capture about 50,000 members.
Currently, most of the key CIO unions have
filed signatures of approval with their central
headquarters; 43 of the 110 AFL affiliates have
indicated their willingness to sign. But the
Teamsters have the largest AFL membership and
frequent jurisdictional disputes.
A meeting of CIO, AFL, and independent unions
representing more than 200,000 employees in the
oil and chemical industries reported plans for a
union merger and drafted a constitution. The
proposed organization, of which the CIO Oil
Workers is the largest segment, has not indicated
affiliation plans.
Unity-by-attrition is apparently being achieved
in the CIO Electrical Workers union. The largest
local of its rival—comprised of nearly 20,000 Gen
eral Electric employees in Schenectady—voted to
switch affiliation from the left-wing independent
union. Two days later, on March 12, James B.
Carey, president of the IUE-CIO, wryly suggested
in a letter to Albert Fitzgerald, president of the
rival organization, Julius Emspak, secretarytreasurer, and James Matles, organizational di
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rector, that as representatives of a “ minority”
they could serve “ only as a divisive influence”
and that they resign “ and leave the labor move
ment forthwith.” Contract negotiations with
both Westinghouse and General Electric com
mence in April.
G overnm ental revelations of corruption in the
handling of some welfare funds has resulted in
increased union concern with self-regulation.
The AFL executive council called on all affiliates
to take steps to “ insure proper administration.”
In making this recommendation, the council
pointed out that the “ vast majority of welfare
programs had been established on a sound basis
and were being wisely and prudently adminis
tered,” but that “ there are instances where it is
charged that local unions have permitted adminis
tration costs to go too high and where abuses have
been charged in the distribution of commissions
by agents of insurance companies.” The AFL
Upholsterers ordered an investigation of “ pad
ding” of medical and hospital bills to inflate costs.
The AFL Central Trades and Labor Council in
the New York City area has named a 3-man com
mission (2 management members and 1 labor
member) to conduct an inquiry into union welfare
funds and to draft “ ethical and economic stand
ards” for their administration.
situation flared up
again just as the NLRB was proceeding with a full
hearing on charges of intimidation in the Decem
ber waterfront representation election. A pro
test by members of the old International
Longshoremen’s Association over recognition of a
steward belonging to the new AFL-affiliated union
developed into almost a portwide shutdown.
Company withdrawal of this recognition was fol
lowed by picketing by AFL longshoremen and
refusal by AFL Teamsters to cross the picket
line. The old ILA retaliated by refusing to load
or unload goods on vehicles manned by the Team
sters, thus extending the stoppage to over 20
piers. The boycott of waterfront truck move
ments led to an NLRB petition for an injunction
against the old ILA under the Taft-Hartley Act’s
secondary boycott provisions. A wildcat strike
followed which virtually shut down the entire port.
This was followed by an NLRB request for a con
tempt of court citation against the old ILA, with
a fine of $100,000 against the union and imprisonT he n e w york longshore
in
IV
ment for 3 local leaders. However, the grant of
the citation and the fine, together with the request
of the old ILA president for a resumption of work,
did not immediately end the walkout.
The AFL-sponsored longshore union meanwhile
claimed success in South Atlantic and Gulf Coast
ports. A reported 17 locals applied for AFL
charters in a 2-day period. The exodus from the
old ILA, according to AFL sources, was stimulated
by a proposal that the southern locals affiliate
with the United Mine Workers, which had pro
vided some finances for the union, expelled by the
AFL last September. The Port of New York
locals of the old ILA could not continue in the
NLRB representation proceedings if they joined
the Miners, because the Miners have not filed
non-Communist affidavits required under the
Taft-Hartley Act.
A major NLRB decision established new rules on
separate bargaining for craft employees. The
majority decision in the American Potash case
held that the old Board policy (National Tube
doctrine) of denying severance to crafts in indus
tries with highly integrated production processes
will not be extended beyond the industries pre
viously covered (basic aluminum and steel,
lumber, and wet milling). Craft severance will
be permitted “where a true craft group is sought
and where, in addition, the union seeking to repre
sent it is one which traditionally represents the
craft.” Rules were also announced for the grant
ing of separate representation to departmental
units “which by tradition and practice have
acquired craft-like characteristics.”
In a significant mid-February decision, the
Federal Court of Appeals in St. Louis, reversing
an NLRB ruling, held that under the Taft-Hartley
Act a union may not legally strike until expiration
of a contract, even if the 60-day cooling-off
period has been observed. The CIO Packing
house Workers had struck Wilson and Co. in
support of wage demands made under a reopening
clause.
The railroad carriers announced that they
would appeal a recent Federal court decision vali
dating health and welfare plans and liberalized
uniform free transportation rights as bargainable
issues. There was a sharp protest from the rail
road unions and the AFL against a communication
from Secretary of Agriculture Ezra T. Benson to a
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1954
Presidential emergency board investigating the
dispute over demands of the nonoperating railroad
unions. He had opposed any recommendations
which “might provide any basis” for an increase in
freight rates on farm products. The board re
turned the letter, ruling that it could not properly
consider it. A second board has recommended
increases for Railway Express Agency employees
in certain cities represented by the Railway
Clerks. The Railway Conductors have followed
the wage increase pattern accepted by two other
operating unions.
T he unem ploym ent survey of the Census
Bureau for February revealed a marked increase of
about a half million from the previous month to a
total of 3.7 million.
The National Conference on Labor Legislation
is a group very close to unemployment problems.
Late in February in Washington, where it meets
annually at the invitation of the Secretary of
Labor, its concern with the current unemployment
situation led it to depart from the prepared agenda
and urge improvement in both administration and
benefits of unemployment insurance.
Just prior to announcement on March 10 of a
new agreement between Mexico and the United
States on the emigration of Mexican farm labor
to this country, the conference took cognizance
of this matter as well as the broader problem of
migrant labor, especially the need for greater
protection of the health, education, and welfare
of children involved, urging close Federal-State
cooperation. The new international arrangement
modifies the 1951 pact and carries it forward to
the end of 1955. Most important was a provision
that wage rates will be those prevailing for do
mestic farm workers in a given area as determined
by the Secretary of Labor, subject to Mexican
challenge. New recruitment stations in Mexico
are to be opened. A bi-national commission has
been formed to study continuing problems of the
migration. Independent of the official actions,
trade union representatives of the two countries
were to meet in Washington March 20 to discuss
the situation. Unions in this country, comment
ing on the agreement, want stronger controls
against illegal entry and hiring, union consultation
on manpower needs in a given locality, and
opportunity to present testimony before a prevail
ing wage is determined.
The Government’s Industrial Employees
II—Consultation, Bargaining,
and Wage Determination
E ditor ’s N ote .— This is the last oj a two-part
article.
The first, which appeared in the January
issue, dealt with the extent oj employment, status,
J o seph P . G o ldberg *
T he group status of “ blue collar” workers in the
Federal Government has already been delineated:
their right to join organizations of their own
choosing is recognized, but they are prohibited
from striking; direct formal negotiations with their
organizations are the exception; informal or formal
procedural substitutes for bargaining are generally
available. Where collective bargaining may be
said to exist (if this can be held to exist in the
absence of the right to strike), ample provision has
been made for the Federal Government’s exercis
ing its sovereign rights.
Since wage fixing is subject to administrative
determination, procedural arrangements for group
consultation have been made in this area particu
larly. Where the wage determination function is
wholly or partly decentralized, provision is gen
erally made for such consultation at both the
local wmge board and the national agency level.
This is frequently accompanied by formal or in
formal procedures for consultation on the broader
policy aspects of wage determination, as well as
other aspects of working conditions.
The industrial character of the work performed
by the “ blue collar” workers readily lends itself
to the prevailing wage approach to wage deter
mination. It has permitted the striking of a
balance between those who take the respective
positions that the Government shall act as “ pace
maker” or “ follower.” Employee organizations
representing “ blue collar” workers accept this
approach; they are often critical, however, of
specific aspects of its administration.
The prevailing rate approach, normally based
on cross-industry trends in a locality, has per
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and organization oj Federal “blue collar workers.
”
mitted a substantial degree of flexibility in wage
administration during the postwar period of rap
idly changing wage levels. Federal “ blue collar”
workers have been able to approximate the wage
increases received by their private counterparts.
However, the very application of prevailing wage
determination makes for a lag in meeting private
conditions; the character of the administrative
machinery determines the extent of the lag.
Group Consultation Under Wage Boards
Wage board procedures are generally used
throughout the Federal Government for deter
mining wage rates of “blue collar” workers. All
of these provide at least for employee consulta
tion. The differences in the forms of such con
sultation merit attention as evidence of institu
tional and administrative adaptations to varied
situations and needs.
The Navy Department established wage boards
in 1864 to determine wage rates and hours of
work, in line with rates prevailing at the “princi
pal private mechanical establishments in the
vicinity of the yard.” Appointed by the com
mandant of each navy yard, the wage boards
originally included both civilians and officers,
but later were all officers. The instructions
issued in 1864 required the commandant to post
the reported wage scale so “that the workmen
may examine it and state their views on it to the
commandant.” Following the outbreak of the
Spanish-American War, the practice of consult
ing employee representatives during the wage*0f the Bureau’s Office of Publications.
249
250
fixing process itself became widespread.1 Final
determinations of the wage schedules, by the
statute of 1862, were subject to the review of the
Secretary of the Navy.
This statute and the administrative practices
developed for its effectuation can be considered
the prototype for the wage board system of wage
determination. The wage board procedure has
been devised essentially for fact-finding purposes.
It is used to determine the prevailing rates paid
certain classes of employees in particular localities.
The term “wage board/’ as used in this article,
applies to the fact-finding, wage-determining
process, rather than merely to particular admin
istrative bodies. The Navy Department has no
“wage board”—but its procedure includes area
surveys by “committees,” wage recommenda
tions by the Office of Industrial Relations, review
by the Navy wage committee, and determination
by the Secretary. The Army and Air Force have
“locality wage survey boards,” wage determina
tion by the Technical Staff of the Army-Air Force
Wage Board, and policy consideration by the
board itself. Other agencies, such as the Depart
ments of the Interior and Agriculture, use the
term “wage boards” to apply to local, bureau,
and departmental bodies.
The administrative organization of the wage
board systems varies among the agencies accord
ing to specific needs and historic practices.
Defense Department wage determinations are
centralized—the statute of 1862 required the
Secretary of Navy to approve all wage determi
nations; the Army and Air Force established the
Army-Air Force Wage Board to coordinate wage
policy among the various services of the two
departments. In other agencies, there is bureau
autonomy under general departmental policies
and review—the Department of the Interior has
delegated authority to its bureaus to establish
wage rates, subject to prior departmental approval
of individual bureau wage boards; the Department
of Agriculture has a departmental wage board
which reviews bureau determinations on a post
audit basis.
The wage boards consist of administrative
officials who generally are familiar with occu
pational classification and wage practices. Local
wage boards include representatives of the major
agency facilities in the area, and may include
departmental representatives. Departmental wage
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1954
boards may include representatives of the indi
vidual bureaus in some instances.
Practice regarding wage data collection varies.
Centralized operations such as those in the
Department of Defense utilize local wage survey
committees or boards to gather wage data, sub
ject to review and wage determination (ArmyAir Force) or recommendation (Navy) by the
technical staffs. The wage boards of the Depart
ments of Agriculture and Interior gather wage data
and make wage recommendations to their respec
tive bureau chiefs. The Commerce Department
and several other agencies make extensive use of
the Army-Air Force and Navy wage schedules in
making wage determinations.
Representation is accorded to employees or
their representatives under the wage board pro
cedures of all of the agencies. The procedures
frequently provide for selection of wage data
collectors from among the mechanics employed
at the facilities, but on the basis of their individual
qualifications and not solely as representatives
of a particular craft or organization. Employees
are appointed, under some agency procedures, to
serve as observers on the wage survey committees.
Employees and their representatives are pro
vided the opportunity to submit data on firms
and occupations to be surveyed. The procedures
include posting of lists of firms and occupations
to be surveyed, so that amendments can be
suggested. Following the surveys, conferences or
hearings may be held to inform employees and
their representatives of the firms and jobs
surveyed.
The procedures may include provision for formal
or informal appeal from the wage surveys and the
recommendations of wage boards or technical
staffs. In the case of the Navy Department, a
formal procedure, including labor union repre
sentation, subjects determinations of the Office of
Industrial Relations to review by the Navy Wage
Committee. This is a committee of 5 members
appointed by the Secretary of Navy—2 nominated
by the Chief of the Office of Industrial Relations;
1 each nominated by the presidents of the Metal
Trades Department, AFL, and district No. 44,
International Association of Machinists, AFL,
1
Fixing Wages and Salaries of N avy Civilian Employees in Shore Estab
lishments, 1862-1945, by Guy McPherson and Mary Watts (N avy Depart
ment Administrative Reference Service Report No. 9, pp. 2-3); Government
as Employer, by Sterling D . Spero, Brooklyn, N . Y., Remsen Press, 1948
(pp. 432-438).
251
THE GOVERNMENT’S INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYEES
which represent the most substantial numbers of
organized employees in the naval field service;
and 1 rotating membership from among repre
sentatives of the various Navy bureaus. The com
mittee considers the appropriateness of proposed
wage schedules on the basis of the facts presented
in the wage survey reports for the areas in question,
prior to recommendation to the Secretary.
The Army-Air Force Wage Board has delegated
administration of wage policy and specific rate
determinations to its Technical Staff. Although
no such matter has yet been appealed, actions of
the Staff may be referred to the board upon re
quest. The Staff exchanges non confidential in
formation on wage actions with union representa
tives in day-to-day contacts.
Other agencies, such as the Departments of In
terior and Agriculture, make provision for the han
dling of appeals at local field levels, or if necessary,
on up through channels to the Secretary’s office for
final decision.
Union advice is frequently obtained prior to
promulgation of broader policies relating to per
sonnel. This was sought informally by the Navy
Department in the past; but more recently, it has
been agreed to “ refer major changes in personnel
policy to your (union) organization for advice and
comments prior to adoption navywide.” This is
an acknowledgment of the principle of “ collective
cooperation” between management and employee
organizations, long in effect in the Navy.2 The
president of the Metal Trades Department has
recently described the effects of this policy as
giving the unions “ a much greater part in the
regulations which govern the employees of the
Navy . . . ” 3
Unlike the Navy Wage Committee, the ArmyAir Force Wage Board is concerned solely with pol
icy determination. This board consists of 6 mem
bers, 3 appointed by the Secretary of each De
partment. It has expressed as its basic policy
that it welcomes consultation with employee
groups on matters within its jurisdiction.4
2 Letter from Rear Adm. George Holdemess, Jr., Chief, Office of Industrial
Relations, to Luther C. Steward, president, National Federation of Federal
Employees. {In Federal Employee, Washington, November 1952.)
3 Proceedings of 44th Annual Convention, M etal Trades Department,
AFL, 1953 (pp. 71-72).
Annual Report of the Army-Air Force Wage Board, July 1, 1950-June
30, 1951 (p. 16).
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Direct Negotiations
Although few Government agencies negotiate
directly with union representatives on “blue collar”
wages, these exceptions provide interesting con
trasts. The negotiations covering Government
Printing Office workers arise out of a specific legis
lative requirement; however, they vary substan
tially from collective bargaining for private em
ployees. For employees of the Tennessee Valley
Authority, the Bonneville Power Administration,
the Bureau of Reclamation, and the Bureau of
Mines, formal agreements and arrangements for
wage determinations are the product of individual
administrative policies.
The Government Printing Office was the first
agency to fix wages by negotiations with repre
sentatives chosen by its employees. In 1924, the
Kiess Act declared that wages were to be deter
mined by “a conference between the Public
Printer and a committee selected by the trades
affected and [that] the rates . . . so agreed upon
shall become effective upon approval by the Con
gressional Joint Committee on Printing.” These
negotiating committees, selected by the journey
men in the various crafts, submit requests to the
Public Printer, who makes written counterpro
posals. Meetings are then held, with adjustments
in proposals based on consideration of rates pre
vailing in private printing establishments in the
District of Columbia and in 25 major industrial
centers. The results of these negotiations are
submitted to the Congressional Joint Committee
on Printing which approves agreements or arbi
trates differences. The new rates are then pro
mulgated by the Public Printer in an administrative
order. (In this procedure, the representatives of
the crafts are legally viewed as individuals, rather
than as union representatives.)
The TVA Act prescribes that laborers and
mechanics are to be paid on the basis of wages
prevailing in the vicinity for similar private work
and that “in the determination of such prevailing
rate and rates, due regard shall be given to those
rates which have been secured through collective
agreement by representatives of employers and
employees.” The act also prescribes that disputes
as to prevailing rates shall be referred to the
Secretary of Labor for determination. These pro-
252
visions have been interpreted as “clearly contem
plating” joint participation by representatives of
the employees and of TVA management in the
determination of wages.5
The TVA has formal agreements with the
Tennessee Valley Trades and Labor Council,
representing 15 unions of employees in the trades
and labor classifications, as well as with the Salary
Policy Employee Panel, representing 6 unions of
white-collar workers. The agreements specifically
recognize the distinction between governmental
and private employment. Recognition of major
ity representation is contained in the trades and
labor agreement. The procedural arrangements
for collective bargaining include detailed steps for
joint determination of “prevailing wages” in the
“vicinity.” The procedure calls for: a preliminary
conference to determine the need for a wage
conference; a survey of wages by TVA; and a
wage conference, with the Director of TVA
Personnel and the President of the Tennessee
Valley Trades and Labor Council as cochairmen of
the negotiating body.
At the wage conference, the unions present a
brief. Their requests and supporting data, and
the TVA survey, are referred by the conference to
the joint wage data committee (consisting of equal
labor and management representation). The
committee ascertains the “factuality” of the data
submission, and reports back to the wage confer
ence. Negotiations are then conducted on the
basis of the respective labor and management
interpretations of the data. “Agreement as to
what shall be the wage rate for TVA is not a
scientific determination because of the many varia
bles, but an agreement is hammered out in the
negotiations, where the TVA is interested in tip
ping the balance in favor of low costs, and the
council in tipping it in favor of higher wage levels.
Concessions in interpretations are made on both
sides until, as a rule, agreement is reached on the
entire wage scale.” 6 In only three cases since 1933
has a dispute between labor and management been
referred to the Secretary of Labor for a decision.
Each of these cases involved only a few classifica
tions of a single craft. The agreement also provides
for a joint classification committee to determine
classification schedules, and for union-management
cooperative conferences on matters relating to in
creasing efficiency.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1954
Agreements covering the Bonneville Power
Administration and several Bureau of Reclama
tion and Bureau of Mines operations are permitted
under Department of Interior regulations. These
regulations permit agencies and bureaus to
negotiate agreements or statements of labor policy
with organizations representing “blue collar”
workers. The regulations are based upon a policy
memorandum issued by the Secretary of the
Interior in 1948 which states that “blue collar”
workers “are recruited for the public service from
the ranks of workers in private industry, where
wage rates, hours, and working conditions are
generally determined by the processes of collective
bargaining,” and that the ungraded employees
“through labor organizations with which they have
identified themselves . . . have . . . shown
increasing interest in the determination of their
rates of pay and the conditions under which they
work.” 7 The policy memorandum acknowledges
specifically the overriding requirements of Federal
laws and orders, as well as the rights of individuals
and minority organizations to be heard on pro
posed agreements or statements of policy.
The agreement between the Bonneville Power
Administration and the Columbia Power Trades
Council, representing 16 AFL unions, outlines the
distinct requirements of Government employ
ment. The agreement states that “cooperation by
the Administrator and the employees on the basis
of mutual understanding between them arrived at
through the processes of collective bargaining is
indispensable to the accomplishment of those
public purposes.” 8 The agreement provides for a
wage determination procedure which is similar to
that of the TVA. It provides for mediation and
arbitration on any matter subject to negotiations,
including rates of pay. Similar agreements are in
effect between the Bureau of Reclamation, De
partment of Interior, and the Columbia Basin
Trades Council, the Central Valley Trades Coun
cil, the Colorado River Power Trades Council,
and the International Brotherhood of Electrical
Workers, Local 1761.
5
Wage Negotiations in the Tennessee Valley Authority, by Harry L.
Case. (In Public Personnel Review, Chicago, July 1947; revised January
1952.)
8 Ibid.
7 Policy Memorandum Covering General Labor Relations Policy for
Ungraded Employees of the Department of the Interior, January 16, 1948
(Office of the Secretary of the Interior).
8 Section 2.2 of collective agreement between the Administrator, Bonneville
Power A dm inistration/md Columbia PowefiTradesfCouneil.
THE GOVERNMENT’S INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYEES
Economics of Wage Determination
In the 19th century, Navy Department and
Government Printing Office wage determinations
were largely restricted to shipbuilding and to
printing activities, respectively. Consequently,
prevailing wage determinations were made only
for the skilled crafts and for helper classifications.
No serious wage determination problems then
existed; serious problems of comparability have
arisen only as the character of modern industry
became increasingly diversified. The prevailing
rate for the appropriate crafts could be determined
from rates paid comparable occupations in the
vicinity. Problems of comparable establishments
and of internal job alinements were compara
tively few in such an environment.
Industrial development has produced diversi
fication in both private and Government indus
trial activities. At present, activities at govern
mental facilities frequently cannot be readily
identified with those of any particular industry.
Cross-industry surveys have therefore become
necessary. Furthermore, the manifold unskilled
and semiskilled jobs entailed in the growth of
specialization have required a reorientation in
approach. To attempt to determine the locality
rate for each job would be impractical, if not
impossible.
Techniques have therefore been
developed to determine appropriate internal job
alinements with pi wailing rates for key jobs as
a base.
DEFENSE DEPARTMENT PROCEDURES
The Defense Department, by virtue of its
preeminent position as employer of Federal in
dustrial workers and its diversified activities, has
had to develop the most systematic procedures
for wage rate determination. The arrangements
are based upon the application of locality wage
levels to a fixed internal job rate alinement system.
The Navy Department has had a well estab
lished centralized arrangement since 1862, as
already indicated. Its wage determination tech
niques were influenced largely by the dominant
role of its shipbuilding activities. Between 1929
• Report on Locality Wages, War Department Wage Coordination Board,
1947.
io
The Bureau’s community and industry wage surveys, or adaptations of
these to meet special needs, are used by other Government agencies for some
areas and industries.
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253
and 1940, however, the Navy wage board system
was largely inoperative. With the outbreak of
war, the Navy Department agreed to follow the
rates established by the private Shipbuilding Zone
Stabilization Agreement. Diversification in its
activities resulted in the establishment of inland
facilities, for which comparison with similar in
dustries in appropriately defined local labor
markets was required under the wartime wage
stabilization program.
The Navy Department also made adjustments
in wage administration, during the war and since
then, to reconcile the requirements of appropriate
internal alinement with the traditional emphasis
placed upon the key crafts.
In the War Department, however, prior to 1942,
wage determination was decentralized among the
various component agencies, the only guide to
determining job rates being locality surveys. The
degree of centralization among the services ranged
to the extremes. The result was an utter lack of
uniformity between installations and components,
even within the same area, both in job evaluation
and in rate establishment. To eliminate these
inequities, a centralized wage administration pro
gram was established in March 1942 for the
Army,9 under which locality wage determination
was related to a systematic internal job alinement
system based upon established private industrial
practice. In November 1943, the Army Air
Force adopted the locality wage plan, and subse
quently converted its system to that adopted by
the War Department for the Army.
Although Army-Air Force and Navy Depart
ment wage procedures are independent, wage data
are collected jointly where both agencies have
facilities in the same or contiguous labor markets.
In many areas, data collected by one agency are
furnished to the other. Coordination on surveys
is also effected with the Bureau of Labor Statistics
and other Government agencies to insure a mini
mum of duplication in survey effort. The Bureau
of Labor Statistics undertakes such coordination
for areas in which community wage surveys are
scheduled.10
Cross-Industry Locality Wage Surveys. Wage
determinations for trades, crafts, and labor opera
tions in manufacturing and plant and equipment
254
maintenance activities for both Army-Air Force
and Navy are based upon locality wage surveys in
the labor market area (or the nearest labor market
area or the nearest comparable labor market area).
These surveys normally include 31 key jobs for the
Army-Air Force and 25 for the Navy, although
adjustments may be made for local conditions.
Usually all major manufacturing, public utility,
and transportation companies in the area are
canvassed; construction companies and job shops
are excluded.
The data collection steps are the same.
Weighted average rates paid by each surveyed
company in a locality for jobs comparable to the
selected key occupations are obtained. These are
edited to eliminate individual company rates
which are out of line with rates paid by other com
panies for the same job. The area weighted aver
age for each job is then calculated, the averages
inspected, and averages departing radically from
the industrial pattern are deleted.
At this point, the procedures part company.
In the case of the Army-Air Force, the accepted
averages are plotted on a chart by labor grade and
a line of least squares is plotted to fit the data.
This statistical line or a minor deviation of it, is
the basis for determining the second step (or pre
vailing) rates of the Army-Air Force’s 4-step rateranges for nonsupervisory jobs.11 Jobs are classi
fied into labor grades through ranking and factor
comparison, and the rates for each labor grade are
determined in relation to the line of general ten
dency. A separate schedule for supervisory jobs
is determined through a formula which uses the
nonsupervisory schedules as a base.
Navy Department techniques reflect how the
prevailing wage approach to the traditional craft
positions has been adapted to the altered require
ments of job classification. First, the two base
points of the schedule are set, the upper being
the combined weighted average rates for machin
ist, electrician, sheet-metal worker, pipefitter, and
shipfitter, and the lower, base point being the
weighted average rate for the helper occupation.
The difference between the upper and lower base
rates is then calculated to obtain the “length”
of the wage line. A tentative rate is then fixed
for each job title on the schedule, using 13 inter
mediate classification levels.12 The tentative
rate for each occupation is then checked against
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1954
the weighted average rate developed from data on
prevailing wages. If a marked average discrep
ancy exists, the base rates are then adjusted to
produce a schedule which is in closer agreement
with the overall effect of the survey data.
Special Industry Procedures. In surveys of
special service occupations, wage data are collected
from the specialized industries which utilize these
occupations in the area. Such schedules cover
lithographic, laundry, motion picture, floating
plant, and maritime operations, among others.
PROCEDURES OF OTHER AGENCIES
The wage determination procedures of other
governmental agencies are not as systematized as
those of the Defense Department. This stems
from their more diversified and less concentrated
character. In general, however, the same princi
ples are applied.
The importance of the Army-Air Force and
Navy Department determinations is enhanced
by the widespread practice of other Federal
agencies in following such determinations where
their facilities are in the same labor markets.
In other cases, wage boards are established to
obtain data for jobs comparable to those described
in departmental regulations. Wage board pro
cedures and appropriate wage determination
principles—i. e., nonuse of construction rates for
maintenance occupations—are also covered in
departmental regulations. Cross-industry sur
veys are used where the work does not readily
fall into a specific industrial definition or where
the work is unique in the area. In the case of the
Government Printing Office, where the work is
readily classifiable and where comparable work is
performed in the area, comparisons are restricted
to wage rates in the industry in the District of
Columbia and in 25 major industrial centers.
11 For the Army-Air Force, the first (entry rate), third, and fourth steps of
these grades are set at 95, 105, and 110 percent, respectively, of the second step
rate; for the N avy, the first and third steps are 96 and 104 percent, respectively.
In both agencies movement to the third step is automatic on the basis of
satisfactory performance; in the Army-Air Force, progression to the fourth
step is based on “significantly better than average” performance. Between
early 1951 and January 1954, the N avy Department also had a 4-step arrange
ment; this has been dropped, however, in favor of a 3step arrangement simi
lar to one in effect prior to 1951.
12 As developed from the National Averages of Difference Index based upon
the average alinement in N avy schedules at the 10 major N avy labor market
areas.
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THE GOVERNMENT’S INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYEES
PROPOSALS FOR POLICY REVISIONS
Proposals for revising the Federal pay system
have generally provided for some administrative
centralization of wage determination by wage
boards under the Civil Service Commission, but
with the individual agencies retaining operation
of their systems; and also for possible extension
of coverage of such wage determinations.
The United States Personnel Classification
Board, in its closing report in 1931, recommended
placing all Federal pay policies under Civil
Service Commission supervision. This was also
advocated by the Hoover Commission in 1949:
“A comprehensive pay administration policy for
the entire executive branch is long overdue.
The four policies now in force lead to situations
where pay varies not only from agency to agency
but also within agencies.” The Hoover Com
mission further recommended that, under the
proposed overall policy, administered by the
Civil Service Commission through delegation to
the departments and agencies, ‘Tates of com
pensation for postal, clerical, subprofessional, and
‘blue collar’ jobs should be fixed and adjusted in
à
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13 Personnel Management, Commission on Organization of the Executive
Branch of the Government, 1949.
February 21, 1954, Edward H. Rees, Chairman of the House Post
Office and Civil Service Committee announced the introduction of legislation
,to centralize the administration of wage hoard employees in the Civil Service
Commission. He also released a staff report on which the bill is based. The
staff report included the following among its summary and conclusions:
“The most outstanding feeling that the uninitiated gathers from a study of
wage administration is that, at one and the same time it is a combination of
organized efficiency and confusion. It is efficient in that with little or no legis
lative guidance, a system for wage determination has developed in the Gov
ernment which has kept the unclassified wage rates at a level which is realistic
and acceptable to industry, labor and governmental management. It is con
fusing in that the multitudinous details of the applications of accepted prin
ciples of wage determination and wage administration differ so widely
between departments and agencies.
“The preponderance of the some one million positions under wage adminis: tration lend themselves wholly to unionism. Because of this fact employee
j unions and other organized groups must be given recognition in the estab
lishment of wage rates and other working conditions. This condition has
not been fully recognized by the departments, or provided for in the majority
of their procedures. In the areas in which unionism has been properly
! recognized, relationships of a quite satisfactory nature have been developed
; and the problems involved in the establishment of wage rates and working
| conditions have been readily solved. It is also a fact that union recognition,
j while of an almost absolute necessary nature, can and should be recognized
at only one level in the development of a satisfactory wage administration
policy. The experience of the Department of the N avy and recently the
Department of Air Force bear this out.”
18 Federal Employee, July 1952 and February 1954, National Federation of
Federal Employees, Washington, e. g., S-2665, introduced in 83d Cong., 2d
sess., includes a proposal to eliminate this schedule, and place the employees
either under wage board schedules or under the Classification Act’s General
StSchedule.
is The Government’s Wage Policy During the Last Quarter Century, by
M ary Conyngton, M onthly Labor Review, June 1920 (p. 1334).
*
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
255
relation to prevailing locality area or industry pay
differentials.” 13 The wage board system has been
the subject of recent examination by one congres
sional committee.14
Proposals have also been submitted recently to
change the method of determining wage rates of
about 75,000 Federal employees engaged in main
tenance and operation of public buildings and
equipment. These employees are currently classi
fied under the “Crafts, Protective, and Custodial
Schedule,” for which rates were set in the 1949
Classification Act.15
WAGE TRENDS AMONG “ BLUE COLLAR” WORKERS
Determination of wages on the basis of prevail
ing rates provides a more automatic basis for wage
adjustment in line with broad economic trends,
including the cost of living, than does statutory
authorization for adjustments. An integral part
of the wage board procedure is periodic adjust
ment when wage trends warrant. The optimum
period for resurvey is normally once a year.
Surveys have been conducted more frequently
when there have been rapid wage changes in pri
vate industry; such surveys often are conducted
on a spot-check basis to determine the wage
change patterns since the last survey. However,
workload pressures frequently preclude resurveys
more frequently than every 15 months.
Several comparative studies have demonstrated
that the prevailing wage, wage board approach
is more flexible than the statutory approach during
periods of general wage rises. A 1920 study indi
cated a general policy of drift in wage policies on
the part of the Federal Government, with craft
groups (covered by wage boards) faring substan
tially better than the clerical force (covered by
statute). The study found that both compositors
and pressmen, after a protracted period of no
change, received wage adjustments after 1917 and
1918, respectively. The explanation was: “The
Government has been obliged within the last few
years to meet strong outside competition, and, as
the only apparent means of keeping up the force
in the Government Printing Office, the union
scale was adopted. As a result, these two groups,
both receiving the scale of wages that prevails
outside, show a greater percentage increase than
any of the others considered.” 16
256
An Army-Air Force Wage Board analysis
recently showed that the average of the middle
step rates paid to workers in the typical job
(grade 9, step 2) had increased by approximately
the same percentage between 1943 and 1953 as
had the average hourly earnings of production
workers in manufacturing industries.17
On the other hand, during at least one period of
downturn, “blue collar” rates showed greater
inflexibility than the wage rates of private em
ployees. During the depression in the thirties an
effort was made generally to restrain the down
ward movement of wages by reducing Government
workers’wages more slowly and by less than those of
private employees.18 Thus, although wage reduc
tions for Government workers in 1933-35 were tied
by statute to the decline in the cost of living after
1928, the statutes limited the maximum wage and
salary decreases to 15 percent in 1933, and
subsequently to 10 and 5 percent—substantially
less than the actual decline in living costs. The
maximum wage decreases were, therefore, decreed
by Executive order.19 Of course, other factors
indirectly affected earnings levels, including down
grading and promotion restrictions; however,
similar practices existed in private employment
during this period.
The prevailing wage rate system and the re
quirements of the wage stabilization programs of
the war and of the more recent Korean crisis
proved to be mutually accommodating. An inte
gral standard for wage stabilization in both periods
was the interplant inequity approach. The rela
tively stringent administration of the wartime
wage policy was adapted to meet the particularly
critical requirements of the War Department.
Until the Wage Stabilization Board established
such an interplant regulation in the more recent
crisis, some Defense Department wage actions
were stymied for a time. This additional wage
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1954
policy was necessary to restore governmental wage
rates to prevailing levels, for the natural lag in
“blue collar” wage adjustments necessitated in
creases greater than those permitted by the
“catchup” and cost-of-living escalation policies.
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The fact that governmental machinery for wage
determination has generally provided for group
consultation at both local and national levels—
and frequently on broader policy considerations as
well as on specific working conditions—has been
conducive to good employee relations. This is
evidenced by the following evaluation of Navy
Department employee relations by the President
of the Metal Trades Department, AFL:
“Each successive Chief of the Office of Indus
trial Relations has had the confidence of the
Department and it is our firm belief that this
confidence has been shared. It is fitting that
this relationship exists because of the similarity
of work performed in the naval shipyards to that
performed in most industrial enterprises, and it is
our earnest hope that we can increase our service
to the Navy Department and that in turn they
will increasingly recognize the rights of their
employees.” He further expressed the belief that
the “time is not too far distant when collective
bargaining on the same basis which is carried on
in some quasi-Federal projects, such as TVA and
others, will be permitted in the navy yards.” 20
17
Annual Report of the Army-Air Force Wage Board, Year Ending June
30, 1953, U . S. Department of Defense (pp. 4-5).
19 This was also true in 1921-22. Cf. Real Wages in the United States,
1890-1926, by Paul H. Douglas. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston and New
York, 1930 (pp. 191-199).
19 Executive orders issued at 6-month intervals in accordance with the
terms of the Act determined the cost-of-living declines from the base period
(the 6 months ending June 30, 1928) to be 21.7 and 23.9 percent (1933); 21.1
and 20.2 percent (1934); and 18.8 percent (1935).
90 Proceedings of the 44th Annual Convention, Metal Trades Department,
A FL, 1953 (pp. 37-38).
Governments Role in
Wage Determination
on Inland Waterways
J ohn G. T u r n b u l l *
influence of Government in wage determina
tion processes is frequently referred to in con
temporary wage analyses. For the most part, its
impact is viewed in terms of the framework of rules
within which wage bargains are concluded: mini
mum wage laws or wage stabilization directives
are cases in point. The Government may, how
ever, make its influence felt more directly, par
ticularly in cases where its business ventures com
pete with private enterprises. Though such
instances may not be of great importance quanti
tatively to the total economy, nor necessarily
representative in a general sense, they may be
extremely pertinent for the specific sectors of in
dustry concerned.
On the Mississippi River waterway system, for
example, a United States Government agency—
the Inland Waterways Corporation—operated the
Federal Barge Lines in competition with other
water carriers for a period extending over three
decades.1 This article traces the role of the Cor
poration in the area of wage determination on this
waterway system. (Space does not permit de
tailed analysis of the processes involved.) And,
since the Federal Barge Line was sold to private
interests in July 1953, it is possible to examine
its wage determination impacts throughout the
life cycle of the enterprise.2
T he
Development of the IWC
The Corporation had its roots in Government
activities to develop transportation services dur
ing World War I. The Director General of Rail
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
roads acquired equipment and began operations
September 28, 1918, on the Mississippi River
from St. Louis to New Orleans.
These operations were continued until February
1920, when facilities were transferred to the Secre
tary of War. Difficulties in direct operation by
the Secretary led in turn to the chartering, by
act of Congress in 1924, of the Inland Waterways
Corporation, a wholly owned Government cor
poration over which the War Department had
jurisdiction. The act authorized the continuance
of services already in operation, essentially on the
lower Mississippi and the Warrior River system.
Subsequently services were extended on the Mis
sissippi to the Twin Cities, on the Illinois water
way to Chicago, and on certain sections of the
Missouri.
In 1928, an amending act, the Denison Act,
increased the capital stock of the Corporation;
provided for the extension of services (except on
the Ohio) to a number of tributaries, contingent
upon channel improvement; and set up specialized
rate-making procedures. Basic to the act was a
statement of policy as to the future role of the
Federal Government in inland waterways trans
portation. It was declared to be the intent of
the Congress to continue operation until navigable
river channels, adequate terminal facilities, and
satisfactory joint tariffs with rail carriers had been
established, and until private parties were willing
to engage in common carrier service upon the
waterway system. No standard of adequacy was
provided in the law.
The Reorganization Act of 1939 transferred the
Corporation and all of its functions and obliga
tions from the War Department to the Depart
ment of Commerce, to be administered by the
Secretary of Commerce. The operations of the
»Associate professor of economics and industrial relations, University of
Minnesota.
Mucir of the material used in the preparation of this article was obtained by
the writer in field research conducted in 1950 and 1953. The writer is partic
ularly indebted to the Graduate School of the University of Minnesota for
making the research possible; to Roberta J. Nelson for assistance at various
stages of the inquiry; and to Robert L. Bussey, secretary-treasurer, Marine
Engineers Beneficial Association N o. 6 (St. Louis), and C. S. Murray, who
was personnel officer of the Inland Waterways Corporation, for information
furnished by them.
1 The terms “ Federal Barge Lines” (or “ Line”) and “Inland Waterways
Corporation” are used interchangeably in this article. “ Federal Barge
Lines” was the trade name of the operating agency of the Inland Waterways
Corporation.
2 For a r6sum6 of the historical development of the Corporation, see Bulletin
of Information, St. Louis, Inland Waterways Corporation, 1940.
257
258
Corporation continued as before, although changes
were made in the bylaws and in the management.
Apart from the emergency situation of World
War I, the purposes of the Federal Government
in operating the Federal Barge Line appear to
have been twofold: (1) a desire to show the feasi
bility of water transportation on this system and
to encourage other operators to enter the field; and
(2) the promotion of less-than-barge-load shipping.
At the time of the sale of the Line in 1953, only
the first of these purposes seems to have been
fulfilled to an appreciable extent.3
In light of these purposes, it is a moot point as
to whether the Corporation should or should not
be expected to show a profit. In any event,
inasmuch as the profit and loss figures bear some
what upon wage determination, a brief recapitu
lation is germane.4 From 1924 through 1929 net
losses were sustained except for 1926 and 1928.
In the 1930’s the situation was reversed, and profits
were reported for all years but 1934 and 1939.
The 1940’s showed a second reversal and losses
were taken in all years but 1943. 1951 showed
a profit, but a loss was again sustained in the fiscal
year 1952.
Influence of IWC on Wage Determination
When a Government agency acts in the capacity
of a business enterprise, in competition with other
organizations, an immediate problem is presented
as to the status the enterprise is to have and the
role it is to play. Should the rules require it to
operate strictly as a private competitor, should it
be clothed with the garb of a quasi-governmental
body, or should it act in some intermediate
capacity?
The status of the Inland Waterways Corpora
tion was never completely clarified by the Con
gress. On the one hand, certain materials indicate
that the Congress intended the Corporation to act
as a “private” enterprise, at least up to the year
1946, though all the evidence is not clear cut.5
On the other hand, legislative regulations involving
personnel practices such as annual and sick leave,
retirement programs, and the equivalent of work
men’s compensation were imposed upon the
Corporation, apparently without detailed consid
eration of its supposed “private” enterprise status.
Whatever the status of the Corporation, the
problem still remained as to the role it was to play
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1954
with respect to wages. Should it act as a wage
leader (a “ model” employer in this respect), a
wage follower, or merely as some type of “ average”
employer? Up to 1946, legislative intent on this
point also is not clear, and it appears that the
position of the Corporation resulted in part from
discretionary internal choice and in part from out
side but essentially nongovernmental pressures
thrust upon it.
These diverse underlying factors influenced
wage determination in two principal ways. First,
they reflected themselves in the position of the
Federal Barge Line itself, and thus in turn upon
the wage policies and patterns of that agency.
Second, operating through the Barge Line, they
may be presumed to have had some impact upon
the wage pattern of the total industry. Here, of
course, a reverse influence may also be operable:
the wage patterns of other operators may have
conditioned the pattern of the Government agency.
IWC Wage Policies
Variations in the Corporation’s wage policies
occurred over four principal periods: (1) World
War I to 1929; (2) 1930 to 1938; (3) 1939 to 1945;
and (4) 1946 to 1953.
(1) During the period from World War I to
1929, the Corporation was the “ only” common
carrier on the Mississippi itself.6 The wage pat
tern of the Corporation could, therefore, have
little impact upon a nonexistent industry on the
Mississippi. On the Ohio River system, and par
ticularly in the so-called Pittsburgh Pool, water
way transportation had not declined as much as
on the Mississippi just prior to and after World
War I, and consequently a number of companies
3 See Hearings Before a Subcommittee of tbe Committee on Interstate and
Foreign Commerce, United States Senate, 81st Cong., 1st sess., on S. 211.
Washington, 1949.
4 Based on figures from the annual reports of the Corporation for the years
1926 through 1952. There has been considerable controversy as to the accu
racy of the Corporation’s accounting systems, but this issue is not crucial here.
(The annual reports were published in Washington by the Government
Printing Office, 1926-38, but were issued directly by the Corporation in St.
Louis, 1939-53.)
6 See, for example: Annual Beport, op. cit., 1936 (pp. 3-6); 1941 (p. 6).
6 “ Only” is qualified, since detailed evidence is not available. The first
official listing of lines available to the writer shows 413 lines for 1929, but the
great majority aie “local” in nature. See Transportation in the Mississippi
and Ohio Valleys, Transportation Series No. 2, Corps of Engineers, United
States Army, Washington, 1929. The writer interviewed a number of indi
viduals with a first-hand knowledge of transportation development on the
system, and it appears that it was not until 1927 that other common carriers
began operating on the Mississippi.
WAGE DETERMINATION ON INLAND WATERWAYS
were operating. But the Corporation’s wage
policy was not significant here either.
During this period, the United States Shipping
Board exercised a considerable degree of control
over the maritime industry, and, in the earlier
years, at least, over labor relations and, in turn,
wages.7 In 1921, for example, a postwar slump
resulted in a Board order cutting wages 15 percent.
Though the Board did not exercise specific juris
diction over inland river shipping, wage rates
followed quite closely promulgations for the deepsea segment of the industry. Hence, the wage
structure of the Corporation appears to have fol
lowed largely a pattern set by Government action.
With the absence of other carriers on the Missis
sippi, there was, of course, no external Corporation
wage influence. On the Ohio, the wage pattern
was also influenced by the Board, though the
pattern was different from the Mississippi for two
reasons. First, transportation never declined to
the point it had on the Mississippi and the higher
economic activity seems to have sustained a higher
wage level. Second, a degree of unionization
existed, particularly around Pittsburgh; this was
not true on the Mississippi. As a result, the wage
level on the Ohio system was higher than on the
Mississippi. Moreover, a minimum of traffic
interchange between the Mississippi and the Ohio
tended to divide the industry geographically, with
little apparent wage-rate influence in either direc
tion, and with the Corporation apparently exercis
ing little influence.
(2) In the period 1930 to 1938, basic environ
mental changes occurred. First, direct Govern
ment action, as via the United States Shipping
Board, was minimized until it practically disap
peared. Second, other carriers began operation
on the Mississippi until, at the end of the period,
there was an “industry” of significant proportions.
Third, employee organizations appeared, although
the impact of unionism was much less important
than it was later.
7 See Federal Intervention in Maritime Labor Relations, 1917-39, Report
to the President and to the Congress, March 1, 1940, Maritime Labor Board,
Washington.
8 Annual Report, 1936, op. cit. (pp. 3-6).
# Annual Report, 1937, op. cit. (pp. 6-7).
10 Annual Report, 1936, op. cit. (pp. 3-6).
11 Annual Report, 1937, op. cit. (pp. 6-7).
12 See Hours, Wages, and Working Conditions in Domestic Water Trans
portation, Washington, Federal Coordinator of Transportation, September
1936, Vol. I (pp. 75, 76, 131,133). Data on basic monthly rates of employees
on river towboats for August 1935, from M onthly Labor Review, M ay 1937
(p. 1086), were useful for general comparisons, although that survey did not
relate specifically to Corporation wage rates.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
259
The Corporation’s position was anomalous in
this period. On the one hand, it viewed itself as
a wage leader, a role in part assumed voluntarily
and in part assumed to be thrust upon it. On the
other hand, wage studies do not indicate that the
Corporation was fully, in fact, a wage leader, at
least in the earlier part of this period.
Among the factors contributing to the Corpora
tion’s view of itself in the role of wage leader were
favorable financial results. During most of this
period, profits, sometimes sizable, were made.
The 1936 annual report notes: “We had just
about arrived at the conclusion that since the
earnings of the Corporation were so favorable,
the time had arrived to share part of these earn
ings with our employees . . .” 8 Further, the
very nature of the Corporation as a quasi-governmental agency—as a public agency—seems to
have “forced” it into believing it was a wage
leader: that is, regardless of its own wishes, others
viewed it in this light. For example, the 1937
annual report contains this statement: “In a
wage controversy we run across this attitude . . .
‘Oh, well, the Federal Barge Lines are making
money and the others are not. Why shouldn’t
they [the Federal Barge Line] pay higher
wages?’ ” 9
But, perhaps regardless of these factors, the
Corporation viewed itself as a wage leader: “. . .
we pay hourly wages at all our ports equal to, or
greater, than our competitors . . .” 10 More
over, the Corporation held that it was, in effect,
the wage pattern setter for the industry. Thus:
“. . . the wage scale set by the Federal Barge
Lines immediately becomes the measuring stick for
other employees in similar occupations, with other
transportation agencies. [Italics supplied.]” 11
Such wage studies as exist for this period do not
fully corroborate the Corporation’s wage leader
ship claims. This is true at least for vesselborne employees. In a June 1933 study, Corpo
ration wage rates for all occupational classes
except radio operators and cooks were lower than
those of other carriers surveyed. In July and
August, 1936, for comparable classifications, the
Corporation’s rates were roughly in a median
position.12
Granting possible limitations of the wage
surveys cited, disparity still exists between
Corporation views and survey results. Even
when the following points are taken into account,
260
a full resolution of the conflict in claims does not
appear possible.
First, wage leadership was more of a reality
toward the end of the period. No wage surveys
exist for 1937-38, but union and management
spokesmen corroborated the wage leadership trend.
Since the Corporation moved up in the industry
wage structure in the years after the surveys
cited, the presumption is that it gradually assumed
some degree of wage leadership, though the state
ments made in its annual reports may he a little
strong. Second, employees of the Federal Barge
Lines gained a number of fringe benefits, such as
annual and sick leave, not obtained by employees
of other carriers. Third, regularity of employ
ment was much greater for the Corporation than
for most other carriers. These factors notwith
standing, a disparity still exists between belief and
fact, since Corporation statements of wage leader
ship were premised upon base rates, and the
fringe items were considered as extra indications
of leadership.
The Corporation did, however, appear to
exercise some—perhaps even considerable—influ
ence over the wage policies of other carriers, and
this influence appears to have increased toward
the end of the period. The Corporation appears
to have been the first, or among the first, com
panies to sign new contracts each year, and hence
acted in many respects as a pattern setter. More
over, the wage rates of this quasi-public agency
were in the public domain, and the information
required for pattern following was readily ob
tainable. The extent to which other carriers used
the Corporation’s scale as a pattern cannot be
fully ascertained, but it is apparent that Corpora
tion rates were important.
(3) In the period 1939 to 1945, the Corpora
tion moved much more appreciably into the role
of a wage leader. In 1939, the Corporation was
transferred from the War Department to the
Department of Commerce. Unionism became an
accomplished fact, and, according to the Corpo
ration’s 1941 annual report, 85 percent of the
employees were organized.
After the transfer to the Department of Com
merce, the general industrial relations policy of
the Corporation was rather thoroughly over
hauled. Prior to 1939, criticism of the Corpora
tion’s labor relations policy had arisen from con
gressional and other sources. Therefore, basic
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1954
labor relations changes were made after 1939,
many of which were presumed to be of a liberaliz
ing nature. This fact is perhaps fundamental in
“ explaining” the reason for the Corporation’s
wage leadership position: if the Corporation was
to have an “ improved” labor relations program,
part of the improvement might arise via its acting
as a “ model” employer, and, in turn, by exhibiting
wage leadership. This leadership appeared during
a period when the Corporation was least able to
afford it, using ability to pay as a criterion. It
had a reversal of the profitable earlier 1930’s, and
losses were taken in all years but 1943.
During this period, the unions in fact regarded
the Corporation as a wage leader. While it does
not appear that these labor organizations used
the Corporation for whipsaw purposes, it does
seem evident that the Corporation was important
as a pattern setter. Not only was it commonly
the first to negotiate, but its rates tended to
become yardsticks. Comments of Corporation
officials indicate that while the Federal Barge
Line wage rates may not have been the highest
for all occupational classifications for all carriers,
they were in the top brackets. Other carriers did
not necessarily view the Corporation as acting
“ unethically” in its wage leadership practices, for
other leaders would probably have developed had
not the Corporation acted in this role. Moreover,
from 1940 on, the Corporation “ informally acted
with 2 or 3 other of the large carriers in pre
negotiation wage talks,” according to one of its
officials. Hence, wage leadership was informally
shared, or at least information was disseminated
somewhat freely to others who might follow the
pattern.
(4) In 1946 the whole picture shifted. A report
of a House of Representatives Appropriations
Subcommittee spells out the reasons for the
shift—both in terms of the general economy moves
prevalent during this period and in relation to the
specific position of the Corporation—thus:
It was the original intention of the act establishing the
Corporation that it should operate exactly like a private
business concern . . . with respect to employment and
all other phases of the business. Since that time, however,
various laws have extended benefits of annual and sick
leave, and so forth, generally available to Government
employees, to the employees of the Corporation. Wages
and working conditions, aside from these direct benefits,
have been determined by negotiation . . . and the com
bination of the two methods . . . has resulted in a cost of
V
¥
-4
*
4
-4
%
4
4
4
WAGE DETERMINATION ON INLAND WATERWAYS
261
operation which appears abnormally high. The committee
inquired as to the probable cost if the rates applicable to
Government employment generally under the Classifica
tion Act were applied and is informed that, on the basis
of present rates of pay, a saving of about $250,000 per
annum would result, and that, if compared with the
demands which are now pending in connection with
renewal of contracts, the annual saving would be approxi
mately $1,200,000. The committee has, therefore, included
in the bill a limitation providing that no funds shall be
used to pay compensation to employees, except vessel
employees, in excess of the rates fixed for similar services
under the Classification Act and for vessel employees, as
to whom the Classification Act cannot readily be em
ployed, at rates not in excess of those prevailing in the
maritime industry.13
But, what can be said, and what is important
operationally, is that wage adjustments were
This committee report and the resulting legis
lation had the effect of removing the Federal
Barge Line from its wage leadership position.
The Federal Employees Pay Act of 1945, as
amended, provides “that no funds shall be used
to pay the compensation of vessel employees at
rates in excess of rates prevailing in the maritime
industry.” 14 From that time until the sale of the
Line, a “wage board” of Corporation officials
“decided” what rates could be offered on the
basis of “prevailing rates,” which appear to have
been construed as rates near the top 10 percent
of rates paid in the industry.
Available wage information cannot be used to
determine specifically what the nature of wage
increases might have been in the 1939-45 period
if the Corporation had not taken a wage leader
ship position; nor is it possible to infer what wage
increases, if any, were lost by virtue of the change
in the Corporation’s position from 1946 to 1953.
Employer and union officials were themselves
not sure on this point. Employer spokesmen felt
that no great differences resulted; wages went
up about as much as they would have, had the
Corporation continued to act as a leader. The
unions did not know whether post-1946 wage
increases, in particular, might have been greater
if the Corporation’s position had not been altered.
13
Annual Report, Calendar Year 1946 and Fiscal Year Ending June 30,
1947 (one report), op. cit. (o. 40). The impacts upon the Corporation were
more complicated than this citation might indicate; see ibid. (p. 6). For
details, see U . S. Congress, House of Representatives, Subcommittee of the
Committee on Appropriations, 79th Cong., 2d sess., Government corporations
appropriation bill for 1947, Washington, 1946 (pp. 795-897, particularly pp.
867-881).
H public Law 519, 79th Cong., 2d sess. Later versions of this act, e. g.,
Public Law 266, 81st Cong., 1st sess., are similar, except that they give more
detailed attention to the leave system.
»A nnu al Report, 1933, op. cit. (pp. 23 and 43); Annual Report, 1934,
op. cit. (pp. 11 and 13).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
more readily obtained in the period 1939-45 by
virtue of the Corporation’s leadership policy,
and, conversely, such adjustments were less easily
made after 1946. This statement is predicated,
in turn, upon a complex set of factors involving
the inherent nature and operations of the Cor
poration, and implies essentially that this Gov
ernment agency—though it did not “capitulate”
to the unions—was probably more amenable to
“ready” settlement than a private wage leader
would have been. Thus, if one cannot say “how
much” in the way of general wage changes re
sulted from Corporation policy, one can say that
Corporation policy was important in influencing
the manner in which the changes were brought
about. This influence is pertinent, since it strongly
conditions the environment within which the
broad patterns of labor-management relations
develop.
Effects of Collective Bargaining
Labor problems did not become significant
enough to warrant mention in the Corporation’s
annual reports until 1933, when the mandatory
pay reductions resulting from the Federal Econo
my Act led to a series of strikes.15 Organization of
the employees first appeared in 1933 and 1934,
under the impetus to the labor movement of the
National Industrial Recovery Act. Terminal em
ployees were the first to organize, and vessel
employee organization crystallized during the
latter part of the 1930’s, after a period of shifting
allegiances, into the pattern existent today.
Three major unions represented vessel employees
in 1953: (1) National Organization, Masters,
Mates and Pilots of America (AFL), representing
the three occupational groups denoted in the
organization’s title; (2) National Marine Engi
neers’Beneficial Association (CIO), representing the
engineers; and (3) National Maritime Union of
America (CIO), representing principally unskilled
operatives such as deck hands and mess boys.
While there has been considerable uncertainty
about the “ legal” right of such labor organizations
to exist vis-a-vis the Government as an employer,
or at least to utilize the protection of various labor
relations statutes, the Corporation did in fact
recognize the labor organizations and bona fide
262
collective bargaining existed—even to the extent
of union strike actions—for a period of nearly 20
years prior to the 1953 sale of the Line.16
The only major constraints placed upon the
scope of collective bargaining were statutory pro
visions relating to (1) “ fringe” benefits such as
annual or sick leave and (2) the “ prevailing wage”
approach to wage determination in the post-1946
period. Of these, only the latter appears to be
significant. Otherwise, collective bargaining
covered the same general areas as in other sectors
of the economy: the economic and the jurispru
dential.
In the economic area, the Corporation and its
unions bargained not only over such peripheral
issues as hours, time off, holidays, vacations, and
working conditions, but also over basic issues
relating to the wage structure, in terms of both
external and internal relations. They thus covered
the whole range of items customarily associated
with collective negotiations. After 1946, of course,
the level to which wage rates could be raised rela
tive to industry rates was restricted, but the 1946
regulations affected the intrafirm wage structure,
that is, occupational differentials, only indirectly.
As a result, a somewhat complex pattern has
developed: pay differentials for masters and
pilots, for example, depend upon the sections of
the system for which they are qualified; for
engineers, upon towboat type and horsepower; and
for deckhands, upon experience and longevity,
among other factors.17
In the area of industrial jurisprudence—the
“civil rights” relationships involved in the direc
tion of the work force—collective bargaining also
existed. The substitution of bilaterally agreedupon procedures for unilateral management action
on a wide range of matters affecting the employee
provides a general indication of developments
here. The negotiation and utilization of grievance
procedures pinpoints more specifically what
evolved.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1954
In a general way, then, unionism and collective
bargaining appear to be possible in a situation such
as this where a Government instrumentality is
involved. Moreover, it also appears that collec
tive bargaining served a useful function in the
Inland Waterways Corporation over its lifetime.
*
*
H*
*
*
Up until 1946, at least, governmental guidance
of the affairs of the Inland Waterways Corporation
was neither necessarily purposive nor consistent.
As a result, the roles the Corporation adopted—
and hence the ways in which the Corporation in
fluenced the industry—were as much a matter of
environmental pressures and Corporation person
alities and philosophies as they were of deliberate,
planned guidance. Thus, “chance” appears to
have played an important part in wage determina
tion processes on the system.
While the limited wage data available in this
area do not permit of any definite conclusions as
to whether wages were higher, lower, or the same
as they would have been had the Corporation
acted otherwise, operationally a difference did
obtain. Up to 1946, Corporation wage leadership
expedited wage adjustments; after 1946, the re
verse appears to have been true. This opera
tional factor is by no means unimportant.
In a situation of this type, where the Govern
ment is an employer, it appears that the develop
ment of collective bargaining is feasible, and that
such bargaining serves a useful function. With
out attempting to assess the influence of collective
bargaining upon wage movements, it does appear
reasonable to conclude that collective bargaining
produced measurable impacts in the area of in
dustrial jurisprudence.
16 See also Labor-Management Relations on the Mississippi Waterway
System, by John G. Turnbull, Minneapolis, Industrial Relations Center,
University of Minnesota, 1951 (pp. 27-47).
17 Illustrations of the various wage schedules may be found in the contracts
between the Corporation and its various unions.
Summaries of Studies and Reports
Mobility of
Electronic Technicians
E lectronics industries have grown immensely
since just before World War II, when radio was
the only important electronic device in widespread
use. The war brought about the development of
many new types of electronic equipment for the
Armed Forces, such as radar, loran, guided missile
controls, and proximity fuses. In the postwar
period, the rapidly growing importance of tele
vision as a medium of entertainment and com
munication resulted in further expansion. At
the same time, continued application of electronics
to the problems of the Armed Forces gave the
industry a crucial significance to the national
strength, which was heightened by the partial
mobilization that began in 1950.
For this reason, and also because the industry
requires a high proportion of technical workers,
the Bureau of Labor Statistics, with funds pro
vided by the D e p a r tm e n t of the Air Force, in
the spring of 1952 undertook a study of the mo
bility of electronic technicians.1 This relatively
new occupation includes workers who perform
various tasks which, although below the level of
professional engineering, require an understanding
of electronic theory and its equipment applications.
Such workers are employed in the manufacture,
installation, and maintenance of electronic equip
ment. The study covered more than 1,900
electronic technicians working in broadcasting
stations, home radio and television repair shops,
research laboratories, and plants manufacturing
electronic equipment and aircraft in 8 of the
largest metropolitan areas.
The technicians were interviewed personally
to obtain detailed information about their back
grounds, jobs, training, and work histories, with
the principal objective of learning how they
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
entered and moved among electronic technician
jobs. Specifically, the Bureau sought to answer
such questions as how often electronic technicians
changed jobs, how many of these shifts involved
movements between different types of electronic
establishments and labor market areas, what
changes in their main job functions occurred when
they changed jobs, and what factors caused job
shifts. Because of the obvious relationship be
tween labor mobility and adjustments in the
economy, work histories were obtained for the
years 1940 to 1952—a period encompassing the
first stages of preparation for World War II, the
war and postwar periods, and the first 2 years of
the Korean conflict.
Rate of Job Changing
In general, the rate of mobility appears to vary
directly with the level of business activity except
in wartime, when it may be held down by restric
tions on job changing and the drawing off of the
younger men, who would ordinarily be most
mobile, into the Armed Forces. Accordingly,
almost all groups of workers were more mobilethan usual over the 12-year period covered by
the study, but electronic technicians changed jobs
at a rate considerably higher than that of other
skilled workers studied. While electronic techni
cians changed jobs about once every 4 years,
tool and die makers changed jobs once every 7
years. However, the proportion of technicians
changing jobs varied considerably from year to
year (chart 1), ranging from about 1 in 12 in 1940
to 1 in 4 in 1951. These annual rates, being high
during the postwar period when all branches of
electronics were expanding, and highest when
aircraft manufacturing and electronics research
boomed after the Korean hostilities, support the
1
A complete report on the study, The M obility of Electronic Technicians,
1940-1952, is now in press and will be published as Bulletin No. 1150, Bureau
of Labor Statistics.
263
264
Chart 1.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1954
Rate of Job Changing for Electronic
Technicians
determined largely by the pull of the labor market.
Movements Among Types of Establishments
The importance to national defense of different
kinds of electronics establishments varies widely,
as for example, plants manufacturing radar
equipment for aircraft, in contrast to radio and
television repair shops. For this reason, the
survey attempted to discover the extent to which
individual electronic technicians were qualified to
perform jobs in different types of electronics
activity without any intervening special training.
The problem was approached by studying the
past experience of technicians working in the
various types of establishments at the time of
the survey. On this basis, the least mobile group
was men working in radio and television repair in
1952, only 20 percent of whom had worked
in other types of establishments between 1940
and 1952. Electronic technicians in research, on
the other hand, reported a very high proportion
(51 percent) of jobs in other fields of electronics,
as did those in aircraft manufacturing (45 percent).
In the other 2 groups—electronic equipment
manufacturing and broadcasting—about 30 per
cent of the respondents’ jobs as electronic techni
cians were in other fields.
The work history of Mr. A, an exceptionally
mobile respondent, suggests the sequence of jobs
through which many electronic technicians acquire
experience and illustrates their potential ability
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
to respond to the changing needs of different
types of electronic establishments. Mr. A, a
resident of Los Angeles, left high school in 1943
to take a beginner’s job in a radio-television
repair shop. From that date until the time he
was interviewed, he had 7 different jobs as an
electronic technician. After 2 jobs in repair
shops, he moved to a job in an aircraft plant.
He then found work in a plant manufacturing
radar equipment for the Armed Forces. After
this job, he worked in another aircraft plant and
a research laboratory before he took a job as a
technician in a broadcasting station, where he
worked at the time of the survey. This respondent
was 27 years of age (in 1952) and single. The
draft board had turned him down because of
physical disability in 1944.
Electronic technicians thus showed considerable
mobility between types of establishments between
1940 and 1952. Some idea of the general direction
of these shifts can be gained by examining the
backgrounds of each group to see which types of
establishments appeared most frequently in their
work histories. Past experience in radio and tele
vision repair shops was most common among men
working in other types of establishments at the
time of the survey. Jobs in other electronics
manufacturing and radio and television manufacChart 2. Proportion of Electronic Technicians
Moving Between Labor Market A reas
265
MOBILITY OF ELECTRONIC TECHNICIANS
turing also appeared frequently in the work his
tories of men working in other fields. On the other
hand, experience in broadcasting stations, air
craft plants, and research laboratories was rela
tively rare among technicians not working in those
fields.
These findings indicate that radio and television
repair work was often a first job in which respond
ents acquired experience and skill and then moved
into the other electronics specializations. On the
other hand, technicians who took jobs in broad
casting stations showed a strong tendency to
remain in that field, perhaps because of the attrac
tive wages and working conditions. The rarity of
experience in aircraft manufacturing and in
research among men working in other fields is a
result of the very recent development and expan
sion of these fields.
Geographical Shifts
For use in evaluating the adequacy of the supply
of electronics technicians to meet potential de
mands in specific localities, the study sought in
formation on how many of the respondents had
made labor market shifts between 1940 and 1952.
One-fifth of the respondents had moved between
labor markets, with 12 percent making 1 shift, 5
percent making 2 shifts, and 3 percent making 3 to
5 shifts.
These data reflect, in part, the effects of general
population movements over the 1940 to 1952
period—the increasing industrialization of the
South and the migration to the West Coast, for
example. Respondents who were working in
Atlanta and Los Angeles at the time of the survey
had made the highest number of shifts per worker,
while those in Chicago, New York, and Phila
delphia had made the lowest number of area
shifts (chart 2). In both Atlanta and Los Angeles,
employment in aircraft plants had increased
rapidly in the 2 years preceding the survey. Mr.
B, for example, had moved to Atlanta in 1951 to
take a job in a plant manufacturing military air
craft. He had worked at an aircraft plant in
Seattle from 1941 to 1944. After service in the
Armed Forces, he attended college in Montana.
At the time of the survey, he was 32 years old and
single. Chicago, New York, and Philadelphia, on
the other hand, with more diversified and longer
established electronics activities, were therefore
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Chart 3.
Reasons Given by Electronic Technicians
for Leaving Jobs
more self-sufficient in their supply of electronic
technicians.
Reasons Given for Changing Jobs
The personal or psychological motivations for
job changing were approached directly by asking
the job changers to give their main reason for
changing jobs between 1940 and 1952. The reason
most commonly given by respondents for taking
another job was that they considered it better in
terms of pay, working conditions, prospects for
advancement, etc. Almost 47 percent of all the
changes were made for this reason (chart 3).
Dissatisfaction with the job held accounted for 9
percent of the changes, and the respondents enter
ing school for 3 percent. In 3 percent of the cases
men left jobs because their families moved to an
other area. Nine percent of the jobs were left by
men entering the Armed Forces.
Movements influenced by factors over which
the respondents had relatively little control were
less important. Layoffs were cited as the reason
for 12 percent of the changes, and 2 percent were
due to firings. The role of the individual was less
clear in the 9 percent of jobs left because the
“ company went out of business,” many of these
being cases in which electronic technicians closed
their own repair businesses.
Characteristics of Job Changers
To determine why some electronic technicians
responded to labor market forces, while others did
266
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1954
not, the personal characteristics of men who had
changed jobs between January 1951 and AprilMay 1952 were compared with those of men who
had not changed jobs during that period. This
analysis included only men who were electronic
technicians throughout this period and were thus
“ exposed” to changes. This analysis was re
stricted to a short period during which few changes
in the characteristics of the respondents occurred,
and in which the number of direct movements
made between electronic technician jobs was suf
ficiently large to give meaningful results.
Age was the main personal characteristic affect
ing mobility. The only other significant differ
ences between the men who changed jobs and
those who did not were in amount of experience
as an electronic technician and homeownership.
Those who changed jobs were younger, they in
cluded a lower proportion of homeowners, and
they had fewer years of experience in electronics,
as shown in the following statement.
Implications of the Survey Findings
The information provided by the survey on
movements of electronic technicians from job to
job has many applications to manpower problems
other than the mobilization planning the study
was designed to aid. The frequency of job
changing in the past may indicate the extent of
mobility to be expected in the future. The
demonstrated ability of electronic technicians to
move among jobs in different types of establish
ments involving a variety of job duties implies
that men in various types of electronics establish
ments can be considered together in estimating
the supply of these workers. Data on area shifts
can be used to determine the feasibility of locating
electronics plants in particular areas.
— J a m e s J. T r e ir e s
Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics
Percent of respondents
a
Who
changed
jobs
_
Under 25
25-34_____
35-44_____
45 and over
Years of experience:
Less than 2_
2 -4 ______
5 -9 ______
10 and over_ _
Homeownership:
Homeowners
Nonhomeowners _ _
Education:
High-school graduates
Nongraduates __
Marital status:
Married.
Not married
Fatherhood:
Fathers _
Nonfathers. _
____
____
41. 2
29. 8
17 8
11.3
58. 8
70. 2
2
88. 7
____
37.
30
25
15.
62.
70
74
85.
____
____
16. 6
29. 8
83. 4
70. 2
____
____
24. 7
22. 1
75. 3
77. 9
____
____
23. 0
29. 2
77. 0
70. 8
___
___
22. 9
26. 1
77. 1
73. 9
____
____
____
Who did
not change
jobs
5
0
9
0
5
0
1
0
Though the job changers also included a lower
proportion of married men and fathers, and a
slightly higher proportion of high-school graduates,
these differences appeared to have no significant
influence on job changing, being primarily a
function of age differences.
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“Full mobilization would, of course, have a
drastic impact on the supply-and-demand situa
tion in the professions generally but would create
the greatest shortages in scientific, technical, and
health fields. . . . In scientific and technical
fields, professional manpower requirements under
full mobilization could be met in part by curtail
ment of less essential activities, but this would be
only a partial solution. . . . in many of the most
critical specialties—including nuclear physics, elec
tronics, and aeronautical engineering—a large
proportion of personnel is already engaged in
defense activities. Thus, while conversion of
specialized personnel from nondefense to defense
work is the primary means by which critical short
ages must be met, it is at best only a partial
answer to the problem.”
— From Manpower Resources for National Security, a
Report to the President by the Director of the Office of
Defense Mobilization, January 6, 1954 (p. 49).
MANPOWER, LABOR RELATIONS, AND WELFARE
Plans and Reports on Manpower,
Labor Relations, and Welfare
M a t t e r s of concern to labor, both as individuals
and as organizations, were discussed in a number
of Presidential messages and Government reports
made public near the beginning of 1954. Selected
statements from these documents 1bearing on the
three broad areas of manpower, labor relations,
and worker welfare are summarized in this article.
Manpower
An up-to-date mobilization base, resting on
knowledge of civilian manpower requirements and
supply potential for items needed for military uses
and the resultant more realistic plant-expansion
and stockpiling goals, will be the foundation of
the Nation’s defense program, President Eisen
hower declared in the State of the Union Message.
In assessing the manpower problems involved
in achieving this objective, the Director of the
Office of Defense Mobilization reported to the
President: “In the event of [full mobilization], our
resources of highly trained manpower will probably
be the limiting factor in our capacity for mobiliza
tion. These resources would be adequate to meet
all national security needs only if properly dis
tributed between and efficiently utilized in military
and supporting civilian activities.” Even at a
“stepped-up mobilization level . . . the effort
should be to minimize the effect of the impact on
those essential elements of the national industrial
and agricultural economy most dependent on
scientists, engineers, and other skilled workers.”
On this point, the Secretary of Labor had reported
that, during fiscal year 1953 “the greatest short
ages were for skilled workers, with the largest
demand for machinists, toolmakers, and diesinkers
and setters. Second in volume was the need for
10,000 professional and managerial workers, with
almost half of the requirements being for various
types of engineers. Shortages of agricultural
workers required the importation of about 200,000
Mexican national seasonal farm workers . . .”
In the event of full mobilization, the ODM
Director indicated further that the total labor
force could be increased by about 8 million.
Women appeared to constitute by far the largest
single resource for increasing the work force, he
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
267
reported, there being little likelihood that more
adult men could be recruited than the 1.8 million
achieved in World War II. Part-time workers
could make a substantial contribution, and someaid would be forthcoming through reduction of
unemployment and underemployment, retardation
of normal withdrawals, and acceleration of entries..
More effective educational, vocational, and health
programs would significantly augment military
and civilian manpower resources for national
security. More basically, however, “maintenance'
of a dynamic high level economy, with an adequate
defense program built into it, is the best means of
preserving and extending our manpower base for
full mobilization.”
The importance of these objectives was some
what differently oriented in the President’s Eco
nomic Report: “ Our approach to a position of
military preparedness now makes it possible to
turn the productive potentialities of the economy
increasingly to peaceful purposes.” In his anal
ysis of the current economic situation, the Presi
dent commented that although “ new records were
established in industrial activity, employment,
and the disbursement of incomes [and] unemploy
ment reached the lowest level of any peacetime
year in recent years . . . economic activity,
taken as a whole, receded somewhat toward the
close of the year [1953].” He attributed the
slight contraction in business that led to “ unem
ployment in some localities” largely to inventory
adjustments, and associated the somewhat lower
level of employment at the turn of the year with
the cessation of fighting in Korea, which was
reflected, during the last 7 months of 1953, in “ a
gradual dwindling in the rate of labor force
participation.” He pointed out that “ most of
the shrinkage in the labor force was concentrated
in April and May when (1) quits in manufacturing
industries were well above and layoffs well below
their levels of the corresponding months of the
i President’s messages to Congress on: The State of the Union, January 7,
1954; legislative recommendations affecting labor-management relations,
January 11, 1954; recommendations relating to the old-age and survivors
insurance system and the Federal grant-in-aid programs for public assistance,
January 14, 1954; recommendations to improve tne health of the American
people, January 18, 1954; the budget for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1955,
January 21, 1954; and recommendations on housing, January 25, 1954. The
Economic Report of the President, January 28, 1954; Manpower Resources
for National Security, a Report to the President by the Director of the Office
of Defense Mobilization, January 6,1954; 19th Annual Report of the National
Mediation Board, for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30,1953; 41st Annual Report
of the Secretary of Labor, Fiscal Year 1953; and 18th Annual Report of the
National Labor Relations Board, for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1953.
268
year before; (2) job openings reported by em
ployers to local employment offices (at the end
of each month) kept rising and were in excess of
their 1952 levels; (3) labor demand, as reflected
by classifications of labor-shortage or balancedlabor-supply areas, was as tight as in late 1952
and much tighter than in early 1952; and (4)
unemployment was settling to its lowest levels
since World War II—not only for the groups that
were abandoning the labor force, but also for the
men 20-64, who were staying in.” Such was the
interpretive background underlying the President’s
recommendations for strengthening and expand
ing the economy in accordance with the objectives
set forth in the Employment Act of 1946.
“ The key to governmental planning for eco
nomic growth is, of course, the Federal Budget,”
according to the Economic Report. In the
“labor and manpower” field, the President’s
Budget Message recommended an expenditure of
$281 million during the fiscal year 1955—an
increase of $16 million over fiscal 1954. These
programs were designed, the President said, “ to
help the Nation’s productive system function
smoothly and efficiently, by providing economic
safeguards for workers, by helping bring together
job seekers and jobs, and by helping to recruit the
working forces for defense and other industries.”
Approximately three-fourths of the total was for
Labor Department administration of job place
ment and unemployment compensation programs.
Labor Relations
The Budget Message also contemplated expendi
tures of $13 million by the National Labor Rela
tions Board and the mediation services. In the
administration of these programs, emphasis would
be on improving services to employers and em
ployees in industrial establishments “ strategically
located in interstate commerce.”
Some indication of the activities encompassed
in this budget category is found in annual reports
of two of the agencies—the National Labor Re
lations Board and the National Mediation Board—
for fiscal year 1953. The NLRB noted that it
had “issued decisions in 3,053 cases . . . brought
to it on contest over either the facts or the appli
cation of the law . . . the largest number . . .
decided during any 1 year of the Board’s 18year history.” The contested cases included 2,527
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1954
representation cases, elections being directed in
2,134 of these. All told, including decertification
and uncontested representation cases, the Board
conducted 6,191 elections, with collective bar
gaining agents being chosen in 71 percent. In
these elections, a total of 589,319 employees chose
bargaining agents. AFL unions were certified to
represent about 270,000; CIO unions, about
220,000; and unaffiliated unions, the remainder.
Of the 526 contested cases of unfair labor practices,
432 involved charges against employers and 94,
against unions. In addition, the Board’s General
Counsel closed an all-time record number (5,103)
of such cases without the necessity of formal action
and issued 950 formal complaints charging viola
tion of the law—also a record number.
The National Mediation Board, established by
the Railway Labor Act, indicated that, at the
end of the year, it had on file a total of 5,137
working agreements between carriers and their
employees covering rates of pay, rules, or working
conditions, in contrast to 3,021 agreements at
the close of the first year of the Board’s operations
in 1935. Among these, union shop provisions
covered “approximately 800,000 nonoperating rail
road employees [and] a much smaller number and
percentage of the operating railroad employees
. . . since the operating organizations have not
made an intensive campaign for union shop cover
age. On the airlines subject to the act, it was
estimated that approximately 45 percent of the
. . . 85,000 airline employees were covered by
union shop agreements.” The Board observed
that a “total of 297 cases were disposed of through
the process of mediation . . . however, a total
of 20 actual work stoppages occurred during the
fiscal year 1953 . . . 3 more than in the previous
year, but 4 less than . . . in the fiscal year 1951.”
In only 3 cases were emergency boards created—
all covering disputes between air carriers and
their Flight Engineers.
The activities of the NLRB, as well as the
Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service,
would be affected to some extent by the President’s
legislative recommendations on labor-management
relations, in which he said: “The Labor-Manage
ment Relations Act, 1947, is sound legislation.
Experience gained in the operation of the act,
however, indicates that changes can be made to
reinforce its basic objectives.” Specific proposals
included those on:
269
MANPOWER, LABOR RELATIONS, AND WELFARE
1. Injunctions. “I recommend that whenever
an injunction is issued under the National Labor
Relations Act where a collective bargaining re
lationship exists between the parties, the Federal
Mediation and Conciliation Service shall empanel
a special local board to meet with the parties in
an effort to seek a settlement of their dispute. I
further recommend that in secondary boycott
cases, the application for an injunction be dis
cretionary.”
2. Secondary boycotts. “I recommend that
the act be clarified by making it explicit that
concerted action against (1) an employer who is
performing ‘farmed out’ work for the account of
another employer whose employees are on strike
or (2) an employer on a construction project
who, together with other employers, is engaged in
work on the site of the project, will not be treated
as a secondary boycott.”
3. Economic strikes. “I recommend that
. . . the National Labor Relations Board be pro
hibited from considering a petition on the part of
the employer which challenges the representation
rights of the striking union [and that] for a period
of 4 months after the commencement of the strike,
the Board be prohibited from considering a peti
tion on the part of any other union which claims
to represent the employees. The prohibition
against considering a petition by the employer
should continue as long as the strike continues,
provided, however, that a reasonable limit of time,
which I suggest be 1 year, be stipulated.”
4. Contract reopenings. “I recommend that
the law be amended so as to protect both parties
to a valid collective bargaining agreement from
being required to negotiate during its term unless
the contract so authorizes or both parties mutually
consent.”
5. National emergency provisions. “I recom
mend that after [the President] has received and
made available to the public the last report of the
board of inquiry (if the dispute has not then been
settled), he be empowered to reconvene the board
and direct it to make recommendations to him for
settlement of the dispute.”
With regard to labor-management relations in
the construction, amusement, and maritime indus
tries, the President recommended that permission
be granted for prehiring contracts and for unionshop contracts under which employees would
join the union within 7 days after starting work.
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Other recommendations dealt with extension of
non-Communist affidavit provisions to employers
(alternatively, all such affidavits should be elim
inated after the enactment of proposed legislation
dealing with Communist infiltration) and making
common-law rules of agency applicable to unions;
clarification of the act to make clear “that the
right of free speech, as now defined in the act,
applies equally to labor and management in every
aspect of their relationship” ; initiation of a thor
ough congressional study of union welfare and
pension funds under collective bargaining agree
ments, leading to legislation to improve the ade
quacy of standards specified as a condition of
employer payments to the fund; the conduct of
strike votes by secret ballots under Government
auspices so each employee concerned may have
“an opportunity to express his free choice” ; con
tinuation (unless earlier revoked by the employee)
of the “checkoff” authorization throughout the
life of the collective bargaining agreement; and
simplification of the act’s requirements for union
reports on organization and finances. The Presi
dent indicated that future legislative proposals
would cover the matter of conflicts in jurisdiction
in the labor-management field between Federal,
State, and Territorial governments.
In proposing these recommendations the Presi
dent observed that they were in the interests, not
only of working men and women, but of all our
people, in the broader sense that “ prosperity is in
so great a degree dependent on the existence of
genuine mutual respect and good feeling between
employers and employees.”
Worker Welfare
Other Presidential messages turned to “ the
Government’s permanent concern with the human
problems of our citizens”—one of the three broad
purposes of the administration. “ During the
year, creation of the new Cabinet Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare symbolized [this]
concern.”
Recommendations which would most directly
affect workers were those on the unemployment
insurance and old-age and survivors insurance
systems. Directly bearing on the welfare of
workers also was the statement that study of the
highly complex problem of an increase in the
minimum wage under the Fair Labor Standards
270
Act would be continued, with a view to making
recommendations to Congress “ at a time when
economic activity can take them in stride, thereby
minimizing the risk of unemployment of the less
productive workers whose welfare the minimum
wage seeks to aid.”
The President urged that coverage of unem
ployment insurance, under which an average of
about 36 million workers are now protected, be
broadened to include 2.5 million Federal em
ployees, 4.2 million State and local government
workers, 3.4 million employees who are not now
covered because they work in small businesses
(17 States already provide coverage of most
firms with 1 or more employees), and to 0.2
million workers “ engaged in certain operations
in the processing, packing, storing, or delivering
of agricultural commodities.” The net increase
in the Federal budget for administration of these
recommendations was estimated at $15 million for
fiscal 1955, with benefit payments to Federal
workers estimated to cost an additional $25
million. These increases, plus the estimated addi
tion of $20.8 million in the cost of veterans’ un
employment compensation, account for 99.4 per
cent of the $61.5 million increase in expenditures
proposed for the Department of Labor (to $360.5
million).
The President also recommended that “ Congress
allow the shortening from 3 years to 1, of the
period required [for an employer] to qualify for a
rate reduction” under the statutory provision on
experience rating. He further suggested that
States raise maximum unemployment benefits—
“ typically between $20 and $30 weekly . . . so
that the payments to the great majority of the
beneficiaries may equal at least half their regular
earnings.” (The effective ratio of average weekly
unemployment benefits to average weekly wages
of covered workers has declined from 43 percent
in 1938 to about 33 percent at present.) He
further “ urged . . . that all of the States raise
the potential duration of unemployment benefits
to 26 weeks, and that they make the benefits
available to all persons who have had a specified
amount of covered employment or earnings. . .
Only 2 dozen States provide for 26 weeks, and
only 4 of these pay benefits for that length of
time to all persons who meet minimum require
ments for any benefits.” Two other proposals
dealt with non-interest-bearing Federal loans to
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1954
States whose reserve funds are near exhaustion.
With respect to the old-age and survivors in
surance system, the President declared that,
although it urgently needed improvement, he was
determined to preserve its basic principles, par
ticularly the contributory system and the rela
tion of benefits, in part, to the individual’s earn
ings. The present system covers “ about four in
five of the civilian labor force and pays average
monthly benefits of $49 to a retired worker, and
of $84.75 to a retired worker and his wife, com
pared with maximum benefits of $85 and $127.50,
respectively. At the end of 1953 it was paying
benefits to almost 1.5 million widows and children,
as well as over 4.5 million aged—close to 6 million
persons altogether.”
The President repeated his recommendation of
August 1, 1953, that the OASI system be broaden
ed to include about 10 million more workers—
principally self-employed farmers; additional farm
and domestic workers; professional workers in
independent practice; and members of State and
local retirement systems and clergymen, on a
voluntary group basis. Recommendations on
coverage of Federal employees not now protected
will be submitted after the Congressional Commit
tee on Retirement Policy for Federal Personnel
has reported on its study of the subject.
His second recommendation on OASI was that
the present “ retirement test” be liberalized to
exempt the first $1,000 of a beneficiary’s annual
earnings, with only 1 month’s benefit being de
ducted for each additional $80 earned.
In addition, OASI benefits should be raised,
according to the President. In the Economic Re
port, he suggested that this be done by (1) elim
inating from the earnings base the four lowest
years of earnings; (2) raising the benefit to 55
percent of the first $110 of the average monthly
wage, plus 20 percent of the balance; (3) increasing
the minimum benefit from $25 to $30; and (4)
raising from $3,600 to $4,200 the annual maximum
wage for tax purposes. Further, benefit rights
of persons “with substantial OASI work records
who suffer total and extended disability . . .
should be preserved without diminution or loss
until they reach age 65.”
The net additional cost of these proposed
changes in the OASI system would be “on a long
term basis, about 0.5 percent of the annual payrolls
subject to OASI taxes. The benefit costs will be
MANPOWER, LABOR RELATIONS, AND WELFARE
met for at least the next 15 to 25 years under the
step-rate increases in OASI taxes already provided
in the law.” In fiscal 1955, annual receipts would
be raised “by an estimated $100 million, benefit
disbursements by $400 million, and administrative
expense by $8 million.”
The President recommended that grants to
States for old-age assistance be reduced as the
expanded OASI program takes over an increasing
share of this load, under a formula which also
“should take into account the financial capacity
of the several States to support their public assist
ance programs by adopting, as a measure of that
capacity, their per capita income.”
Turning to the field of health, the President
found two key problems: the distribution of med
ical facilities and the costs of medical care. Fur
ther action on these problems should, while
“rejecting the socialization of medicine,” be di
rected to two goals: (1) “the means for achieving
good health should be accessible to all” ; and (2)
“results of our vast scientific research . . .
should be broadly applied for the benefit of every
citizen.” Toward these ends, he recommended
“the establishment of a limited Federal reinsur
ance service to encourage private and nonprofit
health insurance organizations to offer broader
health protection to more families.” This serv
ice would cover the special additional risks in
volved, and the initial Federal capital investment
would be repaid from reinsurance fees. He also
requested that Federal grants-in-aid under the
Hospital Survey and Construction Act be broad
ened to stimulate construction of nonprofit “diag
nostic and treatment centers, rehabilitation facil
ities, nursing homes, and additional chronic
disease hospitals, and to help finance State sur
veys of their needs for such facilities.” Further,
such preventive health measures as the Public
Health Service’s activities in industrial hygiene
must be maintained, and the Service’s research
activities must be strengthened and supplemented
by “research grants to State and local govern
ments and to private research institutions.”
Special concern for the disabled was reflected
here, as in the OASI proposals. The President
hoped that the number of persons rehabilitated to
productive lives might be gradually increased over
the next 5 years from the current level of about
60,000 to 200,000 a year, largely through acceler
ating Federal grants-in-aid for such purposes as
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
271
training the needed specialized professional per
sonnel and providing clinical facilities for rehabili
tative services. Recommendations on this pro
gram contemplated that the States would be in a
position to participate equally with the Federal
Government by 1959.
The betterment of health was also cited as one
objective of the President’s recommendations on
housing, which would enhance “the economic and
social well-being of the country” as well. The
housing measures were designed to promote “the
efforts of our people to acquire good homes” and
wholesome neighborhood development—problems
to which “the building of new homes provides
only a partial solution.” Therefore, he proposed
broadening or extension of existing housing laws
to assist communities in renovating salvable slum
areas and eliminating those nonsalvable and to
provide financial encouragement to housing main
tenance and improvement.
The President promised that Federal housing
agencies would take administrative steps “ to in
sure that families of minority groups displaced by
urban redevelopment operations have a fair op
portunity to acquire adequate housing; we shall
prevent the dislocation of such families through
the misuse of slum clearance programs; and we
shall encourage adequate mortgage financing for
the construction of new housing for such families
on good, well-located sites.”
The other housing proposals included an exper
imental program under which “ the Federal Hous
ing Administration would be authorized to insure
long-term loans of modest amounts, with low
initial payment, on both new and existing dwell
ings, for low-income families.” This program,
aimed at encouraging private lenders and builders
to meet the “ challenge,” would be limited to fami
lies requiring relocation because of “ slum rehabili
tation, conservation, and similar activities in the
public interest.” Meantime, such families would
also be preferred in the selection of tenants under
the program for the construction of new public
housing, which the President proposed be con
tinued for 4 years “ at a reasonable level”—35,000
units each year. In addition, the President asked
that Congress broaden the authority which he had
previously been granted, on a limited basis, to
adjust from time to time, in the light of economic
conditions, the permissible terms on Government
guaranteed and insured mortgages.
272
State Unemployment Insurance
Legislation in 1953
to unemployment insurance laws
were adopted by 41 States in 1953. On the whole,
these changes increased benefit rate levels, im
posed more restrictive disqualification standards,
and modified experience-rating systems to permit
certain employers to reduce payroll tax rates,
according to a recent report on the subject.1
Extension of coverage to unprotected groups
received comparatively little legislative attention
in 1953, according to the report.
Twenty-six States amended their financing pro
visions, in most cases to permit the assignment of
lower tax rates to individual employers. Nevada
was the first State to raise its taxable wage base
to $3,600 from $3,000 (the limit provided in the
Federal Unemployment Tax Act and in all State
employment security laws).
A m endm ents
Benefit Provisions
Most of the amendments to benefit clauses
adopted by 26 States in 1953 provided for in
creases for some workers. In some States, how
ever, the changes reduced the benefit rights of
others or entirely excluded some from unemploy
ment insurance protection, “usually those with
low earnings, who would have been eligible under
the former provisions.” Significant benefit pro
visions of the laws of each State, as of December
1, 1953, embodying the legislative changes of 1953,
are summarized in the accompanying table.
Qualifying Wages or Em ploym ent.2 During 1953,
17 States amended the provisions as to qualifying
earnings or employment: 11 States increased the
minimum qualifying wage requirements; 3 made
no change in basic qualifying requirements but
added provisions which would make it more diffi
cult for some workers to qualify; and 3 others
liberalized qualifying requirements slightly for
some workers.
The emphasis of un
employment insurance legislation in 1953 was on
adjusting the maximum weekly benefit to reflect
higher wage levels rather than on extending dura
tion of benefits. Twenty States increased the basic
maximum weekly benefit by $1 to $6: Alaska to
M a xim u m W eekly Benefit.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1954
$35 (from $30); Wisconsin to $33 (from $30); 9
States 3 to $30 (1 from $24, 6 from $25, and 2 from
$28); Colorado and Oklahoma to $28 (from $22.75
and $22, respectively); Maine to $27 (from $25);
Georgia, Nebraska, North Dakota, and Tennessee
to $26 (from $20, $24, $25, and $22, respectively) ;
South Dakota to $25 (from $22); and Montana to
$23 (from $20). All but 2 of these States raised
the amount of wages required for eligibility for
the new maximum benefit, and, in addition, Rhode
Island, without increasing its maximum benefit,
provided for an increased amount of qualifying
wages. In some cases, “the increases were sub
stantial, and disproportionate to the increase in
benefit rates as compared with other States.” 4
In 5 States, the rise in basic benefits resulted in
higher maximum benefits including allowances for
dependents in 1953: Connecticut to $45 (from
$36); Maryland to $38 (from $33); Wyoming to
$36 (from $31); Ohio to $35 (from $33); and North
Dakota to $32 (from $31). Alaska raised the
limit of the allowance from 60 to 100 percent of
the weekly benefit, thus providing a maximum
augmented benefit of $70 (for a worker with 5 de
pendents). Nevada also raised the maximum de
pendents’ allowance from $12 to $20 and the
maximum augmented weekly benefit to $50, but
retained a limiting proviso which may override
this provision.
At the end of the 1953 legislative sessions, the
maximum basic weekly unemployment insurance
benefit varied from $20 to $35, except in 4 States
where the potential augmented benefit ranged
from $38 to $70. Twenty States, having 55 per
cent of covered workers, provided a maximum
weekly benefit of $30 or more, including the maxi
mum dependents’ allowance in 3 of these States.
Three States, with only 3.5 percent of total covered
workers, provided a maximum of $22 weekly
1 State Unemployment Insurance Legislation, 1953. (In Social Security
Bulletin, December 1953, Washington, pp. 14-21; report prepared in the
Bureau of Employm ent Security, U . S. Department of Labor.)
Experience rating refers to the program in each State by which individual
employers’ unemployment insurance tax rates are varied from the standard
rate on the basis of their experience with unemployment risk.
2 A worker, to be entitled to benefits, must have earned at least a specified
amount of wages or have worked at least a minimum number of weeks, or
both, within his base period.
2
Connecticut, Maryland, Minnesota, Nevada, N ew Hampshire, N ew
Mexico, Ohio, West Virginia, and Wyoming.
< M inim um weekly benefit amounts were also increased in 8 States in
1953, but affected a comparatively small segment of the insured (in 1952
only 1.4 percent of total weeks compensated was paid at the minimum bene
fit rate). Benefits for partial unem ployment were also increased in some
States in 1953.
273
STATE UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE LEGISLATION
S i g n i f i c a n t b e n e fit p r o v i s i o n s o f S ta te u n e m p l o y m e n t in s u r a n c e la w s , D e c e m b e r 1 , 1 9 5 8
Total benefits payable in benefit year
Weekly benefit am ount:
Earnings
disregarded in
computing
weekly
benefits for
partial unem
Minimum 3 Maximum 3 ployment 4
For total unemployment
State
Qualifying wages
or employment in
base period 1
Alabama___ 35 times wba and
$112.01 in 1 quar
ter.
Alaska.......... $300............................
Arizona........
Arkansas___
California-..
Colorado___
Connecticut,
30 times wba and
wages in 2 quar
ters.
30 times w b a .......... .
30 times wba or \ H
tim es high-quar
ter wages, w hich
ever is less, but
not less than $300.
30 times w ba______
$300 and wages in 2
quarters.
Computation
(fraction of
high-quarter
wages, unless
otherwise
indicated)2
2.1-1.2 percent of an
nual wages, plus
20 percent wba for
each d e p e n d e n t
up to wba.
Hi plus $2 for each
dependent up to
Hi-Hv.
H»~ Hl-
H i __ _______
H 6, plus $3 for each
dependent up to
H wba.
Delaware__
District of
Columbia.
30 times w ba.............
25 times wba up to
$250.
H i ----------
Florida____
30 times wba and
wages in 2 quar
ters.
35-45+ times wba
and $100 in 1 quar
ter.
30 times w ba.............
25-38 times wba;
$150 in 1 quarter
and wages in 2
quarters.
$400.............................
$250 and $150 in last
2 quarters.
H e - H e ...
Georgia.........
H aw aii.........
Id ah o...........
Illinois..........
Indiana........
Iowa.............. 20 times w ba.............
Kansas_____ $100 in 2 quarters or
$200 in 1 quarter.
Hi , plus $1 for each
dependent up to
$3.3
-.. .
Hi-
Hi__
Ho-Hi-
H 0HiH o ..........
H i up to 50 percent
25.00
3 20.00
5.00
20.00
5.00
26.00
5.00
10.00
25.00
25.00
10.00
5.00
27.00
27.00
5. 00
5.00
26.00
28. 00
14 weeks of employ
ment at more than
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
15-12+
352
650
70.00
120. 00
28.00
$2
..........
$5.
Uniform num
ber of weeks.
$2........
___ d o . . ..........
40-26 percent.
$2...........
$3 from other
than regular
employer.
$3......................
846-33 percent
H of w ba.
$2
H............ .
H wages.
Uniform num
ber of weeks.
50.00
180.00
H-........... .
45.00
Ho.
150.00
weeks of em
ployment.
57.00
3.00
30.00
$2.
48.00
HI.....
Hi-He-
Uniform num
ber of weeks.
7 .50
7. 00
25.00
23.00
pendent and $5 for
each additional deendent up to $20,
ut total may not
exceed 6 percent of
h ig h -q u a r te r
wages.
H - ......................... -
Uniform num
ber of weeks.
U p to jr iw b a 4- H$3.......................
50.00
20
6+
6+
H-
(7)
140.00
100.00
80.00
7+
21+ -6
9+
Weeks
of total
unem
ploy
ment *
20
» 20-26
26
520
520
560
26
26
208.00
He-
26.00
320
702
540
165.00
30.00-
7+
185.00 « 18+ -10
12+ - 6+
62.00
341-26 percent.
10.00
650
3 400
500
650
$5.
8 .00- 11.00
11
«
100.00
30.00
Hi~Hi----------
-10+
12+
100.00
H-............
Uniform num
ber of weeks.
U p to H basic
wba.4
100.00
11.00
Hi, plus $3 for 1 de
560-910
780-1,170
33.33
34.00
_______
$5.
38.00
27.007.00 35.00
» 10-26
15-10
38.00
25.00
27.00
30.00-
77.00
75.00
H of wba.
25.00-(3)
9.00
7.00dependent, total
not to exceed aver
age weekly wage.
6.0067-53 percent of av
erage weekly wage
plus $1 or $2 per
d e p e n d en t, by
schedule $1-8.
2.61.0 percent of an
nual wages.
E
See footnotes at end of table.
70.00
150. 00
10
$3.
s 32-30 percent.
7.00 3 28.00-35.00
30.00-45.00
M ichigan__
N evada___
400-520
10-
8 . 00- 11.00
$ 8.
H*, plus $2 for each
N ebraska...
10
22.00
$500-
Wages in 2 quarters7.
1H times high-quar
ter wages and $170
in high quarter.
$300 w ith $150 in
each of 2 quarters.
30 times w b a ............
50.00
7.00
M a ssa c h u
setts.
Missouri___
Montana__
$5.-
20.00-26.00
30 times wba and
$156 in 1 quarter.
M innesota-. $400 w ith $300 in 1
quarter and $100
in another quar
ter, or $500.
M ississippi- 30 times w ba.............
910-1,820
5.00-7.00
M aryland.. .
Lousiana___ 30 times w ba.
M ain e.......... $400........... —
12
$
7.00
6.00-7.00
+
96.00
35.00-70.00
of State average
weekly wage, but
not more than $28.
2.61.2 percent of an 8 . 00
nual wages.
5.00
H o __ __ -....
9.00
2.0-0.9 percent of an
nual wages.
6 . 00- 8.00
He, plus $2 for each
dependent up to
K en tu ck y ... $300.
H-.......
$440
8. 00- 10.00
25.00
Weeks of
total un
Am ount employ A m ount;
ment 6
11
$22.00
10.00
Maximum
Minimum
$70.00
$ 2. .
00
$ 6.
He.
Computation
(fraction of
total baseperiod wage
credits unless
otherwise
indicated) s
500
540
20
20
780-988
26
650-(3)
26
540-700
20
780
26
16
(7)
600
460
24
520
20
780-1,300
26
20
274
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1954
S ig n if ic a n t b e n e fit p r o v i s i o n s o f S ta te u n e m p lo y m e n t in s u r a n c e l a w s , D e c e m b e r 1 , 1 9 5 3 —Continued
Weekly benefit am ou nt1
State
Qualifying wages
or employment in
base period »
N ew Hamp
$300..........................
shire.
N ew Jersey - 17 weeks of employ
ment at $15 or
more.
N ew Mexico. 30 times wba and
$156in i quarter.
N ew Y ork... 20 weeks of employ
ment at average of
$15 or more.
North Car $250_______________
olina.
North Da 30 times wba and
kota.
wages in 2 quar
ters.
Ohio............. 20 weeks of employ
ment and $240.
Oklahoma... 20 times wba and
wages in 2 quar
ters.
Oregon_____ $400. - ........................
P en n sy lv a
nia.
R h od e I s
land.
South Caroolina.
South Da
kota.
T ennessee...
Texas.
U tah.
Vermont___
Virginia____
Washington.
30 times wba and
$120in i quarter.
30 times w b a . .. ........
30 times wba and
$100 in 1 quarter.
1H times high-quar
ter wages and $150
in 1 quarter or
wages in 2 quarters
if b a s e -p e r io d
Wages are $600 or
more.
50 times wba and $75
in 1 quarter (40 if
wba is under $16).
$200 and wages in 2
quarters.
19 weeks of employ
ment and $400 baseperiod wages.
30 times wba and $50
in 1 quarter (effec
tive 4/4/54, 30
times wba and $200
in 1 quarter and H
of wages in last 2
quarters).
25 times wba (16+
if wba is $6).
$600__________ ____
West Vir $500............................
ginia.
W isconsin... 14 weeks of employ
ment at average of
$13 or more.
W yom in g... 26 times wba and
$200 in 1 quarter.
Computation
(fraction of
high-quarter
wages, unless
otherwise
indicated) 2
2.2-1.2 percent of an
nual wages.
% of average weekly
wage.
Computation
(fraction of
total baseperiod wage
credits unless
otherwise
indicated) 5
$7.00
$30.00
10.00
30.00
$3...................... Uniform number of weeks.
Up to H Wba4. % weeks of employment.
He............................
10.00
30.00
$3.
H -----------------
67-52 percent of average weekly wage.
10.00
30.00
(«).
Uniform number of weeks.
2.4-1.0 percent of an
7.00
nual wages.
H*, plus $1 or $2 7.00-9.00
per dependent, by
schedule $2-6.
Hr-He, plus $2.50 10. 00-12. 50
for each dependent
up to $5.
Ho-----------------------10.00
3.4-1.4 percent of an
nual wages.
30.00
2.
____do___
_ _
Minimum
Maximum
Weeks of
un
Am ount total
employ Amount
ment 6
Weeks
of total
unem
ploy
ment 6
$182.00
26
$780
26
130. 00
13
780
26
120. 00
12
720
24
260. 00
26
780
26
182.00
26
780
26
_do_______
140.00
20
520-640
20
(4) $ 2 .
H ___________
120.00
12-9+
780-910
26
28.00
$7.
H ___________
67.00
6+
616
22
26.00-
$
32.$3___
00
30.00- 35.00
--
15.00
25.00
$ 2.
H -----------------
133. 00
He----- ---- -
10.00
30. 00
$ 6.
43-34 percent__
130. 00
Ho...............................
10.00
25. 00
$5.
35-27 percent.-
104. 00
Ho-............................
5.00
20.00
$1.
90.00
18
360
18
Ho-Ho........................
8.00
25.00
$3.
Uniform number of weeks.
36-22 percent..
80. 00
10
500
20
Hi-Ho
5. 00
26.00
110. 00
22
572
22
Ho.
7.00
20.00
$3.
H ___________
40.00
5
480
24
Ho.
10. 00
27.50
$ 6.
5 40-29 percent
160. 00
16-15
715
26
6.00
25.00
$3.
Uniform num- 11120. 00
ber of weeks.
20
500
20
$ 2.
He-Ho ( e f f e c t iv e
4/4/54, H 2 -H 0 ).
Ho.
1.5-1.2 percent of
annual wages.
1.8-1.0 percent of
annual wages.
69-51 percent of aver
age weekly wage.
Uniform number of weeks.
8+
13
10+ -6 +
650
26
780
26
650
26
6.00
22 . 00
H -----------------
36.00
6
352
16
10.00
30.00
5 25-31 percent.
150. 00
15
780
26
10.00
30.00
24
724
24
33.00
Uniform number of weeks.
U p to ^ w b a .4. Ho weeks of
employment.
240. 00
10.00
100. 00
10
874. 50
26H
531-26 percent.
80. 00
8
780-936
26
H i-H s, plus $3 for 10.00-13.00
each dependent up
to $6, but total
may not exceed 8
percent of highquarter wages.
1 Weekly benefit amount is abbreviated throughout the table as wba
2 When State uses a weighted high-quarter formula, annual-wage formula
or average-weekly-wage formula, approximate fractions or percentages aré
taken at midpoint of lowest and highest normal wage brackets. When de
pendents’ allowances are provided, the fraction applies to the basic bene
fit amount.
. 3 When 2 amounts are given, higher includes dependents’ allowances except
m Colorado, where higher amount includes 25 percent additional for claimants
employed in State by covered employers for 5 consecutive calendar years with
wages in excess of $1,000 per year and no benefits received; duration for such
claimants is increased to 26 weeks. Higher figure for minimum weekly benefit
amount includes maximum allowance for 1 dependent at m inim um weekly
benefit. In the District of Columbia same maximum with or without depend
ents. Maximum augmented payment to individuals with dependents not
shown for Massachusetts, since any figure presented would be based on an
assumed maximum number of dependents.
4 In States noted, full weekly benefit is paid if earnings are less than one-
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Total benefits payable in benefit year
Earnings
Por total unemployment disregarded in
computing
weekly
benefits for
partial unem
Minimum 2 M axim um 2
ployment 4
half weekly benefit; one-half weekly benefit amount, if wages are one-half
weekly benefit but less than weekly benefit. In all States with dependents'
allowances except Michigan and Ohio, claimant receives full allowance for
weeks of partial unemployment. In Michigan, claimant eligible for one-half
weekly benefit amount gets one-half dependents’ allowance; in Ohio, payment
of dependents’ allowance is limited to 26 weeks.
* In States with weighted schedules the percent of benefits is figured at the
bottom of the lowest and of the highest wage brackets; in States noted the per
centages at other brackets are higher and/or lower than the percentages
shown. In Utah, duration is based on average State wage; percentages given
apply for benefit years beginning between Apr. 1, 1953, and Mar. 31, 1954.
e When 2 figures are given, higher applies to claimants with minimum
weekly benefit amount and minimum qualifying wages except in Colorado,
where some claimants are entitled to 26 weeks (see footnote 3); if qualifying
wages are concentrated largely or wholly in the high quarter, weekly benefit
for claimants with minimum qualifying wages may be higher and conse
quently weeks of benefits are less, as indicated by lower figure. In Delaware,
(Continued on next page.)
275
STATE UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE LEGISLATION
benefits. “Only 5 States, with 7.4 percent of the
covered workers, now provide a maximum weekly
benefit of less than $22.”
Nevertheless, taking into account the legislative
changes of 1953, 3 States alone—Mississippi, New
Hampshire, and North Carolina—provided maxi
mum basic weekly benefits amounting to more
than 50 percent of the average weekly wage of
insured workers in the State. For benefits plus
maximum dependents’ allowances, only 7 addi
tional States 6 attained this level. In 1939, maxi
mum weekly benefits exceeded 50 percent of aver
age weekly wages of covered workers in 48 States,6
whereas in 1953 maximum weekly benefits for
claimants not entitled to dependents’ allowances
were less than 50 percent of average weekly wages.
During 1953, only 8 States
amended provisions governing the maximum
length of benefit payments. Four of these which
provide for variable duration of benefits increased
the maximum period to 26 weeks.7 Two others
extended the 26-week maximum to additional
groups, and 2 with uniform duration raised the
maximum to 24 and 20 weeks, respectively.8
At the end of legislative sessions in 1953, the
potential maximum duration of benefits ranged
from 16 to 26% weeks. More than two-thirds of
the number of workers covered by State unemploy
ment insurance systems 9were in States which pro
vided a maximum of 26 weeks of benefits in 1953
(including Wisconsin, which provided 26% weeks).
D uration of Benefits.
Eligibility and Disqualification
Except for provisions as to qualifying earnings
already noted, only 3 States made any changes in
eligibility requirements for benefits in 1953. Ar
kansas and Oklahoma added the equivalent of an
“ active search for work” clause to their provision
of availability for work, bringing the number of
States with such statutory requirements to 26.
Connecticut added a provision that a woman need
not be available for work between 1 and 6 a. m.
Of the 24 States which amended disqualificationfrom-benefit provisions, 8 struck out certain
causes which rendered workers ineligible for bene
fits and 15 added new causes (8 of these by adminis
trative action). Eleven States intensified the
severity of their disqualifying provisions, and 6
lessened the severity.
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In addition to the legislative disqualifications of
workers for voluntary leaving, discharge for mis
conduct, or refusal of suitable work, or because of
a labor dispute, adopted by various States in 1953,
administrative disqualifications also went into
effect. Eight States added an administrative dis
qualification for fraud, bringing to 46 the number
of States with such provisions. Four States added
a disqualification for unemployment due to preg
nancy (already adopted by 29 States). Five States
added to existing provisions that already dis
qualified workers from benefits or reduced the
amount payable if they currently received specified
outside payments such as pensions. On the other
hand, New Mexico dropped its disqualification for
receipt of retirement benefits under Federal old-age
and survivors insurance.
Two States changed their labor-dispute dis
qualifications in 1953. In Massachusetts, a worker
who has been disqualified because of a labor
dispute must earn $500 before he again becomes
eligible for benefits; wages earned from the em
ployer involved in a labor dispute cannot be
counted for benefit rights as long as the dispute
lasts. In New Hampshire, the disqualification is
to be lifted if the stoppage continues for 2 weeks
after the labor dispute ends.
The new disqualification provisions, according
to the report, generally would increase the diffi
culty of disqualified workers in reestablishing their
benefit rights by requiring some reemployment and
earnings to do so. Such provisions would, it was.
held, be likely to result in wiping out benefit rights
in periods of increased unemployment and lessened
opportunities for obtaining jobs.
« Alaska, Connecticut, Maryland, Massachusetts, Nevada, North Dakota,
and Wyoming.
» Of a total of 51 “ States,” which include Alaska and Hawaii and the
District of Columbia, in accordance with definition under the Social Security
Act.
7 Wyoming, by 6 weeks, Massachusetts, 3 weeks, and Minnesota and
Alaska, each 1 week; to attain maximum duration, Alaska, by amendments,
required a weekly benefit of $22 or more.
8 Connecticut, Maryland, West Virginia, and Montana, respectively.
8 As of 1952.
(Footnotes to table continued.)
statutory m in im u m ; in Illinois and Utah, statutory minimum of 10 and 15
weeks, respectively, not applicable at minimum weekly benefit amount.
7 If benefit is less than $5, benefits are paid at the rate of $5 a week; no
qualifying wages and no minimum weekly or annual benefits are specified.
8 No partial benefits paid, but earnings not exceeding the greater of $7 or 1
day’s work of 8 hours are disregarded for total unemployment.
9 Partial benefits are one-quarter of weekly benefit amount for each of 1 to 3
effective days. “ Effective day” is defined as the fourth and every subsequent
day of total unemployment in a week for which not more than $30 is paid.
7° Effective Apr. 4, 1954, $10.
n Effective Apr. 4, 1954, $200.
276
Causes and Extent
of Unemployment in Italy
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1954
mobility and to overcome seasonal fluctuations
of employment.
Statistical Findings
O pe n unem ploym ent , although a grave arid
persistent problem for postwar Italy, is only one
aspect of a much broader evil—the unhealthy,
low degree to which the country’s labor potential
is being mobilized—according to a parliamentary
committee which investigated unemployment in
Italy.1 The limited extent to which labor is uti
lized is reflected in the low ratio of gainfully
employed to total population, particularly among
women, and also in widespread underemployment
(“hidden” unemployment), most pronounced in
agriculture. The causes of this dangerous com
plex are manifold. Some of them can be traced
back to demographic and economic developments
through a number of decades, while others are
related to profound changes in Italy during
postwar years, such as the shift from economic
autonomy to free trade; the modernization of
industry; and the increased obstacles to emigra
tion overseas. Other contributing factors are the
low geographical, industrial, and occupational
mobility of labor and the lack of skill among
employed and unemployed persons.
The primary need in Italy, the committee con
cluded, is a long-term program, not temporary
relief policies. A genuine change for the better
can be attained only by changes in the whole
structure of the Italian economy. Not much
practical help can be expected from attempts to
cut down the labor supply by measures designed
to reduce the birthrate appreciably, to increase
emigration, to prevent women from seeking paid
employment, or to lower the retirement age—
all measures suggested in Italy. The real need is
for “far-reaching and lasting improvements in
the income-earning capacities of the country.”
The committee recommended, in particular, two
lines of action: (1) improving labor performance
by a sound system of vocational guidance, a more
efficient placement service, and the development
of vocational training; and (2) increasing capital
investments, mainly from foreign sources, to be
placed in carefully selected enterprises “over an
adequate period” of time. This “basic” program
should be supplemented by attempts to reduce
frictional unemployment by improving labor
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The committee obtained its statistical data
mainly from three sources: a sampling survey of
the labor force, shaped closely after the American
model; a study of the applicants for work regis
tered with the public employment service; and
an assessment of underemployment in agriculture.
According to the sampling survey, the Italian
labor force in September 1952 totaled 19.4 mil
lion, or 41.1 percent of a population of 47.1 mil
lion. This percentage is low compared both with
earlier census figures for Italy and with other
Western European countries. These and other
results of the sampling survey, the chairman
observed, should be used “with caution,” in view
of “criticisms and reservations concerning the
sampling methods.” 2
The inquiry revealed that the ratio between
working and total population differed very con
siderably among the various regions of Italy.
There has been a “ gradual and progressive” dimi
nution from the north of the country to the south.
This degression has been particularly significant
among women, who in northern Italy form 28 per
cent of the labor force and in Sicily, only 9.4
percent.
Within the labor force, the sampling survey
showed close to 1.3 million persons as unem
ployed—more than 400,000 below the number of
job applicants registered in the same month with
the public employment service. The committee
recognized that the sampling survey counted as
employed, large groups which, under the general
conditions prevailing in Italy, would better have
been considered as unemployed—people who were
not at work during the week of the survey or
worked only for a few hours. He considered the
employment service data on unemployment as
more accurate and estimated that in September
1952 at least 1.5 million persons were unemployed,
a figure which coincides with the current official
1 The findings and conclusions of the committee are summarized in The
Parliamentary Inquiry into Unemployment in Italy, by Roberto Tremelloni,
chairman of the Committee of Inquiry, published in International Labor
Review, Geneva, September 1953 (pp. 256-278).
2 A provisional estimate, based upon the 1951 census and published by
the International Labor Office (Statistical Supplement to International
Labor Review, November-December 1952, p. 104), showed that 45.8 percent
of the total population in Italy was economically active.
277
UNEMPLOYMENT IN ITALY
statistics and which, at the peak of the winter
season, may rise by 400 to 500 thousand.
A more detailed analysis of both the sampling
survey and the employment service register data
gave some indication of the gravity of the unem
ployment situation. At least 500,000, if not more
than 600,000, of the unemployed probably had
never had any job before. Most of these were
in the younger age groups. About 415,000 of the
1.7 million or more registered unemployed were
under 20 years of age, 440,000 were in the 21 to
29 age group, and 747,000 (over four-fifths of the
remainder) were in the group of persons at the
best working ages, 30 to 54. Duration of unem
ployment in individual cases was severe. More
than a third of the unemployed who had pre
viously held jobs had been unemployed for more
than 6 months, and almost a fourth for more than
1 year. Only a small proportion of the unem
ployed received unemployment benefits. Ac
cording to official estimates for 1951, only 10
percent of all registered job applicants—or 20
percent of the registered unemployed nonagricultural workers with previous work experience—
received unemployment benefits. These benefits,
in the committee’s opinion, were inadequate as to
amount and duration.
The committee made a special effort to collect
data on underemployment, primarily in agricul
ture where it is most pronounced. Among the
more than 7 million persons counted as em
ployed in farming—about 40 percent of the entire
employed labor force—1.5 million day laborers
were underemployed to a particularly high degree.
According to a study by the National Institute
of Agricultural Economy, the average number of
days worked by this group was 161 a year, com
pared with 228 for all categories of agricultural
workers. Almost a fourth of the day laborers
worked only for 100 days, or less, in the year. In
the nonagricultural industries, underemployment
is reflected in a widespread reduction of hours of
work. In view of the low level of wages in Italy
and the poverty of large parts of the population,
even a reduction to 40 hours a week, from the
general standard of 48, can result in serious social
hardship. According to the sampling survey, 64
percent of all employed persons in the labor force
worked 48 hours or more; of the remainder, 17
percent worked between 40 and 48 hours; 17.4
2 8 9 4 0 0 — 54------ 3
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
percent, between 15 and 40 hours; and 1.6 per
cent, less than 15 hours.
Prospects for the Future
The committee was also directed to determine
population trends and employment opportunities
which might be foreseen for the 4 years following
1952. These years will be particularly difficult
because the number of new entrants into the labor
force will remain high (300,000 a year). This
number will decline in the latter 1950’s and rise
again in the 1960’s; only after 1970 can the popu
lation be expected to become stationary. Assum
ing a net annual emigration of 120,000, the num
ber of workers available will increase each year
by at least 150,000 until 1955; the increase in 1956
and 1957 may not exceed 85,000. An “ optimistic
estimate” indicates that the Italian economy will
be able to absorb this annual increase, but not
more than that. This means that problems of
both unemployment and underemployment will
probably persist, the committee concluded, es
pecially if further technological developments or
cyclical fluctuations of the economy interfere
during the coming years.
In reviewing the various segments of the econ
omy, the committee found that agriculture as well
as the traditional Italian manufacturing industries
(textiles, clothing, and foodstuffs), were “ satu
rated” with manpower. However, additional
labor could be used in the capital goods or durable
consumer-goods industries and particularly in the
service occupations.
Causes of Unemployment and Underemployment
In discussing the causes of the present man
power situation, the committee made a historical
survey to ascertain the immediate and the more
remote causes. Among the recent causes, the
report dealt with war destruction; with the influx
of people from the lost colonies and the former
armed forces; with the mechanization of industry,
which has been stepped up in the last 4 or 5 years;
and with the change of economic policy from the
Fascist drive for self-sufficiency to European
economic cooperation requiring a readjustment of
the whole economic structure of the country.
Other equally important causes date much far-
278
ther back than these postwar changes. One is the
gradual rise in the age level of the population, a
process that started later in Italy than in other
European countries but which has become marked
during the last two decades, with the result that
the proportion of the total population in the
working age groups is growing. Other factors
which contribute to increase the unused labor
supply are a continuous shift from self-employ
ment to paid employment; the decline of emigra
tion; and the increase in the number of women
entering the labor market.
At the same time, the possibilities and inclina
tion for saving and investing have diminished,
international investments have declined, and long
periods of inflation have created bad economic
habits. Grave problems of a permanent nature
are the lack of economic balance between the north
and the south of the country, between agriculture
and industry, and in what the committee calls “ a
cumbrous government machine.”
Among the noneconomic factors responsible for
the low level of economic activities, the committee
was particularly impressed by the serious gaps in
general education and vocational training. A
subcommittee calculated that 11 percent of the
Italian population were illiterate, and that only
1 in 10 workers aged 40 or over and 3 in 10 workers
under 40 years of age had finished elementary
schooling. Among the registered unemployed,
only 1 in 20 had participated in a course of voca
tional training. The employment offices reported
that very few applicants had the skills required for
their placement; almost one third were classified
as “ unskilled laborers.” There are indications also
that the work prospects of the unemployed are
further diminished by widespread physical and
psychological deficiencies. For example, a study
of a small sample of the unemployed, made by the
National Association for the Prevention of Acci
dents, showed that almost half of the unemployed
were ill, partly as the result of unemployment, and
that the proportion of persons psychologically
maladjusted was 10 times greater among the un
employed than among persons in the general
population.
Closely connected with personal deficiencies of
the working population, but also closely related to
what the committee called the “ sluggish marketing
economy” of Italy, are the low mobility of labor
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1954
and the rigidity of the labor market. Labor turn
over is much lower than in the industrialized
western countries. The immediate cause of un
employment was discharge in almost 50 percent of
the cases and voluntary resignation in only 3.3
percent. There has been little movement of
workers “ from one trade to another and from one
firm to another,” much less than some decades
ago. The geographical mobility of the population
also has fallen considerably, partly because of
special legislation forbidding acceptance of job
applications, in certain cities, from workers who
were not local residents for a specified period, and
partly because of housing shortages and similar
reasons.
Wage Chronology No. 38:
Missouri Pacific
Transportation Co., 1945-53
Bus service is provided to almost 1 million pas
sengers a year by the Missouri Pacific Transporta
tion Co. in Kansas, Colorado, Nebraska, Missouri,
Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, and Mississippi. The
company, in addition, transports light express,
United States mail, and baggage within approxi
mately the same area. Organized in November
1928, it is a wholly owned subsidiary of the
Missouri Pacific Railroad Co. Its 220 coaches
travel more than 16,685,000 miles annually over
a 5,400-mile route. It employed over 500 mechan
ics, drivers, and terminal workers in 1952.
The Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen (BRTInd.) has been recognized as the sole collective
bargaining agent for the drivers since 1938.
Contracts governing the mileage rates and related
wage provisions have been negotiated by the com
pany and the union since that time. Hours of
service, safety regulations, and qualifications for
all over-the-road drivers are regulated by the
Interstate Commerce Commission. It has es
tablished a maximum of 60 hours’ duty-time in a
workweek of 168 consecutive hours for drivers.
However, lines operating 7 days a week are per
mitted to keep their operators on duty for a
279
WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 38
maximum of 70 hours in a workweek of 192 con
secutive hours.1 Maximum daily hours for oper
ating or driving are 10 in a 24-hour period (12 in
the event of adverse weather or road conditions) .2
This regulation does, however, permit a driver to
work up to 16 hours in a 24-hour period providing
he has been given 8 hours’ rest during or im
mediately following his 10-hour driving or oper
ating time.
Maintenance employees were first represented
by a union in March 1939, when System Federa
tion No. 2, Railway Employees Department3 of
the American Federation of Labor, was certified
as the bargaining agent. In September 1948, the
International Association of Machinists (IAMAFL) became the sole agent for those employees.
Employees in the company’s terminals are
represented by the Brotherhood of Railway and
Steamship Clerks (AFL). Contract provisions
covering these employees are not included in
this chronology, because they cover only a small
number of workers and many of the provisions
vary among the terminals.
This chronology traces the changes in wages and
related working practices for drivers and mainte
nance employees as provided in the agreements
between the company and the two unions; it
covers the period from 1945 to the present. The
current agreement for drivers was scheduled to
remain in effect until October 1, 1953, and there
after, subject to 60 days’ notice.4 The agreement
covering maintenance workers continues in effect
until April 30, 1954, and thereafter it also is
subject to 60 days’ notice.
1 Duty-tim e starts when the driver begins or is required to be ready for
work and ends when he is relieved oi all responsibility for performing work.
To insure an even distribution of the scheduled 70 hours over the 8-consecu
tive-day workweek, the Interstate Commerce Commission regulation defines
the workweek as starting on each on-duty day and ending on the eighth
consecutive day thereafter. Record-keeping requirements are based on the
fact that no driver is permitted to work more than 70 hours in any 8-day
period, regardless of the day used as the beginning or end of the period.
For example, the workweek for a driver reporting on Monday is the total of
on-duty hours until the next Tuesday at the corresponding hour. The next
workday, Tuesday, to the following Wednesday also comprises a workweek.
Thus, each day of work starts a new workweek and at the same time consti
tutes one-eighth of another workweek. The final result of this system is
that after a period of steady employment each workday marks both the
beginning and end of a workweek.
2 Driving or operating time includes all time spent on a moving vehicle
and any interval of less than 10 minutes when a driver is on duty but is not
on a moving vehicle.
8 Composed of seven international unions: International Association of
Machinists; International Brotherhood oi Boilermakers, Iron Ship Builders
and Helpers of America; International Brotherhood of Blacksmiths, Drop
Forgers and Helpers; Sheetmetal Workers International Association; Inter
national Brotherhood of Electrical Workers; Brotherhood Railway Carmen
of America; International Brotherhood of Firemen and Oilers, Shop and
Roundhouse Laborers. For simplicity, all references in this chronology to
agreements affecting maintenance employees are to the Machinists.
* As of January 4,1954, it was still in effect.
A—General Wage Changes 1
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and
other related matters
Effective date
Operators
Maintenance
1945 (IAM)______________________
Aug. 15, 1945 (BRT—by agreement of
Aug. 31, 1945).
No change___ -- --
agreement of
0.6 to 10.5 cents an
hour increase.
8.0 to 17.9 cents an
hour increase.
Feb. 15, 1946 (IAM—by
Feb. 15, 1946).
May 22, 1946 (IAM—by
Feb. 15, 1946).
Aug. 15, 1946 (BRT—by
Oct. 31, 1946).
Mar. 1, 1947 (IAM—by
May 26, 1947).
Aug. 15, 1948 (BRT—by
June 30, 1948).
Oct. 15, 1948 (IAM—by
Feb. 11, 1949).
agreement of
agreement of
5 mills a mile in
crease.
agreement of
agreement of
4.5 to 5 mills a mile
increase.
5 cents an hour in
crease.
agreement of
15.5 cents an hour
increase.
Feb. 15, 1949 (IAM—by agreement of
Feb. 11, 1949).
Aug. 15, 1949 (BRT—by agreement of
Oct. 1, 1949).
2 cents an hour in
crease.
See footnote at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 to 3 mills a mile
increase.
New mileage rate schedule for
operators; 4-mill decrease for
those with 1 year or less of
service; and 2.5-mill increase
for those with more than
2 years’ service.
Except painters, who received
26.7 cents to bring them up
to the mechanics’ rate.
Applicable to mechanics and
painters only.
280
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1954
A — G e n e ra l W a g e C h a n g e s 1— Continued
Provision
Effective date
Operators
Oct. 15, 1949 (IAM—by
Nov. 10, 1949).
Oct. 15, 1950 (IAM—by
May 2, 1951).
Jan. 24, 1951 (IAM—by
above date).
Jan. 24, 1951 (BRT—by
Mar. 28, 1951).
Oct. 1, 1951 (BRT—by
same date).
May 1, 1952 (IAM—by
Apr. 23, 1952).
Maintenance
agreement of
agreement of
agreement of
agreement of
agreement of
agreement of
Oct. 1, 1952 (BRT—by agreement of
Sept. 5, 1952).
May 1, 1953 (IAM—by agreement of
Apr. 10, 1953).
4 mills a mile in
crease.
2 mills a mile in
crease.
10 to 21 cents an
hour increase.
2 cents an hour in
crease.
6 cents an hour in
crease.
10 cents an hour in
crease.
4 mills a mile in
crease.
1 General wage changes are construed as upward or downward adjustments
affecting a substantial number of workers at one time. N ot included within
the term are adjustments in individual rates (promotions, length-of-service
increases, etc.) and adjustments in wage structure (such as changes in certain
minimum guarantees) that do not have an immediate and noticeable effect
on the average wage level.
Applications, exceptions, and
other related matters
Except mechanic helpers, greas
ers, and laborers, who re
ceived 7 cents.
5 cents an hour in
crease.
The changes listed above were the major adjustments in wage rates made
during the period covered. Because of fluctuations in length-of-service
earnings affecting mileage rates, nongeneral changes in rates, and other
factors, the sum of the general changes will not necessarily coincide with the
amount of change in average hourly earnings over the period of the chronology.
B—Related Wage Practices1
Provision
Effective date
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
S h ift P r e m iu m P a y
1945 (IAM)___________ No provision for shift premium pay.
Oct. 15, 1948 (IAM) __ _
See Mealtime Pay.
O v e r tim e P a y
1945 (IAM)___ __
___
e m p lo y e e s : Time and one-half
paid for work in excess of 8 hours a day.
Aug. 15, 1945 (BRT)____ O p e r a to r s , r e g u la r a n d e x tr a : Regular hourly
rate paid for all hours in excess of 8 on runs
of 160 miles or less, or when less than 20
miles an hour was averaged during runs in
excess of 160 miles; regular mileage rate
applied when more than 20 miles was aver
aged on runs in excess of 160 miles. Time
and one-half paid only to operators required
to perform service on regular day off.
M a in te n a n c e
Feb. 15, 1946 (IAM)____
Oct. 15, 1949 (IAM)____
Changed to:
Time and one-half for
work in excess of 8 hours a day or 40 hours a
week.
M a in te n a n c e e m p lo y e e s :
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
On straight-away runs 2 and for all time in
excess of 10 consecutive hours on other
runs, time computed on a continuous
basis commencing when operator first
required to report for duty and ending
when finally released from duty. On other
runs time of 10 hours or less counted as
continuous except where the interval of
release from duty at any point exceeded
1 hour.
Minimum of 1 hour’s pay at overtime rates
guaranteed employees required to work
before or after scheduled hours without a
break. Employees were not required to
work more than 1 hour before start of
scheduled day.
281
WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 38
B—Related Wage Practices1— Continued
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
Provision
Effective date
P r e m iu m P a y f o r W e ek en d W o rk
Time and one-half for
1945 (IAM)
M a in te n a n c e e m p lo y e e s :
Aug. 15, 1945 (BRT)___
O p e r a to r s , r e g u la r a n d e x tr a :
Sunday as such.
Time and onehalf paid for work on relief days.
Feb 15 1946 (IAM)
Mar. 1, 1947 (IAM)____
Added:
e m p lo y e e s : Time and
paid employees required to work on
rest days.
Changed to:
M a in te n a n c e e m p lo y e e s : Time and
paid for work on the 6th and 7th
tive days in the workweek.
M a in te n a n c e
Oct. 15, 1949 (IAMj____
Straight time paid employees regularly
assigned to servicing and maintaining
buses on Sunday.
30 miles’ pay allowed on an hourly basis.
Time and one-half for all Sunday work by
maintenance employees assigned to serv
icing buses if required to perform more
than 4 hours’ work on overtime rated jobs.
(Overtime rated jobs involved all work
other than servicing equipment.)
one-half
assigned
one-half
consecu
H o lid a y P a y
1945 (IAM)
_________
Aug. 15, 1945 (BRT)___
Feb 15 1946 (IAM)
e m p lo y e e s :
Time and one-half
paid for work on 7 holidays. No pay for
holidays not worked.
M a i n te n a n c e
O p e r a to r s :
No provision for paid holidays.
Mar. 1 1947 (IAM)
Oct. 15, 1948 (IAM)____
Changed to:
e m p lo y e e s :
Number of recog
nized holidays reduced to 6.
M a in te n a n c e
Straight time paid employees assigned to
servicing buses. Holidays were: New
Year’s Day, Washington’s Birthday, Deco
ration Day, Fourth of July, Labor Day,
Thanksgiving, and Christmas.
Time and one-half paid on holidays to maintenance employees assigned to servicing
buses if required to perform more than 4
hours’ work on overtime rated jobs.
Time and one-half paid maintenance employees for all work on above holidays.
Washington’s Birthday dropped as a paid
holiday.
P a i d V a c a tio n s
6 days’ paid vaca
tion after 1 year’s service provided em
ployee had worked a minimum of 60 percent
of the days assigned.
1945 (IAM)___________
M a in te n a n c e e m p lo y e e s :
Aug. 15, 1945 (BRT)___
O p e r a to r s , r e g u la r a n d e x tr a :
Aug. 15, 1946 (BRT)___
Changed to:
6 days’ vacation
for 1 but less than 5 years’ service; 12 days
for 5 or more years.
6 days’ vacation
after 1 but less than 3 years’ service; 12 days
for 3 or more years.
O p e r a to r s , r e g u la r a n d e x tr a :
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Basis of pay, 48 hours per week at straighttime rates. Pay in lieu of vacation
granted to employee who could not be
spared. No vacation allowance if em
ployee left service before taking vacation.
Regular operators received same pay they
would have had if they had worked during
vacation period. Extra operators paid 2
percent of average annual earnings in
preceding calendar year for less than 5
years and 4 percent for 5 years’ service or
more. Not applicable to employees dis
missed for cause or those who resigned
without 14 days’ notice. Pro rata pay
granted to those who gave proper notice.
Extra operators received a minimum day’s
pay 3 for each day of vacation. Vacations
reduced by ){2 for each 30 days’ absence
during year. No vacation allowance to
operators discharged for cause. Pro rata
vacation allowance to those who resigned
or were furloughed.
282
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1954
B—R elated Wage P ractices 1— C o n tin u e d
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
P a i d V a c a tio n s —Continued
Mar. 1, 1947 (IAM)____
Changed to:
e m p lo y e e s :
6 days (48 hours)
after 1 and less than 5 years’ service; 12 days
(96 hours) for 5 or more years.
Changed to:
M a in te n a n c e e m p lo y e e s :
6 days (48 hours)
after 1 but less than 5 years’ service pro
vided employee had worked minimum of
160 days in preceding calendar year.
M a i n te n a n c e
Oct. 15, 1948 (IAM)____
Aug. 15, 1949 (BRT)___
Oct. 15, 1949 (IAM)____
Full vacation pay on termination granted to
eligible employee who left service volun
tarily before taking vacation.
No vacation allowance for operators dis
charged for breach of trust or intoxication.
Those discharged for other causes received
pay in lieu of vacation if they had earned
full vacation.
Changed to:
e m p lo y e e s :
1 week (40 hours)
for 1 year but less than 4; 2 weeks (80 hours)
for 4 or more years’ service.
Changed to:
O p e r a to r s , r e g u la r a n d e x tr a :
7 days’ paid va
cation after 1 but less than 3 years’ service;
14 days for 3 or more years.
Changed to:
M a in te n a n c e e m p lo y e e s : Eligibility require
ment reduced from 160 to 140 days worked
in preceding calendar year.
M a in te n a n c e
Aug. 15, 1950 (BRT)___
May 1, 1951 (IAM)____
Oct. 1, 1952 (BRT)_____
I n ju r y P a y
1945 (IAM)___________
Aug. 15, 1945 (BRT)___ |N o provision for injury p a y ______
Oct. 15, 1948 (IAM)____ M a in te n a n c e e m p lo y e e s : Full day’s wages
paid employees forced to leave work because
of injury.
R e p o r tin g T im e P a y
1945 (IAM)___________
Aug. 15, 1945 (BRT)___ |N o provision for reporting time pay__ _
Feb. 15, 1946 (IAM)____ M a in te n a n c e e m p lo y e e s : 2 hours’ straighttime pay guaranteed employees reporting
for work but not assigned; 2 hours and 40
minutes’ pay at time and one-half (4 hours’
straight time) guaranteed employees report
ing and assigned to work.
Aug. 15, 1946 (BRT)___ O p e r a to r s , r e g u la r : Regular assignment rate 4
paid employees available but not assigned
through no fault of their own.
Aug. 15, 1949 (BRT)___ Added:
O p e r a to r s , r e g u la r a n d e x tr a : Additional pay
on the minute basis at straight-time rates
for all time in excess of 30 minutes if re
quired to report more than 30 minutes be
fore scheduled departing time of run.
See footnotes at end of table
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Vacation pay granted to eligible employee
who left service for any reason before
taking vacation.
Extra operators received %2 of previous
year’s earnings for each week of vacation
but not less than a minimum day’s pay for
each day of vacation.
283
WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 38
B—Related Wage Practices1— Continued
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
C a ll- I n P a y
1945 (IAM)___________
Aug. 15, 1945 (BRT)___ }No provision for call-in pay. _
Feb. 15, 1946 (IAM)____ M a in te n a n c e e m p lo y e e s : 2 hours’ straight-time
pay guaranteed employees reporting for
work but not assigned; 2 hours and 40 min
utes’ pay at time and one-half (4 hours’
straight time) guaranteed employees report
ing and assigned to work.
Aug. 15, 1946 (BRT)___ O p e r a to r s , r e g u la r a n d e x tr a : $1 minimum
paid operators called in and not used.
See Standby (Protecting Time) Pay for pro
visions governing pay for operators called
in and held at terminal.
M i n i m u m G u a r a n te e s
Aug. 15, 1945 (BRT) ___
r e g u la r : Pay for full mileage of
regular assignment for 25 days a month
guaranteed operators available for work.
O p e r a to r s ,
Equivalent of 18 minimum
days’ pay a month guaranteed.
Guarantee was exclusive of overtime or
other compensation and not applicable if
act of God made it impossible to perform
regular service.
O p e r a to r s , e x tr a :
Aug. 15, 1946 (BRT)
Added:
Guarantee limited to 24
days in month of February. When act
of God made performance of regular
service impossible operator was allowed
miles or hours, whichever was greater, for
any service performed in month.
O p e r a to r s , r e g u la r :
Aug. 15, 1949 (BRT)___
Added:
20 days, at regular assign
ment rate, a month guaranteed operators
limited to a 5-day week because of Inter
state Commerce Commission regulations.
Changed to:
O p e r a to r s , e x tr a : 21 minimum days a month
guaranteed.
O p e r a to r s , r e g u la r :
S t a n d b y ( P r o te c tin g T im e ) P a y
Aug. 15, 1945 (BRT)___
Aug. 15, 1946 (BRT) ___
4 hours (80 miles)
paid operators called to work and not as
signed but held on duty for less than 4 hours;
8 hours (160 miles) if held 4 hours or more.
O p e r a to r s , r e g u la r a n d e x tr a :
Changed to:
%minimum day’s
pay if held 1 hour and less than 2 hours;
minimum day’s pay if held 2 hours and less
than 4; %minimum day’s pay if held 4 and
less than 6; minimum day’s pay if held 6
hours and less than 8.
O p e r a to r s , r e g u la r a n d e x tr a :
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Operators held less than 4 hours to be given
available assignments before all other
operators; those held more than 4 hours
to be given available assignments after all
others. No pay allowed if operators were
called but released before departing for
customary place of reporting for duty.
Operators held less than 6 hours to be given
available assignments before all other
operators; those held 6 hours and less than
8 given available assignments after all
others.
See Call-In Pay for provision governing pay
for operators called in and not held at
terminal.
284
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1954
B—Related Wage Practices 1— Continued
Effective date
D e a d h e a d in g P a y
Aug. 15, 1945 (BRT)___
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
Provision
5
Actual mileage
traveled paid for deadheading;
mileage
paid when deadheading under instructions
of company to relieve operators laying off
on own account; no pay for deadheading by
operator laid off away from home terminal
before completion of day’s work because of
sickness, for cause, or at own request. No
pay allowed for deadheading because of
voluntary exercise of seniority or displace
ment by exercise of seniority.
O p e r a to r s , r e g u la r a n d e x tr a :
Deadhead trips could be coupled, at prevail
ing rates of pay, with service trips made
within 2 hours of completion of deadhead
trip. 160-mile minimum paid operator
not called within 8 hours of commence
ment of deadhead trip. Operators on out
side assignments that were discontinued
paid for deadheading to home terminal.
R u n aroun d P a y
Aug. 15, 1945 (BRT)___
Minimum day’s pay allowed
operators available for service and not as
signed work in turn.6
O p e r a to r s , e x tr a :
Aug. 15, 1946 (BRT)___
Oct. 1, 1951 (BRT)_____
Changed to:
Applicable only to operator at head of extra
board. Operators not assigned work in
turn and placed at foot of board but used
before midnight of same day to receive
rate for assignment in addition to day’s
pay (80 miles).
Assignment-before-midnight provision de
leted.
Minimum day’s pay or actual
miles lost, whichever was greater.
O p e r a to r s , e x tr a :
A w a y-F ro m -H o m e P a y
Aug. 15, 1945 (BRT)___
Aug. 15, 1946 (BRT)___
Regular hourly
rate paid operators in unassigned service for
all time held away from home in excess of
16 hours after being relieved from previous
duty, but not more than 8 out of each 24
hours.
O p e r a to r s , r e g u la r a n d e x tr a :
Operator called for duty after away-fromhome pay began also allowed service pay.
Overtime resulting from call for duty not
paid during period of away-from-home
pay.
If call to work was 2 hours or less after
away-from-home pay began, time could be
coupled with service trip. Actual ex
penses allowed operators kept between
terminals or at an away-from-home ter
minal by act of God.
D e to u r P a y
Aug. 15, 1945 (BRT)___
Aug. 15, 1946 (BRT)___
Oct. 1, 1952 (BRT)_____
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
e x tr a : Paid for total
mileage of actual route followed in case of
detour.
O p e r a to r s , r e g u la r a n d
General provision not applicable when detour
was 5 miles or less and lasted 3 days or
less.
Pay for all detour miles to start on first day.
285
WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 38
B—Related Wage Practices1— Continued
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
Provision
Effective date
C h a r te r S e rv ic e P a y
Aug. 15, 1945 (BRT)___
Minimum day’s
pay or actual mileage allowed, whichever
was higher, plus actual expenses on special
party or charter service if trip exceeded 8
hours or 160 miles.
O p e r a to r s , r e g u la r a n d e x tr a :
If total trip exceeded 24 hours from start to
finish, additional minimum day’s pay for
each additional calendar day or fraction
thereof. Regular operator used in special
party or chartered service not to receive
less than regular pay plus expenses.
E m erg en cy T r ip P a y
Aug. 15, 1945 (BRT)___
Hourly or mileage
rate in addition to regular assignment com
pensation paid employees for emergency
side or lap-back trips on orders of company,
between start and end of assignment. Four
hours or 80 miles minimum guaranteed in
addition to regular assignment pay.
O p e r a to r s , r e g u la r a n d e x tr a :
T ir e - C h a n g in g A llo w a n c e
Aug. 15, 1945 (BRT)----Oct 1 1951 (BRT)
Oct 1 1952 (BRT)
O p e r a to r s , r e g u la r a n d e x tr a :
$1 paid for each
tire changed.
Increased to:
Tire-changing required only when necessary
to complete runs or in emergency.
Changing inside tire considered one tire
change.
Changed to:
$1.50 for chang
ing outside tires, $2 for inside tires.
O p e r a to r s , r e g u la r a n d e x tr a :
M e c h a n ic a l F a ilu r e P a y
Aug. 15, 1945 (BRT)----Oct 1 1951 (BRT)
Oct 1 1952 (BRT)
O p e r a to r s , r e g u la r a n d e x tr a : All time
of l } i hours, up to 4 hours, paid on
in excess
a minute
basis in case of mechanical failures not the
fault of the operator or which the operator
was unable to correct.
Changed to:
O p e r a to r s , r e g u la r a n d e x tr a : Paid for all time
at hourly rate when delayed more than one
hour.
E m ergen cy P a y
2 cents a mile, mini
mum of $4.40 an assignment, paid employ
ees required to drive vehicles on revenue
business in emergencies.
Feb. 15, 1946 (IAM)____ Changed to:
M a in te n a n c e e m p lo y e e s : Operators’ rate paid
maintenance employees required to drive
vehicles on revenue business in emergencies.
1945 (IAM)
See footnotes at end of table.
289400— 54------------4
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M a in te n a n c e e m p lo y e e s :
Earnings not to be less than would have
been earned on regular assignment.
286
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1954
B—Related Wage Practices 1— Continued
Effective date
|
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
R o a d S e r v ic e P a y
1945 (IAM)___
e m p lo y e e s : Straight-time rate
paid employees for all travel, waiting, and
working time within regular assigned work
ing hours on road trips. Time and one-half
paid for working time outside of regular
hours.
M a i n te n a n c e
Oct. 15, 1948 (IAM)___
Waiting and travel time outside of regularly
assigned hours not considered as working
time in computing overtime. Minimum
payment, 8 hours in any 24-hour period.
Minimum payment provision deleted.
T r a n s f e r - o f - E q u ip m e n t P a y
Aug. 15, 1945 (BRT)___
Aug. 15, 1949 (BRT)___
No provision for transfer-of-equipment pay__
O p e r a t o r s r e g u l a r a n d e x tr a : Actual expenses
in addition to regular earnings allowed
operators required to leave home district
while transferring equipment.
M e a l ti m e P a y
1945 (IAM) _
Feb. 15, 1946 (IAM)___
Oct. 15, 1948 (IAM)___
Oct. 15, 1949 (IAM)__
No provision for mealtime pay
M a i n te n a n c e e m p lo y e e s : Up to 30 minutes’
paid meal period provided employees re
quired to work more than 2 hours after
scheduled workday.
Added:
M a i n te n a n c e e m p lo y e e s : 20 minutes with pay
for lunch period in each of second and third
shifts, the lunch period to be allowed within
the 8 consecutive hours’ spread of the shift.
Deleted:
M a in te n a n c e e m p lo y e e s : Provisions for paid
lunch periods during overtime and on second
and third shifts.
Practice continued by company.
S u b s is te n c e P a y
1945 (IAM)__
Aug. 15, 1945 (BRT)___
Oct. 15, 1948 (IAM)____
Aug. 15, 1949 (BRT)___
Actual necessary ex
penses paid, when board and lodging were
not provided by company, to employees
required to make road trips.
O p e r a to r s , r e g u la r a n d e x tr a : $1 room allow
ance paid operators during required rest
between 2 days’ work at an away-from-home
terminal.
Changed to:
M a i n te n a n c e e m p lo y e e s : Actual necessary ex
penses allowed to employees sent out for
road service.
Changed to:
O p e r a to r s , r e g u la r a n d e x tr a : $1.50 room allow
ance.
M a in te n a n c e ' e m p lo y e e s :
S p e c i a l A llo w a n c e s
Aug. 15, 1945 (BRT)___
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
50 cents, in addi
tion to other earnings, paid operators re
quired, during a day’s assignment, to handle
25 or more pouches or parcels of mail.
O p e r a to r s , r e g u la r a n d e x tr a :
Not applicable to operators driving equip
ment used exclusively for mail, baggage,
express, and newspapers.
287
WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 38
B—Related Wage Practices 1— Continued
Effective date
j
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
S p e c i a l A llo w a n c e s —Continued
Aug. 15, 1950 (BRT)___
Added:
Separate allow
ance of 30 minutes each way for driving bus
between terminal and garage.
Changed to:
O p e r a to r s , r e g u la r a n d e x tr a : $1, in addition to
other earnings, paid operators required, dur
ing a day’s assignment, to handle 15 or more
pouches or parcels of mail.
Oct. 1, 1952 (BRT)_____ Changed to:
O p e r a to r s , r e g u la r a n d e x tr a : 5 cents a pouch
or parcel, with maximum of $2 a day, paid
for handling mail.
O p e r a to r s , r e g u la r a n d e x tr a :
Payable when not included in assignment
bulletin.
I n s tr u c tio n P a y
Oct. 15, 1945 (BRT)____
Aug. 15, 1946 (BRT)-----
No provision for instruction pay.
$1 a day per student, in
addition to regular rates, paid to employees
giving instruction.
O p e r a to r s , r e g u la r :
T r a n s p o r ta tio n P r iv ile g e s
fAgreements stated employees and families to
( receive same privileges as other employees.
' A l l e m p lo y e e s : Maximum of 6 trips a year be >'
tween system points allowed employees
with 6 months’ and less than 5 years’ serv
ice. Annual pass good in district of emFamily defined as wife and children under
Aug. 15, 1949 (BRT)___ < ployment supplied employees with 5 and
18 years.
Oct. 15, 1949 (IAM)____
and less than 10 years’ service; district pass
for employee and family supplied those with
10 and less than 15 years; system pass for
l employee and family with 15 years or more.
1945 (IAM)____
Aug. Ì5, 1945 (BRT)___
C ou rt D u ty P a y
Company to receive any fees
or court mileage allowance accruing as a
'M a in te n a n c e e m p lo y e e s a n d r e g u la r o p e r a to r s :
result of appearance.
Regular compensation plus expenses paid M a in te n a n c e e m p lo y e e s : 8 hours’ pay guaranfor attending court, inquests, etc., under < teed for each day’s appearance; trans
1945 (IAM)___________
company instructions.
Aug. 15, 1945 (BRT)----portation furnished.
O p e r a to r s , e x tr a : 1 day’s pay allowed for each
O p e r a to r s ,
r e g u la r : Minimum day’s pay
^ 24 hours or fraction thereof.
allowed employees required to attend on
k lay-over day.
Aug. 15, 1946 (BRT)----- Changed to:
Deadhead mileage not paid. Payment for
O p e r a to r s , r e g u la r : Expenses paid only when
time lost allowable only when operators
inquests, etc., were held away from home
were held away from home terminal when
terminal.
they were required as witnesses for com
pany at investigations in which they were
not at fault.
O p e r a to r s , e x tr a : Minimum day’s pay allowed
for each 24 hours of time lost.
Changed to:
Oct. 15, 1948 (IAM)
M a in te n a n c e e m p lo y e e s :
Expense provision Employees appearing as company witnesses
on off-day paid under reporting-pay rule.
deleted.
Expense provision practice continued by
company.
' A ll e m p lo y e e s :
See footnotes at end of table.
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288
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1954
B—Related Wage Practices1— Continued
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
S ic k n e s s , A c c id e n t, a n d H o s p i t a l i z a t i o r B e n e fits
Oct. 10, 1945 (organized
1876).
Hospitalization, medical, dental, and surgical
care, including drugs, within zone of opera
tion of association.
Reimbursement up to $100 for emergency
medical, surgical, or hospital care outside
the zone of operation of the association for
those with 5 years’ membership who lived
within the zone.
Burial expenses, up to $50, for indigent em
ployees.
Reimbursement for medical care and hospital
service provided in obstetrics cases up to
$150 after 5 years’ membership when au
thorized by president of association.
Surgical and hospital care at reduced rates
(when facilities were available) for depend
ents of those who had been members for 3
years.
Julyll, 1948
Provided through Missouri Pacific Hospital
Association, operated since 1912 by board
of member employees and officers. Not
included in union agreements. Dues de
ducted from payroll as follows:
M onthly
earnings
Under $50_______________________ $1. 00
$50 and less than $75_____________ 1. 15
$75 and less than $100____________ 1. 25
$100 and less than $125___________ 1. 50
$125 and less than $140___________ 1. 65
$140 and less than $200___________ 1. 75
$200 and less than $250___________ 2. 00
$250 and over____________________ 2. 50
Membership optional for retired employees.
If pensioned, dues based on amount of
pension; if not pensioned, dues based on
salary at time of retirement.
Monthly dues for active members changed
to:
M onthly
earnings
Jan. 1,-1951
June 1, 1951-----------------
Added: Dependents of employees with 3 or
more years’ service to receive surgical care
in association hospitals without charge; re
duced rates for laboratory tests and therapy
while in hospital.
Jan. 1, 1952------------------ Changed to: Drugs and medicines furnished
without charge only when members confined
in hospital under care of association staff or
when prescribed for occupational disease or
injury. In addition, on discharge from
association hospital, patient could, on
prescription, be supplied with medicines
necessary to meet needs for up to 30 days.
Other drugs supplied at half cost.
Provision for obstetrical care terminated.
See footnotes at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M onthly
deductions
M onthly
deductions
Under $125________________________ $2.00
$125 and less than $200______________ 2.75
$200 and less than $250______________ 3.25
$250 and less than $300______________ 3.75
$300 and less than $400______________ 4.00
5.00
$400 and over______________________
Employees with less than 10 years’ service
retiring after Jan. 1, 1951/ ineligible to
retain membership.
Those who had retired before Jan. 1, 1951,
with less than 10 years’ service and those
with 10 but less than 20 years could con
tinue membership by paying dues at rate
they were paying at retirement, with min
imum of $3 a month; those with more
than 20 years, $3 a month.
Monthly dues for active members changed
to:
M onthly
earnings
M onthly
deductions
Under $250_________________________ $3.50
$250 and less than $300______________ 3.75
$300 and less than $400______________ 4.00
$400 and over______________________
5.00
289
WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 38
B—Related Wage Practices1— C o n tin u e d
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
Provision
Effective date
S ic k n e s s , A c c id e n t, a n d H o s p i t a l i z a t i o n B e n e fits —Continued
Monthly dues for pensioners changed to:
(a) Those with less than 10 years’ mem
bership retired before Jan. 1, 1951, and
those with 10 but less than 20 years, retir
ing after Jan. 1, 1951, at rate they were
paying at retirement, with minimum of $4.
(b) Those with 20 or more years’ service,
$3.50 if they received a pension of less than
$75 a month, and $4 if they received a
pension of $75 or more.
Monthly dues for active members changed
to:
Jan. 1, 1953
June 1, 1953
M onthly
earnings
Maximum reimbursement for emergency med
ical, surgical, or hospital care outside the
zone of operation of the association in
creased to $200 for any one illness or acci
dent for those with 5 years’ membership
who lived within the zone.
Added: Maximum reimbursement up to $100
for emergency medical, surgical, or hospital
care for those with 5 years’ membership
who lived outside the zone of operation of
the association. Maximum reimbursement
in any one calendar year $250.
June 16, 1953
M onthly
deductions
Under $300_______________________
$300 and less than $350__________
$350 and less than $400__________
$400 and over____________________
$4.
4.
4.
5.
00
25
50
00
R e tir e m e n t P la n
Employees covered by Railroad Retirement
Act.
1945_____ _____ ______
1 The last item under each entry represents the most recent change.
2 “ Straight-away run” is defined as a run starting at one terminal and end
ing at another terminal, or a run where an operator receives his rest between
2 days’ work at a point other than his home terminal.
3 See table O, footnote 1.
* The regular assignment rate is determined by multiplying the mileage of
a particular trip by the appropriate mileage rate.
* The contract does not distinguish, as do many agreements in this industry,
between deadheading—that is, driving an empty bus—and deadheading on
the cushions—riding in a bus driven by another operator.
Employees of buslines wholly owned by
railroad are qualified for coverage under
the act.
8 Extra operators’ names are posted on a bulletin board in order of seniority.
The first operator on the list is ordinarily given the first available extra assign
ment and his name is then moved to the bottom of the list. This procedure is
used to provide coverage for unassigned service such as charters, vacations,
trips of regular men when they are laying off, etc.
Regular vacancies and new assignments are filled by advertising for sen
iority choice. Operator with the most seniority making application receives
assignment.
C—Mileage Rates1 Paid Motor Coach Operators,2 1945-52
Effective date
Length of service
1 year and under. ------- ----------------- ---------Over 1 year and under 2 years
----Over 2 years__
------------
---------------------------
Aug. 15, 1945 Aug. 15,1946 Aug. 15, 1948 Aug. 15, 1949 Jan. 24, 1951
Oct. 1, 1951
$0.0520
.0570
.0640
$0.0540
.0590
.0660
$0.0360
.0400
.0475
i The hourly rate is the mileage rate multiplied by 20. This is based on
the agreed-upon 8-hour or 160-mile basic day.
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$0.0410
.0450
.0525
$0.0450
.0500
.0570
$0.0480
.0530
.0600
Oct. 1, 1952
$0.0580
.0630
.0700
2 Includes operators assigned to truck operations and drivers of tractors.
290
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1954
D—Basic Hourly Rates for Maintenance Employees, 1945-53
Effective date
Occupation
Feb. 15,
1946
1945
Lead mechanics___________ ___________
$1.05
Mechanics 1____________________________
1.00
Bodymen__________________________
Electricians______________ _________
Painters . . _________________ _ . .
.888
Radiator repairmen_________________
Sheet-metal workers..................................
Upholsterers_____________________
Welders________ ________ _______
Woodworkers__________________ ____
Mechanic helpers_______________________
.667
Countermen___________________________
Greasers................................................................ .50-, 61
Laborers_______________________________ . 50-. 51
Apprentices___ ________________________ . 55-. 95
M ay 22,
1946
Mar. 1,
1947
Oct. 15,
1948
Feb. 15,
1949
$1.155
1.100
$1.235
1.185
$1.285
1.235
$1.44
1.39
$1.46
1.41
.976
1.073
1.123
1.39
1.41
.733
.852
.902
1.057
1.057
. 55-. 671
. 506-. 561
.605-1.045
. 685-. 795
. 685-. 695
. 735-1.135
. 735-. 845
. 735-. 745
. 785-1.185
1 Prior to Oet. 15, 1949, most occupations falling within the mechanic
classification were not listed separately.
.89-1.00
.89- .90
. 94-1.34
. 89-1.00
.89- .90
. 94-1.34
Oct. 15, Oct. 15, Jan. 24, M ay 1, M ay 1,
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
$1.67
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.20
1.21
1.10
1.00
(s)
$1.69
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.22
1.23
1.12
1.02
$1.75
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.28
1.29
1.18
1.08
$1.85
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.35
1.39
1.25
1.15
$1.90
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.40
1.44
1.30
1.20
1 Training and employment of apprentices discontinued.
—A lbert A. B elman and M arion R. R obbins
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
Wage Chronology No. 21:
Pacific Coast Shipbuilding1
Supplement No. 2
P acific C oast shipbuilders negotiated, in the
spring and summer of 1953, separate agreements
with the Metal Trades Councils (MTC-AFL),
the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners
of America (CJA-AFL), and the International
Association of Machinists (IAM-AFL). The
agreements with the Metal Trades Councils and
the Machinists were new 1-year contracts to
replace those expiring June 30, 1953; that with
the Carpenters was an amendment to the July
1, 1952, contract. The three contracts were made
effective until July 1,1954.
The same general wage increase and provisions
for health and welfare funds were negotiated for
all three groups. Only in provisions relating to
tools were there variations.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Negotiations with the Metal Trades Councils
were started on April 27, 1953, and concluded
May 8. The Carpenters reopened their 1952
contract on May 19 and reached an agreement
with the employers May 21. The Machinists
started their bargaining session on May 25. Al
though terms of the wage increase and establish
ment of a health and welfare fund were settled
quickly, there was disagreement on the effective
date of the tool clause. As a result, the Machin
ists struck in some shipyards on July 1. At no
time was the strike coastwide, but several stop
pages did persist for more than a week. By
July 10, agreement was reached by representa
tives of the companies and the union, and ratifica
tion by union members followed within the next
few days.
The following tables bring the Pacific Coast
Shipbuilding chronology up to the termination
date of the current contracts.
i See M onthly Labor Review, March 1952 (p. 300) or Wage Chronology
Series 4, No. 21 and M onthly Labor Review, M ay 1953 (p. 512).
291
WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 21
A—General Wage Changes
Applications, exceptions,
other related matters
Provision
Effective date
July 1, 1953 (by agreement of: MTC, May 8; CJA,
May 21; IAM, July 13).
and
3 cents an hour increase
B—Basic Wage Rates for Selected Occupations at West Coast New Construction and Repair Yards
Effective date
Effective date
Occupation
Occupation
July 1,
1952
Acetylene burners -------Blacksmiths, heavy forge _
C V hippp rs a n d c a l k e r s
Drillers and reamers___ —
Machinists (all classifications) J__
Operating engineers:
Equipment 20 tons and over____
Equipment under 20 tons —
Painters. _ _ _
-- — --------
July 1,
1952
July 1,
1953
$2. 13
2. 46
2. 13
2. 13
2. 13
$2. 16
2. 49
2. 16
2. 16
2. 16
2. 28
2. 13
2. 13
2. 31
2. 16
2. 16
• Included in chronology for the first time. As of M ay 9, 1952, the Carpenters and Machinists were certified by National Labor Relations Board
as separate bargaining units.
Riggers, loft; plate hangers; hooktenders and slingers
__
Riveters ______
__
__
Shipwrights, journeyman 1 __ __ —
Tool and die makers 1_
_ _ _
Welders, acetylene and electric 3_ _
Helpers, general. __
_ _ —
Laborers, production----------------------
$2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
1.
1.
13
13
13
50
13
83
83
July 1,
1953
$2. 16
2. 16
2. 16
2. 53
2. 16
1. 86
1. 86
2 Prior to July 1, 1947, classified as 2 occupations: Riggers, loft; and riggers
and plate hangers.
3 Prior to July 1, 1947, the occupational title was acetylene welders.
C—Related Wage Practices
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
T o o ls a n d E q u ip m e n t
July 1, 1953 (IAM); Oct. 1,
1953 (CJA).
July 1, 1953 (MTC)______
Added: Employers to exercise option as
follows: (1) furnish all tools, or (2) pay 5
cents a workhour to employees for furnish
ing their own tools.
Deleted: For carpenters—provision for em
ployer replacement or repair of broken
or wornout tools and replacement oi lost
tools.
Employers to replace tools stolen when
employee was off shift and to replace or
pay for tools (1) lost by fire, (2) broken
or worn out, or (3) lost but not through
employee’s negligence.
After employers exercise option,
no change during the life of the contract.
C a r p e n te r s : After employers exercise option,
no change without 30 days’ notice.
M a c h in is ts :
Employees allowed to put away tools at
the end of a shift on company time.
H e a lth a n d W e lfa r e P la n
July 1, 1953 (MTC, IAM
and CJA).
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Noncontributory plans established.
Separate trust funds for MTC, IAM, and
CJA. All 3 funds jointly administered by
companies and unions. Effective July 1,
1953, employers to contribute 7% cents an
hour into depositories selected by the
trustees oi the respective funds. Benefits
to be determined by mutual agreement of
employers and unions.
Technical Note
Studies of Occupational Wages
and Supplementary Benefits
of wages have been made by the Bureau
of Labor Statistics since 1888. The bulk of the
earlier surveys were in selected manufacturing
industries, such as steel, meatpacking, and cotton
textiles. The primary result was information on
hours and earnings of workers in selected produc
tion or plant occupations, generally on a nation
wide basis supplemented by broad regional tabu
lations.
In recent years, an effort has been made to
provide industry wage information on a narrower
geographic basis. Increased emphasis has been
placed on collecting data for office clerical workers,
and the collection of information has been broad
ened to give much more attention to supple
mentary benefits such as insurance and pension
plans, paid vacations, paid holidays, and shift
differentials.
A new type of survey has also been developed,
in which the principal emphasis is on the area
rather than on the industry being studied. These
community wage surveys are concerned with
wages of occupations common to a wide variety
of industries.
The findings of all of these studies are used in
wage determination through collective bargaining
or employer personnel action. They are also used
for comparison of wage levels in various parts of
the country, and by public agencies in making
wage determinations for employees who are paid
on the basis of prevailing rates. In addition,
they provide necessary information for formula
tion of public policy on wages, as in minimum
wage legislation, and for the analysis of trends in
economic developments.
S urveys
292
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Concepts
Occupational wage surveys must be distin
guished carefully from the Bureau’s monthly
Hours and Earnings Series. The latter are
monthly estimates of average hours and earnings,
by industry, derived from a regular group of re
porters who furnish information on total employ
ment, man-hours of work, and payrolls. The
earnings figures include various forms of premium
pay. No data for individual occupations are pro
vided, nor is any distribution of individual em
ployee’s earnings presented. No data on supple
mentary benefits as such are obtained.
In the occupational wage surveys, the principal
interest centers on the straight-time earnings or
rates of pay, excluding shift differentials and
premium overtime, for specific occupations. In
most cases, this approach provides the closest
approximation to the hourly rate of pay. In the
case of professional and office clerical workers,
the primary data are standard weekly hours and
salaries, rather than actual hours and earnings.
Production bonuses, commissions, and cost-ofliving bonuses are counted as earnings, but non
production bonus payments (e.g., Christmas
payments) are not.
No attempt is made to evaluate meals or other
payments in kind, nor does the calculation of
earnings take account of employer expenses for
vacation pay, insurance, pension plans, or any
other fringe benefits. Thus, the earnings figures
represent cash wages (before tax and social
security deductions) after the exclusion of premium
payments.
In wage surveys, the rate of pay is obtained for
each worker individually, making it possible to
calculate a distribution of earnings as well as
an average.
293
STUDIES OF OCCUPATIONAL WAGES
The occupational classifications surveyed are
carefully defined in advance of the survey. The
objective is to obtain maximum correspondence
between the duties of the employee, regardless
of the plant job title, and the descriptions provided
by the Bureau. Wages of workers not falling
within one of the selected occupations may be
collected in some surveys in order to develop
overall averages and distributions, regardless of
occupation.
Scope of Survey
Before collection work is started in any survey,
the scope of the study is rigorously defined as to
industry, geographic and occupational coverage,
size of establishments to be included, and payroll
period to be covered.
Two distinct types of wage surveys—community
and industry—are made.
Community wage studies are designed to pro
vide earnings information on an area basis for
occupations common to a variety of manufac
turing and nonmanufacturing industries. The
“community” covered is generally a standard
metropolitan area. Industry divisions included
are (1) manufacturing, (2) transportation (ex
cluding railroads), communication, and other
public utilities, (3) wholesale trade, (4) retail
trade, (5) finance, insurance, and real estate,
and (6) a selected group of service industries.
Separate data are provided wherever possible
for a limited number of industry divisions in
addition to the all-industry averages and distri
butions of workers by earnings classes.
Cross-industry methods of sampling are utilized
in compiling earnings data for the following types
of occupations: (1) office clerical, (2) professional
and technical, (3) maintenance and powerplant,
and (4) custodial, warehousing, and shipping.
In addition, data are collected on weekly work
schedules, shift operations and differentials, and
certain supplementary benefits. These studies
also provide estimates of the proportions of plant
and office workers covered by union agreements,
numbers of workers employed under incentive
systems of wage payment, and the extent to which
establishments have a formal wage structure for
i
U . S. Bureau of the Budget, Washington. Vol. I, Manufacturing Indus
tries, November 1945; Vol. II, Nonmanufacturing Industries, M ay 1949.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
workers paid on a time basis, providing a single
rate or range of rates for individual job categories.
The Bureau conducts two general types of
industry wage studies—nationwide and by area.
The majority of nationwide studies are made in
industries in which there is little geographic con
centration, or in which interest of the users of the
data centers mainly on the industry as a whole
rather than on particular areas. Examples are
basic iron and steel, nonferrous metals, and electric
and gas utilities.
Area studies are made of geographically concen
trated industries such as machinery and apparel,
which are among those found in large cities. From
time to time these may be supplemented by nation
wide surveys. The principal advantages of the
localized industry surveys are comparatively low
collection costs and speed of publication.
Area studies are generally limited to wage data
for a selected list of occupations and information on
related benefits—generally for a standard metro
politan area. In nationwide studies, earnings
data are also obtained for workers in other occu
pations for presentation of data on the entire wage
structure. In addition to data for the Nation as
a whole, regional and area data may also be
presented for some industries. The area may be a
standard metropolitan area, a State, a group of
counties, etc.
Survey Methods and Estimating Procedure
With respect to specific studies, con
sultations are held directly with appropriate
management, labor, and Government representa
tives. Subjects dealt with generally relate to
technical matters of industry definition or scope
of study, minimum size limitation, timing of
studies, selection of jobs for study, preparation of
job descriptions, and the need for additional data
on such subjects as fringe benefits and for other
data of special interest.
The industry classification system used in wage
surveys is practically always that in the Standard
Industrial Classification Manual.1 The scope may
range from part of a 4-digit code for an industry
study to a combination of 2-digit codes for a com
munity wage study. The basic criterion is that
the study should represent a fairly homogeneous
unit insofar as wages and occupations are
concerned.
Planning.
294
The minimum size of establishment covered in
any one industry study is uniform; in community
wage studies the minimum size usually varies for
different industry divisions. The minimum size
is established after a study of the possible effects
on the results, i. e., can representative or useful
results be obtained from a study of the remaining
establishments? Another practical reason for the
adoption of size limitations is the difficulty en
countered in classifying workers in small establish
ments where the degree of specialization differs
sharply from that in large establishments.
Timing is an important factor in the conduct
of wage studies. Because of the seasonal element
in many industries, the time period of study must
be selected with care in order to obtain useful
results. Community wage studies are often
timed to meet the needs of government agencies
(Federal, State, and local) engaged in wage admin
istration as required by law.
Wage surveys do not provide data for all
occupations. In addition to the greater cost of
obtaining data for all jobs, the usefulness of such
data would be limited because of the wide differ
ences in occupational structure from establishment
to establishment. Hence, lists of key jobs are
selected for study. In industry wage studies, the
lists are, of course, confined to jobs found in the
specific industries being studied; in community
wage studies, the lists include occupations in
operations common to all industries. In the selec
tion of such jobs, the following criteria have been
useful: (1) numerical importance, measured by
the number of workers in the job; (2) clarity of
content; (3) stability in terms of number of workers
and content, from period to period; (4) prevalence
among establishments; and (5) historical impor
tance in wage structure. Occasionally techno
logical changes require revision of job lists to
bring them up to date. The entire list is selected
to represent a reasonably complete range of rates
in the wage structure—on the assumption that
the rates of pay for these key jobs can be used
as benchmarks for interpolating rates for other
jobs.
Each key occupation is carefully defined in
order to obtain maximum comparability of jobs
from establishment to establishment. Such defi
nitions are prepared from studies of plant opera
tions by Bureau representatives and from sugges
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1954
tions of industry and labor representatives. A
job description that is to be used in a survey
involving many establishments include the major
determining classification characteristics of the
job. It is flexible enough, however, to permit
minor variations in duties from plant to plant.
Above all, workers in the plants studied are clas
sified on the basis of these job descriptions and
not on titles of their jobs.
The needs for special data are quite broad in
nature. In industry wage studies, separate
tabulations may relate wages to unionization,
method of wage payment, process of manufacture,
wholesale price line, or other significant industry
characteristics. In community wage studies,
additional occupations are studied to meet the
needs of government agencies in wage administra
tion. Some wage studies may also include
information on certain establishment policies such
as the pattern of rate setting for supervisory
employees and the prevalence of severance pay,
in addition to the usual fringe benefits.
Questionnaires. Two schedules are used in
obtaining data. The first (OWR-1) contains
questions regarding product, size, unionization,
paid vacations, insurance and pension plans, and
related items applicable to the entire establish
ment. The second (OWR—
2) is used in recording
the occupation, sex, method of wage payment,
hours (where needed), and earnings of each
employee studied.
Sam pling Procedure. The sampling design em
ployed is almost always highly stratified. Before
the sample is selected, information on all known
establishments that might possibly fall within
the scope of the survey is compiled from lists
provided by regulatory governmental agencies,
supplemented by data from trade directories,
trade associations, labor unions, and other sources.
Establishments are then stratified as precisely
as available information permits. Each geo
graphic-industry unit for which a separate analysis
is to be presented is sampled independently.
Within these broad groupings, a finer stratification
by product and size of establishment is made.
Stratification may be carried still further in
certain industries; textile mills, for instance, are
classified on the basis of integration, i. e., whether
295
STUDIES OF OCCUPATIONAL WAGES
they spin only, weave only, or do both. Such
stratification is highly important if the occupa
tional structure of the various industry segments
differs widely.
The sample for each industry-area group is a
probability sample, each establishment having
a predetermined chance of selection. In order to
secure maximum accuracy at a fixed level of cost
(or a fixed level of accuracy at minimum cost),
the sampling fraction used in the various strata
ranges downward from all large establishments
through progressively declining proportions of the
establishments in each smaller size group, in
accordance with the principles of optimum
allocation. Thus, each sampled stratum will be
represented in the sample by a number of estab
lishments proportionate to its share of the total
employment. Though this may appear at first
to yield a sample biased by the overrepresentation
of large firms, the method of estimation employed
removes this bias by the assignment of proper
weights to the sample establishments.
The size of the sample in a particular survey
depends on the size of the universe, the diversity
of occupations and their distribution, the relative
dispersion of earnings among establishments, the
distribution of the establishments by size, and the
degree of accuracy required. Estimates of vari
ance based on data from previous surveys are used
in determining the size of the sample needed.
Collection. Bureau agents generally collect data
by personal visit to each of the sample establish
ments. They secure data on wages from payroll
records and those on supplementary benefits and
other information pertaining to the plant as a
whole from company officials. Earnings data are
confined to the rate of pay for employees on a time
basis; for incentive employees, both earnings
(exclusive of premium overtime and shift premium
pay) and the corresponding hours actually worked
are obtained. For salaried workers, the standard
weekly hours and salary are obtained. Occupa
tional classifications are generally obtained by
discussing with company officials the matching of
the Bureau’s descriptions and the plant job titles.
Estimated average hourly
earnings for an industry or an occupation are com
E stim ating Procedure.
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puted as the arithmetic mean of the individual
employees’ earnings. They are not estimated by
dividing total payrolls by total hours worked,
since these are almost never available on an
occupational basis.
All estimates are derived from the sample data.
The averages for occupations, as well as for in
dustries, are weighted averages of individual earn
ings and not computed on an establishment basis.
The proportion of employees affected by any
fringe provision is likewise estimated from the
sample ; all workers in each establishment are con
sidered to be covered by the predominant benefit
policy in effect, and the entire employment of the
establishment is classified accordingly.
As mentioned previously, the use of a variable
sampling ratio in different strata of the population
would result in biased estimates if straight addition
of the data for the various establishments were
made. Therefore, each establishment is assigned
a weight that is the inverse of the sampling rate
for the stratum from which it was selected—e. g.,
if a third of the establishments in one stratum are
selected, each of the sampled establishments is
given a weight of 3.
To illustrate the use of weights, suppose the
universe were 7 establishments, from which a sam
ple of 3 was selected. Assume that establishment
A was drawn from a cell, or stratum, in which
half of the plants were used in the sample. It is
therefore given a weight of 2. Establishment B,
on the other hand, was taken with certainty (or
a probability of 1) and is thus given a weight of 1.
Establishment C was taken from a group where
a fourth of all plants were used in the sample, and
hence is given a weight of 4. The following cal
culations are made in estimating average earnings
for a given occupation.
Estab
lish
ment
Workers in occupation
in sample establishments at specified, rate
Average
hourly
earnings
Weight number
40
f30
1
B
120
10
4
C
Estimated universe—
A
2
$1.
1.
1.
1.
50
70
95
20
Estimates of total in stratum
Earnings
Workers
2 x 40
1 x 30
1 x 20
4 x 10
___ 170
2x
1x
1x
4x
40 x $1. 50
30 x 1. 70
20 x 1. 95
10 x 1. 20
$258. 00
The estimated average hourly earning is thus
$258.00
or $1.52.
170
296
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1954
A similar method applies to any characteristic
estimated from the sample. To estimate the pro
portion of employees in establishments granting
paid vacations of 2 weeks after 2 years of service,
for instance, the establishments are classified ac
cording to the length of vacation granted after 2
years’ service, establishment weights are applied
to employment, as in the previous example, and
the proportion of the estimated employment in the
2-week category of the estimated total employment
is then computed. Using the same three estab
lishments as in the previous example, this can be
illustrated as follows:
Establishment
Weight
A
2
B
1
C
4
Estimated universe
Actual total
establishment
employment
100
500
75
Weighted.
em ploym ent
200
500
300
- . 1 , 000
Vacation
provisions
after 2 years
1 week
2 weeks
1 week
Thus, the estimated percentage of workers in es
tablishments granting 2 weeks’ vacation after 2
years of service is
or 50 percent.
Publication
Data for each important subunit of an industry
are published only when information is available
from all sample firms in that unit. Such data for
individual segments of a survey may be published
in advance of the broader survey. Thus, in a
survey such as that of the machinery industry,
publication of results for an individual city does
not wait upon the completion of the survey in the
rest of the country. Preprinted forms are utilized
for the quick release of detailed data in local areas
to supplement summary press releases. In nation
wide surveys, preliminary data are also released in
advance of the issuance of a printed bulletin, which
gives detailed results for the country as a whole and
for geographic breakdowns. Summaries of the
data in these bulletins frequently appear also in
the Monthly Labor Review. ■
Limitations of Data
'' T'
It must be remembered that some flexibility in
the use of wage data is necessary. All occupa
tions may not be studied, and the user must be
prepared to interpolate for missing occupations on
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
the basis of traditional rate relationships. The
same kind of consideration applies to surveys in
which data are presented for certain areas only.
A further limitation is the elimination of smaller
firms from the universe. This is not serious with
respect to occupational data, because small firms
often do not have a degree of occupational special
ization that permits meaningful classification for
this purpose. The size-of-establishment limits in
most surveys is such that a comparatively small
part of the total employment is omitted.
The survey averages for a series of occupations
do not necessarily show the same rate relationships
as those found in the majority of establishments.
If employment of workers in a given occupation is
concentrated in a high (or low) paying establish
ment, the occupational average may be higher (or
lower) than the traditional rate relationships
would indicate. Then, too, incentive methods of
wage payment may raise the earnings of specific
occupations above those of related jobs for which
skill requirements may be higher, but which are
customarily paid on a time basis.
Year-to-year changes may be affected by
changes in the scope of the survey, changes in the
distribution of the labor force among and within
establishments, and changes in methods of per
forming work. For instance, shifts in employ
ment from low to high paying establishments may
cause an increase in average hourly earnings when
no change in establishment scales has occurred.
Results of the surveys
generally will be subject to sampling error. This
error will not be uniform, since, for most occupa
tions, the dispersion of earnings among establish
ments and frequency of occurrence differ. In
general, the sample is so designed that the chances
are 9 out of 10 that the published average does
not differ by more than 5 percent from the average
that would be obtained by enumeration of all
establishments in the universe. That error applies
to the smallest breakdown published. Hence, the
error of broader groupings will be somewhat less.
The sampling error of the percentage of workers
receiving any given supplementary benefit differs
widely with the size of the percentage. However,
the error is such that rankings of predominant
practices will almost always appear in their true
Reliability of Surveys.
STUDIES OF OCCUPATIONAL WAGES
position. Small percentages may be subject to
considerable error, but will always remain in the
same scale of magnitude. For instance, the pro
portion of employees receiving 4 weeks’ paid vaca
tion may be given as 2 percent, when the true
percentage for all establishments might be only
1 percent. Such a sampling error, while consider
able, does not affect the essential inference that
the practice is a rare one.
Estimates of the number of workers in a given
occupation are subject to considerable sampling
error, due to the wide variation among establish
ments in the proportion of workers found in
individual occupations. Hence, the estimated
numbers of workers can be interpreted only as a
rough measure of the relative importance of
various occupations. The greatest degree of ac
curacy in these employment counts is for those
occupations found principally in large establish
ments. This sampling error, however, does not
materially affect the accuracy of the average earn
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
297
ings shown for the occupations. The estimate of
average earnings is technically known as a “ratio
estimate,” i. e., it is the ratio of total earnings
{not payrolls) to total employment in the occupa
tion. Since these two variables are highly cor
related (i. e., the errors tend to be in the same
direction), the sampling error of the estimate
(average hourly earnings) is considerably smaller
than the sampling error of either total earnings or
total employment.
Since completely current and accurate informa
tion regarding establishment products is not
available, the universe from which the sample is
drawn may be incomplete. Sample firms incor
rectly classified are accounted for in the actual
field work, and the universe estimates are revised
accordingly. Those which should have been in
cluded but are erroneously classified in other
industries cannot be accounted for.
— S amuel E. C o h en
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
Significant Decisions
in Labor Cases
Wages and Hours 2
Public Utility Employees— F L S A Coverage. A
United States court of appeals upheld 3 a Federal
district court decision that the Fair Labor Stand
ards Act, as amended, is applicable to employees
of public utilities supplying interstate industrial
manufacturers. Operating, maintenance, and cler
ical employees, employed interchangeably by
water and gas companies servicing such customers,
are, the court held, “ engaged in commerce or in
the production of goods for commerce” within the
meaning of the FLSA.
The court also ruled that such employers, oper
ating as public utilities under State law, were not
within the “ retail or service establishment” ex
emption provided in section 13 (a) (2) of the act.
Exercise of Judicial Discretion in Denial of Injunc
tion Upheld. A decision of a Federal district court
denying an injunction against an employer was
upheld 4 by a United States court of appeals as a
proper exercise of the lower court’s discretion. A
company was found to have failed for several
years to pay its employees in full each payday,
with a resulting accumulation of unpaid back pay
at the time of trial. However, on a showing that
the company had obtained new capital and was
meeting its current payroll, the lower court denied
the injunction sought, although it kept its decree
open for possible later orders.
The appellate court approved this grant to the
company of an opportunity to correct its practices
as being within the discretion of the lower court.
In so holding, the appellate court noted that a
court of equity is a “ court of conscience” whose
decree will not be set aside unless it appears in
equitable to let it stand. In the present case not
only was there no such showing, but in fact the
company was found to have already moved to
correct its practices.
298
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Labor Relations
Unlawful Discrimination by Employer. A United
States court of appeals granted 5 a petition by the
National Labor Relations Board for enforcement
of its order against an employer for unlawful dis
crimination in the layoff of two employees. The
employer had previously shown a liberal policy re
garding time off, and these men, who constituted
the union’s shop committee, had been permitted
to attend an earlier representation hearing held by
the NLRB Regional Office. Permission to attend
an adjourned session of this hearing 16 days later
was denied to the two, however, and they were laid
off for 1 week because they left work to attend.
The employer corporation contended its reason for
this action was to maintain discipline and to pre
vent absenteeism at a time when business condi
tions required the prompt filling of orders on hand.
The trial examiner, whose report the NLRB
adopted, found no such justification for the lay
off, and held it to have been in reprisal for the
employees’ attendance at the hearing. The
court noted that no change in conditions was
shown warranting the employer’s change in
policy, nor had there been any showing of a need
for replacements for these men while they were
away from their duties. The corporation’s change
of policy and its disciplinary layoff of the two
employees were held, therefore, to be unfair labor
practices under the provisions of the Labor Man
agement Relations (Taft-Hartley) Act.
Wage Increase During Representation Proceeding.
An NLRB petition for enforcement of an order
against an employer for alleged election inter
ference was denied 6 by a United States court of
appeals. The employer company was alleged to
1 Prepared in the U. S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor.
The cases covered in this article represent a selection of the significant
decisions believed to be of special interest. N o attempt has been made to
reflect all recent judicial and administrative developments in the field of
labor law or to indicate the effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in
which contrary results may be reached, based upon local statutory provisions,
the existence of local precedents, or a different approach by the courts to the
issue presented.
2 This section is intended merely as a digest of some recent decisions involv
ing the Fair Labor Standards Act and the Portal-to-Portal Act. It is not
to be construed and may not be relied upon as interpretation of these acts by
the Administrator of the Wage and Hour D ivision or any agency of the
Department of Labor.
2 Mitchell v. Mercer Water Co. (C. A. 3, Dec. 17, 1953).
4 Durkin v. Lovknit Mfg. Co. (C. A. 5, Dec. 22, 1953).
5 N L R B v. Chautauqua Hardware Corp. (C. A. 2, Dec. 18, 1953).
0 N L R B v. W. T. Grant Co. (O. A. 4, Dec. 18, 1953).
SIGNIFICANT DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES
have violated section 8 (a) (1) of the LMRA by
granting a wage increase to its employees, during
the pendency of a representation petition, in
order to induce them to vote against a labor
organization. It was also charged that the
company interfered with its employees’ selforganizational rights by interrogation as to their
attendance at a union meeting and by coercion
through threats of closing its local store, which
had not previously been organized.
The evidence, the court found, did not support
the NLRB’s finding of an unfair labor practice as
to the wage increase, inasmuch as this action was
shown to be required to meet local business com
petition. There being no certified union with
which the company could then bargain, its action
in granting a wage increase was not unlawful, the
court ruled.
Evidence to sustain the other charges was in
sufficient, the court found. There was no show
ing of duress or overpersuasion by the employer,
it held, and the statements complained of were
made in the course of casual conversation, so as
to be “hardly worthy of mention.”
Unlawful Refusal To Bargain. (1) A United States
court of appeals enforced 7 an order of the NLRB
against an employer who violated the collective
bargaining provisions of section 8 (a) (5) of the
LMRA. The employer (an electric cooperative)
was found to have engaged in unfair labor practices
by refusing to bargain with the union, by dis
couraging membership in it, by unlawfully dis
charging employees for engaging in a strike, and
by unlawfully interfering with the employees’
right to join the union.
The union made unsuccessful efforts to obtain
recognition by the cooperative, and after the latter
refused to agree to a consent election, a Boardconducted election was held, which the union won.
However, although some meetings were held, the
union failed in repeated attempts to procure a
contract. It then called upon the Federal Media
tion and Conciliation Service.
Efforts of the Service to get the parties together
were also unsuccessful, the record showed, and the
union called a strike because of the employer’s
refusal to bargain. During the course of the
7 Wheatland Electric Cooperative v. N L R B (C. A. 10, Dec. 29, 1953).
* N L R B v . Pecheur Lozenge Co. (O. A. 2, Dec. 31, 1953).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
299
strike, the employer discharged the strikers, re
placing them with new workers at increased wages.
The court ruled that “merely going through the
formality” of bargaining is insufficient. There
must, it held, be a genuine and sincere effort to
reach agreement. If after such efforts at good
faith bargaining, no agreement is reached, there
is no violation, stated the court. In the present
instance, however, the employer’s representative
was found to have said: “All I am obligated to do
is to meet with you.” The employer’s bad faith
was also demonstrated, the court held, in the re
placing of the striking employees by hiring new
workers and promoting old workers at higher
wages. Since the employer was found to have
failed to bargain in good faith, the strike called by
the employees was an unfair-labor-practice strike,
and the strikers were entitled to unconditional
reinstatement regardless of whether their positions
had been filled in the interim.
(2) An NLRB cease and desist order against an
employer for certain unfair labor practices was
upheld 8 by a United States court of appeals. An
employer company was engaged in the manufac
ture, sale, and distribution of candy products,
employing approximately 30 men production
workers and 70 women wrappers. Its operations
were seasonal in character, considerable overtime
being required at peak intervals. A controversy
arose in the fall of 1949 between the company and
a union which, although not then in compliance
with the filing requirements of the act, claimed
bargaining rights for the employees. A strike
began December 2, 1949, and lasted until June
1950, when the union abandoned it. In April
1950, the union complied with the filing require
ments of the act and sought recognition, which the
company refused, questioning the union’s majority.
Attempts made in May and June 1950 to arrange
a consent election were also unsuccessful. After
a number of individual actions were filed with the
Board, alleging discrimination by the employer
in refusing to rehire certain strikers, the union
filed an unfair-labor-practice charge and the cases
were consolidated. The NLRB ruled against the
company, requiring it to bargain with the union,
and to reinstate and “make whole” the employees
who were on strike on April 6, 1950.
In reaching its decision, the court found the
entire series of events to be closely interrelated.
300
It upheld the Board’s ruling that the employer
was initially under a legal duty to bargain; the
union officers’ having later met the filing require
ments was sufficient, the court held. Also upheld
was the Board’s finding that the employer’s refusal
to negotiate for settlement of the strike consti
tuted an unlawful refusal to bargain. Any sub
sequent loss of majority by the union was, the
court ruled, attributable to the unfair labor prac
tice of the company and would not justify refusal
by the company to bargain. The court also held
that the strike, which began as an economic one,
was converted into an unfair-labor-practice strike
by the company’s refusal to bargain and that the
employer therefore was obliged to reinstate the
striking employees when they later uncondition
ally applied for reinstatement.
An alleged unlawful interrogation of an em
ployee by the employer in the early stages of the
controversy was dismissed by the court as trivial.
Illegal Company Domination of Union. A United
States court of appeals upheld 9 an NLRB order
finding an employer in violation of section 8 (a) (2)
and (1) of the LMRA, through domination of a
union local. The employer was also found by
the court to have violated section 8 (a) (3) and
(1) by discharging two employees for activity on
behalf of a rival union and by surveillance of the
rival union’s meetings. In so finding, the court
noted that the employer, in his efforts at domina
tion, lacked comprehension of the employees’
rights to self-organization.
However, the court overruled the Board’s find
ing as to the dismissal of one employee, who, as
indicated by the evidence, had been guilty of
minor infractions of company rules in a deliberate
attempt to disrupt work and foment discord such
as to justify her dismissal under the act.
An NLRB
petition for enforcement of its order against a
union and employers’ group was granted10 by a
United States court of appeals in a proceeding
involving a “ first opportunity” clause. The
clause was incorporated in an agreement by a
building-trades union with a group of contractors,
the union being thereby given the first oppor
tunity to supply the workers needed. This
provision was used, the court held, as a means of
“First Opportunity ” Clause Invalid.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1954
discrimination against a recalcitrant union mem
ber, thereby denying him employment.
Use of the clause, therefore, constituted what
amounted to a “ closed shop” arrangement. Con
tinuance of such a clause in force, the court ruled,
was a violation of the act by both union and
employers.
A United States
court of appeals enforced11 an NLRB order
against an employer on account of the unlawful
suspension and discharge of certain employees.
Spontaneous walkouts and work stoppages had
occurred, according to the record, in protest
against what the employees considered excessive
heat in the factory where they worked.
Such activities were, the court held, for “ mutual
aid or protection” within the meaning of section
7 of the LMRA. The suspension and later dis
charge of the employees on this account were,
therefore, in the opinion of the court, in violation
of section 8 (a) (1) and (3) of the act.
“ Concerted Activity ” Protected.
Union’s “ Car-Pool” Payments a Lawful Service.
An employer’s attempt to set aside an election
because of unlawful union interference was over
ruled 12 by the NLRB. The union, during a
period 1 to 6 days prior to a representation elec
tion, had paid 15 employee “ car-pool” drivers
the sum of $3 each for transporting passengers
to the polls on election day—an action which,
the employer charged, was intended to influence
the vote.
The plan was held by the Board, however, to
be a good faith effort by the union to make
transportation facilities available to eligibles who
might not otherwise be able to exercise their
right to vote, since no public transportation
facilities were available. There was no evidence
that the employees regarded these payments as
intended to influence their votes or as obligating
them to vote for the union.
Unlawful Picketing for Recognition. The NLRB
found 13 that a union violated the LMRA by con8 N L R B y. Polynesian Arts, Inc. (C. A. 6, Jan. 14, 1954).
i° N L R B v. George D. Auchter Co. (C. A. 5, Jan. 15, 1954).
11 N L R B v. Southern Silk M ills, Inc. (C. A. 6, Dee. 21, 1963).
12 In re David Goetz d. b. a. Federal Silk M ills (107 N L R B 177, Jan. 15, 1954).
12 In re Lumber and Sawmill Workers Union, Local 2781 United Brotherhood
of Carpenters and Joiners of America (A F L ) and Everett Plywood and Door
Corp. (107 N L R B 120, Dec. 22, 1953).
SIGNIFICANT DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES
tinuing to picket for recognition after certification
of a rival union. The first-mentioned union had
represented the production and maintenance em
ployees of the predecessor employer for a number
of years. These employees were laid off or dis
charged just prior to the transfer of the business,
but subsequently were retained and became share
holders of the firm. When the union learned that
the transfer was to be made, it unsuccessfully de
manded recognition by the new owner. He refused
to recognize it on behalf of shareholding employees,
but offered to bargain on behalf of nonshareholding
employees.
The union began picketing the plant when the
new firm commenced operations May 16, 1951,
and continued to maintain the picket line, except
for a brief interval, until July 6, 1953. On June
25, 1953, another union was certified.
The Board ruled that the picketing came within
the prohibition of section 8 (b) (4) (C) of the act,
which prohibited picketing for the purpose of
forcing recognition if another union had been certi
fied as bargaining representative for the unit.
The union was ordered to cease and desist from
engaging in unlawful picketing.
'X zt.— ' '
"'-■’SKBErarr'----- v 1**
Jurisdiction
Over
"■‘swrrwaBf~
P lant
Commissary Refused.
Overruling prior decisions, to the extent that
they were inconsistent, the NLRB refused 14 to
take jurisdiction in a case involving a commissary
operated on the premises of a company engaged in
interstate commerce. Although the commissary
made annual purchases totaling more than
$100,000, over $10,000 being interstate in origin,
its operations, the Board ruled, had so insub
stantial an impact on commerce that the NLRB
would not be effecting the purposes of the act by
taking jurisdiction.
Board Member Murdock dissented from this
departure from the Board’s jurisdictional plan as
ignoring the realities of industrial life. There was
no showing that other eating facilities were avail
able to the employees of this plant. Thus, Mr.
Murdock held, the case came within the Board’s
n in re Local 1083, United Automobile, Aircraft and Agricultural Implement
Workers of America (CIO) and Allied Independent Unions (C U A ) (107 N L R B
107, Dee. 21, 1953).
i* In re Federal Telephone and Radio Co. (107 N L R B 146, Dec. 31, 1953).
m In re Pacific Intermountain Express Co. (107 N L R B 158, Jan. 14, 1954).
17 Firestone Tire and Rubber Co. (93 N L R B 981, Mar. 27, 1951).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
301
“Hollow Tree” doctrine covering intrastate enter
prises furnishing services, valued at $50,000 or
more, “necessary” to the operation of a manufac
turer whose volume of sales outside the State
exceeds $25,000 in value.
Presentation of Grievance Through M inority Union
Overruled. The NLRB ruled 15 that an employee
may not present an individual grievance to his
employer through a union other than the certified
bargaining representative for the unit of which he
is a member.
Section 9 (a) of the act, the Board held, merely
assures the individual employee the right to confer
with his employer without participation by the
certified bargaining agent. Noting the legislative
history of this provision, the Board stated that
no evidence existed of any congressional intent to
confer rights upon a minority union. The em
ployer, therefore, it was ruled, violated section
8 (a) (5) and (1) of the act in accepting the
grievance presented and processed by a union
other than the certified representative.
In the same proceeding, the Board dismissed a
complaint as to unlawful discharge of one em
ployee pursuant to union-security agreement pro
visions, for failure to pay his union dues. This
discharge was upheld even though the employer
had failed to deduct union dues after the em
ployee had signed a dues check off authorization.
The record showed, the Board held, that the em
ployee had not resigned from the union, knew of
his employer’s failure to deduct his dues, and was
given ample opportunity to pay the back dues be
fore his discharge.
Union Control Over Seniority Illegal. The NLRB
held 16 illegal a contract provision which gave a
union complete control over settlement of any
controversy with respect to seniority. Overruling
a prior holding,17 the Board stated that, although
the contract stipulated that the seniority deter
minations should be made without regard to union
membership, the provision in question would tend
to encourage union membership.
The contract related to over-the-road motorfreight shipments, and covered employers and
various locals of the Teamsters union in a 12State area. Seniority, the record showed, was the
determining factor in assignment of jobs and in
making layoffs. Thus, the employer in fact dele-
302
gated to the unions complete authority to deter
mine work assignments and reductions in force.
In reaching its conclusion, the Board noted that
determinations of seniority are generally based on
the workers’ employment history—information
usually peculiarly within the knowledge of the
employer. The delegation of such control to a
union, the Board held, was calculated to be used
to encourage union membership.
Because the union determined seniority on the
basis of union membership rather than hiring
dates, enforcement of the contract provisions by
the employer encouraged and actually required
new employees to join the union as soon as hired
instead of within 30 days as allowed by the act.
Reduction of the job assignments of certain em
ployees under such a provision was also violative
of the act as unlawful discrimination, and the
employer was ordered to pay those workers back
pay. Since these contract provisions giving the
union control of seniority determinations were
separable, and applied to a large number of em
ployers and employees, the Board ordered the
employers and unions to cease giving effect, to
these provisions and to refrain from executing
further agreements containing them.
Veterans’ Reemployment Rights
H ospital Benefits Lost. A
United States district court exercised its remedial
powers broadly for the protection of a veteran,18 a
motorman in a coal mine, who had been reem
ployed on his return from military service, June 4,
1946. He was dismissed from his job for lack of
work on August 31, 1946, when a section of the
mine was shut down. Contractual seniority was
not observed in this dismissal. The veteran
protested, and on November 7, 1946, he was
recalled by the employer. The union immediately
acted to prevent the veteran from working in his
position, and renewed its interference in December
1946, when the employer again offered him his
preinduction job.
The veteran brought action against both em
ployer and union, and the court held each de
fendant at fault. The dismissal in August vio
lated the statutes, the court ruled, because it was
not shown that there were no identical positions
Reimbursement jo r
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1954
elsewhere in the mine which the veteran’s seniority
entitled him to fill. Interference by the union in
favor of a junior employee when the veteran was
recalled was found not warranted by seniority
rules. The court rejected the union’s contention
that the veteran had no remedy at law because he
had not pursued grievance proceedings which had
been established by a union constitution adopted
during his military service. Such union proce
dures cannot abridge a veteran’s rights, the court
said; he cannot be required to submit his case for a
decision by local union members, but may rely on
the act of Congress.
Accordingly, the court found the employer
responsible for wages lost by the veteran from
August 31 to November 7, 1946. The employer
was ordered to pay these and to reinstate the
veteran, if he applied within 30 days after judg
ment, in his former position or one of like seniority,
status, and pay, “ together with the wage and other
beneficial increment incident thereto as of the time
of his reinstatement.” Discharge of the veteran
without cause was prohibited for a period of 9
months and 4 days after such reinstatemt.
The court enjoined the union and all persons in
active concert or participation with it from inter
fering with the veteran’s employment or with him
in regard to his employment. Damages were
awarded against the union, based on a stipulation
representing wages lost from November 8, 1946, to
June 3, 1947.
Because of his dismissal, the veteran had been
excluded from hospitalization benefits, which in
cluded dependents. In January and February
1947, his dependent mother was hospitalized.
The union was ordered to pay the veteran as
special damages the amount of the hospitalization
benefit which he would have received if he had
been covered by the hospitalization contract.
In making the money awards, the court awarded
execution for the amounts involved, unless they
should be paid within 30 days. The court also
retained the case upon its docket, so that the
veteran might apply for any orders or other pro
ceedings needed to enforce the judgment and
particularly the injunctions.
18
Branam v. New Jellico Coal Co. and Local No. 8296, U M W A (E. D .
Tenn., M ay 1, 1952, N ov. 26,1952).
Chronology of
Recent Labor Events
January 5, 1954
5-week strike of the 14,000 United Steelworkers of
America (CIO) against Continental Can Co. at 36 plants
in the United States and Canada ended with a 15-cent-anhour “package” settlement and a 2-year contract. On
January 11, about 18,000 members of the Steelworkers
ended their strike against American Can Co., begun at
the same time as that against Continental, on practically
the same terms. (See also p. 305 of this issue.)
T he
January 6
International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union
(AFL) announced renewal of agreements with 3 major
employer associations in the women’s coat and suit
industry, for a 5-year period, covering 60,000 workers in
the New York metropolitan area. Employer contribu
tions to the employee retirement fund will increase from
3 to 4 percent of payroll, as of June 1, 1954; and cost-ofliving wage escalation clauses were continued. (See also
p. 306 of this issue.)
T he
January 7
National Labor Relations Board, establishing a new
elections policy, ruled that any union withdrawing from
or disclaiming interest in a representation or decertifica
tion proceeding after the Board has completed hearings
on the petition therefor will be barred for 6 months from
requesting another election among the same employees
unless good cause can be shown. This principle was
applied in the case of S e a r s , R o e b u c k & C o ., Santa Barbara,
Calif., and R e ta i l C le r k s I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s s o c ia tio n , L o c a l
8 9 9 {A F L ) and 2 related decisions; the 3 cases involved
petitions filed by a union, an employer, and employees.
T he
January 9
Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen & Enginemen
(Ind.) and the major railroads announced that they had
negotiated a wage agreement covering 60,000 workers and
paralleling the contract signed previously by the Brother
hood of Railroad Trainmen (see Chron. item for December
17, 1953, MLR, Feb. 1954).
On January 12, the United Railroad Workers of America
(CIO) negotiated a similar contract with the Pennsylvania
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Railroad for 36,000 workers (including more than 70
percent of the company’s shop crafts). (See also p. 307 of
this issue.)
January 11
P r e sid e n t E ise n h o w e r sent a message to Congress
recommending 15 amendments to the Taft-Hartley Act.
(See also p. 268 of this issue.)
T h e NLRB regional director in New York City recom
mended that the Board hold formal hearings on the
AFL’s petition to set aside the recent representation
election among dockworkers in the Port of New York
(see Chron. item for December 1, 1953, MLR, February
1954), submitting evidence in support of the AFL charges.
On January 27, the ILA-AFL-supported Union of
Maritime Workers in Puerto Rico defeated the ILA
(Ind.) in an NLRB representation election affecting 7,000
dockworkers. (See also p. 309 of this issue.)
January 13
T he NLRB refused to assume jurisdiction (3 to 1) in the
case of T a ic h e r t’s , I n c ., Los Alamos, N. Mex., and R e ta i l
C le r k s I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s s o c ia tio n , L o c a l 1 5 6 4 { A F L ) , which
involved a variety store with 9 employees, located at an
atomic energy project. The majority opinion stated that
the decision did not “presage an abdication by the major
ity of jurisdiction over labor disputes which, by common
sense standards, have a real and substantial impact on
national defense.”
January 14
NLRB, overruling its 1951 decision in the Firestone
Rubber case (see Chron. item for Mar. 27, 1951, MLR May
1951), held that a contract provision which gave complete
authority to a union to settle all controversies over senior
ity was of itself a violation of the Taft-Hartley Act, as it
tended to encourage membership in the union even though
it stipulated that the union was to make seniority deter
minations without regard to union membership. The
case involved was P a c if ic I n te r m o u n ta in E x p r e s s C o .,
Kansas City, Mo., and C a r lo s B e a ll et a l .; I n t e r n a t i o n a l
B r o th e r h o o d o f T e a m s te r s . . . L o c a l N o .
{ A F L ) and
Sam e.
(See also p. 301 of this issue.)
T he
January 15
T he Nebraska [State] District Court of Douglas County
ruled, in the case of H a n s o n et a l. v. U n io n P a c if ic R a i l r o a d
C o . et a l., that the union-shop provisions of contracts
between railway unions and the railroad did not apply to
its “nonoperating” (off-train) employees in Nebraska.
The Court held that such application violated the rightto-work amendment to the State constitution, although
the union-shop amendment to the Federal Railway Labor
Act states that it takes precedence over conflicting State
laws.
303
304
January 18
T he International Association of Machinists (AFL) signed
an agreement with the United Aircraft Corp., Pratt &
Whitney Division, which provided for a 26-cent-an-hour
“package” increase for 23,000 employees in 4 Connecticut
plants. Of this, 11 cents covered a general wage increase.
(See also p. 306 of ths issue.)
T he Consolidated Edison Co. and the Utility Workers
Union of America (CIO) announced the signing of a 1-year
contract for 1954 which provided a “package” increase of
about 14 cents an hour for 24,000 workers in metropolitan
New York. About half the employees—all those with
25 years’ service—will receive an additional $2-a-week
differential, effective April 4. (See p. 306 of this issue.)
January 19
anthracite health and welfare fund of the United
Mine Workers of America (Ind.) announced immediate
reduction of pensions, from $100 to $50 a month, for about
13,000 retired anthracite miners, and of death benefits
from $1,000 to $500. The fund, supported by royalties
on tonnage mined paid by the industry, fell behind in
payments because of declining production. Next day,
trustees of the UMWA bituminous welfare and retirement
fund announced discontinuance, beginning March 1954,
of temporary aid of $30 a month and $10 for each dependent
to more than 35,000 totally disabled miners and depend
ents and to miners’ widows and children— “never . . . in
tended to be part of the fund’s long-range program.”
T he
January 20
Two AFL u n io n s —the International Brotherhoods of
Boilermakers, Iron Ship Builders, Blacksmiths, Forgers
and Helpers and the International Association of Bridge,
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1954
Structural and Ornamental Iron Workers—signed a pact
defining the types of work under their respective juris
dictions, thus ending a 25-year controversy.
January 21
S e cretary op L abor James P. Mitchell announced reacti
vation of the Department’s Trade Union Advisory Com
mittee on International Affairs, originally established in
1946 (see Chron. item for November 24, 1946, MLR,
February 1947). Membership consists of 11 union
officials—4 each from the American Federation of Labor
and the Congress of Industrial Organizations, 1 each from
the United Mine Workers of America (Ind.), the Railway
Labor Executives’ Association, and 1 for the 4 “operating”
railroad brotherhoods.
T he NLRB dismissed (2 to 1) a decertification petition
filed by a leadman as invalid, even though supported by
a substantial number of rank-and-file employees, in the
case of D o a k A i r c r a f t C o ., I n c ., Torrence, Calif., and
L y le R . S t u m p and I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n o f M a c h i n
i s ts , D i s t r i c t L o d g e N o . 7 2 0 { A F L ) .
Only nonsupervisory
employees may file such petitions, and the majority found
that the leadman was a supervisor even though included
in the bargaining unit.
T he NLRB declined to take jurisdiction (3 to 1) over a
taxicab company deriving about a fifth of its over $2 million
revenue from transporting passengers to and from termi
nals of interstate carriers. Two members of the majority
found the relation of the enterprise to interstate commerce
“too inconsequential and remote to warrant assertion of
the Board’s jurisdiction” ; the third held that revenue
derived from interstate activities did not constitute “a
substantial portion” of the total. Involved was a repre
sentation case— C h e c k e r T a x i C o ., Boston, Mass., and
N e w E n g la n d T a x i C a b D r iv e r s U n io n , L o c a l 1.
Developments in
Industrial Relations1
1954, at both companies. Workers in “skilled”
categories at American Can Co. received addi
tional increases up to 4.5 cents, effective in
January, and provision was made in the Con
tinental agreement for the reduction of sex differ
entials effective in February. Both agreements
provided for severance pay and liberalization of
various fringe benefits.
Another relatively long
(47 days) strike against Merck and Co., Inc., by
the United Chemical Workers (CIO) affected the
company’s Rahway, N. J., plant. An agreement
reached January 10 provided for a 6-cent hourly
basic wage increase in addition to incorporation
of a 10-cent hourly cost-of-living allowance into
the basic wage; cost-of-living adjustments were
discontinued.
The company also announced a settlement of the
49-day strike by members of the same union at
three Sharp and Dohme Division plants in the
Philadelphia area, with an hourly wage increase
of 8 cents; the previous agreement did not contain
an escalator clause. Both settlements provided
for additional wage increases through adjustment
of inequities and also for liberalization of a number
of fringe benefits.
Drugs and Medicines.
a g r e e m e n t s reached during January
1954 were not concentrated in any industry group.
Wage-rate increases, in some cases accompanied
by liberalized supplementary benefits, were pro
vided by agreements in the railroad, airframe, and
amusement industries and for New York utility
workers. A major airline announced a wage
increase for its unorganized employees.
Other agreements reached during the month
included changes in fringe benefits in the north
eastern Massachusetts shoe industry and provi
sions for increased contributions to the women’s
coat and suit industry retirement fund in New
York City; in both cases, wage rates were not
changed. Payments from the anthracite industry
health and welfare fund were reduced as a result
of lowered aggregate royalty payments.
Settlements in the can and container industry
and in drugs and medicines ended stoppages that
had lasted over a month and a half. Lengthy
strikes affecting Pittsburgh department stores and
a major hat manufacturer in Connecticut con
tinued throughout the month.
L e a d in g
Work Stoppages and Settlements
Containers .2 The strike involving about 14,000
employees of the Continental Can Co. ended
January 5 when the United Steelworkers (CIO)
and the company agreed on a 15-cent hourly
“package.” At the American Can Co. the stop
page of about 18,000 workers continued until
January 11. Both agreements included an 8^-cent
hourly general wage increase retroactive to
October 1, 1953, at Continental and effective
January 12, 1954, at American Can Co. Addi
tional increases of about 2 cents to reduce geo
graphic wage differentials became effective Janu
ary 12 at American and February 1 at Continental,
with further area differential adjustments aver
aging 2 cents an hour to take place October 1,
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At the end of January, the
work stoppage that began on November 27 in
major Pittsburgh department stores was still in
effect. It started when about 600 members of the
Teamsters Union (AFL) stopped work in a dis
pute over wages and working conditions with the
Labor Standards Association, representing the
department stores. Several thousand workers
belonging to about 15 unions refused to cross the
teamsters’ picket lines, and early in December the
stoppage spread to 5 furniture stores and 2
parcel delivery services. Picket lines were also
established at some department stores by the
Office Workers International Union (AFL).
Since the stoppage began, the stores have been
kept open by skeleton crews of managerial and
extra help. However, executives of two of the
retail stores involved in the stoppage indicated,
in court testimony in early December, that busi
ness had dropped between 40 and 60 percent as a
result of the stoppage.
Department Stores.
1 Prepared in the Bureau’s Division of Wages and Industrial Relations.
2 See February 1954 issue of the M onthly Labor Review (p. 191).
305
306
Negotiations covering approximately 17,000
employees of major department stores in metro
politan New York began late in January. Nego
tiators for the Distributive, Processing and Office
Employees (unaffiliated), representing 9,000 em
ployees, sought a $6 across-the-board increase as
well as additional fringe benefits under reopening
provisions of agreements which expire in March
1955. The CIO United Department Store Work
ers of America, representing 8,000 workers in
Macy’s five metropolitan stores, sought ‘'substan
tial wage increases” and a reduction in hours from
40 to 35 in the contract which expired January 31.
H at S trike .3 The work stoppage of about 1,600
workers at the Hat Corp. of America, Norwalk,
Conn., begun July 9 by the United Hatters, Cap
and Millinery Workers International Union (AFL)
for a contract clause which would keep the com
pany operations in Norwalk, continued through
January. The company early in the month decided
to move some of its finishing machinery to Mis
souri. Both the Federal and State mediation
services have been actively assisting the parties
in efforts to end the stoppage.
Agreement Negotiations
Representatives of 60 shoe manufacturers
in northeastern Massachusetts employing 10,000
workers and the United Shoe Workers of America
(CIO) reached agreement on a new 1-year contract
effective January 1. The agreement liberalizes
holiday pay, and sickness, medical and hospital
benefits, but leaves wage rates unchanged and
does not contain a wage-reopening provision.
Shoes.
United Aircraft Corp., Pratt and
Whitney Division, and the International Associa
tion of Machinists reached a new 2-year agreement
covering 23,000 employees in 4 Connecticut plants,
after more than 2 months of negotiations. The
agreement, effective January 18, provided for an
11-cent-an-hour general wage increase and for
incorporation of a previous 17-cent cost-of-living
allowance into the basic wage structure. Other
contract changes included an additional paid
holiday, improved health and welfare and vacation
provisions, and an increased second-shift differ
ential. An improved pension plan is to become
effective in January 1955, subject to approval by
Aircraft.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1954
the stockholders and the Internal Revenue Service.
The union estimated the gains as a 26-cent
“package.”
Major recording companies and the
American Federation of Musicians agreed on a
new 5-year contract replacing one which expired
December 31. Details of the settlement were not
announced except that the agreement provides
for additional contributions by recording com
panies to a music performance trust fund which is
used to provide employment for musicians through
performances sponsored by local musicians unions.
In another action, six major motion-picture
producers and the Musicians Union negotiated a
4-year agreement which provided for a 5-percent
wage increase with no change in other contract
provisions. The union also outlined its contract
demands upon the major radio and television
networks, asking for a 15-percent wage increase,
an increase in the number of staff musicians em
ployed by the networks, and also the use of “live”
music instead of recorded music on all programs.
Current agreements between the federation and
the networks expired January 31.
M usicians.
Utilities. Consolidated Edison Co. and the Utility
Workers (CIO) on January 18 announced a new
1-year agreement covering approximately 24,000
employees in the New York metropolitan area.
The agreement provides for a 7K-cent hourly wage
increase and continuance of an existing wage
progression plan. A new and somewhat unique
provision in the contract grants an additional $2 a
week to employees who have been with the com
pany for 25 years. During negotiations, the union
had sought a fourth week of vacation after 25
years’ service. About half of the company’s
24,000 employees were said to be eligible for the
$2 weekly differential, which becomes effective
on April 4.
Garments. Early in January, agreements between
the International Ladies’ Garment Workers’
Union (AFL) and three major employer asso
ciations in the women’s coat and suit industry
were renewed for 5 years with no basic wage
mcrease Iput increased employer contributions
to the industry’s pension fund. Present employer
s See November 1953 issue of M onthly Labor Review (p. 1218).
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
contributions of 3 percent of payroll will increase
to 4 percent, effective June 1, 1954, when the
current contracts expire. Under the agreements,
additional contributions may be made at a later
date to maintain the fund on an actuarial basis.
The Retirement Fund of the Coat and Suit
Industry, a pioneer venture in the field of in
dustrywide, employer-financed plans for workers,
was established in 1943, and has provided for the
retirement of nearly 6,000 workers since 1946.
Other provisions of the existing contracts, in
cluding a clause which permits reopening of
wage provisions if the BUS Consumer Price Index
rises 5 percent, were incorporated into the new
agreements. Under that clause the industry’s
impartial chairman had awarded an increase
averaging about 14 cents an hour, effective in
July 1953.4 Approximately 60,000 workers in
the New York metropolitan area are covered
by the agreements.
Miners’ Welfare Funds
The Anthracite Health and Welfare Fund
announced on January 19 that, effective im
mediately, pension payments to retired anthracite
miners were being reduced from $100 to $50 a
month because of a steady drop in hard-coal
production in recent years and hence in the
royalty payments that finance the fund. Death
benefits were also cut from $1,000 to $500. The
pension reduction affects approximately 13,000
retired hard-coal miners. On the following day,
the separate UMW Bituminous Coal Welfare
Fund announced discontinuance of relief benefits
to approximately 35,000 disabled miners and
their dependents, contending that Federal and
State agencies were responsible for such pay
ments.
The fund’s trustees announced that
pensions to retired miners would not be affected
and that disabled miners would get all necessary
aid to restore them to full health and mobility.
Railroad Developments
The Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and
Enginemen reached agreement with representa
tives of the Nation’s railroads on January 9.
4 See July 1953 Issue of M onthly Labor Review (p. 764).
s See February 1964 issue of M onthly Labor Review (p. 192).
• For discussion of the unions’ proposals, see July 1953 issue of M onthly
Labor Review (p. 765).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
307
The settlement, affecting about 60,000 workers,
provides for a 5-cent an hour general wage in
crease and other terms similar to those agreed to
in December by the Brotherhood of Railroad
Trainmen.5 A few days later, the Pennsylvania
Railroad and the CIO’s United Railroad Workers
of American jointly announced a similar settle
ment covering approximately 36,000, or more
than 70 percent, of the Pennsylvania Railroad’s
shop employees. Both agreements are retroactive
to December 16, 1953.
The Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers,
following a vote of its members, agreed to bargain
nationally with the majority of the Nation’s car
riers on the union’s proposal for a 30-percent wage
increase based primarily on skill differentials.
The remaining roads continued individual com
pany negotiations or signed “standby” agree
ments, pending conclusion of the national bar
gaining sessions. The settlement terms accepted
by the Firemen and Trainmen were rejected by
the engineers’ national wage bargaining committee
early in January. A week later the Switchmen’s
Union of North America also rejected the same
terms; the increase asked for was 40 cents an
an hour. Meantime, the National Mediation
Board persuaded the Order of Railway Conductors
to submit to arbitration the dispute with the
carriers involving a proposal for relating wages
to the size of locomotives.
The President’s emergency board created De
cember 28 to hear the dispute between the non
operating Brotherhoods and the Nation’s car
riers began its inquiry in mid-January. Mem
bers of the board, named by the President on
January 16, were Charles Loring, retired chief
justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court; Martin
P. Catherwood, dean of the New York State School
of Industrial and Labor Relations at Cornell
University; and Adolph E. Wenke, justice of the
Nebraska Supreme Court. The dispute involves
proposed changes in fringe benefits.6
Nonoperating employees’ representatives were
also engaged in presenting the unions’ position in
a number of separate law suits involving the unionshop clause. A 1951 amendment to the Railway
Labor Act permits union-shop contracts. Such
clauses, which require that all employees join the
union within a specified time after the union ob
tains bargaining rights, have been incorporated
into contracts between most major railroads and
308
nonoperating unions representing their employees.
In one of the first rulings on the validity of the
union-shop clause, Nebraska State District Judge
Jackson B. Chase of Omaha held, on January 16,
that a nonoperating railroad employee does not
have to join a union in order to work. The ruling
was made in a case involving five Union Pacific
Railroad employees who had protested a unionshop contract between the railroad and nonoper
ating unions. The case is one of more than a
dozen expected eventually to come before the
United States Supreme Court.
Air Transportation
American Airlines, the largest domestic carrier,
announced that it had granted increases ranging
from $3.47 to $34.67 a month to 5,500 employees
not represented by unions. A cost-of-living esca
lator arrangement was discontinued, and the 16cents-an-hour allowance granted over the past 3
years under it was incorporated in the basic wage.
An annual improvement factor under which
employees received an increase of 4 cents an hour
each year was also dropped. The company an
nounced that differentials between jobs had been
increased to give greater recognition to work
requiring skill and experience, and the policy on
merit increases had been liberalized. Meanwhile,
negotiations which began November 2 with the
CIO Transport Workers Union for a new agree
ment, covering 6,300 employees, continued. The
previous agreement expired December 31.
Waterfront and Maritime Developments
The dispute on the New York
waterfront between the old ILA and the new
AFL union of the same name grew more involved
as the new year began. In a petition to the
NLRB, the AFL union requested the Board to
throw out the entire pier representation election
on the ground that coercion and intimidation had
prevented a free expression of the workers’ will.
In addition to determining the eligibility or non
eligibility of 4,397 men who cast contested ballots
in the election, the attention of the Board was
called to a question of the voting eligibility of
approximately 1,200 full-time and 2,000 part-time
Longshoremen.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1954
employees of the United Fruit Co. Although the
company is one of the largest operators in the
harbor, it is not a member of the New York
Shipping Association and its name did not appear
on the list of ship lines whose workers were offi
cially certified as qualified to take part in the
balloting. In the hurry to complete arrangements
within the Board’s deadline no question was raised
about the inclusion of the United Fruit Co. em
ployees until after the election had been held and
their votes had been irretrievably mixed with those
cast by employees of members of the Association.
Meanwhile, the old ILA filed unfair labor prac
tice charges against Governor Dewey and George
Meany, AFL president. The ILA’s basic com
plaint was that they had conspired to interfere
with the free choice of longshoremen in the repre
sentation election. (The charges followed Gov
ernor Dewey’s condemnation of the old pier
union as a “ruthless mob” using “coercion and
intimidation” to maintain its position; his support
of the AFL petition to set aside the election; and
his advice to shipping companies not to negotiate
with the union.)
Earlier, Captain Wm. V. Bradley, president of
the independent longshoremen’s union, indicated
that his union would stop work if the NLRB
invalidated the results of the representation elec
tion. Leaders of the American Federation of
Labor pier union declared that, in the event of such
a strike, the ILA-AFL would shut down the port
completely until the old ILA was driven from the
waterfront. The ILA-AFL also stated that, in
the event of a stoppage, it would pay strike bene
fits to its members.
On January 11, the NLRB regional director in
New York City recommended that the Board
hold formal hearings to pass on the AFL’s demand
that the entire election be set aside. Following
the submission of the report, waterfront employers
ruled out negotiations with any union pending
action by the NLRB on the AFL charges. Despite
threats by the old ILA of a coastwise strike, it
gave assurances later in the month that it would
not call a strike while the dispute was before the
Board. While the ILA (Ind.) was stymied in
New York, it opened negotiations in the Hampton
Roads, Va., area late in January. Spokesmen for
the ILA indicated that similar action was being
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
taken in all North Atlantic ports except New
York. Traditionally, bargaining in these ports
has been based on the New York pattern.
About mid-January, the executive council of
the old ILA approved a “reorganization” plan
designed to consolidate smaller locals in the Port
of New York and to “clean up” the union after a
warning given, reportedly, by John L. Lewis to
do so or forfeit his aid. Meanwhile, Governor
Dewey continued his attack on the ILA by ap
pointing a special assistant attorney-general to
represent the State of New York in proceedings
before the NLRB to prevent the old ILA from
winning Federal certification as bargaining agent
for New York dockworkers.
While the ILA was taking Governor Dewey and
the AFL to task for seeking to upset the NLRB
dock elections in New York, it announced plans
to petition the NLRB to set aside a similar elec
tion held January 27 to select a bargaining repre
sentative for 7,000 dockworkers in Puerto Rico.
The ILA charged “irregularities” in the conduct of
an islandwide NLRB election in which the AFLsupported Union of Maritime Workers had de
feated the ILA by a 2 to 1 margin.
The dock situation was further complicated
when Dave Beck, president of the AFL Team
sters’ Union, offered New York truck operators
a $2 million loan to set up an equipment pool to
enable them to take over the functions of the out
lawed waterfront public loaders. Simultaneously,
the teamsters filed a damage suit for $51 million
against the International Longshoremen’s Associa
tion, the New York Shipping Association, and 220
other corporations and individuals. The suit,
brought under the Sherman Antitrust Act, was
based on losses allegedly suffered by the union
and its members because of loading abuses on the
New York docks. This development involved
the question of whether longshoremen or teamsters
should move cargo between truck and dock.
Thirteen maritime unions frequently
at odds in the past discussed common problems
confronting merchant seamen at a conference in
Washington, D. C., on January 18 and 19. Major
problems included the decline in American ship
ping since the Korean armistice, activities of for
eign shipping interests, and moves to curtail servM aritim e.
289400— 54------------5
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309
ices for seamen in marine hospitals. A statement
approved unanimously by delegates representing
approximately 130,000 seamen sailing from both
coasts urged prompt Government action to meet
the problems of the United States shipping in
dustry. A week later a conference of maritime
union leaders and representative shipowners,
meeting in Washington at the request of the ship
operators to discuss “mutual problems” growing
out of the lag in the shipping industry, named a
joint committee to consider a program of action.
Joseph Curran, president of the National
Maritime Union (CIO), in a statement to the
membership indicated that the union’s first objec
tive would be improved working and living condi
tions in forthcoming negotiations for a new
deep-sea passenger-freighter agreement. No ref
erence was made to a general wage increase
customarily included in previous contract negotia
tions. In his request for constructive suggestions
regarding contract demands, he called for a
recognition of the many problems confronting the
industry, including declining job opportunities.
In a move designed to halt the fraudulent sale of
union membership books, Mr. Curran assigned an
international vice president of the union to take
charge of the New York hiring hall. In addition,
local law-enforcement officers were asked to
investigate the matter and were assured full co
operation by the international officers.
On the west coast, rival unions continued to
contend for the right to represent approximately
6,000 cooks and stewards. The Marine Cooks
and Stewards Union, chartered by the Seafarers
International Union (AFL) and the International
Union of Marine Cooks and Stewards, unaffiliated,
were informed that beginning February 10 the
NLRB would conduct a representation election
over the succeeding 90 days to determine the
collective bargaining representative for cooks and
stewards on west coast American-flag ships. Also
involved in this struggle is the International
Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s Union, un
affiliated, which is sympathetic to the unaffiliated
Stewards’ union and has been signing up stewards
with a view to taking them over should that union
lose the election. Both independent unions were
expelled from the CIO more than 3 years ago as
being Communist dominated.
Publications
of Labor Interest
Special Reviews
Review and Reflection— A Half-C entury of Labor
Relations. By Cyrus S. Ching. New York,
B. C. Forbes & Sons Publishing Co., Inc.,
1953. 204 pp. $3.95.
This volume is a distillation of thoughts, obser
vations, and philosophy tapped from 50 years of
peacemaking activities. Cyrus S. Ching—former
corporation executive and ex-director of the
Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service—
tells of his activities in labor-management rela
tions in a tone and manner which quickly reveal
how he has earned the name “Mr. Mediation.”
Gently, relaxed, and without pretension, he
narrates the course of those labor-management
affairs, 1903-1953, of which he has personal
knowledge.
The volume sets forth many incidents and
anecdotes which appear to underscore two basic
conclusions, indeed concerns, of the author:
(1) The development of sound labor relations
has been stunted by emotionalism. In too many
instances neither management nor labor, in its
attitudes to each other, has followed the same
rules of conduct that it applies to other relation
ships. In their negotiations, for example, each is
too avid to abuse the other, to gloat over tempo
rary advantage, to accuse the other of the most
insidious behavior, or to assume that principle
and righteousness both reside completely on its
side of the table. This indulgence, Mr. Ching
points out, has been expensive and has served
only to leave scars which have prevented the full
growth of a relationship profitable to all affected.
(2) The importance of a sense of time is some
thing that should be impressed upon all who are
concerned with labor relations. Mr. Ching ad
verts to this on several occasions; he is making a
plea on behalf of perspective as well as an openmindedness to new ideas in labor relations.
310
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Proposals that were rejected yesteryear as revolu
tionary are now accepted as a matter of course.
For example, says the author, “some people
probably already have written off the guaranteed
annual wage as something visionary and not
feasible. I am not ready to say it can’t be
done. . . . The guaranteed annual wage and
any other new demands which labor may put
forward, are simply offshoots of the broader
economic problems and readjustments which lie
ahead. Their solution is not going to be easy.
Some difficult readjustments will have to be
made, and the job is going to require all the skill,
intelligence, goodwill and cooperation which labor
and management can muster.”
“In this dynamic world in which we live, we
must realize there are no absolutes. . . . We
must keep in mind our changing conditions and
do what we can to meet them. Let’s not quote
the Scriptures, or Abraham Lincoln, or Louis
Brandeis, or Samuel Gompers, when we wish to
justify some preconceived idea that we may
have. . . . The very essence of freedom is
our ability to adapt ourselves to changing
circumstances.”
This awareness of time and emotion, and the
roles they play, is reflected in Mr. Ching’s dis
cussion of the work of the War Labor Board, the
Wage Stabilization Board, the steel disputes of
1949 and 1952, the emergency provisions of the
Taft-Hartley Act, and such issues as industry
wide bargaining, pension plans, and union security .
Many of his conclusions and proposals, to be
sure, will provoke criticism—from either labor or
management sources. (A prime target, his con
clusion: “If [wage and price] controls are to be
effective, they must be rigid.”) Of equal cer
tainty is the measure of loss to all those working
in the labor-relations field who fail to read this
volume and thus miss the opportunity of “review
and reflection.”
—Louis G. S ilverberg
National Labor Relations Board
By Nancy C.
Morse. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan,
Institute for Social Research, Survey Re
search Center, 1953. 235 pp., charts. (In
stitute for Social Research Pub. 10.) $3.50.
A second volume summarizing the research
work of the human-relations program of the
Satisfactions in the White-Collar Job.
PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST
Survey Research Center, University of Michigan.
The first report dealt with the research in the
field of social-psychological factors associated with
productivity. This second report is concerned
primarily with employee satisfaction. The main
aim was to discover the determinants of job satis
faction in employment; a secondary aim was the
study of the relationship between employee satis
faction and productivity.
Primarily, the book develops the hypothesis
that satisfaction depends upon “what an indi
vidual wants from the world, and what he gets.”
After an introductory chapter, it proceeds with
the theoretical aspects of employee satisfaction.
A formula is developed for predicting satisfaction.
Following the theoretical formulation, data on
factors related to general satisfaction are pre
sented, including a detailed analysis to test which
variables are related to satisfaction. For example,
the relationship between pay status and satisfac
tion, job content and satisfaction, and involve
ment in the company and satisfaction, are all care
fully examined. A chapter is also devoted to the
relationship of the satisfaction level of supervisors
to that of employees. The fundamental conclusion
reached in this phase of the study is that “level of
satisfaction is a function of both level of aspira
tion . . . and amount of return from the en
vironment.” However, more research is needed
to discover what factors account for the level of
an employee’s aspiration.
The second part of the book, on “Motivation,”
deals with the relationship between satisfaction
and productivity. The conclusions presented are
far from simple and cannot readily be summarized,
except in the technical terminology developed by
the author; he indicates that the relationship be
tween satisfaction and productivity is not direct
but extremely complex. However, if one were to
attempt to summarize the findings in nontechnical
language, the conclusion permeating the discussion
would be that employees will produce more in a
given unit of time only if there are no other ways
of achieving their “need-satisfaction.”
The volume shows how the scientific method
can be used in the difficult field of social research.
The reviewer believes, however, that the title is
too broad. For a study of satisfaction in whitecollar jobs, the sample selected is far from repre
sentative of white-collar workers in the United
States. The analysis is based on interviews with
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
311
white-collar workers in a single company in one
city. The persons interviewed were predominantly
single females living with their parents. The group
studied is quite homogeneous, and significantly
different from the demographic characteristics of
the white-collar work force of the United States.
As a case study on the methodology of studying
variables affecting satisfaction, or as a case study
in quantitative methods of social research, it is
excellent, and shows the care with which the data
for this particular company were analyzed before
conclusions were drawn.
If the book is intended as a guide to manage
ment, it is doubtful whether many persons on
management staffs would wade through the tech
nical discussions in order to reach the few
conclusions that can be drawn from the study.
Although most management persons would not
quarrel with the fundamental conclusion reached
that satisfaction depends upon “what an indi
vidual wants from the world, and what he gets,”
many would question the need for an extensive
study to reach what might appear to be an obvious
conclusion. This remark, however, should not be
interpreted to mean that widely accepted funda
mental principles which are accepted almost as
axioms in social-psychological fields should not be
studied. Many preconceived notions, although
plausible, may in fact be erroneous. If, however,
it were necessary to substantiate the hypothesis
developed in the book, a far broader study would
be required than the one conducted, which merely
permits the formulation of a hypothesis and does
not provide the proof of it. A more appropriate
title would have been “An Experimental Ap
proach to the Study of Satisfaction in the WhiteCollar Job.”
-—-Sa m u e l W e is s
Bureau of Labor Statistics
European Im pressions oj the Am erican Worker.
By Robert W. Smuts. New York, King’s
Crown Press, 1953. 62 pp. $1.50.
Byproduct of a major study, this monograph
is announced as the first of a new series to report
preliminary findings and approaches of the Con
servation of Human Resources Project of Colum
bia University. It presents a set of studied
impressions of the American scene and the Amer
ican worker, through European eyes, around the
turn of the century, and contrasts these with
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1954
312
appraisals by groups of British observers 50
years later.
The comparison reveals both similarities and
disparities between the two sets of impressions,
separated by half a century of cataclysmic world
history. The similarities will surprise those who
think of American productive superiority as a
recent development, child of “modern” scientific
management.
Higher productivity in American industry was
ascribed by qualified observers 50 years ago to
the same factors that were cited by their British
counterparts 50 years later: quantity production,
systematic planning, specialization, simplification,
standardization, mechanization, flexibility of em
ployment and enterprise, mutual acceptance of
change by worker and boss, and mutual faith in
progress.
The disparities between the two sets of views,
separated by half a century, are less surprising
and more important. Around the turn of the
century, the author notes, European observers
tended to remark on the social and political tur
bulence of human relations in United States in
dustry—the “bitterness of industrial conflict in
this land of prosperity and democracy . . . ruth
less exploitation of the weak . . . despotism of
the employer . . . violent protests of indignant
workers . . . presence of the radical fringe.” By
1950, says the author, “these blemishes on the
industrial body of 1890 were nearly gone . . .
from the viewpoint of Europeans, American indus
try became civilized.” In the judgment of the
British visitors of 1949-51, “the striking fact
about the American compromise is that it has
achieved so much for the worker at so little cost
to the incentives of a free-enterprise economy.”
— S am uel H. T hompson
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Agricultural Labor
T h e H i r e d F a r m W o r k in g F o r c e o f 1 9 5 2 , w ith S p e c i a l I n f o r
m a tio n o n M i g r a t o r y W o r k e r s .
By Louis J. Ducoff.
Washington, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau
of Agricultural Economics, 1953. 21 pp.; processed.
Limited free distribution.
L a b o r R e q u ir e m e n ts f o r C a lif o r n ia C r o p s — M a j o r S e a s o n a l
F arm
O p e r a tio n s ,
B a s e d o n E s t i m a te d
A crea g es a n d
Sacramento, Department of
Employment, Employment Stabilization Commis
sion, 1953. 35 pp. (Report 882, No. 4.)
P r o d u c tio n a s o f 1 9 5 0 .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
R e p o r t o f th e N e w Y o r k S ta te J o i n t L e g is la tiv e C o m m itte e o n
M ig r a n t L a b o r, 1 9 5 3 .
Albany, 1953.
islative Document, 1953, 49.)
39 pp.
(Leg
F a rm L a b o r in P e n n s y lv a n ia .
By Morrison
Handsaker. Easton, Pa., Lafayette College, 1953.
243 pp., survey forms, illus. Free.
This study was made by Lafayette College, at the request
of the Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry,
in an attempt to discover the facts about the present and
prospective adequacy of seasonal labor in typical agricul
tural areas normally visited by large numbers of migrants.
In addition, the study group examined the social situation
of the migrant workers, as it was found to be closely inter
related with the economics of seasonal farm labor. A de
tailed analysis of wages, hours, housing, health, and trans
portation of migrants is included in the report, along with
recommendations as to how these can be improved by
both legislative and educational means.
S ea so n a l
L a b o r U t i l i z a t i o n i n S m a l l - V o lu m e M i l k P a s t e u r i z i n g a n d
By Robert A. Scott. Ithaca, N. Y.,
Cornell University, Agricultural Experiment Station,
1953. 36 pp., charts; processed. (Bull. A. E. 850.)
B o ttlin g P la n t s .
P r o c e e d in g s
[o/]
T h ir d A n n u a l C o n fe r e n c e o f th e N a t i o n a l
C o u n c il o n A g r i c u l t u r a l L if e a n d L a b o r , W a s h in g to n ,
A p r i l 2 2 - 2 3 , 1 9 5 3 . Washington, National Council on
Agricultural Life and Labor, 1953. 22 pp.; processed.
Handicapped
A n n u a l C a s e lo a d S t a t i s t i c s o f S ta te R e h a b ilita tio n A g e n c ie s ,
F is c a l Y e a r 1 9 5 3 .
Washington, U. S. Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Vocational
Rehabilitation, 1953. 31 pp.; processed. (Reha
bilitation Service Series, 249.)
C h a r a c te r is tic s o f R e c i p ie n t s o f A i d to th e P e r m a n e n t l y a n d
T o ta lly D is a b le d , M i d - 1 9 5 1 .
Washington, U. S. De
partment of Health, Education, and Welfare, Social
Security Administration, Bureau of Public Assistance,
1953. 99 pp., charts; processed. (Public Assistance
Report 22.) Limited free distribution.
Basic tables and findings from a study of social and
medical characteristics of the recipients. Articles on, re
spectively, recipients with heart disease, the young recipi
ents, and characteristics of men and women recipients,
based on this study, were published in the Social Security
Administration’s Social Security Bulletin for July, October,
and November, 1953.
I n t e r v ie w in g G u id e s f o r S p e c if ic D i s a b i l i t i e s : H e a r t D is e a s e .
Washington, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Employment Security, U. S. Employment Service,
[1953]. 8 pp. 5 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.
One of a series of pamphlets intended for use of public
employment office staff members and others interested in
helping the handicapped choose and find employment in
suitable occupations. Two other pamphlets already issued
cover tuberculosis and epilepsy, respectively. A separate
leaflet gives suggestions for using the guides.
PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST
313
C e n te r s i n th e U n ite d S ta te s .
By Henry
Redkey. Chicago, National Society for Crippled
Children and Adults, Inc., 1953. 128 pp., illus. $1.
Compilation of information on the work of rehabilitation
centers in the United States, with special reference to the
work of 40 which furnished details of their programs to
the first national conference of rehabilitation centers, held
in Indianapolis in December 1952 under sponsorship of
National Society for Crippled Children and Adults, and
Office of Vocational Rehabilitation, U. S. Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare.
R e h a b ilita tio n
including newer developments and techniques. Among
topics discussed are industrial injuries and their compensa
tion, safety measures, occupational diseases, and labormanagement relations.
H e a lth P r o b le m s i n th e M a n u f a c tu r e a n d
V e n tila tio n
of
o n S h e lte r e d E m p lo y m e n t,
[ U n io n o f S o u th
A fr ic a ].
By National Board for Sheltered Employ
ment. Pretoria, Department of Labor, 1953. xii,
209 pp., forms; processed.
Account of the objectives and administrative provisions
of the schemes to provide sheltered employment and re
habilitation of the mentally and physically disabled of all
races in the Union.
G a ra g es,
F a c to r ie s
and
W areh ou ses
fo r
By
Milton Sheinbaum. { I n Monthly Review, Division
of Industrial Hygiene and Safety Standards, New
York State Department of Labor, New York, October
1953, pp. 37-40, diagrams.)
P r o d u c ts
M em o ra n d u m
U s e o f P la s t i c s .
By D. Kenwin Harris. { I n British Journal of In
dustrial Medicine, London, October 1953, pp. 255-268,
bibliography, illus. 12s. 6d.)
of
C o m b u s tio n
of
G a s o lin e
E n g in e s .
By John J. Bloom
field. { I n A.M.A. Archives of Industrial Hygiene and
Occupational Medicine, Chicago, July 1953, pp. 25-35.
I n d u s t r i a l H y g i e n e i n L a t i n A m e r ic a .
$ 1.)
Industrial Accidents and Accident Prevention
Washington, U. S. Department of Labor,
Bureau of Labor Standards, 1953. 270 pp. (Bull.
67, rev.) 75 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.
S a f e t y S u b je c ts .
F e d e r a l M i n e S a f e t y C o d e f o r B i t u m i n o u s - C o a l a n d L ig n ite
M i n e s o f th e U n ite d S ta te s : P a r t I , U n d e r g r o u n d M i n e s ;
P a r t I I , S tr ip M in e s .
Washington, U. S. Department
of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1953. 86 pp. ; 40 pp.
50 cents and 40 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.
The
D e v e lo p m e n t
of
P e r m is s ib le
R e q u ir e m e n ts
fo r
Paper presented at 15th annual meeting of American
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Los
Angeles, April 20, 1953.
New Delhi, Govern
ment of India Ministry of Labor, 1953. 38 pp.,
bibliography, chart, illus. (Report 3.)
An article based on this survey, by five investigators
who participated in it, was published in the A.M.A.
Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Medicine
(Chicago) for November 1953 (pp. 420-435).
S i l i c o s i s i n M i c a M i n i n g i n B ih a r .
Industrial Relations
S a fe
U n d e r g r o u n d D ie s e l H a u la g e .
By M. A. Elliott and
R. S. James. Washington, U. S. Department of the
Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1953. 12 pp., bibliog
raphy. (Information Circular 7673.) Limited free
distribution.
I n d u s tr ia l
and
W a r e h o u s in g — S a f e t y
S ta n d a r d s fo r
F ed era l
Washington, U. S. Department of
Labor, Bureau of Labor Standards—Federal Safety
Council, 1953. 84 pp., diagrams.
I n s t a l l a ti o n s .
in
th e
O cean
M e c h a n is m s ,
S h ip p in g
E x p e r ie n c e ,
I n d u s tr y —
and
R e s u lts .
New York, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc.,
1953. 223 pp., charts; processed.
E ig h te e n th
S to r a g e
R e la tio n s
B a r g a in in g
A nnual
R ep o rt
of
N a tio n a l
Labor
R e la tio n s
Wash
ington, 1954. 117 pp. 40 cents, Superintendent of
Documents, Washington.
B o a r d , f o r F is c a l Y e a r E n d e d J u n e 3 0 , 1 9 5 3 .
N in e te e n th
A n n u a l R e p o r t o f N a t i o n a l M e d i a ti o n
B oard,
S o m e T h e o r e tic a l A s p e c t s o f I n d u s t r i a l A c c id e n t C a u s a tio n —
I n c l u d i n g R e p o r t o f th e N a t i o n a l R a i l r o a d A d j u s t m e n t
By Henry A. Hepburn. { I n
Occupational Safety and Health, International Labor
Office, Geneva, July-September 1953, pp. 113-118,
illus. 75 cents. Distributed in United States by
Washington Branch of ILO.)
B o a r d , f o r F is c a l Y e a r E n d e d J u n e SO, 1 9 5 3 .
Wash
ington, 1953. 77 pp. 45 cents, Superintendent of
Documents, Washington.
th e A c c id e n t S e q u e n c e .
P r o c e e d in g s o f N e w
Y o rk
U n i v e r s i t y S ix th
Annual
Industrial Hygiene
P r o c e e d in g s o f th e S y m p o s i u m o n I n d u s t r i a l M e d i c i n e a t th e
H a rva rd
S ch o o l o f P u b lic
H e a lth ,
A p r il
3~4,
1953.
[Boston], Harvard University, School of Public Health,
[1953]. 167 pp., charts, illus. ,
A physicians’ pilot course, given by specialists, dealing
with various aspects of promoting industrial health,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Con
Edited
by Emanuel Stein. Albany, N. Y., Matthew Bender
& Co., 1953. 586 pp. $10.
The papers reproduced reflect significant aspects of
labor-management relations in 1953, with particular refer
ence to collective bargaining, current points of controversy
in administration of the National Labor Relations Act,
and developments in legislation concerning strikes, picket
ing, and the boycott.
fe re n c e o n L a b o r, N e w Y o rk , M a y 6 - 8 , 1 9 5 3 .
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1954
314
th e F ie ld . By Allan R. Richards.
Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1953.
281 pp. (James Sprunt Studies in History and Polit
ical Science, 35.) $1.
A study of wartime field administration, field policies,
and field problems under a tripartite structure. The tactics
involved in administration by a public-labor-management
board are treated.
W a r L abor B o a rd s in
R e p o r t o f P r o c e e d in g s o f 6 8 th A n n u a l C o n v e n tio n o f T r a d e s
a n d L a b o r C o n g r e s s o f C a n a d a , H e ld a t O tta w a , O n ta r io ,
1 0 -1 5 , 1953.
Ottawa, Trades and Labor
Congress of Canada, [1953?]. 429 pp.
A u gu st
R e p o r t o f P r o c e e d in g s a t th e 8 5 th A n n u a l
C o n g r e s s , H e ld a t D o u g la s , I .
S e p te m b e r 7 - 1 1 , 1 9 5 3 .
gress, 1953.
a n d C o e r c io n .
By Edgar A. Jones, Jr., and
Charles O. Gregory. ( I n Virginia Law Review,
Charlottesville, December 1953, pp. 1023-1069.
$1.25.) $1.
T rades
U n io n
O . M . [ I s le o f M a n ] ,
London, Trades Union Con
579 pp.
P ic k e t in g
I n d u s t r i a l R e la tio n s i n G r e a t B r i t a i n — A
S u r v e y o f P o s t-
By H. S. Kirkaldy. ( I n Inter
national Labor Review, Geneva, December 1953, pp.
468-492. 60 cents. Distributed in United States by
Washington Branch of ILO.)
W a r D e v e lo p m e n ts .
Labor and Social Legislation
Princeton, N. J., Prince
ton University, Industrial Relations Section, 1954.
4 pp. (Selected References, 55.) 20 cents.
R e v is io n o f th e T a f t - H a r t l e y A c t.
By Jack Barbash.
New York, League for Industrial Democracy, 1954.
46 pp., bibliography. 25 cents.
T a f t - H a r t l e y A c t i n A c ti o n , 1 9 4 7 - 1 9 5 4 -
L a w s a n d R e g u la tio n s i n H a w a i i .
[Honolulu?],
Hawaii Employers Council, Research Department,
1953. 97 pp.; processed. (Special Publication 23.)
Labor
B r ie f S u m m a ry o f L abor L a w s
to
I n d u s tr ie s
C o m m erce.
E ngaged
[of P u e r to
in
B o th
R i c o ] W h ic h A p p l y
L ocal
and
I n te r s ta te
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C o e r c io n o f th e
Current Labor Statistics
A. —Employment and Payrolls
319 Table A-l:
Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours
worked, and sex
320 Table A-2: Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division
and group
324 Table A-3: Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries
327 Table A-4: Indexes of production-worker employment and weekly payrolls in
manufacturing industries
327 Table A-5: Federal civilian employment by branch and agency group
328 Table A-6: Employees in nonagricultural establishments for selected States 1
329 Table A-7: Employees in manufacturing industries, by State 1
330 Table A-8: Insured unemployment under State unemployment insurance pro
grams, by geographic division and State
B. —Labor Turnover
331
Table B -l:
332 Table B-2:
Monthly labor turnover rates (per 100 employees) in manufacturing
industries, by class of turnover
Monthly labor turnover rates (per 100 employees) in selected groups
and industries
C. —Earnings and Hours
334 Table C -l:
350 Table C-2:
350 Table C-3:
351
Table C-4:
352 Table C—5:
Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory
employees
Gross average weekly earnings of production workers in selected
industries, in current and 1947-49 dollars
Gross and net spendable average weekly earnings of production
workers in manufacturing industries, in current and 1947-49 dollars
Average hourly earnings, gross and excluding overtime, of produc
tion workers in manufacturing industries
Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing
industries for selected States and areas 1
1 This table is included in the March, June, September, and December issues of the Review.
N o te .—Beginning with the May 1953 issue, data shown in tables A-2, A-3, A-4, A-5, C -l, C-2, C-3, and C-4
have been revised because of adjustment to more recent benchmark levels. These data cannot be used with
those appearing in previous issues of the Monthly Labor Review. Comparable data for earlier years are avail
able upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
289400— 54
-6
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
317
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1954
318
D .—Prices and Cost of Living
359 Table D -l:
360
360
361
362
Table D-2:
Table D-3:
Table D-4:
Table D-5:
363
364
365
366
Table D-6:
Table D-7:
Table D-8:
Table D-9:
Consumer Price Index—United States average, all items and com
modity groups
Consumer Price Index—United States average, food and its subgroups
Consumer Price Index—United States average, all items and food
Consumer Price Index—All items indexes for selected dates, by city
Consumer Price Index—All items and commodity groups, except
food, by city
Consumer Price Index—Food and its subgroups, by city
Average retail prices of selected foods
Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
Special wholesale price indexes
!.—Work Stoppages
367
Table E -l:
Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes
—Building and Construction
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
368 Table F-l:
369 Table F-2:
370 Table F-3:
371
Table F-4:
372 Table F-5:
Expenditures for new construction
Value of contracts awarded and force-account work started on fed
erally financed new construction, by type of construction
Urban building authorized, by principal class of construction and by
type of building
New nonresidential building authorized in all urban places, by general
type and by geographic division
Number and construction cost of new permanent nonfarm dwelling
units started, by urban or rural location, and by source of funds
319
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
A: Employment and Payrolls
T
able
A -l: Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours worked, and sex
[In thousands]
Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over i
1954
1953
Labor force status
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.3
Oct.
Sept.3
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Total, both sexes
Total labor force............................................ .
65, 589
66,106
66,874
66,954
67,127
68,238
68,258
68, 290
66,497
66,338
66,679
66, 255
65,959
Civilian labor force_________________ ____
U nem ploym ent.........................................
Unemployed 4 weeks or le s s ...............
Unemployed 5-10 w eek s..................... .
Unemployed 11-14 weeks___________
Unemployed 15-26 weeks................ .
Unemployed over 26 weeks................ .
Em ploym ent______ ____________ ____
N o'nagricul tural....................................
Worked 35 hours or more______
Worked 15-34 hours........................
Worked 1-14 hours A .. ...................
With a Job but not at work 3____
Agricultural __________ _________
Worked 35 hours or more.........
Worked 15-34 hours.........................
Worked 1-14 hours A_...................
W ith a job but not at work 3____
62,137
2.359
1,101
793
215
156
95
59, 778
54.433
45. 200
5. 593
1.907
1,733
5.345
3, 552
1,317
217
260
62,614
1,850
1,093
444
125
124
64
60, 764
55,326
46, 889
5,139
1,811
1,487
5,438
3,900
1,123
232
184
63,353
1,428
886
294
96
96
55
61,925
55, 274
42,847
8,972
1,873
1,582
6,651
5,092
1,274
180
105
63, 404
1, 162
727
236
72
82
46
62, 242
55, 083
46, 957
4,906
1, 711
1,509
7, 159
5, 713
1,175
185
86
63, 552
1,246
817
234
58
81
56
62,306
55,044
32, 767
18,114
1,543
2, 620
7,262
5, 772
1,261
154
76
64, 648
1,240
724
278
88
88
62
63,408
56,134
45, 598
4,482
1,260
4,794
7, 274
5, 512
1,442
190
130
64,668
1,548
924
368
104
78
74
63,120
55, 492
43,196
5,054
1.224
6,018
7, 628
5,898
1, 436
186
108
64, 734
1,562
1,042
212
96
124
88
63,172
55, 246
46, 304
4,924
1,468
2,550
7, 926
6,334
1,346
178
68
62, 964
1,306
656
326
116
150
58
61,658
55,268
45,988
5,608
1,926
1,746
6,390
4, 346
1, 578
230
236
62,810
1,582
818
376
146
166
76
61, 228
55,158
45, 478
5,660
2,074
1,946
6,070
4, 334
1,320
194
222
63,134
1, 674
812
394
188
184
96
61. 460
55, 740
46, 030
5,712
2,326
1, 672
5,720
3.822
1, 324
250
324
62,712
1, 788
930
480
132
160
86
60, 924
55, 558
44. 992
6, 368
2,172
2, 026
5,366
3,516
1,260
254
336
62, 416
1,892
1,018
456
150
176
92
60, 524
55| 072
45, 244
5,776
1, 992
2,060
5, 452
3, 404
1, 532
218
298
Males
Total labor force................. ............... .......
46,891
47,013
47,184
47,129
47,446
48, 599
48, 803
48,372
47,333
47, 379
47,390
47,188
46,829
Civilian labor force............................................
U n em p loym en t........................ .........
E m ploym en t...............................................
Nonagricultural........ .......................
Worked 35 hours or more...........
Worked 15-34 hours__________
Worked 1-14 hours A ._............
With a Job but not at work 3___
Agricultural ______ ______ ___
Worked 35 hours or more_____
Worked 15-34 h o u rs...................
Worked 1-14 hours 4........... .
With a job but not at work 3_._
43,481
1,688
41, 793
36. 964
32,010
2, 979
848
1.127
4. 829
3,435
1,009
176
209
43, 565
1,337
42. 228
37,335
32,897
2,672
718
1,048
4,893
3, 724
815
186
168
43,709
927
42,782
37, 283
30,470
4,910
788
1,115
5,499
4,549
727
120
103
43, 626
736
42, 889
37, 241
33,319
2,283
648
991
5,649
4, 848
595
127
78
43, 917
76S
43,149
37,370
24,173
10,968
560
1,669
5,779
4,891
707
109
71
45, 056
814
44, 242
38,204
32, 680
2,112
514
2,898
6,038
5,052
726
150
110
45,260
1,024
44,236
38,042
31,248
2,660
470
3,664
6,194
5,350
620
130
94
44,862
1,024
43,838
37,626
33,166
2,258
634
1,568
6, 212
5, 458
568
122
64
43,848
898
42,950
37,470
32, 582
2,822
854
1,212
5, 480
4,134
960
184
202
43,898
1,104
42, 794
37, 498
32, 382
2,918
904
1,294
5, 296
4,130
846
140
180
43.892
1, 108
42, 784
37. 758
32, 686
3, 048
934
1.090
5, 026
3,610
946
188
282
43,692
1. 244
42, 448
37, 646
32,066
3. 250
984
1,346
4,802
3, 374
930
204
294
43,334
1,360
41, 974
37,166
32,046
2,918
810
1.392
4,808
3,248
1,128
' 178
254
Females
Total labor force..................................................
18, 699
19,094
19, 690
19,825
19, 681
19,639
19,455
19,918
19,164
18,959
19,289
19, 067
19,130
Civilian labor force............................................
18,657
U nem ploym ent..........................................
672
Employm ent.........................................
17, 985
Nonagricultural_________________
17,469
Worked 35 hours or m ore..........
13,190
Worked 15-34 hours.................
2, 614
Worked 1-14 hours4____ ______
1,059
With a job but not at work 3___
606
Agricultural .........................................
516
Worked 35 hours or m ore.............
117
Worked 15-34 hours...... ..........
307
Worked 1-14 hours4........................
41
With a Job but not at work 3____
51
19,050
513
18, 536
17, 991
13,992
2. 468
1,093
439
545
175
308
46
16
19,645
501
19,143
17,991
12,377
4,062
1,085
467
1,152
544
547
60
2
19, 778
425
19, 353
17, 842
13, 638
2, 624
1,063
518
1, 510
865
580
58
7
19,635
478
19,157
17, 674
8,594
7,146
983
951
1,484
880
554
45
5
19, 592
426
19,166
17, 930
12,918
2,370
746
1,896
1,236
460
716
40
20
19, 408
524
18, 884
17,450
11,948
2,394
754
2,354
1,434
548
816
56
14
19,872
538
19,334
17, 620
13.138
2,666
834
982
1,714
876
778
56
4
19,116
408
18, 708
17, 798
13, 406
2,786
1,072
534
910
212
618
46
34
18, 912
478
18, 434
17,660
13,096
2,742
1,170
652
774
204
474
54
42
19. 242
566
18. 676
17,982
13, 344
2,664
1, 392
582
694
212
378
62
42
19, 020
544
18, 476
17,912
12, 926
3,118
1,188
680
564
142
330
50
42
19,082
532
18, 550
17, 906
13. 198
2, 858
1,182
668
644
156
404
40
44
1 Estimates are subject to sampling variation which may be large in cases
where the quantities shown are relatively small. Therefore, the smaller
estimates should be used with caution. All data exclude persons in institu
tions. Because of rounding, the individual figures do not necessarily add to
group totals
2 Because of the introduction during 1953 of materials from the 1950 Census
into the procedures for current labor force estimates, the January 1954 figures
are not entirely comparable with those for earlier months. The following
adjustments should be made for rough comparability with January 1954 data:
(1) Add to the total and civilian labor force—January 1953, 270,000; February
1953,140,000. (2) Subtract from nonagricultural employment—January 1953,
100,000; February 1953, 150,000; March to August 1953, 200,000. (3) Add to
N ote .—Figures
agricultural employment—January 1953, 370,000; February 1953, 290,000;
March to August 1953, 200,000. These adjustments apply only to the data for
total (both sexes) and for males. The unemployment figures are not affected.
3 Census survey week contained legal holiday.
4 Excludes persons engaged only in incidental unpaid family work (less than
15 hours); these persons are classified as not in the labor force.
* Includes persons who had a job or business, but who did not work during
the census week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor dispute,or
because of temporary layoff with definite instructions to return to work
within 30 days of layoff. Does not include unpaid family workers.
Source: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
shown are based on a sample of 68 areas. In January 1954, the Census Bureau released estimates
based on a new sample in 230 areas. The new figures are as follows: Total labor force, 66,291,000; civilian labor force,
62,840,000; agricultural employment, 5,284,000; nonagricultural employment, 54,469,000; and unemployment, 3,087,000.
The Census Bureau is currently testing the results of both of their samples to determine which is more accurate.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1954
320
T able A-2: Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and group 1
[In thousands]
1954
Annual
average
1953
Industry group and Industry
Jan.
Dec.
Oct.
N ov.
Sept.
Aug.
July
Total employees___ _____________________ 47,736 49,739 49,332 49, 663 49, 695 49, 409 49, 215
Mining----- ------------------------------------------M etal_____________ _____ ____________
Iron. . . .......................................... .........
Copper______________ ______ _____
Lead and zinc_______________________
Anthracite_______ _______________ ____
Bituminous-coal______________________
793
97.7
277.7
Crude-petroleum and natural-gas prod u c tio n .___- - ______ ____ _________
June
M ay
April
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
1952
1951
49,416 49, 058 48,860 48,685 48, 369 48, 382 47,993 47,202
809
99.0
39.1
28.0
14.7
817
99.1
39.3
27.9
14.9
813
99.2
39.5
27.7
15.2
826
99.6
40.0
27.7
15.3
831
99.7
40.3
27.6
15.8
823
100.2
40.3
27.5
16.1
835
101.0
40.1
27.8
17.0
831
99.9
39.6
27.2
17.3
835
99.7
38.6
27.5
17.9
846
100.2
38.0
27.7
18.4
856
101.3
37.9
27.5
19.2
866
101.7
38.4
27.2
19.6
872
96.4
33.3
25.9
20
37.7
25.7
20.4
48.6
280.4
49.0
285.9
48.7
283.7
50.2
291.1
50.2
291.1
48.6
290.1
53.6
299.2
55.6
300.4
51.2
309.6
57.4
318.4
59.7
325.4
60.5
330.7
63.4
333.8
69.1
372.0
913
100.2
279.6
279.0
276.1
279.3
283.9
279.7
276.2
271.4
272.1
270.9
272.0
275.0
276.0
269.3
Nonmetallic mining and quarrying_____
95.3
101.6
103.5
105.3
106.1
106.2
104.8
104.7
103.6
102.3
99.2
97.8
97.6
102.3
102.0
Contract construction___ _______________
Non building construction_______
Highway and street______ ____ Other nonbuilding construction____
2,252
2,520
466
192.5
273.3
2,669
523
230.2
292.7
2,772
567
260.7
305.9
2,751
570
264. 4
305.9
2,715
574
269.4
304.5
2,662
546
253.4
292.1
2,608
530
241.8
287.8
2,509
499
219.4
280.0
2,416
456
186.8
269.6
2,301
410
155.2
255.0
2,280
403
150.3
252.4
2,303
402
147.4
254.6
2,572
501
207.9
293.3
2, 588
493
Building construction...................................
General contractors_____
2.054
. . . . . . _ ._
879.8
2,146
2, 205
932.5
974.2
2,181
968. 3
2,141
971. 8
2,116
952.2
2,078
925.5
2,010
888.4
1,960
861.6
1,891
823.2
1,877
813.2
1, 901
824.1
2,071
919.6
201.0
289.0
2,098
950.2
1,173.9 1,213.3 1,230. 6 1, 213.0 1,168. 9 1,163.3 1,152. 9 1,121.8 1, 098.8 1,068.1 1, 063. 5 1,076.6 1,151.3 1,147. 3
302.5 305.1 306. 7 298. 8 294. 6 288.1 283.3 278.1 278.1 277.5 279.6 282.5 286.3 286.9
142.9 153. 5 159.1 160 1 165.3 160.6 153.9 148.2 140.9 133.3 128.9 128.7 156.5 155.7
159.4 161.6 162.4 160.1 157.2 154.5 150.6 149.2 148.2 147.2 148.8 150.3 151.3 139.5
569.1 593.1 602.4 594.0 551. 8 560.1 565.1 546.3 531.6 510.1 506.2 515.1 557.3 565. 3
Special-trade contractors_____________
Plumbing and h e a tin g ._____ . . . ..
Painting and decorating...................
Electrical work___
. .. .. . .
Other special-trade contractors____
Manufacturing. . . . ___________ _______ 16,113 16,495 16.709 17,017 17,221 17,258 17,069 17,162 17,040 17,077 17,135 17,013 16,884 16, 209 16,082
Durable goods 3__________________ 9,381 9,572 9,700 9,879 9, 955 10,006 10,007 10,121 10,096 10,117 10,103 9,989 9, 880 9,262 9,071
Nondurable goods 8_______________ 6,732 6. 923 7,009 7,138 7,266 7,'252 7,062 7,041 6,944 6,960 7,032 7,024 7,004 6,946 7,011
Ordnance and accessories_____ _____ ___
186.9
195.9
200.6
204.6
205.1
205.7
210.8
206.6
203.0
195.6
190.5
184.1
181.0
166.4
77.0
Food and kindred p ro d u cts___________ 1,421.5 1,495.6 1, 562. 7 1.631.0 1, 728.2 1, 697. 4 1, 618.0 1, 527.3 1,470. 6 1, 441. 7 1, 436. 5 1, 442. 0 1, 455. 7 1, 538. 5 1, 544.1
317.6 322. 6 313.6 306 2 304.1 302.7 299.7 295.5 294.6 299.2 303.0 312.5 309.8 306.1
Meat products______________________
Dairy products_____________________
116.9 119.0 121.8 127 7 132. 9 135.3 134.2 127.0 122.1 118.2 116.0 114.4 123. 4 125.2
Canning and preserving_____________
166.8 200.1 261.3 372. 2 346. 5 274.1 194. 5 174. 5 162.0 150.3 156.3 159.8 217.1 230.3
Grain-mill products_________________
122.3 123.1 126.2 127. 5 127.3 126.9 127.3 122. 6 121.1 122.9 123.9 125. 5 124.8 121.2
Bakery products____________________
286.0 289. 6 291.8 290 3 289. 9 290.7 289.7 285.8 283.2 284.2 283.6 282. 5 284.6 281.2
30.2
33.4
Sugar..."__________________ ______
53.8
27.5
27.2
27.8
28.1
34. 9
45.9
51.0
30.1
28.5
30.3
33. 0
75.5
79.1
78.1
86.3
86.2
Confectionery and related products___
89.3
93.3
93.1
83.2
84.0
86.8
87.9
75.7
89.6
Beverages___ _____________________
215.3 221.6 227.8 235.9 239. 4 237.8 231.4 224.2 217.1 213.6 208.4 210.4 220.8 217.6
Miscellaneous food products......... .........
135.5 139.6 144.4 145. 8 144.0 144.8 143.9 137.8 135.3 136.3 136.4 133.5 138.5 139.5
Tobacco manufactures_________ _____
Cigarettes_______________ _____ ___
Cigars____ ___ ____________________
Tobacco and snuff_________ _______
Tobacco stemming and red ry in g_____
101.5
115.0
32.1
41.8
8.9
32.2
119.9
32. C
42.8
9.2
27.9
119.5
31.6
42.4
8.9
36.6
122.4
31.6
41. 6
8. 8
40.4
115.2
31.4
41.0
8. 6
34.2
93.5
30.6
40.0
8.5
14.4
93.4
31.4
41.4
8.9
11.7
93.6
31.6
41.3
8.9
11.8
94.0
31.6
41.2
8.9
12.3
96.4
31.4
42.0
9.0
14.0
102.6
30. £
41.9
8.9
20.9
110.0
31.2
41.9
9.0
27.9
107.0
30.4
41.8
9.2
25.5
104.4
29.0
40.9
9.4
25.1
Textile-mill products__________________ 1,094.0 1,135.1 1,152.2 , 1173. 6 1,194. 6 1, 200.3 1,192.1 1, 220.1 1,214. 4 1,216.7 1, 231. 8 1,231.3 1, 227.9 ,201 l, 272. 7
Scouring and combing plants____ _ .
5. £
7.2
7. (
6. 5
6.4
5.7
6.3
6. 7
6.6
6. £
6.9
6.8
6 £
7.1
Yam arid thread m ills’ ............... .........
139.9 141. 5 144.8 150.3 153.2 150.9 154.9 153.3 153.6 156.6 156. 1 156.8 154.2 165.2
Broad-woven fabric m ills.____ _______
486.6 495. 7 503.8 512. 5 515.0 519.3 526.6 523.8 523.3 528.2 531.2 531. 5 527.9 576.1
34.2
34.2
35.4
35.1
33.2
Narrow fabrics and small w ares______
34.5
35.1
35.3
33.7
34.7
34.8
35.0
34.7
35.0
Knitting mills. . _.
... __________
234.8 240.0 246.5 251.6 253. 4 248.5 254. 7 254.0 254.4 257.0 253.8 251.4 244.5 244.6
Dyeing and finishing textiles____ ____
92.2
95.8
97.2
94.2
92.5
92.6
92.9
94.0
93.9
97.0
97.7
94.0
93. 7
94.5
54.5
Carpets, rugs, other floor c o v er in g s__
53.9
53. 7
54.4
55.4
52.7
58.3
58.5
58. 4
54.1
56.7
56.5
57.8
59.6
19.1
Hats (except cloth and m illinery).........
17.1
17.4
17.8
18.1
17.2
19.2
18.6
17.1
17.5
16.9
18.6
17. 4
17.7
69.0
73.4
70.4
73.3
72.8
72.6
69
Miscellaneous textile goods___________
71.7
72.8
73.0
72.6
73.5
72.0
71. 6
Apparel and other finished textile products______________________________ 1,177. £ 1,205.0 1,200.2 1, 216. £ 1, 212. 2 1, 235. 7 1,178.6 1, 200.1 1,187.2 1, 212. c 1,266.1 1, 264.4 1,234.5 , 190. 8 1,187.1
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats__
139.0 139.0 141.7 142. 7 142. 5 131. ( 140.7 138.6 137. £ 139. £ 137.8 132.6 132.5 142.2
M en’s and bovs’ furnishings and work
clothing_______ _____ _____________
296. 5 305.6 311. 1 312. 0 313. 1 299. : 311. ( 310. i 311.1 310. £ 306.6 300.fi 286.1 283.4
Women’s outerwear__________ ____ _
380.1 358. 7 357.4 356.0 376.1 354. S 349.7 338.4 359.1 396.8 402. 2 391.8 371.7 366.5
Women’s, children’s undergarments__
105. 5 109.5 110.6 108.3 107. 6 105. S 108.5 110.9 113.1 113. 5 112.1 109.7 106.4 101.5
23.2
22.6
20.4
27.2
27.5
25.8
M illinery__________________________
21.2
22.2
17.4
21.6
18.7
21. 6
22. 7
17.9
64.9
68.6
66.7
61.4
64. 7
65. C 67.8
63.8
67.5
Children’s outerwear________________
62.6
64.6
65.2
64.0
67.3
12.0
9.0
10.7
13. 6
7.2
8.7
Fur goods___ _____ ____ ____________
10.5
9.4
9.6
11.7
12.0
9.8
9.5
10.5
64. 5
62.7
68.7
65.1
62.1
63.9
63.
65.4
65.8
64.5
64.6
65.3
Miscellaneous apparel and accessories
66.0
65.9
Other fabricated textile Droducts_____
127.1 131.7 134.0 131.4 129.7 127.5 128.5 131.0 133.3 136.3 136.1 133.9 129.0 127.3
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T able
321
A-2: Employees in nonagrieultural establishments, by industry division and group 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1954
Annual
average
1953
Industry group and Industry
Jan.
Manufacturing—Continued
Lumber and wood products (except
furniture)..................... .............. ............
679.4
Logging camps and contractors............. _________
Sawmills and planing m ills...................... —
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products.....................
Wooden containers__________ _______ _________
Miscellaneous wood products.............
Furniture and fixtures..............................
Household furniture.......................... ....
Office, public-building, and profession
al furniture____ _____ _____________
Partitions, shelving, lockers, and fix
tures__________________________ __
Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous
furniture and fixtures____ ____ _____
346.3
Paper and allied products________ ____
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills____
Paperboard containers and boxes_____
Other paper and allied products...........
529.3
Printing, publishing, and allied industries
Newspapers_______________ ________
Periodicals_______ _________________
Books_____ ____ ___________ _______
Commercial printing...................... .........
Lithographing________________ ______
Greeting cards_________ ______ ______
Bookbinding and related industries___
Miscellaneous publishing and printing
services_________ ____ ___________
Chemicals and allied products_____ ____
Industrial inorganic chemicals_______
Industrial organic chemicals............ .
Drugs and medicines_______________
Soap, cleaning and polishing prepara
tions____________________________
Paints, pigments, and fillers...............
Gum and wood chemicals............. .........
Fertilizers__________________________
Vegetable and animal oils and fats___
Miscellaneous chemicals.........................
_________
792.0
—
739.9
—
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
713.7
66.0
419.2
751.6
80.8
438.4
773.0
84.9
450.8
781.0
86.1
456.6
792.1
89.2
462. 5
786.6
85.5
460.2
800.1
89.6
465.7
782.2
83.7
456.3
769.7
75.7
450. 4
757.1
72.6
441.2
745.8
65.1
437.5
114.4
57 1
57.0
117.1
57.4
57.9
119.8
58.7
58.8
119. 6
59.1
59.6
119.9
60.2
60.3
120.1
61.2
59.6
123.1
61.8
59.9
121.3
61. 5
59.4
122.7
61.0
59.9
358.6
251.7
365. 2
258.3
367. 5
259.6
370.3
261.3
370.1
261.6
369. 9
261. 4
371.6
264.2
376. 5
269.4
383.0
275.5
June
M ay
Apr.
Jan.
1952
1951
744.3
63.6
438.1
782.0
84.0
457.8
834.4
101.4
477.4
120.9
61.2
61.2
121.0 121.3
61. C 61.1
61.1
60.2
118.9
61.0
60.4
126.4
65.8
63.4
387.1
279.8
385. 5
278.1
382.6
275.2
361.0
257.1
361. 3
257.1
Mar.
Feb.
38.0
38.3
38.6
39.3
39.5
39.2
39.0
39.6
40.0
40.1
40.1
40.1
39.9
40.7
36.9
36.8
37.5
36. S
37.0
37.1
36.7
36.3
36.3
35.9
36.4
36.6
34.1
34.4
32.0
31.8
31.8
32.9
32.0
32.2
31.7
31.2
31.2
31.3
30.9
30.7
29.9
29.1
534.9
267.2
143.5
124.2
538.8
266.0
148.7
124.1
541.8
266.7
149.1
126.0
543.9
267.8
147.8
128.3
541.5
266.9
146.5
128.1
533.4
265. 4
141.2
126.8
535.9
264.9
143.8
127.2
528.5
261. 4
140.9
126.2
527.7
260.7
141. 3
125.7
527.3
261.6
140.8
124.9
523.2
261.5
138.9
122.8
522.1
261.4
138.6
122.1
505.6
257.1
129.6
119.0
511.5
258. 7
131.9
121.0
802.6
299.2
70.2
47.6
199.4
57.6
19.5
45.3
798.5
297.6
69.9
47.6
196.4
58.0
20.4
45.4
797.5
296.8
68.5
48.7
196.9
56.9
20.2
46.6
789.6
294.8
67.0
48.4
195.3
56.2
19.6
46.0
778.6
292.9
65.1
47.5
192.0
54.7
19.3
45.5
775. 5
292.3
65. 0
46.9
192.7
53. 3
18.9
45.0
779.7
293.8
65.0
46.9
194.3
54.1
18.9
44.9
775.1
292. 5
65.3
46.6
193.2
53.6
17.6
44.5
774. 3
291. 5
65.4
46.8
193.8
53.3
17.2
44.3
774.3
290.5
66.3
47.4
194.0
53.2
17.5
43.9
771.8
289. 2
66. 7
47. 0
194.1
52. 7
17.6
43.4
772.5
288.4
66.6
46.5
195. 8
52.8
17.7
44.0
762.9
286.8
64. 1
45.2
192.8
52.9
18.2
42.9
755. 5
282.2
61.1
45.1
193.4
53.6
18.5
42.7
63.8
63.2
62.9
62.3
61.6
61.4
61.8
61.8
62.0
61.5
61.1
60.7
59.9
59.0
745.6
85.2
270.2
92.5
752.2
85.2
272.9
94.0
756.5
85.1
275.2
93.7
759.1
85.4
279.3
94.0
755.0
85.7
282.1
93.2
751.7
86.0
280.3
92.8
753.2
84.7
278.1
94.6
754. 7
84.0
274.4
94.2
762.7
83.4
272.2
95.0
761.3
83.0
270.6
95.3
752. 2
82.3
267.9
95.3
749.0
81.7
267.6
98.2
741.7
81.9
259.0
98.4
742.8
81.5
259.3
95.6
48.9
74.8
7.8
30.8
45.1
90.3
49.5
75.2
7.8
30.5
46.2
90.9
49.9
75.2
7.8
32.2
46.2
91.2
49.7
75.6
7.6
32. 7
43.6
91.2
49.4
76.3
7.5
31.2
37.9
91.7
49.3
76.6
7.5
30.3
36.4
92.5
49.7
75.6
7.4
33.0
37.3
92.8
49. 9
75.4
7. 6
38.6
38.2
92.4
50.5
75.5
7.9
45.8
39.9
92.5
50.5
75.0
7.8
44.4
42.6
92.1
50.1
74.3
7.6
39.2
44.2
91.3
49.4
73.7
7.6
34.8
45.8
90.2
49.8
73.1
7.9
35.8
44.2
91.7
51.0
73.6
8.3
35.8
46.8
90.3
259.2
206.7
261.5
208.3
264.0
209.9
266.4
211.7
266.3
211.4
264.3
209.4
261.0
206.8
260.3
207.0
259.0
206.3
258. 2
206.0
258. 3
206. 6
253.9
202.1
252.7
198.6
Products of petroleum and co a l...............
Petroleum refining................................
Coke and other petroleum and coal
products............. ........................... .......
253.3
256.0
205.1
50.9
52.5
53.2
54.1
54.7
54.9
54.9
54.2
53.3
52.7
52.2
51.7
51.8
54.1
Rubber products..... .....................................
Tires and inner tubes................................
Rubber footwear.......................................
Other rubber products.......................... .
249.7
256.5
107. 5
28.3
120. 7
259.4
10b. 8
29.2
121.4
265.0
112.1
29.6
123.3
270.3
115.3
29.7
125.3
271.0
115.7
29.3
126.0
269.5
116.1
28.1
125.3
276.3
118.1
29.1
129.1
276.3
118.7
28.9
128.7
276.6
118.2
29.4
129.0
276.4
117.5
29.8
129.1
274.8
116.9
29.8
128.1
275.1
117.3
30.1
127.7
262.3
116.1
28.3
117.9
263.3
111.2
29.2
123.0
Leather and leather products___________ 373.5
Leather: tanned, curried, and finished..
Industrial leather belting and packing.. —
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings___
Footwear (except rubber).........................
Luggage-------------------------------- --------Handbags and small leather goods_____
Gloves and miscellaneous leather goods
376.2
44.2
5.0
17.6
246.2
17.0
29.2
17.0
374.1
44.7
5.1
16.7
240. 3
18.8
30.8
17.7
374.7
46.0
5.2
16.2
238.1
19. 2
30. 7
19.3
381.5
46.6
5.1
16.3
245.4
18.8
29. 6
19.7
390.8
47.0
5.3
17.5
253.2
18.6
29.7
19.5
383. 8
46.8
5.3
17.7
248.8
18.3
28.2
18.7
390.2
47.6
5.4
18.0
254.5
19.2
26.7
18.8
382.4
46.9
5.7
16.9
249.2
19.2
26.1
18.4
393.3
46.8
5.8
18.1
255.4
19.1
29.7
18.4
402.5
47.4
5.7
18.8
261.7
18.4
32.2
18.3
403.1
47.8
5. 6
19.3
261.9
18.5
32.1
17.9
398.7
48.3
5.6
19.2
259.9
18.1
30.1
17.5
381.9
46.5
5.1
17.5
246.7
17.8
29.0
19.4
376.9
48.0
5.5
16.8
241.0
15.9
29.4
20.3
Stone, clay, and glass products.................... 511.8
Flat glass........................................ .............
Glass and glassware, pressed or blow n..
Glass products made of purchased glass.
Cement, hydraulic.....................................
Structural clay products............................
Pottery and related products.................
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products.
Cut-stone and stone products............. .
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
products......................... ..........................
See footnotes at end of table.
527.0
35.8
101.9
15.6
41.1
75.7
51.8
100.3
18.8
538. 7
35.5
104.5
15.7
41.4
77.5
53.6
104.0
18.9
544.7
35. 5
104.8
16.4
41.2
78.5
54.8
105.8
18.8
547.7
35.8
104.8
16.4
41.7
78.5
54.4
107.7
18.8
546.6
35.4
103.1
16.6
41.9
79.4
53.3
108.6
18.8
538.9
35.1
100.4
16.3
41.8
80.0
48.5
108.1
18.4
547.7
34.9
105.4
16.9
40.9
80.3
54.3
105.8
18.5
543.0
35.0
104.2
17.0
41.0
78.0
55.1
104.7
17.9
544.1
35.3
104.3
17.7
40.6
77.5
56.3
104.1
18.3
541.2
35.4
103.6
17.5
40.6
76.9
57.0
101.6
18.3
533.9
35.6
101.1
17.0
40.6
75.4
56.6
100.1
18.1
531.3
35.7
99.9
17.2
40.6
75.6
56.5
99.2
17.9
527.9
32.6
96.2
16.2
39.9
80.9
57.2
100.7
17.5
551.2
33.2
98.0
16.7
40.6
85.2
63.0
101.5
18.9
86.0
87.6
88.9
89.6
89.5
90.3
90.7
90.1
90.0
90.3
89.4
88.7
86.9
94.2
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1954
322
T able
A-2 : Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and group 1—Continued
[In thousands)
Annual
average
1953
1954
Industry group and industry
Jan.
Manufacturing—Continued
Primary metal industries............................
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
mills............... ............................................
Iron and steel foundries......... ....................
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous m etals..........................................
Secondary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals.................................... .
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous m e ta ls ........................... ...........
Nonferrous foundries................... ..............
Miscellaneous primary metal Industries
\ TO V .
, 229.7 1,259.2
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
656.5
253.2
654. 4
253.7
51.5
51.2
12.9
12.7
650.3
230.1
654. 0
236.9
666.8
237.1
665.1
243.1
662.1
248.7
50.2
50.6
51.5
52.5
52.4
52.8
52.5
52.2
12.8
12.9
123.8
96.6
149.5
123.4
94.9
148.6
123.1
97.2
149.4
122.0
98.2
149.8
Fabricated metal products (except ord
nance, machinery, and transporta
tion equipment)...................................... 1,088.8 1,086. 6
28.5
Tin cans and other tinware......................
152.1
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware------Heating apparatus (except electric) and
140.1
plumbers’ supplies........ ........................
279.1
Fabricated structural metal products...
232.8
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving
47.5
Lighting fixtures .....................................
69.3
Fabricated wire products------------------Miscellaneous fabricated metal prod
137.2
ucts ...................... ................. ...................
12.2
120.2
89.7
143.0
12,4
122.0
90.7
143.7
12.4
121 7
92 9
146.5
12.5
122.3
93.1
145.9
12.6
121.5
95.3
146.5
655. 9
250.5
656.6
253.2
635.1
224.7
118.8
88.4
141.5
Jan.
1952
275.5 1,300. 7 1,316.9 1,330.1 1,336.9 l, 346.0 1,338.4 1,343. 9 1,343.6 1, 338. 9 1,335.8 1, 227. 4 11,313.0
625.1
223.1
12.1
Feb.
653.0
255.3
570.7
253.0
643.5
266.2
50.8
49.8
50.6
60.3
12.7
12.6
12.3
13.2
119.9
98 3
149. 1
118. 5
97.8
148.8
111.3
89.8
139.8
110.8
87.0
142.2
120.6 1,142.0 1,156 3 1,160.5 1,151.7 1,168.0 1,162.3 1,160. 6 1,159. 3 1,149. 6 1,135. 2 1,045. 6 1
56.6
58.1
59.7
57.0
56.9
56.5
57 8
61.3
56. 7
56.2
64.3
59.3
63 1
150.3 152.6 155.4 159.5 159.1 164.6 165.3 164.0 164.9 163.2 160.8 149.8 162.8
145.1 150.9 151 5 152.1 151.3 153.4 153.7 155.0 154.1 154 2 152.6 142.8 144.1
281.8 283.6 285 2 283.6 278.8 279.7 274.6 272 2 272.7 272 0 270.5 253.8 241.2
230.0 234.4 236 0 235.4 236.6 242.1 241. 8 241.4 240.8 237. 5 231.3 196.7 202.0
48.2
45.6
50.8
48.3
50.1
50.3
50. 9
49 6
49.4
48.3
50.1
48.7
49 4
63.9
66.1
72.4
73.2
71.3
72.9
73. 7
71.7
71.2
71.5
70.6
70.2
71.2
1,586.0 1,600.3
Machinery (except electrical)........... .
89.4
Engines and turbines______________
143. 5
Agricultural machinery and tractors.
121.5
Construction and mining machinery—
280.4
Metalworking machinery..................—
Special-industry machinery (except
184.0
metalworking machinery)...................
233.3
General industrial machinery................
113.1
Office and store machines and devices..
Service-industry and household ma
193.8
chines..
...................... ....................
241.3
Miscellaneous machinery parts----------
138.3 142.3 144. 5 144.3 143.7 146.0 145.9 146. 4 145.9 144.7 143.9 136.5
602.3 1,614.6 1,626 3 1,635.3 1,665.7 1, 698. 4 1, 702.0 1, 714. 3 1,727.8 1,713.4 1, 702.1 1,642. 4
88.9
96.5
95.8
95.5
95.6
95.9
95.7
90.6
94.5
90.8
91.2
91. 5
142.0 151.0 162 4 171.5 179.3 184.5 187. 1 190.6 195. 8 193.3 190.4 185 1
123.2 124.3 127 4 129.7 131.0 133.5 130.9 131.1 134.2 133. 9 133.2 132.2
282.1 283.0 284.2 281.1 281.6 285.8 285.6 285. 2 285.4 283.3 283.9 280.3
184.1 184.0 183 7 185. 6 186.8 191.0 190.3 190.9 191.9 192 0 191.2 190.9
234.7 235.3 233. 5 234.0 236.4 236.9 234.2 234. 4 234.5 232. 3 232.0 230.7
112.3 112.8 111.6 110.3 111.4 112.0 112.4 112.6 112.3 111. 5 111.7 109.8
192.9 193.6 192 0 194.0 202.0 213. 3 219.4 224.7 227.5 223.7 217.0 186.5
240.2 239.4 240.0 238.5 242.7 245.9 246. 5 248.9 249. 7 247.7 246.9 238.0
Electrical m achinery................... - ............. 1,112.9 1,145. 6
Electrical generating, transmission, dis
382.3
tribution, and industrial apparatus..
69.5
Electrical appliances ..................... .......
32.1
Insulated wire and cable......... ...............
83.6
Electrcal equipment for vehicles..........
28.4
Electric lamps............................................
503.4
Communication equipment-------------46.3
Miscellaneous electrical products-------
382.8
71.1
32.7
85.3
28.3
528.8
48.6
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
81.2
198.4
120.5
262.4
196.0
224.4
106.3
182.2
229.8
177.6 1,196.1 1.203.7 1,195.4 1,179.3 1,194.8 1, 202.0 1, 206. 5 1,204.0 1.192. 4 1,173. 5 1,068.4 1.005. 4
386.9 388. 6 389.5 391.7 393.7 393.6 393.0 390.5 386 1 381.5 364.8 354.9
56.2
59.5
69.9
69.3
65. 5
67 9
70.9
70 5
69.8
70.3
71.3
71. 2
35.5
35.1
31. 5
29.2
35.6
35.4
35.4
35.5
34.5
34.3
33.7
34.2
79.2
78.6
90.6
84.5
90.9
91.0
91.0
8
8
.
2
86.8
88.2
85.0
87. 3
25.2
26 3
25.8
81.0
26.9
25.3
27.3
27.5
27.4
27 2
28.2
28.0
541.3 544.9 538.4 519.4 529.2 537.2 542.8 546.0 543 1 535. 3 464 9 405.8
46.6
46.6
45.9
47.4
47.3
45.9
46.3
48.9
47 0
48.0
49.7
49.5
Transportation equipment—..................... 1,830.8 1,857. 7 , 821.8 1,885.2 1,898.8 1,931.4 1,944.1 1,950.8 1.955,8 1, 969. 9 1. 965. 7 1. 930. 0 1,891.5 1,674.9
893.5 867.9 897.2 904. 0 943.8 965.5 969.4 982 3 993.1 983.2 957 0 924.6 793.5
Automobiles ------------ ------------------740.1 725.3 755. 6 758. 2 749.7 740.9 733.6 728.4 727.3 735.0 729 2 721.4 641 6
Aircraft and parts.....................................
445.8 430.1 455.9 457. 7 453.1 447.6 444.5 445. 6 446.9 449.2 448.1 447.8 413.9
Aircraft
.......................................
166.1 167.6 171.3 170. 1 168.2 167.9 165.9 161.3 159.2 165.6 163 7 158.1 134. 7
Aircraft engines and p a r ts.................
14.0
16.5
16.4
16. 5
16.6
16.3
16.4
16.3
16.3
16.6
16.5
16.7
16.7
* ireraft propellers and parts..............
99.2
79.1
111.5 111.0 111.9 113.4 112.1 109.1 106.8 105.1 104.7 103.7 100 8
Otner aircraft parts and equipment.
151.0
155.1
158.1
155.
7
153.9
153.
C
157.1
144.9
148.5
151.6
144.5
148.1
141.6
Ship- and boatbuilding and repairing
119.6 121.0 120.7 124.0 123. 6 125.6 127. 1 126 1 130 5 129.7 131 0 134 1 131.2
Shipbuilding and repairing................
25.4
19.8
24 7
24 0
26.6
26.8
26.9
24.9
26.0
23.9
23.8
24.1
22.0
Roatbuilding and repairing................
74.8
75.8
79.2
74.3
80.0
78.6
79.0
75.3
72.3
70.9
73.9
74.4
71.9
Railroad equipment.........
.................
13.2
13.3
12.9
13.4
13.1
13.9
13.5
14.1
13.8
12.8
14.0
10.6
14.1
Other transportation equipment..........
328.5
310.2
332.5
327.5
333.2
335.4
333.3
333.2
332.9
331.8
330.9
332.6
325.0 330.4
Instruments and related products---Laboratory, scientific, and engineering
48.9
53.5
53.0
52.8
53.6
54.0
53.6
54.4
51.8
54.2
54.3
54.0
53.7
instruments
................................
Mechanical measuring and controlling
74.1
80.9
81.9
80.2
81.8
82.6
81.9
81.4
81.1
80.7
79.1
79.9
80.5
instruments.
— — ..........
12.4
12.3
12.4
12.4
12.3
12.3
12.3
12.2
12.1
12.1
12.0
12.3
11.7
Optical instruments and lenses.............
Surgical, medical, and dental instru
39.6
40.4
40.9
40.8
41.1
41.
41.2
40.7
40.8
39.3
39. €
40.
39.3
merits
------------------------28.9
28.1
28.9
29.2
29.0
28.’
28. ‘
28.1
27. S
28. £
27.
28.?
28.6
Ophthalmic goods--------------------------66.1
67 9
68.3
6 8 .0
68.5
68. £
69.'
71.3
71.8
71.
71.1
71.
70.
Photographic apparatus...................
41.0
45.
44.5
46.3
46
8
46.
£
45.8
47.
£
45.6
46.
47.
46.'
45.8
Watches and clocks............................
490.
501. £ 497. £ 495. S 494.1 487.2 474.9 456.0
506.
519.2 515.
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.. 482.9 496.8 513.
50. 5
53.
52.8
54. f
55.
54.
54. £
52.
55.
59.
58.91 57.
58.5
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware..
16.3
18.
17.8
18.3
18. :
18.1
18.
18.1
17.'
17.
18.0! 18.
18.2
M uslcal instruments and parts...............
75.4
77.
73.7
84.3
81.3
87.
87.
88.
90.
93. ll
92.
87.
79.3
Toy« and sporting goods..........................
31. 5
31.
31.1
31.'
32.
32.
32.
32.
31.
33. ?
32.
33.
33.5
Pens, pencils, and other office supplies..
69.
67.6
62.1
69. r
66
67.
68.
71.’
68.
71.9: 71.
71.
67.5
Costume Jewelry, buttons, notions-----72. 6
66. 9
73.4
74.1
75.
75.
75.
76.
74.
76. 2\ 77. 3
77.
74.
Fabricated plastic products...................
163.
159.31
153.
4
164.
164.
164.;
164.
161.
157.
165.2 167. 21 166. 7' 165.
Other manufacturing industries.............
See footnotes at end of table.
137 1
, 510.3
844.5
463.6
313.3
90 8
10.8
48 8
116.0
101.6
14 4
73.7
12.6
292.2
39.1
71.8
12.5
40.0
29.0
62.1
37.7
465.4
54.7
16.6
74.0
31.9
63.9
67.2
157.0
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T able A-2: Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and group 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1954
Annual
average
1953
Industry group and Industry
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Aug.
Sept.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
1952
1951
Transportation and public utilities ___________
4,143 4,241 4,272 4,310 4,323 4,337 4,340 4,315 4,279 4,244 4,235 4,210 4,210 4,220 4,166
Transportation_______________ __________ _ 2,830 2, 923 2, 952 2, 989 2,999 3,001 2,999 2,990 2.966 2. 949 2,928 2.9Ó9 2,914 2, 941 2,921
Interstate railroads_________________
1 , 330. 2 1, 354. 5 1,382. 6 1,393. 7 1, 407. 2 1,409.6 1,399.9 1,387.0 i 27A n i afin fi 1,356. 4 1.367.5 1,399. 8 1, 449.3
1,155.2 1,188. 3 1,214. 6 1, 224.3 1,236. 7 1, 238.8 1,229 2 1,217. 5 1, 204. 9 1,188. 5 1,184.8 1.195. 5 1, 226. 2 1, 275. 9
Class I railroads.......... - ....................... 129.1 129. 6 130.4 128.4 129.1 130 6 131 0 190 7 130.7 131.3 131. 5 125 6 134. 2 139 0
Local railways and buslines_________
Trucking and warehousing__________
764.4 766.9 773.1 767.6 753.8 748 4 749.3 745. 5 743.0 743.9 737 2 734 9 714. 6 675. 6
699.4 700.7 703.3 708.8 710.8 710.7 709.5 703.1 698.9 691.9 683.8 686.0 692.1 656.9
Other transportation and services____
51.3
Buslines, except local_____ _____ ________
51.7
52.2
53.1
53.2
53.5
52.9
52.4
53 0
52.1
51. 9
51.4
51. 5
51.9
Air transportation (common carrier).
105.1 104.3 104.7 104.8 105.1 104.9 104.6 102.0 101.1 100.8 100.0 100.0
95.6
85.2
Communication....... ..................................
742
745
746
746
752
748
750
742
738
717
690
759
734
747
731
697.5 698. 7 699.5 697. 5 703. 7 709.5 700.1 697.3 682 3 693. 5 689. 2 684 9 672.7 638.9
Telephone________________________
Telegraph________________________
46.8
46.8
47.7
47.7
47.6
48.3
48.9
48.3
48.6
48.9
47.9
50.1
48.1
48.6
573
574
573
Other public utilities__________________
571
578
584
582
575
565
563
563
566
562
555
564
Gas and electric utilities___
. ____
551.0 551.9 550. 8 555.1 560.9 558.8 552.2 544 3 542 1 543.0 541. 4 540 5 541.2 533.3
246.9 247.2 247.2 249.5 251.6 250.8 248.2 245.0 244.7 244.3 243.5 243.2 243.5 240.4
Electric light and power utilities____
128.9 129. 5 128. 7 129.6 131. 5 130.8 128. 9 126.3 124. 8 126.5 126. 1 125 6 126.4 123.8
Gas utilities_______
_____
175.2 175.2 174.9 176.0 177.8 177.2 175.1 173.0 172.6 172.2 171.8 171.7 171.3 169.1
Electric light and gas utilities combined..
22. 0
21. 9
22.1
22. 5
21. 7
Local utilities, not elsewhere classified.
22. 4
21. 5
22.0
23.0
22.9
21.9
22.1
21.7
21.7
11,324 10,766
2, 793 2, 792
8, 531 7, 974
1, 994. 5 1,601.0
1, 444.9 1, 431.0
866.1 858.4
713.2 619.9
3, 512. 2 3, 463.3
10,611 10,464 10,334 10,355 10,415 10,348 10,314 10,284 10,214 10,283 10,251 10,013
2, 768 2, 736 2, 733 2, 736 2, 729 2 ,7Ï2 2, 713 2,730 2, 743 2,747 2. 721 2.655
7,843 7, 728 7,601 7,619 7,686 7,636 7, 601 7. 554 7, 471 7, 536 7,530 7,359
1, 495. 5 1, 421.0 1, 356. 4 1,350.3 1,402.3 1.406. 2 1,390. 6 1,396. 4 1. 355. 0 1,406 5 1, 453. 2 1,429.3
1, 421.7 1, 401. 5 1,390. 8 1,400.8 1,405. 7 1,399. 3 1,398. 2 1,389. 2 1, 380. 8 1.370 9 1,353. 8 1, 307 6
854. 2 849.1 851.4 845.6 839.2 829.2 820.0 812.9 810.0 807.5 779.5 763.7
608.4 586.1 542.1 551.9 594. 7 594.8 593. 2 585. 7 558.2 573.6 584.0 575.4
3, 463.2 3, 470. 4 3, 459. 9 3, 470.3 3,444.3 3,406. 4 3,392. 7 3,369.9 3,366. 7 3,377.6 3, 359.1 3, 282. 4
Wholesale and retail trade______________
Wholesale trade_______________________
Retail trade__________ _______________
General merchandise stores________. .
Food and liquor stores_______________
Automotive and accessories dealers___
Apparel and accessories stores________
Other retail trade___________________
10,423
2, 755
7, 668
1, 410.1
1,411.5
863.5
579.0
3, 403.3
Finance, insurance, and real estate 4______
Banks and trust companies 4_________
Security dealers and exchanges_________
Insurance carriers and agents___________
Other finance agencies and real estate__
2,049
2,064
515. 8
61.9
769.6
717.0
2,056
513. 7
62. 6
763.9
716.0
2,055
512. 0
62. 8
761.5
718.9
2,054
511.8
63.2
755.8
723.3
2,076
518 9
64. 5
760. 6
731.5
2,075
519.3
65. 2
757.5
732.9
2,046
506.8
64.9
744.6
729.5
2,025
499 1
65. 2
737.2
723.1
2,014
499 0
65. 0
735. 5
714. 4
1,993
496.7
64.9
732.3
699.1
1,977
493. 4
64 7
726.9
692.2
1,969
488.6
64 1
720.8
695.1
1,957
480 0
64.5
707.2
704.8
1,861
431.0
63 7
671 4
694.7
Service and miscellaneous ____________
Hotels and lodging places______________
Personal services:- "
Laundries___ ______________________
Cleaning and dyeing plants__________
M otion pictures..'_____ _______________
5,216
5,268
435.9
5,303
440.1
5,336
451.0
5,393
485.7
5,409
538.1
5,413
537.8
5,397
495.9
5,357
469.9
5,307
463.8
5,225
456.0
5,194
450. 5
5,192
442 7
5,280
476.9
5,207
476.5
344.2
182.0
225. 2
345.4
184. 6
228.2
346.3
184.5
230. 4
346.3
180.2
234.0
350. 5
176.1
234.3
354.7
180.4
233.8
354.1
186.8
233.8
348.6
184.2
232.1
343.5
180.7
234.4
340.4
175.0
232.0
340. 0
171.9
229.4
341 7
172 4
229 6
342.7
172.7
236.2
342 7
166 8
244.4
Government 4. _____ ____________________ 6,747 7,018 6,740 6,749 6,663 6,449 6,478 6,638 6,669 6,653 6,666 6,625 6,675 6,633 6.373
Federal4_____________________________ 2,174 2,489 2,191 2,195 2,220 2, 248 2,271 2,285 2,282 2,304 2,324 2. 343 2 350 2, 403 2,261
State and local •_____ _______ __________ 4,573 4,529 4, 549 4, 554 4,443 4, 201 4,207 4,353 4,387 4,349 4,342 4.282 4 325 4,230 4,112
i The Bureau of Labor Statistics series of employment in nonagricultural
establishments are based upon reports submitted by cooperating firms. These
reports cover all full- and part-time employees in private nonagricultural
establishments who worked during, or received pay for, any part of the pay
period ending nearest the 15th of the month. Because of this, persons who
worked in more than 1 establishment during the reporting period will be
counted more than once. In Federal establishments the data generally refer
to persons who worked on, or received pay for, the last day of the month; in
State and local government, to persons who received pay for any part of the
pay period ending on, or immediately prior to, the last day of the month.
Proprietors, self-employed persons, unpaid family workers, and domestic
servants are excluded. These employment series have been adjusted to first
quarter 1951 benchmark levels indicated by data from government social
Insurance programs. Revised data in all except the first 4 columns will be
identified by asterisks the first month they are published.
These data differ in several respects from the nonagricultural employment
data shown in the M onthly Report on the Labor Force (table A -l, civilian
labor force), which are obtained by household interviews. This M RLF
series relates to the calendar week which contains the 8th day of the month.
It includes all persons with a job whether at work or not, proprietors, selfemployed persons, unpaid family workers, and domestic servants.
* Durable goods include: ordnance and accessories; lumber and wood
products (except furniture); furniture and fixtures; stone, clay, and glass
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products; primary metal industries; fabricated metal products (except ord
nance, machinery, and transportation equipment); machinery (except elec
trical); electrical machinery; transportation equipment; instruments and
related products; and miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
* Nondurable goods include: food and kindred products; tobacco manu
factures; textile-mill products; apparel and other finished textile products;
paper and allied products: printing, publishing, and allied industries; chem
icals and allied products; products of petroleum and coal; rubber products;
and leather and leather products.
4 Beginning with January 1952, the data for Federal employment are not
strictly comparable with those for prior years, primarily as a result of changes
in definition. The following changes were made starting with that month:
(1) data refer to the last day of the month rather than the first of the month;
(2) employment of the Federal Reserve Banks and of the mixed-ownership
banks of the Farm Credit Administration were transferred from the Federal
total to the “ Banks and Trust Companies” group of the "Finance, Insur
ance, and Real Estate” Division; (3) fourth-class postmasters, formerly ex
cluded as nominal employees, are now included in the Federal total.
4 State and local government data exclude, as nominal employees, paid
volunteer firemen and elected officials of small local units.
See N oth on p. 317.
324
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1954
T able A-3: Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries 1
¡In thousands]
Annual
average
1953
1954
Industry group and Industry
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
1952
1951
Mining:
M e ta l__________________________ ____
Iron_______________________________
Copper_____________________________
Lead and zinc______________________
85. 6
34.4
24 2
12.2
85.7
34.5
24.1
12.4
85.8
34 8
23 8
12 7
86.0
35.3
23.7
12.8
86.0
35.5
23.6
13.2
86.7
35.5
23.7
13.5
87.4
35.4
23.8
14.4
86.6
34.9
23.4
14.8
86.2
34.0
23.5
15.3
86.7
33.5
23.6
15.8
88.1
33.5
23. 5
16.6
88.8
34.1
23.4
17.0
83.8
29.1
22.3
18.1
88.4
33.8
22. 4
17. 8
Anthracite___________________________
Bituminous-coal______________________
44 8
259.6
45.1
265.0
45 0
261.6
46.5
269.5
46.5
269.0
45.4
268.0
50.3
277.1
51.6
277.9
47.8
286.7
53.5
295.8
55.6
302.0
56.4
306.9
59.5
309.9
65.0
348.0
Crude-petroleum and natural-gas production:
Petroleum and natural-gas production
(except contract services)...................... —
126.6
126.4
127.9
131.0
134.1
133.7
131.9
127.2
127.7
126.5
125.9
126.4
127.9
124.8
87. 7
89.4
90 5
91.9
92.0
91.2
90.8
89.0
88.2
85.0
83.8
83.6
88.6
89.2
Nonmetallic mining and quarrying_____
Manufacturing-------------------------------------- 12,747 13,122 13,322 13,627 13,832 13,851 13,666 13,787 13,699 13,758 13,831 13,733 13,619 13,044 13,135
Durable goods * __________________ 7,451 7,645 7,762 7,941 8,016 8, 054 8, 056 8,190 8,179 8,215 8, 211 8,115 8,020 7, 481 7, 459
Nondurable goods *........ ........................ 5,296 5,477 5, 560 5,686 5, 816 5,797 5, 610 5, 597 5, 520 5,543 5,620 5,618 5,599 5,564 5,676
Ordnance and accessories______________
142.2
149.1
152.8
157.5
158.6
158.6
162.1
158.3
155.9
150.2
146.5
141.8
139.0
125.7
61.6
Food and kindred products____________ 1,001.0 1,070.8 1,135.8 1, 201. 9 1, 296.6 1,264.1 1,184.0 1,096.6 1,050.6 1,026. 5 1,024.8 1, 032.6 1,044. 7 1,127.1 1,142. 4
Meat products______________
____
252.1 256. 9 249 1 241.7 240.1 239.5 237.0 233.2 232. 7 237.7 241.1 248.8 245. 6 242. 9
Dairy products_____________________
92.5
94.2
87.6
85.1
79.2
93.5
87.1
79.7
78.1
76.4
77.8
82 1
83.1
87.3
Canning and preserving_____________
139. 5 172.0 232 1 342.1 316.2 243.7 165.4 145.9 133.9 122.7 128.7 132.3 188.8 201.6
Grain-mill products_______________ __
89.1
93.3
93.4
89.3
92 7
89.7
93. 7
93.9
87. 7
89.3
90. 6
92.3
91. 6
94.0
Bakery products..-____ _____________
175. 9 180.4 183 0 182.5 182.3 183.9 184. 0 181.0 178. 5 179.7 179. 5 179.0 181.9 181. 4
Sugar __ ______________________ ____
24.8
24.7
22.2
27.5
46.6
23.2
23.1
24. 9
39 6
44 1
22.3
22.7
28.0
29.3
Confectionery and related products___
68.9
61.3
62.0
75.3
72.2
79.3
64.0
65. 5
70.2
71. 6
75.1
72.6
78 8
73.0
Beverages__________________________
125 5 131.8 135 1 140.2 143.0 139.2 131.8 131.7 127.2 125.4 122.0 123.5 132.2 133.8
Miscellaneous food products_________ —
98.2
99.9 104.9 106.0 103.0 104.1 103.8
97.4
97.3
96.2
99.8 101.5
95.6
94.9
Tobacco m an ufactures...---..................... .
92.9
Cigarettes................................... ..................
Cigars________________________ ____ _
Tobacco and snuff__________ _______ _
Tobacco stemming and redrying............ —
Textile-mill products._________________
Scouring and combing plants................ .
Yarn and thread mills. _____________
Broad-woven fabric mills___________
Narrow fabrics and smallwares_______
Knitting mills____ _________________
Dyeing and finishing textiles_________
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings___
Hats (except cloth and millinery)_____
Miscellaneous textile goods___________
106. 7
29 2
40 0
7.6
29.9
103.0
28.9
40.9
7.7
25.5
111.0
28 6
40 4
7.6
34.4
114.0
28.7
39. 6
7.5
38.2
107.0
28.5
39.0
7.4
32.1
85.3
27.7
38.1
7.2
12.3
85.0
28. 5
39.3
7.6
9.6
85.0
28. 5
39.2
7.6
9.7
85.2
28. 5
39.1
7.6
10.0
87.3
28.2
39. 8
7.7
11.6
93.9
28.2
39. 6
7.7
18.4
100.6
28 2
39 7
7.7
24.9
97.9
27. 5
39. 6
7.9
22.9
95.7
26.3
38. 7
8.1
22.6
99S. 1 1,039.4 1,055.2 1,076.0 1,097.1 1,102.0 1, 093.8 1,121.6 1,116.7 1,119.2 1,134.3 1,134.0 1,131.7 1,105.8 1,175.8
6.5
6.6
5.1
6.4
6.4
5.9
6.3
5.3
6.3
6.4
5.8
6.2
6.1
6.0
129 7 131.3 134 5 140. C 142.7 140. Î 144 4 142 9 148 0 146 0 145. 7 146 5 143.6 154.2
459 4 467 0 475 2 484.0 486.0 490.2 497.1 494 4 498 8 498 8 501. 5 502 8 498. 7 545.8
31 0
30 8
30.8
31 1
80 2
81 1
29 7
30.2
31.0
30. 5
31. 4
31. 4
29. 5
31 2
212 4 217. 5 223 9 228. 9 230.6 226.3 232 3 232 2 282 9 285.4 232.3 280 2 223. 2 223.8
82. 7
82. 8
82 9
82 9
84 7
85 8
86 8
83 8
81.0
82.0
8L 9
86. 5
83 4
81 4
46.6
45.3
43.9
47. 7
49 4
45 4
45.1
47.9
49. 7
50.1
50. 0
46.2
45 7
51.0
15. 2
15.7
16.0
15 5
16 8
15, 3
15.3
16.3
16. 9
17. 4
15 7
15 7
17. 4
15.8
62. 2
61.7
59. 1
60.4
61. 7
63.2
62.9
62.5
63.4
60.0
62.5
63.3
63.8
62.7
Apparel and other finished textile products______________________________ 1,051.2 1,078.9 1,073.8 1,089.6 1,086. 7 1,108.5 1, 053. 2 1,072.2 1,060.8 1,086.0 1,138. 5 1,136. 6 1,108.5 1,066.9 1,065.9
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats______
124 8 125 4 127.9 129. 1 128. i 117. S 126. £ 124.9 123.9 125.8 124.0 119.3 119.3 128.8
M en’s and boys’ furnishings and work
clothing _ . . _ ______ __________
273 5 282 1 287 7 289. 5 291. C 276. 8 287 6 988 ? ?89 4 288 6 284 2 ?78 8 265 1 263 4
Women’s outerwear___ ____________
339 1 318.0 316 8 315. 6 334.7 314.0 308.8 297 9 817 8 855 5 860. 8 351 1 331 2 326 4
Women’s, children’s undergarments__
99 f) 101 9 101 5 100 2
98 9
91 1
94 1
97 4
96.3
95.5
94.1
96.3
98 6
95.0
M illinery___
. _________________
1f) 5
20.3
19 9
24 5
24 8
20 6
IQ 9
16 3
19. 2
18 8
19 7
18.1
15 1
23* ?
Children’s outerwear_______________
61.0
59 1
57 9
61 4
62 4
60 5
56 1
58 2
56. 7
58 4
58.6
59.1
61 8
59.1
Fur goods.
___ ____ . ___________
8.2
io! 7
8.2
7.4
9. 4
7 5
51
8 9
7. 2
7. 2
9.6
6 5
6.8
9 4
Miscellaneous apparel and accessories..
58.6
58.9
55.8
57 3
58 0
55 3
55 4
57.3
57.0
58.7
57.3
57.8
58 0
61.0
Other fabricated textile products_____
107.8 112 7 114.6 112.1 110.4 108.1 108.8 111! 4 113.5 116.7 116.6 113 ! 9 109.5 108.5
Lumber and wood products (except furniture)___________________________
Logging camps and contractors_____
Sawmills and planing mills____ ______
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products__________
Wooden containers______ ________
Miscellaneous wood products________
Furniture and fixtures........ ............ ............
Household furniture_________________
Office, public-building, and professional furniture___ _ . _______ . . .
Partitions, shelving, lockers, and fixtures_________ ____________ _______
Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous furniture and fixtures_________ _______
See footnotes at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
611. f
292.2
645.1
60. S
386 4
685.2
75.3
406.6
705. Í
79 c
418.5
712.6
80. 6
423.4
722.Í
83. i
428.5
717.8
80 ‘
425.8
730. £
83 ;
431.9
712.5
77 9
422! 3
700.5
70 8
416.4
688.0
66. 9
407.5
676. £
59 8
404.1
676.4
58 0
405! 5
713.3
78 5
423.8
766.8
Q5 8
444! 4
95.2
53.0
50.3
98. 7
53.4
51.2
101 0
54 4
52.1
101. (
54.8
52.8
101. ;
55.7
53.4
101. 8
56.8
53.0
104. ¿
57.4
53.4
102 4
57 1
52.8
104. 0
56. 7
102.4
56. 8
102. 6
56. 6
102 7
56 6
100.8
56. 4
108. 4
61.1
53.1
54.4
54.3
53.6
53.9
57.1
304.7
218 £
310.2
225 1
312.3
226.1
315.3
228. ]
315.0
228. :
314.5
228.0
317.4
231.5
322.1
236.5
328.5
242.3
332.7
247.0
331.9
245.9
329.2
242.9
309.1
225.5
310.6
226.0
31 0
31 1
31.6
32. ¿
32. 5
32 0
32.0
32.6
33.1
33,1
33.2
33.3
33.0
33.8
29 1
28. 7
29.3
28. 6
28 8
28.8
28.8
28.2
28.1
27.7
28.3
28.7
26.6
27.0
25.7
25.3
25.3
26.3
25.5
25.7
25.4
24.8
25.0
24.9
24.5
24.3
23.9
23.8
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
325
T able A-3: Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1954
Annual
average
1953
Industry group and Industry
Jan.
Manufacturing—Continued
Paper and allied products..................
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills.
Paperboard containers and boxes..
Other paper and allied products....
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
1952
1951
437.9
444.9
226.1
118.6
100.2
449.6
225.9
123.4
100.3
451. 7
226.4
123.6
101.7
453.5
228.2
121.9
103.4
450.3
226.6
120.2
103.5
442.0
224.8
115.0
102.2
445.6
225.2
117.8
102.6
439.7
222.2
115.6
101.9
439.5
221.8
116.3
101.4
439.3
222.6
116.2
100.5
436.8
222.8
115.0
99.0
435.6
222.9
114.9
97.8
422.5
219.4
107.4
95.8
434.3
223.4
111.7
99.2
503.2
513.1
150.2
28.9
27.6
162.7
44.3
14.6
35.2
511.5
149.7
28.6
27.6
160.7
44.5
15.6
35.5
513.1
149.6
28.7
28.5
160.7
44.2
15.6
36.9
509.2
149.2
28.8
28.6
159.0
43.4
15.2
36.5
498.6
146.4
27.7
27.7
155.9
42.2
15.0
36.0
496.0
145.8
27.7
27.1
157.0
40.9
14.5
35.4
501.6
147.8
27.8
27.5
158.9
41.9
14.3
35.4
498.7
147.7
28.3
27.2
157.6
41. 5
13.2
35.1
497.9
146.3
28.4
27.5
158.3
41.3
12.7
34.9
499.2
146.1
29.1
27.8
158.7
41.4
13.1
34.6
496.5
144.3
29.0
27.7
159.3
40.8
13.1
34.1
497.8
143.9
28.8
27.3
161.1
40.9
13.2
34.6
494.2
144.4
28.7
27.1
158.1
40.9
13.8
33.9
493.9
142.9
28.6
27.3
158.5
41.7
14.1
33.4
49.6
49.3
48.9
48.5
47.7
47.6
48.0
48.1
48.5
48.4
48.2
48.0
47.5
47.5
Chemicals and allied products................
499.6
Industrial inorganic chem icals.................... .........
Industrial organic chemicals.......................... .......
Drugs and medicines_______________________
Soap, cleaning and polishing prepara
tions...................... ............................................... .
Paints, pigments, and fillers. ................................
Gum and wood chem icals......................... ...........
Fertilizers........................ ................... .......................
Vegetable and animal oils and fa t s .._________
Miscellaneous chemicals____ ____ ___________
502.5
60.6
185.5
57.4
508.7
60.7
187.6
58.7
512.8
60.8
189.6
58.6
515.1
60.7
193.3
58.6
510.6
60.9
196.2
57.1
508.3
61.3
195.0
56.7
513.1
60.1
195.0
58.8
516.9
59.8
192.3
58.9
525.8
59.7
190.9
59.4
525.9
59.4
190.4
59.8
518.7
59.0
189.2
59.6
516.1
58.3
189.7
61.4
515.5
58.8
185.6
62.5
529.5
59.5
192.0
62.7
29.7
46.6
6.7
23.1
33.7
59.2
30.3
46.9
6.7
22.9
34.7
69.2
30.7
47.0
6.6
24.6
34.4
60.5
30.8
47.6
6.5
25.0
32.6
60.0
30.5
48.3
6.4
23.5
27.1
60.6
30.4
48.9
6.4
22.6
25.5
61.5
31.1
48.4
6.3
25.2
26.3
61.9
31.5
47.9
6.5
30.8
27.3
61.9
32.1
47.9
6.7
37.9
29.2
62.0
32.1
47.5
6.7
36.6
31.8
61.6
31.8
47.1
6.5
31.4
32.8
61.3
31.3
46.9
6.5
27.1
34.5
60.4
31.6
46.6
6.9
28.3
32.7
62.5
33 4
47. 5
7.3
28 7
36 2
62.1
Products of petroleum and coal.................. 180.1
Petroleum refining_________________________
Coke and other petroleum and coal
products..................................................................
182.5
141.7
184.3
141.8
185.8
142.5
188.3
144.0
190.9
146.0
190.4
145.4
189.7
144.5
187.6
143.1
187.6
144.1
186.4
143.6
185. 7
143.6
185.8
144.0
182.6
140.5
188 2
143.3
40.8
42.5
43.3
44.3
44.9
45.0
45.2
44.5
43.5
42.8
42.1
41.8
42.0
44.9
Rubber products............................................. 197.2
Tires and inner tu b es..............................................
Rubber footw ear............................................ .........
Other rubber products.............................................
202.2
82.6
22.8
96.8
204.3
83.5
23.7
97.1
209.2
86.6
24.0
98.6
214.2
89.6
24.1
100.5
214.4
89.6
23.6
101.2
213.2
90.1
22.5
100.6
220.3
92.4
23.5
104.4
220.2
92.7
23.3
104.2
220.5
92.2
23.8
104.5
220.5
91.6
24.2
104.7
219.2
91.2
24.2
103.8
219.2
91.5
24.5
103.2
208.2
90.8
22.9
94.6
212.0
87.4
23.9
100.7
Leather and leather products__________
334.6
Leather: tanned, curried, and finished_______
Industrial leather belting and packing________
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings_________
Footwear (except rubber).......................................
Luggage............ .................................................. .......
Handbags and small leather g o o d s............. .......
Gloves and miscellaneous leather goods_______
336.3
39.6
3.9
15.6
222.1
14.5
26.0
14.6
333.7
40.1
4.1
14.8
215.5
16.4
27.6
15.2
335.0
41.3
4.2
14.4
213.8
16.8
27.7
16.8
341.3
41.9
4.1
14.4
220.9
16.3
26.6
17.1
350.5
42.3
4.3
15.6
228.1
16.3
26.6
17.3
344.0
42.0
4.3
15.8
224.4
16.0
25.1
16.4
350.9
42.9
4.5
16.1
230.5
16.8
23.6
16.5
343.5
42.2
4.7
15.0
225.7
16.8
23.0
16.1
354.5
42.2
4.9
16.2
231.7
16.8
26.6
16.1
363.3
42,8
4.8
16.9
237.7
16.0
29.1
16.0
363.5
43.1
4.7
17.4
237.8
16.2
29.0
15.3
359.0
43.6
4.7
17.3
235.7
15.8
26.9
15.0
343.1
41.8
4.3
15.6
223.2
15.5
25.8
18.8
338.7
43.3
4.8
15.9
218.4
13.8
26.0
17.5
Stone, clay, and glass products.................
430.2
Flat g la ss.._______ ________ ________ ______
Glass and glassware, pressed or blow n_______
Glass products made of purchased glass_______
Cement, hydraulic....................... ..........................
Structural clay products...... ....................... ...........
Pottery and related products..____ _________
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster prod
ucts_____________________________________
Cut-stone and stone products..........................
Miscellaneous nonmetallic products_____ ____
445.2
31.9
88.2
13.4
34.5
67.4
45.8
456.1
31.6
90.4
13.6
34.9
69.5
47.3
462.7
31.7
91.1
14.3
34.7
70.4
48.7
465.3
31.9
90.6
14.3
35.2
70.5
48.2
463.4
31.5
89.3
14.5
35.3
71.1
47.1
456.2
31.1
86.6
14.2
35.2
71.8
42.5
465.4
31.0
91.6
14.7
34.4
72.1
48.3
460.6
31.2
90.5
14.8
34.5
69.8
48.9
462.3
31.5
90.7
15.5
34.2
69.1
50.1
459.2
31.5
89.9
15.3
34.1
68.6
50.8
453.2
31.8
87.7
14.7
34.3
67.2
50.6
450.9
31.9
86.5
14.9
34.2
67.5
50.7
448.4
28.9
83.1
13.9
33.8
72.7
51.1
475.1
29.7
85.3
14.5
34.7
77.5
56.9
82.0
16.6
65.4
85.5
16.7
66.6
87.5
16.7
67.6
89.2
16.8
68.6
89.8
16.6
68.2
89.5
16.2
69.1
87.4
16.3
69.6
86.1
15.6
69.2
85.4
16.2
69.6
83.0
16.2
69.8
81.6
16.0
69.3
80.7
15.8
68.7
82.3
15.3
67.3
84.7
16.6
75.1
Printing, publishing, and allied indus
tries. ..........................................................
Newspapers................................................ .
Periodicals....................................................
Books....... .....................................................
Commercial printing.............................. .
Lithographing.............................................
Greeting cards______________________
Bookbinding and related industries__
Miscellaneous publishing and printing
services......................................................
Primary metal industries______________ 1,036.2 1,065.1 1,077.9 1,099. 4 1,117.1 1,127.9 1,133.7 1,143.1 1,137.9 1,143. 5 1,144.8 1,141.8 1,139.0 1,039. 7 1,132.1
Blast furnaces, steelworks, and rolling
mills............... ................................................ ......... 535.2 542.5 554.9 560.8 572.4 570.5 567.2 561.8 562.4 563.6 563.1 561.8 486.5 560.2
Iron and steel foundries__________ __________
195.7 196.9 201.9 208.0 207.8 213.6 219.5 221.1 224.1 224.2 224.2 225.7 223.4 237.1
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals____________________________
42.1
41.8
43.0
43.4
41.9
44.0
43.6
43.7
43.1
42.4
42.2
40.9
42.0
42.3
Secondary smelting and refining of non9.1
ferrous metals____________________________
9.1
9.3
9.2
9.3
9.5
9.5
9.3
9.6
9.6
9.5
9.2
9.4
10.2
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals........................................................
96.9
95.7
98.9
97.9 100.5 100.8 100.4
97.7
98.7
98.8
99.4
96.5
90.1
90.8
Nonferrous foundries._____ _____ ___________
74.4
72.8
75.0
82.9
77.1
77.5
79.4
80.6
79.5
82.9
74.9
82.0
82.2
72.8
Miscellaneous primary metal indus
tries.......................................................................... 114.8 116.0 116.4 119.3 118.5 119.3 122.4 122.0 122.6 123.0 122.5 122.5 113.7 118.9
Fabricated metal products (except ord
nance,
machinery,
and trans
portation equipm ent)...................... .
Tin cans and other tin w a re ...................
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware____
Heating apparatus (except electric) and
plumbers’ supplies________________
Fabricated structural metal products..
Metal stamping, coating, and engravLighting fixtures.........................................
Fabricated wire products____ ________
Miscellaneous fabricated metal prod
ucts_____________________ ________
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
874.9
873.6
23.3
124.0
906.5
49.1
122.2
928.6
52.2
124.7
943.6
55.9
127.5
946.2
57.0
131.7
937.6
54.0
130.9
956.3
52.7
136.4
951.7
50.9
137.4
952.3
50.3
136.5
952.3
50.1
137.4
942.1
50.0
135.8
931.4
49.8
133.8
850.1
49.7
123.2
874.3
50.8
136.7
109.9
213.8
114.9
216.5
120.5
218.8
120.9
220.8
121.5
218.4
120.2
214.2
123.3
216.1
123.3
211.5
124.6
210.0
123.7
210.7
123.7
210.0
122.4
209.6
113.8
196.0
116.3
188.1
193.9
38.5
58.1
191.7
39.1
59.6
196.7
39.6
58.9
198.4
40.5
59.9
197.6
41.3
59.7
199.4
40.6
60.0
204.8
41.1
60.9
204.8
41.3
61.6
204.9
41.9
62.5
204.9
41.9
62.1
201.2
40.6
60.6
196.3
39.4
60.4
164.2
36.9
53.3
172.5
39.8
55.8
112.1
113.4
117.2
119.7
119.0
118.3
121.0
120.9
121.6
121.5
120.2
119.7
113.1
114.3
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1954
326
T able A-3: Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries '—Continued
[In thousands]
Annual
average
1953
1954
Industry group and industry
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
1952
1951
Manufacturing—Continued
Machinery (except, electrical)__________ 1,191.5 1.206.8 1.206.8 1,218. 9 1,228. 4 1,235.0 1, 264 2 1,300.0 1. 306.6 1, 320. 5 1,334. 6 1, 323.1 1,312.9 1. 262. 5 1.245 1
71.4
65.9
71.0
60 8
70. 9
70.2
70.5
71.7
65.2
68.8
66.2
66.4
66.0
64.7
Encmes and turbines
_________ ___
102.9 101.0 109.4 119.7 127.6 135.4 140.5 143.0 146. 5 151.6 149.0 146.1 140.9 154.6
Apricnltnral machinery and tractors__
90.6
98.0 100.9 100.6 100. 5 100.3
99.9
97.8
97.4
96.1
91.4
94.0
90.4
89.1
ronstm ction and mining machinery__
220.6 221.9 223.1 224.3 221.1 221.6 227.1 227.3 227.6 228.1 226.7 226.3 224. 4 209.6
Metalworking machinery _______ __
Special-industry machinery (except
134.6 134.2 134.1 134.0 135.2 136.6 140.6 140.0 141.1 142.1 142.2 141.2 142.6 150.1
metalworking m a ch in ery ).._______
163.2 164.1 164. 7 163.0 163.8 165 7 167.2 166.0 166. 5 167.0 165.6 165 7 164.3 163 2
industrial machinery_______
91.0
91.5
90.0
91.5
88.8
91.7
90.7
91.5
88.9
89.9
89.9
91.0
90.5
91.3
Office and store machines and devices
Service-industry and household ma142.6
177.3
144
3
171.8
148.9 147.5 148.2 146.2 148.1 155.7 166.4 172.4 177.9 180.1
chines
____ . _________
191.5 191.2 190.8 190.9 189.0 193.1 197.4 198 1 200.3 201.6 199.7 198.4 189 9 184.7
Miscellanenus maehinerv parts____ Electrical m achinery_________ ______
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial apparatus
_______________
"Electrical appliances ______________
820.7
"Electrical equipment for vehicles_____
Electric lamps
_ _____________
Commiinication equipment
Miscellaneous electrical products.......... —
853.2
884.7
904.8
912.9
905.0
891. 5
910.6
919.1
926.0
924.7
915.7
898.6
806.9
768.6
273.5
57.7
26. 2
67.6
25.1
367.8
35.3
273.1
59.2
26.9
69.6
24.9
393.5
37.5
278.1
59.1
27. 9
69.0
24.8
407.3
38.6
280.8
59.3
28.3
71.2
24.5
410.3
38.5
280.9
58.2
28.7
70.6
24.1
404.6
37.9
283.4
58.6
28.4
72.3
24. 1
387.8
36.9
287.5
59.2
29.5
75.3
24.0
398.8
36.3
287.8
59.0
29.5
75.8
23.8
407.3
35.9
287.3
58.4
29 6
76. 1
23.6
414.8
36.2
285.1
57.9
29.6
75.5
23 1
418.3
35.2
280 7
56.7
29.6
73.0
22.3
418. 1
35.3
277.4
54.2
29.3
69. 1
22 1
411.0
35.5
264.3
45.7
28 2
63 5
21 7
349. 5
36 1
261.8
47.7
24 0
64 3
27 1
307 1
36.8
1,421.0 1,452.2 1.414.4 1.479.1 1,492. 7 1,521.4 1, 533. 4 1, 548.3 1, 556.1 1, 575. 9 1, 573. 6 1. 543. 4 1,518.6 1,320.6 1. 219. 8
Transportation equipment
731.8 703.3 732.3 737.7 775.1 796.0 803.4 816.1 830. 7 820.6 798.0 7 19. 3 647.1 707.9
Automobiles
________________
532.1 518.8 551.0 555.4 545.3 537 0 534.8 532. 3 532.8 542.3 538. 1 530.7 469.5 341 9
Aircraft and parts ________________
317.8 303.3 330.5 334.6 328.1 322.3 321.8 324.8 327.2 330.2 329.3 326.9 302.8 232.3
_____________________
Aircraft
63.7
95.9
116.3 118.2 122.5 121.5 119.6 118.9 118.3 114.5 112.6 119.1 118.4 115.0
Aircraft engines and parts ________
7.6
12.3
12.1
10.0
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.1
11.8
12.0
12.1
12.1
12.2
12.3
Aircraft propellers and parts ______
78.1
60.
8
80.9
76
7
38.3
82.6
80.7
80.8
85.8
83.8
85.2
87.1
85.9
Other aircraft parts and equipment.
85.7
124.1 127.0 126.6 130. 1 130.4 133.6 135. 5 134.8 139 0 136.8 137.2 139 0 133 2 100.9
Ship- and boatbuilding and repairing..
88.2
104.9 105.9 105.7 109.0 108.4 110.4 111.6 110. 7 115.1 114.0 115.0 117.5 115. 4
Shipbuilding and repairing ____ .
22.2
17 8
12.8
23.9
24.1
22.8
21 5
23 9
23.2
22.0
21.1
20.9
21.1
19.2
Boatbuilding and repairing________
58.8
59.8
58.5
62.9
61.4
58.4
62.1
62.7
58.6
55.
1
54.4
57.3
57.6
55.6
"Railroad equipment
_________
10.9
10.6
11.3
11.7
11.2
11.5
11.3
11.2
11.7
12.0
10.9
11.9
11.9
8.6
Other transportation equipment______
Instruments and related products. ------Laboratory, scientific, and engineering
instruments _ ____ . . .
Mechanical measuring and controlling
instruments . ................................_..
Optical instruments and le n s e s .._____
Surgical, medical, and dental instruments
___ ______ _____________
Ophthalmic goods
______________
Photographic apparatus_____________
Watches and clocks ________________
234.3
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..
Jewelry silverware, and plated w are...
Musical instruments and parts_______
Toys and sporting goods
_____ .
Pens, pencils, and other office supplies
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions ___
Fabricated plastic products ________
Other manufacturing industries..__
395.9
239.8
242.3
240.8
241.4
239.3
241.2
245.1
243.6
244.3
244.4
240.7
240.9
227.6
216.7
33.8
34.0
33.7
33.5
31.1
33.5
33.8
33.6
34. 1
34.3
34.1
34.3
32.0
25.8
57.3
9.1
57.8
9.5
56.8
9.5
56.8
9.7
57.6
9.6
57.7
9.6
59.6
9.7
59.3
9.7
59.2
9.7
59.6
9.7
58.7
9.6
58.3
9.7
53. 1
9 9
52 5
10 0
28.0
22.7
49.3
39.6
28.2
22.7
49.6
40.5
28.4
22.2
49.5
40.7
28.9
22.6
49.4
40.5
29.1
22.5
49.9
39.5
29.1
22.3
49.7
39.3
29.5
22.8
48.8
40.9
29.4
23.1
48.1
40.4
29.4
23. 4
48.0
40.5
29.4
23.6
47.9
39.9
28.9
23.4
47.3
38.7
29.3
23.2
47.8
38.3
28.6
22 7
46.4
35.0
29 2
23. 7
43.0
31.9
410.0
48.2
16.0
67.3
25.5
56.9
62.1
134.0
425.2
48.8
15.7
75. 7
25.5
59.6
63.5
136.4
431.6
48.5
15.7
80.8
25.3
60.4
64.4
136.5
428.0
47.1
15.9
80.2
25.0
59.9
64.5
135.4
419.8
45.2
15.7
78.8
24.4
60.4
63.8
131.5
403.3
42.8
15.3
74.9
23.9
57.1
61.8
127.5
414.9
44.7
15.6
75. 7
24.4
57.2
63.0
134.3
412.5
44.1
15.6
75.5
24 3
55. 5
63.1
134.4
411.2
44. 4
15.7
73 0
24.2
56.3
63.1
134. 5
409.9
44. 6
15.9
69.8
23.9
58.3
62.4
135.0
404.2 393.3
43.2
43.6
15.5
15.7
66 2
62.6
23.3
23 3
56.7
58.7
62. 1
61.2
134.6 130.8
376.7
41 1
13.8
64.8
24 0
51.6
55 8
125. 6
388.3
44. 7
14.1
64.5
24.8
53.7
67.0
129.5
1 See footnote I, table A-2. Production and related workers Include
working foremen and all nonsupervlsory workers (Including leadmen and
trainees) engaged In fabricating, processing, assembling, Inspection, recol vlng,
storage, handling, packing, warehousing, shipping, maintenance, janitorial,
watchman services, products development, auxiliary production for plant’s
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
owu use (e g.,
associated with
» See footnote
* See footnote
powerplant), and record-keeping and other services closely
the above production operations.
2, table A-2.
3, table A-2.
See N otk on p. 317.
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
327
T able A-4: Indexes of production-worker employment and weekly payrolls in manufacturing industries1
11947-49 = 100]
Em ploy
ment
Period
1939:
1940;
1941;
1942;
1943;
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
Average______ _______
Average...........................
Average_____________
Average_____________
Average............................
Average....... ................ .
Average_____________
Average.........................
Average_______ _____
Average____________
66.2
71.2
87.9
103.9
121.4
118. 1
104.0
97.9
103. 4
102.8
Weekly
payroll
29.9
34.0
49.3
72. 2
99.0
102.8
87.8
81.2
97.7
105.1
Employ
ment
Period
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
Weekly
payroll
Em ploy
ment
Period
Average...........................
Average_______ ___ _
Average_____________
Average......................... .
93.8
99.6
106.2
105.5
97.2
111. 7
129 6
135.3
1953: January____________ _
February.........................
M arch______________
April.......... ....................
M ay______ ____ _____
110.1
111.0
111.8
111.2
110.8
148 4
149.3
151.9
150.0
149.9
1953: June........................ .........
July______ __________
August......... .............. .
September___________
October______________
November_______ . . .
December____________
111.5
110.5
112.0
111.8
110.2
107.7
106.1
1954: January
103.1
Weekly
payroll
150.8
148.9
151.6
150. 9
149.3
145.7
144.2
i See footnote 1, tables A-2 and A-3.
See N ote on p. 317.
T able A-5: Federal civilian employment by branch and agency group
[In thousands]
Execiiti ve 1
Year and month
All branches
Total
Department
of Defense
Post Office
Department*
Legislative
Judicial
Other agencies
Continental United States3
1952: Average__________ ______________
2,403
2,376.7
1,199.2
521.7
655.8
22.6
1952: December_______________________
2,765
2, 738.6
1, 206. 0
897.5
635.1
22.6
3.9
1953: J a n u a ry ........... ......................... ...........
February_________ ..
M arch..................................... .
April_____________
M a y ____________________________
June ..........
July__________ ______ _________
August___________________ _
September____ ______
October . _ _ _ ______
November_______________
Decem ber______ _______ .
2, 350
2, 343
2, 324
2. 304
2, 282
2. 285
2, 271
2,248
2, 220
2,195
2,191
2,489
2, 323.6
2,316.4
2. 297. 3
2, 278.0
2,256 1
2. 258.8
2,244 5
2.221.6
2, 194. 6
2,169.0
2,165. 7
2, 463 2
1,204.8
1,197. 7
1,181.0
1,160. 6
1.140.4
1,138.1
1, 128. 2
1,113.0
1, 094. 4
1,076.5
1, 069.0
1. 063 5
486.0
486.0
486.0
486.0
486.0
486.0
488.2
484.6
487.0
487. 5
493.9
801.4
632.8
632.7
630.3
631 4
629.7
634. 7
628.1
624.0
613.2
605. 0
602.8
598.3
22.4
22.5
22.5
22.5
22.3
22 3
22. 2
22.2
21.9
21.8
21.7
21.7
3.8
3.8
3.8
39
3.9
3 9
3 9
3 9
3 8
3. 9
3.9
3 9
0.7
3.9
Washington, D. O.3
1952: Average......................................
257.4
235.9
92.8
8.7
134.4
20.8
1952: December_____________
259.9
238.5
93.1
14.7
130.7
20.7
.7
1953: January______ ______ _____
February_____ __________
March___________
April_______ _______ . . .
M ay _________________________
June
July_____ ___ ____ ______ _______
August___________________ . .
September________________
October_______ ___________
November_________ ____ _______
December__________ ______ ____
252.6
251.6
249. 4
245 9
242. 7
242. 2
238.3
235. 2
232. 7
229.9
229.0
234.4
231.4
230.3
228 0
224 6
221 6
221. 1
217.3
214.2
211.9
209. 2
208.3
213 7
93.5
93.4
92.8
91.6
90.2
90 1
89.6
88.9
89.6
88.9
8.6
88 2
8. 1
8.1
8. 1
8.1
8.1
.1
8.0
7.9
7.8
7.9
7.8
13 9
129.8
128.8
127.1
124.9
123.3
122 9
119.7
117.4
114. 5
112. 4
111.9
111 6
20. 5
20.6
20.7
20. 6
20.4
20 4
20.3
20.3
20.1
20.0
19. 9
19.9
.7
.7
.7
.7
7
.7
.7
7
!7
.7
•8
.8
■Includes all executive agencies (except Central Intelligence Agency) and
Government corporations. Civilian employment in navy yards, arsenals,
hospitals, and on force-account construction is also Included.
1 Includes the 48 States and the District of Columbia.
3 Includes all Federal civilian employment in Washington Standard Met
ropolitan Area (District of Columbia and adjacent Maryland and Virginia
counties)
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
8
•Post Office Department employment was not available beginning with
February 1953; and the January figure was used through June. Beginning
with July 1953, actual data are reported.
See N ote on p. 317.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1954
328
T able A -6 : Employees in nonagricultural establishments for selected States 1
[In thousands]
1952
1953
Annual average
State
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
1952
1951
696.9
668.6
672.8
671.7
675.2
674.6
673.3
677.6
670.3
683.1
675.1
684.4
681.1
Alabama 2 - - ____
___ 682.4
192.8
203.8
203.5
207.7
203.1
205.0
199.2
200.7
197.4
195.9
198.4
202.9
201.1
A rizona____________ ___ 205.9
314.4
313.9
329.2
319.7
317.6
316.1
314.8
317.9
313.6
312.2
319.1
316.1
317.5
Arkansas 2__ ______ - 322.1
California — - _______ _ 3,952.8 3, 913. 4 3,980.4 4,000.1 3,974.6 3, 905.1 3,891.8 3,875.9 3,847. 7 3,823.2 3,798. 4 3,781. 7 3,929.6 3, 739.2
407.8
406.4
420.8
402.6
405.7
410.0
406.5
416.7
418.1
416.7
418.1
410.6
416.1
C o lo r a d o ...----- . . . ---- 411.1
847.6
885.3
866.8
862.0
859.7
871.3
884.1
874.0
878.9
881.1
881.6
878.6
879.0
894.5
C onnecticut2 . . . .
538.6
528.3
517.9
520.8
516.4
511.7
514.5
505.6
512.6
500.2
499.1
496.4
494.4
503.2
D istrict of Columbia 2____
796.1
868.2
862.9
862.6
870.6
819.3
846.2
792.8
805.7
810.3
797.1
828.2
855.6
893.4
Florida__________________
881.4
896.6
890.7
917.5
892.5
904.3
898.0
909.1
908.8
917.1
917.0
910.6
913.9
917.4
Georgia 2_________________
138.8
128.2
126.6
127.5
137.0
133.9
131.3
137.3
139.9
140.3
140.9
143.7
137.6
134.4
Idaho____________________
650.3
177.5
315.7
3, 518.3
389.3
Illinois _ __ _ _
--- ------ 3,406.4 3,396.1 3,422.8 3,419.0 3,405. 4 3,386. 7 3,413.1 3, 397. 4 3,390. 5 3,373. 3 3, 359. 9 3,358.2 3,455.6 3,312.2
indiana _____ ___ _
1,380.1 1,382. 5 1,395. 9 1, 417.1 1,401.1 1,403.8 1, 406.1 1,402.7 1,406.6 1,402.3 1, 389. 9 1, 376.8 1,409.0 1,345. 5
620.6
627.4
625.1
620.9
645.0
631.7
639.4
633.7
645.4
640.1
647.8
647.2
640.2
640.4
Towa 2 ___
______ —
539.8
539. 9
556.4
540.1
549.4
543.2
553.3
551.7
551.8
549.6
551.0
547.4
543.4
545.8
Kansas_____ _____ ___ ____
672.2
697.1
673.1
673.6
670.3
676.4
676.9
681.6
681.1
688.5
702.2
695.7
704.9
Tunisian a _ _ ___ _______
706.0
3,264.8
1,351. 2
625.6
511.1
654.5
278.4
271.2
273.4
284.0
267.5
285.9
273.6
264.7
286.4
286.5
286.1
280.8
274.4
274.7
------------M aine__ _
756.3
759.2
752.6
750.8
774.0
768.8
764.5
780.4
780.2
786.1
786.5
783.7
777.4
M aryland------------------------- 782.2
1,
783.4
1,774.0
1,775.1
1,
793.
5
1,780.4
1,833.0
1,812.3
1,801.7
1,
795.
3
1,801.3
1,800.
7
1,801.1 1, 786. 0 1,798.0
M assachusetts.. . . .
862.1
828.8
827.2
834.7
825.5
845.5
836.7
827.0
855.8
864.7
865.2
865.3
859.3
868. 3
M in n e s o ta ._________ 1,264.9
1,314.
9
1,266.6
1,269.4
1,284.
5
1,275.
7
1,285.4
1,288.
5
1,288.9
1,277.1
M issouri2---------------- -- -- 1,299. 7 1,282.7 1,300. 5 1,296.9
154.1
148.1
157.1
155.8
151.8
149.2
150.0
161.6
162.9
160.1
164.4
162.9
160.1
158.9
M ontana_____ ____ __ _
335.4
343.0
343.4
338.2
337.7
351.0
347.6
353.9
353.4
355.1
353.0
354.5
357.0
Nebraska 2__. . _ ______ 357.2
66.1
68.5
65.7
67.6
66.2
69.6
75.6
73.7
71.5
76.5
73.6
74.7
73.2
72.7
Nevada _ __ _____ _____
172.3
175.6
173.4
171.9
174.4
172.1
171.1
178.4
181.4
179.7
177.7
175.7
173.1
171.7
N ew Hampshire_______
1,802.4
1,793.4
1,849.
9
1,789.9
1,786.1
1,800.5
1,828.9
1,811.1
1,827.0
1,832.6
1,835.9
N ew Jersey---------------------- 1,817.4 1,810.3 1,826.9
272.3
741.4
1,793.2
826.3
1,235.0
178.1
170.2
174.2
173.6
176.4
173.5
176.9
177.4
178.0
176.5
176.9
175.9
176.9
177.6
_____
N ew Mexico_____
6,092.0 6,026. 7 6,044.0 5,993. 7 5,966.3 5,946.2 5,964.2 5,919. 0 5,907.9 5,916. 3 5,874. 7 5,871.6 6,099.6 5,864. 5
N ew York . . . ____—
1,035.8
990.8
996.8
999.6
991.1
994.9
991.6
990.2
993.7
1,003.0
1,013.6
1,014.4
1,011.0
1,022.1
North Carolina_______- 105.2
104.8
106.3
112.5 3 111.1
111.8
109.1
113.8
113.6
114.2
113.5
115.4
113.8
113.6
North Dakota 2
Ohio 2____________________ 3,065. 5 3,043.0 3,077.4 3,091. 5 3,070. 5 3,073.8 3,070. 3 3,051. 7 3,043. 0 3,039.7 3,012.6 3,004.4 3,094. 5 2,959.4
532.8
527.1
533.2
549.7
536.8
535.3
530.5
541.5
535.5
537.0
541.8
539.9
540.5
546.7
Oklahoma 2 _________
441.2
465.9
465.2
468.9
460.8
449.1
440.7
477.9
488.1
488.7
495.3
463.6
480.7
458.8
Oregon---------------------------Pennsylvania ____ _____ 3, 738.0 3, 722. 5 3, 748. 6 3, 753.1 3, 740.1 3, 736. 5 3, 746.8 3,728.2 3, 712.8 3, 713. 7 3,693.9 3,699.1 3,819.2 3,666.6
315.3
304.7
306.4
304.7
305.0
307.2
305.5
308.0
303.9
304.1
305.6
303.6
300.7
Rhode Island. . _____ 299.6
534.4
539.2
541.8
556.7
539.3
539.5
538.7
536.8
541.1
540.3
541.5
539.9
539.8
536.5
South Carolina 2. . . . .
159.9
5, 795.1
970.8
111.5
2,909.6
501.8
459.2
3,716.4
307.7
494.8
114.9
113.8
114.7
122.1 3 119.0
119.8
118.7
119.4
120.9
120.4
118.6
120.6
119.5
. . . ___ -- 119.2
842.4
806.7
818.3
813.8
816.7
830.9
825.0
822.2
829.9
831.5
831.6
836.1
835.7
__ - -- 842.1
____ - _____ 2,277. 5 2,251.8 2,247. 7 2,248.1 2,240.2 2,246.8 2,259. 7 2,234.6 2,237.2 2,224.3 2,214.8 2,221. 4 2,284.4 2,201.6
210.7
221.1
213.3
215.9
213.7
211.2
209.5
220.4
215.2
226.1
220.0
220.5
216.1
216.7
.
---------99.8
102.4
99.5
103.4
100.7
100.1
104.2
102.0
104.3
105.8
105.7
105.3
103.5
103.9
. ---- ---------
122.3
786.0
2,101.0
206.5
99.4
924.6
891.3
892.3
886.9
889.0
894.4
897.5
890.6
891.5
894.1
902.7
902.0
895.7
904.0
Virginia 2__ __- ___
704.4
721.3
708.2
741.7
733.0
721.1
734.7
758.1
751.1
754.3
758.6
766.0
742.5
— - 740.5
Washington 2 ___
507.2
528.3
520.5
501.4
503.1
500.9
502.4
496.8
504.5
500.9
502.2
503.7
500.6
505.1
W est Virginia 2. .
.. .
1,095.0
1,084.4
1,075.1
1,109.4
1,076.
5
1,090.5
1,079.
0
1,095.2
1,102.6
1,102.1
W isconsin____ _______ - -- 1,079.8 1,080.4 1,094. 5 1,105. 7
79.6
80.8
85.9
80.8
85.7
83.9
82.3
89.2
88.5
86.7
87.0
86.2
83.8
84.3
W y o m in g _______________
860.0
722.2
531.1
1,071.9
82.7
South Dakota
Tennessee___
Texas 2 ___
Utah
____
Vermont . . .
i Data for earlier years are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics or the cooperating State agency. State agencies also make available
more detailed industry data. See table A-7 for addresses of cooperating
State agencies.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 Revised series; not comparable with data previously published.
3 N ot comparable with preceding data shown.
828.7
525.1
747.9
849.7
137.7
149.0
331.0
58.2
172.4
1, 755.2
329
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T a ble
A-7: Employees in manufacturing industries, by State 1
[in thousands]
1953
1952
Annual average
State
Dec.
A labam a2. . _ __ _ ______ 231.1
Arizona________ .
...
25.9
Arkansas 2. _______
___
82.6
California... ________ __ 1, 032.1
Colorado2
_____
68.0
C onnecticut2______ _____ 451.8
______ _
Delaware .
58.5
District of Columbia 2____
17.5
Florida_____ _
_______
126.3
____ 311.6
Georgia 2__ _____
Idaho. ____
____
20.4
Illinois.. __ ______ ______ 1, 264. 0
Indiana__________________
620.8
Iowa 2__ _ ___________
165.1
Kansas____________
131.5
K entucky__ ______
Louisiana______________ _. 162.4
M aine. __________ _ . .
107.4
M aryland_____
. _ ...
261.6
M assach u setts.___ ____
700.9
Michigan 2_._ . .
1,175.3
Minnesota.
_____
216.2
M ississippi2
____ _____
94.9
Missouri______ _ _.
403.9
M ontana___ ______ _ .
18.3
Nebraska 2_____ . . .
61.2
N evada. _ ______ _____
4.4
N ew Hampshire. . . . . . .
80.3
N ew Jersey ... _ ___
807.9
N ew Mexico ____
15.6
N ew Y ork..
_. .
1,973.8
North Carolina. . . . .
437.5
North Dakota 2
6.4
O hio2
.
....
1,370.4
Oklahoma2. _ _ _ _ _
85.3
____
Oregon______
131.0
Penhsylvania_ . . . .
1,460.7
Rhode Island. ______
137.0
South Carolina 2.
221.7
South Dakota. _. _
11.7
Tennessee__ _______
281.2
T exas2___ . . . __ __
428.9
U tah______
31.6
V e r m o n t..___
39.3
Virginia2.
251.7
Washington 2___
188.8
W est Virginia 2_-_ . _
133.9
Wisconsin . .
446.8
W yom ing...
6.8
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
233.6
236.9
237.5
234.0
26.6
26.6
26.9
27.4
83.0
83.1
84.0
81.7
1, 050.0 1,105. 5 1,125.8 1,128. 5
70. 5
72.8
71.3
69.7
452.8
451.9
454.1
454.4
59.1
61.2
65.8
67.6
17.4
17.4
17.4
17.6
124.7
117.0
114.8
114.7
315.0
316.4
321.2
319.0
23.9
25.9
27.4
26.4
1, 296.1 1,315.2 1,331.4 1,333.3
633.9
642.6
674.7
664.6
167. 9
169.7
169.4
173.2
132.4
133.1
134.5
139.2
154. 5
168.2
167.1
162.4
162.6
110.9
116.2
120.2
120.3
265.8
273. 7
282.4
284.0
712.0
722.0
722.9
727.6
1,157.3 1,171.3 1,182. 5 1, 209. 9
219.2
221.9
232.2
227.9
96.2
97.9
97.9
97.8
403.3
413.3
419.1
422.7
20.4
20.2
19.6
19.9
62.2
62.4
61.9
61.5
4.4
4.6
4.5
4.5
82.2
82.9
80.0
80.7
817.1
842.0
842.3
829.7
15.9
16.2
16.1
16.6
1, 996. 8 2,025.4 2,009.3 2,013. 2
439. 7
445.9
444.2
449.5
6.6
6.5
6.4
6.5
1,376.3 1, 412. 7 1,438. 9 1,433.0
85.5
86.6
86.5
86.6
155.2
139.8
149.1
157.9
1, 481. 4 1, 505. 8 1,519.6 1, 525.0
146.4
139. 5
143.4
145.8
223.4
225.2
227.2
228.5
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.2
284.2
293.4
295.5
289.0
443.1
434.5
434.0
439.8
33.4
33.4
35.2
38.0
41.4
40.1
41.2
41.3
252.4
257.5
258.5
260.7
211.2
203.8
195.5
206.5
136.2
137.3
137.7
135.0
482.5
464.3
479.6
455.0
7.1
7.4
7.0
6.8
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
1952
230.5
28.1
82.7
1,084.1
68.6
451.2
63.1
17.2
114. 2
317.0
26.6
1,314.1
665.4
171.5
140.9
155.1
160.0
120.1
277.8
720.2
1, 237.2
228.0
98.8
414.1
19.9
62.9
4.4
81.7
832.5
16.7
1, 969.0
433.4
6.5
1, 430. 8
85.4
157.2
1, 521.1
145.8
225.7
12.2
294.0
444.2
34.5
39.9
255.2
206.3
133.8
479.4
6.8
233.8
28.5
82.6
1,057. 8
68.1
460.7
62.4
17.2
117.4
315.7
24.7
1,338. 2
661.1
172.9
142.0
156.3
157.8
120.9
275.9
733.5
1, 259.6
218.3
98.2
420.7
19.2
62.1
4.3
82.4
842.9
16.5
1, 982. 6
431.8
6.4
1, 435.3
84.8
149.7
1, 529.8
147.5
226.8
12.2
292.8
444.1
31.9
40.5
255.0
201.3
137.3
471.0
6.4
232.6
28.8
82.5
1,054. 9
66.4
459.0
62.5
17.1
120.0
315.8
22.8
1, 332.4
665.2
172.7
141.5
155.5
156.1
111.9
270.1
730.6
1, 260.0
216.1
96.8
417.7
18.5
60.4
4.2
81.7
836.0
16.5
1, 964. 2
432.2
6.2
1,430.4
84.6
145.0
1, 525. 6
146.8
225.1
11.7
293.1
439.2
31.2
40.8
254.5
188.9
137.5
477.1
6.0
235.5
29.3
83.6
1,051.0
66.2
460.4
61.9
17.1
123.2
315.3
21.5
1,336.9
675.0
175.2
142.0
156.9
154.6
107.4
269.4
734.9
1, 262. 4
216.2
99.4
418.1
17.1
60.0
4.2
82.2
836.7
16.4
1, 987.2
433.8
6.2
1, 435.0
84.4
141.0
1, 529. 5
147.3
226.9
11.6
289.8
438.8
30.6
40.7
256.4
185.3
137.0
479.4
6.0
235.4
29.5
83.1
1,032. 9
66.4
460.6
61.5
17.3
126.6
316.7
19.7
1,342.0
675.4
176.5
142.6
157.4
152.8
112.5
267.2
741.8
1, 258. 5
216.5
99.1
417.4
16.7
60.1
4.1
83.3
851.1
16.1
2,030. 6
438.9
6.1
1, 444. 5
83.6
135.0
1, 534. 7
149.4
227.0
11.5
288.4
436.4
29.9
40. 5
256.8
189.1
136.6
481.6
6.0
235.8
29.3
82.0
1, 023. 7
66.0
458.1
60.9
17.1
128.7
314.7
18.9
1, 334. 5
666.2
176.8
142.4
161.0
152.0
117.1
264.3
738.8
1, 237.1
215.0
97.9
413.0
16.6
59.8
4.2
84.5
847.8
16.1
2,014.9
439.6
6.0
1, 432.0
82.3
130.3
1, 527.0
149.2
226.2
11.6
286.4
435.5
29.6
40.3
256.1
185.2
134.9
478.8
5.9
233.7
29.2
81.5
1,018.4
66.5
454.4
60.5
17.2
127.5
312.8
19.1
1,322.9
653.9
174.3
141.7
163.4
150.4
117.6
265.2
733.6
1,220. 5
213.3
97.9
407.7
17.3
61.0
4.1
84.2
845.0
16.0
1, 986. 9
441.2
6.2
1, 417.3
82.0
129.2
1, 518. 8
148.4
225.8
11.8
285.9
434.6
29.7
39.6
256.9
182.8
135.3
474.8
6.0
236.2
29.8
83.4
1,029. 0
70.3
452.0
60.4
17.6
124.2
314.2
22.4
1, 322. 4
653.8
177.3
142.7
163.0
157.4
118.6
264.7
736.6
1, 207. 8
217.0
98.6
406.3
18.9
60.6
4.3
83.2
849.2
16.1
2,010.4
447.6
6.6
1, 407.8
83.3
135.6
1, 519. 5
150.2
227.3
12.4
287.6
435.6
31.2
39.3
259.9
188.1
137. 8.
475.0
6.5
226.4
27.7
82.2
993.6
67.2
433.0
59.2
17.3
115.0
308.2
23.3
1, 256. 5
609.7
171.0
135.7
148.3
150.3
116.4
259.2
717.7
1,097. 2
211.5
95.3
389.8
18.4
59.9
4.2
81.2
824.4
15.6
1,942.0
432.4
6.4
1, 335. 2
80.2
145.5
1, 444. 5
144.4
220.1
12.0
274.3
424.3
30.8
38.3
248.6
191.6
134.6
466.9
6.3
1 Data for earlier years are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics or the cooperating State agency. State agencies also make available
more detailed industry data.
2 Revised series; not comparable with data previously published.
Cooperating State Agencies
A L ABA M A —Department of Industrial Relations, Montgomery 5.
ARIZONA—Unemployment Compensation Division, Employment Secu
rity Commission, Phoenix.
A R K A N SA S—Employm ent Security Division, Department of Labor, Little
Rock.
C A LIFO RN IA —Division of Labor Statistics and Research, Department of
Industrial Relations, San Francisco 1.
COLORADO—U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Denver 2.
CONNECTICUT—Employm ent Security D ivision, Department of Labor,
Hartford 15.
D E L A W A R E —Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, Philadelphia 1,
Pennsylvania.
D IS T R IC T OF COLU M BIA —U . S. Employment Service for D . C.,
Washington 25.
FL O R ID A —Industrial Commission, Tallahassee.
GEORGIA—Employment Security Agency, Department of Labor, Atlanta^.
ID A H O —Employment Security Agency, Boise.
ILLINO IS—Illinois State Employment Service and D ivision of Unemploy
ment Compensation, Chicago 54.
IN D IA N A —Employm ent Security Division, Indianapolis 9.
IOWA—Employment Security Commission, Des Moines 8.
K A N SA S—Employment Security Division, State Labor Department,
Topeka.
K E N T U C K Y —Bureau of Employment Security, Department of Economic
Security, Frankfort.
LOUISIA N A —Division of Employment Security, Department of Labor,
Baton Rouge 4.
M A IN E —Employment Security Commission, Augusta.
M A R Y L A N D —Department of Employment Security, Baltimore 1.
M A SSA C H U SE T TS—D ivision of Statistics, Department of Labor and
Industries, Boston 8.
M IC H IG A N —Employm ent Security Commission, Detroit 2.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1951
225.3
22.7
82.5
892.5
65.4
423.3
56.0
17.1
108.7
304.4
24.0
1, 246. 7
615.8
168.4
116.9
151.6
146.5
115.6
254.4
740.5
1,112.7
206.6
94.3
372.9
18.1
54.9
3.6
82.2
810.5
14.2
1, 918. 2
432.9
6.1
1, 315.0
73.2
147.7
1, 494.1
149.8
218.4
11.6
264.6
401.4
31.3
38.7
242.6
191.8
138.1
463.1
6.1
Cooperating State Agencies—Continued
M IN N E SO T A —Department of Employment Security, St. Paul 1.
M ISSISSIPPI—Employment Security Commission, Jackson.
M ISSOURI—Division of Employment Security, Jefferson City.
M O N T A N A —Unemployment Compensation Commission, Helena.
N E B R A SK A —D ivision of Employment Security, Department of Labor,
Lincoln 1.
N E V A D A —Employment Security Department, Carson City.
N E W H A M PSH IR E —Division of Employment Security, Department of
Labor, Concord.
N E W JE R SE Y —Department of Labor and Industry, Trenton 8.
N E W M EX IC O —Employm ent Security Commission, Albuquerque.
N E W YO R K —Bureau of Research and Statistics, Division of Employment,
N ew York Department of Labor, 1440 Broadway, N ew York 18.
N O R T H CARO LIN A —Department of Labor, Raleigh.
N O R T H D A K O TA —Unemployment Compensation Division, Bismarck.
OHIO—Bureau of Unemployment Compensation, Columbus 16.
OKLAHOM A—Employment Security Commission, Oklahoma C ity 2.
OREGON—Unemployment Compensation Commission, Salem.
PE N N SY L V A N IA —Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, Philadelphia
1 (mfg.); Bureau of Research and Information, Department of Labor and
Industry, Harrisburg (nonmfg.).
R H O D E ISL A N D —Department of Labor, Providence 3.
SOUTH CAROLINA—Employment Security Commission, Columbia 1.
SOUTH D A K O TA —Employment Security Department, Aberdeen.
T E N N E S S E E —Department of Employment Security, Nashville 3.
T E X A S—Employment Commission, Austin 19.
U T A H —Department of Employment Security, Industrial Commission,
Salt Lake C ity 13.
V E R M O N T —Unemployment Compensation Commission, Montpelier.
V IR G IN IA —Division of Research and Statistics, Department of Labor and
Industry, Richmond 4.
W A SH IN G T O N —Employment Security Department, Olympia.
W EST V IR G IN IA —Department of Employment Security, Charleston 5.
W ISC ON SIN —Industrial Commission, Madison 3.
W YOM ING— Employment Security Commission, Casper.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1954
330
T able A-8: Insured unemployment under State unemployment insurance programs,1 by geographic
division and State
[In thousands]
1953
1952
1951
Dec.
Dec.
Geographic division and State
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
April
Mar.
Feb.
lan.
840.0
779.4
816.1
861.1
832.7
889.0
891.5
1,101.6
New England____________ ________
M a in e _______________________
New Hampshire______ ________
Vermont ...................................... .
Massachusetts________________
Rhode Island_______ _________
Connecticut______ ____ ____ _
118.7
13.5
9.3
2.7
60.3
17.3
15.6
91.6
10.1
8.8
1.5
45.9
13.6
11.7
73.1
7.4
8.4
1.0
36.8
10.7
8.8
66.1
5.3
7.2
1.2
34.5
9.3
8.6
64.0
4.9
5.5
1.1
31.4
10.0
11.1
66.6
5.8
5.8
1.1
34.7
9.7
9.5
61.9
6.3
6.2
1.0
32.7
9.3
6.4
74.6
9.9
7.6
1 1
38 0
11.2
6.8
79.6
11.6
7.2
1.4
39.4
11.7
8.3
76.3
8.1
6.0
1.6
39.3
12.9
8.4
81.4
8.9
6.4
1.9
42.5
13.4
9.3
88 2
9.7
5.9
2. 1
45.6
14.0
10.9
71.1
7.9
4.9
1.7
38.8
10. 1
7.7
107.4
9.8
7.9
2.3
56.5
18.4
12.5
Middle Atlantic......................................
New Y o r k ........................ ..............
New Jersey............. ....................... .
Pennsylvania--------------------------
430.1
209.9
65.8
154.4
331.3
168.9
50.0
112.4
246 2
120. 1
37.2
88.9
251.2
127.2
38.3
85.7
257.0
132. 2
39.1
85.7
283.8
153.6
45.9
84.3
275.0
156.6
40.2
78.2
289.1
163 4
45.5
80.2
313.6
164.3
48.6
100.6
301.4
157.8
43 7
99 9
310.9
165.5
45.1
100.3
350.9
185.9
54.6
110.4
280.8
158.0
40.4
82.4
352.2
219.3
42.8
90.1
East North Central_______________
Ohio. .........................................—
Indiana________________ ___ _
Illinois---------------------------------Michigan....................................... .
Wisconsin..................................... .
318.1
72.2
40.7
86.2
83.3
35.7
233.2
50.2
28.4
60.4
69.4
24.8
179.3
33 7
20 9
52.0
56.0
16.7
152.4
25.2
14.7
43.3
52.4
16.8
155.8
23.0
14.6
49.7
53.1
15.4
140.2
23.6
14.8
53.7
30.6
17.5
130.0
29.4
14.4
54.5
22.7
9.0
124.8
26.6
11.8
57.0
20 9
8.5
121.2
24.5
11.5
55.8
19.9
9.5
122.3
26.9
12 9
45. 1
24.4
13.0
138.3
30.6
15.2
60.9
27.0
14.6
157.9
32.7
20.0
60. 2
29. 5
15.5
124.9
25.6
16.3
45.7
25.0
12.3
213.4
41.8
22.0
57.4
77.2
15.0
West, North Central............................
M innesota......... .............................
Iowa
................................. ..........
Missouri ___ _____ _______ ____
North Dakota_________ _____ _
South Dakota...... ......................
Nebraska.......................... .............
Kansas_______________ ____ _
81.9
19.8
10.1
32.9
2.4
1.4
4.3
11.0
56.0
9.8
6.2
28.8
.8
.4
1.9
8.1
39 8
6.2
4.3
21.6
.2
.2
1.1
6.2
32.3
5.8
3.7
16.4
.2
.2
1.0
5.0
31.1
6.7
4.0
14.2
.2
.2
.9
4.9
38.1
7.6
4.3
19.0
.3
.2
1.1
5.6
39.0
8.0
4.0
20.1
.5
.2
1.2
5.0
42.8
12.3
4.6
18 2
.9
.4
1.8
4.4
53.6
19 8
5.8
17.2
2.3
.9
2.6
5.0
68.9
25.1
8.0
18.6
4.2
1.9
4.7
6.4
74.3
26.5
8.9
20.2
4.4
2.2
5.9
7.2
70. 2
22.2
7.8
22.8
3.8
2.0
5.0
7.1
45.7
12.7
4.5
17.6
2.2
1.0
2.7
5.0
51.3
13.9
4.4
24.2
1.8
.9
1.9
4.2
South Atlantic........................... ............
Delaware..........................................
M aryland__________ _______ _
District of Columbia__________
Virginia ..........................................
West Virginia____ ____________
North Carolina..______________
South C arolina.............................
Georgia.................... ...................... .
F lo rid a ..._____ ______________
148.2
3.0
16.5
4.4
14.3
20.5
36.6
15.9
25.2
11.8
113.9
2.4
12.6
3.4
10.3
15.4
28.9
12.6
17.0
11.3
93.8
1.6
8.6
2. 7
8 0
12.3
22.4
10. 3
12. 7
15.2
91.7
1.2
8.2
2.6
8.4
12.4
21.3
9.3
11.9
16.4
101.8
.8
9.7
2.4
10.7
14.2
20.9
11.0
12.8
19.3
112.5
.9
10.7
2.5
13 7
16.6
24.5
12.3
14.3
. 17.0
105.2
.9
10.3
2.4
14.8
15.3
25.8
10. 1
13.8
11.8
103.5
.9
12.2
2.6
11.3
15.3
27.3
10.8
13.6
9.7
101.0
1.0
12.5
3.0
7.5
16.6
28.2
10.3
13.5
8.4
104.1
1.3
10.6
3.5
9.3
17.6
28.3
10.8
14.0
8.7
105.6
1.6
12.1
3 6
9.4
17.3
27.0
10.6
14.8
9.2
111.7
1.6
13.1
3.1
10.3
17.6
26 7
11.4
16.9
11.0
84.6
1.3
9. 7
2.3
6.9
13.3
20.0
8.1
13.3
9.7
90.6
1.4
10.0
1.8
7.3
11.3
24.7
10.0
13.9
10.2
East South Central........................... .
K entucky__________ _________
Tennessee____ _______________
Alabama ____________________
M ississippi_________ ________
103.2
30.9
36.9
21.3
14.1
77.4
23.0
28.8
16.5
9.1
59.7
19.3
21.2
12 4
6.8
52.5
14.9
19.3
12.2
6.1
58.7
17.0
19.3
14.2
8.2
60.9
17.0
21.2
14.1
8.6
57.5
17.3
18.4
13.9
7.9
66.2
19.6
21 6
15.4
9.6
69.3
20.2
23.0
16.0
10.1
71.3
20.0
22.9
16.9
11.5
75.0
19.6
26.0
17.1
12.3
75.7
17.8
27.3
17.9
12.7
61.0
14.9
21.7
16.2
9.2
66.1
15.5
28.4
13.4
8.8
West South Central........ ...................
Arkansas_____________________
Louisiana............................. ...........
Oklahoma........... ................. ...........
Texas....... .........................................
64.8
13.1
13.9
12.4
25.4
47.2
9.2
9.4
9.3
19.3
38.5
7.3
7.8
7 0
16. 4
37.3
5.7
8.8
6.0
16.8
45.1
7.5
11.2
8.2
18.2
46.2
7.6
12.2
9.1
17.3
44.2
7.2
11.8
9.2
16.0
48.0
8.9
12 9
9.5
16.7
51.0
10.8
13.2
10 2
16.8
58.2
12. 9
15.6
11 9
17.8
61.2
14.6
16.7
12.8
17.2
57.2
13.6
16.3
11.6
15.7
44.6
10.5
12.2
9.2
12.7
42.7
10.5
13.9
7.9
10.4
M o u n ta in ............................................
M ontana........ ................ .................
Idaho.................................................
W yoming........ .............. ..................
Colorado...... .............. ................. .
New Mexico....... ............................
Arizona_________ _____________
Utah ......................................... .
Nevada....... ..................................
33.9
3.2
7.9
1.1
5.0
4.4
4.6
5.2
2.5
19.5
1.3
3.8
.4
3.1
2.8
3.8
2.7
1.6
12.8
.7
1.5
.2
1.8
2 4
3.4
1.7
1.1
11.0
.6
1.2
.2
1.5
2.0
3.3
1.5
.7
12.7
.7
1.3
.2
1.8
2.3
3.8
1.8
.8
12.7
1.0
1.4
.2
1.8
1.9
3.5
2.1
.8
12.8
1.4
1.5
.3
1.6
1.7
3.2
2.3
.8
15.1
2.2
2.2
.«
2.0
1.8
3.2
2.4
.8
21.1
3.9
4.0
.7
2.8
2.2
3.3
3.1
1.1
29.1
6.3
6.1
1.4
3. 2
2.7
3.6
4.4
1.4
33.5
6.9
8.1
1.7
3.4
2.8
3.6
5.3
1.7
30.7
5.9
7.9
1. 4
2.9
2.7
3.3
4.9
1.7
19. 4
3.3
5.2
.7
1.8
1.8
2.5
2.9
1.2
18.8
3.2
4.7
.7
1.4
1.6
2.6
3.2
1.4
Pacific_______________________ ___
Washington..................... ................
Oregon .............................................
California-_____ ______________
209.9
49.4
36.2
124.3
144.9
34.9
23.8
86.2
96.6
22.2
13.0
61.4
85.0
16.9
9.6
58.5
90.0
15.6
10.1
64.3
100.0
14.0
9.6
76.4
107.1
12.5
8.9
85.7
125. 1
17.6
11.6
96.0
150.4
26.0
16.6
107.8
182.7
34.4
24.2
124.1
203.4
43.5
31.2
128.7
213.2
47.7
33 3
132. 2
159.8
38.6
24.4
96.8
159.0
31.1
21.5
106.4
Continental United States_________ 1,508.9 1,115.1
1Average of weekly data adjusted for split weeks in the month. For a
technical description of this series, see the April 1950 Monthly Labor Review
(p. 382). Figures may not add to exact column totals because of rounding.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
960.6 1,014.8 1,083.6 1,155. 9
S ource: D. 8. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security,
331
B: LABOR TURNOVER
B : Labor Turnover
T able B -l: Monthly labor turnover rates (per 100 employees) in manufacturing industries, by
class of turnover 1
Class of turnover and year
Jan.
Fob.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
N ov.
Dec.
Total separation:!
1953 ...... ................................................
1952........................................................
1951........................................................
1950......................................................
1949___ _______ ________________
1948..____ ___ ______ ___________
1947........................................... ............
1946......................................... ..............
1939......................— ...........................
3.8
4.0
4.1
3.1
4.6
4.3
4.9
6.8
3.2
3.6
3.9
3.8
3.0
4.1
4.7
4.5
6.3
2.6
4.1
3.7
4.1
2.9
4.8
4.5
4.9
6.6
3.1
4.3
4. 1
4.6
2.8
4.8
4. 7
5.2
6.3
3.5
4.4
3.9
4.8
3.1
5.2
4.3
5.4
6.3
3.5
4.2
3.9
4.3
3.0
4.3
4.5
4.7
5. 7
3.3
4.3
5.0
4. 4
2.9
3.8
4.4
4.6
5.8
3.3
4.8
4.6
5.3
4.2
4.0
5.1
5.3
6.6
3.0
5.2
4.9
5.1
4.9
4.2
5.4
5.9
6.9
2.8
4.5
4.2
4.7
4.3
4.1
4.5
5.0
6.3
2.9
4.2
3.5
4.3
3.8
4.0
4.1
4.0
4.9
3.0
« 4.3
3.5
3.6
3.6
3.2
4.3
3.7
4.5
3.5
Quit:
1953................................. ......................
1952........................................................
1951 ........................................ .............
I960..................... ................................
1949............................. .........................
1948....................................................
1947 ....................................................
1946 . . . . ................. .............. ..........
1939«_______ ___________________
2.1
1.9
2.1
1.1
1.7
2.6
3.5
4.3
.9
2.2
1.9
2.1
1.0
1. 4
2.5
3.2
3.9
.6
2.5
2.0
2.5
1.2
1.6
2.8
3.5
4.2
.8
2.7
2.2
2.7
1.3
1.7
3.0
3.7
4.3
.8
2.7
2.2
2.8
1.6
1.6
2.8
3. 5
4.2
.7
2.6
2.2
2.5
1.7
1.5
2 9
3.1
4.0
.7
2.5
2.2
2.4
1.8
1.4
2.9
3.1
4.6
.7
2.9
3.0
3.1
2.9
1.8
3.4
4.0
5.3
.8
3.1
3.5
3.1
3.4
2.1
3.9
4.5
5.3
1.1
2.1
2.8
2.5
2.7
1.5
2.8
3.6
4.7
.9
1.5
2.1
1.9
2.1
1.2
2.2
2.7
3.7
.8
£1.1
1.7
1.4
1.7
.9
1.7
2.3
3.0
.7
Discharge:
1953
................................................
1952 ....................................................
1951
1960 .....................................................
1949 ............................... .................
1948 .................................... ................
1947 ........ .............. ............................
1946 ........................... .......................
1939 .................................................
.3
.3
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.5
.1
.4
.3
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.5
.1
.4
.3
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.4
.1
.4
.3
.4
.2
.2
.4
.4
.4
.1
.4
.3
.4
.3
2
.3
.4
.4
.1
.4
.3
.4
.3
.2
.4
.4
.3
.1
.4
.3
.3
.3
.2
.4
.4
.4
.1
.4
.3
.4
.4
.3
.4
.4
.4
.1
.4
.4
.3
.4
.2
.4
.4
.4
.1
.4
.4
.4
.4
.2
.4
.4
.4
.2
.3
.4
.3
.3
.2
.4
.4
.4
.2
2.2
.3
.3
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.1
Layoff:
1953 ......................................................
1952 .....................................................
1951...... ................ ..............................
1950 ...................................................
1949 ________ _______ __________
1948 ............ ................ .....................
1947 .....................................................
1946 .................................... ...............
1939 ..................... .............................
.9
1.4
1.0
1.7
2.5
1.2
.9
1.8
2.2
.8
1.3
.8
1.7
2.3
1.7
.8
1.7
1.9
.8
1.1
.8
1.4
2.8
1.2
.9
1.8
2.2
.9
1.3
1.0
1.2
2.8
1.2
1.0
1.4
2.6
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.1
3.3
1.1
1.4
1.5
2. 7
.9
1.1
1.0
.9
2.5
1.1
1.1
1.2
2. 6
1.1
2.2
1.3
.6
2.1
1.0
1.0
.6
2.5
1.3
1.0
1.4
.6
1.8
1.2
.8
.7
2.1
1.5
.7
1.3
.7
1.8
1.0
.9
1.0
1.6
1.8
.7
1.4
.8
2.3
1.2
.9
1.0
1.8
2.3
.7
1.7
1.1
2.5
1.4
.8
.7
2.0
£ 2.9
1.1
1. 6
1.3
2.0
2.2
.9
1.0
2.7
Miscellaneous including military:
1953
................... ... ..................
1952 ...................................................
1951
...............................................
1950......................................... ..............
1949 ..................... ................ ............
1948
.................................................
1947........................................................
1946
.................................. .............
.4
.4
.7
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.4
.4
.6
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.3
.3
.5
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.3
.3
.5
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.3
.3
.4
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.3
.3
.4
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.3
.3
.4
.2
.1
.1
.1
.2
.3
.3
.4
.3
.1
.1
.1
.2
.3
.3
.4
.4
.1
.1
.1
.2
.3
.3
.4
.4
.1
.1
.1
.2
.3
.3
.4
.3
.1
.1
.1
.1
£.2
.3
.3
.3
.1
.1
.1
.1
Total accession:
1953......................................................
1952........................................................
1951 .......... .................. ........................
I960................................................... .
1949 ........................................... ..........
1948 _____ ______________ ______
1947 ........................................... ..........
1946 ....................... ..........................
1939_____ ____ ________________
4.4
4.4
5.2
3.6
3.2
4.6
6.0
8. 5
4 1
4.2
3.9
4.5
3.2
2.9
3.9
5.0
« 8
4.4
3.9
4.6
3.6
3 0
4.0
5.1
7. 1
3 3
4.3
3.7
4. 5
3.5
2.9
4.0
5.1
6. 7
2.9
4.1
3.9
4.5
4.4
3.5
4.1
4.8
6.1
3.3
5.1
4.9
4.9
4.8
4.4
5.7
5.5
6.7
3.9
4.1
4.4
4.2
4.7
3.5
4.7
4.9
7.4
4.2
4.3
5.9
4.5
6.6
4.4
6.0
5.3
7.0
5.1
4.0
5.6
4.3
5.7
4.1
5.1
5.9
7.1
6.2
3.3
5.2
4.4
5.2
3.7
4.5
5.5
6.8
5.9
2.7
4.0
3.9
4.0
3.3
3.9
4.8
5.7
4.1
£1.9
3.3
3.0
3.0
3.2
2.7
3.6
4.3
2.8
8
1
1 Month-to-month changes In total employment In manufaen r'ng indus
tries as Indicated by labor turnover rates are not comparable with the changes
shown by the Bureau’s employment and payroll reports, for the following
reasons:
(1) Accessions and separations are computed for the entire calendar month;
the employment and payroll reports, for the most part, refer to a 1-week pay
period ending nearest the 15th of the month.
(2) The turnover sample is not so large as that of the employment and
payroll sample and includes proportionately fewer small plants; certain
industries are not covered. The major industries excluded are: printing,
publishing, and allied industries; canning and preserving fruits, vegetables,
and sea foods; women’s misses’, and children’s outerwear; and fertilizers.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(3)
Plants are not included in the turnover computations in months when
work stoppages are in progress; the influence of such stoppage is reflected,
however, in the employment and payroll figures. Prior to 1943, rates relate
to production workers only.
* Preliminary.
• Prior to 1940, miscellaneous separations were included with quits.
fBeginning with data for October 1952, components may not add to total
because of rounding.
N o t e : Information on concepts, methodology, etc., is
given in a technical note on Measurement of Labor Turn
over, which appeared in the May 1953 Monthly Labor Review.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1954
332
T able B-2: Monthly labor turnover rates (per 100 employees) in selected groups and industries 1
Separation
Quit
Total
Industry group and industry
Dec.
1953
Manufacturing
All manufacturing ___________________
Durable goods *
_________________
Nondurable goods *_________________
4.3
4.7
3.6
N ov.
1953
4.2
4.4
4.0
3.9
4.3
Ordnance and accessories
____________
6.6
4.9
Food and kindred p ro d u cts____________
4.6
7.1
Meat products ___________________
6.2
2.2
Grain-mill produ cts_______________
5.5
3.7
Bakery products ___________________
Beverages:
8.1
2.1
M alt liq u o rs__________________
msaw * ?
2.1
3.3
Tobacco manufactures ________________
1.3
.8
Cigarettes
______________________
2.8
5.5
Cigars . _________________________
2.0
2.4
Tobacco and snuff_________________
4.0
4.0
Textile-mill products
________________
3.9
5.7
Yam and thread m ills, ____________
3.9
3.8
Broad-woven fabric m ills. _ ________
3.3
3.3
Cotton, silk, synthetic fiber____,
10.4
9.1
Woolen and worsted____________
4.7
3.1
Knitting mills
_. ___________
2.9
1.9
Full-fashioned hosiery. _________
4.9
3.0
Seamless hosiery________________
5.2
4.1
Knit underwear
____________
2.4
2.7
Dyeing and finishing textiles. ______
3.0
5.0
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings—
§| f* is»' m•
Apparel and other finished textile prod
4.5
5. 2
ucts
____ ____
__ ___________
4.0
3.0
M en’s and bovs’ suits and coats _
M en’s and boys’ furnishings and work
4.4
7.2
clothing.. ______________________ sacsmsà&œ
Lumber and wood products (except fur5.1
niture) _____________________ _______
O
14.6
Logging camps and contractors__
(5)
3.7
7.0
Sawmills and planing mills
_______
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated w
3.8
3.1
structural wood products. ______
^SÎ,]ßE|h,
5.6
3.3
Furniture and fixtures _________________
’CY
3.
4
6.6
Household furniture. ______________
3.0
3.0
Other furniture and fixtures________
i
"•
2.8
2.2
Paper and allied products . . __________
1.8
1.6
' Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills___
3.3
3.1
Paperboard containers and boxes____
arnsf ■
2.1
1.6
Chemicals and allied products . ______
1.9
2.5
Industrial inorganic chemicals __ ___
1.9
1.7
Industrial organic chemicals. . _____
3.1
3.9
Synthetic fib ers________________
1.2
.9
Drugs and medicines
____________
1.5
.9
Paints, pigments, and fillers________
1.4
1.5
Products of petroleum and coal_________
.7
1.3
Petroleum r efin in g .________________
3.7
4.0
Rubber products
_________________
3.8
3.4
Tires and inner t u b e s ________ _____
3.6
5.9
Rubber footw ear__________________
3.7
4.0
Other rubber p ro d u cts_____________
2.9
2.5
Leather and leather products. _________
2.5
1. 7
Leather . . . . . . __________________
3.0
2.7
Footwear (except rubber) __________
3.2
3.8
Stone, clay, and glass products.. ______
5.6
3.5
Glass and glass products____________
2.4
2.1
Cement, hydraulic . . _____________
3.9
3.6
Structural clay products ___________
2.6
3.0
Pottery and related products _______
3.7
3.3
Primary metal industries . ________ ___
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
3.1
2.8
mills. .
. ___________ _______ _
4.4
4.7
Iron and steel foundries____________
3.7
4.8
Gray-iron foundries . . _________
3.9
5.1
Malleable-iron foundries________
5.2
4.4
Steel foundries_________________
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals:
Primary smelting and refining of
2.6
1.3
copper, lead, and zinc_________
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals:
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of
2.3
2.2
copper
. __________________
6.0
7.3
Nonferrous foundries
__ _________
Other primary metal industries:
2.7
4.0
Iron and steel forgings..................................
See fo o tn o te s a t end o f table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
N ov.
1953
Dec.
1953
Dec.
1953
N ov.
1953
Dec.
1953
Total accession
M ise., incl.
military
Layoff
Discharge
N ov.
1953
N ov.
1953
Dec.
1953
Dec.
1953
Nov.
1953
1.1
1.0
1.2
1.5
1.4
1.5
0.2
.2
.2
0.3
.3
.3
2.9
3.3
2.1
2.3
2.4
2.0
0.2
.2
.1
0.3
.3
.1
1.9
2.0
1.9
2.7
2.7
2.7
.9
1.1
.9
.9
1.4
1.5
2.0
1.4
2.2
2.1
.3
.2
.3
o
.3
.4
.4
.5
.2
.4
2.9
3.4
5.9
.9
2.0
1.9
4.0
2.4
3.7
2.9
.1
.1
.1
.3
.1
.1
.2
.3
.2
.1
.8
2.0
2.2
2.5
9 9
1.7
4.4
7.3
2.9
2.4
.3
.9
.4
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.3
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.7
1.0
.9
.7
1.4
1.0
2.0
.5
1.5
1.3
1.5
1.5
.9
1.8
1.6
1.7
2.4
.9
.8
.1
.2
.2
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
sessbcsmi^
1.7
2.2
.1
4.0
1.2
2.5
4.1
2. 2
1.8
7.6
1.5
.4
1.6
2.3
1.4
3.7
7.2
.4
.1
.1
.1
.3
.3
.8
.5
.2
.6
.8
2.0
2.4
1.9
l.S
3.4
1.3
1.2
1.7
.6
1.2
2.3
2.1
2.2
2.1
2.6
.7
2.4
2.7
2. 4
2.4
2.3
2. 1
2.1
2.3
1.3
1.8
1.8
2.1
1.6
2.4
2.1
.2
.2
.2
.1
2.8
1.1
1.9
1.7
.1
.1
.1
.1
2.2
2.5
3.1
2.6
2.5
2.4
.1
.1
4.5
1.8
.1
.1
1.8
3.2
.3
.3
.9
.2
(5)
5.3
.3
.1
.3
.1
.2
.4
.4
.2
.3
.2
.5
.2
.3
.1
g>
.1
.1
.1
«
.2
.1
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.2
.3
.3
.2
.2
1.9
1.7
1.9
1.1
.7
.5
.8
.7
1.3
1.0
3.4
.1
.1
.8
.8
3.0
2.8
3.7
2.9
.7
.9
.7
2.8
4.6
1.0
2.2
2.0
2.3
2.2
2.9
3.9
.7
1.0
.4
.9
1.1
.4
1.3
2.5
.2
.4
.7
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.3
.1
.1
.X
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.3
2
.3
.2
.1
.1
.1
.3
.2
.3
.3
.1
.3
1.8
2.2
1.9
3.1
1.5
1.2
1.6
1.1
2.5
.7
1.5
.8
.8
2. 3
2.9
1.2
2.1
.7
1.5
.6
1.8
2.2
.9
1.3
1.1
2.3
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.3
.2
.1
2
2
.1
.2
.1
.3
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.4
.3
. 1
.2
.3
2.4
2. 7
.9
2.5
3.2
1.9
3.5
1.7
2.5
.8
1.4
1.4
1.4
2.6
4.3
4.8
3.1
2.0
1.7
2.2
1.6
1.9
.9
.8
1.6
1.5
.5
.4
1.8
1.4
2.2
2.1
3.5
2.3
3.8
1.9
2.4
1.6
2.7
1.3
1.8
1
.3
.3
.2
.3
1.8
3.5
3.6
3.6
3.4
1.9
2.8
2.1
2.0
3.7
.2
.2
.2
. 2
.2
.3
.2
.2
.3
. 1
1. 2
2.0
2.3
1.7
1.8
1.2
1.8
2.4
2.0
1.1
1
.5
1.7
.2
.3
.5
1.0
G)
(5)
1.2
.9
1.3
1.2
1.5
1.0
.8
1.6
.6
.8
.3
.3
.7
.6
.3
.2
.8
2.0
3.9
1.7
G)
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.3
.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
G)
.2
.1
«
G)
1.2
2.1
2.2
1.8
1. 2
.9
1.7
.7
1.0
.4
.4
.2
.2
.2
.2
.3
.2
.5
.2
.3
.1
0)
G)
(4)
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.4
.1
.1
G)
.5
1.2
2.2
2.3
1.9
1.3
9.2
2.7
1. 2
2.8
2.5
1.1
1.8
2.6
9.5
1.7
(4)
G)
G)
.1
.1
.2
G)
G)
G)
.l
.l
.1
.3
.3
.1
.1
.l
G)
G)
1.4
2.7
4.8
2.0
1.9
.9
1.5
.6
1. 7
.7
.7
.5
1.2
.9
.7
.8
.8
.5
.2
1.0
.5
2.0
1.2
1.9
.8
2.1
1.0
.9
.9
1.7
1.2
.9
.7
.8
.8
1.2
.6
.8
1. 1
1.2
1.5
1.0
.5
.5
.
.4
1.1
.7
1. 4
.
1
.3
.2
.5
1.5
5.6
1.3
3.7
. 1
.2
.
1
.3
.5
2.5
.8
3.9
.8
1.0
.2
.2
2.7
1.3
.2
.1
1.5
2.9
.4
G)
.1
G)
«
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.2
.1
.1
.2
.2
. 1
. 1
. 1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.
2
.
.4
.4
333
B: LABOR TURNOVER
T able B-2: Monthly labor turnover rates (per 100 employees) in selected groups and industries1—
Continued
Separation
Total accession
Total
Industry group and industry
Dec.
1953
Manufacturing— Continued
Fabricated metal products (except ord
nance, machinery, and transportation
equipment).......................... ..........................
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware.......
Cutlery and edge tools.....................
Handtools_____________________
Hardware____________ ________
Heating apparatus (except electric)
and plumbers’ supplies___________
Sanitary ware and plumbers’
supplies_____ ___ _____ _______
Oil burners, nonelectric heating
and cooking apparatus, not elsewhere classified_______________
Fabricated structural metal products-.
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving....................... .............. ..............
Machinery (except electrical).......................
Engines and tu rb in es.______________
Agricultural machinery and tractors.Construction and mining machinery..
Metalworking machinery......................
Machine tools_________________
Metalworking machinery (except
machine tools)________________
Machine-tool accessories________
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)_________
General industrial machinery_______
Office and store machines and devices.
Service-industry and household machines________________ ____ ______
Miscellaneous machinery parts______
Electrical machinery__________ ______ .
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial apparatus_________________ _______ ___
Communication equipm ent......... ........
Eadios, phonographs, television
sets, and equipment_________
Telephone, telegraph, and related
equipment......................................
Electrical appliances, lamps, and
miscellaneous products____________
Transportation equipment-...........................
A utom obiles.. ____________________
Aircraft and parts__________________
Aircraft________________ _____
Aircraft engines and parts......... .
Aircraft propellers and parts____
Other aircraft parts and equipm ent_____ ___________ ____
Ship- and boatbuilding and repairing..
Eailroad equipment________________
Locomotives and parts__________
Eailroad and streetcars...................
Other transportation equipment..........
Instruments and related products...............
Photographic apparatus____________
Watches and clocks_______________
Professional and scientific instruments.
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware..
Nonmanufacturing
M etal mining............... ....................................
Iron mining______ _______ _________
Copper mining________ _______ _____
Lead and zinc mining................. ...........
Anthracite mining.........................................
Bituminous-coal m ining................................
Communication:
Telephone....................... ..........................
Telegraph*.......... ......................................
5.2
3.4
2.5
1.8
4.1
Quit
Nov.
1953
Dec.
1953
4.5
3.3
2.4
2.9
3.8
Nov.
1953
1.0
1.3
.7
.7
1.6
Nov.
1953
0.3
.3
.1
.4
.3
1.5
1.5
.9
1.1
1.8
Dec.
1953
0.4
.3
.3
.4
.3
3.7
1.5
1.5
.5
1.9
Nov.
1953
Dec.
1953
2.4
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.4
0.2
.3
.1
.3
.4
Nov.
1953
Dec.
1953
0.2
.3
.1
.2
.3
2.1
2.2
.7
2.1
2.5
Nov.
1953
2.9
2.7
1.5
2.6
3.2
9.1
8.2
1.5
2.6
.3
.6
7.1
4.7
.2
.3
1.3
2.9
13.2
6.6
1.0
1.5
.3
.4
11.7
4.5
.2
.1
1.0
2.1
6.7
3.3
9.3
3.2
1.7
.9
3.4
1.3
.3
.2
.7
.4
4.5
1.9
4.8
1.3
.2
.2
.4
.3
1.5
1.7
3.5
2. 1
4.6
5.1
.9
1.5
.2
.3
3.1
3.0
.4
.3
2.0
3.7
2.4
3.2
3.4
1.9
2.0
1.7
2.8
4.0
5.6
2.7
2.0
1.8
.8
.6
1.0
.7
.9
.8
1.0
.9
.7
.8
1.1
.9
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.2
1.1
2.4
1.8
.8
.7
.5
1.3
2.8
4.5
1.6
.6
.6
.2
.1
.3
.2
.2
.2
.1
.1
.2
.1
.2
.1
1.8
1.9
2.8
1.5
1.5
1.1
2.2
2.2
2.3
1.6
2.0
1.7
1.6
3.2
2.1
2.7
1.1
.9
1.3
1.3
.3
.3
.2
.4
.1
1.8
.4
.9
.1
.1
.2
.1
1.8
2.2
2.3
2.6
1.6
2.8
2.4
2.3
2.5
2.3
.8
.8
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.3
.2
.3
.2
.3
.3
.2
.6
1.4
1.0
.8
.9
.7
.1
.3
.1
.1
.2
.1
1.5
1.0
1.6
2.1
1.9
2.2
3.1
2.0
4.2
2.7
2.5
4.5
.8
.8
1.3
1.0
.9
1.6
.2
.2
.2
.3
.2
.3
1.7
.7
2.5
1.0
1.2
2.4
.3
.2
.1
.3
.2
.2
3.4
1.2
1.7
3.5
2.0
2.5
23
(»)
2.9
5.6
.7
1.0
2.0
.1
.2
.3
1.4
(5)
1.6
3.1
.2
.2
.2
1.1
(5)
1.6
2.5
5.6
6.7
.4
3.3
3.9
.2
.1
1.6
(l)
1.9
(5)
1.8
(5)
(5)
2.2
1.4
.3
5.5
6.0
7.6
2.6
2.3
3.7
2.4
1.5
1.0
.8
1.0
1.0
1.1
.5
1.7
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.2
3.7
10.3
4.8
4. 2
5.1
15.7
2.0
1.1
4.3
2.0
6.4
2.7
3.5
11.2
10.2
7.6
12. 6
2.8
2.1
1.3
4.6
1.9
5.5
3.1
1.0
1.8
.8
.4
1.0
.6
.7
.7
1.1
.7
1.8
1.3
1.3
2.0
1.1
.6
1.7
1.1
.9
.9
1.4
.8
2.3
1.9
2.9
2.5
4.0
1.8
4.9
2.8
3.6
2.3
3.6
3.0
1.0
2.2
1.4
.3
2.6
.9
.4
.5
1.8
.4
2.6
1.5
.7
.5
(*)
«
1. 2
1.0
(5)
(5)
(!)
({)
1.5
2.0
( s)
(5)
.2
(5)
6.4
6.8
10.4
1.8
1.7
2.0
1.0
1 See footnote 1, table B -l. Current month data subject to revision without
notation; revised figures for earlier months will be indicated by footnotes.
* See footnote 2, table A-2.
* See footnote 3, table A-2. Printing, publishing, and allied industries
are excluded.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Dec.
1953
M ise., incl.
military
Layoff
Discharge
.1
4
.3
.3
.3
.3
.4
.2
4.4
5.1
8.7
.4
.2
.5
.4
3.1
3.8
5.4
.7
.4
1.4
.9
.2
.5
.4
.1
.5
.1
.1
.4
.7
.4
.1
.6
.2
.2
2.4
7.7
2.6
2.0
2.9
14.9
1.0
.3
2.9
.9
4.1
.9
1.7
8.2
7.9
5.7
9.8
1.4
.8
.2
2.9
.6
2.6
.8
1.0
1.9
.5
.6
4.2
2.2
1.0
1.6
.2
.9
.1
1.4
«
(<)
(5)
.3
.3
.2
.3
.3
.3
.1
.2
.3
.3
0)
.2
.3
.4
.3
.5
.1
.5
.1
.3
.1
.6
.1
(<)
.1
.1
«
(!)
(5)
.2
.9
(s)
.3
(»)
(s)
2.9
2.0
.3
.4
.6
.2
.2
.1
.4
.4
.6
.2
.1
.2
.1
2.3
3.0
2.7
2.5
2.7
2.2
.7
3.6
3.7
3.2
3.3
3.6
2.4
2.9
.3
1.0
1.7
.7
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.8
1.3
.5
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.3
.1
2.9
6.8
3.7
1.9
4.7
.5
.9
.9
.9
1.0
1.9
1.5
2.5
9.1
4. 0
1.8
5.9
.6
1.6
1.0
1.7
1.7
3.6
4. 6
.3
.2
.4
.2
.2
.1
.3
.3
.4
.5
.2
.1
2.4
1.1
4.1
1.6
1.1
.6
2.9
.8
4.3
1.3
1.6
.9
(<)
0)
(5)
(5)
.1
.1
(=)
(5)
1.4
.8
* Less than 0.05.
1 Data are not available.
• Data relate to domestic employees except messengers and those em
ployees compensated entirely on a commission basis.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1954
334
C: Earnings and Hours
T able C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1
Mining
Coal
Metal
Copper
Iron
Total: Metal
Year and month
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1951:
1962:
1952:
1953:
Average............
Average...........
December-----January............
February.........
M arch_______
April...... ...........
M ay________
June.......... .......
July........... .......
A u g u st...........
September___
October_____
November___
December____
$74. 56
81.65
84.83
84. 71
84.08
84. 48
84. 67
86. 29
86.96
88.82
92.40
94.16
90. 29
90.93
92.21
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
42.5
43.6 $1. 71 $72. 68
43.9
43.9
1.86 80.34
41.6
1.95 82. 78
43.5
40.7
1.97 82.21
43.0
41.5
42.9
1.96 83.42
41.6
1.96 84.03
43.1
42.0
43.2
1.96 84.84
43.5
88.74
1.97
43.8
1.99 90. 67
43.8
43.7
42.4
2.08 95.82
42.7
43.8
2.10 98.99
44.0
43.5
44.0
2.14 98. 75
42.1
2.09 93.04
43.2
41.9
43.3
93.86
2.10
2.11 92.96
41.5
43.7
Mining—Continued
C r u d e -petroleum
and natural - gas
production
Petroleum and natu
ral-gas production
(except contract
services)
1951:
1952:
1962:
1953:
Average_____
Average...........
December____
January______
February.........
M arch..............
April________
M ay________
June________
J u ly ...............
A ugust.............
September___
October______
November___
December. ._
$79. 76
85.90
87.72
89.40
88.29
88.73
88.13
88.99
87.02
92. 74
93. 83
92.39
90. 27
94.16
90.23
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
40.9
41.1
40.8
41.2
40.5
40.7
40.8
41.2
40.1
41.4
41.7
40.7
40.3
41.3
40. 1
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
$1.71 $78. 54
1.83 85.73
1.99 90.40
2.02 92.66
2.01 88.14
2. 02 87.95
2.02 88.53
2.04 88.98
2. 07 87. 81
2.26 86.33
2. 26 93.32
2.27 97.39
2.21 95.27
2.24 95.84
2.24 97.91
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
$1.70 $76.11
1.88 81.60
1.94 82.18
1.98 80.26
1.95 80.64
1.95 81.13
1.95 79. 57
1.96 79.00
1.96 79. 61
1.98 79.52
2.02 79.90
2.09 81.56
2.04 79.15
2.07 80.32
2.07 83.07
46.2
45.6
46.6
46.8
45.2
45.1
45.4
45.4
44.8
43.6
46.2
46.6
46.7
46.3
47.3
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Bituminous
Anthraci e
Lead and sine
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
30.3
43.0 $1.77 $66. 66
31.5
1.92 71.19
42.5
34.5
1.92 85. 56
42.8
28.3
1.92 70.75
41.8
34.7
1.92 86. 75
42.0
26.6
1.90 65. 70
42. 7
1.89 61.99
25.3
42.1
31.0
1.89 77.19
41.8
36.8
1.90 91.63
41.9
34.1
41.2
1.93 83.89
25.2
1.93 61.49
41.4
28.5
41.4
1.97 70.40
73.41
29.6
1.94
40.8
25.5
1.94 63.24
41.4
63.73
25.8
1.95
42.6
Contract construction
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
$2.20 $77. 79
2. 26 78.32
2.48 91.73
2.50 87.79
2.50 81.42
2. 47 81.76
2.45 79. 61
2.49 84.97
2.49 91.25
2.46 84. 97
2. 44 92. 88
2.47 86 15
2. 48 89.78
2.48 81.17
2.47 82.75
35.2
34.2
36.4
35.4
32.7
33. 1
32.1
34.4
36.5
34.4
37.3
34.6
36.2
32.6
33.5
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$2.21
2.29
2.52
2.48
2. 49
2. 47
2 .4g
2.47
2.50
2.47
2. 49
2.49
2.48
2.49
2.47
Nonbuilding construction
Nonmetallic mining
and quarrying
$1.95 $67.05
2.09 71.10
2.15 71.28
2.17 70.19
2.18 70.85
2.18 72. 77
2.16 74. 37
2.16 75. 94
2.17 76.78
2. 24 77.63
2.25 79.41
2.27 79.20
2.24 80.33
2. 28 76. 29
2.25 75.34
45.0
45.0
44.0
42.8
43.2
44.1
44.8
45.2
45.7
45.4
45.9
45.0
45.9
44.1
43.8
Total: Contract con*
struction
Total: Nontmilding
construction
$1.49 $81.49
1.58 87.85
1.62 90.86
1.64 88 16
1.64 89.01
1.65 88 67
1.66 89.15
1.68 90. 58
1.68 92. 25
1. 71 91.82
1.73 94.18
1.76 90. 77
1.75 96.11
1.73 92.38
1.72 92.00
37.9
38.7
38.5
37.2
37.4
37.1
37.3
37.9
38.6
38.1
38.6
36.9
38.6
37.1
36.8
40.8
$2.15 $80. 78
41.1
2.27 86. 72
40.1
2.36 87.02
38.5
2.37 83. 93
35.9
2.38 85. 19
38.3
2.39 84. 26
39.0
2. 39 85.02
40.0
2.39 87.20
41.9
2.39 91.34
41.7
2.41 92.16
42.5
2. 44 96.05
39.9
2.46 90.97
42.2
2.49 97. 48
39.5
2.49 90.06
39.4
2. 50 89.83
Building construction
Highway and street
$1. 98 $74. 62
2.11 80.26
2.17 78. 59
2.18 74.31
2.19 77. 22
2.20 75. 42
2.18 77.62
2.18 81.61
2.18 88.10
2. 21 88.37
2. 26 92. 42
2.28 87.97
2.31 94. 61
2. 28 86. 48
2. 28 83.53
41.0
41.8
40.3
38.5
39.2
37.9
39.4
40.4
43.4
42.9
43.8
41.3
43.8
40.6
39.4
Other nonbuilding
construction
$1.82 $85.26
1.92 91.35
1.95 92.40
1.93 89.32
1.97 90.02
1.99 89. 55
1.97 90.02
2.02 91.71
2.03 94.19
2.06 95.65
2.11 98. 95
2.13 93.27
2.16 99.80
2.13 93.27
2.12 94. 56
40.6
40 6
40.0
38.5
38.8
38.6
38.8
39.7
40.6
40.7
41.4
38.7
40.9
38.7
39.4
$2.10
2.25
2.31
2.32
2.32
2.32
2.32
2.31
2.32
2.35
2.39
2.41
2. 44
2.41
2.40
Special-trade contractors
Total: Building con
struction
1951:
1952:
1952:
1953:
Average............
A verage..........
December........
January............
February.........
M arch_______
April________
M ay________
June_________
July-------------August______
September___
October______
November___
D ecem b er___
General contractors
36.6
37.2 $2.19 $75.03
$81. 47
38.5
2.31 82. 78
38.1
88.01
39.1
38.2
2.40 88.37
91.68
2.41 86. 26
38.0
88.93
36.9
38.2
2.42 86.71
89.78
37.1
37.3
89.79
36.8
2. 44 85.79
36.9
2.44 86.71
37.7
90.04
2.44 87.40
38.0
91.01
37.3
38.5
91.99
37.7
2. 44 88. 55
37.4
2. 47 87.14
91.64
37.1
2.49 89.68
38.0
37.6
93.62
36.3
2.52 86.03
36.1
90.97
37.9
37.7
2. 54 90. 58
95.76
2. 54 87. 47
36.6
92. 71
36.5
36.2
2. 55 87.24
36.2
92.31
Other special-trade
Masonry
contractorsJ
37.0
Average........... $83. 62
37.0
Average_____ 88.43
36.2
December........ 89. 41
34.2
January............ 85.16
34.9
February......... 87.25
M arch_______ 88.10
35. 1
35.1
A pril......... ....... 88.10
36.0
M ay________ 90.36
36.5
June_________ 91.98
36.4
July................... 92.46
36.8
A ugust............ 93.84
35.6
September___ 92.20
36.7
O c to b e r ..___ 95. 79
35.7
November___ 93.18
34.5
December____ 90.05
See footnotes at end of table.
1951:
1952:
1952:
1953:
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2.26 $78.05
2.39 81.55
2. 47 82.50
2.49 77. 25
2.50 79.36
2. 51 81. 50
2.51 81.00
2.51 86. 50
2.52 89.00
2. 54 89. 86
2.55 89. 56
2.59 90.72
2. 61 91.43
2. 61 88. 92
2. 61 81.00
35.0
34.7
33 0
30.9
32.0
32.6
32.4
34.6
35.6
35.8
35.4
35.3
35.3
34.2
30.8
Total: Special-trade
contra otors
$2.05 $87.32
2.15 91.99
2.26 94. 50
2.27 91.33
2. 27 92.20
2. 30 92.82
2.30 92.57
2.30 94.21
2.30 94.98
2.33 95.20
2. 36 96. 98
2.37 95.04
2.39 99. 75
2.39 96. 82
2. 41 96.29
37.8
37.7
37.5
36.1
36.3
36.4
36.3
36.8
37.1
36.9
37.3
36.0
37.5
36.4
36.2
34.9
33.6
32.8
31.4
33.3
33.1
33.3
33.5
33.4
33.7
34.3
32.8
34.0
32.6
32.9
Painting and deco
rating
Electrical vmrk
$2.55
$2.33 $78. 76
35.8 $2.20 $102.26 40.1
35.2
2.35 110.30 40 7
2. 71
2. 44 82.72
2.42 114. 11 40.9
34.9
2.79
2.50 84.46
2.43 111. 50 40.4
2.76
33.5
2.50 81. 41
2.44 109. 97 39.7
2. 77
2.50 82. 96
34.0
2. 44 110. 21 39. 5
2. 79
34.5
2. 53 84. 18
34.4
2. 45 109.09 39.1
2.79
2. 53 84.28
2. 46 109. 98 39.0
34.8
2.82
2. 55 85.61
35.1
2.79
2.50 110. 21 39.5
2. 55 87. 75
2.51 109.48 39.1
2.80
35.2
2. 58 88.35
2.85
2.53 112. 29 39.4
35.2
2. 59 89. 06
2.56 108.46 37.4
2.90
2.62 88.32
34.5
2. 58 117. 49 40.1
2.93
2.63 91.85
35.6
2. 57 113.59 38.9
2. 92
34.3
2.64 88.15
2. 56 115. 53 39.7
2. 91
2.65 88.32
34.5
Excavation a n d foun
Roofing and sheetCarpentry
dation work
metal work
$2. 31 $91. 34
2. 44 94.92
2.52 98. 50
2.53 96.25
2. 5a 95.00
2. 55 96.39
2. 55 96. 39
2.56 97.41
2. 56 97.67
2.58 97.01
2. 60 98. 68
2.64 96.42
2. 66 101.78
2. 66 99. 26
2. 66 102.03
Plastering and lathing
$2.23 $89.69
2.35 90. 05
2.50 92. 50
2.50 89.80
2.48 95. 24
2. 50 95 99
2.50 96. 57
2.50 97.15
2.50 96.19
2. 51 96.72
2. 53 99. 47
2. 57 95.78
2. 59 99. 62
2.60 95.19
2.63 97.06
Plumbing and heat
ing
$2. 57 $73.24
2. 68 75.90
2. 82 79.52
2.86 71. 78
2.86 79.12
2. 90 78.30
2.90 76.05
2.90 77.70
2.88 82. 44
2.87 82.70
2.90 78.40
2. 92 82.60
2.93 84. 61
2.92 82. 71
2.95 77.08
39.2
38.9
39. 4
38.5
38.0
38.1
38.1
38.2
38.3
37.6
38.1
36.8
38.7
37.6
38.5
35.9
35.8
35.5
31.9
34.7
34.8
33.8
35.0
36.0
35.8
35.0
35.3
35.7
34.9
32.8
$2. 04 $70. 95
2.12 76.53
2.24 81 03
2.25 73.93
2.28 74 14
2. 25 75. 94
2.25 76.05
2.22 79. 74
2.29 82. 58
2.31 83.31
2.24 84.13
2.34 82.24
2.37 85.84
2.37 82. 82
2.35 78.43
36.2
36.1
36.5
33.3
33.1
33.9
33.8
35.6
36.7
36.7
36.9
35.6
37.0
35.7
34.1
$1.96 $81.93
2.12 85. 81
2.22 86.80
2.22 82.72
2.24 83. 25
2. 24 83.78
2. 25 82. 73
2. 24 85.36
2. 25 89. 82
2.27 92. 75
2. 28 92. 52
2.31 92.50
2.32 98.17
2.32 93.37
2.30 89. 42
39.2
40.1
39.1
37.6
37.5
37 4
37.1
38.8
40.1
40.5
40.4
39.7
40.4
37.8
36.8
$2.09
2.14
2.22
2.20
2.22
2. 24
2.23
2.20
2.24
2.29
2.29
2.33
2.43
2. 47
2.43
B35
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T a b l e C - l : H o u r s a n d g ro ss e a rn in g s of p r o d u c tio n w o rk e rs o r n o n s u p e r v is o r y e m p lo y e e s 1— C o n tin u e d
Manufacturing
Food and kirtdrod products
Total: Manu
facturing
Durable goods*
Nondurable goods *
Year and month
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn
ings hours
1951: Average............ $64.71
1952: Average_____
67.97
December____ 72.14
1953: January........... 71.34
February____
71.17
M arch_____ _ 71.93
A pril................
71.40
M ay________
71.63
June________
71.63
July..................
71.33
A ugust.............
71.69
September___
71.42
October____
71.73
November___
71.60
December____ 71.96
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
40.7
40.7
41.7
41.0
40.9
41.1
40.8
40.7
40.7
40.3
40.5
39.9
40.3
40.0
40.2
Avg.
Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
$1.59 $69.47
1.67 73.04
1.73 77.78
1.74 76. 91
1.74 77.15
1.75 77. 52
1. 75 77.38
1.76 77.19
1.76 77.42
1.77 76.70
1.77 77. 27
1.79 77.14
1.78 77. 49
1.79 76.73
1.79 77. 52
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
41.6
41.5
42.5
41.8
41.7
41.9
41.6
41.5
41.4
40.8
41.1
40.6
41.0
40.6
40.8
$1.67 $58. 46
1.76 60.98
1.83 63.59
1.84 62. 88
1.85 62.88
1.85 63. 60
1.86 62.81
1.86 63.20
1.87 63. 52
1.88 63. 76
1.88 63. 76
1.90 63.57
1.89 63. 50
1.89 63.73
1.90 64.06
39.5
39.6
40.5
39.8
39.8
40.0
39.5
39.5
39.7
39.6
39.6
39.0
39.2
39.1
39.3
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Total: Ordnance
and accessories
Avg.
wkly. wAvg.
kly.
earn hours
ings
$1.48 $74.12
1.54 77.22
1.57 76.73
1. 58 75.85
1.58 77.38
1. 59 77 46
1.59 76.52
1.60 78. 25
1.60 78.88
1. 61 77.87
1.61 78.12
1.63 79.13
1.62 78. 94
1.63 76.42
1.63 77. 97
43.6
42. S
41.7
41.0
41.6
41.2
40.7
41.4
41.3
41.2
40.9
41.0
40.9
39.8
40.4
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.7C
1.80
1.84
1.85
1.86
1.88
1.88
1.89
1.91
1.89
1.91
1.93
1.93
1.92
1.93
Total: Food and
kindred products
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
$59. 95
63.23
65.68
65.35
64. 71
65. 28
64.64
66.17
67.14
66. 88
65.83
67.20
67.23
68.31
68.15
41. S
41.6
42.1
41.
40.7
40.8
40.4
41.1
41.7
41.8
41.4
42.0
41.5
41.4
41.3
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Meat products *
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
$1.43 $65. 78
1.52 70.30
1.56 77.26
1.59 74.23
1.59 70.00
1.60 71.33
1.60 70.62
1.61 71.86
1.61 74.29
1.60 72. 85
1.59 72.67
1.60 76.18
1.62 77. 89
1.65 82. 51
1.65 76. 96
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
41.9
41.6
44.4
41.7
40.0
40.3
39.9
40.6
41.5
40.7
40.6
41.4
42.1
43.2
41.6
$1.57
1.69
1.74
1.78
1.75
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.79
1. 79
1.79
1.84
1.85
1.91
1.85
Food and kindred products—Continued
Meatpacking,
wholesale
1951: Average............ $68.30
1952: Average_____
73.39
December........ 81.54
1953: January_____
77. 83
February____
72. 40
M arch............
73. 71
A p r il.............. 73.02
M ay ________
74.15
June________
76.63
July_________ 75. 52
August______
75.33
September___
80.06
October______ 82. 22
November___
87.00
December____ 80. 67
41.9
41.7
45.3
42.3
40.0
40.5
39.9
40.3
41.2
40.6
40.5
41.7
42.6
43.5
41.8
$1.63 $65.78
1.76 69. 72
1.80 72.68
1.84 70.97
1.81 70.00
1.82 71.23
1.83 71.05
1.84 73.01
1.86 74. 56
1.86 74. 55
1.86 74.03
1.92 74.46
1.93 73.51
2.00 76. 79
1.93 74.70
Seafood, canned and
cured
1951: Average_____ $44. 40
1952: Average_____
45. 57
December____ 44.70
1953: January_____
41.80
February....... . 46.96
M arch_______ 41.44
A p r il........... .
46. 04
M ay ____ ____
40.23
June________
43. 33
July_________ 56.92
August______
50.38
September___
41.04
October.
42.03
November___
40.43
December____ 47. 72
29.8
31.0
30.0
27.5
30.1
28.0
29.7
27.0
30.3
35.8
32.5
28.5
29.6
26.6
29.1
41.7
41.7
41.6
4a 9
41.0
41.2
41.2
41.4
42.1
41.9
41.5
41.7
41.3
41.1
41.4
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
41.9
42.0
42.5
41.5
40.7
40.7
40. 6
42.2
43.1
42.6
42.3
41.6
41.3
42.9
41.5
41.8
41.0
39.5
40.8
40.4
39.8
38.2
39.9
39.2
41.5
41.0
42.2
41.7
39.3
39.3
Dairy products 1
$1.57 $60.83
1.66 63.80
1.71 65.84
1.71 67. 45
1.72 67. 61
1.75 65.97
1.75 66.10
1.73 67.32
1.73 68. 39
1.75 69.73
1.75 68.51
1.79 69.84
1.78 68.26
1.79 67.78
1.80 68.57
Canned fruits, vege
tables, and soups
$1.49 $53.09
1.47 54.12
1.49 54. 51
1. 52 56.30
1. 56 56. 56
1.48 56. 52
1. 55 53.86
1.49 55.86
1.43 54.10
1. 59 54.78
1.55 55.35
1.44 56. 97
1.42 57.13
1.52 52. 66
1.64 55.02
Bread and other
bakery products
1951: Average_____ $59.63
1952: Average...........
63.38
December........ 64.48
1953: January_____
63.80
February____
64.37
M arch..........
64.68
April........... .
64. 68
M ay ________
65.41
June________
66. 94
July..................
67.46
August.............
66.82
September___
68.39
October______ 67.32
November___
67. 82
December____ 67.90
Sausages and
casings
41.4
41.3
40.1
41.0
41.9
43.3
41.1
41.0
40.9
40.4
40.9
42.2
41.2
40.1
39.3
$1.37 $63.02
1. 45 66. 27
1.51 67. 49
1.54 69. 77
1.54 68.55
1.52 68. 55
1. 53 69.77
1.53 69. 92
1.53 72.05
1. 56 72.22
1.55 69.92
1.58 72.23
1.58 68.25
1.58 68.10
1.58 69.30
Grain-mill products1
$1.27 $65. 85
1. 32 69.15
1.38 69.26
1.38 71.20
1.40 68.21
1.42 69.60
1. 41 69. 39
1.40 71.60
1.38 72.32
1.32 72.74
1.35 72.37
1.35 73.80
1.37 73.26
1.34 72.04
1.40 72.38
Biscuits, crackers,
and pretzels
$1.43 $53.41
1.62 >56.17
1.55 55. 74
1.56 56. 99
1.57 58.66
1.57 60.19
1.57 57. 54
1.58 58. 63
1.59 58.49
1.61 58.18
1.61 59.31
1.64 61.61
1.63 59. 74
1.65 58. 55
1.64 57. 77
44.4
44.0
43.6
43.8
43.9
43.4
43.2
44.0
44.7
44.7
44.2
44.2
43.2
42.9
43.4
$1.29 $60.15
1.36 64.41
1.39 66. 44
1. 39 64. 80
1.40 67.32
1.39 74.63
1.40 70.21
1.43 70.55
1.43 72.58
1.44 73.79
1.45 69.70
1.46 73.85
1.45 65.57
1.46 73.05
1.47 72. 48
45.1
44.9
44.4
44.5
42.9
43.5
43.1
44.2
45.2
44.9
44.4
45.0
44.4
43.4
43.6
Sugar *
41.2
42.1
45.2
40.0
40.8
43.9
41.3
41.5
42.2
42.9
41.0
42.2
42.3
48.7
48.0
Condensed and
evaporated milk
46.0
45.7
45.6
45.9
45.7
45.4
45.9
46.0
47.4
47.2
46.0
46.6
44.9
44.8
45.0
$1.37 $62. 44
1.45 64.09
1.48 65.60
1. 52 65. 72
1.50 66.19
1.51 66. 19
1.52 65. 41
1.52 67.86
1. 52 68. 61
1.53 70.68
1.52 68.85
1.55 71.83
1.52 69.80
1.52 69.04
1.54 70.79
Flour and other
grain-mill products
$1.46 $67.34
1.54 71.71
1.56 72.58
1.60 74.82
1.59 71.45
1.60 72.27
1.61 70. 38
1.62 73.48
1.60 74.59
1.62 76. 84
1.63 77.74
1.64 79.90
1.65 80. 78
1.66 79.83
1.66 77.08
45.5
45.1
44.8
44.8
43.3
43.8
42.4
44.0
44.4
45.2
45.2
45.4
45.9
45.1
44.3
41.0
41.1
40.9
41. 2
39.9
44. 7
41.7
42.2
43.3
44.2
42.0
43.6
40.1
40.5
40.9
44.6
43.6
42.6
42.4
42.7
42 7
42.2
43.5
43.7
43.9
43.3
43.8
42.3
42.1
42.9
46.1
46.0
45.4
45.0
43.3
44.2
44.8
45.4
47.0
45.9
45.1
45.8
44.8
43.7
44.5
41.1
42.0
44.4
34.9
39.0
38.6
38.9
38.0
39.4
39.9
38.0
40.4
41.3
48.3
46.7
40.0
39.3
37.7
38.2
38.0
37.6
36.6
37.6
38.1
40.4
40.1
41.3
40.1
37.2
37.9
$1.27
1.32
1.37
1.38
1.40
1.41
1. 41
1.39
1.35
1.34
1.35
1.34
1.36
1.35
1.40
Bakery products1
$1.40 $58. 24
1.47 61.57
1.50 62. 78
1. 52 62. 58
1.51 63.04
1.53 63.65
1.54 63. 45
1.54 64.02
1. 51 65.36
1.52 65.73
1.54 65.41
1.55 66.88
1.55 65. 67
1.57 65.85
1.57 66.01
41.6
41.6
41.3
40.9
41.2
41.6
41.2
41.3
41.9
41.6
41.4
41.8
41.3
40.9
41.0
$1.40
1.48
1.52
1.63
1.53
1.53
1.54
1.55
1.56
1.58
1.58
1.60
1.59
1.61
1.61
Confectionery and
related products1
Beet sugar
$1.54 $61.24
1.62 65.94
1.64 71.48
1. 67 61. 77
1.73 69.42
1.78 68.71
1. 79 66.91
1.78 66.12
1.81 67. 37
1.80 67.83
1.75 68.02
1.85 69.89
1.81 62. 78
l. so! 76.80
1. 80 76. 59
Canning and
preserving »
$1.40 $50.80
1.47 51.88
1.54 51.65
1.55 52. 72
1.55 53.20
1.55 53.02
1. 55 51. 61
1.56 52.26
1.57 51.44
1. 61 54.14
1.59 54.14
1.64 55. 34
1.65 54. 54
1.64 50. 22
1.65 53.06
Prepared feeds
$1.48 $64. 54
1.59 67.62
1.62 68.10
1.67 68.40
1.65 65. 38
1.65 67.63
1.66 68. 99
1.67 69. 92
1.68 70. 97
1.70 69. 77
1.72 69.45
1.76 70.99
1.76 69.44
1.77 68. 61
1.74 69. 87
Cane-sugar refining
$1.46 $63.14
1.53 66. 58
1.47 67. 08
1. 62 68.80
1.65 69.03
1.70 79. 57
1. 70 74 64
1.70 75.12
1.72 78.37
1. 72 79. 56
1.70 73. 50
1.75 80.66
1.55 72. 58
1.50 72.90
1. 51 73.62
Ice cream and ices
$1.49
1.57
1.61
1.77
1.78
1.78
1.72
1.74
1.71
1.70
1.79
1.73
1.52
1.59,
1. 64'
$49.97
52.27
53.84
51.87
52.54
52. 66
51.46
54.25
54.35
53.10
54.37
55.18
55.06
53.58
54. 67
40.3
39.9
41.1
39.0
39.5
39.3
38.4
39.6
39.1
38.2
39.4
39.7
39.9
39.4
40.2
$1.24
1.31
1.31
1.33
1.33
1.34
1.34
1.37
1.39
1.39
1.38
1.39
1.38
1.36
1.36
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1954
336
T able C -l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
Manufacturing—Continued
Food and kindred products—Continued
Distilled, rectified, and
blended liquors
M alt liquors
Bottled soft drinks
Beverages1
Confectionery
Year and month
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
41.7 $1.64 $53.19
40.3 $1.20 $68.39
1951: Average............ $48.36
41.6
1.71 55.73
39.9
1.27 71.14
1952: Average............ 50.67
40.9
1.76 58.36
41.3
1.27 71.98
December........ 52.45
1.76 56.71
1.29 70.93
40.3
50.18
38.9
1953: January-------40.4
1.77 57.12
1.28 71.51
February.........
39.3
50.30
40.2
1.79 58.23
1.30 71.96
M arch.......... .
50.83
39.1
40.6
38.2
1.30
73.
49
1.81 57. 40
49.66
April.................
1.84 60.20
1.33 76. 54
41.6
39.1
M ay.................. 52.00
1.87 63. 05
38.9
1.34 79. 66
42.6
June.................. 52.13
1.87 64. 08
37.8
1.34 80.60
43.1
July................... 50. 65
41.9
1.89 61.35
39.2
1.33 79.19
August______
52.14
1.35 80.90
41.7
1.94 63. 94
39.6
53.46
September___
1.33 77.33
40.7
1.90 60.03
52.93
39.8
October_____
39.3
1.31 75.81
39.9
1.90 59. 86
November__
51.48
1.89
59. 74
1.32
40.1
40.2
75.
79
December____ 53.06
Food and kindred products—Continued
Corn sirup, sugar,
oil, and starch
Manufactured ice
44.2 $1.66 $55.90
1951: Average........... $73.37
1.77 59.80
43.5
1952: Average............ 77.00
42.2
1.78 61.16
December____ 75.12
41.5
1.83 61.61
75.95
1953: January.
42.5
1.83 60. 21
February......... 77.78
1.81 60.48
42.4
M arch..
76. 74
42.4
1.86 60. 62
78.86
April___
1.85 62. 24
78.81
42.6
M ay___
81.65
1.89 62.15
43.2
June___
43.5
1.88 65.00
81.78
July.......
42.4
80. 56
1.90 65.55
A ugust..
44.5
89.00
2.00 68. 26
September___
1.99 64.61
86.57
43.5
October____
42.9
2.00 65.66
85.80
November___
79.38
1.89 65. 46
42.0
December.
Tobacco manufac
tures—Continued
Tobacco stemming
and redrying
$38.02
1951: Average.
1952: Average............ 38.91
December____ 39.50
1953: January.
40. 58
February......... 37. 80
March..........
43.96
42. 34
April...............
42.83
M ay................
42.13
June................
41.65
July.................
39.19
August. . . ___
38.02
September. _.
38. 42
October_____
36.90
November___
December____ 40.98
39.2
39.3
39.5
39.4
35.0
38.9
36.5
36.3
35.7
35.6
38.8
39.6
39.2
36.9
39.4
1951: Average..........
1952: Average..........
December___
1953: January____
February.......
April...............
M ay________
June________
July.................
A ugust..........
September__
October_____
November__
December___
See footnotes at
$51.74
39.2
51.99
38.8
41.0
55.35
54. 54
40.4
40.2
54. 27
40.0
53. 60
53.20
39.7
40.1
53.73
39.9
53. 47
39.5
52. 93
52.14
39.2
50.79
37.9
38.3
50. 94
38.4
51.07
38.5
50. 82
end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1.22 $78.91
1.29 82.20
1.37 82.62
1.36 80.79
1.36 82. 40
1.37 82.95
1. 37 85. 46
1.40 89.66
1.42 94.98
1.44 97. 45
1.43 93. 68
1.48 95.68
1.45 91.13
1.46 89.04
1.45 90.45
Total: Tobacco man
ufactures
$1.21 $43.51
1.30 44.93
1.35 46.26
1.36 46.59
1.35 45.39
1.35 47.63
1.35 47. 62
1.35 46.99
1.36 46.99
1.38 47.87
1.38 47. 46
1.44 46. 92
1.42 48.07
1.44 47. 49
1.42 48.61
38.5
38.4
39.2
38.5
36.9
37.8
37.2
37.0
37.0
37.4
38.9
39.1
39.4
38.3
39.2
39.4
39.2
40.8
39.5
37.5
38.8
38.5
35.7
36.3
39.0
40.7
39.4
40.7
38.8
40.6
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.38 $39.10
1.44 40.13
1.47 41.80
1.46 41.51
1. 46 41.51
1.47 41. 66
1.49 41. 25
1.50 42.83
1.50 42. 22
1.51 41.22
1.54 42. 60
1. 54 44.05
1.56 44.23
1.56 44.07
1.56 43. 28
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
$1.71 $57.11
1.79 59.78
1.81 60. 47
1.85 61.27
1.85 61.54
1.85 61.27
1.86 61.39
1.85 61.86
1.86 61.86
1.86 63. 57
1.88 63. 57
1.89 65. 48
1.85 64.11
1.86 65.41
1.87 64.37
Cigars
Cigarettes
$1.13 $54.37
1.17 56. 45
1.18 59.98
1.21 57.67
1.23 54.75
1.26 57.04
1.28 57.37
1.27 53.55
1.27 54. 45
1.28 58. 89
1.22 62.68
1.20 60.68
1.22 63.49
1.24 60.53
1.24 63.34
Avg.
wkly.
hours
40.2
41.1 $1.92 $68.74
41.1
39.6
2.00 70.88
38.4
40.5
2.04 69.50
38.2
39.8
2.03 70.67
2.06 69.93
37.8
40.0
39.5
2.10 69. 01
37.3
38.3
40.5
2.11 71.24
2.15 70.67
38.2
41.7
2. 24 72. 91
39.2
42.4
38.2
43.7
2.23 71.05
42.2
2. 22 72. 94
38.8
38.6
41.6
2.30 72. 95
39.2
2. 25 72. 52
40.5
2. 26 71.80
38.6
39.4
37.7
40.2
2. 25 70.50
Tobacco manufactures
38.8
39.1
40.8
40.1
40.1
40.0
39.3
39.4
39.5
39.1
39.0
37.7
38.2
38.2
38.3
Scouring and combing plants
Yarn
42.3
42.1
41.7
41.4
41.3
41.4
41.2
41.8
41.8
42.1
42.1
42.8
41.9
42.2
41.8
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.35
1.42
1.45
1.48
1.49
1.48
1.49
1.48
1.48
1.51
1.51
1.53
1.53
1.55
1.54
Tobacco and snufl
$1.04 $45.99
1.07 47.87
1.10 50.18
1.11 49.91
1.11 49. 48
1.12 47.88
1.13 49. 48
1.13 50. 52
1.12 51.03
1.12 50. 63
1.13 52. 25
1.15 53.98
1. 14 52. 85
1. 13 51.06
1.13 51.20
37.7
37.4
38.9
38.1
37.2
36.0
37.2
37.7
37.8
37.5
38.7
39.4
38.3
37.0
37.1
$1.22
1.28
1.29
1.31
1.33
1.33
1.33
1.34
1.35
1.35
1.35
1.37
1.38
1.38
1.38
38.5 $1.25 $48.64
38.7
1.27 49. 79
40.1
1.28 52.22
39.2
1.28 50.18
1.28 52. 78
39.2
1.28 53. 56
39. 2
38.2
1.27 50. 29
38. 5
1.27 50.65
39.0
1.27 50. 42
1.27 49. 39
38.7
38.0
1.27 49. 40
36.2
1.29 48.26
36.6
1.25 45. 97
36.3
1.25 47.23
36.01 1.25 47.12
38.6
38.6
40.8
39.2
40.6
41.2
39.6
40.2
39.7
39.2
38.9
38.3
36.2
36.9
37.4
$1.26
1.29
1.28
1.28
1.30
1.30
1.27
1.26
1.27
1.26
1.27
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.26
37.6
37.5
38.0
37.4
37.4
37.2
36. 5
37.9
37.7
36.8
37.7
38.3
38.8
39.0
38.3
and thread
mills »
39.6 $1.46 $47.86
38.6 $1.24 $48.13
$1.33 $57.82
1.27 49.15
40.0
1.57 49.15
38.7
1.36 62.80
41.3
40.0
1.28 51.33
1.58 51.20
1.37 65. 25
1.28 50.18
1.59 50.18
39.2
1.37 64. 71
40.7
1.28 ■jO.18
40.4
1.56 50.18
39.2
1.37 63. 02
1.28 50.18
40.2
1. 59 50. 30
1.37 63.92
39.3
38.4
38.8
1.58 48. 77
1. 27 48. 51
1.37 61.30
1.27 48.90
40.6
1.58 49.15
38.7
1.37 64.15
1.59 49.66
39.1
1.27 49. 53
41.1
1.36 65. 35
1.59 49.15
38.7
1.27 49.15
1.36 66.14
41.6
1.27 48. 26
39.7
1.59 48. 51
38.2
1.36 63.12
1.66 46.85
36.6
1.28 46. 70
38.7
1.37 64. 24
1.25 45. 75
33. S
1.6C 46.00
36.8
1.37 54. 24
31.6
1.66 45. 75
36.6
1.25 45.38
1.37 52. 46
38.4
1.57 45.63
36.5
1.25 45.00
1.37 60. 29
Textile-mill products—Continued
Cotton, silk, synthetic fiber
United States
$1.32 $50.70
1.34 49. 79
1.35 53.17
1.35 52.26
1.35 52. 26
1.34 52.13
1.34 51. 48
1.34 52.00
1.34 51. 21
1.34 50. 70
1.33 50.57
1.34 49.14
1.33 49. 54
1.33 49. 79
1.32 49. 54
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn
ings
ings
Textile-mill products
Total: Textile-mill
products
$0.97 $51.60
.99 53.18
1.00 55.90
1.03 54.94
1.08 54. 94
1.13 54.80
1.16 53.84
1.18 53.98
1.18 53. 72
1.17 53.18
1.01 53.04
.96 51.65
.98 52.33
1.00 52.33
1.04 52. 47
Broad-woven fabric
mills >
46.2
46.0
45.3
45.3
44.6
44.8
44.9
46.1
45.7
47.1
47.5
47.4
45.5
45.6
46.1
43.6
43.2
42.6
41.7
42.0
42.5
41.9
43.0
44.4
44.5
42.9
43.2
41.4
41.0
41.2
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Miscellaneous food
products
39.3
38.6
40.9
40.2
40.2
40. 1
39.6
40.0
39.7
39.3
39.2
37.8
38.4
38.6
38.4
$1.29 $53. 54
1.29 55.25
1.30 58. 75
1.30 58.06
1.30 57. 92
1.30 57.23
1. 30 56.12
1.30 56.40
1.29 56. 54
1.29 55. 86
1.29 56. 26
1.30 55.41
1.29 54. 67
1.29 54. 67
1.29
Woolen and worsted
Narrow fabrics and
small wares
South
North
$1.38 $49.25
1.45 48.76
1.44 51.94
1.43 50.93
1.43 50.93
1. 42 50. 93
1.41 50.17
1.41 50.80
1.41 49. 90
1.40 49. 27
1.41 49.14
1.41 47.50
1.42 48.38
1.42 48.64
38.8
38.1
40.8
40.6
40.5
40.3
39.8
40.0
40.1
39.9
39.9
39.3
38.5
38.5
-
39.4
38.7
40.9
40. 1
40.1
40.1
39.5
40.0
39.6
39.1
39.0
37.4
38.4
38.6
$1.25 $57.87
1.26 62. 56
1.27 65.83
1. 27 64.53
1.27 63. 43
1.27 61.93
1. 27 62.56
1.27 63.34
1.26 63.90
1.26 64. 06
1.26 61.23
1.27 59. 75
1.26 58. 97
1.26 58.03
60. 61
39.1
40.1
41.4
41.1
40.4
39.7
40.1
40.6
40.7
40.8
39.5
38.3
37.8
37.2
39.1
$1.48 $51.48
1.56 54.14
1.59 56.03
1. 57 55. 62
1.57 54. 95
1. 56 55. 22
1.56 55. 08
1.56 55.20
1.57 55. 75
1.57 53. 96
1. 55 53. 54
1.56 53.84
1.56 53.82
1.56 53.54
1.55 54.12
39.6
40.1
41.2
40.9
40.7
40.6
40.5
40.0
40.4
39.1
38.8
39.3
39.0
38.8
39.5
$1.30
1.35
1.36
1.35
1.36
1.36
1.36
1.38
1.38
1 38
1.3S
1.37
1.38
1.38
1.37
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
337
T able C - l : H o u r s a n d g ro ss e a r n in g s o f p r o d u c tio n w o rk e rs o r n o n s u p e r v is o r y e m p lo y e e s 1— C o n tin u e d
Manufacturing—Continued
Textile-mill products—Continued
Full-fashioned hosiery
Seamless hosiery
Knitting mills 1
Year and month
United States
Avg.
wkly. Avg.
earn wkly.
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
Avg.
w kly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
North
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn
ings
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
South
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
United States
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
North
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
1951: Average........... $47.10
36.8 $1.28 $56. 94
36.5 $1. 56 $58.16
35.9 $1.62 $55.80
37.2 $1.50 $37.17
35.4 $1.05 $41.20
37.8 $1.09
1952: Average............ 49.02
38.3
1.28 57. 61
37.9
1. 52 57. 00
37.5
1. 52 58.06
38.2
37.4
1. 52 40.39
1.08 43. 62
38.6
1.13
December____ 50.05
39.1
1.28 58. 67
38.6
1. 52 58.06
38.2
1.52 59. 28
39.0
1. 52 41.97
38.5
1.09 45.47
39.2
1.16
1953: January............ 49.02
38.0
1.29 57.38
37.5
1.53 57.29
37.2
1.54 57.68
37.7
1.53 40.77
37.4
1.09 44.23
37.8
1.17
Febniary......... 50.05
38.5
1.30 59. 44
38.6
1.54 58. 45
38.2
1.53 59.91
38.9
1.54 41.25
37.5
1.10 44. 81
38.3
1.17
M arch_______ 50.31
38.7
1.30 59. 36
38.8
1.53 58.60
38.3
1.53 60.13
39.3
37.5
1.53 41. 25
1.10 45.28
38.7
1.17
April________ 48.49
37.3
1.30 56. 46
36.9
1.53 66.61
37.0
1.53 56. 30
36.8
1.53 39. 63
35.7
1.11 45.16
38.6
1.17
M ay________
48.36
37.2
1.30 55. 75
36.2
1.54 56. 46
36.9
1.53 54.82
35.6
1. 54 39.60
36.0
1.10 44.81
38.3
1.17
June_________ 48. 38
37.5
1.29 54. 66
36.2
1.51 55.78
36.7
1.52 53.91
35.7
1.51 40.07
37.1
1.08 45.05
38.5
1.17
July................... 47. 62
37.2
1.28 54. 66
36.2
1. 51 55.72
36.9
1. 51 53. 40
35.6
36.5
1.09 44.01
1.50 39.79
37.3
1.18
August______
48.63
37.7
1.29 55.72
36.9
1.51 55.42
1. 51 56.02
36.7
37.1
1. 51 39.85
36.9
1.08 44.11
37.7
1.17
September___
46.80
1.30 53.00
36.0
35.1
1.51 53.70
35.8
1.50 52. 44
34.5
1.52 38. 37
35.2
1.09 42.69
36.8
1.16
October___ _
49.26
37.6
1.31 57.23
37.9
1.51 57.45
38.3
1.50 56.63
37.5
1.51 40.26
36.6
1.10 43.19
36.6
1.18
November___
37.2
48.73
1.31 57.98
38.4
1.51 59.43
1.52 56.70
39.1
37.8
1.50 39.93
36.3
1.10 41.07
35.1
1.17
December____ 48.84
37.0
1.32 58.14
38.5
1.51
36.4
40.40
1.11
Seamless hosiery—
Continued
Dyeing and finishing Dyeing and finishing Carpets, rugs, other
K n it outerwear
K n it underwear
textiles *
textiles (except wool)
floor coverings »
South
1951: Average......... $36.09
1952: Average............ 39.33
December____ 41.09
1953: January_____
39.91
February____
40.28
M arch_______ 40.18
April________
38.15
M a y ................. 38.23
June.................. 38.90
July-------------- 38. 84
August______
38.90
September___
37.24
October_____
39.53
November___
39.89
December____
34.7
37.1
38.4
37.3
37.3
37.2
35.0
35.4
36.7
36.3
36.7
34.8
36.6
36.6
$1.04 $47.23
1.06 49.14
1.07 50.69
1.07 49.02
1.08 49.79
1.08 50. 57
1.09 50.44
1.08 50.70
1.06 51.19
1.07 50. 25
1.06 52.65
1.07 49.28
1.08 53.68
1.09 52.58
51.61
38.4
39.0
39.6
38.3
38.3
38.9
38.5
38.7
38.2
37.5
39.0
36.5
38.9
38.1
37.4
$1.23 $42.78
1.26 45. 55
1.28 46. 77
1.28 46.32
1.30 47.19
1.30 46.80
1.31 45. 72
1.31 45.96
1.34 45. 22
1.34 44.96
1. 35 44. 96
1.35 45.01
1.38 44.65
1.38 42.11
1.38 41.85
37.2
38.6
39.3
38.6
39.0
39.0
38.1
38.3
38.0
38.1
38.1
37.2
36.9
34.8
34.3
$1.15 $56. 77
1.18 62. 58
1.19 66.44
1.20 64.78
1.21 64.90
1.20 63.12
1.20 62.10
1.20 60.79
1.19 63. 72
1.18 60. 64
1.18 60. 05
1.21 57.96
1.21 59.40
1.21 61.71
1.22 62. 27
39.7
42.0
44.0
42.9
42.7
41.8
41.4
40.8
42.2
40.7
40.3
38.9
39.6
40.6
40.7
$1.43 $56.23
1. 49 62.16
1. 51 66. 59
1.51 64.93
1.52 64.33
1. 51 62.40
1.50 61.54
1.49 60.24
1.51 63.15
1.49 60. 09
1.49 59. 79
1.49 57.87
1.50 59.15
1.52 61.76
1.53 62. 32
Wool carpets, rugs, and Hats (except cloth and Miscellaneous textile Felt goods (except woven
carpet yarn
millinery)
goods 1
felts and hats)
1951: Average............ $60.10
1952: Average........... 65. 74
December........ 71.93
1953: January_____
74.10
February.......
74. 52
M arch_______ 72.86
April________
70.53
M ay.................. 66.39
June.................. 66.91
July................... 66.39
August______
67.64
September___
66.43
October___ _ 67.34
November___
65.74
December____ 68.38
37.8
39.6
41.1
42.1
42.1
41.4
40.3
38.6
38.9
38.6
39.1
38.4
38.7
38.0
39.3
$1.59 $49. 87
1.66 53.20
1.75 56.70
1.76 57.66
1.77 57.87
1.76 57.13
1.75 51.80
1.72 55.65
1.72 57.83
1. 72 51.80
1.73 60.68
1.73 56.24
1.74 55.87
1.73 55.18
1.74 56.63
36.4
37.2
39.1
38.7
39.1
38.6
35.0
37.1
38.3
35.0
38.9
37.0
37.0
36.3
37.5
$1.37 $57.11
1.43 60.09
1.45 64.02
1.49 62.06
1.48 61.65
1.48 62.67
1.48 62.73
1.50 61.86
1.51 62. 47
1.48 62.58
1.56 62.68
1.52 62.31
1.51 62.62
1.52 61.60
1.51 62.12
40.5
40.6
42.4
41.1
41.1
41.5
41.0
40.7
41.1
40.9
40.7
40.2
40.4
40.0
40.6
$1.41 $66.24
1.48 67.70
1. 51 71. 72
1.51 69.80
1.50 71.38
1. 51 71.49
1.53 71.48
1.52 72.14
1. 52 70.86
1. 53 69.19
1. 54 68.34
1.55 71.62
1.55 71.81
1.54 72.10
1.53 71.10
Textile-mill products—Continued
Processed waste and
recovered fibers
1951: Average______ $49.49
42.3
1952: Average............ 51.24
42.7
December........ 53.68
44.0
1953: January............ 50.70
41.9
February____
43.1
51.72
M arch.............. 51.84
43.2
April_______
51.97
42.6
M ay________
52.83
43.3
J u n e............. .
51.91
42.9
July........... ....... 50.88
42.4
August______
51.73
42.4
September___
41.4
50. 51
October______ 51.24
42.0
November___
50.09
41.4
December____ 50.64
42.2
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Artificial leather, oil
cloth, and other
coated fabrics
$1.17 $69. 71
1.20 75.58
1.22 82. 59
1.21 79.30
1.20 77.09
1.20 82.26
1.22 81.81
1.22 77.51
1. 21 81. 45
1.20 80. 64
1.22 80.36
1.22 80.63
1.22 78.62
1.21 78.26
1.20 80.18
43.3
44.2
46.4
44.8
43.8
45.7
45.2
43.3
45.0
44.8
44.4
44.3
43.2
43.0
44.3
Lace goods
$1.60 $52.97
1.68 57.22
1.72 59.89
1.69 58.74
1.72 60. 21
1.69 61.46
1.71 62. 49
1.73 62.24
1. 72 63. 43
1.70 62.37
1.70 62.81
1.73 62.95
1.76 63.24
1.75 61.88
1.73 61.85
37.3
38.4
39.4
38.9
39.1
39.4
39.3
38.9
39.4
38.5
38.3
39.1
38.8
38.2
38.9
$1.42 $63.44
1. 48 68.23
1. 51 73.35
1.51 72.93
1.51 75. 25
1.50 72.83
1.49 71.45
1.48 68. 46
1.50 68. 74
1. 48 69.20
1.48 69.89
1.48 68.85
1.49 69.37
1.51 67.99
1.52 69.89
39.9
41.1
42.4
42.4
43.0
42.1
41.3
39.8
40.2
40.0
40.4
39.8
40.1
39.3
40.4
$1. 59
1.66
1.73
1.72
1.75
1.73
1.73
1.72
1. 71
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1. 73
Paddings and u p h o l
stery filling
$1.42 $58.15
1.49 64.17
1. 52 71.10
1.51 68. 73
1.54 64.43
1. 56 64. 43
1. 59 65.16
1.60 64.84
1.61 63. 24
1.62 65. 94
1.64 65. 93
1.61 63.86
1.63 66. 58
1.62 64.64
1.59 64.64
40.1
41.4
45.0
43.5
41.3
41.3
41.5
41.3
40.8
42.0
40.7
38.7
41.1
39.9
39.9
$1.45
1. 55
1. 58
1.58
1.56
1.56
1.57
1.57
1.55
1. 57
1.62
1.65
1.62
1.62
1.62
Apparel and other finished textile products
Cordage and twine
$1.61 $52. 26
1. 71 53.06
1. 78 55.62
1.77 52.80
1.76 54.14
1.80 54.14
1.81 53.19
1.79 52.92
1.81 53. 99
1.80 53. 72
1.81 53.99
1.82 53.19
1.82 52.90
1.82 52.11
1.81 53.19
41.4
40.3
41.7
41.3
41.5
42.3
41.8
41.7
41.2
40.7
40.2
41.4
40.8
41.2
41.1
39.6
42.0
44.1
43.0
42.6
41.6
41.3
40.7
42.1
40.6
40.4
39.1
39.7
40.9
41.0
40.2
39.6
41.2
39.4
40.1
40.1
39.4
39.2
39.7
39.5
39.7
39.4
38.9
38.6
39.4
Total: Apparel and M en’s and boys’ suits M en’s and boys’ fur
other finished tex
nishings and work
and coats
tile products
clothing >
$1.30 $46.31
1.34 47.45
1.35 48.86
1.34 48.81
1.35 49.98
1.35 49. 76
1.35 47.73
1.35 47.09
1.36 48.05
1.36 48.24
1. 36 49. 78
1.35 46.98
1.36 49.10
1.35 48.06
1.35 48.96
35.9
36.5
37.3
36.7
37.3
37.7
37.0
36.5
36.4
36.0
36.6
34.8
36.1
35.6
36.0
$1.29 $52.63
1.30 52.15
1.31 54.83
1.33 54. 96
1.34 57.30
1.32 59.13
1. 29 56.78
1.29 56.93
1.32 58. 67
1.34 57.41
1.36 60.59
1.35 57.35
1.36 58.64
1.35 57.64
1.36 59.04
35.8
35.0
36.8
36.4
37.7
38.9
37.6
37.7
36.9
36.8
37.4
35.4
36.2
35.8
36.9
$1.47 $38.16
1.49 40.50
1.49 41.47
1.51 40.66
1.52 41.31
1.52 41.86
1.51 41.58
1.51 41.03
1.59 41. 51
1.56 40. 96
1.62 41.78
1.62 40.68
1.62 41.84
1.61 40.70
1.60 40.47
36.0
37.5
38.4
37.3
37.9
38.4
37.8
37.3
37.4
36.9
37.3
36.0
36.7
35.7
35.5
$1.06
1.08
1.09
1.09
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.10
1.11
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.14
1.14
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1954
388
T
able
C - l : H o u r s a n d g ro ss e a r n in g s of p r o d u c tio n w o rk e rs o r n o n s u p e r v is o r y e m p lo y e e s 1— C o n tin u e d
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
A p p a r e l a n d o t h e r f in i s h e d t e x t i l e p r o d u c t s — C o n t i n u e d
Y ear a n d m o n th
Shirts, collars, and
nightwear
A vg.
w k ly
earn
in g s
1951: A v e r a g e ...........1952: A v e r a g e .............
D e c e m b e r _____
1953: J a n u a r y - .............
F e b r u a r y ______
M a r c h ........... ..
A p r i l — ...............
M a y ___________
J u n e ___________
J u l y -----------------A u g u s t ________
S e p t e m b e r ____
O c t o b e r .._
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r _____
$ 3 8 .0 9
39. 96
4 1 .8 0
4 0 .3 3
4 0 .8 2
4 1 .3 6
4 1 .4 2
40. 66
4 1 .7 8
4 1 .1 3
4 1 .5 5
4 1 .7 2
4 2 .9 8
4 2 .8 6
4 1 .2 7
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
3 5 .6
3 7 .0
3 8 .7
37 0
3 7 .8
3 8 .3
3 8 .0
3 7 .3
3 7 .3
3 6 .4
3 7 .1
3 6 .6
3 7 .7
3 7 .6
3 6 .2
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
$ 1 .0 7
1 .0 8
1 .0 8
1 .0 9
1 .0 8
1 .0 8
1 .0 9
1 .0 9
1 .1 2
1 .1 3
1 .1 2
1 .1 4
1 .1 4
1 .1 4
1 .1 4
Women’s suits, coals,
and skirts
1951: A v e r a g e .............1952: A v e r a g e _______
D e c e m b e r ..........
1953: J a n u a r y ............
F e b r u a r y ............
M a r c h ________
A p r i l ___________
M a y ___________
J u n e .......................
J u l y ........................
A u g u s t ________
S e p t e m b e r ____
O c t o b e r _______
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r _____
$ 6 3 .8 3
6 4 .9 4
6 8 .3 6
7 1 .1 0
7 1 .1 5
63. 77
5 4 .6 5
5 5 .0 2
62. 51
6 8 .3 4
6 8 .7 4
6 0 .5 0
6 2 .6 9
6 1 .4 6
6 6 .5 3
3 2 .9
3 3 .3
3 4 .7
3 5 .2
3 5 .4
3 2 .7
29. 7
2 9 .9
3 2 .9
3 4 .0
3 4 .2
3 0 .4
3 1 .5
3 1 .2
3 3 .6
$ 1 .9 4
1 .9 5
1 .9 7
2 .0 2
2 .0 1
1 .9 5
1 .8 4
1 .8 4
1 .9 0
2 .0 1
2. 01
1 .9 9
1 .9 9
1 .9 7
1 .9 8
Separate trousers
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
$ 4 0 .3 2
42. 86
43. 89
4 4 .3 9
4 4 .9 3
4 6 .1 0
45. 75
4 4 .9 3
4 6 .1 0
4 3 .6 6
4 4 .8 9
4 3 .3 2
4 4 .4 1
4 2 .9 4
4 4 .0 3
3 6 .0
3 7 .6
3 8 .5
3 8 .6
3 8 .4
3 9 .4
3 9 .1
3 8 .4
3 8 .1
3 7 .0
3 7 .1
3 5 .8
3 6 .4
3 5 .2
3 5 .8
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
$ 1 .1 2
1 .1 4
1 .1 4
1 .1 5
1 .1 7
1 .1 7
1 .1 7
1 .1 7
1 .2 1
1 .1 8
1 .2 1
1 .2 1
1 .2 2
1 .2 2
1 .2 3
W o m e n ’s a n d c h i l
d r e n ’s u n d e r g a r m e n t s 2
$ 4 1 .2 2
4 3 .6 2
4 4 .3 7
4 3 .6 6
4 4 .6 3
4 4 .8 6
44. 39
4 4 .0 4
44. 04
4 1 .5 4
43. 79
4 3 .0 8
4 5 .1 3
4 4 .7 7
44. 65
3 6 .8
3 7 .6
3 7 .6
3 7 .0
3 7 .5
3 7 .7
3 7 .3
3 6 .7
3 6 .7
3 5 .5
3 6 .8
3 6 .2
3 7 .3
3 7 .0
3 6 .6
$ 1 .1 2
1. 16
1 .1 8
1 .1 8
1 .1 9
1 .1 9
1 .1 9
1 .2 0
1 .2 0
1 .1 7
1 .1 9
1 .1 9
1 .2 1
1 .2 1
1 .2 2
Work shirts
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
$ 3 3 .2 0
3 5 .1 5
3 4 .6 8
33. 76
3 4 .7 8
3 5 .2 2
34. 96
3 4 .6 8
34. 76
3 4 .2 2
35 24
34. 31
3 2 .8 3
29. 95
32. 36
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
3 5 .7
3 7 .8
3 7 .7
3 6 .3
3 7 .8
3 8 .7
3 8 .0
3 7 .7
3 8 .2
3 7 .2
3 8 .3
3 6 .5
3 5 .3
3 2 .2
3 4 .8
W o m e n ’s o u t e r w e a r 1
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
$0. 93
.9 3
.9 2
.9 3
.9 2
.9 1
.9 2
.9 2
.9 1
.9 2
.9 2
.9 4
.9 3
.9 3
.9 3
Underwear and night
wear, except corsets
$39. 74
40. 92
4 1 .8 9
4 1 .1 0
4 2 .0 0
42. 22
41. 55
4 0 .7 7
4 1 .4 7
3 9 .2 9
4 1 .1 0
4 1 .0 2
4 3 .1 3
42. 55
4 1 .8 6
3 6 .8
3 7 .2
3 7 .4
36. 7
3 7 .5
3 7 .7
3 7 .1
3 6 .4
3 6 .7
3 5 .4
3 6 .7
3 6 .3
3 7 .5
3 7 .0
3 6 .4
$ 1 .0 8
1 .1 0
1 .1 2
1 .1 2
1 .1 2
1 .1 2
1 .1 2
1 .1 2
1 .1 3
1 .1 1
1 .1 2
1 .1 3
1 .1 5
1 .1 5
1 .1 5
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
$ 5 1 .1 6
5 2 .3 9
5 4 .3 0
54 93
5 5 .6 9
54. 45
5 1 .8 4
5 0 .3 4
50. 66
52. 59
54. 72
4 9 .2 5
5 1 .8 3
5 0 .9 6
5 3 .8 1
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
3 4 .8
3 5 .4
3 6 .2
3 5 .9
3 6 .4
3 6 .3
3 6 .0
3 5 .2
3 4 .7
3 4 .6
3 5 .3
3 2 .4
3 4 .1
3 4 .2
3 5 .4
$ 1 .4 7
1 .4 8
1 .5 0
1 .5 3
1 .5 3
1 .5 0
1 .4 4
1 .4 3
1. 46
1 .5 2
1 .5 5
1 .5 2
1 .5 2
1 .4 9
1 .5 2
Women’s dresses
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
$ 5 0 .5 4
5 1 .4 8
5 3 .5 1
52. 69
53. 34
54. 75
55. 78
5 2 .6 0
4 9 .1 6
4 8 .7 6
53. 45
4 9 .5 3
5 2 .0 2
5 1 .1 9
52. 65
Corsets and allied
garments
$ 4 3 .7 9
47. 24
4 8 .2 6
4 8 .1 3
4 8 .8 8
49. 52
49. 39
48. 73
47. 71
4 4 .5 0
47. 97
46. 57
4 8 .4 7
48. 34
4 8 .8 4
3 6 .8
3 8 .1
3 8 .0
3 7 .6
3 7 .6
3 7 .8
3 7 .7
3 7 .2
3 6 .7
3 5 .6
3 6 .9
3 6 .1
3 7 .0
3 6 .9
3 7 .0
$ 1 .1 9
1 .2 4
1. 27
1 .2 8
1 .3 0
1 .3 1
1 .3 1
1 .3 1
1. 30
1 .2 5
1 .3 0
1 .2 9
1 .3 1
1 .3 1
1 .3 2
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
3 5 .1
3 5 .5
3 6 .4
3 5 .6
3 5 .8
3 6 .5
3 6 .7
3 5 .3
3 3 .9
3 4 .1
3 5 .4
3 2 .8
3 4 .0
3 3 .9
3 5 .1
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
$ 1 .4 4
1 .4 5
1 .4 7
1 .4 8
1 .4 9
1 .5 0
1 .5 2
1 .4 9
1 .4 5
1 .4 3
1. 51
1 .5 1
1 .5 3
1 .5 1
1 .5 0
3 6 .0
3 6 .4
3 5 .8
37 6
4 0 .1
4 0 .4
3 4 .3
3 0 .0
3 2 .5
3 5 .7
3 8 .4
3 4 .2
3 6 .1
3 2 .9
3 5 .8
$ 1 .6 0
1 .6 1
1 .5 4
1 .6 3
1 .6 9
1 .6 5
1. 51
1 .4 8
1 .5 4
1 .6 4
1 .6 8
1 .7 0
1 .6 4
1 .5 5
1 .5 9
1951: A v e r a g e .......... ..
1952: A v e r a g e ...............
D e c e m b e r _____
1953: J a n u a r y _______
F e b r u a r y .. . . .
M a r c h _________
A p r i l . .................
M a y ......................
J u n e .................. ..
J u l y ____________
A u g u s t - . .............
S e p t e m b e r ____
O cto b e r .
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r ____
$ 4 2 .4 4
4 3 .1 5
4 5 .0 8
43. 52
4 4 .1 3
44. 72
44. 01
43. 54
44. 27
4 3 .0 7
45. 25
44. 41
4 6 .1 3
4 4 .9 0
4 4 .7 7
3 6 .9
3 7 .2
3 8 .2
3 7 .2
3 7 .4
3 7 .9
3 7 .3
3 6 .9
3 7 .2
3 6 .5
3 7 .4
3 6 .4
3 7 .5
3 6 .5
3 7 .0
$ 1 .1 5
1 .1 6
1 .1 8
1 .1 7
1 .1 8
1. 18
1 .1 8
1 .1 8
1 .1 9
1 .1 8
1 .2 1
1 .2 2
1 .2 3
1 .2 3
1 .2 1
O th e r f a b r ic a t e d t e x
t ile p r o d u c ts !
$ 4 4 .4 9
4 6 .4 6
4 8 .5 0
48. 26
47. 63
48. 64
47. 75
4 7 .3 8
4 8 .1 3
4 7 .3 7
47. 88
4 6 .8 6
4 9 .6 7
4 8 .5 0
4 7 .8 6
3 7 .7
3 8 .4
3 8 .8
3 8 .0
3 7 .8
3 8 .3
3 7 .6
3 7 .6
3 7 .6
3 7 .3
3 7 .7
3 6 .9
3 8 .5
3 7 .6
3 7 .1
$ 1 .1 8
1 .2 1
1 .2 5
1 .2 7
1 .2 6
1 .2 7
1 .2 7
1 .2 6
1 .2 8
1 .2 7
1 .2 7
1 .2 7
1 .2 9
1 .2 9
1 .2 9
Curtains, draperies,
and other housefurnishings
$ 3 9 .8 9
4 2 .6 7
4 3 .8 2
42. 55
4 2 .9 0
4 3 .8 2
42. 80
4 1 .6 1
4 1 .1 5
4 0 .1 8
42. 56
41. 92
4 3 .2 8
42. 52
4 1 .2 7
3 6 .6
3 8 .1
3 8 .1
3 7 .0
3 7 .3
38. 1
3 6 .9
3 6 .5
3 6 .1
3 6 .2
3 8 .0
3 7 .1
3 8 .3
3 7 .3
3 6 .2
$ 1 .0 9
1 .1 2
1 .1 5
1 .1 5
1 .1 5
1 .1 5
1 .1 6
1 .1 4
1 .1 4
1 .1 1
1 .1 2
1 .1 3
1 .1 3
1 .1 4
1 .1 4
Canvas products
Textile bags
$ 4 4 .9 3
4 7 .6 0
5 0 .0 4
49. 53
4 8 .0 1
48. 13
4 7 .8 8
4 9 .6 6
4 9 .1 3
49. 52
50. 30
49. 78
5 2 .2 7
49. 50
5 0 .8 1
3 8 .4
3 8 .7
3 9 .4
3 9 .0
3 7 .8
3 7 .6
3 7 .7
3 8 .2
3 7 .5
3 7 .8
3 8 .4
3 8 .0
3 9 .3
3 7 .5
3 8 .2
$ 3 8 .0 1
39. 96
4 0 .4 5
4 0 .0 2
4 0 .3 4
4 1 .6 9
40. 45
3 9 .7 4
39. 53
3 8 .4 5
3 8 .3 1
3 7 .3 7
3 9 .4 6
39. 53
4 0 .8 8
A vg.
w k ly
hours
3 6 .9
3 7 .7
3 7 .8
3 7 .4
3 7 .7
3 8 .6
3 7 .8
3 6 .8
3 6 .6
3 5 .6
3 5 .8
3 4 .6
3 6 .2
3 6 .6
3 7 .5
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
$ 1 .0 3
1 .0 6
1. 0 7
1 .0 7
1 .0 7
1 .0 8
1 .0 7
1 .0 8
1 .0 8
1 .0 8
1 .0 7
1 .0 8
1 .0 9
1 .0 8
1 .0 9
$ 4 1 .3 8
43. 52
43. 55
44 40
4 5 .5 0
44. 51
42. 46
4 3 .1 7
45. 26
45. 51
45. 50
4 2 .4 6
44. 76
4 4 .3 9
44. 52
3 6 .3
3 7 .2
36. 6
3 7 .0
3 7 .6
3 7 .4
3 6 .6
3 6 .9
3 7 .1
3 7 .0
3 6 .4
3 3 .7
3 6 .1
3 5 .8
3 5 .9
$ 1 .1 4
1 .1 7
1 .1 9
1 .2 0
1 .2 1
1 .1 9
1 .1 6
1 .1 7
1 .2 2
1 .2 3
1 .2 5
1 .2 6
1 .2 4
1 .2 4
1 .2 4
L um ber and
w ood
p r o d u c ts
(ex cep t
f u r n it u r e )
A p p a r e l a n d o t h e r f in i s h e d t e x t i l e p r o d u c t s — C o n t i n u e d
M is c e lla n e o u s a p p a r e l
a n d a c c e s s o r ie s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
C h i l d r e n ’s o u t e r w e a r
M illin e r y
$ 5 7 .6 0
5 8 .6 0
5 5 .1 3
6 1 .2 9
67. 77
66. 66
5 1 .7 9
4 4 .4 0
5 0 .0 5
58. 55
64. 51
5 8 .1 4
5 9 .2 0
5 1 .0 0
5 6 .9 2
Household apparel
$ 1 .1 7
1 .2 3
1 .2 7
1 .2 7
1 .2 7
1 .2 8
1 .2 7
1 .3 0
1. 31
1 .3 1
1 .3 1
1. 31
1 .3 3
1 .3 2
1 .3 3
$ 4 7 .1 2
4 9 .8 8
5 0 .3 0
5 0 .0 5
5 1 .2 2
49. 67
50. 70
52. 26
53. 32
5 2 .6 6
50. 30
4 9 .2 7
5 1 .2 2
50. 94
5 1 .5 9
3 9 .6
3 9 .9
3 9 .3
3 8 .8
3 8 .8
3 8 .5
3 9 .0
4 0 .2
4 0 .7
4 0 .2
3 8 .4
3 7 .9
3 8 .8
3 8 .3
3 8 .5
$ 1 .1 9
1 .2 5
1 .2 8
1 .2 9
1 .3 2
1 .2 9
1 .3 0
1 .3 0
1 .3 1
1 .3 1
1 .3 1
1 .3 0
1 .3 2
1 .3 3
1 .3 4
T o ta l: L u m b er a n d
w o o 3 p r o d u c t s (ex c e p t fu m it u re)
$59. 98
6 3 .4 5
6 5 .0 0
63. 09
6 3 .9 6
64. 21
6 5 .1 9
6 6 .1 0
67. 48
6 6 .3 4
66. 67
6 6 .3 3
6 7 .0 8
6 4 .9 6
6 3 .9 9
4 0 .8
4 1 .2
4 1 .4
4 0 .7
4 1 .0
4 0 .9
4 1 .0
4 0 .8
4 1 .4
4 0 .7
4 0 .9
4 0 .2
4 0 .9
4 0 .1
4 0 .5
$ 1 .4 7
1 .5 4
1 .5 7
1. 55
1 .5 6
1. 57
1 .5 9
1 .6 2
1 .6 3
1 .6 3
1 .6 3
1 .6 5
1 .6 4
1 .6 2
1 .5 8
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s ( e x c e p t f u r n it u r e ) — C o n t i n u e d
M illw o r k , p ly w o o d ,
and
p r e fa b r ic a te d
str u c tu r a l
w ood
p r o d u c ts s
Sawmills and planing mills, general
L o g g in g c a m p s a n d
co n tra cto rs
S a w m i l l s a n d p l a n in g
m ills *
W est
S o u th
U n it e d S ta te s
•
1951: A v e r a g e . .............
1952: A v e r a g e ...............
D e c e m b e r _____
1953: J a n u a r y _______
F e b r u a r y ______
M a r c h _________
A p r i l ___________
M a y ___________
J u n e .......................
J u l y -----------------A u g u s t ________
S e p t e m b e r ____
O c t o b e r . __ _
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r ____
$71. 53
7 7 .6 8
7 6 .6 3
76 19
7 7 .7 4
7 7 .1 8
79. 78
80. 55
84. 46
8 3 .8 4
7 8 .1 7
81. 97
7 7 .7 9
7 4 .6 9
7 0 .3 0
3 9 .3
4 1 .1
3 9 .5
4 0.1
4 0 .7
4 0 .2
3 9 .3
3 9 .1
4 0 .8
4 0 .5
3 8 .7
3 9 .6
3 8 .7
3 8 .5
3 7 .0
S e e f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f t a b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$ 1 .8 2
1 .8 9
1 .9 4
1 .9 0
1 .9 1
1 .9 2
2. 03
2 .0 6
2 .0 7
2 .0 7
2 .0 2
2 .0 7
2 .0 1
1 .9 4
1 .9 0
$ 5 9 .1 3
6 3 .2 4
6 4 .3 7
62 47
6 3 .3 4
6 3 .4 3
64. 71
65 .6 1
6 7 .1 6
6 5 .8 5
6 7 .4 0
6 7 .0 6
6 7 .4 0
6 4 .9 6
6 4 .8 7
4 0 .5
4 0 .8
4 1 .0
4 0 .3
4 0 .6
40. 4
4 0 .7
4 0 .5
4 1 .2
4 0 .4
4 1 .1
4 0 .4
4 1.1
4 0 .1
4 0 .8
$ 1 .4 6
1 .5 5
1. 57
1 .5 5
1 .5 6
1. 57
1 .5 9
1 .6 2
1 .6 3
1 .6 3
1 .6 4
1 .6 6
1 .6 4
1 .6 2
1 .5 9
$59. 54
6 3 .6 5
6 5 .0 3
63.11
63. 99
6 4 .0 8
65. 37
6 6 .4 2
6 7 .9 8
66. 66
6 8 .2 3
6 7 .8 7
6 8 .2 3
65. 76
6 5 .6 9
4 0 .5
4 0 .8
4 0 .9
4 0 .2
4 0 .5
4 0 .3
4 0 .6
4 0 .5
4 1 .2
4 0 .4
4 1 .1
4 0 .4
4 1 .1
4 0 .1
4 0 .8
$ 1 .4 7
1. 56
1 .5 9
1. 57
1 .5 8
1 .5 9
1 .6 1
1 .6 4
1. 65
1 .6 5
1 .6 6
1 .6 8
1 .6 6
1 .6 4
1.61
$ 4 1 .3 6
4 3 .0 3
44. 17
4 2 .4 2
4 2 .8 4
42. 53
43. 76
4 3 .1 6
4 3 .7 6
4 3 .9 8
4 4 .3 0
4 4 .0 8
4 5 .2 4
44. 20
4 2 .2
4 2 .6
4 3 .3
4 2 .0
4 2 .0
41. 7
4 2 .9
4 1 .9
4 2 .9
4 2 .7
4 2 .6
4 2 .8
4 3 .5
4 2 .5
$ 0 .9 8
1 .0 1
1 .0 2
1.01
1 .0 2
1 .0 2
1 .0 2
1 .0 3
1 .0 2
1 .0 3
1 .0 4
1 .0 3
1 .0 4
1 .0 4
$ 7 6 .0 4
81. 51
82. 22
80. 77
82. 26
82. 47
8 2 .6 4
8 4 .2 4
85. 46
8 3 .1 1
8 6 .3 3
8 5 .1 4
8 5 .0 6
82. 30
3 8 .6
3 9 .0
3 8 .6
38.1
3 8 .8
3 8 .9
3 8 .8
3 9 .0
3 9 .2
3 8 .3
3 9 .6
3 8 .7
3 9 .2
3 8 .1
$ 1 .9 7
2 .0 9
2 .1 3
2 .1 2
2 .1 2
2 .1 2
2 .1 3
2 .1 6
2 .1 8
2 .1 7
2 .1 8
2 .2 0
2 .1 7
2 .1 6
$ 5 4 .0 2
66. 94
69 .0 1
67. 65
6 9 .2 1
69. 63
6 9 .6 3
6 9 .8 9
6 9 .8 9
6 8 .3 1
6 8 .1 5
6 6 .4 7
69. 55
6 8 .5 4
68. 71
4 2 .4
4 2 .1
4 2 .6
41. 5
4 2 .2
42. 2
4 2 .2
4 2 .1
4 2 .1
4 1 .4
4 1 .3
3 9 .8
4 1 .4
4 0 .8
4 0 .9
$ 1 .5 1
1 .5 9
1 .6 2
1 .6 3
1 .6 4
1 .6 5
1 .6 5
1 .6 6
1 .6 6
1 .6 5
1 .6 5
1 .6 7
1 .6 8
1 .6 8
1 .6 8
C : EARNINGS AND HOURS
T
able
339
C - l : H o u r s a n d g ro ss e a r n in g s of p r o d u c tio n w o rk e rs o r n o n s u p e r v is o r y e m p lo y e e s 1— C o n tin u e d
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s ( e x c e p t f u r n it u r e ) — C o n t i n u e d
Millwork
Y ear a n d m o n th
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
1951: A v e r a g e _______
1952: A v e r a g e ...............
D e c e m b e r _____
1953: J a n u a r y _______
F e b r u a r y ..........
M a r c h _________
A p r i l ___________
M a y .......................
J u n e .................. ..
J u l y ____________
A u g u s t . . ...........S e p t e m b e r ____
O c t o b e r _______
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r _____
$61. 89
6 5 .8 3
6 8 .0 0
67. 30
6 8 .3 6
68. 36
6 8 .7 9
6 8 .8 8
6 9 .8 6
68. 72
68. 55
6 7 .2 3
6 9 .7 2
6 7 .4 9
6 7 .9 8
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
4 2 .1
4 2 .2
4 2 .5
4 1 .8
4 2 .2
4 2 .2
42 2
4 2 .0
4 2 .6
4 1 .9
4 1 .8
4 0 .5
4 2 .0
4 0 .9
4 1 .2
Plywood
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
$1. 47
1. 56
1 60
1 .6 1
1 .6 2
1 .6 2
1. 63
1 .6 4
1 .6 4
1 .6 4
1 .6 4
1 .6 6
1 .6 6
1 .6 5
1 .6 5
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
$ 6 8 .1 0
7 0 .6 2
7 2 .7 7
7 0 .9 5
7 3 .6 5
7 3 .6 8
73. 25
7 3 .1 8
7 2 .1 6
6 9 .8 9
6 9 .0 5
6 7 .6 0
69. 29
6 9 .4 3
7 1 .8 2
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
4 3 .1
4 2 .8
44. 1
43 0
4 4 .1
4 3 .6
4 3 .6
4 3 .3
4 2 .7
4 1 .6
4 1 .1
4 0 .0
4 1 .0
4 0 .6
4 2 .0
W o o d e n c o n t a in e r s >
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
$ 1 .5 8
1. 65
1 .6 5
1 .6 5
1 .6 7
1 .6 9
1 .6 8
1 .6 9
1 .6 9
1 .6 8
1 .6 8
1 .6 9
1 .6 9
1 .7 1
1 .7 1
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
$ 4 8 .8 5
5 0 .3 9
5 2 .9 5
5 1 .0 5
5 1 .4 1
5 1 .9 6
5 2 .2 5
5 1 .5 8
5 1 .8 8
5 1 .2 8
5 0 .7 8
4 9 .5 2
5 1 .1 8
5 0 .1 3
5 0 .6 3
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
4 1 .4
4 1 .3
4 2 .7
4 1 .5
4 1 .8
4 1 .9
4 1 .8
4 1 .6
4 1 .5
4 0 .7
4 0 .3
3 9 .3
4 0 .3
4 0 .1
4 0 .5
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
$ 1 .1 8
1 .2 2
1 .2 4
1 .2 3
1 .2 3
1 .2 4
1. 25
1 .2 4
1 .2 5
1 .2 6
1 .2 6
1 .2 6
1 .2 7
1 .2 5
1 .2 5
F u r n i t u r e a n d f ix t u r e s
Wooden boxes, other
than cigar
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
$49. 37
5 0 .8 2
54. 31
51. 85
5 1 .9 7
5 3 .2 0
53. 38
5 2 .5 8
5 2 .0 8
5 1 .2 5
5 0 .1 0
4 9 .0 0
5 0 .2 5
4 8 .8 3
4 9 .6 9
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
4 2 .2
4 2 .0
4 3 .8
4 2 .5
4 2 .6
4 2 .9
4 2 .7
4 2 .4
4 2 .0
4 1 .0
4 0 .4
3 9 .2
4 0 .2
3 9 .7
4 0 .4
$ 1 .1 7
1 .2 1
1. 24
1 .2 2
1 .2 2
1 .2 4
1. 25
1 .2 4
1 .2 4
1 .2 5
1 .2 4
1 .2 5
1 .2 5
1 .2 3
1 .2 3
M is c e lla n e o u s w o o d
p r o d u c ts
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
$51. 24
5 3 .6 3
5 5 .5 1
5 4 .2 1
5 4 .6 0
5 4 .8 9
5 5 .1 5
5 5 .4 4
5 5 .9 9
5 5 .0 6
55. 59
5 5 .3 5
5 6 .4 3
5 4 .9 5
5 5 .0 7
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
4 2 .0
4 1 .9
4 2 .7
4 1 .7
4 2 .0
4 1 .9
4 2 .1
4 2 .0
4 2 .1
4 1 .4
4 1 .8
4 1 .0
4 1 .8
4 0 .7
4 1 .1
$ 1 .2 2
1 .2 8
1 .3 0
1 .3 0
1 .3 0
1 .3 1
1 .3 1
1 .3 2
1. 33
1 .3 3
1 .3 3
1 .3 5
1 .3 5
1 .3 5
1 .3 4
T o ta l: F u r n itu r e
a n d f ix t u r e s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
$57. 27
6 0 .5 9
6 4 .6 3
62. 51
6 2 .6 7
6 3 .6 5
6 3 .1 9
6 2 .5 8
62. 73
60. 89
62. 58
6 2 .7 8
6 4 .1 2
6 3 .3 4
6 3 .9 0
4 1 .2
41. 5
4 2 .8
4 1 .4
4 1 .5
4 1 .6
4 1 .3
4 0 .9
4 1 .0
3 9 .8
4 0 .9
4 0 .5
4 1 .1
4 0 .6
4 0 .7
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
$ 1 .3 9
1. 46
1 .5 1
1 .5 1
1 .5 1
1 .5 3
1. 53
1 .5 3
1 .5 3
1 .5 3
1. 53
1 .5 5
1 .5 6
1 .5 6
1 .5 7
F u r n i t u r e a n d f ix t u r e s — C o n t i n u e d
1951: A v e r a g e _______
1952: A v e r a g e _______
D e c e m b e r ..........
1953: J a n u a r y _______
F e b r u a r y _____
M a r c h ________
A p r i l ___________
M a y ___________
J u n e ___________
J u l y ____________
A u g u s t _______
S e p t e m b e r ____
O c t o b e r _______
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r _____
H o u s e h o ld f u r n i t u r e 1
Wood household fur Wood householdfur
niture (except up niture, upholstered
holstered)
$ 5 5 .0 8
58. 93
63. 06
60. 30
6 1 .0 1
61. 57
6 1 .0 9
60. 24
6 0 .2 4
58. 21
6 0 .3 8
59. 90
6 1 .3 5
6 0 .3 0
6 0 .7 0
$50. 80
5 3 .3 8
56. 63
54. 50
5 5 .0 4
5 6 .2 8
55. 76
55. 74
55. 61
5 4 .4 0
5 5 .8 9
54. 41
5 6 .0 3
5 5 .0 8
5 4 .6 8
4 0 .8
4 1 .5
4 2 .9
4 1 .3
41. 5
4 1 .6
4 1 .0
4 0 .7
4 0 .7
3 9 .6
4 0 .8
4 0 .2
4 0 .9
4 0 .2
4 0 .2
$1. 35
1. 42
1. 47
1 .4 6
1 .4 7
1 .4 8
1. 49
1 .4 8
1 .4 8
1 .4 7
1 .4 8
1 .4 9
1 .5 0
1 .5 0
1 .5 1
4 1 .3
4 1 .7
4 2 .9
4 1 .6
4 1 .7
4 2 .0
4 1 .3
4 1 .6
4 1 .5
4 0 .9
4 1 .4
4 0 .3
4 1 .2
4 0 .5
4 0 .5
$ 1 .2 3
1 .2 8
1. 32
1 .3 1
1 .3 2
1 .3 4
1 .3 5
1 .3 4
1 .3 4
1 .3 3
1 .3 5
1 :3 5
1 .3 6
1 .3 6
1 .3 5
$5 8 .1 1
6 4 .5 8
71. 56
6 4 .8 7
6 6 .0 8
6 6 .9 8
6 6 .2 6
6 4 .4 8
64. 55
61. 56
6 3 .8 4
6 5 .3 6
6 7 .2 4
6 6 .2 6
6 7 .8 9
3 9 .8
4 1 .4
4 3 .9
4 0 .8
4 1 .3
4 1 .6
4 0 .9
3 9 .8
3 9 .6
3 8 .0
3 9 .9
4 0 .1
4 1 .0
4 0 .4
4 0 .9
$ 1 .4 6
1. 56
1 .6 3
1 .5 9
1 .6 0
1 .6 1
1. 62
1 .6 2
1 .6 3
1 .6 2
1 .6 0
1 .6 3
1 .6 4
1 .6 4
1 .6 6
Mattresses and bedsprings
$60. 45
64. 87
68. 22
68. 64
6 8 .3 9
67. 23
66. 33
6 4 .1 2
6 6 .0 7
6 4 .6 8
6 7 .4 0
6 6 .9 0
6 5 .5 1
6 3 .6 9
6 3 .0 8
4 0 .3
4 0 .8
4 1 .6
4 1 .1
4 1 .2
4 0 .5
4 0 .2
3 9 .1
3 9 .8
3 9 .2
4 0 .6
4 0 .3
3 9 .7
3 8 .6
3 8 .0
$ 1 .5 0
1 .5 9
1 .6 4
1 .6 7
1 .6 6
1 .6 6
1 .6 5
1 .6 4
1 66
1. 65
1 .6 6
1 .6 6
1 .6 5
1 .6 5
1 .6 6
F u r n i t u r e a n d f ix t u r e s — C o n t i n u e d
Mttal officefurniture
1951: A v e r a g e ..............
1952: A v e r a g e ...............
D e c e m b e r ..........
1953: J a n u a r y _______
F e b r u a r y _____
M a r c h _________
A p r i l ............ .........
M a y ..................
J u n e ....................
J u l y ____________
A u g u s t ............
S e p t e m b e r ____
JV
O cto b e r . . . . .
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r _____
$ 6 9 .1 4
72. 80
80. 59
7 7 .1 5
75. 58
76. 59
76. 59
74. 59
7 5 .0 3
7 2 .7 1
68. 81
7 9 .1 5
7 7 .9 3
77. 71
7 8 .1 2
41 9
4 1 .6
4 3 .8
4 1 .7
4 1 .3
4 1 .4
4 1 .4
4 0 .1
4 1 .0
3 9 .3
3 7 .6
4 2 .1
4 0 .8
4 0 .9
4 0 .9
$1. 65
1 .7 5
1 .8 4
1 .8 5
1 .8 3
1 .8 5
1 .8 5
1 .8 6
1 .8 3
1 .8 5
1 .8 3
1 .8 8
1 .9 1
1 .9 0
1 .9 1
S c r e e n s , b l in d s , a n d
m is c e ll a n e o u s f u r
n i t u r e a n d f ix t u r e s
$69. 06
7 1 .1 7
7 2 .9 1
7 2 .3 4
7 3 .0 3
7 3 .1 6
73. 51
7 3 .0 3
73. 03
70. 56
7 4 .9 3
73. 71
7 5 .8 1
7 6 .2 6
7 7 .1 9
$53. 43
5 7 .6 9
6 1 .9 2
6 1 .0 5
6 0 .9 0
6 1 .5 9
6 3 .3 4
6 2 .4 6
63. 33
6 1 .4 2
6 1 .2 7
6 1 .8 4
6 3 .1 5
6 3 .4 5
6 5 .3 3
$1. 66
1. 74
1 .7 4
1 .7 6
1 .7 9
1 .7 8
1 .7 8
1 .7 9
1 .7 9
1 .8 0
1 .8 1
1 .8 2
1 .8 4
1 .8 6
1 .8 6
4 1 .1
4 1 .5
4 3 .0
4 2 .1
4 2 .0
4 1 .9
4 2 .8
4 2 .2
4 2 .5
4 1 .5
4 1 .4
4 1 .5
4 2 .1
4 2 .3
4 2 .7
$1. 30
1 .3 9
1 .4 4
1 .4 5
1 .4 5
1 .4 7
1 .4 8
1 .4 8
1 .4 9
1 .4 8
1 .4 8
1 .4 9
1 .5 0
1 .5 0
1 .5 3
T o ta l: P a p e r a n d
a llie d p r o d u c ts
$65. 51
6 8 .9 1
7 2 .6 0
7 1 .5 5
7 1 .8 1
72. 31
7 1 .8 1
7 2 .2 4
72. 41
7 3 .4 4
7 3 .6 1
7 4 .3 0
7 3 .9 6
73. 79
7 3 .6 2
P a p e r a n d a l li e d p r o d u c t s — C o n t i n u e d
Paperboardboxes
1951: A v e r a g e _______
1952: A v e r a g e _______
D e c e m b e r _____
1 953: J a n u a r y . ____
F e b r u a r y _____
M arch
____ __
A p r i l ___________
M a y ___________
J u n e ___________
J u l v ....... ........... ..
A u g u s t ________
S e p t e m b e r ____
O c t o b e r _______
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r _____
$ 5 9 .9 2
6 4 .1 8
68. 67
65. 99
6 6 .4 1
67. 94
6 6 .6 8
6 7 .5 8
67. 73
6 6 .9 4
68. 75
6 8 .4 6
69. 23
6 8 .4 3
6 6 .0 8
4 1 .9
4 2 .5
4 4 .3
4 2 .3
4 2 .3
4 3 .0
4 2 .2
4 2 .5
4 2 .6
4 2 .1
4 2 .7
4 2 .0
4 3 .0
4 2 .5
4 1 .3
S e e f o o t n o t e s s t e n d ol t a b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$ 1 .4 3
1 .5 1
1 .5 5
1. 56
1 .5 7
1 .5 8
1 .5 8
1 .5 9
1. 59
1. 59
1. 61
1 .6 3
1 .6 1
1 .6 1
1 .6 0
Fiber cans, tubes,
and drums
$ 6 4 .8 4
6 5 .4 4
73. 61
70. 47
7 1 .3 2
72. 50
7 1 .5 7
69. 80
69. 55
71. 72
7 3 .0 2
7 3 .8 5
7 1 .1 4
7 1 .0 4
73. 96
41 3
4 0 .9
4 3 .3
4 2 .2
4 2 .2
4 2 .4
42. 1
4 1 .3
41. 4
4 1 .7
4 2 .7
4 2 .2
4 1 .6
4 1 .3
4 3 .0
$1. 57
1 .6 0
1 .7 0
1 .6 7
1 .6 9
1.71
1. 70
1 .6 9
1 .6 8
1. 72
1 .7 1
1 .7 5
1 .7 1
1 .7 2
1 .7 2
$66. .53
68. 36
73. 08
7 1 .1 5
7 0 .2 2
7 1 .4 0
71. 40
7 0 .5 5
70. 81
69. 26
6 9 .7 0
7 2 .6 6
7 2 .3 8
7 1 .6 2
7 2 .8 3
$62. 34
6 0 .8 6
60. 35
60. 75
6 2 .1 0
62. 51
6 1 .9 5
6 1 .9 5
60. 70
5 9 .2 8
6 2 .7 3
6 1 .0 5
6 1 .5 1
60. 74
6 1 .6 1
4 3 .2
4 2 .2
43. 5
4 2 .1
4 1 .8
4 2 .0
4 2 .0
4 1 .5
4 1 .9
4 0 .5
4 1 .0
4 2 .0
4 1 .6
4 1 .4
4 2 .1
$1. 54
1. 62
1 .6 8
1 .6 9
1 .6 8
1 .7 0
1 .7 0
1 .7 0
1 .6 9
1 .7 1
1 .7 0
1 .7 3
1 .7 4
1 .7 3
1 .7 3
4 3 .9
4 1 .4
4 0 .5
4 0 .5
4 1 .4
4 1 .4
4 1 .3
4 1 .3
4 0 .2
3 9 .0
4 1 .0
3 9 .9
4 0 .2
3 9 .7
4 0 .8
$ 1 .4 2
1. 47
1 .4 9
1 .5 0
1 .5 0
1 .51
1 .5 0
1 .5 0
1 .5 1
1. 52
1 .5 3
1 .5 3
1 .5 3
1 .5 3
1 .5 1
4 3 .1
4 2 .8
4 4 .0
4 3 .1
4 3 .0
4 3 .3
4 3 .0
4 3 .0
4 3 .1
4 3 .2
4 3 .3
4 2 .7
4 3 .0
4 2 .9
4 2 .8
$1. 52
1 .6 1
1 .6 5
1 .6 6
1 .6 7
1 .6 7
1. 67
1 .6 8
1 .6 8
1 .7 0
1 .7 0
1 .7 4
1 .7 2
1 .7 2
1 .7 2
P u lp , pap er, a n d
p a p e r b o a r d m ills
$71. 04
7 3 .6 8
7 7 .4 3
7 7 .0 0
77. 26
77. 44
7 7 .6 2
7 7 .4 4
7 8 .6 8
8 0 .1 0
7 9 .9 2
8 0 .8 5
7 9 .7 2
8 0 .0 8
80. 52
4 4 .4
4 3 .6
44. 5
4 4 .0
4 3 .9
4 4 .0
4 4 .1
4 4 .0
4 4 .2
4 4 .5
4 4 .4
4 3 .7
4 3 .8
4 4 .0
4 4 .0
$ 1 .6 0
1 .6 9
1 .7 4
1. 75
1 .7 6
1 .7 6
1 .7 6
1 .7 6
1 .7 8
1 .8 0
1 .8 0
1 .8 5
1 .8 2
1 .8 2
1 .8 3
Paperboard con
t a in e r s a n d b o x e s 1
$ 6 0 .1 9
6 4 .4 5
6 8 .9 5
6 6 .4 1
6 6 .8 3
6 8 .3 7
6 7 .1 0
6 7 .8 4
68. 00
6 7 .3 6
6 9 .1 7
6 8 .8 8
6 9 .5 0
6 8 .6 9
6 6 .8 2
4 1 .8
4 2 .4
4 4 .2
4 2 .3
4 2 .3
4 3 .0
4 2 .2
4 2 .4
4 2 .5
4 2 .1
4 2 .7
4 2 .0
4 2 .9
4 2 .4
4 1 .5
$ 1 .4 4
1 .5 2
1 .5 6
1 .5 7
1 .5 8
1 .5 9
1 .5 9
1 .6 0
1 .6 0
1 .6 0
1 .6 2
1. 64
1 .6 2
1 .6 2
1 .6 1
P r in tin g , p u b lis h in g , a n d a llie d in d u s tr ie s
O th e r p a p e r a n d
a l li e d p r o d u c t s
$59. 77
6 2 .4 0
6 5 .6 0
6 5 .3 6
6 4 .9 0
65. 68
65. 31
6 5 .3 1
6 4 .5 8
6 5 .3 1
65. 47
65. 57
6 5 .8 3
6 5 .1 9
6 6 . 30
Wood officefurniture
P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts
P a r t it io n s , s h e lv in g ,
l o c k e r s , a n d f ix t u r e s
4 1 .6
4 0 .9
4 1 .9
4 1 .1
4 0 .8
4 1 .1
4 1 .3
4 0 .8
4 0 .8
3 9 .2
4 1 .4
4 0 .5
4 1 .2
4 1 .0
4 1 .5
O ffic e , p u b l i c - b u i l d
in g , a n d
p r o fe s
s io n a l f u r n it u r e *
4 1 .8
4 1 .6
4 2 .6
4 1 .9
4 1 .6
4 2 .1
4 1 .6
4 1 .6
4 1 .4
4 1 .6
4 1 .7
4 1 .5
4 1 .4
4 1 .0
4 1 .7
$1. 43
1 .5 0
1. 54
1 .5 6
1 .5 6
1 .5 6
1. 57
1 .5 7
1 .5 6
1 .5 7
1 .5 7
1. 58
1 .5 9
1 .5 9
1 .5 9
T o ta l: P r in tin g
p u b lis h in g , a n d
a l li e d i n d u s t r i e s
$77. 21
8 1 .4 8
84. 93
8 3 .2 1
8 3 .7 6
85. 24
8 5 .1 9
8 5 .8 0
85. 36
8 4 .9 2
85. 97
8 6 .9 1
8 6 .7 5
8 6 .3 0
8«. 65
3 8 .8
3 8 .8
3 9 .5
3 8 .7
3 8 .6
3 9 .1
3 8 .9
3 9 .0
3 8 .8
3 8 .6
3 8 .9
3 8 .8
3 8 .9
3 8 .7
3 9 .4
$ 1 .9 9
2 .1 0
2 .1 5
2 .1 5
2 .1 7
2 .1 8
2 .1 9
2 .2 0
2 .2 0
2 .2 0
2. 21
2 .2 4
2 .2 3
2 .2 3
2. 95
P e r io d ic a l s
N ew sp ap ers
$ 8 3 .4 5
8 7 .1 2
91. 64
8 6 .3 8
8 7 .8 2
8 9 .2 8
9 1 .3 6
9 2 .8 5
92. 35
9 0 .3 6
90. 36
93. 03
9 2 .9 3
92. 31
96. 75
3 6 .6
3 6 .3
3 7 .1
3 5 .4
3 5 .7
3 6 .0
3 6 .4
3 6 .7
3 6 .5
3 6 .0
3 6 .0
3 6 .2
3 6 .3
3 6 .2
3 7 .5
$ 2 .2 8
2 .4 0
2. 47
2. 44
2 .4 6
2 .4 8
2. 51
2. 53
2. 53
2 .5 1
2. 51
2. 57
2 .5 6
2. 55
2 .5 8
$ 7 9 .2 0
8 3 .6 0
80. 73
8 3 .1 3
8 6 .8 0
87. 64
83. 92
83. 71
8 2 .6 8
85. 84
9 2 .6 2
9 6 .2 8
8 9 .4 7
8 6 .2 4
8 6 .1 5
39. S
4 0 .0
3 9 .0
3 9 .4
4 0 .0
4 0 .2
3 9 .4
3 9 .3
3 9 .0
4 0 .3
4 0 .8
4 1 .5
4 0 .3
3 9 .2
3 9 .7
$ 1 .9 9
2. 09
2. 07
2 .1 1
2 -1 7
2 .1 8
2 .1 3
2 .1 3
2 .1 2
2 .1 3
2. 27
2 .3 2
2 .2 2
2 .2 0
2 .1 7
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1954
340
T able C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees ^C ontinu ed
Manufacturing—Continued
P r i n t i n g , p u b l i s h i n g , a n d a l li e d i n d u s t r i e s — C o n t i n u e d
C o m m e r c ia l p r in tin g
Books
Y ea r a n d m o n th
L i t h o g r a p h in g
G r e e tin g c a r d s
B o o k b in d in g a n d re
la te d in d u s tr ie s
M is c e lla n e o u s p u b
lis h in g a n d p r in tin g
s e r v ic e s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
1951: A v e r a g e ----------- $ 6 7 .3 2
1952: A v e r a g e ............... 7 1 .2 4
D e c e m b e r .......... 7 3 .8 5
1953: J a n u a r y ............... 7 3 .0 5
F e b r u a r y ............ 7 1 .9 2
M a r c h ------------- 74. 77
A p r i l — ............. 7 4 .0 3
M a y ....................... 7 4 .9 9
J u n e ............. ......... 7 3 .4 5
J u l y ........................ 7 2 .3 5
A u g u s t ------------- 7 4 .9 6
S e p t e m b e r ____ 74. 80
7 3 .8 2
O c t o b e r _______
N o v e m b e r ____ 72. 93
D e c e m b e r _____ 7 5 .0 5
3 9 .6
3 9 .8
4 0 .8
3 9 .7
3 9 .3
4 0 .2
3 9 .8
4 0 .1
3 9 .7
3 8 .9
4 0 .3
4 0 .0
3 9 .9
3 9 .0
3 9 .5
$ 1 .7 0
1 .7 9
1 .8 1
1 .8 4
1 .8 3
1 .8 6
1 .8 6
1 .8 7
1 .8 5
1 .8 6
1 .8 6
1 .8 7
1 .8 5
1 .8 7
1 .9 0
$ 7 5 .2 0
8 0 .0 0
8 3 .6 4
8 2 .4 2
8 2 .1 9
8 3 .8 4
8 4 .0 2
8 3 .8 1
8 4 .0 0
8 3 .6 0
8 3 .8 1
8 4 .8 0
8 5 .6 3
8 5 .4 1
8 6 .8 8
4 0 .0
4 0 .2
4 0 .8
4 0 .4
3 9 .9
4 0 .5
4 0 .2
4 0 .1
4 0 .0
4 0 .0
4 0 .1
4 0 .0
4 0 .2
4 0 .1
4 0 .6
$ 1 .8 8
1 .9 9
2 .0 5
2 .0 4
2. 06
2 .0 7
2 .0 9
2 .0 9
2 .1 0
2 .0 9
2 .0 9
2 .1 2
2 .1 3
2 .1 3
2 .1 4
$ 7 5 .7 9
8 1 .6 1
8 3 .6 4
8 2 .3 7
8 4 .4 4
84. 24
85. 06
8 5 .0 7
8 5 .4 6
8 7 .3 4
86. 30
8 6 .7 1
8 5 .2 6
8 4 .4 4
84. 59
4 0 .1
4 0 .2
4 0 .8
3 9 .6
4 0 .4
4 0 .5
4 0 .7
4 0 .9
4 0 .5
4 1 .2
4 0 .9
4 0 .9
4 0 .6
4 0 .4
3 9 .9
$ 1 .8 9
2 .0 3
2 .0 5
2 .0 8
2 .0 9
2 .0 8
2 .0 9
2 .0 8
2 .1 1
2 .1 2
2 .1 1
2 .1 2
2 .1 0
2 .0 9
2 .1 2
$ 4 3 .4 7
4 5 .8 4
4 7 .0 9
4 7 .5 0
4 6 .6 2
48. 51
4 8 .6 3
4 8 .5 0
4 6 .7 5
4 5 .2 3
4 7 .0 0
4 7 .2 1
5 0 .9 5
5 0 .6 9
5 1 .9 5
3 7 .8
3 8 .2
3 8 .6
3 8 .0
3 7 .0
3 8 .2
3 7 .7
3 7 .6
3 7 .1
3 5 .9
3 7 .3
3 6 .6
3 8 .6
3 8 .4
3 8 .2
$ 1 .1 5
1 .2 0
1 .2 2
1. 25
1 .2 6
1 .2 7
1 .2 9
1 .2 9
1 .2 6
1 .2 6
1 .2 6
1 .2 9
1 .3 2
1 .3 2
1 .3 6
$62. 24
6 2 .3 3
66. 26
6 5 .9 3
6 5 .1 1
6 5 .7 6
65. 74
6 6 .6 3
6 6 .7 0
65. 86
66. 70
6 5 .6 9
6 6 .7 0
6 7 .3 2
69. 72
3 9 .9
3 9 .2
4 0 .4
4 0 .2
3 9 .7
4 0 .1
3 9 .6
3 9 .9
3 9 .7
3 9 .2
3 9 .7
3 9 .1
3 9 .7
3 9 .6
4 0 .3
$ 1 .5 6
1 .5 9
1 .6 4
1 .6 4
1 .6 4
1 .6 4
1 .6 6
1 .6 7
1 .6 8
1 .6 8
1. 68
1 .6 8
1 .6 8
1 .7 0
1 .7 3
$ 9 1 .4 2
9 8 .2 5
102. 51
1 0 2 .0 3
1 0 3 .3 6
106. 37
102. 56
1 0 1 .3 9
1 0 2 .8 3
1 0 3 .2 3
105. 73
1 0 6 .6 5
1 0 5 .8 6
104. 54
1 0 6 .4 0
3 8 .9
3 9 .3
4 0 .2
3 9 .7
3 9 .6
4 0 .6
3 9 .6
3 9 .3
3 9 .4
3 9 .4
3 9 .6
3 9 .5
3 9 .5
3 9 .3
4 0 .0
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
$ 2 .3 5
2 .5 0
2. 55
2. 57
2 .6 1
2. 62
2. 59
2 .5 8
2. 61
2 .6 2
2 .6 7
2 .7 0
2 .6 8
2 .6 6
2 .6 6
C h e m i c a l s a n d a l li e d p r o d u c t s
T o ta l: C h e m ic a ls a n d
a l li e d p r o d u c t s
1951: A v e r a g e .......... .. $ 6 7 .8 1
1952: A v e r a g e . ............. 7 0 .4 5
D e c e m b e r .......... 7 2 .9 8
1953: J a n u a r y ............... 7 2 .5 1
F e b r u a r y ........... 7 3 .1 0
M a r c h _________ 7 3 .8 7
A p r i l ___________ 7 4 .2 9
M a y ___________ 7 5 .1 2
J u n e . . . ............... 75. 35
J u l y ............... ......... 76. 78
A u g u s t ------------- 7 5 .8 5
S e p t e m b e r ____ 7 7 .6 1
7 5 .8 1
O c t o b e r _______
N o v e m b e r ____ 76. 59
D e c e m b e r _____ 7 7 .1 9
4 1 .6
4 1 .2
4 1 .7
4 1 .2
4 1 .3
4 1 .5
4 1 .5
4 1 .5
4 1 .4
4 1 .5
4 1 .0
4 1 .5
4 1 .2
4 1 .4
4 1 .5
$ 1 .6 3
1 .7 1
1 .7 5
1 .7 6
1 .7 7
1 .7 8
1 .7 9
1 .8 1
1 .8 2
1 .8 5
1 .8 5
1 .8 7
1 .8 4
1 .8 5
1 .8 6
I n d u s t r i a l i n o r g a n ic
c h e m ic a ls 1
$ 7 4 .8 8
7 7 .0 8
7 9 .8 7
7 9 .5 4
8 0 .3 6
80. 56
81. 56
8 1 .7 7
8 4 .0 0
83. 21
8 3 .2 3
85. 90
8 3 .2 3
8 4 .6 7
8 5 .7 0
3 9 .4
3 9 .8
3 9 .9
3 9 .6
3 9 .0
3 9 .8
3 9 .7
4 0 .1
4 0 .1
4 0 .1
3 9 .9
4 0 .0
3 8 .6
3 8 .9
4 0 .2
$ 1 .5 9
1 .6 7
1 .6 9
1 .7 0
1 .7 1
1 .7 3
1 .7 3
1 .7 3
1 .7 4
1. 78
1 .7 7
1 .8 8
1 .7 8
1 .7 8
1 .7 8
Paints, varnishes, lac
quers, and enamels
1951: A v e r a g e ----------- $ 6 7 .7 2
1952: A v e r a g e ----------- 7 0 .4 7
D e c e m b e r _____ 7 3 .1 8
1953: J a n u a r y ............... 7 2 .9 1
F e b r u a r y ............ 73. 67
M a r c h _________ 74. 76
A p r i l ___________ 75. 54
M a y ___________ 7 7 .6 5
J u n e ___________ 7 4 .7 6
J u l y ------------------- 7 4 .7 0
A u g u s t . ............... 73. 75
S e p t e m b e r ____ 7 3 .9 8
7 5 .1 7
O c t o b e r _______
N o v e m b e r ____ 7 5 .7 1
D e c e m b e r -------- 7 4 .9 8
4 1 .8
4 1 .7
4 2 .3
4 1 .9
4 1 .8
4 2 .0
4 2 .2
4 2 .9
4 2 .0
4 1 .5
4 1 .2
4 1 .1
4 1 .3
4 1 .6
4 1 .2
See footnotes at end of table,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$ 1 .6 2
1 .6 9
1 .7 3
1 .7 4
1 .7 6
1 .7 8
1 .7 9
1 .8 1
1 .7 8
1 .8 0
1 .7 9
1 .8 0
1 .8 2
1 .8 2
1 .8 2
$ 1 .8 0
1 .8 8
1 .9 2
1 .9 4
1 .9 6
1 .9 6
1 .9 7
1 .9 8
2 .0 0
2 .0 1
2. 04
2 .0 9
2 .0 5
2 .0 6
2 .0 7
$ 6 7 .7 7
7 0 .0 9
7 3 .1 2
7 1 .3 7
7 1 .0 0
73. 47
74. 07
7 3 .8 7
73. 53
7 6 .0 2
7 6 .0 2
7 7 .7 6
7 6 .0 4
7 7 .3 8
77. 78
4 0 .1
3 9 .6
4 0 .4
3 9 .0
3 8 .8
3 9 .5
3 9 .4
3 9 .5
3 8 .7
3 9 .8
3 9 .8
4 0 .5
3 9 .4
4 0 .3
4 0 .3
$ 7 4 .9 3
7 6 .5 2
7 9 .4 6
7 9 .2 7
7 9 .7 1
79. 90
8 1 .3 2
8 0 .7 5
8 7 .6 0
8 4 .6 4
8 3 .0 3
8 4 .8 6
8 1 .8 1
8 2 .6 2
8 4 .0 5
$ 1 .6 9
1 .7 7
1 .8 1
1 .8 3
1 .8 3
1 .8 6
1 .8 8
1 .8 7
1 .9 0
1 .9 1
1 .9 1
1 .9 2
1 .9 3
1 .9 2
1 .9 3
$ 6 2 .4 7
6 3 .4 4
6 4 .6 2
6 4 .1 2
68. 39
6 8 .0 6
6 8 .2 3
6 8 .0 6
6 6 .9 0
6 8 .2 8
6 8 .3 8
70.04
71.55
71.97
72.73
G um and w ood
c h e m ic a ls
$ 5 6 .5 5
5 9 .3 6
5 9 .8 6
62. 25
6 1 .0 9
6 1 .8 0
61. 65
6 4 .2 2
6 4 .0 2
6 6 .5 0
6 5 .1 4
6 9 .2 1
6 4 .8 3
6 5 .1 0
6 5 .4 1
4 2 .2
4 2 .1
4 1 .0
41. 5
4 1 .0
4 1 .2
4 1 .1
4 1 .7
4 1 .3
4 2 .9
4 2 .3
4 2 .2
4 2 .1
4 2 .0
4 2 .2
4 1 .4
4 0 .7
4 1 .6
4 1 .5
4 1 .3
4 1 .4
4 1 .7
4 1 .2
4 3 .8
4 1 .9
4 0 .9
4 0 .8
4 0 .5
4 0 .9
4 0 .8
$ 1 .8 1
1 .8 8
1 .9 1
1 .9 1
1 .9 3
1 .9 3
1 .9 5
1 .9 6
2 .0 0
2 .0 2
2. 03
2 .0 8
2 .0 2
2 .0 2
2 .0 6
I n d u s t r i a l o r g a n ic
c h e m ic a ls 1
$ 7 1 .9 8
7 5 .1 1
7 8 .2 8
7 7 .3 3
7 7 .3 8
7 9 .1 5
7 9 .7 6
7 9 .7 3
80. 36
8 1 .5 9
80. 79
8 4 .0 5
8 0 .6 0
8 1 .2 0
8 1 .8 1
4 0 .9
4 0 .6
4 1 .2
4 0 .7
4 0 .3
4 0 .8
4 0 .9
4 1 .1
4 1 .0
4 1 .0
4 0 .6
4 0 .8
4 0 .1
4 0 .4
4 0 .7
$ 1 .7 6
1 .8 5
1 .9 0
1 .9 0
1 .9 2
1 .9 4
1 .9 5
1 .9 4
1 .9 6
1 .9 9
1 .9 9
2 .0 6
2 .0 1
2 .0 1
2 .0 1
S o a p , c le a n i n g a n d
D r u g s a n d m e d i c i n e s p o lis h in g p r e p a r a tio n s J
Explosives
Synthetic fibers
1951: A v e r a g e _______ $62. 65
1952: A v e r a g e ............... 6 6 .4 7
D e c e m b e r _____ 6 7 .4 3
1953: J a n u a r y ............... 6 7 .3 2
F e b r u a r y ............ 6 6 .6 9
M a r c h _________ 6 8 .8 5
A p r i l ___________ 6 8 .6 8
M a y ...................... 6 9 .3 7
J u n e ........... ........... 69. 77
J u l y ____________ 7 1 .3 8
A u g u s t ________ 70. 62
S e p t e m b e r ____ 7 5 .2 0
O c t o b e r . _____ 68. 71
N o v e m b e r ____ 6 9 .2 4
D e c e m b e r ------- 7 1 .5 6
4 1 .6
4 1 .0
4 1 .6
4 1 .0
4 1 .0
4 1 .1
4 1 .4
4 1 .3
4 2 .0
4 1 .4
4 0 .8
4 1 .1
4 0 .6
4 1 .1
4 1 .4
Alkalies and chlorine
$ 1 .3 4
1 .4 1
1 .4 6
1 .5 0
1 .4 9
1 .5 0
1 .5 0
1 .5 4
1 .5 5
1. 55
1 .5 4
1 .6 4
1 .5 4
1 .5 5
1 .5 5
4 1 .1
3 9 .9
3 9 .4
3 9 .1
4 1 .2
4 1 .0
4 1 .1
4 1 .0
4 0 .3
4 0 .4
4 0 .7
4 1 .2
4 1 .6
4 1 .6
4 1 .8
$ 1 .5 2
1 .5 9
1 .6 4
1 .6 4
1 .6 6
1 .6 6
1 .6 6
1 .6 6
1 .6 6
1 .6 9
1 .6 8
1 .7 0
1 .7 2
1 .7 3
1 .7 4
4 2 .2
4 2 .6
4 2 .3
4 2 .0
4 2 .4
4 3 .7
4 4 .3
4 2 .7
4 1 .9
4 2 .2
4 1 .4
4 2 .0
4 1 .1
4 0 .7
4 1 .7
4 1 .7
4 1 .3
4 2 .2
4 1 .9
4 1 .9
4 1 .7
4 1 .1
4 0 .9
4 1 .0
4 0 .8
4 1 .5
4 1 .5
4 1 .0
4 1 .4
4 1 .0
$ 1 .7 0
1 .7 9
1 .8 5
1 .8 6
1 .8 7
1 .8 9
1 .8 9
1 .8 8
1 .8 8
1 .8 8
1 .9 1
1 .9 2
1 .9 4
1 .9 2
1 .9 4
V e g e ta b le a n d a n im a l
o i ls a n d f a t s *
F e r t i l iz e r s
$ 5 2 .3 3
5 6 .2 3
5 7 .5 3
5 7 .1 2
5 7 .2 4
59. 00
6 0 .6 9
6 0 .6 3
5 9 .0 8
5 9 .9 2
58. 79
6 0 .9 0
5 7 .9 5
5 6 .9 8
5 9 .6 3
$ 7 0 .8 9
7 3 .9 3
7 8 .0 7
7 7 .9 3
7 8 .3 5
7 8 .8 1
7 7 .6 8
7 6 .8 9
7 7 .0 8
7 6 .7 0
79. 27
7 9 .6 8
79. 54
7 9 .4 9
79. 54
$ 1 .2 4
1 .3 2
1 .3 6
1 .3 6
1 .3 5
1 .3 5
1 .3 7
1 .4 2
1 .4 1
1 .4 2
1 .4 2
1 .4 5
1 .4 1
1 .4 0
1 .4 3
$ 5 9 .3 4
6 1 .5 1
6 1 .5 7
6 1 .1 8
6 1 .7 4
6 2 .8 3
6 3 .3 5
6 5 .8 6
6 7 .4 9
6 7 .1 8
65. 97
65. 52
6 5 .3 5
6 6 .3 0
66. 41
4 6 .0
4 5 .9
4 7 .0
4 6 .0
4 5 .4
4 5 .2
4 4 .3
4 4 .2
44.4
4 4 .2
4 3 .4
4 6 .8
4 7 .7
4 7 .7
4 7 .1
$ 1 .2 9
1 .3 4
1 .3 1
1 .3 3
1 .3 6
1 .3 9
1 .4 3
1 .4 9
1 .5 2
1 .5 2
1 .5 2
1 .4 0
1 .3 7
1 .3 9
1 .4 1
Plastics, except syn
thetic rubber
$ 7 2 .6 6
7 6 .3 1
8 1 .2 2
8 0 .9 4
8 1 .1 3
8 1 .5 6
8 1 .9 4
8 3 .4 2
8 3 .8 5
8 2 .6 8
8 3 .9 2
8 4 .8 0
8 2 .3 5
8 3 .7 8
82. 74
4 2 .0
4 1 .7
4 3 .2
4 2 .6
4 2 .7
4 2 .7
4 2 .9
4 3 .0
4 3 .0
4 2 .4
4 2 .6
4 2 .4
4 1 .8
4 2 .1
4 2 .0
$ 1 .7 3
1 .8 3
1 .8 8
1 .9 0
1 .9 0
1 .9 1
1 .91
1 .9 4
1 .9 5
1 .9 5
1 .9 7
2 .0 0
1 .9 7
1 .9 9
1 .9 7
Soap and glycerin
$ 7 7 .1 9
8 1 .1 4
8 5 .0 6
8 5 .2 7
8 5 .2 8
8 6 .1 1
8 5 .2 8
8 4 .0 4
8 3 .8 4
83. 43
8 6 .3 1
8 7 .3 5
87. 54
87. 77
87. 97
4 1 .5
4 1 .4
4 1 .9
4 1 .8
4 1 .6
4 1 .4
4 1 .0
4 0 .6
4 0 .7
4 0 .5
4 1 .1
4 1 .4
4 1 .1
4 1 .4
4 1 .3
$ 1 .8 6
1 .9 6
2 .0 3
2 .0 4
2 .0 5
2 .0 8
2 .0 8
2 .0 7
2 .0 6
2 .0 6
2 .1 0
2 .1 1
2 .1 3
2 .1 2
2 .1 3
Vegetable oils
$ 5 5 .2 2
5 7 .0 7
5 6 .8 8
5 6 .7 3
5 6 .7 5
5 8 .1 1
58. 21
5 9 .6 2
62. 35
6 1 .9 2
6 0 .3 5
59. 72
6 1 .0 0
6 1 .9 8
6 2 .3 1
4 6 .4
4 6 .4
4 7 .4
4 6 .5
4 5 .4
4 5 .4
4 4 .1
4 3 .2
4 3 .3
4 2 .7
4 2 .2
4 7 .4
4 8 .8
4 8 .8
4 8 .3
$ 1 .1 9
1 .2 3
1 .2 0
1. 22
1 .2 5
1 .2 8
1 .3 2
1 .3 8
1 .4 4
1. 45
1 .4 3
1 .2 6
1 .2 5
1 .2 7
1 .2 9
Synthetic rubber
$ 7 8 .3 1
8 0 .2 0
8 5 .0 8
84. 04
8 5 .6 8
8 5 .8 6
86. 51
8 7 .3 4
8 6 .7 1
8 7 .9 1
88. 29
90. 50
8 6 .8 0
8 7 .4 2
88. 73
4 1 .0
4 0 .3
4 1 .1
4 0 .6
4 0 .8
4 0 .5
4 1 .0
4 1 .2
4 0 .9
4 0 .7
4 0 .5
4 0 .4
4 0 .0
4 0 .1
4 0 .7
$ 1 .9 1
1 .9 9
2 .0 7
2 .0 7
2 .1 0
2 .1 2
2 .1 1
2 .1 2
2 .1 2
2 .1 6
2 .1 8
2 .2 4
2 .1 7
2 .1 8
2 .1 8
P a in t s , p ig m e n ts , a n d
fille r s 1
$68. 55
7 1 .3 8
7 4 .2 7
73. 57
74. 64
75. 42
7 6 .0 2
7 8 .3 2
7 6 .2 0
7 6 .3 1
74. 98
7 6 .4 1
76. 54
76.73
76. 36
4 1 .8
4 1 .5
4 2 .2
4 1 .8
4 1 .7
4 1 .9
4 2 .0
4 2 .8
4 2 .1
4 1 .7
4 1 .2
4 1 .3
4 1 .6
4 1 .7
4 1 .5
$ 1 .6 4
1 .7 2
1 .7 6
1 .7 6
1 .7 9
1 .8 0
1 .8 1
1 .8 3
1 .8 1
1 .8 3
1 .8 2
1 .8 5
1 .8 4
1 .8 4
1 .8 4
Animal oils and fats
$ 6 8 .4 0
7 0 .3 4
7 3 .7 6
71. 84
7 3 .3 9
7 3 .0 2
7 3 .0 2
7 5 .4 1
7 5 .2 8
7 3 .9 2
7 4 .1 3
7 6 .3 2
7 5 .4 8
7 5 .8 2
7 4 .4 8
4 5 .0
4 4 .8
4 6 .1
4 4 .9
4 5 .3
4 4 .8
4 4 .8
4 5 .7
4 5 .9
4 6 .2
4 5 .2
4 5 .7
4 5 .2
4 5 .4
4 4 .6
$ 1 .5 2
1 .5 7
1 .6 0
1 .6 0
1 .6 2
1 .6 3
1 .6 3
1 .6 5
1 .6 4
1 .6 0
1 .6 4
1 .6 7
1 .6 7
1 .6 7
1 .6 7
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T
able
341
C - l : H o u r s a n d g ro s s e a rn in g s of p r o d u c tio n w o rk e rs o r n o n s u p e r v is o r y e m p lo y e e s 1— C o n tin u e d
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
P r o d u c ts o f p e tr o le u m a n d coal
C h e m i c a l s a n d a l li e d p r o d u c t s — C o n t i n u e d
Y ea r a n d m o n th
M is c e lla n e o u s
c h e m i c a ls >
Essential oils,
perfumes, cosmetics
Compressed and
liquified gases
T o ta l: P r o d u c ts of
p e tr o le u m a n d co a l
P e t r o le u m r e fin in g
C o k e a n d o th er p e
tr o le u m a n d co a l
p r o d u c ts
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
1951: A v e r a g e .......... .. $ 6 3 .5 0
6 5 .3 5
1952: A v e r a g e _______
D e c e m b e r _____ 68. 06
1953: J a n u a r y _______ 6 8 .3 9
F e b r u a r y ______ 68. 88
M a r c h _________ 69. 38
A p r i l ___________ 68. 95
M a y ___________ 68. 95
69. 70
J u n e _________
J u l y ......................... 6 9 .6 0
69. 77
A u g u s t ______
S e p t e m b e r ------- 70. 76
O cto b e r .
7 1 .1 7
N o v e m b e r ____ 7 1 .4 0
D e c e m b e r _____ 7 0 .8 2
4 1 .5
4 1 .1
4 1 .5
4 1 .2
4 1 .0
4 1 .3
4 0 .8
4 0 .8
4 1 .0
4 0 .7
4 0 .8
4 0 .9
4 0 .9
4 0 .8
4 0 .7
$ 1 .5 3
1. 59
1. 64
1 .6 6
1 .6 8
1 .6 8
1 .6 9
1 .6 9
1 .7 0
1 .7 1
1 .7 1
1. 73
1 .7 4
1 .7 5
1 .7 4
$51. 74
54. 49
56. 09
5 6 .1 2
55. 54
5 7 .1 8
5 6 .8 3
5 6 .9 2
57. 37
5 6 .1 7
5 7 .3 0
58. 26
6 0 .7 4
6 0 .4 4
5 9 .6 5
3 8 .9
3 9 .2
3 9 .5
3 8 .7
3 8 .3
3 8 .9
3 8 .4
3 8 .2
3 8 .5
3 7 .7
3 8 .2
3 9 .1
3 9 .7
3 9 .5
3 9 .5
$1. 33
1 .3 9
1 .4 2
1 .4 5
1 .4 5
1 .4 7
1. 48
1 .4 9
1 .4 9
1 .4 9
1 .5 0
1 .4 9
1 .5 3
1 .5 3
1 .5 1
$72. 42
73. 92
7 7 .1 1
76. 62
8 0 .6 5
79. 95
79. 38
78. 73
7 9 .3 8
8 1 .1 8
8 1 .7 5
83. 57
8 1 .0 2
80. 67
8 0 .1 0
4 2 .6
4 2 .0
4 2 .6
4 2 .1
4 2 .9
4 2 .3
4 2 .0
4 2 .1
4 2 .0
4 2 .5
4 2 .8
4 3 .3
4 2 .2
4 1 .8
4 1 .5
$1. 70
1 .7 6
1 .8 1
1 .8 2
1 .8 8
1 .8 9
1. 89
1 .8 7
1 .8 9
1 .9 1
1 .9 1
1 .9 3
1 .9 2
1 .9 3
1 .9 3
$80. 98
84. 85
8 8 .1 0
8 8 .1 0
8 7 .4 5
87. 89
8 8 .2 9
8 9 .6 0
88. 94
9 2 .3 2
9 2 .0 6
9 4 .1 2
9 1 .8 0
92. 62
9 1 .7 6
4 0 .9
4 0 .6
4 0 .6
4 0 .6
4 0 .3
4 0 .5
4 0 .5
4 1 .1
4 0 .8
4 1 .4
4 1 .1
4 1 .1
4 0 .8
4 0 .8
4 0 .6
$ 1 .9 8
2 .0 9
2 .1 7
2 .1 7
2 .1 7
2 .1 7
2 .1 8
2 .1 8
2 .1 8
2 .2 3
2 .2 4
2. 29
2. 25
2. 27
2. 26
$84. 66
88. 44
9 2 .3 4
9 1 .9 4
9 1 .0 3
9 1 .7 1
9 1 .8 8
92. 57
9 1 .9 4
9 6 .0 0
9 5 ,0 0
97. 68
94. 71
9 6 .4 6
9 5 .8 2
4 0 .7
4 0 .2
4 0 .5
4 0 .5
4 0 .1
4 0 .4
4 0 .3
4 0 .6
4 0 .5
4 1 .2
4 0 .6
4 0 .7
4 0 .3
4 0 .7
4 0 .6
$2. 08
2. 20
2. 28
2. 27
2. 27
2. 27
2 .2 8
2. 28
2. 27
2 .3 3
2 .3 4
2. 40
2. 35
2 .3 7
2 .3 6
$69. 39
73. 74
74. 62
75. 44
75, 62
7 5 .3 0
76. 45
7 9 .4 8
78. 58
80. 60
82. 60
83. 07
8 1 .8 3
7 8 .7 2
7 7 .3 6
4 1 .8
4 1 .9
4 1 .0
4 1 .0
4 1 .1
4 0 .7
4 1 .1
4 2 .5
4 1 .8
4 2 .2
4 2 .8
42. 6
4 2 .4
4 1 .0
4 0 .5
1951: A v e r a g e _______ $68. 61
1952: A v e r a g e ............... 7 4 .4 8
D e c e m b e r .......... 7 9 .1 9
7 8 .0 9
1953: J a n u a r y _______
7 9 .3 0
February—
M a r c h _________ 8 0 .2 9
A p r i l ___________ 79. 32
M a y ___________ 7 8 .1 8
J u n e ___________ 78. 55
J u l y ____________ 78. 98
7 6 .8 1
A u g u s t ............ ..
S e p t e m b e r ____ 74. 88
O cto b e r . _
7 5 .0 7
N o v e m b e r ____ 7 6 .0 3
D e c e m b e r _____ 7 5 .4 6
4 0 .6
4 0 .7
4 1 .9
4 1 .1
4 1 .3
4 1 .6
4 1 .1
4 0 .3
4 0 .7
4 0 .5
3 9 .8
3 9 .0
3 9 .1
3 9 .6
3 9 .1
$1. 69
1 .8 3
1 .8 9
1 .9 0
1 .9 2
1 .9 3
1 .9 3
1 .9 4
1 .9 3
1 .9 5
1 .9 3
1 .9 2
1 .9 2
1 .9 2
1 .9 3
O th e r r u b b e r
p ro d u c ts
T i r e s a n d in n e r
tu b e s
$78. 01
8 5 .6 5
90. 42
8 9 .2 4
9 1 .8 0
9 3 .8 3
9 1 .5 8
9 1 .3 0
8 9 .2 0
9 0 .4 5
87. 58
83. 54
8 3 .1 6
85. 58
8 2 .4 3
3 9 .6
4 0 .4
4 1 .1
4 0 .2
4 0 .8
4 1 .7
4 0 .7
4 0 .4
4 0 .0
4 0 .2
3 9 .1
3 7 .8
3 7 .8
3 8 .9
3 7 .3
$1. 97
2 .1 2
2 .2 0
2. 22
2. 25
2. 25
2. 25
2 .2 6
2. 23
2. 25
2. 24
2. 21
2 .2 0
2. 20
2. 21
$57. 81
62. 22
66. 49
6 4 .9 6
6 7 .5 7
67. 57
6 7 .8 2
60. 31
68. 06
68. 64
65. 53
64. 24
6 2 .8 6
6 3 .5 7
66. 00
$ 1 .6 6
1 .7 6
1 .8 2
1 .8 4
1 .8 4
1 .8 5
1 .8 6
1 .8 7
1 .8 8
1 .9 1
1 .9 3
1 .9 5
1 .9 3
1 .9 2
1 .9 1
L ea th er a n d lea th e r p r o d u c ts
R u b b e r p r o d u c ts
T o ta l: R u b b e r
p ro d u cts
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
4 1 .0
4 0 .4
4 1 .3
4 0 .1
4 1 .2
4 1 .2
4 1 .1
3 7 .0
4 1 .0
4 1 .1
4 0 .2
3 9 .9
3 8 .8
3 9 .0
4 0 .0
$1. 41
1 .5 4
1 .6 1
1 .6 2
1 .6 4
1 .6 4
1 .6 5
1 .6 3
1. 66
1 .6 7
1 .6 3
1. 61
1 .6 2
1 .6 3
1 .6 5
$ 6 3 .1 9
66. 58
72. 33
7 1 .7 4
7 1 .0 6
7 1 .7 2
71. 21
70. 93
7 1 .2 8
7 0 .6 4
7 0 .3 0
69. 65
7 0 .7 0
7 0 .7 0
7 1 .6 9
4 1 .3
4 1 .1
4 2 .8
4 2 .2
4 1 .8
4 1 .7
4 1 .4
4 1 .0
4 1 .2
4 0 .6
4 0 .4
3 9 .8
4 0 .4
4 0 .4
4 0 .5
$1. 53
1 .6 2
1 .6 9
1 .7 0
1 .7 0
1 .7 2
1 .7 2
1 .7 3
1 .7 3
1 .7 4
1 .7 4
1 .7 5
1 .7 5
1 .7 5
1 .7 7
T o ta l L e a th e r an d
le a th e r p r o d u c ts
$46. 86
5 0 .6 9
5 3 .4 6
5 3 .0 6
5 3 .1 9
53. 84
5 1 .7 9
5 1 .6 1
5 2 .3 3
5 1 .8 2
5 1 .7 9
48. 99
4 9 .6 8
49. 54
5 1 .6 5
3 6 .9
3 8 .4
3 9 .6
3 9 .3
3 9 .4
3 9 .3
3 7 .8
3 7 .4
3 8 .2
3 8 .1
■37.8
35. 5
3 6 .0
3 5 .9
3 7 .7
$ 1 .2 7
1 .3 2
1. 35
1 .3 5
1 .3 5
1 .3 7
1. 37
1 .3 8
1 .3 7
1 .3 6
1 .3 7
1 .3 8
1 .3 8
1 .3 8
1 .3 7
L e a th e r : ta n n e d ,
c u r r ie d , a n d f i n i s h e d
$60. 61
64. 48
69. 22
67. 70
67. 70
6 7 .0 3
67. 60
6 9 .1 9
69. 26
6 8 .4 6
69. 03
67. 86
6 7 .9 9
6 8 .3 8
6 9 .0 8
3 9 .1
3 9 .8
4 1 .2
4 0 .3
4 0 .3
3 9 .9
4 0 .0
4 0 .7
4 0 .5
3 9 .8
3 9 .9
3 9 .0
3 9 .3
3 9 .3
3 9 .7
$1. 55
1 .6 2
1. 68
1 .6 8
1 .6 8
1 .6 8
1 .6 9
1 .7 0
1 .7 1
1 .7 2
1 .7 3
1 .7 4
1 .7 3
1 .7 4
1 .7 4
L e a th e r a n d lea th e r p r o d u c ts— C o n tin u e d
I n d u s t r ia l le a th e r
b e ltin g a n d p a c k in g
1951: A v e r a g e _______
1952: A v e r a g e _______
D e c e m b e r _____
1953: J a n u a r y _______
F e b r u a r y ______
M a r c h _________
A p r i l ___________
M a y ___________
J u n e ___________
J u ly ...
______
A u g u s t ------------S e p t e m b e r ____
O cto b e r .
__ _
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r ..........
$64. 50
6 4 .1 2
67. 31
6 9 .2 3
7 0 .0 9
7 1 .9 4
6 8 .2 2
6 7 .3 9
64. 88
6 3 .6 8
68. 72
67. 90
66. 50
66. 02
7 2 .4 1
4 3 .0
4 1 .1
4 2 .6
4 3 .0
4 3 .0
4 3 .6
4 1 .6
4 1 .6
4 0 .3
3 9 .8
4 1 .9
4 1 .4
4 0 .8
4 0 .5
4 3 .1
$1. 50
1 .5 6
1. 58
1 .6 1
1 .6 3
1 .6 5
1 .6 4
1 .6 2
1 .6 1
1 .6 0
1 .6 4
1 .6 4
1 .6 3
1 .6 3
1 .6 8
B o o t an d sh oe cu t
s t o c k a n d f in d in g s
$46. 25
49. 40
5 1 .7 3
5 1 .3 5
5 1 .2 2
5 1 .3 5
5 0 .2 9
4 9 .3 7
5 1 .7 4
50. 95
50. 67
47. 22
4 7 .4 4
48. 20
5 1 .9 9
3 7 .6
3 8 .9
4 0 .1
3 9 .5
3 9 .4
3 9 .2
3 8 .1
3 7 .4
3 8 .9
3 8 .6
3 8 .1
3 5 .5
3 5 .4
3 5 .7
3 8 .8
$1. 23
1 .2 7
1 .2 9
1 .3 0
1 .3 0
1 .3 1
1 .3 2
1 .3 2
1 .3 3
1 .3 2
1 .3 3
1 .3 3
1 .3 4
1 .3 5
1 .3 4
F o o tw e a r (ex cep t
rubber)
$ 4 4 .2 8
48. 26
5 1 .0 9
5 1 .4 8
5 1 .6 1
5 2 .0 0
4 9 .1 0
4 8 .8 1
49. 90
49. 65
4 9 .2 4
4 5 .4 1
4 5 .6 7
45. 54
4 9 .1 0
36 0
3 8 .0
3 9 .3
3 9 .3
3 9 .4
3 9 .1
3 7 .2
3 6 .7
3 7 .8
3 7 .9
3 7 .3
3 4 .4
3 4 .6
3 4 .5
3 7 .2
H a n d b a g s a n d sm a ll
le a th e r g o o d s
$1. 23
1. 27
1. 30
1 .3 1
1 .3 1
1 .3 3
1 .3 2
1 .3 3
1 .3 2
1.31
1 .3 2
1 .3 2
1 .3 2
1 .3 2
1 .3 2
$53. 72
56. 84
6 1 .1 7
5 7 .3 4
5 6 .1 6
59. 28
58. 75
5 7 .6 0
55. 57
5 6 .2 6
5 5 .7 3
58. 65
5 9 .4 9
5 7 .5 7
5 1 .5 5
3 9 .5
4 0 .6
4 1 .9
4 0 .1
3 9 .0
4 0 .6
4 0 .8
4 0 .0
3 7 .8
3 8 .8
3 8 .7
3 9 .1
3 9 .4
3 8 .9
3 4 .6
$ 1 .3 6
1 .4 0
1. 46
1 .4 3
1 .4 4
1 .4 6
1. 44
1 .4 4
1 .4 7
1 .4 5
1 .4 4
1. 50
1 .5 1
1 .4 8
1 .4 9
$43. 59
4 5 .0 8
46. 05
4 5 .3 6
4 8 .0 9
48. 31
4 5 .8 7
4 4 .0 4
4 6 .3 6
45. 99
4 7 .4 8
44. 65
4 8 .3 8
4 9 .1 3
48. 75
3 7 .9
3 8 .2
3 8 .7
3 7 .8
3 9 .1
3 9 .6
3 7 .6
3 6 .4
3 8 .0
3 7 .7
3 8 .6
3 6 .3
3 8 .7
3 9 .3
3 9 .0
$ 1 .1 5
1 .1 8
1 .1 9
1 .2 0
1 .2 3
1 .2 2
1 .2 2
1 .2 1
1 .2 2
1 .2 2
1 .2 3
1. 23
1 .2 5
1 .2 5
1 .2 5
G lo v e s a n d m is c e lla n e o u s le a th e r g o o d s
$42. 67
4 4 .1 5
45. 01
4 3 .9 2
44. 28
4 4 .0 3
4 4 .7 7
4 3 .9 2
4 4 .1 7
4 2 .8 3
4 4 .1 7
42. 94
44. 53
4 4 .4 1
4 4 .6 5
3 7 .1
3 7 .1
3 7 .2
3 6 .3
3 6 .9
3 7 .0
3 7 .0
3 6 .3
36. 5
3 5 .4
3 6 .5
3 5 .2
3 6 .5
3 6 .4
3 6 .9
$ 1 .1 5
1 .1 9
1 .2 1
1 .2 1
1 .2 0
1 .1 9
1 .2 1
1 .2 1
1 .2 1
1 .2 1
1 .2 1
1. 22
1 .2 2
1 .2 2
1 .2 1
S t o n e , c la y , a n d g la s s p r o d u c t s
1951: A v e r a g e .......... .. $ 6 3 .9 1
1952: A v e r a g e . . ........... 6 6 .1 7
D e c e m b e r _____ 69. 31
1953: J a n u a r y . ............. 68. 21
F e b r u a r y ______ 69. 29
M a r c h ____ __ . 70. 21
A p r i l ....... .............. 7 0 .2 8
7 0 .8 6
M a y _____ _____
J u n e ___________ 70. 69
J u l y ____________ 70. 58
A u g u s t ________ 7 1 .5 1
S e p t e m b e r ____ 7 1 .1 0
7 2 .1 0
O cto b e r . _
N o v e m b e r ___ 7 1 .0 5
D e c e m b e r _____ 71. 6.3
4 1 .5
4 1 .1
4 1 .5
4 0 .6
4 1 .0
4 1 .3
4 1 .1
4 1 .2
4 1 .1
4 0 .8
4 1 .1
4 0 .4
4 1 .2
4 0 .6
4 0 .7
S e e fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .
289400—54——7
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1. 54
1 .6 1
1. 67
1 .6 8
1 .6 9
1 .7 0
1 .7 1
1 .7 2
1 .7 2
1 .7 3
1 .7 4
1. 76
1 .7 5
1 .7 5
1 .7 6
Pressed and blown
glass
G la s s a n d g la s s w a r e ,
p r e sse d or b lo w n
T o ta l: S to n e , c la y ,
a n d g ia s s p r o d u c t s
1
$83. 85
86. 05
95. 71
9 9 .5 3
9 S .1 8
9 8 .4 7
97. 63
1 0 1 .5 2
95. 65
96. 46
9 4 .6 4
91. 72
95. 75
9 8 .3 3
9 8 .0 9
4 0 .9
4 0 .4
4 0 .9
4 1 .3
4 1 .6
4 1 .9
4 1 .9
4 2 .3
4 0 .7
4 0 .7
4 0 .1
3 8 .7
4 0 .4
4 0 .8
4 0 .7
$ 2 .0 5
2 .1 3
2 .3 4
2 .4 1
2. 36
2 .3 5
2. 33
2. 40
2. 35
2 .3 7
2 .3 6
2 .3 7
2 .3 7
2 .4 1
2 .4 1
$59. 20
6 2 .0 9
65. 53
6 4 .1 5
66. 23
67. 80
6 7 .8 9
6 8 .4 6
68. 40
6 7 .0 8
6 8 .4 6
69. 17
6 9 .0 8
7 0 .1 3
6 9 .4 2
4 0 .0
3 9 .8
4 0 .7
3 9 .6
3 9 .9
4 0 .6
3 9 .7
3 9 .8
4 0 .0
3 9 .0
3 9 .8
3 9 .3
3 9 .7
3 9 .4
3 9 .0
$ 1 .4 8 $60. 55
1. 56
63 12
1 .6 1
6 7 .0 8
6 5 .3 4
1 .6 2
1 .6 6
66. 63
69 05
1 .6 7
1 .7 1
70. 58
1 .7 2
7 1 .4 6
7 1 .2 3
1. 71
1 .7 2
67. 73
1 .7 2
7 1 .1 5
68. 89
1. 76
1 .7 4
7 0 .8 0
7 2 .0 9
1 .7 8
1 .7 8
7 1 .7 8
4 0 .1
3 9 .7
4 0 .9
3 9 .6
3 9 .9
4 1 .1
4 0 .1
4 0 .6
4 0 .7
3 8 .7
4 0 .2
3 8 .7
4 0 .0
4 0 .5
4 0 .1
$1 51
1. 59
1 .6 4
1 .6 5
1 .6 7
1 .6 8
1. 76
1 .7 6
1 .7 5
1 .7 5
1 .7 7
1 .7 8
1 .7 7
1 .7 8
1 .7 9
$57. 46
60. 89
63. 59
6 2 .4 1
65. 27
66. 40
64. 68
64. 57
6 4 .9 1
6 5 .8 0
6 4 .8 5
69. 20
6 6 .8 1
6 7 .8 2
6 6 .1 8
3 9 .9
3 9 .8
40. 5
3 9 .5
3 9 .8
40 0
3 9 .2
3 8 .9
3 9 .1
3 9 .4
3 9 .3
4 0 .0
3 9 .3
3 8 .1
3 7 .6
G la s s p r o d u c t s m a d e
o f p u r c h a s e d g la s s
$1. 44 $ 5 3 .1 9
1. 53
5 6 .3 0
63. 22
1 .5 7
1 .5 8
6 0 .0 6
1 .6 4
6 0 .2 0
1 .6 6
6 1 .1 7
59. 57
1 .6 5
1 .6 6
5 9 .1 8
1 .6 6
58. 75
1 .6 7
5 7 .2 8
1 .6 5
59. 71
1. 73
5 8 .9 0
1 .7 0
60. 74
1 .7 8
6 0 .9 8
6 1 .2 4
1 .7 6
4 0 .6
4 0 .8
4 3 .9
4 2 .0
4 2 .1
4 1 .9
4 0 .8
4 1 .1
4 0 .8
3 9 .5
4 0 .9
3 9 .8
4 1 .6
4 1 .2
4 1 .1
$ 1 .3 1
1 .3 8
1 .4 4
1 .4 3
1 .4 3
1 .4 6
1. 46
1 .4 4
1. 44
1 .4 5
1 .4 6
1. 48
1 .4 6
1 .4 8
1 .4 9
342
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1954
T able C - l : H o u r s a n d g ro ss e a rn in g s of p r o d u c tio n w o rk e rs o r n o n s u p e r v is o r y e m p lo y e e s 1— C o n tin u e d
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
S t o n e , c la y , a n d g la s s p r o d u c t s — C o n t i n u e d
C e m e n t , h y d r a u l ic
Y ea r a n d m o n th
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
1951: A v e r a g e _______
1952: A v e r a g e . .............
D e c e m b e r ____
1953: J a n u a r y ______
F e b r u a r y ____
M a r c h ...............
A p r i l ________ M a y ........... ...........
J u n e ___________
J u l y ____________
A u g u s t ________
S e p t e m b e r ____
O cto b e r .
_
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r _____
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
$65. 21
67. 72
7 1 .2 3
7 0 .9 7
70. 55
7 1 .4 0
7 1 .2 3
7 2 .3 8
7 3 .9 9
76. 26
7 5 .1 8
77. 75
74. 82
72. 75
7 3 .4 6
4 1 .8
4 1 .8
4 1 .9
4 1 .5
4 1 .5
4 2 .0
4 1 .9
4 1 .6
4 1 .8
4 1 .9
4 2 .0
4 1 .8
4 1 .8
4 1 .1
4 1 .5
$ 1 .5 6
1 .6 2
1 .7 0
1 .7 1
1 .7 0
1 .7 0
1 .7 0
1 .7 4
1 .7 7
1 .8 2
1 .7 9
1 .8 6
1 .7 9
1 .7 7
1. 77
P o tte r y a n d
r e la t e d p r o d u c t s
1951: A v e r a g e . ..........
1952: A v e r a g e ______
D e c e m b e r .. ..
1953: J a n u a r y ______
F e b r u a r y .........
M a r c h _________
A p r i l __________
M a v ___________
J u n e ..................
J u l y ____________
A u g u s t ______ .
S e p t e m b e r ____
O c t o b e r _______
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r _____
$57. 91
6 1 .1 5
63 .1 1
62. 65
63. 96
64. 35
62. 87
6 1 .9 2
6 1 .0 9
60. 76
60. 06
6 0 .2 3
6 3 .2 0
6 2 .0 4
6 0 .9 2
3 8 .1
3 8 .7
3 9 .2
3 8 .2
3 9 .0
3 9 .0
3 8 .1
3 7 .3
3 6 .8
3 6 .6
3 6 .4
3 6 .5
3 8 .3
3 7 .6
3 6 .7
$ 1 .5 2
1 .5 8
1 .61
1 .6 4
1 .6 4
1.6,'
1. 65
1 .6 6
1 .6 6
1 .6 6
1 .6 5
1 .6 5
1 .6 5
1 .6 5
1 .6 6
Brick and
hollowtile
S tr u c tu r a l c la y
p r o d u c ts *
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
$ 6 0 .0 3
6 0 .0 9
6 1 .8 1
6 0 .2 8
6 1 .0 5
62. 37
63. 09
6 3 .2 4
6 4 .7 4
6 5 .4 1
65. 83
6 5 .3 7
66. 56
6 5 .9 2
6 5 .1 9
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
4 1 .4
4 0 .6
4 0 .4
3 9 .4
3 9 .9
4 0 .5
40. 7
4 0 .8
4 1 .5
4 1 .4
4 1 .4
4 0 .6
4 1 .6
4 1 .2
4 1 .0
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
$ 1 .4 5
1 .4 8
1 .5 3
1 .5 3
1 .5 3
1 .5 4
1. 55
1 .5 5
1 .5 6
1 .5 8
1 .5 9
1 .0 1
1 .6 0
1 .6 0
1 .5 9
C o n crete, g y p s u m ,
a n d p la s te r p r o d
u cts *
$68. 25
70. 65
72. 45
6 9 .1 2
70. 79
7 0 .6 3
72. 32
7 1 .8 8
73. 54
7 3 .3 7
75. 71
7 4 .2 1
7 6 .3 7
7 3 .0 8
7 4 .1 9
4 5 .2
4 5 .0
4 5 .0
4 3 .2
4 3 .7
4 3 .6
44. 1
4 4 .1
4 4 .3
4 4 .2
4 4 .8
4 3 .4
44.4
4 3 .5
4 3 .9
$1.51
1 .5 7
1 .61
1 .6 0
1 .6 2
1 .6 2
1 .6 4
1 .6 3
1 .6 6
1 .6 6
1 .6 9
1 .7 1
1 .7 2
1 .6 8
1 .6 9
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
$ 5 7 .9 2
58. 51
5 8 .8 0
5 6 .3 0
5 7 .1 3
59. 50
60. 92
6 0 .3 5
6 2 .6 4
6 2 .3 5
63. 36
6 2 .6 0
64. 96
6 3 .4 9
6 2 .9 0
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
4 2 .9
42. 4
4 2 .0
4 0 .8
4 1 .4
4 2 .2
4 2 .6
4 2 .2
4 3 .2
4 3 .0
4 3 .1
4 2 .3
4 3 .6
4 2 .9
4 2 .5
Floor and
wall tile
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
$1. 35
1 .3 8
1 .4 0
1 .3 8
1 .3 8
1 .41
1 .4 3
1 .4 3
1 .4 5
1 .4 5
1. 47
1 .4 8
1 .4 9
1 .4 8
1 .4 8
Concreteproducts
$ 6 7 .5 0
70. 22
7 1 .8 7
67. 82
69. 64
6 9 .6 4
7 1 .1 6
7 1 .1 6
72. 82
7 1 .7 2
74. 70
7 1 .8 1
7 4 .9 3
7 1 .0 1
7 2 .6 0
4 5 .0
4 5 .3
4 5 .2
4 3 .2
4 3 .8
4 3 .8
4 4 .2
4 4 .2
44.4
4 4 .0
4 5 .0
4 3 .0
4 4 .6
4 3 .3
4 4 .0
$ 1 .5 0
1 .5 5
1 .5 9
1. 57
1 .5 9
1 .5 9
1. 61
1 .6 1
1 .6 4
1 .6 3
1 .6 6
1 .6 7
1 .6 8
1 .6 4
1 .6 5
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
$60. 25
6 2 .6 4
64. 87
6 5 .2 0
65. 44
6 6 .3 3
66. 40
66. 80
6 7 .9 7
6 8 .6 4
67. 97
68. 28
69. 77
68. 71
68. 06
1951: A v e r a g e ______
1952: A v e r a g e _____
D e c e m b e r ____
1953: J a n u a r y ______
F e b r u a r y _____
M a r c h ________
A p r i l __________
M a y ___________
J u n e .......................
J u l y ........................
A u g u s t .................
S e p t e m b e r ____
O c t o b e r _______
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r _____
$69. 44
7 1 .5 7
74. 21
7 2 .5 8
72. 91
7 5 .0 8
76. 72
7 8 .0 4
77. 43
7 7 .5 1
7 6 .8 0
7 7 .4 1
7 8 .1 4
7 7 .0 4
75. 71
4 3 .4
4 2 .6
4 3 .4
4 2 .2
4 1 .9
4 2 .9
43. 1
4 3 .6
4 3 .5
4 3 .3
4 2 .2
4 2 .3
4 2 .7
4 2 .1
4 1 .6
$ 1 .6 0
1 .6 8
1 .7 1
1 .7 2
1 .7 4
1 .7 5
1 .7 8
1 .7 9
1 .7 8
1. 79
1 .8 2
1 .8 3
1 .8 3
1 .8 3
1 .8 2
Nonday refractories
$66. 78
6 5 .7 0
69. 91
7 1 .9 6
74. 65
71. 20
72. 36
7 1 .0 0
6 8 .3 5
7 0 .7 2
7 2 .0 0
7 3 .1 6
7 0 .6 9
6 9 .5 4
7 4 .4 0
3 8 .6
3 6 .3
3 6 .6
3 6 .9
3 7 .7
3 6 .7
3 7 .3
3 6 .6
3 5 .6
3 5 .9
3 6 .0
3 6 .4
3 5 .7
3 5 .3
3 7 .2
$ 1 .7 3
1 .8 1
1 .9 1
1 .9 5
1 .9 8
1 .9 4
1. 94
1 .9 4
1 .9 2
1 .9 7
2. 00
2 .0 1
1 .9 8
1 .9 7
2 .0 0
3 9 .9
3 9 .9
3 9 .8
4 0 .0
3 9 .9
4 0 .2
4 0 .0
4 0 .0
4 0 .7
4 1 .1
4 0 .7
4 0 .4
4 0 .8
4 0 .9
4 1 .0
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
$1 .5 1
1 .5 7
1 .6 3
1 .6 3
1 .6 4
1 .6 5
1 .6 6
1 .6 7
1 .6 7
1 .6 7
1 .6 7
1 .6 9
1.71
1 .6 8
1 .6 6
C u t-sto n e a n d
sto n e p r o d u c ts
$58. 93
6 0 .0 1
6 2 .0 2
6 0 .8 5
6 2 .1 7
62. 27
6 2 .8 8
6 4 .9 0
6 4 .1 7
6 4 .0 2
65. 57
63. 71
6 5 .6 0
6 4 .2 2
65. 57
S to n e , c la y , a n d g la ss p r o d u c ts — C o n .
Asbestos products
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
Sewer pipe
4 1 .5
4 1 .1
4 0 .8
4 0 .3
4 0 .9
4 0 .7
4 1 .1
4 1 .6
4 1 .4
4 1 .3
4 2 .3
4 1 .1
4 2 .6
4 1 .7
4 2 .3
$ 1 .4 2
1 .4 6
1 .5 2
1 .5 1
1 52
1. 53
1 .5 3
1. 56
1 .5 5
1 .5 5
1 .5 5
1 .5 5
1 .5 4
1 .5 4
1 .5 5
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
$ 5 8 .1 5
5 9 .9 8
6 3 .0 4
59. 59
6 0 .6 8
6 2 .8 1
64. 08
64. 88
6 6 .0 1
6 6 .9 1
66. 02
6 4 .9 4
6 6 .9 1
6 7 .1 6
6 4 .4 8
4 0 .1
3 9 .2
3 9 .9
3 8 .2
3 8 .9
39 5
4 0 .3
4 0 .3
4 1 .0
4 1 .3
4 0 .5
3 9 .6
4 0 .8
4 0 .7
3 9 .8
Clay refractories
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
$ 1 .4 5
1 .5 3
1 .5 8
1 .5 6
1 .5 6
1 .5 9
1 .5 9
1 .6 1
1 .6 1
1 .6 2
1 .6 3
1 .6 4
1 .6 4
1 .6 5
1 .6 2
M is c e lla n e o u s n o n m e ta llic
m in e r a l
p r o d u c ts *
$68 46
69. 83
72. 92
7 3 .1 6
7 3 .6 2
7 4 .2 9
7 4 .5 7
7 5 .3 0
7 3 .6 7
7 3 .3 5
7 4 .3 4
7 4 .7 4
7 4 .1 5
7 3 .0 5
7 5 .1 4
4 2 .0
4 0 .6
4 1 .2
4 1 .1
4 0 .9
41. 5
4 1 .2
4 1 .6
4 0 .7
4 0 .3
40.
40.4
4 0 .3
3 9 .7
4 0 .4
$ 1 .6 3
1 .7 2
1.77
1 .7 8
1 .8 0
1 .7 9
1. 81
1 .8 1
1 .8 1
1 .8 2
1 .8 4
1. 85
1 .8 4
1 .8 4
1 .8 6
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
$63. 76
6 1 .6 0
6 4 .6 4
63. 41
64. 43
65. 32
6 4 .2 8
65. 28
6 6 .1 3
6 8 .2 0
69. 63
6 9 .1 7
6 9 .0 9
6 8 .0 2
6 9 .0 9
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
4 0 .1
3 8 .5
3 7 .8
3 7 .3
3 7 .9
3 8 .2
3 7 .8
3 8 .4
3 8 .9
3 8 .1
3 8 .9
3 7 .8
3 8 .6
3 8 .0
3 8 .6
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
$ 1 .5 9
1 .6 0
1 .7 1
1 .7 0
1 70
1.7 1
1. 70
1 .7 0
1 .7 0
1 .7 9
1 .7 9
1 .8 3
1 .7 9
1 .7 9
1 .7 9
Abrasive products
$72. 28
7 3 .4 5
8 1 .6 7
8 1 .0 6
8 0 .5 4
8 2 .8 8
8 1 .5 1
82. 52
79. 59
7 8 .0 1
7 9 .2 0
7 6 .0 4
77. 62
78. 21
7 8 .8 0
4 1 .3
3 9 .7
42 .1
4 2 .0
4 1 .3
4 2 .5
4 1 .8
4 2 .1
4 0 .4
3 9 .6
3 9 .8
3 8 .6
3 9 .2
3 9 .3
3 9 .8
$ 1 .7 5
1 .8 5
1 .9 4
1 .9 3
1 .9 5
1 .9 5
1. 95
1 .9 6
1 .9 7
1 .9 7
1 .9 9
1. 97
1 .9 8
1 .9 9
1 .9 8
P r i m a r y m e t a l I n d u s t r ie s
T o ta l: P r im a r y
m e t a l I n d u s t r ie s
$ 7 5 .1 2
77. 33
8 4 .0 2
84. 65
83. 21
84. 23
8 3 .2 2
8 3 .8 4
8 4 .8 7
8 5 .0 7
8 5 .2 8
85. 63
8 3 .8 2
82. 59
8 2 .1 8
4 1 .5
4 0 .7
4 1 .8
41. 7
4 1 .4
4 1 .7
4 1 .2
4 1 .3
4 1 .4
4 0 .9
4 1 .0
4 0 .2
4 0 .3
3 9 .9
3 9 .7
$1.81
1 .9 0
2 .0 1
2 .0 3
2. 01
2 .0 2
2 .0 2
2 .0 3
2 .0 5
2 .0 8
2. 08
2 .1 3
2 .0 8
2 .0 7
2 .0 7
B la s t fu rn a ces, s te e l
w o r k s , a n d r o ll i n g
m ills *
$77. 30
7 9 .6 0
86. 51
8 9 .0 1
8 5 .8 9
85. 89
8 4 .6 3
86. 72
87. 53
8 9 .7 6
9 0 .2 0
9 0 .8 0
8 8 .0 4
8 6 .3 7
8 4 .4 6
4 0 .9
4 0 .0
4 1 .0
4 1 .4
4 0 .9
4 0 .9
4 0 .3
4 1 .1
4 0 .9
4 0 .8
4 1 .0
4 0 .0
4 0 .2
3 9 .8
3 9 .1
$ 1 .8 9
1 .9 9
2 .1 1
2 .1 5
2 .1 0
2 .1 0
2 .1 0
2 .1 1
2 .1 4
2. 20
2 .2 0
2. 27
2 .1 9
2 .1 7
2 .1 6
Blast furnaces, steel
works, and rolling Electrometallurgical
mills, except electro
products
metallurgical prod
ucts
$77. 30
7 9 .6 0
86. 51
89.0 1
8 5 .8 9
8 5 .8 9
8 4 .6 3
86. 72
8 7 .5 3
8 9 .7 6
9 0 .2 0
9 0 .8 0
8 8 .0 4
8 6 .3 7
8 4 .4 6
40 9
40 0
4 1 .0
4 1 .4
4 0 .9
4 0 .9
4 0 .3
4 1 .1
4 0 .9
4 0 .8
4 1 .0
4 0 .0
4 0 .2
3 9 .8
3 9 .1
$ 1 .8 9
1 .9 9
2.11
2 .1 5
2 .1 0
2 .1 0
2 .1 0
2 .1 1
2 .1 4
2 .2 0
2 .2 0
2 .2 7
2 .1 9
2 .1 7
2 .1 6
$74. 46
7 6 .0 4
7 9 .8 7
8 0 .2 9
80. 51
79. 30
7 9 .1 0
7 9 .9 5
7 9 .9 5
8 3 .8 2
8 1 .7 9
8 5 .7 0
77. 62
79. 59
8 0 .1 8
4 1 .6
4 1 .1
4 1 .6
4 1 .6
4 1 .5
4 1 .3
4 1 :2
4 1 .0
4 1 .0
4 1 .7
4 1 .1
4 1 .6
3 9 .6
4 0 .4
4 0 .7
$ 1 .7 9
1 .8 5
1 .9 2
1 .9 3
1 .9 4
1 .9 2
1 92
1 .9 5
1 .9 5
01
1 .9 9
06
1 .9 6
1 .9 7
1 .9 7
2.
2.
P r im a r y m e ta l in d u s tr ie s — C o n tin u e d
Iro n a n d ste e l
fo u n d r ie s 1
1951: A v e r a g e ..............
1962: A v e r a g e ............
D e c e m b e r ___
1953: J a n u a r y ______
F e b r u a r y ____
M a r c h .............
A p r i l __________
M a y .......................
J u n e ___________
J u l y ____________
A u g u s t .................
S e p t e m b e r ____
O c t o b e r _______
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r _____
$ 7 1 .6 6
72. 22
7 6 .9 6
74. 89
7 6 .6 3
7 8 .9 6
78. 40
7 7 .2 7
7 8 .4 4
7 7 .3 3
76. 55
75. 05
74. 28
73. 90
75. 24
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
4 2 .4
4 0 .8
4 1 .6
4 0 .7
4 1 .2
4 2 .0
4 1 .7
4 1 .1
4 1 .5
4 0 .7
4 0 .5
3 9 .5
3 9 .3
3 9 .1
3 9 .6 ;
i
$ 1 .6 9
1. 77
1 .8 5
1 .8 4
1 .8 6
1 .8 8
1 .8 8
1 .8 8
1 .8 9
1 .9 0
1 .8 9
1. 90
1 .8 9
1 .8 9
1 .9 0
Gray-iron foundries
$70. 05
69. 89
73. 75
72. 32
73. 49
76. 49
7 7 .1 0
75. 81
7 6 .7 8
7 5 .8 9
7 4 .7 0
73. 84
74. 03
7 3 .4 7
7 4 .0 3
4 2 .2
4 0 .4
4 1 .2
4 0 .4
4 0 .6
4 1 .8
4 1 .9
4 1 .2
4 1 .5
4 0 .8
4 0 .6
3 9 .7
3 9 .8
3 9 .5
3 9 .8
$ 1 .6 6
1 .7 3
1. 79
1 .7 9
1 .8 1
1 .8 3
1 .8 4
1 .8 4
1 .8 5
1 .8 6
1 .8 4
1 .8 6
1 .8 6
1 .8 6
1 .8 6
Malleable-iron
foundries
$ 7 2 .0 7
7 0 .5 6
7 6 .6 3
7 5 .7 0
80. 79
8 1 .6 0
7 9 .6 8
7 9 .2 3
7 9 .5 2
7 8 .0 9
75. 60
7 3 .1 4
7 3 .9 0
7 1 .6 3
72. 77
4 1 .9
3 9 .2
4 1 .2
4 0 .7
4 2 .3
42. 5
41. 5
4 1 .7
4 1 .2
4 1 .1
4 0 .0
3 8 .7
3 9 .1
3 7 .9
3 8 .5
$ 1 .7 2
1 .8 0
1 .8 6
1 .8 6
1 .9 1
1 .9 2
1. 92
1 .9 0
1 .9 3
1 .9 0
1 .8 9
1 .8 9
1 .8 9
1 .8 9
1 .8 9
Steel foundries
$ 7 5 .8 6
7 7 .7 0
8 3 .1 0
79. 52
81 29
82. 29
8 0 .9 5
79. 58
8 1 .9 5
7 9 .1 9
8 0 .4 0
7 8 .8 0
7 5 .8 3
76. 24
7 9 .2 0
4 3 .1
4 2 .0
4 2 .4
4 1 .2
4 1 .9
42 2
4 1 .3
4 0 .6
4 1 .6
4 0 .2
4 0 .4
3 9 .4
3 8 .3
3 8 .7
3 9 .6
$ 1 .7 6
1 .8 5
1 .9 6
1 .9 3
1 .9 4
1 .9 5
1. 96
1 .9 6
1. 97
1 .9 7
1 .9 9
2 .0 0
1 .9 8
1 .9 7
2 .0 0
P r im a r y
s m e ltin g
and
r e fin in g
n o n fe r ro u s m e ta ls »
Primary smelting and
refining of copper,
lead, and zinc
$69. 97
7 5 .4 8
7 8 .5 8
7 9 .6 1
79. 65
7 9 .6 5
79. 46
7 9 .4 6
8 0 .1 0
8 0 .3 4
8 1 .1 6
8 4 .6 7
8 2 .3 9
8 3 .1 8
82. 57
$69. 38
7 5 .0 6
7 7 .8 9
78. 54
7 9 .1 5
7 9 .1 5
78. 35
7 8 .3 5
7 9 .6 1
7 9 .8 4
8 0 .8 7
84. 20
8 1 .4 8
8 2 .2 6
8 0 .8 3
of
4 1 .4
4 1 .7
4 1 .8
4 1 .9
4 1 .7
4 1 .7
4 1 .6
4 1 .6
4 1 .5
4 1 .2
4 1 .2
4 1 .3
4 1 .4
4 1 .8
4 1 .7
$ 1 .6 9
1 .8 1
1 .8 8
1 .9 0
1 .9 1
1. 91
1. 91
1 .9 1
1 .9 3
1 .9 5
1 .9 7
2 .0 5
1 .9 9
1 .9 9
1 .9 8
4 1 .3
4 1 .7
4 2 .1
4 2 .0
4 2 .1
4 2 .1
41. 9
4 1 .9
4 1 .9
4 1 .8
4 1 .9
4 2 .1
4 2 .0
4 2 .4
4 2 .1
$ 1 .6 8
1 .8 0
1 .8 5
1. 87
1 .8 8
1 .8 8
1 .8 7
1 .8 7
1 .9 0
1 .9 1
1 .9 3
2 .0 0
1 .9 4
1 .9 4
1 .9 2
343
0: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees ^ C ontinu ed
Manufacturing—Continued
Primary metal industries—Continued
Year and month
Primary refining of
alum inum
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1951:
1952:
1953:
Average-------Average..........December........
January...........
February—
M a r c h --------April________
M a y________
J u n e.................
July-------------August______
September___
October______
November----December___
$ 7 0 . 97
76 . 08
8 0 .3 2
8 1 . 56
8 0 .9 8
7 9 . 38
8 0 . 59
8 0 . 57
8 0 .7 9
8 0 .0 0
8 0 .9 9
8 5 .3 2
8 3 .0 1
8 5 . 47
8 5 .0 7
4 1 .5
4 1 .8
4 1 .4
4 1 .4
4 0 .9
4 0 .5
4 0 .7
4 0 .9
4 0 .6
4 0 .0
3 9 .7
3 9 .5
4 0 .1
4 0 .7
4 0 .9
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Secondary smelting
and refining of
nonferrous metals
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
$ 1 .7 1
1 .8 2
1 .9 4
1 . 97
1 .9 8
1 .9 6
1 .9 8
1 .9 7
1 .9 9
2 .0 0
2 .0 4
2 .1 6
2 .0 7
2 .1 0
2 .0 8
$ 6 4 .9 4
6 8 .1 5
7 5 .6 0
7 1 .7 2
7 2 .9 1
7 4 .6 2
7 4 .0 3
7 4 .6 9
7 3 .2 2
7 1 .6 9
7 3 . 51
7 3 . 80
7 3 .5 1
7 3 .2 8
7 5 .9 0
4 1 .1
4 1 .3
4 3 .7
4 1 .7
4 1 .9
4 2 .4
4 2 .3
4 2 .2
4 1 .6
4 0 .5
4 1 .3
4 1 .0
4 1 .3
4 1 .4
4 2 .4
Rolling,
drawing, Rolling, drawing, and Rolling, drawing, and
Nonferi ous foundries
and alloying of
alloying of alum inum
alloying of copper
nonferrous metals8
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
$ 1 .5 8
$ 6 8 . 78
1 .6 5
1 .7 3
1 .7 2
1 .7 4
1 .7 6
1 .7 5
1. 77
1 .7 6
1 .7 7
1 .7 8
1 .8 0
1 .7 8
1 .7 7
1 .7 9
7 4 .8 8
8 2 . 51
8 2 . 75
8 2 . 75
8 3 . 57
8 3 .3 8
8 3 . 42
85. 26
8 2 . 29
8 3 .1 6
8 3 . 22
8 2 .1 7
7 9 .9 8
8 0 .3 9
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
4 0 .7
4 1 .6
4 3 .2
4 3 .1
4 3 .1
4 3 .3
4 3 .2
4 3 .0
4 3 .5
4 2 .2
4 2 .0
4 1 .2
4 1 .5
4 0 .6
4 0 .6
$ 1 .6 9
1 .8 0
1 .9 1
1 .9 2
1 .9 2
1 .9 3
1 .9 3
1 .9 4
1 .9 6
1 .9 5
1 .9 8
2 . 02
1 .9 8
1 .9 7
1 .9 8
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
4 0 .9
4 1 .8
4 4 .1
4 3 .7
4 3 .4
4 3 .7
4 4 .1
4 4 .6
4 4 .9
4 3 .4
4 3 .1
4 1 .2
4 1 .2
4 0 .9
4 0 .5
$ 70 . 76
7 6 .4 9
8 6 .0 0
8 5 .2 2
8 5 .5 0
8 6 .0 9
8 7 .3 2
8 9 . 20
9 0 . 25
8 6 .3 7
8 6 . 20
8 3 . 64
8 1 .9 9
8 1 .3 9
8 1 .0 0
$ 1 .7 3
$ 6 4 .2 2
1 .8 3
1 .9 5
1 .9 5
1 .9 7
1 .9 7
1 .9 8
2 . 00
2 .0 1
1 . 99
2 . 00
2 .0 3
1 .9 9
1 .9 9
2 .0 0
69 . 95
7 5 .6 7
7 7 . 61
7 8 .6 8
7 9 . 29
7 7 .4 2
7 4 . 59
7 7 . 27
7 5 .6 0
77. 03
8 0 .8 0
8 0 .1 6
7 5 .4 6
7 6 .8 1
1951:
1952:
1953:
Average—........
Average...........
December____
January_____
February........
March______
April________
M ay____ ____
June________
July— ............
August______
September___
O ctob er...----November___
December------
$ 80 . 65
8 2 .1 5
90. 06
8 9 . 87
8 9 . 03
9 0 . 09
8 8 .4 1
8 6 . 74
8 6 . 94
8 5 .8 9
8 7 . 34
8 6 . 46
8 7 .1 2
8 6 .0 5
8 6 .2 7
4 2 .9
4 1 .7
4 3 .3
4 3 .0
4 2 .6
4 2 .9
4 2 .3
4 1 .5
4 1 .6
4 0 .9
4 1 .2
4 0 .4
4 0 .9
4 0 .4
4 0 .5
Iron and steel
forgings
$ 1 .8 8
$ 8 4 .8 7
1 .9 7
2 .0 8
2 .0 9
2 .0 9
2 . 10
2 .0 9
2 .0 9
2 .0 9
2 .1 0
2 .1 2
2 .1 4
2 .1 3
2 .1 3
2 .1 3
8 6 .0 9
9 5 . 47
9 4 .8 3
9 3 .9 6
9 4 . 61
9 2 .6 5
90 92
8 9 .4 4
8 8 .9 9
9 0 . 27
8 8 . 66
8 9 .9 5
9 0 .1 7
9 0 .9 8
4 3 .3
4 2 .2
4 4 .2
43. 5
4 3 .3
4 3 .2
4 2 .5
4 1 .9
4 1 .6
4 1 .2
4 1 .6
4 0 .3
4 0 .7
4 0 .8
4 0 .8
Welded and heavyriveted pipe
Wire drawing
$ 1 .9 6
$ 8 0 . 41
2 .0 4
2 .1 6
2 .1 8
2 .1 7
2 .1 9
2 .1 8
2 . 17
2 .1 5
2 .1 6
2 .1 7
2 .2 0
2 . 21
2 . 21
2 .2 3
8 0 .5 4
8 6 . 50
87 . 55
8 4 .8 7
8 6 .9 3
8 6 .1 1
8 5 . 49
8 6 .7 3
8 4 . 45
8 5 . 27
8 3 .7 9
8 2 .1 9
8 1 .7 4
8 2 .4 0
4 3 .0
4 1 .3
4 2 .4
4 2 .5
4 1 .4
4 2 .2
4 1 .8
41. 5
4 1 .9
4 0 .6
4 0 .8
3 9 .9
3 9 .9
3 9 .3
4 0 .0
Avg.
wkly.
hours
3 9 .4
4 0 .2
4 0 .9
4 1 .5
4 2 .3
4 2 .4
4 1 .4
4 0 .1
4 1 .1
4 0 .0
3 9 .5
4 0 .2
4 0 .9
3 9 .1
3 9 .8
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
$ 1 .6 3
$ 7 3 . 74
1 .7 4
1 .8 5
1 .8 7
1 .8 6
1 .8 7
1 .8 7
1 .8 6
1 .8 8
1 .8 9
1 .9 5
2 .0 1
1 .9 6
1 .9 3
1 .9 3
7 7 .7 9
8 4 .0 0
8 2 .8 4
8 2 .1 0
8 2 . 71
8 0 . 56
8 0 . 34
8 0 .9 7
8 0 .5 9
7 9 . 38
8 0 .6 0
8 1 .6 0
7 9 . 20
8 1 .4 1
4 1 .9
4 1 .6
4 3 .3
4 2 .7
4 2 .1
4 2 .2
4 1 .1
4 1 .2
4 1 .1
4 0 .7
4 0 .5
4 0 .5
4 0 .8
3 9 .6
4 0 .5
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$ 1 .7 6
1 .8 7
1 .9 4
1 .9 4
1 .9 5
1 .9 6
1 .9 6
1 .9 5
1 .9 7
1. 98
1 .9 6
1 .9 9
2 .0 0
2 .0 0
2 . 01
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance,
machinery, and transportation equipment)
Primary metal industries—Continued
Miscellaneous pri
mary metal indus
tries *
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
$ 1 .8 7
1 .9 5
2 .0 4
2 .0 6
2 .0 5
2 . 06
2 . 06
2 . 06
2 .0 7
2 .0 8
2 .0 9
2 .1 0
2 .0 6
2 .0 8
2 . 06
$ 7 5 . 07
8 1 .1 4
8 7 . 55
8 5 .9 0
8 6 . 73
8 7 . 36
8 5 .9 1
8 2 . 01
8 1 .5 9
8 2 .1 8
83 . 39
8 2 . 56
8 5 . 67
8 4 .2 1
8 5 .6 3
4 0 .8
4 1 .4
4 2 .5
4 1 .7
4 2 .1
4 2 .0
4 1 .5
40. 4
3 9 .8
3 9 .7
3 9 .9
3 9 .5
4 0 .6
4 0 .1
4 0 .2
$ 1 .8 4
1 .9 6
2 . 06
2 . 06
2 .0 6
2 . 08
2 .0 7
2 .0 3
2 .0 5
2 .0 7
2. 09
2 .0 9
2 .1 1
2 .1 0
2 .1 3
Total:
Fabricated
metal
products
(except ordnance,
machinery, and
tr a n s p o r ta tio n
equipment)
$ 6 8 . 81
7 2 . 38
7 8 -37
7 6 . 74
7 6 . 80
7 7 .5 9
7 7 .2 3
7 7 .0 4
7 7 .2 8
7 6 .4 1
7 6 . 59
7 5 .7 0
7 7 .2 3
7 6 . 67
7 8 .0 2
4 1 .7
4 1 .6
4 3 .3
4 2 .4
4 2 .2
4 2 .4
4 2 .2
42. 1
4 2 .0
4 1 .3
4 1 .4
4 0 .7
4 1 .3
4 1 .0
41. 5
$ 1. 65
1 . 74
1 .8 1
1 .8 1
1 . 82
1 .8 3
1 .8 3
1 .8 3
1 .8 4
1 .8 5
1 .8 5
1. 8 6
1 .8 7
1 .8 7
1 .8 8
T in cans and other
tinware
$ 6 6 .4 9
6 9 . 72
7 4 . 52
7 3 .5 1
73 39
7 3 21
7 3 .8 0
74 16
7 5 .2 4
7 8 .3 2
7 9 . 30
7 8 .0 2
7 4 .8 9
75. 85
7 9 .9 0
4 1 .3
4 1 .5
4 2 .1
4 1 .3
4 1 .0
4 0 .9
4 1 .0
4 1 .2
4 1 .8
4 2 .8
4 3 .1
4 2 .4
4 0 .7
4 1 .0
42. 5
$ 1 .6 1
1 .6 8
1 .7 7
1 . 78
1 .7 9
1 .7 9
1 .8 0
1 .8 0
1 .8 0
1 .8 3
1 .8 4
1 .8 4
1 .8 4
1 .8 5
1 .8 8
Fabricated metal products—Continued
Cutlery, handtools,
and hardware8
1951:
1952:
1953:
Average.........
Average------December____
January_____
February____
M arch..............
April________
M a y________
June________
July-------------August______
September___
October. ___
November___
December____
$ 66. 30
6 9 . 05
7 5 . 25
7 4 .8 0
7 4 . 69
7 4 .6 9
7 4 . 87
7 5 . 12
7 5 .3 6
7 3 .3 9
7 2 . 45
72 . 27
7 2 . 67
7 3 .5 7
7 4 . 75
4 1 .7
4 1 .1
4 3 .0
42. 5
4 2 .2
4 2 .2
4 2 .3
42. 2
4 2 .1
4 1 .0
4 0 .7
4 0 .6
4 0 .6
4 1 .1
4 1 .3
$ 1 .5 9
1 .6 8
1 .7 5
1. 76
1 .7 7
1 .7 7
1 .7 7
1 . 78
1 .7 9
1 .7 9
1 .7 8
1 .7 8
1 .7 9
1 .7 9
1 .8 1
Cutlery and edge
tools
$ 6 0 . 74
63 . 55
6 8 . 75
6 6 40
6 6 . 49
6 6 . 40
6 6 . 65
6 6 .0 8
6 5 . 92
6 5 .2 9
6 7 .4 8
6 8 . 89
6 9 . 22
6 9 .3 9
6 8 .2 3
4 1 .6
4 1 .0
4 2 .7
4 1 .5
41 3
4 1 .5
4 1 .4
4 1 .3
4 1 .2
4 0 .3
4 1 .4
4 1 .5
4 1 .7
4 1 .8
41. 1
$ 1 .4 6
$ 6 9 . 70
1 .5 5
1 .6 1
1 .6 0
1 .6 1
1 .6 0
1 .6 1
1 .6 0
1 .6 0
1 .6 2
1 .6 3
1. 66
1 .6 6
1 .6 6
1 .6 6
6 9 .3 8
7 3 .4 3
7 4 .1 0
7 4 .5 8
75 . 78
7 5 . 54
7 5 .0 0
75. 96
74 . 34
73. 08
73 . 62
73. 49
7 4 .0 3
74. 26
Oil burners, nonelec
tric heating and Fabricated structural
cooking apparatus,
metal products8
not elsewhere clas
sified
1951:
1952:
1953:
4 0 .6
Average_____ $ 6 6 . 1 8
4 1 .1
6 9 . 87
Average_____
4 2 .3
December____ 7 4 .8 7
4 0 .7
7 2 . 04
January...........
4 1 .1
7 3 . If
February____
4 1 .2
March_______ 7 3 . 34
4 0 .9
7
3
.2
1
A pril________
40.
72. 2"
M a y ________
4 0 .4
7 2 . 31
June________
40.
July-------------- 7 2 . 5 f
40.
7 2 .1 4
August______
3 9 .4
7 1 .3 1
September___
40.
.
71
7
3
October_____
39.
7 0 . 2(
November___
40.
7
2
.
4
(
December____
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$ 1 .6 3
1 .7 0
1 .7 7
1 .7 7
1 .7 8
1 .7 8
1 .7 9
1 . 78
1 .7 9
1 .7 9
1 .7 9
1 .8 1
1 .8 2
1. 8C
1 .8 1
$ 7 1 . 49
7 4 . 87
7 9 . 92
7 8 .3 8
7 9 .2 4
7 9 . 79
7 9 .6 1
79. 8 f
8 0 . 4C
79. 0C
81. 6C
8 0 . 48
83. 0C
8 1 .2 5
8 2 . OC
4 2 .3
4 2 .3
4 3 .2
4 2 .6
4 2 .6
4 2 .9
4 2 .8
4 2 .7
4 2 .8
4 1 .8
42.
41.
4 2 .8
4 2 .1
42..
$ 1 .6 9
1 .7 7
1 .8 5
1 .8 4
1 .8 6
1 .8 6
1 .8 6
1. 8 "
1 . 88
1 .8 9
1 .9 9
1. 9C
1 .9 4
1. 9C
1. 9C
4 2 .5
4 1 .3
4 2 .2
4 2 .1
4 1 .9
4 2 .1
4 2 .2
4 1 .9
4 2 .2
4 1 .3
4 0 .6
4 0 .9
4 0 .6
4 0 .9
4 0 .8
$ 1 .6 4
$ 6 6 . 49
1 .6 8
1 .7 4
1 . 76
1 .7 8
1 .8 0
1 .7 9
1 .7 9
1 .8 0
1 .8 0
1 .8 0
1 .8 0
1 .8 1
1 .8 1
1 .8 2
7 0 .6 9
78. 30
7 7 .8 3
7 7 .1 1
7 6 .9 3
7 7 . 71
7 8 . 14
7 8 .0 2
7 5 .0 3
7 3 . 71
72. 76
7 3 .1 6
7 4 .8 5
7 7 .1 9
Structural steel and
ornamental metal
work
$ 7 1 .4 9
7 5 .0 5
7 8 . 51
7 8 .9 4
7 9 .1 8
7 9 .9 2
7 9 .5 5
8 0 . 35
8 1 .9 7
7 9 . 71
8 2 . 32
8 0 .2 6
8 4 .3 2
83. 0C
8 4 . 5Í
4 2 .3
4 2 .4
4 2 .9
4 2 .9
4 2 .8
4 3 .2
43. C
4 3 .2
4 3 .6
4 2 .4
4 3 .1
41.
4 3 .5
42.
4 3 .6
Heating apparatus
(except electric)
and
plumbers’
supplies 8
Hardware
Handtools
4 1 .3
4 1 .1
43. 5
4 3 .0
4 2 .6
4 2 .5
4 2 .7
42. 7
4 2 .4
4 1 .0
4 0 .5
4 0 .2
4 0 .2
4 0 .9
4 1 .5
$ 1 .6 1
1 .7 2
1 .8 0
1 .8 1
1 .8 1
1 . 81
1 .8 2
1 .8 3
1 .8 4
1. 83
1 .8 2
1 . 81
1 .8 2
1 .8 3
1 .8 6
Metal doors, sash,
frames,
molding,
and trim
$ 1 .6 9
$ 7 1 . 57
1 .7 7
1 .8 3
1 .8 4
1 .8 5
1 .8 5
1 .8 5
1 .8 6
1 .8 8
1 .8 8
1 .9 1
1 .9 2
1 .9 4
1 .9 4
1 .9 4
7 4 .2 3
8 1 .8 9
7 8 . 40
7 7 .4 9
8 0 . 56
7 8 .5 8
7 9 . 34
8 1 .1 3
7 8 . 44
7 7 . 71
7 6 95
76. 6"
7 6 .1 1
78. 2.
4 2 .1
4 1 .7
4 3 .1
4 1 .7
4 1 .0
4 2 .4
4 1 .8
4 2 .2
4 2 .7
4 1 .5
40.
40.
41.
40.
41.
$ 1 .7 0
1 .7 8
1 .9 0
1 .8 8
1 .8 9
1 .9 0
1 .8 8
1 .8 8
1. 9C
1 . 89
1. 9C
1. 9C
1. 8"
1. 8' "
1 .8 9
$ 6 8 . 71
70 . 99
75 . 78
7 2 .9 0
7 4 .2 1
7 4 . 21
7 4 .4 8
7 3 .3 1
7 2 .9 8
7 2 . 98
7 2 .8 0
7 1 .7 6
7 4 .5 6
7 1 .5 5
7 3 .0 5
4 0 .9
4 0 .8
4 2 .1
4 0 .5
4 1 .0
4 1 .0
4 0 .7
40. 5
4 0 .1
4 0 .1
4 0 .0
3 9 .0
4 0 .3
3 9 .1
3 9 .7
$ 1 .6 8
$ 7 5 . 24
1 .7 4
1 .8 0
1 .8 0
1 .8 1
1 .8 1
1 .8 3
1 .8 1
1 .8 2
1 .8 2
1 .8 2
1 .8 4
1 .8 5
1 .8 3
1 .8 4
7 3 .6 0
7 8 .6 2
7 5 .3 9
7 6 . 73
7 6 . 76
77 . 38
7 6 . 19
7 4 .2 6
7 4 .0 9
7 4 . 67
7 2 .5 8
7 6 . 43
7 5 .4 6
7 5 .0 7
Boiler-shop products
$ 7 1 .9 0
7 4 .8 0
8 0 04
7 8 .3 8
7 9 .7 9
7 9 . 55
8 0 .3 5
7 9 .8 5
8 0 .0 9
8 0 . 98
8 2 . 22
8 0 .4 8
8 2 .8 8
81. 6"
8 2 . 29
4 2 .8
4 2 .5
4 3 .5
42. 6
42.
4 3 .0
4 3 .2
42
42.
4 2 .4
42.
41.
42.
4 2 .1
4 2 .4
Sanitary ware and
plumbers’ supplies
$ 1 .6 8
1 .7 6
1 .8 4
1 .8 4
1 .8 6
1 .8 5
1 .8 6
1 .8 7
1 .8 8
1 .9 1
1 .9 3
1 .9 3 '
1 .9 5
1 .9 4
1 .9 4
4 1 .8
4 0 .0
4 1 .6
4 0 .1
4 0 .6
40. 4
4 0 .3
40. 1
3 9 .5
3 9 .2
3 9 .3
3 7 .8
3 9 .6
3 9 .3
3 9 .1
$ 1 .8 0
1 .8 4
1 .8 9
1. 88
1 .8 9
1 .9 0
1 .9 2
1 .9 0
1 .8 8
1 .8 9
1 .9 0
1 .9 2
1 .9 3
1 .9 2
1 .9 2
Sheet-metal work
$ 70. 39
7 5 .1 8
8 0 .3 5
7 8 . 20
7 9 .2 9
7 9 .1 0
8 0 .3 3
7 9 . 99
7 8 .8 1
7 5 . 79
8 0 . 03
8 2 .7 1
8 3 . 46
8 0 . 51
7 9 . 71
4 1 .9
4 2 .0
4 3 .2
42. 5
4 2 .4
4 2 .3
4 2 .5
42.
4 1 .7
40.
4 1 .9
4 2 .2
42.
4 1 .5
4 1 .3
$ 1 .6 8
1 .7 9
1 .8 6
1 .8 4
1 .8 7
1 .8 7
1 .8 9
1 .9 0
1 .8 9
1 .8 9
1 .9 1
1 .9 6
1 .9 5
1 .9 4
1 .9 3
344
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , M A R C H 1954
T able C-l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
Manufacturing—Continued
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)—Continued
Year and month
Metal stamping, coat
ing, and engraving 1
Avg,
wkly.
earn
ings
1951:
1952:
1953:
Average...........
Average,..........
December____
January______
February____
M arch.............
April________
M ay____ ____
J u n e ................
July................
August______
September___
O ctober..........
November___
December____
Avg.
wkly.
hours
$ 68. 38
4 0 .7
4 1 .5
44. 1
4 2 .9
4 2 .3
4 2 .3
4 2 .4
42. 1
4 1 .8
4 1 .3
4 0 .9
4 0 .2
4 1 .1
4 1 .0
4 1 .8
7 4 .2 9
8 2 .9 1
8 0 .2 2
7 9 .1 0
7 9 . 52
7 9 . 29
7 9 .1 5
7 8 . 58
7 8 .8 8
7 7 . 71
7 6 .7 8
7 8 . 91
7 8 . 72
8 1 .0 9
Vitreous-enameled
products
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$ 1 .6 8
$ 5 2 .9 2
1 . 79
1 .8 8
1 .8 7
1 .8 7
1 .8 8
1 .8 7
1 .8 8
1 .8 8
1 .9 1
1 .9 0
1 . 91
1 .9 2
1 .9 2
1 .9 4
53. 86
6 0 . 35
5 9 . 49
5 8 . 89
59. 49
5 7 . 08
5 7 . 53
5 8 . 22
6 3 .4 5
5 9 .6 0
5 7 .1 5
5 8 . 83
6 0 .0 6
6 1 .1 5
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
3 7 .8
3 7 .4
4 0 .5
3 9 .4
3 9 .0
3 9 .4
3 7 .8
3 8 .1
3 8 .3
4 1 .2
3 8 .7
3 6 .4
3 8 .2
3 8 .5
3 9 .2
$ 1. 4 0
1 . 44
1 .4 9
1 .5 1
1 .5 1
1 .5 1
1 .5 1
1 .5 1
1 .5 2
1 .5 4
1 .5 4
1 .5 7
1. 54
1 .5 6
1 .5 6
Stamped and pressed
metal products
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
$ 7 0 . 58
7 7 .3 3
8 5 .6 9
8 3 . 52
8 2 .1 8
8 2 .4 1
8 2 .1 8
8 1 .8 3
8 1 .6 7
8 2 .1 5
8 0 . 95
7 9 . 59
8 1 .7 7
8 0 . 97
8 3 .3 8
4 0 .8
4 1 .8
4 4 .4
4 3 .5
4 2 .8
4 2 .7
4 2 .8
4 2 .4
4 2 .1
4 1 .7
4 1 .3
4 0 .4
4 1 .3
4 1 .1
4 1 .9
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Lighting fixtures
Avg.
Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
$ 1 .7 3
$ 6 4 .6 4
1 .8 5
1 .9 3
1 .9 2
1 .9 2
1 .9 3
1 .9 2
1 .9 3
1. 94
1 .9 7
1 .9 6
1 .9 7
1 .9 8
1 .9 7
1 .9 9
6 8 .0 0
7 6 .3 6
7 5 .2 4
7 5 .1 2
7 4 .4 0
7 1 .1 0
7 0 . 98
7 0 .9 8
7 1 .4 2
6 8 . 64
6 9 . 74
7 3 . 67
7 2 . 90
7 5 .9 5
Avg.
hrly.
earn
mgs
4 0 .4
4 0 .0
4 2 .9
4 1 .8
4 1 .5
4 1 .8
4 0 .4
4 0 .1
40. 1
3 9 .9
3 9 .0
3 9 .4
4 0 .7
4 0 .5
4 1 .5
Fabricated wire
products
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
$ 1 .6 0
$ 6 5 . 03
1 .7 0
1. 78
1 .8 0
1 .8 1
1 .7 8
1 .7 6
1. 77
1 .7 7
1 .7 9
1 .7 6
1 .7 7
1 .8 1
1 .8 0
1 .8 3
6 8 . 30
7 5 .4 3
7 3 . 50
7 3 .2 2
7 3 .6 3
7 2 . 61
7 2 .1 6
7 2 .1 6
7 2 .2 2
7 2 . 85
7 1 .8 2
7 3 . 89
7 3 . 31
7 1 .5 0
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)—
Continued
M etal shipping barrels,
drums, kegs, and pails
1951:
1952:
1953:
Average...........
Average______
December____
January...........
February____
M arch______
A pril________
M ay_________
June________
July_________
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December____
$ 7 1 .9 1
4 2 .3
4 3 .5
4 3 .1
4 1 .5
4 1 .5
4 1 .5
4 2 .3
4 3 .3
4 3 .1
4 2 .1
4 2 .4
4 0 .8
4 1 .3
4 0 .7
4 1 .5
7 9 . 61
8 4 . 48
8 0 . 93
8 0 .1 0
8 0 .1 0
8 2 . 06
8 4 . 44
8 3 .6 1
8 2 . 52
8 3 . 95
8 2 .4 2
8 3 .4 3
8 2 .2 1
8 4 . 25
Bolts, nuts, washers,
and rivets
Steel springs
$ 1 .7 0
$ 73 . 43
1 .8 3
1 .9 6
1 .9 5
1 .9 3
1 .9 3
1 .9 4
1 .9 5
1 .9 4
1. 96
1 .9 8
2 .0 2
2 .0 2
2. 02
2 .0 3
7 4 .2 6
8 6 .4 4
8 5 .4 1
8 5 . 65
8 5 . 89
8 4 .2 8
8 4 . 71
8 3 .6 9
8 2 .1 2
7 9 . 93
7 9 . 40
8 1 .6 1
8 1 .8 1
8 4 . 22
4 2 .2
4 0 .8
4 4 .1
4 3 .8
4 3 .7
4 3 .6
4 3 .0
4 3 .0
4 2 .7
4 1 .9
4 1 .2
4 0 .1
4 0 .6
4 0 .7
4 1 .9
$ 1 .7 4
$ 74. 02
1 .8 2
1 .9 6
1 .9 5
1 .9 6
1 .9 7
1 .9 6
1 .9 7
1 .9 6
1 .9 6
1 .9 4
1 .9 8
2 . 01
2 .0 1
2 .0 1
7 2 .8 3
7 9 .8 2
7 9 .1 7
7 9 .1 7
8 1 .7 0
8 0 .7 8
8 1 . 77
8 1 .0 3
7 8 .2 6
7 8 .3 1
7 7 .0 0
7 6 . 63
7 5 .6 7
7 6 .6 3
4 3 .8
4 2 .1
4 4 .1
4 3 .5
4 3 .5
4 4 .4
4 3 .9
4 4 .2
4 3 .8
4 2 .3
4 2 .1
4 1 .4
4 1 .2
4 0 .9
4 1 .2
Screw-machine
products
$ 1 .6 9
$ 7 4 . 75
1 . 73
1 .8 1
1 .8 2
1 .8 2
1 .8 4
1 .8 4
1 .8 5
1 .8 5
1 .8 5
1 .8 6
1 .8 6
1 .8 6
1 .8 5
1 .8 6
7 6 .3 7
8 2 .2 4
81 45
8 2 .1 7
8 4 .1 8
8 4 .0 0
83 . 27
8 3 . 25
7 9 . 97
7 8 .9 9
7 7 .7 8
7 8 .3 8
78 . 75
7 8 . 57
4 5 .3
4 4 .4
4 6 .2
4 5 .5
4 5 .4
4 6 .0
4 5 .9
4 5 .5
4 5 .0
4 3 .7
4 3 .4
4 2 .5
4 2 .6
4 2 .8
4 2 .7
Avg.
wkly.
hours
4 0 .9
4 0 .9
4 3 .1
4 2 .0
4 1 .6
4 1 .6
4 1 .2
4 1 .0
4 1 .0
3 9 .9
4 0 .7
3 9 .9
4 0 .6
4 0 .5
3 9 .5
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
1 .7 2
1 .7 8
1 .7 9
1 .8 1
1 .8 3
1 .8 3
1 .8 3
1 .8 5
1 .8 3
1 .8 2
1 .8 3
1 .8 4
1 .8 4
1 .8 4
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
$ 1. 5 9
$ 7 2 .1 1
1 .6 7
1 . 75
1 .7 5
1 .7 6
1 . 77
1 .7 6
1 .7 6
1 . 76
1 .8 1
1 .7 9
1 .8 0
1 .8 2
1 .8 1
1 .8 1
7 3 .0 2
79 . 83
7 8 .8 4
7 9 .1 0
8 0 . 44
SO. 7 0
8 0 . 70
79. 97
7 7 . 78
7 7 . 59
7 6 .1 8
7 6 .7 8
7 6 .3 6
7 7 .3 3
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
4 3 .7
4 2 .7
4 4 .6
4 3 .8
4 3 .7
4 4 .2
4 4 .1
4 4 .1
4 3 .7
42. 5
4 2 .4
4 1 .4
4 1 .5
4 1 .5
4 1 .8
$ 1 .6 5
1. 71
1. 79
1 .8 0
1 .8 1
1 .8 2
1 .8 3
1 .8 3
1 .8 3
1 .8 3
1 .8 3
1 .8 4
1 .8 5
1 .8 4
1 .8 5
Machinery (except electrical)
Total: Machinery
(except electrical)
$ 1 .6 5
Miscellaneous fabri
cated metal products1
$ 76 . 38
7 9 . 61
8 3 . 52
8 2 .9 9
8 3 .0 3
8 4 .0 5
8 3 . 46
8 2 .8 8
8 2 .2 9
8 1 .7 3
8 1 . 93
8 2 .3 7
8 3 . 58
8 2 .7 8
8 3 .8 0
4 3 .4
4 2 .8
4 3 .5
4 3 .0
4 2 .8
4 3 .1
4 2 .8
4 2 .5
4 2 .2
4 1 .7
4 1 .8
4 1 .6
4 2 .0
4 1 .6
4 1 .9
Engines and
turbines1
$ 1 .7 6
$ 7 9 .1 2
1 .8 6
1 .9 2
1. 93
1 .9 4
1 .9 5
1 .9 5
1 .9 5
1 .9 5
1 .9 6
1 .9 6
1. 9 8
1 .9 9
1 .9 9
2 .0 0
8 2 .2 6
8 7 . 06
8 3 .6 2
8 4 .2 3
8 3 . 42
8 3 . 43
8 4 .6 6
8 4 . 67
8 3 .6 4
8 4 .0 4
8 5 . 06
8 6 .5 2
8 6 .7 3
8 8 .8 3
4 3 .0
4 2 .4
4 3 .1
4 1 .6
4 1 .7
4 1 .5
4 1 .3
4 1 .5
4 1 .3
4 0 .6
4 0 .6
4 0 .7
4 1 .2
4 1 .3
4 2 .1
$ 1 .8 4
1 .9 4
2 .0 2
2 .0 1
2 .0 2
2 .0 1
2 .0 2
2 .0 4
2 .0 5
2 .0 6
2 . 07
2 .0 9
2 .1 0
2 .1 1
2 .1 0
Machinery (except electrical)—Continued
1951:
1952:
1953:
Average______
Average______
December........
January...........
February____
March______
April_____ ...
M ay_________
June_________
July----- -------August______
September___
October._____
November___
December____
Steam engines, tur
bines, and water
wheels
Diesel and other in
ternal combustion
engines, not else
where classified
Agricultural machin
ery and tractors1
$ 8 3 . 27
$ 1. 95
$ 7 8 . 26
$ 1 .8 2
$ 7 3 . 26
2 .0 8
2 .1 8
2 . 23
2 . 23
2 .1 3
2 . 13
2 . 26
2 . 15
2 .2 1
2. 29
2 . 25
2 . 28
2 . 26
2 .2 8
8 0 .3 7
8 4 . 94
8 0 .3 4
8 1 . 36
8 2 . 57
8 2 . 39
8 1 .5 9
8 3 .6 3
8 3 .4 3
8 0 .0 0
8 2 .0 1
8 3 .6 4
8 4 . 67
8 5 .9 0
1 .9 0
1 .9 8
1. 95
1 .9 7
1 .9 8
1 .9 9
1 .9 9
2 .0 2
2 .0 2
2 .0 1
2 .0 4
2. 05
2 .0 6
2 .0 6
7 5 . 41
7 7 .2 0
7 7 .4 1
7 8 .5 9
7 8 . 78
7 9 .1 8
7 7 .4 1
7 6 .8 1
7 5 . 85
7 7 .0 1
7 5 . 66
75. 46
75. 66
76 . 44
4 2 .7
4 2 .8
4 4 .2
4 3 .5
4 3 .4
4 0 .8
4 0 .8
4 3 .4
4 0 .9
3 8 .0
4 3 .4
4 2 .8
4 2 .8
4 2 .0
4 3 .6
8 9 .0 2
9 6 .3 6
9 7 .0 1
9 6 . 78
8 6 .9 0
8 6 . 90
9 8 .0 8
8 7 .9 4
8 3 . 98
9 9 . 39
9 6 .3 0
9 7 . 58
9 4 .9 2
9 9 . 41
C onstru ctio n and
mining machinery ,
except for oilfields
1951:
1952:
1953:
Average_____
Average......... .
December____
January......... .
February....... .
March______
April________
M a y ............ .
June_________
July......... .........
August______
September___
October______
November___
December____
$ 7 5 . 04
7 6 . 64
79. 74
7 9 .1 8
7 9 .1 5
8 1 .4 6
8 0 . 51
8 0 .7 5
8 0 .2 2
7 7 .9 0
7 6 . 76
7 6 .5 9
7 6 .7 8
7 7 .3 8
77. 95
4 4 .4
4 3 .3
43. 1
4 2 .8
4 2 .1
4 3 .1
4 2 .6
4 2 .5
4 2 .0
4 1 .0
4 0 .4
4 0 .1
4 0 .2
4 0 .3
4 0 .6
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
4 3 .0
4 2 .3
4 2 .9
4 1 .2
4 1 .3
4 1 .7
41. 4
4 1 .0
4 1 .4
4 1 .3
3 9 .8
4 0 .2
4 0 .8
4 1 .1
4 1 .7
Oilfield machinery
and tools
$ 1. 6 9
$ 7 7 .2 9
1 . 77
1. 85
1 .8 5
1 88
1 .8 9
1 .8 9
1 .9 0
1 .9 1
1 .9 0
1 .9 0
1 . 91
1 .9 1
1 .9 2
1 .9 2
7 9 .4 8
8 1 . 65
8 1 .5 3
8 0 . 97
8 2 .4 0
7 9 . 79
8 0 .6 5
8 2 .1 8
8 0 . 22
8 0 .0 3
7 4 .8 6
8 1 .0 9
8 2 .1 2
8 3 . 75
4 5 .2
4 4 .4
4 3 .9
43 6
43. 3
4 3 .6
42. 9
4 2 .9
4 2 .8
4 2 .0
4 1 .9
3 9 .4
4 1 .8
4 1 .9
4 2 .3
4 0 .7
3 9 .9
4 0 .0
3 9 .9
4 0 .3
4 0 .4
40. 4
3 9 .9
3 9 .8
3 9 .3
3 9 .9
3 9 .2
3 9 .3
3 9 .2
3 9 .2
$ 1 .8 0
$ 75. 67
1 .8 9
1 .9 3
1 .9 4
1 .9 5
1 .9 5
1 .9 6
1 .9 4
1 .9 3
1 .9 3
1 .9 3
1 .9 3
1 .9 2
1 .9 3
1 .9 5
7 7 .0 2
79. 40
7 9 .4 0
8 0 .8 0
8 0 .6 0
8 0 .2 0
79. 20
78. 80
7 7 .2 2
7 9 .2 0
7 7 .8 1
7 7 . 81
7 9 .2 0
7 9 .9 9
Metalworking
machinery1
$ 1 .7 1
$ 8 5 .7 4
1 .7 9
1 .8 6
1 .8 7
1 .8 7
1 .8 9
1 .8 6
1 .8 8
1 .9 2
1 .9 1
1 .9 1
1. 90
1 .9 4
1 .9 6
1 .9 8
9 1 .8 7
9 7 . 85
9 7 .7 0
9 6 . 67
98 . 23
97. 6 0
9 7 .4 4
9 4 .8 9
9 3 .1 8
9 4 .5 5
9 6 .3 0
9 8 .0 4
9 6 .3 0
9 6 . 51
4 6 .6
4 6 .4
4 7 .5
4 7 .2
4 6 .7
4 7 .0
4 6 .7
4 6 .4
45. 4
4 4 .8
4 5 .0
4 5 .0
4 5 .6
4 5 .0
4 5 .1
Agricultural machinery
(except tractors)
Tractors
4 0 .9
3 9 .7
3 9 .9
3 9 .7
4 0 .0
3 9 .9
3 9 .9
3 9 .6
3 9 .6
3 9 .0
4 0 .0
3 9 .1
3 9 .1
3 9 .6
3 9 .6
$ 1 .8 5
1 .9 4
1 .9 9
2 .0 0
2 .0 2
2 .0 2
2 .0 1
2 .0 0
1 .9 9
1 .9 8
1 .9 8
1 .9 9
1 .9 9
2 . 00
2 .0 2
$ 8 4 .8 5
1 .9 8
2 .0 6
2 .0 7
2 . 07
2 .0 9
2 .0 9
2 .1 0
2 .0 9
2 .0 8
2 .1 1
2 .1 4
2 .1 5
2 .1 4
2 .1 4
8 9 . 96
9 4 .8 4
9 4 . 92
9 4 . 74
9 6 .0 2
9 6 .0 8
9 5 . 27
9 3 . 43
9 1 .1 5
9 1 .5 5
9 5 .6 8
9 6 . 56
9 5 . 72
9 6 .1 4
4 7 .4
47. 1
4 7 .9
4 7 .7
4 6 .9
4 7 .3
4 7 .1
4 6 .7
4 5 .8
4 4 .9
4 5 .1
4 6 .0
4 6 .2
4 5 .8
4 6 .0
7 4 .9 9
7 6 . 73
7 7 .1 1
7 8 .1 2
75. 58
7 4 . 61
7 4 . 45
7 4 .6 4
7 3 . 70
7 3 .2 8
7 2 .1 7
7 3 .1 3
4 0 .5
4 0 .2
4 0 .2
4 0 .1
4 0 .6
4 0 .8
4 0 .9
4 0 .2
3 9 .9
3 9 .6
3 9 .7
3 9 .2
3 9 .4
3 8 .8
3 8 .9
$ 1. 75
$ 7 5 .8 2
1 .8 4
1 .8 6
1 .8 7
1 .8 9
1 .8 9
1. 9 !
1 .8 8
1 .8 7
1 .8 8
1 .8 8
1 .8 8
1 .8 6
1 .8 6
1 .8 8
7 7 . 61
8 0 .1 1
7 9 .9 8
7 9 . 71
81 . 65
8 0 .2 8
8 0 . 51
8 0 . 60
78 . 47
7 7 . 52
7 6 . 21
7 8 .1 4
78 . 74
7 9 .7 3
M etalw orking m a
chinery (except ma
chine tools)
Machine tools
$ 1 .8 4
$ 7 0 .8 8
73. 97
74. 77
$ 1 .7 9
$ 8 2 . 26
1 .9 1
1 .9 8
1 .9 9
2 .0 2
2 .0 3
2 .0 4
2 .0 4
2 .0 4
2 .0 3
2 .0 3
2 .0 8
2 .0 9
2 .0 9
2 .0 9
8 6 .1 4
9 2 .2 6
9 0 .4 5
9 0 .4 5
9 0 . 65
9 1 .7 6
9 0 .3 4
9 0 .0 9
8 9 .9 3
8 9 . 76
8 6 . 90
8 7 . 92
8 7 .3 3
8 8 .1 5
4 5 .2
4 5 .1
4 5 .9
4 5 .0
4 5 .0
4 5 .1
4 5 .2
4 4 .5
44.6
4 4 .3
4 4 .0
4 2 .6
4 3 .1
4 2 .6
4 3 .0
Construction and
mining machinery*
$ 1. 8 2
1 .9 1
2 . 01
2 .0 1
2 .0 1
2 . 01
2 .0 3
2 .0 3
2 .0 2
2 .0 3
2 .0 4
2 .0 4
2. 04.
2. 05!
2. 0 5 !
4 4 .6
4 3 .6
4 3 .3
4 3 .0
42. 4
4 3 .2
4 2 .7
4 2 .6
4 2 .2
4 1 .3
4 0 .8
3 9 .9
4 0 .7
4 0 .8
4 1 .1
$ 1 .7 0
1 . 78
1 .8 5
1 .8 6
1 .8 8
1 .8 9
1 .8 8
1 .8 9
1 .9 1
1 .9 0
1 .9 0
1 .9 1
1 .9 2
1 .9 3
1 .9 4
Machine-tool
accessories
$ 8 7 .9 8
95 . 53
1 0 2 . 24
102. 29
1 0 0 . 75
102. 56
1 0 1 . 27
10 1 . 99
9 7 . 61
9 6 .3 0
9 9 . 21
1 0 0 .3 3
1 0 3 . 71
1 0 0 .1 0
100. 33
4 6 .8
4 6 .6
4 8 .0
4 7 .8
4 7 .3
4 7 .7
4 7 .1
4 7 .0
4 5 .4
4 5 .0
4 5 .3
4 5 .4
4 6 .3
4 5 .5
4 5 .4
$ 1 .8 8
2 .0 5
2 .1 3
2 .1 4
2 .1 3
2 .1 5
2. 15
2 . 17
2 .1 5
2 .1 4
2 .1 9
2 .2 1
2 . 24
2 .2 0
2 .2 1
345
C : E A R N IN G S A N D H O U R S
T able C -l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
M anufacturlng—Continued
Machinery (except electrical)—Continued
Year and month
Special-industry ma
ch in ery (except
metalworking ma
chinery)5
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1951:
1952:
1953:
Average_____
Average_____
December___
January...........
February____
M arch______
April......... .......
M ay__ _
June_________
July_________
August______
September___
October______
November___
December____
$74. 73
77. 40
8 1 .6 5
80. 54
SI. 78
8 2 .1 6
8 1 .8 4
8 1 .6 5
8 1 .2 7
8 0 .3 7
79. 76
80. 26
8 1 .2 2
8 0 .8 7
8 3 .0 3
4 3 .7
4 3 .0
4 3 .9
4 3 .3
4 3 .5
4 3 .7
4 3 .3
4 3 .2
4 3 .0
4 2 .3
4 2 .2
4 1 .8
4 2 .3
4 1 .9
4 2 .8
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$ 1 .7 1
1 .8 0
1 .8 6
1 .8 6
1 .8 8
1 .8 8
1 .8 9
1 .8 9
1. 89
1 .9 0
1 .8 9
1 .9 2
1 .9 2
1 .9 3
1 .9 4
P um ps, air and ças
compressors
1951:
1952:
1953:
1951:
1952:
Average_____
Average_____
December___
January_____
February____
March. _____
April________
M ay________
June_________
July-------------August. . ___
September___
October______
November___
December____
Average____
Average_____
December____
1953: J a n u a r v
February____
March_______
April............
M ay________
June_________
July_________
August______
September___
October______
November___
December____
$76. 88
78. 66
8 2 .0 9
8 1 .1 6
8 1 .2 2
8 3 .4 7
82. 70
82. 56
8 2 .3 7
80. 83
8 0 .8 7
8 4 .9 1
8 3 .3 0
8 0 .7 0
80. 51
4 4 .7
4 3 .7
4 3 .9
4 3 .4
4 3 .2
4 3 .7
4 3 .3
4 3 .0
4 2 .9
4 2 .1
4 1 .9
43. 1
4 2 .5
4 1 .6
4 1 .5
$ 1 .7 2
1 .8 0
1 .8 7
1 .8 7
1 .8 8
1 .9 1
1 .9 1
1 .9 2
1 .9 2
1 .9 2
1 .9 3
1 .9 7
1 .9 6
1 .9 4
1 .9 4
1953:
Average___
Average_____
December___
January______
February____
March. . .
April.................
M a y ...
June.............. .
July________
August______
September___
October_____*
November___
D ecember..
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
$74. 56
7 7 .9 6
8 1 .2 7
8 0 .0 4
79. 71
8 2 .0 8
79. 61
8 3 .2 8
8 1 .5 1
82. 75
82. 32
81. 25
8 1 .4 5
80. 48
8 2 .6 4
Avg.
wkly.
hours
4 3 .1
4 2 .6
4 3 .0
4 2 .8
4 2 .4
4 3 .2
4 1 .9
4 3 .6
4 2 .9
4 3 .1
4 3 .1
4 2 .1
4 2 .2
4 1 .7
4 2 .6
$ 1 .7 3
1 .8 3
1 .8 9
1 .8 7
1 .8 8
1 .9 0
1 .9 0
1.91
1 .9 0
1 .9 2
1 .9 1
1 .9 3
1 .9 3
1 .9 3
1 .9 4
$77. 35
7 9 .7 9
85. 75
83. 57
82. 75
85. 55
85. 22
85. 36
8 4 .9 7
8 5 .3 6
8 2 .0 6
8 3 .2 7
8 4 .3 2
84. 94
8 4 .3 8
4 3 .7
4 2 .9
4 4 .2
4 3 .3
4 3.1
4 4 .1
43. 7
4 4 .0
4 3 .8
4 4 .0
4 2 .3
4 2 .7
4 2 .8
4 2 .9
4 2 .4
$ 1 .7 7
1 .8 6
1 .9 4
1 .9 3
1 .9 2
1 .9 4
1 .9 5
1 .9 4
1 .9 4
1 .9 4
1 .9 4
1 .9 5
1 .9 7
1 .9 8
1 .9 9
$73. 33
75. 26
7 6 .8 6
7 6 .9 2
7 6 .1 4
76. 55
76. 95
75. 79
77. 57
77. 01
7 6 .8 0
7 7 .7 8
78. 38
7 8 .3 9
79. 59
$78. 85
8 1 .8 0
8 3 .8 4
84. 46
8 2 .4 2
82. 62
8 2 .8 2
81. 40
8 3 .6 2
83. 01
8 1 .7 7
8 1 .9 9
83. 81
83. 81
8 6 .0 5
$ 1 .7 5
1 .8 4
1 .8 7
1 .8 9
1 .8 8
1 .8 9
1. 90
1 .8 9
1 .9 2
1 .9 3
1 .9 2
1 .9 3
1 .9 4
1 .9 5
1 .9 7
$79. 42
7 6 .7 3
79. 68
7 6 .3 8
76. 57
7 7 .3 8
78. 01
76. 62
7 7 .0 1
77. 99
7 5 .8 3
77. 20
7 7 .0 2
7 8 .8 0
7 8 .8 0
4 3 .4
4 0 .6
4 1 .5
4 0 .2
4 0 .3
4 0 .3
3 9 .8
3 9 .7
3 9 .9
4 0 .2
3 9 .7
4 0 .0
3 9 .7
3 9 .6
3 9 .4
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$ 1 .8 3
1 .8 9
1 .9 2
1 .9 0
1 .9 0
1. 92
1 .9 6
1 .9 3
1 .9 3
1 .9 4
1.9 1
1 .9 3
1 .9 4
1 .9 9
2 .0 0
$68. 79
6 8 .5 4
7 3 .1 8
7 3 .0 8
7 3 .6 0
7 3 .0 8
7 2 .3 8
72. 80
72. 45
6 9 .6 0
7 0 .4 7
6 9 .3 4
7 1 .9 8
7 0 .9 8
7 3 .4 6
4 1 .5
4 0 .9
4 1 .1
4 1 .2
4 0 .4
4 0 .3
4 0 .4
3 9 .9
4 0 .2
4 0 .1
3 9 .5
3 9 .8
4 0 .1
4 0 .1
4 0 .4
$ 1 .9 0
2 .0 0
2 .0 4
2 .0 5
2. 04
2 .0 5
2. 05
2. 04
2 .0 8
2. 07
2 .0 7
2. 06
2 .0 9
2. 09
2 .1 3
Refrigerators and airconditioning units
$69. 65
7 6 .0 4
81. 60
8 2 .2 2
8 1 .2 9
83. 50
8 2 .1 2
79. 73
78. 96
8 0 .1 6
7 7 .4 2
7 6 .8 3
7 9 .4 0
7 6 .6 3
77. 62
3 9 .8
4 1 .1
4 2 .6
4 2 .6
4 1 .9
4 2 .6
4 1 .9
4 1 .1
4 0 .7
4 0 .9
3 9 .7
3 9 .4
4 0 .1
3 8 .9
3 9 .4
$ 1 .7 5
1 .8 5
1 .9 2
1 .9 3
1 .9 4
1 .9 6
1. 96
1 .9 4
1 .9 4
1 .9 6
1 .9 5
1 .9 5
1 .9 8
1. 97
1 .9 7
$71. 64
7 4 .4 7
76. 36
75. 58
7 5 .2 3
7 6 .1 1
7 6 .0 1
76. 54
77. 51
75. 58
78. 62
7 7 .3 8
7 8 .0 2
7 6 .1 8
7 7 .0 4
4 2 .2
4 0 .8
4 2 .3
4 2 .0
4 2 .3
4 2 .0
4 1 .6
4 1 .6
4 1 .4
4 0 .0
4 0 .5
3 9 .4
4 0 .9
4 0 .1
4 1 .5
$ 1 .6 3
1 .6 8
1 .7 3
1 .7 4
1 .7 4
1 .7 4
1. 74
1 .7 5
1 .7 5
1 .7 4
1 .7 4
1. 76
1 .7 6
1 .7 7
1 .7 7
4 2 .9
4 2 .8
4 2 .9
4 2 .7
4 2 .5
4 3 .0
42. 7
4 3 .0
4 3 .3
4 2 .7
4 3 .2
4 1 .6
4 2 .4
4 1 .4
4 2 .1
$ 1 .6 7
1 .7 4
1 .7 8
1 .7 7
1 .7 7
1. 77
1. 78
1 .7 8
1 .7 9
1 .7 7
1 .8 2
1 .8 6
1 .8 4
1 .8 4
1 .8 3
4 2 .6
4 1 .0
4 1 .1
4 0 .1
4 0 .4
4 0 .2
3 9 .9
3 9 .9
4 0 .2
4 0 .1
4 0 .3
4 0 .3
4 1 .1
4 0 .3
4 0 .1
$ 1 .6 0
1 .6 8
1. 71
1 .7 3
1 .7 3
1 .7 3
1. 74
1 .7 3
1 .7 6
1 .7 7
1 .7 7
1 .8 0
1 .8 0
1 .8 0
1 .8 1
Miscellaneous ma
chinery parts3
$ 7 4 .3 0
7 5 .3 6
7 9 .6 1
7 7 .3 3
7 8 .3 5
79. 52
7 9 .1 5
77. 64
7 8 .4 4
7 6 .1 7
7 9 .0 4
7 9 .3 0
7 9 .4 9
7 9 .7 3
8 1 .7 3
4 3 .2
4 2 .1
4 2 .8
4 1 .8
4 1 .9
4 2 .3
4 2 .1
4 1 .3
4 1 .5
4 0 .3
4 1 .6
4 1 .3
4 1 .4
4 1 .1
4 1 .7
$ 8 0 .0 7
8 2 .0 8
8 6 .1 2
82. 98
82. 70
83. 62
8 4 .2 2
83. 22
82. 84
8 1 .9 7
8 1 .0 3
8 2 .0 3
8 2 .4 0
8 1 .2 2
86. 52
4 7 .1
4 5 .6
4 6 .3
4 5 .1
4 4 .7
4 5 .2
4 4 .8
44.
4 4 .3
4 3 .6
4 3 .8
4 3 .4
4 3 .6
4 3 .2
4 5 .3
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$ 1 .7 0
1 .8 0
1 .8 6
1 .8 4
1 .8 5
1 .8 5
1 .8 8
1 .8 7
1 .8 7
1 .8 8
1 .8 5
1 .8 9
1 .8 9
1 .8 8
1 .9 1
Industrial trucks,
tractors, etc.
$ 8 0 .2 8
8 1 .2 2
8 6 .7 8
83. 42
82. 41
85. 22
84. 24
8 4 .8 3
82. 74
83. 50
82. 35
8 3 .0 7
8 4 .5 1
8 4 .1 8
8 0 .1 5
4 5 .1
4 3 .2
44. 5
4 3 .0
4 2 .7
4 3 .7
4 3 .2
4 3 .5
4 2 .0
4 2 .6
4 1 .8
4 2 .6
4 2 .9
4 2 .3
4 1 .1
$ 1 .7 8
1 .8 8
1 .9 5
1 .9 4
1 .9 3
1 .9 5
1. 95
1 .9 5
1 .9 7
1 .9 6
1 .9 7
1 .9 5
1 .9 7
1 .9 9
1 .9 5
Service-industry and
household m achines3
Typewriters
$ 6 8 .1 6
68. 88
70. 28
6 9 .3 7
6 9 .8 9
69. 55
6 9 .4 3
69. 03
70. 75
70. 98
7 1 .3 3
72. 54
73. 98
72. 54
72. 58
Paper-industries
machinery
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Conveyors and convey Blowers, exhaust and
ing equipment
ventilating fans
Computing machines
and cash registers
4 1 .9
4 0 .9
4 1 .1
4 0 .7
4 0 .5
4 0 .5
40. 5
40. 1
4 0 .4
3 9 .9
4 0 .0
4 0 .3
4 0 .4
4 0 .2
4 0 .4
Textile machinery
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Office and store ma
chines and devices 1
Sewing machinen
1951:
1952:
Food-products
machinery
$ 1 .7 2
1 .7 9
1 .8 6
1 .8 5
1 .8 7
1 .8 8
1 .8 8
1 .8 8
1 .8 9
1 .8 9
1 .9 0
1 .9 2
1 .9 2
1 .9 4
1 .9 6
$70. 64
7 5 .8 1
81. 18
80. 79
80. 26
81. 45
80. 51
78. 53
77. 95
7 9 .1 5
7 7 .2 0
7 6 .8 2
7 9 .1 8
76. 83
77. 81
4 0 .6
4 1 .2
4 2 .5
4 2 .3
4 1 .8
4 2 .2
4 1 .5
4 0 .9
4 0 .6
4 0 .8
4 0 .0
3 9 .6
4 0 .4
3 9 .4
3 9 .7
$1. 74
1 .8 4
1.9 1
1 .9 1
1 .9 2
1 .9 3
1 .9 4
1 .9 2
1 .9 2
1 .9 4
1. 93
1 .9 4
1 .9 6
1 .9 5
1 .9 6
Fabricated pipe,
fittings, and valves
$71. 81
7 3 .3 9
77. 75
7 5 .6 7
7 5 .8 9
77. 23
7 7 .8 3
7 6 .7 0
7 7 .0 8
7 3 .1 3
78. 69
79. 52
8 0 .1 0
80. 75
8 1 .7 6
4 3 .0
4 1 .7
4 1 .8
4 0 .9
4 0 .8
4 1 .3
4 1 .4
4 0 .8
4 1 .0
3 8 .9
4 1 .2
4 1 .2
4 1 .5
4 1 .2
4 1 .5
$1. 67
1. 76
1 .8 6
1 .8 5
1 .8 6
1 .8 7
1 .8 8
1 .8 8
1 .8 8
1 .8 8
1 .9 1
1 .9 3
1 .9 3
1 .9 6
1 .9 7
Printing-trades ma
chinery and equip
ment
Avg.
wkly. Avg.
earn wkly.
ings hours
$ 8 2 .0 9
8 7 .3 6
94. 71
9 5 .8 5
94. 55
96. 06
9 5 .6 4
9 4 .1 3
9 2 .0 0
9 3 .9 3
9 1 .1 5
9 3 .0 9
94. 83
97. 46
9 6 .1 4
4 3 .9
4 3 .9
4 5 .1
4 5 .0
4 4 .6
4 5 .1
44. 9
4 4 .4
4 3 .6
4 4 .1
4 3 .2
4 3 .5
4 3 .3
4 4 .3
4 3 .7
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$ 1 .8 7
1 .9 9
2 .1 0
2 .1 3
2 .1 2
2 .1 3
2 .1 3
2. 12
2 .1 1
2 .1 3
2 .1 1
2 .1 4
2 .1 9
2. 20
2 .2 0
General Industrial
machinery 3
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
$ 7 7 .0 8
7 9 .2 4
8 3 .9 8
8 2 .4 6
82. 51
84. 53
83 76
83. 76
83. 38
82. 60
8 2 .4 5
83. 69
8 3 .9 2
8 3 .3 3
8 3 .1 3
4 4 .3
4 3 .3
4 4 .2
4 3 .4
4 3 .2
4 3 .8
43.
43.4
4 3 .2
4 2 .8
4 2 .5
4 2 .7
4 2 .6
4 2 .3
4 2 .2
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.74
1 .8 3
1 .9 0
1 .9 0
1 .9 1
1 .9 3
1 .9 3
1 .9 3
1 .9 3
1 .9 3
1 .9 4
1 .9 6
1 .9 7
1 .9 7
1 .9 7
M echanical powertransmission equip
ment
M e c h a n ic a l stokers
and industrial fu r
naces and ovens
$ 7 9 .1 2
8 0 .1 7
8 6 .1 4
8 5 .6 1
8 6 .6 8
87. 47
86. 24
8 6 .2 4
8 5 .0 6
85. 50
85. 50
84. 94
8 4 .6 0
8 6 .0 5
86. 25
$ 7 2 .5 8
7 6 .9 7
79. 92
7 9 .1 8
7 9 .3 4
82. 32
80. 46
81. 13
8 1 .0 2
77. 46
8 0 .7 0
8 0 .9 3
8 4 .3 5
8 1 .3 6
8 3 .3 6
4 4 .7
4 3 .1
4 4 .4
4 3 .9
4 4 .0
4 4 .4
4 4 .0
4 4 .0
4 3 .4
4 3 .4
4 3 .4
4 2 .9
4 2 .3
4 2 .6
4 2 .7
$ 1 .7 7
1 .8 6
1 .9 4
1 .9 5
1 .9 7
1 .9 7
1 .9 6
1 .9 6
1 .9 6
1 .9 7
1 .9 7
1 .9 8
2 .0 0
2 .0 2
2 .0 2
Domestic laundry
equipment
$ 6 9 .3 2
7 5 .0 7
78. 77
8 1 .7 5
8 3 .4 2
80. 06
7 6 .2 4
7 7 .7 8
7 7 .4 1
7 4 .8 8
7 5 .6 4
7 7 .4 2
81. 77
7 8 .2 0
7 7 .0 3
4 0 .3
4 0 .8
4 1 .9
4 2 .8
4 3 .0
4 1 .7
3 9 .5
4 0 .3
3 9 .9
3 8 .6
3 9 .6
3 9 .3
4 1 .3
3 9 .9
3 9 .5
$1. 72
1 .8 4
1 .8 8
1 .9 1
1 .9 4
1 .9 2
1. 93
1 .9 3
1 .9 4
1 .9 4
1 .9 1
1 .9 7
1 .9 8
1 .9 6
1 .9 5
Ball and roller
bearings
$ 7 6 .8 2
74. 57
7 9 .2 9
7 7 .9 8
7 9 .1 9
8 0 .1 8
79. 38
76. 52
7 8 .1 2
76. 95
7 8 .0 6
77. 57
7 6 .2 2
7 7 .0 1
8 0 .3 4
4 3 .4
4 1 .2
4 2 .4
4 1 .7
4 1 .9
4 2 .2
4 2 .0
4 0 .7
4 0 .9
4 0 .5
4 1 .3
4 0 .4
3 9 .7
3 9 .9
4 1 .2
$ 1 .7 7
1 .8 1
1 .8 7
1 .8 7
1 .8 9
1 .9 0
1 .8 9
1 .8 8
1 .9 1
1 .9 0
1 .8 9
1 .9 2
1 .9 2
1 .9 3
1 .9 5
4 3 .2
4 3 .0
4 3 .2
4 2 .8
4 2 .2
4 3 .1
4 2 .8
42 7
4 2 .2
4 1 .2
4 1 .6
4 1 .5
4 2 .6
4 1 .3
4 2 .1
$ 1 .6 8
1 .7 9
1 .8 5
1.85
1.88
1 .9 1
1 .8 8
1 .9 0
1 .9 2
1 .8 8
1 .9 4
1 .9 5
1 .9 8
1 .9 7
1 .9 8
Commercial laundry,
dry-cleaning, and
pressing machines
$75. 37
76. 65
8 0 .9 1
7 8 .0 4
76. 43
75. 47
7 5 .7 2
7 5 .1 8
76. 44
76. 74
7 6 .8 0
7 5 .0 3
78. 57
7 7 .1 0
77. 56
4 4 .6
4 3 .8
4 4 .7
4 3 .6
4 2 .7
4 2 .4
4 2 .3
4 2 .0
4 2 .0
42. 4
4 2 .2
4 1 .0
4 2 .7
4 1 .9
4 1 .7
$ 1 .6 9
1. 75
1 .8 1
1 .7 9
1 .7 9
1 .7 8
1 .7 9
1 .7 9
1 .8 2
1 .8 1
1 .8 2
1 .8 3
1 .8 4
1 .8 4
1 .8 6
Machine shops (job
and repair)
$ 7 4 .3 0
78. 55
8 1 .9 6
7 9 .3 0
80. 29
8 0 .9 1
8 0 .7 8
7 9 .4 8
80. 09
78. 77
7 9 .9 5
8 0 .4 1
8 1 .9 8
8 0 .8 3
8 2 .0 6
4 3 .2
4 3 .4
4 4 .3
4 3 .1
4 3 .4
4 3 .5
4 3 .2
42. 5
4 2 .6
4 1 .9
4 2 .3
4 2 .1
4 2 .7
4 2 .1
4 2 .3
$1. 72
1. 81
1. 85
1 .8 6
1 .8 5
1 .8 4
1 .8 7
1 .8 7
1 .8 8
1. 88
1. 89
1 .9 1
1 .9 2
1 .9 2
1 .9 4
346
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , M A R C H 1954
T able C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees1—Continued
Manufacturing—Continued
Electrical machinery
Year and month
Total: Electrical
machinery
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
1951:
1952:
1953:
Average...........
Average_____
December____
January-------February.........
March_______
April................
M ay______ _
June........ .........
July----------— .
August______
September___
October______
November___
December____
$ 6 4 .8 4
6 8 . 64
7 1 . 57
7 1 .7 2
7 1 .2 8
7 2 . 21
7 1 .8 6
7 0 . 99
7 1 .4 0
7 0 . 58
7 1 .6 3
7 1 .6 9
7 1 .5 1
7 1 .7 3
7 1 .9 6
Avg.
wkly.
hours
4 1 .3
4 1 .1
4 2 .1
4 1 .7
4 1 .2
4 1 .5
4 1 .3
4 0 .8
4 0 .8
4 0 .1
4 0 .7
4 0 .5
4 0 .4
4 0 .3
4 0 .2
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$ 1 . 57
$ 7 0 .3 1
1 .6 7
1 .7 0
1 .7 2
1 . 73
1 .7 4
1 .7 4
1 .7 4
1. 75
1 .7 6
1 .7 6
1 .7 7
1 . 77
1 .7 8
1 .7 9
7 3 .9 9
7 7 . 47
76 . 86
7 6 . 91
7 7 .8 9
7 7 .7 0
7 6 . 59
7 7 .1 9
7 6 . 30
7 7 .2 7
7 7 .9 0
7 7 .1 1
7 7 .3 0
77 . 52
Power and distribu
tion transformers
1951:
1952:
1953:
Average_____
Average...........
Decern ber____
January-..........
February____
M arch___ _
April-----------M ay________
June_________
July-------------A u g u st_____
September___
October______
November___
December____
$ 6 8 .9 5
7 2 . 04
7 5 . 48
7 5 .6 2
75. 48
77 . 42
7 6 .6 3
7 7 . 46
76 . 45
7 5 .5 8
7 5 .9 8
7 6 . 59
7 6 .0 0
7 4 . 86
7 4 .4 9
4 0 .8
4 0 .7
4 1 .7
1 1 .1
4 0 .8
4 1 .4
4 1 .2
4 1 .2
4 1 .1
4 0 .2
4 0 .2
4 0 .1
4 0 .0
3 9 .4
3 9 .0
$ 1 .6 9
1 .7 7
1 .8 1
1 .8 4
1 .8 5
1 .8 7
1 .8 6
1 .8 8
1 .8 6
1 .8 8
1 .8 9
1 .9 1
1 .9 0
1 .9 0
1 .9 1
1953:
Average_____
Average_____
December____
January-------February____
M arch_______
A p r il----------M a y - - ............
June_________
July-------------August______
September___
October______
November___
December____
$ 5 8 . 20
5 8 .8 9
6 3 .4 5
6 5 .9 9
67. 39
6 6 .4 9
6 6 .4 9
6 5 .8 5
6 3 .1 2
6 1 .7 8
6 3 .5 2
6 6 . 58
6 6 .4 2
6 5 .8 5
6 6 .6 6
4 0 .7
3 9 .0
4 1 .2
4 1 .5
4 1 .6
4 1 .3
4 1 .3
4 0 .9
3 9 .7
3 9 .1
3 9 .7
4 0 .6
4 0 .5
4 0 .4
4 0 .4
4 2 .1
4 1 .8
4 2 .8
4 2 .0
4 1 .8
4 2 .1
4 2 .0
4 1 .4
4 1 .5
4 0 .8
4 1 .1
4 1 .0
4 0 .8
4 0 .9
4 0 .8
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
7 4 . 99
7 3 . 85
74. 34
75. 29
75. 90
7 4 .8 2
74. 46
7 5 .1 2
7 6 .4 9
7 7 . 28
7 5 .9 5
7 6 .3 6
7 6 . 49
4 2 .5
4 2 .2
4 3 .1
4 2 .2
4 2 .0
4 2 .3
4 2 .4
4 1 .8
4 1 .6
4 1 .5
4 1 .8
4 2 .0
4 1 .5
4 1 .5
4 1 .8
$ 1 .4 3
1 . 51
1 .5 4
1 .5 9
1 .6 2
1 .6 1
1 .6 1
1 . 61
1 .5 9
1 .5 8
1 .6 0
1 .6 4
1 .6 4
1 .6 3
1 .6 5
$60.
64.
66.
66.
65.
66.
27
21
72
65
77
67
6 6 .1 8
6 5 . 53
6 6 . 66
65. 34
6 7 .7 3
6 7 .0 6
6 6 .9 7
6 7 .0 3
6 8 . 57
4 1 .0
4 0 .9
4 1 .7
4 1 .4
4 0 .6
4 0 .9
4 0 .6
4 0 .2
4 0 .4
3 9 .6
4 0 .8
4 0 .4
4 0 .1
3 9 .9
4 0 .1
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn
ings hours
$ 6 3 .1 5
1 . 77
1 .8 1
1 .8 3
1 . 84
1 .8 5
1 . 85
1 .8 5
1 .8 6
1 .8 7
1 .8 8
1 .9 0
1 .8 9
1 .8 9
1 .9 0
6 4 .7 8
6 8 .0 4
6 6 .9 1
6 7 . 40
6 7 .9 0
6 8 .7 2
6 8 .0 6
6 7 .8 9
6 7 .3 7
6 8 . 78
6 8 .9 1
6 9 .3 2
6 9 .0 8
7 0 . 58
Sw itchgear, sw itch
board, and indus
trial controls
$6 9 . 28
7 2 . 16
Wiring devices and
supplies
$ 1 .6 7
$ 8 4 .1 8
1 .7 1
1 . 74
1 .7 5
1 . 77
1 .7 8
1. 79
1 .7 9
1. 79
1 .8 1
1 .8 3
1 .8 4
1 .8 3
1 .8 4
1 .8 3
9 1 .2 8
9 3 . 12
8 9 .0 4
8 7 . 84
8 9 .0 4
86. 28
8 4 .8 0
8 3 .7 8
8 4 . 82
8 6 . 25
8 6 .0 9
8 3 .3 6
8 2 .3 7
8 0 . 59
$ 1 . 47
1 . 57
1 .6 0
1 .6 1
1. 62
1 .6 3
1 .6 3
1 .6 3
1 .6 5
1 .6 5
1 .6 6
1 .6 6
1 .6 7
1 .6 8
1 .7 1
4 2 .1
4 1 .0
4 2 .0
4 1 .3
4 1 .1
4 1 .4
4 1 .4
4 1 .0
4 0 .9
4 0 .1
4 0 .7
4 0 .3
4 0 .3
4 0 .4
4 0 .8
4 5 .5
4 6 .1
46. 1
4 4 .3
4 3 .7
4 4 .3
42. 5
4 2 .4
4 2 .1
4 2 .2
4 2 .7
4 2 .2
4 2 .1
4 1 .6
4 0 .7
$ 1 . 50
$ 6 9 . 43
1 .5 8
1 . 62
1 .6 2
1 .6 4
1 .6 4
1. 66
1 .6 6
1 .6 6
1 .6 8
1 .6 9
1 .7 1
1 .7 2
1 . 71
1 .7 3
7 5 .5 8
7 9 . 24
7 8 . 77
7 8 . 91
7 8 . 96
7 8 . 58
7 7 .9 8
7 7 .8 3
78. 44
7 7 .1 1
7 9 .2 7
7 6 .7 0
7 5 .3 6
7 7 .0 8
$ 5 8 .3 2
6 2 .1 2
6 4 .1 2
6 3 .9 9
63 . 92
6 4 .2 4
64. 00
6 3 .3 6
6 4 .6 4
6 3 . 50
6 5 .3 6
6 4 .7 1
6 5 .4 4
6 6 .0 0
6 7 .3 7
4 0 .5
4 0 .6
4 1 .1
4 0 .5
4 0 .2
4 0 .4
4 0 .0
39 6
3 9 .9
3 9 .2
4 0 .1
3 9 .7
3 9 .9
4 0 .0
4 0 .1
4 0 .6
4 1 .3
4 2 .6
4 1 .9
4 2 .2
4 2 .0
4 1 .8
41. 7
4 1 .4
4 1 .5
4 0 .8
4 1 .5
4 0 .8
4 0 .3
4 1 .0
$ 6 7 .3 2
1 .9 8
2 .0 2
2 . 01
2 .0 1
2 .0 1
2 .0 3
2 .0 0
1 .9 9
2 . 01
2 .0 2
2 .0 4
1 .9 8
1 .9 8
1 .9 8
7 2 .3 2
7 5 . 95
7 8 .7 3
78. 25
7 8 . 58
7 7 .8 3
7 6 . 89
74. 80
75. 36
7 5 .6 2
7 6 . 80
7 8 . 55
7 7 . 76
7 6 . 21
3 9 .6
4 0 .4
41. 5
4 2 .1
4 1 .4
4 1 .8
4 1 .4
4 0 .9
4 0 .0
4 0 .3
3 9 .8
4 0 .0
4 0 .7
4 0 .5
3 9 .9
Average_____ $ 6 6 . 1 7
4 0 .1
A v e r a g e ..___ 7 3 . 1 6
4 1 .1
December___
4 1 .0
7 3 .8 0
1 9 5 3 : January...........
7 3 .3 1
4 0 .5
February____
73 . 35
4 0 .3
M arch.............. 7 4 . 30
4 0 .6
April________
4 1 .2
7 5 . 81
M ay_________ 7 5 . 6 2
41. 1
June...... ......... .. 7 8 . 5 4
4 2 .0
Jul _________ 7 9 . 7 6
4 2 .2
August______
7 9 .8 0
4 2 .0
September___
7 9 .3 2
41. 1
October______ 7 6 . 7 3
4 0 .6
November___
7 6 .7 6
4 0 .4
December____ 7 6 . 0 2
3 9 .8
See footnotes at end of table
1951:
1952:
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Primary batteries
(dry and wet)
$ 1 .6 5
$ 5 3 .9 9
1 .7 8
1 .8 0
1 .8 1
1 .8 2
1 .8 3
1 .8 4
1 .8 4
1 .8 7
1 .8 9
1 .9 0
1 .9 3
1 .8 9
1 .9 0
1 .9 1
5 6 .6 6
5 6 .9 1
5 8 .0 0
5 8 .4 0
5 8 .6 9
5 8 .8 0
6 0 .3 8
5 8 .4 0
5 7 .1 7
6 0 .0 5
5 8 . 86
5 9 .9 5
6 0 .1 9
6 0 .5 0
3 9 .7
3 9 .9
3 9 .8
4 0 .0
4 0 .0
4 0 .2
4 0 .0
4 0 .8
4 0 .0
3 9 .7
4 0 .3
3 9 .5
3 9 .7
3 9 .6
3 9 .8
$ 1 .3 6
1 .4 2
1. 43
1 .4 5
1. 46
1 .4 6
1 .4 7
1 .4 8
1 .4 6
1 .4 4
1 .4 9
1 .4 9
1 .5 1
1 .5 2
1 .5 2
$ 1 .4 4
1 . 53
$ 5 5 .0 6
57 . 49
1 .5 6
1 .5 8
1. 59
1 .5 9
1. 60
1 .6 0
1 .6 2
1 .6 2
1 .6 3
1 .6 3
1 .6 4
1 .6 5
1 .6 8
6 3 .3 3
6 4 .8 2
6 2 . 51
6 3 .6 9
6 2 . 67
6 2 .2 1
6 2 . 73
62 . 22
6 4 .0 6
6 3 .6 5
6 0 .3 7
5 9 .1 9
6 1 . 53
7 3 . 57
7 3 . 39
7 2 .1 4
7 1 .7 8
6 9 .7 7
6 7 .7 3
6 8 .1 1
7 1 .5 6
7 3 .4 9
7 5 .1 4
7 3 .6 3
7 5 . 30
$ 6 9 . 44
1 .8 3
1 .8 6
1 .8 8
1. 87
1 .8 8
1 .8 8
1 .8 7
1 .8 8
1 .8 9
1 .8 9
1 .9 1
1 .8 8
1 .8 7
1 .8 8
7 1 .4 8
7 3 . 70
7 3 . 39
7 4 .1 1
7 4 .1 1
72 . 75
7 2 . 27
7 2 .9 2
7 2 . 90
7 3 .0 3
7 4 .1 6
7 5 .7 6
7 4 . 07
7 4 .8 5
4 1 .4
4 0 .2
4 2 .5
4 3 .8
41. 4
4 1 .9
4 1 .5
4 1 .2
4 1 .0
4 0 .4
4 1 .6
4 0 .8
3 9 .2
3 7 .7
3 8 .7
Avg.
wkly.
hours
4 2 .6
4 1 .8
4 2 .6
4 1 .7
41. 4
4 1 .4
4 1 .1
40. 6
4 1 .2
4 0 .5
4 0 .8
4 1 .2
4 1 .4
4 0 .7
4 0 .9
Avg. A ve. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$ 1 .6 3
$ 75 . 36
1 . 71
1 .7 3
1 .7 6
1 .7 9
1 .7 9
1. 77
1 .7 8
8 0 . 22
8 4 .0 5
8 3 . 95
8 4 . 40
8 5 .2 0
8 5 .0 0
8 2 . 78
8 4 .4 2
8 2 . 62
8 3 .2 2
8 4 . 25
8 2 . 62
8 4 .4 6
8 3 . 64
1 .7 7
1 .8 0
1 .7 9
1 .8 0
1 .8 3
1 .8 2
1 .8 3
Insulated wire and
cable
$ 1 .7 0
1 . 79
$ 6 4 .8 7
7 2 . 11
1 .8 3
1 .8 7
1 .8 9
1 .8 8
1 .8 8
1 .8 8
1 .8 7
1 .8 7
1 .9 0
1 .9 2
1 .9 3
1 .9 2
1 .9 1
7 6 .7 8
7 5 . 51
73. 70
7 3 . 78
7 3 . 53
7 3 .8 7
7 2 . 93
7 0 .8 6
6 9 .1 4
7 1 .5 1
70 . 69
6 9 . 77
6 9 . 02
4 2 .4
4 3 .7
4 4 .9
4 3 .9
4 3 .1
4 3 .4
4 3 .0
4 3 .2
4 2 .4
4 1 .2
4 0 .2
4 0 .4
4 1 .1
4 0 .8
4 0 .6
Motors, g e n e r a to r s,
and motor-generator
sets
$ 1 .5 3
1 . 65
1 . 71
4 2 .1
4 2 .0
4 3 .1
4 2 .4
4 2 .2
4 2 .6
42. 5
4 1 .6
4 2 .0
4 0 .9
4 1 .2
4 0 .9
4 0 .5
4 1 .2
4 0 .8
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$ 1 .7 9
1 .9 1
1 .9 6
1 .9 8
2 .0 0
2 .0 0
2 .0 0
1 .9 9
2 . 01
2 . 02
2 .0 2
2. 06
2 .0 4
2 .0 5
2 .0 5
Electrical equipment
for vehicles
$ 6 9 . 08
7 2 .9 8
7 8 . 91
7 7 .1 5
7 9 .1 5
77 . 93
7 8 . 96
7 7 . 19
7 7 . 90
7 5 .2 0
7 5 . 20
7 4 .2 8
7 5 .4 3
7 6 .3 8
7 2 .7 3
1 .7 2
1 .7 1
1 .7 0
1 . 71
1 .7 1
1 .7 2
1 .7 2
1 .7 2
1 .7 7
1 .7 2
1 .7 1
1. 70
4 0 .4
4 0 .1
4 2 .2
4 1 .7
4 2 .1
4 1 .9
4 2 .0
41. 5
4 1 .0
4 0 .0
4 0 .0
3 9 .3
3 9 .7
4 0 .2
3 9 .1
$ 1 .7 1
1 .8 2
1 .8 7
1 .8 5
1 .8 8
1 .8 6
1. 88
1 86
1. 90
1 .8 8
1 .8 8
1 .8 9
1 .9 0
1 .9 0
1 .8 6
Telephone, telegraph, Miscellaneous electri
and related equip
cal products 2
ment
$ 1 .3 3
$ 7 7 . 33
1 .4 3
1 . 49
1 .4 8
1 .5 1
1 .5 2
1 . 51
1 . 51
1 . 53
1 .5 4
1 .5 4
1 .5 6
1 .5 4
1 .5 7
1 .5 9
8 2 .0 3
8 5 . 55
8 3 . 85
8 2 .2 6
8 2 .8 8
8 2 .2 9
8 2 . 71
8 2 .9 1
77 . 59
8 3 .6 6
8 3 .4 2
8 3 .6 9
8 3 .1 0
8 1 . 93
4 3 .2
4 3 .4
4 4 .1
4 3 .0
4 2 .4
4 2 .5
4 2 .2
42. 2
4 2 .3
4 0 .2
4 2 .9
4 3 .0
4 2 .7
4 2 .4
4 1 .8
$ 1 . 79
1 .8 9
1 .9 4
1 .9 5
1. 94
1 .9 5
1 .9 5
1 .9 6
1 .9 6
1 .9 3
1 .9 5
1 .9 4
1 .9 6
1 .9 6
1 .9 6
$ 6 0 .6 0
6 5 . 93
6 6 . 42
6 7 .1 3
6 7 .0 3
6 7 .0 3
6 7 . 30
6 7 . 47
6 8 .0 4
6 7 . 70
6 8 .9 5
6 8 .0 6
6 8 .5 1
6 8 .0 0
6 8 .6 3
4 0 .4
4 0 .7
4 0 .5
4 0 .2
3 9 .9
3 9 .9
4 0 .3
4 0 .4
4 0 .5
4 0 .3
4 0 .8
3 9 .8
4 0 .3
4 0 .0
3 9 .9
$ 1 .5 0
1 .6 2
1 .6 4
1 .6 7
1 .6 8
1 .6 8
1 .6 7
1 .6 7
1 .6 8
1 .6 8
1 .6 9
1 .7 1
1 .7 0
1 .7 0
1 .7 2
Transportation equipment
X-ray and non-radio
electronic tubes
$ 7 4 . 58
7 2 . 93
7 4 . 65
$ 1 .7 1
Radio tubes
Electrical machinery—Continued
Storage batteries
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn
ings
ings
Electrical appliances
$ 1 .8 5
Radios, phonographs,
television sets, and
equipment
Electrical indicating,
m e a s u r in g , and
recording in s tr u
ments
Carbon and graphite
products (electrical)
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Electrical welding
apparatus
$ 1 .6 3
Communication
equipment >
Electric lamps
1951:
1952:
Electrical generat
ing, transmission,
distribution, and
industrial appara
tus 1
4 5 .2
4 2 .9
4 2 .9
4 1 .8
4 1 .0
4 0 .3
4 0 .1
4 0 .1
3 8 .7
3 8 .7
4 0 .2
4 0 .6
4 0 .4
3 9 .8
4 0 .7
$ 1 .6 5
1 .7 0
1 . 74
1 .7 6
1 .7 9
1 .7 9
1. 7 9
1 .7 4
1 .7 5
1 . 76
1 .7 8
1 .8 1
1 .8 6
1 .8 5
1 .8 5
Total: Transporta
tion equipment
$ 7 5 .6 7
8 1 . 56
8 7 .1 1
8 5 .0 6
8 5 . 69
8 5 .4 9
8 5 .7 0
8 4 . 67
8 5 . 70
8 4 .8 6
8 5 .7 0
8 4 .2 3
8 5 .8 9
8 4 .6 3
8 5 . 88
4 0 .9
4 1 .4
4 2 .7
4 1 .9
4 1 .8
41. 7
4 1 .6
4 1 .3
4 1 .2
4 0 .8
4 1 .2
4 0 .3
4 0 .9
4 0 .3
4 0 .7
Automobiles 2
$ 1 .8 5
$ 7 5 . 45
1 .9 7
2 . 04
2 .0 3
2 . 05
2 .0 5
2 . 06
2 . 05
2 .0 8
2 .0 8
2 .0 8
2 .0 9
2 .1 0
2 .1 0
2 .1 1
8 3 .0 3
9 0 .3 1
8 6 .9 4
87. 99
8 8 .2 0
8 8 .8 3
8 7 . 15
8 9 . 23
8 7 . 91
8 8 . 58
8 6 . 58
8 8 .1 3
8 6 .4 0
8 7 . 23
3 9 .5
4 0 .5
4 2 .4
4 1 .4
4 1 .7
4 1 .8
4 1 .9
41. 5
4 1 .5
4 0 .7
4 1 .2
3 9 .9
4 0 .8
4 0 .0
4 0 .2
$ 1 .9 1
2 . 05
2 .1 3
2 .1 0
2 .1 1
2 .1 1
2 .1 2
2 . 10
2 .1 5
2 .1 6
2 .1 5
2 .1 7
2 .1 6
2 .1 6
2 .1 7 '
Motor vehicles, bodies,
parts, and accessories
$ 7 6 .0 4
8 3 .8 4
9 1 .3 8
8 7 . 77
8 9 .0 3
8 9 . 25
8 9 .6 7
8 8 . 19
9 0 .0 6
8 8 . 32
8 9 .2 1
8 7 . 38
8 9 .1 6
8 7 .2 0
8 7 .6 4
3 9 .4
4 0 .5
4 2 .5
4 1 .4
4 1 .8
4 1 .9
4 1 .9
4 1 .6
4 1 .5
4 0 .7
4 1 .3
3 9 .9
4 0 .9
4 0 .0
4 0 .2
$ 1 .9 3
2 . 07
2 .1 5
2 .1 2
2 .1 3
2 .1 3
2 .1 4
2 . 12
2 .1 7
2 .1 7
2 .1 6
2 .1 9
2 .1 8
2 .1 8
2 .1 8
847
C : E A R N IN G S A N D H O U R S
T able C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees'—Continued
Manufacturing—Continued
Transportation equipment—Continued
Truck and bus bodies
Ypar and month
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
1951: A v era se.......... $66. 50
70.18
1952: A verage..........
December____ 72. 45
71.56
1953: January...........
73.03
February____
M arch........ .
75. 21
74.85
April________
72.94
M a v ________
72.18
June________
July-------------- 73.12
75.48
A ugust......... .
74. 85
September___
October______ 73. 89
72.90
November___
December------ 75.40
Avg.
wkly.
hours
40.8
40.8
40 7
40.2
40.8
41.1
40.9
40.3
40.1
40.4
41.7
40.9
40.6
40.5
41.2
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
43.7
43 2
44. 3
43.4
43.7
43.8
43.2
42.5
42 3
42.4
42.4
42. 1
42.6
42.4
43.7
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
$1.63 $65.19
1.72 70. 76
1. 78 74. 52
1.78 73. 21
1.79 72. 90
1.83 72. 72
1.83 74. 98
1.81 73. 93
1.80 73.16
1.81 71.74
1.81 73.84
1.83 71.98
1.82 74. 80
1.80 76. 92
1.83 75.39
Other aircraft parts
and equipment
1951: Average.------- $78. 66
81.22
1952: Average____
December____ 85. 94
1953: January........... 84.63
February___
85.65
86.29
March__ ____
85.10
April________
83.30
M a y ________
83. 75
Ju n e________
84.38
July_________
August ............ 84.80
September___ 85.04
October______ 86.05
85. 65
November___
December____ 90.02
Trailers (truck and
automobile)
Avg.
wkly.
hours
41 0
40.9
42.1
40.9
40.5
40.4
41.2
40.4
40.2
39.2
39.7
38.7
40.0
40.7
40.1
Avg. Avg.
hrly wkly.
earn earn
ings
ings
$1. 59 $78. 40
1.73 81. 70
1. 77 86.04
1.79 85.73
1.80 85.14
1.80 84.18
1.82 83.16
1.83 82. 57
1.82 81.99
1.83 82.59
1.86 83.60
1.86 83.21
1.87 84. 03
1.89 84. 45
1.88 85.07
Ship- and boatbuild
ing and repairing ’
$1.80 $69.83
1.88 75.17
1.94 77.99
1.95 76.03
1.96 76. 60
1.97 78. 79
1.97 80.19
1.96 80.19
1.98 79. 40
1.99 80. 57
2.00 80 98
2.02 78. 49
2.02 79.90
2. 02 78. 45
2.06 82.37
39.9
40.2
40.2
39.6
38 3
39.2
39.7
39.7
39.5
39. 5
39.5
38.1
38.6
37.9
39.6
Avg.
wkly.
hours
43.8
43.0
43 9
43.3
43.0
42.3
42.0
41.7
41.2
41.5
41.8
41.4
41.6
41.6
41.7
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkiy. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
$1.79 $75. 78
1.90 79. 66
1.96 84.00
1.98 83.50
1.98 82.91
1.99 82.17
1. 98 82.17
1.98 80. 97
1.99 80.18
1.99 80. 57
2.00 82.39
2.01 80.99
2.02 82. 61
2.03 83.22
2.04 83.23
Shipbuilding and
repairing
$1.75 $71.42
1.87 76. 78
1.94 79. 60
1.92 77.62
2.00 78.11
2.01 80. 73
2. 02 81. 95
2.02 81.74
2.01 81.14
2.04 82. 53
2.05 82.92
2. 06 80. 60
2.07 81.41
2.07 79.92
2. 08 83.92
39.9
40.2
40.2
39.6
38.1
39.0
39.4
39.3
39.2
39.3
39.3
38.2
38.4
37.7
39.4
Other transportation
equipment
43.3
42.6
43.3
42.6
42.3
41.5
41.5
41.1
40.7
40.9
41.4
40.7
41.1
41.2
41.0
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly, wkly. w kly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
$1.75 $85.81
1.87 86.92
1.94 92.16
1.96 92.00
1.96 89. 49
1.98 87.84
1.98 85. 40
1.97 85.80
1.97 84.84
1.97 86. 68
1.99 86.90
1.99 87. 54
2.01 87. 55
2.02 86.73
2.03 86.73
Boatbuilding and
repairing
$1.79 $60. 95
1.91 66. 23
1.98 69. 77
1.96 68.46
2.05 68.11
2.07 69. 49
2. 08 71.86
2.08 72.28
2.07 70.41
2. 10 70.93
2.11 70.93
2.11 67.86
2.12 70. 92
2.12 69. 66
2.13 73.49
40.1
39.9
40. 1
39.8
39.6
40.4
41.3
41.3
40.7
40.3
40.3
37.7
39.4
38.7
40.6
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
45.4 $1.89 $89.17
1.98 92. 25
43.9
2.03 94.02
45.4
2.04 92.08
45.1
2.02 91.08
44.3
43.7
2.01 83.82
2.00 83.84
42.7
2.00 83. 43
42.9
2.02 84. 67
42.0
2. 03 84.66
42.7
2.04 85.70
42.6
2.05 85. 49
42.7
2. 06 84. 67
42.5
42.1 ' 2.06 84. 87
42.1
2.06 85.08
Railroad equipment!
$1.52 $76.48
3.66 77. 74
1.74 81.12
1.72 79.37
1.72 79. 98
1.72 81.41
1.74 81.61
1. 75 79. 79
1.73 81.20
1.76 77. 99
1.76 78.36
1.80 80. 94
1.80 81.77
1.80 80.11
1.81 82. 76
Aircraft propellers
and parts
40.9
40.7
41.6
40.7
40.6
40.5
40.2
39.5
40.0
38.8
38.6
39.1
39.5
38.7
39.6
46.2
45.0
45.2
44.7
44.0
41.7
41.3
41.3
41.1
41.5
41.6
41.7
41.3
41.2
41.3
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.93
2.05
2.08
2.06
2.07
2.01
2.03
2. 02
2. 06
2.04
2.06
2.05
2.05
2. 06
2.06
Lo:omotiors and
parts
$1.87 $81.12
1.91 81.14
1.95 81.09
1.95 78.94
1.97 79. 56
2.01 84.46
2. 03 85. 07
2. 02 80. 55
2.03 85. 06
2.01 78.16
2.03 81.97
2. 07 82. 56
2. 07 81.16
2 .07 81.54
2. 09 84. 77
41.6
41.4
41. S'
40.9
40.8
41.4
40.9
39.1
40.7
38.5
39.6
39.5
39.4
39.2
39.8
$1.95
1 95
1.94
1.93
1.95
2.04
2.08 '
2.06
2.09
2. 03
2.07
2.09
2.06
2.08
2.13
Instruments and related products
Transportation equipment—Continued
Railroad and streetcars
Aircraft engines and
parts
Aircraft
Aircraft and parts *
Total: Instruments
and related products
Laboratory, scien
tific, and engineer
ing instruments
Mechanical measur
ing and controlling
instruments
Optical instruments
and lenses
—
1951: Average_____ $70. 40
74.00
1952 Averace_____
December____ 80.93
1953: January--------- 79. 98
February____
80.40
March_______
78.41
April_____ -- 78. 21
M a y ________
79. 00
78. 01
J u n e ._______
Julv_________
78.00
August______
75.60
September___
79.34
October_____ 82.16
November___ • 78. 90
December____ 81.37
40.0
40.0
41. 5
40.6
40.4
39.6
39.5
39.9
39.4
39.0
37.8
38.7
39.5
38.3
39.5
$1.76 $68. 53
1.86 73.02
1 95 75.68
1.97 71.23
1.99 72. 04
1.98 72. 39
1. 98 72. 22
1.98 75.17
1.98 75.17
2.00 70.31
2.00 76. 59
2.05 76.96
2.08 77. 04
2 .06 69. 93
2 .06 68.98
42.3
42.7
43.0
40.7
40. 7
40.9
40.8
41.3
41.3
39. 5
41.4
41.6
41.2
37.8
37.9
$1.62 $68. 20
1.71 72.07
1.76 75. 76
1.75 73. 57
1.77 73.39
1.77 73. 74
1.77 72.10
1.82 73.22
1.82 73. 87
1.78 71.86
1.85 72.98
1.85 74.16
1.87 74. 52
1. 85 74.93
1.82 75. 71
42.1
41.9
42.8
41.8
41.7
41.9
41.2
41.6
41.5
40.6
41.0
41.2
41.4
41.4
41.6
$1.62 $86. 85
1.72 93 11
1.77 97. 52
1.76 93.60
1.76 92. 82
1.76 92.19
1.75 80. 57
1.76 89.87
1.78 90.09
1.77 82. 40
1.78 88.62
1.80 91.38
1.80 89.04
1.81 90.31
1.82 ! 91.38
45.0
45.2
46.0
44.6
44.2
43.9
39.3
43.0
42.9
40.0
42.4
42.9
42.2
42.6
42.9
$1.93 $68. 69
2. 06 71.66
2.12 76. 46
2.10 73. 74
2.10 74.34
2.10 74.16
2. 05 74.05
2.09 73. 51
2.10 74.52
2. 06 71.96
2.09 72. 72
2.13 74. 66
2.11 75. 99
2.12 75. 44
2.13 75. 48
1951: Average_____ $60. 86
41.4
1952: Average_____
41.2
64. 68
December____ 66. 56
41.
1953: January_____
41.6
66. 56
February____
41.2
66.33
M arch______
41.8
67.72
April________
41.6
66.98
M a y ____ _____ 66. 24
41.
41.2
J u n e................
66.74
41.
July.................
67. 6.
A ugust..........
41.1
66.9Í
September__
40.8
66.91
October_____
40.
67.0Í
November__
66. o;Ì; 40.
December___
67. 6,5 41.
See footnotes at end ot table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Ophthalmic goods
$1.47 $55. 49
1. 67 56.63
1.6C 59. 74
1.6C 58.32
1.61 57.89
1.62 58.13
1.61 58. IS
1.6C 58. 44
1.62 58. 62
1.62 57. 6'
1.61 56.52
1.64 58. 4(
1 . 6'
59.6Í
1.61 60.6
59.6
1.6
Photographic
apparatus
40.8 $1.36 $73.08
39. C 1.43 76.73
1.45 80.0Í
41.2
1.44 75.33
40.5
1.44 74.59
40.2
1.44 76.11
40.4
1.44 76. 48
40.4
1.4. 76.52
40.1
1.46 76. 3(
40.
1. 4( 75.31
39.
1.4' 77.6Í
39.1
1.41 78.21
40.
79.0
1.4
40.
1.4
80.8
40.
82.2 2
1.4
40..
42. C $1.74
1.84
41.7
1.88
42.6
1.86
40.5
1.86
40.
1.8'
40."
1.8'
40.9
1.88
40.
1.8'
40.
1.8'
40.1
1.8'
41.
1.91
41.'
1.9
41.
1.9
42.
1.9 l|
42.
$1.62 $72. 07
1.69 76.50
1.77 81. 72
1.76 80. 29
1.77 80.29
1.77 80.11
1.78 81.47
1.78 81.22
1.80 79. 98
1. 79 78. 26
1.80 78.44
1.83 77.04
1.84 76.73
1.84 76. 26
1.85 78.68
42.9
42.5
43.7
43.4
43.4
43.3
43.8
43.9
43.0
42.3
42.4
42.1
41.7
41.0
42.3
$1.68
1.80
1.87
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.86
1.85
1.86
1.85
1.85
1.83
1.84
1.86
1.86
Miscellaneous mamifacturing industries
Instruments and related products—Continued
Surgical, medical,
and dental instru
ments
42.4
42.4
43.2
41.9
42.0
41.9
41.6
41.3
41.4
40.2
40.4
40.8
41.3
41.0
40.8 1
Watches and clocks
$59. 57
60. 55
63.86
65.16
66.14
67.1C
66.78
67.2C
67. 71
66.91
67.6,
66. 9'
68.3
67.2
67.9
Total: Miscel aneous
manufactur ing in*
dustries
40.8 $1.46 $57.67
40. 1 1.51 61. 5C
41.2 1. 55 65. 57
41.5 1.57 64. r
41.6 1.59 64.19
42.2 1.59 64. 74
42.0 1.59 64.41
42.0 1.6( 64.21
42.1 1.61 63. 81
62. 31
41.6 1.6
41.5 1.66 63.7
41.1 1.66 63.3
41.4 1.6 5 65.1
41.0 1.6 1 65.1
41.2 1.6 5! 65.8 51
40.9
41.1
42.3
41.4
41.1
41. £
41.1
40.'
40.'
39.
40.1
40.
41.
40.
40.
Jewelry, silverware,
and plated ware 1
$1.41 $61.3t
1.51 65. 9C
1. 55 72.3Í
1 .5£ 68.41
1.51 68.41
1.51 69.21
1.51 68.5'
1.5’ 68.21
1.51 67.3
1.5 ' 65.2
67.5
1.5
68.8
1.5
71.7 1
1.5
1.6 3! 72.4 3 1
73.1 5
1.6
41 7 $1.47
1.56
42.3
1.60
45.
1.58
43.3
1.60
42.
1.60
43.
1.61
42.1
1.62
42.1
1.60
42.1
1.60
40.
1.62 '
41.
1.64
42.1
1.66
43.
1.67
43.
1.67
43. 3
348
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , M A R C H 1954
T able C-l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees1—Continued
M anufaoturing—C on tlnued
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries—Continued
Year and month
1951: Average........
1952: Average........
D ecem ber...
1953: January........
February.......
M arch.........
April_______
M a y ..............
June_______
July............. .
August..........
Septem ber...
October_____
N ovem ber..
December___
Jewelry and findings
Silverware and plated
ware
Musical instruments
and parts
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg.
Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
$58.38
63.33
68. 70
66.73
65.91
66.10
64. 41
63. 91
63. 38
60. 70
62. 73
63. 71
68.37
68.37
69.01
41.7
42. 5
45.2
43.9
42.8
43.2
42.1
41.5
41. 7
40.2
41.0
41.1
43.0
43.0
43.4
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.40 $65. 73
1.49 70.98
1.52 79.28
1.52 71.74
1.54 73. 44
1.53 75. 69
1.53 76.13
1.54 76.03
1.52 74. 73
1.51 73. 50
1.53 75. 50
1. 55 77. 43
1.59 78.04
1.59 80.00
1.59 80.10
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
41.6 $1.58 $63. 65
40.8
42.0
1.69 68.64
41.1
45.3
1.75 72. 93
42.4
42.2
1.70 71.28
41.2
42.7
1.72 72. 21
41.5
43.5
1.74 72. 73
41.8
43.5
1.75 72. 28
41.3
43.2
1. 76 70.88
40.5
42.7
1.75 70. 35
40.2
42.0
1.75 68. 78
39.3
42.9
1.76 70. 58
40.1
43. 5
1. 78 70. 84
39.8
43.6
1.79 72.80
40.9
44.2
1.81 73. 93
41.3
44.5
1.80 74. 29
41.5
Manufacturing—Continued
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
T oys and sporting
goods 1
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
$1.56 $53. 60
1.67 58. 73
1.72 62.06
1.73 60.15
1.74 61.00
1.74 62.06
1. 75 61.05
1.75 60.90
1.75 60.60
1.75 58. 20
1.76 59. 75
1.78 60. 34
1.78 62.12
1. 79 62. 52
1.79 61.60
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn
ings
ings
$1.35 $53. 72
1.45 58.84
1.51 61.41
1.50 59.04
1.51 60. 04
1.51 61.81
1.50 61.56
1.50 61.41
1.50 60. 70
1.50 57. 45
1.49 60. 30
1. 52 61.51
1.53 63. 55
1.54 64.27
1. 54 61.69
39.7
40. 5
41.1
40.1
40.4
41.1
40.7
40.6
40.4
38.8
40.1
39.7
40.6
40.6
40.0
1951: Average____
1952: Average____
December___
1953: January____
February___
March______
April................
M ay................
June.......... .
July-----------August______
September__
October_____
November__
December___
$54. 91
57. 26
59. 76
57. 86
0 / . 0/
58. 29
59. 02
59.13
59.86
57.38
58. 58
58. 80
60. 56
60. 94
62.13
41.6
40. 9
41.5
39.9
39. 7
40.2
40.7
40. 5
41. 0
39. 3
40.4
40.0
41.2
40.9
41.7
Costume jewelry,
buttons, notions
$1.32 $53. 73
1.40 55.74
1.44 59. 47
1.45 60. 30
1. 45 60. 01
1.45 61.01
1.45 61.01
1. 46 60.38
1.46 59.83
1. 46 55. 39
1.45 58.11
1. 47 58. 61
1.47 58.07
1. 49 57. 57
1.49 58.07
40.1
40.1
41.3
41.3
41.1
41.5
41.5
40.8
40.7
38.2
39.8
39.6
39.5
38.9
39.5
Fabricated plastic
products
$1.34 $60. 59
1.39 64. 79
1.44 68. 96
1.46 70.09
1.46 69. 21
1.47 69.28
1.47 68.79
1.48 68.88
1.47 67.16
1.45 66. 91
1.46 67.07
1. 48 66.91
1.47 68.06
1.48 67.48
1.47 68.31
41.5
41.8
43.1
43.0
42.2
42.5
42.2
42.0
41.2
41.3
41.4
40.8
41.5
41.4
41.4
Other manufacturing
industries
1951: Average____
1952: Average____
December___
953: January____
February___
M arch______
A p r il.............
M a y _______
June................
July________
August______
September__
October_____
November__
December___
Switchboard operat
ing employees 7
$1.46 $59.18
1.55 62. 02
1.60 65. 68
1.63 64.37
1.64 63.90
1.63 64. 37
1.63 64.62
1.64 64. 24
1.63 64. 71
1.62 64. 24
1.62 65. 21
1.64 63. 92
1.64 66.34
1.63 65.76
1.65 67.47
41.1
40.8
42.1
41.0
40.7
41.0
40.9
40.4
40.7
39.9
40.5
39. 7
$1.44 $70. 93
1.52 74.30
1.56 76.30
1.57 74. 61
1.57 76. 95
1.57 75.30
1.58 76.82
1.59 74. 43
1.59 77. 75
1.61 78.31
1.61 75. 36
1. 61 76.33
1.63 77. 30
1.64 76.04
1.67
4 0 .7
40.1
40.4
1951: Average_____ $68.97
1952: Average_____
71.80
D ecem ber74.46
1953: January___
74. 52
February....... . 74. 21
March.............. 74.21
April________
75.44
M a y ________
75. 26
June________
74.85
July_________
/6. 63
A ugust______
76.86
September____ 78. 02
October______ 78 21
November___
78.81
December____ 77. 38
41.8
41. 5
41.6
41. 4
41.0
41.0
41. 0
40.9
40. 9
41. 2
41.1
41. 5
41. 6
41. 7
41. 6
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
41.9
41.7
41.9
42 3
41.5
41.4
41.4
41.5
41.7
41.8
41.7
41.9
41.7
41.9
41.4
39.8
40.9
42.1
41.4
41.6
42.0
41.1
40.9
40.7
39.6
39.9
38.7
40.0
39.6
40.4
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.34
1.44
1.50
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.49
1.48
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.52
41.0
40.6
40.8
39.9
40. 5
40. 7
41.3
39.8
41.8
42.
J
40.3
40. 6
4.09
39.4
Local railways and
buslines8
$1.73 $72. 23
1.83 76. 56
1.87 78. 66
1.87 76. 01
1.90 76.61
1.85 76.78
1.86 77.92
1.87 79. 06
1.86 78. 89
1.86 78.93
1.87 78. 75
1.88 79. 65
1.89 79.39
1.93 78. 06
78.41
46.3
46 4
46. 0
44. 5
44. 8
44 9
45.3
45. 7
45. 6
45.1
45.0
45 0
44.6
44.1
44.3
$1.56
1 fíñ
1 71
1. 71
1 71
1 71
1. 72
1 73
1.73
1 75
1. 75
1 77
1 78
1 77
1.77
42.8
42.2
43.1
43.0
41.9
41.9
42.1
42.5
43.3
42.3
42.2
42.7
42.2
42.8
42.8
$1.90 $68.24
2. 05 72.48
2.14 74.10
2.14 73.63
2.13 73. 46
2.12 73.63
2.13 73.63
2.14 75.90
2.16 75. 60
2.15 74.76
2.16 74. 76
2. 20 77. 46
2. 21 77.04
2. 25 76.13
2.23 75.76
44.6
43.4
42.1
41. 6
41. 5
41.6
41.6
42.4
42.0
42.0
42.0
42. 1
42.1
41.6
41.4
$1.53 $71.65
1.67 75.12
1. 76 78. 21
1.77 78.40
1.77 77. 46
1.77 77.87
1.77 78. 50
1.79 79. 52
1.80 80. 22
1.78 81.32
1.78 81.34
1.81 82. 76
1.83 82.17
1.83 82. 59
1.83 82.17
41.9
41.5
41.6
41.7
41.2
41.2
41.1
41.2
41.5
41.7
41.5
41.8
41.5
41.5
41.5
Electric light and
power utilities
$1.71 $72. 91
1.81 76.18
1.88 78. 88
1.88 79.27
1.88 78. 50
1.89 78. 91
1.91 79.13
1.93 80.15
1.93 81.54
1.95 82. 35
1.96 82. 59
1.98 81 02
1.98 83. 01
1.99 83. 22
1.98 83.42
41.9
41.4
41.3
41. 5
41.1
41.1
41.0
41.1
41. 6
41.8
41.5
41.8
41.3
41.2
41.5
$1.74
1.84
1.91
1.91
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.95
1.96
1.97
1.99
2.01
2. 01
2.02
2. 01
Wholesale and retail trade
Retail trade
Electric light and gas
utilities combined
$1.65 $72.49
1.73 75.89
1. 79 79.19
1.80 80.37
1.81 78.85
1.81 79. 49
1.84 80.32
1.84 80.93
1.83 82.15
1.86 82. 76
1.87 82.98
1.88 84. 22
1.88 83.40
1.89 84.64
1.86 83.21
Avg.
wkly.
hours
$1.36 $53. 33
1.46 58.90
1.52 63.15
1. 51 61.69
1. 52 61.98
1.53 62. 58
1. 52 60.83
1. 52 60. 53
1. 51 60.24
1.50 59. 00
1.50 59.05
1.53 58.05
1. 55 60.00
1.56 59. 40
1 55 61.41
Total: Gas and elec
tric utilities
Telegraph •
Other public utilities—Continued
Gas utilities
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Other public utilities
Line construction,
installation, and
maintenance em
ployees 8
$58.26
39.1 $1.49 $49.39
37.7 $1.31 $81.32
61. 22
38.5
1.59 51.43
37.0
1.39 86. 51
63. 63
38.8
1.64 52.26
36.8
1.42 92.23
63. 69
38.6
1.65 52. 56
1.44 92. 02
36.5
63. 58
38.3
1.66 53. 07
36.6
1.45 89.25
63.03
38.2
1. 65 52.20
36.5
1.43 88.83
63.20
38.3
1.65 52.20
36.5
1.43 89.67
64.63
38.7
1.67 54.68
37.2
1.47 90.95
65.13
39.0
1.67 54. 09
37.3
1.45 93. 53
64. 35
39.0
1.65 54. 38
37.5
1.45 90. 95
64. 24
38.7
1.66 53. 57
37.2
1.44 91.15
68.16
39.4
1.73 59. 75
38.3
1. 56 93. 94
66.01
38.6
1. 71 55.72
36.9
1.51 93. 26
68.08
38.9
1.75 57. 66
37.2
1.55 96. 30
65.84
38.5
1. 71 53. 58
36.2
1.48 95.44
Transportation and public utilities—
Continued
39.5
40.3
40.4
39.1
39.5
40.4
40.5
40.4
40.2
38.3
40.2
40. 2
41.0
41.2
39.8
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Class I railroads »
Communication
Telephone
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Sporting and athletic
goods
Transportation and public utilities
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries—Continued
Pens, pencils, and
other office supplies
Games, toys, dolls, and
children’s vehicles
Wholesale trade
$1.73 $64.31
1.82 67. 80
1.89 69.53
1.90 69. 08
1.90 69. 66
1.92 69. 89
1.94 70.12
1.95 70. 93
1.97 71.10
1.98 72.09
1.99 71.91
2.01 72.32
2.00 72. 67
2.02 72.50
2
72. 62
.or
40.7
40.6
40.9
40.4
40. 5
40.4
40.3
40.3
40.4
40.5
40.4
40.4
40.6
40.5
40.8
Retail trade (except
eating and drink
ing places)
$1.58 $50.65
1.67 52. 67
1. 70 52.54
1.71 53.45
1.72 53.70
1.73 53.70
1.74 53.96
1. 76 54. 21
1.76 55.16
1.78 56.26
1.78 56.12
1. 79 55. 52
1.79 55.24
1.79 55.10
1.78 54. 23
40.2
39.9
39.8
39.3
39.2
39.2
39.1
39.0
39.4
39.9
39.8
39.1
38.9
38.8
39.3
stores and
General merchandise Department
general mail-order
stores *
houses
$1.26 $37. 75
1.32 38. 41
1.32 38.48
1.36 38. 85
1.37 38.17
1.37 37.82
1.38 37. 93
1.39 38.52
1.40 39. 65
1.41 40. 54
1.41 39. 74
1. 42 38. 98
1.42 38. 75
1.42 38. 98
1.38 39. 57
36.3
35.9
37.0
35.0
34.7
34.7
34.8
34.7
35.4
36.2
35.8
34.8
34.6
34.8
36.3
$1.04 $44. 23
1.07 44. 77
1.04 45. 90
1.11 44. 50
1.10 43. 77
1.09 43. 67
1.09 43. 79
1.11 44.38
1.12 45.59
1.12 45.86
1.11 45.11
1. 12 45.09
1.12 44.96
1.12 44. 86
1.09 46.62
37.8
37.0
38.9
35. 6
35.3
35.5
35.6
35. 5
35.9
36.4
35.8
35. 5
35.4
35.6
37.6
$1.17
1.21
1.18
1.25
1.24
1.23
1. 23
1.25
1.27
1. 26
1. 26
1. 27
1.27
1.26
1.24
349
C : E A R N IN G S A N D H O U R S
T able C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees1—Continued
Wholesale and retail trade—Continued
Other retail trade
Retail trade—Continued
Year and month
Food and liquor stores
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
1951:
1952:
1953:
Average_____________
Average_____________
December......................
January________ ____
February......... ..............
M arch_____________
April___________ ____
M ay____________ ___
June____________ ___
July------------------------August______________
September______ ____
O c to b e r .______ ___
November_____ ____
December. -----------
Avg.
wkly.
hours
$ 5 4 .5 4
5 6 . 52
5 7 .1 3
5 7 . 62
5 7 .4 8
5 7 . 57
5 7 . 81
5 7 . 66
5 8 . 95
6 0 .2 5
6 0 . 25
6 0 . 37
5 8 . 98
5 9 . 52
5 9 .2 9
4 0 .1
3 9 .8
3 9 .4
3 9 .2
3 9 .1
3 8 .9
3 8 .8
3 8 .7
3 9 .3
3 9 .9
3 9 .9
3 9 .2
3 8 .3
3 8 .4
3 8 .5
Automotive and acces
sories dealers
Lumber and hardwaresupply stores
Furniture and appli
ance stores
Apparel and accessories
stores
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
$1.36
1.42
1.45
1.47
1.47
1. 48
1.49
1.49
1.50
1.51
1.51
1. 54
1. 54
1. 55
1.54
$66. 28
69.61
71.28
71.12
71.55
72. 90
74.09
74.70
74. 98
74. 98
74. 48
73.10
74. 48
74.15
72.86
45.4
45.2
45.4
45.3
45.0
45.0
44.9
45.0
44.9
44.9
44.6
44.3
44.6
44.4
44.7
$1.46
1.54
1.57
1.57
1.59
1.62
1. 65
1.66
1.67
1.67
1.67
1.65
1.67
1.67
1.63
$42. 24
43.68
45.49
44. 73
43.65
43. 30
43. 75
44. 58
45.09
45.61
45. 25
44. 80
45.41
45.28
46.18
36.1
35.8
36.1
35.5
35.2
35. 2
35.0
35.1
35.5
36.2
36.2
35.0
35.2
35.1
35.8
$1.17
1.22
1.26
1.26
1.24
1.23
1. 25
1.27
1.27
1.26
1.25
1. 28
1.29
1.29
1.29
$59.48
61.06
65.66
60. 76
60.06
60.48
60. 90
61.03
61.89
62.31
62.16
62.31
63.15
63.42
65. 82
43.1
42.7
43.2
41.9
42.0
42.0
42.0
41.8
42.1
42.1
42.0
42. 1
42.1
42.0
43.3
$1.38
1.43
1.52
1.45
1.43
1. 44
1.45
1. 46
1.47
1.48
1.48
1. 48
1.50
1. 51
1.52
$58.86
61.19
61.92
61.06
61.92
62. 49
62. 78
64.37
64.67
65.10
65.97
65.79
66. 99
65. 94
65. 66
43.6
43.4
43.3
42.7
42.7
42.8
43.0
43.2
43.4
43.4
43.4
43.0
43.5
43.1
43.2
Personal services
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
1951: Average___
1952: Average___
D ecem ber..
1953: January___
February__
March_____
April______
M ay..............
June______
July..............
August____
September-.
October___
N ovem ber..
December...
$50.32
52.50
53.56
54. 29
54.61
54.40
54. 47
54. 65
54. 28
54. 90
55. 00
55. 03
55. 36
55. 46
55. 57
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
$83.68
81.07
83.27
84.06
83. 21
86. 01
86. 78
84.48
82. 55
81.72
79. 72
80. 00
80. 68
81.19
83.50
Insurance
carriers
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
$61.31
63.38
65.34
65.75
66.23
66.32
66. 55
66. 52
67. 20
68.73
68.07
67.30
67. 63
68.'20
68. 02
Hotels, year-round »
Cleaning and dyeing
plants
Laundries
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$35. 42
37.06
37. 75
37.31
37.65
37. 47
37.83
37.89
38.22
38.40
38. 49
39. 06
39.76
39.34
39.95
43.2
42.6
42.9
42.4
42.3
42.1
42.5
42.1
42.0
42.2
42.3
42.0
42.3
42.3
42.5
$0.82
.87
.88
.88
.89
.89
.89
.90
.91
.91
.91
.93
.94
.93
.94
$37.81
38.63
39. 55
39. 36
38.88
39 38
39. 58
40. 67
40. 08
39. 30
39.10
39.80
39.70
39.60
40.19
41.1
41.1
41.2
41.0
40.5
40.6
40.8
41.5
40.9
40.1
39.9
40. 2
40.1
40.0
40.6
$0.92
.94
.96
.96
.96
.97
.97
.98
.98
.98
.98
.99
.99
.99
.99
$43.99
45.10
45.92
45. 02
43.73
45. 02
45.36
48.19
47.08
44.69
44.35
46. 40
46.92
45.70
46.92
41.5
41.0
41.0
40. 2
39.4
40.2
40.5
41.9
41.3
39.2
38.9
40.0
40.1
39.4
40.1
$1.06
1.10
1.12
1.12
1.11
1.12
1.12
1.15
1.14
1.14
1.14
1.16
1.17
1.16
1.17
1 Data are based upon reports from cooperating establishments covering
both full- and part-time employees who worked during, or received pay for,
any part of the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. For m in
ing, manufacturing, laundries, and cleaning and dyeing plants, data refer
to production and related workers only. For the remaining industries, unless
otherwise noted, data relate to nonsupervisory employees and working super
visors. Data for the three current months are subject to revision without no
tation; revised figures for earlier months will be identified by asterisks the
first month they are published.
* Italicized titles which follow are componeints of this industry.
* See footnote 2, table A-2.
* See footnote 3, table A-2.
1 Figures for class I railroads (excluding switching and terminal companies)
are based upon monthly data summarized in the M-300 report by the Inter
state Commerce Commission and relate to all employees who received pay
during the month, except executives, officiais, and stall assistants (ICO
Group I).
* Data include privately and government operated local railways and bus
lines.
■8
2 8 9 4 0 0 — 54
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1.35
1.41
1.43
1.43
1.45
1.46
1.46
1.49
1.49
1.50
1.52
1. 53
1.54
1.53
1.52
Service and miscellaneous
Finance, insurance, and real estate10
Security
Banks and
trust com dealers and
exchanges
panies
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Motionpicture pro
duction and
distribu
tion i”
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
$83.95
90.49
90.20
87. 44
90. 76
90.98
89. 64
84.51
91.46
90.98
91.13
85. 79
89.69
92.15
95.13
t Data relate to employees in such occupations in the telephone industry
as switchboard operators, service assistants, operating-room instructors, and
pay-station attendants. During 1952 such employees made up 47 percent of
the total number of nonsupervisory employees in telephone establishments
reporting hours and earnings data.
*Data relate to employees in such occupations in the telephone industry as
central office craftsmen; installation and exchange repair craftsmen; line,
cable, and conduit craftsmen; and laborers. During 1952 such employees
made up 23 percent of the total number of nonsupervisory employees in
telephone establishments reporting hours and earnings data.
• Beginning with 1952, data relate to domestic employees, except messen
gers, and those compensated entirely on a commission basis and are not strictly
comparable with figures shown for 1951.
10 Data on average weekly hours and average hourly earnings are not avail
able.
11 M oney payments only; additional value of board, room, uniforms, and
tips, not included.
See N ote on p. 317.
350
T
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , M A R C H 1954
able
C - 2 : G ro s s a v e r a g e w e e k ly e a rn in g s o f p r o d u c tio n w o rk e rs in s e le c te d in d u s tr ie s , in c u r r e n t a n d
1 9 4 7 -4 9 d o lla rs 1
coal
Manufacturing Bituminous
mining
coal
Manufacturing Bituminous
mining
Laundries
Year and month
Current 1947-49 Current 1947-49 Current 1947-49
dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars
1939:
1941:
1946:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
Average__________ $23.86
29. 58
Average__________
43. 82
Average__________
Average__________
54.14
Average................... 54. 92
59.33
Average__________
Average---.............
64.71
67. 97
Average__________
$40.17
47.03
52. 54
52.67
53. 95
57. 71
58.30
59.89
$23.88
30.86
58.03
72.12
63.28
70.35
77.79
78.32
$40.20
49.06
69.58
70.16
62.16
68.43
70.08
69.00
$17.64
18.69
30.20
34.23
34.98
35. 47
37. 81
38.63
$29.70
29. 71
36. 21
33.30
34.36
34.50
34.06
34.04
1 These series indicate changes in the level of average weekly earnings prior
to and after adjustment for changes in purchasing power as determined
from the Bureau's Consumer Price Index, the years 1947-49 having been
selected for the base period.
T
able
Current 1947-49 Current 1947-49 Current 1947-49
dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars
1952: December________
$72.14
$63.23
$91.73
$80.39
$39. 55
$34.66
1953: January.................
February..... ...........M arch...................
April____________
M ay_____________
June_____________
July______________
August___________
September____ „
October___ _______
November 2______
December*___ _ .
71.34
71.17
71.93
71.40
71.63
71.63
71. 33
71.69
71.42
71.73
71.60
71.96
62.63
62. 76
63. 32
62. 80
62.83
62.56
62.19
62.34
62.00
62.16
62.26
62.63
87. 79
81. 42
81.76
79. 61
84. 97
91.25
84. 97
92.88
86.15
89.78
81.17
82.75
77.08
71.80
71.97
70.02
74. 54
79.69
74. 08
80. 77
74. 78
77.80
70.58
72.02
39.36
38. 88
39. 38
39. 58
40. 67
40. 28
39.30
39.10
39.80
39. 70
39.60
40.19
34.56
34. 29
34.67
34. 81
35.68
35.18
34. 26
34.00
34. 55
34.40
34.43
34.98
» Preliminary,
8ee NOTE on P- 317.
C - 3 : G ro s s a n d n e t s p e n d a b le a v e r a g e w e e k ly e a rn in g s o f p r o d u c tio n w o rk e rs in m a n u f a c tu r in g
in d u s tr ie s , in c u r r e n t a n d 1 9 4 7 -4 9 d o lla rs 1
Gross average
weekly earn
ings
Period
N et spendable average weekly
earnings
W orker with
no dependents
Worker with 3
dependents
Index
Cur 1947-49 Cur
Amount (1947-49 rent
rent
= 100) dollars dollars dollars
1941: January__________ $26. 64
1945: January________ . 47. 50
July-------------------45. 45
1946: June_____________ 43.31
1939:
1940:
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
Laundries
Y ear and month
Average__________
Average__________
Average_____ ____
Average....................
Average....................
A verage..................
Average............. .......
Average....................
Average__________
Average____ _____
Average.....................
Average....................
Average.....................
Average_____ ____
23. 86
25. 20
29.58
36. 65
43.14
46.08
44. 39
43. 82
49. 97
54.14
54.92
59.33
64. 71
67.97
Period
50.3
89.7
85.8
81.8
$25. 41
39. 40
37.80
37.30
$42.14
51. 77
48. 77
46. 74
$26.37
45.17
43. 57
42. 78
$43. 73
59. 36
56. 22
53. 61
45.1
47.6
55.9
69.2
81.5
87.0
83.8
82.8
94.4
102.2
103.7
112.0
122.2
128. 4
23.58
24.69
28. 05
31.77
36.01
38. 29
36. 97
37. 72
42. 76
47. 43
48.09
51.09
54. 04
55. 66
39. 70
41.22
44.59
45.58
48. 66
50.92
48.08
45. 23
44. 77
46.14
47. 24
49.70
48.68
49.04
23.62
24. 95
29.28
36.28
41.39
44. 06
42. 74
43. 20
48. 24
53.17
53.83
57. 21
61.28
63. 62
39. 76
41.65
46. 55
52.05
55.93
58.59
55.58
51.80
50. 51
51.72
52.88
55. 65
55. 21
56.05
N et spendable average weekly
earnings
Worker with
no dependents
Worker with 3
dependents
Index
Cur 1947-49 Cur
1947-49
Amount (1947-49 rent
rent
= 100) dollars dollars dollars dollars
1947-49
dollars
i N et spendable average weekly earnings are obtained by deducting from
gross average weekly earnings, social security and income taxes for which the
specified type of worker is liable. The amount of income tax liability de
pends, of course, on the number of dependents supported by the worker as
well as on the level of his gross income. Net spendable earnings have, there
fore, been computed for 2 types of income-receivers: (1) A worker with no
dependents; (2) a worker with 3 dependents. See footnote 1, table C-2.
The computation of net spendable earnings for both the worker with no
dependents and the worker with 3 dependents are based upon the gross aver
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Gross average
weekly earn
ings
1952: December________
$72.14
136.2
$58. 89
$51.61
$66.94
$58. 67
1953: Janu ary-.......... .......
February___ _____
March___________
A pril____________
M a y ____________
J u n e ............. ...........
July______________
A ugust__ ______
September________
October_____ ____
November 2_______
December 2 _
71.34
71.17
71.93
71.40
71.63
71. 63
71.33
71.69
71. 42
71.73
71.60
71.96
134.7
134.4
135. 8
134.8
135.3
135.3
134.7
135.4
134.9
135.5
135.2
135.9
58.27
58.13
58. 72
58. 31
58.49
58. 49
58. 26
58. 54
58.33
58.57
58.47
58.75
51.16
51.26
51.69
51.28
51 31
51.08
50. 79
50. 90
50. 63
50. 75
50.84
51.13
66.30
66.16
66. 77
66. 34
66.53
66.53
66. 29
66.58
66. 36
66.61
66.50
66.79
58.21
58.34
58. 78
58. 35
58. 36
58.10
57. 79
57.90
57.60
57. 72
57.83
58.13
age weekly earnings for all production workers in manufacturing industries
without direct regard to marital status and family composition. The pri
mary value of the spendable series is that of measuring relative changes in
disposable earnings for 2 types of income-receivers.
2 Preliminary.
See N ote on p 317.
351
C : E A R N IN G S A N D H O U R S
T
able
C - 4 : A v e ra g e h o u r ly e a rn in g s , g ro ss a n d e x c lu d in g o v e r tim e , o f p r o d u c tio n w o rk e rs in
m a n u f a c tu r in g i n d u s t r i e s 1
Manufacturing
Excluding
overtime
Period
Gross
amount
1941: Average____
1942: Average____
1943: Average____
1944: Average.........
1945: Average____
1946: Average____
1947: Average____
1948: Average____
1949: Average.........
1950: Average.........
1951: Average____
1952: Average____
Durable
goods
$0. 729
.853
.961
1.019
1.023
1.086
1.237
1.350
1.401
1. 465
1.59
1.67
Period
Gross
54.5 $0.808 $0.770 $0. 640
.881
.723
62.5
.947
.803
.976
69.4 1.059
.861
73.5 1.117 1.029
.904
»74.8 1.111 »1.042
81.6 1.156 1.122 1.015
93.0 1.292 1.250 1.171
101.7 1.410 1.366 1.278
106.1 1.469 1.434 1.325
109.9 1.537 1.480 1.378
1.48
1.60
118.8 1.67
1.69
1.54
125.0 1.76
$0.625
.698
.763
.814
».858
.981
1.133
1.241
1.292
1.337
1.43
1.49
1952: D ecem b er...
Gross
Ex
clud
ing
over
time
1 Overtime is defined as work in excess of 40 hours per week and paid for
at time and one-half. The computation of average hourly earnings excluding
overtime makes no allowance for special rates of pay for work done on
holidays.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Durable
goods
Manufacturing
Ex
clud
ing
over
time
Index
Amount (1947-49
= 100)
$0. 702
.805
.894
.947
».963
1.051
1.198
1.310
1.367
1.415
1.53
1.61
Nondurable
goods
Excluding
overtime
Gross
amount
1953: January........
February___
March_____
April______
M ay_______
June..... .........
July...........
A ugust_____
September...
October____
November 3_
December3..
$1.73
1.74
1.74
1. 75
1.75
1.76
1.76
1.77
1.77
1.79
1.78
1.79
1.79
Gross
Ex
clud
ing
over
time
Gross
Ex
clud
ing
over
time
$1.83
$1.75
$1.57
$1.51
1.84
1.85
1.85
1.86
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.88
1.90
1.89
1.89
1.90
1.76
1.77
1. 77
1.78
1.79
1.80
1.81
1.81
1. 84
1.83
1.83
1.84
1. 58
1. 58
1. 59
1. 59
1.60
1.60
1.61
1.61
1.63
1.62
1.63
1.63
1.63
1. 54
1.54
1.55
1. 55
1. 55
1. 56
1. 56
1. 58
1. 58
1.59
1.59
Index
Amount (1947-49
= 100)
$1.65
1.67
1.68
1.68
1.69
1.69
1.70
1.71
1. 71
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.74
128.1
129.7
130.4
130.4
131.2
131.2
132.0
132.8
132.8
134.3
134.3
134.3
135.1
Nondurable
goods
i n-m onth average; August 1945 excluded because of V-J Holiday period.
* Preliminary.
See N ote on p. 317
352
T able
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , M A R C H 1954
C-5: Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas 1
Alabama
State
Arizona
Birmingham
Mobile
Arkansas
State
Phoenix
State
Year and month
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
1951: Average_____ $50.93
1952: Average. . . .
52. 53
December____ 56.44
1953: January_____ 55. 48
February____ 54. 92
M arch_____ _ 55. 35
A p r il..___ __ 55.61
M a y _________ 55. 34
June ____ _ 55. 20
July-------------- 55.32
August___. . .
55. 48
September___ 55.13
October______ 54. 63
N ovem ber___ 55. 38
December___ 54. 71
40.1
40.1
41.2
40.2
39.8
40.4
40.3
40.1
40.0
39.8
40.2
39.1
39.3
39.0
38.8
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.27 $60. 35
1.31 63.18
1.37 68. 64
1.38 68.45
1.38 67. 37
1.37 68. 45
1.38 68. 28
1.38 67. 32
1. 38 68.06
1.39 70.80
1. 38 70.12
1.41 70.09
1.39 70. 05
1.42 70. 27
1.41 69. 87
$1.49 $54. 95
1.56 60.20
3.67 63. 55
1.69 59. 95
1.68 59. 43
1.69 59.04
1.69 62. 02
1.70 63.18
1.71 63.36
1.77 66. 26
1.74 65. 53
1.77 66.90
1.76 62.17
1.77 61.85
1.76 65. 45
40.5
40.5
41.1
40.5
40.1
40.5
40.4
39.6
39.8
40.0
40.3
39.6
39.8
39.7
39. 7
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
40.7
40.4
41.0
39.7
39.1
39.1
39.5
40.5
40.1
40.9
40.7
40.3
39.1
38.9
40.4
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1. 35 $66.81
1.49
1.55 279. 74
1.51 78. 55
1.52 77. 46
1.51 78. 86
1.57 80. 14
1.56 76.96
1.58 79.29
1.62 78.81
1.61 79. 46
1.66 80. 87
1.59 78. 78
1.59 79. 61
1.62 79.61
Arkansas—Con.
41.9
40.9
41.0
40.6
41.3
40. 6
40.3
41. 5
41.1
41.5
41.1
40.9
41. 4
41.4
41.8
43.1
M 4.3
43.4
42.1
42.4
42.4
41.6
42.4
41.7
41.6
41.9
40.4
41.9
41.9
$1.55 $65. 26
71.40
2 1.80
76. 46
1.81 76.01
1.84 74. 57
1.86 76. 31
1.89 77. 28
1.85 73. 67
1.87 75. 71
1.89 76. 82
1.91 77.76
1.93 79.95
1.95 76. 76
1.90 75.81
1.90 76. 57
State
$1.08 $71.79
1.12 75.85
1.15 78.07
1.15 77. 51
1.15 77. 61
1.16 78. 30
1.16 78.47
1.19 78. 57
1.20 79.05
1.17 78.60
1. 21 79. 62
1.19 78. 84
1.19 79.70
1.18 79.18
1.19 80.28
40.5
40.6
40.7
40.1
40.1
40.2
40.2
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.6
39.9
40.3
39.7
39.9
Fresno
$1.77 $61.08
1.87 64. 27
1.92 68.01
1.93 66. 63
1.94 68.12
1.95 69. 85
1.95 67.04
1.96 67. 46
1.98 67.89
1.97 66. 26
1.96 69. 00
1.98 66.90
1.98 69.37
1.99 63.83
2. 01 66.05
37.1
37.6
38.5
37.4
37.6
38.4
36.9
37.4
37.5
36.7
38.8
37.5
38.9
35.5
36.2
Los Angeles
$1.65 $71. 22
1.71 76.20
1.77 79.18
1.78 78 78
1.81 78.01
1.82 78.60
1.82 79. 31
1.80 78. 61
1.81 78.88
1.81 79.08
1.78 79.75
1.79 78.79
1.78 79. 41
1.80 79. 47
1.82 80. 40
40.9
41.3
41.8
41.2
40.8
40.8
41.1
40.6
40.5
40.6
40.9
40. 2
40.5
40.4
40.4
San FranciseoOakland
$1.85 $69.30
1.95 72.00
2.01 73. 57
2.01 75.98
2.02 75.85
2.03 77. 93
2.03 73. 96
2.03 78. 24
2.05 79. 90
2.05 71. 57
2.04 74.01
2.06 76. 48
2.06 73. 97
2.09 72. 81
2.10 76.56
39.5
39.6
39.5
38.8
39.2
39.4
39.3
39.5
39.3
38.8
39.7
39.1
39.8
38.7
38.6
42.1
42.0
43.2
42.7
41.2
41.7
42.0
40.7
41.6
41.3
40.5
41.0
40.4
39.9
40. 3
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn
ings hours
$1.55 $44.19
1.70 47.20
1.77 49. 26
1.78 48. 31
1.81 48. 55
1.83 49.20
1.84 49.80
1.81 48. 52
1.82 49. 73
1.86 50. 09
1.92 49. 53
1.95 50.26
1.90 50. 68
1.90 49.94
1.90 50. 50
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
40.5
41.4
42.1
40.6
40.8
41.0
41.5
40.1
41.1
41.4
40.6
41.2
41.2
40.6
40.4
San Diego
41.1
39.8
39.7
37.7
37.4
38.0
34.8
37.4
37.8
39.7
40.2
44.5
41.0
38.4
38.2
40.9
38.5
39.0
38.6
38.6
39.0
38.7
38.6
38.7
39.3
39.6
37.8
39.4
39.7
41.7
Colorado
San Jose
41.4
40.8
39.5
39.8
39.2
40.2
38.1
39.9
40.0
39.5
41.4
42.6
40.4
38.2
39.3
Sacramento
$1. 74 $72.03
1.84 73.00
1.90 76.08
1.91 71.63
1.91 71.66
1.92 73.15
1.93 65. 69
1.93 70. 34
1.95 71.05
1.95 76. 33
1.95 74.09
1.96 87.48
1.96 78.88
1.97 76. 64
1.99 76. 51
California—Continued
1951: Average........__ $73.11
1952: Average_____ 77. 27
December____ 79. 27
1953: January_____ 78.12
February......... 78. 93
March.......... . 80.03
April________ 79. 70
M a y _____ . . .
80. 43
June_______
80. 66
July_________ 79. 56
August______ 81.11
September___ 80. 44
October______ 81.98
November___ 81.10
December____ 81. 21
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
$1.09
1.14
1.17
1.19
1.19
1. 20
1. 20
1.21
1.21
1.21
1. 22
1.22
1.23
1. 23
1.25
California
Little Rock-North
Little Rock 3
1951: Average_____ $45. 25
1952: Average ____ 45.81
D ecem ber... _ 47.15
1953: January_____ 46.69
February____ 47.50
M arch_______ 47.10
A pril..
46. 75
M a y ________ 49. 39
June____ . . . 49. 32
July_________ 48. 56
August______ 49.73
September___ 48. 67
October______ 49. 27
N ovem ber___ 48.85
December____ 49. 74
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly. Avg.
earn wkly.
ings hours
Stockton
$1.67 $68. 75
1.76 71.30
1.86 75.13
1.91 74. 41
1.94 75. 66
1.94 77.00
1.94 73.88
1.96 74. 85
2.00 72. 67
1.81 72.02
1.79 74. 70
1.80 72. 61
1.83 74. 20
1.91 74. 27
1.95 75. 26
40.6
39.3
39.7
39.4
39.5
39.9
38.9
39.1
38.0
40.0
40.9
39.3
40.2
38.2
38.6
State
$1.69 $64.02
1.81 67.16
1.89 71.32
1.89 68. 91
1.91 69.43
1. 93 70. 69
1.90 71. 28
1.92 71. 28
1.91 72.83
1.80 72. 45
1.83 72. 56
1. 85 69. 65
1. 85 70.30
1.94 72.80
1.95 72.04
41.3
41.2
42.2
40.3
40.6
41.1
41.2
41.2
42.1
41.4
41.7
39.8
40.4
41.6
40.7
$1.75 $70. 39
1.83 69.92
1.92 72.80
1.90 72. 64
1.91 73. 20
1.93 74.42
1.89 74.30
1.88 74. 38
1.88 74. 71
1.92 76.14
1.84 76.93
1.97 73. 72
1.92 76. 67
2. 00 77. 45
2. 00 82. 66
Connecticut
Denver
$1. 55 $63.08
1.63 67.07
1.69 71.06
1.71 68.95
1.71 69. 29
1.72 70.79
1. 73 71.38
1.73 70.52
1.73 72.14
1.75 71.80
1.74 71. 97
1.75 70.70
1.74 73. 69
1.75 72.34
1.77 70. 98
$1.72
1.82
1.87
1.88
1.90
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.93
1.94
1.94
1.95
1.95
1.95
1.98
41.5
41.4
42.3
40.8
41.0
41.4
41.5
41.0
41.7
41.5
41.6
40.4
41.4
41.1
40.1
State
$1.52 $67.20
1.62 70. 28
1.68 74. 99
1. 69 74.32
1.69 74. 45
1.71 74. 90
1.72 74. 55
1.72 74. 98
1.73 74.80
1.73 73. 57
1.73 74. 52
1.75 74. 23
1.78 75.18
1.76 75. 42
1.77 75. 24
42.6
42.0
43.3
42.9
42.8
42.8
42.6
42.6
42.5
41.8
42.1
41.7
42.0
41.9
41.8
$1.58
1.67
1.73
1.73
1. 74
1. 75
1.75
1.76
1.76
1. 76
1.77
1.78
1.79
1.80
1.80
Connecticut—Continued
1951: Average_____
1952: Average______
December____
1953: January______
February____
M arch_______
April______
M a y_______
June_______
July_________
August— ........
September___
October______
N ovem ber___
December____
Bridgeport
Hartford
42.1
42.2
43.4
42.6
42.2
42.5
42.0
41.8
41.4
40.7
41.0
40.7
41.6
41.4
41.3
45.1
43.7
44.7
43.9
43.9
44.3
44.2
43.8
43.6
43.9
43.5
43.8
44.3
44.0
43.8
$68. 48
72.58
77. 25
75.83
75. 96
76.93
76.44
75. 66
74. 93
73. 67
74. 62
74. 89
76.96
77.00
76. 82
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1.63 $75.60
1.72 77.28
1. 78 81.62
1.78 79. 75
1.80 79. 75
1.81 80. 63
1.82 80. 44
1.81 79. 72
1.81 79.35
1.81 80.34
1.82 79. 61
1.84 81.47
1.85 82.40
1.86 81.84
1.86 81.47
N ew Britain
$1. 68 $68. 67
1.77 69. 53
1.82 71.72
1.82 73.06
1.82 72. 64
1.82 74.04
1.82 73. 53
1.82 74.04
1. 82 74.12
1.83 73.01
1.83 73. 78
1.86 72. 92
1.86 76.01
1.86 75.05
1.86 75. 47
43.9
42.2
42.5
43.1
42.6
42.8
42.5
42.8
42.6
42.2
42.4
41.2
42.7
42.4
42.4
N ew Haven
$1.56 $60. 27
1. 65 65.00
1.69 70.19
1.70 68.39
1.70 69. 89
1.73 70. 22
1. 73 70.14
1. 73 70. 47
1.74 71.32
1.73 68.88
1.74 71.49
1.77 70.38
1. 78 70. 97
1. 77 71.38
1. 78 70. 62
41.0
41.4
42.8
41.7
42.1
42.3
42.0
42.2
42.2
41.0
42.3
41.2
41.5
41.5
41.3
$1.47 $70. 41
1.57 74.64
1. 64 78.12
1. 64 77.18
1.66 78. 60
1. 66 79. 71
1. 67 79.76
1.67 79.80
1.69 78. 58
1.68 76.19
1.69 84.00
1.70 82. 88
1.71 86. 57
1.72 82.93
1.71 80.34
Stamford
42.0
41.9
42.5
42.2
41.9
42.4
42.2
42.0
41.8
40.1
43.3
42.5
43.5
42.1
41.2
Waterbury
$1. 68 $66.11
1.78 68. 75
1.84 74.09
1.83 73.89
1.87 75. 52
1.88 76.04
1.89 76. 64
1.90 79.12
1.88 79.30
1.90 78.04
1.94 76. 29
1. 95 75. 76
1.99 74.34
1.97 73. 28
1.95 73.16
42.3
41.8
43.4
42.8
43.2
43.3
43.3
44.2
44.3
43.6
43.1
42.8
42.0
41.4
41.1
$1.56
1.65
1.71
1.73
1.75
1.76
1.77
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.78
C:
E A B N IN G S A N D
353
HOURS
T able C-5: Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas —Continued
Wilmington
State
Georgia
Florida
Delaware
State
Tampa-St. Petersburg
State
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Atlanta
Year and month
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn
ings hours
41.5
41.0
41.4
41.7
40.6
40.8
41.1
41.0
41.2
40.4
40.2
41.4
40.4
39.7
40.6
1951: Average_____ $63. 50
1952: A verage.......... 66.46
December____ 70.59
1953: January_____ 72.10
February- ___ 69.67
M arch_______ 69.65
April___ —
70.90
M ay ________ 69.33
J u n e ________ 70. 41
July_________ 69.69
A ugust______ 67.13
September___ 68.64
October______ 69. 21
N ovem ber___ 69.91
December____ 71.86
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
$1.53 $72.89
1.62 76.85
1.71 83.32
1.73 83.16
1.72 81.11
1.71 81.10
1.73 84.08
1.69 81.62
1.71 85.33
1.73 85. 52
1.67 80.14
1.66 79. 55
1.71 81.24
1.76 82.01
1.77 82.95
41.3
40.9
42.4
42.3
41.3
41.4
42.0
41.2
42.2
41.9
40.7
40.3
40.2
40.4
40.7
Georgia—Continued
Idaho
Savannah
State
$55 59
1952: Average______
December___
1953: January_____
February____
March_______
April___ —M ay ________
J u n e ________
July_________
August_____
September___
October_____
November. __
December____
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
60.21
62.64
59.90
61.15
63.49
62.16
62. 75
63.60
65.48
64. 41
63. 70
63.76
65. 52
68.73
41 8
42.7
43.5
41.8
41.6
42.9
42.0
42.4
42.4
42.8
42.1
41.0
41.4
42.0
43.5
$1 33 $69.60
1.41 75.03
1.44 76. 96
1.44 75. 92
1.47 72.67
1.48 70.98
1.48 72. 67
1.48 78. 72
1.50 78.88
1.53 78.81
1.53 80. 56
1.55 76. 03
1.54 77. 75
1.56 75.89
1.58 76.63
40.7
41.0
41.6
40.6
40.6
40.1
40.6
41.0
41.3
41.7
41.1
39.6
41.8
40.8
41.2
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1. 77 $49.86
1.88 53. 59
1.97 55. 43
1.96 55.23
1.97 55.34
1.96 55.28
2.00 55.03
1.98 54.69
2. 02 54.86
2. 04 55.11
1.97 54. 75
1.97 55. 24
2.02 54. 94
2.03 56.84
2.04 56.84
$1.17 $47.34
1.26 51.68
1.28 54.21
1.28 55.53
1.29 55.39
1.29 53.15
1.30 53. 75
1.30 53.90
1.31 53. 21
1.33 53.81
1.33 52.68
1.34 52.74
1.33 53. 92
1.33 55.19
1.33 56.63
$1.16 $46. 25
1.24 47.88
1.28 50. 55
1.30 49.97
1.28 50. 50
1.28 50. 75
1.28 50. 75
1.30 50.38
1.30 50.90
1.30 50. 27
1.30 50.80
1.31 49. 41
1.32 49.64
1.31 49.64
1.30 49.66
State
40 0
40.3
42.3
41.0
40.3
40.4
39.9
40.2
40.6
37.9
40.5
40.3
40.0
40.1
39.9
43.1
42.6
43.7
42.6
42.3
42.1
41.8
41.2
41.0
41.3
41.3
40.4
40.3
41.0
40.2
$1 00 $07. 84
1. 73 71.42
1.79 76. 88
1.82 75. 80
1.81 74.22
1.82 74. 54
1.81 74. 91
1. 83 73.11
1.84 73. 37
1. 86 73.78
1.88 74. 75
1.90 72. 75
1. 90 73.40
1.88 75. 48
1. 86 73.80
$1. 71 $68. 72
1.83 72.18
1.85 76.81
1.87 75.91
1.79 76.36
1.77 77.04
1.79 76. 48
1.92 76.02
1.91 76.14
1.92 75. 52
1.96 76.21
1.92 76. 56
1.86 76.84
1.86 76. 56
1.86 76.91
41.4
41.2
42.3
41.6
41.6
41.8
41.3
41.1
41.1
40.7
41.2
40.8
40.9
40.6
40.7
1951: A verage_____
1952: Average_____
December____
1953: January_____
FebruaryM arch.. __ . .
A p r il_______
M ay________
June______
J u ly ..............
A ugust__
September ...
October______
November -.
December____
$84. 46
85.44
90. 74
85.88
86.10
86.53
88.20
89. 46
92. 45
89.02
93. 66
89.60
89.16
90.27
41.4
40.3
42.8
40.7
41.0
41.4
41.8
42.2
43.2
41.6
42.0
41.1
40.9
41.6
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2.04
2.12
2.12
2.11
2.10
2.09
2.11
2.12
2.14
2.14
2.23
2.18
2.18
2.17
$1.66
1.75 $74.84
1.82 80.02
1.82 79.20
1.84 79.42
1.84 80.07
1.85 79.10
1.85 79.01
1.85 79.82
1.86 79. 53
1.85 80.19
1.88 80.81
1.88 80.37
1.89 79. 96
1.89 80.31
41.2
42.4
41.8
41.7
41.9
41.3
41.2
41.4
40.9
41.2
41.1
41.1
40.8
40.8
$1. 58 $60. 26
1.68 65.55
1. 76 73.69
1. 78 68. 80
1.76 66.28
1.77 70. 99
1.79 67.18
1.77 58. 81
1. 78 62. 42
1. 79 63. 40
1.81 66.97
1.80 65. 56
1.82 71.04
1. 84 70. 49
1.83 69.10
41. 6
42.2
44.4
41.8
42.0
43.6
40.6
38.2
40.6
40.3
41.5
39.9
42.0
41.5
41.2
40.0
40.3
40.6
40.2
39.6
40.5
41.4
40.3
39.9
39.9
40.4
39.6
40.8
39.8
40.0
$70.08
72.64
77.66
77.25
77. 54
77.92
77.46
76. 93
77.15
77.21
76.94
76. 24
77.19
76.42
77.68
$1.33 $52. 44
1.41 55.17
1.45 57. 22
1.49 58. 32
1.52 58.34
1.50 57.96
1. 54 56.88
1. 54 56. 57
1.54 56. 79
1.55 56. 60
1.58 56.31
1.61 56.32
1.59 56.03
1.57 54. 61
1.58 57.81
40.6
40.8
41.5
40.7
41.4
41.3
41.5
40.8
41.1
40.9
41.2
39.9
40.1
40.1
40.3
Iowa
State
State
41.1
40.8
41.7
41.5
41.4
41.6
41.2
40.8
41.0
40.1
40.4
40.1
40.3
39.8
40.2
$1.71 $64.81
1.78 67.08
1.86 71. 51
1.86 70.44
1.87 69.33
1.88 69. 27
1.88 67.39
1.88 68.82
1.88 68.75
1.92 66.66
1.90 67.66
1.90 69. 24
1.92 70. 62
1.92 70. 71
1.93 69.79
Kentucky
$1.45 $75. 44
1.56 76. 73
1.66 82.19
1.64 80.17
1.58 79. 71
1.63 77. 86
1. 66 78.35
1.54 77.17
1.54 74. 26
1.58 73. 51
1. 61 74. 43
1. 64 73. 48
1.69 73. 57
1.70 77. 52
1. 68 74.07
44.9
43.7
44.7
43.5
43.4
42.2
42.0
41.4
40.4
39.8
39.9
39.3
38.6
40.6
38.6
$1.68
1.76 $62. 73
1.84 67.36
1.84 65. 67
1.84 66.55
1.84 67. 87
1. 87 67. 69
1. 87 68.10
1.84 67. 98
1.84 68. 01
1.86 70.00
1.87 70.14
1.91 69. 75
1.91 67. 44
1.92 67.03
42.1
43.6
42.7
42.3
42.6
42.4
42.1
41.5
41.4
42.5
41.8
42.4
40.6
40.5
$1.31 $53. 92
1.35 56.96
1.39 59.93
1.39 59.39
1.40 60. 20
1.39 60.15
1.40 58. 82
1.39 59. 49
1.39 58. 27
1. 41 60.62
1.40 60.38
1.41 61.08
1.40 59. 42
1.42 58. 50
1.42 58. 46
41.8
41.5
43.1
42.0
41.1
41.1
40.3
40.8
40.8
39.6
40.5
40.3
41.1
40.9
40.7
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.31
1.42
1.49
1.48
1.53
1.52
1.54
1.54
1.57
1.55
1.57
1.58
1.55
1.55
1.54
$1.55
1.62
1.66
1.68
1.69
1.69
1.68
1.69
1.69
1.68
1.68
1.72
1.72
1.73
1.71
Louisiana
State
State
$1.49
1.55
1.54
1. 57
1.60
1.60
1.62
1.64
1.64
1. 65
1. 68
1.65
1.66
1.65
41.2
42.0
42.8
41.7
41.6
42.0
42.3
41.3
41.3
41.4
41.3
41.0
42.0
42.0
42.1
$55. 21
59. 22
61.20
61.72
61. 98
63.00
64.30
64. 02
63.19
64.58
64.02
64. 78
64. 68
63.84
64. 83
$1.34
1.41
1.43
1.48
1.49
1.50
1.52
1. 55
1.53
1.56
1.55
1.58
1.54
1.52
1.54
Maryland
Portland
State
40.2
40.8
41.3
42.0
41.6
41.6
40.5
40.7
40.9
40.3
40.3
40.1
39.9
38.6
40.7
$1.16 $53. 22
1.20 57.94
1.23 61.83
1.24 60.24
1.25 63.34
1.25 62. 78
1.25 63.91
1.25 62.83
1.26 64.53
1.26 63.40
1.27 64.68
1.28 63.04
1.26 62.16
1.26 62.16
1.27 62.06
Indiana
Maine
N ew Orleans
$53. 20
56. 82
58. 87
59. 90
60.19
60. 75
63. 76
62. 06
61.45
61.85
63.83
63. 76
64. 87
62. 49
63.20
$1.82
1.89
1.89
1.90
1.91
1.92
1.92
1.93
1.94
1.95
1.97
1.96
1.96
1.97
Wichita
Topeka
Louisiana—Continued
Baton Rouge
39.9
39.9
41.1
40.3
40.4
40.6
40.6
40.3
40.4
39.9
40.0
38.6
39.4
39.4
39.1
Chicago
Kansas
D es Moines
69. 86
75.62
74.77
72.96
73.48
72.24
73. 80
74. 77
70.32
76.17
76.39
75. 76
75.27
74.18
41.0
41.8
42.5
42.7
43.4
41.6
42.0
41.5
41.1
41.3
40.4
40.3
40.8
42.2
43.5
Illinois
State
Iowa —Continued
1952: Average____—
December____
1953: January_____
February _ March. _____
April_______
M ay________
June. .
July_________
August______
September___
October______
November
December____
42.5
42.7
43.2
43.2
43.1
42.8
42.2
42.0
41.9
41.5
41.2
41.2
41.3
42.6
42.6
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
41.2
41.9
42.5
41.9
42.1
42.1
41.5
42.0
41.5
42.5
42.2
42.0
41.3
40.2
40.1
State
$1. 31 $60. 84
1.36 63.84
1.41 66. 86
1.42 66. 59
1.43 66. 71
1.43 67.68
1.42 67. 45
1.42 67.35
1.40 67. 57
1.43 67.24
1.43 68.13
1.45 66. 45
1.44 68.38
1.45 68.16
1.46 68. 72
40.9
40.5
41.5
41.0
40. 7
41.0
40.8
41.0
41.1
40.4
40.3
40.1
40.9
40.3
40.4
Baltimore
$1.49 $64.35
1.58 67.22
1.61 71.00
1.62 70. 50
1.64 70.38
1.65 71.34
1.65 71.20
1.64 71. 28
1.64 72. 02
1.66 72. 70
1.64 72.03
1. 66 71.66
1.67 72.86
1.69 72. 47
1. 70 72. 57
41.2
40.7
41.9
41.2
40.9
41.2
40.9
41.1
41.3
40.9
40.8
40.3
40.9
40.4
40.5
$1. 56
1.65
1.70
1.71
1.72
1.73
1.74
1.73
1.75
1.78
1. 77
1. 78
1. 78
1. 79
1.79
354
T a ble
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1954
C-5: Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas 1—Continued
Massachusetts
State
Year and month
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1951: Average_____ $60. 75
1952: Average-------- 63.43
40.5
40.4
D ecem ber.._ _
1953: January-------February____
M arch.. ___
April__ _____
M ay _ _____
June____ ..
July________
August___ . . .
September___
October_____
November___
December __
41.6
41.2
41.0
41.2
40.7
40.8
40.7
40.3
40.4
39.8
39.4
39.1
40.1
66.98
66. 74
66. 83
67.16
66. 34
66.91
67.18
66.90
66. 66
66.07
65.80
65.30
67.37
Boston
Fall River
N ew Bedford
Springfield-Holyoke
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.50 $62.37
1.57 65.04
$1.53 $46.34
1.61 49.63
$1.25 $52.43
1.32 53. 52
$1.35 $64. 74
1.39 69.39
1.61
1.62
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.64
1.65
1.66
1.65
1.66
1.67
1.67
1.68
68. 72
67.98
67.80
67.97
67.54
67. 87
68.11
67.89
69.08
68.28
67. 99
67.34
69. 25
40.7
40.4
41.4
41.2
40.6
40.7
40.2
40.4
40.3
39.7
40.4
39.7
39.3
38.7
39.8
1.66
1.65
1.67
1.67
1.68
1.68
1.69
1.71
1.71
1.72
1.73
1.74
1.74
53.47
54.40
53.86
54.54
52.92
52.92
54.12
52. 33
52. 22
53.27
53. 52
52. 88
54.49
37.0
37.6
39.9
40.0
39.6
40.1
39.2
39.2
39.5
38.2
38.4
38.6
38.5
37.5
39.2
1.34
1.36
1.36
1.36
1.35
1.35
1.37
1.37
1.36
1.38
1.39
1.41
1.39
56. 68
56.14
56.00
55.32
54.65
55. 58
57.23
56. 52
56. 66
55. 77
53.48
53. 71
55.54
38.9
38.5
40.2
40.1
40.0
39.8
39.6
39.7
40.3
39.8
39.9
39.0
37.4
37.3
38.3
1.41
1.40
1.40
1.39
1.38
1.40
1.42
1.42
1.42
1.43
1.43
1.44
1.45
Avg.
wkly. Avg.
earn wkly.
ings hours
72.08
70.47
70.97
70. 55
71.04
71.04
71.62
71.10
70.00
68.11
69. 20
69. 25
71.22
41.5
41.8
Worcester
Avg. Avg.
Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn
hours
ings
ings
$1.56 $67. 72
1.66 68. 21
42.4
41.7
41.5
41.5
41.3
41.3
41.4
41.1
40.7
39.6
40.0
39.8
40.7
1.70
1.70
1.71
1.70
1.72
1.72
1.73
1.73
1.72
1.72
1.73
1.74
1.75
71.72
71.80
71.10
72.14
71.69
72.04
71.75
72.57
72.69
69. 92
73.08
71.06
71.91
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
41.1
40.6
$1.65
1.68
41.7
41.5
41.1
41.7
41.2
41.4
41.0
41.0
41.3
39.5
40.6
39.7
40.4
1.72
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.74
1.74
1.75
1.77
1.76
1.77
1.80
1.79
1.78
Michigan
Detroit
State
1951: Average......... $74. 55
1952: Average_____ 81.34
40.1
41.0
December___
1953: January... . . .
February____
March. . . _
April____ ___
M ay _____ _
J u n e ... _____
July_________
August___ . .
September___
October_____
November___
December.. _
43.3
42.1
42.0
42.3
42.1
41.9
41.6
40.8
41.2
40.3
41.5
40.9
41.3
89.63
86.31
86.44
87.14
87.02
86.23
87. 28
85.84
86.15
85.40
88.02
86.63
88.30
$1.86 $76. 32
1.98 84.36
39.4
40.5
94.35
88.31
88.31
88. 99
88. 56
87. 80
88. 96
87.20
89. 71
88.59
93.26
91.32
90.80
43.6
41.4
41.4
41.7
41.5
41.2
40.9
40.0
41.0
39.8
41.8
41.1
40.7
2.07
2. 05
2.06
2.06
2.07
2.06
2.10
2.10
2.09
2.12
2.12
2.12
2.14
Flint
$1.94 $76.08
2.08 85.00
2.16
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.18
2.18
2.19
2.23
2.23
2. 22
2.23
96.17
98.44
101. 95
99. 50
108. 70
100. 84
101. 53
105. 82
98.35
98. 79
92.64
84. 80
97.23
40.0
41.3
December___
1953: January____ .
February____
March______
April_______
M a y ________
June________
July-------------August______
September. __
October______
N ovem ber___
December____
42.4
42.3
44.0
45.7
45.4
45.2
46.0
44.1
42.5
41.1
40.4
40.2
41.0
81.96
81.89
87. 21
92. 54
91.98
90. 67
95.17
90. 27
84.32
81.71
79.39
78.55
81.47
State
$1.78 $64.59
1.88 69.35
41.5
41.7
72.40
71.56
71.65
71.48
71.10
72.03
72.58
72.09
71.85
72. 65
75.02
74.10
74.73
42.0
41.5
41.3
41.2
40.7
41.1
41.2
41.4
41.6
40.9
41.5
41.0
41.0
1.93
1.94
1.98
2.03
2.03
2.01
2.07
2.05
1.98
1.99
1.97
1.95
1.99
$1.55 $66.16
1.66 68.11
1.72
1.72
1.73
1.74
1.75
1.75
1.76
1.74
1.73
1.78
1.81
1.81
1.82
State
1951: Average .
1952: Average_____ $48.03
42.5
$1.13
$59.94
64. 21
40.0
40.5
49. 34
51.88
49.03
49.08
50.14
49.57
49.20
47. 84
47.88
49.20
50.10
49. 92
50.70
42.9
43.6
41.2
40.9
41.1
40.3
41.0
40.2
39.9
41.0
42.1
41.6
41.9
1.15
1.19
1.19
1.20
1.22
1.23
1.20
1.19
1.20
1.20
1.19
1.20
1.21
66.61
65.51
66. 72
67.60
66. 79
67.07
68.05
68.51
68.72
68.11
68.63
67.08
68.28
40.7
39.9
40.4
40.6
40.1
39.9
40.2
40.1
40.5
39.0
39.8
38.8
39.6
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
41.6
41.7
$1.70 $77.43
1.79 84. 79
40.2
41.2
43.6
42.8
41.5
42.4
42.6
42.5
42.7
41.6
42.1
41.4
42.2
41.6
42.6
1.87 98.05
1.86 98.45
1.86 95. 65
1.88 96.33
1.89 94.69
1.89 99. 65
1.92 101. 64
1.92 93. 56
1.92 92.23
1.93 87.45
1.94 90.56
1.95 91.64
2.01 96.03
45.1
45.2
44.1
44.7
44.0
45.9
45.6
42.8
42.5
40.3
41.6
42.0
43.1
Muskegon
$1.93 $75.18
2.06 82.37
2.17
2.18
2.17
2.16
2.15
2.17
2.23
2.19
2.17
2.17
2.18
2.18
2.23
70.18
70.86
70.56
66.90
69. 65
69.34
70.79
72.07
79.11
71.97
73.85
69.28
69. 27
40.1
39.5
39.4
39.3
39.1
38.1
38.7
38.3
39.0
39.1
41.4
39.1
39.6
38.2
37.7
$1.65 $65.82
1.72 70.16
1.78
1.80
1.80
1.76
1.80
1.81
1.82
1.84
1.91
1.84
1.87
1.81
1.84
72.48
71.58
72.19
72.18
71.98
70. 70
72.78
73.88
72.45
74.82
74. 62
74.00
73.42
Kansas City
$1.50 $65.80
1.58 69.60
1.64
1.64
1.65
1.66
1.67
1.68
1.69
1.71
1.70
1.75
1.72
1.73
1.73
70.12
70. 82
72. 45
70.18
69.08
69.08
71.75
73.69
74.82
71.73
73. 26
72. 04
72. 80
41.3
40.7
41.7
41.9
42.3
41.4
41.6
41.3
41.1
40.5
41.1
41.6
41.1
41.4
41.3
41.1
40.7
St. Paul
$1.58 $66.03
1.67 70. 27
1.72
1.73
1.74
1.75
1.76
1.75
1.77
1.78
1.78
1.81
1.81
1.80
1.81
74.54
71.57
73.31
72.66
73.28
73.47
74.23
74.43
72.79
75.95
76.48
75.38
74. 68
40.3
40.7
41.4
40.1
39.7
39.7
41.0
41.4
41.8
40.3
40.7
39.8
40.0
St. Louis
$1.60 $63.11
1.71 67. 27
1.74
1.74
1.75
1.75
1.74
1.74
1.75
1.78
1.79
1.78
1.80
1.81
1.82
71.00
70.28
71.18
72. 26
72.00
72.36
72.25
72.59
72.48
72. 74
72. 49
71.13
72. 45
89.72
89.25
87.74
85.04
83.51
80.77
81.32
81.61
78.40
80.12
79.41
81.60
80.64
39.4
40.2
$1.91
2.05
42.5
42.4
41.7
41.2
40.6
39.4
39.9
39.5
38.3
38.8
38.7
39.1
38.9
2.11
2.11
2.10
2.06
2.06
2.05
2.04
2.07
2.05
2.07
2.05
2.09
2.07
M ississippi
Minneapolis
Missouri
Jackson
See footnotes at end of table.
81.58
79.69
77.23
79.54
80.64
80.11
81.77
79.37
80. 66
79. 98
81.99
81.20
85. 58
Duluth
Mississippi—-Con.
December____
1953: January_____
February____
M arch.. . . __
April________
M a y _______
June________
July_________
A ugust______
September___
October_____
Novem ber___
December____
2.17
2.14
2.18
2.16
2. 22
2.15
2.30
2.34
2. 22
2.2.3
2.19
2.20
2.23
Lansing
Minnesota
Saginaw
42.0
41.7
$1.90 $70. 64
2.06 74.64
44.4
46.0
46.7
46.0
48.9
46.9
44.2
45.3
44.3
44.4
42.4
38.6
43.6
Michigan—Con.
1951: Average______ $74.68
1952: Average_____ 78.44
Grand Rapids
39.9
40.3
41.3
40.3
40.7
40.9
40.5
40.5
40.2
40.1
40.4
39.4
39.7
38.8
39.6
$1.58 $72.13
1.67 '76.46
1.72
1.75
1.75
1.77
1.78
1.79
1.80
1.81
1.80
1.85
1.82
1.83
1.83
77. 91
78.49
80.11
78.07
79.03
78.07
82.89
78.23
81.13
79.49
78.89
79.35
79. 76
40.5
40.3
41.6
40.1
40.6
40.4
40.5
40.4
40.3
40.0
39.3
39.8
40.1
39.5
39.1
State
$1.63 $42.40
1.74 45.45
1.79
1.78
1.81
1.80
1.81
1.82
1.84
1.86
1.85
1.91
1.91
1.91
1.91
46.64
46.59
46.78
46.67
47.73
46.51
46.78
46.33
47. 20
46. 68
46.10
45.20
46. 52
41.1
41.7
$1.03
1.09
42.4
41.6
41.4
41.3
41.5
40.8
41.4
41.0
41.4
39.9
40.8
39.3
40.1
1.10
1.12
1.13
1.13
1.15
1.14
1.13
1.13
1.14
1.17
1.13
1.15
1.16
Montana
Nebraska
State
State
41. 2
41.0
40.6
40.7
41.4
41.1
41.0
40.6
42.9
40.5
41.5
40.7
41.5
41.2
41.0
$1 75 $58 84
1.86 61.16
1.92
1.93
1.94
1.90
1.93
1.92
1.93
1.93
1.95
1.95
1.90
1.92
1.94
65.88
62.01
62.75
62. 75
63.31
64.00
66.74
64. 51
65.33
67.21
67.82
70. 45
67.55
42 fi
41.9
$1 88
1.46
43.0
40.1
41.1
41.0
41.1
41.1
43.2
41.9
41.8
42.2
42.4
43.1
41.6
1.53
1.55
1.53
1.53
1.54
1.56
1.54
1.54
1. 56
1.59
1.60
1.64
1.62
355
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T a ble
C-5: Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas —Continued
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1951: Average_____ $73. 54
1952: Average_____ 80.90
41.2
41.7
82.94
82. 74
83.83
85. 46
84. 22
86.43
83.62
83.84
89. 46
86.69
90.23
89. 38
91.15
42.1
42.0
41.5
42.1
41.9
43.1
41.6
41.1
42.4
40.7
41.2
41.0
42.2
December. . .
1953: J a n u a r y . . .
February____
M arch. ___
A pril..
. _
M a y ..
J u n e ...
_ .
July_________
August.
September. .
October______
November__
December____
Manchester
State
State
Year and month
N ew Jersey
New Hampshire
Nevada
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
$1.79 $54.27
1.94 56.17
40.5
40.7
58.66
57. 96
58.38
57.82
56.96
56.96
58.22
57.37
57. 51
56.49
55.20
56. 77
57.92
41.6
41.4
41.7
41.3
40.4
40.4
41.0
40.4
40.5
39.5
38.6
39.7
40.5
1.97
1.97
2.02
2. 03
2.01
2.01
2. 01
2.04
2.11
2.13
2.19
2.18
2.16
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.34 $51. 84
1.38 54.32
$1.35 $67. 28
1.40 71.02
41.1
41.1
74. 58
74. 48
74. 27
73.95
74.28
74. 27
74. 76
74. 95
73. 59
73.83
73.93
74.07
74. 91
41.9
41.7
41.4
41.2
41.2
41.1
41.1
40.8
40.5
40.3
40.4
40.3
40.6
1.41
1.40
1.40
1.40
1.41
1.41
1.42
1.42
1.42
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43
57.37
56.40
56.54
56. 66
54.14
53. 68
55. 91
54.43
56. 06
53.39
50.34
53. 77
56.02
38.4
38.8
40.4
40.0
40.1
39.9
38.4
37.8
39.1
38.6
39.2
37.6
35.2
37.6
38.9
1951: Average. . . . . $67.65
1952: Average______ 71.31
41.2
41.1
74.29
74.46
74. 51
74.35
74.61
74.67
75.12
77.16
76. 51
75.70
75. 35
75.07
74. 99
41.5
41.3
41.3
41.4
41.2
41.3
41.3
41.8
41.2
40.7
40.6
40.6
40.6
D e cem b er.__
1953: January. . . .
February____
March.
April___ .
M ay________
June
July_________
A u g u st____
September
October.._ . . .
November
December____
40.7
40.5
76. 71
76.82
76. 68
74.74
74. 81
75. 24
75.12
75.68
71.68
70. 05
69.79
70. 73
72. 94
42.9
42.7
42.2
41.5
41.4
41.5
41.3
41.2
40.0
39.4
39.1
39.6
40.3
1.79
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.81
1.81
1.82
1.85
1.86
1.86
1.86
1.85
1.85
$1.64 $69.01
1.73 72.33
41.6
41.4
75.61
75.31
75. 65
75.85
75. 61
75.56
76. 69
76.01
75. 60
75. 09
75.09
76. 69
76.49
42.1
41.7
41.5
41.7
41.5
41.2
41.5
40.8
40.8
40.5
40.5
40.9
40.6
1.78
1.79
1. 79
1.79
1.80
1.81
1.82
1.84
1.82
1.83
1.83
1.84
1.85
$1.62 $68.02
1.70 71.88
1.79
1.80
1.82
1.80
1.81
1.81
1.82
1.84
1. 79
1.78
1.78
1.79
1.81
72.41
71.75
71.17
73.68
70. 49
75.71
75.42
72. 75
75. 71
76. 36
75. 21
73.97
77.15
43.6
43.3
1.68
1.75
1.74
1.75
1.78
1.82
1.80
1.77
1.82
1.84
1.83
1.84
1.85
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.66 $67. 94
1.75 72.04
41.3
41. 5
$1.65
1.74
76.37
75. 86
74. 84
73. 69
74.17
74. 68
75.17
74.05
73.63
73.81
75.46
74. 87
75.50
42.5
42.1
41. 6
41.1
41.0
41.1
41.3
40.6
40.5
40.2
40.9
40.6
40.9
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.79
1.81
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.85
1.80
1.81
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.83
1.85
1.86
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.88
1.88
N ew York
$1.56 $69.00
1.66 71.83
43.1
41.0
40.9
42.1
39.6
41.6
41.9
41.1
41.6
41.5
41.1
40.2
41.7
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
72.87
73.00
71.38
72. 76
68.97
71.98
73.02
69.43
70. 52
69.20
68.34
69. 24
72. 40
45.1
43.8
43.9
43.2
43.0
42.8
40.1
40.9
42.7
40.6
41.0
40.0
39.5
38.9
40.0
Albany-SchenectadyTroy
State
Albuquerque
State
Trenton
$1.64 $65. 85
1.73 68.69
1.42
1.41
1.41
1.42
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.41
1.43
1.42
1.43
1.43
1.44
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
N ew Mexico
N ew Jersey—Continued
Perth Amboy
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Paterson
Newark-Jersey City
State
$1.53 $64. 90
1.64 67. 77
39.7
39.8
70.81
70. 82
71.04
71.26
70. 54
70.59
71.27
71.25
71.45
70.42
71.54
71.50
71.66
40.7
40.3
40.2
40.2
39.9
39.8
39.9
39.5
39.7
39.0
39.6
39.5
39.2
1.66
1.69
1.66
1.70
1.72
1.76
1.71
1.71
1.72
1.73
1.73
1.78
1.81
$1.63 $70. 75
1.70 72.45
41.5
40.9
$1.70
1.77
74.05
73.18
74.73
76. 82
77.84
76.93
78. 60
76.13
77.62
77.11
76.28
76.34
77.26
42.3
41.0
41.3
41.1
40. 8
40.4
40. 9
40.0
40.3
40.0
39.9
39.6
39.6
1.75
1.79
1.81
1.87
1. 91
1. 90
1. 92
1.90
1.93
1. 93
1.91
1. 93
1.95
1.74
1.76
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.78
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.81
1.81
1.83
N ew York—Continued
Binghamton
1951: Average_____ $61.05
1952: Average_____ 64.59
39.2
39.1
68.86
67.94
67.61
67. 30
67.41
67.76
68.06
67.04
65.81
65.81
66.35
66.65
67.17
41.0
40.3
39.9
39.8
39.7
39.9
40.0
39.4
38.8
38.6
38.7
38.7
38.7
December
1953: January . . . .
February
March. ..........
April
M ay . ______
June
_____
July ______
August _____
September
O ctober_____
N o v e m b e r __
December.. . .
$1.56 $73. 76
1.65 77.35
41.7
41.4
82.68
81.56
82. 59
83.02
83.00
82.67
84.41
85.20
84.40
81.04
82.30
83.50
82.76
42.7
42.0
42.2
42.2
42.0
41.8
42.1
42.1
41.8
40.1
40.9
41.3
40.9
1.68
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.71
1.71
1.72
1.73
Nassau and Suffolk
Counties
Elmira
Buffalo
$1.77 $64.85
1.87 68.48
1.94
1.94
1.96
1.97
1.97
1.98
2.00
2.02
2.02
2.02
2.01
2.02
2.02
72.89
72. 50
71.55
73.40
71.98
71.73
71.98
68.93
70. 20
71.35
74.00
73.39
73.60
40.7
40.7
41.7
41.3
40.8
41.4
40.5
40.8
40.8
39.3
39.8
39.7
41.2
40.8
40.7
$1.60 $75. 24
1.68 82.69
1.75
1.76
1.76
1.77
1.78
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.77
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.81
88.57
86.84
87. 79
84.90
79.83
83. 79
83.34
82.96
82.67
84.28
85.31
81.00
82.49
43.8
44.9
46.2
45.2
44.7
43.2
40.9
42.4
42.2
41.8
41.9
42.2
42.6
41.2
41.4
1951: A verage_____ $68.86
1952: Average_____ 71.16
42.8
41.9
75.29
76.52
76.40
77.44
77.87
77.09
77. 44
76.25
76.82
76. 75
77. 20
77.91
76.53
42.7
42.8
42.4
42.6
42.7
42.4
42.3
41.7
41.8
41.9
41.8
42.0
41.4
D ecem b er___
1953: January............
February __
March . . ___
April . . .
..
M ay ______
June
_____
July _______
August _____
September___
October ____
November___
December........
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Westchester
County
State
$1.55 $63.41
1.62 66.25
39.7
39.8
$1.60 $46.00
1.66 47.67
39.1
39.6
67.41
68.78
69.85
71.11
69.83
69. 92
72.83
69.31
70. 92
69. 59
69. 87
67.68
71.65
40.0
40.2
40.5
40.9
40.2
40.1
40.7
39.2
40.0
39.3
39.7
38.9
39.8
50.36
49.11
49.08
49.32
48.22
48. 98
48.19
48.34
48.46
46.99
48.22
47.99
47.99
41.2
40.1
39.9
40.1
39.2
39.5
39.5
39.3
39.4
38.2
39.2
38.7
38.7
Utica-Rome
$1.61 $62.25
1.70 65. 54
40.3
40.5
69.43
68.97
68.66
68.92
69.29
69.10
69.38
68.50
68.98
69.74
69.93
70.04
68.98
41.7
41.4
41.3
41.2
41.1
40.8
40.9
40.5
40.6
40.8
40.6
40.4
39.5
1.76
1.79
1.80
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.83
1.83
1.84
1.83
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.67
1.66
1.66
1.67
1.68
1.69
1.70
1.69
1.70
1.71
1.72
1.73
1.74
37.8
38.1
38.9
38.4
38.4
38.5
38.2
38.1
38.0
37.5
37.7
36.7
37.8
37.9
37.8
67. 73
67.83
68.07
68.07
66.84
66.51
66.74
67.29
67. 76
65.91
68.11
68. 09
68.60
$1.67 $69.43
1.72 72.61
1.74
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.75
1.75
1.76
1.79
1.80
1.80
1.80
1. 79
1.82
1.68
1.71
1.73
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.79
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.76
1.74
1.80
76.09
75.86
74.67
76.14
76. 61
76.67
77. 58
76.49
76. 78
77. 51
76.33
76.70
77.16
$1.68
1. 77
42.2
41.9
41.3
41.9
41.9
41.8
41.8
41.4
41.6
41.9
41.2
41.3
41.2
1.80
1.81
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.83
1.86
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.86
1.87
State
Charlotte
$1.18 $49.48
1.20 51.01
40.1
40.3
52.06
50.82
51.18
52.35
51. 44
51.73
51.84
51.58
51.71
49. 54
51.99
52. 25
51.47
40.9
40.2
40.3
40. 9
40. 5
40.1
40.5
40.3
40.4
38.4
40.3
40. 5
39.9
1.22
1.23
1.23
1.23
1.23
1.24
1.22
1.23
1.23
1.23
1.23
1.24
1.24
41.5
41. 2
North Dakota
North Carolina
N ew York—Continued
Syracuse
$1.72 $63.23
1.84 65.49
1.92
1.92
1.96
1.97
1.95
1.98
1.98
1.99
1.97
2.00
2.00
1.96
1.99
Rochester
N ew York C ity
$1.24 $59.72
1.27 64.04
44.9
45.1
$1.33
1. 42
65.25
63.06
61. 53
61.28
63.64
64.98
66.87
69.00
68.75
65.74
65.41
68.03
64.31
44.9
43. 7
42.7
42.7
43.3
44.2
45.7
46.4
46.7
45.4
43.7
43.9
42.4
1.45
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.47
1.47
1.46
1.49
1.47
1.45
1.50
1.55
1. 52
1.27
1.27
1.27
1. 28
1. 27
1.29
1.28
1.28
1.28
1. 29
1.29
1.29
1.29
356
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1954
T able C-5: Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas —Continued
Year and month
North Dakota—Con.
Ohio
Fargo
State
State
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.40
1.53 $75.14
41.1
$1.83
$62. 60
65.68
42.3
42.1
42.2
41.7
41.4
41.8
41.4
41.2
41.2
41.1
40.9
40.5
40.5
40.2
40.5
1.90
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.93
1.93
1.95
1.96
1.95
1.97
1.97
1.97
1.97
70.09
68.15
69. 64
70.22
69.63
69.72
68. 56
70. 30
69.94
70. 45
70.89
71.06
70. 97
43.0
41.3
41.7
41.8
41.2
41.5
41.3
41.6
40.9
41.2
41.7
41.8
41.5
.
______
. . . . . $61.08
1951: A verage___
1952: Average_______ . . .
_ . _
67. 78
43.7
44.3
December---- ------------- --------------1953' January... . ___________ . . _ . . . _
February______ _____ .
March___ .
______
____ . .
A pril... ________________ ______
M ay-------------------- ----------------------J u n e ... _____________ ___________
July--------------------------------------------August__ . . . ------- . . ----------September . . . . .
. . . ____
October_____________ _____ . . . .
_____
November . .
.
December________________________
44.2
42.6
42.0
41.5
41.2
41.8
43.5
43.3
43.0
44.5
41.0
41.4
39.5
68. 66
64. 85
64.16
62. 37
63.72
66.44
67.90
70. 45
67. 65
67. 77
65.88
70.86
69. 99
1.55
1.52
1.53
1.50
1.55
1.59
1.56
1.63
1. 57
1. 52
1.61
1.71
1.77
80. 03
79. 76
79.41
80.49
79.76
79. 72
80. 21
80.41
79.88
79.89
79. 95
79.07
79.92
Oklahoma
Oklahoma City
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
$1.48 $60. 48
1.56 63.36
43 2
43.4
$1 40
1.46
37
72. 59
43 1
42.7
1.70
44.5
42.5
42.2
42.9
42.8
43.6
43.2
42.1
41.7
43.9
44.4
44.3
44.8
1.47
1.50
1.52
1.54
1.54
1.56
1.56
1.59
1.60
1.60
1.61
1. 62
1.62
77. 53
74. 88
75. 89
75.84
75.26
74. 80
74. 93
75. 58
75. 48
73.60
74.40
74.80
75. 76
42.6
41.6
41.7
41.9
40.9
41.1
41.4
41.3
40.8
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.3
1. 82
1.80
1.82
1.81
1.84
1.82
1.81
1.83
1.85
1.84
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.63
1.65
1.67
1.68
1.69
1.68
1.66
1.69
1.71
1.71
1.70
1.70
1.71
65.42
63. 75
64.14
66.07
65.91
68.02
67.39
66.94
66. 72
70.24
71.48
71.77
72. 58
Oregon
$75. 61
79. 56
39.1
38.9
December..
1953: January___
February...
M arch____
April______
M a y ______
June______
July_______
August____
September..
October___
N ovem ber..
December...
81.24
80. 64
80.97
82.38
82. 42
83. 28
83. 58
83.05
81.70
81.17
81. 50
81. 46
80.37
39.1
38.7
38.7
39.0
38.6
38.8
38.6
39.1
38.4
38.2
38.8
38.3
38.3
Portland
$1.94 $70.89
2.05 73.39
2.08
2.08
2.09
2.11
2.13
2.14
2.16
2. 12
2. 13
2.13
2.10
2.12
2.10
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Pennsylvania
State
1951: Average___
1952: Average-----
Tulsa
Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
74. 95
74.51
74.20
76.84
76.60
78.01
76.17
75. 33
77. 55
75. 57
77.05
75. 95
75. 46
39.1
38.7
38.8
38.4
38.3
38.9
38.8
38.8
37.9
38.2
38.6
38.0
39.1
37.6
37.7
Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton
State
$1.82 $63. 74
1.90 66.54
1.93
1.94
1.94
1.97
1.98
2.01
2.01
1.97
2.01
1.99
1.97
2.02
2.00
70.91
71.31
70.88
71.36
70.48
70.95
70. 92
70. 71
72.13
72. 32
72. 33
71.72
71.06
40.2
40.2
40.7
40.5
40.4
40.6
40.1
40.3
40.0
39.5
39.9
39.5
39.7
39.3
39.0
$1.59 $61. 62
1.66 63.76
1.74
1.76
1.75
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.77
1.79
1.81
1.83
1.82
1.83
1.82
66.03
68.54
66. 77
66.96
65. 74
67.42
66. 57
66. 24
67.70
68.15
68. 39
68.18
65. 69
39.6
39.6
39.4
39.8
39.6
39.6
38.9
39.2
38.5
38.2
39.0
38.5
38.9
38.5
37.3
Erie
$1. 56 $67.24
1.61 70.33
1.68
1.72
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.72
1.73
1.73
1.74
1.77
1.76
1.77
1.76
72.13
77.34
75.31
78.51
80.68
74. 23
73.69
70. 80
74.17
73. 85
74. 79
73. 76
75. 86
41.1
41.2
$1.64
1.71
41.1
42.4
41.4
42.6
43.1
41. 1
41.1
39.2
40.4
40.6
40.8
40.0
40.5
1. 76
1.82
1.82
1.84
1.87
1.81
1.79
1.81
1.84
1.82
1.83
1.84
1.87
Pennsylvania—Continued
Harrisburg 3
1951: Average.. .
1952: Average.. .
$58.16
61.33
40.5
40.7
December.
1953: January...
February. _
M arch___
April____
M ay_____
June..........
July-------August___
September.
O ctober...
November.
December.
64.14
65.97
63.84
64.51
62.85
65.61
64.76
63.30
63.67
62.84
62.34
63.56
62.36
40.7
40.8
40.3
40.6
39.7
40.5
40.1
39.1
39.5
38.6
38.6
38.9
38.4
Lancaster
$1.44 $57.21
1.51 59.49
1.58
1.62
1.58
1.59
1. 58
1.62
1.62
1. 62
1.61
1. 63
1. 62
1.63
1. 62
63.50
62.00
63. 75
62.78
63.03
63.24
62. 90
63. 65
63.33
61.86
62. 54
61.66
61.71
41.4
41.2
42.5
41.5
42.3
41.8
41.8
41.8
41.6
41.6
41.5
40.3
40.9
40.3
40.1
Philadelphia
$1.38 $65. 89
1.44 69. 97
1.49
1.49
1.51
1.50
1.51
1.51
1.51
1.53
1.53
1.54
1.53
1.53
1.54
74.14
73.11
73.68
73. 77
73.06
73. 60
73.73
73. 28
74. 58
75.31
74. 61
74. 35
74. 68
40.7
40.8
41.7
40.8
41.0
41.1
40.7
40.8
40.6
40.0
40.4
40.4
40.2
40.1
40.3
Pittsburgh 3
$1. 62 $64. 52
1.72 75. 82
1.78
1.79
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1. 82
1.83
1. 85
1.86
1.86
1.85
1.85
81.90
82. 49
81.31
81.36
79. 60
80. 72
81.64
82.21
83. 76
84. 29
82. 73
81.18
79.98
40.8
40.5
41.3
41.1
40.9
40.8
39.9
40.5
40.8
40.4
40.7
40.1
40.2
39.6
38.9
Pennsylvania—Continued
Wilkes-BarreHazleton
Scranton
1951: Average_____
1952: Average_____
$48. 27
51.08
38.4
38.7
December___
1953: January_____
February___
M arch______
April_______
M a y_______
June________
July________
August______
September___
October_____
N ovem ber___
December___
51.89
53. 80
54.15
55.56
55. 64
55.54
54. 74
54.83
54. 44
54. 97
55. 57
55.04
53. 85
38.9
39.1
39.1
40.0
39.6
39.9
39.3
39.5
39.0
38.9
39.3
38.6
38.0
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1. 26 $45. 98
1.32 49.74
36.9
38.0
51.42
52.07
51. 61
51.78
50.09
51.13
51.07
49. 79
50. 73
50.21
51.67
51.34
51. 75
38.6
38.2
38.4
38.5
37.3
38.1
37.8
37.1
37.3
37.0
37.2
37.2
37.1
1.33
1.38
1.39
1.39
1. 41
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.40
1.41
1.41
1. 43
1. 42
1.33
1.36
1.34
1.35
1.34
1.34
1.35
1.34
1.36
1.36
1.39
1.38
1.40
61.33
61.29
61.91
63. 92
63. 51
62. 56
64. 73
62.18
63.42
61.69
64.17
63.13
63. 77
1.98
2.01
1.99
1.99
2.00
1.99
2.00
2.04
2.06
2.10
2.06
2.05
2.06
67.40
67. 05
65. 69
67. 86
67.03
67.40
67.40
67.10
66. 26
63.17
65. 60
64.70
64.90
39.0
39.4
$1.56
1.58
40.8
40.2
40.2
41.1
40.7
40.7
40.6
40.4
39.7
38.1
39.4
39.0
38.7
1.65
1.67
1.63
1. 65
1.65
1.66
1.66
1.66
1. 67
1.66
1.67
1.66
1.68
Rhode Island
York
$1.25 $54. 71
1.31 57.13
Reading
$1.62 $60.92
1.87 62.13
41.2
41.4
42.5
42.3
42.0
42.7
42.2
41.9
42.7
41.1
42.0
40.8
41.4
40.7
41.3
State
$1.33 $55. 86
1.38 59. 62
1.44
1. 45
1.47
1.50
1.51
1.49
1. 52
1.51
1.51
1.51
1.55
1.55
1. 54
63.30
62.07
61.51
61.48
61.24
60.95
61.81
60. 77
57. 46
58. 29
57. 76
58. 66
61.38
39.9
40.2
41.8
41.2
40.9
40.9
40.7
40.4
40.8
40.1
37.8
37.9
37.8
37.8
39.9
Providence
$1.40 $56.38
1.48 59.16
1.51
1. 51
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.51
1.52
1. 51
1.52
1. 54
1.53
1.55
1.54
63.15
61.12
61.65
62.10
60. 75
60. 64
61.16
60. 60
60. 79
59.80
59.19
57. 87
61.26
40.5
40.8
$1.39
1.45
42.1
41.3
41.1
41.4
40.5
40.7
40.6
40.4
40.8
39.6
39.1
39.1
40.3
1. 50
1.48
1.50
1.50
1.50
1. 49
1.51
1.50
1.49
1.51
1. 51
1.48
1.52
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T a ble
35T
C-5: Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas t—Continued
South Carolina
State
South Dakota
Charleston 3
State
Tennessee
Sioux Falls
State
Year and month
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wldy.
earn hours
ings
1951: Average—. ______________
_ $47.48
1952: Average______ _
__________ __ _ 47.88
39.9
39.9
December. . . _____
___
._ .
1953: January...........
. ___ . . . ______ _
February__ ______ _____ ____ _ .
March__________________ __ _
A p ril... __ . . . ____________ _
M ay___________________ ________
June_____ _ . . . ___ ____ .
July--------------------------------------------August_________________ _____ .
September______ _
_ _
_ _
October___________________________
.
....
November____
December. . . . _ ________ .
41.5
40.5
40.5
40.2
40.3
40.1
40.5
39.9
39.8
39.2
40.0
39.8
39.8
51.04
49. 82
49. 82
49.45
49.97
49. 72
50.22
49.48
49.35
49.39
49. 60
49.35
49. 75
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.19 $45.65
1.20 48.03
$1.13 $58.46
1.18 62. 76
$1.35 $62. 84
1.42 69. 01
$1.41 $51. 86
1.52 54. 67
1.23
1.23
1.23
1.23
1.24
1.24
1.24
1.24
1.24
1.26
1.24
1.24
1.25
47. 88
47. 52
49.17
49. 20
52.48
50. 65
52.10
50. 67
51.09
53.04
53. 73
50.44
50.94
40.4
40.7
39.9
39.6
40.3
40.0
41.0
40.2
40.7
39.9
39.3
39.0
39.8
38.8
39.8
1.20
1.20
1.22
1.23
1.28
1.26
1.28
1.27
1.30
1.36
1.35
1.30
1.28
66. 56
66.34
60. 91
62.19
60.84
63. 35
64. 51
63.27
62.35
64.04
65.11
67. 69
69. 07
43.3
44.2
45.8
44.8
41.4
42.4
41.2
43.3
43.5
42.6
42.8
44.0
44.0
46.5
45.0
1.45
1.48
1.47
1.47
1.48
1.46
1.48
1.49
1.46
1.46
1.48
1.46
1.53
75. 91
74. 77
67. 09
67.83
66. 88
69. 62
70.36
68. 87
67. 34
71.35
71.25
78.83
77.31
44.5
45.4
49.2
48.0
42.8
43.2
42.2
44.0
44.4
43.7
42.9
45.7
45.6
50.2
47.5
1.54
1.56
1.57
1.57
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.57
1.56
1.56
1.57
1.63
56.99
55.48
56.03
56. 58
56.98
56. 57
56. 57
56.84
57.12
58.18
57. 92
57.74
57.49
Tennessee--Continued
Chattanooga
1951: Average_________ ____ ____________ $53. 59
1952: Average_______ ___________ . ._
55. 76
40.6
41.0
December.. . . . .
. . . ___
___
1953: January____ . . . .
__ _ _ _____
....
February__ . . .
March__ ____ ______ . . ______ _
April.. .
_ _ _ _ _ _ ._
M ay_________
- . ___ _ _ _____
June___ . . . . . . . ____ . . . . .
July--------------------------------------------August_____ _________ ______ . . .
September___
. . . . . .
. . .
October___ _____ __________________
November_____ ______ . . .
_
D e c e m b e r ..._____ _____ _______ _
42.3
40.7
40.5
41.1
40.5
40.2
40.3
40.2
41.0
39.3
39.2
40.1
39.6
58.80
56.17
56.70
57. 95
57. 51
57.08
57.63
57.49
59.04
58.16
57. 23
58. 95
58. 21
Knoxville
$1.32 $58.49
1.36 61.20
1.39
1.38
1.40
1.41
1.42
1.42
1.43
1.43
1.44
1.48
1.46
1.47
1.47
63.91
62.00
63. 58
64.53
66. 30
66. 56
66.08
63. 99
65.44
67.06
67.64
67. 20
65. 50
40.9
40.8
41.5
40.0
40.5
41.1
41.7
41.6
41.3
40.5
40.9
40.4
40.5
40.0
39.7
1.54
1.55
1.57
1.57
1.59
1.60
1.60
1.58
1.60
1.66
1.67
1.68
1.65
63. 62
61.50
63. 69
64.90
65.48
64.14
63.12
64.45
63.12
66.03
67. 27
64. 83
65.10
42.5
42.9
42.7
41.0
41.9
42.7
42.8
42.2
41.8
42.4
41.8
42.6
43.4
42.1
42.0
Nashville
$1.37 $53. 20
1.46 55. 07
1.49
1.50
1.52
1.52
1.53
1.52
1.51
1.52
1.51
1.55
1.55
1.54
1.55
57.82
56.28
57.37
58.08
58. 90
59.33
58.63
58.03
57.74
57. 57
57. 71
59. 85
60.01
Utah
State
1951: Average.. ______ _ _
1952: Average----- ------------
_ ________ $64. 53
._ _______ 66. 73
December__________
. . _____ .
1953: January.
_______ . . . _ . . . . _
February ______ _____
_______
M arch__________ .
. _____
April________ ____ _ _ ______ . . .
M a y .. ______ . ___ ________
J u n e ...
.
. . . .
July---------------------------------------------A ugust... . . .
..
_____ ._ . . . _
Septem ber... .........................
October___________________________
November.............. .
.
_____
December________ . . . _
______
70.12
71.78
71.96
73.08
73.08
72. 27
72. 85
73.18
73.89
70.11
67.84
74. 89
75. 55
41.1
40.2
40.3
40.1
40.2
40.6
40.6
40.6
40.7
42.3
40.6
41.0
37.9
40.7
40.4
$1.57 $66. 78
1.66 70.64
40.3
40.2
1951: A v e ra g e .________ _ .
_________ $51.05
1952: Average___
. . . _____________
53.47
40.2
40.2
December_______________ . . . . . .
1953: January____________________ _____
February_____ . .
. . __________
M arch____________________________
April______ . . . _________________
M ay _________ _____ ______________
J u n e ...
.
__________
July--------------------------------------------A ugust.......... . . .
____________
September . .
....
October.. _ __________ ________ _
N ovem ber__
. ...
D ecem ber..______ ________________
41.0
40.3
39.7
40.3
39.2
39.5
40.7
39.1
39.7
39.3
39.6
39.4
39.9
Sec footnotes at end of table
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
56.17
55. 21
54.79
56. 02
54.49
54.90
57.39
54.74
55.58
55. 41
55. 44
75. 68
72.10
73.10
73. 22
74.16
72. 80
74.05
72. 98
74.88
75. 89
73. 62
77.23
78.14
42.0
41.8
43.0
41.2
41.3
41.6
41.9
40.9
41.6
41.7
41.6
41.7
40.9
42.2
42.7
State
$1.59 $57.32
1.69 59.35
1.76
1.75
1.77
1.76
1.77
1.78
1.78
1.75
1.80
1.82
1.80
1.83
1.83
5 5 . 55
56. 66
1.371.371.38
1.38
1.40
1.39
1.39
1.40
1.40
1.44’
1.43'
1.44
1.43
$1.32 $62. 75
1.37 66. 57
1.39
1.40
1.42
1.42
1.44
1.44
1.43
1.44
1.44
1.48
1.45
1. 50
1.46
70. 25
68. 62
67.97
68.97
69.39
68.39
69.30
70. 89
70.81
70.96
71.40
71.40
72.16
42.4
42.4
$1.48
1. 57
43.1
42.1
41.7
41.8
41.8
41.2
41.5
41. 7
41.9
41.5
42.0
42.0
42.2
1.63
1. 63
1. 63
1. 65’
1. 66
1. 66'
1.67
1. 70
1. 69
1. 71
1.70
1. 70
1.71
60.93
61.23
61.75
61.79
62.37
62. 97
63. 20
62.20
62.83
63.11
62.30
61.06
62.68
43.3
42. 7
42.8
42.9
43.1
43.2
43.1
43.2
43.2
42.6
43.1
43.2
42.4
41. 5
42.2
Burlington
$1.33 $55.03
1.39 56. 49
1.42
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.44
1. 45
1.46
1.46
1. 46
1.46
1.47
1.47
1.49
57.99
57.97
58.62
59.01
57.98
59.24
58.99
56.93
58.87
59. 40
59.34
57.70
61.69
40.5
39.5
39.5
38.9
39.2
40.0
39.4
39.8
39.5
38.6
40.2
40.0
39.3
38.2
40.5
$1.27
1.33 $56. 44
56.16
55. 74
55.58
57.94
59. 57
57.51
58.46
62.13
59.60
61.86
62. 47
61. 51
61.09
41.5
40.4
40.1
39.7
40.8
40.8
40.5
40.6
41.7
40.0
40.7
41.1
40.2
41.0
Springfield
$1.36 $73.01
1.43 78.12
1.47
1.49
1.50
1.48
1.47
1.49
1.49
1.47
1.46
1.48
1.51
1.51
1.52
79.63
78.92
80.14
80.88
82.93
82.51
82. 54
82. 20
82. 67
82.64
82.10
80.14
81.85
47.1
46.5
$1. 55
1.68
45.5
45.0
45. 7
45.9
45.3
45.4
45.5
45.7
45. 6
45.4
44. 9
43.8
44.4
1. 75
1. 75
1. 75
1. 76
1.83
1. 82
1.81
1. 80
1. 81
1.82
1. 83
1.83
1.84
Washington
N orfolk-Portsmouth
1.37
1.37
1.38
1.39
1.39
1.39
1. 41
1.40
1.40
1.41
1.40
1.41
1.42
41. 6
40. 5
40.6
41.0
40. 7
40.7
10.7
40.6
40.8
40. 4
40.5
40.1
40.2
State
41.6
40.2
40.4
40.9
40.9
41.2
41.0
40.3
40.1
38.9
39.8
39.9
41.1
Virginia
State
$1.29,
1.34
Vermont
Salt Lake City
1. 74
1.79
1.79
1.80
1.80
1. 78
1.79
1.73
1.82
1.71
1.79
1.84
1.87
40.2
40.8
Texas
Memphis
$1.43 $58. 22
1.50 62.63
Avg.
hrly,
earn
ings
Richmond
$1.36 $56. 68
1.39
1.39
1.40
1.42
1.46
1.42
1.44
1.49
1.49
1.52
1.52
1.53
1.49
60.03
58.18
59. 28
59.16
59. 98
58.36
58. 51
58.31
60. 83
60. 24
60.20
61.00
61.95
State
Seattle
40.2
$1.41
76.16
38.7
1.97
74. 36
38.5
1.93
41.4
40.4
40.6
40.8
40.8
39. 7
39.8
39.4
41.1
40. 7
40.4
40.4
41.3
1.45
1.44
1.46
1.45
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.48
1.48
1. 48
1.49
1.51
1.50
78. 75
79.13
79.68
79. 84
79. 23
78. 73
79. 59
79. 91
79.16
77. 72
78.14
77. 75
79. 57
38.9
38.8
39.2
39.1
38.8
38.6
38.9
39.6
38.7
38.1
38.8
37.9
38.7
2.03
2.04
2.03
2.04
2.04
2.04
2.05
2.02
2.05
2.04
2.01
2.05
2.06
75. 69
75. 89
75. 71
77.22
76.04
74. 65
75.83
75. 84
77.50
76.11
78.10
77.00
77. 50
38.6
38.2
38.4
38.9
38.5
37.9
38.1
38.3
38.7
37.9
39.0
38.2
38.5
1. 96
1.98
1.97
1.98
1.98
1.97
1.99
1.98
2.00
2. 01
2 .0 0
2.01
2.01
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1954
858
T able C-5: Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas 1—Continued
Kenosha
State
Charleston
State
Tacoma
Spokane
Wisconsin
West Virginia
Washington-—Continued
Year and month
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
$70.02
74.21
75. 95
77.80
77.97
79.82
76.50
72.85
J im p .
77.83
80.04
July
August,
77. 59
81.79
September
76. 61
October _
77. 24
November
December___ 78.39
1951: Average.. . .
1952: Average.
December
1953- January
February March
April
May
40.3
40.2
40.3
40.5
40.4
40. 9
39.3
37.6
39. 7
40.1
39.1
37.9
38.9
39.4
39.8
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
$1.73 $69. 63
1.85 75.10
1.89 74.11
1.92 75.82
1.93 76. 96
1.95 77.33
1.95 76.15
1.94 76.80
1.96 76. 90
2.00 80.20
1.98 77.46
2.16 73. 72
1.97 75. 85
1.96 75.94
1.97 78.51
38.1
38.9
37.9
38.5
38.9
38.8
38.4
38.2
38.0
39.2
39.0
37.9
39.3
37.3
38.8
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
40.1
39.7
40.3
40.2
40.0
40.1
39.8
40.2
39.8
39.6
39.9
38.9
40.0
39.7
39.7
$1.83 $63.36
1.93 65.82
1.95 68. 91
1.'97 69. 55
1.98 69. 60
1.99 70.18
1.98 70.05
2.01 71.96
2.02 70.84
2.05 71.68
1.98 71.02
1.94 71.19
1.93 71.60
2. 04 72.25
2.02 72. 65
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.58
1.66 $78.35
1.71 81.61
1.73 83.43
1.74 83.44
1.75 85.07
1.76 85.05
1.77 85.06
1.78 85.05
1.81 88.18
1.78 85.26
1.83 88.00
1.79 85.60
1.82 86. 65
1.83 87. 56
$68. 77
$1.95 71.77
2.02 75.90
2.02 75.19
2. 05 75.67
2. 08 76.28
2.10 76. 22
2.09 75. 76
2.10 74. 55
2.13 72.05
2.10 73.72
2.20 72.98
2.14 73.91
2.15 74.97
2.20 75.48
40.2
40.4
41.3
40.7
40.9
40.5
40.7
40.5
41.4
40.6
40.0
40.0
40.3
39.8
42.5
42.2
42.9
42.3
42.3
42.5
42.3
42.1
41.9
41.9
42.0
41.4
41.1
41.4
41.3
Madison
$63.11
1951: Average.19/»2• Average . __ 68. 47
December. _ _ 72. 89
1953 • J an uarv __
69.11
71.92
February M arch
71.74
April
71. 53
M ay
72. 61
J nn e
73.49
71.53
Julv
73.58
Au g u s t
76. 05
September
October
76.11
73. 56
November
December____ 75.91
39.2
39.5
40.6
38.0
39.8
39.4
39.3
39.7
40. 1
38.8
39.7
40.6
40.4
39.5
40.1
$1.61 $69.36
1.73 73.56
1.79 80.30
1.82 76.75
1.81 75.12
1.82 73.94
1.82 73.14
1.83 73. 81
1.83 76.40
1.84 72.13
1.85 72. 78
1.87 74. 72
75.57
1.8 8
1.86
86. 22
1.89
80.32
41.3
41.0
43.0
40.8
40.4
40.2
39.7
39.7
40.3
39.4
39.4
39.7
39.3
43.1
40.7
Milwaukee
Racine
42.2
41.7
42.6
42.0
41.8
41.9
41.9
41.4
41.1
41.2
42.0
41.2
40.6
40.9
40.9
41.9
41.2
41.7
41.8
41.4
42.2
41.9
41.5
41.1
40.3
40.3
40.5
40.4
40.2
40.5
$1.68 $74. 79
1.80 77. 79
1.87 82. 34
1.89 81.26
1.87 81.37
1.85 81.83
1.84 82.12
80.84
1.86
1.90 79.80
1.83 79. 76
1.85 83.07
1.8 8
81.97
1.92 80.49
81.54
2. 00
1.97 81.88
i Data for earlier years are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics or the cooperating State agency. State agencirs also make available more detailed industry data. See table A-7 for addresses of cooperating
State agencies.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1.62 $73. 74
1.70 75.34
1. 77 76. 71
1.78 81.40
1.79 81.96
1.79 79.29
1.80 80. 30
1.80 77.36
1.78 74. 79
1. 72 73. 28
1.76 74. 75
1.76 78.06
1.80 69. 64
1.81 /6 .13
1.83 76.13
41.2
40.1
40.1
41.2
41. 4
40.2
40. 6
39.7
38.8
38. 5
39.2
40.1
35. 5
38.6
38.3
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.79
1. 88
1. 91
1. 97
1. 98
1.97
1. 98
1.95
1.93
1.90
1.91
1. 95
1.96
1. 97
1.99
Wyoming
W isconsin--Continued
La Crosse
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
$1.77 $75. 54
1.86 77. 85
1.93 79. 49
1.94 80. 21
1.94 79.81
1.95 82.09
1.96 80. 82
1.95 79. 57
1.94 78.41
1.94 75.61
1.98 76.15
1.99 76. 53
1.98 76.80
1.99 77. 50
2.0 0
78. 65
Casper
State
$1.80 $71. 89
1.89 76.36
1.91 78.38
1.92 77. 81
1.93 79.60
1.95 79.39
1.93 78.21
1.92 79.20
1.91 79.20
84. 67
1.88
1.89 80. 54
1.89 78.58
1.90 79.56
1.93 82. 59
1.94 81.81
39.2
40.4
40.4
39.1
40.2
40.3
39.5
40.0
39.8
41.1
41.3
38.9
40.8
41.5
40.7
$1.83
1. 89
1. 94 $89.15
1. 99 94.39
1. 98 88. 76
1.97 90.40
1.98 91.25
1.98 93.30
1.99 91.88
2.06 94.25
1.95 96.17
2 .0 2
91.34
1.95 89. 77
1.99 96. 29
2. 01 92. 97
39. 8
41. 4
39.1
40.0
40.2
41.1
40.3
4C.8
41.1
39. 2
38.2
40.8
39.9
2 N ot comparable with preceding data shown.
3 Revised series; not comparable with data previously published,
$2. 24
2. 28
2. 27
2. 26
2. 27
2. 27
2.28
2.31
2.34
2.33
2.35
2.36
2.33
359
D : PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
D: Prices and Cost of Living
T able D - l : Consumer Price Index1—United States average, all items and commodity groups
11947-49 = 100]
Hou sing8
Year and month
All
items
Total
food8
Apparel
Total 8
Rent
House- House
Gas and Solid
electric fuels and furnish hold op
eration
ings
fuel oil
ity
Reading Other
Trans
and
goods
porta Medical Personal
recrea
and
care
care
tion
services4
tion
Average—...........
Average________
Average.................
Average________
Average________
Average___ ____
95.5
102.8
101.8
102.8
111.0
113.5
95.9
104.1
100.0
101.2
112.6
114.6
97.1
103. 5
99.4
98.1
106.9
105.8
95.0
101.7
103.3
106.1
112.4
114.6
94.4
100.7
105.0
108.8
113.1
117.9
97.6
100.0
102.5
102.7
103.1
104.5
83.8
104.4
106.8
110.5
116.4
118.7
97.2
103.2
99.6
100.3
111.2
108.5
97.2
102.6
100.1
101.2
109.0
111.8
90.6
100.9
108. 5
111.3
118.4
126.2
94.9
100.9
104.1
106.0
111.1
117.2
97.6
101.3
101.1
101.1
110. 5
111.8
95.5
100.4
104.1
103.4
106.5
107.0
96.1
100.5
103.4
105.2
109.7
115.4
1950: January......... .......
February_______
March ............... .
April__________
M av...... ................
June------- --------July___________
August..................
September______
October________
N ovem ber_____
December............
100.6
100.4
100.7
100.8
101.3
101.8
102.9
103.7
104.4
105.0
105. 5
106.9
97.0
96. 5
97.3
97.7
98.9
100. 5
103.1
103.9
104.0
104.3
104.4
107.1
96.7
96.7
96.8
96.7
96.5
96.5
96.4
97.1
99.2
100.9
101.6
102.2
104.4
104.6
104.6
104.7
104.7
104.9
105.3
106.1
107.1
108.1
108.8
109.4
107. 5
107.7
107.8
108.1
108.5
108.7
109.1
109.3
109.5
109.6
110.0
110.4
102.5
102.8
102.8
102.9
102.8
102.7
102.8
102.7
102.8
102.7
102.7
102.7
109.9
109.6
109.9
109.7
106.8
107.6
108.1
109.8
111.6
113.4
114.3
114.8
97.4
97.6
97.7
97.7
97. 5
97.4
98.1
99.7
102. 4
104.7
106.0
107.1
99.4
99.4
99.5
99.4
99.7
99.6
99.9
101.2
102.3
103.6
104.4
105.6
110.2
110.0
109.8
109.6
110.1
109.9
111.2
112.4
112.7
112.6
112.9
114.1
105.0
105.0
105.1
105.1
105.3
105. 4
105.6
106.0
107.0
107.1
107.4
108.0
99.4
99.2
99.1
99.1
99.0
99.2
99.5
100.8
101.3
103.3
106.1
107.4
104.3
104.6
104.4
104.0
103.8
102.5
101.7
101.9
102.7
103.0
103.6
104.1
103.9
103.9
103.9
103.8
103.9
103.7
104.1
106.3
106.8
107.1
107.4
107.9
1951: Ja n u a ry ..............
February---------March_________
April......................
109.9
111.9
112.0
111.7
112.6
112.3
112.7
112.4
112.5
113.5
114.6
115.0
103.8
105.6
106.2
106.4
106.6
106.6
106.3
106.4
109.3
109.2
108.5
108.1
110.4
111.2
111.7
111.9
112.2
112.3
112.6
112.6
112.9
113.2
113.7
113.9
110.6
111.3
111.9
112.2
112.5
112.7
113.1
113.6
114.2
114.8
115.4
115.6
103.1
103.1
103.1
102.8
103.2
103.0
103.1
103. 2
103.2
103 3
103.3
103.4
115.1
116.4
116.7
116.7
115.2
115.4
115.9
116. 2
116.6
117.1
117.4
117.6
109.3
110.5
111.1
111.6
112.1
112.0
112.0
111.1
111.3
110.9
111.1
107.2
108.1
108.4
108.3
108.7
108.7
109.1
109.0
108.8
109.6
110.4
109.8
110.6
110.7
110.7
110.8
110.8
110.6
110.4
110.0
110.0
110.6
110.8
111.1
114.7
115.8
116.9
117.2
117.6
117.5
117.8
118.7
119.7
120.5
122.1
122.2
108.5
108.9
109. 9
110.3
110.7
June______ ____
July______ _____
A ugust------------September______
October________
November______
December............
108.6
109.9
110.3
110.4
110.9
110.8
110.9
110.9
111.6
112.1
112. S
113.1
105. 6
106.4
107.0
107.3
107.3
106. 5
106.6
106.4
105.8
105.9
106.3
106.5
108 4
108.7
108.9
109.0
109.2
109.1
109.1
109.1
109.6
109.6
112.4
112.8
1952 January________
February_______
March-------------April__________
M av______ ____
June___________
July___________
August ________
September______
October................
November______
December______
113.1
112.4
112.4
112.9
113.0
113.4
114.1
114.3
114.1
114.2
114.3
114.1
115.0
112.6
112.7
113.9
114.3
114.6
116.3
116.6
115.4
115.0
115.0
113.8
107.0
106.8
106.4
106.0
105.8
105.6
105.3
105.1
105.8
105.6
105.2
105.1
113.9
114.0
114.0
114.0
114.0
114.0
114.4
114.6
114.8
115.2
115.7
116.4
116.0
116.4
116.7
116.9
117.4
117.6
117.9
118.2
118.3
118.8
119.5
120.7
103. 5
103.8
103.8
103.9
104.1
104.3
104.2
105.0
105.0
105.0
105. 4
105.6
117.7
117.6
117.7
117.3
115.6
115.8
118.6
119.0
119.6
121.1
121.6
123.2
110.2
110.0
109.4
108.7
108.3
107.7
107.6
107.6
108.1
107.9
108.0
108.2
110.9
110.8
114.7
114.8
115.7
115.9
116.1
117.8
118.0
118.1
118.8
118.9
118.9
119.3
111.0
111.1
111.2
111.2
111.8
111.9
112.1
112.8
113.3
113.4
122.8
123.7
124.4
124.8
125.1
126.3
126.8
127.0
127.7
128.4
128.9
128.9
111.3
111.6
111.7
111.9
112.1
112.1
112.3
112.4
112.5
107.2
106.6
106.3
106.2
106.2
106.8
107.0
107.0
107.3
107.6
107.4
108.0
113.2
114.4
114.8
115.2
115.8
115.7
116.0
115.9
115.9
115.8
115.8
115.9
1953: January...............
F ebruary............
March_________
April_____ ____
M a y .....................
June...... ................
Julv____ _______
A ugust________
September_____
October............. .
November_____
D ecember______
113.9
113.4
113.6
113.7
114.0
114.5
114.7
115.0
115.2
115.4
115.0
114.9
113.1
111.5
111.7
111.5
112.1
113.7
113.8
114.1
113.8
113.6
112.0
112.3
104.6
104.6
104.7
104.6
104.7
104.6
104.4
104.3
105.3
105.5
105.5
105.3
116.4
116.6
116.8
117.0
117.1
117.4
117.8
118.0
118.4
118.7
118.9
118.9
121.1
121.5
121.7
122.1
123. 0
123.3
123.8
125.1
126.0
126.8
127.3
127.6
105.9
106.1
106.5
106.5
106. 6
106.4
106.4
106.9
106.9
107.0
107.3
107.2
123.3
123.3
124.4
123.6
121.8
121.8
123. 7
123.9
124.6
125. 7
125.9
125.3
107.7
108.0
108.0
107.8
107. 6
108.0
108.1
107.4
108.1
108.1
108.3
108.1
113.4
113.5
114.0
114.3
114. 7
115.4
115.7
115.8
116.0
116.6
116.9
117.0
129.3
129.1
129.3
129.4
129.4
129.4
129.7
130.6
130.7
130.7
130.1
128.9
119.4
119.3
119.5
120.2
120.7
121.1
171.5
121.8
122.6
122.8
123.3
123.6
112.4
112.5
112.4
112.5
112.8
112.6
112. 6
112.7
112.9
113.2
113.4
113.6
107.8
107. 5
107.7
107.9
108.0
107.8
107.4
107.6
107.8
108.6
108.9
108.9
115.9
115.8
117.5
117.9
118.0
118.2
118.3
118.4
118.5
119.7
120.2
120. 3
1954: January.
115.2
113.1
104.9
118.8
127.8
107.1
125.7
107.2
117.2
130.5
123.7
113.7
108.7
120.3
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
Mav................
-------
i A major revision was incorporated in the Consumer Price Index beginning
January 1953. The revised index, based on 46 cities, has been linked to the
previously published “interim adjusted” indexes for 34 cities and rebased on
1947-49=100 to form a continuous series. For the convenience of users, the
“All-items” indexes are also shown on the 1935--39=100 base in table D-3.
The revised Consumer Price Index measures the average change in prices
of goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and salaried-clerical
worker families. Data for 46 large, medium, and small cities are combined
for the United States average.
For a history and description of the index, see The Consumer Price Index,
in the February 1953 M onthly Labor Review; the pamphlet, The Consumer
Price Index—A Short Description of the Index as Revised, 1953; The Interim
Adjustment of Consumers’ Price Index, in the April 1951 M onthly Labor
Review; Interim Adjustment of Consumers’ Price Index, Bulletin 1039,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
111.0
111.0
111.0
111.0
111.2
111.8
112.6
113.1
114.3
111.1
111.0
and the following reports: Consumers’ Price Index, Report of a Special Sub
committee of the House Committee on Education and Labor (1951); and
Report of the President’s Committee on the Cost of Living (1945).
Mimeographed tables are available upon request showing indexes for the
United States and 20 individual cities regularly surveyed by the Bureau
for “All items” and 8 major components from 1947 to date. Indexes are also
available from 1913 for “ All item s,” food, apparel, and rent, for all large cities
combined, and from varying dates for individual cities.
1 Includes “Food away from home” (restaurant meals and other food
bought and eaten away from home); prior to January 1953, prices for this
category were estimated to move like prices for “ Food at home” but, since
that date, have been measured by prices of restaurant meals.
* Includes “ Other shelter.”
* Includes tobacco, alcoholic beverages, and “miscellaneous services”
(such as legal services, banking fees, and burial services).
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1954
360
T able D-2: Consumer Price Index1—United States average, food and its subgroups
[ 1947-49 =
100]
Food at home
Food at home
Year and month
1047: Avg
1048:
1949:
1950:
10/51:
1952:
1950-
A vg
A vg
A vg
A vg
A vg
Jan
Feb
Mar
A pr
IVTay
.Tuna
July
Aug
fiftpt.
Oot
N ov
D ec______
1951: Jan______
Feb
Mar
Apr______
M ay_____
Jim a
J u ly
A ug
Ropt
Total
food 1
T otal
food
at
home
95. 9
104.1
100.0
101. 2
112. 6
114.6
97.0
96. 5
97.3
97. 7
98. 9
100. 5
103.1
103.9
104 0
104. 3
104. 4
107.1
109.9
111. 9
112 0
111.7
112.6
112. 3
112. 7
112. 4
112.5
95. 9
104.1
100.0
101. 2
112. 6
114.6
97.0
96. 5
97.3
97. 7
98.9
100. 5
103.1
103.9
104 0
104.3
104.4
107.1
109.9
111. 9
112.0
111.7
112.6
112.3
112 7
112.4
112.5
Cereals Meats, Dairy
and
prod
poul
bakery try,
and ucts
prod
fish
ucts
94.0
103.4
102.7
104.5
114.0
116.8
102. 2
102.3
102.3
102.4
102. 7
102.7
103.8
106.2
107.0
107.2
107.4
107.5
112.2
113.2
113.4
113.9
113.9
114.0
114.3
114.2
114.6
93. 5
106.1
100.5
104.9
117.2
116.2
94.4
95.6
98.7
99.5
103.4
106.1
110.1
112. 2
112.4
109.0
107. 7
109.1
113.5
116.3
117.2
117.3
117.4
116.9
117.6
118.4
118.6
96.7
106.3
96.9
95.9
107.0
111.5
95.6
95.3
94.7
93.3
92.6
92.3
93.8
95.7
97.0
99.6
100.1
100.7
105.2
106.1
106.2
106.0
105.7
105.9
106.5
106.9
107.2
Fruits
and
vege
tables
Other
foods 1
97.6
100.5
101.9
97.6
106.7
117.2
100.3
97.6
95.5
97.4
99.0
102.5
103.6
94.7
91.1
92.9
95.8
99.9
104.8
109.8
106.3
105.2
108. 5
107.7
107.0
102.3
100.4
100.1
102.5
97.5
101.2
114.6
109.3
95.1
93.5
95. 5
95.1
93.5
94.1
97. 7
105.3
107.7
110.4
109.2
117.0
111.2
110.3
112.7
112.4
113.5
113.8
114.8
116.5
118.4
Cereals Meats,
poul
and
bakery
try,
and
prod
fish
ucts
Year and month
Total
food 1
Total
food
at
home
1951: Oct______
N ov.......... .
D ec______
1952: Jan______
Feb______
Mar______
Apr______
M'ay_____
June...........
July______
Aug............
Sept______
Oct........ .
N ov........ .
Dec....... .
1953: Jan______
Feb______
Mar______
A p r ..........
M ay_____
June_____
July______
Aug............
Sept_____
Oct______
N ov.......... .
Dec....... . .
113.5
114.6
115.0
115.0
112.6
112.7
113.9
114.3
114.6
116.3
116.6
115.4
115.0
115.0
113.8
113.1
111.5
111.7
111.5
112.1
113.7
113.8
114.1
113.8
113. 6
112.0
112.3
113.5
114.6
115.0
115.0
112.6
112.7
113.9
114.3
114.6
116.3
116.6
115.4
115.0
115.0
113.8
112.9
111. 1
111.3
111. 1
111.7
113.7
113.8
114.1
113.5
113.3
111.4
111.7
114.6
115.1
115.2
115.3
115.5
115.7
115.6
117.2
116.9
117.6
117. 5
117.4
117.5
117.5
117.7
117.7
117.6
117.7
118.0
118.4
118.9
119.1
119.5
120.3
120.4
120.6
120.9
1954: Jan______
113.1
112.6
121.2
i See footnote 1 to table D -l. Indexes for 18 food subgroups (1935-39=
100) from 1923 to December 1952 were published in the March 1953 M onthly
Labor Review and in previous issues.
Dairy
prod
ucts
Fruits
and
vege
tables
Other
foods *
119.1
117.7
116.3
117.1
116.7
115.2
114.8
114. 5
116.5
116.4
119.4
119.2
116.9
114.3
113.0
110.9
107.7
107.4
106.8
109.2
111.3
112.0
114.1
113.5
111.1
107.0
107.8
107.9
109.2
110.7
112.0
112.7
112.0
110 4
109.3
108.9
110.2
111.0
112.5
113. 2
113.3
112.7
111.6
110. 7
110.3
109.0
107.8
107.5
108.3
109 1
109.6
110.5
110.3
103.2
109.5
115.8
118.2
109.5
113.7
121.1
124.3
122.4
124.0
118.7
111.5
111.3
115.9
115.8
116.7
115.9
115.5
115.0
115.2
121.7
118.2
112.7
106.6
107.7
107.4
109.2
118.9
118.5
114.5
109.1
105.8
104.4
105.0
104.4
105.2
111.5
113.1
113.7
115.1
114.3
110.6
109.7
107.3
109.1
110.4
110.3
110.9
112.3
114.4
116.7
117.4
114.8
113.5
110.2
109.7
110.8
113.5
110. 1
1 See footnote 2 to table D -l.
* Includes eggs, fats and oils, sugar and sweets, beverages (nonalcoholic >
and other miscellaneous foods.
T able D-3: Consumer Price Index1—United States average, all items and food
1947-49=100
1913: Average______
1914: Average______
1915: Average______
1916: Average______
1917: Average______
1918: Average______
1919: Average______
1920: Average______
1921: Average______
1922: Average-- - - .
1923: Average______
1924: Average______
1925: Average--------1926: Average............
1927: Average............
1928: Average______
1929: Average______
1930: Average______
1931: Average______
1932: Average............
1933: Average...........
1934: Average______
1935: Average______
1936: Average______
1937: Average______
1938: A verage..........
1939: A v era g e..........
1940: Average______
1941: Average.......... .
1942: Average______
1935-39=100
1 9 4 7 -4 9 = 1 0 0
All
items
Total
food*
42.3
42.9
43.4
46.6
54.8
64.3
74.0
85.7
76.4
71.6
72.9
73. 1
75.0
75.6
74.2
73.3
73.3
71.4
65.0
58.4
65.3
57.2
58.7
59.3
61.4
60.3
59.4
59.9
62.9
69.7
39.6
40.5
40.0
45.0
57.9
66.5
74.2
83.6
63.5
59.4
61.4
60.8
65.8
68.0
65.5
64.8
65.6
62.4
51.4
42.8
41.6
46.4
49.7
50.1
52.1
48.4
47.1
47.8
52.2
61.3
i See lootnote 1 to table D -l,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
70.7
71.8
72.5
77.9
91.6
107.5
123.8
143.3
127.7
119.7
121.9
122.2
125.4
126.4
124.0
122.6
122.5
119.4
108.7
97.6
92.4
95.7
98.1
99.1
102.7
100.8
99.4
100.2
105.2
116.6
1943: Average______
1944: Average______
1945: Average..........1946: Average______
1947: Average............
1948: Average..........1949: Average............
1950: Average............
1951: A verage...........
1952: Average...........
1950: January............
February.........
March....... .......
April..................
M ay..................
June_________
July...................
A ugust.............
September.......
O ctober..........
November___
December____
1951: January............
February..........
March_______
April.................
M ay_________
June..................
July...................
A ugust.............
1 9 3 5 -3 9 = 100
Y ea r a n d m o n th
A ll
ite m s
All items
1 9 4 7 -4 9 = 1 0 0
1 9 3 5 -3 9 = 1 0 0
Year and month
Year
7 4 .0
75. 2
7 6 .9
8 3 .4
9 5 .5
1 0 2 .8
1 0 1 .8
1 0 2 .8
111. 0
1 1 3 .5
1 0 0 .6
1 0 0 .4
1 0 0 .7
1 0 0 .8
1 0 1 .3
1 0 1 .8
1 0 2 .9
1 0 3 .7
1 0 4 .4
1 0 5 .0
1 0 5 .5
1 0 6 .9
1 0 8 .6
1 0 9 .9
1 1 0 .3
1 1 0 .4
1 1 0 .9
1 1 0 .8
1 1 0 .9
1 1 0 .9
T o ta l
fo o d *
6 8 .3
67. 4
6 8 .9
7 9 .0
9 5 .9
1 0 4 .1
1 0 0 .0
1 0 1 .2
112. 6
1 1 4 .6
9 7 .0
9 6 .5
9 7 .3
9 7 .7
9 8 .9
1 0 0 .5
1 0 3 .1
1 0 3 .9
1 0 4 .0
1 0 4 .3
1 0 4 .4
1 0 7 .1
1 0 9 .9
1 1 1 .9
1 1 2 .0
1 1 1 .7
1 1 2 .6
1 1 2 .3
1 1 2 .7
1 1 2 .4
A ll
ite m s
A ll ite m s
1 2 3 .7
125. 7
1 2 8 .6
139. 5
1 5 9 .6
1 7 1 .9
1 7 0 .2
1 7 1 .9
185. 6
1 8 9 .8
1 6 8 .2
1 6 7 .9
1 6 8 .4
1 6 8 .5
169. 3
1 7 0 .2
1 7 2 .0
1 7 3 .4
1 7 4 .6
175. 6
1 7 6 .4
1 7 8 .8
1 8 1 .5
1 8 3 .8
1 8 4 .5
1 8 4 .6
1 8 5 .4
1 8 5 .2
1 8 5 .5
1 8 5 .5
1951: S e p t e m b e r ____
O c t o b e r .............
N o v e m b e r _____
D e c e m b e r _____
1952: J a n u a r y ________
F e b r u a r y ______
M a r c h ...................
A p r i l . ....................
M a y ___________
J u n e ____________
J u l y . . - ..................
A u g u s t ............... ..
S e p t e m b e r ____
O c t o b e r ________
N o v e m b e r _____
D e c e m b e r _____
1953: J a n u a r y _______
F e b r u a r y ............
M a r c h _________
A p r i l ....... ..............
M a y ..................
J u n e ___________
J u ly ________
A u g u s t ________
S e p t e m b e r ____
O c t o b e r ________
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r ..........
1954:
January______
1 1 1 .6
1 1 2 .1
1 1 2 .8
11 3 .1
1 1 3 .1
1 1 2 .4
1 1 2 .4
1 1 2 .9
1 1 3 .0
1 1 3 .4
114. 1
1 1 4 .3
11 4 .1
1 1 4 .2
1 1 4 .3
1 1 4 .1
1 1 3 .9
1 1 3 .4
1 1 3 .6
1 1 3 .7
1 1 4 .0
1 1 4 .5
1 1 1 .7
1 1 5 .0
1 1 5 .2
1 1 5 .4
1 1 5 .0
1 1 4 .9
1 1 5 .2
1 See footnote 2 to table D -l
T o ta l
fo o d *
1 1 2 .5
113. 5
1 1 4 .6
1 1 5 .0
1 1 5 .0
1 1 2 .6
1 1 2 .7
1 1 3 .9
114 3
1 1 4 .6
1 1 6 .3
1 1 6 .6
1 1 5 .4
1 1 5 .0
1 1 5 .0
1 1 3 .8
1 1 3 .1
1 1 1 .5
1 1 1 .7
1 1 1 .5
1 1 2 .1
1 1 3 .7
1 1 3 .8
1 1 4 .1
1 1 3 .8
1 1 3 .6
1 1 2 .0
1 1 2 .3
113.1
A ll ite m s
1 8 6 .6
1 8 7 .4
1 8 8 .6
1 8 9 .1
1 8 9 .1
1 8 7 .9
1 8 8 .0
1 8 8 .7
1 8 9 .0
1 8 9 .6
1 9 0 .8
19 1 .1
1 9 0 .8
1 9 0 .9
1 9 1 .1
1 9 0 .7
1 9 0 .4
1 8 9 .6
1 8 9 .9
1 9 0 .1
1 9 0 .6
1 9 1 .4
1 9 1 .8
1 9 2 .3
1 9 2 .6
1 9 2 .9
1 9 2 .3
1 9 2 .1
1 9 2 .6
D : PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
361
T able D -4: C o n s u m e r P r ic e I n d e x 1— A ll ite m s in d e x e s fo r s e le c te d d a te s , b y c ity
1947-49=100
1935-39=100
City
United States average *_________
Jan.
1954
Dec.
1953
Nov.
1953
Oct.
1953
Sept.
1953
Aug.
1953
July
1953
June
1953
May
1963
Apr.
1953
Mar.
1953
Feb.
1953
Jan.
1953
June
1950
Revised Old
series
series
Jan.
.Tune4
1954
1953
115.2
114.9
115.0
115.4
115.2
115.0
114.7
114.5
114.0
113.7
113.6
113.4
113.9
101.8
192.6
190.9
Atlanta, Qa___________________
(3>
Baltimore, M d........................ .........
(3)
Boston, M ass_________________ 112.7
Chicago, 111.._________________ 116.7
f3)
Cincinnati, O h io ................... ........
117.1
114. 5
(3)
116.4
114.6
(3)
(3)
(3)
116.4
(3)
(3)
(3)
113.8
117.1
(3)
117.6
115.0
(3)
116.6
115.3
(3)
(3)
(3)
116.3
(3)
(3)
(3)
113.1
115.7
(3)
117.1
115.1
(3)
115.3
114.5
(8)
(3)
(*)
114.6
(«)
(»)
(*)
111.7
114.2
(«)
116.7
114.2
(3)
113.8
112.6
(>)
(3)
(3)
113.9
(»)
(3)
(3)
112.1
114.2
(3)
(’)
101.6
102.8
102.8
101.2
(3)
(3)
181.4
198. 7
(3)
197.7
194.6
180.6
195.7
195.0
Cleveland, Ohio_______________
Detroit, M ic h ________________
Houston, T ex_____ ____________
Kansas City, M o .........................
Los Angeles, Calif........... ...............
(3)
117.0
(3)
115.0
116.8
(3)
116.4
(3)
(3)
115.8
115. 5
116. 7
117.3
(3)
116.1
(3)
117.2
(3)
115.7
116.3
(3)
116.9
(3)
(3)
116.2
115.1
116.9
116.8
(3)
115.8
(*)
116.9
(3)
115.3
115.8
(3)
116.6
(3)
(3)
115.4
113.7
115. 8
116.8
(S)
115.3
(3)
115.2
(»)
114.3
115.6
(»)
115.2
(»)
(»)
115.4
112.5
116.1
116.1
(3)
114.9
(3)
115.7
(3)
114.3
115.4
(3)
102.8
103.8
(3)
101.3
(3)
197. 5
(3)
185.2
195.2
(3)
200.4
193.4
(’)
188.7
Minneapolis, M in n ____ ________
New York, N . Y _______________
Philadelphia, P a _______________
Pittsburgh, P a ________________
Portland, Oreg________ _______
116.6
113.0
115.3
114.4
115.4
(3)
113.0
115.0
(3)
(3)
(3)
112.9
114.7
(3)
(3)
116.6
113.3
115.3
114.7
116.1
(*)
113.2
115.2
(3)
(3)
(>)
112.7
114.9
(3)
(3)
115.6
112.1
114.7
113.8
115.5
(3)
112.0
114.6
(3)
(3)
(3)
111.4
113.8
(3)
(3)
115.1
111.1
113.7
112.8
115.4
(3)
111.2
114.1
(*)
(3)
(3)
111.1
113.7
(3)
(»)
114.4
111.7
114.3
112.6
114.6
102.1
100.9
101.6
101.1
(»)
193.1
187.0
191.9
194.5
199.9
(’)
185.4
190.5
194.6
(»)
St. Louis, M o_________________
San Francisco, C a lif.................... .
Scranton, Pa__________________
Seattle, W ash_________________
Washington, D . C ____ ____ ____
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
116.9
116.9
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
113.4
116.4
114.3
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
117.1
116.9
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
113.2
116.8
114.2
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
115.8
116.1
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(*)
112.0
116.2
113.5
(*)
(»)
(»)
(3)
(>)
114.7
115.5
(»)
(3)
(»)
(»)
(3)
112.2
114.6
113.0
(»)
(»)
(3)
(3)
(3)
101.1
100.9
(*)
(»)
(»)
(3)
O)
(3)
(3)
(3)
192.9
199.1
(3)
(3)
(3)
1 See footnote 1 to table D -l. Indexes are based on time-to-time changes
In the cost of goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and clerical
worker families. They do not indicate whether it costs more to live in one
city than in another.
* Average of 46 cities beginning January 1983. See footnote 1 to table D - l.
• Prior to January 1953, indexes were computed monthly for 9 of these cities
and once every 3 months for the remaining 11 cities on a rotating cycle.
Beginning in January 1953, indexes are computed monthly for 5 cities and
once every 3 months for the 15 remaining cities on a rotating cycle.
4 All “old series” indexes discontinued as of June 1953. Last “old series”
indexes (193,5-39=100) for the 14 cities not included in the revised index and
for cities not surveyed in June are as follows:
Ju n e 1953
Birmingham, A la .....................196.6 I Mobile, Ala...................................185.6
Jacksonville, F la ___________ 198.2
Portland, M aine__ ___ ____ „ 181.9
Memphis, Tenn____ _______ 190.8 I
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M ay 1953
Cleveland, O hio....................... 192.8
Milwaukee, W is._ ......................196.9
New Orleans, La___________ 190.1
Norfolk, V a ................
191.3
Scranton, Pa...............................185.3
Seattle, W ash........ ................. 195.4
Washington, D . C ...................... 185.5
A pril 1953
Buffalo, N . Y ............................... 187.3
Denver, Colo............................. 189.1
Indianapolis, Ind...................... 192.5
Kansas City, M o...................... 181.8
Manchester, N . H .................. __ 184,7 |
,
Minneapolis, M in n ..................188.0
Portland, Oreg______________ 198.9
Richmond, V a ..___________ 181.5
Savannah, Q a ........................ 197.7
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , M A R C H 1954
362
T able D-5: Consumer Price Index1— All items and commodity groups, except food,2 by city
[1947-49=100]
Personal care
Apparel
All items
Transportation
Medical care
Readir ig and
recreeition
Other goods and
services
City and cycle of pricing
United States average........
Monthly:
Chicago, 111.-------------Detroit, M ich-----------Los Angeles, Calif-----N ew York, N . Y ------Philadelphia, P a-------Jan., Apr., July, and Oct.:
Boston, M ass________
Kansas City, M o------Minneapolis, M in n —
Pittsburgh, P a . - . - ---Portland, Oreg----------
Mar., June, Sept., and Dec.:
Atlanta, Ga.4------------------Baltimore, M d ---------------Cincinnati, Ohio-------------St. Louis, M o -----------------San Francisco, Calif---------
Feb., M ay, Aug., and Nov.:
Cleveland, Ohio----------Houston, Tex__________
Scranton, P a . . . ...........
Seattle, W ash-------------Washington, D . C --------
-
Jan.
1953
Jan.
1954
Jan.
1953
Jan.
1954
Jan.
1953
Jan.
1954
Jan.
1953
Jan.
1954
Jan.
1953
Jan.
1954
Jan.
1953
Jan.
1954
Jan.
1953
Jan.
1954
115.2
113.9
104.9
104.6
113.7
112.4
123.7
119.4
130.5
129.3
108.7
107.8
120.3
115. 9
116.7
117.0
116.8
113.0
115.3
114.2
115.7
115.4
111.7
114.3
107.8
103.0
103.8
104.8
106.2
106.0
102.7
104.6
105. 7
103.9
114.2
119.8
118.1
108.3
117.2
114.3
119.1
117.9
105.9
116.3
122.8
122.1
121.1
123.6
123.3
117.1
116.7
118.5
121.3
119.5
133.7
125.5
129.1
135.6
136.1
134.5
126.1
125.8
127.8
133.3
108.6
112.1
103.5
108.5
110.5
108.8
111.0
104.9
107.4
110.6
119.0
125.2
116.5
121.2
122.9
110.5
120.7
111.7
116.6
120.5
112.7
115.0
116.6
114.4
115.4
112.1
114.3
114.4
112.6
114.6
100.6
104.7
106.1
104.4
105.4
102.8
106.1
105.3
103.4
104.3
112.6
116.3
116.7
113.3
111.7
110.4
114.9
117.3
105.5
111.8
124.5
120.1
138.8
121.2
121.0
123.3
119.1
125.1
116.8
117.5
135.5
125.9
121.9
139.4
125.8
134.2
130.6
120.7
139.4
126.3
107.3
116.8
115.7
99.7
117.1
106.4
109.4
113.7
98.4
116.1
118.0
117.6
125.3
120.5
119.4
115.1
115.5
121.2
117.0
114.4
Dec.
1953
Dec.
1952
Dec.
1953
Dec.
1952
Dec.
1953
Dec.
1952
Dec.
1953
Dec.
1952
Dec.
1953
Dec.
1952
Dec.
1953
Dec.
1952
Dec.
1953
117.1
114.5
114.6
116.9
116. 9
(3)
114.4
112.5
114.9
115.6
110.5
102.4
103.8
105.3
105.0
(3)
102.9
103.9
104.4
105.1
115.9
108.1
109.3
110.0
113.0
(3)
105.8
108.9
109.9
113.1
119.5
132.9
124.6
133.6
123.0
(3)
125.5
117.7
131.9
119.7
129.0
139.6
130.5
136.5
144.1
(3)
138.3
127.9
133.0
140.3
112.5
113.1
99.7
99.6
104.5
(3)
119.5
101.1
100.2
104.2
118.2
121.0
118.1
116.7
117.4
N ov.
1953
N ov.
1952
N ov.
1953
N ov.
1952
Nov.
1953
N ov.
1952
N ov.
1953
N ov.
1952
N ov.
1953
N ov.
1952
N ov.
1953
N ov.
1952
N ov.
1953
105.6
107.7
106. 4
107.0
102. 5
114.5
120.1
112.7
111.1
111.6
124.0
126.9
130.4
132.6
128.4
122.6
127.3
130.2
129.6
127.4
115.5
117.3
113.4
116.4
114. 3
113.6
116.0
113.1
115.6
113.8
105.0
108.1
106.8
107.3
103.8
114.9
119.2
111.9
111.7
111.8
127.6
119.2
119.5
129.5
117.9
119.4
112.8
111.9
123.7
116.4
108.8
107.5
118.7
108.1
111.2
119.5
114.9
125.4
115.2
111.4
120.0
119.4
115.5
127.2
127.2
Dec.
1952
(3)
118.0
112.3
113.8
112.2
Nov.
1952
114.7
117.2
114.1
124.0
123.0
Housing
Jan.
1954
United States average-----Monthly:
Chicago. Ill--------------Detroit, M ich________
Los Angeles, Calif-----N ew York, N . Y ------Philadelphia, P a -------Jan., Apr., July, and Oct.:
Boston, M ass-............. Kansas City, M o------Minneapolis, M in n ---Pittsburgh, P a ---------Portland, Oreg----------
1See footnote 1 to table D -l.
Jan.
1954
Jan.
1953
Jan.
1954
Jan.
1953
Jan.
1954
Jan.
1953
Household
operation
Jan.
1954
Jan.
1953
127.8
121.1
107.1
105.9
125.7
123.3
107.2
107.7
117.2
113.4
124.3
121.6
124.6
115.3
113.4
119.1
118.6
122.2
112.6
112.7
(3)
(3)
(3)
115.5
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
110.4
(3)
99.9
110.7
109.5
108.8
102.3
100.0
109.8
108.7
108.0
101.8
124.5
119.4
(3)
131.9
123.8
122.0
117.4
(3)
130.2
125.4
108.9
109.4
109.2
107.0
109.5
107.0
109.9
110.7
108.8
110.1
121.0
109.0
108.1
119.6
113.4
117.6
119.0
119.7
116.4
118.8
114.8
116.4
115.9
113.7
118.1
120.2
(3)
136.5
(3)
128.5
116.4
(3)
120.5
(3)
126.8
108.8
103.0
110.0
116.7
105.2
105.5
102.6
106.3
113.7
118.6
124.5
113.2
114.8
123.2
127.3
124.7
113.2
113.7
120.3
111.6
106.4
107.7
106.7
105.6
107.5
106.4
106.2
105.7
106.2
109.2
112.2
120.9
115.4
119.9
113.1
117.5
107.7
106.5
116.9
111.1
BSÏ*
107. 6
118.2
112.0
116.3
110.8
Dec.
1952
Dec.
1953
123.8
113.7
116.4
118.9
118.0
119.4
124.1
116.3
118.9
118.3
* See tables D -2, D -3, D-6, and D -7, for food.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Jan.
1953
Housefurnishings
116.4
N ov.
1953
Feb., M ay, Aug., and Nov.:
Cleveland, Ohio----------Houston, Tex__________
Scranton, P a --------- -----Seattle, W ash------ -------Washington, D . C_____
Jan.
1954
Solid fuels and
fuel oil
118.8
Dec.
1953
Mar., June, Sept., and Dee.:
Atlanta, Ga.4--------------Baltimore, M d ------------Cincinnati, O hio---.........
St. Louis, M o -------------San Francisco, Calif........
Jan.
1953
Gas and electricity
B ent
Total housing
Dec.
1952
(3)
113.5
112.6
114.7
115.7
Nov.
1952
114.1
121.6
114.1
117.2
116.0
Dec.
1953
(3)
(3)
126.9
130.0
127.8
N ov.
1953
(3)
(3)
121.9
(3)
122.7
3N ot available.
Dec.
1952
(3)
119.9
115.4
116.7
120.2
N ov.
1952
121.1
135.8
117.7
126.4
118.2
Dec.
1953
111.8
97.5
113.2
103.8
130.1
N ov.
1953
106.8
106.5
112.2
99.0
118.1
(3)
97.5
108.2
95.8
130.1
N ov.
1952
102.7
105.6
111.9
98.2
114.9
119.5
124.1
127.2
132.9
(3)
N ov.
1953
123.8
(3)
139.9
127.0
134.0
Dec.
1952
(3)
126.8
122.3
126.0
(3)
Nov.
1952
119.9
(3)
133.5
113.3
128.0
Dec.
1953
112.9
102.7
103.9
109.3
109.1
N ov.
1953
105.6
103.8
103.3
107.9
110.3
Dec.
1952
(3)
103.9
103.9
110.2
108.3
Nov.
1952
105.2
104.3
103.0
109.1
109.7
4Atlanta formerly priced Feb., M ay. Aug., and Nov.
Dec.
1953
128.2
109.1
121. 3
118.2
109.5
N ov.
1953
110.8
128.9
107.8
111.5
114.4
Dec.
1952
(3)
106.8
111.9
115.7
107.8
N ov.
1952
103.7
118.5
102.6
108.8
112.9
363
D : P R IC E S A N D C O S T O F L IV IN G
T able D-6: Consumer Price Index1—Food and its subgroups, by city
[1947-49=100]
Food at home
Total food*
Jan.
1954
Jan.
1953
Dec.
1953
Jan.
1954
Dec.
1953
Meats, poultry, and fish
Cereals and bakery products
Total food at home
City
Jan.
1953
Jan.
1954
Jan.
1953
Dec.
1953
Jan.
1954
Jan.
1953
Dec.
1953
United States average 3______
113.1
112.3
113.1
112.6
111.7
112.9
121.2
120.9
117.7
110.2
107.8
110.9
Atlanta, Ga___ __________
Baltimore, M d______ _______
Boston, Mass_____________
Chicago, 111_________________
Cincinnati, O hio............... .......
113.2
113.6
109.9
111.4
115.8
112.7
112.9
109.3
110.5
114.8
112.5
112.7
111.3
111.2
113.6
112.7
113.0
108.6
110.4
115.5
112.2
112.1
107.8
109.6
114.4
112.4
112.6
111.2
113.5
115.1
120.8
119.1
117.2
121.1
115.1
121.0
119.1
117.2
120.4
115.2
116.8
117.2
115.7
117.7
117.4
112.9
106.7
105.5
115.1
115.3
109.9
104.1
103.4
111.9
113.2
112.1
107.7
105.6
112.0
Cleveland, Ohio................. .
Detroit, M ich______________
Houston, Tex___________ . .
Kansas City, M o___________
Los Angeles, C a lif............. .
111.3
115.2
113.1
109.9
114.2
110.3
114.4
112.4
109.4
113.4
110.8
115.9
113.8
110.2
114.1
110.7
114.4
112.5
109.7
113.0
109.5
113.4
111.7
109.0
112.1
110.7
115. 7
113.7
109.7
114.0
118.4
118.0
118.4
120.5
122.6
117.0
118.3
116.9
120.3
122.3
114.4
114.8
114.7
117.4
117.2
107.1
109.3
108.0
107.0
111.4
105.2
107.5
105.8
105.0
108.9
107.8
111.8
109.5
108.3
113.2
Minneapolis, M inn........ .......
New York, N . Y ___________
Philadelphia, Pa____________
Pittsburgh, Pa________
Portland, Oreg___________ .
112.9
110.9
115.3
113.4
113.1
111.8
110.9
114.7
112.9
112.0
113.9
112.4
115.5
113.0
112.6
112.6
110.8
114.6
113.0
113.1
111.2
110.6
113.9
112.5
111.6
113.8
112.2
115.3
112.8
112.6
124.5
125.5
121.2
119.2
116.8
122.3
125.3
121.2
119.2
117.0
119.5
121.1
118.0
117.5
113.4
103.4
108.7
113.7
105.5
114.3
100.4
108.0
110.3
103.5
110.8
107.9
113.8
113.4
106. 5
112.2
St. Louis, M o___________
San Francisco, Calif_______
Scranton, P a ________ .
Seattle, Wash___________
Washington, D . C.....................
116.2
114.1
112.2
111.9
111.6
115.1
114.2
111.8
111.0
110.7
113.5
114.3
112. 2
113.3
111.5
115.4
113.7
111.9
111.7
114.2
113.8
111.5
110.7
110.0
113.2
114. 2
112.0
113.3
111.4
116.9
127.5
119.3
121.8
118.0
115.9
127.3
119.3
122.0
115.4
111.9
122.7
116.2
118.9
112. 5
112.6
108.0
110. 3
108.2
107.6
108.8
107.8
107.6
105.3
105.0
109.6
112.1
108.4
109.2
109.8
111.1
111.0
Pood at home—Continued
Other foods at hom e4
Fruits and vegetables
Dairy products
City
J a n .1953
J a n .1954
Dec. 1953
J a n .1953
J a n .1954
Dec. 1953
J a n .1953
J a n .1954
Dec. 1953
United States average3___________________
109.7
110.3
111.6
110.8
109.2
116.7
113.5
113.5
109.7
Atlanta, Ga_______ _____________________
Baltimore, M d_________________________
Boston, Mass..................... ...................................
Chicago, 111...
________
_________
Cincinnati, Ohio____ ____ ______ _________
109.9
112. 2
111.2
108.9
111.9
110.2
112.1
111.3
108.8
112.3
115.0
111.5
112.2
111.6
110.0
110.7
107. 5
101.5
107.9
110.6
110.9
108.2
102.5
107.0
110.3
119.0
115.9
116.5
113.3
115.7
107.5
111.4
104. 9
118.4
119.2
107.5
111.3
104.1
118.7
119.4
103.1
107.6
103.7
115.5
114.3
Cleveland, Ohio_____________ _____ ____
Detroit, M ic h __________________________
Houston, Tex__ __________ ______________
Kansas City, M o________________________
Los Angeles, C a lif...______ ______________
108.2
109.7
110.4
108.0
109.7
110.6
112.3
112.8
116.1
105.6
118. 4
113.7
103.7
116.0
113.6
1 0 8 .2
1 0 5 .6
1 0 8 .2
1 0 8 .7
1 0 7 .1
1 1 3 .0
1 0 5 .1
1 1 3 .9
Minneapolis, M inn______________________
N ew York, N . Y _______________ _________
Philadelphia, P a .. _____________________
Pittsburgh, Pa___ ____________ ____ ____ _
Portland, Oreg._________________________
106. 7
1 0 8 .8
1 1 1 .3
1 1 2 .6
1 0 9 .1
1 0 6 .8
1 0 9 .7
1 1 4 .1
1 1 2 .4
1 0 9 .3
1 1 0 .7
1 0 6 .3
1 1 4 .0
1 1 3 .1
1 1 0 .7
St. Louis, M o____________________ _______
San Francisco, C a lif..____ ______________ _
Scranton, Pa____________________________
Seattle, W ash______ _______ _____________
Washington, D . C_______________________
1 0 3 .9
1 1 0 .0
1 1 2 .6
1 0 6 .2
1 1 4 .1
1 0 6 .8
1 1 0 .3
1 1 2 .7
1 0 7 .0
1 1 4 .4
1 1 1 .3
1 1 2 .0
1 1 1 .2
1 1 2 .0
1 1 3 .5
1 See footnote 1 to table D -l. Indexes for 56 cities for total food (1935*
39=100 or June 1940=100) were published In the March 1953 M onthly Labor
Review and in previous issues. See table D -7 for U. S. average prices for 46
cities combined.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
111.1
126.7
115.5
113.9
115.3
113.7
109.5
109.9
1 0 4 .5
1 0 7 .5
1 1 9 .3
1 1 1 .5
1 1 2 .9
1 1 3 .9
1 0 9 .7
1 1 2 .9
1 1 4 .1
1 0 9 .9
1 1 4 .6
1 1 1 .6
1 0 6 .0
1 1 2 .6
1 1 9 .4
104. 5
1 1 2 .8
1 0 9 .8
1 1 1 .6
1 1 7 .9
1 0 4 .7
1 1 3 .2
1 1 0 .2
1 0 6 .2
1 2 2 .3
1 1 2 .6
1 2 1 .3
1 1 6 .0
1 1 4 .2
1 1 8 .9
1 1 2 .2
1 1 2 .8
1 2 2 .4
1 1 3 .3
1 1 9 .2
1 1 1 .4
1 1 1 .8
1 2 2 .9
1 1 5 .0
1 1 5 .1
1 0 8 .3
1 0 9 .4
1 1 5 .3
1 1 2 .8
1 2 0 .1
1 1 8 .2
1 0 4 .0
1 1 6 .6
1 0 6 .8
1 1 8 .4
1 1 6 .6
1 0 7 .3
1 1 2 .8
1 0 6 .9
118. 0
1 1 6 .9
1 1 6 .4
1 1 9 .3
1 1 2 .7
1 2 2 .8
1 1 1 .8
1 1 1 .8
1 0 9 .5
1 1 0 .2
1 2 2 .6
1 1 3 .5
1 1 1 .4
1 1 0 .8
1 1 0 .2
1 1 6 .6
1 1 0 .8
1 0 8 .8
1 1 0 .3
1 0 7 .6
2 See footnote 2 to table D -l.
3 Average of 46 cities beginning January 1953.
4 See footnote 3 to table D-2.
See footnote 1 to table D -l.
364
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , M A R C H 1954
T able D -7 : Average retail prices of selected foods
Commodity
Jan.
1954
Cereals and bakery products:
Cents
Flour, wheat________ _ ___ ___5 pounds..
53.3
Biscuit mix___ ______
20 ounces
27. 7
Cornmeal1 ............
pound
12.5
Rice
do
19.6
Rolled oats. _ . . .
20 ounces
18. 5
Cornflakes 3_
12 ounces
21.9
Bread.
____ .
_____ ____ _ pound _
17.0
Soda crackers. _ _ _ _ _ _
do _ _
27. 2
Vanilla cookies
....
_____7 ounces..
23.2
Meats, poultry, and fish:
Beef and veal:
Round steak _ _________ _____ pound .
91.1
Chuck roast___
do
51.9
Rib roast_____ ________ ______ _do___
71.2
Hamburger____ _____ _ ____ ___do___
41.1
_ ___ ________ do___
Veal cutlets___ _
112.5
Pork:
Pork chops, center cut. _ _____ _ _do_ __
87.6
Bacon, sliced
_ _____
_ __ do
85.0
Ham, whole____ _ ___ ________ do___
73 0
Lamb, leg_ _ _ _ ______ _ ______ _do___
70.3
Other meats:
56.1
Frankfurters___________ ________ d o ___
Luncheon meat, canned. ____12 ounces. _
50. 1
Poultry:
Frying chickens:
Dressed 3____ ____ ___
pound .
44.9
Ready-to-cook 4
________ do___
56.4
Fish:
Ocean perch fillet, frozen 3 _______-do____
43.5
Haddock fillet, frozen 3
____ _ __do_ __
49.5
Salmon, pink ___ _ __
51.7
_16-ounce can
Tuna fish_____ _ ___
7-ounce can
38.6
Dairy Products:
Milk, fresh (grocery) _ _____ _______ quart.
22.5
Milk, fresh (delivered) L__ ___ ______ .d o___
23.5
_ ._
Ice cream.. ____. . .
pint
30.0
Butter_____ ______
___
pound,.
79.4
Cheese, American process ___ ________ do__ _
59.8
M ilk, evaporated____ _ __ 14}4-ounce can _
14.3
All fruits and vegetables:
■ Frozen fruits and vegetables:
Strawberries____________ ____12 ounces. _
37.2
Orange juice concentrate . ___ 6 ounces __
19.8
Peas, green____
____
12 ounces
23.3
Beans, green___ _
____10 ounces.
24.5
Fresh fruits and vegetables:
A pples:___. . . ____ ._ _____ .pound ._
14.2
________ do__ _
Bananas________
16.6
Oranges, size 200. _ _ _ ----------- dozen__
48.2
Lem ons..
_
_____
pound .
19.0
Grapefruit*______ . . .
________ each..
1 0 .0
Dec.
1953
Jan.
1953
Cents
52.8
27. 7
12.4
19. 6
18. 4
21.8
16.9
27.2
23.4
Cents
52.3
28. 2
12. 6
18 8
18 3
21.7
16.2
25. 7
23.5
90. 2
51. 9
69.9
41.2
108.3
103. 0
63. 6
80.0
53.8
120.6
81.1
79.3
70.0
69.4
72.5
65. 2
65.1
72.3
55.7
50.0
59.8
48.6
45.5
57.7
49.9
62.6
43.3
49.1
51.8
38.4
44.5
50.9
53.3
37. 9
. 22.7
23.7
29.9
79.6
59.5
14.3
22.8
23.8
30. 4
80.3
60.5
15.0
36.8
20.4
22.8
24.2
38.5
18.5
23.4
24.3
13.9
16.8
49.4
19.5
14.2
16.2
43.3
All fruits and vegetables—Continued
Fresh fruits and vegetables—Continued
Cents
. _ pound
Peaches*
Strawberries*.. _________ ____ ’ pint .
pound
Grapes, seedless*
_ _do_
Watermelons*— .
67.2
Potatoes .
_
15 pounds..
13.1
Sweetpotatoes. ________ _____ pound..
__ do_ _
6.2
Onions__________
__ _
13.8
Carrots________
__. . _ ______ do___
17.6
Lettuce. ______ _____ _. ____ .head.
Celery_______ . . . ___ ______ pound..
14.5
_____do__ _
7.0
Cabbage. _____
do _
Tomatoes
32.7
___ _ __do___
Beans, green__
26.9
Canned fruits and vegetables:
35.0
Orange juice______ . _ _. 46-ounce can _
can.
Peaches_________________ -No.
33.1
____ do __ _
Pineapple . __
38.7
___ do
41.0
Fruit cocktail _
18.9
Corn, cream style. ___ . . _No. 303 can..
_____ d o _ ____
21.4
Peas, green___________
..N o . 2 can _
17.3
Tom atoes8—. _.
Baby foods______________ A H -5 ounces..
9.8
Dried fruits and vegetables:
29.6
Prunes..
__. ._ _ . . .. _____ pound _
17.2
N avy beans___________ _. _______ do___
Other foods at home:
Partially prepared foods:
14.3
Vegetable soup._
__ 11-ounce can..
Beans with pork. _ .
14.4
16-ounce can
Condiments and sauces:
30.1
Gherkins, s w e e t ______
7Yi ounces..
22.2
14 ounces
Catsup, tomato
Beverages, nonalcoholic:
_____ pound..
94.5
Coffee_______
Xi pound
33.2
Tea__ ________ __ ____
30.7
Fats and oils:
Shortening, hydrogenated.
_ ..p o u n d ..
34.8
Margarine, colored 9 _. _ „_______ do___
30.3
Lard______________ _____ ______-do____
25.8
Salad dressing.. _ _
_______ p in t..
35.7
49.1
Peanut butter. _____ ______ . . . . pound _
Sugar and sweets:
52.6
Sugar_______ __________ . _.5 pounds
23.6
Corn syrup___________ .
_ 24 ounces.
25.1
Grape je lly .. ____________ ___12 ounces. _
Chocolate bar___ _ ___
___1 ounce..
4.5
67.1
Eggs, fresh_______ „ _____ _____ dozen __
Miscellaneous foods:
G elatin . flavored
_ 3 -4
ou nces .
8 .6
Dec.
1953
Jan.
1953
Cents
Cents
67.7
12.6
6.2
13.8
13.8
13.3
6.7
33.9
21.2
104.3
17.5
11.0
12.3
15.3
14.4
7.6
31.6
32.4
35.1
33. 1
38.6
40. 8
18.9
21. 2
17.2
9.8
31.2
34.0
38.4
40.3
19.2
21.5
18.5
9.8
29.3
17.1
28.4
16.5
14.3
14.3
14.3
14.3
29.9
22.3
29.3
22.8
91.5
32.9
30.7
86.4
32.3
29.3
34.5
30.0
25.4
35.2
49.1
32.8
29.9
16.1
34.2
49.0
52.6
23.5
24.8
4.5
69.3
52.9
23.5
23.9
4.5
66.9
8.6
8 .6
10.3
i 41 c itie s .
s 42 c itie s .
8 38 c itie s .
6 36 c itie s .
3 12 c itie s .
• 45 c itie s .
* 34 c itie s .
3 40 c itie s .
8 44 c itie s b e g in n i n g J u l y 1953, 43 c itie s D e c e m b e r 1952 t h r o u g h J u n e 1953.
‘ P r ic e d o n ly in s e a s o n .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Jan.
1954
Commodity
N ote.— T h e U n i t e d S t a te s a v e ra g e r e t a i l fo o d p r ic e s a p p e a r i n g i n ta b l e
D - 7 a re b a s e d o n p r ic e s c o lle c te d m o n t h l y i n 46 c itie s fo r u s e i n t h e c a lc u la tio n
o f t h e fo o d c o m p o n e n t of t h e r ev ise d C o n s u m e r P r ic e I n d e x . A v e r a g e r e t a il
fo o d p r ic e s fo r e a c h o f 20 la rg e c itie s a r e p u b l is h e d m o n t h l y a n d a r e a v a ila b le
u p o n r e q u e s t . P r ic e s fo r t h e 26 m e d iu m -s iz e a n d s m a ll c itie s a re n o t p u b l is h e d
o n a n i n d iv i d u a l c i t y b a s is .
365
D : P R IC E S A N D C O ST O F L I V IN G
T
able
D-8: Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities 1
{1947-49-100]
vumuiuuH,y giuup
!
!I J a n . 2
.1
D ec,
1953
S e p t.
1953
Aug.
1953
July
1953
June
1953
M ay
1953
Apr.
1953
Mar.
1953
Feb.
1953
Jan.
1953
June
1950
110.2
111.0
110. 6
110.9
109. £
109.
109.4
110.0 109.6
109.9
100.2
95.3
94.2
87.9
82.0
98.
96.0
88. i
90.6
96. 4
98.0
86.5
88.1
97. S
94.7
85.4
95.9
95. 4
109.9
84.2
86. í
97.8
105.4
9.3. <
91.7
97.3
106.9
93.8
87.5
99 8 97.9
105.8 102.2
94.7 93.1
91.7 91.2
QQ 6
107.3
94.6
92. 7
89. 8
89. 6
103.2
*99.5
97 .2
89. 7
148.1
103. 5
101.9
111.6
8 8 .0
145.9
103.2
100.7
126.3
84.3
146.2
103.6
99.0
122.5
81.1
149.3
103. Í
97 .6
113.8
85. 1
144.3
105. (
96. ‘
106.2
85.5
140.7
104. (
93.1
106.5
89. {
136.7
104.;
93 .6
98.7
93 .7
135.4
103 .4
96 .7
102.5
95.3
137.1
104.6
100.5
100.6
97 .5
142.5
102.7
103.0
89.1
9 4 .9
134. 5
100.9
105. 3
9 3 .9
9 7 .2
133.3
9 9 .8
107. 3
81 .6
70 .6
87. 6
122.4
106.2
112.4;
96 . ‘ i
109. A
103.8 !
110.1 ;
182.2 1
93.3
63. 9j
72. 7|
8 3 .8|
111.5 ¡
104.3
112.2
*89.7
111. í
103. f
108.9
171.6
92 .7
66. S
74.2
84. 4
113.9
103.8
112 6
8 6 .2
113.9
104.7
108.7
171.0
8 5 .6
71 .2
75.5
84.2
110.2
104.7
112. (
88. Í
112.7
104. f
110.2
169.8
94 C
70. 1
73.3
80.3
117 1
106.6
110.8
97. 4
111. i
104.7
110. ]
169.8
106.8
65.7
68 .8
80. 5
116.8
104.8
108.4
9 3 .6
110.7
104.7
110.5
169.8
8 2 .2
62 .9
70. S
8 3 .4
116.7
105.5
108.5
97. (
110. t
105. C
109.8
169.8
63.1
78. C
8 4 .0
117.3
103.3
107. Í
9 1 .6
107.7
103.7
109.8
164. 6
60 .9
68.4
79.8
8 4 .6
120.2
104.3
109. C
93 .8
107.9
104. C
109.6
164.6
64 .2
70.5
79 .8
8 6 .5
121.5
103.2
109.2
8 9 .2
108.5
104.4
109.7
168.1
60.4
75.4
79.8
85 .0
120.5
104.1
108.9
9 1 .2
109.7
105.1
109.6
168.9
6 0 .2
75. 6
79.8
84.3
120.9
105.2
107.6
9 8 .2
110.9
105.5
108.0
161.9
53.8
70. 5
6 9 .9
8 3 .3
114.4
105. 5
106.8
99 .3
111.9
105.4
108.0
161.9
52.1
70.4
77 .0
8 3 .5
112.8
96. 8
96. 5
102 4
9 0 .0
98 0
94 .7
136.9
6 3 .9
6 7 .9
67 .4
79 .2
106.6
All commodities other than farm and fo o d s.......... .
114.5
114.6
114.5
114.6
114.7
114.9
114.8
113.9
113.6
113.2
113.4
113.1
113.1
102.2
Textile products and apparel______________ _____
Cotton products___________________________
Wool products_____________________________
Synthetic textiles___________________________
Silk products— ----------------------------------------Apparel _____________ ________ ____________
Other textile products----------------------------------
95 .5
9 0 .3
9 5 .8
9 0 .9
9 6 .2
9 1 .6
96.5
92.4
96.9
93 .7
97 .5
94. i
97 .5
94.1
97 .4
93.4
97 .6
93 .3
97.4
92 .9
97 .5
93.1
98. 5
96.1
98 .8
111.6
85.9
135.8
98.7
82.7
111.2
86.7
134.7
98.5
82.9
111.8
86.7
134.7
99.3
86.5
111.7
87.5
134.7
99.3
85.3
111 6
87.5
134. 7
99.4
85.5
112.0
87.4
133.0
99.9
838
111.3
88.0
131.6
99.9
82.5
111.9 111.5
87.9 88.3
141.4 141.4
99.6 99.9
82.8 83.5
97.0
113.0
88.1
141.4
100.0
83.1
90.0
105 3
91.3
88.8
92 7
96. 3
i
110.1 109.8
O c t.
1953
93.7
94.2
89.3
78.4
All commodities^____________ ________ _____ ____
110 S
N ov.
1953
97.9' *94.4
91.2 . *89.8
90. r
91.5
91.8 ! 83. Í
Farm products ____________________________ ___
Fresh and dried produce__________________ _
Grains___ . . ___________________________
Livestock and poultry--------------------------------Plant and animal fibers.—__________________
Fluid m ilk________________________________
Eggs--------------------------------------------------------Hay and s e e d s ___________________________
Other farm products_______________________
104.2 .
98.3 i
92.7
90.5
161.0
Processed foods_____________ ______ ______ ______
Cereal and bakery products_________________
Meats, poultry, fish________________________
Dairy products and ice cream....... ............... .......
Canned, frozen, fruits and vegetables...... .........Sugar and confectionery____ _____ __________
Packaged beverage materials________________
Animal fats and oils________________ ____ ___
Crude vegetable oils________________________
Refined vegetable oils........... ............ .....................
Vegetable oil end products__________________
Other processed foods----------------------------------
111.0
85.5
142.1
97.9
82. 7,
112.1 111.5
85.5 85.2
139.3 136.5
*97.9 98.7
*82. 4 83.5
72.4
93 .3
97.1
64.3
90.4
111.8
98.8
97.1
64.4
90.4
111.7
99.1
99.7
74.2
94.5
111.8
99.1
99.9
74.6
95.0
111.8
99.5
100.0
73.4
96.1
111.7
99.7
101.0
76.3
98.0
111.7
100.3
100.4
74.8
97.3
111.5
100.0
97.9
66.4
92.7
111.5
99.3
98.1 98.0
64.8 66. 5
93.5 91.9
112.1 112. 1
99.0 99.0
97.3
62.1
92.0
112.0
99.2
99.1
94.3
98.2
102 7
95.2
Fuel, power, and lighting materials______________
Coal______________________________________
Coke______________________ ____ ____ ______
Gas __ ___________________________________
Electricity________________________ ______ .
Petroleum and products-------------------------------
95.2
95.6
56.81 57. 7
88.1 *88.7
111.8 111.8
98.01 98.2
I
110.6 *111.1
111.8 112.5
132.5 132.5
109.6 *109.6
100.7 *100. 7
114.2 114.9
111.2
112. 5
132.5
106.3
99.6
116.3
111.2
112. 5
132.5
106.6
98.5
116.6
110.9
112.3
131.8
106.0
98.0
116.5
111. 0
111.7
131.8
105. 7
99.1
116.5
111.1
111.8
131.8
106.1
98.5
116.8
108.3
111.2
131.8
108.2
98.5
111.1
107.1
110.8
131.8
108.2
97.4
109.4
107.4
111.2
131.8
109.5
98.0
109.3
108.4
114.4
131.8
109. 5
100.7
109.0
108.1
115.9
131.8
109.5
100.7
107.9
107.8
116.3
131. 8
108.0
99.6
107.9
102.4
104.8
115.6
94.8
101. S
103.1
Chemicals and allied products__________________
Industrial chemicals.
. . ________ . . ... . . .
Paint, and paint materials _________________
Drugs, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics_______ . . .
Fats and oils, inedible______________________
Mixed fertilizer _________________________
Fertilizer materials________________________
Other chemicals and products_______________
107.2
118.4
(5)
93.9
60.9
111. 1
114.0
105.2
107.1
118.6
107.9
93.8
*58. 6
111.4
113.9
105.2
107.2
119.2
108.2
93.5
58.0
111.5
112.9
105.0
106.7
119.5
107.9
93.5
53.3
111.7
112.9
103.4
106.7
120.0
107.3
93.5
51. 1
112.0
113.0
103.3
106.3
120.2
106.3
93.5
46.9
111.2
113.8
102.9
106.2
120.2
106.1
93.6
46.7
110.6
113.8
102.8
105.6
119.2
106.1
93.1
46.6
110.7
110.6
102.6
105. 5
118.0
106.1
93.1
49.9
110.7
112.9
103.0
105. 5
117.0
106.0
93.0
55.9
110.7
113.2
103.1
104.2
113.9
106.0
91.6
59.0
110. 7
112.8
102.9
103.6
113.1
105.9
91.4
52.7
110.8
112. 7
102.9
103.6
112.8
106.2
91.5
53.5
111.2
112.9
103.1
92.1
96 3
94 6
91.3
48 8
101 2
98 5
91.1
Rubber and products . . _____________ . . . ____
Crude rubber___ ________________________
Tire casings and tubes_____ _______________
Other rubber products______________________
124.8
113.4
130.2
123.7
124.8
114.5
130.1
123.2
124.3
112.0
130. 1
123.2
124.2
111.3
130.1
123.2
124.0
120.1
126.4
123.0
123. 5
120.0
125.1
123.2
124.6
121.1
126.4
124.1
125. 0
122.7
126.3
124.5
125.4
124.2
126.3
124.7
124.8
122.3
126.3
124.2
125.7
126.6
126.3
124.3
126.2
129. 4
126. 3
124.3
127.3
135. 5
126.3
124.3
109. 5
129.0
106.1
103.6
Lumber and wood products___ ____ ____________
Lumber___________ ___ ____ ______ _________
M illwork_________________________ _______
Plywood ________________________________
117.0 117.4 117.3
116.0 116.4 116.3
131.1 *131.3 131.2
103.5 103.9 103.1
118.1
117.2
131.2
104.7
119.2
118.3
131.4
106.8
120.4
119.3
131.7
112.4
121.1
120.2
131.6
112.7
121. 5
120.7
132.0
112.4
121.8
121.0
132.0
112.4
122.2
121.5
132.0
112.0
121.7
120.9
131.9
112.0
121.1
120.3
131.9
110.9
120.5
120.1
129.3
108.5
112.4
113. 5
110.9
101.7
Pulp, paper, and allied products________________
Woodpulp______ __________________________
Wastepaper _______ ______ ______ _________
Paper_____________________________________
Paperboard..............................................................
117.1
109.7
79.1
126.8
125.5
117.1
109.7
79.1
126.8
125.9
117.3
109.7
90.8
126.8
126.0
117.5
109.7
112.9
126.6
116.9
108.8
109.6
126.5
116.2
108.8
98.5
125.9
115.8
108.8
85.0
125.1
115.8
108.8
85.0
124.7
115.4
108.8
85.0
124.9
115.3
108.8
88.3
124.9
115.1 115.3
108.8 108.8
83.8 83.8
124.9 124.9
115.8
108.8
87.0
124.9
C o n v e r te d p a p e r a n d p a p e r b o a r d _____________
B u i ld i n g p a p e r a n d b o a r d . . . .............. .......................
1 1 3 .3
1 2 7 .9
1 1 3 .4
1 2 3 .0
1 1 3 .4
1 2 3 .0
1 2 6 .2
1 1 3 .2
1 2 3 .0
1 2 6 .0
1 1 2 .3
1 2 3 .0
1 2 3 .6
1 1 2 .1
1 2 3 .0
1 2 3 .7
1 1 2 .1
1 2 3 .0
1 2 3 .2
1 1 2 .4
1 2 3 .0
1 2 3 .1
1 1 1 .4
1 2 3 .0
1 2 3 .1
1 1 1 .4
1 1 8 .2
1 2 3 .4
1 1 1 .1
1 1 8 .2
95.9
90.6
79.0
103.3
1 2 3 .5
1 1 1 .5
1 1 8 .2
1 2 4 .2
1 1 2 .3
1 1 8 .2
9 7 .2
9 3 .2
1 0 6 .3
1 2 7 .1 *127. 5 1 2 7 .9
1 3 2 .0
1 3 2 .8 1 3 3 .6
1 2 1 .5
1 2 2 .1 1 2 2 .3
1 2 9 .6
1 2 8 .7 1 2 8 .7
1 3 7 .5
1 3 7 .2 1 3 7 .2
1 1 8 .2
1 1 8 .2 1 1 8 .2
1 1 5 .3
1 1 5 .5 1 1 5 .8
1 1 7 .6 * 1 1 7 .3 1 1 7 .5
1 2 7 .2Í 1 2 7 .2 1 2 7 .2
1 2 7 .9
133. 4
1 2 2 .1
1 2 8 .7
1 3 7 .2
1 1 8 .2
1 1 5 .8
1 1 7 .7
1 2 7 .2
1 2 8 .5
1 2 9 .4
1 3 4 .6
136. 2
1 2 2 .8
1 2 4 .5
1 2 8 .6
1 2 8 .6
1 3 6 .9
1 3 5 .6
1 1 8 .7
1 1 8 .7
1 1 5 .8
115. 6
1 1 7 .9
1 1 7 .8
127. 0 1 126.31
1 2 9 .3
1 3 5 .7
1 2 6 .4
1 2 8 .6
1 3 4 .7
1 1 6 .4
1 1 5 .1
1 1 7 .5
1 2 5 .4
1 2 6 .9
1 3 0 .9
1 2 7 .6
1 2 6 .6
1 3 4 .5
1 1 3 .5
1 1 4 .6
1 1 4 .4
1 2 4 .1
1 2 5 .7
1 2 8 .9
1 2 6 .6
1 2 6 .6
1 3 3 .2
1 1 3 .8
1 1 4 .4
1 1 3 .6
1 2 4 .0
1 2 5 .0
1 2 7 .7
1 2 8 .2
1 2 6 .5
1 2 7 .9
1 1 3 .8
1 1 3 .8
113.61
1 2 5 .5
1 2 7 .7
1 3 1 .5
1 2 5 .3
126. 2
1 1 4 .3
1 1 3 .9
1 1 3 .6
1 2 4 .6
1 2 7 .5
1 2 4 .4
1 2 5 .3
1 2 5 .9
1 1 4 .3
113. 9
1 1 3 .9
122.2| 1 2 6 .7
1 2 4 .0
1 2 7 .1
1 2 2 .5
1 2 5 .3
1 2 5 .9
1 1 3 .6
1 1 3 .8
1 1 3 .9
1 2 6 .5
1 0 8 .8
1 1 3 .1
1 0 1 .8
1 0 9 .0
Hides, skins, and leather products.____ _____ ____
Hides and skins--------------- ------------------------Leather. _________________________________
Footwear_______ _______________________ _
Other leather products _____________ ______
M e ta l s a n d m e t a l p r o d u c t s . . . ...........................................
I r o n a n d s te e l
_________________________________
N o n fe rro u s m e t a l s . . ____ _______ ________ _____
M e t a l c o n t a i n e r s ________________________________
H a r d w a r e . ___ ____________ ____________________
P l u m b i n g e q u i p m e n t . . ........................... ........................
H e a t in g e q u i p m e n t _____________________________
S t r u c t u r a l m e t a l p r o d u c t s ______________________
N o n s t r u c t u r a l m e ta l p r o d u c t s . . ...............................
See footnotes at end o f table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
122.8!
111.1
1 0 3 .2
102.0
100.1
1 1 3 .2
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , M A R C H 1954
366
T able D-8: Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities ^C ontinued
[1947-49=100]
Jan.
1954 2
Commodity group
Dec.
1953
N ov.
1953
Sept.
1953
Oct.
1953
Aug.
1953
July
1953
June
1953
M ay
1953
Apr.
1953
Mar.
1953
Feb.
1953
Jan.
1953
June
1950
Machinery and motive products...........................
Agricultural machinery and equipment-----Construction machinery and equipment----Metalworking machinery............—................Oeneral purpose machinery and equipment
Miscellaneous machinery...... .......... - .............. .
Electrical machinery and equipm ent-..........
Motor v ehicles....................................................
124.3
122.7
131.2
132.8
128.3
124.4
126.8
118.5
124.3
122.5
131.1
132.8
*128. 6
*124. 5
*126.8
*118.5
124.2
122.5
131.1
132.8
128.5
124.4
126.6
118.5
124.1
122.4
131.0
132.7
128.2
124.1
126.5
118.5
124.0
122.3
130.9
132.8
127.9
124.2
126 2
118.6
123.7
122.3
130.5
131.9
126.9
123.9
125. 6
118.6
123.4
122.7
130.8
131.8
125.8
123.3
124.8
118.6
122.9
122.6
129. 4
131.3
124.9
122.4
124.2
118.6
122.4
122.4
129.1
130.1
123.8
122.0
122'. 6
118.6
122.0
122.3
128.6
129.8
123.6
120.6
121.3
118.9
121.8
122.2
127.1
129.1
122.1
120.3
119.9
120.0
121.6
121.8
126.2
129.0
122.0
120.1
119.7
119.9
121.5
121.8
126.2
129.0
121.9
119.7
119.6
119.8
106.3
108.3
108.1
108.8
107.0
105.0
102.1
106.7
Furniture and other household durables..............
Household furniture...........................................
Commercial furniture________ ______ _____
Floor covering___________________________
Household appliances........................................
R adios._______ __________________________
Television sets.------ --------------------------------Other household durable goods....................... .
115.2 *115.0
114.2 114.1
126.2 126.2
123.7 124.8
109.6 *109.1
96.1 *94.3
73.5 *74.0
127.8 *127. 7
114.9
114.1
126.2
125.0
109.0
94.3
74.2
127.6
114.8
114.2
125.8
125.2
109.0
94.8
74.2
126.8
114.9
114.2
125.8
125.2
109.1
94.8
74.2
126.9
114.8
113.8
125.8
125.3
108.9
95.0
74.0
126.9
114.7
113.8
125.8
125.2
108.8
95.0
74.3
126.7
114.3
114.1
125.7
124 8
108.1
95.4
75.0
125.5
114.1
114.0
124.3
125.0
108.1
94.9
74.9
125.4
113.9
113.8
123.2
124.2
108.0
94.9
74.9
125.4
113.1
113.6
123.2
124.1
107.9
95.5
74.9
121.8
112.9
113.4
123.2
124.1
107.4
95.5
75.6
121. 7
112.7
113.2
123. 0
124.1
107.4
95.0
74.5
121.2
103.1
101.8
106.2
109.1
100.1
(3)
(J)
106.8
Nonmetallic minerals—structural.........................
Flat glass...............................................................
Concrete ingredients..........................................
Concrete products..............................................
Structural clay products-------------------------Gypsum products______________ _______
Prepared asphalt roofing--------------------------Other nonmetallic minerals__________ ____
121.0
124.7
119.9
117.2
132.0
122.1
109.9
119.8
120.8
124.7
119.6
117.2
132. 1
122.1
109.9
118.9
120.8
124.7
119.4
117.4
132.1
122. 1
109.9
118.9
120.7
124.7
119.4
117.4
132.0
122.1
109.9
118.0
120.7
124.7
119.3
117.4
132.0
122.1
109 8
117.8
119.6
124.7
118.6
116.1
131.4
122.1
105.8
117.8
119.4
124.7
118.4
115.6
131.1
122.1
105.8
117.3
118.1
122.9
118.2
115.5
125.1
122.1
106.2
116.4
117.2
116.4
117.9
115.5
124.7
122.1
106.0
115.3
116 9
116.4
117.6
114.2
124.6
122.1
106.0
115.3
115.1
116.4
113.8
112.8
124. 3
118.3
106.0
115.3
114.6
114.4
113.1
112.8
124.0
117.7
106.0
115.3
114.6
114.4
113.1
112.8
124.0
117.7
106. 0
115.3
105.4
105.6
105. 7
104.6
110.5
102.3
98.9
105.7
Tobacco manufactures and bottled beverages4. .
Cigarettes4............................................................
Cigars4_________________________________
Other tobacco products4--------------------------Alcoholic beverages4____________ ________
Nonalcoholic beverages______________ ____
118.2
124.0
103.5
120.7
115.0
125.1
118.1
124.0
103.5
120.7
114.9
125.1
118.1
124. 0
103.5
120.7
114.9
125.1
118.1
124.0
103.5
120.7
114.9
125.1
116. 2
124.0
103. 5
120.7
111.2
125.1
115.6
124.0
103.5
120.7
110.0
125.1
115.6
124.0
103.5
120.7
110.0
125.1
114.9
124.0
102.9
120.7
110.0
120.6
114.8
124.0
102.9
121. 5
110.0
119.9
114.8
124.0
102.9
121.5
110.0
119.8
114.8
124.0
102.9
122.4
110.0
119.8
111.9
112.0
102.9
120.3
110.1
119.8
111.9
112.0
102.9
120.3
110. 7
119.7
101.4
102.8
100.6
103.3
100.9
100.8
Miscellaneous-------------------------------- ------------Toys, sporting goods, small arms--------------Manufactured animal feeds---------------------Notions and accessories------- --------- ----------Jewelry, watches, photo equipment_______
Other miscellaneous____ ____ ____________
101.1
113.4
94.0
93.5
101.9
119.7
100.1
113.2
92.2
93. 5
101.9
119.7
93.2
114.0
78.7
93.5
101.9
119. 5
94.4
114.1
81.0
93.5
101.9
119.5
94.7
96.4
95.3
114.0 114.0 114.1
82.7
81.6
85.0
93. 5
93. 21
93.5
102. C 101.8 ; 101.8
119.3 119.6 j 119.8
1
95.8
114.0
83.7
93.2
101.5
119.9
99.7
114.3
91.1
93.2
101.9
120.3
98.5
113.7
88.7
93.2
101.8
121.1
101.7
112.9
95. (
94.3
101.8
121.0
101.2
112.8
94.4
92.9
101.0
121.2
103.0
112.8
97.9
92 9
101.0
120. 8
96 9
104.8
93.7
88.7
96. 6
105. 4
2 Preliminary.
3 Not available.
4 Figures shown in this series are the official indexes. Beginning with Jan
uary 1953 the method of calculating excise taxes and discounts was changed
and official indexes for earlier dates are not strictly comparable with these.
For analytical purposes indexes prior to 1953 have been recalculated for com
parability and are available on request.
3 Index discontinued.
* Revised.
i The revised wholesale price index (1947—
49=100) is the official index for
January 1952 and subsequent months. The official index for December 1951
and previous dates is the former index (1926=100). The revised index has
been computed back to January 1947 for purposes of comparison and analysis.
Prices are collected from manufacturers and other producers. In some cases
they are secured from trade publications or from other Government agencies
which collect price quotations in the course of their regular work. For a more
detailed description of the index, see A Description of the Revised Wholesale
Price Index, Monthly Labor Review, February 1952 (p. 180), or reprint
Serial No. R. 2067.
T able D -9: Special wholesale price indexes1
[1947-49 = 100]
1950
1953
1954 2
Commodity group
Jan.
All foods ________________ ____________________
All fish_____________ __________________________
Special metals and metal products_______________
Metalworking machinery________ ____________
Machinery and equipment_____________________
Total tractors_________________________________
Steel mill products_____________________________
Building materials_____________________________
Soaps
.
. ____________________________
Synthetic detergents___________________________
Refined petroleum products__________________ .
East coast petroleum_______________________
Mid-continent petroleum___________________
Gulf coast petroleum_______________________
Pacific coast petroleum ____ _______________
Pulp, paper and products, excl. bldg, paper..... .. . .
i See footnote 1, table D-8.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Dec.
104. 5 103.1
113.9 *109. 4
125.2 *125. 4
139.7 139. 7
127.5 *127. 5
124.5 124.1
142.4 142.4
119.5; *119.6
91.0
90. 5
91.0
91.0
112.9 113.8
109.4 112.0
109.9 109. 6
116.2 ; 117.8
118.8 118.8
116.8; 116.9
1
N ov.
103.6
106.1
125.7
139. 7
127.4
124.1
142.4
119.5
90.0
91.0
115. 5
114.1
110.2
121.3
118.8
117.1
Oct.
105.1
111.3
125.7
139.6
127.2
124.1
142.5
120.0
86.5
91.0
115.8
113.5
110.1
122.8
118.8
117.4
Sept.
Aug.
106.8 104.8
104.9 107.8
126.2 126.8
139.7 139.1
127.1 126.5
124.1 123.7
142.6 142.7
120.4 120.8
86.2
85.8
91.0
91.0
115.6 115.6
113.8 113.8
109.6 109.6
122.8 122.8
118.8 118.8
116. 7 116.1
2 Preliminary.
July
104.9
102.5
126.8
138.8
126.0
124.3
142.7
121.3
85.8
90.8
116.1
113.8
109.7
124.1
118.8
115.6
June
103.8
100.9
125.0
138.7
125.3
123.8
137.1
120.5
85.5
90.8
109.1
107.3
100.0
116.8
118.8
115.6
M ay
104.1
106.5
124.1
138.2
124.4
123.8
134.4
120.2
87.1
90.8
109.1
107.8
99.6
116.8
118.8
115.2
* Revised.
Apr.
103.4
98.9
123.6
137.6
123.7
123.6
131.1
119.9
87.2
90.8
108.9
109.3
99.6
115.2
118.8
115.2
Mar.
104.0
102.8
124.2
136.6
122.8
122.8
131.1
119.2
86.7
91.8
108.6
108.5
99.6
114.6
118.8
115. C
Feb.
104.1
108.0
123.5
136.5
122.5
121.7
130.9
118.7
86.6
91.8
107.2
108.8
99.7
114.6
108.7
115.2
Jan.
105.0
110.5
123.0
136.4
122.4
121.7
131. 1
118.5
87.1
91.8
107.7
111.6
101.0
115.0
104.2
115.7
June
95.0
92.4
108.3
109.8
106.1
107.5
114.9
107.5
80.9
82.9
102.1
98.1
101.8
109.7
94.1
95.6
367
E : W ORK STO PPAG ES
E : Work Stoppages
T able E - l: Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes1
Workers Involved in stoppages
Number of stoppages
Man-days Idle during month
or year
M onth and year
Beginning in
month or year
1935-39 (average).
1947-49 (average)
1945.......................
1946-......................
1947
.........
1948
...................... ...................... ......................
1949.........
1950—
.........
1951............... ........
1952— ...................
1953: January2— .
February 2_.
March 2___
April 2_____
M ay 2...........
June 2...........
July2-.
A ugust2___
September2
October 2__
N ovem ber2.
D ecem ber2.
1954: January2__
350
350
450
500
525
500
475
450
375
350
250
200
250
Beginning in
month or year
In effect during month
1.130.000
2,380. 000
3.470.000
4, 600, 000
2,170, 000
1,960, 000
3,030, 000
2, 410, 000
2, 220,000
3.540.000
2,862
3,573
4, 750
4, 985
3,693
3, 419
3,606
4,843
4,737
5,117
i All known work stoppages, arising out of labor-management disputes,
involving six or more workers and continuing as long as a full day or shift
are included in reports of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Figures on “ work
ers involved” and “man-days idle” cover all workers made idle for one or
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
In effect dur ing month
500
550
650
700
750
725
700
675
600
550
450
400
400
200,000
120 , 000
250.000
180,000
275, 000
270, 000
250.000
260. 000
230.000
230.000
350, 000
370. 000
400.000
410. 000
400.000
200.000
110, 000
210.000
190, 000
250, 000
185.000
170, 000
150.000
100.000
SO000
80,000
Number
Percent of esti
mated work
ing time
16.900.000
39, 700,000
38, 000, 000
116, 000, 000
34, 600, 000
34.100.000
50, 500. 000
38, 800, 000
22.900.000
59.100.000
0.27
.46
.47
1 43
.41
.37
.59
.44
.23
.57
1, 250, 000
1, 000, 000
1,100,000
2, 500, 000
3, 000, 000
3, 750, 000
3. 000. 000
2,800,000
1, 550,000
1, 450, 000
1, 500, 000
1.400, 000
1,000,000
.15
.12
.12
.27
.34
.40
.30
.31
.17
.15
.18
.15
.12
more shifts in establishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not
measure the indirect or secondary effects on other establishments or indus
tries whose employees are made idle as a result of material or service shortages
2 Preliminary.
368
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , M A R C H 1954
F: Building and Construction
T able F - l : Expenditures for new construction 1
[Value of work put in place]
Expenditures (in millions)
Type of construction
1954
Feb.2
1953
Jan.2
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
1953
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
1952
T otal2 Total
Total new construction 4..................... ........... $2,317 $2.428 $2, 661 $2,988 $3.211 $3, 295 $3,317 $3,282 $3, 209 $2, 947 $2,758 $2, 527 $2, 287 $34, 843 $32. 63S
Private construction____________________ 1,643
Residential building (nonfarm)_______
771
New dwelling units______________
680
Additions and alterations.................
69
Nonhousekeeping 8______________
22
Nonresidentiai building (nonfarm) 8__
476
Industrial______________________
177
Commercial ____ _____________
158
Warehouses, office, and loft
buildings____ _____________
73
Stores, restaurants, and garages.
85
Other nonresidentiai building____
141
Religious__ _______________ .
41
Educational.____ ________ . . .
38
Social and recreational_______
16
Hospital and institutional7___
26
Miscellaneous_______________
20
Farm construction__________________
89
Public utilities_____________ _____
300
Railroad_____ . ____________ _
27
Telephone and telegraph_________
45
Other public utilities __________
228
All other private >. ________________
7
Public construction_________________ __
674
Residential building9___ ___________
34
Nonresidentiai building (other than
military or naval facilities)..................
339
Industrial______ ______ . . .... .
126
Educational................... ............ .........
156
Hospital and institutional__ ___
23
Other nonresidentiai__________
34
Military facilities 10_________
.
62
H igh w ays-. _______________________
110
Sewer and water_____ . _ ______
62
Miscellaneous public service enterprises»__________ ___ _____ _ ,
12
Conservation and development______
45
All other public >2 ___ _ _____
10
1,717
830
740
67
23
486
179
164
1,908
952
850
78
24
505
176
182
2,052
1,024
905
94
25
523
177
192
2,129
1,066
940
101
25
511
177
179
2,177
1,088
960
103
25
507
177
176
2,202
1,113
980
110
23
493
174
169
2,194
1,126
990
112
24
490
176
166
2,160
1,123
990
110
23
477
184
152
1,991
1,012
885
105
22
449
190
128
1,872
964
850
94
20
427
192
114
1,729
863
770
74
19
430
198
114
1. 574 23, 615
758 11,905
675 10, 530
64 1,108
19
267
433 5,676
204 2,226
111 1,791
21,812
11,100
9. 870
1,045
185
5, 014
2, 320
1,137
75
89
143
43
39
16
26
19
87
307
30
46
231
7
711
35
79
103
147
45
39
17
26
20
88
354
44
47
263
9
753
39
79
113
154
46
41
17
26
24
100
396
45
50
301
9
936
42
75
104
155
46
41
16
26
26
119
423
49
55
319
10
1,082
46
71
105
154
45
40
15
27
27
144
428
44
54
330
10
1,118
46
66
103
150
43
38
15
27
27
158
427
44
54
329
11
1,115
44
60
106
148
41
36
14
27
30
155
410
43
53
314
13
1,088
46
56
96
141
38
34
14
26
29
148
399
41
52
306
13
1,049
50
52
76
131
35
32
13
26
25
138
380
40
52
288
12
956
50
50
64
121
33
31
11
26
20
120
352
40
48
264
9
886
49
49
65
118
33
30
10
26
19
108
320
34
48
238
8
798
47
50
737
61 1,054
118 1,659
34
474
31
425
10
163
26
316
17
281
100 1, 475
275 4, 439
27
480
43
600
205 3,359
8
120
713 11, 228
48
554
515
622
1.557
399
351
125
394
288
1.610
4,003
438
570
2, 995
85
10, 826
654
341
130
125
21
35
76
125
61
336
123
155
21
37
92
145
63
355
131
158
24
42
101
280
67
372
142
160
24
46
105
390
69
376
148
155
25
48
116
400
73
371
152
150
26
43
119
405
71
373
155
147
28
43
119
375
67
380
165
142
32
41
120
330
63
371
159
140
33
39
115
260
61
370
159
139
34
38
113
200
60
359
159
133
33
34
111
140
57
323
131
131
33
28
106
110
54
4,317
1,758
1,742
347
470
1,323
3,150
761
4,119
1,667
1,619
473
360
1,388
2,860
692
13
51
9
13
56
9
18
63
10
21
68
11
23
72
12
19
75
11
19
79
10
17
80
9
15
75
9
14
72
8
13
65
6
11
56
5
196
822
105
193
854
66
1 Joint estimates of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, TJ. 8. Department of
Labor, and the Business and Defense Services Administration, TJ. S. Depart
ment of Commerce. Estimated construction expenditures represent the
monetary value of the volume of work accomplished during the given period
of time. These figures should be differentiated from permit valuation data
reported in the tabulations for building authorized (tables F-3 and E-4) and
the data on value of contract awards reported in table F-2.
2 Preliminary.
3 Revised.
4 includes major additions and alterations.
8 Includes hotels, dormitories, and tourist courts and cabins.
' Expenditures by privately owned public utilities for nonresidentiai
building are included under “ Public utilities.”
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
7 Includes Federal contributions toward construction of private nonprofit
hospital facilities under the National Hospital Program.
8 Covers privately owned sewer and water facilities, roads and bridges, and
miscellaneous nonbuilding items such as parks and playgrounds.
9 Includes nonhousekeeping public residential construction as well as
housekeeping units.
19
Covers all construction, building as well as nonbuilding (except for
production facilities, which are included in public industrial building).
11 Covers primarily publicly owned airports, electric light and power
systems, and local transit facilities.
12 Covers public construction not elsewhere classified such as parks,
playgrounds, and memorials.
369
F : B U I L D I N G A N D C O N S T R U C T IO N
T able F-2: Value of contracts awarded and force-account work started on federally financed
new construction, by type of construction 1
Value (in thousands)
1953 1
Type of construction
D ec.3
N ov.4
Oct.4
Sept.4
Aug.4
July 4
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
1952
1953 3
1952 1
Dec.*
Total
Total
I
i
Total new construction8. $157,112 $151,912 $318,397 $166,946 $212,413!$176, 726;$352,393 $261,092 $355,132 $235, 796 $198,606 $237,344 $645, 851 $2,823,869 $4,730,311
Airfields *_____________
Building...... ......................
Residential________
Nonresidential______
Educational8_____
Hospital and insti
tutional________
Administrative and
general9______
Other nonresidential
building_______
Airfield buildings10.
Industrial 11. . . . .
Troop housing___
Warehouses .. . . .
Miscellaneous 12„ .
Conservation and de
velopment________
Reclamation ______
River, harbor, and
flood control______
H ig h w a y s.___________
Electrification........ .........
All oth er13........................
2, 670
29,001
79
28, 922
5,651
634
3,309
46,693 168, 223
68
(7)
46, 625 168, 223
7,712
10,130
8, 554
48,337
394
47, 943
11,051
11,305
65,399
30
65,369
19, 778
4, 773 21,246
12,651 10, 274
48,007 132,074 112,102 217,155
620
3,412
3,025
48,007 128, 662 111,482 214,130
16,319 18,429 20,150 18, 794
16, 637
4,401
9,877 12, 661
106, 331
140, 991
76,083 129,168 152,984 194, 654 1, 225, 226 2,596, 961
580
4,807
2,224
1,171
15,239
23,296
75, 503 124,361 150,760 193,483 1,209,987 2, 573,665
18, 238 14,340 11, 651 15, 679
172,243
130,949
2,402
7,427
9, 721
9, 691
6,856
10,280
18,490
23,790
6,097
10,119
7,949
18, 756
9, 516
131,578
211,877
1,873
1,085
14,432
2,512
2,135
1,719
4,506
4,462
4,220
1,978
1,785
4,931
3,538
45,638
43,195
27,983 136,358
1,774
199
19, 631 128,400
1,002
1,176
992
2, 758
4, 584
3,825
24,689
4,027
11,196
823
3,437
5,206
36,600
2,630
22,011
3,077
160
8, 722
19, 689
1,008
12,940
2,284
880
2, 577
87,237
17, 659
36,004
9,483
8,382
15,709
63,080 185,019
10, 584 12,032
33,849 147,136
4,567
6, 739
4,962
5, 262
8.818 14,150
45,168 100,287 115,422 164, 750
2,360
8,301
8, 397 12, 819
16, 673 85,091 74, 657 111,690
1,612 13,862 14, 520
15,049
8,667
2,977
1,110
8,167
8,109
4,173
9,839 17, 554
9, 770
1,844
14,663
11,086
11,564
4,060
31, 396
4, 540
14,179
9,419
10, 665
3,083
40, 302
5,577
4,379
444
4, 760
7,504 26,856
94, 792 122,202 110, 664
5, 293 40,069 11,815
7,559
4, 419 16,378
7,582
92, 771
2,981
10,314
34, 725
90, 692
4, 743
7,339
3,935
47,092
8, 709
4,857
18,996
1,076
14,995
372
518
2,035
10, 220
7,701
7,737
3,673
26,772
1,716
2, 519
92, 047
20,130
3,044
4,064
88,176
1,226
4, 771
25,056
66,407
47, 237
9,124
7,926
3,577
97, 543 105,629
557 10,695
4, 722
2,185
1 Excludes classified military projects, but includes projects for the Atomic
Energy Commission. Data for Federal-aid programs cover amounts con
tributed by both owner and the Federal Government. Force-account work
is done not through a contractor, but directly by a Government agency, using
a separate work force to perform nonmaintenance construction on the agency’s
own properties.
s Beginning with data for January 1953, awards of less than $25,000 in value
are excluded; over the past 2 years the total value of such awards has repre
sented less than 1 percent of the total.
8 Preliminary.
4 Revised.
8 Includes major additions and alterations.
8 Excludes hangars and other buildings, which are included under “ Other
nonresidential” building construction.
7 Less than $25,000.
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21,444
10,461
18, 852
5, 724
860, 528 2,187, 644
70,047
80, 671
602, 583 1,305,481
285, 602
60,046
40,105
276,455
87, 747
239,435
203,091
63,604
287, 498
92,916
10,983 13,128
194, 582
139,487
42,101 56, 795 1,050,116 1,005, 808
3, 304 346,455
156, 759
515,962
7, 634 16,434
183,091
82,346
8 Includes projects under the Federal School Construction Program, which
provides aid for areas affected by Federal Government activities.
9 Includes armories, offices, and customhouses.
10 Includes all buildings on civilian airports and military airfields and air
bases with the exception of barracks and other troop housing, which are in
cluded under “Troop housing.”
« Covers all industrial plants under Federal Government ownership, in
cluding those which are privately operated.
13 Includes types of buildings not elsewhere classified.
13 Includes sewer and water projects, railroad construction, and other type
of projects not elsewhere classified.
•December 1952 volume is high principally because of contracts let for ex
pansion of TVA facilities to provide power for the Atomic Energy Commis
sion and the Tennessee Valley Authority.
370
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , M A R C H 1954
T able F-3: Urban building authorized, by principal class of construction and by type of building 1
Number of new dwelling units—House
keeping only
Valuation (in thousands)
New residential building
Privately financed
Housekeeping
Period
Total all
classes 5
New non
resi
Nondential
Privately financed dwelling units
Publicly house- building
financed keepin g '
dwell
2-fam
ing
Multi
1-family
Total
family
*
units
ily »
1942_________________ $2, 707, 573 $598, 570 $478, 658
1946- ................- ............ - 4, 743, 414 2,114, 833 1,830, 260
5. 563, 348 2, 885, 374 2,361, 752
1947_________________
6, 972, 784 3, 422, 927 2, 745, 219
1948_________________
7,398,144 3, 724, 924 2, 845. 399
1949_________________
1950_________________ 10, 480, 350 5, 819, 360 4, 850, 763
8, 918,168 4. 380,137 3, 817, 697
1951____________ ____
1952_________________ 8,926, 672 4, 647,014 4,050, 435
$42, 629
103, 042
151, 036
181, 493
132,365
178, 985
171, 343
213, 790
Addi
tions,
altera
tions,
and
repairs
Total
$77, 283 $296,933 $22, 910 $1, 510, 688 $278, 472 184, 892
181, 531 355, 587 43, 369 1, 458, 602 771. 023 430,195
372, 586
42, 249 29, 831 1, 713, 489 892, 404 502, 312
496, 215 139, 334 38, 034 2, 367, 940 1,004, 549 516,179
747,160 285. 627 39, 785 2, 410, 315 937, 493 575, 286
798, 612 327, 553 84, 504 3,156, 475 1, 092. 458 798, 499
391, 097 587, 476 37,875 2, 815, 669 1,097, Oil 534,605
382, 789 460,375 51, 713 2, 637,037 1,130, 634 563, 211
1-fam
ily
138, 908
358.151
393, 606
392, 532
413. 543
624,377
435, 219
457,389
2-fam
ily 1
Pub
Multi- licly fi
nanced
fam
ily 4
15, 747 30, 237
24, 326 47, 718
33, 423 75, 283
36. 306 87, 341
26. 431 135,312
33. 310 140. 812
29, 895 69, 491
37, 454 68,368
95, 946
98,310
5, 833
16,114
32,194
38, 953
66, 640
53, 626
1952: January...............
February______
M arch..........
April______ ___
M a y __________
June.....................
July__..................
August________
September_____
October............
November_____
December_____
527, 773
611, 085
783, 787
858, 403
829, 940
887, 561
807.019
751, 678
800,125
822. 292
644, 786
602, 222
267,068
345, 392
408, 651
465, 793
443,519
411,226
420,336
401. 450
438. 618
450, 175
319,189
275.596
230,354
300, 957
353. 504
409, 964
388, 013
368,060
369. 052
347, 555
384, 202
388. 207
276, 724
233, 845
16, 287
17. 276
18, 807
20, 425
20, 737
17, 489
17, 301
19, 001
20, 719
17, 479
14, 498
13. 770
20, 426
27.160
36,341
35, 404
34, 769
25, 678
33,983
34. 894
33, 697
44. 489
27, 967
27,981
28, 684
26,089
80, 957
75,698
62,057
63, 596
22, 654
12,119
15, 947
15, 680
21,822
35,172
1,432
1,632
4,570
3, 257
6,729
3, 605
2, 395
5, 781
7, 247
4,243
7. 451
3,370
159,148
160, 555
197, 739
219, 5S1
211,040
291, 571
252,128
232,974
233, 568
246, 654
217,087
214, 990
71, 441
77,417
91,869
94, 074
106,595
117, 562
109, 607
99,354
104. 746
105, 539
79,237
73,094
34, 426
43, 237
50, 026
56, 325
53,352
48, 909
50, 636
48, 768
52, 528
52, 785
38,314
33,905
27, 902
35,003
40, 204
45, 964
43, 672
41,107
41, 842
39,110
42, 767
42, 655
30. 854
26, 309
2, 892
3,019
3,471
3, 566
3, 550
3,080
2. 938
3, 289
3, 588
3, 055
2, 521
2,485
3, 632
5.215
6, 351
6, 795
6,130
4, 722
5,856
6. 369
6.173
7,075
4, 939
5,111
3, 419
3,047
10, 094
9, 235
6, 736
7,008
2. 483
1,663
1,701
1.624
2, 475
4,141
1953: January...............
February______
M arch........... .
April__________
M ay__________
June__________
July---------------August..... ...........
September..........
October ---------November 8____
December 7____
590,397
665, 229
941, 507
1.015, 568
910, 269
886. 089
884, 063
802,374
801.062
785,093
672,564
600,514
278,931
331, 971
482, 342
501, 327
454. 976
447. 820
410, 770
392, 541
378, 975
386,155
302,858
270,683
233,070
281. 720
417, 691
438, 360
395, 168
385, 891
352, 921
338, 663
323,110
332,596
263,782
227,008
13,369
16, 345
19, 861
20, 964
20. 095
16. 970
17, 967
14,682
14, 790
18,644
13,518
12,192
32,492
33, 906
44, 790
42,003
39, 713
44. 959
39, 882
39,196
41, 075
34, 915
25,558
31,483
32,280
33, 111
80, 979
26,005
23, 150
19, 976
5, 210
9,730
28.001
2,066
12, 705
4,931
5,153
3,101
6, 693
7,077
6, 235
4. 677
11,135
13,109
15.425
5,986
7, 697
6,823
195,643
213, 028
268, 016
362,123
311,049
288, 053
332, 523
278.386
260, 908
282, 237
262,917
241,899
78,390
84,088
103,478
119,037
114, 859
125, 563
124, 425
108, 609
117, 753
108,650
86,387
76,178
34, 914
39,953
56,068
57,225
52, 739
51. 721
46. 697
44, 528
42, 899
43,148
34,363
31,987
26,833
31,047
44. 647
46,074
42. 477
41,351
37,015
35, 686
33, 625
34, 534
27,839
24,156
2,347
2,815
3,342
3, 524
3,294
2. 635
2, 906
2,246
2. 399
2,674
2,128
2,028
5, 734
6,091
8,079
7, 627
6. 968
7. 735
6, 776
6, 596
6, 875
5,940
4,396
5,803
3, 973
3, 869
9. 268
3,918
2, 457
2,282
571
1,046
3, 249
238
1,557
708
i Building for which building permits were issued and Federal contracts
awarded in all urban places, including an estimate of building undertaken
in some smaller urban places that do not issue permits.
The data cover federally and nonfederally financed building construction
combined. Estimates of non-Federal (private and State and local govern
ment) urban building construction are based primarily on building-permit
reports received from places containing about 85 percent of the urban popula
tion of the country; estimates of federally financed projects are compiled from
notifications of construction contracts awarded, which are obtained from
other Federal agencies. Data from building permits are not adjusted to allow
for lapsed permits or for lag between permit issuance and the start of construc
tion. Thus, the estimates do not represent construction actually started
during the month.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Urban is defined according to the 1940 Census, and includes all incorporated
places of 2,500 inhabitants or more in 1940 and a small number of places,
usually minor civil divisions, classified as urban under special rule.
Sums of components do not always equal totals exactly because of rounding.
* Covers additions, alterations, and repairs, as well as new residential and
nonresidential building.
* Includes units in 1-family and 2-family structures with stores.
* Includes units in multifamily structures with stores.
1 Covers hotels, dormitories, tourist cabins, and other nonhousekeeping
residential buildings.
* Revised.
7 Preliminary.
371
F : B U I L D I N G A N D C O N S T R U C T IO N
T able F-4: New nonresidential building authorized in all urban places,1 by general type and by
geographic division 2
Valuation (In thousands)
Geographic division and
type of new nonresi
dential building
1053
D ec.3
N ov.4
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
1952
1952
1951
Dec.
Total
Total
All typ es......................... . $241,899 $262,917 $282, 237 $260, 908 $278, 386 $332, 523 $288,053 $311,049 $362,123 $268,016 $213,028 $195, 643 $214,990 $2, 637,037 $2,815,669
16. 607 20,166 18,912 15, 378 11, 952 16, 233 17, 486 21, 323 22, 552 14, 538
New England .........
7,398
4, 958 12, 952
165, 928
197, 698
58,614 36,391 45, 84C 40, 252 44, 73( 40,125 46,485 47, 769 50,012 40,731 29, 334 21, 679 30, 952
Middle A tla n tic..
440, 529
423,143
40,801 58, 297 67, 67C 56, 482 74,963 102,275 68,768 76, 925 92.818 49, 537 57,025 38,805 46,413
East North Central
597, 588
744’ 183
West North Central. 21,058 16, 520 23, 865 26, 308 23, 548 30,47C 18,584 32,934 25, 074 19,846 18, 280 11,544 18,391
215, 776
205, 435
24, 868 41, 241 36, 375 27,366 40, 810 44,496 35,810 36, 831 52,476 22, 261 35,083 30, 272 26, 219
South Atlantic___
276, 783
306,997
East South Central
7,929
6,212 10,954 10, 87C 10,086
8, 558 10,164
6, 575 11,631 10,891
9,1.50
7, 737
7,246
120,165
117’ 328
24,746 37,410 24, 642 28, 57C 22, 425 28,101 41,131 28, 552 50, 546 28,222 22,049 26, 945 23,035
West South Central
274,142
281 ; 588
9,863
Mountain ________
8,838
8.51C 15, 421
9, 958
8. 978
9, 961 17, 762 10, 749 11,082 17, 562 12,836
9,602
101, 699
103; 345
P acific....................... 37. 413 37,842 45,470 40, 261 39,908 44, 503 38,877 49,058 39,452 69,154 28,170 36, 599 44, 886
444, 429
435,953
Industrial buildings «__
New England_____
Middle A tlan tic..
East North Central
Wrest North Central
South Atlantic____
East South Central.
West South Central.
M ountain___ _____
Pacific____________
Commercial buildings *
New E ngland..........
Middle A tlan tic..
East North Central
West North Central
South Atlantic.........
East South Central
West 8outh Central
M ountain.............
Pacific-----------------Community buildings ’
New England..... .
Middle Atlantic___
East North Central.
West North Central
South Atlantic____
East 8outh Central.
West South Central.
M ountain........... .
Pacific............ . . .
Public buildings ' .. ... .
New England_____
Middle A tlantic.. .
East North Central
West North Central.
South Atlantic____
East South Central
West South Central
M o u n ta in ......... .......
Pacific____________
Public works and utility
buildings * ________
New England_____
Middle Atlantic.
East North Central
West North Central
8outh Atlantic ___
East South Central.
West South Central
Mountain_______
Pacific.......................
All other buildings l0_. .
New England_____
Middle A ltan tic...
East North Central
West North Central
8outh Atlantic____
East South Central
West South Central
Mountain_________
Pacific____________
36, 699
684
11,893
8,227
6,257
1,435
2. 431
762
277
4, 733
74,200
3,454
17,192
16,642
4,028
11, 734
2,106
7.444
2.908
8,692
95, 726
10, 647
22. 392
12,155
9,195
7,533
3,153
10, 368
5,376
14. 907
9.587
798
1,213
462
790
291
72
3, 373
801
1,787
39, 378 34, 217 21,027 41,198 39, 523 37,982 46, 826 48,178 32,097
1,982
6,858
1,066
1, 704
2,237
1,904
2, 559
1, 291
2, 553
8, 321
9,962
6. 213
5, 556
7,335
7,133
9,010
6,983
4, 729
14,083
9, 718
18,399
6, 307 21,156
12,380 20,762 10, 228
7,787
1,875
3,536
3,090
3,055
2, 316
2,369
1,225
2,147
1,246
1,331
2, 255
2,199
3,689 12, 340
1,752
1,357
2, 341
3, 774
1,232
441
662
924
2,408
3, 771
707
447
1, 359
1.208
2,033
801
856
61C
1,026
1,713
1,987
2, 258
933
271
625
668
709
484
209
492
356
3, 528
9,107
8,178
4.177
5, 269
5, 587
5, 954
5, 562
8, 774
87, 594 98, 279 94, 446 91, 247 112,910 96,137 101,017 124,887 84,822
4,154
3,122
5,180
4, 935
3, 487
2,832
7, 481
3,649
4, 420
11, 784 17, 51C 17, 476 13, 096 16, 260 16,237 21, 798 17, 639 14,338
14,955 17, 434 22,023 20,176 26, 805 16,182 17, 706 35, 344 14, 945
4,953 11,056
6,699
5, 278
7, 928
8, 056
6, 808 10, 296 12,813
18, 096 14, 889
9,166
8, 977 21,162 22, 294 12,903 14,316 11,493
1,452
3,514
2, 951
1,807
3,666
2, 782
2,885
3,083
3, 405
14,272
9, 52C
9, 386
5,715 12,671 20, 558 10, 736 13, 493 13, 347
3,431
5,095
3,186
2, 574
8,080
4,204 10, 471
3,149
3, 307
14,497 20, 366 12,126 13,162 15,934 13,906 14, 759 13, 201 16, 499
93, 908 106, 237 100, 331 100, 476 136, 250 102,894 119, 215 123, 702 114,991
6, 705 10,644
9,282
7,172
8, 881
4,397
4, 541
8, 911
6,649
11, 686 15, 432 13, 247 23,349
9,949 12,890 14,607 19, 593 16,169
17, 824 23, 664 17, 844 20, 252 46, 284 26,956 25, 579 27,351 19,144
3,891
5,164 11,921
9, 697 18, 020
7,136 17. 728
6, 626 10,319
12,403 16, 576 13. 758
7,181
8,913 15,814 13,360 15, 572 24, 538
2,742
1,469
4,977
3, 86C
2,258
3, 575
5, 621
4, 406
4, 500
19. 927 11,010 10, 331 11,011
8, 758 15, 499 12,920 14,414 10, 292
3, 613
9,246
7,515
4, 028
4,877
3,800
4. 718
3. 371
5,385
15,116 15, 859 17, 067 13, 432 17, 792 10, 518 17,871 13,605 34, 997
3, 952
8,334
4,384 13, 700 13, 824 13, 476
6,003
4, 824
7, 087
231
1,294
149
711
20
916
1,510
0
420
127
285
1,585
609
51
110
125
381
6,145
1,050
731
5, 467
1,133
4.155
666
1,269
5, 743
448
509
739
285
332
1,502
51
1,050
467
606
1,168
189
482
354
1,197
1, 227
287
611
4,114
27
419
480
0
44
55
639
0
175
136
454
212
648
642
14
2,608
360
176
82
96
0
83
906
506
419
5
320
622
801
1, 254
3, 484
753
3,302
2,850
1,718
790
23, 252
1,284
3, 725
5,051
1, 629
1,577
577
361
4, 475
4, 572
62, 400
1,374
9,739
12,915
4,193
11,234
2,017
9,291
3,031
8,606
80,144
1, 561
14, 509
14,396
9,515
15, 302
5,886
9,063
621
9,290
22, 739
67
256
17, 488
452
1,812
105
339
307
1,912
19,088
1, 109
3,086
4, 458
1. 712
2,780
1, 552
797
489
3,105
64,662
5,106
7,149
11, 075
2,175
10, 470
3,385
11,829
4, 697
8, 778
71, 923
I 230
9,840
18, 737
6,189
9,082
1, 451
11, 406
3,053
10, 935
10,937
606
40
673
243
1,027
125
450
289
7,485
26.302
351, 520
513, 007
2,512
28, 097
31,916
4,121
60, 949
97,144
9,469
111, 839
205,815
1, 752
24,305
25,306
4,076
25, 237
24,181
109
16,084
28, 584
647
17,192
18, 323
338
5, 983
6; 103
3,280
61, 834
75,629
63,181
686.346
739,912
1, 647
28, 766
36, 506
9.319
121,120
111, 793
16, 940
144,107
155, 535
4, 495
56. 056
43, 206
7,474
87, 085
99, 315
1,951
26. 015
36, 535
9, 786
91, 774
93,132
1, 235
30.392
26; 161
10,325
101, 032
137,730
83,808 1,101,141 1,146, 507
2,145
78, 221
106,079
13, 951
193,155
167,869
13, 746
227,139
263,047
9,416
103, 712
106,060
9,315
115, 572
142,405
3,918
57, 008
43, 328
9,009
117, 264
124, 350
7,255
34, 827
52,160
15, 063
174, 243
141,209
13, 720
152, 537
109,308
70
13, 951
4, 354
546
19,434
16, 242
1,638
15, 656
25,332
682
4,246
2, 463
1, 926
16, 547
18,147
0
10, 841
’ 305
1, 119
7,348
15,899
281
14, 480
4,101
7,458
50, 035
22,466
14, 731
453
4,015
1, 522
21
2,048
0
1.262
41
5, 370
10,955
572
1,908
1,793
767
1,828
167
1,538
458
1,924 j
23,180
1.089
3, 043
6, 491
3,878
5,868
76
533
190
2,012
14, 905
1,129
1,429
3, 894
1,413
2,367
683
1,334
589
2,067
12, 758
379
345
4, 611
1,840
3,858
180
812
20
713
11, 736
292
760
2, 564
651
1,300
385
2,182
523
3,077
20,819
4, 651
735
2,314
778
5,919
380
1,470
312
4, 260
8, 215
252
830
1, 547
447
994
353
994
762
2,036
14,313
344
1,477
2,247
1, 465
1,287
312
248
340
6,596
13, 666
681
1, 539
2, 364
582
2,141
1,447
2,228
509
2,174
15, 284
1,606
474
5, 675
1,265
551
2,394
1, 250
364
1.706
19, 886
964
2, 352
7, 024
2,104
1,620
485
1,799
977
2, 560
13, 666 11, 668
143
567
1, 553
1,301
2, 565
4,184
1,363
418
1, 602
1,156
123
650
3, 724
890
462
1,576
1,880
1,176
21, 614 26, 707
1,193
1,425
1,975
2,295
8, 464
7, 296
1,901
1,999
5, 565
1, 763
599
1, 060
2, 454i
2, 339
1,021
1,216,
2, 665 j 3, 093
14,140
536
5,335
1,509
614
2,078
889
1,760
951
468
25,316
1,297
1,987
8,612
1,609
1,499
1,872
4, 096
1,340
3,004
i Building for which permits were issued and Federal contracts awarded
In all urban places, including an estimate of building undertaken in some
smaller urban places that do not issue permits. Sums of components do not
always equal totals exactly because of rounding.
* For scope and source of urban estimates, see table F-3, footnote 1.
»Preliminary.
4 Revised.
* Includes factories, navy yards, army ordnance plants, bakeries, ice plants,
Industrial warehouses, and other buildings at the site of these and similar
production plantrj
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
12,113
3,632
1,112
3,904
1,174
181
28
654
74
1,354
25,226
1,401
2,766
8,077
1, 635
1,478
1,349
3, 218
1,767
3,535
7,787
2,860
709
605
573
673
287
777
44
1,258
22, 380
1,631
1,937
6,806
2, 758
1,384
383
2,046
2, 221
3, 213
31,547
1,597
1,065
7,383
351
2, 541
24
15, 505
128
2,954
20,334
1,372
2,097
6,770
1,465
1,277
671
2, 540
1,158
2,985
11,482
1,716
1, 586
1, 700
376
1,767
848
662
120
2, 708
18,620
537
1,625
4, 829
1, 453
2,206
778
2,417
1,307
3,470
135, 525
6,296
23, 540
33, 612
7, 618
12, 736
3, 720
19, 991
3,365
24.648
209, 968
10,599
22, 331
65, 234
19,839
19. 605
6,497
20,573
12, 651
32, 638
115, 708
8, 801
11,161
35,028
9,672
9, 629
1,988
11,058
2,094
26, 279
191,227
10,044
18, 935
59, 426
18, 727
13, 320
6, 587
18, 821
12, 726
32,640
• Includes amusement and recreation buildings, stores and other mercantile
buildings, commercial garages, gasoline and service stations, etc.
TIncludes churches, hospitals, and other institutional buildings, schools,
libraries, etc.
8 Includes Federal, State, county, and municipal buildings, such as
courthouses, city halls, fire and police stations, jails, prisons, arsenals,
armories, army barracks, etc.
1 Includes railroad, bus and airport buildings, roundhouses, radiostations,
gas and electric plants, public comfort stations, etc.
10 Includes private garages, sheds, stables and barns, and other buildings,
not elsewhere classified.
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , M A R C H 195 4
372
T able F-5: Number and construction cost of new permanent nonfarm dwelling units started, by
urban or rural location, and by source of funds 1
Number of new dwelling units started
Privately financed
All units
Estimated construction cost
(in thousands) 2
Publicly financed
Period
Total
non
farm
Urban
Rural
non
farm
Total
non
farm
Urban
Rural
non
farm
Total
non
farm
Urban
Rural
non
farm
1925
...... ...................................
1933 a
______ ___________
1941 4
...........................................
1944 a
............................................
1940
............................................
1947
............................................
1948
...... ........................................
1949
...............................................
1950 8
- ______ _____ _____
1951
1952
.....................................
1953 7__________________________
937,000
93,000
706,100
141, 800
670, 500
849, 000
931,600
1, 025,100
1,396, 000
1, 091, 300
1,127,000
1,104, 500
752,000
45,000
434, 300
96, 200
403, 700
479, 800
524, 900
588, 800
827, 800
595, 300
609.600
(8)
185,000
48,0(10
271, 800
45,600
266, 800
369, 200
406, 700
436, 300
568, 200
496, 000
517, 400
(8)
937,000
93, 000
619, 500
138, 700
662, 500
845, 600
913, 500
988, 800
1,352, 200
1,020,100
1,068, 500
1,068,900
752,000
45,000
369,500
93, 200
395, 700
476, 400
510,000
558, 600
785, 600
531,300
554,600
(8)
185, 000
48,000
250, 000
45,500
266, 800
369, 200
403,500
432, 200
566, 600
488, 800
513.900
(8)
0
0
86, 600
3,100
8,000
3. 400
18,100
36. 300
43, 800
71, 200
58, 500
35. 600
0
0
64,800
3, 000
8, 000
3, 400
14,900
32.200
42. 200
64, 000
55.000
(8)
0
0
21,800
100
0
0
3,200
4,100
1,600
7,200
3, 500
(8)
1951 - First quarter______________
J a n u a ry ________________
February________________
M arch.- _______________
Second quarter____________
April___________________
M ay_____________ ______
J u n o ____________- ______
Third quarter_____________
July __________________
August__________________
September______________
Fourth quarter____________
October _______________
November_______________
December_______________
260, 300
85, 900
80, 600
93, 800
329, 700
96,200
101,000
132,500
276, 000
90,500
89,100
96, 400
225, 300
00, 000
74, 500
60, 800
147, 800
49,600
47,000
61,200
192, 000
51, 900
55, 400
84, 700
141, 200
45,900
45,900
49, 400
114, 300
44, 400
38, 500
31, 400
112, 500
36, 300
33, 600
42.600
137, 700
44, 300
45,600
47, 800
134, 800
44, GOO
43.200
47,000
111.000
45,600
36,000
29,400
248, 900
82, 200
76, 500
90,200
280, 200
92, 300
97,600
90,300
270, 400
86, 800
88, 300
95,300
220,600
88, 900
72,200
59, 500
137, 200
46, 400
43,200
47, 600
148, 500
48, 300
52, 300
47,900
135, 700
42, 300
45,100
48, 300
109, 900
43, 400
36,200
30,300
111, 700
35,800
33, 300
42,600
131, 700
44, 000
45, 300
42, 400
134, 700
44, 500
43,200
47,000
110, 700
45,500
36, 000
29,200
11, 400
3, 700
4,100
3, 600
49, 500
3, 900
3,400
42, 200
5,600
3,700
800
1,100
4, 700
1.100
2,300
1,300
10,600
3,200
3, 800
3,600
43,500
3,600
3,100
36,800
5,500
3,600
800
1,100
4, 400
1,000
2,300
1,100
800
500
300
(')
6,000
300
300
5,400
100
100
0
(°)
300
100
(»)
200
1952: First quarter______________
January________________
February________________
March _________________
Second quarter__ ______ _
April
................................
M ay_____________ ______
June____________________
Third quarter__ ________
Ju ly ___________________
A u g u st________________
September______________
Fourth quarter____________
October_________ ____
November. ................... .......
D ecem ber.- ___________
246, 500
64,900
77, 700
103, 900
319, 300
106, 200
109, 600
103, 500
302, 500
102,600
99, 100
100,800
258, 700
101,100
86,100
71,500
137, 400
36,100
42, 800
58, 500
175,800
69, 000
60, 700
56, 100
156,000
52,400
50,800
52, 800
140,400
53,800
46, 000
40,600
109,100
28,800
34, 900
45, 400
143,500
47, 200
48,900
47,400
146, 500
50,200
48, 300
48, 000
118,300
47,300
40,100
30, 900
226,800
61, 400
74, 300
91,100
294, 900
97,000
101, 000
96, 900
297, 700
101, 100
97, 400
99, 200
249,100
99, 200
82,300
67,600
119,100
32,800
39, 700
46, 600
152, 700
50, 400
52, 400
49,900
151,600
50,900
49, 400
51,300
131,200
52,100
42, 300
36,800
107, 700
28,600
34, 600
44, 500
142, 200
46, 600
48. 600
47,000
146,100
50,200
48,000
47, 900
117,900
47,100
40,000
30,800
19, 700
3, 500
3, 400
12,800
24,400
9,200
8,600
6,600
4,800
1, 500
1. 700
1,600
9,600
1,900
3,800
3,900
18,300
3, 300
3,100
11, 900
23,100
8,600
8,300
6, 200
4,400
1, 500
1, 400
1,500
9,200
1,700
3,700
3,800
1953: First quarter______________
January......................- .........
February_______ ________
March__________________
Second quarter____ _____
April__________________
M ay___________________
June___________________
Third q u arter____________
July_______ ____________
August_________________
September - __________
Fourth quarter 7_ _______
October 10__________ - . .
November7______________
December 7—___ ________
257,100
72,100
79, 200
105, 800
324, 300
111,400
108, 300
104,600
285, 000
96, 700
93,200
95.100
238,100
90,100
80,000
68, 000
140, 600
38, 400
43,100
59,100
165,900
57, 400
55,200
53,300
141, 600
48,100
46,400
47,100
(8)
43,100
(s)
(8)
116, 500
33, 700
36,100
46,700
158, 400
54.000
53,100
51,300
143, 400
48, 600
46,800
48, 000
(8)
47,000
(s)
(8)
238,100
68, 200
73, 800
96,100
315,000
107, 400
105, 600
102,000
280, 700
96, 400
92, 200
92,100
235,100
90,000
78, 400
66, 700
123,800
35, 400
38,600
49, 800
158, 000
54,100
52, 500
51, 400
137, 300
47,800
45, 400
44,100
(8)
43,000
(8)
(8)
114, 300
32, 800
35, 200
46, 300
157,000
53, 300
53,100
50, 600
143, 400
48,600
46,800
48, 000
(8)
47,000
(8)
(8)
19,000
3,900
5,400
9,700
9,300
4,000
2. 700
2,600
4, 300
300
1,000
3,000
3,000
100
1,600
1, 300
January 7_. . -----------------
66,000
(8)
(8)
64,700
(8)
(8)
1,300
i The estimates shown here do not include temporary units, conversions,
dormitory accommodations, trailers, or military barracks. They do include
prefabricated housing units.
These estimates are based on building-permit records, which, beginning
with 1945, have been adjusted tor lapsed permits and for lag between permit
issuance and start of construction. They are based also on reports of Federal
construction contract awards and beginning in 1946 on field surveys in non
permit-issuing places. The data in this table refer to nonfarm dwelling units
started, and not to urban dwelling units authorized, as shown in table F-3.
All of these estimates contain some error. For example, if the estimate
of nonfarm starts is 60,000, the chances are about 19 out of 20 that an actual
enumeration would produce a figure between 48,000 and 52,000.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Total
Privately
financed
Publicly
financed
$4, 475,000 $4, 475, 000
285, 446
285, 446
2,826,192 2, 530, 765
496,054
483, 231
3, 769, 767 3, 713, 776
5,643, 436 5, 617, 425
7, 203,119 7, 028, 980
7, 702, 971 7, 374, 269
11, 788, 595 11, 418, 371
9, 800, 892 9,186, 123
10, 208,983 9, 706, 276
10,504,434 10,198,022
0
0
$295, 427
12,823
65, 991
26,011
174,139
328, 702
370, 224
614, 769
502, 707
306,412
2, 293, 974
755, 600
716, 629
821, 745
2, 964, 810
866,652
922, 661
1,175, 497
2, 527,033
827,173
804,317
895, 543
2,015,075
806, 955
672,078
536, 042
2,191, 489
721,014
681, 607
788, 868
2, 549, 238
828,339
895, 309
825, 590
2, 472,196
791, 783
795, 624
884, 789
1,973, 200
796, 682
650, 660
525, 858
102, 485
34, 586
35, 022
32, 877
415, 572
38,313
27,352
349, 907
54, 837
35, 390
8, 693
10, 754
41, 875
10, 273
21,418
10,184
1,400
200
300
900
1,300
600
300
400
400
(«)
300
100
400
200
100
100
2,167,659
566,665
682, 895
918,099
2,920,186
949, 001
1, 006, 552
964, 633
2, 761,316
945, 587
895, 675
920,054
2,359,822
928,677
785, 969
645,176
2,006, 918
537,697
654, 631
814, 590
2, 705,653
874, 524
926,803
904, 326
2, 718,369
931, 214
882,446
904, 709
2, 275,336
910, 701
751, 664
612, 971
160, 741
28, 968
28, 284
103, 509
214, 533
74, 477
79, 749
60,307
42,947
14,373
13, 229
15,345
84, 486
17,976
34,305
32, 205
16,800
3,000
4, 500
9, 300
7, 900
3,300
2, 700
1,900
4, 300
300
1,000
3, 000
(8)
100
(8)
(8)
2,200
900
900
400
1,400
700
(•)
700
(s)
m
(«)
(9)
(8)
0
(8)
(8)
2, 346, 213
641, 703
720, 234
984, 276
3, 083, 256
1,057, 899
1,027,221
998,136
2, 777, 607
941,943
911,681
923, 983
2,297,358
883,455
767, 359
646,544
2,183, 710
610, 344
674, 399
898, 967
3,000,120
1,022, 836
1,001,693
975, 591
2, 739, 268
938.871
902, 501
897, 896
2,274,924
882,838
755, 061
637,025
162. 603
31, 359
45,835
85, 309
83,136
35,063
25, 528
22, 545
38, 339
3,072
9,180
26, 087
22,434
617
12, 298
9,519
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
* Private construction costs are based on permit valuation, adjusted for
understatement of costs shown on permit applications. Public construc
tion costs are based on contract values or estimated construction costs for
individual projects.
> Depression, low year.
i Recovery peak year prior to wartime limitations,
8 Last full year under wartime control.
8 Housing peak year.
7 Preliminary
* Mot available
8 Less than 50 units.
70 Revised.
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1354
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