Full text of Monthly Labor Review : March 1951, Vol. 72, No. 3

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Monthly Labor Review
U N I T E D S T A T E S D E P A R T M E N T OF L A B O R • B U R E A U O F L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S

L aw kence

R.

K l e in ,

Chief, Office of Publications


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CONTENTS
Special Articles
257
263

Elements of Soviet Labor Law: Part I
Trends in Consumer Metal-Goods Industries, 1939-50
Summaries of Studies and Reports

270
271
276
278
281
282
283
286
288
290
292
294
296
310

Work Injuries in 1950: Preliminary Estimates
Code of Ethics and Procedure for Arbitrators
Annual Report of the NLRB, Fiscal Year 1950
Defense Economy Recommendations of President and CEA
Defense Mobilization Action, December 1950-January 1951
Federal Wage-Price Regulation: Initial Orders
Local Transit Operating Employees: Union Scales, October 1, 1950
City Public School Teachers: Salary Trends, 1925-49
Paper and Allied Products: Hourly Earnings, May 1950
Women’s and Misses’ Dresses: Earnings in August 1950
Footwear Manufacture: Earnings in September 1950
Wage Chronology No. 8: Full-Fashioned Hosiery— Supplement No. 1
Wage Chronology No. 13: Federal Classification Act Employees,
1924-50
Summary of Industrial Relations Activities
Technical Note

313

Appraisal of Productivity Measures at Washington Conference
Departments

in
317
321
323
330

The Labor Month in Review
Recent Decisions of Interest to Labor
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Publications of Labor Interest
Current Labor Statistics (list of tables)

March 1951 . Yol. 72 . No. 3

In the April Issue

• • •

Three pertinent and related articles dealing®with the revision of the Bureau
of Labor Statistics Consumers’ Price Index

1. Selection o f Cities fo r the 1950 Consumer Expenditures Survey
2. New-Unit Bias in the Rent Index
3. The Interim Adjustment o f the CPI

Also. . .
Salaries of Social W orkers • Ford Motor Co. Wage Chronology

Plus the Regular Departments
The Labor Month in Review . . . Court Decisions. . . Book
N otes. . . Industrial Relations Activities. . . Current Labor
Statistics

Order Direct From
The Superintendent of Documents
Washington 25, D. C.

Single Copies 40 cents


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The Labor Month
in Review

O utstanding among labor developments in Feb­
ruary was the resignation of union representatives
as members of the Wage Stabilization Board and
as advisers in other defense mobilization agencies.
These actions were precipitated by disagreement
over wage stabilization policy but were explained
by a United Labor Policy Committee statement
as attributable to general dissatisfaction with
mobilization policy under the Defense Production
Act and with the handling of the defense mobili­
zation program.
Major labor-management disputes were in
railroad transportation and textiles. Non-operat­
ing railroad employees reached agreement on
March 1, but the long-standing disputes of the
operating employees remained unadjusted.
The long-sustained advance of prices continued
but at a somewhat slower pace. February em­
ployment remained at high levels; unemploy­
ment, contrary to the seasonal trend, was slightly
lower than in January.

The 10-Percent “ Catch-Up” Wage Formula
The Wage Stabilization Board on February 15
adopted a wage stabilization policy forbidding any
increase which would raise wages more than 10
percent above the level of January 15, 1950. The
formula was designed as a “ catch-up” arrange­
ment for groups with lagging wages. Nonwage
benefits, such as pensions and health and welfare
payments, if already obtained, would not be
included in the permissible rise of 10 percent, but
future “ fringe” benefits would have to be counted
as part of the 10 percent. The order had no
provision for recognizing cost-of-living escalator
clauses and provisions for improvement factors
beyond the limits of the 10-percent formula. The
order provided for consideration of adjustments on
the basis of the Bureau of Labor Statistics Con­
sumers’ Price Index for April; and it called for a
review of the entire wage stabilization policy by


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July 1. The three labor members of the Board
opposed the order and resigned in protest against it
and against the Board’s alleged lack of independ­
ence.
The Economic Stabilization Administrator
signed the WSB order (General Regulation No. 6)
on February 27 but at the same time asked the
Board to consider certain changes. He suggested
that the cost of health, welfare, and pension plans
conforming to standards to be approved by the
Board be excluded from the permissible 10-percent
increase. He proposed that cost-of-living escalator
clauses and provisions for improvement factors be
allowed to remain operative to June 30, 1951, if
these arrangements had been in effect on January
25. These and other proposed changes would
give the formula more flexibility. The union
members on the Board continued their nonpartici­
pation and no action was taken by the Board.
The Economic Stabilization Administrator on
March 1 issued a regulation permitting the con­
tinued operation, up to June 30, 1951, of cost-ofliving escalator clauses which had been adopted up
to January 25, 1951, without regard to the
10-percent wage ceiling.
Labor’s Criticism of Mobilization Policies
The United Labor Policy Committee, composed
of representatives of the AFL, the CIO, the Ma­
chinists, and the Railway Labor Executives Asso­
ciation, issued a statement on February 16, crit­
icizing the wage stabilization formula. The state­
ment asserted, however, that the adoption of the
wage formula was the culmination of a whole series
of developments. The views of the ULPC were
explained in more detail in a statement issued on
February 28 in explanation of the resignation of
labor representatives from other defense agencies
as well as the WSB. The committee asserted that
labor had not been given adequate representation
at policy-making levels; that in view of lack of
effective price control, the wage-control program
would mean inequality of sacrifice; and that the
wage formula would invalidate collective agree­
ments and maintain wage inequities. The com­
mittee also criticized the transfer of manpower
controls from the Department of Labor to the
Office of Defense Mobilization.
The United Labor Policy Committee stated
that labor desired to take part in a tripartite wage
board, if it could be reconstituted to handle both
in

IV

THE LABOR MONTH IN REVIEW

disputes and wage stabilization. The committee
insisted, however, that real stabilization must
recognize existing collective agreements and have
enough flexibility to remedy various existing in­
equities.
The committee complained that the
wage-stabilization order would put wages and
salaries under strict control while prices continued
to advance without any prospect of real stabiliza­
tion under existing law and policy.
Thus, the decision of labor organizations to dis­
continue their participation in the work of the de­
fense agencies, although precipitated by disagree­
ment over the wage-stabilization formula, was a
result of labor’s general dissatisfaction with the
laws relating to the control of prices and rents and
with the administration of defense mobilization
policy.
Textile and Railroad Labor Disputes
Numerous widely scattered work stoppages
occurred in February, but most of them involved
only a small number of workers and they were
mostly of short duration. A large industry-wide
walk-out of about 70,000 members of the Textile
Workers Union (CIO) occurred on February 16 in
the woolen and worsted industry. The union de­
manded an increase of 15 cents an hour, a costof-living escalator clause, an automatic annual
increase in a 2-year contract, and employerfinanced pensions. Later the TWU made prepara­
tions for a walk-out of workers in the cottonrayon industry if agreement was not reached by
March 15. Pensions and other fringe benefits
had not been obtained extensively by textile
workers.
The long-continued disputes between rail­
road carriers and the unions of operating em­
ployees remained unadjusted. Major disagree­
ments concerned the 40-hour week for yardmen
and the highly complicated working rules, espe­
cially those applying to road-service employees.
Disputes involving about a million nonoperating
employees were settled on March 1, through
efforts by the National Mediation Board and
John R. Steelman, assistant to the President.
The agreement includes an increase of 12.5 cents
an hour, a cost-of-living escalator clause, and,
subject to wage stabilization policy, provision


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for consideration of an annual improvement in­
crease after July 1, 1952.
Wages, Prices, and Employment
The gross hourly earnings of factory workers
averaged $1,551 in January, 1 cent above the
December level.
Few wage increases were
reported after the wage freeze of January 26,
although there were some settlements, made in
some cases subject to Board approval. Some
groups, notably automobile workers, obtained
increases under cost-of-living escalator agree­
ments. The weekly wholesale price index, after
rising continuously for 18 weeks, remained un­
changed in the week ended February 20, declined
slightly in the following week, and then again
turned upward. The Consumers’ Price Index
was 1.5 percent higher on January 15 than in
December 1950. Preliminary reports indicate a
rise of 2 percent in retail food prices between
January 15 and February 26.
The number of workers in nonagricultural
establishments fell by about 1.4 million between
December and January, mainly a seasonal decline.
Manufacturing employment showed little change
from December but was 1.7 million larger than in
January 1950. In February, total employment
remained near the January level. Unemployment
fell slightly, contrary to the usual upward trend.
In connection with the manpower program,
Secretary of Labor Tobin on March 12 announced
the appointment of Frank P. Graham as Defense
Manpower Administrator, with Robert C. Good­
win continuing as Executive Director.
Supreme Court Voids State Ban on Utility Strikes
A noteworthy decision by the Supreme Court
on February 26 declared unconstitutional a
Wisconsin law which had banned strikes by public
utility workers and had subjected them to com­
pulsory arbitration. The decision, which has a
bearing on similar laws in other States, held that
the law is in conflict with the Federal Labor
Management Relations Act. Congress, having
acted under its power over interstate commerce
to regulate labor relations, “ has closed to State
regulation the field of peaceful strikes in industries
affecting commerce.”

Elements of Soviet Labor Law
Part I

VLADIMIR G

E ditor’ s N ote.— The second half of this

s o v s k i*

“ Soviet Russia does not know of any ‘free’ contract
of employment, nor of any legal relations usually
connected with the concept of the employment con­
tract . . . In Soviet Russia labor duty is the basis
of labor relations.” 1

T hus did a contemporary Soviet authority on

labor law characterize the situation in 1920. He
was not referring to forced labor, so widely used
in Soviet Russia, especially after 1930, but to the
Soviet equivalent of “ free” labor, the subject of
the present article.
Generally speaking the concept put forward in
the quotation is largely held today by the Soviet
State; it governs to a great extent the functions
of the trade-unions and reflects the attitude of the
Communist Party. Over the years it resulted in
separate labor laws which are punitive rather than
protective.
True, in 1920, private enterprise had been
effectively barred under the policy known as
Militant Communism. This was superseded in
1922 by the so-called New Economic Policy
(N. E. P.),2 under which private enterprise, within
certain limits, was readmitted and freedom of the
employment contract was accorded some recogni­
tion. But this policy came to an end about 1929
with the inauguration of the first Five Year Plan,
which, according to Stalin, had been framed and
executed to eliminate capitalist elements and to
create an economic basis for a socialist society.3
Since then private enterprise has been banned.


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article on Soviet labor law will appear in
the April issue. It deals with conciliation
and arbitration, conscript labor of youth,
and other specific provisions. The subject
of forced labor as a penal measure is a
separate subject of considerable magnitude
and is not discussed in either article.

The Nature of Soviet Enterprise
When private enterprise finally disappeared in
Russia the great majority of persons engaged in
industry and commerce— from top executives to
manual laborers— became employees of a single
owner— the government.4 In that sense there is
no contrast between capital and labor in the Soviet
Union. The Soviet Government claims that there
is a “ unity between the interests of the toilers of
the Soviet Union and those of the Soviet Socialist
State,” as an official textbook on labor law stated
in 1946.5 However, such unity can hardly be
demonstrated in reality. Soviet industrial organi­
zation shows that the fixed relationship between
labor and State management took the place of the
free relationships between labor and capital in
capitalist countries.
Government-owned industry and commerce now
operate on a different basis from that of the first
years of the Soviet regime (1918-21). At that
time, private enterprise and profit-making were
outlawed without offering a substitute for satis­
faction of personal ambition or an opportunity for
extra earning.
In contrast, the policy adopted after the drive
began for total socialization was popularly called
“ whips and cookies.” On the one hand, conces­
sions are made to the ever emerging personal
ambition; but on the other, criminal law is put
into operation in an effort to check the inefficiency
of the entire economic system.
Government agencies engaged in business operate
257

258

ELEMENTS OF SOVIET LABOR LAW

on a “ commercial” basis (Khoziaistvenny raschet)
and enjoy a degree of formal independence and
enter into contracts with each other and with
private persons. Although they are government
agencies they are supposed to act with the com­
petitive vigor of a private enterprise (the principle
of “ socialist competition” ). This “ independence”
should not be overrated. As a Soviet text puts
it: “ The commercial basis is merely a special
method of management of the national economy.” 6
Planned assignments of higher bureaus set definite
limits to their independence, to say nothing of
continuous supervisory control by various govern­
ment agencies and political control by the secret
police and Communist Party.
Nevertheless, the management of a Soviet quasi
corporation is as interested in obtaining the lowest
unit labor cost as its capitalist prototype. A
single executive is appointed by the head of the
bureau under whose authority the enterprise
(called “ trust” in industry and torg in commerce)
operates. He hires and fires, allocates wages,
imposes penalties, and grants bonuses. Bonuses
are paid from a special director’s fund based on a
percentage of the profits or savings. His own
bonus also depends upon the efficiency of the
enterprise. In case the output falls below stand­
ard quantity or quality, he is liable to imprison­
ment up to 8 years.
The Soviet Wage Practice
Private profit-making is barred and the earnings
of the bulk of the population are practically
limited to wages and salaries. But the govern­
mental scale of compensation for work, whether
in money or comfort, aims to offer a substitute for
profit-making to stimulate efficiency. A system
of wages and salaries is designed to allow wide
latitude for differentials in wage, salary, and bonus
payments. To this end, the principles of piece­
work and bonuses for efficiency, without any guar­
anteed minimum wage, constitute the basis of
compensation for work in government industry, in
collective farming, and in cooperatives.
Regardless of whether the employee is paid by
time or by piece, he must attain a standard of
output established by the management. If he
fails to do so through his fault he is paid according
to the quality and quantity of his output.7 Pro­
gressive scales of piecework and bonuses for extra


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M O N TH LY LABOR

efficiency are issued by the government for indi­
vidual industries and industry groups.
Numerous honorary titles— “ Hero of Labor”
and others— and medals carry with them distinct
material benefit, such as tax exemption, right to
extra housing space, etc. There are also “ per­
sonal salaries” and “ personal pensions” awarded
without reference to any scale, and Stalin prizes
amounting to as much as 300,000 rubles in a
lump sum.
All this affords professional, managerial, and
skilled labor remuneration in money and comfort
greatly exceeding that given to the ordinary
laborer. For example, a scale of salaries and
wages for electrical power plants, established in
1942 and still in force as late as 1946, ranged
from 115 to 175 rubles monthly for janitorial
services to 1,000 to 3,000 rubles for a director.8
In 1934, Stalin frankly declared the under­
lying philosophy of his policy as follows: “ Equal­
ization in the sphere of demands and personal
life is reactionary, petty bourgeois nonsense,
worthy of a primitive ascetic sect and not of a
socialist society organized in a Marxian way.” 9
However, material benefits thus promised evi­
dently proved to be insufficient stimuli for good
work.
Heavy responsibility is imposed upon both
workers and management. Inefficiency involves
not only loss of material benefits and possible
loss of job, but prosecution in court as well.
Workers are subject to penalties imposed by
managers for “ loafing on the job” and to court
action for absenteeism and unauthorized quitting
of the job. From 10 to 25 years in a forced labor
camp,10 with or without confiscation of property,
can be imposed for “ misappropriation, embezzle­
ment, or any kind of theft” of the property of the
principal employers, the government, or public
bodies. Prior to 1946, the death penalty could
be invoked.11 In case of damage to or loss of
property of the employer— tools, raw materials,
fuel, even work clothes—if due to employee
negligence can result in deductions from wages,
in some instances in an amount 10 times the
value of the property.12
Managerial Pressures
A series of laws penalize inefficient management
for such things as poor quality or small volume of

R E V IE W , M ARCH 1951

ELEMENTS OF SOVIET LABOR L A W

output, failure to penalize workers for absenteeism
and other violations of labor discipline.13
A potent incentive to the efficiency of the indi­
vidual establishment is the principle that earnings
depend in part upon the efficiency of the whole
enterprise (principle of “ check by ruble” ). Busi­
ness success brings definite individual profit;
business failure incurs heavy punishment for those
holding administrative posts. Although the total
amount of regular wages to be paid in an individual
enterprise is established by central government
bureaus (“ wages fund” ), bonuses are dependent
upon the profits or savings of an individual
enterprise.
The Role of Trade-Unions
Under such an arrangement there is no less
reason for the rise of labor conflicts than under
capitalism. But under the Soviet system labor
is deprived of the main effective devices by which
it may protect itself in a labor dispute in the
capitalist world. Neither the constitution nor any
law or decree mentions the right to strike and the
strike is tacitly outlawed.
In general, all the channels through which labor
can pursue its objectives in the capitalist world—
legislation, courts, administrative agencies, the
press, and trade-unions— are in Soviet Russia
agencies of the principal employer of industrial
labor— the State.
For a time when private enterprise was tolerated
under N. E. P. (1922-28) the Soviet leaders visual­
ized the protection of the interests of labor in this
conflict through trade-unions. But the unions
were regarded as an arm of government and of the
Communist Party rather than as an independent
force. Still they were to be an arm specialized in
protection of labor. As the drive for socialization
progressed, this special protective quality of the
unions was pushed to the background. Instead,
the notion of the identity of interests of the workers
and the Soviet State was put forward, and the
primary function of Soviet labor unions is to serve
the interests of the State.

259

interests on the issue of labor conditions in the
enterprises are created between the working masses
and the directors, managers of the government
enterprises, or the government bureaus to which
the enterprises are subordinated.” Consequently
the resolution “ imposed upon the trade-unions the
duty to protect the interests of the working
people.” 14
Thus, the Labor Code of 1922, then enacted,
relegated to the collective agreements between
management and trade-unions the settlement of all
the basic working conditions, including wage rates,
standard of output, shop rules, etc.
Nevertheless, even then, both before and after
this period, the trade-unions were not considered
as a force independent from the Communist Party
or the Soviet Government. The ninth congress of
the Party (1920) had stated that “ the tasks of
trade-unions lie primarily in the province of eco­
nomic organization and education. The tradeunions must perform these tasks not in the capacity
of an independent, separately organized force but
in the capacity of one of the principal branches of
the government machinery guided by the Com­
munist Party” .16 The tenth congress went further
and in 1921 passed the resolution, drafted by
Lenin, and stressing the role of the trade-unions in
Soviet Russia as a “ school of communism.” 16 The
fifteenth congress in 1925 stressed that “ tradeunions were created and built up by our [Com­
munist] Party.” 17
“ The most important task of the trade-unions,”
says the official textbook on Civil Law of 1944, “ is
the political education of the toiling masses, their
mobilization for building up socialism, and the
defense of their economic interests and cultural
needs . . . ” 18
“ Formally,” says the official textbook on Ad­
ministrative Law of 1940, “ the trade-unions are
not a party organization but, in fact, they are car­
rying out the directives of the Party. All leading
organs of the trade-unions consist primarily of
Communists who execute the Party line in the
entire work of the trade-unions.” 19

The Promise of 1922

The Reality After 30 Years

The eleventh congress of the Communist Party
in 1922, when the N. E. P. was inaugurated, recog­
nized that if government enterprise operates on a
commercial basis “ inevitably certain conflicts of

Thus the trade-unions were transformed from a
labor protecting arm into an arm for execution of
government policy, and achievement of production
goals. According to Soviet jurists, “ the socialist


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260

ELEMENTS OF SOVIET LABOR L A W

industrialization of the country required that labor
law . . . serve the successful struggle for produc­
tivity of labor and strengthening of labor disci­
pline.” 20
Such transformation of the trade-unions into a
government arm, enforcing official economic
policy, began soon after the onset of the first
Five Year Plan. Accordingly, the sixteenth
congress of the Communist Party directed in 1930
that the trade-unions, striving in collective agree­
ments for improvement of the standard of living
of the workers, must take into account the
financial status of the enterprise with which the
agreement was made and the interests of the
national economy. In making the agreement,
the resolution insisted, each party must undertake
definite obligations in carrying out the financial
and production plan of the enterprise. The
unions in particular were obligated to guarantee,
on behalf of the workers, the productivity of labor
contemplated by the plan.21
The central agency of all the Soviet tradeunions— their Central Council—was granted the
status of a government department in 1933. It
officially took the place of the People’s Com­
missariat for Labor, which was then abolished, and
the Council was also charged with administration
of social insurance. But then the Central Council
of Trade-Unions lost the character of a representa­
tive body of trade-unions even in terms of the
Soviet “ democracy.” Under law this Council
must be elected by the Congress of Trade-Unions
which is designated as “ the supreme authority of
the trade-unions of the Soviet Union.” Neverthe­
less, since the Ninth Congress in 1932 no such
Congresses were convoked for 17 years, during
which the whole Soviet social order and the
position of labor were radically changed.
When the Tenth Congress convened in 1949, no
explanation was asked or offered for the delay.
The Congress adopted a new statute which
reaffirmed the total control of the Communist
Party over the trade-unions :
“ The Soviet trade-unions conduct their entire
work under the direction of the Communist
Party— the organizing and directing force of the
Soviet Society. The trade-unions of the U. S. S. R.
rally the working masses behind the Party of
Lenin-Stalin.” 22
Among numerous tasks assigned by the new
statute to the trade-unions the generalized


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M O N TH LY LABOR

political objectives are described in the first
place at great length. For example, the tradeunions “ strive to enhance in every way the
socialist order in society and State, the moralpolitical unity of the Soviet people, the brotherly
cooperation and friendship between the peoples
of the Soviet Union; they actively participate in
the election of the agencies of governmental
power; they organize workers and clerical em­
ployees for the struggle for the steady develop­
ment of the national economy.”
In contrast, “ the duty to protect the interests
of the working people” which had been emphasized
by the Party Congress in 1922 is not expressly
stated. It may have been considered unnecessary
because the statute assumes that “ in the condi­
tions of the Soviet socialist order the State protects
the rights of the working people.” But in any
event the labor-protection tasks of the unions
are couched in cautious language.
At the very end of the above quoted passage
it is mentioned that the unions “ look after
(zabotiatsia) the further rise of the material
well being and the full satisfaction of the cultural
needs of the toilers.” At another place the
unions’ monopoly to represent the workers is
stated with a hardly accidental lack of specificity:
“ [unions should] act on behalf of workers and
clerical employees before the governmental and
social bodies in matters concerning labor, culture,
and workers’ everyday life.”
Collective bargaining, provided for in the Labor
Code of 1922, was discontinued in 1933. As the
official Soviet text on labor law explained in 1946:
“ The collective agreements as a special form of legal
regulation of labor relations of manual and clerical
employees has outlived itself. Detailed regulation
of all sides of these relations by mandatory acts of
governmental power does not leave any room for
any contractual agreement concerning one labor
condition or another.” 23
In plain English, this means that the Soviet
leaders chose to abandon the last vestige of con­
tract in relations between labor, even as repre­
sented by party-controlled trade-unions on the one
hand and State management on the other, for the
sake of outright government regimentation. Cap­
italist free collective bargaining was frankly de­
clared unfit in the socialist surroundings of the
Soviet Union.
However, in 1947 a campaign for making new

R E V IE W , M ARCH 1951

ELEMENTS OF SOVIET LABOR LAW

collective agreements was suddenly ordered after
a lapse of 14 years.
Agreements Without Bargaining
Collective agreements were declared the most
important measure “ to achieve and exceed the
production plan, to secure further growth of the
productivity of labor, improvement of the organi­
zation of labor, and the increase of responsibility
of management and trade organizations for the
material condition of living of the employees and
cultural services rendered to them.” 24 Neverthe­
less, the new policy is far from introducing free
collective bargaining. Certain matters are defi­
nitely excluded from any negotiation and agree­
ment and are reserved for government regulation.
The new rules positively require that “ the rates
of wages, of piecework, progressive piecework, and
bonuses as approved by the government must be
indicated” in the agreement. It is expressly
forbidden to include any rates not approved by
the government. In other words, wage rates are
excluded from bargaining, but if included in the
agreement are no more than applications of the
governmental schedule to the establishment for
which the collective agreement is drawn. This is
true, to a large measure, of other points covered,
particularly standards of output. The official act
and the jurisprudential writings insist that the
primary purpose of such agreements is to translate
the abstract terms of the general plan for economic
development into specific assignments and obliga­
tions within each particular establishment. They
appear to be merely a form in which the orders of
the government are made more precise.
A Soviet writer of authority comments:
It is understood that the present day collective
agreements could not but be different by content
from collective agreements which were made at
the time when the rates of wages and some other
conditions of labor were not established by the
law and government decrees.
The purpose of the present day collective
agreement is to make concrete the duties of the
management, shop committees, workers, tech­
nical, engineering, and clerical personnel toward
the fulfillment of the production plans and pro­
duction over and above the plan as well as to
raise the responsibility of business agencies and
trade-unions for improvement of material living
conditions of workers and cultural services ren­
dered to them.25
930470— 51-------2


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261

As before, the new regulations are based on the
assumption that “ the interest of the workers are
the same as the interests of production in a social­
ist state” and that the collective agreements are
designed to be the “ juridical form of expression
of this unity.” 26 Accordingly, a model agreement
is drafted by each ministry upon consultation with
the central offices of the appropriate trade-unions.
Then the model agreement is sent as a fait accom­
pli to the establishments concerned.
While such collective agreements are not the
result of collective bargaining, it may be observed
that when the Soviet Government faced the task
of postwar rehabilitation of its economy, it pre­
ferred to give decreed labor conditions the appear­
ance of an agreement.
The Doctrine of Normative Acts
Negotiation and mutual agreement are in fact
proscribed in the Soviet Union in many important
respects. Government regulation of wages and
other basic conditions of labor took their place.
However, it does not mean that labor is thus pro­
tected by law as we understand it. True, a Code
of Labor Laws still exists on the statute books of
the republics of the Soviet Union. But it was
enacted in 1922 when private enterprise was
within some limits tolerated and the government
was not the sole employer in industry and com­
merce. At that time the code sought to regulate
labor relations on the basis of free contract and
to protect labor by methods resembling advanced
democratic labor legislation.
However, these provisions of the code were
either repealed or for the most part became in­
operative being superseded, without a formal
repeal, by various laws and decrees.
Under the totalitarian concept of government
power, the accepted relationships of the adminis­
trative and legislative branches of the govern­
ment do not apply. Although the terms “ con­
stitution,” “ legislative act,” and “ administra­
tive decree” are used in Soviet law, the authority
attached to each of these sources of law in the
Soviet Union is different from that associated
with these terms in the democratic countries.
A constitutional provision may be set aside by an
administrative decree and the newly enacted rule
is incorporated into the constitution only at a
later date. For example, the 7-hour working

262

ELEMENTS OF SOVIET LABOR L A W

day was provided for in the 1936 constitution
(section 119).
However, on June 26, 1940, the Presidium of
the Supreme Soviet, an executive body in terms
of the constitution, decreed the 8-hour normal
working day. This edict became operative im­
mediately. It was ratified by the Supreme
Soviet in August 1940, but without following the
procedure prescribed for constitutional amend­
ment. Not until 7 years later was section 119
constitutionally amended.
The Soviet jurists are fully aware of such
practices. In discussing the sources of Soviet
labor law in the treatises on this subject, they
seek to blur the distinction between the authority
of a constitutional provision, a legislative enact­
ment, and an administrative decree or directive.
In a recent (1949) standard treatise,27 designed
for use in university law schools, a doctrine of
“ normative acts” (rule making) as the source of
Soviet labor law is promulgated. Normative
acts are in general terms defined as “ acts by which
the will of the ruling class is ‘ elevated to law.’ ”
This not too clear definition is fortunately followed
by an enumeration of the specific acts issued by
Soviet authorities which, according to the author,
fall under the definition. These are “ laws” en­
acted by the Supreme Soviet (Soviet equivalent
to legislature), “ edicts” by its presidium (a body
of 47 members constituting the Soviet collective
President), “ normative resolutions” (i. e., rulemaking resolutions) of the Council of Ministers
(cabinet), joint resolutions of the Council of
Ministers and the Central Committee of the
Communist Party, regulations issued by individ­
ual ministers and by the Central Council of the
Trade-Unions.
In other words, any decree or order by any of
the central governmental authorities is law. No
matter what it is called and by what body it is
issued, it prevails until the action of another
authority supersedes it.
The survey of recent trends in the Soviet
legislation thus far made suggests the conclusion
that the disappearance of private enterprise from


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the Soviet economy has not been followed by the
increase of rights of labor in labor law. If com­
pared with the time when private enterprise was
tolerated, the legal status of labor has worsened.
Another striking feature of the Soviet regulations
on labor are the numerous penal provisions.
* Chief, Foreign Law Section, Law Library, Library of Congress.
1 Z. Tettenborn, Soviet Legislation on Labor (in Russian, 1920) p. 16.
2 For description and analysis of major stages of the Soviet policies and their
expression in law, see Gsovski, Soviet Civil Law, University of Michigan
Press, Ann Arbor, Vol. 1 (1948) pp. 10 et seq., 791, et seq., Vol. 2 (1949) p. 637
et seq.
8

Stalin, Problems of Leninism, English Edition, Moscow (1940) p. 409.

4 Members of the so-called productive cooperatives are in fact paid for their
work and not according to their shares. See Gsovski op. cit. Vol. 1, p. 411,
et seq.
5 Aleksandrov and Genkin, Soviet Labor Law (in Russian, 1946) p. 312.
8 Evtikhiev and Vlasov, Administrative Law (in Russian, 1946) p. 36. See
also Gsovski op. cit. supra note 2, Vol. I at 382 et seq.
7 Soviet Labor Code, Sec. 57 as amended in 1934. “ If an employee at a
governmental, public, or cooperative enterprise, institution, or business fails
through his own fault to attain the standard of output prescribed for him, he
shall be paid according to the quantity and quality of his output but shall not
be guaranteed any minimum wage. In other enterprises and businesses
(private enterprises including those under a concession) such an employee
shall be paid not less than two-thirds of his scheduled rate.”
8 Handbook of Wages in Electrical Power Plants (in Russian, 1946) pp.
8-12, 25.
9 Stalin, “ Speech at the 17th Congress of the Communist Party (1934)”
quoted from his Problem s o f L eninism (10th Russian edition, 1938) p. 583.
10 Statute of June 4, 1947 concerning the crimes against government and
public property, Vedomosti 1947, N o. 19.
11 Law of August 7, 1932. For its translation and discussion see Gsovski
op. cit. supra note 2, Vol. I pp. 562, 728.
12 Soviet Labor Code Secs. 83-834 (as amended), A ct of June 20,1942, Sec.
12; Instruction of the People’s Commissar for Labor of June 1, 1932, Secs. 1-3.
For further citations, see Gsovski op. cit. Vol. I pp. 823-825.
18 Act of Dec. 28, 1938; Edict of July 10, 1940, id. p. 821.
14 All-Union Communist Party on Trade Unions, Collection of Resolutions
(In Russian, 1930) p. 55. See also Deutsch, Soviet Trade Unions, London,
1950.
45 Ibid. p. 35.
18 Ibid. p. 36.
47 Ibid. p. 87.
18 Agarkov and others, Civil Law (in Russian, 1944) Vol. I, p. 190; Civil Law
Textbook (in Russian 1938) Vol. 1, pp. 108-109.
19 Denisov, Soviet Administrative Law (in Russian, 1940) p. 60.
20 Op. cit., supra note 5, p. 90.
21 Ibid, p. 98.
22 Trud (in Russian) M a y 11,1949. See Bureau of Labor Statistics, Notes
on Labor Abroad N o . 11, M a y 1949, pp. 39-40.
28 Op. cit. supra note 5, p. 106. Italics in the original.
24 Resolution of the Presidium of the Central Council of the Trade Union
approved by the Council of Ministers, Preamble, Trud (in Russian) Apr. 18,
1947. See Bureau of Labor Statistics, Notes on Labor Abroad N o. 2, June
1947, p. 28, and N o. 13, December 1949, p. 36.
25 Aleksandrov and other compilers, Goliakov, editor, Legislation concern­
ing Labor (in Russian 1947) p. 15.
28 Moskalenko, “ Legal Problems Involved in Collective Agreements” in
Trade Unions (in Russian 1947) N o. 8, p. 16 et seq.', Trud (in Russian) Apr. 18,
1947, Editorial.
27 Aleksandrov, editor, Soviet Labor Law (in Russian, 1949) p. 53.

The Defense Boom, 1940-41

Trends in Consumer
Metal-Goods
Industries, 1939-50

T he rapidly expanding defense production pro­
gram emphasizes the importance of converting at
least some of the facilities of consumer metal-goods
industries to making munitions. These industries,
which produce durable goods such as automobiles,
radio and television sets, refrigerators, washing
machines, stoves, and oil burners, are major users
of metals. Diversion of scarce-metal supplies to
more essential military products will force sub­
stantial cut-backs in output for civilian use. As
they demonstrated during World War II, these
industries can make significant contributions to
defense production by utilizing their facilities,
manpower, and managerial organizations to turn
out munitions.
The situation confronting these industries
during the current mobilization is considerably
different from that at the beginning of the defense
program in 1940. In early 1940, general economic
activity was relatively low. The defense produc­
tion initiated at that time caused a general rise
in income and consumer spending which substan­
tially boosted output and employment in the con­
sumer durable-goods industries during 1940 and
1941. In contrast, production levels of these
industries have been very high throughout most
of the postwar period.
Thus, the current defense program is being
added to an economy already at capacity opera­
tion. Allocation of vital war materials and
change-over to defense work will impinge upon
employment and output in these industries.
Although the full impact of defense orders and
materials limitations had not yet been felt at the
end of 1950, substantial reductions in output of
most consumer durable goods are likely to have
occurred by the summer of 1951.


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In September 1939, economic activity in this
country was at a relatively low level. Under the
stimulus of the defense program, initiated in early
1940, employment, production, and national in­
come expanded markedly. Between 1939 and
the end of 1941, Government war spending in­
creased from 2 to almost 16 percent of the value
of total goods and services. In addition, such ex­
penditures influenced new plant construction, pur­
chases of new equipment, and additions to in­
ventory, all of which helped to generate increased
business activity and higher consumer incomes.
The large-scale consumption of scarce war
materials, particularly steel, by these consumergoods industries contributed to the materials
shortages which began to appear in the summer
and fall of 1941. This necessitated priority, limi­
tation, and materials orders to restrict use of
scarce metals for civilian products and also to
channel plants into war work. For example, con­
sumption of many strategic materials by the
automobile industry indicates the significance of
cut-backs in this and other metal-consuming in­
dustries. According to the Automobile Manufac­
turers Association estimates, the industry in 1939
consumed 18 percent of all steel output; 51 percent
of all malleable iron castings; 10 percent of the
aluminum; 14 percent of the copper; 34 percent of
the lead; 23 percent of the nickel; and substantial
quantities of tin and zinc. In addition, motor
vehicles used 75 percent of the plate glass pro­
duced and 80 percent of the rubber.
To effectuate speedy conversion to war output,
existing management experience, technical skill,
and plant facilities were put to use, thus conserv­
ing the manpower and materials that would have
been lost in a huge facility-building program.
The pattern for conversion was set in the auto­
mobile and small consumer durable-goods indus­
tries. By the fall of 1941, they had cut civilian
production severely and were converting their
facilities to war output. Plant shut-downs to
convert to war production resulted in problems of
temporary unemployment and of training or re­
training workers from the unemployed.
In August 1941, a tentative program for cur­
tailment of production in automobile, refrigerator,
and mechanical laundry equipment by approxi­
mately 50 percent was announced. Later that
263

264

CONSUMER METAL-GOODS INDUSTRIES, 1939-50

month, an order was issued reducing automobile
output to 50 percent by the end of the year. In
contrast to such conversion cut-backs, employ­
ment in radio and phonograph establishments
continued to increase in the months immediately
preceding the country’s entrance into the war.
Relatively little conversion was necessary for the
output of communications and
electronics
detection equipment.
Though obscured somewhat by midsummer
seasonal declines, the composite index of produc­
tion workers in the selected consumer durable
goods industries increased 40 percent from 1939
to 1941 (table 1). Employment gains among the
individual components ranged from 25 percent
for stoves to 42 percent for automobiles. Changes
in this group were somewhat less than the rise in
the durable-goods industries as a whole, largely
the result of rapid expansion in the shipbuilding
and aircraft industries. Reflecting the greater
sensitivity of the selected industries to changes in
consumer income and Government expenditures,
the advance in employment for these industries
far outweighed the moderate rise in nondurable
goods.
Increased output in the automobile and house­
hold appliance industries in the 2 years preceding
the Nation’s entry into World War II was also
achieved by lengthening the workweek. Between
1939 and 1941, increases in average weekly hours
ranged from 2.4 hours for stoves and heating
equipment to more than 4 hours in automobile
plants (table 2). Illustrating the impact of con1.— Composite indexé of production-worker em ploy­
ment in
selected consumer durable-goods industries,
1 9 8 9 -4 6 , by months

T able

[1939 average= 100.0]
M onth

1939

1940

1941

1942

1943

1944

1945

1946

January______
February_____
M arch_______
April__________
M a y __________
June...................

102.2
102.3
102.8
101.6
95.2
94.3

113.5
112.1
113.5
112.2
111.0
107.5

133.1
135.9
139.3
141.8
145. 7
147.9

122.2
112.1
109.1
109.3
112.3
115.6

150.1
154.6
157.0
157.8
159.4
162.8

182.8
181.7
179.5
171.8
175.2
175.3

171.2
172.1
170.2
168.2
163.9
158.8

102.3
99.0
108.6
143.0
140.3
148.4

July___________
August_______
September____
October_______
Novem ber____
Decem ber.. . .

83.2
79.5
102.5
111.4
107.5
117.7

91.0
95.0
116.4
127.9
133.9
134.8

141.9
128.4
139.9
143.7
144.1
134.6

121.3
125.4
130.7
135.6
140.7
145.7

166.5
169.5
173.5
178.4
182.2
183.3

173.7
175.1
173.8
169.9
168.5
169.7

150.5
140.2
102.2
109.8
122.5
96.3

154.6
161.4
168.1
168.3
168.9
168.4

M onthly average---------------

100.0

114.1

139.7

123.3

166.2

175.1

143.8

144.3

1 This index is comprised of the following industries: automobiles and parts;
washers, wringers, and driers; refrigerator and parts; stoves, oil burners,
heating and cooking equipment; radios and phonographs. Above employ­
ment data are not entirely comparable with series for the period 1947 to the
present owing to changes in industry definition and product classification.


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M O N TH LY LABO R

T able 2. — Production worker hours in selected consumer
durable industries . 1 9 8 9 -4 4 1
Highest month
during period

Average weekly hours

Classification
Month
Manufacturing_____
Durable_________
Nondurable........
Stoves, oil burners,
and heating equip­
ment______________
Washing machines,
wringers, and ironers_______ ________
Refrigerators and re­
frigerator equip­
m ent______ __
Radios and phono­
graphs_____________
Automobiles________

Hours 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944

Dec. 1944___
Oct. 1943___
Dec. 1944— .

45.6 37.7 38.1 40.6 42.9 44.9
47.2 38.0 39.3 42.1 45.1 57.6
43.5 37.4 37.0 38.9 40.3 42.5

45.2
46.6
43.1

M ar. 1944 ...

47.5 38.1

42.4 46.4

46.8

M a y 1943___

48.5

(2)

0)

(2)

(2)

46.7

45.9

M ar. 19 4 3 ...

48.6

(2)

(’ )

(!)

(2)

47.5

46.6

N ov. 1 9 4 3 ...
Oct. 1943___

46.8 38.5 38.5 41.2 45.1 46.2
47.6 35.4 37.7 39.6 44.4 46.2

45.8
45.5

38.8 40.5

1 Individual industry data are not comparable with series revised from
1947 to the present owing to changes in industry definition and product
classification.
2 Data available only for latter part of the year.

version in the last half of 1941, average hours in
a number of industries turned downward; activity
in radio manufactures, however, continued at high
levels.
War Employment, 1942-45
Sharply increased Government orders, after
entering World War II, led to acceleration of
employment shifts to war production in these
industries. During the war, consumer metal dur­
able-goods industries, which had operated in the
prewar economy, had diverted their organization,
management, and facilities to a completely new
market— that of munitions purchases by Govern­
ment. Government war expenditures which had
reached a third of the gross national product in
1942 amounted to 40 percent in 1944. Such war
spending more than offset the decline in gross
private domestic investment.
After the temporary conversion let-down in
1942, levels of employment and hours for this
group of industries continued upward to reach
peaks in late 1943 and 1944.
It is important to note that in the wartime
employment data made available by the Bureau
of Labor Statistics peacetime product or activity
classifications were retained for purposes of his­
torical continuity. Therefore, changes in em­
ployment presented here should be interpreted
as wartime utilization of plants formerly produc­
ing consumer durable goods. During the war,
these industries were actually munitions industries.

R E V IE W , M ARCH 1951

CONSUMER METAL-GOODS INDUSTRIES, 1939-50

Employment gains in these munitions indus­
tries awaited the completion of retooling and
plant conversion. Through April 1942, the com­
posite index of production-worker employment
for these industries declined to almost the 1939
level. Reductions mainly in the prewar auto­
mobile and stove industries in 1942 brought the
employment index down about a fifth from 1941.
Although passenger-car production was halted in
February 1942, the industry continued to produce
trucks for the military services. Facilities and man­
power in refrigerator, washer, and stove industries
were also partly di verted to war output. Contrary
to the 1942 decline in the composite index of produc­
tion-worker employment, radio industry employ­
ment, for reasons previously mentioned, continued
upward so that in 1942 it was 75 percent above
the 1939 level.
Even during the conversion period in 1942 when
employment was falling, weekly hours in these
industries were lengthened. By the end of the
year these ranged from 45 for stoves to 47 hours
in the washing-machine industry. Because of
longer workweeks, the aggregate man-hours in
most of these industries were only slightly lower
than in previous periods, although employment
had declined in 1942. By 1944 weekly hours
averaged about 46 in these plants.
Although there were lags in conversion in these
industries, by the end of 1942 retooling and
physical expansion for war were substantially com­
pleted. More than a year elapsed before these
industries surpassed the prewar employment peak.
Whatever temporary labor displacement had oc­
curred was virtually solved by rapidly expanding
job opportunities from mid-1942 onward.
Distribution of employment by current product
in April 1943 for plants formerly classified as
consumer durable-goods producers is shown in
table 3, derived from War Production Board rec­
ords. By that date, 42 percent of the production
workers in the prewar automobile industry were
employed in plants whose principal product was
aircraft and parts and 30 percent were in ordnance
plants. Similarly, fully 74 percent of the prewar
washing-machine industry’s employees were pro­
ducing ordnance, particularly small arms, and 24
percent, aircraft and parts. On the other hand,
the radio industry continued manufacturing bas­
ically similar products, though for military use.


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T able

265

3. — Percentage distribution o f production

worker

employment by major product, A p ril 1943
Percent distribution by April 1943 product
Peacetime industry
(plants classified
by principal prod­
uct in 1939)

Stoves_______________
Washing machines..
Refrigerators________
Automobiles________
Radios______________

Ar­
Ord­
Same
mored
nance
Total prod­
and
prod­
uct 1
scout
ucts 2
cars
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

47.0
17.3
16.8
92.9

29.2
74.4
37.6
29.6
3.8

0.5

Radios
and
radio
equip­
ment
1.0

4.1
(')

Air­
All
Ships
craft
other
and
and
prod­
parts
parts
ucts

6.1
23.9
21.3
42.4
2.6

1.2
2.4
.1

15.0
1.7
21.4
7.0
.7

1 The manufacture of radios and radio equipment in the radio industry has
been considered as the same product rather than conversion.
2 Ordnance products include such items as: guns over 20 m m , small arms,
fire control, ammunition over 20 m m , small arms ammunition, bom bs,
torpedoes, depth charges, mines, tanks, and similar products.
Source: M onthly Labor Review, December 1943 (pp. 1086-1087).

Employment in all the selected industries
gained rapidly, reaching peaks in late 1943 and
1944. In early 1944, the composite index was
fully 83 percent higher than the 1939 average,
largely because of the substantial gains in the
prewar automobile plants which accounted for
the bulk of the employment in the group. Radio
employment more than tripled between 1939 and
1944 and establishments making washing machines
in peacetime doubled the number of workers on
their payrolls. The impact of the war upon the
stove industry was a little later than the others;
the industry reached a peak in early 1945.
The temporary conversion employment de­
cline in 1942 and the rise to war heights at the
end of 1943 and throughout 1944 are reflected in
labor turn-over rates. During the transition to
“ all-out” war production, lay-offs from plants
which were converting were partly offset by new
workers hired by plants already engaged in war
output. In the first half of 1942, lay-offs were
high in all these consumer durable-goods in­
dustries except radios. There were few lay-offs
and many hires in this industry, since little change­
over was necessary.
Since necessary plant reorganization was largely
completed by the middle of 1942, very few lay­
offs occurred after that date. During the war
period, the increasing rate of quits was one in­
dication of workers moving to war factories and
higher paying jobs. The rate of quits was greater
than that of separations for military service during
this period. Another reason for the high quit
rates was the employment of large numbers of
women workers, students, temporary employees,

266

CONSUMER METAL-GOODS INDUSTRIES, 1939-50

and extra-shift workers. Hiring for replacement
and expansion was reflected in the high accession
rates through the first half of 1945.
To further meet the requirements of war output,
plants hired women workers in large volume. The
drain on manpower by the military services and
for industrial expansion had whittled away the
reserve of unemployed men. In general, the gains
in the number of women employees in the selected
industries from 1939 to 1944 were equal to or
greater than in durable goods as a whole. The
number of women employees in durable-goods
manufacturing increased sixfold—rising from 9
percent of production workers to 25 percent in
1944.
Reconversion to Peacetime Employment
Additional evidence of the resiliency of mana­
gerial and technical skill in these industries was
the rapid return of facilities and personnel from
wartime to peacetime products and markets. To
ready plant and equipment for civilian markets,
business spending in 1946 for producers’ durable
equipment, new construction and additions to in­
ventory was more than twice the 1944 volume. It
was generally expected that large-scale unemploy­
ment and reduced business activity would result
from lowered public expenditures and rapid de­
mobilization of the Armed Forces for a substantial
period after VJ-day. This did not materialize,
although employment and output did decline
temporarily because of the immediate cancellation
of war contracts.
Reconversion to consumer goods was stimulated
by a great backlog of accumulated savings, by
increased population, the needs of returning
servicemen, by a rising rate of marriage, and by
the fact that large numbers of older automobiles
and household appliances and equipment were in
use. Average incomes, of course, increased. In
addition, untapped credit, still controlled by
Federal Reserve Board restrictions, and a probable
return to a higher (prewar) ratio of personal ex­
penditures to income, all pointed the way to record
levels, once industry was ready.
By the middle of 1946, plant reconversion was
practically completed. Since automobiles and
appliances are particularly dependent upon a
steady flow of a multitude of components, the
primary ceiling on output and employment during


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M O N TH LY LABO R

this period was the available supply of materials
and parts. Between 1945 and 1946, personal
consumption expenditures for durable goods and
installment credit for automobiles both doubled.
Also, demands of returning veterans and civilians
starved for consumer goods had a marked effect
on employment. By the end of 1946, reconver­
sion in consumer durable-goods industries was
completed, and employment and output had risen
substantially since the war’s end.
When the war ended, workers in plants produc­
ing automobiles and selected appliances were
temporarily caught by the lag in reconversion to
civilian production. Immediately after largescale cancellation of war contracts in the fall of
1945, production-worker employment in this group
of industries fell about 50 percent below the level
at the beginning of 1945. This reduced the
number of jobs to the 1939 average. By the end
of 1946, employment of production workers in the
refrigerator and stove components surpassed the
war levels; the other selected industries were close
to wartime employment.
Hours of work declined sharply from the begin­
ning of 1945 to the beginning of 1946— about 6
hours in practically all the selected industries.
Although employment began to rise in 1946, hours
remained at the lower peacetime levels, approx­
imating 40 hours.
Employment of women production workers in
the durable-goods industries declined considerably.
This was due to postwar cut-backs in war output,
temporary shortages, lay-offs, voluntary with­
drawals from the labor force, hiring of ex-service­
men, and lack of seniority. From VE-day
through 1946, the number of women production
workers employed in durable-goods manufactures
and in the selected industries declined to about
half, but was still approximately twice that in the
prewar period for the selected industries.
By 1947, reconversion was completed in these
consumer durable-goods industries. Although em­
ployment in 1947 was about the same as wartime
levels, it was considerably above employment in
the comparable consumer-product industries in the
prewar period. This growth from the prewar
years is illustrated by comparing 1939 and 1947
census data for industries making automobiles,
electrical appliances, radios, domestic laundry
equipment, refrigerators, and vacuum cleaners.
Between 1939 and 1947, the number of production

R E V IE W , M ARCH 1951

CONSUMER METAL-GOODS INDUSTRIES, 1989-50

workers almost doubled to over 1 million. In
manufacturing as a whole, the increase in number
of production workers was only half as great.
To keep pace with industry, plant, and product
changes since 1939 and to adjust to changes in
industrial classification procedures, the Bureau of
Labor Statistics developed new employment
series. For the automobile group, the BLS series
is continuous from 1939 to date. For the other in­
dustries the revised data beginning with January
1947 reflect these changes. The “ new series”
representing the durable goods covered by this
report include: automobiles and parts; serviceindustry and household machines (including
domestic laundry equipment, refrigerators,vacuum
cleaners, etc.); oil burners, heating and cooking
equipment; radios, television, and phonographs;
electric appliances, lamps, and miscellaneous
electrical products.
Postwar Boom and Readjustments, 1947-49
Although Federal expenditures in 1947 had
declined to less than a fifth of the peak wartime
volume, this drop was offset by the high volume
of spending by industrial firms for new plants
and equipment as well as by increased homebuilding. Total expenditures by consumers for
durable goods tripled between 1944 and 1947,
responding to the availability of goods and the
high volume of savings accumulated during the
war. The postwar housing boom also served to
stimulate output of appliances. By November 1,
1947, the restrictions of Regulation W on credit
extension were removed, making possible the
extension of additional credit to consumers. As
a result of the strong demand factors operating
in 1947, output of major appliances such as
radios, washing machines, and ranges exceeded
1941 peaks by substantial margins, while the unit
output of refrigerators and automobiles was close
to former peak levels.
High levels of manufacturing employment and
industrial production continued in 1948, reaching
a postwar peak in the fall. However, output in
several appliance lines was ahead of demand by
1948. This resulted in inventory and output
adjustments that led to downturns in employment
in household appliance industries. By the end
of 1949, most inventory adjustments were com­
pleted and consumer income had leveled off.


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267

Spending for consumer goods, however, increased
substantially each quarter; these gains were
accounted for almost exclusively by automobiles
and parts.
In October 1948, the automobile industry
employed 814,000, a new peacetime peak. By
November 1949, however, owing largely to the
steel strike, automobile employment had fallen
to less than 700,000 for the first time since 1947.
Striving to meet war-deferred demands, firms in
the service-industry and household equipment
industry (makers of washing machines, refrig­
erators, vacuum cleaners) and in the oil burner,
heating and cooking equipment industry increased
their employment until postwar peaks were
reached in the first half of 1948. The radio
industry’s decline in employment in 1948 and
1949, after a peak in late 1947, reflected the filling
of some of the demand for radios built up during
the war. Advancing television output limited
the declines in these years. Also indicating
partial satisfaction of abnormal postwar demands,
employment in the electrical appliances, lamps,
and miscellaneous products industry reached a
high in April 1947 and then declined somewhat.
Labor turn-over in these industries during the
period of expansion was marked by high quit
rates. From the end of 1948 through the middle
of 1949, however, employment moved downward;
lay-offs increased substantially during this read­
justment period. Reductions in the workweek
in all the selected industries except automobiles
resulted in averages 1 to 2 hours lower than in the
previous year. The automobile industry’s work­
week was maintained at about the same level.
Employment Recovery in 1950
Prior to the Korean War, levels of employment,
hours, and output had completely recovered from
the 1949 downturn. Among the more significant
factors underlying the employment expansion in
durable goods were additions to inventory, signif­
icant increases in income and spending, and the
housing boom. Of particular importance in the
demand situation was the distribution of $2.8 billion
in national service life insurance dividends in
the first half of 1950.
Furthermore, the Federal Reserve Board annual
consumer survey in early 1950 indicated that
consumers intended to purchase durable goods in

CONSUMER METAL-GOODS INDUSTRIES, 19S9-50

268

M O N TH LY LABOR

ances were registered. Heavy buying of these
products was also noted in retail durable-goods
sales. In the third quarter of 1950, purchases rose
more rapidly than incomes, resulting in a sharp
drop in savings.
Of the factory employment gain of 800,000
workers from June 1949 to June 1950, more than
70 percent was accounted for by durable-goods
establishments, including a 250,000 increase by
automobile and appliance industries. Increased
hiring both for replacement and expansion was re­
ported by the consumer durable-goods industries
to meet the growing volume of orders. Lay-offs
on the other hand, were sharply reduced in indus­
tries closely allied to the boom in construction,
automobiles, and appliances. The selected con­
sumer durable-goods industries also extended the
workweek; the increase in average weekly hours
ranged from about 1 to more than 3 hours over
the year.
Since the Korean war began, consumer durablegoods establishments have added substantial num­
bers of jobs to the previously reached high levels.
Durable-goods industries account for about half
of more than 1 million workers added to manu­
facturing payrolls from June through October.

greater quantities than in 1949, thus foreshadow­
ing continuing high employment and output levels.
Estimates for 1950 indicate record-breaking fac­
tory sales of over 8,000,000 cars and trucks, about
one-fourth greater than in 1949. Television out­
put of 7,500,000 sets for the year more than
doubled 1949 production; radio output for the
year was up about a fourth from 1949. In
addition, reports through the third quarter of the
year indicate substantially higher output of
washers, refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, and heat­
ing and cooking equipment.
Consumer durable-goods establishments have
not been substantially affected as yet by the
Korean war and the recent international develop­
ments. However, some impact upon automobile
and household appliance sales through advance
buying may be traced to these recent develop­
ments. Partly as the result of inventory purchases
by distributors and placement of some govern­
ment contracts, total durable goods manufacturers’
orders advanced $4.1 billion from June through
August; unfilled orders increased $6.5 billion.
Prior to the imposition of new credit controls on
September 18, significant increases in the volume
of installment credit for automobiles and appli­

T able 4.— Production-worker employment and hours in selected industries, 1947 to 1950
[Employment In thousands]
1950

Annual averages
Industry
1947

1948

1949

Jan.

Feb.

M ar.

Apr.

M ay

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Manufacturing:
Employment......................................
H o u r s ................................ .................

12, 794
40.4

12, 717
40.1

11, 597
39.2

11, 449
39.7

11,460
39.7

11, 549
39.7

11, 597
39.7

11,841
39.9

12,066
40.5

12,151
40.5

12, 802
41.2

13,016
41.0

13,133
41.3

13,019
41.2

Durable goods:
Em ploym ent__________ _____ _____
Hours____________________________

7, 010
40.6

6,909
40.5

6,096
39.5

6,000
40.0

5,982
40.1

6, 070
40.2

6,195
40.7

6,456
40.8

6,596
41.3

6, 597
41.1

6,900
41.8

7,013
41.7

7,186
42.1

7,198
41.9

648.8
39.0

657.6
38.4

643.5
38.9

675.4
40.9

567.1
39.6

575.6
40.4

595.3
42.2

736.3
41.4

764.7
42.8

756.7
42.1

780.9
42.3

787.8
40.6

794.8
41.1

749.7
40.2

152.2
40.7

156.3
40.4

115.4
39.7

124.0
40.8

132.6
41.1

137.8
42.1

143.3
41.8

148.7
42.4

147.9
42.3

145.5
41.9

144.7
41.3

153.1
41.4

147.6
42.3

150.8
41.7

108.3
40.1

114.1
39.9

85.9
39.0

86.2
40.1

95.0
40.7

100.4
41.9

105.8
41.8

112.0
43.0

111.1
42.3

108.5
41.8

108.8
40.8

105.3
39.7

105.1
40.8

107.9
40.9

134.8
40.6

125.5
40.2

100.8
39.5

100.6
40.5

103.3
40.4

104.8
40.3

108.1
40.8

110.6
41.0

110.7
39.6

109.8
40.5

113.0
40.5

121.6
41.4

125.0
42.2

126.0
42.3

96.7
40.5

88.7
40.0

66.1
38.8

64.8
39.6

68.2
39.2

69.6
39.6

72.5
39.8

73.0
40.2

75.9
40.5

73.8
40.9

83.4
42.1

86.6
42.0

86.3
41.9

84.1
40.9

142.4
39.2

123.0
39.2

112.7
39.5

130.3
41.0

134.2
40.6

138.2
40.6

143.7
40.6

146.1
40.2

151.6
40.1

151.8
40.5

169.9
40.5

172.4
40.9

187.2
41.6

192.3
41.0

Automobiles:
Em ploym ent______________ ______
Hours______ _______ ____________
Service indu stry and household
machinery:
Employment..............................
Hours________________________
Refrigerators and refrigeration
equipment:
Em ploym ent.----------------------Hours______________ ______ _
Electrical appliances, lamps, and
miscellaneous products:
E mployment................................ ..
Hours.................. ........... .............. ..
Oil burners, heating and cooking
apparatus, not elsewhere classi­
fied:
Em ploym ent_________________ .
Hours____________________________
Radios and television:
Em ploym ent......................................
Hours_______ _______ _______ ______


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N ov.

R E V IE W , M ARCH 1951

CONSUMER METAL-GOODS INDUSTRIES, 19S9-50

The motor vehicles and parts industry reached a
record employment total of 924,000 workers by
October 1950, about twice its 1939 level.
In the service-machine and household equip­
ment industry, production-worker employment in
November 1950 was up about a third from the
previous year. In November 1950, this industry
employed 151,000 workers. Production-worker
employment in the radio industry reached a high
level in July, a month of seasonal decline in pre­
vious years. The level continued to rise sharply
to new postwar peaks in subsequent months and
production-worker employment in November 1950
was 192,000. (See table 4.)
Employment in establishments producing elec­
trical appliances advanced about 25 percent from
the fall of 1949 to the fall of 1950. Establish­
ments making oil burners, stoves, and other cook­
ing and heating apparatus participated in this
general rise; production-worker employment in­
creased about a third over the year to 84,000 in
November. The workweek was up from 1949 in
all these industries.
To what extent inventory, priority, and material
limitation regulations of the National Production


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269

Authority and credit regulations and personal tax
changes will affect the selected industries is not
yet clear. It is anticipated that by mid-1951 a
large volume of defense contracts will impinge
upon the civilian economy. Increasing consumer
income may be diverted in greater measure to non­
durables as reductions in consumer-durable output
are made.
Also the problem of inducing additional workers
from outside the labor force into the labor market
in heavily industrialized areas again presents itself.
The problem for the immediate future becomes
one of proper allocation of resources in these in­
dustries between war materials and civilian
production.
— Sidney G oldstein
Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics

Sources: In addition to B L S material, Wartime Historical Data were
obtained from Termination Report of the National W ar Labor Board; His­
torical Reports of W ar Production Board (particularly No. 23, Labor Poli­
cies); various issues of The Labor Market. In addition, various issues of
The Federal Reserve Bulletin; the Economic Reports of the President,
1947-50, by the Council of Economic Advisers; and the Survey of Current
Business, U . S. Department of Commerce, were used.

Summaries of Studies and Reports

Work Injuries in 1950:
Preliminary Estimates
W ork injuries 1 in the United States during 1950

increased about 4 percent over 1949, according
to preliminary estimates. Increased employment
accounted for most of this rise in injuries, but
there were also indications of slightly higher
injury rates in some industries.
The total volume of disabling work injuries in
1950 was estimated at about 1,952,000, an increase
of 82,000 over 1949. The 1950 total of injuries,
however, was below the 2,019,900 estimate for
1948, and was the second lowest figure since 1940.
Approximately 15,500 persons died as a result
of work injuries occurring during 1950. An addi­
tional 84,900 suffered some permanent dis­
ability, such as the amputation of some body
member or the impairment of some function of the
body. This latter group included about 1,600
cases in which the disability was serious enough

to completely incapacitate the persons for any
gainful employment for the remainder of their
lives. The main bulk of the injuries (95 percent),
however, resulted in temporary disability which
incapacitated the workers for one full day or
more, but from which the injured persons recovered
without any permanent ill-effects.
Approximately 40 million man-days were lost
in 1950 as a result of injuries which occurred
during the year. This is equivalent to a year’s
full-time employment for approximately 134,000
workers. If additional allowance is made for the
future effects of the deaths and permanent physical
impairments, the total economic time loss would
amount to about 212 million man-days— or a
year’s full-time employment for about 706,000
workers.
Increased employment and intensified activities
in construction and manufacturing brought about
an increase of approximately 12 percent in the
volume of work injuries in each of these industries.
In manufacturing there was an increase both in
employment and in average hours per week in

Estimated number of disabling work injuries during 1950, by industry group
[Preliminary]

All disabilities

Fatalities

Permanent disabilities

Temporary-total dis­
abilities

Industry group
Total i

To em­
ployees

A ll groups2_________________________________________________

1,952,000

1,483,000

15,500

11,100

3 84,900

65, 900

1,851, 600

1, 406,000

Agriculture 4_______________________________________________
Mining and quarrying 8_________ ________________________
Construction 8_____________________________________________
Manufacturing 7___________________________________________
Public utilities____________________________________ ________
Trade 8___________________________________________________ _
Transportation 8___________________ _________ _____ _______
Finance, service, government, and miscellaneous industries28___________________________________________
..

340,000
72,000
205,000
426,000
24,000
335,000
177,000

60,000
67.000
159,000
419,000
24,000
268,000
155,000

4,300
1,000
2,300
2,600
300
1,500
1,300

1,100
900
1,800
2, 500
300
1,200
1,200

15,600
3,200
8,500
21, 700
600
8,100
9,800

3,700
3,000
6, 600
21, 400
600
6, 500
8,700

320,100
67,800
194, 200
401, 700
23,100
325, 400
165,900

55,200
63,100
150. 600
395,100
23,100
260,300
145,100

373,000

331,000

2,200

2,100

17, 400

15, 400

353, 400

313, 500

1 Differences between total number of injuries and injuries to employees
represent injuries to self-employed and unpaid family workers.
2 Does not include domestic servants.
3 Includes approximately 1,600 permanent-total disabilities.
4 The total number of injuries in agriculture is based on cross-section sur­
veys made by the U . S. Department of Agriculture in 1947 and 1948. These
are considered to be minimum figures; injuries experienced in performing
chores are excluded, and there are some indications of under-reporting.

270


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Total i

To em­
ployees

Total i

To em­
ployees

Total 1

To em­
ployees

The breakdown of agricultural injuries by extent of disability is based on
other sources.
6 Based largely on U . S. Bureau of Mines data.
8 Based on small sample studies.
7 Based on comprehensive survey.
8 Data for railroads are based on Interstate Commerce Commission reports;
data for other transportation are based on small sample surveys.

ETHICS AND PROCEDURE FOR ARBITRATORS

1950, compared with 1949. The increase in
exposure to industrial hazards in manufacturing
(total hours worked by all employees) increased
about 9 percent. Preliminary reports from a
sample of manufacturing establishments indicates
a general upward trend in injury rates during the
year. Although the rate in January 1950 was
lower than in January 1949, the rates for later
months were above those for corresponding periods
in the previous year. It is probable that the
final rate for 1950 will be slightly above that for
1949.
A similar situation existed in the construction
industry. Construction activities were at an alltime high during most of 1950. Increased em­
ployment resulted in more hours of exposure to
industrial hazards, and the increased tempo of
work tended to raise the injury rate.
The public utilities industry was the only one
to show a major decrease in the number of in­
juries. There was a slight decrease in telephone
employment and a substantial drop in other com­
munications industries. Most of the decrease in
injuries, however, can be attributed to an im­
provement in the injury record for most divisions
of the utilities industry.
Other industry groups showed little change or
only minor increases in the number of injuries.
Within the transportation group of industries,
however, railroads showed a modest decrease in
work injuries. There was a sufficient increase in
injuries in other transportation to offset this
decrease and result in a net increase for the
entire group.
The mining industry showed a 3-percent increase
in injuries despite a slight drop in employment.
Bituminous coal, the most important segment of
the mining industry, did record a slight decrease
in the number of injuries, but not as great a de­
crease as occurred in employment. Although em­
ployment decreased, the total tonnage of coal
mined increased, with the result that the injury
rate per million tons mined decreased between
1949 and 1950. Anthracite, metal, and nonmetallic mines and quarries showed increases in
injuries.
Injuries in trade, finance, service, government,
and miscellaneous industries showed minor in­
creases—paralleling in most cases the changes in
■employment— between 1949 and 1950.
Although agricultural employment decreased,


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271

the growing use of farm machinery probably in­
creased the hazards of farm work—particularly
on farms where machinery had not previously
been used and where the operators would be
relatively inexperienced. It was estimated, there­
fore, that the number of farm work injuries re­
mained about the same in 1950 as in 1949.
i A disabling work injury is an injury arising out of and in the course of
employment, which results in death or any degree of permanent impairment,
or makes the injured worker unable to perform the duties of a regularly
established job, open and available to him, throughout the hours correspond­
ing to his regular shift on any one or more days (including Sundays, days off,
or plant shut-downs) after the day of injury.
These estimates of work injuries were compiled by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics, in collaboration with the National Safety Council. They are
based upon all available data from various Federal and State agencies and
upon sample surveys in some industries. The accuracy of the figures varies
from industry to industry. See footnotes to table for specific sources and
limitations.

Code of Ethics and Procedure
for Arbitrators
T he labor-management arbitration code of ethics
and procedural standards, reproduced below, was
prepared by the American Arbitration Association
and the National Academy of Arbitrators and
approved for arbitrations by the Federal Media­
tion and Conciliation Service.1 Standards are
included for parties to disputes as well as for
arbitrators. Since both labor and management
seek to have their differences settled conclusively
in arbitration cases, the foreword of the code
states: “ it is highly desirable that arbitration be
self-disciplining, thus promoting respect for this
process and narrowing the situations in which
resort is had to courts to set aside, modify, or
enforce awards.”
It is pointed out that the varying concepts
which may be held with regard to the nature of
the process and of the character of the arbitrator’s
functions led to the drafting of a code to be used
when the parties have failed to resolve their differ­
ences and have elected to submit them to arbitra­
tion. It is not intended to limit the right of
parties to have whatever kind of proceeding they
desire. Neither is it intended to regulate many
kindred types of proceedings in which third
parties participate (e. g., in fact-finding proceed­
ings and mediation or conciliation efforts).

272

ETHICS AND PROCEDURE FOR ARBITRATORS

I. Code of Ethics for Arbitrators
Character of the Office. The function of an arbitra­
tor is to decide disputes. He should, therefore,
adhere to such general standards of adjudicatorybodies as require a full, impartial and orderly con­
sideration of evidence and argument in accordance
with applicable arbitration law and the rules or
general understandings or practices of the parties.
The parties in dispute, in referring a matter to
arbitration, have indicated their desire not to
resort to litigation or to economic conflict. They
have delegated to the arbitrator power to settle
their differences. It follows that the assumption
of the office of arbitrator places upon the incum­
bent solemn duties and responsibilities. Every
person who acts in this capacity should uphold
the traditional honor, dignity, integrity, and pres­
tige of the office.
The Tri-Partite Board. Where tri-partite boards
serve in labor arbitrations, it is the duty of the
parties’ nominees to make every reasonable effort
to promote fair and objective conduct of the pro­
ceedings, to aid the arbitration board in its deliber­
ations and to bring about a just and harmonious
disposition of the controversy. It is recognized,
however, that the parties frequently expect their
appointees to serve also as representatives of their
respective points of view. In such cases, the rules
of ethics in this Code, insofar as they relate to the
obligations of strict impartiality, are to be taken
as applying only to the third or neutral arbitrator.
Such representatives, however, unless the parties
agree otherwise, should refrain from conveying to
the parties who appointed them, the discussions
which take place in executive session and any
information concerning the deliberations of the
board. No information concerning the decision
should be given in advance of its delivery simul­
taneously to both parties.
Qualification for Office. Any person whom the
parties or the appointing agency choose to regard
as qualified to determine their dispute is entitled
to act as their arbitrator. It is, however, incum­
bent upon the arbitrator at the time of his selection
to disclose to the parties any circumstances, asso­
ciations or relationships that might reasonably
raise any doubt as to his impartiality or his tech­
nical qualification for the particular case.


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M O N TH LY LABOR

Essential Conduct, (a) The arbitrator should be
conscientious, considerate and patient in the dis­
charge of his functions. There should be no doubt
as to his complete impartiality. He should be
fearless of public clamor and indifferent to private,
political or partisan influences.
(b)
The arbitrator should not undertake or
incur obligations to either party which may inter­
fere with his impartial determination of the issue
submitted to him.
Duty to the Parties. The arbitrator’s duty is to
determine the matters in dispute, which may
involve differences over the interpretation of
existing provisions or terms and conditions of a
new contract. In either event, the arbitrator
shall be governed by the wishes of the parties,
which may be expressed in their agreement,
arbitration submission or in any other form of
understanding. He should not undertake to
induce a settlement of the dispute against the
wishes of either party. If, however, an atmosphere
is created or the issues are so simplified or reduced
as to lead to a voluntary settlement by the parties,
a function of his office has been fulfilled.
Acceptance, Refusal, or Withdrawal From Office.
The arbitrator, being appointed by voluntary act
of the parties, may accept or decline the appoint­
ment. When he accepts he should continue in
office until the matter submitted to him is finally
determined. When there are circumstances which,
in his judgment, compel his withdrawal, the parties
are entitled to prompt notice and explanation.
Oath of Office. When an oath of office is taken it
should serve as the arbitrator’s guide. When an
oath is not required or is waived by the parties,
the arbitrator should nevertheless observe the
standards which the oath imposes.
Privacy of the Arbitration,
(a) An arbitrator
should not, without the approval of the parties,
disclose to third persons any evidence, argument,
or discussions pertaining to the arbitration.
(b)
There should be no disclosure of the terms
of an award by any arbitrator until after it is
delivered simultaneously to all of the parties and
publication or public disclosure should be only
with the parties’ consent.
Discussions within an arbitration board should

R E V IE W , M ARCH 1951

ETHICS AND PROCEDERE FOR ARBITRATORS

273

be held in confidence. Dissenting opinions may­
be filed, however, but they should be based on the
arbitrators’ views on the evidence and controlling
principles, and not on the discussions which took
place in the executive sessions of the board.

one party to delay unduly the fixing of a date for
the hearing. Written and timely notice of the
date, time and place of the hearing should be given.
(b) Whenever the law permits, the arbitrator
in his discretion may issue subpoenas.

Advertising and Solicitation. Advertising by an
arbitrator and soliciting of cases is improper and
not in accordance with the dignity of the office.
No arbitrator should suggest to any party that
future cases be referred to him.

Oath of Office. The following is the general form
of oath which the law of certain states requires
the arbitrator to take:
. . being duly sworn
deposes and says that he will faithfully and fairly
hear and examine the matters in controversy be­
tween the above named Parties, and that he will
make a just award according to the best of his
understanding.”

II. Procedural Standards for Arbitrators
The standards set forth in the following sections
are intended only as general guides to arbitrators
and to parties in arbitration proceedings. It is not
intended that they will be literally adhered to
in every particular, nor are they intended to
supplant contrary practices which in partic­
ular cases have been established or accepted
by the parties. These standards are meant to be
equally applicable to partisan and neutral mem­
bers of arbitration boards.
These standards of procedure are not to be
deemed mandatory precepts or controlling rules
which will furnish a basis for attacking awards
or enlarging the grounds prescribed by law for
the impeachment of awards.
Compensation and Expenses of the Arbitrator.
(a) Arbitrators serving in labor-management dis­
putes generally receive compensation. The po­
sition of an arbitrator, whether compensated or
not, is an honorary one and is accepted as an oppor­
tunity for public service.
(b) Compensation for arbitrators’ services should
be reasonable and consistent with the nature of
the case and the circumstances of the parties. A
fee previously fixed by the parties, or by schedule,
should not be altered during the proceeding or
after the award is delivered.
(c) It is commonly understood that necessary
expenses, including travel, communications and
maintenance, may be incurred by the arbitrator
and that such expenses are reimbursable. The
arbitrator should be prepared to render a state­
ment of his expenses if the parties desire it.
Hearing Arrangements, (a) The arbitrator should
consult the convenience of the parties in fixing the
time and place for the hearing but should not allow


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The Hearing, (a) The arbitrator should be prompt
in his attendance at the hearing and should so
conduct the proceedings as to reflect the impor­
tance and seriousness of the issue before him. The
orderly conduct of the proceeding is under his
jurisdiction and control, subject to such rules of
procedure as the parties may prescribe. He
should proceed promptly with the hearing and
determination of the dispute. He should counte­
nance no unnecessary delays in the examination
of witnesses or in the presentation of evidence.
Where the law requires it, witnesses must be sworn
unless the parties duly waive this requirement.
(b) The arbitrator may participate in the exam­
ination of parties or witnesses in order to clarify
the issues and bring to light all relevant facts
necessary to a fair and informed decision of the
issues submitted to him. However, he should
bear in mind that undue interference or emphasis
upon his own knowledge or view may tend to
prevent the proper presentation of the case by a
party. Examinations should be fair and courteous
and directed toward encouraging a full presenta­
tion of the case. The arbitrator should avoid
assuming a controversial attitude toward witnesses,
parties or other arbitrators. He should avoid
expressing a premature opinion.
(c) The informality of the hearings should not
be allowed to affect decorum and the orderly
presentation of proof. The arbitrator should seek
to prevent any argument or conduct at the hear­
ings which would tend to cause bitterness or
acrimony.
(d) Unless the parties approve, the arbitrator
should not, in the absence of or without notice to
one party, hold interviews with, or consider argu-

274

ETHICS AND PROCEDERE FOR ARBITRATORS

ments or communications from the other party.
If any such communications be received, their
contents should be disclosed to all parties and an
opportunity afforded to comment thereon.
(e) The arbitrator should allow a fair hearing,
with full opportunity to the parties to offer all
evidence which they deem reasonably material.
He may, however, exclude evidence which is
clearly immaterial. He may receive and consider
affidavits, giving them such weight as the circum­
stances warrant, but in so doing, he should afford
the other side an opportunity to cross-examine the
persons making the affidavits or to take their
depositions or otherwise interrogate them.
(f) The arbitrator is expected to exercise his
own best judgment. He is not required except by
specific agreement of the parties to follow prece­
dent. He should not, however, prevent the
parties from presenting the decisions of other
arbitrators in support of their positions. When
the parties have selected a continuing arbitrator,
it is generally recognized that he may establish or
follow precedents for the same parties.
The Award, (a) The arbitrator should render his
award promptly and must render his award within
the time prescribed, if any. The award should be
definite, certain and final, and should dispose of all
matters submitted. It should reserve no future
duties to the arbitrator except by agreement of the
parties.
(b) The award should be stated separately from
the opinion, if an opinion is rendered.
(c) It is discretionary with the arbitrator, upon
the request of all parties, to give the terms of their
voluntary settlement the status of an award.
(d) The award should be personally signed by
the arbitrator and delivered simultaneously to all
parties. The arbitrator should exercise extreme
care to see that the contractual or legal require­
ments for making and delivering the award are
met.
(e) It is discretionary with the arbitrator to
state reasons for his decision or to accompany the
award with an opinion. Opinions should not
contain gratuitous advice or comments not related
or necessary to the determination of the issues. If
either party requests the arbitrator to prepare an
opinion, such request should be followed.
(f) After the award has been rendered, the
arbitrator should not issue any clarification or


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M O N TH LY LABOR

interpretation thereof, or comments thereon, ex­
cept at the request of both parties, unless the
agreement provides therefor.
Privacy of Proceeding and Award. The arbitrator
should not publish or publicly comment on the
proceedings or the award against the wishes of the
parties.
III. Conduct and Behavior of Parties
General. Arbitration is predicated on the volun­
tary agreement of the parties to submit a dispute
to a disinterested third party for final determina­
tion. It implies not only the willingness to
arbitrate but the willingness to attend a hearing,
submit evidence, submit to cross-examination and
to abide by the decision of the arbitrator.
Scope. The power of the arbitrator depends upon
the agreement of the parties. Accordingly, the
contract or the submission agreement should define
his powers. In initiating an arbitration—whether
under a clause in a collective bargaining agreement
or under a submission agreement or a stipulation—
it is the duty of the parties to set forth the nature
of the controversy, the claim asserted and the
remedy sought. The initiating party has the duty
of setting forth its claim and the defending party
the right to outline its position.
Selection of Arbitrator. The parties should select
the arbitrator, in accordance with their agreement,
to determine the controversy existing between
them and his designation should be based on his
integrity, knowledge, and judgment. A party
should not seek to obtain the appointment of an
arbitrator in the belief that he will favor that
party and thereby give him an advantage over
his adversary.
In keeping with the desire for complete im­
partiality, parties should reject as arbitrators per­
sons who solicit cases.
The Tri-Partite Board. When parties select mem­
bers of tri-partite boards, it is recognized that
generally each will select a representative rather
than an impartial arbitrator, but in making such
appointment parties should select persons who
will join with the impartial arbitrator in a full
and fair discussion and consideration of the merits
of the question to be determined.

R E V IE W , M ARCH 1951

ETHICS AND PROCEDERE FOR ARBITRATORS

Essential Conduct. Parties should approach arbi­
tration in a spirit of cooperation with the arbitrator
and should seek to aid him in the performance of
his duties.
Having selected an arbitrator, the parties are
under a duty not to subject him to improper
pressures or influences which may tend to preju­
dice his judgment. They should neither give nor
offer favors of any kind to the arbitrator. As a
general rule they should not communicate with
him privately; and if it becomes necessary to com­
municate with him, it should be done in writing
and a copy thereof should be simultaneously
delivered to the other party.
Parties should respect the office of the arbitrator
and recognize his essential right to control the
conduct of the arbitration and should abide by
whatever rulings he may make.
When an arbitrator elects to withdraw from a
proceeding and gives the parties his reasons, they
should respect his right to do so in the interest of
good arbitration.
The Hearing. Parties should not unduly delay
the fixing of a date for the hearing nor the comple­
tion of the hearing. They should be prepared to
proceed expeditiously with their evidence and their
witnesses, have their exhibits ready and cooperate
with the arbitrator in furnishing whatever addi­
tional information he may deem necessary.
They should be prompt in attendance at the
hearing.
Parties should be fair and courteous in their
examination of witnesses and in their presentation
of facts. Concealment of necessary facts or the
use of exaggeration is not conducive to a good or
sound determination of the differences between the
parties. Acrimonious, bitter or ill-mannered con­
duct is harmful to the cause of good arbitration.
When hearings are concluded, parties should not
attempt to communicate any additional informa­
tion to the arbitrator. If new evidence becomes
available, written application for the re-opening
of the proceeding with the reasons therefore should
be made to the arbitrator and a copy transmitted
simultaneously to the other party.
When it has been agreed that briefs will be sub­
mitted, they should be filed promptly on the date
arranged and no new matter should be included in


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275»

the briefs. Briefs should be a summarization of
the evidence presented at the hearing, together
with the arguments of the parties and their com­
ments on the evidence.
Privacy of the Arbitration. The parties should
consider whether the subject matter of the arbitra­
tion is of such public interest as to warrant pub­
licity concerning the proceeding and publication
of the award and opinion, if any; and should advise
the arbitrator accordingly on the record or in
writing.
Arbitrators’ Executive Meetings. Meetings of the
arbitrators and discussions in executive sessions
by members of boards of arbitration are private
and confidential and parties should not seek to
obtain information concerning such meetings
either from the third arbitrator or from their
nominees. Parties should likewise refrain from
attempting to secure in advance from the arbi­
trator or their nominees information concerning
the award but should wait until the award is
received in the regular course by both parties.
The Award. Parties, having agreed to arbitra­
tion, should accept and abide by the award.
After an award has been rendered, neither
party should unilaterally request a clarification
or interpretation of the award from the arbitrator.
If one is necessary, it should be requested jointly
by both parties.
Settlements. If the parties reach a settlement o f
their dispute but desire nevertheless to have an
award made, they should give the arbitrator a full
explanation of the reasons therefor in order that
he may judge whether he desires to make or join
in such an award.
Compensation of the Arbitrator. Parties should
agree in advance of the hearing with the arbitrator
on his compensation or the basis upon which it
will be determined, but such arrangements should
be made only in the presence of both parties.
If the parties do not agree with one another as to
the compensation, they should discuss the matter
in the absence of the arbitrator in order that
there be no intimation or suggestion that one
party is willing to pay more compensation than

NLRB ANNUAL REPORT, 1950

276

the other and thereby raise the possibility of a
question thereafter as to partiality on the part of
the arbitrator.
Having agreed on the compensation for an
arbitrator’s services or to the reimbursement of
his necessary expenses, parties should remit
promptly and under no circumstances should such
payment be withheld because of displeasure over
the award.
i

Code of Ethics and Procedural Standards for Labor-Management Arbi­

tration.

New York, American Arbitration Association, 1951.

Annual Report of the NLRB,
Fiscal Year 19501
changes in the
National Labor Relations Board occurred during
its second full fiscal year of enforcing the amended
National Labor Relations (Taft-Hartley) Act.
On September 18, 1950, the General Counsel of
the Board, vested with authority and responsi­
bilities by the amended act, resigned after pro­
longed and serious differences with the 5-member
Board over interpretations and administration of
the basic law.2
Negotiations for the union shop were authorized
in 96 percent of elections held by the NLRB in
the fiscal years 1949 and 1950. In the latter year,
back wages of over a million dollars were paid
remedially by NLRB award, and reinstatement in
jobs were offered to more than 2,100 employees, in
illegal discrimination cases. Over 90 percent of
the unfair labor-practice cases handled during the
year were closed without formal action. However,
14 injunctions out of 28 requested against unions
were granted by the courts. Requests for unionshop authorization elections decreased sharply
during the year, although unfair labor-practice
and representation cases continued to increase in
number.

S ignificant administrative

Jurisdiction of the NLRB
A major problem of the Agency, since its estab­
lishment in 1935, has been the extent to which it
hould assert jurisdiction. In a series of unani­


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M O N TH LY LABO R

mous decisions, the Board, in October 1950, set
forth more precisely the standards it would apply
in assuming jurisdiction.3
The courts have held that the authority of the
NLRB over representation questions and unfair
labor practices “ affecting” interstate commerce
(except on railroads and airlines and in agriculture)
is as broad as the Federal power to regular labormanagement relations. The Board, however, has
chosen over the years not to exercise its jurisdic­
tion to the fullest extent, but has limited its choice
of cases to enterprises whose operations have, or
at which labor disputes would have, a “ pronounced
impact” on the flow of interstate commerce. It
has done so on a case-to-case basis.
Case Activities
A total of 21,632 cases were filed with the NLRB
during the fiscal year 1950. These included
5,809 charges of unfair labor practices against
employers or unions, 9,279 requests for repre­
sentation elections of all types, and 6,544 peti­
tions for union security (union-shop) authoriza­
tion polls.
This represented an increase of
roughly 10 percent each 4 in the number of unfair
labor charges and of requests for representation
elections over the previous year. However, a
long-expected decrease of nearly half in the num­
ber of requests for union-shop authorization
elections—from 12,190 in 1949 to 6,544 in 1950—
resulted in an over-all decline of 16 percent in the
total number of cases filed with the Agency.
The 20,640 cases closed during the fiscal year
1950 included 5,615 charges of unfair labor prac­
tices against either employers or unions, 8,761
representation cases, and 6,264 union-shop au­
thorization cases. The latter group represented
only a third of such cases closed in the previous
year. The NLRB has been able to maintain cur­
rent output in this respect because contested
issues have disappeared from most union-security
election cases. Only 991 such requests were
pending at the end of the 1950 fiscal year. Pend­
ing cases of all kinds totaled 6,714.
The Board issued decisions in 2,951 cases
during the fiscal year 1950— a decrease of 12 per­
cent from the 1949 total, but only of 3 percent for
representation and unfair labor-practice decisions
combined. The Board issued decisions in 2,483
representation and 417 unfair labor-practice cases.

R E V IE W , M ARCH 1951

NLRB ANNUAL REPORT, 1950

Of the latter, 315 involved charges against em­
ployers and 102 against unions. It directed
representation elections in 1,630 cases and dis­
missed petitions in 292 others.
The General Counsel’s staff closed more than
nine-tenths of the 5,615 unfair labor-practice
cases handled by the NLRB, without the necessity
of formal action. Of these, 1,324 were adjusted
and 2,637 were withdrawn; 1,137 were dismissed
by regional directors.
Formal complaints charging either an employer
or a labor organization with unfair labor practices
were issued in 708 cases by the General Counsel—
an increase of 15 percent over the preceding year.
Formal complaints against employers were issued
in 552 cases and against unions in 156 cases.
Charges against labor organizations constituted
23 percent of all unfair-practice charges filed with
the NLRB during 1950.

277

changes during the year— a substantial increase
in the number of employees in the voting units
and an increase in the proportion of employees
voting in favor of collective-bargaining representa­
tion. Although the number of total representa­
tion polls held in fiscal 1950 increased only 1.5
percent over 1949, the number of employees
eligible to vote rose 48 percent to 899,848. The
number of employees per election averaged 157
against 107 in 1949. Of 789,867 employees cast­
ing valid ballots in all 1950 representation elec­
tions, 83 percent voted in favor of union repre­
sentation; this was 10 percent above the 1949
figure.
Collective-bargaining representatives were cho­
sen in 4,223 (about 74 percent) of the 1950 repre­
sentation elections. The units selecting repre­
sentatives consisted of 759,038 employees— about
84 percent in all voting units. Union participa­
tion in elections was as follows:

Injunctions
The General Counsel petitioned various United
States district courts for 30 injunctions during
1950 to halt unfair labor practices (33 in 1949).
Of these, 28 were against labor organizations and
2 against employers. In 24 of the petitions
against the unions, the relief sought under the
mandatory provisions of the National Labor
Relations Act involved either alleged second­
ary boycott or secondary action to force recog­
nition of an uncertified union. Four injunctions
requested against unions, under the discretionary
provisions of the act, were for alleged illegal con­
duct. Of the injunctions requested against
unions, 14 were granted, 4 denied, 3 settled, 1 with­
drawn, and 6 were pending at the close of the fiscal
year.
Elections— Representation and Union-Shop
A total of 11,322 elections were conducted by
the NLRB among 1,972,765 employees eligible to
vote— 82.2 percent by agreement of the parties.
Of the total elections held, 5,731 were representa­
tion polls (including 112 to decertify current
collective-bargaining representatives); 5,591 were
union-shop authorization polls.
Representation elections, according to the
NLRB report, were marked by two principal


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Number of elections held_____
Number won___
_________
Percent of total won, 1950__
Percent of total won, 1949__

AFL
unions

C IO
unions

3, 312
2, 113
63. 8
61. 5

2, 122
1, 222
57. 6
55. 5

Independent
unions

1, 506
888
59
72

Elections to determine whether employees
wished to authorize their union to negotiate a
union-shop agreement requiring all workers to
join the union as a condition of continued em­
ployment totaled 5,591 in fiscal 1950, compared
with 15,074 in 1949. Negotiation for a union
shop was authorized by employees in 5,377 elec­
tions, or 96.2 percent of those held in 1950 (96.7
percent in 1949). A total of 1,072,917 employees
were eligible to vote, and units comprising 97
percent of these voted for a union shop. Of the
900,866 valid ballots cast, the choice of 89.4 percent
was for a union shop. Union participation in the
elections was as follows:
AFL
unions

Number of elections held__
Number won___________
Percent of total won,
1950___________________
Percent of total won,
1949___________________
Number eligible to vote___
Number of votes polled___

C IO
unions

Independent
unions

3, 384
3, 231

1, 223
1, 192

984
954

95. 5

97. 4

97

96. 5
312, 049
251, 606

97. 8
594, 932
434, 131

97
165, 936
119, 452

278

DEFENSE ECONOMY RECOMMENDATIONS

M O N TH LY LABOR

Unfair Labor Practices

Defense Economy Recommendations

A total of 2,272 employees received NLRB
remedial awards of back pay, aggregating $1,090,280. Reinstatement was also offered 2,111 workers.
Collective bargaining was ordered in 236 cases
involving charges against employers and in 15
cases involving unions. In 233 cases, employers
were ordered to withhold recognition or other
assistance from unions found to be illegally aided.
Disestablishment of employer-dominated organi­
zations was ordered in 20 cases.
Charges against employers were made in 4,472
(about 76.9 percent) of the 5,809 unfair-practice
cases filed in 1949-50, and against unions in the
remaining 1,337 cases.
The most common charge against employers, as
in earlier years (made in 3,213 or 71.8 5 percent
of such cases) was discrimination against em­
ployees because of their self-organization activi­
ties, union membership, or lack of membership.
Refusal to bargain with the representative chosen
by a majority of their employees was charged in
1,309 cases (29.3 percent). Employers were ac­
cused of interfering in the formation or operation
of a labor organization among their employees, or
of dominating such organization, in 570 cases (12.7
percent). Of total cases filed against employers,
unions filed 3,250, and individuals 1,222 cases.
Discrimination in employment also continued
to be the most common charge against unions.
They were accused of causing, or attempting to
cause, an employer to discriminate against em­
ployees because of union membership or lack of it
in 778 or 58.2 percent of cases against unions.
Restraint or coercion of employees by unions was
alleged in 691 cases (51.7 percent). Charges of
illegal secondary boycott was made against unions
in 238 cases (17.8 percent), and of refusal to bar­
gain in 170 cases (12.7 percent). Of 1,337 unfair
practice cases filed against unions, 595 were filed
b y employers, 127 by unions, 615 by individuals.

of President and CEA1

1 Fifteenth Annual Report of the National Labor Relations Board for the
Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1950, Washington, 1951. For summary of pre­
ceding report, see M onthly Labor Review, April 1950 (p. 402).
2 See M onthly Labor Review, February 1951, under Labor Law and A d ­
ministration (p. 134). Although the N L R B report makes no mention of
this situation, it refers to the amended Board Memorandum Describing the
Authority and Assigned Responsibilities of the General Counsel of the
National Labor Relations Board (effective October 10,1950), in Federal Regis­
ter, vol. 15, p. 6924 (published October 14, 1950).
* N L R B annual report, 1949-50 (pp. 5-6); see also M onthly Labor Review,
N ovem ber 1950 (p. 574) and December 1950 (p. 717).
4 9.3 and 10.7 percent, respectively.
8 Total percentages in this analysis exceed 100 percent.


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E conomic mobilization for national defense was

the theme underlying the Council of Economic
Advisors’ Fifth Annual Report to the President,
and the President’s State of the Union Message,
Economic Report, and Budget Message to Con­
gress— all issued at the turn of the year.
CEA’s Annual Report
Entitled “ The Economics of National Defense,”
and released December 28, 1950, the CEA’s annual
report declared the Nation’s economy essentially
sound, but urged immediate wage and price con­
trols, a broader tax program, and a more definite
determination of military needs during the national
emergency. It raised the question: What propor­
tion of our resources can we afford to convert to
national defense without doing the Nation more
harm than good?
The report stressed that now— even more than
in normal peacetime— the Nation must maintain
maximum total production and maximum employ­
ment, and must influence the flow of purchasing
power so that it will not generate inflation. It
described the first task of economic mobilization
as the definition and reconciliation of competing
requirements—military, stockpile, international,
industrial, and consumer— and the matching of
these needs against available supply.
“ The most fundamental approach to the satis­
faction of necessarily enormous requirements is by
accenting production,” the CEA said.
“ But
there are various compelling reasons why, in addi­
tion to promoting production, it is necesary to
restrain demand. The output of some items can­
not possibly be expanded rapidly enough to meet
the needs of the primary military build-up without
cut-backs elsewhere. Reliance upon the competi­
tive bidding up of prices, to determine the alloca­
tion of goods which are in short supply relative to
the total need, does not service competing needs
on the basis of the priorities of national interest.”
“ Such hectic price movements create grave
inequities which undermine public morale and
contribute to the inflationary spiral. In brief,
the traditional mechanisms of the free market,
which in peacetime are relied upon to balance

R E V IE W , M ARCH 1951

DEFENSE ECONOMY RECOMMENDATIONS

supply and demand and to respond to the relative
wants of a free people as determined by themselves,
must be supplemented in a period of economic
mobilization.”
The different kinds of controls—priorities and
allocations, price and wage controls, credit con­
trols, and taxation— differ in their operation and
effects, the CEA explained. When wisely used,
controls can generally supplement the price system
in achieving the purposes of the defense program
in three ways— promoting production by channel­
ing resources into the most desirable uses, pro­
moting economic stability by restraining excessive
demand, and promoting equity in the distribution
of goods and services. However, the CEA warned:
“ In the worthy desire to be vigorous, we should
look where we are going. And we should not too
rapidly sacrifice on the altar of automatic con­
formity the dynamic qualities which thus far have
made our industrial system almost as productive
as those of all the rest of the world.”
Price and wage controls can prevent big tax­
payers from shifting the burden to the consumer
and thus nullify the anti-inflationary effect of the
increased taxes, the CEA believes. It is “ clearly
true that, without adequate taxation, the other
efforts to control inflation rest upon quicksand,”
the report stated. “ Price controls, for example,
do not reduce existing demand or narrow the
‘inflationary gap.’ If that gap is too large, the
successful use of direct controls is undermined.
This cannot be reiterated too frequently, lest the
public be beguiled into seeking a painless but super­
ficial cure for inflation in the direct controls alone.”
At the beginning of 1950, the CEA advocated
the maintenance of the then current level of prices
and rising money incomes to develop “ stability
and growth” in the American economy. But the
international emergency has changed the economic
situation, they point out in their 1951 report.
“ The pattern of resource-use must be readjusted
drastically because new priorities of need have
entered into the picture,” they state. In the
interest of national security, they said this change
“ must take place much more swiftly than would
be possible through the free play of market forces
alone.”
The CEA set these standards to be applied in
the development of a wage policy: (1) the trend
of wages paid by employers should not force
prices to rise; and (2) the trend of wages avail­


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279

able for spending after taxation and other re­
straints should be kept in line with trends in the
availability of consumer goods. (They consider
the latter probably more important from the
view of combating inflation, and tighter than the
first.)
The CEA presented two methods by which
wages available for spending could be kept in
line with the availability of consumer goods:
(1) hold the general wage level paid by employers
to workers approximately where it is now until
that time in the future when consumer supplies
can be expanded again; and (2) maintain wageincrease formulas roughly similar to those desirable
in peacetime (including in some instances, pro­
ductivity and cost-of-living adjustments), but
curb current spending power by sufficiently higher
taxation or through deferred wage payments, or a
combination of both.
Price and wage controls should begin immedi­
ately, the CEA recommended, to forestall further
lifting of price and wage levels and the resulting
distortion of price and wage patterns. “ Both
price and wage policy should be integrated with
other policies in promoting the defense program,”
they said, “ and this will require some flexibility
in controls.”
State of the Union Message
The greater part of the State of the Union
Message to the 82d Congress, delivered January 8,
1951, by President Truman, was devoted to
Soviet aggression and its threat to world peace.
To help build up an international defense against
this danger, he said, the Government must give
priority to such activities as military procurement
and atomic energy and power development, and
must practice “ rigid economy” in its nondefense
activities.
He pointed out, however, that “ in a long-term
defense effort like this one, we cannot neglect the
measures needed to maintain a strong economy
and a healthy democratic society.”
“ We need to continue and complete the work
of rounding out our system of social insurance,”
President Truman declared. “ We still need to
improve our protection against unemployment and
old age. We still need to provide insurance
against loss of earnings through sickness, and
against the high costs of modern medical care.”

280

DEFENSE ECONOMY RECOMMENDATIONS

The President called on Congress to enact a
10-point legislative program, including such
measures as revision and extension of the authority
to expand production and to stabilize prices,
wages, and rents; improvement of labor laws “ to
help provide stable labor-management relations
and to make sure that we have steady production
in this emergency” ; housing and training of
defense workers, and the full use of all the Nation’s
manpower resources.
President’s Economic Report
The Economic Report of the President, accom­
panied by the CEA’s Annual Economic Review,
was transmitted to Congress January 12, 1951.
It contained further details on the general
approaches to the Nation’s economic problems,
which the CEA’s Annual Report had outlined.
It called for expanded industrial production
(with special emphasis on increased capacity for
steel and electric power) to raise total output by
25 percent in the next 5 years; increased taxation
in view of the expected $140 billion national
security expenditures during the next 1% years;
and price and wage controls.
Said the President in his Economic Report:
“ We face enormously greater economic problems
[now] than at any time since the end of World
War II. Although our economic strength is now
greater than ever before, very large new burdens
of long duration are now being imposed upon it.”
In terms of manpower, the report said, the
present defense program will need an increase of
nearly 1 million men and women in the armed
forces within a few months, and “ probably not
less than 4 million more in defense production by
the end of the year.” An additional 8 percent
of the Nation’s labor force “ and possibly much
more” will be needed to cover these requirements.
The need must be met by reducing unemploy­
ment, drawing in women and older workers, and
lengthening working hours in essential industries,
the report explained.
“ Workers must make sacrifices,” stated the
report. “ They must seek the jobs which need
doing, in the locations where these jobs must be
done, instead of the jobs which may be pleasant
in the locations which are most convenient.
They must accept restraints and controls upon
wages, designed to prevent the wage increases


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M O N TH LY LABO R

which would be attainable if more goods were being
produced for wage earners to buy. While the
right to bargain collectively will be preserved,
workers— along with management—must find
ways to settle disputes without stopping essential
production.”
The President once again advocated direct
control of prices and wages, in addition to tax
and credit-control measures, to stabilize the cost
of living and hold down inflation. Stating that
neither price action nor wage action can be
decided upon in isolation, and recognizing the
“ economic connection” between the two, his
report said it does not follow that prices and
wages “ can be treated identically. Prices are
only one factor in the incomes of business, which
may rise or fall independently of prices. But
wages are the very livelihood of millions of fam­
ilies. This makes wage stabilization the more
difficult part of the task. But it must be under­
taken if prices are to be stabilized.”
President’s Budget Message
The President’s Budget Message, issued Janu­
ary 15, 1951, recommended expenditures of $71.6
billion for the fiscal year 1952. Described as a
“ budget for our national security in a period of
grave danger,” it called for expenditures 78 per­
cent higher than those in the year ended
June 30, 1950.
Price and wage controls, President Truman
stated, appear “ inescapable,” and extended rentcontrol measures are needed as well. He noted
the shortages of skilled workers such as machin­
ists, tool and die makers, and draftsmen, already
occurring as defense production begins to rise,
and urged full utilization of manpower. He said:
“ We must increase our efforts to avoid losses
of production caused by accidents, disputes, or
poor working conditions. Production will be
scheduled, materials allocated, and new plants
located with careful consideration of labor supply.
Where migration cannot be avoided, the Federal
Government will assist localities to the extent
necessary in getting adequate housing and other
community facilities and services.”
Initiative and cooperation by management and
labor are needed to solve the Nation’s manpower
problems, the President said. Agreements on
seniority and welfare provisions to facilitate trans-

R E V IE W , M ARCH 1951

DEFENSE MOBILIZATION ACTION

fers of workers to essential activities will be
required. He noted that labor-management com­
mittees are being set up in major labor-market
areas to aid all possible “ voluntary adjustments."
State employment services will have greater
responsibilities for recruitment, transfer, and
placement of workers for defense industry, and
for the basic civilian economy, the President
asserted. To minimize “ labor pirating and unnec­
essary migration," he urged employers to hire
through their local employment services.
Conceding that Congress enacted “ important
improvements in our social security program"
last year, the President said that the Nation’s
social insurance program “ still does not measure
up to the full needs or aspirations of the American
people; nor has it by any means achieved the
scope of protection that our economy can afford
and should give." He called for added coverage
for self-employed farmers, members of the armed
forces, and still uncovered domestic, agricultural,
and public employees; pension and insurance plans
“ for special groups" to supplement social security
benefits; and prepaid protection against the costs
of medical care and the loss of family income in
cases of disability.
“ We are,” he said, “ building the military and
economic strength which alone has meaning to the
men who control world communism. This is the
only realistic road to a world peace based on
justice and individual freedom.
“ For the third time in this century we as Amer­
icans must subordinate our peacetime goals to
what is required for the survival of the Nation.
Our national objectives in the coming months
demand unity of purpose among us and a spirit
of dedication on the part of everyone. Our young
men will devote years to military service. All of
us will work longer and harder than we have
worked before. We will pay much heavier taxes.
We must defer, in many cases, new governmental
programs to enrich our national life and contribute
to our individual and family welfare. But in
return we will get something precious— strength
to meet and overcome the barbaric threat of com­
munism in whatever manner it confronts us.”
i Sources: “ The Economics of National Defense,” Fifth Annual Report
to the President by the Council of Economic Advisers, Washington, Decem­
ber 1950; Message of the President to Congress on the State of the Union,
W hite House press release, January 8, 1951; The Economic Report of the
President to Congress, Washington, January 1951; and the President’s
Budget Message for 1952 and Selected Budget Statements, Washington,
January 1951.


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281

Defense Mobilization Action,
December 1950-January 1951
B etween December 1950 and January 1951, the

President adopted a number of measures to gear
the national economy to emergency conditions.1
Broadly, these consisted of the Declaration of a
National Emergency, a series of Executive orders
establishing administrative machinery as author­
ized by the Defense Production Act of 1950, and a
National Manpower Mobilization Policy.
Organization for Defense
A state of national emergency was proclaimed
by the President on December 16, 1950, and on
the same date, by Executive Order No. 10193, he
established the Office of Defense Mobilization in
the Executive Office and appointed Charles E.
Wilson, former president of General Electric Co.,
as its director. It was announced that the
Director of Defense Mobilization is to have broad
powers to direct, control, and coordinate all
mobilization activities, including production, pro­
curement, manpower, stabilization, and trans­
portation.
The functions delegated or assigned by Execu­
tive Order No. 10161 of September 9, 1950
(described in the Monthly Labor Review for
October 1950, p. 453), were made subject to the
control and direction of the new Director of
Defense Mobilization. These include the func­
tions of the Economic Stabilization Agency with
its Director of Price Stabilization and Wage
Stabilization Board.
The President, by Executive Order No. 10200
(January 3, 1951), established the Defense Pro­
duction Administration. William H. Harrison,
former Director of National Production Author­
ity, was appointed the Defense Production
Administrator with authority for central pro­
gramming of defense production needs. The
Defense Production Administration has a control
over industrial production which is analogous to
that of the ESA over the fields of price and wage
stabilization.
The Administrator is directly responsible to the
Director of Defense Mobilization. The order
delegated the functions of priorities and alio-

282

FEDERAL WAGE-PRICE REGULATIONS

M O N TH LY LABOR

cations, requisitioning, voluntary agreements, and
industrial uses of food to the Administrator; it
directed him to provide for the performance of
these functions by redelegation or otherwise,
pending any further order by the President or the
Director of Defense Mobilization. Thus, in effect,
actual performance of functions, as outlined in
Executive Order No. 10161, remains with the
agencies and offices designated in the order, sub­
ject, however, to the direction of the Defense
Production Administrator.
In the field of manpower, the Defense Produc­
tion Administrator is directed to keep the Secre­
tary of Labor informed as to labor supply require­
ments necessary for future defense production
programs. This information is to be used by the
Secretary in connection with the manpower func­
tions assigned to him by Executive Order No.
10161.
By the same order, the President established
the Defense Mobilization Board in the Office of
Defense Mobilization. The Board is to consist of
a number of cabinet members, including the
Secretary of Labor, and certain heads of agencies.
It will be advisory to the Director of Defense
Mobilization.
Eric A. Johnston, president of the Motion
Picture Association of America, Inc., was ap­
pointed by the President as Economic Stabiliza­
tion Administrator on January 19, replacing
Alan Valentine.

workers, and minority groups. Governmental
controls will be utilized when deemed necessary
and will apply to employer, employee, or both,
and will include: “ (1) restricting indiscriminate
labor turn-over through control of separations; (2)
giving effect to manpower allocations by placing
employment ceilings on employers with respect to
the total number of workers, the number of men,
or the number in particular skills; (3) controlling
of employer hiring; and (4) enforcing adherence to
utilization standards, including full use of women,
handicapped workers, and minority groups.”
All manpower programs will be aimed at
securing the most efficient use of the Nation’s
human resources. Attention will be given to
needs and problems of specific geographical areas,
and whenever feasible from an economic and
security standpoint, production facilities and
contracts will be located at the sources of labor
supply, the President stated.
The policy further provides that foreign workers
may be brought into the United States, or their
services utilized in their own country. However,
full use of domestic manpower resources will be
made before this is undertaken.

Manpower Mobilization Policy

Federal Wage-Price Regulations:

On January 17, the President issued a state­
ment setting forth the National Manpower
Mobilization Policy based on the recommendation
of the National Security Council, the Secretary
of the Treasury, the Secretary of Labor, and the
Director of the Office of Defense Mobilization.
This statement stressed the importance of volun­
tary measures but indicated that Government
controls would be used “ when and to the extent
needed to assure successful execution of the
mobilization program.” Recruitment, placement,
distribution, training, and utilization of the
civilian labor force will be based primarily on
voluntary measures, he stated, and will include
the provision of assistance to employers in pro­
moting maximum utilization of the labor force,
including women, physically handicapped, older


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1 Sources: Federal Register, vol. 15, No. 245, December 19, 1950 (pp. 9029,
9031); vol. 16, N o. 2, January 4, 1951 (p. 61); New York Times, December 14,
1950, January 4, 1951, and January 20, 1951; and W hite House Release,
January 17, 1951.

Initial Orders 1
wage-price control orders,
which covered the automobile industry, and
general over-all wage and price stabilization orders
were issued by the Economic Stabilization Agency
during the period December 1950-January 1951.
Shortly thereafter, the Wage Stabilization Board
of the ESA, in a series of five regulations, amended
the over-all wage freeze to allow for some adjust­
ments.
On the same day as the order was promulgated,
proclaiming a national emergency (December 16,
1950), the ESA issued its first mandatory order,
Ceiling Price Regulation No. 1, freezing prices of
new passenger automobiles as of December 1,
1950, until March 1 , 1951. This order was
the first mandatory

R E V IE W , M ARCH 1951

UNION SCALES: LOCAL TRANSIT EMPLOYEES

initiated after a series of unsuccessful requests for
a voluntary price roll-back.
Wage Stabilization Regulation No. 1, ordering
wages in the automobile manufacturing industry
stabilized until March 1, 1951, soon followed (on
December 22). In issuing this wage order, ESA
said it had acted in conformance with the Defense
Production Act of 1950, which requires that when­
ever price ceilings are imposed on a particular
material or service, wages shall also be stabilized.
Blanket orders stabilizing both wages and prices,
as of midnight January 25, were issued by the
ESA on January 26. These orders— General
Wage Stabilization Regulation 1 and the General
Ceiling Price Regulation— stabilized wages at
January 25 levels and prices at the highest levels
reached in the base period, December 19, 1950January 25, 1951.
Four amendatory regulations were issued by the
WSB on February 1. General Regulation 1
requires prior Board approval or authorization for
supplemental wage benefits— such as vacation and
holiday benefits, night shifts and other bonuses,
incentive payments, year-end bonuses, employer
contributions to or payments of insurance or wel­
fare benefits, employer contributions to a pension
fund or annuity, payments in kind, and premium
overtime practices and rates. By General Regula­
tion 2, the Board approved all wage increases
granted through January 25 and which are to take
effect and be applicable to work performed within
15 days thereafter. General Regulation 3 makes
Board approval unnecessary for wage increases
granted in order to comply with the Fair Labor
Standards Act and other statutes and orders
establishing minimum rates of compensation. In­
creases in the compensation of State, county,
municipal, and other non-Federal government
employees without Board approval are permitted
by General Regulation 4.
On February 5, the WSB, in General Regulation
5, ruled that certain merit and length-of-service
increases, promotions and transfers, rates for new
and changed jobs, rates for new employees, and
variations in individual earnings through incentive
rates or plans, overtime, etc., may be allowed,
without Board approval, if such a plan was in
effect on January 25, 1951.
1 Sources: Federal Register, vol. 15, N o. 245, Dec. 19,1950 (p. 9061); vol. 15,
N o. 250, Dec. 27, 1950 (p. 9326); vol. 16, N o. 20, Jan. 30,1951 (pp. 808, 816); vol.
16, N o. 24, Feb. 3,1951 (p. 1014); and vol. 16, N o. 28, Feb. 9, 1951 (p. 1236).


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283

Local-Transit Operating Employees:
Union Scales, October 1, 1950
Pay scales of union conductors, motormen, and
bus operators increased 4.8 percent during the
year ending October 1, 1950, according to the
Bureau of Labor Statistics annual survey of union
scales of local-transit operating employees.1 Union
hourly scales of operators of local-transit equip­
ment averaged $1.50, on October 1, 1950— an ad­
vance of 7 cents an hour over the previous
October.2 Ninety percent of the workers included
in the study received upward scale adjustments as
the result of contract negotiations effective be­
tween October 1, 1949, and October 1, 1950.
Standard workweek schedules averaging 43.9
hours were reported for about five-sixths of the
operating employees surveyed. Of those having a
standard workweek, schedules of 40 hours were in
effect for three-eighths, and of 48 hours for threetenths of the workers.

Trends in Union Wage Scales
The Bureau’s index of union hourly wage scales
for local-transit operating employees on October 1,
1950, was 93.8 percent above the June 1, 1939,
level. Over three-fourths of the total increase
occurred during the last 5 years. The 4.8 percent
rise in union scales in the year ending October 1,
1950, was slightly higher than the increase
registered in the preceding 12 months, but
substantially below the gains achieved in the 3
years following the close of World War II, when
advances of 17, 13, and 10 percent were recorded
(table 1).
T able

1.— Indexes of hourly wage rates of local-transit

operating employees, 1929-50 1
(June 1, 1939=100)
Date
1929:
1930:
1931:
1932:
1933:
1934:
1935:
1936:
1937:
1938:
1939:

M ay
M ay
M ay
M ay
M ay
M ay
M ay
M ay
M ay
June
June

15________________
15. _____________
15. _____________
15________________
15________________
15________________
1 5 .. ____________
15_____ __________
15.............................
1_____ . . . . . .
1_____________ . .

Index
91.6
92.5
92.5
90.6
(2)
88.0
91.4
92.1
96.4
99.2
100.0

Date

1942: July 1________
1943: July 1___________

1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:

Oct.
Oct.
Oct.
Oct.

1_________
1_____
1_____________
1_____________

Index
101.1
104.8
112.5
119.8
120.8
122.1
143.1
161.5
177 7
185.0
193.8

1 Year-to-year changes in union scales are based on comparable quotations
for each classification weighted by the respective membership for the current
year.
2 Information not available.

UNION SCALES: LOCAL TRANSIT EMPLOYEES

284

M O N TH L Y LAB O R

7 cents; a similar proportion had upward adjust­
ments of 10 to 13 cents.
By type of conveyance the advance in hourly
scales averaged 6 cents for 1-man car and bus,
8 cents for 2-man car, and 10 cents for elevated
and subway operators.
Wage scales for 7 of every 8 operators of 1-man
cars and busses were advanced during the year
ending October 1, 1950. Adjustments of 4 to 7
cents an hour were the most common. Almost
98 percent of the motormen and conductors of
2-man cars received increases effective within the
year. For nearly half of the workers on 2-man
cars, the gain was from 11 to 13 cents an hour.
Upward wage adjustments of 10 to 12 cents an
hour were received by nine-tenths of the elevated
and subway workers studied, reflecting the
increases granted to employees of the Chicago and
New York City elevated and subway systems.

Indexes o f H o u rly W a g e Rates o f L o c a l Transit
O p e ra tin g E m p lo yees

INDEX

Wage Scale Variations

Nine of every 10 unionized local-transit oper­
ating employees received an upward adjustment
in their pay scales between October 1, 1949, and
October 1, 1950. The increases averaged 6.8
cents an hour, and ranged from less than 2 cents
to more than 15 cents. For almost two-fifths of
those receiving raises, the increase was from 4 to

In general, pay scales of union local-transit
operating employees are graduated on the basis of
length of experience. Usually, an entrance or
starting rate, one or more intermediate rates, and
a maximum or top rate3 are provided. While
the time interval between entrance on the job and
the first rate change varies from city to city, wage
rates are most frequently increased after either 3
or 6 months on the job, the maximum or top rate
being reached after 1 year. On October 1, 1950,
agreements in a few cities including Providence,
San Antonio, and San Francisco, provided for
only one scale, regardless of length of service.
Entrance rates for 1-man car and bus operators
varied from a low of $1 in Savannah to a high of
$1.70 in Chicago. Seattle, with a rate of $1.62,

T able 2.— Average union hourly wage rates of local-transit operating employees, by regionf October 1, 1950

Occupation

United
States

New
England

Middle
Atlantic

Border
States

$1.50

$1.55

$1.50

$1.50

$1.33

1.50
1.50
1.51

1. 55

1.52
1.37
1.49

1.48
1.50

1.33
1.36

1.50

» The regions referred to in this study include: N ew England—
Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island,
and Vermont; M iddle A tlantic— N e w Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; Border States— Delaware, District of Columbia, Kentucky, M aryland, Virginia, and W est Virginia; Southeast— Alabama, Florida, Georgia,
Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee; Great Lakes—


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South­
east

Middle
W est

South­
west

M oun­
tain

$1.57

$1.38

$1.31

$1.36

$1.54

1.58
1.55
1.57

1.38

1.31
1.36

1.36

1.54
1.50

Great
Lakes

Pacific

Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin; M iddle
W est— Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South
Dakota; Southwest— Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma and Texas; M o u n fain— Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Utah, and W y o ming; Pacific— California, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington.

R E V IE W , M ARCH 1951

UNION SCALES: LOCAL TRANSIT EMPLOYEES

had the second highest entrance rate for this
classification. The lowest starting rate reported
for 2-man surface-car operators ($1.27) was in
Philadelphia and the highest ($1.55) in Chicago.
The maximum or top scale for busses and 1-man
surface cars ranged from $1.10 in Savannah to
$1.75 in Chicago. For 2-man surface cars, the
range of maximum scales was from $1,355 in
Birmingham to $1.65 in Chicago.
Average hourly scales of local-transit operating
employees showed practically no variation by
type of conveyance operated. Hourly scales
averaged $1.50 for 1-man car and bus operators
and for motormen and conductors of 2-man cars,
and 1 cent higher for elevated and subway oper­
ators.
Union wage scales for over three-fifths of all
workers studied varied between $1.45 and $1.65
an hour. Fewer than 1 of every 20 had scales
below $1.30. Over two-fifths of the rates for 1man car and bus operators were concentrated
between $1.50 and $1.60 an hour. Although
three-eighths of the motormen and conductors on
2-man cars had hourly scales ranging from $1.60
to $1.65, a fifth varied from $1.45 to $1.50 an hour
and the same proportion ranged from $1.35 to
$1.40. Nearly a fourth of the subway and elevat­
ed operators received at least $1.70 an hour on
October 1, 1950, and a slightly larger proportion
had negotiated scales of $1.30 to $1.40 an hour.
City and Regional Rate Differentials
Average union wage scales showed wide varia­
tions among the 76 cities studied— from $1.10 an
hour in Savannah to $1.67 in Seattle. In 23 cities
the wage level averaged $1.50 or more an hour;
and in 28 cities from $1.25 to $1.40. Twelve
cities reported no increases in scales during the
year ending October 1, 1950. In the other
cities, the hourly wage adjustments ranged up
to 14 cents in Houston, South Bend, and the Rock
Island (111.), district.
The hourly advance amounted to 5 cents in 21
cities and to 10 cents in 5 cities.
Wage scales of local transit workers tend to
vary directly with city size. While there was

930470— 51------ 3


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285

comparatively little variation in the averages for
the 3 largest-size city groups, a 13-cent differen­
tial existed between the average for the 250,000
to 500,000 population group and the next smallersized city group, as shown below:
Cities with population of—

Average hourly
rate

1,000,000 and over________________________
500.000 to 1,000,000______________________
250.000 to 500,000________________________
100.000 to 250,000________________________
40.000 to 100,000_________________________

$ 1 ,5 3 5
1. 524
1. 487
1. 354
1. 273

The level of rates for individual cities within
population groups did not necessarily vary accord­
ing to city size. By illustration, in the fourth size
population group, rate levels for South Bend, Ind.,
Springfield and Worcester, Mass., and New
Haven, Conn., exceeded the average for cities
having a million or more population. Pittsburgh
and Cincinnati ranked third and fourth, respec­
tively, in city scale levels, while such large metro­
politan centers as New York was in twenty-first
and Philadelphia in thirty-third place, among the
cities surveyed.
Considered on a regional basis, average union
wage scales for all local-transit operating em­
ployees varied from $1.57 in the Great Lakes
region to $1.31 in the Southwest region (table 2).
The Southeast, Middle West, and Mountain re­
gions also averaged below the $1.50 national level.
Regional averages for 1-man car and bus operators,
who comprised three-fourths of all workers studied,
followed a somewhat similar pattern. A m o n g the
6 regions in which 2-man car operators were re­
ported, scales averaged highest in the Great Lakes
region and lowest in the Southeast and Southwest
regions.
Standard Workweek
Over four-fifths of all local-transit operating
employees were reported as having a standard
workweek on October 1, 1950. However, for a
third of the cities studied, no straight-time weekly
hours were reported. For those cities where reg­
ular schedules were in effect, the most usual
workweek for 1- and 2-man car and bus operators
was 40 hours.

286

SALARIES: CITY PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS

As a result of a longer workweek for operators
in Boston, Dallas, and Detroit, average hours in­
creased approximately 1 percent during the year,
and on October 1, 1950, averaged 43.9 hours.
— James P. C orkery

T able 1— Indexes of average salaries paid elementary and
secondary public school teachers in cities of 50,000 or more, 1

1925-49.
[1939=100]

personal visits of Bureau field representatives.
Mimeographed listings of union scales are available for any of the 76 cities
included in the survey. A forthcoming Bureau bulletin will contain de­
tailed information on the industry.
Union scales are defined as the minimum wage rates and maximum sched­
ules of hours agreed upon through collective bargaining between employers
and unions. Rates in excess of the negotiated minimum which may be paid
for special qualifications or other reasons are not included.
2 Average rates, designed to show current levels, are based on all rates,
regardless of workers’ length of experience, reported for the current year in
the cities covered; individual rates are weighted by the number of union
members reported as working at each rate. These averages are not measures
for yearly comparisons because of annual changes in membership and in
classifications studied.
2 This so-called maximum or top rate is really a minimum scale after a
specified period of employment with the company. It is not a maximum
rate in the sense that the company m ay not pay more.

City Public School Teachers :
Salary Trends, 1925-49
F rom 1 9 2 5 to 1 9 4 9 , average salaries of public
school teachers in the Nation’s large communities
rose approximately 84 percent.1 This was slightly
higher than the increase reported for another large
group of municipal workers—policemen and fire­
men—in cities of 100,000 or more.2 However, it
was very much less than the 125-percent increase
in weekly earnings of production workers in
manufacturing.
During this period, numerous changes occurred
in the educational structure. For example, junior
high schools spread rapidly during the 1920’s, and
the number of pupils enrolled in public high
schools nearly doubled between 1925 and 1940.
Certification requirements for teachers were raised
in almost all States. In addition, the Nation was
faced with serious teacher shortages during the
war and postwar years. All these factors, as well


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Elementary and secondary
teachers in cities of—

All cities of 50,000
or more

Division of Wage Statistics
1 This study was based on union scales in effect on October 1, 1950, and
covers slightly over 100,000 local city transit operating employees in 76 cities
ranging in population from 40,000 to over 1,000,000. Trackmen and mainte­
nance workers were not included in the study. Municipally owned intra­
city transit systems were included, if unions acted as bargaining agents for
the employees. Of the total membership surveyed, 75 percent operated
1-man cars and busses; 15 percent, 2-man cars; and 10 percent were on ele­
vated and subway lines. Data were obtained primarily from local union
officials by mail questionnaire. In a few cities information was obtained by

M O N TH LY LABO R

250.000 100,000
but
but
less
less
than
than
500.000 250,000

50.000
but
less
than
100.000

Total

Ele­
men­
tary
teach­
ers 2

Secon­
dary
teach­
ers 3

500,000
or
more

1925____________
1927____________
1929____________
1931____________
1933____________
1935____________
1937____________

88
91
95
99
93
88
94

86
89
93
97
92
88
94

90
93
97
100
93
89
95

87
88
92
97
94
89
95

90
95
100
103
90
85
93

90
94
99
101
92
88
94

86
90
94
97
92
87
94

1939____________
1941____________
1943____________
1945____________
1947____________
1949____________

100
102
107
116
132
162

100
103
108
116
131
163

100
101
107
115
133
160

100
101
105
109
126
148

100
102
111
121
135
173

100
102
109
123
138
176

100
103
109
121
138
176

Year

1 Based on 1940 Census classifications.
2 Includes kindergarten and regular and atypical elementary school teachers.
3 Includes junior and senior high school teachers.

as general economic conditions, presumably in­
fluenced the level of teachers’ salaries.
Within this quarter century were four more or
less distinct periods of salary change for teachers.
Modest increases marked the period from 1925 to
1931. Depression-induced reductions in local
budgets from 1931 to 1935 were reflected in salary
cuts—by 1935, in fact, salaries in large cities were
back to 1925 levels. The third period, 1935-39,
was characterized by restoration of previous re­
ductions; in 1939, salaries were slightly higher
than in 1931, as is shown by indexes 3 in table 1.
Since 1939, the trend has been steadily upward.
Increases were generally small in the early war
years, but beginning with 1943 the rise was more
rapid. The increase from 1939 to 1949 totaled
62 percent; after 1945 it was 40 percent (table 2).
T able 2.— Percent increases in average salaries of public

school teachers in cities of 50,000 or more, selected periods,
1925-49.
Size group
Period

1925
1925
1939
1939
1945

to
to
to
to
to

1939____________
1949____________
1949____________
1945____________
1949____________

All
size
groups

14
84
62
16
40

500,000
and

15
70
48
9
36

250,000
but
under
500,000
11
92
73
21
43

100,000
but
under
250,000
11
96
76
23
43

50,000
but
under
100,000
16
105
76
21
45

R E V IE W , M ARCH 1951

Elementary and Secondary Teachers
Salary movements of elementary and secondary
school teachers have closely paralleled one another
in the last 10 years— the increases since 1939 were
63 and 60 percent, respectively. Aside from the
general economic influences operating to raise
salaries of all teachers, this parallelism can be
attributed partly to the increasing importance of
the single salary schedule. By 1949, this type
of schedule, which bases the teacher’s pay on
amount of training without regard to position, had
been adopted by more than 90 percent of the
school systems in cities of over 50,000. The
schedules, formerly predominant, fixed salaries
according to the teaching position held. Between
1925 and 1939, when the position schedule was
prominent, salaries for elementary teachers rose
16 percent and for secondary teachers 11 percent.
Over the entire period, 1925-49, the average salary
of elementary school teachers increased 90 percent
as compared with 78 percent for secondary
school teachers.
City and Regional Variations
Over the quarter century, teachers’ salaries
rose proportionately less in cities of 500,000 or
more than in the smaller cities. The rise in the
largest cities averaged 70 percent, compared with
92 to 105 percent increases in the three groups of
smaller cities. Most of the divergence in salary
trends occurred between 1939 and 1949; it was
particularly marked between 1939 and 1945.
During the 10-year period, the average rise in each
of the three groups of smaller cities varied within
the narrow range of 73 to 76 percent, while salaries
in the larger cities rose by only 48 percent.
Salary changes were comparatively small in all four
groups between 1925 and 1939, the average
increases varying from 11 to 16 percent.
When changes were measured in dollar rather
than in percentage terms, there was less spread
between the largest cities and the other cities stud­
ied, but even in dollar terms the differential in
salaries between large and small cities narrowed
between 1939 and 1949. The large-city teachers
started out with higher pay; a given dollar change
therefore yielded a smaller percentage increase for
them than for teachers in smaller cities. However,
the smaller cities actually raised salaries more in


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287

SALARIES: CITY PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS

dollar terms. Teachers in the biggest cities re­
ceived an average 4 increase of $1,100 to $1,200
during this decade. In the smaller cities, average
increases varied from $1,300-$1,400 for the 50,000100.000 group, to $1,500-$ 1,600 for the other two
groups. This shift in dollar relationships took
place almost entirely during the war years. After
1945, the average increases were almost uniform,
$1,000-$1,100, in all size groups except the 250,000500.000 group in which increases were $1,100$ 1, 200 .
T able 3.— Percent distribution of -public school teachers in

cities of 50,000 or more, by size of increase in averagesalaries, 1939-4.9
Percent of teachers employed in school systems
with specified salary increases in—
Increases in average
salary
Total

Cities of
500,000
and over

Cities of Cities of Cities of
250,000
50,000
100,000
to 500,000 to 250,000 to 100,000

Dollars per year
Under 500____ _ ________
600 and under 700 ______
700 and under 800_______
1,000 and
1,100 and
1,200 and
1,300 and
1,400 and
1,500 and
1,600 and
1,700 and
1,800 and
1,900 and

under
under
under
under
under
under
under
under
under
under

l
2
3
5
31
6
5
4
14
6
6
10
5
1
1

1,100___
1,200___
1,300___
1,400___
1,500___
1,600___
1,700___
1,800.
1,900___
2,000___

2,300 and under 2,400___
2,400 and under 2,500___
2,500 and under 2,600___
Total______________

2

0)
5
5
3
4
58
4
3
8
12
8

8
4
9
5
30
19
11
4

2
2
4
10
3
7
12
6
26
9
5
8
2
2

0)

2
5
9
12
14
10
12
7
4
11
3
4
3
2
1
i

(')
100

100

100

100

100

Percent
20 and under 25. _______
25 and under 30_________
30 and under 35. _______
40 and under 45
45 and under 50

_______
.. _ _

60 and under 65 ________
65 and under 70
__ .
80 and under 85_________

120 and under 125
125 and under 130

(9

2

18
2
5
15
4
3
6
4
3
11
7
3
4
3
3
4
1
2

____
____

38
3
3
25
3
3

9
4
6
9
13
8

20
5

6
3
13
8
9
9
3

1
1

2
3
6
9
6
4
7
2
3
15
10
6
7
2
5
2
5
4

2
5
8
2
8
9
9
7
4
6
4
2
4
9
4
2
2
4

140 and under 145_______

(>)

3
1

(>)
Total.........................
iLess than 0.5 percent.

100

100

100

100

100

EARNINGS: PAPER AND ALLIED PRODUCTS

288

M O N TH L Y LAB O R

The averages for groups of cities do not ade­
quately portray the wide variations among indi­
vidual communities. Salary increases between
1939 and 1949 varied among individual cities from
20 to 160 percent (table 3). In dollar terms, the
range was from $500 to $2,600.
Salary indexes point to sharp differences in the
rate of change among the 9 geographic regions
into which the cities were classified (table 4).
From 1925 to 1949, salaries in 4 regions—Border,
Southeast, Southwest, and Pacific— rose from 111

to 114 percent; at the same time, the increase in
the Middle Atlantic States was 65 percent. The
rise in the other regions varied between 80 and
88 percent.
The most marked regional differences occurred
from 1939 to 1949. As table 4 indicates, the
Middle Atlantic States had the smallest rise—
39 percent; salaries in the Southeast more than
doubled, and in the Southwest almost doubled.5

T able 4.— Indexes of average salaries for public school

Division of Wage Statistics

— F rederick W . M ueller
and E dyth M. B unn

teachers in cities of 50,000 or more population, and per­
centage increases, by region/ 1925-^9

Year

New M id ­
Border South­ Great
Eng­ dle A t­ States east
Lakes
land lantic

M id ­
dle
W est

South­ M oun­ Pa­
tain
west
cific

Indexes (1939 =100)
1925_____
1927_____
1929_____
1931_____
1933_____
1935_____
1937_____

89
91
94
96
93
88
97

84
85
90
95
95
89
94

85
92
97
99
94
90
95

94
101
105
110
92
87
89

96
98
102
104
91
86
94

93
97
102
104
97
90
96

94
100
104
105
87
89
94

86
91
96
96
88
85
91

82
89
91
97
91
88
95

1939_____
1941_____
1943_____
1945_____
1947_____
1949_____

100
102
108
115
126
160

100
101
104
107
123
139

100
103
109
123
139
179

100
103
113
137
159
201

100
101
110
124
138
177

100
101
109
118
138
175

100
102
109
126
149
198

100
102
108
115
137
158

100
103
109
118
137
173

84
58

111
73

Percentage increases, selected periods
1925-49-.
1939-49._

80
60

65
39

111
79

114
101

84
77

88
75

111
98

1 The 9 regions are composed as follows: N ew England— Connecticut, Maine,
Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont; M iddle Atlantic—
N ew Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania; Border— Delaware, District of Co­
lumbia, Kentucky, Maryland, Virginia, W est Virginia; Southeast— Alabama,
Plorida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee;
Great Lakes— Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, Wisconsin;
M id d le W est— Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, South
Dakota; Southwest— Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas; M ou n tain —
Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Utah, W yom ing; and
P acific— California, Nevada, Oregon, Washington.

Paper and Allied Products:
Hourly Earnings, May 1950
P lant workers in selected branches of the paper

and allied products industry earned an average of
$1.24 an hour in May 1950.1 Median hourly
rates for the branches covered by the survey were:
pulp and paper, $1.27; paperboard, $1.27; building


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1 This summary of salary trends is limited to cities of 50,000 or more popu­
lation, which together employ about 200,000 of the country’s nearly 900,000
elementary and secondary public school teachers. The number of teachers
by city-size group in 1949 were approximately as follows:
500.000 or more_ . ---------- ---------------- ----------------------------- -------------------------- 87,000
250.000 and under 500,000 - -------------------------------------------------------------------- 35,000
100.000 and under 250,000---------------------------------------------------------------------- 44,000
50.000 and under 100,000---- --------- --------------------------------------------------------- 42,000
T o ta l-..................- ................................. ................................... - ............... - 208,000
Data for smaller urban communities were excluded, in order to reduce the
tabulation workload to manageable proportions. Comparable information
was not available for rural schools. The indexes are limited to classroom
teachers, excluding supervisors and principals. The salary data used were
those collected biennially b y the National Education Association through
questionnaires completed by school superintendents at the beginning of the
school year.
2 The increase for teachers in cities of 100,000 or more is 82 percent compared
with 76 percent for policemen and firemen; see M onthly Labor Review,
June 1950, for trend of earnings of policemen and firemen.
» The methods used in constructing these indexes are described in a forth­
coming multilithed bulletin, Wage Movements, Series 3, N o. 5, available
on request.
The data used in the construction of the indexes are published b y the
National Education Association in separate bulletins entitled, “ Special
Salary Tabulations.” These tabulations m ay be purchased from the Asso­
ciation’s office located at 1201 Sixteenth Street N W ., Washington, D . C.
4 Median.
s It should be noted that the regional pattern is related to the variation in
salary trends among the largest and the other cities studied, since proportion­
ately more of the teachers in certain regions (for example, the M iddle Atlantic
States) are employed in the largest size city school systems.

paper and building board, $1.21; paper bags
$1.10; and selected paper products,2 $1.22.
Regionally, the level of earnings for plant
workers in all branches combined varied from $1.18
in the South to $1.54 in the Far West.3 Almost
two-fiftbs of the workers in the Far West were
earning more than $1.60 an hour as contrasted
with only about 15 percent in the South. Except
for the Far West, the variation in average earnings

R E V IE W , M ARCH 1951

EARNINGS: PAPER AND ALLIED PRODUCTS

289

Percentage distribution of plant workers in paper and allied products industry by straight-time average hourly earnings, 1
selected branches and regions, May 1950
United States 2
Average hourly
earnings 4 (in
cents)

All
branches

Paper
and
pulp

Under 75.0___
(•)
(‘ )
75.079.9________ 0.5
0.3
80.084.9________ . 8
.1
85.0- 89.9____ _____
.4
90.0- 94.9______
2.5
1.5
95.0- 99.9______
4.4
3.2
100.0104.9_______ 4.8
4.0
105.0109.9.............. ........................
7.4
110.0114.9_
7.4
7.8
115.0119.9_______10.9
12.7
120.0124.9_______10.3
11.3
125.0129.9_______ 8.5
9.0
130.0- 134.9______
6.1
6.4
135.0- 139.9_____
5.3
5.3
40.0- 144.9_____
5.7
6.3
45.0149.9_______4.5
4.8
50.0- 154.9______
4.0
4.3
155.0-159.9______
2.6
2.7
160.0 and over____
12.4
12.5

1.1

8.2

Total___
Number of work­
ers_____________
Median rate_____

100.0

100.0

N ew England

B u ild ­
B u ild ­
Selected
Selected
Selected
ing
Paper
Paper
ing
PaperPaper paper
All
Paper- Paper paper
All
PaperPaper paper
paper
and
and
paper
board
prod­
bags
branches4
board
bags
prod­
branches
board
bags
prod­
and
pulp
pulp
and
ucts 3
ucts 3
ucts 3
board
board

0.1
.3
1.5
1.9
1.9
3.7
9.9
7.4
9.8

10.2

0.1

1.9
9.6

2.7
3.6
4.0
5.9
7.2
8.5
5.4
5.8
7.9
9.6
7.5
6.7
4.8
3.3
3.7
1.9
9.9

100.0

100.0

11, 395 16, 595
$ 1.10
$1.21

12, 576
$ 1.22

( s)

6.2

7.9
12.9
9.2
4.3
6.4
7.4

10.0
7.8
13.9
6.4
7.5
7.6
4.3
3.4
3.1
2.5
2.3

8.2

6.7
5.1
6.5
5.9
4.6
4.1
3.0
17.4

12.0

100.0

100.0

188, 083 116,541 30,976
$1.24
$1.27 $1.27

1.6

3.0
4.5
3.9

(s)

7.2
3.6
3.4
5.0
3.6

2.1

2.8
6.0

(«)
0.4

1.1

Paper
and
pulp

Under 7 5 . 0 _____
75.0-79.9__________
80.0-84.9__________
85.0-89.9__________
90.0-94.9__________
95.0-99.9__________
100.0-104.9_______
105.0-109.9_______
110.0-114.9_______
115.0-119.9_______
120.0-124.9_______
125.0-129.9_______
130.0-134.9_______
135.0-139.9_______
140.0-144.9_______
145.0-149.9________
150.0-154.9_______
155.0-159.9
_ __
160.0 and over____

1.2
.8
1.4
4.0
7.4
6.1
15.0
7.2
9.0
8.6
4.6
4.0
5.1
3.8
2.4
2.8
1.7
14.9

1.2
.2
.2
1.2
3.6
4.1
14.3
6.7
11.4
8.8
5.8
4.4
6.2
5.2
2.7
3.8
1.7
18.5

0.1
.1
3.5
2.9
2.6
3.7
19.6
8.5
9.0
9.3
4.2
3.5
6.6
3.2
2.4
2.2
1.3
17.3

Total______

100.0

100.0

100.0

45, 751
$1.18

22, 736
$1.24

9,900
$1.19

.1

4.8
4.5
3.9
2.0
1.8
4.5

0.1
1.1
3.3
3.3
8.1
9.7
7.6
17.1
14.3
6.2
5.5
5.1
4.6
3.5
1.5
3.2
5.8

100.0

100.0

100.0

32, 380 25,168
$1.19 $ 1.20

4,294
$1.19

3.1
4.6
6.7
9.5
7.9
17.4
12.4

8.6

6.0

7.1
21.2
4.9
6.8
16.4
13.0
6.3
5.2
1.3
5.1
4.6
1.8
1.8
1.2

.2

3.1

100.0
606
0. 96

0.4
1.1
1.7
3.5
3.3
4.4

3.2
8.0
4.5
7.9
16.6
18.4
9.4
9.0
5.9
4.8
2.7
2.1
2.5
1.4
1.3
.7
.5
1.1

1, 926
$1.02

0.1

.2

6.1

.7
3.0
3.3
4.0
5.2

Paper
bags

All
Paper
branch­
and
es
pulp

15.1
24.6
17.7
6.3
9.9
4.2
5.3
3.0
4.2
.7
1.9
2.7
1.8
1.9
.7

3.2
4.0
2.6
5.4
12.1
6.6
18. 4
5.0
4.9
9.8
2.7
3.1
3.4
1.7
1.3
1.3
2.0
12.5

(5)
0.4
.2
.5
.9
3.3
4.2
5.6
7.7
9.2
12.1
13.7
9.4
6.5
5.2
4.3
3.9
2.6
10.3

(s)
0.1
(')
.3
.5
3.7
4.2
5.3
9.1
9.5
13.3
13.8
10.3
6.8
5.5
4.0
3.5
2.2
7.9

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

5,877
$1. 02

7,238
$1.06

51, 998
$1. 27

32, 773
$1. 26

2.8

0.4
1.7
.7
1.7

.8

.7

3.1
1.2
12.1

7.0
7.0
7.8
5.2
4.0
3.1
1.9
13.0

10.2

9.4
6.6
6.3
5.0
4.0
2.9
2.4
9.7

10.2
5.5
4.9
3.8
2.1
2.3
7.3

12.6

5.1
3.7
7.4
16.9
13.6
7.4
9.3
5.2
7.0
3.5
7.1
13.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

37, 818 21,126
$1.23
$1.21

4, 942
$1.28

1, 577
$1.32

3, 334
$1.15

6, 839
$1.24

Paper
bags

Selected
paper
prod­
ucts 3

4 0
4 4

1 1

9.5
11.9

11.8

11.2

8.8

15.5
13.9

6.8

10.4
9.6

6.2

9.3
6.3
5.1
5.2
2.4

9.2
7.3
7.3
6.3
4.5
3.1

2 .8

Selected
All
paper
branch­
prod­
es 4
ucts 3

Paper
and
pulp

Paperboard

0.1
1.1
2.9
3.8
6. 2
9.5
11.6
9.6
7.1
7. 2
5.7
5.2
4.0
4.5
21.5

2.4
1. 3
2. 2
6. 3
10. 7
12. 8
14 0
7 4
8.8
6.0
5.7
3.1
2.6
2.8
4.4
2.6
2.7
4.2

2. 5
1. 7
1. 7
8
.9
1. 9
9 0
3 6
1.2
13.0
20.3
12.7
7. 7
4.1
2.6
6.4
1.8
8.1

(S)
0 1
.3
.2
J2
3
5.4
1.7
.3
.4
.2
16.8
13.8
14.2
7.8
38.3

n 1
(5)
3.9
2.1
.1
(6)
(5)
16.5
13.9
14.3
8.6
40.5

22.4
14.0
16.9
5.4
40.6

35.1
2.4
4.0
5.8
4 0
7.8
4.0
3.5
3.2
11.4

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

3,229
$1.29

6.1
6.8

2.6

0. 2
.2
.1
.2
.9
.4
.9
2. 6
13.8
8.0
25.9
11.8
5.8
5.2
5.6
5.8
1.6
11.0

9,469
$1. 34

1.9
4.6
4.9
5.9
6.9
7.6
5.7

Far W est

Build­
Paper- ing pa­ Paper
board per and bags
board

(6)

0.6

4.5
5.1
8.5
4.1
5.3

5.9
10.3

2.6

Great Lakes

Build­
Paper- ing pa­
board per and
board

All
branch­
es 4

(‘ )
0.1
.5
2.7
3.6
5.5
9.6
8.2
19.1
12.7
9.1
6.2
5.1
4.8
4.3
2.2
1.6
4.6

.8

South

Number of workers________ _____
Median rate_____

M iddle Atlantic

3, 367
$1.10

3,160
$1. 28

16,129
$1.54

12, 701
$1. 55

0.3
.1
.2
.1

2,028
$1.54

822
$1.16

1.4

29.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
23.8
9.4
10.2
6.1
11.6
—

100.0
361
$1. 42

1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and night work.
2 Includes data for other regions in addition to those shown separately.
3 Includes plants primarily engaged in manufacturing facial tissues, toilet
paper, paper napkins, and paper towels.

4 Includes data for other branches of the industry in addition to those
shown separately.
3 Less than 0.05 of 1 percent.

among regions was comparatively small, ranging
from $1.18 in the South to $1.27 in the Great
Lakes. The variation in average earnings in
regions other than the Far West can be accounted
for, to a large extent, by differences in the propor­
tion of workers employed in the several industry
branches.

For example, the lower-paying paper bag and
building paper and board branches of the industry
were largely concentrated in the South. Nearly
45 percent of the paper bag workers and over a
half of the workers in building paper and board
plants were located in that region. Less than 2
percent of the paper bag workers were located in


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290

EARNINGS: WOMEN’S AND MISSES’ DRESSES

New England. Plant workers in southern pulp
and paper mills averaged $1.24 as compared with
$1.21 and $1.20 in the Middle Atlantic and New
England regions, respectively. Less than half of
the workers in the South were employed in the
higher paying pulp and paper mills as contrasted
with other regions, where paper and pulp mills
accounted for substantially more than half of the
employment in the industry.
— A. N. Jarrell
Division of Wage Statistics
1 Based on a mail-questionnaire study of establishments employing 20 or
more workers whose major activity was the manufacture of one or more of
the following: (1) pulp from wood or from other materials such as rags,
linters, waste paper, and straw; (2) paper from wood pulp and other fibers;
(3) paperboard from wood pulp and other fibers; (4) building paper and build­
ing board except gypsum products; (5) paper bags; and (6) selected paper
products— facial tissues, toilet paper, paper napkins, or paper towels.
Median rather than weighted arithmetic averages are used in this report.
Establishments covered in the survey were requested to exclude overtime
and shift premiums from the earnings data, but to include earnings under
incentive systems of wage payment.
2 Includes plants primarily engaged in the manufacture of facial tissues,
toilet paper, paper napkins or paper towels.
s The regions in this study include: New England— Connecticut, Maine,
Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; Middle
Atlantic—N ew Jersey, N ew York, and Pennsylvania; South— Alabama,
Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North
Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia;
Great Lakes— Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin;
Far W est— California, Oregon, and Washington.

Women’s and Misses’ Dresses:
Earnings in August 1950 1
H ourly earnings of workers in the women’s and
misses’ dress industry averaged more than $1.40
in August 1950 in a majority of 11 leading centers.
New York, where much of the industry is concen­
trated, had the highest hourly average, $1.87.
Other cities in which high averages prevailed in­
cluded Paterson, N. J. ($1.67); Chicago ($1.50);
Newark-Jersey City ($1.47); Los Angeles ($1.45);
and Boston ($1.44).
Men constituted about 25 percent of the labor
force in New York, 20 percent in Philadelphia, and
from 6 to 14 percent in the other areas. Their
hourly earnings ranged from $1.16 in Dallas to
$2.52 in New York, and averaged more than $2 in
6 of the 11 areas.
Women averaged $1.66 an hour in New York
and $1.58 in Paterson. Their average earnings


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

M O N TH LY LAB O R

were $1.25 or more in Boston, Chicago, Los An­
geles, Newark-Jersey City, and Philadelphia. In
only one area was their over-all average below $1
an hour.
Although a majority of the workers in most of
the selected occupations were women, virtually all
cutters and markers were men. Pressers were
another group in which men were in the majority
in Chicago, New York, Newark-Jersey City, and
Paterson. Cutters and markers, final inspectors,
thread trimmers, and work distributors were
typically paid time rates. Sewing and pressing
operations were usually on an incentive basis.
More than half the workers in the industry were
sewing-machine operators. Of the two produc
tion methods, the single-hand (tailor) system waf
predominant in most areas and included abou
seven-eighths of all operators studied. Then
earnings averaged more than $1.50 an hour ii
all except four areas. In New York they earned
on the average, $2.02 an hour; in Paterson, $1.78,
and in Philadelphia, $1.69.
The section system of sewing-machine operation
was more common in Atlanta, Cleveland, Phila
delphia, and St. Louis. Operators under thit
system earned from an average of $1 an hour in
Atlanta, Dallas, and St. Louis to $1.42 in Chicago.
In practically all cities having both types of opera­
tion, the average earnings of section-system opera­
tors were lower than those of single-hand operators.
Cutters and markers— the highest paid occu­
pation in most areas— averaged more than $2 an
hour in 6 of the 11 areas. In Boston, Chicago,
New York, and Paterson, however, pressers had
the highest earnings among the occupations
studied. Thread trimmers and work distributors
were typically the lowest paid occupations.
In New York, comparisons were made of work­
ers’ earnings in establishments classified according
to predominant wholesale price line. The average
earnings of workers in shops producing dresses
which sold for more than $12.75 each were usually
somewhat higher than the earnings of those
making lower-priced dresses.
Variations in occupational average earnings
among classifications of establishments by price
line or among cities, probably reflect a combination
of factors including other items such as work flow,
individual productivity of incentive workers, and
type of garment produced.

291

EARNINGS: WOMEN’S AND MISSES’ DRESSES

R E V IE W , M ARCH 1951

Straight-time average hourly earnings,l selected plant occupations in manufacture of women’s and misses’ dresses in selected
areas, August 1950

Plant occupation and sex

Philadelphia

N ew York

Boston
A t­
lanta

Chi­
cago

Cleve­
D allas
land

Los
A n­
geles

NewarkJersey
C it y 2

Pater­
son 2

Regu­
lar
shops

Con­
tract
shops

$1.40
1.98
1.25

$1.37
1.88
1.24

$1.47
2.32
1.28

(3)
(3)
(3)

2.27
(3)
(3)

2.26
(3)
(3)

(3)
(3)
(3)

(3)
(3)
(3)
2.50
2.50

.95
(3)
(3)
1.50
2. 44
.95
1.13

.90

.89

1.40

.94
(3)
(3)
1.58
2.43
1.02
1.19

.90
1.80
2.41
1.29
1.41

.89
1.61
2.19
1.12
.98

1.40

1.19

1.13

1.41

.98

(3)
(3)
(3)

1.25
1.85
1.24

1.25
(3)
(3)

1.24
(3)
(3)

1.00

1.78

1.69
1.91
1.61
.84

1.59
1.73
1.55
.86

2.06
(3)
(3)
.80

1.31

.84
.92

.86
(3)

.80
(3)

.92

(3)

(3)

.80
.81
(3)
(3)

Regu­ Con­
lar
tract
shops shops

$1.47
2.36
1.40

$1.87
2. 52
1.66

$2.07
2. 57
1.82

$1.73
2. 45
1.56

$1.67
2. 38
1.58

2.19
(3)
(3)

2. 59
2. 59

2. 54
(3)
(3)

2. 53
(3)
(3)

2.58
(3)
(3)

.88

1.04

1.27

1.26

1.05
.96

1.04
1.79
2.47
1.48
1.18

.98
(3)
(3)
2.17
2.59
1.69
1.15

1.26

.88
1.05

1.10

.96

1.18

Ì .Ì5

1.26
3.02
3.09
1.71
1.45
(3)
(3)

1.27
3.41
(3)
(3)
1.59
(3)
(3)

1.26
2. 79
2. 87
1.41
1.35
(3)
(3)

1.42

1.02

1.00

1.30

(3)

1.42

1.02

1.00

(3)
(3)
(3)

1.39
(3)
(3)

(3)
(3)
(3)

1.39
(3)
(3)

1.69
(3)
1.66
.78

1.43
(3)
1.43
.78

1.57
1.85
1. 57
.86

1.61
1.61
1.61
.89

1.13

1.48
1.48
.92

1.60
(3)
(3)
.91

.97

2.02
2.63
1.91
.97
1.17
.97
.97
1.03
.94

2.40
2.80
2.26
.99
(3)
(3)
.97
1.02
.96

1.81
2.36
1.75
.95
(3)
(3)
.96
1.03
.92

Regu­
lar
shops

Con­
tract
shops

$0.95
1.37
.92

$1.44
2.38
1.28

$1.49
2.44
1.32

$1.37
2.28
1.24

$1.50
2. 26
1.39

$1.23
1.85
1.13

$1.02
1.16
1.01

$1.45
2.01
1.37

1.50
1.50

2.11
2.11

2.13
2.13

2.01
2.01

2.35
2.35

1.91
2.12
1.02

1.35
1.36
1.25

.87

1.07

(3)

(3)

.97

.97

.87
.76
.76
.78

1.07
2.36
3.39
1.34
1.19

(3)
2.28
3.72
1.29
1.22

(3)
2.43
3.19
1.40
1.14

.97
2. 51
2.99
1.09
1.37

.97
1.20
(3)
(3)
1.10

.78

1.19

1.22

1.14

1.37

1.00

1. 20

(3)

(3)

1.00

1.20

(3)

.94

1.58
2.07
1.56
.78

St.
Louis

All
shops

All
shops

All
shops

A l l occupations
All workers_________________
M e n ____________________
W om en_________________

$1.09
1.50
1.04

Selected occupations
Cutters and markers_______
M en ______ . . . ________
Inspectors, final (examiners)_______________________
W om en_________________

Sewers, hand (finishers)____
W om en______ __________
Sewing-machine operators,
section system____________
W om en_____ - ___ __
Sewing-machine operators,
single-hand (tailor) sysW om en____
______
Thread trimmers (cleaners) _
W om en _____ . . .
_____
Work distributors. . . . _ .
W om en___________ __ . .

.89
.97

(3 )

(3)

.78
(3)

.86
.86

(3 )

.78
(3)

1.13
(3)
(3)
(3)
.85

(3)

(3)

(3)

(3)

.86

.97

.85

.94
.77
.77
(3)

.78
.85

.92
.97

(3 )

1.30

.91
.93
(3)
(3)

1.78
.94
.94
(3)
(3)
(3)

1.73
1.73

1.00

1.31
.80

1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and night work.
2 Industry primarily composed of contract shops. Regular shops were
predominant in the other areas for which data are not presented separately

for regular and contract shops.
3 Insufficient data to permit presentation of an average,

Related Wage Practices

Vacation benefits in 7 of the 11 areas studied
were paid from union funds, provided by employer
contributions of specified percentages of their
weekly payrolls for workers covered by the union
agreements. The vacation payments to workers
in New York, Newark-Jersey City, and Paterson
varied by occupation; in 1950, they ranged from
$35 for cleaners and pinkers to $53 for pressers
and cutters. Workers in Atlanta, Boston, Los
Angeles, and Philadelphia received as vacation
pay an amount equal to 2 percent of their annual
earnings; in Philadelphia, however, payments were
not to exceed $65. In the 4 remaining areas,
vacation payments were made directly to the
workers by the employers and usually amounted
to 1 week’s pay after a year of service. In a few
instances, proportionately smaller amounts were
also reported for specified shorter periods of
service and additional amounts after 5 years of
service.
Health benefits which were also provided from
employer-contributed union funds in most areas,

In most areas, a large majority of the establish­
ments studied had agreements with the Interna­
tional Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union. Supple­
mentary benefit provisions in the agreements,
however, were not uniform among the different
areas.
Paid holidays, most commonly provided for
workers paid on a time basis, were 6K days annu­
ally— the usual practice in New York, NewarkJersey City, and Paterson. Atlanta shops granted
6 holidays for which the workers received, from
an employer-contributed union fund, an amount
equal to 2 percent of their annual earnings. In
Los Angeles, workers who were paid time rates
received pay for 6 holidays; in St. Louis, the
provision was 5 days annually for both time and
incentive workers. Usually, time-rated workers
only were provided paid holidays in the other
areas studied, the number of days ranging from
3 to 5.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

292

EARNINGS: FOOTWEAR MANUFACTURE

usually included sickness, hospitalization, surgery,
eyeglasses, and death benefits. In six areas,
medical service was provided at union health
centers; such service is also planned for three
additional areas.
Retirement funds have been established through
employer contributions amounting to 1 percent of
the payrolls for workers covered by the union
agreements in Boston, Cleveland, New York,
Newark-Jersey City, and Paterson. In Boston,
parts of the vacation and health funds may also
be assigned to the retirement fund. Qualified
workers over the age of 65 years in New York,
Newark-Jersey City, and Paterson receive $50
a month from these funds. Regulations regarding
retirement payments have not yet been established
in the other two areas.
— F

red

W. M

ohr

D ivision of Wage Statistics
1 Data collected by field representatives under direction of the Bureau’s
regional wage analysts. More detailed information on wages and related
practices in each of the selected areas is available on request.
The study included style dresses only and was limited to shops employing
8 or more workers. Approximately 85,000 workers were employed in shops
of this size in the 11 areas studied.

Footwear Manufacture:
Earnings in September 1950 1
E d g e t r i m m e r s were the highest paid among
selected occupations in the footwear industry
studied in 13 areas. They had average earnings
in September 1950 ranging from $1.35 an hour in
plants making children’s Goodyear welt shoes in
southeastern Pennsylvania to $2.55 in women’s
cement-process (conventional lasted) shoe plants
in New York City. Their earnings averaged $1.75
or more an hour in two-thirds of the areas.
Machine cutters of vamps and whole shoes,
numerically the most important of the men’s oc­
cupations studied, averaged $1.50 or more an hour
in all except four areas. Floor boys had the lowest
earnings among the men’s occupations, with aver­
ages ranging from 77 cents to $1 an hour.
Among the selected women’s occupations, fancy
stitchers included the most workers. Their aver­
age earnings ranged from 87 cents in women’s
cement-process (slip lasted) plants in Missouri


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

M O N TH LY LABOR

(except St. Louis) to $1.66 an hour in women’s
cement-process (conventional lasted) plants in
New York. Three-fourths of the area averages
for this occupation were more than $1.10 an hour.
In most areas, the earnings of top stitchers ex­
ceeded those of fancy stitchers by amounts rang­
ing from 3 to 12 cents an hour. Floor girls were
typically the lowest paid among the women’s oc­
cupations; their average earnings ranged from 87
cents to $1.04 an hour.
Workers in New York generally had the highest
occupational average hourly earnings among the
areas studied in the women’s cement-process (con­
ventional lasted) branch of the industry. Los
Angeles ranked second, on the average, while
Boston and Haverhill averages were typically
higher than those in the other New England areas.
Earnings in St. Louis were relatively close to the
New England levels and for most occupations were
more than 20 cents higher than the averages for
the remainder of Missouri.
Of the three areas in which women’s cement
process (slip lasted) shoes were studied, the earn­
ings of workers in Los Angeles were highest.
In the men’s Goodyear welt branch of the
industry, more than two-thirds of the men’s area
job averages exceeded $1.50 an hour. Floor boys
and floor girls were the only selected occupations
for which average earnings were less than $1 an
hour. Average hourly earnings in Brockton and
in Illinois were usually higher than those in
Worcester although the differences in most in­
stances amounted to less than 15 cents.
Average hourly earnings of workers in occupa­
tions common to all branches of the footwear
industry studied were generally highest in women’s
cement process (conventional lasted) plants in
New York City. The lowest averages were usually
in the children’s Goodyear welt branch of the
industry in Southeastern Pennsylvania and the
women’s cement process (slip lasted) branch in
Missouri (except St. Louis).
Comparisons of plant worker earnings in
September 1950 with those presented for a similar
study in September 1949 show increases for about
two-thirds of the area occupational averages for
which comparable data are available. The ma­
jority of these increases, however, amounted to
less than 5 percent. Since most workers in the
footwear industry are paid on an incentive basis,
factors such as work flow, style changes, and

R E V IE W , M ARC H 1951

293

EARNINGS: FOOTWEAR MANUFACTURE

Straight-time average hourly earnings 1 in selected occupations in footwear manufacturing, by process and wage area,
September 1950
W om en’s cement process shoes (conventional lasted)
New England
Occupation and sex
AuburnLewiston
Maine

N ew
York,
N. Y.

Missouri
Los
St. Louis,
Angeles,
(except
M o.
St. Louis)
Calif.

South­
eastern
New
H am p­
shire

Worces­
ter,
M ass.

$1.82
1.64
(2)
1.62
1.63
(2)
.86
1.84
1.57
1.79
(2)
1.52
(2)
1.79
1.69

$1.55
1.67
(2)
1.50
1.75
(2)
.89
1.60
1.63
1.52
0
1.45
(2)
(2)
1.38

$1.69
1.66
(2)
1.64
1.75
(2)
.83
1.67
1.63
1.48
(2)
1.35
(2)
(2)
1. 59

$2.03
2.12
2. 30
1.51
2.55
2.22
.94
(2)
2.15
2.23
2.04
1.93
2.12
1.98
1.91

$1.27
1.40
1.33
1.33
1.44
(2)
.85
1.41
1.45
1.15
(2)
1.31
(2)
1.17
1.04

$1.61
1.62
1.69
1.57
1.85
(2)
1.00
1.54
1.66
1.48
0
1.65
0
1.65
1.74

1.25
.95
1.31
(2)
1.24

1.13
.96
1.25
(2)
1.24

1.13
.91
1.16
(2)
1.08

1.14
.94
1.23
(2)
1.16

1.66
1.04
(2)
(2)
(2)

.94
.93
1.05
.97
1.00

1.20
.95
1.27
1.37
1.32

.87
(2)
.91

.89
.83
.87

.83
.84
.86

.81
(2)
(2)

1.16
1.02
1.27

.92
.79
.92

.87
.87
1.04

Boston,
Mass.

Haver­
hill,
M ass.

1.59
1.91
(2)
.77
1.71
1.80
1.48
(2)
1.43
(2)
(2)
1.59

$1.67
1.54
(2)
1.67
1.91
1.70
.87
2. 00
1.74
1.53
1.84
1.59
(2)
(2)
1.63

$1. 71
1.88
(2)
1.67
1.78
(2)
.83
1.72
1.90
1.64
(2)
1.65
(2)
(2)
1.48

1.16
.91
1.29
(2)
1.45

1.37
.98
1.60
(2)
1.77

.78
(2)
.87

.93
.90
.95

Lynn,
M ass.

P la n t occupations, m en
Assemblers for pullover, machine________
Bed-machine operators.................................
Cutters, vamp and whole shoe, hand___
Cutters, vamp and whole shoe, machine
Edge trimmers, machine_________________
Fancy stitchers___________________________
Floor boys________________________________
Mechanics, maintenance.............................
Side lasters, m a c h in e ...................................
Sole attachers, cement process___________
Top stitchers— ........................ .......................
Treers______ ________ ____ _________________
V a m p ers.-________________ ______ ________
Wood-heel-seat fitters, hand_____________
Wood-heel-seat fitters, machine__________

$1.72
1.62
0

$1.85
1.73
0

1.88
1.68
1.48
.99
1.71
1.83
1.65

0
0
0
0
0

P la n t occupations, wom en
Fancy stitchers_____ _____ ________________
Floor girls...........................................................
Top stitchers_________________ _____ ______
Treers________________ ____________________
Vampers.......................................... ...................

1.48
1.02
1.53
0
1.52

Office occupations, w om en
Clerks, payroll_______________________ _
Clerk-typists..................................................
Stenographers, general..................... .........

W om en’s cement process shoes
(slip lasted)

Missouri
(except
St. Louis)

St. Louis,
M o.

Los
Angeles,
Calif.

M en ’s Goodyear welt shoes

Brockton,
Mass.

Worcester,
Mass.

Illinois

1.08
0
0

Children’s
Goodyear
welt shoes

Children’s
stitchdown
shoes

Southeastern
Pennsylvania

N ew York,
N. Y.

P la n t occupations, men
Assemblers for pullover, machine.............
Bed-machine operators___________________
Cutters, vamp and whole shoe, hand___
Cutters, vamp and whole shoe, machine.
Edge trimmers, machine............... ...............
Fancy stitchers___ _____ ________ _________
Floor boys......................................... ...............
Goodyear stitchers.................................... .
Mechanics, maintenance_________________
Platform-cover lasters...................................
Side lasters, machine...................................
Sock-lining stitchers______________________
Sole attachers, cement process....................
Thread lasters.................... ........... ............... ..
Top stitchers____________ _____ ___________
Treers___ ______ _____ ________ ____________
Vampers___________________ ____ _____ _____

0
0

$1.13
1.36
.94

$1.92
1.92
2.18
1.66

$1.58
1.43
1.64
0
0

0
1.35
1. 54

1.33
1.01

$1. 69
1. 51
1.47
1.66
1.89
0
0

1.65
1.80

1. 65
1.68

$1.47
1.47
0
0
0

1.57
0

1.32

0
0
0

1.52
1.21

0

1.57
1.76
0

0

1.56
1.59

.87
1.68
1.49

.78
1.17
1.33

1. 53

1.61

1.21

0

$1.83
1.92
2.01
.84
1.89

(?)

1.85
1.64

0
1 1.42
0

$1.09
1.35
1.10
1.22
1.35

$1. 71
1.79
1.87
1. 62
1.85

0

0
0

1.43
1.42

0

1.44
1.24

2.17
1.84

0
0
0

0
0
0

0
1.83

P la n t occupations, w om en
Fancy stitchers__________________ _______
Floor girls_______________________________
Platform-cover stitchers_______ _________
Sock-lining stitchers_____________________
Top stitchers-............................ ............. ........
Treers____________________________________
Vampers............. ............. ............. ......... .........

.91
.95
1.15
.97
.98
1.17
.98

.87
1.00
1.07
1.07
.94
1.09
.80

1.54
0

1.94
1. 75
1.61
1.26

1.12
.90
1.11
0

0

1.42

0

1.13
.89

1.13
.96

.98
.87

1.45
.98

1.09

1.24
1.18
1.31

1.02
.85
1.01

1.42
1.09
1.49

.95

.98
.93
.96

1.19

Office occupations, w om en
Clerks, payroll__________ ________________
Clerk-typists__________ __________________
Stenographers, general........................... .
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and night work.

930470— 51-

-4


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

.88
.78
.92

1.17
.84
0

0
0
0

.88
0

.86

0

.86

0

.90

0

J Insufficient data to permit presentation of an average.

1.29
0
0

294

W AGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 8: SUPPLEAIENT NO. 1

individual productivity, as well as wage adjust­
ments, may be reflected in changes in occupational
earnings.
Related Wage Practices
A work schedule of 40 hours a week was almost
universal among the plants studied. The only
exception was in Worcester, Mass., where approxi­
mately 5 percent of the shoe workers had a weekly
schedule of 45 hours.
Paid holidays for plant workers, generally six
in number, were the usual practice. In St. Louis,
however, most workers were given 5 days annually,
while in Worcester, 1 day was most common. In
Brockton and in Southeastern Pennsylvania, only
a small minority of the workers in the plants
studied were granted any paid holidays. Nearly
all office workers received paid holiday benefits,
usually on a more liberal basis than plant workers.
Paid vacations of 1 week after a year of service
were the usual practice, that being the provision
reported for all plant workers in a large majority
of the areas studied. In the other areas, foot­
wear plants employing from about 85 to 98 per­

Wage Chronology No. 8 :
Full-Fashioned Hosiery 1
Supplement No. 1
T he 2-year agreement negotiated by the FullFashioned Hosiery Manufacturers of America,
Inc., and the American Federation of Hosiery
Workers (Ind.), effective September 1, 1949, did
not provide for a general wage adjustment. A
change in the insurance program, agreed upon
during negotiations on the new contract but not
worked out in detail until November, became
effective on December 1, 1949. The new contract
continued the wage-reopening features of the
previous contract, permitting either party to raise


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

M O N TH LY LAB O R

cent of the workers provided for similar benefits.
Two-week vacations after 5 years of service were
granted to a majority of the workers in about
three-fifths of the areas and to a fourth or more
of the workers in two other areas. In a few in­
stances a small minority (not more than an eighth)
of the workers received no vacation pay.
Insurance plans financed at least partially by
the employer, were in effect in all areas. These
plans usually included life insurance, hospitaliza­
tion, and other health insurance. In about fourfifths of the areas, the plans covered a majority
of the workers. In the other areas, plants em­
ploying from about 20 to 40 percent of the workers
provided similar insurance benefits.
— F red W . M

ohr

D ivision of W age Statistics

i Data were collected by field representatives under the direction of the
Bureau’s regional wage analysts. More detailed information on wages
and related practices in each of the selected areas is available on request.
The study included plants employing 21 or more workers in the following
branches of the industry: women’s cement process (conventional and slip
lasted), men’s Goodyear welt, children’s Goodyear welt, and children’s
stitchdown. Approximately 68,000 workers were employed in these branches
of the footwear industry in the areas studied.

the question of a general wage adjustment at any
time, with a provision for final determination by
a wage tribunal in the event of disagreement. The
agreement may be terminated on August 31, 1951.
The contract was reopened three times during
1950 for wage discussions; in the first two instances
the issues were referred to the wage tribunal. The
awards of the tribunal and the changes negotiated
by the parties are summarized below, bringing
up-to-date the 1941-48 wage chronology. Mini­
mum hourly rates were also adjusted to comply
with the Fair Labor Standards Act amendments
of 1949.

1 See M onthly Labor Review, August 1949. Reprinted in the Wage Chro­
nology Series, Vol. I, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
Bulletin N o. 970.

R E V IE W , M ARCH 1951

W AGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 8: SUPPLEMENT NO. 1

295

A— General Wage Changes
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters

Effective date

Provisions

Apr. 3, 1 9 50 . _ _ __ __

Extensive downward revision of piece-rates____

Sept. 5, 1950___________

Upward adjustment of piece-rates, restoring
earnings generally to levels prevailing prior
to April reduction.
10.5 cents an hour increase for hourly and
piece workers.

Jan. 2, 1951____________

By decision of Wage Tribunal, Mar. 23, 1950,
establishing new piece-rate schedule.
By decision of Wage Tribunal, Sept. 27, 1950,
establishing new piece-rate schedule. Time
workers were not affected by either award.
Cost-of-living bonus.

B— Minimum Hourly Rates
Effective date
Jan. 25, 1 9 5 0 - -

_____

Jan. 2, 1951 ________

Piecework learners

Class I occupations:
67 cents— first 240 hours; 70 cents— next
240 hours; 75 cents— after 480 hours.
Class II occupations:
67 cents— first 240 hours; 70 cents— next
240 hours; 73 cents— next 480 hours; 75
cents— after 960 hours.
75 cents— first 6 weeks; 77.5 cents— next 6
weeks; 80 cents—after 12 weeks.1

Time workers

75

cents—first 6 months; 80 cents—after 6
months.

83.5 cents—first 6 months; 90.5 cents— after
6 months.

C— Related Wage Practices
Effective date

Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters

Provisions

Shift Premium Pay
Sept.

1,

1 9 49 --

_

Third shift authorized.
cents an hour.

Premium pay— 10

35-hour week for 3d shift established. Limita­
tion on hours and double-shift bonus for
footers and toppers eliminated.

Premium Pay for Saturday and Sunday Work
Sept. 1, 1949 ________

Work to 12 noon on Saturdays permitted in all
departments. Overtime work thereafter to
be negotiated at local level.

-

Holiday Pay

N ov. 22, 1949 _______

Eligibility requirements for holiday pay re­
duced to 9 months of continuous service.

Hospitalization, Accident, and Health Insurance
Dec. 1, 1949 _________

Hospitalization benefits— increased to $7 a day
for insured employees and dependent adults
and $6 a day for dependent children.
Miscellaneous hospital expenses— maximum in­
creased to $50 for insured employees, $40
for dependent adults, and $35 for dependent
children.
Surgical benefits— increased by 20 percent.
No change in employers’ liability. Continues at
2.5 percent of each weekly payroll.

Minimum weekly sickness and accident bene­
fits of $12.50 established.

Pension Plan
Apr. 3, 1950 (payments
into fund).

Pension fund established, financed by em­
ployer contributions of 4 percent of gross
weekly payrolls. Details to be worked out.

By decision of Wage Tribunal, Mar. 23, 1950.

1 In any week in which a learner equals or exceeds 70 cents an hour on piece work, he receives the 10.5 cents an hour cost-of-living bonus.


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296

WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 13

M O N TH LY LAB O R

W age Chronology N o. 13
Federal Classification Act Em ployees, 1924-50
T he passage of the Classification Act of 1923 was

the first systematic attempt by the Federal Gov­
ernment to achieve a uniform alignment of jobs
and salaries among its various departments and
agencies. Although the Civil Service Act of 1883
provided for open competitive examinations, a
probationary period before absolute appointment,
and apportionment of appointments according to
the population of States, Territories, and the
District of Columbia, it did not correlate salaries
with duties. Attempts were made to do so after
the passage of the act, but the process was left
in the hands of the individual departments and
did not result in the uniformity desired.
The Classification Act of 1923 established
the principles that (1) positions covered by the
act were to be classified and graded according to
their duties and responsibilities; (2) the same pay
scale was to be applicable to all positions falling
in the same class and grade regardless of depart­
ment; (3) the different pay scales and the various
classes and grades were to be logically associated
so that pay was properly related to work; and
(4) there was to be a central classifying agency
(the Personnel Classification Board) serving all
departments and charged with the responsibilities
of equalizing and coordinating the classification
and grading of positions. Thereafter, the rates
of compensation for the same or similar work in
different departments assumed a closer relation­
ship. The provisions of the act were not applied
by statute to the field service until July 1930. In
1932 the Personnel Classification Board was
transferred to the Civil Service Commission.
Subsequent changes in the structure of the
Executive branch of the Federal Government
brought about many changes in the Classification
Act of 1923. These took the form of Congres­
sional amendments and Executive orders. The
Classification Act of 1949 superseded the original
act and established new authority and procedures.
Specifically, the act was designed to “ bring posi­


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tion-classification closer to the needs of Govern­
ment as now constituted and to clarify and
coordinate the distribution of authority between
the [Civil Service] Commission and the various
departments . . .”
The salaries of approximately 900,000 Federal
Civil Service employees are now fixed by the
1949 law. Other laws and regulations govern
their retirement system, annual leave, and related
wage practices. Federal employees are stationed
throughout the continental United States, in the
Territories, and foreign countries. Because of
the wide variety of Government functions, many
kinds of positions are included in the Federal
service. The levels of responsibility covered by
the classification system range from routine, lowskilled work to that of bureau heads.
This chronology traces the major changes in
salaries and related practices since the effective
date of the Classification Act of 1923, as provided
by statute, Executive orders, regulations of the
Civil Service Commission, and opinions of the
Comptroller General. Only per-annum Federal
employees now subject to the Classification Act
and employees within the continental United
States are covered in this chronology. Excluded
are provisions governing employees whose com­
pensation is established by wage boards, Post
Office Department employees, and certain groups
now under the Classification Act, to whom the
general provisions are not applicable. Because
the Classification Act of 1923 continued some
established standards relating to Federal employ­
ment, the provisions reported for July 1, 1924, the
effective date of the act, do not necessarily indicate
changes in previous conditions of employment.
The inclusion of a chronology dealing with the
Federal classified service in a series devoted
principally to collective-bargaining or other wagedetermination arrangements in private industry
requires some discussion of the legal position of
Federal Civil Service workers compared to that
of workers in private employment. The Federal

R E V IE W , M ARCH 1951

WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. IS

worker is not covered by the Fair Labor Standards
Act, State workmen’s compensation acts, FederalState unemployment compensation acts, and
Federal Old Age and Survivors Insurance pro­
gram. (Some Federal workers were given OASI
coverage by the act of August 28, 1950.) There
are, however, regulations and practices regarding
the payment of premium rates for overtime work,
on-the-job injury and health compensation, and a
contributory retirement system, which are out­
lined in the chronology. No unemploymentcompensation benefits are available to persons
separated from Federal employment. Although
unions among the Federal classified employees
covered by this chronology have existed for several
decades, membership has always been relatively
small. Collective bargaining on wages and related


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

297

matters, as it functions in private industry, did
not enter into the determination of salary levels
and supplementary benefits for these employees.
The purpose of this chronology and others in
the series is to present a simplified summary of
the major changes in wages and supplementary
benefits that have taken place during the periods
covered. The information presented in this chro­
nology was extracted from a large volume of acts,
regulations, orders, and opinions, with a neces­
sarily drastic limitation on the amount of detail,
exceptions, administrative procedures, etc., that
could be shown. Readers are, therefore, reminded
that except to obtain a summary of the changes,
there is no available substitute for the legal docu­
ments and the opinions of the Government agen­
cies charged with interpreting these documents.

M O N TH LY LABO R

W AGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 18

298

A— General Salary Changes 1
Applications, exceptions,
and other related matters

Provisions

Effective date

July 1, 1924 (Classification Act of
1923, M ar. 4,1923).
July 1, 1928 (Welch Act, M a y 28,
1928).

Salary ranges increased as follows: (1) Minim um — $120
annually to O A F (clerical, administrative, and fiscal),
grades 1-4 and SP (sub-professional) 1-5; $140 to C A F 5;
SP 6 and P (professional) 1; $200 to C A F 6-10; SP 7 and
8 and P 2 and 3;
(2) Maximum— $60 annually to C A F 1-4 and equivalent
grades, $100 to C A F 5-10 and equivalent grades;
(3) Crafts, custodial and protective: 2 Minim um — $180
annually to grades 2-7, $140 to grade 8 and $200 to grades
9 and 10; maximum— $60 annually to grade 1, $240 to
grades 2 and 3, $180 to grades 4-6 and $100 to grades 8-10.

July 3, 1930 (Brookhart Act, July 3,
1930).
July 1, 1932 (Economy Act of 1933,
June 30, 1932).

Apr. 1, 1933 (Economy Act of M ar.
20, 1933, and Executive Orders
Nos. 6085,6188 and 6553).
Feb. 1, 1934 (Independent Offices
Appropriation Act of 1935, M ar.
28, 1934).
July 1, 1934 (Independent Offices
Appropriation Act of 1935, M ar.
28,1934).
Apr. 1,1935 (Joint Resolution N o . 3,
74th Cong., 1st sess., Feb. 13,1935).
July 1, 1941 (Mead-Ramspeck Act,
Aug. 1,1941).

15 percent decrease in all rates—

------- --------------------------------

10 percent.
Part of reduction restored, changed to 5 percent.

Complete restoration of June 1932 salary levels
Act initiated automatic, within-grade salary increases pro­
vided employee’s conduct, service, and work were satis­
factory. Interval between steps: 18 months, if in-grade
increase was $60 or $100; or 30 months if in-grade increase
was $200 or $250. Previously, increases were allowed to
the extent that all salaries within a grade did not exceed

Aug. 1,1942).

July 1,1946 (Federal Employees Pay
A ct of 1946, M a y 24, 1946).
July 1948 (Postal Rate Revision and
Federal Employees Act of 1948,
July 3, 1948).
Oct. 28, 1949 (Classification Act of
1949, Oct. 28, 1949).

Increases up to $200 in maximum rates of $5,200 or less. Act
also extended coverage of classification act to the field
service.
8H percent decrease in all annual salaries in the form of
a 1-month furlough without pay.* Applicable to all
employees receiving salaries of $1,000 or more. N o salary
reduced below $1,000 a year. A ll administrative pro­
motions were suspended.
B y act of Mar. 20,1933, the President was authorized, after
making certain findings, to decrease Federal salary rates.
Furlough provision of 1932 eliminated.

Part of reduction restored; salary reduction changed to

Aug. 1, 1942 (Custodial Pay Act of

July 1,1945 (Federal Employees Pay
Act of 1945, June 30, 1945).

Act established salary ranges by occupational services and
grades. Applicable only to the central offices of the
departments.
The act increased minimum and maximum salary rates for
all grades except C A F 11-14; P4-7 and C PC 1. Act added
2 grades to the C A F and P services and reallocated the
positions of former C A F 11-14 grades among C A F 11-15
and former P 4-7 among P 4-8.

Salaries increased b y 20 percent on the first $1,200,10 per­
cent on next $3,400, and 5 percent on remainder, subject
to a $10,000 ceiling. 15.9 percent average increase.
Increases of 14 percent or $250 a year, whichever was
greater, but not more than 25 percent. Average increase
14.2 percent.
$330 a year increase in all rates................................. ....... .............

Revision of classification structure resulting in increases
averaging $140 a year.

the midpoint of the grade.
Salary rates of SP -1 and 2 and C P C -1 through 8 increased
from $60 to $200. There was no change in the salary
rates of the other grades and services.
Interval between in-grade increases decreased to 12 months
for grades receiving less than $200 and 18 months for
grades receiving $200 or more.
N o saiary increased to more than $10,000.
and 10 given additional increases.

Grades C P C -9

Maxim um salary increased to $10,330.

Act provided for consolidation of the 4 services into 2
schedules and the addition of 3 grades in the general
schedule. M aximum salary increased to $14,000 a year,
but limited to 25 positions.4

1 The changes listed above were the major adjustments in salary rates
during the period covered. Because of fluctuations in personnel at the
various services and grades and in-grade increases and promotions, the total
of the general changes listed will not necessarily coincide with the change
in the average salary over the period.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2 Prior to Aug. 1, 1942, the craft, custodial, and protective service was
known as the custodial service.
2 l-month furlough could be extended over the period covered by the act.
4 The numerical limitations were modified by later acts which, however,
applied to specified agencies and functions.

WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. IS

R EV IE W , M ARCH 1951

299

B— Basic Federal Salary Ranges by Service and Grade, 1924-50
Service

Professional

Subprofes­
sional

Salary range 1 and effective date

Clerical,
adminis­
trative,
and fiscal

General
schedule 2

Grade 1 . . .

Grade 1 . . .

Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade

Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade

Grade 1.

Grade 1.
Grade 2.

Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade

2 ...
3 ...
4 ...
5 --.
6. . .
7 ...
8 ...

Grade 3.
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Professional

Subprofes­
sional

2__
3 ..
4 ..
5 ..
6 ..
7 ..
8 -.
9 ..
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

2 . ..
3 ...
4 ...
5 ...
6 ...
7 ...
8 ...
9 ...
10..
11..
12..
13..
14..
15..
16 3.
17 3.
18 3.

Grade 1.
Grade 2.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

General
schedule 2

Grade 1 . . .

Grade 1 . . .

Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade

Grade 2 . . .
Grade 3 ...
Grade 4 ...
Grade 5 ...
Grade 6 ...
Grade 7 . ..
Grade 8 . ..
Grade 9 . ..
Grade 10..
Grade 11..
Grade 12..
Grade 13..
Grade 14..
Grade 15..
Grade 16 3.
Grade 17 3.
Grade 18 3.

Grade 3.
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

See footnotes at end of table.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2 ..
S .4 ..
5 ..
6 ..
7 ..
8 ..
9 ..
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

July 1,1928

July 3,1930

July 1, 1932 3

Apr. 1, 1933

Feb. 1,1934

July 1,1934

M in i­ M axi­
mum mum

M ini­ M axi­
mum mum

M ini­ M axi­
mum mum

M ini­ M axi­
mum mum

M ini­ M axi­
mum mum

M ini­ M axi­
mum mum

M ini­ M axi­
mum mum

$1,173
1.377
1.377
1,530
1,683
1,836

$918 $1,242
1.134
1.458
1.134
1.458
1,296
1, 620
1,782
1,458
1,620
1,944
1,800
2,340
2,070 2,610
2,340
2,880
2,610 3,150
2,880 3,420
3,150 3,690
3,420
4,140
4,140 4,860
5,040
5,760
5,850 6,750
7,200 8,100

$969
1.197
1.197
1,368
1,539
1,710
1,900
2,185
2,470
2,755
3,040
3, 325
3, 610
4,370
5,320
6,175
7,600

$900 $1,260 $1,020 $1,320
1.140
1.500
1,260
1.560
1.500
1.140
1,260 1.560
1,320 1,680 1,440
1,740
1,500
1,860
1,620
1,920
2,040 1,800 2,100
1,680
1,860
2,400 2,000 2, 500
2,100 2,700 2, 300 2,800
2,400 3,000 2, 600 3,100
2, 700 3, 300 2,900
3.400
3.000 3,600 3,200 3,700
3,300 3,900 3.500 4,000
3,800
3,800
4.400
5, 200
4.600 45, 200
6.000 *7, 500 5.600 46,400
7, 500 47,500 6.500 47, 500

<5,000
<6,000

8,000

Apr. 1,1935

Clerical,
adminis­
trative,
and fiscal

Grade 1.
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade

July 1,1924

" 000

$1,020
1,260
1,260
1,440
1,620
1,800

2,000
2, 300
2,600
2,900
3,200
3, 500
3,800
4.600
5.600
6, 500

8,000

Aug. 1,1942

$1,380 $1,000 $1,265
1,620
1.155
1.485
1,620 1.155
1.485
1,800
1,320
1,650
1,980
1,815
1,485
2,160 1,650 1,980
2,600
1,833
2,383
2,900 2,108
2,658
3,200
2,383
2,933
3, 500 2,658
3,208
3,800 2,933
3,483
4,100
3,208
3,958
4,600 3,483 4, 217
45,400 4,216
4,950
46,400
5,133
5,867
47,500 5,958 6,875
49, 000 7,333 8,250

July 1,1945

1.071
1.071
1,224
1,377
1,530
1,700
1,955

2,210
2,465
2,720
2,975
3,230
3,910
4,760
5,525
6,800

July 1,1946

2,210
2,465
2,720
2,975
3,230
3,485
3,910
4,590
5,440
6,375
7,650

July 1,1948

M ini­
mum

M axi­
mum

M ini­
mum

M axi­
mum

M ini­
mum

M axi­
mum

M ini­
mum

M axi­
mum

M ini­
mum

M axi­
mum

$ 1,020
1,260
1,260
1,440
1,620
1,800

$1,380
1,620
1,620
1,800
1,980
2,160
2,600
2,900
3,200
3, 500
3,800
4,100
4,600
5.400
6.400
7, 500
9,000

$ 1,

$1, 560
1,620
1,680
1,800
1,980
2,160
2,600
2,900
3, 200
3,500
3,800
4,100
4, 600
5.400
6.400
7, 500
9,000

$1,440
1,506
1,572
1,704
1,902

$1,836
1,902
1,968

$1,690
1,756
1,822
1,954
2,168
2,394
2,645
3,021
3,397
3,773
4,150
4,526
4,902
5,905
7,102
8,180
9,975

$2,093
2,168
2,244
2,394
2,620
2,845
3,397
3,773
4,150
4,526
4,902
5, 278
5,905
6,863
8,060
9,377

$ 2,

$2,423
2,498
2,574
2,724
2,950
3,175
3,727
4,103
4, 480
4, 856
5,232
5,608
6,235
7,193
8, 390
9,707
10, 330

2,000
2,300
2,600
2,900
3, 200
3, 500
3,800
4.600
5.600
6, 500

8,000

200

1,260
1,320
1,440
1,620
1,800

2,000
2,300
2,600
2,900
3,200
3,500
3,800
4.600
5.600
6, 500

8,000

2,100
2,320
2,650
2,980
3,310
3,640
3,970
4,300
5,180
6,230
7,175
8,750

2,100
2,298
2,496
2,980
3,310
3,640
3,970
4,300
4,630
5,180

6,020
7,070
8,225
9,800

10, 000

020

2,086
2,152
2,284
2,498
2,724
2,975
3,351
3, 727
4,103
4,480
4,856
5,232
6,235
7,432
8,510
10,305

$1, 311
1.539
1.539
1,710
1,881
2,052
2,470
2,755
3,040
3,325
3,610
3,895
4,370
5,130
6,080
7,125
8,550

Oct. 28, 1949 «
M ini­
mum

M axi­
mum

$2,200

$2,680

2.450
2,650
2,875
3,100
3.450
3,825
4,200
4.600
5,000
5, 400
6,400
7.600
8,800

2, 930
3,130
3, 355
3,850
4,200
4,575
4,950
5, 350
5,750
6.400
7.400
8,600
9,800

10,000
11, 200
12,200

11,000
12, 000

14,000

13.000
14.000

300

W AGE

C H R O N O L O G Y N O. IS

M O N TH LY LABO R

B— Basic Federal Salary Ranges by Service and Grade, 1924-50— Continued
July 1, 1924

July 1,1 928

J uly 3,1 930

July 1 1932«

A p r. 1, 1933

F e b . 1, 1934

Ju ly 1, 1934

Crafts, custodial, and protective

Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade

1___________________________ . . . __ . . . . . . _ _
2______________________
. . . ____________
_____
3 ______________________ _____ _______________ _______
4
.
.
. . . . . ______
__________
5____ . . . . . ___________________________________
__________ . . .
6 ____________ ____________ . . .
7___________________________________________________
8 ___
.
______ __ . __________ __ . _________
9 ___________ __________________________________ ._
10_____________ . . . _______ ______________________

M in i­
mum

M a x i­
mum

M in i­
mum

M a x i­
mum

M in i­
m um

M a x i­
m um

M in i­
mum

M a x i­
mum

M in i­
m um

M a x i­
mum

M in i­
mum

M a x i­
mum

M in i­
m um

$600
900
1,020
1,140
1,320
1,500
1,680
1,860
2,100
2, 400

$780
1,140
1,260
1,500
1,680
1,860
2,040
2, 400
2,700
3,000

$600
1,080
1,200
1,320
1,500
1,680
1,860
2,000
2, 300
2,600

$840
1,380
1,500
1,620
1,800
1,980
2,200
2, 500
2,800
3,100

$600
1,080
1,200
1,320
1,500
1,680
1,860
2,000
2,300
2,600

$840
1,380
1, 500
1,680
1,860
2,040
2,300
2,600
2,900
3,200

$600
1,000
1,100
1,210
1,375
1,540
1, 705
1,833
2,108
2,383

$840
1,265
1,375
1,540
1,705
1,870
2,108
2,383
2,658
2,933

$510
918
1,020
1,122
1,275
1,428
1,581
1,700
1,955
2,210

$714
1,173
1,275
1,428
1,581
1,734
1,955
2,210
2,465
2, 720

$540
972
1,080
1,188
1,350
1,512
1,674
1,800
2,070
2,340

$756
1,242
1,350
1,512
1,674
1,836
2,070
2,340
2,610
2,880

$570
1,026
1,140
1,254
1,425
1,596
1,767
1,900
2,185
2,470

Apr. 1, 1935

Aug. 1, 1942

July 1, 1945

July 1, 1946

July 1, 1948

M a x i­
mum

$798
1,311
1,425
1,596
1,767
1,938
2,185
2,470
2,755
3,040

Oct. 28, 1949«

Crafts, custodial, and protective

Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade

1. ________ __________ ___________________________
2________________________________________________ _
3. _________ ______ __ _____________________ ______
4____
. . . _______ __________________ _ ________
5______ _______ _________________________________
6______________________________ _______ ______ _____
7____________________________________ ____________
8______ _________________________ ______________
9_______________________ . _ _____________________
10. ___________________________ _____ ______________

M ini­
mum

M axi­
mum

M ini­
mum

M axi­
mum

M ini­
mum

M axi­
mum

M ini­
mum

M axi­
mum

M ini­
mum

Maxi­
mum

M ini­
mum

$600
1,080
1,200
1,320
1,500
1,680
1,860
2, 000
2,300
2, 600

$840
1,380
1,500
1,680
1,860
2,040
2, 300
2, 600
2, 900
3,200

$720
1,200
1,320
1,500
1,680
1,860
2,040
2,200
2,300
2, 600

$960
1,500
1,620
1, 860
2,040
2,220
2,500
2,800
2,900
3,200

$864
1,440
1,572
1,770
1,968
2,166
2,364
2, 540
2,650
2,980

$1,152
1,770
1,902
2,166
2,364
2, 562
2, 870
3,200
3,310
3, 640

$1,080
1,690
1,822
2,020
2,244
2,469
2, 695
2,896
3,272
3,648

$1,402
2, 020
2,168
2, 469
2,695
2,921
3,272
3,648
4,024
4,400

$1,410
2,020
2,152
2,350
2, 574
2, 799
3,025
3,226
3,602
3, 978

$1,732
2,350
2,498
2, 799
3,025
3,251
3,602
3, 978
4,354
4,730

$1, 510
2,120
2, 252
2,450
2,674
2,900
3,125
3,400
3,775
4,150

1 All rates are adjusted to the nearest dollar.
2 In October 1949, the 3 services were consolidated into a new single general
schedule.
3 Act places numerical limitations on positions that can be classified as 16,
17, and 18 at any one time; 300 in GS-16, 75 in GS-17, and 25 in GS-18. The
numerical limitations were modified by later acts which, however, applied
only to specified agencies and functions.
* Unless a higher rate is specified by law.

Maxi­
mum
$1,870
2, 540
2,732
2,930
3,154
3,380
3, 725
4,150
4,525
4,900

* Since the July 1932 reduction took the form of a furlough without pay
rather than a change in established annual rates, the figures shown for this
period are earnings rather than rates.
« Employees in a position for 10 years to receive an additional (longevity)
step increase beyond the maximum rate for each 3 years of service at or above
the maximum rate without change in grade or rate, with limit of 3 such
increases. Not applicable to employees above grade 10.

C— Salary Range Within Grades and Provisions for Within-Grade Increases, January 19511
Provisions for step increases
within grades
Range be­
tween mini­
mum and
maximum
salaries

General schedule

Grade 5___________________________
Grade 6 __ ________ _ . . . ___ .
Grade 8_________ . . . ____________
Grade 9 __________________________
Grade 1 0 ... __________________
Grade 11.. _____________
Grade 12________________ .
Grade 13.. ____________ _
Grade 15__________ . . .

... ..

Grade 18__________________________

$480
480
480
480
750
750
750
750
750
750
1,000
1,000
1,000
1, 000
1,000
' 800
800

Number of
weeks of
satisfactory
service be­
tween in­
creases
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
78
78
78
78
78
78
78

Crafts, custodial, and protective
Increase in
annual salary

$80
80
80
80
125
125
125
125
125
125
200
200
200
200
250
200
200
None

1 Increases are automatic, provided employee’s work is satisfactory up to
the maximum for the grade. This scale became effective in October 1949.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Provisions for step increases
within grades

Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade

1___ ______ ________________
2__________ _ _____________
__________
3_____ _______
4_______
._ _________
_____________
5______ _
6____ . . . ________________
7___________ ______________
8___________________________
9 . . . ____ __
______
10______________ _ _ _ . ._

Range be­
tween mini­
m um and
maximum
salaries

$360
420
480
480
480
480
600
750
750
750

Number of
weeks of
satisfactory
service be­
tween in­
creases

Increase in
annual salary

52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52

$60
70
80
80
80
80
100
125
125
125

Eor previous policy regarding within-grade increases, see table A.

R E V IE W , M ARCH 1951

W A G E C H R O N O L O G Y N O. 18

301

D — Related Wage Practices 1
Effective date

Provisions

Applications, exceptions, and other related matters

Overtime P a y 8

July 1, 1924 (act of M ar. 15, 1898)____

N o provision for payment for overtime work.

1940-1942 (acts of June 28, 1940, Oct.
21, 1940, June 3, 1941 and Feb. 10,
1942).
Dec. 1, 1942 (joint resolution of Dec.
22, 1942).

M a y 1,1943, (act of M a y 7,1943)------

Tim e and one-half for work in excess of 40 hours a week,
payable only on that part of basic compensation not in
excess of a rate of $2,900 a year. Basic salary plus over­
time not to exceed a rate of $5,000 for any pay period on
salaries below $5,000. N o overtime paid on salaries above
$5,000.
Overtime provision of December 1942 reenacted......................

July 30,1944 (act of July 30,1944)

July 1, 1945 (act of June 30, 1945)

July 1,1946 (act of M a y 24,1946)
July 1,1948 (act of July 3, 1948)

See footn o te s a t end o f table.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Changed to: Tim e and one-half to employees whose basic
compensation was less than $2,980; declining rate of over­
time pay to employees whose basic compensation was
more than $2,980.8

Although the law specified that employees were to work
minimum of 7 hours a day, exclusive of Sundays, it pro­
vided that head of an agency or department could, by
written order, extend hours of an employee, but pro­
hibited payment of additional compensation.
Tim e and one-half for work in excess of 40 hours a week
applicable to specific occupations of W ar and N avy
Depts., Coast Guard, Maritime Commission and N a ­
tional Advisory Committee for Aeronautics.
10 percent in lieu of overtime for employees whose tour of
duty was intermittent, irregular or less than full time.
The $2,900 and $5,000 provisions also applied to these
employees. Resolution expired Apr. 30, 1943.

Applicable to per-annum Classification Act employees
generally. Additional compensation at rate of $300 a
year was paid employees whose earned overtime pay
under this provision for any pay period was less than at
rate of $300 a year. Heads of departments could, at
their discretion, grant compensatory time off in lieu of
overtime only for overtime exceeding 48 hours a week.
Employees whose hours of duty were irregular, specified
employees in or under the legislative or judicial branch
whose positions fell under Classification A ct, and em­
ployees whose hours of work were governed by hours of
private establishments which they served, to receive
overtime at rate of $300 a year if basic compensation was
less than $2,000 or 15 percent of that part of the basic
compensation not in excess of a rate of $2,900 if salary was
more than $2,000.
Additional overtime compensation for any pay period
limited to 25 percent of earned basic compensation for
such pay period. Act expired June 30, 1945.
Additional compensation to per annum Classification Act
employees at rate of $300 per annum if basic compensation
was less than $2,000 per annum, or 15 percent of com­
pensation not in excess of $2,900 per annum if basic com­
pensation was at a rate of $2,000 or more.
Hourly rate of employees determined by dividing basic
annual compensation by 2,080 (previously 2,880) hours.
Heads of departments could, b y regulation, grant com­
pensatory time off for irregular or occasional overtime
work in excess of 48 hours to employees requesting such
compensatory time off.
Aggregate rate of compensation not to exceed a rate of
$10,000 per annum.
Compensatory time off permissible for irregular or occa­
sional overtime work in excess of 40 hours a week.
Aggregate rate increased to $10,330.

302

W AGE

C H R O N O L O G Y N O . 13

M O N TH LY LABOR

D — Related Wage Practices x- -Continued
Effective date

Provisions

Applications, exceptions, and other related matters

H oliday P a y

July 1,1924 (act of Jan. 6, 1885, June
28, 1894 and M ar. 15, 1898).

6 or more paid holidays for which employees receive their
regular pay. N o additional pay for holidays worked.

M a y 13, 1938 (act of M a y 13, 193 8 )...
Dec. 26, 1941 (act of Dec. 26, 1941)....
M a y 12, 1943 (W hite House memo­
randum) .
July 1, 1945 (act of June 30, 1945)........

Added: Armistice D ay made a paid holiday.

Aug. 23, 1945 (W hite House memo­
randum) .
July 1, 1946 (act of July 1, 1946).........

8 regular paid holidays restored.

Regular holidays were: New Year’s D ay, Washington’s
Birthday, Memorial D ay, Independence D ay, Labor
D ay, Christmas D ay. Thanksgiving D ay was a paid
holiday by Presidential proclamation. Other days on
which the departments and agencies were closed by
Executive order were treated as paid holidays.
Thanksgiving D ay made a paid holiday by statute.

Changed to: All holidays, except Christmas, made work
days.
Changed to: Tim e and one-half (total) the regular rate for
work on holidays established by law or Executive order.

Changed to: Double time (total) for holidays worked.

July 1, 1948 (act of July 3, 1948)

To be effective after the cessation of hostilities with reestab­
lishment of normal holidays by Executive order. Aggre­
gate rate for base rate, overtime, holiday and night pay
not to exceed a rate of $10,000 per annum.

Holiday must fall within employee’s basic workweek of 40
hours. M aximum holiday pay limited to 8 hours.
Aggregate rate increased to $10,330.

P rem iu m P a y for Night W ork

July 1, 1924.______________________
July 1, 1945 (act of June 30, 1945)

N o provision for night work premium pay.
10 percent differential for regularly scheduled hours of
work between 6 p. m . and 6 a. m.

July 1, 1946 (act of July 1, 1946)
July 1,1948 (act of July 3, 1948)

Differential not paid employees for night work outside of a
regularly scheduled tour of duty or when employee is on
leave. Limited to hours in basic 40-hour workweek.
Aggregate rate including base rate, overtime, holiday and
night pay not to exceed a rate of $10,000 per annum.
N ight premium extended to hours beyond basic 40-hour
workweek between 6 p. m. and 6 a. m .
Aggregate rate increased to $10,330.

P rem iu m P a y for Saturday and Sunday W ork

July 1, 1924.

N o provisions for premium pay for work on Saturday or
Sunday.

Vacation P a y (A n n u a l Leave)

July 1, 1924 (act of M ar. 15, 1898)____

M axim um of 30 days annual leave with pay allowed em­
ployees in any 1 year.

Leave granted at discretion of head of agency. Leave was
not cumulative. B y act of Feb. 24, 1899, leave was
exclusive of Sundays and holidays within leave period.
Act allowed the accumulation of leave without limit.
Accumulation of leave limited to 60 days.4
Permissible accumulation of leave increased to 90 days.4
Leave made exclusive of nonworkdays established by
Executive or administrative order.
Permissible accumulation of leave reduced to 60 days.4

July 1, 1932 (act of June 30, 1932)____ Reduced to: 15 days.
M ar. 14, 1936 (act of M ar. 14, 1936)... Increased to: 26 days.
Sept. 8, 1939 (act of Dec. 17, 1942)_____ __________ ____________
M ar. 2, 1940 (act of M ar. 2, 1940)....................................................
July 24, 1947 (act of July 25, 1947)________________________ _____

Sick Leave P a y

July 1, 1924 (act of M ar. 15, 1898)____

30 days sick leave with pay allowed employees in any 1 year.

M ar. 14, 1936 (act of M ar. 14, 1936)... Changed to: 1H days a month (15 days annually)...... .........
M ar. 2, 1940 (act of M ar. 2, 1940)____ _________________________________________________________________

See fo o tn o te s a t end o f table.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Leave granted at discretion of head of agency and was not
cumulative.
Leave cumulative to 90 days.
Sick leave made exclusive of Sundays, holidays, and non­
workdays established by Executive or administrative
order.

R E V IE W , M ARCH 1951

303

WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. IS

D— Related Wage Practices 1— Continued
Effective date

Provisions

Applications, exceptions, and other related matters

Travel P a y ( P er D iem )

July 1,1924

_____________ _______

Employees required to travel reimbursed for expenses.

Regulated by individual departments and agencies.

Time spent in travel outside regular work schedule not
Ju ly 1, 1926 (act of June 3, 1926)..........

paid for.
Changed to: Employees required to travel reimbursed
for expenses up to $7 a day or paid per diem not to ex­
ceed $6 a day in lieu of expenses.

Employees also provided with transportation. Generally
the per diem allowance was decreased after an extended
stay in one local. The extent and time of reduction was
determined administratively by the individual depart­
ments and agencies.
Actual expense provision eliminated.

Ju ly 1, 1932 (act of June 3, 1932)-------Jan. 30, 1942 (act of Jan. 30, 1942)------

M ileage A llow ance

___________ _______

Employees required to use private vehicles for official busi-

Eeb. 14, 1931 (act of Feb. 1 4 ,1 9 3 1 ).._

ness reimbursed for actual expenses.
Changed to: Automobiles— maximum of 7 cents a mile;

J u ly 1,1924

motorcycles— maximum of 3 cents.

M a r. 3, 1933 (act of M ar. 3, 1933)------A ug. 2, 1946 (act of Aug. 2, 1946).........
July 1, 1949 (act of June 9, 1949)--------

Regulated by individual departments and agencies.
Applicable only to travel outside of official station. B y
individual agency appropriation travel by private ve­
hicle inside an official station was reimbursed at approxi­
mately 3 cents a mile.

Reduced to: Automobiles— maximum of 5 cents; motor­
cycles— maximum of 2 cents.
Added: Private airplanes— maximum of 5 cents a mile;
automobiles inside official station— maximum of 4 cents.
Changed to: Automobiles (inside and outside official
station) and airplanes— maximum of 7 cents a mile;
motorcycles— maximum of 4 cents a mile.

M oving E xpenses

Ju ly 1, 1924 __________________________

Employees required to change official stations reimbursed
for travel and cost of moving household goods.

Expenses incurred in changing official stations regulated
by individual agencies. Generally the regulations pro­
vided for employees’ traveling expenses and costs of m ov­
ing household goods.
Act made moving expense provisions uniform for all agencies. M aximum cost limited to 5,000 pounds of household
goods.
Travel expenses of family included as reimbursable item.
M aximum reimbursement limited to 7,000 pounds of
household goods.

Jury D uty or W itness P a y

„Tnly 1 1924

N o provision for jury duty or witness p a y ............................ -

Aug. 22, 1935 (act of Aug. 22, 1935 )...

Employees serving on Federal or District of Columbia
juries or acting as witnesses paid for time absent.
Added: Pay for jury or witness duty in any State court. —

June 29, 1940 (act of June 29, 1 9 4 0 )...

See footnotes at end of table.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Federal employees were disqualified for jury duty until
passage of the act of Aug. 22, 1935.
Time absent not deducted from annual leave. Employees
not paid jury or witness fee.

304

W AGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 13

M O N TH LY LABOR

D — Related Wage Practices 1— Continued
Effective date

Provisions

Applications, exceptions, and other related matters

Injury and Death C om pensation•

July 1, 1924 (act of Sept. 27,1916)____

Benefits provided for disability or death of employee re­
sulting from injury sustained while in performance of
duty as follows:

Employees injured in performance of duty could elect to
receive benefits under Federal Employees Compensa­
tion A ct or, if eligible, under Civil Service Retirement
Act.

Total disability— 66% percent of monthly pay but not more
than $66.67 a month or less than $33.33.

If basic pay was less than $33.33 monthly, compensation
was to equal full amount of monthly pay. Payments to
start on 4th day of disability.

Partial disability— 66% percent of the difference between
monthly pay and monthly wage-earning capacity during
disability, but not more than $66.67 a month.

In case of minors and learners, compensation could be in­
creased to probable wage-earning capacity if it would
have increased but for the injury. Compensation could
also be reduced if earnings of employee, irrespective of
injury, would probably have decreased because of old age.
Payments to start on 4th day of disability.

M edical core— Injured employee furnished with medical,
surgical, and hospital services and supplies b y U . S.
medical officers and hospitals.
Death allowance— Payable if death results within 6 years
of injury:
(1) W idow without children— 35 percent o f deceased em­
ployee’s monthly pay until death or remarriage.
(2) Widower, without children—35 percent, if wholly
dependent on deceased employee for support at time of
death.
(3) W idow or widower with children— 35 percent plus 10
percent for each child, but not to exceed 66% percent.

Where Government care is not practical, designated, and
approved, private sources could be used.

(4) Orphaned children— 25 percent for one child, 10 percent
for each additional child, but not to exceed 66% percent.
(5) Parents— 25 percent if one parent was wholly depend­
ent upon deceased for support; 20 percent to each if both
were wholly dependent.
(6) Other dependents— 20 percent to each if wholly de­
pendent on deceased for support, but not to exceed 30
percent if more than one was wholly dependent.

Feb. 12,1927 (act of Feb. 12,1927).—

Apr. 1, 1933 (act of M ar. 20, 1933)___
Feb. 1, 1934 (Independent Office
Appropriations Act of 1935, Mar.
28, 1934).
July 1, 1934 (Independent Office
Appropriation Act of 1935, Mar.
28, 1934).
Apr. 1, 1935 (Joint Resolution N o. 3,
74th Cong., lstsess., Feb. 13,1935).
M a y 13, 1936 (act of M a y 3, 1936 )....

See footnotes at end of table.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

B urial allowance— $100 maximum.
Total disability— M inim um and maximum benefits in­
creased to $58.33 and $116.66, respectively.
Partial disability— M aximum increased to $116.66 a month.
B urial allowance— Maximum increased to $200.
15 percent decrease in monthly compensation paym ent___

Child’s compensation to cease when he dies, marries, or
reaches the age of 18; or if over 18 and incapable of self
support, when he becomes capable of self support.

If one or both are partially dependent on deceased, amount
of compensation reduced proportionately. Compensa­
tion paid for maximum of 8 years.
If one or more of dependents in this category was partially
dependent, amount of compensation reduced to 10 percent
divided equally. Compensation paid for maximum of
8 years. Compensation paid only if dependents in
categories 1 to 5 were not living or if living total compensa­
tion of all categories was not to exceed 66% percent of
deceased’s monthly compensation.

As interpreted by decision of the Comptroller General,
dated Apr. 15, 1933.

Part of reduction restored; monthly compensation pay­
ment reduction changed to 10 percent.
Part of reduction restored, changed to 5 percent..............

Complete restoration of June 1932 monthly compensation
levels.
Added: Attendant's allowance— Maxim um of $50 a month
when services of an attendant necessary.

Allowance payable when employee was totally blind, lost
both hands or feet, or their use, or was paralyzed, or
other total disability cases in which constant services
of an attendant were necessary.

R E V IE W , M ARCH 1951

305

W AGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 13

D— Related Wage Practices 1— Continued
Effective date

Applications, exceptions, and other related matters

Provisions
In ju ry and Death C om pensation«— Continued

July 28, 1945 (act of July 28, 1945)-----

Death allowance— 6-year limitation on payment of death
benefits removed.

N o v . 1, 1949 (act Of Oct. 14, 1949)____

Changed to:
Total disability— 66% percent of basic compensation or 75
percent for periods during which employee has one or
more dependents. M inim um and maximum benefits
increased to $112.50 and $525, respectively.
Partial disability— 66% percent (or 75 percent if employee
has one or more dependents) of the difference between
monthly pay and monthly wage-earning capacity.
M aximum increased to $525.
Attendant’s allowance— Increased to $75 a month....................
Death allowance— (1) W idow without children—increased
to 45 percent. (2) Widower without children—increased
to 45 percent. (3) W idow or widower with children—
increased to 40 percent, plus 15 percent for each child, but
not to exceed 75 percent. (4) Orphaned children—
increased to 35 percent for one child, 15 percent for each
additional child, but not to exceed 75 percent for all.
B urial allowance— Maxim um increased to $400.
Added: Perm anent functional losses— Specified number of
weeks compensation at full weekly rate in addition to
scheduled payments for periods of temporary disability.7
Added:
Vocational rehabilitation provided, including,
when necessary, up to $50 a month for maintenance.

1 The last item under each entry represents the most recent change.
2 Generally the minimum hours established by the act of M ar. 15,1898,
were accepted as the normal workday for Federal office employees. The act
of M ar. 3,1931, restricted the workweek by establishing 4 hours as the normal
workday on Saturday but permitted additional hours worked on that day
to be compensated for by the equivalent number of hours off on another day.
In 1936 the authority of the heads of departments was restated in more specific
terms. This act (M ar. 14, 1936) directed the heads of departments to issue
“ general public regulations not inconsistent with law setting forth the hours
of duty per day and per week for each group of employees.” Prior to World
W ar II office employees worked 39 hours a week.
W ith the advent of the emergency immediately preceding the war, various
departments went on a 44-hour week and the W ar and N a v y Departments
operated on 48-hour weekly schedules. In December 1942 the President
requested all departments to work a 48-hour, 6-day week. This schedule
continued until 1945 when the departments commenced operations on a 40hour, 5-day week.
Recently, because of the Korean situation, some offices in the Department
of Defense and in some other departments returned to a 44- or 48-hour week.
3 For example, employees earning $2,980 a year received $1,433 an hour
(assuming 2,080 working hours a year) regularly and $2,149 an hour overtime;
employees earning $4,300 a year received $2,067 an hour regularly but only
$1,905 during overtime hours, and employees earning $6,230 a year received
$2,995 regularly but only $1,549 during overtime hours.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

8-year maximum allowable compensation period to parents
and “ other dependents’ ’ removed. Removal of 6-year
limitation made retroactive to all injuries occurring
prior to July 28, 1945, if death occurred after that date.
Removal of 8-year maximum made applicable to depend­
ents receiving compensation, dependents whose claim
was in process of initial adjudication, and dependents
whose compensation was terminated within 3 years of
effective date of amendment, and who were suffering
hardship because of the termination.

For a partial functional loss the award is reduced a pro­
portionate number of weeks.
Benefits continued after rehabilitation in proportion to
loss in wage-earning capacity.

4
W hile more than the specified number of days could be accumulated
within the calendar year employees were not permitted to carry over from
year to year more than the legal maximum. Employees were required by
the act of Sept. 6, 1950, to use all annual leave earned during the calendar
year 1950 before June 30, 1951, or to lose that part not used.
3 Travel pay regulations vary widely between departments as well as
within departments on the basis of position and area. The 1949 regulations
governing per diem paid Department of Labor employees, for example, pro­
vide: $9 a day for first 7 days, $8 for the next 25 days at the same point, $7 for
the next 25 days at the same point, and $6 a day for any further stay at the
same point. In addition, these regulations provide for the payment of $6 a
day while flying and $7 for steamship travel outside the continental limits
of the United States. Special provision is also made for short trips. The
Department of Labor pays $6 a day for trips lasting less than 24 hours, except
that no per diem is allowed when travel is entirely between 8 a. m . and 6 p. m .
Overnight per diem is not allowed when travel is within 40 miles of official
station unless it can be shown to be advantageous to the Government.
6 Federal employees are not covered b y State workmen’s compensation
acts.
7 The law provides from 15 weeks’ compensation for loss of the fourth finger
to 312 weeks’ compensation for loss of an arm. Compensation for disfigure­
ment is not to exceed $3,500.

306

W AGE CHRONOLOGY NO. IS

M O N TH L Y LAB O R

E— Changes in Provisions A ffecting
Provisions relating to—
Eligibility

Annuities

Effective date
Voluntary retirement

Involuntary retirement

Full

Reduced

Deferred

(1 )

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

July 1,1924 (act of
M a y 22, 1920,
and Sept. 22,
1922).

A t 70 with 15 years’ serv­
ice (see col. 11).

A t 55 with 15 years’ serv­
ice when separated
not for cause (see coL
11).

(1) 30 or more years of serv­
ice— 60 percent of average
annual salary earned dur­
ing 10 years preceding
retirement, but not more
than $720 or less than $360;
(2) 27 and under 30 years—
54 percent, but not more
than $648 or less than $324;
(3) 24 and under 27 years—
48 percent but not more
than $576 or less than $288;
(4) 21 and under 24 years—
42 percent, but not more
than $504 or less than $252;
(5) 18 and under 21 years—
36 percent but not more
than $432 or less than $216;
(6) 15 and under 18 years—
30 percent, but not more
than $360 or less than $180.

Employee retiring at 55 to
receive immediate life an­
nuity at established rate
minus specified percent­
ages for each year under
retirement age (see col.
11).

Employee retiring at 55
to receive life annui­
ty at regular retire­
ment age (see col.
11).

M inim um age reduced
to 45 years, but imme­
diate annuity could
not begin until age 55.

July 1,1924 (act of
July 3, 1926).
July 1,1926 (act of
July 3, 1926).
July 1,1930 (act of
M a y 29, 1930).

Maxim um
annuity
in­
creased to $1,000.
M aximum
annuity
in­
creased to $1,200 with some
exceptions.

Added: Employee with
30 years of service but
2 years below retire­
ment age allowed to
retire with full annui­
ty.
Employees with 30 years
of service but below
retirement age (see cols.
5 and 11).

June 16, 1933 (act
of June 16,1933).

Added: Full annuity minus
V A percent.
Full annui­
ty paid on reaching retire­
ment age (see col. 3).

Sept. 1, 1934 (act
of June 22,1934).
Jan. 1,1940 (act of
Aug. 4, 1939).

Jan. 24, 1942 (acts
of Jan. 24, 1942,
July 30,1947, and
June 10, 1949).

July 1,1942 (act of
Jan. 24, 1942).
July 1,1945 (act of
Aug. 8, 1946).

Choice of survivor’s annui­
ty determined amount
paid employee (see col. 8).

Changed to: (1) retire­
ment automatic at 70
with 15 years’ service;
(2) optional at 60 with
30 years’ service; (3)
optional at 62 with 15
years’ service: (4) op­
tional at 55 with 30
years’ service.

Employee involuntarily
separated after 5 years’
service could elect re­
duced annuity at 55; if
separated for any rea­
son, full annuity pay­
able at 62.

Added: at 55 years or
older, separated be­
tween July 1,1945, and
June 30, 1947, under
specified conditions,
after 25 years’ service
(see col. 5).

Added: at 55 years or
older, separated be­
tween July 1,1945, and
June 30, 1947, after 25
years’ service, not for
cause (see col. 5).

July 1,1947 (act of
Feb. 28, 1948).

See footnotes at end of table.


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Added, employees with
25 years’ service, at
any age, separated not
for cause.

Added: minimum annuity
to equal average annual
salary during highest 5
consecutive years multi­
plied by years of service
(not to exceed 35), divided
by 70.

Employees retiring at 55
with 30 years’ service to
receive reduced annuity
(see col. 2).

Annuity computed on es­
tablished basis reduced 2
percent a year under 60 if
employee had 30 years’
service, otherwise 2 per­
cent a year for each year
under 62.
Immediate annuity reduced
b y 3 percent for each year
employee was under 60.

W AGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 18

R E V IE W , M ARCH 1951

307

Retirement Benefits1
Provisions relating to—

Disability retirement

Survivors and beneficiaries

(7)
Employee with 15 or more
years of service totally dis­
abled for useful and efficient
service by reason of disease
or injury not due to mis­
conduct, etc., to receive
same benefits as in full an­
nuity schedule.

(8)
Amount of employee’s contribu­
tion, plus interest, remaining in
fund after death to accrue to em­
ployee’s estate or to his next of
kin.

Refunds

Employee contribution 3

(9)

(10)

Employee separated from
service before becoming
eligible for annuity or
transferred to position out­
side act refunded total con­
tribution plus interest.
Employee retiring at age
55 could elect refund in­
stead of annuity.

2M percent of basic salary ~

Related matters
(11)
Under sec. 6 of act as inter­
preted b y Attorney Gen­
eral’s opinion of June 14,
1920, retirement at 70 was
automatic whether or not
employee had 15 years of
service.
Employees with
less than 15 years service
did not receive annuities.
Employee retiring at 55
allowed to elect reduced
immediate annuity, full
deferred annuity, or re­
fund.

Incrcasedjto 3A percent...
Required years of service re­
duced to 5.

Added: Charge of $1 for each
month of service, from
July 1, 1930, deducted
from refund of employee
voluntarily separated, dis­
charged for cause, or trans­
ferred to position outside
act.
AcUexpired June 30, 1935.

Beneficiaries: Employee entitled to
designate beneficiary who would
be paid any sum remaining in
fund at death.
Survivors: Employee could reduce
annuity during his life and
choose between (1) equal an­
nuity or (2) half annuity to
survivor during survivor’s life
(see col. 11).


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Amount of annuity deter­
mined b y life expectancy
of employee and survivor.

Employees voluntarily or
involuntarily
separated
not for cause with less
than 5 years’ service re­
funded contribution plus
interest (see col. 11).

Act of 1947 increased years of
service during which a re­
fund could be elected to 10.
1949 act increased this
period to 20 years.

Expired June 30, 1947.

B y act of Aug. 25, 1949, pro­
visions were made retro­
active to July 1, 1945.

WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 13

308

M O N TH L Y LABO R

E— Changes in Provisions Affecting
Provisions relating to—
Annuities

Eligibility
Effective date

( 1)

Voluntary retirement

Involuntary retirement

Full

Reduced

Deferred

( 2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

( 6)

Changed to: ltS percent of
average basic salary dur­
ing highest 5 consecutive
years of allowable service,
multiplied b y years of
service; or 1 percent of
average basic salary dur­
ing highest 5 consecutive
years of service, plus $25,
multiplied b y years of
service (choice of meth­
ods). Annuity limited to
80 percent of basic salary
during 5-year period.

Changed to: Annuity on re­
tirement at 55 with 30
years’ service reduced by
3 percent for each year
under 60. Annuity of em­
ployee electing to receive
reduced benefits and an
annuity to widow after
death to have payments
reduced b y 10 percent and
b y % of 1 percent for each
year wife is under 60 on
date of retirement, but not
more than a total of 25 per­
cent.
Annuity of em­
ployee electing survivor
with insurable interest re­
duced to: 90 percent if sur­
vivor is same age, older, or
less than 5 years younger;
85 percent if 5 but less than
10 years younger; 80 per­
cent if 10 but less than 15
years younger; 75 percent
if 15 but less than 20 years
younger; 70 percent if 20
but less than 25 years
younger; 60 percent if more
than 25 years younger.

Changed to: Annuity
on separation with
5 but under 20 years’
service deferred un­
til employee reaches
62, or paid in a lump
sum plus interest.
Annuity on separa­
tion after 20 years
but prior to becom­
ing eligible for re­
tirem ent deferred
u n til
em p loy ee
reaches 62.

Feb. 29, 1948 (act
of Feb. 28,1948),

pr. 1,1948 (act of
Feb. 28, 1948).

l u ly l, 1948 (act of
Feb. 28, 1948).
Sept. 30, 1949 (act
of Sept. 30,
1949).

1 B y act of Aug. 28,1950, certain Federal employees not under the Retirem ent Act (temporary appointments) are covered b y Social Security Old
Age and Survivor’s Insurance benefits.


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Annuity of employee elect­
ing to receive reduced an­
nuity and an annuity to
widow or widower to have
annual benefits, (1) under
$1,500 reduced b y 5 per­
cent, (2) amount over
$1,500 by 10 percent; and
(3) total by % of 1 percent
for each year husband or
wife is under 60. Reduc­
tions limited to 25 percent
of scheduled annuity.
2 The Federal Government contributes annually the amount necessary to
maintain the retirement system in a sound financial condition.

309

WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 18

R E V IE W , M ARCH 1951

Retirement Benefits1— Continued
Provisions relating to—

Disability retirement
(7)


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Survivors and beneficiaries
( 8)

Changed to: upon death while
employed or upon death of an­
nuitant in certain eases, sur­
vivors receive: (1) widow, and
no children, of employee with 5
or more years civilian service on
reaching 50— Yt of annuity em­
ployee was entitled to; (2) widow
and children— Y of employee’s
annuity to widow immediately,
)4 of annuity to each child but
not more than $900 divided by
number of children or $360,
whichever is less; (3) children
only (no widow) — Vi of employ­
ee’s annuity to each child, but
not more than $1,200 divided by
number of children or $480,
whichever is less.
Named survivor with insurable
interest to receive 50 percent of
reduced annuity. Named sur­
viving widow to receive at age
50 or immediately if over that
age, 50 percent of full annuity.

Refunds

Employee contribution :

(9)

( 10)

Related matters
( 11)

W idow ’s annuity continues
until death or remarriage.
Children’s annuity gener­
ally continues until death,
marriage, or reaching 18
years of age.

Person with insurable inter­
est defined as one with a
close relationship to em­
ployee or one who has rea­
sonable expectancy of ben­
efit in the continuation of
retiring employee’s life.
Employee retired prior to
effective date of act to have
annuity increased b y 25
percent or $300, whichever
was less, or could elect to
have husband or wife re­
ceive survivorship annuity
of 50 percent of original an­
nuity, but not more than
$600 a year. Act of July 6,
1950, provided above an­
nuity and survivorship
benefits to employees whoretired prior to Apr. 1,1948..

Changed to: employee sep­
arated with less than 20
years service could elect
refund of contributions
with interest. Charge of
$1 for each month elimi­
nated.

Increased to 6 percent.
Survivor’s benefits extended to
widower if elected b y employee
on retirement.

— Albert A. Belman
Division of Wage Statistics
N ote .— For purpose and scope of wage chronology series, see M onthly
Labor Review, December 1948. Reprints of this chronology are available’
upon request.

310

INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS ACTIVITIES

Summary of
Industrial Relations Activities1
N egotiation of a wage increase for bituminouscoal and anthracite miners, and continuation of
the prolonged railroad dispute, were leading de­
velopments in industrial-relations activities during
January and early February 1951. A significant
development, with far-reaching effects on col­
lective bargaining, was the imposition of wage
controls by the Wage Stabilization Board.

€oal Mines
The United Mine Workers of America (Ind.)
and operators of bituminous-coal and anthracite
mines entered into negotiations in January to
amend existing contracts. By January 24, the
union and the operators had agreed on a 20-centsan-hour wage increase for 400,000 bituminouscoal miners and 75,000 anthracite miners, effec­
tive February 1. The termination date of the
amended agreements was set at March 31, 1952
(expiration date of existing contracts was June 30,
1952). However, the contracts may be extended
beyond March 31, 1952, if the participating parties
so desire; termination or modification is per­
missible only on 60 days’ notice by either party.
A wage-freeze order authorized by the Economic
Stabilization Administrator on January 26 pro­
hibited payment of wages at a rate in excess of
that paid on January 25 without prior approval
of the Wage Stabilization Board. The miners’
wage increase was sustained by an order of the
Board, issued on January 31, which permitted
increases that had been formally established on
or before January 25 and were to take effect not
later than 15 days thereafter.
Railroads
The dispute between the railroads and four
major operating railroad unions—Brotherhood of
Railroad Trainmen, Order of Railway Conductors,
Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen, and Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers—
remained unresolved during January and early
February. The railroad officials contended that
the memorandum of agreement signed by the
carriers and union representatives on December


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M O N TH LY LABO R

21 should stand. The unions contended that it
became null and void upon rejection by the
unions’ general chairmen.2
The National Mediation Board began separate
conferences with officials of the unions and repre­
sentatives of the railroads on January 19. Mean­
while, the Federal Government continued to
operate the railroads, which it had seized on
August 27, 1950.
On January 30, several hundred yard members
of the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen failed
to report to their jobs in Chicago, Detroit, St.
Louis, Philadelphia, Washington (D. C.), and
several other cities. The unauthorized work
stoppage spread to other key railroad centers the
following day, and by February 3 it had affected
more than 100 cities and towns.
As the strike continued, the Federal Govern­
ment obtained Federal court orders in Chicago,
Cleveland, and Washington (D. C.), requiring the
union and its officials to show cause why they
should not be ruled in contempt of the restraining
orders issued during the December strike.
The White House issued a statement on Feb­
ruary 2 which reviewed the railroad dispute. It
acknowledged that most members of the striking
unions had stayed on the job but emphasized that
the strike “ is seriously crippling the Nation’s
transportation system. This would be an ex­
tremely grave matter at any time; today, when
Americans are fighting for their country, this
strike is directly injuring our national security.”
Representatives of the railroads and the unions
met in conferences under the auspices of the Na­
tional Mediation Board on February 3 and 4. No
progress was reported, however, and the Board
resumed separate sessions with the respective
parties on the following day.
In a radio address to the Nation on the night of
February 5, the Director of Defense Mobilization,
Charles E. Wilson, appealed to the idle railroad
workers involved in the strike to return to their
jobs immediately.
The idle yardmen started a back-to-work move­
ment in several eastern cities on February 6, but
the strike continued in midwestern cities and
spread also to some western cities.
On February 8, the Army issued an ultimatum,
at the direction of President Truman, ordering the
idle workers to return to their jobs by 4 p. m.,
February 10, under penalty of discharge and loss

R E V IE W , M ARCH 1951

INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS ACTIVITIES

of seniority rights. The President’s statement
which authorized the Army’s order praised the
“ vast majority of railroad workers who have stuck
to their jobs in spite of their grievances. How­
ever, there are still some ill-advised or irresponsible
men who are disregarding the emergency needs of
their country. It is essential that precautions be
taken against recurrences of such threats to our
national security.”
The walkout was virtually ended by February
9, when thousands of strikers reported for work.
Another dispute in the railroad industry, involv­
ing 15 nonoperating unions which represent about
1,000,000 nonoperating railroad employees, also
remained unresolved during January and early
February. The unions invoked the services of
the National Mediation Board on January 19,
when negotiations with the carriers reached an
impasse. A proposal for a 25-cent hourly wage
increase was presented by the unions to the Board
on January 24.
Automobiles
The Hudson Motor Car Co. and the United
Automobile Workers (CIO) agreed to a new 5-year
contract on January 25. It contains a cost-ofliving escalator clause, provision for an annual
wage-improvement factor of 4 cents an hour,
and provision for a general wage increase of 1
cent an hour for the company’s 24,000 production
workers. The escalator and annual wage-improve­
ment provisions are identical with those included in
the union’s contracts with General Motors Corp.,
Ford Motor Co., and Chrysler Corp. The general
wage increase brings the average pay rates in
Hudson plants in line with those in plants of the
three major automobile producers.
Clothing
The International Ladies’ Garment Workers’
Union (AFL) and the Philadelphia Waist and
Dress Manufacturers’ Association announced ohy
January 11 the adoption of a new 3-year agree­
ment (retroactive to January 1, 1951), under
wage-reopening provisions of the existing contract,
due to expire February 1, 1951. New provisions
include a wage increase of
percent for 12,000
workers, and establishment of an employer-sup­
ported retirement fund to be maintained through


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311

payments of 1K percent of weekly payrolls.
Certain provisions of the previous contract were
to be included in the new agreement.
Building Service
The Building Service Employees’ Union (AFL)
and operators of 1,000 office and loft structures in
New York City negotiated a new 3-year contract,
retroactive to January 1, 1951, which provides for
a general wage increase of 10 cents an hour, and
welfare benefits valued at 2% cents an hour, for
12.000 workers. Group life insurance is also
provided in an amount to be determined by
trustees of a joint welfare fund established by the
agreement. In addition, employers will assume
payment of workers’ contributions to the New
York State Disability Insurance Fund.
Shipping
The National Maritime Union (CIO) announced
on January 23 that it had reached agreement
with the American Merchant Marine Institute on
the terms and operation of an employer-financed
welfare plan which was agreed to in principle in
June 1950. Employers’ contributions to the wel­
fare fund, provided for in the June 1950 agreement,
have accumulated since August 1, 1950. These
contributions amount to 25 cents a day for each
seaman on the payrolls of the 97 participating
steamship operators on the East and Gulf Coasts.
Approximately 40,000 union members are covered
by the plan.
Under the terms of the welfare plan, each insured
seaman will receive an insurance policy providing
$2,500 of group life insurance, $2,500 of accidental
death and dismemberment insurance, and $15 a
week for hospital disability benefits for periods up
to 13 weeks for each disability. Benefits under
the War Bisk Insurance Act will be excluded
under the welfare plan.
Twelve trustees, divided equally among em­
ployer and union representatives, will administer
the welfare plan.
On January 27, the American Merchant Marine
Institute announced that it had agreed to the
details of a similar plan with the Marine Engineers
Beneficial Association (CIO ). This plan, covering
4.000 union members, also had been agreed to in
principle in June 1950.

312

INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS ACTIVITIES

Labor Union Affairs
United Labor Policy Committee. Leaders of the
American Federation of Labor, the Congress of
Industrial Organizations, the Railway Labor
Executives Association, and the International
Association of Machinists, comprising the United
Labor Policy Committee, presented their views on
wage stabilization policy to the Wage Stabiliza­
tion Board on January 11. They contended that
wage stabilization “ should supplement, but never
supplant, the collective bargaining process.’’
The committee conferred with Defense M obi­
lization Director Charles E. Wilson on the same
day, and asked him to name a labor advisory group
to help guide the Office of Defense Mobilization.
They also asked Mr. Wilson to appoint a repre­
sentative of labor to a top official post in the office
which he heads, and to give labor the right to serve
on all policy and administrative levels of defense
mobilization.
Later in the month, Mr. Wilson invited four
members of the committee and John L. Lewis,
president of the United Mine Workers (Ind.), to
serve as an advisory committee for the Office of
Defense Mobilization.
Building and Construction. Representatives of
the Building and Construction Trades Department
of the AFL and spokesmen for general and spe­
cialty contractors met in Miami, Fla., for 3 days
in January and formulated a plan to stabilize
wages and working conditions for 2,500,000 build­
ing and construction workers. They proposed
that a stabilization board of nine members, divided
equally among representatives of labor, industry,
and the public, be established to stabilize wages
and adjust disputes over wages and working con­
ditions in the industry. Its decisions would be
subject to review by the Wage Stabilization Board
and the Economic Stabilization Director, and it


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would not rule on jurisdictional disputes. The
board also would undertake to supply a full com­
plement of workers to defense construction and
would recommend measures to solve the problems
of the transfer and of the mobility of labor.
Three employer representatives and three labor
representatives were appointed to present the plan
to Government stabilization chiefs.
Organizational Drives in West Coast Shipping.
On January 12, Joseph Curran, president of the
National Maritime Union (CIO), announced that
his union would begin a drive to organize the “ bona
fide” membership of the independent union—
National Union of Marine Cooks and Stewards.3
One week later, the Sailors Union of the Pacific
announced that it had begun a drive to absorb
the rank and file membership of the National
Union of Marine Cooks and Stewards, “ except the
Communists.” The SUP added that it proposes
to grant an AFL charter to the independent union’s
membership and establish it as an autonomous
affiliate, with its own elective officers.
United Railroad Workers of America {CIO). The
Congress of Industrial Organizations announced
on January 13 the establishment of a new affiliate—
the United Railroad Workers of America— to
organize nonoperating railroad employees. John
Green, who retired as president of the Industrial
Union of Marine and Shipbuilding Workers (CIO)
in January, will be chairman of the new union.
The CIO announcement implied that the organiz­
ing campaign would be aimed primarily at un­
organized workers. Currently, various AFL affil­
iates represent approximately 1,000,000 non­
operating railroad employees.
1 Prepared in the Bureau’s Division of Industrial Relations.
2 See February issue of M onthly Labor Review (p. 190).
8 The National Union of Marine Cooks and Stewards was expelled from the
CIO in August 1950 on the grounds that it was Communist-dominated and
that it followed the Communist party line rather than C IO policy.

Technical Note

Appraisal of Productivity Measures

Measures of Productivity

at Washington Conference

Bureau oj the Census. Maxwell Conklin, of the
Bureau of the Census, explained its newly devel­
oped index based on Census data showing that
total output of manufactured goods increased 73
percent from 1939 to 1947. In method, the
Census index is a continuation of the index com­
piled by Solomon Fabricant of the National
Bureau of Economic Research for the years 1899
to 1939.
Over 1,700 individual product series were con­
structed for the Census comparison of 1947 output
with that of 1939, and combined into industry
indexes using unit value weights. The individual
industry series were then combined into an all
manufacturing index using as weights, values
added by manufacture in 1947. Industries for
which physical volume data were unavailable
were included in the all-manufacturing index by
means of a coverage adjustment. Indexes both
adjusted and unadjusted for coverage were com­
puted, using 1939 weights, 1947 weights, and the
two together as cross weights. The adjusted,
cross-weighted index was adopted as the official
Census index.
The all-manufacturing index is considered to
be a reasonably accurate measure of the change
in manufacturing output from 1939 to 1947.
Indexes for major segments, however, were said
to be only approximate. Comparisons of the
output of manufactured goods with labor input
were not made, as employment data for the 2
years were not strictly comparable.
Three major problems existing in the Census
index of manufacturing output were described
as follows:
(a) Changes in relative prices over time affects
the final indexes. Commodities whose prices
declined from 1939 to 1947 relative to the prices
of other commodities were given less importance
in the total for both years when 1947 prices were

W a r and postwar trends in productivity were
discussed at an all-day conference in Washington,
D. C., January 19, 1951. About 150 representa­
tives of business, labor, universities, private re­
search organizations, and government met to
appraise recently completed studies of production
and productivity changes in the 1940’s and to
consider the productivity outlook for the near
future. The meeting was sponsored by the
Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Division of
Statistical Standards of the Bureau of the Budget.
Robert W. Burgess, of Western Electric Co.,
presided at the morning session. He stated that
productivity studies have a bearing on “ current
problems, wage adjustment, price adjustment.”
Different approaches to measuring productivity
were presented by four Government agencies.
A large growth in the volume of manufacturing
output from 1939 to 1947 was shown by data
prepared in the Bureau of the Census; the Bureau
of Labor Statistics compared labor input and
manufacturing output from 1939 to 1949 for 60
industries; the Bureau of Agricultural Economics
compared the output of farm products from 1939
to 1950 with the input of all productive factors
combined; and the Office of Business Economics
presented an over-all index of productivity which
compared total employment with the value in
constant (1939) prices of all goods and services
produced from 1929 to 1950.
In the discussion that followed, the indexes
were stated to be noncompetitive. Each could
be used to answer a different set of questions.
The indexes were also criticized as being insuffi­
ciently developed to provide adequate answers
in many fields in which they are now used ‘or
suggested for use.


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313

314

APPRAISAL OF PRODUCTIVITY MEASURES

used as weights instead of 1939 prices, because
commodities which tended to move toward
relatively lower prices were those whose output
rose most over the 8-year period. Thus, an
index based on 1947 values shows a smaller
growth in production than one based on 1939
values. Using values for both years as cross
weights provides an index that falls between the
two.
(b) The effects of changes in quality are gener­
ally not measured by the index. The output of a
better quality product would not be shown as a
production increase.
(c) Probably the most important defect of the
production indexes is that physical volume data
for many commodities are not available. Output
of such items as aeronautical development work,
hardware, and furniture is difficult to measure.
Irving Siegel of Johns Hopkins University com­
plimented the Bureau of the Census on its plurality
of measures and pleaded for vertical refinement of
productivity indexes, saying that indexes built up
from subproducts might solve some of the prob­
lems confronting technicians constructing such
indexes.
Mr. Perkal of the Textile Workers Union
pointed out some biases that may be present in
the Census index of manufacturing production
which would tend to understate the 1947 output.
Purchasers were demanding higher priced, better
quality goods, because of the high incomes of 1947
as compared with 1939, and the resulting change
in productivity caused by this shift would not be
reflected in the Census index.
Bureau of Labor Statistics. Studies of trends in
man-hour requirements for selected manufacturing
industries from 1939 to 1949 were presented by
Seymour Wolfbein and Allan Searle of the Bureau.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics has used two
methods to measure changes in productivity over
the past 10 years. In the first method, man-hour
and production data for 20 industries were
obtained from direct reports submitted by a
sample of manufacturing establishments. In this
program manufacturing plants are assigned fixed
weights. This method of weighting does not
take account of the effect on productivity of
shifts in production from less efficient plants to
more efficient plants. The direct reports series


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M O N TH LY LABO R

are designed primarily to measure productivity
changes arising from factors operating within the
reporting plants.
The second BLS method relates available
information, on production and on employment,
when the data for individual industries are judged
to be reliable and comparable. This approach
allows the changing importance of individual
plants in an industry production pattern to affect
the resulting productivity index. Forty industry
indexes were developed by this method and
included in a combined index along with those
computed from direct reports.
Because of the conceptual problems that arise
when combining the direct report indexes with
those developed from secondary-source material
and because of the gaps in coverage, the Bureau of
Labor Statistics combined man-hour indexes
were stated to be purely an experimental index
and not a measure of all manufacturing pro­
ductivity.
Bureau oj Agricultural Economics. Indexes of
productivity in agriculture were presented by
Glen L. Barton. In 1949, total farm output was
40 percent greater than the average for 1935-39.
Output per man-hour of farm labor was up about
50 percent. When labor input was combined
with the input of other resources, particularly
farm machinery, into a total input factor, output
per unit of total input was found to have increased
but at a much more moderate rate than output per
man-hour. Volume of farm machinery increased
63 percent over 1935-39. Mr. Barton stated
that farmers were not buying machinery solely
to increase output, but also to make the necessary
work easier. The output per unit of power and
machinery tended to decline as more machinery
was purchased to take the place of farm labor.
L~

Office of Business Economics. At the afternoon
session, George Jaszi and John Kendrick, of the
Office of Business Economics of the Department
of Commerce, presented indexes of output and
productivity for 1929-50, covering the entire
economy.
Estimates of gross national product in constant
dollars, as developed by the Office of Business
Economics, show that the output of all goods and
services increased at a rate of 2% percent a year
from 1929 to 1950. As the number of workers

R E V IE W , M ARCH 1951

APPRAISAL OF PRODUCTIVITY MEASURES

grew at a rate of about 1 percent a year, output
per worker increased more than 1% percent a year.
As average man-hours worked a week declined
about 10 percent over the 21-year period, output
per man-hour increased at a rate exceeding 2
percent a year.
The index of output in terms of constant dollars
was developed from the Commerce Department’s
estimates of gross national product in current
dollars. To deflate each year’s current value of
output, the major sectors of the economy were
broken into as fine a division as available price
indexes would permit. The deflated values of
output of individual series were then aggregated
to arrive at gross national product in constant
dollars. The output totals for each year were
then divided by the best available employment
and man-hour data to determine production per
worker and per man-hour.
The gross national product approach provides a
productivity measure for the entire economy.
Unlike the indexes presented by the BLS it will
indicate an increase in productivity when labor
shifts from industries in which the value of output
per worker is relatively low, to industries in which
it is relatively high even though no increase in
productivity occurs within the individual in­
dustry. As gross product measures the total
output less the input of intermediate materials,
the effect on productivity of changes in integration
are considered. Although constant dollar gross
product does not take full account of quality
improvements, it does reflect shifts in output
from a product of low quality to one of high
quality. It is subject to all the qualifications
that are inherent in the price and employment
data utilized.
Factors Affecting Productivity
Details as well as salient factors causing recent
productivity changes were outlined by representa­
tives of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. D ’Alton
Myers classified wartime production into four
major divisions:
(a) Civilian industries with low priorities which
were hindered in operations by interruptions in the
supply of materials, manpower, and equipment.
These industries frequently operated at low
capacity. For example, output of clay con­
struction products declined 50 percent between


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315

1939 and 1943, and as a result output per man­
hour fell 20 percent.
(b) Civilian type industries which experienced
greater productivity from greater volume of
output and from standardization of products.
The machine tool industry was cited as an
example.
(c) Industries completely transformed from cus­
tom operations to mass production. For example,
labor required to build Liberty ships dropped from
1.150.000 man-hours per ship in December 1941 to
515.000 man-hours in December 1944.
(d) Industries able to utilize capacity fully over
long periods. The railroads, for example, achieved
a 40-percent increase in man-hour output between
1940 and 1944, as a result of continuous use and
complete loading of cars.
The rate of productivity increase for many
civilian industries was lower during the war years
than under previous peacetime conditions, because
of dislocations. Investment in plant and equip­
ment has been at a high rate since the end of
World War II. In 1948, it was four times as
great as in 1939. It is believed that this large
program of investment resulted in increased pro­
ductivity in 1950 and will serve as a base for pro­
ductivity gains in the next few years. Mr. Myers
stated, “ improvements in plant and equipment
which have been introduced . . . since the end of
World War II represent one of our strongest assets
as the Nation moves into the present tense and
critical period of large-scale production for de­
fense.”
James Silberman of the BLS analyzed probable
productivity trends in the near future. He stated
that, since we do not have the worker reserve and
unused capacity today that we had in 1939, we
will not be able to realize the large gains in pro­
ductivity that characterized some industries in
the early forties. The munitions industries are
expected to show substantial gains in output per
worker if volume operations are reached. Mr.
Silberman suggested standardization and simplifi­
cation of products as a potential source of labor
savings. He recommended the transfer of produc­
tivity “ know-how” from the more efficient to the
less efficient plants.
George Sadler announced that the Bureau of
Labor Statistics has started a detailed operationby-operation study of productivity in selected in­
dustries. This study was requested by the Eco-

316

a p p r a is a l

o f p r o d u c t iv it y

nomic Cooperation Administration to assist West
European countries in raising productivity.
Appraisal of Studies
Part of the afternoon session and the entire
evening session were devoted to an appraisal of
the prepared papers and to discussion of produc­
tivity studies in general.
James Knowles of the Joint Committee on the
Economic Keport stated that short-term projec­
tions of productivity would necessarily be made
by economic planners for the defense effort, and
that methods of improving the accuracy of such
projections should be sought. Mr. Knowles also
requested that special purpose productivity indexes
be developed, which would measure the effect on
productivity of size, production methods, percent
of capacity utilized, and selective restrictions on
output.
The agencies preparing productivity statistics
were criticized by Reavis Cox of the University of
Pennsylvania for not making more of their work
available to the public. He wondered whether
productivity studies were not published when their
results were unwelcome to some groups. Samuel
Thompson of the Bureau of Labor Statistics re­
plied that unsound conclusions had resulted from
the use of insufficiently tested or inapplicable data.
Otis Brubaker of the United Steel Workers told
the meeting that
. . these questions of pro­
ductivity have become increasingly more important
in the collective bargaining that goes on between
unions and between many of our major industries
. . . We have for that reason . . . a very real
interest in seeing that these figures are just as
sound as they can be before they are published
because poor statistics can hurt all of us.”


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m easures

Nat Weinberg, research director of the United
Auto Workers, emphasized that technicians in the
field of productivity measurement face many un­
solved problems, such as the effects of changes in
market structure. In the automobile industry,
for example, the proportion of 8-cylinder cars to
6-cylinder cars was greater in 1947 than in 1939.
Also, in 1947, a larger proportion of station wagons
and convertibles were manufactured than in 1939.
He also discussed the problem of integration
changes. For example, because the proportion of
older cars on the road was greater in 1947 than in
1939 the ratio of parts production to new cars
must also have been greater in 1947. The absence
of adjustments for these changes in market struc­
ture and in integration would both lead to under­
statement of the volume of output.
Martin Gainsbrugh of the National Industrial
Conference Board also expressed the view that
the rate of productivity increase shown by the
various indexes was too low and did not agree
with the judgment of informed persons in indus­
try. He said that workers are better tooled
than ever before, and that business executives
report productivity performance is far superior
to prewar; but that the productivity indexes so
far developed do not fully reflect such higher per­
formance.
Others at the conference replied that produc­
tivity was not low in terms of the long-term trend
nor unreasonable when the dislocations of World
War II are considered. Productivity increases
greater than 3 percent a year were predicted for
the next 2 or 3 years by W. S. Woytinsky of the
Twentieth Century Fund.
— H arry J. G reenspan
Division of Productivity and Technological Development

Recent Decisions
of Interest to Labor1

Wages and Hours2
Contractor with U. S . an “ E m ployer.”
A Federal court
of appeals held 3 that a watchman employed by a con­
tractor under a cost-plus-fixed-fee contract with the
United States for construction of temporary housing for
veterans may maintain an action for unpaid overtime
compensation under the Fair Labor Standards Act. The
court found that the contractor, and not the Government,
was the watchman’s employer.
The contractor had entered into a “ cost-plus” contract
with the United States to provide “ such housing with the
maximum utilization of existing temporary housing
and surplus Government property . .
Barracks were
dismantled in various States, shipped to the State in
which the job site was located, and stored in a warehouse
constructed to receive them. The employee was hired
as a watchman, but frequently aided in unloading mate­
rials and equipment for the project shipped from other
States. He contended that he worked overtime hours,
for which he claimed compensation under the FLSA. A
lower court dismissed his claim, concluding that under
the circumstances the United States was the employer
and the contractor its agent; and that since the FLSA
exempts the Government from its definition of an em­
ployer, the claim should have been brought under the
Eight-Hour Law and the Walsh-Healey Act.
In reversing the lower court’s decision, the appellate
court referred to a United States Supreme Court opinion 4
in which, under similar facts, workers were held to be
employees of the contractor and not of the United States,
and were permitted to maintain a suit for overtime com­
pensation under the FLSA.

Labor Relations
Statements by Union Representative.
The
National Labor Relations Board ruled 5 that pre-election
statements allegedly made by a union representative did
not constitute coercion of or place restraint upon the em­
ployees’ freedom of choice. The representative had as­
sured certain employees that their failure to vote in a Boardsponsored election would be counted as a vote against the
union. In its ruling the Board refused to set aside an
election in which the labor organization was elected as
bargaining representative.
Pre-election

Of the 58 employees eligible to vote in the election, 28
voted in favor of the union while 25 voted against it. The
employer thereupon challenged the validity of the election,
contending that immediately prior thereto a representative
of the union had informed certain of the employees that a
failure to vote would constitute a vote adverse to the union.
He argued that these statements deliberately misrepre­
sented the Board’s election process and, as a result, four
employees whose votes might have altered the outcome
of the election were dissuaded from casting their ballots.
A majority of the N L R B concluded that such state­
ments, even if made, did not exceed the permissible area
of pre-election conduct, and consequently afforded no
basis for setting the election aside. The chairman of the
Board, however, registered a vigorous dissent.
Pointing out that the Board had previously set aside an
election in which it was shown that employees were in­
duced to stay away from the polls by union statements
which constituted threats,6 the minority member reasoned
that fraudulent statements did not differ in ultimate effect
from threats. He added: “ Statements such as these, in­
ducing employees not to exercise the franchise by mis­
representing the legal effect of their failure to vote in a
representation case, seem to me to be much more than
‘permissible pre-election conduct’ or campaign propa­
ganda. They go to the very heart of the [Labor Manage­
ment Relations] act, amounting to an attempt to secure
representative status by misstating the act’s own pro­
visions.”
N L R B Refusal to Assert Jurisdiction over Hotel Industry.

By a 3 -2 decision,7 the N L R B adhered to earlier precedent,8
again declining to exercise jurisdiction over the hotel in­
dustry, although it conceded that the hotels involved were
engaged in interstate commerce. The Board dismissed a
union petition requesting that a representation election be
held among a hotel association’s employees.
Ever since 1935, the Board stated, it has refused to as­
sert jurisdiction over the hotel industry, notwithstanding
that such enterprises were engaged in interstate commerce.
Nothing in the amended N L R A , the Board continued, in­
dicated that Congress was dissatisfied with this long­
standing policy. To hold now that jurisdiction should be
assumed would amount to an administrative overruling of
Congress’ desire to perpetuate the Board’s policy.
The Board minority, however, adverted to the inter­
state volume of the hotel association’s business, pointing
out that transient hotels are enterprises which substantial­
ly affect national defense. These factors, it was stated,
conformed with those embodied in a recent test established
by the Board for application to cases in which earlier prec­
edent had appeared uncertain as to whether the Board
should entertain proceedings. The fact that the associa­
tion, composed of 22 hotels, received approximately a
third of its rental revenues (amounting to $2,400,000)
from out-of-State guests, and that a sixth of its supplies
(totaling $800,000) were derived from out-of-State ship­
ments, were compelling reasons, the minority believed, for
invoking Board processes.
“ So far as we are aware,” the minority added, “ the
legislative history of the Wagner Act contained nothing to
317

930470- 51-


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318

DECISIONS OF INTEREST TO LABOR

show that Congress intended to exempt the hotel industry
as such from the operation of the act. W e cannot see that
the mere fact that the legislative history of the T aftHartley Act fails to show that any Member of Congress
quarreled with the old Board’s administrative policy not to
assert jurisdiction over hotels . . . should be given con­
trolling weight to cause this Board to carve out a permanent
exemption from the statute for that industry without
regard to how serious the impact of its operations on com­
merce or on the national defense may be in particular
cases.”
Union M arking of Sample Ballots.
The N L R B has again
dealt with the subject of sample ballots in connection with
preelection campaigning. It ruled,9 3 to 2, that the presence
of the name and title of an N L R B regional director upon
facsimile official ballots marked in favor of a union which
distributed them, warranted setting aside a representation
election which that union had won. This decision was
reached although the word “ sample” was plainly written
across the face of the ballots.
In reaching this conclusion, the majority stated that no
participant in a Board-conducted election should be allowed
to suggest to the voters that either the N L R B or any of its
officials in any way endorsed any candidate. The plain
implication created by including the regional director’s
name and title on a ballot recommending how the employ­
ees should vote was not cured by inclusion of the word
“ sample” on the ballot.
In a dissenting opinion, the minority pointed out that
employees who participate in Board elections also vote in
National and State elections, in which the distribution of
sample-marked ballots containing the names and titles of
election commissioners is an accepted and well-known
political technique. It is inconsistent, they continued, to
believe that voters are misled in one situation, and not in
the other.
The present ruling serves to delineate the permissible
extent to which marked ballots may be utilized in pre­
election campaigning. Previously, the N L R B invalidated
a representation election in which marked ballots included
the name and title of the regional director, but were not
stamped as samples.10 By contrast, a similar election, in
which sample ballots, marked as samples, omitted reference
to the N L R B official, was declared valid.11 An appraisal
of all three Board rulings reveals that the circulation of
facsimile-marked ballots containing a reference to a
regional director is fatal to valid representation elections.
Union-Security Provision Violates L M R A .
A collective­
bargaining contract requiring that all new employees
become members of the contracting union after 28 days of
continued employment is invalid, as it exceeds the limited
form of union security permitted by section 8 (a) (3) of the
amended N L R A . This was ruled by the N L R B , which
decided that an unexpired contract containing such a
clause does not bar a representation election requested by a
rival union.12
Both the employer and the contracting union opposed
a rival union’s petition for a representation election.
They contended that a contract existed in which the


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M O N TH LY LABO R

contracting union was recognized by the employer as the
bargaining unit for certain employees at the plant. The
contract provided that “ any new employee who continues
to be employed by the employer for 4 weeks shall thereupon
be required to join the union and shall be considered a
regular employee.”
The Board contrasted this clause with the provisions of
section 8 (a) (3) of the amended N L R A . That section
permits an employer and a labor organization, under cer­
tain conditions, to agree “ to require as a condition of
employment membership [in the labor organization] on or
after the thirtieth day following the beginning of such
employment or the effective date of the agreement, which­
ever is later.”
The Board concluded that since the con­
tractual clause placed a more stringent condition of em­
ployment upon new employees than was authorized by the
act, the unexpired contract was inoperative and did not
bar a present determination of bargaining representatives.
Picketing for Closed Shop Illegal (Arkansas) .

The Supreme
Court of Arkansas held 13 that issuance of an injunction
against peaceful picketing does not abridge rights afforded
by the Federal or the Arkansas constitutions, when the
object of a union’s picketing is to compel an employer to
sign a contract by which the union could compel the
employer to hire its members alone.
A collective-bargaining agreement, entered into between
union and employer in 1946, provided for a closed shop.
The contract was to run until 1949. In 1947, the Arkansas
legislature enacted a statute outlawing closed-shop agree­
ments made after the effective date of the act.
Immediately prior to the termination of their contract
in 1949, the parties began negotiations for a new agree­
ment. During negotiations, the employer agreed to all
the union terms except one providing for a closed shop,
which he stated would invite criminal prosecution under
the Arkansas statute. As a substitute, the union offered
a contract which omitted all reference to a closed shop, but
contained a provision permitting cancellation of the
agreement by either party at any time after giving a 60day notice. When the union stated it would exercise its
cancellation right unless the employer discharged all non­
union employees and hired union members instead, he
refused to sign, and negotiations broke off. Thereafter,
the union peacefully picketed in front of his premises. A
lower State court granted the employer’s request for an
injunction against this activity.
In urging that the injunction be dissolved, the union
argued that the picketing was not for an unlawful purpose.
Since the closed shop was not mentioned in the proposed
contract, the union claimed, it had a constitutional right
to picket the employer’s business in an effort to force him
to accept the agreement. It further contended that no
man should be forced to work with a nonunion employee,
and therefore a union member had a right to cease his
employment if he cared to do so.
The court rejected these contentions. It referred to
an N L R B decision which held 14 that a union’s insistence
on a cancellation clause identical with the one involved in
the present case amounted to bad faith bargaining, and
was an unfair labor practice under the amended N L R A .

R EV IE W , M ARCH 1951

The court concluded that the
form, of the cancellation clause
inclusion in the contract would
to compel an employer to violate
law.

DECISIONS OF INTEREST TO LABOR

substance, and not the
clearly indicated that its
merely serve as a device
the State anti-closed-shop

of Public Utility (Arkansas).
The Supreme
Court of Arkansas ruled 15 that whether peaceful picketing
of a public utility by a labor organization should be cir­
cumscribed when widespread public inconvenience might
result is a matter for the State legislature, and not the
State courts, to determine.
A union whose members were employed by an electric
company to install and maintain telephone equipment
went on strike. To advertise its grievances against the
electric company, it threw a picket line around premises
of a telephone company. Both companies were controlled
by a common parent.
Many of the telephone company’s
workers, who were not involved in the dispute, refused to
cross the picket lines; consequently, telephone service was
disrupted. The telephone company obtained a temporary
restraining order from a lower State court, enjoining the
striking union from peacefully picketing its premises.
Thereupon, the union petitioned the State supreme
court to dissolve the restraining order on the ground
that the lower court had lacked the power to issue it.
In line with this contention, the union argued that nothing
in the constitution, statutes, or judicial decisions of the
State authorized the issuance of an injunction against a
labor organization to halt peaceful picketing, even when
no labor dispute exists between the picketing union and the
party being picketed.
In upholding the union’s contention, the court adverted
to recent decisions of the United States Supreme Court
which affirmed the right of a union to picket under such
circumstances.16 The Arkansas court added that whether
that right should be circumscribed because the peaceful
picketing occurs at the premises of a public utility is a
matter for legislative judgment.
Picketing

Unemployment Insurance
Compensation Not Deductible from N L R B Back P a y Award.

The United States Supreme Court held 17 that the N L R B
has power, under section 10 (c) of the amended N L R A , to
refuse to order deduction of unemployment compensation
payments from back pay awarded to certain employees
wrongfully discharged by their employer.
In opposition to an order awarding back pay to certain
employees without deduction for unemployment compen­
sation payments received by them, the employer argued
that such action was not within the remedial powers of
the N L R B . Such awards, it was claimed, would directly
compensate the employees beyond the actual financial
loss resulting from their discharge, and would operate to
penalize the employer, who had contributed to the State
fund from which these compensation payments were made.
Further penalization would result, because payment of
these benefits to the discharged employees would prevent
the employer from qualifying for a lower tax rate under
the State “ experience-rating record formula.”


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319

In answer to the first contention, the Supreme Court
stated that unemployment payments constituted collat­
eral rather than direct benefits. Since no consideration
is given to collateral losses in framing an order to reimburse
employees for lost earnings, similar treatment should be
afforded to collateral gains. Nor was the employer pen­
alized, said the Court, through his contribution to the
compensation fund, for the payments to the employees
were not made to discharge any liability or obligation
owed by him. Rather, his contributions were exacted
to carry out the policy of social betterment for the State.
In answer to the employer’s second contention, the
Court stated that the validity of a Board back-pay order
should not be made to hinge on the myriad provisions of
State laws. Any failure by the employer to qualify for a
lower tax rate, the court added, was primarily attributable
to State, rather than Federal, law.
Labor-Dispute

Disqualification— M ea ning

of

“ Establish­

The Arizona
Supreme Court held18that a reduction of one-third in the normal
revenue of a telephone company, one-sixth in the normal
number of calls, and 11 percent in the normal number of
employees, as a result of a labor dispute, constituted
a stoppage of work within the meaning of the labordispute disqualification law.
The law disqualifies an individual whose unemployment
is due to a stoppage of work existing because of a labor
dispute at the factory, establishment, or other premises
at which the individual is or was last employed. Finding
also that the company’s 39 telephone exchanges constituted
a single establishment, the court concluded that the claim­
ants were disqualified from receiving unemployment
insurance benefits.
ment” and “ Stoppage of W ork” (A rizon a).

Labor-Dispute Disqualification Terminated by Discharge

of

Strikers (California) .

A California district court of appeals
held 19 that workers disqualified because they left their
employment on account of a trade dispute were no longer
disqualified from receiving unemployment insurance after
they had been given “ employment termination” slips by
the employer. These slips, the court found, constituted
clear-cut severances of the employer-employee relationship,
since they were the same as those used for discharges.
As further indication that the employment relationship had
terminated, the court pointed out that the claimants had
been given Bureau of Internal Revenue withholding
statements, and that leaves of absence during the strike
were granted only to employees who did not strike.
Unem ploym ent
(M ichigan) .

Status

Affected

by

Vacation

Paym ents

In a case involving members of two different
unions, the Michigan Supreme Court held 20 that individu­
als laid off in April but who received payments for a 2-week
vacation in July in accordance with their union contract,
were not unemployed during the vacation period. How­
ever, individuals governed by a different union contract
giving them the option of a 2-week vacation with pay or
a bonus in lieu of vacation, and who elected to take the
bonus, were stated to have been unemployed during the
period designated by the employer as the vacation period.

320

DECISIONS OF INTEREST TO LABOR

Veterans’ Reemployment
Application for Reemployment— Request for Leave of
Absence. A Federal court of appeals ruled 21 that a vet­
eran’s request for leave of absence from his employer,
made within 90 days after his discharge from the Army,
constituted a valid “ application for reemployment” within
the meaning of section 308 (b) of the amended Selective
Training and Service Act. Although the request was not
expressly granted, the court found that the veteran had
reasonable ground for believing that it had been approved
by the employer.
Section 308 (b) of the amended Selective Training and
Service Act specifies, among other things, that to be eligible
for reemployment under the statute, the returning veteran
must make “ application for reemployment within 90 days
after he is released from such training and service . . . ”
The circuit court assumed that when a veteran requests of
his employer, and is granted, a leave of absence, within 90
days after his separation from service, this request is
deemed to constitute “ an application for reemployment”
within the meaning of the act.
Prior to his military service, the veteran was employed
as a laborer by a railroad company. On July 19, 1945, he
was honorably discharged from the service. He returned
home and found his mother an invalid with no one else to
care for her. Shortly thereafter, he inquired about his
job. His employer told him it was open, and asked whether
he was ready to return to work. When he replied that his
duties at home prevented his immediate resumption of
employment, the employer said he should return whenever
he was ready. On August 24, he once more notified his
employer that he was not yet ready to return to work, and
requested a written leave of absence. Although a written
leave of absence was denied, the employer again invited
the veteran to return to work when he was available.
During one such visit to the company, the veteran was
cautioned not to “ forget your 90 days.” The veteran
resumed his work for the railroad in February 1946. On
April 4, 1946, he was discharged.
In deciding that the veteran was entitled to reemploy­
ment, the court pointed out that on each visit to the com­
pany, he was told to return to work when available.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

This, the court concluded, gave the veteran reasonable
grounds to believe his request for leave had been granted,
and tended to lull him into the belief that no further action
was required until he became free to resume work. The
admonition, “ don’t forget your 90 days” was, the court
said, at least ambiguous, and did not destroy the permis­
sion given the veteran in that interview to return to work
when ready.

1 Prepared in the U . S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor.
The cases covered in this article represent a selection of the significant
decisions believed to be of special interest. N o attempt has been made to
reflect all recent judicial and administrative developments in the field of
labor law or to indicate the effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in
which contrary results m ay be reached, based upon local statutory provisions,
the existence of local precedents, or a different approach b y the courts to the
issue presented.
2 This section is intended merely as a digest of some recent decisions in­
volving the Pair Labor Standards Act and the Portal-to-Portal Act. It is
not to be construed and m ay not be relied upon as interpretation of these
acts by the Administrator of the Wage and Hour Division or any agency of
the Department of Labor.
3 D urnil v. D u n n Construction Co. (C. A . 8, Jan 17,1951).
* Pow ell v. United States Cartridge Co. (339 U . S. 497 (1950)).
8 In re R ound M ountain Cold Dredging Corp. (92 N L R B N o. 142, Dec. 20,
1950) .
e In re C. H . H ess, In c. (82 N L R B N o. 468, M ar. 29,1949).
7 In re H otel Association o f St. L ouis [St. Louis, M o.] (92 N L R B N o. 215,
Jan. 17,1951).
8 I n re W hite Sulphur Springs Co. (85 N L R B N o. 228, Sept. 19,1949).
9 A m -O -K ra m e Co. (92 N L R B N o. 159, Dec. 22, 1950).
10 In re Sears, Roebuck & Co. (47 N L R B N o. 291, Peb. 3, 1943).
n Gate City Table Co., Inc. (87 N L R B N o. 146, Dee. 16,1949) (Supplemental
decision).
12 In re Chester Glass Co. (92 N L R B N o. 157, Dec. 28,1950).
is Self v. Taylor (Ark. Sup. C t., Dec. 11, 1950).
u i n re Chicago Typographical Union N o . 16 (86 N L R B N o. 116, Oct. 28,
1949).
n Boyd v. Bodge (Ark. Sup. C t., N ov. 27, 1950).
1® Cafeteria E m ployees U nion, Local 802 v. A n gelos (302 TJ. S. 293 (1943));
Bakery & Pastry Drivers & H elpers Local 802 v. Wohl (315 U . S. 769 (1942)).
u N ational Labor Relations Board v . Gullet Gin Co. (U . S. Sup. C t., Jan. 15,
1951) .
is M ou n tain States Telephone & Telegraph Co. v . Sakrison (Ariz. Sup. C t.,
Dec. 29, 1950).
is Thomas v . California E m ploym ent Stabilization Commission (Calif. D ist.
C t., First Dist., N ov. 20, 1950).
20 R en ow n Stove Co. v . U nem ploym ent Com pensation Com m ission (M ich.
Sup. C t., Sept. 11, 1950).
21 Angelovic v. Lehigh Valley R . R . (C.|A. 3, Dec. 29,1950).

On January 24, the U M W A (Ind.) and anthracite
operators also agreed on a wage increase of 20 cents an hour
for anthracite miners, effective February 1.
(Source:
United Mine Workers Journal, Feb. 1, 1951.)

Chronology of
Recent Labor Events

January 19
T h e P r e s i d e n t accepted the resignation of Alan Valentine
as Economic Stabilization Administrator (see Chron. item
for Oct. 9, 1950, M L R , Nov. 1950), and appointed Eric
Johnston, president of the Motion Picture Association of
America, Inc., as his successor. (Source: New York Times,
Jan. 20, 1951.)

January 12, 1951
T

he

P r e s i d e n t submitted his Economic Report to Con­

gress, as required by the Employment Act of 1946. (Source:
The Economic Report of the President to Congress, Wash­
ington, D . C., Jan. 1951.)
On January 15, the President submitted to Congress his
Budget Message for 1952, in which he called price and wage
controls “ inescapable.” (Source: The President’s Budget
Message for 1952 and Selected Budget Statements, Wash­
ington, D . C., Jan. 1951; for discussion, see p. 278 of this
issue.)

A C o n f e r e n c e on Productivity, concerned with the
critical role of industrial productivity in our economy, was
held in Washington, D . C., with members from labor,
industry, government, universities, and private research
organizations attending. The meeting was sponsored by
the U. S. Department of Labor’s Bureau of Labor Statistics
and the Bureau of the Budget. (Source: BLS Records; for
discussion, see p. 313 of this issue.)

January 22
T

January 14

he

N L R B , in the case of M c K esso n and Robbins and

International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, W are­
housemen and Helpers o f Am erica, Produce Drivers W are­

CIO announced creation of a new railroad union— the
United Railroad Workers of America— for nonoperating
railroad employees. (Source: CIO press release, Jan. 14,
1951.)
T

he

January 15
T

he

Suprem e

C

ourt

of the United States, in the case

N L R B v. Gullett Gin Co., held that the N L R B had power to

refuse to deduct State unemployment compensation pay­
ments from back pay awarded to employees discharged
discriminatorily. (Source: Labor Relations Reporter, 27
L R R M , Jan. 22, 1951, p. 2230.)
T

he

N

a t io n a l

L

abor

R

e l a t io n s

B

oard,

in the case of

housemen and Helpers Local J+52 (A F L ), ruled that em­
ployer’s reading to assembled employees a series of ques­
tions which they should ask themselves in deciding whether
they wanted a union was protected free speech. (Source:
Labor Relations Reporter, 27 L R R M , Jan. 29, 1951, p.
1260.)

January 23
T h e National Maritime Union (CIO) announced activa­
tion of an employer-financed welfare plan providing $100
million in group life insurance and hospitalization benefits
for its 40,000 members. (Source: New York Times, Jan.
24, 1951.)

Root-Carlin, In c., and Vincent Loretto, ruled that discharge

of employee because of his efforts to form a union was
discriminatory, even though he was not a union member
and no union was organizing the plant. (Source: Labor
Relations Reporter, 27 L R R M , Jan. 22, 1951, p. 1235.)

January 24
T

he

N L R B , in the case of Am erican Federation of M usicians

{ A F L ) , Local 21+, A kron, Ohio, and Gamble Enterprises, In c .,

T

ruled that the so-called “ feather-bedding” ban of the
National Labor Relations Act does not prohibit unions
from seeking actual employment for members, even though
the employer involved does not want or need such services
and is not willing to accept them.
(Source: N L R B Press
release, Jan. 26, 1951.)

January 18

January 26

T h e United Mine Workers of America (Ind.) and bitumi­
nous operators signed an agreement providing for a wage
increase of 20 cents an hour for soft coal miners, effective
February 1. (Source: United Mine Workers Journal, Feb.
1, 1951.)

he
E c o n o m i c S t a b i l i z a t i o n A g e n c y issued General
Wage Stabilization Regulation 1, stabilizing wages at
January 25 levels and General Ceiling Price Regulation,
freezing prices at the highest levels reached in the base
period of December 19, 1950, through midnight, January

January 17
h e P r e s i d e n t issued a National Manpower Mobilization
Policy to the heads of the Executive Departments and
agencies. (Source: White House release, Jan. 17, 1951; for
discussion, see p. 281 of this issue.)


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T

321

322

CH RO NO LOGY OF L A B O R E V E N T S

25, 1951.
(Source: Federal Register, vol. 16, N o. 20j
Jan. 30, 1951, pp. 808, 816.)
On February 1, the Wage Stabilization Board of the
ESA, in a series of General Regulations, authorized the
following types of wage adjustments: General Regulation
1, requiring Board approval for supplemental wage bene­
fits, such as vacation and holiday payments, year-end
bonuses, and overtime payments; General Regulation 2,
approving all increases granted through January 25 that
apply to a pay period starting on or before February 9;
General Regulation 3, requiring no Board approval for all
increases necessary to comply with the minimum required
by the Fair Labor Standards A ct; and General Regulation
4, exempting from Board approval, all increases of State,
county, municipal, and other non-Federal governmental
employees.
(Source: Federal Register, vol. 16, No. 24,
Feb. 3, 1951, p. 1014.)
On February 5, the Board issued General Regulation 5,
permitting merit and length-of-service pay increases,
without Board approval, if a plan covering these provi­
sions was in effect on January 25, 1951. (Source: Federal
Register, vol. 16, N o. 28, February 9, p. 1236; for discussion,
see p. 282 of this issue.)

of 12% cents an hour for yardmen and 5 cents an hour for
road service employees. (Source: New York Times, Feb.
9, 1951.)
On February 10, the Army announced that all of the
striking workers had returned to work by the deadline
time specified. (Source: New York Times, Feb. 11, 1951.)

January 29

T h e D i r e c t o r of the Office of Defense Mobilization ap­
pointed Dr. Arthur S. Flemming, president of Ohio Wes­
leyan University and former member of the Civil Service
Commission, as an assistant in charge of manpower prob­
lems.
(Source: Office of Defense Mobilization Press re­
lease, Feb. 9, 1951.)
On the same day, the Director established a Manpower
Policy Committee, to be composed of representatives of
the U. S. Department of Labor, and other Federal agencies
and appointed Dr. Flemming as chairman.
(Source:
Federal Register, vol. 16, No. 29, Feb. 10, 1951, p. 1272;
and Office of Defense Mobilization Press release, Feb. 9,
1951.)

T h e S e c r e t a r y o f L a b o r announced that an insular
public employment service in Puerto Rico (Puerto Rico
Employment Service) would be opened on February 1,
1951.
(Source: U. S. Dept, of Labor Press release, BES
51-2739, Jan. 29, 1951.)

January 30
A l b e r t J. H a y e s , president o f the International Associa­
tion of Machinists (A F L ), was appointed as Special
Assistant on Manpower problems in the Department of
Defense. He is the first special assistant in the history
of the National Military Establishment to come from the
ranks of organized labor, the Defense Department said.
(Source: U. S. Dept, of Defense Press release, Jan. 30,
1951.)
R a i l r o a d S w i t c h m e n , members of the Brotherhood of
Railroad Trainmen (Ind.), failed to report to work.
(Source: New York Times, Jan. 31, 1951.)
On February 2, the President denounced the railroad
strike as one "directly injuring our National security.”
(Source: New York Times, Feb. 3, 1951.)
On February 5, Charles E. Wilson, Director of the Office
of Defense Mobilization, urged the men to return to work.
(Source: New York Times, Feb. 6, 1951.)
On February 6, the railroad switchmen in the East
went back to their jobs.
(Source: New York Times,
Feb. 7, 1951.)
On February 8, the President announced that he had
directed the Army to take “ appropriate action” to restore
normal railroad service. The Army accordingly ordered
the switchmen to return to work by 4 p. m., February 10,
or face dismissal. A t the same time, the Army announced
an interim pay increase, retroactive to October 1, 1950,


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January 31
T h e S e c r e t a r y o f L a b o r announced an
program for defense production based
between the U. S. Department of Labor
agencies.
(Source: U. S. Department
release, Jan. 31, 1951.)

industrial safety
on cooperation
and State labor
of Labor Press

February 7
T h e E S A established a labor-management advisory
committee composed of equal representation of both
groups— four management members and the presidents
of AFL, U M W A (Ind.), CIO, and IA M (A F L ).
(Source:
New York Times, Feb. 8, 1951.)

February 8

February 9
A F e d e r a l J u d g e in Chicago found the Brotherhood of
Railroad Trainmen (Ind.) guilty of civil and criminal con­
tempt of court in the strike of switchmen of December 13,
1950 (see Chron. item for December 13, 1950, M L R , Feb.
1951) and fined the Brotherhood $25,000.
(Source: New
York Times, Feb. 10, 1951.)

February 10
G e o r g e M . H a r r i s o n , president of the Brotherhood of
Railway & Steamship Clerks (A F L ), was appointed a
special assistant by the Administrator of the Economic
Stabilization Agency.
(Source: Washington Post, Feb.
11, 1951.)

February 11
T h e U n i t e d Packinghouse Workers of America (CIO) and
the Amalgamated Meat Cutters and Butcher Workmen
of North America (AFL) announced an agreement with
three major meat packers on a pay increase of 9 cents an
hour, subject to approval by the Wage Stabilization
Board.
(Source: CIO News, Feb. 19, 1951.)

Publications
of Labor Interest

E d it o r ’ s N o t e .— Correspondence regarding the publications to which
reference is made in this list should be addressed to the respective pub­
lishing agencies mentioned. Where data on prices were readily avail­
able, they have been shown with the title entries.

Special Review
The Aged and Society: A Symposium on the Problems of An
Aging Population. Champaign, 111., Industrial Rela­
tions Research Association, 1950.
(Publication No. 5.) $3.

237 pp., charts.

The number of persons aged 65 and over has almost
quadrupled during the past 50 years, while the total United
States population has only doubled. This rapidly increas­
ing proportion of older people in the Nation’s population
has created many new social and economic problems.
The Industrial Relations Research Association’s first re­
search symposium is devoted to these problems.
Wilbert E. Moore, in his chapter, The Aged in Industrial
Societies, points out that deep concern for the aged has
developed only in the last few decades, and in modern
industrial societies. He gives these explanations: (1) Old
people form a larger proportion of the total population in
“ advanced” than in “ undeveloped” areas, and the secular
trend in this proportion is steadily upward; (2) in both
obvious and subtle ways, the industrial economy places a
peculiar emphasis on youth, while the aged are subject to
special hazards of obsolescence of skills; (3) the patterns
of organization and social norms of modern industrial
societies present peculiar problems with regard to the
opportunities for security and satisfactory activities for
the aged.
The opportunities for making a living vary considerably
among the different industrial occupations, Otto Poliak
states in his chapter on The Older Worker in the Labor
Market. They vary within each occupation according
to whether a line of work is long established, whether it
gives a fair chance for self-employment, and whether it
offers chances for jobs needing high skill or for dead-end
jobs in considerable numbers.
In a chapter on The Role of Industry in Relation to the
Older Worker, J. Douglas Brown says private industry
should not be compelled to assume the problem of the


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older worker. “ To be realistic,” he says, “ private
industry . . . is in business for profit . . . workers are
employed and compensated as a means of enhancing that
profit . . . To thrust upon private industry the obligation
to employ or compensate older workers under conditions
which lead to loss or even bankruptcy, is to impair the
functions of the private corporation as a highly important
institution in our national economy.” He points out,
however, that many generous policies have been developed
by progressive firms “ in the pursuance of enlightened
self-interest.” He discusses the retirement annuity pro­
grams of the larger corporations, and states: “ If such
corporations are to assist in meeting the social and economic
problem of the older worker, the corporation’s problem
of being both perpetual and unaging must be recognized.”
Trade-unions are credited with having been continuously
concerned with the problems of the older worker by
Solomon Bar kin in his chapter, Union Policies and the
Older Worker. Because unions were created by workers
to promote their advancement and to compel management
to reduce the human costs of the economic process, says
Mr. Barkin, it was to be expected that labor organizations
would be vocal in protesting the fate of the qualified
worker whose age is a handicap in getting employment.
They have been pioneers in the development of clauses
in collective-bargaining agreements protecting the worker’s
right to his job, and have led in the battle for adequate
financial provisions for the aged by both private industry
and the Government. They are also in the vanguard of
the movement to liberalize the benefits, extend the coverage,
and lower the qualifications for Federal old-age pensions
and supplementary private pensions.
Elon H . Moore, in Self Provision for the Aged, indicates
that thinking about the problems of the aged should not
be limited “ to the provision of the economic needs. The
aged . . . also must give attention to the social. They
should carry into old age the interests which give depth
to life as well as having concern for those habits which
make them wanted social beings. All of this calls for
living in the present and what is still more important,
living in the future.”
Sumner H . Slichter warns that old-age pensions must
be protected against drops in the purchasing power of the
dollar. In Retirement Age and Social Policy, he urges
that premature retirements be prevented, thus reducing
the “ real costs of retirement to a minimum.”
The symposium also contains the following chapters:
The Changing Age Profile of the Population, by Henry S.
Shrvock, Jr.; The Aged in Rural Society, by T . Lynn
Smith; Social Provisions for the Aged, by Edwin E.
W itte; Personal and Social Adjustment in Old Age, by
Ernest W . Burgess; The Politics of Age, by Lloyd H.
Fisher; The Contribution of Psychology, by N athanW .
Shock; The Employability of Older People, by A. T.
Welford and D . Speakman; The Mental Health of Older
Workers, by Oscar Kaplan; and Medical-Social Aspects of
the Aging Process, by J. H . Sheldon.
— M o r t o n A. R e i c h e k .
323

PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST

324
Arbitration

Code of Ethics and Procedural Standards for Labor-M anage­
ment Arbitration.
New York, American Arbitration
Association, 1951. 10 pp.
Prepared by the American Arbitration Association and
the National Academy of Arbitrators, and approved for
arbitrations by the Federal Mediation and Conciliation
Service. Reproduced in this issue of the Review (p. 271).

B y Emanuel Stein. (I n
New York University Law Review, New York,
October 1950, pp. 727-736. $2.)
Discussion of the problems and limits of defining stand­
ards for arbitrating terms of new collective-bargaining
agreements and application of the standards in specific
cases. Among these standards or criteria, the author
treats wage comparisons in some detail.
Criteria in

around the use, in wage stabilization policy, of the cost-ofliving index of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Depart­
ment of Labor.
By
Ewan Clague.
Washington, U. S. Department of
Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1951. 20 pp.,
charts; processed. Free.

The Consumers' Price Index in the Present Em ergency.

Wash­
ington, U . S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of
Agricultural Economics, 1950. 41 pp. (Supplement
for 1949 to Miscellaneous Publication N o. 691.) 25
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.

Consumption of Food in the United States, 1 9 0 9 -4 8 -

W age Arbitration.

By
Frank Elkouri.
(I n Labor Law Journal, Chicago,
December 1950, pp. 1183-1188. 50 cents.)

The Precedential Force of Labor Arbitration Aw ards.

Tripartite Boards or Single Arbitrators in Voluntary Labor
Arbitration ? B y Arthur Lesser, Jr.
(I n Arbitration

Journal, Vol. 5, No. 4, New York, 1950, pp. 276-282.
$ 1.)
Labor and Commercial Arbitration

Under the California

B y Sam Kagel.
(I n California
Law Review, Berkeley, December 1950, pp. 799-829.
$1.50.)
Arbitration Statute.

Child and Youth Employment

M O N TH LY LAB O R

A Report on Postwar M ovem ents in the Cost o f Living in

Hong Kong, Department of Statistics,
69 pp., chart.

Hong K on g.

1950.

Report of the Royal Commission on the Cost o f Living in N ew ­
foundland.
St. John’s, 1950. I l l pp. and inserts.

$2, Department of Supply, St. John’s.
M a i 1947— A p ril 194 8 .
Oslo,
Statistisk SentralbyrH, 1950. 513 pp., charts, ques­
tionnaire.
(Norges Offisielle Statistikk, X I , 23.) 3.50
kr.
Report on the Norwegian family budget study covering
the period M ay 1947 to April 1948. Translations in Eng­
lish of the table of contents and the text of the major
statistical tables are furnished.
Husholdningsregnskaper,

Education and Training
By Kenneth B. Haas and
Claude H . Ewing. New York, Prentice-Hall, Inc.,
1950.
I l l pp., charts, illus. $2.
This popularly written book is directed specifically at
the beginning personnel trainer or cadet teacher.
The
authors discuss some of the problems likely to be encoun­
tered in training new workers and briefly describe various
training methods and devices. Emphasis is placed on the
importance of knowing the trainees and meeting their in­
dividual needs.
Tested Training Techniques.

By Nancy Woods. Boston,
Simmons College, Division of Social Studies, 1950. 30
pp., bibliography; processed.
(Simmons Studies in
the Social Sciences, Vol. 1, No. 1.)

Child Labor in Massachusetts.

By
Lazelle D. Alway. New York, National Child Labor
Committee, 1950. 22 pp., bibliography, chart, illus.
(Publication No. 404.)
Study by National Child Labor Committee in coopera­
tion with University of Texas.
A n Em ploym ent Survey o f 4 ,0 1 4 Texas School Children.

New York,
Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., Policyholders Service
Bureau, 1950. 63 pp., forms.

Training College Graduates for M anagem ent.

They W ork W hile You P la y : A Study of T een-A ge B o y s and
Girls Em ployed in Am usem ent Industries.
Washing­
ton, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor
Standards, 1950. 26 pp., charts.
(Bull. N o. 124.)
15 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.

A

Guide to Educational and Vocational
Arm ed

Freeman.
ice, 1951.

Industrial Injuries to M in ors Under 18 Years in California,
1949.
San Francisco, Department of Industrial Rela­
tions, Division of Labor Statistics and Research, 1950.
9 pp.; processed.

Cost and Standards of Living
By Kathryn Smul
Arnow. Washington, Committee on Public Adminis­
tration Cases, 1951. 166 pp.; processed. $1.75.
Discussion of the World War II controversy centering

The Attack on the Cost of Living Index.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

K ey

to

Training in the

By Anna Elkin and Melvin D.
New York, Federation Employment Serv­
13 pp. 15 cents.

Services.

Successful

Industry:

A

Apprenticeship
Guide

to

Joint

in

the

Construction

Managem ent-Labor

Apprenticeship Committees.
Washington, U. S. De­
partment of Labor, Bureau of Apprenticeship, [1950],
18 pp. Free.

Washington, Federal Secu­
rity Agency, Office of Education, 1950. 140 pp.,
bibliography.
(Misc. No. 11.) 65 cents, Superin­
tendent of Documents, Washington.

Practical N ursing Curriculum.

R E V IE W , M ARCH 1951

PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST

Counseling Interview.
By Clifford E. Erickson.
New York, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1950. 174 pp.,
bibliography. $2.35.
Designed to meet the needs of all interviewers, including
teachers, foremen, and administrators, as well as guidance
counselors. The author offers suggestions for establishing
good relations with the interviewee and for handling a
variety of situations likely to arise during an interview.
Suggestions are also made on how to evaluate the effective­
ness of an interview, and on how to organize a counseling
program.
The

Employment and Unemployment
By Frank A. Ives.
University of Oklahoma, [1950?]. 32 pp.

The Graduate Gets a Job.

Norman,

M innesota M anpow er M obilities: Part I , Patterns of M a n ­
power M obility, M inneapolis, 1 9 4 8 ; Part I I , Differen­
tial Short-Run Labor M obilities, St. Paul, 1 9 4 1 - 4

By

Herbert G. Heneman, Jr., and others. Minneapolis,
University of Minnesota Press, Industrial Relations
Center, 1950. 52 pp., charts.
(Bull. No. 10.) $1.
Viability and

Full Em ploym ent— A

Contribution to the

Task o f Econom ic Reconstruction of W estern Germany.

Analyzes workmen’s compensation cases closed in 1948 in
the food processing industry and its subgroups, by nature
and cause of injury, among other statistics. Comparative
data for earlier years are included.

Industrial Hygiene
Anthracosilicosis in Bitum inous Coal M in ers— Clinical and
M anifestations.
B y H . A . Slesinger,
M .D .
( In Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Occu­
pational Medicine, Chicago, September 1950, pp.
284-299, charts, illus.)
The author comments on the large number of soft-coal
miners who have “ real” silicosis. He indicates the routine
necessary to establish a medico-legal diagnosis, discusses
symptoms and findings and the need for proper differen­
tiation from complicating diseases, and adds some 290
case reports. General fallacies regarding this occupa­
tional disease and its diagnosis, including the belief that
removal of the worker from exposure to silica dust will
always check further development of the disease, are also
discussed. Treatment is briefly outlined.
Pathological

The

B y Konrad Kratzsch.
(In Mitteilungen des Wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen
Institut der Gewerkschaften, Köln, September 1950,
pp. 1-7, charts.)
Detailed data on seasonal changes in employment and
unemployment in Germany before and after World War II
down to mid-1950, including information for specific
industries.

Industrial Accidents and Accident Prevention
Washington,
U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1950. 4 pp.
(Serial No. R. 2009; reprinted from
Monthly Labor Review, September 1950.) Free.

Safety Provisions in Union Agreements, 1950.

Am erican Standard: Safety in Electric and Gas Welding and
Cutting Operations.
New York, American Welding

Society, 1950.
50 cents.

42 pp., bibliography.

(Z 49.1-1950.)

Woodworking Circular Saws— Protection for Variety and
Universal T ypes.
Chicago, National Association of

Mutual Casualty Companies, 1950. 29 pp., diagrams,
illus.
(Technical Guide for Accident Prevention
No. 3.)
Report o f the 1950 Convention and Annu al M eeting of the
Industrial Accident Prevention Associations, Toronto,

Toronto, Industrial Accident
Prevention Associations, 1950. 142 pp.
A p ril 24 and 25, 1950.

W ork Accidents in Food Processing [in N ew York State],

[New York, Department of Labor], Workmen’s
Compensation Board, 1950. 51 pp., charts.
(Re­
search and Statistics Bull. No. 7.)
930470— 51------ 6


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Control of Certain Health Hazards

Encountered in

By Edward C. J. Urban.
{In American Industrial Hygiene Association Quar­
terly, Chicago, December 1950, pp. 201-205, chart.
75 cents.)
Underground M etal M in es.

Bonn, Universität Kiel, Institut für Weltwirtschaft,
1950. 48 pp., charts.
Joint analysis of basic requirements, by several German
research institutes.
Zur Frage der Saisonarbeitslosigkeit.

325

Occupational Cancer in a Chromate Plant— A n Environ­
mental Appraisal.
B y H . G. Bourne, Jr., and H . T.

Yee.
{In Industrial Medicine and Surgery, Chicago,
December 1950, pp. 563-567, bibliography, charts.
75 cents.)
Report on a study made in a plant producing sodium
bicarbonate from chromite ore, in which all employees
were exposed to measurable amounts of airborne toxic
chromium concentrates. The authors maintain that with
proper engineering techniques and controls, use of personal
respiratory protective devices, and education of workers,
the hazards of respiratory cancer can be overcome.
Planning a Small Radioisotope Program. B y George W .
Reid and Oscar M . Bizzell.
The Appraisal o f D e­

B y Carey P.
McCord and Russell L. Robertson. {In Industrial
Medicine and Surgery, Chicago, December 1950, pp.
549-553, bibliography, diagrams, illus.; 554-557, illus.
75 cents.)
The first article listed outlines major requisites, includ­
ing those for safe handling, in setting up a small laboratory
program for use of radioactive isotopes; the second article
illustrates the small-scale industrial application of the
isotopes, in conformity with requirements set forth in the
first article.
tergency Through Radioactive Isotopes.

Industrial Relations
Case

Book of Em ployee Communications in A ction : A
Cross-Section o f M anufacturing Indu stry’s Experience
in Developing Successful In -P la n t Inform ation Pro­

New York, National Association of Manu­
facturers, Industrial Relations Division, 1950. 27 pp.
grams.

326

M O N TH LY LABO R

P U B L IC A T IO N S O F L A B O R IN T E R E S T

1950 Ross Prize Essay: The Use of Injunctions in Labor
Disputes. B y Norman C. Melvin, Jr. (In American

The Industrial Court, [Great Britain]. By Julian Badcock.
(In Industrial Law Review, Hadleigh, England, Octo­

Bar Association Journal, Chicago, December 1950,
pp. 1007-1010, 1058-1060. 75 cents.)

ber 1950, pp. 104-110.)
The Industrial Court was set up by the Industrial Courts
Act of 1919 for the settlement of labor disputes volun­
tarily submitted to the Court.

Sources of Economic Information for Collective Bargaining.
By Ernest Dale. New York, American Management
Association, 1950. 171 pp., forms.
(Research Re­
port No. 17.) $3.75.
The author emphasizes the growing importance of the
factual approach to collective bargaining. He describes
his purposes as the presentation of types of data available
and sources from which they may be obtained, with anal­
yses of their application to different situations and of their
limitations. The main types of data covered relate to
cost of living, productivity, comparative wage rates, and
ability to pay.

Selected, Bibliography of the Labor Management Relations
Act. Washington, U. S. National Labor Relations
Board, Library, November 1950.

15 p p .; processed.

Taft-Hartleyism in Southern Textiles.

By Isadore Katz.
[New York, Textile Workers Union of America, CIO],
1950. 118 pp. and inserts; processed.
Statement presented before Subcommittee on LaborManagement Relations of Committee on Labor and Public
Welfare, United States Senate.

Numbers of Workers Affected by Collective Agreements in
Canada, 191+9, by Industry. (In Labor Gazette,
Department of Labor, Ottawa, December 1950, pp.
2023-2027, chart; Collective Agreement Studies,
No. 12.)
The December Gazette also has an article on agreements
in the meat industry in Canada, and the January issue,
an article on agreements of office workers (Collective
Agreement Studies, Nos. 11 and 13, respectively).

Labor Legislation and Court Decisions
R6sum& of the Proceedings of the Seventeenth National Con­
ference on Labor Legislation, November 29, 30, and
December 1, 1950. Washington, U. S. Department
of Labor, Bureau of Labor Standards, 1951. 59 pp.
(Bull. No. 141.) Free.
An article on standards advocated by this conference
was published in the Monthly Labor Review for January
1951 (p. 45).

A

Decade of Court Decisions on Teacher Retirement,
191+0-191+9, Inclusive. Washington, National Educa­
tion Association of the United States, Research Divi­
sion, and National Council on Teacher Retirement,
1950. 29 pp. 25 cents.

Labor Laws, and Orders of the Industrial Commission,
State of Wisconsin. Madison, Industrial Commission
of Wisconsin, 1950.

pp.


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$2.

Provincial Labor Standards Concerning Child Labor, Holi­
days, Hours of Work, Minimum Wages, Weekly RestDay, and Workmen's Compensation, [Canada], Ot­
tawa, Department of Labor, September 1950.

25 pp.

Labor Legislation in Western Germany During the Occupa­
tion. Washington, U. S. Department of Labor,
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1951. 5 pp. (Serial No.
R. 2014; reprinted from Monthly Labor Review,
December 1950.) Free.

Labor-Management Cooperation in France.

Geneva, In­
ternational Labor Office, 1950. 237 pp.
(Studies
and Reports, New Series, No. 9.) $1.25. Distributed
in United States by Washington Branch of ILO.
The first part of this study deals with the institutions
through which French labor and management can coop­
erate with each other on national and regional levels, as
well as with the organizations through which they partici­
pate in determination of Government social and economic
policies. The second part discusses labor-management
problems peculiar to nationalized industries. The last,
entitled “ Co-operation in the Undertaking,” deals with
the development of works committees, health and safety
committees, and the system of worker delegates.
Some background material is given on the trade-union
movement, regulation of collective bargaining, and the
social security system, but the volume does not purport
to deal with the ideological factors which are basic to an
understanding of developments in these fields in France.
Nor does it attempt to evaluate the degree to which legis­
lation in these fields is implemented in actual practice.
The study refers to the situation as of early 1948, and it
should be remembered that substantial changes have
occurred in the trade-union and collective-bargaining fields
in the meantime.

239 pp.

Labor Legislation in Canada, as Existing December 31,
191+8. Ottawa, Department of Labor, 1950. 1092

Codigo Sustantivo del Trabajo.

By Victor G. Ricardo.
Bogota, [Departamento Nacional del Trabajo?], 1950.
177 pp.

Occupations
Men

at Work. By Richard Thruelsen. New York,
Harper & Brothers, 1950. 231 pp. $2.75.
Sixteen factual stories of job experiences in a variety
of fields.
Jobs in Advertising.

New York, Advertising Federation
of America, [1950]. 15 pp.

Careers in Chemistry and Chemical Engineering: The Lit­
erature Chemist; The Chemist in Business for Himself;
Professional Relations. (In Chemical and Engineer­
ing News, Washington, December 25, 1950, pp. 4 5 30 4538. 15 cents.)
This group of three articles concludes the series which
Chemical and Engineering News has been publishing on
various aspects of preparation for and requirements and
duties of occupations in the field of chemistry.

R E V IE W , M ARCH 1951

A Career in Industrial Relations, with a Glossary o f Indu s­
By Arthur O. England and
Harry Laurent, Jr. [Cleveland, Ohio, Western Re­
serve University, Personnel Research Institute, 1950?]
86 pp.; processed.
trial Relations

Providence, Department of
Employment Security, 1950. 30 pp., illus.
in

Rhode

Island.

Opportunities in M edical Care Insurance.
By
Margaret C. Klem.
( In Public Health Nursing, New
York, January 1951, pp. 8 -1 6 , bibliography. 45 cents.)

Nursing

Older Workers and the Aged
New York, New York
State Association of Councils of Social Agencies, 1950.
15 pp., bibliography. 20 cents.

Com m unity Action for the Aging.

Nonresident

Personnel Management

Terms.

Occupational Inform ation on Costume Jewelry M anufactur­
ing

A id — Com m unity

Versus

Institutional

Care

By Ruth Laverty.
(I n Journal of
Gerontology, Baltimore, M d., October 1950, pp. 3 7 0 374. $2.)

for Older People.

{I n Adult Education, Cleveland,
Ohio, December 1950, pp. 4 1 -7 9. 50 cents.)
This issue of Adult Education is devoted to a symposium
on “ education for aging,” with these articles: Preparation
for Living in the Later Years, Community Attitudes and
the Older Citizen, Public School Educational Programs,
Educational Programs in Other Agencies, Retraining for
Later Maturity, and Research Needs.
Education for Aging.

By Louis I. Dublin and
Herbert Yahraes.
{In Collier’s, New York, January
6, 1951, p. 16; January 13, p. 24; and January 20, p.
26. 15 cents each.)
Three articles on the basic problems of old age— economic
security, health and housing, and recreation. The intro­
duction to the series states that “ age 65 need not be a signal
for getting on the shelf— provided we plan in advance for it.
Given such planning, old age can be enjoyable and pro­
ductive, and oldsters a positive asset to their communities.”
W hen Y o u ’re Old— What Then?

and M anaging M en .
By Douglas C. Lynch.
New York, Ronald Press Co., 1950. 166 pp. $3.

Leading

Personnel Problems Under M obilization, W ith a Section on

New York, American
Management Association, 1950. 62 pp. (Personnel
Series, No. 135.) $1.25.
Includes papers on security and loyalty considerations
in personnel administration, effective recruitment and
utilization of manpower, problems of industrial mobiliza­
tion and Selective Service requirements, and more general
topics such as economic education.
Economic and Political Factors.

Personnel Practices and Labor Relations in Denver Business

By W . E. Schlender. {In Industrial
Relations Newsletter, University of Denver, Depart­
ment of Personnel and Industrial Relations, Denver,
Colo., Autumn 1950, pp. 3-23 .)
Firm s, 194.9.

Sources of Information on Personnel Management and Labor
Relations.
By Alton W . Baker.
Columbus, Ohio
State University, Bureau of Business Research, 1951.
117 pp.
(Research Monograph No. 62.)

By Chester E. Evans and La Verne N.
Laseau.
Washington, Personnel Psychology, Inc.,
1950. Variously paged, charts, forms, illus.
(Per­
sonnel Psychology Monograph No. 1.) Paper, $2.50;
cloth, $3.50.
Account of an essay-writing contest, conducted by the
Employee Research Section of General Motors Corp.,
which represents a new approach to employee-attitude
measurement. Employees of the company were asked to
write essays on “ M y Job, and W hy I Like It.” The report
discusses the administration and promotion of the contest,
statistical techniques used in analysis of the entries, and
major findings on employee attitudes and their relation to
employment conditions.
M y Job Contest.

Prices
Fresh

Findings and Recommendations of the N ew York State Joint
Legislative

m

PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST

Committee

on

Problems

of

the

Aging.

[Albany], 1950. 50 pp., charts, illus.
(Legislative
Doc. (1950) No. 12.)
Reprinted from the committee’s 1950 report, “ Young at
Any Age” (supply exhausted).
Em ploym ent Problems o f Older Workers in N ew York City.

New York, State Department of Labor, Employment
Service, Division of Placement and Unemployment
Insurance, 1950. In 3 parts, 199 pp.; processed.
Report on an experimental study of aging workers and
their place in New York City’s labor force. Of the 3,700
persons represented, the report states, 50 percent had no
problems related to age, 12 percent were regarded by em­
ployers as too old to be hired, 9 percent had unimpaired
skills but declining productivity, 7 percent had impaired
skills requiring a job shift, and 5 percent regarded their age
as an obstacle and were demoralized in their search for
work.


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M ilk

Marketing

in

Large

Cities,

[Spring

1948].

Washington, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1951. 19 pp.; processed. Free.
A Short H istory of Rent Control Laws.

By John W . Willis.

{In Cornell Law Quarterly, Ithaca, N . Y ., Fall 1950,

pp. 54-94.)
Describes ancient and modern controls in different parts
of the world and gives details of rent control in the United
States.
The Function and Formation of Com m odity Prices in the
U .S .S .R .
By Henry H . Ware.
{In Bulletins on
Soviet Economic Development, University of Bir­
mingham, Department of Economics and Institutions
of the U .S.S.R ., Birmingham, England, No. 4, Sep­
tember 1950, pp. 21-31.)

By
Marcin R. Wyczalkowski. {In International Mone­
tary Fund Staff Papers, Washington, September 1950.
pp. 203-223. $1.50.)

The Soviet Price System and the Ruble Exchange Rate.

techniques of wage and salary administration and of
management’s experience in their day-to-day application.”

Social Security
Washington, Bureau of N a­
tional Affairs, Inc., 1950. 107 pp. $1.85.
Editorial summary and subject-by-subject analysis of
Social Security Act of 1950, with text of statute.

Expanded Social Security.

You.
Washington, Bureau of
National Affairs, Inc., 1950. Folder.
Popular explanation of Federal old-age and survivors
insurance provisions of the Social Security Act, as amended
M ore Social Security for

in August 1950.
Some Basic Readings in Social Security, 1 95 0 Supplement.

Washington, Federal Security Agency, Social Security
Administration, 1950. 55 pp.
(Publication N o. 28.)
Lists publications issued from June 1946 to August
1950. Includes references to material, in the English
language, on foreign social-security systems.
A

M O N TH LY LAB O R

PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST

328

Social

Security

Substructure

P roof

against

Currency

By L. F6raud.
(I n International
Labor Review, Geneva, August ¡1950, pp. 141-156.
50 cents. Distributed in United States by Washing­
ton Branch of ILO.)
Depreciation.

B y Miriam Civic. (In Con­
ference Board Business Record, National Industrial
Conference Board, Inc., New York, January 1951,
pp. 8 -1 2 , 3 7 -3 9 , charts.)
A summary of Federal benefits for veterans and their
dependents, as of January 1, 1951.
Veterans' Benefits A d d U p.

[Social Security System s of Different Countries .]

Geneva,
International Social Security Association, July 1950.
123 p p .; processed.
Brings together 10 articles, published in issues of the
International Social Security Association Bulletin in 1949
and 1950, on the systems of Guatemala, Mexico, Poland,
Lebanon, Peru, Turkey, Haiti, Austria, Iceland, and
Japan, and one on social protection of migrant workers.
The October-November 1950 issue of the Association’s
Bulletin contains an article on social insurance in the
Netherlands.
The Growth and Development of Social Security in N ew
Zealand (a Survey of Social Security in N ew Zealand
1898 to 194 9 ).
Wellington, Social
Department and Health Department, 1950.
charts, maps, illus. 6s.

from

Security
178 pp.,

Wages, Salaries, and Hours of Labor
The A M A Handbook o f W age and Salary Adm inistration:
Tested Compensation Methods for Factory, Office, and

Edited by M . Joseph Dooher
and Vivienne Marquis. New York, American M an­
agement Association, 1950. 412 pp., bibliography,
charts, forms. $7.50 ($5 to A M A members).
Collection of A M A materials representing, according to
the foreword, “ a complete survey of the principles and
Managerial Personnel.


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Earnings

in

Communications

and

Radio

Broadcasting,

Washington, U. S. Department of
Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1951.
5 pp.
(Se­
rial No. R . 2010; reprinted from Monthly Labor
Review, November 1950.) Free.
[October 1949].

Wages and Hours in the Retail Trade Industry in N ew
York State, 1950.
New York, State Department of
Labor, Division of Research and Statistics, 1950
118 pp.; processed. (Publication No. B -32.)
Other reports in this 1950 series on wages and hours in
New York State are available for the restaurant, hotel,
confectionery, cleaning and dyeing, beauty service, and
laundry industries (Publications Nos. B -3 0 , 33, 36, 37,
38, and 39, respectively).
Die Lohnpolitik der Deutschen Gewerkschaften. By Viktoi
Agartz. A uch Heute Noch Stabile Löhne f By Kur(>

Pentzlin. (In Gewerkschaftliche Monatshefte, Bund
esvorstand des Deutschen Gewerkschaftsbundes,
Köln, October 1950, pp. 4 4 1-44 7; 448-455.)
Wage policies in western Germany are discussed in the
first article by a trade-union leader, and in the second, bv
a representative of management.
B>
Wilfried Schaefer. (In Gewerkschaftliche Monats­
hefte, Bundesvorstand des Deutschen Gewerkschafts­
bundes, Köln, October 1950, pp. 477-480.)
Discussion of methodological questions connected with
use of the cost-of-living index in computation of real wages
in Western Germany.
Der Streit um die Höhe des Lebenshaltungskostenindex.

The Earnings of Industry [in Great B ritain]: The Truth
About Wages and Profits, 1 95 0 Edition.
London,
Hollis & Carter (for Aims of Industry, Ltd.), 1950.
79 pp. 2s. net.
This pamphlet constitutes an attempt to convince work­
ers that profits are necessary, that the share of gross income
going to profits is small, especially when compared with
the share of wages, and, incidentally, that the share going
to taxation is much too large. Balance sheets of numerous
individual companies are analyzed.

White-Collar Workers
1 9 5 0 -5 1 .
Philadelphia, National Office
Management Association, 1950. 32 pp.
Summary data covering 203,587 employees, furnished
by over 2,600 companies in the United States and Canada,
on salaries, pay periods, the workweek, holidays, unioniza­
tion, and other conditions, as of September 30, 1950.
Office Salaries,

Earnings and Em ploym ent o f Office Workers in M anufac­
turing, [N ew York State], 1950.
(In Labor Market

Review, Department of Labor, Division of Placement
and Unemployment Insurance, Bureau of Research
and Statistics, New York, December 1950, pp. 9-16 .)

P U B L IC A T IO N S O F L A B O R IN T E R E S T

R E V IE W , M ARCH 1951

,

329

Office Workers Salaries and Personnel Practices San Fran­

Presidential A g en cy: O W M R — The Office o f W a r M obiliza ­

San Francisco, San
Francisco Employers Council, Department of Research
and Analysis, 1950. 38 pp.

By Herman Miles Somers.
Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1950. 238 pp.
(Harvard Political Studies.) $4.50.
A study of public administration problems of World
W ar II, with a summary statement of “ guiding principles”
derived from O W M -O W M R experience, which is de­
scribed as “ rich with practical lessons for the future.”
A chapter of 36 pages is devoted to the coordination of
manpower programs.

cisco B a y Area, M id -Y e a r 1950.

Salaries

of State

Public

Health

Workers,

August

1950.

Washington, Federal Security Agency, Public Health
Service, Bureau of State Services, 1950. 46 pp.,
charts.
By
Robert K . Burns.
(I n Office Management Series,
N o. 127, American Management Association, New
York, pp. 2 2 -3 8 . $1.25.)

The W hite Collar Worker in the Am erican Econom y.

,t

Salaries and Hours of Office Em ployees in Canadian M a n u ­
(In Labor Gazette,
Department of Labor, Ottawa, January 1951, pp.
2 5 -3 2, charts.
10 cents.)

facturing Industries, October 1949.

1

Miscellaneous

tion and Reconversion.

A na lyse der Wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung in Westberlin
an Hand der Volkswirtschaftlichen Gesamtrechnung.

By Ferdinand Grünig. (In Vierteljahrshefte zur
Wirtschaftsforschung, Deutsches Institut für W irt­
schaftsforschung, Berlin, Jahrgang 1950, Zweites
Heft, pp. 106-131, charts.)
Analysis of economic trends in W est Berlin during 1949,
supported by statistics.
B y Stella K . Margold.
Harvard Business Review, Boston, September
1950, pp. 6 5 -7 8 ; November 1950, pp. 86 -1 13 . $1.50
each.)
Discussion of various aspects of economic life in Poland,
Hungary, and Czechoslovakia. Includes sections on
wages and the standard of living, social welfare, role of
trade-unions, labor controls, and discipline of workers.
Economic Life in R ussia’ s Orbit.

• i

Colonial Craftsman.
By Carl Bridenbaugh. New
York, New York University Press, 1950. 214 pp.,
bibliographical footnotes, illus. $4.25.
A vivid and entertaining picture of the craftsmen, their
work, and their community status in both the northern
; ,nd the southern colonies. There are incidental references
to apprentices and journeymen, but the main concern is
with master craftsmen. Readers should, perhaps, be
warned that without keeping in mind the status of ap­
prentices and journeymen, and especially of the large
numbers of unskilled workers, they may derive a one­
sided view of colonial labor as a whole. Also, the some­
what elegant order and precision of the pictures (drawn
from engravings in Diderot’s Encyclopédie) may not be
typical of colonial craftsmen’s shops.
The

3

(In

Soviet Politics— The Dilem m a o f Pow er: The Role of Ideas
in Social Change.
By Barrington Moore, Jr. Cam­
bridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1950. 503
pp., bibliography.
(Russian Research Center Studies,
N o. 2.) $6 (texted., $4.50).

B y James Rössel. (In Labor
and Nation, New York, Fall 1950, pp. 5 7 -5 9 . $1.)

The Labor Press in Sweden.

Practical Guide A s

Utländsk Arbetskraft i Sverige Under de Senaste 15 A ren.
By Margareta Ryberg. (In Sociala Meddelanden,

By Dave
H yatt. Ithaca, Cornell University, New York State
School of Industrial and Labor Relations, 1950. 104
pp., illus.
(Extension Bulletin No. 5.) 25 cents.
Includes information on public relations practices of
labor unions, business firms, and social service organiza­
tions, with suggestions by the author on how to use the
tools of public relations most effectively.

Socialstyrelsen, Stockholm, No. 10, 1950, pp. 747-757,
illus. 75 öre.)
Shows the number of foreigners in Sweden during the
past 15 years and how they have been placed in the labor
market. Also summarizes information obtained in a
questionnaire requesting views of individual firms on
foreigners as workers and their effect on the individual
enterprise’s manpower situation during the past decade.

M anpow er and Personnel Problems in Industrial M obiliza­

Hom e

Introduction to Public Relations: A

Ap plied to Industrial and Labor Relations.

Princeton, N . J., Princeton University, Indus­
trial Relations Section, January 1951. 8 pp. (Se­
lected References, No. 37.) 20 cents.
tion.


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W ork

in

Switzerland.

By

Alice

Zimmermann.

(In International Labor Review, Geneva, September-

October 1950, pp. 242-263. 50 cents. Distributed
in United States by Washington Branch of ILO .)

Current Labor Statistics
A.— Employment and Payrolls
332
333
337
339
340
341

342
343
344

Table A -l:

Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours
worked, and sex
Table A-2: Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division
and group
Table A-3: Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries
Table A-4: Indexes of production-worker employment and weekly payrolls in
manufacturing industries
Table A-5: Federal civilian employment and payrolls, by branch and agency group
Table A-6: Federal civilian payrolls by branch and agency group 1
Table A-7: Civilian Government employment and payrolls in Washington, D. C.,
by branch and agency group
Table A-8: Personnel and pay of the military branch of the Federal Government2
Table A-9: Employees in nonagricultural establishments for selected States3
Table A - 10 Employees in manufacturing industries, by States3
Table A - l l Insured unemployment under State unemployment insurance pro­
grams, by geographic division and State

B .— Labor Turn-Over
345

Table B -l:

346

Table B-2:

Monthly labor turn-over rates (per 100 employees) in manufacturing
industries, by class of turn-over
Monthly labor turn-over rates (per 100 employees) in selected groups
and industries

C .— Earnings and Hours
348

Table C -l:

363

Table C-2:

364

Table C-3:

364

Table C-4:

365

Table C-5:

Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory
employees
Gross average weekly earnings of production workers in selected
industries, in current and 1939 dollars
Gross and net spendable average weekly earnings of production
workers in manufacturing industries, in current and 1939 dollars
Average hourly earnings, gross and exclusive of overtime, of produc­
tion workers in manufacturing industries
Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing
industries for selected States and areas3

1 Beginning with the January 1951 issue payroll data in table A -6 have been combined with table A -5 .
2 Beginning with September 1950 issue, omitted for security reasons.
3 This table is included quarterly in the March, June, September, and December issues of the Review.
330


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CURRENT LABOR STATISTICS

331

D .— Prices and Cost of Living
371

Table D -l:

372

Table D -2:

373

Table D-3:

374
375
376
377

Table
Table
Table
Table

378

Table D -8:

D -4:
D -5:
D -6:
D -7:

Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families in large cities, by
group of commodities
Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families, by city, for
selected periods
Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families, by city and
group of commodities
Indexes of retail prices of foods, by group, for selected periods
Indexes of retail prices of foods, by city
Average retail prices and indexes of selected foods
Indexes of wholesale prices, by group of commodities, for selected
periods
Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities

E.— Work Stoppages
379

Table E—1:

Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes

F.— Building and Construction
380
381

Table F - l :
Table F-2:

382

Table F-3:

383

Table F-^l:

384

Table F-5:


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Expenditures for new construction
Value of contracts awarded and force account work started on federally
financed new construction, by type of construction
Urban building authorized, by principal class of construction and by
type of building
New nonresidential building authorized in all urban places, by general
type and by geographic division
Number and construction cost of new permanent nonfarm dwelling
units started, by urban or rural location, and by source of funds

A : EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

332

M O N TH LY LAB O E

A: Employment and Payrolls
T

able

A -l : Estimated Total Labor Force Classified by Employment Status, Hours Worked, and Sex
Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over 1 (in thousands)
Labor force

1951
Jan.

1950
Dec.

N ov.*

Oct.

Sept. *

Aug.

July *

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Total, both sexes
Total labor force * . ..................................................
Civilian labor force------------------------------------------Unemployment___________________________
Unemployed 4 weeks or less_________
Unemployed 5-10 weeks-------------------Unemployed 11-14 w eek s....................
Unemployed 15-26 weeks-------------------Unemployed over 26 weeks___________
Em ploym ent______________________ _______
Nonagricultural----------------------------------Worked 35 hours or m o r e .............
Worked 15-34 h o u r s ____________
Worked 1-14 hours5--------------------W ith a job but not at work 8_____
Agricultural... . ------------ ----------------Worked 35 hours or more________
Worked 15-34 hours______________
Worked 1-14 hours 5______________
W ith a job but not at work 8____

«
61,514
2,503
1,184
677
208
251
183
59, 010
52, 993
43, 505
5, 561
2, 251
1, 676
6,018
3,895
1,467
. 308
348

64,674

65,453

65,438

65,020

66, 204

65, 742

66,177

64,108

63, 513

63,021

63,003

62,835

62, 538
2,229
1,153
498
167
217
194
60,308
54,075
44,177
6,002
2,319
1,577
6, 234
3,983
1,505
348
399

63, 512
2, 240
1,240
475
147
175
204
61,271
53,721
43, 546
6, 417
2,331
1, 427
7, 551
5,487
1, 594
306
163

63, 704
1,940
955
420
128
183
257
61, 764
53, 273
42, 720
7,023
1,999
1,531
8,491
6,547
1,611
245
88

63, 567
2, 341
1,107
464
201
272
299
61, 226
53, 415
28, 042
20, 827
1,984
2, 561
7,811
5, 259
2,028
356
170

64, 867
2, 500
1,051
679
221
266
285
62, 367
54, 207
43, 835
4, 583
1, 545
4, 246
8,160
6,170
1,475
295
223

64, 427
3, 213
1,514
754
249
334
361
61,214
52, 774
25.072
19, 201
1,650
6,852
8,440
6, 348
1,695
238
158

64,866
3, 384
1, 629
664
181
474
439
61, 482
52, 436
43,117
5,153
1,843
2, 323
9,046
6, 975
1,739
246
88

62, 788
3, 057
1,130
634
252
559
481
59, 731
51, 669
43, 033
5,149
1,949
1,537
8, 062
5, 970
1,613
292
187

62,183
3,515
1,130
686
521
705
475
58, 668
51, 473
41, 143
6, 552
2, 183
1,597
7,195
5,125
1,503
318
250

61, 675
4, 123
1. 229
1. 143
580
722
449
57, 551
50, 877
41, 334
5, 715
2, 102
1, 725
6, 675
4, 551
1, 575
255
295

61,637
4, 684
1.583
1,456
547
6,50
448
56. 953
50. 73J
41 433
5,271
2,085
1,941
6, 223
4, 334
1, 271
300
317

61, 427
4,480
1, Po6
1,171
418
542
396
56, 947
50,749
40,839
6, 251
1,974
1,686
ô 198
3,
1,459
329
431

Males
Total labor force *_____________________________

(4)

Civilian labor force. _________________________ 43,093
1,659
Unemployment __________ _____ __________
Employment _____________________________ 41, 433
N onagricultural---------------------- ----------- - 36, 072
W'orked 35 hours or more..............
31,054
Worked 15-34 hours____________ _
2, 947
Worked 1-14 hours 5. . . __________
961
W ith a Job but not at work 8____
1,110
5,362
Agricultural . . . --------------------------------Worked 35 hours or more____ . . .
3, 724
Worked 15-34 hours______________
1,066
253
Worked 1-14 hours 5______________
W ith a job but not at work 8_____
319

45, 644

45, 934

45, 978

46,155

47,132

47,000

46, 718

45,614

45, 429

45, 204

45,115

45,102

43, 535
1,459
42,076
36, 585
31,308
3,217
998
1,062
5,491
3,751
1,134
268
338

44, 019
1,309
42, 710
36, 554
31, 175
3,447
980
952
6,156
4, 982
842
200
133

44, 268
1,172
43, 096
36, 507
30,826
3,823
800
1,058
6,589
5,605
756
146
82

44, 726
1,482
43, 244
36,877
21,103
13, 273
817
1,683
6, 367
4,875
1,131
219
143

45, 818
1,664
44,154
37, 455
31,800
2, 508
654
2, 494
6, 699
5, 573
764
181
183

45, 708
2,126
43, 582
36,605
18, 905
12, 762
732
4,207
6, 977
5,789
899
162
126

45,429
2, 200
43, 229
36, 216
31, 523
2,605
756
1,332
7, 013
6,031
743
162
78

44,316
2,130
42,186
35, 597
30,860
2,829
874
1,034
6,589
6, 339
895
186
170

44,120
2, 628
41, 492
35,220
29, 722
3, 483
999
1,017
6, 272
4, 891
925
251
205

43, 879
3,002
40, 877
34. 890
29. 562
3, 156
958
1, 214
5. 987
4, 380
1,146
188
274

43, 769
3, 426
40. 343
34. 698
29,336
2, 909
922
1,531
5,645
4,176
942
228
298

43,715
3,262
40, 453
34,880
29,108
3, 711
904
1,157
5, 573
3,817
1,094
262
399

Females
Total labor force3__________ _________________

0)

19,030

19, 519

19,460

18,865

19,072

18, 742

19, 459

18,494

18,084

17,817

17.888

17, 733

Civilian labor force_____________ ______________
Unem ployment________________________ _
Em ploym ent______________________________
Nonagricultural. _____________________
W orked 35 hours or more_________
Worked 15-34 hours_____________
W?orked 1-14 hours 5 . _________
W ith a job but not at work 8____
Agricultural.. ________________ _______
Worked 35 hours or more_________
W7orked 15-34 hours_____________
Worked 1-14 hours 5___ _________
W ith a job but not at work 8____

18, 421
844
17, 577
16, 921
12, 451
2,614
1, 290
566
656
171
401
55
29

19,003
770
18,232
17,490
12,869
2, 785
1,321
515
743
232
371
80
61

19, 493
931
18, 561
17,167
12,371
2,970
1,351
475
1,395
505
752
106
30

19, 436
768
18, 668
16, 766
11,894
3,200
1,199
473
1,902
942
855
99
6

18,841
859
17, 982
16, 538
6, 939
7, 554
1,167
878
1,444
384
897
137
27

19, 049
836
18, 213
16, 752
12,035
2,075
891
1, 752
1,461
597
711
114
40

18, 719
1,087
17,632
16,169
6,167
6,439
918
2, 645
1,463
559
796
76
32

19,437
1,184
18, 253
16, 220
11, 594
2,548
1,087
991
2,033
944
996
84
10

18, 472
927
17, 545
16, 072
12,173
2,320
1,075
503
1,473
631
718
106
17

18,063
887
17,176
16,253
11, 421
3,069
1,184
580
923
234
578
67
45

17. 796
1,121
16, 674
15, 987
11.772
2, 559
1, 144
511
688
171
429
67
21

17, 868
1, 258
16,610
16,032
12,097
2, 362
1,163
410
578
158
32«
72
IP

17, 712
1,218
16, 494
15,869
11,731
2,540
1,070
529
625
162
365
67
32

1 E stim a tes are s u b je ct to sa m p lin g va ria tio n s w h ich m ay be
la rg e in cases w h ere the q u a n tities show n are re la tiv e ly sm all.
T h e refore, the sm a ller estim ates should be used w ith ca u tion . A ll
d a ta exclu d e p erson s in in s titu tio n s. B ecause o f rou n d in g, the
in d iv id u a l figures d o n ot n ecessa rily add to g rou p tota ls.
2 Census survey w eek co n ta in s lega l h olid a y.
3 T o ta l la b or fo r c e con sists o f the c iv ilia n la b or fo r c e a n d the
A rm ed F orces.
* B egin n in g w ith J a n u a ry 1951, d a ta on net stren g th o f the
A rm ed F o rce s and t o ta l la b or fo r c e a re n o t a v a ilab le.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

5 E x clu d e s p erson s engaged o n ly in in cid e n ta l u n paid fa m ily
w ork (le ss than 15 h o u rs) ; these p ersons a re classified as n o t in
th e la b o r force.
8 In clu d es p erson s w h o had a jo b or business, but w h o did n o t
w ork d u rin g the cen sus week because o f illness, bad w eather, va ca ­
tio n , la b o r d isp u te or because o f tem p orary la y-off w ith definite
in s tr u ctio n s to return to w ork w ith in 30 d a ys o f la y-off. D oes
n o t in clu d e un p aid fa m ily w ork ers.
S o u r c e : U. S. D ep a rtm en t o f C om m erce, B u rea u o f th e C ensus.

T

able

333

A : EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

R E V IE W , M ARCH 1951

A -2 : Employees in Nonagricultural Establishments, by Industry Division and Group 1
[In thousands]
Annual
average

1950

1951
Industry group and industry
Jan.
Total employees.....................................................
Mining........................................................................
M etaL .................... ...............................................
Iron--------- -------------------------- --------- - ...........
Copper. . . .........................................................
Lead and zinc___________________________

Contract construction________________________

946
101.8
36.1
28.0
20.0

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

Jan.

1949

1948

75.3

76.9

75.9

75.6

77.3

80.0

419.0

422.9

82.6

347.7

399.0

438.2

251.4

249.2

249.8

251.1

259.0

257.5

94.5

90.2

88.6

88.9

96.4

100.1

2,245

2,076

1,907

1,861

1,919

2,156

2,165

442
182.4
260.0

389
150.2
238. 4

328
118.3
210.0

312
110.4
201 9

327
117.1
209.6

428
178.1
250.3

416
172.1
243.8

74.4

75.0

75.3

73.6

75.3

76.1

407.0

407.8

382.1

410.4

413.1

254.7

254.2

255.5

258.6

261.2

261.9

258.9

253.9

102.1

102.7

103.4

101.3

100.0

97.3

2,629

2, 532

2,414

548
240.0
307.5

519
228.8
290.4

493
213.5
279.3

2,266

102.1

99.1
2, 393

2, 571

2, 631

2, 626

428
166 6
261.0

505
210. 8
294.4

534
228.5
305.8

540
234.3
305.8

1,965

939
98.5
33.8
28.0
19.1

861
97 7
34.0
27.6
18.4

981
105.1
36.6
27.8
21.7

595
97.9
33.6
27.7
18.8

405.8

95.4

932
100.1
33.7
27.3
20.6

938
98.4
33.9
27.8
19.0

940
99.9
35.4
27.9
19.2

74.3

2,066

2,097

2,086

2,081

2,013

1,921

1,803

1,687

1,579

1,549

1,592

1, 727

893

905

906

905

870

827

766

702

651

641

663

753

797

985
249.3
117.1
120.2
498.7

928
242.6
104.5
118.6
461.9

908
241.7
100.6
118.0
447.2

929
249.7
97.6
119. 5
462.3

974
245.8
124.4
125.1
479.0

952
239. 7
125. 2
124.3
463.1

839

1,126 1,173
289.8 294.1
132.9 146.8
139.3 138.4
563.6 593.6

1,192 1,180 1,176 1,143 1,094 1,037
296.6 293.7 285.7 278.7 267 4 257.1
158.1 157.2 158.3 149.8 140.0 126.7
137.6 135.8 133.7 131.0 127.6 122.0
600.1 593.0 597.9 583.5 558.6 530.8

1. 749

15, 689 15, 765 15, 758 15, 827 15, 685 15,450 14, 777 14, 666 14,413 14,162 14,103 13,997 13, 980 14,146 15,286

30.0

Food and kindred products........................... 1,472
M eat products___________ _______________
Dairy products__________ _______________
Canning and preserving............................
Grain-mill products_____________________
Bakery products............................................
Sugar .......................... ..................................
Confectionery and related products____
Beverages------------- ---------------------------------Miscellaneous food products------------------

88

Textile-mill products_____________________ 1,351
Yarn and thread mills--------------------------Broad-woven fabric mills----------------------Knitting mills ________________ ________
Dyeing and finishing textiles................
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings____
Other textile-mill products.______ ______
Apparel and other finished textile prod­
ucts .................................. ........................... 1,188
M en's and boys’ suits and coats----------M e n ’s and boys’ furnishings and work
clothing .......................................................
W om en’s outerwear....................................
W om en’s, children’s undergarm ents...
M illinery.......... ........... ............. ............... ..
Children’s outerwear...................................
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel...
Other fabricated textile products............


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

922
103.3
36.6
28.4
20.5

950
102.5
37.0
28.2
20.0

946
103.0
37.2
28.1
20.5

402.2

Durable goodsi _____________________ 8, 679
Nondurable goods *-------------------------- 7,010

See footnotes at end of table.

939
101.5
36.6
28.1
19.9

73.2

Special-trade contractors--------- -----------------Plumbing and heating--------------------------Painting and decorating________________
Electrical work ............. ...............................
Other special-trade contractors_________

Lumber and wood products (except fur­
niture) ................ ....................................... .
Logging camps and contractors-----------Sawmills and planing mills ....................
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products------------------Wooden containers_____________________
Miscellaneous wood products__________

935
102.2
36.1
28.2
20.1

403.3

General contractors....................... ......... .........

Tobacco manufactures-----------------------------Cigarettes.........................................................
Cigars________ ___________________________
Tobacco and snuff......... ................. .............
Tobacco stemming and redrying-----------

M ay

403.0

Building construction......................................

Ordnance and accessories_________________

June

July

934
103.3
35.9
28.5
20.5

Nonbuilding construction------------------------Highway and street_____ _____ ____ _____
Other non building construction...............

Manufacturing-----------------------------------------------

Aug.

Sept.

929
103.5

Crude petroleum and natural gas pro­
duction ...... ................... ....................... ...........
Nonmetallic mining and quarrying......... .

Oct.

45,196 46, 577 45,866 45,898 45, 684 45, 080 44,096 43, 945 43, 311 42, 926 42, 295 41, 661 42,125 43, 006 44,201

Anthracite------- ------------------------------------------Bituminous-coal------- ---------------------------------

N ov.

Dec.

785

8,701
7,064

8, 658
7', 100

29.1

28.8

8, 618
7,209
27.7

8,423
7,262

8, 294
7,156

26.6

7, 978
6, 799

25.0

23.7

7,964
6, 702
23.7

7, 809
6, 604
23.2

7, 548
6,614
22.8

7,418
6,685
22.4

1, 528 1, 572 1,643 1,739 1, 718 1,617 1, 519 1,461 1,432 1,420
'314.0 305.7 300.8 295.7 296.6 295.8 292.6 286.3 282.7 285.3
136.6 140.1 142.8 149.6 156.4 158.7 156. 5 148.7 141.4 136.6
164.3 193.8 253. 2 353.1 329.1 250. 4 177.0 152. 3 144. 9 133.9
124. 2 124.5 128.4 129.4 128.6 125. 9 124.3 121.2 120.2 120.1
287. 1 289.4 292.2 290.4 287.7 289 3 283.7 286.7 284.6 282.4
27.1
28. 9
27.0
33.5
29.4
30.6
34.5
50.7
51.8
45.0
94.5
90.6
88.6
90.0
90.4
105.9 110.6 114.2 110.5 102.1
205.1
212.8
206.0
213.0 215 9 217.7 230.0 240.1 234.2 224.8
137.9 139.8 142.7 145.4 144.3 141.8 140.4 135.5 134.1 135.3
90
26.2
42.0
12.0
9.3

91
26.4
43.2
12. 1
9.2

96
26.2
43.0
12.4
14.0

96
27.1
41.7
12.5
*15.2

89
25.6
40.7
12.1
*11.4

82
26.1
38.9
11.8
5.4

82
25.4
39.5
12.0
5.1

83
25. 5
39.7
12.1
5.7

83
25.5
39.3
12.4
5.5

85
25.4
40.9
12.6
5.9

7, 324
6,673
21.8

7, 342
6,638

7,465
6,681

21.3

8, 315
6,970

24.8

28.1

1,409 1,432 1, 523 1, 536
288.7 301.3 288. 6 271.2
134.1 132.4 146.2 147.7
133.6 141.0 207.1 222.0
119.3 119.8 120.6 117.7
277.9 277.3 281. 7 282.9
26.9
28.9
32.7
34.5
99.5
96.9 100.2
96.7
198. 2 199.2 211. 4 218.6
133.2 132.3 137.6 141.3
88
25.5
42. 3
12.7
7.4

92
26.3
42.4
12.8
10.8

94
26.6
44. 5
13.0
10.1

100
26.6
48.3
13.7
11.2

1,350 1,356 1,357 1,347 1,316 1,250 1,264 1, 252 1,261 1,272 1, 273 1,265 1, 224 1.362
' 170. 5 171.6 171.3 169.5 164.4 156.7 156.4 153.3 154.7 158.5 159.4 157.8 149.3 177.6
632. 7 637.3 638.7 637.4 625. £ 601.5 610. 4 602.9 602.8 604.2 600.6 597.8 581.9 645. 7
254.2 254.6 256.0 253.0 246. £ 228.4 230.9 231.6 236.1 239.8 241. 1 241. 7 231. 4 249.0
86.4
89.9
89.3
88.3
89.5
89.8
86.4
89.2
84. £
86.4
92.6
93.3
93.6
93.2
59.3
58.9
60.5
60.3
60.9
64. S
59.8
59.8
60.5
58.1
61.3
62.5
61.7
62.5
136.8 136.4 135.5 133.2 129.2 120.2 119.8 117.9 117.8 119.6 121.2 119.3 116.0 135.2
1,186 1,179 1,221 1,218 1,208 1,097 1,093 1,091 1,119 1,174 1,180 1,146 1,136 1,162
' 150.2 150. 7 152.4 151.4 152.4 140.6 148.5 143.2 146.0 149.2 148.9 143.5 141.5 154.4
270.5
330.3
108.0
21.4
66. 5
91.5
147.9

272.8
309.8
112.4
18.3
65.9
96.9
151.9

273.3
331.9
113.2
22.8
68.9
101.2
157.2

272.3
340.0
111. 1
23.4
68.6
99.0
152.5

270.4
340.;
105. £
23.7
68.5
96.2
150.]

249.3
299.1
95.i
20.2
67.2
86.6
137. £

255.1
281. c
98. £
17.8
65.;
88.6
137.8

256.0
285.2
101.;
18.9
62.6
85.4
137.9

258.6
305. 2
105.5
20.7
63.6
82.6
136.9

262.2
338.9
107.1
26.5
68. 4
83.6
138.4

260.8
348. 2
106. 3
26.5
68. 5
82.8
137.9

258.5
334.9
102.3
24. 2
65. 6
80.0
137.3

257.8
328.6
98. 9
22.3
6.Î- 4
88. 2
135.8

269.1
342.4
97.4
22.9
59. 5
90.1
125.6

817
71.8
472.2

840
78.2
486.2

849
78.4
492.5

853
78.1
498.7

845
78.8
494.5

812
76.2
474.6

803
73.7
467.Í

784
67.4
459.1

753
59.2
439.8

738
59.3
429.8

713
49.2
416.1

702
45.0
411.2

736
61.4
431.7

812
72.8
472.9

128.9
80.9
63.4

129.9
82.4
63.6

131.0
82.7
64.0

130.4
81.8
63.9

129.5
79.7
62. C

124.9
77.5
59.2

124.4
77.9
59.5

122.0
75.5
59.9

120.2
74.4
59.8

117.2
73.2
58.8

116.8
73.0
57.7

116.7
72.
56.8

110.5
73. 3
59. 0

119.5
81.8
65. 2

334
T

A : EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

able

M O N TH LY LAB O R

A -2 : Employees in Nonagricultural Establishments, by Industry Division and Group

Con.

[In thousands]

1951

Annual
average

1950

Industry group and industry
Jan.
Manufacturing— Continued
Furniture and fixtures________
Household furniture________
Other furniture and fixturesPaper and allied products________________
Pulp, paper, and paperboard m ills., A .
Paperboard containers and boxes_____
Other paper and allied products_______
Printing, publishing, and allied industries
Newspapers_____________________________
Periodicals______________________
Books__________________________ I .I l l
Commercial printing__________I I .. I
Lithographing____________________ " ~
Other printing and publishing.

N ov.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

1949

1948

373
266.7
106.4

376
270. 5
105. 9

378
270.
107.

376
269.
107.

367
262.
104.

350
249.
100.

349
249.
99.

348
248.
99.

347
248.
98.

344
247.
97.

341
244. 9
96.

333
238.
95.

315
992
94.

ÎOOI9

498

501
244.5
140.8
115.2

499
242.
141. >
114.

491
241.'
140.
109.

488
241.
137.
109A

479
238.
131.
109.

465
234.
123.
106.4

467
235..
124..
107.

459
231.
121.
105.'

458
230.
121.
105.e

455
230. £
120.
104.'

453
229.
120. )
103.

451
228.
119.
102.

447
996
117
103.

I0 7 1 6

727
282
53
44
197

.III.

Chemicals and allied products_______
Industrial inorganic chemicals_____
Industrial organic chemicals_______
Drugs and medicines_________
.1
Paints, pigments, and fillers_____
Fertilizers___________________________
Vegetable and animal oils and fats
Other chemicals and allied products

Sept.

369

756

IIIIIIH

Oct.

729

762
297.1
53.2
48.6
206.
41.
114.3

758
295.
53.
48.
205.
42.
,114.

754
292.
52.8
48.4
204.8
42.
113.

746
295.1
51.
48.4
200.1
41.1
110.0

741
292.'
51.
47.?
198.
40.
108. £

739
295.
51.7
46.2
198.1
40.0
108.2

739
295.
51. ‘
46.
199.6
40.
106.8

736
293.
51.1
46. C
197. £
40.
106.

735
293.
51.5
45.3
198.9
39.9
105.7

734
291.
52.
45.
199.2
40.1
106.3

732
289.
52.]
44.
198.
40.
106.'

730
285.
52T
45.
200.4
40.
106.8

723
77.3
213.2

720
76.
210.
100.
73.
32.3
61.
165.3

720
76.6
208.8
99. 5
74.0
32.9
61. 9
166. 4

701
69.3
206.4
98.4
74.2
32.7
54.3
165.4

684
68.3
203.6
96.7
73.5
29.6
48.7
164.0

669
70.3
199.8
95.9
72.7
28.3
46.8
155.6

670
72.9
198.4
94.2
71.5
30.2
48.2
154.9

671
71.4
195.7
93.1
69.7
36.2
50. C
154.4

675
70.5
194.1
93.4
69.1
41.6
53.2
153.4

671
69.4
191.9
91.1
68.9
40.9
55.3
153.0

665
68.8
189.5
91.4
68.3
38.5
56.2
152.4

658
65.8
187.9
94.6
67.6
32.5
59.2
150.3

192 1
92 3
67 2
34 3
56 1
153.0

165.0

252
199.3
21.4
31.3

251
198.1
21.5
31.2

254
200.5
21.4
32.5

241
189.0
21.1
30.5

239
187.8
21.1
30.1

236
186.2
20.7
28.6

234
185.7
20.5
27.8

241
194.8
19.7
26.9

242
195.1
19.6
26.8

242
195.4
20. 2
26.3

245
198. 7
19 5
27.1

3T 8

101.1
73.7
33.1
58.
165.7

I'

108. C

113.3

664

Products of petroleum and coal______
Petroleum refining__________________
Coke and byproducts_________ I . . . I !
Other petroleum and coal products'

254
201.6
31.4

254
201. 5
21.3
31.1

Rubber products______________________
Tires and inner tubes___________ H I .
Rubber footwear_________________ H I ’
Other rubber products___________ I .

274
117.5
29.1
127.3

273
117. 6
28. 5
126.4

269
115.7
28.0
125.3

265
115. 2
26.9
122.5

258
112.8
25.7
119.1

249
111.3
24.1
113.6

247
110.8
24.2
112.4

241
108.1
23.9
108.8

238
106.6
24.1
107.4

237
106.3
24.2
106.1

236
105.8
23.6
106.2

234
105.0
24.9
104.1

234
106 6
26 4
100.5

107.9

Leather and leather products.
Leather_____________________
Footwear (except rub ber).!!
Other leather products_____

396
51.9
250.9
93.3

398
51. 6
248.3
98.3

406
51.4
253.4
101. 5

411
51.9
259.5
99.6

409
51.1
260.4
97.5

390
49.5
252.8
88.1

382
49.6
247.2
84.9

374
49.5
240.4
83.8

379
49.5
244.3
85.4

396
50.0
257.4
88.4

395
50.1
257.4
87.9

388
49.4
254.9
83.2

388
49 7
251 0
87.2

95.4

547
144.1
42.4
87.1
60.6
97.
114.7

551
145. 6
42. 8
88.6
61. 0
98. 5
114.0

544
144.1
43.1
87. 9
58.1
98. 5
112.5

532
133.8
42.4
88.0
58.8
98.1
110.5

532
137.9
43.3
87.2
57.4
98.3
107.4

512
130.8
41.7
85.2
55.3
95.5
103.5

511
134.4
42.6
83.0
56.0
93.9
101.4

501
131.7
42.2
80.2
57.6
90.0
99.4

487
128.8
41.5
76.0
57.6
86.4
77.1

478
124.8
40.6
75.5
58.0
84.0
94.7

475
123.9
41.0
75.2
57.6
83.6
94.1

469
121.7
41. 7
75.2
56.1
81. 4
93.2

484
122 6
41 8
79 8
57 5
84 6
97.1

21.2

Stone, clay, and glass products___________
Glass and glass products__________
Cement, hydraulic________________ I ’ ”
Structural clay products..........._I__.
Pottery and related products........
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products
Other stone, clay, and glass products..

I

541

I

Primary metal industries_____________
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
mills_________________________________
Iron and steel foundries_________ I I .I H
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals______________________
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals______________________
Nonferrous foundries___
Other primary metal industries_____

IIIIIIIH

1,324

HI

Fabricated metal products (except ord­
nance, machinery, and transporta­
tion equipment)______________________ 1,009
Tin cans and other tinware____________
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware___
Heating apparatus (except electric) and
plumbers’ supplies___________________
Fabricated structural metal productsll
M etal stamping, coating, and engraving
Other fabricated metal products_______
Machinery (except electrical)___________ 1,530
Engines and turbines_______ _____
I
Agricultural machinery and tractors..I
Construction and mining m achinery...
Metalworking machinery______________'
Special-industry machinery "(except
metalworking machinery)____________
General industrial machinery____ H .I I
Office and store machines and devices..
Service-industry and household m a­
chines_______________________________
Miscellaneous machinery

parts..IHIHI

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1,319

,303

1,289 1,276

1,256

1,222

1,216

1,190

1,171

1,144

1,137

1,121

1,101

105.9
1,247

639.
266.7

637.3
262.1

633.7
255.4

632.5
250.2

630.5
241.2

621.4
229.7

616.4
227.7

606.3
220.8

599.2
215.7

583.3
208.6

587.5
203.6

584.8
198.3

550 4
217.0

25a 3

56.6

54.8

55.5

54.8

55.1

54.3

55.2

54.6

54.2

54.4

54.1

51.1

52.3

55.6

103.8
109.7
141.8

102.7
106.8
139.0

102.3
104.8
137.6

101.9
100.7
136.2

99.5
96.0
133.9

96.0
92.1
128.7

96.2
91.4
129.2

95.1
87.3
126.1

93.2
84.3
124.1

92.4
83.3
121.6

90.6
80.8
120.8

89.0
79.0
119.0

87 0
75 8
118.4

130.7

017 1,013
50. 2
51.9
168. 6 166.1

996
55.5
163.1

972
55.8
156.7

929
51.3
153.0

923
48.6
156.2

894
45.5
154.3

876
44.6
152.5

863
43.5
151.2

851
41.8
147.3

846
41. 2
145.2

859
45 8
142.3

154.4

163.0
219. 4
184.3
231. 2

164.1
209.9
182.9
220.6

158.8
210.3
179.3
211. 5

147.2
201.3
172.7
203.1

148.1
198.0
170.7
201.2

144.4
192.4
162.6
194.8

143.9
190.3
156.3
188.0

140.4
187.6
152. 9
187.7

137.8
185.1
152.1
187.0

133.0
186. 2
151. 2
188.9

132 0
198 5
147 9
192.4

1,018
51.2
169.4
160.6
220. 6
185.5
231.0
1,491
81.6
175.
111. 7
258.8

164.4
216.7
184.8
229.1

458
l, 426
,368
L, 374
1,343
,341
l, 328
l, 307
,283
,261
1, 238
L, 311
78. 6
72.9
70.2
74.8
72.8
73.5
73.6
70.9
68.7
66.5
66. 7
72. 5
165.1
163.5
140.5
179.5
180.1
180.5
180.7
180.5
177.5
175.2
171.0
181 3
110. 4 108.9
105. 6 101.6
99.1
98.1
95.9
95.4
95.2
93.4
91.3
101.3
250. 8 242.9
233.5 222.1
212.0
212.3
207.2 204.5
201.6
198.4
196.7
208.7

219.0
532
191 3
239.5

184.2
212.5
99.1

181.0
206.8
97.8

178.2
203.0
95. 9

174.6
197.6
94.4

168.6
191.7
90.8

165.3
185.0
89.5

165.4
182.8
89.3

162.7
181.3
88.4

160.8
178.8
88.0

158.7
175.7
87.0

157.1
174.0
85.4

155.9
172.8
84.7

171 8
186.4
90.6

109.1

181.6
185.9

185.0
182.3

182.0
178.2

180.1
171.41

178.6
166.3

178.8
160.5

180.8
158.5

181.5
156.2

175.6
152.6

169.3
149.3

163. 9

155.2
143.9

145. 4
153.2

183.4

1 4 7 . o|

335

A : EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

R E V IE W , M ARCH 1951

«
T

able

A -2 :

Employees in Nonagricultural Establishments, by Industry Division and Group 1— Con.
[In thousands]

Annual
average

1950

1951
Industry group and industry
Jan.

Electrical machinery------------------------- t-----Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial appa-

910

Communication equipment------------------Electrical appliances, lamps, and mis1,416

Other transportation equipment...........Instruments and related products------------

280

Professional and scientific instruments. ..........
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.

Other

miscellaneous

485

Dee

N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

1949

1948

932

928

915

872

853

817

810

800

791

779

772

762

759

869

349.0
77.5
352.3

345.0
76.0
352.5

341.5
75.0
345.5

323.5
73.3
326.5

323.9
70.9
318.1

313.8
70.0
297.0

308.2
68.9
296.1

306.7
67.8
289.4

303.3
66.6
287.6

300.0
65.1
283.2

298.1
65.5
279.7

294.4
65.1
276.7

295.2
64.5
271.1

332.9
69.0
312.2

153.3

154.0

152.8

149.0

139.6

136.2

136.6

136.5

133.7

130.5

128.8

126.0

128.3

154.8

1,370
1,397
878.2
884.1
341.6 323.4
217.6
230.5
66.9
63.5
8.9
9.1
33.4
35.1
89.1
92.0
75.6
77.7
13.5
14.3
65.9
65.9
13.1
13.6

1,091
1,212
1,305
1,269
1,100
1,197
1,394 1,365
1,122
1,263
1,297
1,347
797.4
769.0
862.4
698.9
689.0
720.3
922.7 913.3
792.8
883.7 893.4
907.9
252.4 251.7
251.9
255.6 228.1
305.1
256.4 253.9
259.3
286.0 272.8
253.3
166.5
169.7
170.5
167.9
166.1
166.8
205.0
172.8
169.0
195.8
151.7
183.7
50.2
52.1
50.6
51.8
60.1
50.7
50.1
52.8
50.7
52.5
54.1
46.7
7.9
7.8
7.9
8.0
8.1
8.1
8.5
8.2
7.9
7.4
7.7
7.5
26.2
27.3
26.9
26.0
27.3
22.4
26.3
26.8
31.5
29.5
26.0
27.5
81.2
79.4
100.3
80.9
80.2
89.1
81.2
80.0
79.9
140.7
88.6
91.7
88.2
66.4
66.2
70.0
68.9
68.3
124.2
75.8
67.4
66.7
75.3
78.4
12.1
11.2
10.5
14.5
13.8
13.2
11.9
13.8
16.4
13.3
13.3
13.3
76.1
58.4
59.2
60.1
60.6
63.5
61.6
63.0
61.3
84.8
64.3
61.8
10.9
9.1
11.1
9.6
7.7
13.4
10.7
13.7
11.6
10.1
16.6
12.9

280
26.9
55.2
34.0
163.8

277
26.7
55.0
33.9
160.9

272
26.2
54.5
32.8
158.1

265
25.6
53.9
31.5
153.5

252
25.1
52.8
28.0
146.0

242
24.8
51.0
27.8
138.1

243
24.8
50.1
28.1
139.8

238
24.8
49.1
28.0
136.5

238
25.0
48.5
28.5
133.7

234
25.1
48.2
28.9
131.5

232
25.1
48.1
29.3
129.7

233
25.1
48.3
30.3
129.2

238
26.8
52.6
31.4
127.1

260
28.2
60.3
40.8
130.5

498
57.1
77.6
63.7

509
58.1
81.9
65.6

510
58.2
84.5
65.7

493
57.2
81.3
63.7

471
55.4
78.9
61.1

430
51.1
71.5
52.1

439
52.8
72.6
52.4

434
52.7
70.3
51.4

435
52.7
69.5
53.1

433
53.2
67.2
56.5

429
54.4
63.8
59.4

420
54.2
61.7
56.7

426
55.4
68.7
57.7

466
60.3
80.8
62.3

299.7

302.9

301.7

290.8

276.0

254.8

261.3

260.0

259.8

256.5

251.3

246.9

243.8

262.8

manufacturing

3, 869 3,979
4,151
3, 873 3,841
4,062
4,023
3, 885 3,928
4,120
4, 054 4, 124 4, 123 4, 132 4,139
2,682 2,651
2,756
2,934
2,676
2,839
2,813
2,685 2,733
2,891
2,842 2, 907 2, 910 2,912 2,913
1,367
1,315
1,290
1,316
1,517
1,414
1,356
1,462
1,458
1,441
1,407
1,296
1, 460 1,465
1,123
1, 191 1,327
1,148
1,188
1,148
1, 283 1,272
1,246
1,240
1,135
1,291
1, 277 1, 292
152
153
163
151
158
146
148
147
149
150
145
146
145
145
545
540
548
566
554
550
621
589
562
621
614
577
621
616
664
682
667
684
687
688
689
673
666
690
678
681
684
684
74.5
74.2
73.6
76.7
77.9
74.6
74.6
73.7
74.7
75.7
74.2
74.4
74.5
74.6
654
657
686
696
662
654
671
667
659
657
671
664
670
670
665
Communication______________ _________
609.1
632.2
634.2
609.2
607. C 606.7
619.5 614.6
610.7
620. S 621.6 622.9
620.9
615.3
46.2
47.1
52.5
60.8
46.9
45.7
46.7
46.9
48.0
47.2
46.7
47.9
48.0
48.6
521
536
536
537
537
555
556
548
541
538
558
549
550
547
547
Other public utilities-------------- -----------------511.5
511.5
510.6
512. C 497.0
530.4
522.3
529.5
515.8 512.5
531.7
525.1
522. 7 523.8
226.4
231.4
232.1
232.0 233.5
235.2
238.4
232.0
232.5
232. 5 233.1
234.0 236.6 238.6
25.1
24.8
24.6
23.7
25.3
25.4
25.6
25.0
25.9
25.7
25.0
24.7
24.8
24.6

Transportation and public utilities--------------Transportation____________________________

Wholesale trade . . ______________ _____
Retail trade... . . . . _______________
...
General merchandise stores------------------Food and liquor stores__________ _____ _
Automotive and accessories dealers-----Apparel and accessories stores--------------Other retail trade_______________________
See footnotes at end of table


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

9,675
2, '597
7,078
1,506
1,289
753
553
3,027

10, 460
2,623
7,837
2,060
1,264
753
646
3,114

9, 898
2,623
7, 275
1, 653
1, 243
747
566
3, 066

9, 752
2,625
7,127
1,539
1, 219
741
555
3,073

9, 641
2,605
7,036
1,474
1,210
743
540
3,069

9,474
2, 582
6,892
1,387
1,200
749
491
3,065

9,390
2, 528
6,862
1,372
1,203
746
501
3, 040

9,411
2,502
6,909
1,411
1,205
733
536
3,024

9,326
2, 479
6, 847
1,412
1,204
714
533
2,984

9, 346
2,477
6,869
1,466
1,200
706
545
2,952

9,206
2,484
6,722
1,392
1,192
699
519
2,920

9,152
2,495
6,657
1,360
1,185
700
496
2,916

9, 246
2, 511
6,735
1,392
1,187
701
513
2,942

9,438
2,522
6,916
1,480
1,198
676
554
3,008

9,491
2, 533
6,958
1,470
1,195
634
577
3,081

336
T

A : EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

able

M O N TH L Y LABO R

A -2 : Employees in Nonagricultural Establishments, by Industry Division and Group

Con.

[In thousands]

1951

Annual
average

1950

Industry group and industry
Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

1949

1948

Finance.......... ......................... .........................
Banks and trust companies..... ........... .
Security dealers and exchanges_______
Insurance carriers and agents_________
Other finance agencies and real estate.

1, 828

1. 829
440
61.3
656
672

1, 821
437
61.0
651
672

1, 821
433
60.8
651
676

1,827
433
60.9
654
679

1,837
435
61.4
658
683

1,831
432
61.3
652
686

1,827
427
60.0
646
694

1,812
421
59.2
640
692

1,803
420
58.2
639
686

1,791
419
57.7
637
677

1,777
416
57.2
634
670

1,772
415
56.1
630
671

1,763
416
55.5
619
672

1,716
403
57. 9
589
665

Service............. ........... ................. ..
Hotels and lodging places........
Laundries___________________
Cleaning and dyeing plants.
M otion pictures______________

4, 667

4, 696
432
352.8
146.9
242

4, 723
433
352.8
149.4
243

4,757
441
355.5
151.1
244

4,816
475
357.5
150.0
246

4,827
512
358.6
147.1
244

4,841
515
363.4
151. 6
245

4, 826
482
362.1
155.9
249

4,790
451
353.7
150.1
236

4,757
441
347.4
146.1
236

4,708
431
345.5
141.3
236

4,696
430
345.0
139.7
236

4,701
428
346.9
141.1
235

4,782
464
352. 2
146.9
237

4,799
478
350 1
149.9
241

Government_____________________
Federal___________ _______ _____
State and local.____ __________

6, 088 6, 376 6, 037 6, 039 6,004
5,741
5,793
5,832
5,900
5,915
5,769
5,742
5,777
5,811
5,613
2, 027
2,333
1,980 1,948
1,916
1,841
1,820
1, 851
1, 890 1,939
1, 802 1, 800 1, 804 1,902 1, 827
4,061
1, 043 4, 057 4,091
4,088 3,952 3, 921 3, 981
4,010 3,976 3, 967 3,942 3, 973 3,911
3, 786

1
The Bureau of Labor Statistics’ series of employment in nonagricultural
establishments are based upon reports submitted by cooperating establish­
ments and, therefore, differ from employment information obtained by
household interviews, such as the M onthly Report on the Labor Force
(table A - l ) , in several important respects. The Bureau of Labor Statistics’
data cover all full- and part-time employees in private nonagricultural estab­
lishments who worked during, or received pay for, the pay period ending
nearest the 15th of the month; in Federal establishments during the pay
period ending just before the first of the month; and in State and local govern­
ment during the pay period ending on or just before the last of the month,
while the M onthly Report on the Labor Force data relate to the calendar
week which contains the 8th day of the month. Proprietors, self-employed
persons, domestic servants, and personnel of the Armed Forces are excluded
from the B LS but not the M R L F series. These employment series have
been adjusted to bench-mark levels indicated by social insurance agency
data through 1947. Revised data in all except the first fou r columns will be
identified by asterisks the first month they are published.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2 Includes: ordnance and accessories; lumber and wood products (except
furniture); furniture and fixtures; stone, clay, and glass products; primary
metal industries; fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery
and transportation equipment); machinery (except electrical); electrical
machinery; transportation equipment; instruments and related products;
and miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
3 Includes: food and kindred products; tobacco manufactures; textile-mill
products; apparel and other finished textile products; paper and allied
products; printing, publishing, and allied industries; chemicals and allied
products; products of petroleum and coal; rubber products; and leather and
leather products.
* Data by region, from January 1940, are available upon request to the
Bureau of Labor Statistics.
All series m ay be obtained upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Requests should specify which industry series are desired.

T

able

337

A : EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

R E V IE W , M ARCH 1951

A -3: Production Workers in Mining and Manufacturing Industries 1
[In thousands]
Annual
average

1950

1951
Industry group and industry
Jan.

Mining:
M etal_______________ ______ ________ - .........
Iron___________________________ _____ ____
Copper.............................................................
Lead and zinc............ ..................................

Dec.

91.6
32.5
25.0
17.9

N ov

90.4
32.6
24.7
17.5

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

90.8
33.4
24.8
17.5

91.1
33.4
24.8
17.9

89.7
32.8
24.6
17.4

June

July

90.0
32.4
24.7
17.4

91.4
32.9
24.9
18.0

M ay

88.5
31.8
24.8
16.7

Apr.

87.2
30.3
24.8
16.6

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

1949

1948

87.3
30.5
24.7
16.6

86.9
30.2
24.7
16.5

86.2
30.4
24.5
16.0

89.0
30.4
24.3
18.1

94.7
33.6
25.0
19.2

122.9

127.1

127.1

Anthracite.____ _________ _____ - .................

69.9

69.9

70.5

70.8

69.2

70.8

71.6

70.7

Bituminous-coal............................... ...............

378.0

381.5

381.8

383.0

357.6

385.0

387.9

393.8

Crude petroleum and natural gas pro
duction:
Petroleum and natural gas production.

124.4

126.0

128.3

130.3

129.7

127.7

124.2

123.5

123.3

123.3

Nonmetallic mining and quarrying...........

89.6

89.6

90.2

90.6

88.8

87.6

85.0

82.4

78.3

77.3

87.6

13,016 12,802

12,151

12,066

11,841

11,597

11,549

11,460

12,717

Manufacturing.........................................................

8 6 .6
12,951

Durable goods 3...................................... 7,208
Nondurable goods 3.............................. 5, 743
Ordnance and accessories--------------------------

24.1

Food and kindred products.......................... 1,098
M eat products................................................
Dairy products...............................................
Canning and preserving.............................
Grain-mill products..------- --------------------Bakery products________________________
Sugar______________________________ _____
Confectionery and related products----Beverages_______________________________
Miscellaneous food products.....................
Tobacco m anufactures...------- ----------------Cigarettes.........................................................
Cigars___________________________________
Tobacco and snuff...................... ............... .
Tobacco stemming and redrying............

80

Apparel and other finished textile pro­
d u cts.......... ............... ......... ....................... 1,068
M e n ’s and boys’ suits and coats---------M e n ’s and boys’ furnishing and work
clothing..................... ......... .......................
W om en’s outerwear___________________
W om en’s, children’s undergarments..
M illinery.................................. ....................
Children’s outerwear__________________
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel..
Other fabricated textile products---------

Furniture and fixtures_______________
Household furniture....... .....................
Other furniture and fixtures-----------See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

7,241
5,797
23.5

720

322

7,198
5,831
23.2

1,191
1,150
252.7 243.
100.
96.7
168.
140.3
92.
92.4
190.6 193.
46.
39.9
93.
89.1
148.
145.7
104.
102.3
82
23.6
40.0
10.5

8 . 2'

Textile-mill products_____________________ 1,258
Y a m and thread mills....... ....................... .
Broad-woven fabric mills_______ _____ _
Knitting mills......... ................. ................... .
Dyeing and finishing textiles---------------Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings-----Other textile-mill products........ ........... ..

Lumber and wood products (except fur­
n itu re )..._________________________
Logging camps and contractors-----Sawmills and planing mills...............
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products...............
Wooden containers_________________
Miscellaneous wood products...........

13,038 13, 029 13,133

84
23.8
41.0
10.5
8.2

7,186
5,947

7,013
6,003

22.3

6,900
5,902

21.6

20.1

6, 597
5, 554

89
24.5
39.5
11.1
*14.2

82
23.1
38.6
10.7
*10.4

18.9

19.0

1, 231
1,331
1,260 1,350
234.8
235.8
240.0 235.7
116.1
113.7
107.4
101.9
302.1
222.8
226.3 324.2
95.9
97.7
98.1
96.8
192.2
193.9
194.3
196.3
26.0
28.8
29.5
45.8
85.4
73.6
93.2
97.2
163.5
149.4 159.4 169.3
104.1
106.1
106.6 108.5
89
23.7
41.0
11.0
13.0

6,596
5,470

6, 456
5,385
18.6

6,195
5,402
18.3

6, 070
5,479
17.9

5,982
5,478

6 , 000
5, 449

17.4

16.9

096
5,501
20.2

1,172
1,078
1, 090 1, 065 1,060 1,055
1,141
231.
231.5
243.7
228.3
223.3
227.4
232.0
107.
95.1
96.7
99.1
102.8
108.2
114.4
180.
116.5
109.8
109.3
119.9
126.8
150.6
95.
93.2
92.0
92.1
91.4
92.2
94.6
191.
187.6 186.1
190.0
191.0
192.6
190.7
28.
24.9
22.7
22.9
22.6
24.4
24.7
83.
84.6
80.9
78.4
74.6
72.7
73.8
150.
135.3
134.4
140.9 139.4
146.4
156.5
103.
98.1
99.4
100.7
98.4
99.4
103.3

75
23.4
36.8
10.4
4.5

75
22.8
37.3
10.5
4.2

6, 909
5,808
23.9
1,197
215.8
195.3
93.6
195.5
30.0
85.9
161.4
108.1
93
24.3
46.2

85
23.8
40.3
11.3
9.7

76
22.8
37.6
10.6
4.9

111.0

12.2
10.2

1,275
1,136
1,177
1,183
1,183
1,172
1, 174 1,162
1,224
1,160
1,264 1,255
1, 258 1,261
168.5
148. 5 140.3
149.4
148.7
144.5
143.0
146.4
146.5
154.4
160.7 159.2
160.7
159.9
615.3
551.4
567.9
570.5
574.0
572.7
572.8
579.9
570.8
594.6
607.4 606.2
603.0 606.1
231.4
213.4
222.8
222.
5
221.4
217.9
212.8
209.4
211.7
227. 1
234.2 234.0 236.3 233.3
80.4
76.9
79.9
80.3
80.0
78.8
76.7
76.7
75.4
79.6
83.7
82.8
83.4
83.3
57.2
51.2
51.8
52.8
53.0
53.7
52.4
52.7
51.0
54.1
53.3
54.5
55.0
55.0
122.1 121.3 119.3 115.4 106.6 106.5 104.4 104.5 106.3 107.8 105.8 102.8 121.7
122.5
1,089
1,100 1,099
1,059
,067
138.2
138.2 137.4
136.7
136.2

981
126.9

976
134.6

1, 065 1,032 1,022 1,049
976 1, 003 1,058
128.1
140.1
130.3
135.2
135.5
131.7
129.0

59.7
69.1
115.9

239.8
294.3
89.4
19.5
58.0
76.5
115.8

250.7
308.7
88.7
20.2
54.7
78.5
107.5

652
45.0
385.7

642
40.9
381.1

676
57.6
401.3

752
69.5
442.0

101 . 2

101 . 6

67.2
51.2

95.7
67.9
53

105.0
76.0
59.2

289
211.7
77.

272
194.8
77.61

306
221.6
84.1

253.8
305. S
100.4
20.7
62.5
87.5
131.1

252.0
306.6
95. £
20. £
62.6
85.1
128.1

231.9
265.6
85. i
17.6
61. c
75.9
116.0

237.8
247.9
88.6
15.3
59.2
77.2
115.8

238.6
253.5
91.1
16.4
57.0
74.4
115.8

241.3
271.6
95.4
18.0
58.0
71.8
115.4

244.9
305.4
97.0
23.8
62.6
72.6
116.6

243.6
315.2
96.5
23
62.7
72.1
116.2

240.9
302.4
92.5

15.8
60.3
84.7
129.9

254.2
297.0
102.5
20.1
63.1
89. C
135.5

753
67.2
440.5

774
73.5
453.6

785
73.8
461.5

790
73.6
467.8

783
74.4
464.6

750
71.4
443.9

741
69.4
436.8

723
62.9
429.8

692
54.7
409.

677
54.8
399.3

112.8
75.3
57.1

113.6
76.5
57.1

114.8
77.1
57.7

114.4
76.:
57.6

113.7
74.1
55.8

109.1
72.1
53.1

108.5
72.4
53.5

106.2
69.9
54.0

104.
69.1
54.

325
238.3
86.8

329
327
241. S
241.5
85.8 1 86.

327
240.
86. £

319
234.2
85.2

303
221.8
80.71

303
222.:
80.

302
221.4
81.2

303
301
297
222.0 220.9
218. 2
80. 71
79.91 78.7

251.3
296.9
97.8
18.8
60.7
79.4
125.6

253.5
276.4

101

67. 6
52.4

21

338

M O N TH LY LABO R

A : EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

>

T

able

A -3: Production Workers in Mining and Manufacturing Industries 1— Continued
[In thousands]

Industry group and industry
Jan.
Manufacturing— Continue d
Paper and allied products_______________
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills____
Paperboard containers and boxes
Other paper and allied products_______

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

1949

1948

424

428
212.2
121.2
94.7

427
210.8
121.9
94.3

421
210.3
120.4
90.5

418
209.9
118.2
90.2

410
207.4
113.1
89.9

396
204.1
104.6
87.5

399
204.8
105.7
88.9

392
201.7
103.1
86.9

391
200.7
103.4
86.6

389
200.2
102.6
86.2

386
199.5
101.4
85.4

385
199.2
101.4
84.2

382
197.6
99.6
85.2

405
210.8
104.6
89. 4

Printing, publishing, and allied industries
Newspapers____________
Periodicals____________ . .
Books______
Commercial printing______
Lithographing. . . . .
...
Other printing and publishing_________

513

518
152.7
34.9
36.7
171.1
32.9
89.8

515
150.3
34.9
36.6
170. 5
33.3
89.6

514
149. 7
35 1
36.6
170. 2
33.0
89.2

510
151.1
35.2
37.2
166.5
32.5
87.0

504
149.6
34.5
36.4
165.0
31.8
86.2

499
149.6
34.1
34.6
164.4
31.2
85.4

500
150.1
33.7
35.3
165.7
31.2
84.1

498
149.3
34.5
35.1
164.1
31.1
83.6

497
147.7
35.0
34.9
164.9
30.9
83.2

496
146.4
35.2
35.2
165.3
31.0
83.3

495
145.3
35.1
34.9
164.6
30.8
84.1

493
495
142.0
141.2
34.5
36.0
35.0
36.4
167.2
164.4
30.7
31.9
83.9
85.3

501
133.5
37.3
38.6
165. 5
35.1
91.0

Chemicals and allied products .
Industrial inorganic chemicals
Industrial organic chemicals
Drugs and m edicines______
Paints, pigments, and fille r s __________
Fertilizers . . . .
___
Vegetable and animal oil and fa ts .. .
Other chemicals and allied products___

528

523
56.7
162. 0
67.4
48. 2
26. 7
47.3
114.5

521
56.3
160.2
66.3
48. 1
25.9
49.8
114.4

523
55.9
159.1
65.8
48. 7
26.6
50.8
115.8

506
49.7
157.7
64.9
48.7
26.4
43.5
115.0

491
48.9
154.8
63.4
48.6
23.3
38.2
113.8

479
51.2
151. 5
62.5
47.7
22.1
36.2
108.1

482
485
490
52.8
53.4
54.1
147.8
146.0
150.0
61.0
60.6
61.8
45.5
45.1
46.9
29.9
35.6
23.9
42.7
39.6
37.6
107.6
106.9
108.1

487
52.3
144.9
58.1
44.9
34.9
44.9
106.8

485
52.2
144.0
58.7
44.7
32.5
45.8
106. 7

480
50.2
143.7
61.7
43.7
26.5
49.0
104.9

485
52.3
145.8
60.8
43.3
28.6
46.1
108.4

520
54.7
164. 4
59.9
46.9
30.2
46.6
117.6

Products of petroleum and coal _.
Petroleum refining____________
Coke and byproducts___ __
Other petroleum and coal products____

190

191
147. 5
18.4
25. 2

191
147.7
18.4
24.8

190
146. 5
18.6
25.1

189
141.6
18.7
25.3

193
147.4
18.7
26.4

182
138.5
18.5
24.9

181
137.8
18.5
24.5

177
136.1
18.1
23.2

176
135.6
17.9
22.3

182
142.8
17.0
21.8

183
144.0
16.8
21.8

184
145.4
17.4
21.3

188
148.8
16.9
22.0

192
148.9
17.5
25.3

Rubber products________ _
_______. . .
Tires and inner tubes. .
Rubber footwear____
. . . ________ . . .
Other rubber products_______

221

222
93.1
23. 9
105.3

222
93.5
23.3
104.7

219
92.0
22.8
104.1

215
91.7
21.8
101.0

208
89.6
20.7
98.0

200
88.3
19.2
92.8

199
88.0
19.3
92.0

194
85.9
19.1
88.8

191
84.0
19.3
87.2

189
83.4
19.4
86.2

188
83.1
18.8
86.3

187
82.6
20.1
84.5

186
83.6
21.6
80.9

209
96.2
24.6
88.1

Leather and leather products _________ .
Leather ___
...
Footwear (except rubber)______. . . . . .
Other leather products. . . . ________

363

358
47. 2
228.8
82.4

360
47.2
225.5
87.0

367
46. 7
230.3
89.7

372
47.2
236.7
87.9

370
46.6
237.3
85.8

351
44.9
229.8
76.6

343
45.0
224.3
73.7

335
44.9
217.5
72.8

341
357
45.0
45.5
221.5
234.5
74.6
77.3

357
45.5
234.5
76.7

348
45.0
231.4
71.9

347
45.1
226.2
75.8

368
49.5
234.8
83.5

Stone, clay, and glass products__________
Glass and glass products______
______
Cement, hydraulic___ ______ ___________
Structural clay products______________
Pottery and related products____ _. ._
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products
Other stone, clay, and glass products___

468

473
127.4
36.4
79.0
55. 2
83.3
91. 9

477
128.7
36.7
80.6
55.2
84.2
91.3

471
127.0
37.0
79.8
52.2
84.5
90.0

458
117.0
36.5
79.8
53.0
84.1
88.0

459
121.7
37.1
78.9
51.8
84.3
84.9

440
114.4
35.6
77.0
49.8
81.5
81.7

441
118.3
36.5
75.5
50.6
80.2
80.0

432
115.9
36.0
72.8
52.2
76.4
78.3

419
112.8
35.4
6S.6
52.3
73.5
75.9

410
108.9
34.5
68.5
52.7
71.3
73.9

408
108.2
35.0
68.3
52.2
71.3
73.2

403
106.2
35.8
68.6
50. 7
69.5
72.6

416
106.8
36.0
72.5
52.2
72. 4
75.6

448
119.6
35.5
76.5
55.5
76.4
84.6

Primary metal industries______ .
1,147
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
mills____
. . .
Iron and steel foundries
___
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals___ ______
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals
Nonferrous foundries_______
Other primary metal industries________
Fabricated metal products (except ord­
nance, machinery, and transporta­
tion equipment) ___
Tin cans and other tinware____________
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware..
Heating apparatus (except electric)
and plumbers’ supplies. __ _ . . . . . .
Fabricated structural metal products. .
M etal stamping, coating, and engraving
Other fabricated metal products ______

841

Machinery (except electrical)____________ 1,197
Engines and turbines. ______. . . ______
Agricultural machinery and tractors...
Construction and mining machinery
Metalworking machinery
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery) . . .
Genera] industrial machinery.
Office and store machines and devices.. _
Service-industry and household ma­
chines.....................
Miscellaneous machinery parts_____ . .

See fo o tn o te s a t end o f table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1,142

1,125

237.9

553.1
232.5

1,117

1,105

552. 6
226.8

552.2
221.9

1,086
550.4
213.3

1, 054
542.5
202.1

1, 050
538.1
200.2

982

978

963

940

529.3
193.5

522.5
188.1

506.9
182.1

512.3
177.1

510.5
172.0

476. 7
188.9

1, 026

1, 007

1,083
536.8
230.9

47.2

45.3

46.3

45.8

45.8

45.1

46.0

45.5

45.2

45.4

45.3

42.5

43.3

46.8

87.1
94.4
119.6

85.7
91.8
117.0

85.8
89.7
115.7

85.3
85.7
114.4

83.1
81.7
111.7

79.5
78.0
106.8

80.1
77.4
108.0

78.9
73.5
105.1

77.1
70.7
103.3

76.5
69.8
101.2

75.0
67.8
100.0

73.7
66.0
97.9

70.6
63.3
97.1

86.0
73. 2
109.1

851
45.3
143.7

849
44.2
143.0

850
45.9
141.4

837
49.8
138.3

814
50.2
132.4

773
45.5
129.1

769
43.1
132.6

742
40.1
130.7

722
39.0
129.2

709
38.0
127.6

698
36.3
123.7

693
35.9
121.2

701
39.9
118. 4

812
42.2
131.6

133.0
173.0
160.5
195.2

135.5
171.8
159.8
195.1

137.1
170.9
160.7
194.3

137.1
165.6
159.1
187.5

131.9
165.1
155.8
178.1

120.4
158.0
149.9
170.0

121.9
154.3
148.1
169.2

118.6
148.5
140.5
163.6

117.7
145.8
134.4
155.6

114.0
142.7
131.2
155.8

112.3
140.6
130.4
155.1

107.4
141.5
129.6
157. C

106.0
152.3
125.8
159. C

137.1
168. 7
148.6
183.8

1,104
1,133
1,022
1,003
1,060
1,032
1,033
1,163
1,050
60.4
55.0
53.4
62.3
52.1
56.6
54.7
55.5
56.0
125.6
124.3
141.5
142.4
136.3
140.0
140.5
141.2
102.3
82.2
80.6
68.4
83.8
71.6
70.4
68.3
77.8
73.7
197.1
189.7
204.7
170.6
158.3
155.4
180.9
161.5
162.6

981
51.1
139.5
68.1
152.0

960
48.9
137.4
66.5
149.2

937 1,001
1.203
48.8
53. S
63.9
133.2
142. 4 151.7
64.4
72. 4
91.1
146.5
157.9
186.6

140.4
154. 7
83.2

137.6
150.3
81.8

135.8
146.7
80.3

132.2
141.9
79.0

127.4
136.9
75.6

124.3
131.3
74.3

124.6
130.1
74.2

122.7
128.8
73.5

120.9
125.9
73.2

119.0
123.3
72.0

117.7
121.6
70.5

116.8
120.4
69.9

131.1
132.3
75.4

158.6
154.3
93.0

147.1
150.4

150.8
147.6

147.6
144.1

146.1
137.9

145.3
133.4

145.5
128.1

147.9
126.5

148.7
124.1

143.3
137.8
120.4 1 118.2

132.6
115.7

124.0
112.5

115.4
120.4

156.3
147.5

T

able

339

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

R E V IE W , M ARCH 1951

A-3 : Production Workers in Mining and Manufacturing Industries 1—Continued
[In thousands]
Annual
average

1950

1951
Industry group and industry
Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

1949

723

720

710

673

655

620

615

606

595

580

573

561

552

656

210.7
49.0
191.8

251.4
54.6
224.4
125.5

Manufacturing— Continued
700
Electrical generating, transmission, dis257.6
63.1
277.2

254.3
61.8
277.7

251.7
60.9
272.2

237.1
59.5
254.6

236.5
57.2
247.8

226.6
56.0
227.5

221.9
55.1
227.1

221.5
53.7
219.9

217.1
52.5
217.2

213.0
50.9
211.6

211.4
50.7
207.3

207.8
50.4
202.5

125.1

126.0

125.0

121.6

113.1

109.8

110.7

110.6

108.1

104.8

103.3

100.6

100.8

Electrical appliances, lamps, and mis-

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries-.

Other

miscellaneous

1,134
1,078
1,045
1,168 1,151
1,128
1,157
1,118
1,070
787.8
736.3
780.9 756.7
' 754.4
764.7
794.8
749.7
209.4
185.2
199.0
188.1
186.6
254.8
239.2
224.5
144.5
124.4
161.4 151.5
134.8
126.3
125.1
172.6
37.3
38.9
37.4
37.0
36.0
49.4
43.6
46.5
5.5
4.9
5.2
5.3
5.1
6.1
5.9
5.7
22.1
20.4
19.5
19.3
19.3
25.4
26.7
23.7
67.2
67.9
76.3
79.0
68.3
78.8
75.8
76.0
55.2
56.1
55.6
64.8
67.5
64.3
66.3
64.3
11.5
11.5
11.8
12.0
11.5
12.7
12.5
11.7
48.2
48.8
47.5
50.4
49.3
47.7
51.9
51.7
11.0
9.4
9.1
11.6
9.8
11.2
11.8
11.9

899
595.3
184.9
123.4
36.1
5.3
20.1
66.6
55.4
11.2
43.5
8.6

879
575.6
184.0
122.2
36.0
5.4
20.4
66.9
56.9
10.0
44.2
8.0

872
567.1
184.0
122.4
35.7
5.4
20.5
67.6
58.5
9.1
45.4
7.5

978
675.4
184.3
122.9
35.8
5.4
20.2
66.1
57.5
8.6
46.1
6.1

987 1,031
657.6
643.5
166.6
188.5
111.5
126.6
33.6
37.4
4.9
5.3
16.6
19.2
123.2
85.0
109.3
75.0
13.9
10.0
69.6
61.0
9.2
14.5

211

212
22.0
40.8
28.9
120.1

209
21.8
40.6
28.9
117.6

205
21.3
40. 2
28.0
115.3

199
20.8
39.5
27.0
111.6

187
20.2
38.5
23.4
105.3

178
19.9
37.0
23.4
98.1

180
20.0
36.5
23.7
100.2

176
20.1
35.4
23.6
97.0

174
20.2
34.8
24.1
94.8

172
20.2
34.6
24.4
93.2

171
20.3
34.5
24.7
91.8

172
20.2
34.7
25.6
91.4

177
21.9
38.4
26.6
90.1

200
23.8
45.4
35.0
95.4

410

424
46.9
68.2
54.2

433
47.7
72.6
56.0

436
48.1
75.3
56.2

418
47.2
72.2
54.4

399
45.5
69.8
52.0

358
41.4
62.5
43.9

367
42.5
63.6
44.1

362
42.1
61.5
43.0

363
42.0
60.6
44.7

361
42.3
58.0
48.0

356
43.7
54.5
50.0

345
43.8
52.3
46.9

354
45.0
59.8
48.3

394
49.6
71.5
53.9

254.8

256.2

256.1

244.3

232.0

210.2

217.1

215.2

215.4

212.9

207.5

202.2

200.5

219.4

manufacturing

1 See footnote 1, table A -2. Production workers refer to all full- and parttime employees engaged in production and related processes, such as fabri­
cating, processing, assembling, inspecting, storing, packing, shipping, main­
tenance and repair, and other activities closely associated with production

T

able

1948

operations.
8 See footnote 2, table A -2.
8 See footnote 3, table A -2.

A -4: Indexes of Production-Worker Employment and Weekly Payrolls in Manufacturing
Industries1
[1939 average=100]

Period

Em ploy­
ment
100 0
107. 5
132.8
156.9
183.3
178.3
157.0
147.8

1 See footnote 1, tables A -2 and A -3.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

W eekly
payroll
100.0
113.6
164.9
241.5
331.1
343.7
293.5
271.7

Period

Employ­
ment
156.2
155.2
141.6
140.4
139.9
141.0
141.6
144.5

Weekly
payroll
326.9
351.4
325.3
329.3
330.0
333.5
337.2
348.0

Period

1950: June_______ _____ July____________________
August------------------- --September^. - - - - October________ _______
November_________
December____ _ 1951: January _ ______

Employ­
ment
147.3
148.3
156.3
158.9
160.3
159.0
159.2
158.1

Weekly
payroll
362.7
367.5
394.4
403.2
415.8
415.1
424.9

340

A : EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

T

able

M O N TH LY LAB O R

A -5: Federal Civilian Employment and Payrolls, by Branch and Agency Group
E x e c u tiv e 1

Y e a r a n d m o n th

A ll b r a n c h e s
D e fe n se
a g e n c ie s 2

T o ta l

L e g is la tiv e
P o s t O ffice
D e p a rtm e n t

J u d i c ia l

A ll o th e r
a g e n cie s

Employment— Total (including areas outside continental United States)
1948: A v era g e...
1949: Average.. .

2,066,152
2,100, 407

2,055,397
2,089,151

916,358
899,186

470,975
511,083

668,064
678,882

7, 273
7, 661

3,482
3, 595

1950: J an u ary ...
February..
M arch____
April...........
M a y ______
June______
J u ly ...........
August____
September.
October___
November.
December.

1,976, 093
1,970,815
1, 970, 603
2,110, 903
2,061, 939
2,022,117
1,986, 705
2,005,398
2,083, 218
2,117, 391
2,151,912
2, 508, 916

1,964, 246
1, 959,063
1,958,806
2, 099, 036
2, 050.132
2,010,286
1,974, 902
1,993.427
2,071, 351
2,105, 391
2,139,927
2, 496, 940

791, 048
782, 788
776, 324
773,711
775, 769
780,614
778, 745
806, 029
887, 267
932, 322
970,024
995, 880

503,106
603, 815
504,420
503, 916
501, 911
497,394
491, 823
487,101
485, 006
483, 842
482,197
811,857

670, 092
672, 460
678,062
821, 409
772, 452
732,278
704, 334
700, 297
699,078
689, 227
687, 706
689, 203

8

, 063
7, 986
8,048
8i102
8 |048
8,063
8,031
8,146
8 , 032
8,146
8,131
8,103

3, 784
3,766
3,749
3 765
3 759
3,768
3,772
3,825
3,835
3,854
3,854
3,'873

1951: J an u ary ...

2, 204,330

2,192,336

1,017,316

486,492

688,528

8,135

3,859

Payrolls (in thousands)— Total (including areas outside continental United States)
1948: Total______
1949: Total______

$6 , 223, 486
6 , 699, 270

$6,176, 414
6 , 647,671

$2, 660, 770
2, 782, 266

$1, 399, 072
1, 558, 741

$2,116, 572
2, 306, 664

$30,891
34, 437

$16,181
17i 162

1950: Jan u ary ...
February..
M arch........
April______
M a y ______
June______
July.............
August____
September.
October___
November.
December.

553,090
521,041
583,188
539,430
577,915
573,659
551,510
618, 049
601,454
613,359
621, 491
672, 724

548,372
516,525
578,339
634,757
573,026
6 6 8 , 889
546,806
613,138
596, 537
608, 511
616. 609
667, 988

214,670
198. 064
225,091
192,199
220,044
221,123
212, 778
259, 451
261, 527
267,622
273, 633
275,681

132,177
131,085
133,461
131,117
130,361
131, 202
129, 803
130,361
128,764
129,665
129, 869
185, 732

201, 525
187,376
219, 787
211,441
222,621
216, 564
204, 225
223,326
206,546
211, 224
213.107
206, 575

3,148
3,083
3,222
3,232
3', 246
3, 214
3, 206
3, 277
3,200
3, 250
3,292
3,207

1,570
1,433
l', 825
1, 441
li 643
1,556
1,498
1, 634
1, 717
1, 598
li 590
li 529

1951: J an u ary ...

737,044

732,068

319,592

186,012

226,464

3,306

1,670

Employment— Continental United States
1948: Average__
1949: A v era g e...

1,846, 840
1,921, 903

1,836.158
1,910, 724

734, 484
761,362

469, 279
509,184

632,395
640,178

7,273
7,661

3,409
3Ì 518

1950: Jan uary...
February..
M arch____
April______
M a y ______
June...........
J u ly ...........
August___
September.
October___
November.
December .

1,825, 245
1, 820, 625
1,821, 470
1,959, 746
1, 910, 210
1,871,293
1,839,477
1,861,043
1, 935, 928
1,968, 258
2 , 0 0 0 ,2 0 2
2, 352,801

1,813, 475
1,808,950
1,809, 750
1,947,956
1, 898, 480
1,859, 539
1,827, 751
1,849,149
1, 924,138
1,956. 335
1,988,294
2, 340, 902

683, 018
675,316
670, 546
668,180
670, 049
674, 597
677,181
707,114
785, 282
828, 284
862,905
885, 563

501, 257
501,969
502, 571
502,025
500,017
495, 505
489, 922
485, 248
483,154
481,987
480,359
808, 952

629,200
631, 665
636,633
777, 751
728, 414
689,437
660,648
656, 787
655, 702
646, 064
645.030
646,387

8,063
7, 986
8,048
8,048
8,063
8,031
8,146
8,032
8,146
8,131
8,103

3,707
3Ì 689
3,672
3, 6 8 8
3,682
3Ì 691
3Ì 695
3,748
3Ì 758
3, 777
3, 7 7 7
3, 796

1951: J an u ary ...

2,047,446

2,035,534

905,155

484, 661

645, 718

8,135

3, 777

$15,730
16, 678

8 ,1 0 2

Payrolls (in thousands)— Continental United States
1948: Total______
1949: Total_____

$5, 731,115
6 , 234, 345

$5, 684, 494
6,183, 230

$2, 272,001
2, 442,580

$1, 394, 037
1, 552, 992

$2,018, 456
2,187, 658

$30, 891
34,437

1950: January__
February..
March____
April...........
M a y ______
June______
J u ly ............
August.......
September.
O ctober.. .
November.
December.

516,707
488,138
546,866
506, 707
541,195
536,052
516,924
580, 732
563,900
576,155
583, 978
634,578

512, 032
483,662
542,061
502,074
536,351
531,325
512, 261
575,867
559,029
571,357
579,140
629,886

189,825
176,371
201,071
171,555
196, 249
196,921
191, 109
235, 435
237,332
243,233
248, 667
250,324

131, 669
130, 599
132, 969
130,629
129, 841
130, 704
129,316
129,870
128, 278
129,178
129, 413
185,044

190,538
176, 692
208,021
199,890
210,261
203, 700
191, 836
210, 562
193,419
198, 946
201,060
194, 518

3,148
3i 083
3, 222
3, 232
3,246
3,214
3,206
3Ì 277
3i 200
3,250
3, 292
3,207

li 583
1,401
li 598
li 513
1,457
1, 588
1,67]
1¡ 548
1, 546
1,485

1951: January___

694, 504

689,572

290, 975

185,324

213,273

3,306

1,626

1

See foonote 2 , table A -7,


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2

See footnote 3, table A -7.

1, 527
1 ,3 9 3

T

able

A -7 :

341

A : EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

R E V IE W , M ARCH 1951

Civilian Government Employment and Payrolls in Washington,
Agency Group

D.

C.,1 by Branch and

Federal

Year and month

Total
government

District of
Columbia
government

Execiitive 2
Total
All agencies

Defense
agencies 2

Post Office
Depart­
ment

Legislative

Judicial

All other
agencies

Employment

1948: Average . ..
1949: A v e r a g e -

231,239
241,812

18, 774
19, 511

212,465
222,301

204,601
214,026

68, 509
70, 461

7,826
8,164

128,266
135,401

7,273
7,661

591
614

1950: January....
February..
M arch____
April______
M a y ______
June..........
J u ly ...........
August____
September.
October___
November.
December-

238, 935
238| 713
238’ 933
239, 754
240, 066
238,710
239' 119
2401678
243’ 738
244Í 893
247’ 929
256, 216

20,110
20,245
20. 168
20,011
20, 227
20,038
19, 772
19, 767
20,000
20,194
20, 411
20,303

218, 825
218,468
218, 765
219, 743
219,839
218,672
219.347
220,911
223. 738
224, 699
227,518
235, 913

210,106
209, 817
210,056
210, 980
211,130
209, 947
210, 650
212, 037
214,979
215, 821
218,657
227,077

65,699
65, 456
65,445
65,380
65, 603
64, 766
65,179
66,139
69. 289
70, 765
72,395
74,081

7, 859
7,643
7, 786
7,853
7, 826
7, 742
7,715
7,669
7,607
7, 531
7,631
12,686

136,548
136, 718
136,825
137,747
137, 701
137,439
137, 756
138,229
138,083
137, 525
138,631
140,310

8,063
7, 986
8,048
8,102
8, 048
8,063
8, 031
8,146
8,032
8,146
8,131
8,103

656
665
661
661
661
662
666
728
727
732
730
733

1951: January...

253, 700

20,495

233, 205

224, 337

74,749

7,843

141, 745

8,135

733

Payrolls (in thousands)

1948: Total______
1949: Total______

$817, 554
906Ì842

$54, 248
60, 602

$763,306
846,240

$729, 791
808,918

$233, 589
253,433

$31, 298
33,488

$464,904
521,997

$30,891
34,437

$2,624
2,885

1950: January___
February—
M arch____
April.......... .
M a y ........... .
June...........
July_______
August____
September.
October___
November.
Deeember.

80, 747
73,142
83j 331
74,469
84,018
82,733
77, 713
85’ 472
82, 280
84,657
85,380
85,285

5, 531
5, 218
5,699
5,029
5, 705
5, 590
4,192
4, 514
5,347
5,680
5’ 796
5i 558

75,216
67,924
77,632
69.440
78,313
77,143
73, 521
80, 958
76, 933
78,977
79, 584
79,727

71, 787
64, 586
74,132
65,944
74, 785
73,656
70,043
77,372
73,415
75, 424
75, 991
76,228

22,673
19,387
22, 744
20,416
22,607
22,186
21.398
24,459
24,951
24,495
24, 545
24,786

2,868
2, 787
2, 926
2,786
2,872
2, 867
2, 755
2,918
2,856
2,892
2,888
3,835

46, 246
42, 412
48,462
42, 742
49, 306
48,603
45, 889
49,995
45,608
48,037
48, 558
47,607

3,148
3,083
3,222
3, 232
3,246
3, 214
3, 206
3,277
3,200
3. 250
3, 292
3, 207

281
255
278
264
282
273
272
309
318
303
301
292

1951: Jan uary...

94,601

5,848

88,753

85,131

28,164

3,852

53,115

3,306

316

1 Data for the executive branch of the Federal Government also include
areas in Maryland and Virginia which are within the metropolitan area,
as defined by the Bureau of the Census.
2 Includes Government corporations (including Federal Reserve Banks
and mixed-ownership banks of the Farm Credit Administration) and other
activities performed by Government personnel in establishments such as
navy yards, arsenals, hospitals, and force-account construction. Data,
which are based mainly on reports to the Civil Service Commission, are
adjusted to maintain continuity of coverage and definition.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

s Covers civilian employees of the Department of Defense (Secretary of
Defense, Army, Air Force, and N avy), National Advisory Committee
for Aeronautics, the Panama Canal, Philippine Alien Property Administra­
tion, Philippine W ar Damage Commission, Selective Service System,
National Security Resources Board, National Security Council, W ar
Claims Commission.

342

A : EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

T able

M O N TH LY LABOR

A -9 : Employees in Nonagricultural Establishments for Selected States 1
[In thousands]
1950

1949

State
Dec.
Arizona1.
Arkansas_________ . . . .
California __
Colorado. _
Connecticut___________

N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Annual
aver­
age
1947

170.6
165.2
163.5
161.1
158.1
157.5
159.0
158.2
157.5
157.4
154.8
153.6
157.7
147.9
306.6
304.0
*302. 2
304.5
297.9
292.6
295.0
291.1
287.0
282.8
275.4
275.8
291.0
283.0
3,390.8 3,350. 2 3,369.5 3,360. 2 3,318.1 3, 208.5 3,165. 7 3,123.0 3, 095.7 3,051. 2 3,021.2 3,034.5 3,146.1 3, 077.0
368.6
360.4
363.9
355.6
*363.0
343.9
329.9
339.3
334. 4
320.8
328.7
327.1
343.2 ' 330.5
808.4
792.5
785.3
775.6
758.0
742.8
742.0
734.1
725.7
714.6
709.9 3 712. 4
744.0
773.7

Georgia2 . . . . _______
I d a h o ... _ __ . . .
I llin o is ____________
Indiana . . . .
Iowa 2 . . . . .

824.8
137.2

814.2
139.8

802.7
135.8

1, 295.3 1, 280. 6 1,255.6
599.4
605.3
601.0

1, 273.3
599.5

1, 260.3
598.1

Kansas 1 ______________
Maine . . ____
M aryland____
Massachusetts___ . . .
Minnesota____________

482.2
474.6
475.8
474.1
467.4
463.0
462.2
454.6
448.3
435.4
429.5
431.8
449.5
425.0
260.6
257.8
264.6
269.9
270.2
262.0
258.3
239.2
248.8
237.4
238.7
239.3
249.3
262.0
722.9
732.3
723.1
*722. 2
717.9
701.0
700.4
686.2
681.7
668.6
662.2
664.8
680. 5
670.8
1, 735.9 1,708.5 1, 709.6 *1, 684. 7 1,669. 7 1,631.5 1,639.0 1,614. 8 1, 605.7 1, 596.9 1,589.3 1,610.7 1, 668. 4 1, 708.9
820.9
816.3
819.7
825.1
810.9
794.1
783.3
774.3
764.0
754.7
752.3
757.6
778.1
'770.6

Missouri.
. . . _____
M ontana 2
Nebraska2 . ___
Nevada 2____ _____
New H am psh ire____ __

1,178.0
149.1
326.0
55.1
169.8

New Jersey__________
New M exico.
New York
North Dakota____
Oklahoma 2

1,692.2 1,671.0 1,668.6 *1,666.9 *1,641.1 *1,600. 3 *1,600. 4 *1,573.2 *1,561.1 *1,538.0 *1,528.4 *1,532.6 *1,575.6 1,613.5
150.0
149.0
150.4
151.4
149.7
147.6
147.3
145.4
143.5
141.2
138.3
136.1
141.6
122.0
5, 758.7 5, 774.1 5, 726.0 5,652.4 5,542.8 5, 522. 2 5,496.3 5, 471. 5 5,442.3 5, 415.1 5, 424.1 5, 621. 4 5, 557.7
115.3
116. 7
116.9
*117.1
*116.8
*115.1
*114.4
109.2
*106.6
*103.4
*102. 8
*101.8
111.1
99.1
483.4
492.5
484.6
483.6
477.9
474.5
472.7
468.0
467.1
461.5
454.4
454.8
467. 7
433.6

Oregon________ .
Pennsylvania _
Rhode Island__ . . . .
South Carolina
South D akota_______

452.9
454.3
464.9
*477. 2 *478.1
*459.0
*451.3
*430. 5 *413. 2
393.8
374.3
369.3
410.9
417.4
3,736.4 3, 687.8 3, 678. 5 *3,674.4 3, 614.5 *3,520.5 3, 541.9 3, 469.0 3, 474.3 *3,417.2 3,295.9 3,375.9 *3, 505.1 3,628.3
306.2
302.8
301.5
289.2
298.0
279.5
280.0
274.6
276.3
276.1
275.7
273.9
283.6
293.9
462.2
468.1
461.5
458.6
450.7
440.9
440.2
439.7
440.4
434.8
429.5
431.1
439.2
426.1
119.4
119.6
120.8
121.7
121.3
121.5
120.6
117.3
115.9
113.4
113.2
112.7
117.8
110.2

826.3
132.8

817.2
136.6

1,157. 8 1,160.9 *1,157.9 1,141.6
152.6
154.5
156.8
155.9
323.7
324.1
323. 2
319.3
55.4
56.0
57.5
57.1
169.3
171.1
173.4
172.8

Tennessee2
U ta h 2. _ _ .
Vermont
Washington
W est Virginia _ . . .

756.1
201.2
99.4
693.6
538.6

748.1
199.1
97.4
696.1
534.3

Wisconsin___
...
W yom ing 2___ __

1,052.6
82.1

1,040.1
82.7

745.1
200.4
97.8
712.6
533.3

747.2
201.7
98.2
708.4
531.9

1,040.4 1,048.1
84.4
86.7

770.8
128.1

1, 227. 7 1,231.0
591.6
594.1

770.7
121.7

765.8
119.2

751.9
116.1

743.9
112.8

745.1
114.6

1, 205.9 1,182.3
590.2
586.6

1,156.4
573.5

1,139.6
568.4

1,150.4
569.5

1,128.0 1,127. 2 1,117.3
154.4
153.6
147.3
316.8
309.2
315.6
57.0
55.4
53.3
169.5
167.3
163.4

740.5
193.7
97.9
691.1
529. 5

726.9
191.7
95.7
672. 5
519. 8

1, 030. 8 1,026.1
87.8
84.8

! R a is e d datain all except the first three columns will be identified by an
asterisk ( ) for the first month’s publication of such data. Additional data,
January 1943 to date, are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics or the cooperating State agency. See table A -10 for addresses of
cooperating State agencies.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

782.1
132.2

1,103. 2 1,092. 2 1,084.4
142.1
135.2
132.2
296.4
302.6
293.5
51.3
49.0
48.0
162.2
161.3
161.0

770.7
125.3

1,180.6 1,196.4
590.7
570.9

1,085.1 1,126.9
133.2
143.3
295.7
308.4
48.4
51.0
160.2
164.1

1,116.4
136.4
295.5
53.4
166.7

723.4
187.0
95.3
660. 7
521 3

717.4
181.3
94.0
653.4
518 ft

716.7
178.6
92.7
640.6

705.4
175.3
91.4
625.3

693.4
167.9
90.7
596.6

699.2
171.3
90.5
590.6

721.8
185.4
95.1
642.6

700.5
179.3
98.6
659.9

9 9 7 .6

986.4
78.5

966.7
75.3

957.9
72.5

950.0
68.6

952.6
71.7

971.4
78.0

984.5
72.7

83.1

2 Revised series; not comparable with data previously published,
N ot comparable with preceding data shown.

3

740.0
121.7

T

343

A : EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

R E V IE W , M ARCH 1951

able

A -1 0

: Employees in Manufacturing Industries, by State 1
[In thousands]
1949

1950
State

Jan.

Dec.

-

222.0
15.9
76.7
810.7
63.3
404.0
48.4
15.3
102.5
290.0

221.3
16.4
77.7
823.1
63.8
400.2
48.2
16.0
97.6
291.7

222.3
15.7
79.1
838.3
64. 7
395.2
46.8
15.8
94.1
299.5

223.3
14.9
*78.7
843 3
*62.1
387.3
*50.9
15.7
91.7
297.0

218.9
14.8
76.7
843 4
59.5
374.5
*50.4
15.8
90.4
292.2

212.7
14.9
74.5
763 9
56.9
361.1
*46.9
15.7
86.9
277.9

209.1
15.0
75.2
731 0
54.7
• 362.6
*45.9
16.4
90.1
274.2

207.2
14.7
73.9
716.2
53.2
359.5
*44.6
16.3
92.7
275.2

205.8
14.8
72.1
703 6
53.2
356.9
*44.8
16.1
94.5
274.1

206.0
14.1
70.3
688.0
52.5
354.4
44.0
16.1
96.7
271.3

205.2
13.4
67.7
672.8
51.9
350.5
43.5
16.0
100.4
269.5

208.1
13.4
67.0
670.7
52.3
3348.2
42.9
16.1
100.3
269.8

*211.3
13. 7
68. 7
688. 7
55.9
352. 5
42.8
16. 4
97.6
270.8

-------------- --

20.5

23.6

24.4

25.4

23.9

23.8

20.4

17.5

16.4

16.4

15.9

16.3

596.3
152.0
101.8

596.0
149.7
99.3

107.7
227.0
707.3

144.5
107.9
223.8
708.6

575.3
149.4
98.2
143.8
143.0
113.7
226.8
709.9

*593.7
147.7
96.4
139.0
141.9
116.8
*227. 5
680.6

589.7
152.9
94.4
142.1
138.1
117.2
225.8
678.0

565.7
150.7
92.3
136.8
132.6
110.3
212.2
645.0

569.6
150.2
91.6
134.6
132.4
108.3
213.9
644.5

557.1
148.8
89.1
131.5
132.4
101.6
209.3
632.8

538.7
148.7
87.3
130.7
128.8
95.9
207. 7
636.2

527.2
148.8
86.1
130.3
128.7
98.4
204.2
642.4

524.8
147.7
85.0
132.3
129.1
99.3
203.9
639.8

523.2
145.8
84. 5
133.9
133.4
98.3
203.0
639.2

Dec.

Georgia2 ___________________________
Idaho_____ _ _ ----------

Massachusetts______ ______ -

---------

N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

M ar.

Feb.

Annual
average
1947
224.1
14. 2
75.1
718.8
57. 5
415. 7
45. 9
16.8
92. 7
273. 7

20.5
18.8
1,119.5 1, 248.0
562.4
519.6
148. 5
149.6
81. 5
85. 2
136.3
138.1
151.
0
139.1
114. 5
99.1
230.3
202.0
742.6
644.3

931.7 1, 041. 7
999.1
905.0
*909.9
1,131.8 1,142.8 . 1,178.3 *1,152.2 *1,129. 6 *1,117. 4 *1,108. 7 *1,069. 2 *933.3
199. 5
184. 5
181.6
181.7
183.2
184.4
187.2
190.5
203.9
204.7
213.2
206.9
198.3
203.3
91. 9
79. 0
77.7
79.5
80.3
79.8
83.7
81.5
84.4
91.4
90.0
89.9
88.4
89.3
348.8
328. 2
328.1
330. 5
333.0
338.8
330.8
343.2
334.6
353.8
358.1
*355. 7
352.0
358.9
18.4
17.
8
16.0
15.7
15.9
16.4
19.5
19.0
17.7
20.5
19.6
19. 7
19.8
18.3
49.3
47. 9
46.7
46. 9
46.7
46.9
50.6
50.0
51.7
47.8
52.6
53.0
51.6
53.0
3.3
3.1
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.1
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.3
3.3
82.8
/4. 9
75.3
76.9
76.8
76.1
74.9
75.7
74.5
79.7
78.8
79.9
80.3
80. 2
775.3
693.
7
695.
2
687.5
*705. 3 *711.6
*697. 0 *699. 0
*741.8
*697.3
765.4
764.6
*761.1
767.3
New Jersey_______- - ______ ________
9.1
*10. 8
9.8
10.6
11.0
11.2
11.9
11.7
11.5
12.2
12.1
*12.2
12.0
12.3
New Mexico------------ --------------- 1, 928. 5 1, 947.9 1, 905. 6 1, 862.4 1, 755. 7 1, 744 3 1, 739.0 1, 742.1 1, 775. 0 1, 773.6 1, 753.8 1, 781.0 1, 903. 7
412.1
401.0
400.6
398.2
395.5
392.2
391.2
393.1
388.5
416.9
428.5
432.3
*432.3
422.9
6.1
5. 9
*5. 5
5.3
*5.6
5.3
*6.3
*6.1
*5.6
*6.3
6.5
6.3
*6.2
6.3
1, 268. 4 1, 259. 2 1, 253.4 *1, 239.3 1, 213. 8 1,178.2 1.173.1 1,151 3 1,134.1 1,119.8 1,109. 7 1,100.3 31 ,095.7 1, 245.1
62.4
63.
2
61.
6
61.8
63.9
63.0
67.2
66.6
65.2
68.4
68.6
67.8
67.8
68.6
132.8
117. 7
99.0
103.8
*124.3
115.7
*160. 0 *149. 8 *147. 0 *135.4
151.6
*156.1
140.2
145.0
1, 524. 5
Pennsylvania_____ ___________ ____ 1, 496. 5 1,494.3 1, 483.0 *1, 469. 7 1, 429. 8 1, 364. 9 *1, 375.3 *1,361.6 *1,349. 7 *1,339. 8 *1,343. 5 1, 333.1 *1,341.1
153.
5
135.1
133.4
136. 7
133.4
135.8
134.5
131.6
143.4
135. 0
152.9
152.8
149.3
152.0
202.1
201.6
202.9
202. 5
204.2
203.2
204.2
203.9
204.9
211.2
215.5
215.5
216.0
216.1
South Carolina2____
11.3
11. 1
10.9
11.0
10.8
11.4
10.9
10.8
11.6
11.6
11.5
11.4
11.4
11.1
South Dakota_________ — ---------------253.6
236.0
235.2
236. 6
239.2
237.9
245.7
240.6
236.9
255.1
257.1
255.1
255.6
255.8
323.6
340.
5
338.9
335.6
336.2
340.8
338.0
345.4
344. C
364.2
363.1
371.2
367.5
375.4
26. 5
27. 7
25.3
25.0
25.1
25.7
*30.7
27.2
26.1
*29. 7
32.4
*33.4
31.3
30.3
Utah
____________________
39.8
34. 5
32. 7
32.7
33.8
33.9
34.0
33.9
34.3
35.9
37.4
37.2
*36.5
37.7
234. 5
222.9
219.8
218. 5
217.2
216. 7
220.2
216.6
218.3
231. 5
238.1
240. 7 *237. 8
238.2
173. 5
156. 8
147.4
143.0
157.5
161.3
167. 4
173.3
167.7
182.3
178.2
190.7
189.8
173.3
137. 0
126.0
125.8
126.7
126.1
131.4
129.6
128.6
135.2
131. 7
139.2
136.1
139.1
138.6
433.1
388.0
393.
5
397.6
404.5
446.1
418.
4
411.0
405.1
446. 7
446.4
453.3
449.2
449.8
t). 5
o. ó
5. 6
5.5
5.6
5.3
6.1
5.7
5.5
6.6
7.2
7.2
6.7
6.9
W yom ing________________ . -------------1 Revised data in all except the first three columns will be identified by an
asterisk (*) for the first m onth’s publication of such data. Additional data,
January 1943 to date, are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor Sta­
tistics or the cooperating State agency listed below.
2 Revised series; not comparable with data previously published.
3 N o t comparable with preceding data shown.
* The Manufacturing series for these States are based on the 1942 Social
Security Board Classification (ethers are on the 1945 Standard Industrial
Classification).
Cooperating State agencies:
Alabama— Department of Industrial Relations, Montgomery 5.
Arizona— Unemployment Compensation Division, Employment Secu­
rity Com m ., Phoenix.
Arkansas— Employment Security Division, Department of Labor, Little
Rock.
California— Division of Labor Statistics and Research, Department of
Industrial Relations, San Francisco 1.
Colorado— Department of Employment Security, Denver 2.
Connecticut— Em ploym ent Security Division, Department of Labor,
Hartford 5.
Delaware— Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, Philadelphia 1, Pa.
District of Columbia— U S E S for the District of Columbia, WashingLUll ¿Ü .

Florida— Unemployment Compensation Division, Industrial Commis­
sion, Tallahassee.
Georgia— Em ploym ent Security Agency, Department of Labor, A t­
lanta 3.
Idaho— Em ploym ent Security Agency, Boise.
Illinois— Division of Placement and Unemployment Compensation,
Department of Labor, Chicago 54.
Indiana— Employment Security Division, Indianapolis 9.
Iowa— Employment Security Commission, Des Moines 8.
Kansas— Em ploym ent Security Division, State Labor Department,
Topeka.
_
Kentucky— Bureau of Em ploym ent Security, Department of Economic
Security, Frankfort.
Louisiana— Division of Employment Security, Department of Labor,
Baton Rouge 4.
Maine— Employment Security Commission, Augusta.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Maryland— Department of Employment Security, Baltimore 1.
Massachusetts— Division of Statistics, Department of Labor and Indus­
tries, Boston 10.
.
Michigan— Unemployment Compensation Commission, Detroit 2.
Minnesota— Division of Em ploym ent and Security, St. Paul 1.
Mississippi— Employment Security Commission, Jackson.
Missouri— Division of Employment Security, Department of Labor and
Industrial Relations, Jefferson City.
Montana— Unemployment Compensation Commission, Helena.
Nebraska— Division of Employment Security, Department of Labor,
Lincoln 1.
Nevada— Employment Security Department, Carson City.
N ew Hampshire— Division of Em ploym ent Security, Department of
Labor, Concord.
New Jersey— Department of Labor and Industry, Trenton 8.
N ew Mexico— Employment Security Commission, Albuquerque.
New York— Bureau of Research and Statistics, Division of Placement
and Unemployment Insurance, Department of Labor, N ew York 18.
North Carolina— Department of Labor, Raleigh.
North Dakota— Unemployment Compensation Division, Bismarck.
Ohio— Bureau of Unemployment Compensation, Columbus 16.
Oklahoma— Employment Security Commission, Oklahoma City 2.
Oregon— Unemployment Compensation Commission^ Salem.
Pennsylvania— Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, Philadelphia 1
(mfg.); Bureau of Research and Information, Department of Labor and
Industry, Harrisburg (nonmfg.).
Rhode Island— Department of Labor, Providence 2.
South Carolina— Employment Security Commission, Columbia 10.
South Dakota— Employment Security Department, Aberdeen.
Tennessee— Department of Employment Security, Nashville 3.
Texas— Employment Commission, Austin 19.
.
Utah— Department of Employment Security, Industrial Commission,
Salt Lake C ity 13.
. .
. ..
Vermont— Unemployment Compensation Commission, Montpelier.
Virginia— Division of Research and Statistics, Department of Labor and
Industry, Richmond 19.
Washington— Employment Security Department, Olympia.
W est Virginia— Department of Employment Security, Charleston 5.
Wisconsin— Industrial Commission, Madison 3.
W yom ing— Em ploym ent Security Commission, Casper.

A : EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

344
T

able

M O N TH LY LABOR

A - l l : Insured Unemployment Under State Unemployment Insurance Programs,1 by Geographic
Division and State
[ I n th o u s a n d s ]

1950
Geographic division and
State
Dec.

Aug.

July

N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

845.7 1,063.2 1,388.4

1,521.1

June

M ay

April

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

1949

1948

Dec.

Dec.
1,157.5

Continental United States..................... 1,045.0

895.3

782.8

New England............................................
M aine............................ ................. ..
New Hampshire................... ...........
Vermont___________ __________ ____
Massachusetts....................................
Rhode Island......................................
Connecticut______________________

89.0
11.4
6.3
1.7
49.0
9.3
11.3

77.4
10.3
6.8
1.3
41.9
6.9
10.2

65.9
6.8
5.8
1.1
35.6
6.3
10.3

74.5
5.2
6.5
1.4
42.1
8.4
10.9

105.0
7.4
8.8
2.1
55.8
13.7
17.2

155.3
10.1
10.8
3.1
85.3
20.1
25.9

186.5
13.0
12.9
3.4
107.1
26.6
23.5

224.6
19.6
15.6
4.0
124.8
33.6
27.0

225.1
22.7
16.3
4.6
123.6
25.9
32.0

162.5
17.5
13.1
4.5
78.0
15.4
310

181.5
19.5
12.3
5.5
89.6
16.3
38.3

202.8
21.8
13.1
6.1
101.4
19.2
41.2

191.2
20.9
12.9
5.5
99.2
17.1
35.6

123.7
10.7
8.0
2.0
66.1
17.0
19.9

Middle Atlantic.........................................
New Y o r k .........................................
New Jersey____ _________ ________
Pennsylvania_____________________

355.1
238.4
41.1
75.6

354.1
257,8
38.7
57.6

319.0
226.2
35.4
57.4

318.4
221.6
34.3
62.5

369.1
242.2
44.6
82.3

478.4
311.0
60.7
106.7

495.4
307.4
68.1
119.9

481.5
269.2
79.6
132.7

526.0
292.2
84.9
148.9

594.2
319.3
88.3
186.6

622.2
343.1
92.1
187.0

685.5
379.1
101.5
204.9

678.3
385.9
91.4
201.0

371.7
251.4
49.6
70.7

East North Central. .............................
Ohio.......................................................
In d ia n a __________________________
Illinois __________________________
Michigan_______________ _________
Wisconsin________________________

178.0
36.4
13.3
68.2
49.8
10.3

129.0
30.2
8.6
58.6
23.3
8.3

113.1
28.5
9.4
57.5
12.8
4.9

133.6
32.3
7.9
71.3
16.1
6.0

178.4
41.0
8.9
103.6
18.2
6.7

218.4
57.5
13.1
117.5
22.0
8.3

242.4
65.0
14.5
128.6
24.6
9.7

304.0
81.6
19.2
147.6
42.7
12.9

373.4
103.5
26.7
148.1
75.9
19.2

417.6
130.9
34.6
133.2
94.6
24.3

462.3
146.9
38.6
148.4
98.6
29.8

477.9
157.4
38.8
158.4
89.3
34.0

510.9
141.6
40.3
141.1
150.7
37.2

162.9
35.5
18.6
58.3
39.1
11.4

W est North Central_________________
M innesota..____ _________________
Iow a________ _______ _____ ______ _
Missouri_________________________
__________
North Dakota______
South Dakota____________________
Nebraska________________________
K a n s a s ............................... ...............

48.5
12.0
4.3
22.9
1.3
1.1
2.1
4.8

34.7
6.8
2.9
20.0
.3
.5
1.0
3.2

28.4
5.5
2.6
16.2
.2
.3
.8
2.8

29.2
6.3
3.5
15.2
.2
.3
.9
2.8

38.8
8.3
4.5
20.0
.3
.4
1.3
4.0

49.0
10.8
4.8
25.5
.4
.4
1.9
5.2

57.4
13.1
5.1
29.7
.7
.5
2.3
6.0

77.7
23.2
6.2
34.6
2.2
1.0
3.3
7.2

101.7
32.8
8.9
39.3
3.7
1.9
5.4
9.7

124.9
37.8
13.5
44.5
4.6
2.9
8.4
13.2

140.6
40.1
15.8
50.2
4.8
3.5
9.5
16.7

130.8
34.7
15.2
50.2
3.8
3.0
7.9
16.0

93.6
24.0
10.0
41.1
1.9
1.8
4.5
10.3

47.6
12.2
4.4
23.9
.7
.5
1.8
4.1

South Atlantic_______________________
Delaware_____ _____ ______________
M aryland________
_____________
District of Columbia.......................
Virginia____ _______ ______________
W est Virginia____________________
North Carolina__________________
South Carolina___________________
Georgia___________________________
Florid a.._________________________

85.5
1.4
11.2
2.8
7.7
13.0
16.8
8.7
12.9
11.0

70.4
.8
8.5
2.7
5.6
9.4
14.5
8.3
9.7
10.9

69.8
1.0
7.7
2.6
5.3
10.4
12.6
8.8
7.6
13.8

85.3
.9
10.3
3.0
7.2
13.4
15.1
9.6
8.9
16.9

113.0
1.2
16.1
3.4
13.7
16.7
19.0
11.4
12.4
19.1

157.8
1.8
22.1
4.0
22.1
21.8
30.8
15.8
18.9
20.5

165.5
1.9
25.3
4.1
24.1
24.1
33.7
15.4
21.1
15.8

167.7
2.3
29.1
4.6
18.9
23.4
36.7
14.8
23.2
14.7

164.0
2.7
29.3
5.9
15.7
21.8
37.3
14.4
22.8
14.1

172.2
3.5
25.1
6.5
20.9
26.2
34.1
15.5
25.0
15.4

181.1
3.8
29.6
6.6
21.6
27.6
32.5
15.9
26.5
17.0

180.3
3.8
31.8
5.0
20.6
28.7
30.3
15.8
24.7
19.6

168.3
3.8
30.8
4.4
18.2
25.4
27.7
16.5
22.2
19.3

89.8
1.4
12.7
3.2
9.7
9.4
18.7
8.8
13.0
12.9

East South Central...... ...........................
K e n tu c k y ...................... ................
Tennessee..............................................
Alabam a___________________ ______
Mississippi.......................... ...............

57.5
13.6
22.2
13.8
7.9

46.6
12.0
16.9
12.3
5.4

42.9
11.5
14.5
12.1
4.8

48.9
12.4
16.5
14.2
5.8

62.1
15.3
22.2
16.9
7.7

78.8
19.4
27.3
22.1
10.0

87.4
22.3
32.6
21.9
10.6

99.5
24.8
36.8
25.4
12.5

105.4
25.2
40.1
25.9
14.2

116.8
29.7
41.9
28.3
16.9

122.9
30.7
45.0
28.6
18.6

113.2
26. 7
42.5
27.1
18.9

100.2
25.2
37.5
25.6
11.9

61.0
12.4
29.2
13.3
6.1

W est South Central___________ ______
Arkansas_________________________
Louisiana________________________
Oklahoma_____ _______ __________
Texas..................................... ...............

43.8
8.4
13.9
9.2
12.3

36.0
6.2
11.7
7.6
10.5

34.8
5.2
12.4
7.0
10.2

41.5
6.9
14.3
8.0
12.3

52.1
7.7
18.1
9.8
16.5

62.8
9.4
21.3
11.4
20.7

69.9
10.4
22.5
12.6
24.4

83.4
14.0
25.8
14.8
28.8

95.0
17.6
29.9
16.9
30.6

107.6
19.9
33.4
19.2
35.1

116.4
23.2
36.4
21.7
35.1

100.4
20.4
30.0
20.1
29.9

73.3
13.3
23.5
14.8
21.7

35.5
7.4
10.8
7.3
10.0

M ountain______________ ______________
M o n ta n a ................................ ...........
Idaho____________ _______ ____ ____
W yom ing........... ......................... .......
Colorado_________________________
New Mexico.....................................
Arizona___________________________
U t a h ..________ ___________________
N evada........... ......... ...........................

19.8
3.7
4.3
.9
2.5
1.7
2.8
2.4
1.5

13.4
1.9
2.0
.4
2.1
1.2
2.6
1.9
1.3

10.2
1.2
.9
.3
1.7
1.0
2.6
1.5
1.0

11.2
1.0
1.0
.3
2.1
1.2
2.9
1.7
1.0

14.6
1.4
1.4
.4
3.2
1.6
3.4
2.1
1.1

18.6
1.9
1.7
.7
4.2
2.0
3.6
3.1
1.4

20.5
2.5
1.5
.9
4.7
2.2
3.6
3.5
1.6

27.8
4.6
3.0
1.4
5.6
2.7
4.2
4.3
2.0

37.9
8.2
6.6
2.0
5.6
3.4
4.7
5.9
2.5

53.9
11.8
9.8
3.2
7.0
4.4
5.8
8.6
3.3

65.7
13.3
12.8
3.9
8.6
5.0
7.1
11.1
3.9

60.1
11.3
11.7
3.1
8.5
4.3
7.0
10.3
3.9

39.2
6.0
7.2
1.6
6.1
3.2
5.8
6.5
2.8

20.6
2.1
3.2

Pacific....................................... ...................
Washington......... ..................... .........
O re g o n ...............................................
California________________________

167.9
26.2
17.9
123.8

133.8
19.0
13.7
101.1

98.8
11.7
7.6
79.5

103.2
11.1
6.4
85.7

129.9
13.2
7.5
109.2

169.4
15.6
9.6
144.2

196.1
16.5
8.3
171.3

234.2
23.9
12.3
198.0

280.4
36.0
20.6
223.8

362.7
54.3
35.0
273.4

432.9
82.6
57.1
293.2

430.1
87.4
56.8
285.9

345.3
62 9
36.3
246.1

245.1
37.4
19.6
188.1

i Prior to August 1950, m onthly data represent averages of weeks ended in
specified months; for subsequent months, the averages are based on weekly
data adjusted for split weeks in the month and are not strictly comparable
with earlier data. For a technical description of this series, see the April
1950 M on th ly Labor Review (p. 382).


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1,700.3 1,908.8 2,112.1

2,325.9 2,380.9 2, 200.0

.5
2.8
1.2
3.5
5.8
1.5

Figures m ay not add to exact column totals because of rounding.
S o u r c e : IT. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Em ploym ent Security.

R E V IE W , M ARCH 1951

845

B : L A B O R TUR N-OVER

B: Labor Turn-Over
T

able

B - l : Monthly Labor Turn-Over Rates (Per 100 Employees) in Manufacturing Industries, by
Class of Turn-Over 1

T o ta l a c c e s s io n :
10 5 0
10 4 0
10 4 0
104 7
19 4 6
104 5
103 0
T o ta l s e p a r a tio n :
105 0
104 0
194 8 .
19 4 7 .
10 4 fi
104 5
103 0
Q u it : *
105 0
1040
1 04 «
10 4 7
104 0
1045
1939.
D is c h a r g e :
1050
10 4 0
10 4 8
104 7
10 4 0
1045
1030

............ ....

.
_ .

.

...

__................................ ...................

...
.
.....
. _
- .................................... .....................
._

._

...

...

____

.
_

Feb.

Ja n .

C l a s s of t u r n - o v e r a n d y e a r

....

...
_____

M ar.

A p r.

M ay

Ju n e

A ug.

Ju ly

S e p t.

1050
1040

..............................

1045

....................................... ..

1039*

3 .2
2 .9
3 .9
5.0
6 .8
5 .0
3 .1

3 .6
3 .0
4 .0
5 .1
7.1
4 .9
3 .3

3.5
2 .9
4 .0
5 .1
6 .7
4 .7
2 .9

4 .4
3 .5
4 .1
4 .8
6 .1
5 .0
3 .3

4 .8
4 .4
5.7
5 .5
6 .7
5 .9
3 .8

4 .7
3 .5
4.7
4 .9
7 .4
5 .8
4 2

6 .6
4.4
5 .0
5.3
7 .0
5 .9
5.1

5 .7
4.1
5.1
5 .9
7 .1
7.4
6 .2

5 .2
3 .7
4.5
5.5
6 .8
8 .6
5 .9

4 .0
3 .3
3 .9
4 .8
6 .7
8.7
4 1

2 3.1
3 .2
2 .7
3 .6
4 ,3
6 .9
2 .8

3 .1
4.6
4.3
4.9
6.8
6 .2
3 .2

3 .0
4.1
4.2
4 .5
6.3
6 .0
2 .6

2 .9
4 .8
4 .5
4.9
6 .6
6 .8
3.1

2 .8
4 .8
4 .7
5 .2
6 .3
6 .6
3 .5

3.1
5 .2
4 .3
5 .4
6 .3
7 .0
3 .5

3 .0
4 ,3
4 .5
4 .7
5 .7
7 .9
3 .3

2 .9
3 .8
4 .4
4 .6
5 .8
7 .7
3 .3

4 .2
4 .0
6.1
5 .3
6 .6
17.9
3 .0

4 .9
4 .2
5 .4
5 .9
6 .9
12.0
2 .8

4.3
4 .1
4 .6
5 .0
6 .3
8 .6
2 .9

3 .8
4 .0
4.1
4 .0
4 .9
7.1
3 .0

2 3. 6
3 .2
4 .3
3 .7
4 .5
5 .9
3 .5

1.1
1 .7
2 .6
3 .5
4 .3
4 .6

1.2
1 .6
2.8
3 .5
4 .2
5 .0
.8

1 .3
1 .7
3 .0
3 .7
4 .3
4 .8
.8

1 .6
1 .6
2 .8
3 .5
4 .2
4.8
.7

1 .7
1 .5
2 .9
3 .1
4 .0
5 .1
.7

1 .8
1 .4
2 .9
3 .1
4 .6
5 .2
.7

2 .9
1 .8
3 .4
4 .0
5 .3
6 .2
.8

3 .4
2.1
3 .9
4 .5
5 .3
6 .7
1 .1

2 .7
1 .5
2 .8
3 .6
4 .7
5 .6

.9

1 .0
1 .4
2 .5
3 .2
3 .9
4 .3
.6

.9

2.1
1 .2
2 .2
2 .7
3 .7
4 .7
.8

2 1 .7
.9
1 .7
2.3
3 .0
4.0
.7

.2
.3
.4
.4
.5
.7
.1

.2
.3
.4
.4
.5
.7
.1

.2
.3
.4
.4

.2
.2
.4
.4

.3
.2
.3
.4

.3
.2
.4
.4

.4
.3
. 4

.4
.2
.4
.4

.3
.2
.4
.4

2 .3
.2

.4

.4
.2
.4
.4

.4

.4

.4

.4

4

.4

.4

.4

.7
.1

.6
.1

.6
.1

.3
.2
.4
.4
.3
.7
.1

.6
.1

.7
.1

.6
.1

.5

.5

.2

.2

1.7
2 .5
1 .2
.9
1 .8
.6
2.2

1 .7
2 .3
1 .2
.8
1 .7
.7
1 .9

1 .4
2 .8
1 .2

1 .1
3 .3
1.1
1 .4
1 .5
1 .2
2 .9

.9

.6
2 .1
1 .0
1 .0
.6
1 .5
2 .5

.6
1.8
1 .2
.8
.7
1 0.7
2.1

.8
2 .3
1 .2

.9

.9

1 .0
4 .5
1 .6

1 .0
2 .3
1.8

1 .1
2.5
1 .4
.8
.7
1 .7
2 .0

21 .3

2 .5
1.1
1.1
1 .2
1 .7
2 .5

.7
1 .8
1 .0

1 .8
.7
2 .2

1 .2
2 .8
1 .2
1 .0
1 .4
.8
2 .6

.1
.1
.1
.1
.2

.1
.1
.1
.1
.2

.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.4

.3

.3

.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.4

.4

.3

.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.4

.1
.1
.1
.2
.2

.1
.1
.1
.1
.2

2. 3
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2

.9

Miscellaneous, including m ilitary:3
1950..
__________________________
1949 . . _________________________
1948__________________________ _____ _
1 9 4 7 - - _____________________ ______ 1946..
___________________________
1945________________________________

* Month-to-month changes in total employment in manufacturing indus­
tries as indicated b y labor turn-over rates are not comparable with the
changes shown b y the Bureau’s employment and payroll reports, for the
following reasons:
(1) Accessions and separations are computed for the entire calendar month;
the employment and payroll reports, for the most part, refer to a 1-week pay
period ending nearest the 15th of the month.
(2) The turn-over sample is not so extensive as that of the employment
and payroll survey and includes proportionately fewer small plants; certain
industries are not covered. The major industries excluded are: printing,
publishing, and allied industries; canning and preserving fruits, vegetables,
and sea foods; women’s, misses’ and children’s outerwear; and fertilizers.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

D ec.

3 .6
3 .2
4 .6
6 .0
8. 5
7 .0
4.1

L a y -o ff:

1048
1047
1040

N ov.

O ct.

.1
.1
.1
.1
.2

.4

.2

.3

.1
.1
.1
.2
.4

.1
.1
.1
.2
.3

.4
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2

.3

.4
.4
.4
.1

2 .0
2.2
.9

1 .0
1 .3
2 .7

(3)
Plants are not included in the turn-over survey in months when work
stoppages are in progress; the influence of such stoppage is shown in the
employment and payroll figures. Prior to 1943, rates relate to production
workers only.
2 Preliminary figures.
s Prior to 1940, miscellaneous separations were included with quits.
N o t e : Information on concepts, methodology, and special studies, etc.,'i s
given in a “ Technical Note on Labor Turn-Over,” October 1949, which is
available upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.

346
T

B : LABOR TURN-OVER

able

M O N TH LY LABOR

B-2: Monthly Labor Turn-Over Rates (Per 100 Employees) in Selected Groups and Industries 1
Separation
Total accession
Total

Industry group and Industry
Dec.
1950

N ov.
1950

Dec.
1950

Quit

N ov.
1950

Dec.
1950

Discharge

N ov.
1950

Dec.
1950

M ise., incl.
military

Lay-off

N ov.
1950

Dec.
1950

N ov.
1950

Dec.
1950

1950

M anufacturing
Durable goods’ ............. ................... ..
Nondurable goods’ __________________
Ordnance and accessories__________________

3.5
2.4

4.4
3.4

3.9
2.8

4.1
3.5

1.8
1.5

2.3
1.9

0.3
.2

0.4
.3

1.5
.9

1.1
1.1

0.3
.2

0.3
.2

2.4

2.2

2.7

2.0

.7

.7

.2

.4

1.4

.6

.4

.3

Food and kindred products________
Meat products__________________
Grain-mill products____________
Bakery products________________
Beverages:
M alt liquors________________

3.4
5.7
3.4
(4)

5.3
8.5
2.7
3.4

4.2
5.2
2.7
(4)

5.3
5.6
3.5
5.1

1.7
1.9
1.5
(4)

2.2
2.4
1.8
2.2

.4
.6
.3

.5
.6
.4
.5

1.8
2.1
.4
(4)

2.3
2.2
.8
2.1

.3
.6
.5

.3
.4
.5
.3

1.6

2.2

3.2

4.0

.4

1.0

.1

.1

2.5

2.7

.2

.2

Tobacco manufactures______________
Cigarettes_______________________
Cigars................... ........... ...................
Tobacco and snuff_______________

1.4
.5
1.1
4.4

2.0
.9
2.8
1.5

2.0
1.1
2.5
2.7

3.8
3.3
3.6
5.7

1.3
.6
1.7
1.6

1.8
.9
2.5
1.4

.1
.1
.1
.3

.2
.1
.3
.2

.5
.3
.7
.5

1.6
2.1
.8
3.4

.1
.1

T e x tile -m ill p r o d u c t s ________________________
Y a r n a n d t h r e a d m ills __________________
B ro a d -w o v e n f a b r ic m ills _______________
C o tt o n , s ilk , s y n t h e t i c f ib e r ______
W o o len a n d w o r s t e d _______________
K n i t t i n g m ills ___________________________
F u ll-f a s h io n e d h o s i e r y _____________
S e a m le ss h o s ie r y ____________________
K n i t u n d e r w e a r ____________________
D y e in g a n d fin ish in g t e x ti l e s __________
C a r p e t s , r u g s , o t h e r floor c o v e r i n g s ...

2.1
2.4
2. 4
2.4
2. 4
1.6
1. 2
1.3
2.1
1.9
1.4

3.2
3.5
3. 2
3.3
2.4
2.7
2.1
3.4
2.7
3.2
2.3

2.6
2.4
2.7
2.4
3.1
2.5
1.5
2.5
2.7
1.8
2.0

3.2
3.9
3.2
3.1
4.2
3.3
2.2
2.8
5.0
1.9
1.6

1.3
1.3
1.4
1.5
.6
1.4
1. 2
1.2
1.8
.9
.9

1.8
1.8
1. 9
2.0
1.1
2.1
1.9
2.1
2.5
.8
1.0

.2
.2
.2
.2
.3
.2
.1
.4
.2
.2

.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.2
.1
.1
.2
.3
.1

.9
.6
.9
.5
1.9
.8
.1
1.2
.4
.4
.5

.9
1.5
.8
.6
1.7
.9
.1
.5
1.6
.6
.2

.2
.3
.2
.2
.3
.1
.1
.1
.1
.3
.4

2.3
2.6

3.7
3.4

3.5
2.6

3.7
3.8

2.5
2.1

2.6
1.9

.3
.1

.2
.1

.6
.3

.9
1.8

.1
.1

(s)

2.5

3.6

3.8

4.0

2.7

3.2

.3

.2

.7

.6

.1

(5)

2.9
4.3
2.5

3.9
9.3
3.1

7.3
18.5
7.8

5.2
11.5
4.8

2.7
4.7
2.8

3.3
7.5
2.9

.2
.4
.2

.3
.7
.2

4.1
12.7
4.5

1.3
2.9
1.4

.3
.7
.3

A p p a r e l a n d o t h e r f in is h e d t e x ti l e p r o d ­
u c t s __________________________________________
M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ s u i t s a n d c o a t s ______
M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ f u r n is h in g s a n d
w o rk c lo th in g __________________________
L u m b e r a n d w ood p r o d u c t s ( e x c e p t f u r ­
n i t u r e ) ____________ _____ _____________________
Loggin g c a m p s a n d c o n t r a c t o r s ________
S a w m ills a n d p la n in g m ills _____________
M illw o r k , p ly w o o d , a n d
p r e f a b r i­
c a te d s t r u c t u r a l w ood p r o d u c t s _____

(4)

(5)

(4)

(*)
.3

.2
.2
(5)

.7
.2
.3
.2
.2
.3
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.3

.1

.3
.4
.3

2.3

3.3

2.9

3.4

1.7

2.1

.1

.4

.8

.5

.3

.4

F u r n i t u r e a n d f l i t u r e s ______________________
H o u s e h o ld f u r n i t u r e ____________________
O th e r f u r n i tu r e a n d f ix t u r e s ___________

3.0
2.4
4.5

4.4
4.6
4.0

5.0
5.3
4.3

4.9
5.1
3.9

2.6
2.4
3.2

3.4
3.5
2.9

.4
.4
.3

.5
.5
.3

1.7
2.2
.5

.7
.8
.4

.3
.3
.3

.3
.3
.3

Paper and allied products_______________
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills___
Paperboard containers and boxes____
Chemicals and allied products___________
Industrial Inorganic chemicals_______
Industrial organic chemicals_________
Synthetic fibers_________________
Drugs and medicines________________
Paints, pigments, and fillers............
Products of petroleum and coal__________
Petroleum refining__________________
R ubber products________________________
Tires and inner tubes_______________
R ubber footwear____________________
Other rubber products______________
Leather and leather products____________
Leather___________ ____ _____________
Footwear (except rubber)____________
Stone, clay, and glass products___________
Glass and glass products_____________
Cement, hydraulic___________________
Structural clay products_____________
Pottery and related products________
Primary metal Industries________________
Blast furnaces, steel works, and roll­
ing m ills ...______ _________________
Iron and steel foundries______________
Gray-iron foundries____ _________
Malleable-iron foundries_________
Steel foundries____ ______________
Primary smelling and refining of
nonferrous metals:
Primary smelting and refining of
copper, lead, and zinc__________
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals:
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of
cop p er.. ______________________
Nonferrous foundries________________
Other primary metal industries:
Iron and steel forgings___________

1.8
1.4
2.4

2.9
2.1
4.6

2.2
1.8
2.8

2.9
2.1
4.1

1.3
.9
1.9

1.9
1.1
3.1

.2
.2
.3

.3
.2
.5

.4
.4
.3

.4
.4
.2

.3
.3
.3

.3
.4
.3

2.1
3.4
1.3
.8
1.9
1.9

2.0
3.0
1.6
1.4
2.2
1.8

1.8
2.7
1.0
.9
1.1
2. 2

1.7
2.0
1.2
1.0
1.1
2.0

.9
1.5
.6
.3
.7
.9

.8
1. 2
.6
.5
.6
.9

.2
.5
.1
.1
.1
.3

.1
.2
.1

.4
.3
.1
.3
.5

.5
.3
.2
.1
.1
.5

.3
.4
.2
.2
.3
.5

.3

.8
.5

1.3
1.0

1.1
.7

1.2
.7

.4
.2

.6
.3

.1

.3
.2

.2
.1

.3
.3

.3

2.7
1.5
6.9
2.8

3.3
1.6
5.1
4.5

2.5
1.6
3.0
3.2

3.2
1.6
3.8
4.5

1.6
.8
2.5
2.1

2.1
.9
3.1
3.0

.2
.1
.2
.3

.2
.1
.2
.4

.5
.5
.1
.6

.6
.4
.3
.8

.2
.2
.2
.2

.3
.2
.2
.3

2.7
2.6
3.2

3.3
3.6
3.4

3.2
2.8
3.4

3.7
3.1
3.9

1.9
1.5
1.9

2.1
1.7
2.3

.2
.2
.2

.2
.2
.2

.9
.9
1.1

1.2
1.0
1.2

.2
.2
.2

.2
.2
.2

2.7
3.1
.9
2.6
2.3

3.4
3.5
2.0
3.4
3.2

2.9
3.5
2.2
2.8
2.0

2.8
3.1
2.4
3.5
2.5

1.5
1.1
1.1
1.7
1.3

1.7
1.5
1.5
2.3
1.8

.2
.3
.2
.3
.2

.3
.3
.3
.4
.2

.8
1.5
.5
.6
.2

.5
.9
.2
.5
.3

.4
.6
.4
.2
.3

.3
.4
.4
.3
.2

3.0

3.6

2.4

3.0

1.5

1.9

.3

.3

.3

.4

.3

.4

2.2
4.7
3.9
4.9
6.4

2.4
6.6
6.9
5.8
6.5

1.8
4.1
4.6
3.5
3.2

2.3
4.2
4.6
4.0
3.8

1.1
2.7
2.8
2.6
2.4

1.4
3.0
3.2
3.1
2.7

.1
.7
.8
.7
.4

.2
.6
.7
.5
.5

.2
.4
.7
.2

.2
.3
.4
.1
.3

.4
.3
.3
.2
.2

.5
.3
.3
.3
.3

1.3

1.6

1.1

1.5

.6

.9

.1

.1

.1

.2

.3

.3

1.3
4.6

1.8
5.2

1.6
3.7

2.5
5.6

1.1
2.1

1.3
2.8

.2
.5

.2
.8

.2
.8

.7
1.6

.1
.3

.3
.4

4.3

4.8

2.8

3.7

1.9

2.6

.4

.3

.1

.6

.4

.2

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

(6)

.1
(5)

.1
.3

(5)

(5)

.3

.3
.3
.4
.3

.3

T

able

347

B : LABOR TURN-OVER

R E V IE W , M ARCH 1951

B -2: Monthly Labor Turn-Over Rates (Per 100 Employees) in Selected Groups and Indus­
tries 1— Continued
Separation
Total accession
Quit

Total

Industry group and industry
N ov.
1950

Dec.
1950

D ec.
1950

N ov.
1950

Dec,
1950

N ov.
1950

Dec.
1950

N ov.
1950

Dec.
1950

M ise., incl.
military

Lay-ofl

Discharge

N ov.
1950

Dec.
1950

N ov.
1950

M anufacturin g — Continued
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation
^Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware------

Heating apparatus (except electric)
Sanitary

ware

and

plumbers’

Metal

structural

stamping,

metal

coating,

prod-

and

2.6

4.1

3.8

4.5

3.1

4.6

3.4

3.4

.5

.7

.9

1.0

.4

.3

.5

.6

.1

.2

.5

.3

5.7

1.6

2.6

.6

.9

1. 5

1.9

.3

.3

3.7

1.8

1.9

.4

.6

.9

.8

.4

.4

2.7

4.4

5.6

5.6

1.8

2.7

.4

.3

2.9

2.2

.5

.4

3.7
3.9

2.5
3.0
(4)
2.2
2.9
2.9

3.1
3.7
2.9
2.8
3.4
3.2

1.5
1.3
(4)
1. 5
1.8
1.9

1.7
1.7
1.9
1. 8
2.3
2.3

.4
.4

0

.1
.3
.1

.7
1.0
.2
.2
.3
.1

.3
.5

.3
.6
.7

.4
.4
.4
.5
.6
.6

.3
.8

3.9
5 .1
5.9

4.9
6.0
4.4
4.3
6. 5
7.3

.3
.2
.2

.3
.6
.4
.3
.2
.2

2.7
5.8

3.7
7.1

2.0
3. 7

2.7
4.6

1.4
1.8

2.0
2.6

.3
.6

.3
.7

0
1.0

.1
1.2

.3
.3

.3
a

3.1
3.7
2.2

4.1
5.4
2.8

2.1
2.4
1.6

2.5
2.6
1.6

1.3
1.4
1.2

1.5
1.6
1.0

.3
.5
.2

.4
.5
.1

.3
.2
.1

.4
.2
.3

.2
.3
.1

.2
.3
.2

3.0
3.2

3.3
5.8

2.7
2.2

5.1
3.1

1.1
1.3

1.5
1.8

.2
.3

.3
.5

1.0
.3

2.8
.5

.4
.3

.5
.3

2.7

4.0

3.1

3.5

1.5

2.1

.3

.3

1.0

.8

.3

.3

2.3
2.8

3.3
5.0

2.2
3.9

2.2
4.6

1.3
1.7

1.4
2.8

.2
.3

.2
.6

.4
1.6

.3
.9

.3
.3

.3
.3

3.0

5.4

5.8

5.9

1.9

3.4

.4

.8

3.2

1.4

.3

.3

1.1

2.6

1.5

1.4

.9

.8

.1

.1

.2

.1

.3

.4

3.1

3.7

3.0

3.9

1.7

2.1

.2

.2

.8

1.3

.3

.3

5.7
4.2
7.8
8.1
6.9
3.5

5.6
4.1
7.4
7.8
6.2
4.0

6.0
6.9
2.5
2.7
2.0
1.4

6.1
6.0
3.2
3.6
1.9
1.5

2.1
2.2
1.8
1.9
1.5
1.1

2.7
3.0
2.0
2.2
1.4
1.1

.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.1

.5
.4
.3
.3
.3
.2

3.1
3.8
.1
.1
.1

2.5
2.2
.6
.8

.4
.4
.3
.3
.2
.1

8.6
14.2
5.5
5.5
5.6
1.4

7.3
14.7
6.0
5.4
6.7
2.3

3.3
11.9
5.7
2.3
6.9
4.3

2.9
17.7
3.6
2.2
6.0
2.2

2.2
3.2
.8
.9
.8
1.2

1.8
3.3
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.5

.7
.8
.1
.2
.1
.1

.6
1.8
.1
.1
.2
.3

2.6

3.7
2.1
3.5

2.2
(4)
2.2

1.9
1.2
2.4

1.3
(4)
1.2

1.3
.6
1.7

0

and

0
1.2
scientific

0.4
.3
.3
.3
.2

4.0

Aircraft engines and parts------------

and

0.4
.3
.2
.2
.4

3.5

Radlos, phonographs, television

Professional

1-4
.4
.2
.1
.6

4.8

Telephone and telegraph equip-

Other transportation equipment........ .

1.4
.7
.5
.8
.6

3.5

Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial appa-

Ship and boat building and repairing..

0.5
.4
.3
.4
.4

2.0

Miscellaneous machinery parts-----------

Other aircraft parts and equip-

1.0
1.1

3.2

General industrial machinery------------Office and store machines and devices.
Service-industry and household ma-

lamps,

2.3

1.7
1. 6

Machine-tool accessories---------------Special-industry machinery (eicept

appliances,

2.5

2.3

4.5
3.5
2.5
2.9
4.0

Metalworking machinery (except

Electrical

2.0

3.9
3.0
1.9
2.3
3.6

en-

Agricultural machinery and tractors..
Construction and mining machinery..

0.4
.4
.2
.2
.5

4.2
4.5
2.5
4.8
5.0

Oil burners, nonelectric heating
and cooking apparatus, not elseFabricated

2.1

2.2
2.4
1.7
2.1
2.8

3.1
3.1
1.4
3.0
3.5

(4)

0
.1

.1

.5
.6
.3
.4
.1
.2

.1
7.6
4.5
.4
5.8
2.8

.2
12.4
2.0
.4
4.3
.2

.3
.3
.3
.8
.2
.2

.3
.2
.3
.4
.3
.2

.5

.2
.2
.4

.2
.3

.2
.4
.2

0

0

.2

.2
(4)
0

0

.7

instru

Miscellaneous manufacturing Industries..
Jewelry, silverware, and plated w are..

0

0

3.0

4.7

2.4

2.2

1.5

1.5

.3

.3

.4

.2

.2

.2

3.4
2.2

4.5
3.1

4.3
4.0

4.9
3.2

2.2
2.6

2.9
2.1

.3
.2

.4
.1

1.6
1.0

1.2
.7

.2
.2

.4
.3

3.6
1.6
(4)
4.0

5.5
2.2
7.2
5. 4

2.8
1.8
(4)
2.9

4. 7
2.8
3.9
4.3

1.7
.9
(4)
2.2

3.1
1.1
3.0
3.3

.4
0
0

.7
.1
.5
.4

.3
.5

.4
.4

.4
.5
.4
.2

.9

2.8

1.4

2. 5

.7

1.5

0

1.6

2.0

2.1

2.3

1.4

1.5

N onm anufactu ring

Communication:
Telephone______________________________
Telegraph.. _______ __________

1.5
1.5

.2
0
.1

.1

0


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

0

.2

.3

.4

.4

.7

.3

.3

.4

.5

.2

.2

1 6
1.1
0
(4)
0
0
0
1.9
.9
(4)
0
(4)
0
0
i See footnote 1, table B -l . Data for the current month are subject to
1 See footnote 2, table A -2.
revision without notation; revised figures for earlier months will be indi! See footnote 3, table A -2. Printing, publishing,
cated by footnotes.
and allied industries are excluded.
(4)
(4)

.5
1.1
0

.2
.7

0
m

4 N ot available,
s Less than 0.05.

.3
.3

G: EARNINGS AND HOURS

348

M O N TH L Y LABOR

C: Earnings and Hours
T

able

Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1

C -l:

Mining
Coal

Metal

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings
1948: Average1949: Average-

1950: January______
February_____
M arch________
April_________
M a y ........... .......
June__________
J u ly ..................
August_______
September___
October______

$60.80
61.55

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

42.4 $1.434 $58.32
40.9
1.505 59.06

41.3
39.8

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Copper

Iron

Total: Metal

Year and month

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

$1.412 $65.81
1.484 63.96

45.2
42.3

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Lead and zinc
Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

$1.456 $61. 37
1.512 64. 79

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Anthracite

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

41.3 $1.486 $66.57
41.4
1.565 56.78

Bituminous
Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

36.8 $1.809 $72.12
30.2
1.880 63.28

38.0
32.6

$1.898
1.941

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

62.32

41.6

1.498

58.85

40.2

1.464

64.26

42.5

1.512

67.68

43.3

1.563

42.22

22.0

1.919

48.74

25.4

1.919

63. 71
62.81
61.81
62. 90
63.11
63.40
63.17
64.48
66.38
69. 84
70.15
73.44

42.0
41.9
41.1
41.6
41.6
41.6
41.1
41.9
42.2
43.9
43.3
44.0

1.517
1.499
1.504
1.512
1. 517
1.524
1.537
1.539
1.573
1.591
1.620
1.669

58.68
59.62
57. 57
59.62
59.33
60. 75
61.51
60. 97
62.80
66. 53
64. 44
71.60

39.7
40.5
38.9
40.2
39.9
40.8
40.9
40.7
41.1
43.4
42.2
42.9

1. 478
1.472
1.480
1.483
1.487
1.489
1.504
1.498
1.528
1.533
1.527
1.669

71.96
68.49
68.58
68.13
69.42
69. 55
67.95
71.53
72.46
75.68
78. 51
79. 20

45.4
44.3
44.3
43.9
44.5
44.3
42.9
44.9
45.2
46.4
46.1
47.2

1.585
1.546
1.548
1.552
1.560
1.570
1.584
1.593
1.603
1.631
1. 703
1.678

65.18
63.38
63.45
63.55
63. 71
63.38
62.96
64. 73
68. 06
71.95
72. 76
74. 56

42.3
41.7
41.8
41.4
41.4
40.5
39.7
41.1
41.2
42.8
42.4
42.9

1.541
1.520
1.518
1.535
1.539
1.565
1.586
1. 575
1.652
1.681
1.716
1.738

44.60
40.23
80.01
57.25
68.81
64.94
68.59
65. 77
68. 45
75. 59
61.50
65.27

23.9
20.6
41.5
29.0
34.7
32.6
34.8
33.2
34.5
37.2
31.3
32.8

1.866
1.953
1.928
1.974
1.983
1. 992
1.971
1.981
1.984
2.032
1.965
1.990

47. 36
49.83
78. 75
72. 79
68.37
69.92
69.68
71.04
71.92
72. 99
73.37
77. 79

24.5
25.4
39.2
36.0
34.1
34.7
34.6
35.5
35.5
36.1
36.5
38.7

1.933
1.962
2.009
2.022
2.005
2.015
2.014
2.001
2. 026
2.022
2.010
2.010

Contract construction

M ining— Continued
Crude petroleum and
natural gas production

Nonbuilding construction
struction

and quarrying

Total: Nonbuilding
construction

Petroleum and
natural gas production
1948: A v e r a g e ,____ $66.68
1949: Average_______ 71.48

40.0 $1.667 $55.31
40.2
1. 778 56.38

44.5 $1.243 $68.25
1.302
43.3
70.81

38.1
37.8

$1. 790 $66.61
1.874
70.44

Highway and street

40.6 $1.639 $62.41
40.9
1. 723 65.65

Other nonbuilding
construction

41.6 $1.500 $68.67
41.5
1.583
73.66

40.0
40.5

$1.716
1.820

1949: December.........

71.52

40.0

1.788

55.08

42.4

1.299

69.75

36.4

1.917

68.15

38.3

1. 777

60. 75

37.0

1.644

72. 76

39.2

1.855

1950: January_______
February_____
M arch____. . .
April__________
M a y __________
June__________
July_____ _____
August_______
September____
October_______
November____
December____

76. 24
71.88
70.88
74.41
70.88
71.08
75.59
71.01
73.47
77. 67
75. 90
75.42

41.8
40.0
39.8
41.2
40.0
40.0
41.6
40.3
40.5
41.4
40.5
40.2

1.824
1.797
1. 781
1.806
1.772
1.777
1.817
1.762
1.814
1.876
1.874
1.876

53.36
54.36
55.37
58.03
59. 45
60.39
60.92
61.74
62.51
64.03
63.41
62. 57

41.4
41.4
41.6
43.6
44.4
44.9
44.6
45.2
45.1
45.8
45.0
44.0

1.289
1.313
1.331
1.331
1.339
1.345
1.366
1.366
1.386
1.398
1.409
1.422

68.01
66.89
68.59
70.93
72. 74
73.76
74.06
75. 96
75.89
77. 92
77. 60
77.00

35.2
34.3
35.1
36.6
37.3
38.0
37.9
38.6
37.7
38.5
38.0
37.2

1.932
1.950
1.954
1.938
1.950
1.941
1. 954
1.968
2. 013
2.024
2.042
2.070

65.56
66.94
68.34
71.41
71.71
73. 75
73.70
76. 48
75.86
77.65
75.48
74.80

37.4
37.8
38.7
40.9
40.7
42.0
41.5
42.7
41.5
42.5
41.2
40.5

1.753
1. 771
1.766
1.746
1.762
1.756
1. 776
1.791
1.828
1.827
1.832
1.847

58.43
61. 96
63.68
66.54
68. 06
69.86
69.31
73. 88
70.84
73.32
70.92
68.69

35.5
37.3
38.2
40.7
41.0
42.6
41.5
44.0
41.5
42.8
41.4
39.8

1.646
1.661
1.667
1.635
1.660
1. 640
1.670
1.679
1. 707
1.713
1.713
1.726

69. 57
69.50
70.76
74.33
74.20
76.84
77.19
78.33
79. 72
80.92
78.64
78.61

38.5
38.0
38.9
41.0
40.5
41.6
41.5
41.6
41.5
42.3
41.0
40.9

1.807
1.829
1.819
1.813
1.832
1.847
1.860
1.883
1.921
1.913
1.918
1.922

Contract construction— Continued
Building construction
Special-trade contractors
Total: Building con­
struction

General contractors
Total: Special-trade
contractors

1948: Average______ $68.85
1949: Average.........— 70.95

37.3 $1.848 $64.64
36.7
1.935 67.16

1949: December____

35.8

1950: January_______
February_____
M arch________
A p ril.................
M a y . . _______
June__________
July---------------August— .........
September____
October_______
Novem ber____
December____

70.26
68.76
67. 00
68.83
70.70
72.93
73.82
74.02
75.99
75.86
77. 87
78.29
77.49

34.8
33.7
34.5
35.6
36.5
37.0
36.9
37.6
36.7
37.4
37.3
36.5

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1.964
1.976
1.988
1.995
1.986
1.998
1.995
2.006
2.021
2. 067
2.082
2.099
2.123

65.99
63.58
61.60
63.80
65.98
67.87
68.33
68. 77
70.87
70.73
72.71
73.31
72.10

Plumbing and heating

36.6 $1. 766 $73.87
36.2
1.855
75.70

38.0 $1. «46 $76.83
37.2
2.034
78.60

39.2
38.6

35.1

36.5

2.057

80.19

38.7

2.071

2. 070
2. 070
2.080
2.075
2. 091
2.089
2.101
2.109
2.152
2.168
2.178
2.202

78.32
75.65
78.02
78.78
81.14
82.64
80.45
81.56
83.67
84. 65
84.78
85.48

38.0
36.9
37.6
37.8
38.4
39.0
38.0
38.6
38.4
38.9
38.8
38.4

2.061
2.050
2.075
2.084
2.113
2.119
2.117
2.113
2.179
2.176
2.185
2.226

34.0
32.8
33.9
35.3
36.1
36.6
36.6
37.2
36.2
37.0
36.8
35.8

1.880
1.870
1.878
1.882
1.869
1.880
1.867
1.879
1.905
1. 954
1.965
1.992
2.014

75.15
73.49
71.00
72.59
74.49
76. 95
77.92
78.16
79.72
79.62
81.95
81.89
81.69

35.5
34.3
34.9
35.9
36.8
37.3
37.2
37.8
37.0
37.8
37.6
37.1

Painting and
decorating

$1.960 $69. 77
2.037 70.75

Electrical work

36.3 $1. 925 $83.01
1.982 86.57
35.7

39.8
39.2

$2.084
2.211

69.40

34.8

1.997

86.85

39.2

2.217

67.49
67.16
66. 30
66.61
69.06
69.15
71.62
73.33
72.89
76.62
74.83
73.49

33.9
33.8
33.5
34.3
35.0
35.3
36.1
36.3
35.8
36.8
36.2
35.4

1. 991
1.987
1. 979
1. 942
1.973
1.959
1.984
2.020
2.036
2.082
2.067
2.076

86.88
87.58
83.62
84.85
86.18
87.55
86.60
89.16
92.38
94.04
96.36
97.51

38.7
38.7
37.0
37.1
37.8
38.4
37.9
38.7
38.7
39.2
39.3
39.8

2.245
2.263
2.260
2.287
2.280
2.280
2.285
2.304
2.387
2.399
2.452
2.450

349

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

R E V IE W , M ARCH 1951

T able C - l : Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisoiy Employees — Con.
Contract construction— Continued
Building construction— Continued
Special-trade contractors— Continued
Year and month

Other special-trade
contractors
Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

1948: Average_______$69.65
1949: Average.......... - 71.39

36.9 $1,888 $69. 61
68.72
36.1
1.979

1949: December___ ..

34.6

69.18

1950: January---------- 67. 87
February_____ 64.12
M arch________ 67.76
April__________ 71.44
M a y __________ 74. 46
June__________ 75.81
July---------------- 76. 75
August------------ 78. 57
September____ 76. 59
October_______ 79.06
Novem ber____ 78.92
December____ 77.62

33.4
31.6
33.1
35.0
36.2
36.8
36.9
37.7
36.3
37.1
37.0
36.1

2.001
2.032
2.029
2.047
2.041
2. 057
2.060
2.080
2.084
2.110
2.131
2.133
2.150

Plastering and lath­
ing

Masonry

60.92
61.68
54.29
58.00
67.39
70.98
74. 27
73. 91
76. 50
71.88
77.36
78.70
68.22

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

35.4 $1.969 $78. 52
33.8 2.033 80.39
29.8
30. 0
26.1
28.1
32. 2
33. 8
35.1
34.7
36.0
33. 2
35.6
36. 2
31.6

2. 044
2.056
2.080
2.064
2. 093
2.100
2.116
2.130
2.125
2.165
2.173
2.174
2.159

77. 50
75.57
75.44
81.09
83.66
88.86
90.65
91.73
93.11
92. 89
93.07
89.39
93.29

Avg.
wkly.
horns

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

36.1 $2.175 $67.98
67.14
34.9 2.301
33.5
32.6
32.2
33.9
34.7
35.7
36.1
36.2
36.4
36.6
36.2
35.6
36.5

2.311
2.318
2.343
2.392
2.411
2.489
2. 511
2.534
2. 558
2.538
2. 571
2.511
2.556

Roofing and sheetmetal work

Carpentry

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

37.9 $1. 792 $62.47
1.837 62.86
36.6

Excavation and foun­
dation work
Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

36.5 $1. 710 $66. 44
1.759 69.66
35.7

38.9
37.8

$1.709
1.844

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

67.89

35.9

1.889

61.30

34.1

1.799

66.80

35.4

1.890

66. 51
58.66
63.49
64.79
65. 58
67.40
67. 90
70. 50
71.17
71.17
72. 53
72. 25

35.7
32.0
34.3
36.5
36.7
37.3
37.7
38.4
38.2
37.4
37.5
36.4

1.863
1.833
1.851
1.775
1.787
1.807
1.801
1.836
1. 863
1.903
1.934
1.985

58. 50
53.64
57.99
61.64
65.05
65. 70
65.77
68. 50
65. 99
68.19
68.08
66. 74

32.3
30.0
31.9
34.3
35.9
36.6
36.4
37.7
36.2
36.8
36.8
35.9

1.811
1.788
1.818
1.797
1.812
1.795
1.807
1.817
1. 823
1. 853
1. 850
1. 859

65. 57
62. 62
67. 69
73. 59
74.10
74.74
73. 57
77. 26
75. 01
78.40
82.38
83.69

34.4
33.2
35.7
39.1
39.0
39.4
38.7
40. 6
38.0
38.6
39.1
40.1

1.906
1.886
1.896
1.882
1.900
1.897
1. 901
1.903
1. 974
2. 031
2.107
2.087

Manufacturing
Food and kindred products
Total: Manufacturing

1948: Average..........
1949: Average-.........

$54.14
54.92

1949: December-----

56.04

1950: January-------February____
M arch_______
A p ril...............
M a y _________
J u n e ,-..........July...... ......... August—.........
September.
October______
Novem ber—
December___

Durable goods 3

40.1 $1.350 $57.11
58.03
39.2
1.401

56.29
56.37
56. 53
56.93
57. 54
58.85
59.21
60. 32
60. 64
61.99
62.38
63.80

39.8
39.7
39.7
39.7
39.7
39.9
40.5
40.5
41.2
41.0
41.3
41.2
41.4

1.408
1.418
1.420
1.424
1.434
1.442
1.453
1.462
1.464
1.479
1.501
1.514
1. 541

59.19
59.40
59.47
59.74
61.01
61.57
62.86
63.01
64. 33
65.14
66.39
66. 58
68.24

Nondurable goods 3

40.5 $1,410 $50.61
51.41
1.469
39.5
40.1
40.0
40.1
40.2
40.7
40.8
41.3
41.1
41.8
41.7
42.1
41.9
42.2

1.476
1.485
1.483
1.486
1.499
1. 509
1. 522
1.533
1.539
1.562
1.577
1.589
1.617

52.69
52. 91
53.06
53.04
52.17
52.83
53.92
54.73
55. 65
55.30
56. 58
57.19
58. 26

Total: urananceana
accessories

39.6 $1. 278 $57.20
1.325
58. 76
38.8
39.5
39.4
39.3
39.2
38.5
38.9
39.5
39.8
40.5
40.1
40.3
40.3
40.4

1.334
1.343
1.350
1.353
1.355
1.358
1.365
1.375
1.374
1.379
1.404
1.419
1.442

60.85
60. 70
60.88
61.31
61.43
61.66
61.90
64.92
66.12
67.41
68.64
70.79
68.64

Total: Food and kin­
dred products

41.6 $1. 375 $51.87
1.469
53.58
40.0
40.7
40.2
40.4
40.6
40.6
40.7
40.7
42.6
42.6
43.1
43.2
43.4
42.5

Meat prodiicts

42.0 $1. 235 $58.37
1.291
57.44
41.5

43.3
41.5

$1.348
1.384

1.495

54.57

41.4

1.318

60. 98

43.4

1.405

1. 510
1.507
1.510
1.513
1. 515
1. 521
1.524
1.552
1. 564
1.589
1.631
1.615

54.94
54.05
54.42
54.14
54.90
56.01
56.94
56.19
56. 36
56.83
57.98
59.63

41.4
40.7
40.7
40.4
41.0
41.8
42.3
41.9
42.0
41.6
41.8
42.2

1.327
1.328
1.337
1.340
1.339
1.340
1.346
1.341
1.342
1.366
1.387
1.413

60.19
55.99
56.14
55.64
57.10
58.11
59.31
57.92
62. 59
61. 24
65.34
69.50

42.9
40.4
40.3
39.8
40.7
41.3
41.8
40.7
41.7
40.8
43.3
45.1

1.403
1.386
1,393
1.398
1.403
1.407
1.419
1.423
1.501
1.501
1.509
1.541

Manufacturing— Continued
Food and kindred products— Continued

M eat packing

Sausages and casings*

1948: Average---------1949: Average---------

$1.363 $55. 51
1.398 57.44

1949: December____

58.14

1950: January-.........
February____
M arch_______
April_________
M a y _________
June........... —
July..................
A u gu st.-.........
September. . October--------N o v e m b e r ...
December----See footnotes at end of table.

930470— 51------7


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

57
5fi
57
57
00

94
Q1
SI
04
07

02 00

O3

54

64I93

Dairy products

42. 5 $1.306 $52. 26
54.61
1.371
41.9
42.5
41 6
41.3
41. 2
40.6
43. 0
43. 0
43. 9
42 8
42 8
41 4
42 7
4 3 .2

1.368
1.376
1.378
1.391
1.405
1.411
1.408
1.426
1.418
1 459
1. 468
1 488
1.503

54.29
55.67
54. 88
54.63
54. 79
55.02
55.85
57. 21
56. 57
56. 81
56.74
56. 75
57. 64

Condensed and evap­
orated milk*

45.4 $1.151 $54.17
1.219 56.13
44.8
44.1
44.5
43.8
43.7
43.9
44.3
45.0
45.3
45.0
44. 7
44. 5
44.2
44.2

1.231
1.251
1.253
1.250
1.248
1.242
1.241
1.263
1.257
1.271
1.275
1.284
1.304

55.16
56.09
55. 37
55. 57
56. 51
56.61
58.02
58.86
58.16
58. 59
57. 58
57. 91
59.20

Ice cream and ices*

46.3 $1.170 $52. 33
1.239
55.00
45.3

44.8
44.9

1.248

55.82

44.2

1.252
1.247
1.246
1.242
1.236
1.237
1.274
1.248
1.271
1.260
1.284
1.304

55.93
56. 50
56.44
56.10
56. 20
54.99
57. 49
57. 50
58.43
58. 74
59. 21
60.51

43.9
44.0
44.2
44.0
44.5
43.3
44.6
44.2
44.2
44.1
43.7
44.2

44.2
44.8
44.4
44.6
45.5
45.8
46.9
46.2
46.6
46.1
45.7
45.1
45.4

Canning and preserv­
ing

$1.168 $42.63
1.225 43. 77

38.2
38.8

$1.116
1.128

1.263

43. 26

36.6

1.182

1.274
1.284
1.277
1.275
1.263
1.270
1.289
1.301
1.322
1.332
1.355
1.369

45.15
44.94
44. 79
44. 32
45. 01
45. 94

38.2
37.7
36.8
36.3
37. 2
38. 9
41. 4
40. 6
41.1
40. 5
38.4
37.1

1.182
1.192
1. 217
1. 221
1. 210
1.181
1.153
1.180
1.148
1. 211
1. 239
1. 243

47 .7 3

47.91
47.18
49. 05
47. 58
46.12

350
T

able

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

M O N TH L Y LABOR

C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Manufacturing— Continued
Food and kindred products— Continued

Year and month

Grain-mill products

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Flour and other
grain-mill products

Prepared feeds

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

1948: Average______ $54.53
1949: Average______ 56.94

44.3 $1. 231 $57.23
1.300
43.8
58. 91

46.3
44.7

1949: December____

56.76

43.1

1.317

59.54

44.1

1.350

54.10

45.2

1.197

1950: January_______
February_____
M arch________
April__________
M a y __________
June__________
July__________
August_______
September___
October_______
November____
December____

56.46
55.48
56.83
55.82
56.35
58.47
60. 60
63. 65
61. 34
59.97
59.83
63.06

42.9
42.0
42.6
42.1
42.4
43.9
44.3
45.4
44.0
43.3
42.8
44.1

1.316
1.321
1.334
1.321
1.329
1.332
1.368
1. 402
1.394
1.385
1.398
1.430

60.03
58.02
58.28
56.16
57.36
58.51
61.86
67.35
64.66
60.85
61.76
66.42

44.3
43.2
43.3
42.1
42.9
43.5
44.6
46.8
45.5
43.4
43.8
45.9

1.355
1.343
1.346
1.334
1.337
1.345
1.387
1.439
1.421
1.402
1.410
1.447

53. 22
51.37
54.86
56.06
55.72
57.63
60.96
57.62
59.14
59.89
59.05
60.52

44.5
42.7
44.6
45.5
44.9
46.7
47.7
45.3
45.7
46.0
44.7
45.4

1.196
1.203
1. 230
1. 232
1.241
1.234
1.278
1.272
1.294
1.302
1.321
1.333

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

$1,236 $51.01
1.318 54. 98

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Bakery products

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Sugar

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Cane-sugar refining*

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

42.4 $1,164 $52.04
41.7
1.239 56.01

41.8 $1.245
42.4
1.321

$51.74
56.62

42.0
42.1

$1. 232
1.345

52.16

41.3

1.263

54.91

42.4

1.295

56.36

40.9"

1.378

52.07
52.96
52. 75
52.37
53.12
53.21
53.88
54.34
53.85
54.19
54.86
55.37

41.1
41.6
41.5
41.2
41.6
41.9
41.7
41.8
41.2
41.4
41.4
41.6

1.267
1.273
1.271
1.271
1.277
1.270
1.292
1.300
1.307
1.309
1.325
1.331

55.78
55.44
55.92
55.32
57. 59
59.23
66.36
64.64
63.54
56.90
61.55
64.03

39.9
39.8
40.2
39.4
41.4
42.4
45.7
45.3
43.7
41.9
46.0
45.9

1.398
1.393
1.391
1.404
1.391
1.397
1.452
1.427
1.454
1.358
1.338
1.395

56. 42
55.36
56.84
55.00
61.11
62.12
73.01
71. 43
69. 01
56.83
57.33
68.61

40.1
39.8
40.6
39.4
43.4
43.9
49.4
48.2
45.7
39.6
40.4
45.5

1.407
1.391
1.400
1.396
1.408
1.415
1.478
1.482
1.510
1.435
1.419
1.508

Avg.
wkly.
hours

45.3 $1.126 $49.35
46.2 1.190 51.67

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Manufacturing— Continued
Food and kindred products— Continued

Beet sugar*

Confectionery and
related products

Confectionery

1948: Average______ $53.48
1949: Average..........
56.09

41.3 $1. 295 $44.00
42.3 1.326
45.12

40.0 $1.100 $41.46
40.0
1.128 42.63

1949: December____

54.16

41.6

1.302

45.35

40.6

1.117

1950: January...........
February_____
M arch________
April___ ______
M a y __________
June__________
July...................
August_______
September___
October_______
November____
December____

56.97
56.42
54.68
57.74
52.25
54. 29
56.37
56.01
58.04
57.35
64.43
62.06

38.7
39.4
38.7
39.6
37.7
39.2
38.9
40.5
40.9
42.8
47.8
45.1

1.472
1.432
1.413
1.458
1.386
1.385
1.449
1.383
1.419
1.340
1.348
1.376

45.59
45.26
45.19
43.77
45.36
46.37
45.98
47. 99
49.35
49.00
48. 20
47. 59

40.2
39.7
39.4
37.9
39.1
39.6
38.8
40.5
41.3
41.0
40.5
40.3

1.134
1.140
1.147
1.155
1.160
1.171
1.185
1.185
1. 195
1.195
1.190
1.181

Beverages

Bottled soft drinks

39.6 $1.047 $61. 43
39.8
1.071
64. 21

41.9 $1. 466 $46.26
41.0
1.566 48.40

42.98

40.7

1.056

63.12

39.7

1.590

42.75
42.60
42.92
41.59
43. 56
44.36
44.16
45.82
47.13
47.19
47.18
47.45

39.8
39.3
39.2
37.6
39.0
39.4
38.6
40.3
41.2
41.0
41.1
41.7

1.074
1.084
1.095
1.106
1.117
1.126
1.144
1.137
1.144
1.151
1.148
1.138

63.52
64.52
65.16
66.38
66.71
68. 96
71.11
68.39
67.86
68.14
67.85
68.26

39.7
40.0
40.1
40.7
41.1
42.0
42.3
41.3
41.2
41.0
40.8
40.2

1.600
1.613
1.625
1.631
1.623
1.642
1.681
1. 656
1.647
1.662
1.663
1.698

M alt liquors

44.1 $1.049 $66.40
1.105 69.46
43.8

42.0
41.1

$1.581
1.690

46.07

42.0

1.097

68.14

39.8

1.712

46.67
46.98
46.72
47. 90
48.64
51.29
50.34
49. 78
49. 53
49. 92
50.41
50.65

42.5
42.4
41.9
42.5
43.2
44.1
43.1
43.1
42.7
43.0
43.2
43.0

1.098
1.108
1.115
1.127
1.126
1.163
1.168
1.155
1.160
1.161
1.167
1.178

68.52
69.32
70.42
72.19
72. 82
74.95
77.86
73.25
72. 71
72.48
73.02
73.15

39.7
40.0
40.1
40.9
41.4
42.2
42.9
40.9
40.8
40.2
40.5
39.5

1.726
1.733
1.756
1.765
1.759
1.776
1.815
1.791
1.782
1.803
1.803
1.852

Manufacturing— Continued
Food and kindred products— Continued
Distilled, rectified,
and blended liquors
1948: Average___
1949: Average___

$54. 92
57.00

Miscellaneous food
products

40.5 $1. 356 $49.74
39.2
1.454 52.17

Tobacco manufactures
Total: Tobacco
manufactures

42.3 $1.176 $36.50
41.9
1.245 37.25

38.1
37.1

Cigarettes

$0. 958 $44. 51
1.004 46.33

Cigars

Tobacco and snufl

38.6 $1.153 $32. 71
1.229 32. 41
37.7

37.6 $0.870
36.7
.884

$37. 21
39.10

37.7
37.2

$0.987
1.051

1949: December____

56.77

38.0

1.494

53.00

42.0

1.262

38.76

38.0

1.020

48. 53

38.7

1.254

32.60

36.8

.886

41.46

38.6

1.074

1950: January___
February...
M arch_____
A p ril...........
M a y . . .........
June.............
July_______
August____
September.
October___
Novem ber.
December..

59.70
58.67
58.45
57.66
57.47
59.35
59.51
66.00
65.18
64.95
64.95
66.37

39.8
38.5
39.2
38.8
38.7
39.7
39.2
41.8
42.0
40.8
40.9
41.2

1.500
1.524
1.491
1.486
1.485
1.495
1.518
1.579
1.552
1.592
1.588
1.611

53.21
52.65
53. 71
53.15
53.16
54.82
56.15
56. 50
56.16
56.06
56.26
57.04

41.8
41.1
41.6
41.2
41.6
42.2
42.8
43.0
43.0
42.6
42.4
42.5

1.273
1.281
1.291
1.290
1.278
1.299
1.312
1.314
1.306
1.316
1.327
1.342

39.25
38.48
39.49
38.59
39.67
41.59
42.12
43. 37
42.02
41.21
42.41
43. 52

38.0
36.2
36.7
35.5
36.7
38.3
38.4
39.5
39.2
38.3
38.0
39.0

1.033
1.063
1.076
1.087
1.081
1.086
1.097
1.098
1.072
1.076
1.116
1.116

49.15
46.96
48.65
48. 41
47.99
51.21
52.50
57.94
50.36
45.10
50.18
54.03

39.1
37.3
38.7
38.0
37.7
40.1
40.6
43.6
39.5
35.4
37.9
40.2

1.257
1.259
1.257
1.274
1.273
1.277
1.293
1.329
1.275
1.274
1.324
1.344

33.25
33.87
33.71
31.38
34.49
35.49
35.11
36.11
37. 57
39.35
39.38
38.09

36.5
35.8
35.3
33.0
36.3
37.2
36.8
37.5
38.1
39.0
38.8
38.2

.911
.946
.955
.951
.950
.954
.954
.963
.986
1.009
1.015
.997

40.69
40.04
40.92
41.96
40.88
43.31
44.54
45. 77
44.23
44.24
42.81
44. 77

37.4
36.3
36.8
37.4
35.7
38.5
38.9
39.7
39.0
38.5
36.5
38.1

1.088
1.103
1.112
1.122
1.145
1.125
1.145
1.153
1.134
1.149
1.173
1.175

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

R E V IE W , M ARCH 1951

T

able

351

C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1— Con.
Manufacturing— Continued
Tobacco manufac­
tures— Con.

Year and month

Tobacco stemming
and redrying

Textile-mill products

Total: Textile-mill
products

Y a m and thread
mills

Broad-woven fabric
mills

Y a m mills

Cotton, silk, syn­
thetic fiber
United States

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings
1948: Average.......... . $34.24
1949: Average_______ 34.20

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
Avg.
wkly.
wkly.
earn­
hours
ings

40.0 $0.856 $45. 59
38.3
.893 44.83

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

39.2 $1.163 $41.49
1.189 40. 51
37.7

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

38.1 $1. 089 $41.42
36.4
1.113
40. 55

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

37.9 $1.093
36.3
1.117

$46.13
44.48

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

39.6 $1.165 $44.36
37.5
1.186 42.89

39.4
37.2

$1.126
1.153

Avg.
wkly.
hours

1949: December____

36.80

40.4

.911

47.64

39.8

1.197

44.08

39.5

1.116

43.98

39.3

1.119

48.40

40.3

1.201

47.19

40.4

1.168

1950: January............
February_____
M a r c h _______
April_________
M a y ......... .........
June__________
July.................. .
A u g u st. ____
September____
October_______
Novem ber____
December____

37.58
35.34
39. 58
39.14
37.19
40.11
40.16
*35.24
*39. 26
37.37
34.11
38.08

41.8
35.3
38.5
38.0
36.5
38.6
39.1
*38.1
*43.1
41.2
36.1
40.6

.899
1.001
1.028
1.030
1.019
1.039
1.027
*. 925
*.911
.907
.945
.938

47.36
47.88
47. 39
45. 51
45.63
46. 75
47.27
49. 33
49.98
52.58
53.19
53.49

39.4
39.6
39.2
37.8
37.9
38.7
39.0
40.5
40.7
40.6
40.7
40.8

1.202
1.209
1.209
1.204
1.204
1.208
1.212
1.218
1.228
1.295
1.307
1.311

43.67
43.84
42. 67
40.80
41.62
42.68
43. 24
44.96
46.40
49.33
49. 61
49.73

39.2
39.0
38.0
36.4
36.9
37.8
38.2
39.4
40.1
40. 2
40.3
40.5

1.114
1.124
1.123
1.121
1.128
1.129
1.132
1.141
1.157
1.227
1.231
1. 228

43.60
43.88
42.60
40.65
41.77
42. 79
43.36
45.34
46. 56
49.16
49.52
49.85

39.0
38.9
37.8
36.1
36.8
37.7
38.1
39.6
40.0
40.0
40.1
40.4

1.118
1.128
1.127
1.126
1.135
1.135
1.138
1.145
1.164
1. 229
1.235
1.234

48.16
48.16
47. 72
45.81
45. 82
46.92
47. 52
49.29
49.90
53.17
53.68
54.28

40.0
40.1
39.8
38.4
38.5
39.2
39.5
40.8
41.1
40.9
41.1
41.4

1.204
1.201
1.199
1.193
1.190
1.197
1.203
1.208
1.214
1.300
1.306
1.311

47.04
47.07
46.88
44.66
44. 35
45. 24
45. 90
47.86
48.62
52.29
52. 62
53.38

40.1
40.2
40.0
38.4
38.3
38.9
39.3
40.7
41.1
41.3
41.4
41.7

1.173
1.171
1.172
1.163
1.158
1.163
1.168
1.176
1.183
1.266
1. 271
1.280

Manufacturing— Continued
Textile-mill products— Continued
Cotton, silk, synthetic fiber —Continued

Full-fashioned hosiery
Woolen and worsted

South

North
1948: Average............
1949: Average_______ $46.36

Knitting mills

38.0 $1. 220 $41.92

United States

37.0 $1.133

$52.45
51.19

40.1
38.9

$1.308 $41.14
1.316 41.47

North

37.5 $1.097 $52. 85
36.8
1.127
52.09

38.8 $1.362
37.5
1.389 $53.98

36.9

$1.463

49.73

40.5

1.228

46.35

40.3

1.150

53.37

40.1

1.331

42.34

37.6

1.126

53.15

37.8

1.406

54.54

37.0

1.474

1950: January_______ 49.94
February_____ 50.06
M arch________ 49. 57
April.................. 47.98
M a y __________ 47.74
June................... 48. 27
July.................... 49.03
August.............. 50.80
September____ 51. 58
October_______ 55. 94
November____ 56.07
December_____

40.5
40.6
40.2
39.1
39.0
39.4
39.8
41.0
41.1
41.5
41.5

1.233
1.233
1.233
1.227
1.224
1.225
1.232
1. 239
1.255
1.348
1.351

46. 04
46. 20
46. 00
43.70
43.40
44.31
45. 08
46.97
47.83
51.25
51. 46

39.9
40.1
39.9
38.2
38.1
38.7
39.2
40.6
41.2
41.3
41.3

1.154
1.152
1.153
1.144
1.139
1.145
1.150
1.157
1.161
1.241
1.246

52.92
52. 51
51.00
50. 94
51.94
53. 36
53.51
54. 21
54.81
56.30
57. 89
58.28

39.7
39.6
38.9
38.8
39.5
40.3
40.2
40.7
40.9
39.1
39.9
40.0

1.333
1.326
1.311
1.313
1.315
1.324
1.331
1.332
1.340
1.440
1. 451
1. 457

41.73
43.38
43. 55
40.60
40. 67
41. 85
42. 77
45. 67
45.63
47. 67
48.03
47.29

36.8
37.2
37.0
35.0
35.0
36.2
37.0
39.2
38.9
39. 2
38.8
38.2

1.134
1.166
1.177
1.160
1.162
1.156
1.156
1.165
1.173
1. 216
1.238
1. 238

51.53
53.16
54.25
49. 02
49. 76
50.62
52. 06
54.94
54.35
57. 87
58. 92
57.45

36.6
37.2
38.1
35.6
36.4
37.3
38.0
39.7
39.1
39.5
39.2
38.4

1. 408
1.429
1.424
1.377
1.367
1.357
1.370
1.384
1.390
1.465
1. 503
1.496

53.10
55.65
55. 80
48. 82
49. 90
50.42
50.73
55.06
54.12
58. 52
60.17

36.0
37.2
37.5
35.4
36.4
37.4
37.3
39.7
39.3
39.3
39.1

1.475
1.496
1.488
1.379
1.371
1.348
1.360
1.387
1.377
1.489
1.539

1949: December.........

M anufacturing— Continued
Textile-mill products— Continued
Full-fashioned ho­
siery— Continued

Seamless hosiery
K nit outerwear

South

North

United States
$30.27
31.45

35.2 $0.860
35.5
.886 $35.06

1948: Average.............
1949: Average............. $50.31

38.2

1949: December____

51.67

38.5

1.342

33.42

37.3

.896

36.21

38.6

1950: January............
February_____
M arch________
April................ .
M a y ...................
June...................
July....................
A u g u st.............
September____
October_______
Novem ber-----December____

50.18
51.14
53. 02
49. 09
49.61
50.82
53.19
54. 83
54.68
57.18
58.08

37.2
37.3
38.7
35. 7
36.4
37.2
38.6
39.7
39.0
39.6
39.4

1.349
1.371
1.370
1.375
1.363
1.366
1.378
1.381
1.402
1.444
1.474

32.92
34. 50
33.29
31.78
31.17
33.13
33.36
37.11
36.98
38.08
38.43
37.92

36.3
36.2
34.5
32.8
32.2
34.3
35.0
38.1
37.5
37.7
37.6
37.1

.907
.953
.965
.969
.968
.966
.953
.974
.986
1.010
1.022
1.022

35.78
36.88
36. 47
35.90
36. 47
36.83
35.88
39.42
39. 62
40.35
41.59

37.9
38.1
37.4
36.6
37.1
37.5
36.8
39.5
39.0
39.1
39.5

See footnotes at end of table.

930470— 51-------8


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$1.317

K nit underwear

South
$39. 75
40.96

38.0 $1.046 $37.40
38.1
1.075 36.34

37.7
36.2

$0.992
1.004

37.7 $0.930 $30.78

35.1

.938

32.82

37.0

.887

41.16

38.4

1.072

37. 07

37.0

1.002

.944
.968
.975
.981
.983
.982
.975
.998
1.016
1.032
1.053

32.40
34.11
32.65
31.01
30.11
32.42
32.93
36. 63
36.46
37.59
37.76

36.0
35.9
33.9
32.1
31.2
33.7
34.7
37.8
37.2
37.4
37.2

.900
.950
.963
.966
.965
.962
.949
.969
.980
1.005
1.015

41.47
42.74
43.80
43. 05
42. 75
43.42
42.14
43.90
42.75
46.43
46.18
45.65

37.8
38.3
38.9
38.2
37.9
38.7
37.9
39.3
38.0
40.2
39.5
38.3

1.097
1.116
1.126
1.127
1.128
1.122
1.112
1.117
1.125
1.155
1.169
1.192

37.29
38.42
38.40
35. 71
35.26
36.30
38.31
41.17
42.63
43.43
43.31
43.36

36.7
37.3
37.1
34.5
34.0
35.0
36.8
39.4
40.1
39.7
39.3
39.2

1.016
1.030
1.035
1.035
1.037
1.037
1.041
1.045
1.063
1.094
1.102
1.106

$0.877

352
T

able

C: EARN INO 8 AND HOURS

M O N TH LY LABO R

C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1— Con.
Manufacturing— Continued
Apparel and other
f in is h e d t e x t ile
products

Textile-mill products— Continued

Year and month

Dyeing and finish­
ing textiles

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

1948: Average_______ $51.00
1949: Average............ 51.50

41.0
40.3

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Carpets, rugs, other
floor coverings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

$1.244 $58.13
1.278 56.80

42.0
39.5

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Other textile-m ill
products

Fur-felt hats and hat Total: Apparel and
other finished tex­
bodies
tile products

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

41.7 $1.393
1.453
38.7

$47. 96
47.89

39.7
38.9

$1. 208 $49.17
1.231
49. 21

36.5
35.3

W ool carpets, rugs,
and carpet yarn

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

$1.384 $58.09
1.438 56.23

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

$1.347 $42.79
1.394
41.89

36.2
35.8

$1.182
1.170

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

53.84

41.9

1.285

59.99

41.4

1.449

60.58

41.1

1.474

49.64

40.1

1.238

50.55

35.7

1.416

41.82

35.9

1.165

1950: January_______ 52.03
February_____ 53.37
M arch........... __ 52. 42
April__________ 50.89
M a y . . ............... 49.25
June__________ 51.18
July___________ 50. 84
August_______ 56.03
September____ 55.76
October___ ___ 56. 26
58.32
November___
December . . .
58.66

40.3
41.5
40.7
39.6
38.3
39.8
39.5
42.9
42.6
41.4
41.9
41.9

1.291
1.286
1.288
1.285
1.286
1.286
1.287
1. 306
1.309
1.359
1.392
1.400

60. 44
60. 80
60. 99
59.15
60.61
61.17
59.86
61. 44
62.94
66.46
66.75
67.15

41.4
41.5
41.6
40.4
41.2
41.5
40.5
41.4
41.6
42.6
42.3
42.1

1.460
1.465
1.466
1.464
1.471
1.474
1.478
1.484
1.513
1. 560
1.578
1. 595

61.41
61.62
61.81
60. 48
61.68
61.99
60. 07
61.46
62.19
66.36
66.80
66.62

41.3
41.3
41.4
40.4
41.2
41.3
40.1
40.7
40.7
42.0
41.8
41.2

1.487
1.492
1.493
1.497
1.497
1.501
1.498
1.510
1.528
1.580
1.598
1. 617

49.80
50.91
49. 75
49. 29
49. 95
51.44
51.92
53.16
53.37
54. 77
55.84
56.60

40.0
40.6
39.8
39.4
39.8
40.5
40.5
41.4
40.9
40.9
41.3
41.8

1.245
1. 254
1.250
1.251
1.255
1.270
1.282
1.284
1.305
1.339
1.352
1.354

53.44
53.03
44. 84
40.02
48. 72
52.69
52.19
54.44
50.87
50.48
51.95
59.18

37.5
37.4
32.9
29.0
34.6
37.0
36.7
38.1
35.8
35. 5
36.0
39.4

1.425
1.418
1.363
1.380
1.408
1.424
1.422
1. 429
1.421
1.422
1.443
1. 502

42.70
44.48
43.50
40.80
41.27
41.89
43.22
46. 06
43.09
45. 51
44. 50
45.86

36.0
36.7
36.4
35.2
35.7
35.8
36.2
37.6
35.7
37.3
36.9
36.6

1.186
1.212
1.195
1.159
1.156
1.170
1.194
1.225
1.207
1. 220
1. 206
1.253

1949: December____

Manufacturing— Continued
Apparel and other finished textile products— Continued

M en ’s and boys’
suits and coats

M en ’s and boys’
furnishings and
work clothing
36.2
36.2

Shirts, collars, and
nightwear

Separate trousers

36.1 $0. 928 $35.31
36.0
.927 34. 91

W ork shirts

W om en’s outerwear

1948: Average..........
1949: Average...........

$50.11
46.67

36.6
34.7

1949: December____

46.64

34.7

1.344

33.82

36.8

.919

34.52

37.2

.928

34.14

35.3

.967

27.58

35.4

.779

49.13

34.5

1.424

1950: January_______
February_____
M arch________
April______ . .
M a y __________
June__________
July---------------A u gu st.............
September____
October_______
November____
December____

47.72
49.88
50.81
47.46
48.92
48.99
49. 22
51.08
47.75
51.77
52.38
55.05

35.4
37.0
37.5
35.5
36.7
36.7
36.9
37.7
35.4
37.9
37.9
37.5

1.348
1.348
1.355
1.337
1.333
1.335
1.334
1.355
1.349
1.366
1.382
1. 468

33.63
35.64
35.62
35.00
35.29
35.55
35.34
37.43
37.18
38.38
38.53
38. 58

36.2
36.4
36.2
35.5
35.9
36.2
36.1
38.0
37.4
38.3
37.7
37.1

.929
.979
.984
.986
.983
.982
.979
.985
.994
1.002
1.022
1.040

33.43
35.19
35.40
35.02
34. 81
34. 82
34.55
36.71
37.20
38.02
39. 42
39.38

35.6
36.2
36.2
35.7
35.7
35.6
35.4
37.5
37.5
38.4
38.2
37.4

.939
.972
.978
.981
.975
.978
.976
.979
.992
.990
1.032
1.053

36.47
39.26
39. 77
39.33
39.81
39.34
38. 52
40. 08
38.45
40. 91
40. 54
40. 70

36.8
37.9
38.2
38.0
38.1
37.9
37.4
38.5
36.9
38.7
38.1
37.1

.991
1.036
1.041
1.035
1.045
1.038
1.030
1.041
1.042
1.057
1. 064
1.097

27.80
30.55
30.43
29.75
31.18
30.66
31.52
33.00
33.03
32. 95
32.01
32.78

35.6
35.4
35.3
34.0
35.8
35.4
36.1
37.8
37.2
36.9
35.1
35.4

.781
.863
.862
.875
.871
.866
.873
.873
.888
.893
.912
.926

50.86
52.63
49.67
46.06
45.57
45.87
49. 62
54.01
46.43
50.94
48. 41
51.99

35.0
35.9
35.4
34.5
34.6
33.8
34.7
36.2
32.2
34. 7
34.6
35.2

1.453
1.466
1.403
1.335
1.317
1.357
1.430
1.492
1.442
1.468
1.399
1. 477

$1.369 $33.20
1.345 33.30

$0.917 $33.50
.920 33.37

35.7 $0.989 $26. 49
35.7
27.44
.978

35.7
35.5

$0.742 $51. 49
.773
49.69

35.1
34.7

$1.467
1.432

Manufacturing— Continued
Apparel and other finished textile products— Continued

W om en’s dresses

Household apparel

W om en’s and chil­
dren’s undergar­
ments

U n d e rw e a r and
nightwear, except
corsets

Millinery

1948: Average_______ $48. 72
1949: Average_______ 47.20

34.8 $1.400 $31.59
1.372 32.23
34.4

1949: December____

47.40

34.5

1.374

31.23

35.9

.870

63.67

33.3

1.912

36.36

36.8

.988

34.45

36.0

.957

50.35

34.7

1.451

1950: January______
February_____
M arch________
April__________
M a y __________
June__________
July__________
A u g u s t______
September____
October___
November . . .
December_____

48.30
48.89
49.37
49.44
48. 71
45.69
45.53
50.23
44.37
47.66
47. 88
50. 05

34.9
35.4
35.8
35.7
35.3
34.1
34.7
35.7
31.9
33.8
34.4
35.2

1.384
1.381
1.379
1.385
1.380
1.340
1.312
1.407
1.391
1.410
1.392
1.422

31.38
34.95
35.53
34. 99
35.31
32.92
32. 27
34.64
35.28
36.43
36. 68
35.44

35.1
37.1
37.4
36.6
36.4
33.7
33.2
36.2
36.6
37.4
37.5
35.8

.894
.942
.950
.956
.970
.977
.972
.957
.964
.974
.978
.990

66.97
69.83
60.70
51.19
50.13
58.41
66.46
73.26
57.91
66.25
66. 87
74. 59

34.7
35.5
32.6
29.1
29.7
33.9
35.5
37.0
30.1
33.8
35.8
38.0

1.930
1.967
1.862
1.759
1.688
1.723
1.872
1.980
1.924
1.960
1. 868
1.963

36.58
37.52
37. 87
36.22
36.15
36.43
37.13
40. 04
39.95
41. 76
41.10
39.42

36.8
37.0
36.8
35.2
35.2
35.4
36.3
38.5
37.8
39.1
38.3
36.7

.994
1.014
1.029
1.029
1.027
1.029
1.023
1.040
1.057
1. 068
1.073
1.074

34.78
36.03
35.68
34.09
33.69
34.25
35.60
38. 24
38.35
40.16
38.82
36.75

36.5
36.5
36.0
34.3
34.1
34.6
36.0
38.2
37.6
38.8
37.4
35.4

.953
.987
.991
.994
.988
.990
.989
1.001
1.020
1.035
1.038
1.038

55.11
64.36
62.56
44.91
46.06
49. 72
50.62
62.08
53.56
53.27
46. 76
50.99

36.4
40.2
39.2
30.7
31.7
33.1
33.7
38.8
33.9
35.0
31.3
34.2

1.514
1.601
1.596
1.463
1.453
1.502
1.502
1.600
1.580
1.522
1.494
1.491

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

36.1
36.5

W o m e n ’ s su its ,
coats, and skirts

$0.875 $70.60
.883
66.38

35.0 $2.017 $35.32
33.8
1.964 35.79

36.6
36.6

$0.965 $34.12
.978 34.08

36.3
36.1

$0. 940 $50.22
.944
53.55

34.8
35.3

$1.443
1.517

T able

353

G: EARNINGS AND HOURS

REVIEW, MARCH 1951

C - l : Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1— Con.
Manufacturing— C ontinued
Lumber and wood
products (except
furniture)

Apparel and other finished textile products— Continued

Year and month

Children’s outerwear

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
hrl y
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Fur goods and mis­
cellaneous apparel

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

36. 5 $1. 006 $42. 21
36.3 1.021 42.05

1948: Average........... $36.72
1949: Average.......... 37.06

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Other fabricated
textile products

Avg.
Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

36.7 $1.150 $38.49
36.0 1.168 39. 74

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Curtains and
draperies

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Textile bags

Avg.
wkly. Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

38.0 $1. 013
38.1 1.043

Total: Lumber and
wood products (ex­
cept furniture)
Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

$51.38
51.72

41.5
40.6

$1.238
1.274

1949: December........ 37.07

36.2

1.024

43. 57

36.8

1.184

39.36

37.7

1.044

52.66

41.3

1.275

38. 25
40. 28
38. 76
35. 97
37. 46
38.08
39.13
40 92
38.12
40. 48
39. 29
39. 67

36. 5
37.3
36. 5
35.3
36.4
36.3
36. 6
37.2
35.3
37.0
37.0
36.1

1.048
1. 080
1.062
1.019
1. 029
1.049
1.069
1.100
1.080
1.094
1.062
1.099

40. 23
40. 50
40. 76
39.33
41.70
42. 59
43.86
45.84
44.59
47.91
46. 09
45.29

35.6
36.1
36.1
34.9
35.7
35.7
36.4
38.2
37.1
38.7
37.5
37.0

1.130
1.122
1.129
1.127
1.168
1.193
1.205
1.200
1.202
1.238
1.229
1.224

40. 99
40.84
40.32
39.81
40. 77
42. 21
42.61
43. 43
43.88
43.45
42.86
43.62

38.2
38.1
37.4
37.1
37.4
38.3
38.7
39.3
38.8
39.0
38.0
38.2

1.073
1.072
1.078
1.073
1.090
1.102
1.101
1.105
1.131 $37.33
1.114 39. 82
1.128 38.80
1.142 39. 69

48. 02
50. 55
52. 24
53.36
54.38
56.28
56. 27
58.30
57.84
58.83
57. 53
56.61

39.2
39.8
40.4
40.7
40.7
41.6
41.1
42.0
41.2
41.9
41.3
41.2

1.225
1.270
1.293
1.311
1.336
1.353
1.369
1.388
1.404
1.404
1.393
1.374

1950: January...........
February_____
M arch.............
April................
M ay_________
June_________
July..................
August...........
September___
October______
November___
December____

36.6 $i. 020 $43.93
38.4 1.037 44.19
37.2 1.043 43. 37
37.8 1.050 44.06

39.4 $1.115
39.6 1.116
39.0 1.112
39.3 1.121

Manufacturing— Continued
Lumber and wood products (except furniture)— Continued
Sawmills and planing mills, general
Logging camps and
contractors

South

United States
1948: Average......... . $60. 26
1949: Average______ 61.31

Millwork, plywood,
and prefabricated
structural
wood
products

Sawmills and planing mills

38.7 $1. 557 $51.83
39.1 1.568 52.37

41.5 $1. 249 $51.87
40.6 1.290 53.06

West

41.4 $1.253
40.6 1.307 $35.66

42.1 $0.847 $67.12

38.8 $1. 730

$54.95
55.06

43.3
41.9

$1. 269
1.314

1949: December____

62.13

39.8

1.561

52.31

40.8

1.282

53. 04

40.8

1.300

36.29

42.3

.858

67. 67

39.3

1.722

58.87

44.2

1.332

1950: January______
February____
March.............
April________
M ay_________
June.................
July............... .
August______
September___
October______
November___
December____

50.23
54. 86
62. 94
65.31
67.37
67. 85
68. 04
73. 98
70. 07
70.31
64. 47
60. 75

37.4
37.6
38.4
39.2
39.7
39.7
39.4
41.1
38.8
38.8
36.8
37.0

1.343
1.459
1.639
1.666
1.697
1.709
1.727
1.800
1.806
1.812
1. 752
1.642

47.38
50. 59
51.85
53.10
54.19
56.08
55. 95
57.95
57.69
58. 56
57. 21
55. 94

38.3
39.4
40.1
40.5
40.5
41.6
40.9
41.9
41.0
41.8
41.1
40.8

1.237
1.284
1.293
1.311
1.338
1.348
1.368
1.383
1.407
1.401
1.392
1.371

47.77
51.17
52. 31
53. 73
54. 86
56.95
56.67
58.49
58. 49
59.34
57. 83
56.42

38.0
39.3
39.9
40.4
40.4
41.6
40.8
41.6
40.9
41.7
40.9
40.5

1.257
1.302
1.311
1.330
1.358
1.369
1.389
1.406
1.430
1.423
1.414
1.393

35.34
36. 90
37.13
37.97
38.11
39.19
38. 98
40.13
39.63
41.25
40. 49

40.9
40.5
40.8
41.5
41.6
42.5
42.1
43.-2
42.2
43.6
42.4

.864
.911
.910
.915
.916
.922
.926
.929
.939
.946
.955

58.34
64.14
66.43
67.82
69.07
73.93
72. 74
74.28
74.33
74. 82
72.84

34.4
37.4
38.8
39.0
39.0
40.4
39.3
40.0
39.1
39.4
38.4

1.696
1.715
1.712
1.739
1.771
1.830
1.851
1.857
1.901
1.899
1.897

56.14
57.04
57. 74
59. 00
59. 25
61.27
59. 85
61. 55
62.06
63.71
63.89
65. 22

42.4
42.5
42.9
43.0
43.0
43.7
42.9
43.5
43.4
44.0
44.0
44.4

1.324
1.342
1.346
1.372
1.378
1.402
1.395
1.415
1.430
1.448
1.452
1.469

Manufacturing—Continued
Lumber and wood products (except furniture) — Continued

Wooden containers

Millwork

1948: Average1949: Average1949: December____
February....... .
March........ .
April.............. .
M ay_________
June_________
July................ .
August______
September___
October______
November___
December____

$53.40
54.23

43.2 $1.236 $41. 57
42.2 1.285 41.90

Wooden boxes, other
than cigar

41.4 $1. 004 $42.39
40.6 1.032 42.48

Furniture and fixtures

Miscellaneous wood
products

Total: Furniture
and fixtures

42.1 $1. 007 $44.06
41.0 1.036 44.16

42.0 $1.049 $48. 99
40.7 1.085 49.48

Household furniture

41.1 $1.192 $46. 76
40.1 1.234 47.04

40.8
39.8

$1.146
1.182

57.82

44.1

1.311

43.37

41.3

1.050

43.95

41.7

1.054

44.54

40.9

1.089

52. 50

42.2

1.244

50.88

42.4

1.200

56.07
55.76
56.49
57. 56
57.83
59. 69
58.57
59.39
60.63
61.81
62. 27
62.55

42.9
42.4
42.7
42.7
42.9
43.7
43.1
43.1
43.4
43.9
44.1
43.8

1.307
1.315
1.323
1.348
1.348
1.366
1.359
1.378
1.397
1.408
1.412
1.428

41.27
42. 82
42.85
43. 81
44.47
46.48
47. 68
48.10
47.50
48. 74
48. 43
48.29

39.8
39.5
39.6
39.9
40.1
40.7
41.0
41.5
40.7
41.8
41.5
41.2

1.037
1.084
1.082
1.098
1.109
1.142
1.163
1.159
1.167
1.166
1.167
1.172

41.94
43.05
43.30
44. 87
44. 79
47.13
48.40
48. 57
47.64
49. 31
48. 77
48. 97

40.4
39.9
40.2
41.2
40.9
41.6
41.8
42.2
41.5
42.8
42.3
42.4

1.038
1.079
1.077
1.089
1.095
1.133
1.158
1.151
1.148
1.152
1.153
1.155

43.85
44.69
44.91
45.33
44.89
46.16
46.88
48.35
49.10
49. 80
50.34
50.08

40.3
40.3
40.5
40.8
40.3
41.1
41.3
42.3
42.4
42.6
42.7
42.3

1.088
1.109
1.109
1.111
1.114
1.123
1.135
1.143
1.158
1.169
1.179
1.184

51.13
52. 29
52.17
51.67
51.50
52. 50
52.03
54.87
55.42
56.27
56.83
56.59

41.1
41.7
41.7
41.3
41.2
41.8
41.0
42.8
42.6
42.6
42.6
42.2

1.244
1.254
1.251
1.251
1.250
1.256
1.269
1.282
1.301
1. 321
1.334
1.341

49.36
50. 87
50. 70
49.85
50.14
50. 71
49.53
52.91
53.84
54.57
55. 30
54.65

41.2
41.9
41.9
41.2
41.4
41.7
40.6
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.1

1.198
1.214
1.210
1.210
1.211
1.216
1.220
1.239
1.261
1.278
1.295
1.298

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

354
T able

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

MONTHLY LABOR

C - l : Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1— Con.
Manufacturing— Continued
Furniture and fixtures— Continued

Year and month

W ood household
furniture, except
upholstered
A vg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

1948: Average........ .
1949: Average........ .

$43.84
43.68

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

W ood household fur­
niture, upholstered

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

41.2 $1.064 $50. 33
1.092 50.18
40.0

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Mattresses and
bedsprings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

40.1 $1. 255 $50. 85
38.9
1. 290 51.69

Avg.
w kly
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Paper and allied products

Other furniture
and fixtures

A vg.
w kly.
earn­
ings

40.1 $1. 268 $54. 59
39.7
1. 302 55. 47

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Total: Paper and
allied products

Avg.
w kly.
earn­
ings

41.7 $1.309 $55. 25
40.7
1.363 55.96

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Pulp, paper, and
paperboard mills

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

42.8 $1. 291 $59.88
1.342 59.83
41.7

44.0
42.4

$1.361
1.411

A vg.
wkly.
hours

1949: December___

47.10

42.7

1.103

57.68

43.3

1.332

53.85

40.7

1.323

56.65

41.5

1.365

58.09

42.9

1.354

62.09

43.6

1.424

1950: January_____
February___
M arch______
April.............. .
M a y ................
June................
July-------------August______
Septem ber...
October-------N ovem b e r...
December___

46.08
46.70
47. 21
46.40
47.17
47. 52
46.44
49.19
49.97
51.39
51.69
51.10

41.7
42.0
42.3
41.5
42.0
42.2
41.1
43.0
43.0
43.4
43.4
42.8

1.105
1.112
1.116
1.118
1.123
1.126
1.130
1.144
1.162
1.184
1.191
1.194

52.78
54.95
54. 60
54.42
54.42
54. 54
52.87
56.66
58.61
60. 49
60.38
60.35

40.2
41.5
40.9
40.7
40.7
40.7
39.9
42.0
42.5
42.9
42.4
42.2

1. 313
1.324
1.335
1. 337
1.337
1.340
1.325
1.349
1.379
1.410
1.424
1.430

54. 54
57. 43
57.03
54.28
53. 97
55.57
54.31
58.42
59.59
57.69
61.93
61.13

40.7
41.8
41.6
40.0
39.8
40.8
39.7
42.3
42.2
40.8
42.1
41.7

1.340
1.374
1.371
1.357
1.356
1.362
1.368
1.381
1.412
1.414
1.471
1.466

56.13
56.28
56.14
56. 52
55. 41
57.60
58. 86
60.24
59. 71
61.24
61.17
61.88

41.0
41.2
41.1
41. 5
40.8
42.2
42.1
43.0
42.2
42.5
42.3
42.5

1.369
1.366
1.366
1.362
1.358
1.365
1.398
1.401
1.415
1.441
1. 446
1.456

57. 56
57.80
58. 06
58. 20
58. 08
60. 03
61.36
62.74
63.10
63.27
64.93
66.11

42.2
42.5
42.6
42.3
42.3
43.0
43.3
44.0
44.0
44.0
44.2
44.4

1.364
1.360
1.363
1.376
1.373
1.396
1. 417
1.426
1.434
1. 438
1.469
1.489

61.62
61.71
61.89
62. 42
61.82
64.21
65. 74
66.99
66.89
67. 20
69.17
70. 45

43.0
43.4
43.4
43.2
43.2
43.8
44.0
44.6
44.3
44.5
44.6
44.9

1.433
1.422
1.426
1.445
1.431
1.466
1.494
1. 502
1.510
1. 510
1.551
1.569

M anufacturing— C ont inue d
Paper and allied products— Continued

Paperboard con­
tainers and boxes

1948: Average_____
1949: Average____

$50. 96
52.45

1949: D ecem ber...

55. 21

42.9

1.287

1950: January____
February___
M arch______
A p r il............
M a y ________
June________
Ju ly...............
August_____
September..
October------N ovem ber...
December___

53.57
54.17
54. 77
54.03
54.74
56. 62
57. 70
59. 75
60. 96
61.18
62.07
63.56

41.4
41.7
42.0
41.4
41.5
42.6
42.9
44.0
44.3
44.4
44.4
44.7

1. 294
1.299
1.304
1.305
1.319
1.329
1. 345
1.358
1.376
1.378
1.398
1.422

Other paper and
allied products

41.7 $1. 222 $49.48
41. 2 1.273 51.07

Printing, publishing, and allied industries
Total: Printing,
publishing, and
allied industries

Newspapers

Periodicals

Books

41.3 $1.198 $66. 73
40.6
1.258 70.28

39.3 $1.698 $74.00
38.7 1.816 78. 37

37.6 $1.968 $69.55
37.3
2.101
70.21

40.6 $1. 713 $57.43
38.9
1. 805 61.07

51. 99

41.1

1.265

72. 27

39.3

1.839

81.50

38.1

2.139

70.67

38.7

1. 826

61.83

38.5

1.606

52.69
53.03
53. 20
53. 27
53.35
54. 59
55. 36
56. 79
57.06
57.11
58.99
59.95

41.2
41.4
41.5
41.2
41.2
41.7
42.0
42.7
42.9
42.4
42.9
43.1

1.279
1.281
1.282
1.293
1.295
1.309
1.318
1.330
1.330
1.347
1.375
1.391

70.49
70. 75
72.14
72.18
72.64
72. 72
72.30
73.17
74.48
74. 22
74.10
76.03

38.5
38.2
38.6
38.6
38.7
38.7
38.5
38.9
39.2
39.0
39.0
39.6

1.831
1.852
1.869
1.870
1.877
1.879
1.878
1.881
1.900
1.903
1.900
1.920

76.43
76. 38
78.42
79.88
81.05
80. 76
79.20
78.84
81.11
81.07
82.32
85.42

36.5
36.3
36.8
37.1
37.3
37.2
36.6
36.5
36.9
36.8
37.2
38.1

2.094
2.104
2.131
2.153
2.173
2.171
2.164
2.160
2.198
2. 203
2. 213
2.242

69. 94
72.15
74.12
72.41
71.60
71.92
72. 83
75.08
79.98
77.33
76.02
76.03

38.6
39.3
39.7
39.1
38.6
39.0
39.2
39.6
41.1
40.4
39.8
39.7

1. 812
1. 836
1. 867
1. 852
1. 855
1. 844
1. 858
1. 896
1. 946
1. 914
1. 910
1. 915

61.76
60. 50
62. 79
64.05
64.33
64.11
63.34
67.31
64.70
64.16
63.42
65.22

38.1
37.3
38.5
39.2
39.3
39.5
39.0
40. 5
39.5
39.1
38.6
39.1

1.621
1.622
1.631
1.634
1.637
1.623
1. 624
1. 662
1.638
1.641
1.643
1.668

38.7
38.6

$1.484
1.582

Manufacturing— Continued
Printing, publishing, and allied industries— Continued

Commercial printing

Lithographing

1948: Average_______ $66.33
1949: A verage........... 69.44

40.3 $1.646 $64.15
1.749 69.17
39.7

1949: December........

71.17

40.3

1. 766

1950: January_______
February_____
M arch________
April..................
M a y __________
June__________
July....................
Au gust.............
September____
October_______
November____
December_____

70.80
70. 70
71.56
70.88
71.68
71.79
71.95
72.38
73.61
73.78
72.83
75.05

40.0
39.3
39.6
39.4
39.8
39.6
39.6
40.1
40.6
39.9
39.8
40.7

1.770
1. 799
1.807
1.799
1.801
1. 813
1.817
1.805
1.813
1.849
1.830
1.844

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Chemicals and allied products

Other printing and
publishing

Total: Chemicals
and allied products

39.5 $1.624 $59.93
39.3
1.760 62.66

39.3 $1. 525 $56. 23
1.619 58. 63
38.7

70.89

40.6

1.746

64. 59

39.6

1.631

69.03
70. 07
71. 34
71.58
71.74
72.23
73.11
76. 22
75.67
76.09
73.79
74.20

38.5
38.8
39.2
39.2
39.7
39.6
39.8
41.2
40.9
41.4
40.3
40.5

1.793
1.806
1.820
1.826
1.807
1.824
1.837
1.850
1.850
1.838
1.831
1.832

64.48
64. 77
65.16
64. 54
63.39
64.00
64. 58
65. 82
65. 90
65.69
66.63
67.20

39.2
38.9
38.9
38.9
38.3
38.6
39.0
39.2
38.9
39.5
39.9
40.0

1.645
1.665
1.675
1.659
1.655
1.658
1.656
1.679
1.694
1.663
1.670
1.680

Industrial inorganic
chemicals

Industrial organic
chemicals

41.5 $1.355 $62.13
41.0
1.430 63. 90

40.9 $1. 519 $57.69
40.6
1.574 60.83

40.4
39.5

$1. 428
1. 540

59.78

41.6

1.437

64.99

40.8

1.593

62. 75

40.2

1.561

60.05
59.96
60.09
60. 56
61.18
62. 39
62.99
63.48
64.16
64. 55
65.32
66.28

41.3
41.1
41.1
41.2
41.2
41.4
41.2
41.6
41.8
42.0
41.9
42.0

1.454
1.459
1.462
1.470
1.485
1. 507
1.529
1.526
1.535
1.537
1.559
1.578

64.64
65.12
65.48
65. 77
65. 85
65.32
68. 85
68. 97
68. 24
71.13
71. 70
72. 59

40.2
40.7
40.8
40.9
40.7
39.9
41.2
41.6
40.4
41.4
41.3
41.6

1.608
1.600
1.605
1.608
1.618
1.637
1. 671
1.658
1.689
1. 718
1.736
1. 745

63.63
62.64
62. 56
63.12
63.91
65.16
66.02
65.85
67.52
67.98
68. 75
68.99

40.3
40.0
40.0
40.1
40.5
40.8
40.7
40.7
40.8
40.9
40.9
40.8

1.579
1.566
1. 564
1.574
1.578
1.597
1.622
1.618
1.655
1.662
1.681
1.691

REVIEW, MARCH 1951

T able

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

355

C - l : Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1— Con.
M anufacturing— C ontinued

Chemicals and allied products—Continued
Year and month

Plastics, except syn­
thetic rubber
Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

1948: Average....... .
1949: Average____

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Synthetic rubber

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

41.4 $1. 419 $62. 88
40.4
1.494 66.74

$58. 75
60. 36

Avg.
wkly.
hours

A vg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Synthetic fibers

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

39.9 $1. 576 $53.05
39.8
1.677 55.20

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Drugs and medicines

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

39.5 $1. 343 $53. 71
38.6
1.430 56.60

A vg.
wkly.
hours

A vg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Paints, pigments,
and fillers
Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

40.6 $1.323 $58.40
40.4
1.401
59.78

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Fertilizers

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

42.2 $1.384 $42.33
41.0
1.458 44.72

41.5
41.6

$1.020
1.075

Avg.
wkly.
hours

1949: December___

61. 55

40.9

1. 505

68. 27

40.3

1.694

56.37

39.5

1.427

57.21

40.6

1.409

60.80

41.0

1.483

44. 76

41.1

1.089

1950: January........

63. 84
61.96
62.36
62.53
63.37
65.23
66.41
65. 07
67. 48
67.83
68. 26
69.06

42.0
40.9
41.0
41.0
41.2
42.0
42.6
41.5
42.6
42.0
41.8
41.5

1.520
1. 515
1. 521
1. 525
1. 538
1. 553
1. 559
1. 568
1.584
1.615
1. 633
1.664

68. 48
68.22
68.93
70.96
70. 48
70.78
72.52
71.52
72.58
72.16
76. 92
77.77

39.7
40.2
40.5
41.4
41.0
40.7
40.4
41.2
40.3
41.0
41.4
41.9

1.725
1.697
1. 702
1. 714
1. 719
1.739
1. 795
1.736
1.801
1.760
1.858
1. 856

56.45
55. 99
55.97
56.52
57.35
57.76
57.81
58. 99
59. 94
60.45
61.10
61. 45

39.2
39.1
39.0
38.9
39.5
39.4
38.9
39.3
39.2
39.2
39.6
39.8

1.440
1.432
1.435
1.453
1.452
1.466
1.486
1.501
1.529
1.542
1.543
1. 544

57.37
58.04
58. 53
58. 67
58.75
59.27
58.47
59. 68
60.19
61.12
62.08
63.00

40.6
40. 7
40. 9
40.8
40.8
41.1
40.1
40.6
41.2
41.3
41.5
41.5

1.413
1. 426
1.431
1.438
1. 440
1.442
1.458
1.470
1.461
1. 480
1. 496
1.518

61.21
61. 98
62.38
62.89
63. 53
64. 91
64. 86
66. 99
67.35
67.45
66.66
66. 61

41.0
41.4
41. 7
41. 9
42.3
42.9
42.5
43.5
43.2
42.8
42.3
42.0

1.493
1. 497
1.496
1.501
1. 502
1. 513
1. 526
1.540
1. 559
1.576
1.576
1.586

44.80
44.40
44. 84
46.44
47.92
49.52
49.20
47.83
48.18
46.80
47.36
48.80

40.8
40.7
41.1
41.8
41.6
42.0
41.8
41.2
41.5
40.8
41.0
41.5

1.098
1.091
1. 091
1.111
1.152
1.179
1.177
1.161
1.161
1.147
1.155
1.176

m

February......
March_____
April..........
M ay..............
June.............
July..............
August_____
September...
October_____
November__
December___

M anufacturing— C ontinued

Chemicals and allied products—Continued
Vegetable and ani­
mal oils and fats
1948: Average1949: Average

$50. 39
51.12

Other chemicals and
allied products

47.4 $1.063 $57. 90
47.2
1.083
60.67

41.3
40.8

Products of petroleum and coal

Soap and glycerin

$1. 402 $65. 90
1.487 66.54

Total: Products of
petroleum and coal

42.0 $1. 569 $69. 23
40.9
1.627 72.36

40.7
40.4

Petroleum refining

$1. 701 $72. 06
1.791
75.33

Coke and byproducts

40.3 $1. 788 $58. 56
40.2
1.874 61.07

39.7
39.3

$1. 475
1.554

1949: Decem ber... . . .

50. 86

49.0

1.038

62.02

41.1

1. 509

67.56

40.7

1.660

71.74

39. S

1. 798

74.83

39.7

1.885

61.11

39.4

1.551

1950: January...
February.. ____
M arch____
April..........
M a y ...........
June...........
July......... ..
August___
September ___
O ctober...
November. ___
December.

49. 89
50. 71
50. 82
51. 57
52.82
53.87
55. 46
55.11
55.03
54. 41
55.41
56.70

47.2
45.2
44.5
44.3
44.2
43.9
43.6
44.3
45.9
47.6
46.8
46.9

1.057
1.122
1.142
1.164
1.195
1.227
1. 272
1.244
1.199
1.143
1.184
1.209

62.79
62.62
62.87
62. 82
62.28
63.38
63.29
64. 62
66.13
66.24
67. 05
68. 79

41.2
41.2
41.2
41.3
41.0
41.4
41.1
41.8
42.2
41.9
41.7
42.1

1. 524
1.520
1.526
1.521
1.519
1.531
1. 540
1.546
1.567
1.581
1.608
1.634

68.14
68. 51
69. 50
68. 88
68.74
69. 96
69. 99
74.08
74. 99
74.59
76.11
78. 30

40.9
41.1
41.2
40.9
40.7
41. 2
41.0
42.7
43.0
42.5
42.4
43.0

1.666
1.667
1.687
1.684
1. 689
1.698
1. 707
1.735
1.744
1.755
1. 795
1.821

73.79
71.64
71. 54
73. 85
73.28
74.37
76. 09
73. 73
76. 77
77.71
78. 43
79. 02

40.7
39.8
39. 7
40.8
40.6
41.0
41.6
40.6
41.7
41.6
41.3
41.2

1.813
1.800
1.802
1.810
1.805
1.814
1.829
1.816
1.841
1.868
1.899
1.918

77.41
74.84
74.88
77.11
75. 73
76.82
78. 93
75. 29
79.72
80.93
81.80
82.05

40.7
39.6
39.6
40.5
39.9
40.2
41.0
39.4
41.2
41.1
40.8
40.7

1.902
1.890
1.891
1.904
1.898
1. 911
1.925
1.911
1.935
1.969
2.005
2. 016

61.93
61.17
58. 90
62.60
61.85
62.73
63.36
63. 12
63.91
63. 68
63.48
67.38

39.8
39.8
38.1
40.0
39.8
39.7
39.6
39.8
39.6
40.2
40.0
40.2

1.556
1.537
1.546
1. 565
1. 554
1. 580
1.600
1.586
1.614
1. 584
1. 587
1.676

M anufacturing— C ontinued
Products of petro­
leum and coal— Con.
Other petroleum and
coal products
1948: Average_______ $60. 59
1949: Average............. 61.18

Leather and leather
products

Rubber products

Total: Rubber
products

Tires and inner
tubes

Rubber footwear

44.1 $1.374 $56. 78
42.9
1. 426 57.79

39.0 $1. 456 $62.16
38.3
1.509 63. 26

37.2 $1. 671 $51. 75
36.4
1.738 48.94

Other rubber
products

41.8 $1. 238 $52. 47
38.6
1. 268 54.38

Total: Leather and
leather products

40.3 $1.302 $41. 66
40.1
1.356 41.61

37.2
36.6

$1.120
1.137

1949: December____

59.14

41.3

1.432

59. 04

39.2

1.506

64. 79

37.3

1.737

50.23

39.8

1.262

55. 66

40.9

1.361

42.03

37.1

1.133

1950: January_______
February_____
M arch________
April__________
M a y . ............
June__________
July----------------August ............
September____
October_______
November____
December____

58.56
58. 94
60. 00
63. 00
67. 44
69.13
70.38
71.82
69. 76
69.94
69. 49
70. 02

41.3
41.3
41.9
43.3
45.2
46.3
46.7
47.5
46.2
45.8
45.3
45.0

1.418
1.427
1.432
1.455
1.492
1.493
1. 507
1. 512
1.510
1.527
1.534
1.556

60.52
59. 90
59. 70
61.76
64. 52
65. 08
65. 59
66.25
66. 58
66. 29
66. 68
69.18

39.4
39.2
39.3
40.0
41.2
41.4
41.2
41.8
41.9
41.9
41.6
41.8

1.536
1. 528
1.519
1.544
1.566
1.572
1. 592
1.585
1.589
1.582
1.603
1. 655

67.70
67. 22
65. 26
69.23
74. 60
74. 05
75. 22
76.01
75.46
73.12
73.86
76.83

38.4
38.3
37.4
39.0
41.1
40.6
40.4
40.8
40.9
40.2
40.1
40.1

1.763
1. 755
1. 745
1.775
1.815
1.824
1.862
1.863
1.845
1.819
1.842
1.916

45. 87
43. 06
51.04
50.36
50.20
52.07
52.13
53.93
53.95
56. 00
54. 52
59.17

35.7
34.2
40.0
39.5
39.4
40.3
39.7
41.9
41.5
42.2
42.1
42.6

1.285
1.259
1.276
1.275
1.274
1.292
1.313
1. 287
1. 300
1.327
1.295
1.389

57.04
56.43
56.16
57.13
57. 92
59.23
59. 08
60.13
61.30
62.48
63.11
64.80

41.3
41.1
40.9
41.1
41.7
42.4
42.2
42.8
42.9
43.3
42.9
43.2

1.381
1.373
1.373
1.390
1. 389
1.397
1.400
1.405
1.429
1.443
1.471
1.500

42.90
44.08
44. 15
41.96
41.56
43. 60
44.73
46.49
45. 72
46. 04
45. 78
47.19

37.7
38.1
37.9
35.8
35.4
37.2
38.1
39.2
38.1
37.8
37.4
38.3

1.138
1.157
1.165
1.172
1.174
1.172
1.174
1.186
1.200
1.218
1.224
1.232

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

356
T able

C - l : Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1— Con.
Manufacturing— C ontinued
Stone, clay, and glass products

Leather and leather products— Continued
Footwear (except
rubber)

Leather

Year and month

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

A vg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wklyearnings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Other leather
products
Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Glass and glass
products

Total: Stone, clay,
and glass products
Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

A vg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

A vg.
wkly.
hours

A v g.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Glass containers

Avg.
wk!y.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

39.6 $1.345 $39. 71
38.9
1.391 39.35

36.6 $1.085 $40.49
35.9
1.096 41.10

37.7 $1.074 $53.46
37.5
1.096 54.45

40.9 $1.307 $54.06
39.8
1.368
56. 71

39.2 $1.379 $52.05
1.454 53.80
39.0

39.7
39.3

$1,311
1.369

55. 50

39.5

1.405

39.20

36.2

1.083

42.29

38.2

1.107

55. 65

40.3

1.381

58.16

39.7

1.465

54.23

39.5

1.373

55. 34
55. 29
54.89
54.44
55.00
56. 57
56.73
58. 40
58.64
59.44
59.79
61.13

39.0
39.1
38.9
38.5
38.9
39.7
39.7
40.5
40.3
40.3
40.4
40.7

1.419
1.414
1.411
1.414
1.414
1.425
1.429
1.442
1.455
1. 475
1.480
1.502

40. 77
42. 22
42.15
39.18
38. 48
40.84
42.53
44.39
43.32
42.76
42.16
43.87

37.4
37.8
37.4
34.7
34.2
36.4
37.7
38.8
37.6
36.7
36.0
37.4

1.090
1.117
1.127
1.129
1.125
1.122
1.128
1.144
1.152
1.165
1.171
1.173

42.21
42. 90
43.73
42. 75
42.58
44.39
44.16
45. 70
45.00
47. 64
47. 84
48.46

38.1
38.2
38. 7
37.5
36.9
38.3
38.2
39.5
38.1
39.5
39.6
39.4

1.108
1.123
1.130
1.140
1.154
1.159
1.156
1.157
1.181
1.206
1.208
1.230

55. 32
55. 56
55. 70
56. 56
57.28
58.12
58. 57
59.40
60.88
63.11
63.36
63.38

39.8
40.0
40.1
40.4
40.8
41.1
40.9
41.6
41.5
42.5
42.1
42.0

1.390
1.389
1.389
1.400
1.404
1.414
1.432
1.428
1.467
1. 485
1.505
1.509

59. 31
59.36
59.35
59. 58
59. 78
59.74
60.24
59.10
61.31
65. 66
67.07
65. 61

39.7
40.0
40.1
40.2
40.5
40.2
39.5
39.8
39.0
41.4
41.3
40.8

1.494
1.484
1.480
1.482
1.476
1.486
1.525
1.485
1.572
1.586
1. 624
1.608

55.28
54. 93
54. 79
55. 42
54. 98
55.23
55. 40
53.31
54.69
61.19
59. 87
60.06

39.6
39.6
39.7
40.1
40.4
40.4
39.6
38.8
37.1
40.9
40.4
40.5

1.396
1.387
1.380
1.382
1.361
1.367
1.399
1.374
1.474
1.496
1. 482
1.483

1948: Average...........
1949: Average...........

$53. 26
54.11

1949: December___
1950: January______
February........
M arch......... .
April................
M a y _________
June_________
Ju ly .................
August_______
September___
October_____
N o v em b e r...
December—

M anufacturing— Continued
Stone, clay, and glass products— Continued
Pressed and blown
glass

Cement, hydraulic

Structural clay
products

Brick and hollow
tile

40.4 $1. 227 $49.05
1.275 49. 57
39.0

Sewer pipe*

42.5 $1.154 $47.96
41.8
1.186 48.61

Pottery and related
products
38.7
36.4

$1.278
1.342

51.16

37.7

1.357

48. 99
50.00
50.37
50.26
50.46
48. 71
49.13
52.59
53.70
55. 91
57.14
56.88

36.1
36.9
37.2
36.9
37.1
35.3
35.5
38.0
38.3
39.4
39.6
38.8

1.357
1.355
1.354
1.362
1.360
1.380
1.384
1.384
1.402
1.419
1.443
1.466

40.0 $1.199 $49.46
39.2
1.240 48.85

1948: Average_______ $47. 61
1949: Average_______ 50.30

38.8 $1. 227 $54. 76
38.6
1.303
57.49

41.9 $1.307 $49.57
1.382 49.73
41.6

1949: December_____

51.63

39.5

1.307

57.81

41.5

1.393

49.92

39.0

1.280

49. 39

41.4

1.193

49.43

39.8

1.242

1950: January, .......... 51.39
February.......... 50.90
M arch________ 51.29
April__________ 49.87
M a y __________ 50.96
50. 27
June_________
J u ly .,................. 49. 93
August________ 51. 61
September____ 56.70
October,,, _
58.24
61.29
N ovem ber..
December____ 58.90

38.9
39.0
39.3
38.6
39.2
38.4
38.0
39.7
40.5
41.1
41.3
40.9

1.321
1.305
1.305
1.292
1.300
1.309
1.314
1.300
1.400
1. 417
1. 484
1. 440

57.55
57. 73
57.47
58.88
59.13
60. 27
61.30
61.13
61.66
61. 59
61.89
62.41

40.9
41.5
41.2
41.7
41.7
42.0
41.7
42.1
41.8
41.9
41.9
41.8

1.407
1.391
1.395
1.412
1.418
1.435
1.470
1.452
1.475
1.470
1. 477
1.493

49. 52
49.37
49. 90
52.37
53. 27
54.09
54.40
55.27
56.00
57.73
57. 76
57. 99

38.6
38.6
38.8
40.1
40.2
40.7
40.9
41.4
41.3
41.8
41.2
41.1

1.283
1.279
1.286
1.306
1.325
1.329
1.330
1.335
1.356
1.381
1.402
1.411

47.81
47.14
48. 26
51.27
54.16
54. 63
54. 89
55. 71
55.73
57. 77
56. 85
56. 42

41.0
40.5
41.0
42.3
43.4
43.6
43.6
43.9
43.2
44.2
43.3
43.1

1.166
1.164
1.177
1. 212
1. 248
1.253
1.259
1.269
1.290
1.307
1.313
1.309

47.50
46.78
48. 30
50. 63
49.96
54.85
54.60
53.85
54.88
55.05
54. 49
53.22

38.4
38.0
38.0
40.8
38.4
41.3
41.3
40.4
40.5
40.3
39.6
38.9

1.237
1.231
1.271
1.241
1.301
1.328
1.322
1.333
1.355
1.366
1.376
1.368

Manufacturing— Continued
Primary metal industries

Stone, clay, and glass products— Continued

Concrete, gypsum,
and plaster products

Concrete products

Other stone, clay,
and glass products

Total: Primary
metal industries

Blast furnances, steel
works, and rolling
mills

40.1 $1. 522 $62.41
1.587 63.04
38.3

39.5 $1. 580 $58.45
38.3
1.646 55.09

40.7
37.2

$1.436
1.481

1.645

57.22

38.3

1.494

1.675
1.649
1.649
1.652
1.659
1.674
1.700
1.680
1.724
1.688
1.693
1.831

58.17
59.11
60.33
62. 37
63.19
64.72
64. 37
66.07
67.57
70.04
69.43
72. 49

38.7
39.2
39.9
40.9
41.3
42.0
41.8
42.6
42.9
43.8
43.1
44.2

1.503
1.508
1.512
1.525
1.530
1.541
1.540
1.551
1.575
1. 599
1.611
1.640

1948: Average_______ $56. 49
1949: Average_______ 57.77

44.8 $1.261 $56.92
43.8
1.319 59.31

44.4 $1.282 $55.10
1.354 54.72
43.8

41.0 $1. 344 $61.03
39.2
1.396 60.78

1949: December____

60.12

44.7

1.345

58.11

42.7

1.361

55.36

39.4

1.405

62. 92

39.4

1.597

64. 65

39.3

1950: January_______
February_____
M arch________
April__________
M a y __________
June........... .......
July................ ..
August________
September____
October____
November____
December____

58.16
58. 55
59.13
59. 76
60. 75
62.06
63.06
64. 44
65.35
66.38
65.34
65.85

43.6
43.6
43.9
44.1
44. 7
45.2
45.4
45.7
45.7
46.0
45.5
45.7

1.334
1.343
1.347
1.355
1.359
1.373
1.389
1.410
1.430
1.443
1.436
1.441

56. 80
55. 71
57.48
59. 25
60. 20
61.07
60. 78
62.62
63.59
64.09
63.80
65.44

42.2
41.3
42.2
43.5
44.3
45.1
44.2
44.6
44.5
44.6
44.0
44.7

1.346
1.349
1.362
1.362
1.359
1.354
1.375
1.404
1.429
1.437
1.450
1.464

55. 33
55.69
55. 75
56. 22
58.07
60. 09
60.17
62. 20
64. 52
65.79
66.01
66.98

39.3
39.3
39.4
39.4
40.3
41.7
41.3
42.4
42.9
43.2
42.7
43.1

1.408
1.417
1.415
1.427
1.441
1.441
1.457
1.467
1.504
1. 523
1.546
1.554

63.79
63.48
62.40
65.00
65. 57
66.50
66. 95
67. 36
69.10
69. 81
70.39
74.62

39.5
39.6
38.9
40.4
40.5
40.8
40.7
41.1
41.4
41.9
41.8
42.3

1.615
1.603
1.604
1.609
1.619
1.630
1.645
1.639
1.669
1.666
1.684
1.764

65. 83
64.81
61.84
66.08
65. 86
66. 63
67.83
67.37
69.30
68.87
68.91
75.07

39.3
39.3
37.5
40.0
39.7
39.8
39.9
40.1
40.2
40.8
40.7
41.0

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Iron and steel
foundries

T able

357

G: EARNINGS AND HOURS

REVIEW, MARCH 1951

C - l : Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1— Con.
M anufacturing— Continued
Primary metal industries— Continued

Year and month

Gray-iron foundries

Malleable-iron
foundries

A vg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

A vg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

1948: Average.......... . $57.46
1949: Average_______ 54.38

40.9
37.5

$1.405
1.450

$59.19
54.30

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Steel foundries

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

40.4 $1.465 $59.93
1.521
56.73
35.7

40.6
37.3

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Primary
smelting
and refining of
nonferrous metals

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

$1.476 $58.22
1.521
60.36

Primary
smelting
and refining of
copper, lead, and
zinc

Primary refining of
aluminum

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

41.0 $1.420 $57.14
40.4
1.494 58.99

40.9
40.1

$1.397
1.471

$58.95
61.95

41.4
41.3

$1.424
1.500

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

1949: December____

57.25

39.0

1.468

57.41

37.4

1.535

56.61

37.0

1.530

59.60

40.3

1.479

57.82

40.1

1.442

61.87

40.6

1.524

1950: January______
February.. . .
M arch________
A p ril.............
M a y __________
June__________
July___________
August_______
September____
O cto b er____
November____
December____

57.74
58.91
59.81
62.03
63.24
64.08
63.88
66.36
67. 97
70. 26
69. 22
72.22

39.2
39.7
40.3
41.3
41.8
42.3
42.0
43.2
43.6
44.3
43.4
44.5

1.473
1.484
1.484
1.502
1.513
1.515
1.521
1.536
1.559
1.586
1.595
1.623

59.25
59.25
61.70
63.25
63.28
65.87
64.80
66.32
67.69
69.18
69.15
72.11

38.3
38.6
39.6
40.6
40.8
41.9
41.3
42.0
42.2
42.6
42.4
43.7

1.547
1.535
1.558
1.558
1.551
1.572
1.569
1.579
1.604
1.624
1.631
1. 650

57.75
59.83
60.61
62. 79
63.30
65.65
65.31
65. 73
66.08
69.38
69.50
72.91

37.6
38.7
39.1
40.3
40.6
41.5
41.6
41.6
41.3
42.8
42.3
43.5

1.536
1.546
1.550
1.558
1.559
1.582
1.570
1.580
1.600
1.621
1.643
1.676

62.07
60. 24
61.13
61.61
61.98
62.54
62.83
63.15
64.44
66. 40
67.98
69.85

41.3
40.4
40.7
40.8
40.8
40.9
40.3
40.9
41.2
41.5
41.1
41.9

1.503
1.491
1.502
1.510
1.519
1.529
1.559
1.544
1.564
1.600
1.654
1.667

61.35
59.00
59.79
60.38
60.29
61.44
61.37
61.89
63.18
65. 01
66. 46
68.18

41.4
40.3
40.7
40.8
40.6
40.8
39.9
40.8
41.0
41.7
40.9
41.6

1.482
1.464
1.469
1.480
1.485
1.506
1.538
1.517
1.541
1.559
1.625
1.639

61.16
61.66
62.25
62.03
62.73
62. 44
63.06
62. 87
63.47
67.23
68.84
70.01

40.8
41.0
40.9
40.7
41.0
41.0
41.0
40.8
41.0
40.4
41.0
41.7

1.499
1.504
1.522
1.524
1.530
1.523
1.538
1. 541
1. 548
1.664
1. 679
1. 679

Manufacturing— Continued
Primary metal industries— Continued
Rolling,
drawing,
and alloying of
nonferrous metals
1948: Average_______ $57. 81
1949: Average_______ 58.05

Rolling,
drawing,
and alloying of
copper

40.2 $1.438 $60.42
1.500 59.29
38.7

40.8
38.5

Rolling,
drawing,
and alloying of
aluminum

$1.481 $53.88
1.540 56.21

39.1
38.9

Nonferrous foundries

$1.378 $59.96
1.445 60.92

40.0
39.0

$1.499
1.562

Other primary metal
industries

$63.08
63.34

40.8
39.1

Iron and steel
forgings

$1.546 $65.16
1.620 63.18

40.8
38.2

$1.597
1.654

1994: December____

62.28

40.6

1.534

66.32

42.0

1.579

54.67

37.7

1.450

63.20

39.9

1.584

65.97

40.5

1.629

64.01

38.4

1.667

1950: Jan uary_____
February. __
M arch________
April__________
M a y __________
June__________

61.97
63.29
64.29
64.29
66.63
67. 75
67.76
68. 48
65. 21
68.05
68. 89
72.80

40.5
41.1
41.4
41.4
42.2
42.8
42.4
42.8
41.4
41.8
41.6
43.1

1.530 64. 53
1.540 66.30
1.553 66.96
1.553 67.61
1.579
70.72
72.26
1.583
1.598
73.46
1.600
73. 67
1.575 68.09
70.
22
1. 628
1. 656. . 71.22
1.689
76.95

41.1
41.7
41.9
42.1
43.2
43.9
44.2
44.3
41.8
42.1
41.7
44.2

1.570
1.590
1.598
1.606
1.637
1.646
1.662
1.663
1.629
1.668
1.708
1.741

57.37
57.91
59.54
58.53
58.73
58.26
57.02
58.51
57. 56
63.59
64.43
66. 01

39.4
39.8
40.5
40.2
40.2
40.4
39.0
39.8
39.4
40.4
40.6
40.9

1.456
1.455
1.470
1.456
1.461
1.442
1.462
1.470
1.461
1.574
1.587
1.614

62.73
62. 29
63.04
64.03
65.36
66.52
64.27
66.36
70. 61
72.29
74. 97
78.03

39.6
39.5
40.1
40.5
40.9
41.6
40.5
41.4
42.9
42.8
42.5
43.4

1.584
1.577
1.572
1.581
1.598
1.599
1.587
1.603
1.646
1. 689
1.764
1.798

65.44
67.28
67.23
67.61
69.68
70.39
70. 47
71.95
74. 13
75.17
76.87
77. 56

40.0
40.8
40.4
40.8
41.6
41.8
41.6
42.2
42.8
43.3
43.8
43.5

1.636
1.649
1.664
1.657
1.675
1.684
1.694
1.705
1.732
1.736
1.755
1.783

64.89
66.94
68.75
68. 80
72.94
72.21
73.08
74.63
77.83
80.29
83.33
80.84

38.6
39.4
39.9
40.0
41.8
41.5
41.5
41.6
42.6
43.4
44.3
43.3

1.681
1.699
1.723
1.720
1.745
1.740
1.761
1.794
1.827
1.850
1.881
1.867

Septem ber..
Novem ber____
December____

Manufacturing— Continued
Primary metal in­
dustries— Con.

Wire drawing

1948: Average............ $62.17
63.66
1949: Average______
9149: December____
1950: January............
February____
M arch_______
April_________
M a y _________
June_________
July..................
August............
Septem ber...
October...........
November___
December___

69.34
68.05
71.06
68.82
69.89
70.39
72.93
72.89
74.25
77.86
77.00
77.96
79.74

Total:
Fabricated
m eta l p roducts
(except ordnance,
machinery,
and
t r a n s p o r ta tio n
equipment)

40.5 $1.535 $56.68
39.2
1.624 57.82

40.6
39.6

42.0

40.5

40.6
42.2
40.7
41.6
41.6
42.4
42.6
43.5
44.8
44.2
44.7
44.2

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)

1.651
1.676
1.684
1.691
1.680
1.692
1.720
1.711
1.707
1.738
1.742
1.744
1.804

59.66
59.93
59.68
59.64
60.56
60.89
62.87
62.55
64.79
65.72
66. 66
66.50
68.72

40.3
40.3
40.3
40.7
40.7
41.5
41.1
42.1
42.1
42.3
41.9
42.5

Tin cans and other
tinware

$1.396 $54.07
1.460 56.24
1.473
1.487
1.481
1.480
1.488
1.496
1.515
1.522
1.539
1.561
1.576
1.587
1.617

57.16
56.76
56.80
56.98
58. 77
59.20
60.94
64.14
67.46
63.90
60.56
58.81
62.41

Cutlery, hand tools,
and hardware

Cutlery and edge
tools

$1.329 $51.13
50.84
1.395

41.3 $1.238
1.271
40.0

40.9 $1.322 $54.22
1.392
54.82
40.4

40.8
39.3

56.84

40.4

1.407

50.89

40.1

1.269

40.5
40.7
41.2
41.2
40.6
41.6
40.8
41.6
42.0
42.9
42.0
43.0

1.421
1.430
1.428
1.427
1.418
1.457
1.460
1.467
1.499
1.515
1.524
1.553

50.79
51.22
53.07
53.49
52.16
54.41
51.34
56.08
57.14
60.71
60.34
62.91

39.9
40.3
41.2
41.4
40.5
41.6
39.4
42.2
42.2
43.9
43.1
43.9

1.273
1.271
1.288
1.292
1.288
1.308
1.303
1.329
1.354
1. 383
1.400
1.433

40.8
40.4
40.2
40.3
40.7
41.0
41.8
42.9
44.5
43.0
41.0
40.2
41.8

1.401
1.405
1.413
1.414
1.444
1.444
1.458
1.495
1.516
1.486
1.477
1.463
1.493

57.55
58. 20
58.83
58.79
57.57
60.61
59.57
61.03
62. 96
64.99
64. 01
66.78

Hand tools

40.9
38.6

$1.371
1.413

55.04

38.9

1.415

55.92
55.87
56. 77
57.32
58.20
59.16
59.38
63.11
64.63
66.13
67.55
68.56

39.3
39.1
39.7
40.0
40.5
40.8
40.7
42.1
42.3
42.8
43.0
43.2

1.423
1.429
1.430
1.433
1.437
1.450
1.459
1. 499
1. 528
1.545
1. 571
1.587

$56.07
54.54

358

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

T able

MONTHLY LABOR

C - l : Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees1— Con.
Manufacturing— Continued
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)— Continued

Year and month

Heating apparatus
(except electric) and
plumbers’ supplies

Hardware

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Sanitary ware and
plumbers’ supplies

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Oil burners, non­
electric heating and
cooking aparatus,
not elsewhere
classified
Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Fabricated struc­
tural metal products

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

40.0 $1.395 $58.17
1. 429 59. 90
38.8

41.2 $1. 412 $57. 68
40.5
1.479 60.91

41.2
41.1

$1.400
1.482

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Structural steel and
ornamental
metalwork

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

1948: Average........... $54.26
1949: Average___ __
56.28

40.4 $1.343 $57. 53
39.3
1.432 57.04

40.2 $1,431 $60.40
38.7
1. 474 59.79

1949: December____

59.20

40.8

1.451

60.39

40.5

1.491

65. 20

41.5

1.571

57.15

39.8

1.436

60.85

40.7

1.495

63.34

42.2

1.501

1950: January_______
February_____
M arch________
A p ril_________
M a y . ________
June__________
July___________
A u g u s t_______
September____
October_______
Novem ber____
December........

60.19
61.04
61.15
60.71
58.87
62.93
61.88
61.91
64.23
65.82
64.47
68.05

41.0
41.3
41.6
41.5
40.6
41.9
41.2
41.3
41.9
42.6
41.7
43.1

1.468
1.478
1.470
1.463
1.450
1.502
1.502
1.499
1. 533
1.545
1.546
1.579

59.23
59. 59
60.20
60.76
61.30
62.11
63.28
65. 53
66.83
68.09
67.56
69.04

39.7
39.7
40.0
40.0
40.3
40.7
41.2
41.9
42.3
42.4
41.6
42.1

1.492
1.501
1.505
1.519
1.521
1.526
1.536
1. 564
1.580
1.606
1.624
1.640

62.24
63.54
63.86
63.91
63.91
65.27
67.43
67. 51
71. 18
72. 41
72.97
74.52

40.0
40.5
40.6
40.4
40.4
41.1
41.7
41.8
42.8
43.1
42.6
43.3

1.556
1.569
1.573
1.582
1.582
1.588
1.617
1.615
1.663
1.680
1.713
1.721

57.14
56. 76
57.62
58. 63
59.30
59.90
60.20
64.20
64.13
65.20
63.84
65.30

39.6
39.2
39.6
39.8
40. 2
40.5
40.9
42.1
42.0
41.9
40.9
41.3

1.443
1.448
1.455
1.473
1.475
1.479
1.472
1.525
1.527
1.556
1. 561
1.581

60.30
59.81
60.38
61.31
61.66
62.65
61.39
64. 22
65.02
65.93
66.49
68.62

40.2
39.9
40.2
40.6
40.7
41.0
40.1
41.7
41.6
42.1
42.0
42.1

1.500
1.499
1.502
1.510
1.515
1.528
1. 531
1.540
1.563
1.566
1.583
1.630

61.51
61.01
61.43
62.09
62.25
63.40
60.39
63.63
63.44
64.85
65. 60
67. 26

41.2
40.7
40.9
41.2
41.2
41.6
39.6
41.7
41.3
42.0
42.0
41.7

1.493
1.499
1.502
1. 507
1.511
1. 524
1.525
1.526
1.536
1.544
1.562
1.613

40.4 $1.495 $55.80
38.5
1.553
55.45

M anufacturing— Continued
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)— Continued

Machinery (except
electrical)

Metal stamping,
coating, and
engraving

Total: Machinery
(except electrical)

Boiler-shop products

Average______ $58. 79
Average______ 59. 78

Sheet-metal work

41.2 $1.427 $56. 64
40.2
1.487 57.60

40.6 $1.395
39.7
1.451

$56. 66
58. 54

40.1
39.5

Stamped and pressed
metal products

$1,413 $58.39
1.482
60. 30

Other fabricated
metal products

40.3 $1.449 $56.88
39.7
1.519 58.38

40.4 $1. 408 $60.52
39.5
1.478 60.44

41.2
39.5

$1.469
1.530

December____

59.18

39.4

1.502

58.28

40.0

1.457

60.18

40.2

1.496

62.18

40.4

1.539

60. 56

40.7

1.488

61.30

39.7

1. 544

January_______
February_____
M arch________
April__________
M a y __________
June__________
July__________
August_______
September___
October_______
Novem ber____
December____

58.62
58.45
58.79
59. 77
59.60
61.22
61.52
62.35
64. 38
65.00
65. 74
68.27

38.9
39.1
39.3
39.9
40.0
40.6
40.5
41.1
41.4
41.4
41.5
41.6

1.507
1.495
1.496
1.498
1.490
1.508
1.519
1.517
1. 555
1.570
1.584
1.641

58.93
58.89
58.39
58. 76
60. 40
60.28
61.04
63. 52
63.90
65.77
64.84
67.43

39.9
40.2
39.8
40.0
40.7
40.4
40.8
41.9
41.6
42.6
41.7
42.3

1.477
1.465
1.467
1.469
1.484
1.492
1.496
1.516
1. 536
1.544
1.555
1.594

61.02
60.67
60.63
61.19
61.55
64.16
63. 58
65. 69
66. 34
67.05
67.10
68.91

40.2
40.5
40.5
40.9
40.6
41.8
41.1
42.0
41.7
41.8
41.7
42.2

1.518
1.498
1.497
1.496
1.516
1.535
1. 547
1.564
1.591
1.604
1.609
1.633

63.37
62. 35
62. 59
62.92
63. 55
66.31
65.46
67.86
68. 46
68.60
68.81
70.73

40.7
40.7
40.8
41.1
41.0
42.1
41.3
42.2
41.9
41.7
41.7
42.2

1.557
1.532
1.534
1.531
1.550
1.575
1.585
1.608
1.634
1.645
1.650
1.676

61.51
60.47
59.14
61.16
62.43
64.82
63.94
66.17
67.32
68. 66
68. 93
71.37

40.6
40.5
39.8
40.8
41.1
42.2
41.6
42.5
42.5
42.7
42.6
43.2

1.515
1.493
1.486
1.499
1.519
1.536
1.537
1.557
1. 584
1.608
1.618
1.652

61.57
62. 55
63.34
64.33
65.09
65.69
66.35
67.98
68.94
71.00
72.24
74. 25

39.8
40.3
40.6
41.0
41.3
41.5
41.6
42.3
42.4
42.9
43.1
43.7

1.547
1.552
1.560
1.569
1.576
1.583
1.595
1.607
1.626
1.655
1.676
1.699

Manufacturing— Continued
Machinery (except electrical)— Continued
Engines nd
tu rb in e

Agricultural
machinery
and tractors

Agricultural
machinery
(except tractors)

Tractors

Construction and
mining
machinery

Metalworking
machinery

1948: Average........ __ $63.50
1949: Average______ 63.13

40.5 $1. 568 $60.59
38.9
1.623
61.11

1949: December____

63.84

39.0

1.637

60. 96

38.9

1.567

61.22

38.6

1.586

60.48

39.3

1.539

59.34

40.2

1.476

61.73

39.7

1.555

1950: January.......... .
February_____
M a r c h .. __
April__________
M a y __________
June__________
July---------------A u g u st..______
September____
O ctober...........
November____
December____

63.88
63.69
63.96
68.72
68. 79
68.70
68. 91
70.83
70. 81
69.48
74.57
78.95

39.0
39.0
39.0
41.0
40.8
40.7
40.3
41.3
41.0
40.0
42.2
43.5

1.638
1.633
1.640
1.676
1.686
1.688
1. 710
1.715
1. 727
1.737
1.767
1.815

61.58
63.24
62. 92
62.96
63.88
63.84
63.88
65. 29
64. 35
64.82
67.68
70.66

39.1
40.0
39.6
39.7
40.1
40.2
40.1
40.3
40.5
39.5
40.5
41.3

1.575
1.581
1.589
1.586
1.593
1.588
1.593
1.620
1. 589
1.641
1.671
1.711

61.92
64.28
63.92
64. 68
65.49
65.16
65.08
67. 39
65. 97
65.27
69.80
73. 72

38.8
40.2
39.7
40.1
40.4
40.5
40.3
40.5
40.5
38.9
41.3
42.1

1.596
1.599
1.610
1.613
1.621
1.609
1.615
1. 664
1.629
1.678
1. 690
1.751

60.91
61.93
61.66
60.68
61. 77
62.16
62. 25
62.36
62. 37
64.00
64. 45
66.37

39.4
39.8
39.5
39.1
39.7
39.9
39.8
40.0
40.5
40.2
39.3
40.2

1.546
1.556
1.561
1.552
1.556
1.558
1.564
1.559
1.540
1.592
1.640
1.651

60.28
61.36
62.36
63.11
63.70
65.20
65.06
66.60
67.62
69.96
70. 73
72.49

40.4
40.8
41.3
41.6
41.8
42.7
42.3
42.8
42.8
43.7
43.5
44.2

1.492
1.504
1.510
1.517
1.524
1.527
1.538
1.556
1.580
1.601
1.626
1.640

61.42
63.86
65.10
67.21
68. 57
69.81
71.16
73.42
73.24
77.83
78.06
80.59

39.4
40.6
41.1
41.8
42.3
42.8
43.1
44.2
43.7
45.2
45.2
46.0

1.559
1.573
1.584
1.608
1.621
1.631
1.651
1.661
1.676
1.722
1.727
1.752

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

40.5
39.3

$1.496 $62.05
1. 555 61.86

40.5 $1.532 $58.62
39.2
1.578 59.93

40.4
39.3

$1.451 $60.33
1.525
58.74

42.1
39.8

$1.433 $62.94
1.476 61.11

42.1
39.5

$1.495
1.547

T able

359

C: EARN IN OS AND HOURS

REVIEW, MARCH 1951

0 -1 : Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees

Con.

M anufacturing— C ontin ued
Machinery (except electrical)— Continued

Year and month

Machine tools

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings
1948: Average-------1949: Average_____

$61. 57
59.15

1949: D ecem ber...

59.92

1980: January-------February___
M a r c h ..........
April.... .........
M a y ......... ..
J u n e .............
July................
A u gu st.........
September. .
October_____
N o v e m b e r..
December—

Avg.
w kly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
w kly.
hours

42.2 $1.459 $62. 98
1.505
61.85
39.3

42.1
39.8

62. 53

39.8

Avg.
w kly.
hours

59. 66
61.86
63. 00
64.69
65. 46
66.58
66.88
71.16
72.24
76.78
77.46
81.04

Metalworking
machinery (except
machine tools)

39.5
39.2
40.3
40.8
41.6
41.8
42.3
42.3
44.2
44.1
45.7
45.7
46.9

A vg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

1.517
1.522
1. 535
1.544
1.555
1.566
1. 574
1.581
1.610
1.638
1.680
1.695
1.728

61.94
66.17
67.10
68.95
69.69
70.10
71.87
73.01
71.64
73.12
73.43
76.20

39.3
41.2
41.6
42.2
42.6
42.9
43.4
44.3
42.9
43.6
43.4
44.1

A vg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Machine-tool
accessories

A vg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

$1. 496 $65.21
1.554 64.16
1. 571
1.576
1.606
1. 613
1.634
1.636
1. 634
1.656
1.648
1.670
1.677
1. 692
1.728

64.08
63.64
65.37
66.95
69. 56
72.25
74.34
76.69
76.16
75.64
82. 72
82.26
83.44

Special-industry
machinery (except
metalworking
machinery)
Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

41.8 $1.560 $60. 62
1. 616 60.57
39.7

42.3
40.3

61.72

40.5

Avg.
wkly.
hours

39.9
39.6
40.6
41.1
41.8
42.8
43.6
44.2
44.0
43.9
45.6
45.7
46.2

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

1.606
1.607
1.610
1.629
1.664
1.688
1.705
1.735
1.731
1.723
1.814
1.800
1.806

61.45
61.80
62. 26
62. 65
63. 55
63. 91
63.92
65. 75
67.44
69. 49
70.93
73. 21

40.4
40.5
40.8
41.0
41.4
41.5
41.4
42.2
42.6
43.0
43.2
44.1

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

General industrial
machinery

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

$1.433 $59. 78
1. 503 59. 53
1. 524
1. 521
1.526
1.526
1.528
1.535
1.540
1.544
1. 558
1.583
1.616
1.642
1.660

Office and store
machines and devices

A vg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

41.2 $1. 451 $61.49
39.5
1. 507 62.53

41.1
39.5

$1. 496
1.583

Avg.
wkly.
hours

A vg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

59. 96

39.5

1.518

64.32

40.0

1.608

60.04
59.93
60.93
62.01
63.89
64.43
65. 99
66. 65
68.91
71.39
72. 23
74.33

39.5
39.4
39.9
40.4
41.3
41.3
41.9
42.4
42.8
43.8
43.8
44.4

1. 520
1. 521
1. 527
1. 535
1.547
1.560
1.575
1.572
1.610
1.630
1.649
1.674

63.84
63.64
63.16
63. 60
63.96
64. 52
65.85
67. 63
69.55
70.89
70.94
73.32

39.8
39.9
39.8
40.1
40.1
40.5
40.9
41.8
42.0
42.3
42.2
43.0

1.604
1.595
1. 587
1.586
1.595
1.593
1.610
1.618
1.656
1.676
1.681
1.705

Manufacturing— Continued
Machinery (except electrical)— Continued

Computing machines
and cash registers

Typewriters

1948: Average------1949: Average-------

R4
67.87

41.2 $1 615 $55. 65
56.04
1.701
39.9

1949: D e c e m b e r -

69. 97

40.4

1950: January____
February___
M arch______
April..............
M a y . . ..........
June________
J u ly ..............
August_____
September...
October_____
N ovem ber. .
D ecem ber...

ftfi
fiQ K8
79. IQ
72 79
77.21

4ft 2
4ft ft
39 7
4ft. ft
4ft 3
40 5
4ft 8
41. 3
41. 7
42 2
41 3
42.4

1.732
1. 727
1. 721
1. 714
1. 714
1.717
1. 718
1. 742
1.748
1. 788
1 801
1.785
1.821

56. 44
55. 77
56. 41
56. 47
57. 41
58.19
58.33
60. 63
63.90
66.60
67.14
69. 61
69.07

Service-industry and
household machines

41.1 $1.354 $58.98
1.437 60. 66
39.0

Refrigerators and airconditioning units

40.4 $1. 460 $58. 29
1. 528 59.98
39.7

39.9
39.0

Miscellaneous ma­
chinery parts

$1.461 $57. 62
1. 538 57. 59

Machine shop s (Job
and repai r)

40.1 $1. 437 $58. 77
1. 492 58. 70
38.6

40.2
39. 0

$1.462
1. 505

38.9

1.451

62. 61

40.5

1.546

61. 76

40.0

1.544

59. 45

39.4

1. 509

59.67

39.7

1. 503

38.7
39.2
39.3
39.7
40.1
40.2
41.3
42.8
43.5
43.4
44.0
43.8

1.441
1.439
1.437
1.446
1. 451
1. 451
1. 468
1.493
1.531
1.547
1.582
1.577

63.24
63.87
66.14
65.88
67. 20
67. 55
67. 17
66. 93
67.90
70.60
70.47
69. 51

40.8
41.1
42.1
41.8
42.4
42.3
41.9
41.6
41.4
42.3
41.7
41.3

1. 550
1. 554
1.571
1. 576
1. 585
1. 597
1.603
1.609
1.640
1. 669
1.690
1. 683

62.16
63.65
66.12
66.29
68.50
68.02
67. 67
66. 22
64.95
67. 73
69.28
66.04

40.1
40.7
41.9
41.8
43.0
42.3
41.8
40.8
39.7
40.8
40.9
39.5

1. 550
1. 564
1. 578
1.586
1. 593
1.608
1.619
1. 623
1.636
1.660
1.694
1.672

59. 64
61.18
62.01
63.05
62. 42
63.22
65. 21
67.54
68.68
70.46
71. 51
74.08

39.6
40.3
40.5
41.1
40.8
41.0
41.8
42.8
42.9
43.6
43.5
44.2

1. 506
1.518
1. 531
1. 534
1. 530
1.542
1. 560
1.578
1.601
1.616
1.644
1.676

59.86
60. 79
60. 42
61.92
62. 72
63.86
64.89
66. 06
65. 79
68. 79
70.01
73.45

39.8
40-1
39.8
40. 6
41.1
41. 6
41. 7
42.4
41.8
43.1
42.9
44.3

1. 504
1. 516
1. 518
1.525
1. 526
1.535
1. 556
1.558
1.574
1.596
1. 632
1.658

Manufacturing— Continued
Electrical machinery

Total: Electrical
machinery

1948: Average..........
1949: Average..........

$55.66
56.96

40.1
39.5

1949: December___

58.63

40.6

1950: January..........
February-----M arch_______
April_________
M a y . ...............
June.................
J u ly ................
A u gust...........
Septem ber...
October______
Novem ber___
December-----

58.44
58.26
58.44
58.71
59.28
58.62
59.44
60.15
61.48
64.12
64.44
65.31

40.5
40.4
40.5
40.6
40.8
40.4
40.6
41.0
41.4
42.1
41.9
42.0

S ee footnotes at end of table.

9 3 0 4 7 0 — 51-------- 9


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Electrical generating,
transmission, dis­
tribution, and indus­
trial apparatus

$1.388 $58.34
1. 442 59. 61
1.444
1.443
1.442
1.443
1.446
1. 453
1.451
1. 464
1.467
1.485
1. 523
1.538
1.555

61.67
60.46
60.04
60.51
60. 97
61.85
61.95
62. 52
64.25
64.85
67.35
68. 72
69. 20

Motors, generators,
transformers, and
industrial controls

40.4 $1.444 $59. 55
1.509 61.30
39.5
40.6
40.2
40.0
40.1
40.3
40.8
40.7
40.6
41.4
41.6
42.2
42.5
42.4

1.519
1.504
1.501
1. 509
1.613
1. 516
1. 522
1. 540
1.552
1.559
1.596
1.617
1.632

63. 57
62.02
61.16
61.79
62.65
63.19
63.05
63.94
65.30
65.45
68. 36
69.13
69.51

Electrical equipment
for vehicles

40.4 $1. 474 $56. 77
1.544 59.16
39.7
40.8
40.3
40.0
40.1
40.6
40.9
40.6
40.7
41.3
41.4
42.2
42.1
42.0

1.558
1. 539
1.529
1. 541
1. 543
1.545
1. 553
1.571
1.581
1.581
1.620
1.642
1.655

Communication
equipment

39.7 $1.430 $52.10
53.56
1.513
39.1

Radios, phonographs,
television sets, and
equipment

39.8 $1.309 $48.53
1.356 60.68
39.5

39.2
39.5

$1,238
1.283

57.90

38.5

1.504

55.69

41.1

1.355

53.52

41.3

1.296

60.19
61.38
63.73
64.78
69.12
66 40
65.78
66.41
67.33
70.44
68. 22
69.97

39.7
40.3
41.3
41.9
43.8
42.0
41.4
41.9
41.9
42.9
41.6
42.0

1.516
1. 523
1.543
1. 546
1. 578
1.581
1.589
1.585
1.607
1.642
1.640
1.666

55. 56
55.32
54.82
54.23
53. 77
54.11
54.43
65.11
56.69
59.02
58.81
59. 70

41.0
40.8
40.7
40.5
40.1
40.2
40.5
40.7
41.2
41.8
41.3
41.6

1.355
1.356
1.347
1.339
1.341
1.346
1. 344
1.354
1.376
1.412
1.424
1. 435

53.05
52.62
52. 54
52, 21
51. 82
51.93
52.37
52.89
54.44
57.03
56.50
57.14

41.0
40.6
40.6
40.6
40.2
40.1
40.5
40.5
40.9
41.6
41.0
41.2

1.294
1.296
1.294
1.286
1.289
1.295
1.293
1.306
1.331
1.371
1.378
1.387

360

G: EARNINGS AND HOURS

T able

C

1:

MONTHLY LABOR

Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1— Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Electrical machinery—Continued

Year and month

Telephone and tele­
graph equipment

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings
1948: Average—.
1949: A v erage...

$59. 54
61.43

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Transportation equipment

Electrical appliances,
lamps, and miscel­ Total: Transportation
equipment
laneous products
Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

40.7 $1.463 $56.08
39.3
1.563
56.52

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

40.2 $1.395 $61. 58
39.5
1.431 64. 95

Avg.
wkly.
hours

A vg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Automobiles

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

39.0 $1.579 $61.86
39.2
1.657 65. 97

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

38.4 $1.611 $61.21
38.9
1.696 63.62

41.0
40.6

$1.493
1.567

A vg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Aircraft and parts

1949: December-

63.12

39.5

1. 598

58. 26

40.4

1.442

65.31

38.9

1.679

65.44

38.2

1.713

66.41

41.2

1.612

1950: January...
February..
M arch____
April.......... .
M a y ______
June______
July----------August____
September.
October___
November.
December.

63. 68
63.63
62.92
63.75
64. 23
64.64
64.03
65.44
67.11
67. 61
70.30
71.93

39.7
39. 5
39.2
39.4
39.6
39.8
39.6
40.0
40.7
40.8
40.8
41.6

1.604
1.611
1.605
1.618
1.622
1.624
1.617
1.636
1.649
1.657
1.723
1.729

59.09
58.78
58. 68
60.34
60. 60
57.62
60.30
59.74
62.43
65. 71
66.58
67.64

40.5
40.4
40.3
40.8
41.0
39.6
40.5
40.5
41.4
42.2
42.3
42.3

1.459
1.455
1. 456
1.479
1.478
1.455
1.489
1.475
1.508
1.557
1.574
1. 599

68.12
66.58
67.46
70.46
69. 62
72.53
71.71
72.87
72.39
73.02
72.67
74. 99
.

40.5
39.7
40.2
41.3
41.0
42.0
41.5
42.0
40.9
41.0
40.6
41.5

1.682
1.677
1.678
1.706
1.698
1.727
1.728
1. 735
1.770
1.781
1.790
1.807

70.14
67. 64
69. 08
73. 77
71.66
75.76
74.35
75. 21
73.81
75.21
74.13
76.28

40.9
39.6
40.4
42.2
41.4
42.8
42.1
42.3
40.6
41.1
40.2
41.1

1.715
1.708
1.710
1.748
1.731
1.770
1.766
1.778
1.818
1.830
1.844
1.856

65.20
65. 69
65. 29
64. 96
65. 61
65.32
66.54
68.94
71.18
70.18
71.53
74.61

40.7
40.7
40.5
40.3
40.8
40.7
41.2
42.4
42.7
41.9
42.3
43.2

1.602
1.614
1.612
1.612
1.608
1.605
1.615
1.626
1.667
1.675
1.691
1.727

Manufacturing—Continued
Transportation equipment— Continued
Aircraft engines and
parts

Aircraft

1948: Average___
1949: Average___

$60. 21
62.69

41.1 $1.465 $63.40
40. 5 1.548 65.24

Aircraft propellers
and parts

40.9 $1. 550 $62.13
40.7
1.603 66.83

39.7
41.0

Other aircraft parts
and equipment

$1. 565 $63. 59
1.630 65. 08

Ship and boat build­
ing and repairing

41.0 $1. 551 $60.68
40.4
1.611
61.67

38.7
38.0

$1. 568
1.623

1949: December.

66.16

41.3

1.602

67.16

41.0

1.638

67.53

41.3

1.635

67.16

41.2

1.630

62.86

38.4

1.637

1950: January___
February..
M arch____
April______
M a y ______
Ju ne.......... .
July............
August____

64.63
65.00
64.36
64. 24
64.68
64.48
64. 99
68.29
70.50
69.17
68.68
71.49

40.7
40. 6
40.3
40.2
40.6
40.5
40.8
42.6
42. 7
42.1
41. 5
42.3

1. 588
1.601
1.597
1.598
1.593
1. 592
1. 593
1.603
1.651
1.643
1.655
1.690

65.00
66.34
66. 99
66.10
68.35
67.85
70.92
70.94
74.59
69.48
80. 82
83.63

40.1
40.7
41.1
40.7
41.6
41.5
42.7
42.1
43.8
139. 7
45.0
45.4

1.621
1.630
1.630
1.624
1.643
1.635
1.661
1.685
1.703
1.750
1.796
1.842

68. 88
70.18
66. 65
67.06
63.85
67. 25
71.87
78.68
77.62
81.17
80.67
88. 54

42.0
41.6
40.2
40.3
39.1
40.2
42.2
44.4
43.9
44.6
43.3
45.9

1.640
1.687
1.658
1.664
1.633
1.673
1.703
1.772
1.768
1.820
1.863
1.929

67.40
67. 81
67. 97
67. 06
67.73
67.98
69. 04
68.22
67. 53
77.08
77. 75
81.13

40.9
41.0
40.8
40.4
40.9
40.9
41.0
40.8
39.7
43.6
44.3
45.5

1.648
1.654
1.666
1.660
1.656
1.662
1.684
1.672
1.701
1.768
1.755
1.783

61.46
61.16
62.53
62.08
63. 21
62.39
64.20
64.84
62.89
62.89
64.32
66.11

37.8
37.5
38.2
37.9
38.4
38.3
38.1
39.2
38.3
38.3
38.7
39.8

1.626
1.631
1.637
1.638
1.646
1.629
1.685
1.654
1.642
1.642
1.662
1.661

September.
October___

November.
December.

Manufacturing—Continued
Transportation equipment—Continued
Shipbuilding and
repairing

Boat building and
repairing

Railroad equipment

Locomotives and
parts

Railroad and street­
cars

1948: Average__
1949: Average__

$61.22
61.88

1949: December.

63.31

38.3

1.653

56.21

41.0

1.371

63. 39

38.7

1.638

65.56

39.4

1.664

61.18

38.0

1.610

1950: January__

61.74
61. 55
63.30
62. 57
64. 02
62.91
65. 04
65.62
63.36
63.23
64.96
66.74

37.6
37.3
38.2
37.6
38.2
37.9
37.9
39.2
38.1
38.0
38.6
39.7

1.642
1.650
1.657
1.664
1.676
1.660
1.716
1.674
1.663
1.664
1.683
1.681

56.00
54.79
52. 83
55. 08
55.34
56. 62
56.24
55.70
55.50
57.12
55.94
57.69

40.7
40.2
38.7
40.5
40.9
42.0
40.9
39.9
40.1
41.3
39.7
40.6

1.376
1.363
1.365
1.360
1.353
1.348
1.375
1.396
1.384
1.383
1.409
1.421

61.60
64.89
64. 21
64. 52
64.99
64. 56
64.40
65.29
68.72
69.04
69. 29
72.42

38.0
39.4
39.2
39.2
39.8
39.2
39.1
39.5
40.4
40.0
40.1
40.8

1.621
1.647
1.638
1.646
1.633
1.647
1.647
1.653
1.701
1.726
1.728
1.775

63.29
67.48
67.42
67.46
68. 59
67.86
68. 64
68.68
73.05
74.74
73. 53
76.33

38.9
40.0
40.2
40.2
40.9
39.5
40.4
40.0
40.9
41.0
40.4
40.6

1.627
1.687
1.677
1.678
1.677
1. 718
1.699
1.717
1.786
1.823
1.820
1.880

59.77
62.07
60.93
61.19
61.02
61.58
60.14
61.85
64.12
62. 86
65.16
67.98

37.1
38.7
38.2
38.1
38.5
39.0
37.8
39.0
39.8
38.9
40.0
41.0

1.611
1.604
1. 595
1.606
1.585
1. 579
1.591
1.586
1.611
1.616
1.629
1.658

February
March___
A p ril...........

M ay_____
June......... .
July...........
August___
September.
October....
November.
December.
S e e f o o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

38.7 $1. 582 $51. 59
37.8
1.637
54.84

39.5 $1.306 $62. 24
40.5
1.354 63. 54

40.0 $1.556 $63.80
39.2
1.621
65.47

39.6 $1. 611 $60.82
39.3
1.666 61.70

40.2
38.9

$1. 513
1.586

T

able

C -l:

361

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

REVIEW, MARCH 1951

Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees1— C o n .
Manufacturing— Continued

Transportation
equipment— Con.

Year and month

Instruments and related products

Other transportation
equipment
A vg.
wkly.
earn­
ings
$58.14
57.60
55.43
58. 67
60.03
58.13
58.58
60.22
61.06
60.09
60. 30
73.88
69.86
70.73
72.25

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Total: Instruments
and related products
Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

40.8 $1.425 $53.45
55.28
1.451
39.7
38.2
41.0
40.4
39.2
39.5
40.2
40.9
40.3
39.8
46.0
43.5
44.4
44.6

1.451
1.431
1.486
1.483
1.483
1.498
1.493
1. 491
1.515
1.606
1.606
1.593
1.620

56.84
56.49
56.89
57.40
57. 52
58.34
58.93
58. 98
61.13
63.58
64. 77
65. 34
65.95

Avg.
wkly.
hours

A vg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Photographic
apparatus

Ophthalmic goods

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

40.1 $1.333 $45. 54
39.6
1.396 47. 04

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

A vg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

39.7 $1.147 $58. 64
1.188 59.91
39.6

Watches and clocks

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

40.5 $1.448 $48. 84
1. 509 49. 53
39.7

40.1
39.0

A vg.
wkly.
hours

A vg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings
$1. 218
1.270

40.0

1.421

48.20

40.2

1.199

62.40

40.6

1.537

50.23

39.0

1. 288

39.7
39.9
40.0
40.0
40.4
40.7
40.9
41.7
42.5
42.5
42.4
42.3

1.423
1.425
1. 435
1.438
1.444
1.448
1.442
1.466
1.496
1. 524
1.541
1.559

46.88
47.60
47.15
47.63
49.74
51.21
51.13
52.17
52.17
54.13
54. 59
55.70

39.2
39.6
39.0
39.2
40.6
41.2
40.9
41.6
41.6
41.7
41.7
42.1

1.196
1. 202
1.209
1.215
1.225
1.243
1.250
1.254
1.254
1.298
1.309
1.323

61.60
61.95
62.23
63.05
63. 21
63. 53
63.32
65. 72
69.15
69. 22
69.64
70.73

40.0
40.1
40.2
40. 6
40.7
40.7
40.8
41. 7
42.4
42.0
41.8
42.1

1.540
1. 545
1. 548
1. 553
1. 553
1. 561
1. 552
1. 576
1.631
1. 648
1.666
1.680

49.86
50.18
50.57
50.01
49. 97
49. 72
51.25
51.98
55.15
58.06
59.12
58. 60

38.8
38.9
38.9
38.5
38.2
38.1
39.0
39.8
40.7
41.8
41.9
41.3

1.285
1.290
1.300
1.299
1.308
1.305
1.314
1.306
1.355
1.389
1.411
1.419

Manufacturing— C ontinued

Instruments and
related products—
Continued

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries

Professional and
scientific instruments

$54. 78
57.01
58. 67
58.64
58.71
59.55
59. 59
60.42
61.08
60.82
63.11
65.73
66.78
67.40
67.90

Total: Miscellaneous
manufacturing
industries

40.1 $1.366 $50.06
1.436 50.23
39.7
40.1
40.0
40.1
40.4
40.4
40.8
41.3
41.4
42.1
43.1
43.0
42.9
42.6

1.463
1.466
1.464
1.474
1.475
1.481
1.479
1.469
1.499
1.525
1.553
1.571
1.594

52.23
51.78
51.62
51.82
51.94
52.47
52.69
52.47
54. 87
56.04
56.98
57.16
57.49

Jewelry, silverware,
and plated ware

40.9 $1.224 $57. 25
1. 259 55.06
39.9
40.9
40.2
40.2
40.2
40.2
40.3
40.5
40.3
41.6
42.1
42.3
42.4
41.9

1.277
1.288
1.284
1.289
1. 292
1.302
1.301
1.302
1.319
1.331
1.347
1.348
1.372

59.69
55. 52
65.93
57.25
56.16
56. 40
56.00
56.25
59. 98
63.48
65.06
65.43
63.25

Jewelry and findings

43.6 $1,313 $50.47
1.330 51.33
41.4
43.6
41.9
41.4
42.0
41.2
41.5
41.3
41.3
43.4
44.8
44.9
45.0
43.8

Silv erware and
Pi ated wa re

41.2 $1. 225 $62.38
1.258 68.30
40.8

45.4
42.0

$1.374
1.388

1.369

54. 44

42.1

1. 293

64.13

45.0

1.425

1.325
1.351
1.363
1.363
1.359
1.356
1.362
1.382
1.417
1.449
1.454
1.444

51.91
51. 31
52.09
51.89
52.50
51.55
50.12
53. 68
57.06
59.03
58. 82
58. 07

41.0
40.4
40. 6
40.1
40. 7
40.4
39.4
42.0
43.0
43. 5
43.7
43.3

1.266
1. 270
1.283
1.294
1.290
1.276
1.272
1.278
1.327
1.357
1.346
1.341

58.40
60. 21
61.42
59.74
59. 57
69.74
61.10
65. 42
69.56
70.93
71.47
68.10

42.6
42.4
43.1
42.1
42.1
42.1
42.7
44.5
46.5
46.3
46.2
44.6

1.371
1.420
1.425
1.419
1.415
1.419
1.431
1.470
1.532
1.547
1.527

Manufacturing— Continued
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries— Continued

Toys and sporting
goods

$47. 24
47.00

40.1
39.1

47.08

39.1

48.06
48.47
49.24
49.88
49.84
49. 56
49. 27
51.90
52.11
53. 42
54. 21
53. 55
S ee footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

39.3
39.6
39.9
39.9
40.0
39.9
39.7
40.9
41.1
41.7
41.7
41.1

Costume Jewelry,
buttons, notions

$1.178 $45.36
1.202 46.06
1. 204
1.223
1.224
1.234
1. 250
1.246
1.242
1.241
1.269
1.268
1.281
1.300
1.303

46.93
47.24
47.24
47.63
47.54
47.58
47. 34
48.09
50. 55
51.42
51.40
51.69
52.25

Other miscellaneous
manufacturing
industries

40.0 $1.134 $50.39
1.172 51.20
39.3
39.5
39.4
39.3
39.2
38.9
39.0
38.8
39.1
40.7
41.2
40.6
40.8
40.6

1.188
1.199
1.202
1. 215
1.222
1.220
1.220
1.230
1.242
1.248
1.266
1.267

Class I railro ads 4

40.7 $1.238 $60.34
1.280 61.73
40.0

Local railwasfg and
bus lines »

46.1 $1.309 $61. 73
1.419 64. 61
43.6

46.1
44.9

$1,339

53.35

41.2

1.295

61.45

39.9

1.547

65.10

44.5

1.463

52.83
52. 59
52.46
52. 55
53.45
53.98
53.67
55. 62
56.66
57. 75
57. 54
58. 51

40.3
40.3
40.2
40.3
40.4
40.8
40.6
41.6
42.0
42.4
42.4
42.0

1.311
1.305
1.305
1.304
1.323
1.323
1.322
1.337
1.349
1.362
1.357
1.393

61.69
62.37
63. 73
61. 69
61. 75
64.19
61.19
65. 46
63.18
64. 54
64.63

39.8
39.8
41.6
39.9
40.2
41.9
39.4
42.7
40.5
41.8
41.4

1. 550
1.567
1.532
1.546
1.536
1.532
1.553
1.533
1.560
1.544
1.561

65.11
65.22
65. 53
65.90
66. 56
67.41
67.47
66.84

44.2

1.473
1.469
1.476
1.481
1.486
1.488
1.496
1.492
1.495
1.496
1.498
1.512

45.1
67. 77
68.16
69.70

362
T able

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

MONTHLY LABOR

C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees’— Con.
Transportation and public utilities— Continued
Communication

Year and month

Other public utilities

Line construction, in­
Switchboard
operating employees ? stallation, and main­
tenance employees *

Telephone •

Telegraph »

Gas and electric
utilities

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

1948: A v erage...
1949: A v erage...

$48.92
51.78

39.2
38.5

$1. 248
1.345

1949: December.

52.49

38.4

1.367

44. 42

36.5

1.217

70.89

41.8

1.696

62.23

43.7

1.424

66. 04

41.8

1.580

1950: January...
February..
M arch____
A p ril,.........
M a y ...........
J u n e..........

53.13
53. 69
52. 98
53. 44
53.72
54.19
54. 96
54.71
55.80
56.18
54.07
56.46

38.5
38.6
38. 5
38.7
38.9
39.1
39.4
39.3
39.6
39.4
38.0
39.1

1.380
1.391
1.376
1.381
1.381
1.386
1.395
1.392
1.409
1.426
1.423
1.444

44. 58
45.82
45.03
46.19
46.20
46.61
47.73
47.90
48. 00
49.00
44.96
47.41

36.3
36.8
36.7
37.4
37.5
37.8
38.4
38.6
38.4
38.4
36.0
37.3

1.228
1.245
1.227
1.235
1.232
1.233
1.243
1.241
1.250
1.276
1.249
1.271

72.46
72.33
70. 55
70.76
71.48
72.28
72.96
72. 64
76.02
75.91
74.37
77.95

42.3
42.2
41.6
41.6
41.8
42.0
42.1
41.7
42.9
42.5
41.5
42.9

1.713
1.714
1.696
1.701
1.710
1.721
1.733
1.742
1.772
1.786
1.792
1.817

62. 84
62.97
62.93
64.13
65.38
64. 21
64.13
63. 99
64.49
64.74
64.25
65.05

44.1
44.1
44.1
44.6
45.4
44.9
45.0
45.0
44.6
44.8
44.4
44.8

1.425
1.428
1.427
1.438
1.440
1.430
1.425
1.422
1.446
1.445
1.447
1.452

66.09
65. 08
64.81
65.17
65.17
65.99
66 52
65. 65
67.35
67.93
68.97
70.52

41.7
41. 4
41.2
41.3
41.3
41. 5
41.6
41.5
41.6
41.8
41.9
42.2

1.585
1.572
1.573
1 578
1. 578
1. 590
1. 599
1. 582
1.619
1.625
1.646
1.671

July_____

August___
September.
October___
November.
December.

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

A vg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

$60.26
62.85

Transportation and
public utilities—
Continued

Avg.
wkly.
hours

44.7 $1.348 $60. 74
44.7
1.406 63. 99

41.8
41.5

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings
$1,453
1.542

Retail trade
Wholesale trade

Retail trade (except
eating and drinking
places)

Electric light and
power utilities
$61. 70
64. 91

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Trade

Other public
utilities— Continued

1948: Average_______
1949: Average.......... ..

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

42.0 $1.469 $55. 58
41.5
1.564 57. 55

40.9
40.7

$1,359 $43. 85
1.414 45.93

General merchan­
dise stores

40.3 $1.088 $33.31
40.4
1.137 34. 87

Department stores
and general mail­
order houses

36.6 $0.910 $37.36
36.7
.950 39.31

37.7
37.8

$0. 991
1.040

1949: December_____

67.38

41.8

1.612

58.20

40.9

1.423

45.83

40.7

1.126

36.12

38.1

.948

42.12

39.7

1.061

1950: January_______
February___
M arch_________
April..................
M a y ___________
June__________

66.01
65.28
64.85
64.97
65. 09
65. 74
68.13
66.39
68. 60
69.18
70. 47
71.77

41.7
41.5
41.2
41.2
41.3
41.4
41.8
41.6
41.6
41.8
41.8
41.9

1.583
1.573
1.574
1.577
1.576
1.588
1.630
1.603
1.649
1.655
1.686
1.713

58.14
58.27
58. 56
58. 79
59.11
59. 93
61.10
60. 90
60.93
61.68
62.00
63.48

40.6
40.3
40.3
40.1
40.4
40.6
40.9
40.9
40.7
40.9
40.9
41.3

1.432
1.446
1.453
1.466
1.463
1.476
1.494
1.489
1.497
1.508
1.516
1.537

46. 58
46.26
46.26
46.47
46.94
48.06
48.99
48. 99
48.48
48.32
47.92
47.90

40.4
40.4
40.3
40.2
40.4
40.9
41.2
41.1
40.4
40.3
40.0
40.7

1.153
1.145
1.148
1.156
1.162
1.175
1.189
1.192
1.200
1.199
1.198
1.177

35.68
35. 44
35.04
34. 66
35. 49
36.60
37.32
37.06
36.11
36.01
35.18
35.70

36.9
36.8
36.5
36.1
36.4
37.2
37.7
37.4
36.4
36.3
35.9
37.9

.967
.963
.960
.960
.975
.984
.990
.991
.992
.992
.980
.942

40. 21
39. 85
39. 57
39.83
40.82
41.86
42.58
42.33
42.03
42.03
41.06
42.93

37.9
37.7
37.4
37.4
37.8
38.3
38.6
38.2
37.8
37.9
37.5
40.2

1.061
1.057
1.058
1.065
1.080
1.093
1.103
1.108
1.112
1.109
1.095
1.068

II

July...... ......... .

August________
September____
October_______
November.........
December_____

Trade— Continued
Retail trade— Continued
Food and liquor
stores
1948: A v erage...
1949: A verage...
1949: December.
1950: January...
February..
M arch____
April_____
M a y ______
June......... ..
Ju ly ...........
August___
September.
October___
November.
December..
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$47.15

40.3
40.2

Automotive and
accessories dealers

$1.170 $56.07
1. 242 58.92

45.4
45.6

Other retail trade
Apparel and
accessories stores

$1.235 $39.60

36.5

1 2Q 2

t * s - ft

Furniture and
appliance stores

$1.085 $51.15
53.30

42.7
43.4

Lumber and hard­
ware-supply stores

$1.198 $49.37
1.228
51.84

43. 5
43.6

$1.135
1.189

50. 54

40.3

1.254

58.26

45.8

1.272

41.22

36.8

1.120

56. 70

44.4

1.277

52.16

43.5

1.199

50.68
50.85
50. 76
50.93
50.81
51.82

40.0
40.1
40.0
40.1
40.1
40.8
41.5
41.5
40.4
40.0
40.0
40.2

1.267
1.268
1.269
1.270
1.267
1.270
1.286
1.278
1.290
1.295
1.312
1.316

58.72
57.76
59.22
60.36
60. 50
62.29
63. 71
63. 66
63.52
63. 94
63.07
63.52

45.8
45.3
45.8
45.8
45.9
45.9
45. 7
45.6
45.6
45.9
45.8
45.8

1.282
1.275
1.293
1.318
1.318
1.357
1.394
1.396
1.393
1.393
1.377
1.387

41.07
40.07
39. 64
40.17
40.37
40.92
40. 77
40. 70
40.98
40. 95
40.65
41.88

36.7
36.9
36.5
35.9
36.5
36.8
36.9
37.0
36.2
36.3
36.1
36.9

1.119
1.086
1.086
1.109
1.106
1.112
1.105
1.100
1.132
1.128
1.126
1.135

54.81
53.25
53.30
54.21
54. 89
55. 67
56.16
57.03
58.07
57.68
57.81
59. 71

43.6
43.4
43.3
43.4
43.6
43.7
43.5
43.5
43.4
43.5
43.5
44.2

1.257
1.227
1.231
1.249
1.259
1.274
1.291
1.311
1.338
1.326
1.329
1.351

51.58
51.72
51.89
52.84
54.08
55.06
55. 55
55. 91
56.36
56.93
57.05
57.23

43.2
43.1
43.1
43.6
43.9
44.4
44.3
44.2
44.1
44.1
44.5
44.5

1.194

53.04
52.12
51.80
52.48
52.90

1.200
1.204

1.212
1.232
1.240
1.254
1.265
1.278
1.291
1.282
1.286

R E V IE W , M ARCH 1951

T

able

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

363

C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees
Finance 18

Banks
and
trust
com­
panies

Year and month

Service

Security
dealers
Insur­
and
ance
ex­
carriers
changes

Hotels, year-round 11

Avg.
Avg.
Avg.
Avg.
wkly.
wkly.
wkly.
wkly.
earnings earnings earnings earnings
1948: Average_____________ _
1949; Average______________

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
Avg.
hrly.
wkly.
earnings earnings

$66.83
68.32

$54.93
56. 47

1949: December___________

43.95

74.12

56. 52

33.24

43.8

.759

34. 77

1950: January__________________
February_______ _______
M arch___________
April______________ _____

45.29
45. 52
45.37
45.83
45. 54
45.42
46.34
46.36
46. 75
47.78
47. 96
48.72

75.78
77.61
80.08
83.53
82.70
81.31
79.88
79. 09
79. 29
84. 94
86.33
89.58

57.78
57.68
57.19
58.16
58.02
58. 06
59.09
58. 81
58.20
58. 91
59. 70
61.13

33.06
33.51
33. 07
33.26
33.34
33.33
33.51
33.92
34.30
34.67
34.44
34.83

43.9
43.8
43.8
44.0
44.1
43.8
43.8
44.0
43.8
44.0
43.6
43.7

.753
.765
.755
.756
.756
.761
.765
.771
.783
.788
.790
.797

35.15
34.39
34. 56
34.85
35.74
36.33
35. 61
34. 83
35.93
35. 79
35.66
36.09

$31.41
32.84

44.3
44.2

1 These figures are based on reports from cooperating establishments
covering both full- and part-time employees who worked during, or
received pay for, the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. For
the mining, manufacturing, laundries, and cleaning and dyeing plants
industries, data relate to production and related workers only. For the
remaining industries, unless otherwise noted, data relate to nonsupervisory
employees and working supervises. Ail series are available upon request
to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Such requests should specify which
industry series are desired. Data for the three current months are subject
to revision without notation; revised figures for earlier months will be identi­
fied by asterisks the first month they are published.
2 Includes: ordnance and accessories; lumber and wood products (except
furniture); furniture and fixtures; stone, clay, and glass products; primary
metal industries; fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery,
and transport^1011 equipment); machinery (except electrical); electrical
machinery; transportation equipment; instruments and related products;
miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
5 Includes: food and kindred products; tobacco manufactures; textile-mill
products; apparel and other finished textile products; paper and allied prod­
ucts; printing, publishing, and allied industries; chemicals and allied prod­
ucts; products of petroleum and coal; rubber products; leather and leather
products.
4 Data relate to hourly rated employees reported by individual railroads

T

able

$0.709
.743

$34.23
34.98

Avg.
wkly.
hours
41.9
41.5

Avg.
Avg.
hrly.
wkly.
earnings earnings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Motionpicture
produotion
and
distri­
bution i»

Avg.
Avg.
hrly.
wkly.
earnings earnings

$0.817
.843

$39.50
40.71

41.2

.844

40.47

41.0

.987

93.89

41.5
40.8
41.0
41.0
41.7
42.0
41.5
40.6
41.3
41.0
40.8
41.1

.847
.843
.843
.850
.857
.865
.858
.858
.870
.873
.874
.878

40. 75
39.26
40.40
40.48
43.69
44.03
42.02
40.16
42.56
42.15
42.68
42.62

41.2
39.9
40.6
40.4
43.0
43.0
41.4
40.0
41.6
41.0
41.4
41.3

.989
.984
.995
1.002
1.016
1.024
1.015
1.004
1.023
1 028
1.031
1.032

87 8?
88 Q4
91 01
91 23
94 09
94 73
91 64
90 70
92 44
Qñ 08
90 40
99.04

41.1
41.2

$0.961
.988

$92 97
92.17

(exclusive of switching and terminal companies) to the Interstate Commerce
Commission. Annual averages include any retroactive payments made,
which are excluded from monthly averages
* Data include privately and municipally operated local railways and bus
lines.
6 Through M a y 1949 the averages relate mainly to the hours and earnings of
employees subject to the Fair Labor Standards A ct. Beginning with June
1949 the averages relate to the hours and earnings of nonsupervisory employ­
ees. Data for June comparable with the earlier series are $51.47, 38.5 hours,
and $1.337.
7 Data include employees such as switchboard operators, service assistants,
operating-room instructors, and pay-station attendants.
5 Data include employees such as central office craftsmen; installation and
exchange repair craftsmen; line, cable, and conduit craftsmen; and laborers.
8 Data relate mainly to land-line employees, excluding employees com­
pensated on a commission basis, general and divisional headquarters per­
sonnel, trainees in school, and messengers.
18 Data on average weekly hours and average hourly earnings are not avail­
able.
» M oney payments only; additional value of board, room, uniforms, and
tips, not included,
tOctober hours affected by labor disputes.

C -2: Gross Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers in Selected Industries, in Current
and 1939 Dollars 1
Manufacturing

Bituminouscoal mining

Laundries

Year and month

Manufacturing

Average___________ $23. 86
Average_________
29. 58
Average__________
43.82
Average__________
54.14
Average__________
54.92

$23.86
27.95
31.27
31.43
32.28

$23.88
30. 86
58.03
72.12
63.28

$23. 88
29.16
41.41
41.87
37. 20

$17. 69
19. CO
30.30
34.23
34.98

$17.69
17. 95
21.62
19. 87
20. 56

1949: Decem ber........ .......

56.04

33. 26

48.74

28.92

34. 77

20.63

1950: January___________

56.29
56.37

33. 52
33.65

47.36
49.83

28. 21
29. 75

35.15
34.39

20.93
20.53

February________

Bituminouscoal mining

Laundries

Year and month
Current 1939 Current 1939 Current
1939
dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars

1939;
1941.
1946:
1948:
1949:

Cleaning and dyeing
plants

Laundries

$41. 51
43. 64

J u n e . . . ___ . ______
J u ly _______________________
August___________________
September_____
October__________
November___
December________

Con.

' These series indicate changes in the level of weekly earnings prior to and
after adjustment for changes in purchasing power as determined from the
Bureau’s Consumers’ Price Index, the year 1939 having been selected for the
base period. Estimates of World W ar II and postwar understatement by


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Current 1939 Current 1939 Current 1939
dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars
1950: M arch_....................

A p r i l . .....................
M a y ........... ..............
J u n e ........................
July........ ............ .
A ugust. _________
September________
O c to b e r __________
N ovem ber8_______
D ecem ber2_______

$56. 53
56.93
57. 54
58.85
59. 21
60.32
60. 64
61.99
62.38
63.80

$33. 65
33.82
33.92
34.37
34.12
34,66
34.68
35.25
35.31
35.55

$78. 75
72. 79
68.37
69. 92
69. 85
71.04
71.92
72.99
73. 37
77.79

$46.87
43.25
40.31
40. 83
40.15
40.82
41.13
41.51
41. 53
43.34

$34.56
34. 85
35.74
36 33
35.61
34.83
35.93
35. 79
35.66
36.09

$20. 57
20. 71
21.07
21.22
20. 52
20.01
20. 55
20.35
20.19
20.11

the Consumers’ Price Index were not included. See the M onthly Labor
Review, March 1947, p. 498. Data from January 1939 are available upon
request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
2 Preliminary.

C : E A R N IN 0 8

364
T

able

C -3 :

MONTHLY LABOR

AND HOURS

Gross and Net Spendable Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers in Manufactur­
ing Industries, in Current and 1939 Dollars 1
N et spendable average weekly
earnings

N et spendable average weekly
earnings
Gross average
weekly earnings
Worker with
no dependents

Period
Index
Amount (1939=
100)

Cur­
rent
dollars

1939
dollars

Cur­
rent
dollars

1939
dollars

$26.64
47.50
45.45
43.31

111.7
109.1
190.5
181.5

$25.41
39.40
37.80
37.30

$25.06
30.81
29.04
27.81

$26.37
45.17
43.57
42.78

$26.00
35.33
33.47
31.90

23.86
25.20
29.58
38. 65
43.14
46.08
44.39
43.82
49.97
54.14
54.92

100.0
105.6
124.0
153.6
180.8
193.1
186.0
183.7
209.4
226.9
230.2

23.58
24.69
28.05
31.77
36.01
38.29
36.97
37.72
42.76
47.43
48.09

23.58
24.49
26.51
27.11
28.97
30.32
28.61
26.92
26.70
27.54
28. 27

23.62
24.95
29.28
36.28
41.39
44.06
42.74
43.20
48.24
53.17
53.83

23.62
24.75
27.67
30.96
33.30
34.89
33.08
30.83
30.12
30.87
31.64

1941 January.
July.
1946: June1939:
1940:
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
19491

Worker with
3 dependents

Average..
Average.
Average.
Average.
Average.
Average.
Average.
Average.
Average.
Average.
Average.

l Net spendable average weekly earnings are ODtainea Dy aeaucnng irom
gross average weekly earnings, social security and income taxes for which
the specified type of worker is liable. The amount of income tax liability
depends, of course, on the number of dependents supported by the worker
as well as on the level of his gross income. Net spendable earnings have,
therefore, been computed for 2 types of income-receivers: (1) A worker with
no dependents: (2) A worker with 3 dependents.
The computation of net spendable earnings for both the factory worker with
no dependents and the factory worker with 3 dependents are based upon the
gross average weekly earnings for all production workers in manufacturing

T

able

C -4 :

Durable
goods

Excluding
overtime

Period
Gross
amount

1949: December.

1950: January_____
February-----M arch.......................
April...............
M a y ...............
June...............
July............. .
August_____
S eptem ber...
October_____
Novem ber 2__
December 2_ .

Index
Amount (1939=
100)

Cur­
rent
dollars

1939
dollars

Cur­
rent
dollars

$56.04

$234.9

$49.02

$29.09

$54.77

$32.50

56.29
56.37
56.53
56.93
57. 54
58.85
59. 21
60. 32
60.64
61.99
62.38
63.80

235.9
236.3
236.9
238.6
241.2
246.6
248.2
252.8
254.1
259.8
261.4
267.4

48.94
49.00
49.13
49. 46
49. 95
51.03
51.32
52.24
52. 50
52.16
52.47
53.61

29.15
29.25
29.24
29. 39
29. 45
29.80
29.57
30.05
30.03
29.66
29.70
29.87

54. 70
54.76
54.90
55. 23
55.74
56.86
57.16
58. 11
58.38
59. 20
59. 52
60.69

32.58
32.69
32.68
32. 81
32.86
33.21
32.94
33. 39
33.39
33.66
33.69
33.81

1939
dollars

industries without direct regard to marital status and family composition.
The primary value of the spendable series is that of measuring relative
changes in disposable earnings for 2 types of income-receivers. That series
does not, therefore, reflect actual differences in levels of earnings for workers
of varying age, occupation, skill, family composition, etc. Comparable
data from January 1939 are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics,
s Preliminary.
N o t e : October 1950 net spendable earnings data reflect increased tax
rates in accordance with the Revenue A ct of 1950.

Gross

110.9 $0.808 $0.770 $0. 640
.723
127.2
.947
.881
.976
.803
141.2
1.059
1.029
.861
149.6 1.117
.904
152.1
1.111 2 1.042
1.015
1.156 1.122
166.0
1.292
1.250
1.171
189.3
1.366
1.278
207.0
1.410
1.469 1.434
1.325
216.0

$0.625
.698
.763
.814
2 .858
.981
1.133
1.241
1.292

1950: January........

Average____
Average____
Average____
Average____
Average____
Average____

1949: D ecem b er...

1.408

1.368

216.1

1.476

Ex­
clud­
ing
over­
time

1.435

1.334

1.296

1 Overtime is defined as work in excess of 40 hours per week and paid for at
time and one-half. The computation of average hourly earnings exclusive of
overtime makes no allowance for special rates of pay for work done on holidays. Comparable data from January 1941 are available upon request to
the Bureau of Labor Statistics.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Durable
goods

Manufacturing

Period

Gross

$0. 702
.805
.894
.947
2 .963
1.051
1.198
1.310
1.367

Nondurable
goods

Ex­
clud­
ing
over­
time

Index
A m ount (1939=
100)

$0. 729
.853
.961
1.019
1.023
1.086
1.237
1.350
1.401

1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:

Worker with
3 dependents

Worker with
no dependents

Period

Average Hourly Earnings, Gross and Exclusive of Overtime, of Production Workers in
Manufacturing Industries 1
Manufacturing

1941: Average____
1942: Average____

Gross average
weekly earnings

Excluding
overtime
Gross
amount

February___
M arch______
A pril_______
M a y _______
June...............
July_________

August - . .
September...
October____
N ovember 3.
D ecem ber3..

$1. 418
1.420
1.424
1.434
1.442
1.453
1.462
1.464
1.479
1.501
1.514
1.541

Gross
Index
A m ount (1939=
100)
$1.380
1.382
1.385
1.392
1.399
1.404
1.413
1.408
1.424
1.442
1.456
1.478

Ex­
clud­
ing
over­
time

Nondurable
goods

Gross

218.0 $1.485 $1.445 $1.343
1.442
218.3
1.483
1.350
1.353
218.8 1.486 1.443
219.9
1.355
1.499 1.449
1.509
1. 459 1.358
221.0
1.522
1.465
1.365
221.8
1.375
223.2
1. 633 1.478
1.475
222.4
1.539
1. 374
225.0 1.562 1.499 1.379
1.404
227.8
1. 577 1.508
1.521
1.419
230.0
1.589
233.5
1.544 1.442
1.617

Ex­
clud­
ing
over­
time

$1.307
1.316
1.319
1.323
1.324
1.326
1.333
1.328
1.334
1.358
1.372
1.393

* Eleven-month average. August 1945 excluded because of VJ-holiday
period,
* Preliminary,

R E V IE W , M ARCH 1951

T able

365

C : E A R N IN G S A N D H O U R S

C-5: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers in Manufacturing Industries for
Selected States and Areas 1
Alabama

Arizona

State

Arkansas
Phoenix

State

State *

California
Little Bock 1

State

Year and month
AverAver- AverAver- AverAver- AverAver- AverAver- AverAverAverAverAverAverAverAverage
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
hourly weekly
weekly
hourly weekly
hourly weekly
hourly weekly
hourly weekly
hourly
weekly
weekly
weekly
earn- weekly earn- earnearn- earnearn- earn- weekly earn- earn- weekly earnearn- earnhours
hours
hours
hours
hours
hours
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
1949: December......... $45.58

40.7

44. 46
45.24
45.01
46.10
45.24
46.57
46.10
47.21
*48.84
49.92
49.97
51.63

39.7
39.0
38.8
39.4
39.0
39.8
39.4
40.7
*40.7
41.6
41.3
41.3

1950: January.......... ..
February_____
M arch________
April..................
M a y ............. . . .
June__________
July— .......August________
September____
October............
November____
December____

$1.12 $55.73

42.3

$1.32 $53.61

39.3

1.12
1.16
1.16
1.17
1.16
1.17
1.17
1.16
*1.20
1.20
1.21
1.25

42.4
42.0
41.8
41.6
42.3
43.0
40.9
42.5
43.4
44.4
43.0
45.3

1.32
1.37
1.42
1.44
1.41
1.45
1.46
1.45
*1.47
1.48
1.49
1.48

52.64
54. 02
54.70
56.30
54.30
56. 20
53.80
55.80
*57.60
62.20
61.40
65.90

38.7
38.3
37.6
38.3
38.3
38.0
35.9
37.5
*37.5
42.0
41.1
44.4

56.08
57.46
59.10
59.82
59. 60
62.20
59.80
61.80
*63.60
65. 80
63.90
66.90

$1.36 $39.33

41.4

1.36
1.40
1.45
1.47
1.43
1.50
1.51
1.51
*1. 53
1.48
1.49
1.49

40.7
40.4
41.0
41.1
40.0
41.7
41.0
42.8
43.1
43.0
42.2
42.5

39. 07
40.80
41.41
41.51
40.40
42.12
42.23
44.08
44.39
44.72
44.73
45.48

$0.95 $42.57

43.0

39.01
41.41
41.62
43.37
42.74
45.15
45.37
45.68
44.41
45.36
45.80
46.65

41.5
41.0
40.8
41.7
41.1
42.2
42.4
42.3
41.5
43.2
42.8
42.8

.96
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.04
1.06
1.07

California—-Continued

1949: December____ $62.12

38.8

63.06
62.20
62.88
62.92
63. 39
64.11
64.92
*65.58
*65.53
66.72
67.06
68. 55

39.0
38.9
39.3
39.3
39.4
39.6
40.1
40.5
40.2
40.9
40.5
40.6

1950: January............
February..........
M arch...............
April................ .
M a y ...................
June__________
July....................
A u gust........... ..
September____
O ctober............
Novem ber____
December____

$1.60 $62.76
1.62
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.61
1.62
1.62
1.62
1.63
1.63
1.65
1.69

57.35
57.10
59.06
56.07
58.13
59.53
59. 51
65.37
62.28
64.31
65.01
66.10

38.5
36.3
36.3
36.8
35.0
36.4
37.3
37.7
40.9
38.6
40.7
40.4
40.1

$1.63 $64. 53

38.5

63.99
64.96
65.05
64. 55
64.89
66. 46
68.09
67.62
*68.28
68. 52
67.95
70.70

38.2
38.6
38.7
38.4
38.6
39.3
39.5
39.8
39.7
39.6
38.9
39.9

1.58
1.57
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.58
1.60
1.62
1.58
1.61
1.65

San Jose

N ew Britain

$1.68 $58.40

38.5

$1.52 $56.07

40.6

59.35
59. 52
58.75
58.02
61.58
63.04
60. 34
66.38
*64.73
60.95
60. 55
61.65

37.8
38.3
38.7
38.5
39.4
39.5
41.1
45.3
44.4
41.1
39.5
38.1

1.57
1.55
1.52
1.51
1.56
1.60
1.47
1.47
*1.46
1.48
1.53
1.62

55. 29
55.92
56.56
56.69
57.07
57.74
58.36
60.27
62.17
63.65
64. 44
65.96

40.0
40.4
40.6
40.6
40.8
41.1
41.4
42.2
42.8
43.0
42.9
43.3

1.68
1.68
1.68
1.68
1.68
1.69
1.72
1.70
1.72
1.73
1.75
1.77

N ew Haven

Waterbury

39.0

1950: January.............
February_____
M arch...............
April...... ...........
M a y ...................
June__________
Ju ly........... .......
A u gust.............
September____
October.............
November____
December____

52.46
50. 55
50.88
50.12
50.93
52.37
52.46
50.24
*53.33
53.82
56.39
58.95

39.6
38.9
38.9
38.0
38.6
39.5
39.1
38.6
40.0
40.2
40.7
41.4

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$1.43 $55. 23
1.46 56.48
1.44
56.99
1.44
56. 79
1.45
56.52
1.45
58.81
61.04
1.50
1.56 63.57
1.59
65.07
1.60 66.75

40.5
41.0
41.1
41.2
41.0
42.0
42.7
43.7
43.1
44.0

$1.36 $53.00
1.38
52.88
1.39
53.36
53.94
1.38
1.38
54.23
55.56
1.40
1.43
56.87
1.45
57. 61
59.02
1.51
1.52 58.25

40.4
40.0
40.2
40.6
40.7
41.2
41.4
41.9
42.1
41.3

$1.62
1.63
1.62
1.62
1.62
1.63
1.64
1.65
1.64
1.66
1.66
1.69
1.71

Bridgeport

$1.38 $57.04
1.38
1.38
1.39
1.40
1.40
1.40
1.41
1.43
1.45
1.48
1.50
1.52

State
$49.92

40.8
40.3
40.9
41.0
42.5
42.9
43.9
44.6
44.6
45.4

38.5
38.3
38.8
39.0
38.9
39.0
39.6
39.9
40.8
40.2
40.6
39.9
40.0

56. 59
56.93
57. 55
57. 48
57.80
58.75
59.63
60. 30
61.83
64.36
65.44
67.44

40.3

$1.41

40.1
40.1
40.4
40.1
40.3
40.8
41.2
41.5
41.6
42.4
42.7
43.1

1.41
1.42
1.42
1.43
1.43
1.44
1.45
1.45
1.49
1.52
1.53
1.56

Delaware

1949: December.........

$58.45
58.78
58.97
59.09
61.81
62.16
66.19
70.06
71.03
72.74

62.31
62.89
63.06
62.94
63.53
65.10
65.95
66. 77
*66.71
67.38
67.38
68.62

State

Connecticut —Continued
Hartford

.94
1.01
1.02
1.04
1.04
1.07
1.07
1.08
1.07
1.05
1.07
1.09

Connecticut

San FranciscoOakland

San Diego

Los Angeles

$0.99 $62.29

$1.31 $60.05
1.32 60.01
1.33
61.16
1.33
63. 04
62.84
1.33
66.67
1.35
66.27
1.37
1.37 65.19
1.40 65.13
1.41
67.45

41.6
41.3
41.7
42.6
42.3
44.3
43.9
43.6
43.0
43.5

$1.44
1.45
1.47
1.48
1.49
1.50
1.51
1.49
1.51
1.55

Wilmington
$1.28 $58.87

40.0

$1.47

61.84
59.58
59.93
59.66
60.34
62.48
62.06
61.99
*64.94
64.67
65.97
67.87

41.1
40.5
40.7
40.1
40.7
41.5
41.1
41.1
42.0
42.4
42.4
43.2

1.51
1.47
1.47
1.49
1.48
1.50
1.51
1.51
1.55
1.53
1.56
1.57

1.33
1.30
1.31
1.32
1.32
1.32
1.34
1.30
1.34
1.34
1.39
1.42

366

M O N TH LY LAB O R

G: E A R N IN G S A N D H O U R S

T

able

C-5: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers in Manufacturing Industries for
Selected States and Areas 1— Continued
Florida

Georgia

State

State s

Idaho
Savannah1

Atlanta*

Illinois

State

State

Year and month
Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­
Aver­
Aver­
Aver­
Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
hourly weekly
hourly weekly age hourly weekly age hourly weekly age hourly weekly age hourly
weekly
weekly
weekly
weekly
earn­ earn­
earn­ earn­ weekly earn­ earn­ weekly earn­ earn­
earn­
earn­ earn­ weekly earn­
hours
hours
hours
hours
hours
hours
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
1949: December.

$43. 74

43.7

1950: January............ 44.35
February_____ 43.90
M arch............... 44.16
April............ .
44.74
M a y __________ 44.89
June__________ 45.62
Ju ly................... 45.13
August_______ 46.06
September____ 46.20
October............ 47.38
November____ 48.91
December____ 49. 51

44.4
42.1
41.5
41.4
42.0
41.8
41.0
41.7
41.7
41.9
43.4
43.2

1949: December.

$ 1.00 $41.00
1.00
1.04
1.06
1.08
1.07
1.09
1.10
1.10
1.11
1.13
1.13
1.15

41.30
41.98
41.94
42.91
41.76
42.66
42.98
43. 76
44.39
45. 51
46.10
47.73

40.2
40.1
39.6
39.2
40.1
39.4
39.5
39.8
40.9
41.1
41.0
40.8
41.5

Illinois—
Continued

Indiana

Chicago

State

1.54

40.5

$1.52 $60. 51

40.1

61.52
61.38
61.71
62.91
63.94
64.96
64.87
65.41
*65.43
66.58
67.53
70. 25

40.3
40.2
40.4
40.9
41.2
41.4
41.3
41.7
*41.8
42.0
41.8
42.4

1950: January...
February..
M arch____
April_____
M a y ...........
Ju ne..........
July---------August___
September.
O ctober.—
November.
December.
Massachusetts

Michigan

State

State

1949: December____ $53.07 _______________ $61.50
1950: January_______ 52.90
February_____ 53. 55
M arch________ 53.68
April__________ 53.13
M a y ............—. 53. 56
June__________ 54. 48
July----------------- 54.79
August________ 56. 22
September____ *56. 32
October_______ 58. 57
November____ 59.70
December____ 60.66

—

4Ö.T
41.4
41.1
41.0
41.5
41.8

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

...........

$1.36
1.36
1.37
1.43
1.44
1.45

65.13
65.04
66.19
68.47
68.04
70.13
70.88
72. 34
*72. 01
74.60
73.82

37.8
40.0
40.1
40.5
41.4
41.1
42.0
41.9
42.6
*41.2
42.0
41.7

$1.02 $46.22
1.03
1.06
1.07
1.07
1.06
1.08
1.08
1.07
1.08
1.11
1.13
1.15

46.68
47.01
48.92
49.17
47.31
49.29
49. 61
49.20
49.44
50.39
51.88
55.81

39.5
39.9
39.5
40.1
40.3
39.1
40.4
41.0
41.0
41.2
41.3
41.5
42.6

$1.17 $49. 02

43.0

47.77
48.67
47. 74
47.85
49. 39
51.29
53.20
53.30
52.58
51.83
53.76
54.66

41.9
41.6
40.8
40.9
41.5
41.7
42.9
42.3
42.4
41.8
42.0
42.7

1.17
1.19
1.22
1.22
1.21
1.22
1.21
1.20
1.20
1.22
1.25
1.31

$1.14

$60.09

1.14
1.17 $63.14
1.17 61.03
62.15
1.17
1.19
62.64
1.23 62.39
1.24 68.09
1.26
64.40
1.24 *67.40
1.24
66. 20
1.28
64.90
1.28
67.80

Iowa

State

Des Moines

41.4
40.6
40.4
40.3
40.4
41.7
41.2
40.8
*42.1
42.3
42.4
43.8

$1.38 $59.17
1.38
58.48
1.38
58.87
1.39
59.95
1.38
59. 32
1.40
60.45
1.41
60. 29
1.41
61.96
*1.40 *61.49
1.41
60.69
1.42
60.60
1.45 64. 47

39.9
39.7
39.8
40.6
40.3
41.0
40.7
40.9
41.5
41.1
40.4
41.7

Maine

State

$1.48
1.47
1.48
1.48
1.47
1.47
1.48
1.52
1.48
1.48
1.50
1.54

$58.57

42.3

'59.73
56.62
56.80
56.93
56.68
58.05
58.79
59.04
*60.76
60.13
62.24
62.59

42.1
40.6
40.8
40.9
40.9
41.5
41.6
41.5
*41.9
41.2
42.2
42.0

$1.50

$1.54
1.51
1.53
1.51
1.55
1.60
1.59
1.60
1.63
1.61
1.63

Kansas

$1.51
1.53 $56.98
1.53
55.93
1.53
55.86
1.54
55.88
1.55
55.76
1.57
58.23
1.57
58.02
1.57
57.54
*1.57
58.94
1.59
59.42
1.61
60.11
1.65
63.66

41.0
40.5
40.7
41.4
40.2
42.5
40.5
42.1
40.6
40.3
41.6

40.1

State
$1.38 $46.82

40.5

$1.16

1.42
1.40
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.40
1.41
1.42
*1.45
1.46
1.47
1.49

40.9
42.1
41.4
40.2
40.2
40.-4
41.0
42.5
41.6
39.9
41.1
41.8

1.16
1.16
1.18
1.18
1.17
1.17
1.16
1.17
1.19
1.22
1.25
1.27

47.39
48. 80
48.76
47. 55
47.13
47.44
47.66
49.68
49.38
48.81
51.56
53.01

Minnesota
Duluth

State
$1.63 $57.34

41.0

1.63
1.63
1.63
1.65
1.65
1.67
1.69
1.70
*1.74
1.75
1.77

40.3
40.6
40.1
40.0
40.4
41.2
42.1
42.1
41.2
41.7
41.7
41.9

57.09
57.36
56.60
56.74
57. 50
58. 56
59. 69
59. 49
58.81
61.32
61.80
62. 61

$1.40 $54.97
1.42
1.41
1.41
1.42
1.42
1.42
1.42
1.41
1.43
1.47
1.48
1.49

58. 58
59. 24
58.36
60.07
59. 54
60.18
60.13
60.96
62. 24
62.05
61.01
60.84

Minneapolis

St. Paul

38.9

$1.41

$56.65

40.2

$1.41

$59.19

40.8

$1.45

39.5
40.0
39.3
40.4
39.8
40.0
39.5
40.2
40.2
40.6
39.8
39.4

1.48
1.48
1.49
1.49
1.50
1.50
1.52
1.52
1.55
1.53
1.53
1.54

56. 69
56.36
57.14
57.41
58.67
59.50
60.64
60.37
61.37
62.19
62.18
62.16

39.7
39.3
39.8
39.9
40.7
41.3
42.1
41.4
41.8
42.1
41.7
41.5

1.43
1.43
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.46
1.46
1.48
1.49
1.50

58.89
60.49
60. 74
60. 77
59.99
62. 05
63.63
60. 73
60.68
62.47
63.47
63.32

40.0
40.9
40.8
41.0
40.7
41.6
42.0
40.6
40.7
40.9
41.1
40.5

1.47
1.48
1.49
1.48
1.47
1.49
1.51
1.50
1.49
1.53
1.55
1.56

367

G : E A R N IN G S A N D H O U R S

R E V IE W , M ARCH 1951

C-5: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers in Manufacturing Industries for
Selected States and Areas 1— Continued

T able

Year and month

Mississippi

Missouri

Nebraska

State

State

State

New Jersey

New Hampshire
Manchester

State

State

Aver- Aver- Aver- Aver- Aver- Aver- AverAver- AverAver- AverAver- AverAverAverAverAverAverage
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age hourly weekly
hourly weekly
hourly
hourly weekly
hourly weekly
hourly weekly
weekly
weekly earn- earn- weekly earn- earn- weekly earn- earn- weekly earn- earn- weekly earn- earn­ weekly earn­
earnhours
hours
hours
hours
hours
hours
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
mgs
mgs
mgs
$36.36

40.4

1950: January_______ 36.42
February___
37.98
M a r c h . . . ___ 38.01
38. 80
39.11
J u n e ... ______ 39.45
July
41.01
39. 47
August . . .
September___ *40. 79
October
42.60
N o v e m b e r ___ 40.98
December------- 41.45

40.6
39.6
39.8
40.3
40.0
40.4
42.5
40.6
*41.2
42.6
39.4
39.1

$0.90 $51.06

38.7

52.44
52.24
52. 51
53.87
53.67
56. 08
55. 56
56.47
*56.32
55.93
56.05
58.15

39.3
39.2
39.1
39.4
39.4
40.5
40.1
40.8
*40.4
40.2
39.4
40.3

.90
.96
.96
.96
.98
.98
.97
.97
* .99
1.00
1.04
1.06

$1.32
1.33 $51.69
48.82
1.33
1.34 49.67
50.38
1.37
1.36
50.13
1.38
52.55
1.39
52.48
1.39
52.42
1.40
54.43
1.39
54.96
1.42 56.84
1.44 60. 08

$1.24
1. 21
1.22
1.23
1.24
1.23
1.23
1.22
1. 27
1.29
1.31
1.35

$46. 08

39.1

$1.18 $43.68

37.1

46. 76
47.48
47.88
46. 58
45.09
47. 07
47.60
50.09
50.39
51.28
51.43
52. 74

39.9
39.9
40.1
39.1
38.1
39.6
40.0
41.4
41.3
40.7
40.5
41.2

1.17 45. 59
46.67
1.19
46.96
1.19
44. 82
1.19
1.18 43.27
1.19 43.59
1.19 45. 21
1.21
47.67
1.22 *47. 60
1.26 48.98
1. 27 47.62
1.28 50.30

38.9
39.4
39.6
37.9
36.3
36.9
38.2
39.4
*38.7
38.5
37.2
39.3

1949: December_____ $60.03

40.4

$1. 49 $57. 62

40.1

$1.44 $56.03

42.1

$1.33

$57. 98

38.6

1950: January...
February_____
M arch. ._

40.6
40.6
40.6
40.3
40.7
41.2
41.1
41.9
41.9
42.2
41.8
42.4

59. 56
1.49
1. 50 57. 52
1.50 58. 76
1. 50 59.55
1.51
55.79
1. 52 61.39
1.52 61.66
1. 54 61. 44
1.56 *60. 71
1. 57 65.23
64.62
1.59
1.61
65. 55

40.6
39.4
40.3
40.4
37.8
40.9
41.0
41.1
40.5
42.0
41.5
41.7

1. 47 54. 47
1.46
54. 75
54.67
1.46
1. 47 56.16
54.86
1.48
1. 50 57. 52
1. 50 62. 62
1. 50 60. 21
1.50 *60.35
1.55 60.20
1.56
61.70
1.57
63.70

42.1
41.2
40.8
41.6
41.0
42.2
43.7
43.1
42.5
42.7
41.7
43.6

1.29
1.33
1.34
1.35
1.34
1.36
1. 43
1. 40
1.42
1.41
1.48
1.46

57.64
57.92
57.83
57.24
57.93
58. 57
59. 28
61.03
59.69
61.75
62.08
63.65

38.5
38.7
38.7
38.6
38.8
39.1
39.2
40.0
39.0
40.0
40.1
40.3

60. 57
60.79
60.78
60. 59
61. 51
62.49
June__
.Tnlv
62.60
64.48
August..
September____ *65. 53
66. 21
October
November____ 66.63
December------- 68.39

40.0

$1.45

58.88
59.11
59.11
58. 60
59.47
60.74
60. 60
62.31
*63.32
64.12
65. 27
66.34

40.0
40.1
40.1
39.7
40.1
40.6
40.4
41.4
41.6
41.5
41.6
41.8

1.47
1.47
1.47
1.48
1. 48
1.50
1.50
1. 51
1. 52
1.55
1.57
1.59

1.17
1.19
1.19
1.18
1.19
1.18
1.18
1.21
*1.23
1.27
1.28
1.28

Albany-Schenectady-Troy

State

State

Trenton

$1.18 $58.12

N ew York

New Mexico

N ew Jersey— Con.

Newark

41.8
40.2
40.6
40.8
40.5
42.7
42.6
42.9
43.0
42.6
43.5
44.6

$1.50 $58.83

39.5

57.40
59. 60
59.11
59.42
60.27
59. 76
61.82
64. 26
66.31
66.28
68.00
69.38

39.2
39.7
39.3
39.4
39.9
39.3
40.0
41.1
42.1
41.8
42.2
42.4

1. 50
1.50
1.49
1.48
1. 49
1.50
1. 51
1. 52
1.53
1. 55
1. 55
1.58

Binghamton-Endicott-Johnson City

$1.49 $56. 08

38.2

$1.47

53.99
53.92
54.62
54.90
55. 66
55.98
57.15
59.46
60. 75
59.87
60.48
63.23

37.4
37.1
37.5
37.4
37.8
38.2
38.6
39.5
40.2
39.9
40.2
41.2

1.45
1.45
1.45
1. 47
1. 47
1.47
1. 48
1. 50
1.51
1. 50
1.51
1. 54

1.47
1.50
1.50
1. 51
1.51
1. 52
1.55
1.56
1. 57
1.59
1. 61
1. 64

N ew York-—Continued

1949: December____ $63.03

40.4

62.92
63.15
63.60
64.22
65.13
66.19
66.45
67. 55
*68.63
68. 42
69. 94
72.23

40.4
40.4
40.7
40.6
41.1
41.3
41.6
42.0
41.9
41.6
41.8
42.2

1950: January...
M arch________
M a y _______
July___

_____

S ep tem ber__
December-------

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

KingstonNewburghPoughkeepsie

Elmira

Buffalo

$1.56 $57.01
1.56
1.56
1. 56
1. 58
1. 59
1.60
1. 60
1.61
1.64
1.65
1.67
1. 71

56.10
55.05
55. 51
57.13
56. 52
58.36
57.69
60.44
60.64
62.48
63.61
65.68

39.7
39.3
38.8
39.0
39.7
39.2
40.1
39.4
40.6
40.0
40.8
41.4
41.9

$1.44 $53.09

39.2

52.24
52.15
52.47
52.41
54.23
53.96
54. 52
56.32
56.87
58.31
60. 57
60.60

38.7
38.8
38.8
38.5
39.9
39.5
39.6
40. 5
40.3
40.8
40.9
41.4

1.43
1. 42
1.42
1. 44
1.44
1.46
1. 46
1.49
1. 52
1.53
1.54
1.57

$1.36 $58. 51

37.4

58. 50
58.73
58.38
56.74
57. 21
57.94
59.00
60. 90
57. 26
60.63
60.01
61.83

37.3
37.5
37. 5
37.2
37.3
37.7
37.6
38.4
36.2
38.1
38.3
38.4

1.35
1.34
1.35
1.36
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39
1. 41
1.43
1.48
1.46

Rochester

New York City

$1.56 $59.19
1.57
1. 57
1.56
1.53
1.53
1.54
1.57
1.59
1.58
1. 59
1.57
1.61

59.20
58. 55
59.07
59.59
59.89
60. 51
60.89
62.43
64. 22
65. 49
66.74
67.41

39.8
39.8
39.5
39.9
39.9
39.9
40. 2
40.5
41.1
41. 5
41.7
41.9
41.9

Syracuse

$1.49 $56.32
1.49
1.48
1.48
1. 49
1.50
1.50
1. 50
1.52
1. 55
1. 57
1. 59
1.61

55. 92
57.10
57.58
58.06
59.32
58. 22
61.36
63.11
65.47
66.84
65.76
67.17

40.4

$1.39

39.9
40.4
40.6
40.8
41.5
40.6
42.1
43.1
43.4
43.8
42.8
43.3

1.40
1.41
1.42
1.42
1.43
1.43
1.46
1. 46
1. 51
1. 53
1.54
1.55

368

C : E A R N IN G S A N D H O U R S

T

able

M O N TH LY LABOR

C-5: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers in Manufacturing Industries for
Selected States and Areas 1— Continued
N ew York— Con.

North Carolina

ITtica-Rom e-Herkimer-LittleJFalls

State

North Dakota

Charlotte

Oklahoma

State

State

Oklahoma C ity

Year and month
Aver­
Aver­ Aver­ Aver­ Aver­ Aver­ Aver­ Aver­ Aver­ Aver­ Aver­ A ver­ Aver­ Aver­ Aver­ Aver­ Aver­ Aver­
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
weekly age hourly weekly age hourly weekly age hourly weekly age hourly weekly age hourly weekly age hourly
earn­ weekly earn­ earn­ weekly earn­ earn­ weekly earn­ earn­ weekly earn­ earn­ weekly earn­ earn­ weekly earn­
hours
hours
hours
hours
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings hours ings
ings hours ings
1949: December------ $55.43

39.9

$1.39 $42.25

40.0

$1.06 $46.10

40.9

1950: January---------

39.7
40.3
40.0
40.2
39.7
40.0
40.6
41.4
41.3
41.5
41.5
41.5

1.39 41.66
1.38
42.33
1.40 42.11
1.40 39.82
1. 42 40. 78
1.42
41.74
1.42 42. 02
1.41
44.31
1.42 *44. 79
1.47 46.48
1.49 46.82
1.50 47. 64

39.5
39.2
39.0
36.8
37.8
38.6
38.6
40.6
40.9
40.8
40.5
41.0

1.06 45. 05
1.08 45. 59
1.08
45.46
1. 08 45.25
1.08 45. 26
1.08
45.84
1.09 45.07
1.09 47. 05
1.10 *47.34
1.14 49.99
1.16 50.18
1.16 50.83

40.1
40.1
39.7
39.6
39.7
40.2
39.6
41.0
40.7
41.4
41.6
41.7

55.13
February_____ 55. 82
M arch........ .
55.99
A pril________
56.04
M a y _________ 56.38
June_________ 56.94
July--------------- 57.66
August............ 58.51
September___ 58.88
October______ 61.02
N ovem ber___ 61.68
December____ 62.18

Oklahoma—Con.

Oregon

Tulsa

State

1949: December____
«
■n
1950: January.......... $54. 57
February........ 54. 20
M arch.......... . 55. 22
April......... ....... 56. 41
M a y _________ 56. 57
June_________ '55. 23
July— ............ 56.44
A u gu st............ '60.11
September___ *61.55
October______ 63.21
N ovem ber___ 62.05
December____ 62.18

41.2
40.8
40.7
41.9
41.4
40.4
40.9
44.2
*44.6
44.2
42.5
42.3

$1.33
1.33
1.36
1.35
1.37
1.37
1.38
1.36
*1.38
1.43
1.46
1.47

$1.13
1.12
1.14
1.15
1.15 $51. 81
1.14
55.23
1.14 55.69
1.14 57. 47
1.15
58.43
1.16 *57. 64
1. 21 58.49
1.21
58.13
1.22 56.53

42.8
45.0
45.8
46.7
46.9
*46.7
45.6
45.4
44.3

*$54.31

42.1

*54.89
*54. 08
*54.34
$1.21 *54. 50
1.23 *55.18
1. 22 *55.04
1.23
56. 41
1.25
57. 65
*1.23 *58.22
1.28 59.63
1. 28 60.49
1.28 61.63

41.9
41.6
41.8
41.6
41.8
41.7
42.1
42.7
*42.5
43.2
42.9
43.1

$1. 29
1.31 $52. 65
1.30 51.31
1.30 52. 76
1.31
52.93
1.32 53.20
1.32 51.67
1.34
54.59
1.35
58.30
*1.37 *57. 86
1.39 58.02
1. 41 58.56
1.43
60.83

42.4
41.4
42.6
42.5
42.8
41.3
43.2
44.5
*43.5
43.3
43.7
44.4

$1.24
1.24
1.24
1.25
1.24
1.25
1.26
1.31
*1.33
1.34
1.34
1.37

Pennsylvania
Allentow n13ethlehem

State

Erie

Harrisburg

$67.57

39.5

$1.71

$54. 29

39.2

$1.39 $54. 53

38.8

$1.40 $58.77

40.8

$1.44 $47.90

37.9

$1.27

61.82
64.15
66.53
68. 79
69.47
70. 79
71.99
*72. 54
72. 65
71.69
70.28

37.1
38.0
38.6
39.2
39.1
39.3
39.6
*40.8
39.4
39.3
38.1

1.67
1.69
1.72
1.75
1.78
1.80
1.82
1.78
1.84
1.83
1.84

54.31
54.85
53. 73
54.35
55.71
56.39
56. 64
*57.47
*58.31
59. 53
60.57
62. 21

39.0
39.2
38.5
38.5
39.4
39.6
39.7
40.2
*40.2
40.8
40.9
40.8

1. 39 54.65
1.40 53.12
1.39 53.51
1.41
54. 66
1. 42 55.48
1.42
55.10
56.12
1.43
1.43
55.87
1.45 *58. 47
1. 46 58. 37
1.48 60.69
1.52 65.36

39.0
38.1
38.4
38.6
38.4
38.1
38.8
39.1
*40.2
40.0
40.7
41.2

58. 76
1.41
1.39 59.67
1.39 64.35
1.42 58. 79
1.44 63.12
1.44 64.51
63.06
1.45
59.10
1.43
*1. 46 *60.15
1.46 63.69
1.49 68.12
1. 59 64.90

40.3
40.9
43.6
40.1
43.1
43.6
42.6
39.8
*40.1
41.8
43.1
41.4

1.46 50.16
1.46 51.14
1.48 50.05
1.47 50.39
1.47 50. 90
1.48 52.04
1.48 51.58
53.11
1.48
*1. 50 *56.39
1. 53 56.44
54.69
1.58
1. 57 57.10

38.9
39.3
38.5
38.5
38.7
39.3
38.9
40.2
*41.5
41.4
40.0
39.7

1.29
1.30
1.30
1.31
1. 32
1.33
1.33
1.32
1.36
1.36
1.37
1.44

Pennsylvania— Continued
Johnstown
1949: December____ $57.38
1950: January______

February....... .
M arch............ .
A p ril............ .
M a y .................
June_________
July--------------A ugust..........
September___
October______
N ovem ber___
December........

57.50
53.57
54.41
58. 86
58.58
55.70
58.54
56.84
*61. 28
59.43
63. 69
65.70

37.7

$1.52 $50.45

40.8

37.2
35.5
35.7
38.2
37.8
35.9
37.1
36.5
*38.7
37.9
39.4
40.0

1.55 49.10
1.51
49. 63
1.53 50.50
1. 54 *50. 04
1.55
51.50
52. 70
1.55
1.58 53.31
1.56 '54. 75
1.59 *55.64
1.57
56.84
1.62
57.83
1. 64 59.83

39.7
40.0
40.2
39.6
40.6
41.4
41.6
42.4
*42.1
42.5
42.2
42.9

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Lancaster

Philadelphia

Pittsburgh

$1.23 $57. 71

39.8

$1. 45 $62.18

39.1

58.13
58.44
58.40
57.27
58.82
59.85
59.69
*62.30
*62.82
63.52
64.96
64.83

39.6
39.7
39.7
38.7
39.7
40.1
40.3
41.1
40.9
41.2
41.5
41.5

1. 47 62.43
1.47 62.87
1. 47 57.80
1.48
62.70
1.48
64.10
1.49 64.45
1.48 65.10
1.52 64. 67
*1.54 *66. 43
1.54 67.19
1.57
68.19
1.56 71.44

38.9
39.5
36.5
39.2
40.0
39.8
39.9
40.0
*40.1
41.0
41.1
41.2

1.23
1.24
1.25
1.26
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29
*1.32
1.33
1.37
1.39

$1.59

R eading-Lebanon
$53. 76

1.60 52. 29
54.44
1.59
1. 59 54.95
53.14
1.60
1.60 55.50
1. 62 56.15
1.63 56. 71
1.62 58.35
*1. 65 *57.80
1.64 60.01
1. 66 61.64
1.73 61. 78

Scranton

38.8

$1.39 $43.57

38.7

$1.13

37.7
39.0
39.2
38.3
39.6
40.0
40.5
41.3
*40.8
41.3
41.3
40.8

1.39 43.79
44.71
1.40
1.41
45.24
1.39 43.34
1.41
44.23
1.40 45.67
1. 40 45.30
*1.42
46.35
1.42 *46.89
1.46 48.63
1. 50 48.88
1.52 48.22

38.9
38.9
38.8
37.2
38.5
39.0
38.8
39.1
39.4
39.9
39.8
39.1

1.13
1.15
1.17
1.17
1.15
1.17
1.17
1.19
*1.19
1. 22
1.23
1.23

T

able

369

C : E A R N IN G S A N D H O U R S

R E V IE W , M ARCH 1951

C-5: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers in Manufacturing Industries for
Selected States and Areas 1— Continued
Rhode Island

Pennsylvania— Con.
Wilkes-Barre-Hazleton
Year and month

38.1

$1.21

$46. 57

41.4

1950: January_______ 46. 57
47.07
M arch . ______ 45.11
42.02
M a y __________ 44.32
46.19
June_________
46.08
48.35
A u g u s t______
48.94
49.19
October______
N ovem ber. . . 50. 45
December......... 50.14

38.6
39.1
38.1
35.5
36.9
37.8
37.9
39.3
39.4
38.9
39.6
38.5

1.21
1.20
1.18
1.18
1.20
1.22
1.21
1.23
1.24
1.26
1.27
1.30

47.02
47.18
47. 77
47.76
48.67
49.14
47.34
49. 33
*48.89
51.90
52. 65
52. 86

41.5
40.8
40.4
40.3
40.9
41.2
40.3
41.4
41.0
42.6
42.7
42.2

40.2

$1.14 *$50.29
1.15
1.17
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.21
1.19
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.25
1.27

40.5
40.3
40.6
39.4
39.4
40.5
40.1
40.2
40.9
39.4
41.1
41.7

50.33
50.37
50.81
49.08
49.34
50.81
50. 77
50. 55
52.29
52. 67
55.23
56.35

$1.25 $50. 75
1.24
1.25
1.25
1.25
1. 25
1.26
1.27
1.26
1.28
1.34
1.34
1.35

50.78
50. 61
50. 54
49.35
49.46
50.36
50.81
50.95
52.18
53.94
55.47
56.15

Tennessee

$44 fi2

40.2

44.97
45.31
45.82
45.59
46.33
46.28
46. 57
47.38
48.85
49.20
50.18
50.34

39.8
39.4
39.5
39.3
39.6
39.9
39.8
41.2
41.4
41.0
40.8
40.6

Memphis

Chattanooga

State

September____
October_______
November____
December.........

State

State

Aver­ Aver­ Aver­ Aver­ Aver­ Aver­ Aver­ Aver­ Aver­ Aver­ Aver­ Aver­ Aver­ Aver­ Aver­ Aver­
Aver­
Aver­
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age hourly weekly age hourly weekly age hourly weekly age hourly weekly age
aourly weekly age
hourly
weekly
weekly earn­ earn­ weekly earn­ earn­ weekly earn­ earn­ weekly earn­ earn­ weekly earn­
weekly
earn­ earn­
earn­
hours
hours
hours
hours
hours
hours
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings

1949: December......... $46.23

1950: January______
February_____
M arch________

South Dakota

Providence

State

York-Adam s

South Carolina

$1.11
1.13 $44.89
1.15 45.36
1.16 46.14
1.16 45.78
1.17 46. 65
1.16 47.60
1.17 46.89
1.15
49.80
1.18
51.29
1.20
51.00
1.23
53.38
1.24 53. 41

38.7
39.1
39.1
38.8
39.2
40.0
39.4
41.5
41.7
40.8
41.7
41.4

$1.16 $52.00
1.16
50.96
1.18
52.08
1.18 49. 78
1.19 54.10
1.19
51.46
1.19
55. 37
51.06
1.20
1.23 *55.44
1.25
53.14
1.28
55.90
1.29 55.54

41.6
41.1
42.0
40.8
42.6
41.6
43.6
42.2
44.0
43.2
43.0
42.4

$1.25
1.24
1.24
1.22
1.27
1.24
1.27
1.21
*1.26
1.23
1.30
1.31

Vermont— Continued

Virginia

Washington

Burlington

State

State

1949: December____ $48.55

38.8

49. 50
48.28
49.32
49.30
48.55
48.00
45. 71
48.16
*48.92
September____
48.10
52.23
December____ 54.40

40.3
40.0
40.4
40.2
39.7
40.4
38.0
39.7
39.6
38.0
40.5
41.2

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$1.25 $45. 91

40.7

$1.13 $65.14

39.1

46.02
45.89
46.40
44.97
45.36
46.40
46. 76
48.48
*48.18
48. 67
49.37
49.82

40.3
39.8
39.9
38.5
39.6
40.1
40.0
41.4
*41.0
40.9
40.7
40.6

1.14 59.88
1.15 62.20
1.16 65.49
1.17
66.56
1.16 66.93
67.68
1.16
1.17 69.16
68.93
1.17
1.18 *69. 52
1.19 69.85
1.21
68. 77
1. 23 73.45

35.9
37.2
38.8
39.2
39.3
39.6
40.0
39.5
39.3
39.8
38.7
40.2

1.23
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.22
1.19
1.20
1.21
1.24
1.27
1.29
1.32

40.6
40.8
40.5
40.2
39.5
39.5
39.7
40.4
40.6
41.1
40.4
41.7
41.7

$1.25 $42.97

40.5

42.83
43.38
42.82
42.06
41.73
42. 80
43.35
45.15
*45.12
47.09
48.01
48. 66

40.1
39.8
39.5
38.8
38.5
39.3
39.7
40.9
*40.8
40.7
41.0
41.2

1. 24
1.25
1.26
1.25
1.25
1.27
1.26
1.25
1.27
1.33
1.33
1.34

$1.06 $57.98

45.1

$1.29

57. 50
54.94
54.45
52.21
53.22
54. 54
55.17
54. 22
*55. 79
56.23
60.33
61.11

44.4
43.2
42.6
41.5
42.3
43.1
43.4
43.0
*43.1
42.2
44.6
44.4

1.30
1.27
1.28
1.26
1.26
1.27
1.27
1.26
*1.30
1.33
1.35
1.38

1.07
1.09
1.08
1.08
1.08
1.09
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.16
1.17
1.18

Texas

Utah

Vermont

State

State

State

*$54.35

42.2

$1.29 $56.70

55. 60
55.15
55.19
55.59
54.88
55. 96
57.44
57.48
*59.81
59.49
58.40
61.16

42.7
41.5
41.4
41.8
41.7
42.2
42.8
42.8
43.5
42.8
41.9
43.1

1.30
1.33
1.33
1.33
1.32
1.33
1.34
1.34
*1.38
1.39
1.39
1.42

56.91
55. 91
55. 95
57.74
58.90
60.47
56.39
57.81
56.17
56.20
60.59
61.54

40.5

$1.40 $47.32

41.1

$1.15

39.6
39.1
39.4
40.1
40.9
41.7
42.4
41.0
*40.7
39.3
41.5
41.3

1.43
47.10
47.64
1.43
1.42
48. 62
1.44
48.64
1.44 48. 63
1.45 48.90
50.03
1.33
52.12
1.41
*1.38 *53.15
1.43 54.10
1.46 52. 71
1.49
55.54

40.7
41.0
41.2
40.9
41.0
41.3
41.8
42.8
*43.0
43.1
41.7
43.5

1.16
1.16
1.18
1.19
1.19
1.19
1.22
1.22
*1.24
1.26
1.26
1.28

Wisconsin
Kenosha

State
$1.67 $57.94

41.1

58.18
58. 75
59.42
60. 59
61. 35
61.04
59. 55
61.16
62. 49
64.19
65.18
66.97

40.7
41.2
41.5
41.8
42.1
41.9
41.5
42.1
42.2
42.7
42.5
42.8

1.67
1.67
1. 69
1.70
1.70
1.71
1.73
1.75
1. 77
1.76
1.78
1.83

$1.41 $65. 30
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.45
1.46
1.46
1.43
1.45
1.48
1.50
1.53
1. 56

63.50
67.09
67.53
73.06
73.85
63.50
54.97
60.83
63.82
63.00
71.31
72.09

41.7
40.5
42.1
42.4
44.4
44.9
40.4
35.1
38.4
39.9
38.9
42.0
42.1

La Crosse
$1. 57 $61.68
1. 57
1.59
1.59
1.64
1.65
1.57
1.57
1.58
1.60
1.62
1.70
1.71

63.12
58. 29
57. 67
56.53
57.02
58.61
58.52
57.86
59.92
68.48
67.18
62.20

41.8

$1.47

41.3
39.6
39.3
40.0
39.4
40.3
39.2
39.1
39.7
42.5
41.7
40.3

1.53
1.47
1.47
1.41
1.45
1.46
1.49
1.48
1. 51
1.61
1.61
1.54

370

C : E A R N IN G S A N D H O U R S

T able

M O N TH LY LABOR

C-5: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers in Manufacturing Industries for
Selected States and Areas 1— Continued
Wisconsin— Continued
Madison

W yom ing

M ilw aukee2

Racine2

State

Year and month
Aver­
Aver­
age
age
weekly
weekly
earn­
hours
ings

Aver­
age
hourly
earn­
ings

Aver­
Aver­
age
age
weekly
weekly
earn­
hours
ings

Aver­
age
hourly
earn­
ings

Aver­
Aver­
age
age
weekly
weekly
earn­
hours
ings

Aver­
age
hourly
earn­
ings

Aver­
Aver­
age
age
weekly
weekly
earn­
hours
ings

Aver­
age
hourly
earn­
ings

1949: December________

$60.44

41.4

$1.46

$60.64

40.3

$1.51

$61.18

39.5

$1.55

$67.99

40.9

$1.66

1950: January___________
February. ______ _____
M arch__________
..

58.42
56.66
55. 97
55.35
57.34
57. 90
57. 77
57.73
*61.28
60.08
63.38
72.51

40.5
39.4
39.1
38.7
39.4
39.6
38.9
39.1
39.6
39.7
41.0
44.3

1.44
1.44
1.43
1.43
1.46
1.46
1.49
1.48
1.55
1.52
1.55
1.64

61.00
61.08
62.72
63.79
65.10
64.48
64.59
65.00
68.05
68.48
69. 96
70.92

39.9
40.1
40.8
41.0
41.4
41.1
40.7
40.6
41.9
42.0
42.3
42.2

1.53
1.52
1.54
1.55
1.57
1.57
1.59
1.60
1.62
1.63
1.66
1.68

61.88
61.85
63.11
63.75
63.31
64.41
64.98
65. 71
68.75
69.55
69.84
72.42

39.6
39.6
39.8
40.3
40.1
40.7
40.9
41.4
42.2
42.1
41.4
41.9

1.56
1.56
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.59
1.59
1.63
1.65
1.69
1.73

67.08
68.38
65. 95
67.47
67.98
66.64
68.29
70.89
*69. 07
66 70
67.70
71.40

38 1
39 3
38 0
38. 9
39. 9
39.1
40.6
41 1
*39 7
38 7
38 8
38.5

1 76
1 74
1 74
1. 73
1 70
1.71
1 68
1 73
*1 74
1 73
1 74
1.86

June_______________________________
J ul y -----------—____________ ___________ ____________
August_____________ _____
September_________________ _
October_____________
November ___
December_____________________

1
State and area hours and gross earnings are prepared b y various coop ­
erating State agencies. Owing to differences in methodology the data may
not be strictly comparable among the States or with the national averages.
Variations in earnings among the States and areas reflect, to some extent,
differences with respect to industrial composition. Revised data for all
except the three most recent months will be identified b y an asterisk (*) for


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

the first month’s publication of such data. A number of States also make
available more detailed industry data as well as information for earlier periods
which m ay be secured directly upon request to the appropriate State agency
as listed in footnote 1, table A-10.
2 Revised series; not comparable with data previously published.

REVIEW, MARCH 1951

D : P R IC E S A N D

C O ST O F L I V I N G

371

D : Prices and Cost of Living
T

able

D -l: Consumers’ Price Index1 for Moderate-Income Families in Large Cities, by Group
Commodities

of

11935-39=100]
Fuel, electricity, and refrigeration 3
Year and month

All item s3

Food

Apparel

Total

1913: Average___________________
1914: J u l y ______________________

Housefurnishings

R en t3
Gas and
electricity

Other
fuels

Ice

Miscella­
neous 4

70.7
71.7

79.9
81.7

69.3
69.8

92.2
92.2

61.9
62.3

(«)
(!)

(5)
(s)

(!)
(8)

59.1
60.8

50.9
52.0

December_______________
June______________________
Average ________________
A v era g e..- ______________

118.0
149.4
122.5
97.6

149.6
185.0
132.5
86.5

147.9
209.7
115.3
90.8

97.1
119.1
141.4
116.9

90.4
104.8
112.5
103.4

(5)
(*)
(6)
(')

(s)
(5)
(5)
(»)

(8)
(5)
(8)
(!)

121.2
169.7
111.7
85.4

83.1
100.7
104.6
101.7

1939: Average _________________
August 15 ________ ______ _
1940: Average________ __________
1941: Average___________________
January L
. . . ___ . . .
December 15 - __________

99.4
98.6
100.2
105.2
100.8
110.5

95.2
93.5
96.6
105.5
97.6
113.1

100.5
100.3
101.7
106.3
101.2
114.8

104.3
104.3
104.6
106.2
105.0
108.2

99.0
97.5
99.7
102.2
100.8
104.1

98.9
99.0
98.0
97.1
97.5
96.7

99.1
95.2
101.9
108.3
105.4
113.1

100.2
100.0
100.4
104.1
100.3
105.1

101.3
100.6
100.5
107.3
100.2
116.8

100.7
100.4
101.1
104.0
101.8
107.7

1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:

Average___________________
Average__________________
Average__________________
Average___________________
August 15 _______________

116.5
123.6
125.5
128.4
129.3

123.9
138.0
136.1
139.1
140.9

124.2
129.7
138.8
145.9
146.4

108.5
108.0
108.2
108.3
m

105.4
107.7
109.8
110.3
111.4

96.7
96.1
95.8
95.0
95.2

115.1
120.7
126.0
128.3
131.0

110.0
114.2
115.8
115.9
115.8

122.2
125.6
136.4
145.8
146.0

110.9
115.8
121.3
124.1
124.5

1946: Average___________________
June 15____ _______________
November 15_____________

139.3
133.3
152.2

159.6
145.6
187.7

160.2
157.2
171.0

108.6
108.5
(8)

112.4
110.5
114.8

92.4
92.1
91.8

136.9
133.0
142.6

115.9
115.1
117.9

159.2
156.1
171.0

128.8
127.9
132.5

1947: Average___________________
December 15,
__________

159.2
167.0

193.8
206.9

185.8
191.2

111.2
115.4

121.1
127.8

92.0
92.6

156.1
171.1

125.9
129.8

184.4
191.4

139.9
144.4

1948: Average
_____________
December 15__________

171.2
171.4

210.2
205.0

198.0
200.4

117.4
119.5

133.9
137.8

94.3
95.3

183.4
191.3

135.2
138.4

195.8
198.6

149.9
154.0

1949: Average -_ ______________
December 15 ___________

169.1
167.5

201.9
197.3

190.1
185.8

120.8
122.2

137.5
139.7

96.7
97.2

187.7
191.6

141.7
145.5

189.0
185.4

154.6
155.5

1950: January 1 5 ________ ______
February 15_______________
March 16___ ______ _______
April 15___________________
M a y 15____________________
June 15____________________
July 1 5 . .. - . - - _________
August 15
_____________
September 15_____________
October 1 5 -. _____________
November 15_____________
December 15______________

168.2
167.9
168.4
168.5
169.3
170.2
172.0
173.4
174.6
175.6
176.4
178.8

196.0
194.9
196.6
197.3
199.8
203.1
208.2
209.9
210.0
210.6
210.8
216.3

185.0
184.9
185.1
184.9
184.7
184.6
184.5
185.7
189.8
193.0
194.3
195.5

129.4
129.7
129.8
130.1
130.6
130.9
131.3
131.6
131.8
132.0
132.5
132.9

140.0
140.1
140.3
140.3
138.8
139.1
139.4
140.2
141.2
142.0
142.5
142.8

96.7
96.9
96.9
97.0
96.9
96.8
96.9
96.8
96.9
96.8
96.8
96.8

193.1
192.5
193.1
192.8
187.6
189.0
189.9
192.9
196.1
199.2
200.8
201.7

145.5
145.5
146.8
146.8
146.8
147.0
147.0
147.6
148.1
149.9
151.3
151.5

184.7
185.2
185.3
185.4
185.0
184.8
186.1
189.1
194.2
198.7
201.1
203.2

155.1
155.1
155.0
154.7
155.1
154.6
155.2
156.8
157.8
158.3
159.2
160.6

1951: January 15________________
January 16 _____________

181.5
181.6

221.9
221.6

198.5
199.7

133.2
126.0

143. 3
W .5

97.2
97.2

202.3
201.8

152.0
162.9

207.4
208.9

162.1
163.7

1918:
1920:
1929:
1932:

1 The “ Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families in large cities”
formerly known as the “ Cost-of-living index” measures average changes in
retail prices of selected goods, rents, and services purchased by wage earners
and lower-salaried workers in large cities. Until January 1950, time-to-time
changes in retail prices were weighted by 1934-36 average expenditures of
urban families. Weights used beginning January 1950 have been adjusted to
current spending patterns.
Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletin 699, Changes in Cost of Living in Large
Cities in the United States, 1913-41, contains a detailed description of methods
used in constructing this index. Additional information on the Consumers’
Price Index is given in a compilation of reports published by the Office of
Economic Stabilization, Report of the President’s Committee on the Cost of
Living. See also General Note, below.
Mimeographed tables are available upon request showing indexes for each
of the cities regularly surveyed by the Bureau and for each of the major groups
o f living essentials. Indexes for all large cities combined are available since
1913. The beginning date for series of indexes for individual cities varies from
city to city but indexes are available for most of the 34 cities since W orld W ar I.
2 The rent component in the old series did not reflect the differences between
the rents at which newly constructed or converted dwellings enter the rental
market and the rents for comparable existing housing.

Until 1950, no accurate measure of the resulting “ new unit bias” was
possible; but on the basis of comprehensive housing surveys conducted in
early 1950, the Bureau has calculated the effect of the understatement from
1940 to 1950. The improved “ rent” and “ all items” indexes have been corrected
beginning with January 1950. The old indexes have not been corrected. A
complete description of the procedures used for estimating this factor and the
estimates for each city will be included in an article in the April 1951 M onthly
Labor Review.
3 The group index formerly entitled “ Fuel, electricity, and ice” is now des­
ignated “ Fuel, electricity, and refrigeration.” Indexes are comparable with
those previously published for “ Fuel, electricity, and ice.” The subgroup
“ Other fuels and ice” has been discontinued; separate indexes are presented
for “ Other fuels” and “ Ice.”
4 The Miscellaneous group covers transportation (such as automobiles and
their upkeep and public transportation fares); medical care (including pro­
fessional care and medicines); household operation (covering supplies and
different kinds of paid services); recreation (that is, newspapers, motion
pictures, radio, television, and tobacco products); personal care (barber- and
beauty-shop service and toilet articles); etc.
8 Data not available.
8 Rents not surveyed this month.

G e n e r a l N o t e :— In tables D - l through D -6 , the indexes beginning with January 1950 are the Consumers’
Price Indexes adjusted to incorporate certain improvements, as announced by the Bureau on October 24, 1950.
Technical notes describing the adjustments will be published in the April 1951 Monthly Labor Review. The old
series of indexes for January 1951 is shown in italics for reference.


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372
T

able

D : P R IC E S A N D

MONTHLY LABOR

COST OF L IV IN G

D -2: Consumers’ Price Index for Moderate-Income Families, by City,1 for Selected Periods
[1 9 3 6 -3 9 -1 0 0 ]

Jan. 15, Dec. 15, N o v .15, Oct. 15, Sept. 15, Aug. 15, July 15, June 15, M ay 15, Apr. 15, M ar. 15 Feb. 15, Jan. 15,
1951
1950
1950
1950
1950
Í950
1950
1950
1950
1950
1950
1951
1950
Average.......................................
Atlanta, G a................................
Baltimore, M d _____ ______
Birmingham, Ala___________
Boston, M ass_______________
Buffalo, N . Y —.........................
Chicago, 111................................
Cincinnati, Ohio......................
Cleveland. Ohio....... ...............
Denver, Colo_______________
Detroit, M ich...........................
Houston, Tex............................
Indianapolis, Ind___________
Jacksonville, F la .....................
Kansas C ity, M o ___________
Los Angeles, Calif__________
Manchester, N . H ................. .
M em phis, Tenn.......................
Milwaukee, W is ......................
Minneapolis, M in n _________
Mobile, Ala_________________
New Orleans, La......................
New York, N . Y ......................
Norfolk, V a................................
Philadelphia, Pa......................
Pittsburgh, P a ....................... .
Portland, Maine...... ..............
Portland, Oreg........................ .
Richmond, V a..........................
8t. Louis, M o _______________
8an Francisco, C a li f ............
Savannah, G a ______________
Scranton, Pa________________
Seattle, W ash........ ............... . .
Washington, D . 0 ........... .......

181.5
( 3)
( 3)

188.2
173.5
180.8
185.4
182.3
( 3)

184.9
184.2
190.1
184.4
( 3)

175.6
181.3
180.6
( 3)
( 3)
(*)
( 3)
( 3)

177.8
( 3)

181.0
183.4
(3)
190.4
179.8
(3)
(3)
189. 2
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)

178.8
( 3)

183.1
183.9
171.2
(3)
183.4
178.4
( 3)
( 3)

181.3
186.1
( 3)

185.6
( 3)

178.5
( 3)

182.7
( 3)

177.7
177.1
( 3)

175.4
( 3)

178.1
180.2
171.3
0)
(3)
178.8
181.5
(3 )
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)

176.4
181.2
( 3)

180.8
169.7
(3)
180.6
176.1
179.6
( 3)

179.8
183.0
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)

176.2
( 3)
( 3)

180.3
( 3)
( 3)

180.1
173.2
179.3
174.1
178.7
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
( 3)

173.1
183.1
173.5

175.6
( 3)

(3)
179.3
169.5
174.1
180.3
176.1
«

178.1
179.1
182.3
178.9
( 3)

169.0
174.8
176.6
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)
( s)
0)

172.4
( 3)

173.8
178.8
(3)
184.3
173.8
(3)
(3)
183.6
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)

174.6
( 3)

180.6
179.7
168.2
(3)
179.5
175.9
( 3)
( 3)

177.5
182.2
( 3)

181.7
( 3)

173.2
( 3)

179.2
( 3)

172.8
173.9
( 3)

171.7
( 3)

173.1
177.4
168.1
(3)
(3)
174.0
175.3
(3 )

( 3)
( 3)

173.4

172.0

178.5
(3)
176.8
168.1
(3)
179.0
173.9
176.5

(*)
(3)
175.4
167.1
171.5
177.3
172.0

( 3)

175.9
180.6
( 3)
( 3)
(3 )

172.1
( 3)
( 3)

176.6
(3)
( 3)

179.6
169.7
178.8
171.8
176.0
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
( 3)

171.2
177.3
170.8

1 T h e In d e x e s a re b a s e d o n t im e -to -tim e c h a n g e s in th e c o s t of g o o d s a n d
s e r v ic e s p u r c h a s e d b y m o d e r a te -in c o m e f a m ilie s in la rg e c itie s . T h e y d o n o t
i n d ic a te w h e th e r it c o s ts m o r e t o liv e in o n e c i t y t h a n in a n o t h e r .
2S ee f o o tn o te 2 . t a b le D - l , p . 37 1 .


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

( 3)

172.6
175.0
177.5
174.4
( 3)

166.9
170.1
172.1

170.2
( 3)

174.7
171.6
165.5
( 3)

175.1
170.5
( 3)
( 3)

173.5
175.8
( 3)

176.3
( 3)

169.3
( 3)

( 3)
( 3)

172.7

( 3)
( 3)
( 3)

169.1
168.2

169.8
( 3)

170.4
172.9
(3)
179.3
170.0
(3)
( 3)

177. 7

( 3)

( 3)

167.0
( 3)

169.1
171.8
164.4
(3)
(3)
168.8
172.4
(3 )

( 3)
( 3)

( 3)
( 3)

( 3)

( 3)

169.3
171.7
(3)
170.5
163.6
( 3)

174.5
169.7
171.1
( 3)

172.1
175.3
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)

169.5
( 3)
( 3)

172.0
(3)
( 3)

174.4
166.1
173.6
167.4
171.0
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
( 3)
(3 )

166.6
174.4
166.8

168.5
( 3)

(3)
169.9
163.0
167.4
172.9
168.1
( 3)

169.7
170.7
175.1
171.4
( 3)

163.2
169.5
168.0
( 3)
( 3)
( 4)
( 3)
( 3)

165.9
( 3)

166.7
169.9
(3)
175.8
164.7
(3)
( 3)

173.4
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)

168.4

167.9

(3)
172.9
170.0
162.9

170.8
(3)
168.2
161.9

( 3)

173.0
168.6
( 3)
( 3)

170.1
175.9
( 3)

175.6
( 3)

169.1
( 3)

172.8
( 3)

167.4
167.4
( 3)

165.5
( 3)

166.8
169.5
163.7
(3)
(3)
168.0
172.9
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)

( 3)

172.4
168.1
170.3
( 3)

169.5
175.0
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)

168.9
( 3)

168.2
( 3)

(3)
169.0
162.4
166.6
172.8
168.5
( 3)

168.8
169.7
175.5
171.2
( 3)

162.5
169.4
168.0

( 3)

( 3)
( 3)

( 3)
( 3)

(3)

168.6
173.5
165.1
170.3
165.9
169.4
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
( 3)
( 3)

164.0
174.3
166.0

( 3)
( 3)

164.8
( 3)

166.4
170.0
(3)
174.9
164.6
(3)
( 3)

172.3
(» )
( 3)
( 3)

June
1946

J an .
1951 2

133.3

181.6

133.8
135.6
136.5
127.9
132.6
130.9
132. 2
135.7
131.7
136.4
130.5

( 3)

131.9
138.4
129.4
136.1
134.7
134.5
131.2
129.4
132.9
138.0
135.8
135.2
132.5
134.7
128.7
140.3
128.2
131.2
137.8
140.6
132.2
137.0
133.8

(3)
187.S

m .s

180.2
1864
183.0
( 3)

182.2
1854
189.1

1864
( 3)

175.0
1794
181.8

( 3)
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)

1 7 7 .7

í
181.2

« n

1844
( 3)

1914
177.5
(3) 1 <
(J)1 v

188.0
(?)
( 3)
( 3)

* T h r o u g h J u n e 1947, c o n s u m e r s ’ p r ic e in d e x e s w e re c o m p u t e d m o n t h l y for
21 c itie s a n d in M a r c h , J u n e , S e p t e m b e r , a n d D e c e m b e r fo r 13 a d d itio n a l
c it i e s ; b e g in n in g J u l y 1947 in d e x e s w e re c o m p u t e d m o n t h l y fo r 10 c itie s a n d
o n c e e v e r y 3 m o n t h s fo r 24 a d d itio n a l c itie s a c c o r d in g t o a s ta g g e r e d s c h e d u le .

REVIEW, MARCH 1951

T

able

D : PRICES AND COST OF LIVING

373

D -3: Consumers’ Price Index for Moderate-Income Families, by City and Group of
Commodities1
[1935-39-100]

F u e l , e l e c t r i c i t y , a n d r e f rig e r a tio n
Food

A p p arel

R ent
T o ta l

C ity
J a n . 15,
1951

D e c . 15,
1950

J a n . 15,
1951

D e c . 15,
1950

J a n . 15,
1951

D e c . 15,
1950

J a n . 15,
1951

H o u s e f u r n is h i n g s

M is c e lla n e o u s

J a n . 15, [ D e c . 15,
1951
1950

J a n . 15, D e c . 15 ,
1951
1950

G as a n d e le ctricity

D e c . 15,
1950

J a n . 15,
1951

D e c . 15,
1950

A v e r a g e ...................................

2 2 1 .9

2 1 6 .3

1 9 8 .5

1 9 5 .5

133. 2

1 3 2 .9

1 4 3 .3

142 K

A t l a n t a , G a ............. ...........
B a lt i m o r e , M d
B ir m i n g h a m , A la ______
B o s to n , M a s s ___________
B u f f a lo , N . Y __________
C h ic a g o , 1 1 1 ____________
C i n c i n n a t i, O h io _______
C le v e la n d , O h io _______
D e n v e r , C o lo ___________
D e t r o i t, M i c h __________
H o u s to n , T e x .....................

2 2 3 .4
2 3 1 .8
2 1 9 .8
2 0 9 .1
2 1 5 .5
2 2 5 .1
2 2 3 .7
2 2 7 .4
2 2 7 .8
2 2 3 .7
2 3 6 .0

2 1 9 .1
2 2 6 .4
2 1 2 .3
2 0 4 .1
2 0 7 .5
2 2 1 .6
2 1 5 .9
2 2 0 .9
2 2 3 .6
217. 2
2 2 7 .5

(>)
(9
2 1 0 .7
1 8 4 .4
1 9 3 .2
2 0 2 .3
2 0 0 .9

(9
1 8 8 .6
2 0 4 .3
1 8 2 .3
(9
1 9 9 .0
1 9 5 .1
(9
(9
1 9 0 .0
2 1 1 .0

(9
(9
(9
(9
1 3 6 .9
(9
(9
(9
1 5 9 .2
1 3 7 .8
(9

(9
1 3 5 .5
(9
1 2 5 .6
(9
1 4 6 .6
1 2 2 .9
(9
(9
(9
(9

1 5 4 .4
1 4 6 .8
1 3 7 .6
1 5 9 .7
1 5 2 .1
1 3 7 .5
1 5 0 .8
1 5 0 .0
1 1 3 .3
1 5 4 .1
9 8 .6

1 5 4 .6
1 4 6 .8
1 3 7 .6
1 5 9 .7
1 5 0 .8
1 3 6 .5
1 5 0 .7
1 5 0 .0
1 1 3 .1
1 5 3 .9
9 8 .6

8 3 .3
1 1 5 .5
7 9 .6
1 1 7 .1
1 1 0 .0
8 3 .5
1 0 1 .2
1 0 5 .6
6 9 .7
9 0 .4
8 2 .1

8 3 .4
1 1 5 .5
7 9 .6
1 1 7 .2
1 1 0 .0
8 3 .5
1 0 1 .2
1 0 5 .6
6 9 .7
9 0 .4
8 2 .1

(0
(0
1 9 6 .6
1 9 7 .7
2 0 6 .1
1 9 4 .0
i 1 9 4 .1
(i)
2 4 1 .5
2 2 3 .4
2 0 0 .1

I n d ia n a p o lis , I n d ______
J a c k s o n v ille , F l a ____ __
K a n s a s C i t y , M o ______
L o s A n g e le s, C a lif _____
M a n c h e s t e r , N . H _____
M e m p h i s , T e n n _______
M ilw a u k e e , W i s _____
M in n e a p o lis , M i n n . . .
M o b ile , A l a . __________
N e w O rle a n s , L a ........... ..
N e w Y o r k , N. Y ______

2 1 8 .6
2 2 9 .0
2 0 8 .5
2 2 6 .3
2 1 5 .1
2 2 7 .6
2 1 9 .6
2 1 3 .8
2 2 0 .4
2 3 7 .8
2 2 1 .0

2 1 4 .9
2 2 3 .1
2 0 3 .2
2 1 8 .0
2 1 0 .1
2 2 4 .0
2 1 6 .3
2 0 6 .8
2 1 3 .2
2 2 8 .2
2 1 6 .1

(9
1 9 3 .9

(9
1 4 9 .3
(9
(9
(9
1 5 1 .1
(9
1 4 2 .5
1 4 0 .5

1 9 4 .0

1 1 4 .5

1 6 3 .9
1 5 3 .0
1 2 9 .4
9 8 .7
1 6 2 .2
1 4 1 .4
148. 7
1 4 2 .3
1 3 0 .0
1 1 3 .2
1 4 2 .1

1 6 3 .8
1 5 1 .2
1 2 8 .6
9 8 .7
1 6 1 .3
1 4 1 .5
1 4 8 .9
1 4 2 .3
1 2 9 .8
1 1 3 .2
1 4 2 .1

8 6 .6
1 0 2 .7
6 8 .6
9 3 .0
1 0 3 .3
7 7 .0
9 9 .2
7 8 .1
8 4 .5
7 5 .1
1 0 1 .8

8 6 .6
1 0 0 .5
6 8 .1
9 3 .0
1 0 2 .0
7 7 .0
9 9 .2
7 8 .1
8 4 .3
7 5 .1
1 0 1 .8

1 9 5 .2
(0
1 9 1 .1
1 9 9 .9
2 1 0 .6

(9
2 0 2 .6
1 9 8 .0

1 4 1 .1
(9
1 4 2 .5
(9
1 2 6 .7
(9
(9
(9
(9

N o rfo lk , V a _____________
P h ila d e lp h ia , P a _______
P i t t s b u r g h , P a _________
P o r t la n d , M a i n e _______
P o r t la n d , O re g _________
R ic h m o n d , V a _________
S t . L o u i s , M o _____ . . .
S an F ra n cisco , C a l i f ...
S a v a n n a h , G a __________
S c r a n t o n , P a ___________
S e a t tl e , W a s h __________
W a sh in g to n , D . O

2 2 5 .2
2 1 7 .7
2 2 2 .4
2 0 7 .9
2 4 3 .4
2 1 5 .6
2 3 4 .0
2 3 8 .0
2 2 9 .8
2 1 7 .7
2 3 0 .2
2 2 1 .2

2 1 4 .8
2 1 2 .9
2 1 8 .0
2 0 2 .9
2 3 4 .9
2 1 0 .3
2 2 9 .7
2 2 9 .0
2 2 3 .0
2 1 2 .1
2 2 5 .7
2 1 6 .7

(9

(9
(9
(9
1 4 4 .9

1 6 4 .6
1 4 8 .1
1 4 8 .8
1 5 5 .0
1 3 5 .1
1 4 8 .3
1 4 2 .8
8 6 .5
1 5 6 .4
1 5 2 .0
1 3 1 .8
1 4 7 .4

1 6 3 .1
1 4 8 .1
1 4 0 .1
1 5 5 .0
1 3 4 .6
1 5 2 .7
1 4 2 .8
8 6 .5
1 5 6 .4
1 5 1 .8
1 3 1 .5
1 4 7 .4

1 0 7 .3
1 0 4 .2
1 1 4 .2
105. 7
9 3 .9
1 0 2 .2
8 8 .4
7 6 .2
1 0 8 .6
9 8 .3
9 2 .6
1 0 5 .5

1 0 5 .4
1 0 4 .2
1 0 3 .4
1 0 5 .7
9 3 .9
1 0 9 .4
8 8 .4
7 6 .2
1 0 8 .6
9 8 .3
9 2 .2
1 0 5 .5

(')

2 0 0 .9
1 9 2 .6
2 1 6 .8
1 9 6 .2
(9
1 9 4 .0
1 9 1 .3
1 8 8 .9
(9

(9
(9
(9
(9

1 9 5 .6

(9

1 9 6 .9
2 2 7 .0

(9
1 9 6 .5
1 9 8 .1

(9
(9
1 9 6 .1
(9
(9
(9

(9
1 8 9 .5
(9
2 1 3 .2
(9

1 9 1 .7
2 2 1 .6
2 0 0 .0

(9
(9

1 9 9 .0
1 9 2 .2

(9
(9
(9
(9

(9

1 2 3 .7

1 4 8 .5

(9
(9
1 5 8 .5
(9
(9
(9

(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
1 1 7 .2
(9
(9
1 2 7 .5
1 2 5 .6

(9
(9
(9
(9

i Prices of apparel, housefurnishings, and miscellaneous goods and services
are obtained m onthly in 10 cities and once every 3 months in 24 additional
cities on a staggered schedule.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

((')
>)
(■)
(>)
0)
1 9 6 .9
(i)

2 1 9 .1
2 1 3 .9

(i)

2 0 3 .1
2 2 0 .8

(*)
(0
2 0 9 .8
0)
(»)
(0

0)

2 0 2 .0
1 9 3 .1
1 9 2 .5
(0
1 8 7 .3
1 9 0 .6
(i)
(0
2 1 8 .5
1 9 3 .0
0
2 0 4 .0
0)
1 9 7 .6

(>)
1 8 0 .4
(i)
1 9 3 .9
1 7 9 .7

(>)

1 9 3 .8

(0

2 1 4 .8
2 0 6 .4
1 9 5 .2

(')
0)

1 8 2 .6
1 7 5 .7

(>)
(»)
0)
(>)

(>)
(i)
1 5 7 .8
1 5 7 .7
1 6 6 .8
1 6 3 .6
1 6 2 .8
(i)
1 5 6 .9
1 7 2 .6
1 6 5 .6

( i)
1 6 1 .3
1 5 4 .8
1 5 6 .8

1 6 8 .4

(0
1 6 7 .5

(0

1 6 3 .9
1 5 9 .5
1 5 5 .3

(')
(i)
(!)
(■)
(>)

(>
)
1 6 3 .0
1 6 0 .7
(0
(0
1 7 1 .5
1 6 4 .1

(0

1 5 8 .5
0)
1 5 0 .9
(0
1 6 5 .0
1 5 2 .6

1 6 5 .9

(0
1 6 4 .3

(')

(>)

0)
1 6 6 .9

(0
(')
1 4 9 .2

1 6 1 .0
1 5 9 .7

1 5 2 .4

(0«))
1 6 5 .7
0)
(’)
0)

1 5 9 .2
1 5 8 .2
1 5 6 .4

1 6 9 .4

0)
(')
(>)
«

2 Rents are surveyed every 3 months in 34 large cities on a staggered
schedule,

M O N TH LY LABOR

D : PRICES AND COST OF LIVING

374
T able

D -4: Indexes of Retail Prices of Foods,1 by Group, for Selected Periods
[1935-39=100]

Year and month

Cere­
Meats,
als
poul­
All
and
foods bakery try,
Total
and
prod­
fish
ucts

Fruits and vegetables

Meats
Beef
and
veal

Chick­
ens
Pork

Fish

Lamb

Dairy
prod­
ucts

Eggs

Bever­
ages

Fats
and
oils

Sugar
and
sweets

Total

Fresh

Can­
ned

136.1
141.7
143.8
82.3
91.0
90.7
93.8

169.5
210.8
169.0
103.5
94.5
92.4
96.5

173.6
226.2
173.5
105.9
95.1
92.8
97.3

124.8
122.9
124.3
91.1
92.3
91.6
92.4

175.4
152.4
171.0
91.2
93.3
90.3
100.6

131.5
170.4
164.8
112.6
95.5
94.9
92.5

126.2
145.0
127.2
71.1
87.7
84.5
82.2

175.4
120.0
114.3
89.6
100.8
95.6
96.8

Dried

1940: Average.............

124.0
137 4
132.5
86. 5
95.2
93.5
96.6

105. 5
115. 7
107.6
82.6
94. 5
93.4
96.8

101.2
117.8
127.1
79.3
96.6
95.7
95.8

96.6
95.4
94.4

101.1
99.6
102.8

88.9
88.0
81.1

99.5
98.8
99.7

93.8
94.6
94.8

101.0
99.6
110.6

129.4
127.4
131.0
84.9
95.9
93.1
101.4

1941: Average_______
December____
A v e ra g e ______
Average ___ __
Average_______
Average_______
August________

105.5
113.1
123.9
138. 0
136.1
139.1
140.9

97.9
102.5
105.1
107.6
108.4
109.0
109.1

107.5
111.1
126.0
133.8
129 9
131.2
131.8

106.5
109.7
122.5
124.2
117.9
118.0
118.1

110.8
114.4
123.6
124.7
118.7
118.4
118.5

100.1
103.2
120.4
119.9
112.2
112.6
112.6

106.6
108.1
124.1
136.9
134. 5
136.0
136.4

102.1
100.5
122.6
146.1
151.0
154.4
157.3

124.5
138.9
163.0
206.5
207.6
217.1
217.8

112.0
120.5
125.4
134.6
133.6
133.9
133.4

112.2
138.1
136.5
161.9
153.9
164.4
171.4

103.2
110.5
130.8
168.8
168.2
177.1
183.5

104.2
111.0
132.8
178.0
177.2
188.2
196.2

97.9
106.3
121.6
130.6
129.5
130.2
130.3

106.7
118.3
136.3
158.9
164.5
168.2
168.6

101.5
114.1
122.1
124.8
124.3
124.7
124.7

94.0
108.5
119.6
126.1
123.3
124.0
124.0

106.4
114.4
126.5
127.1
126.5
126.5
126.6

1946: A v erage...

159.6
145.6
187.7

125.0
122.1
140.6

161.3
134.0
203.6

150.8
120.4
197.9

150.5
121.2
191.0

148.2
114.3
207.1

163.9
139.0
205.4

174.0
162. 8
188.9

236.2
219.7
265.0

165.1
147.8
198.5

168.8
147.1
201.6

182.4
183.5
184.5

190.7
196.7
182.3

140.8
127.5
167.7

190.4
172.5
251.6

139.6
125.4
167.8

152.1
126.4
244.4

143.9
136.2
170.5

1947: Average_______

193.8

155.4

217.1

214.7

213.6

215.9

220.1

183.2

271.4

186.2

200.8

199.4

201.5

166.2

263.5

186.8

197.5

180.0

1948: A v e r a g e ..___

210.2

170.9

246.5

243.9

258.5

222.5

246.8

203.2

312.8

204.8

208.7

205.2

212.4

158.0

246.8

205.0

195.5

174.0

1949: Average_______
December____

201.9
197.3

169.7
169.2

233.4
223. 2

229.3
220.0

241.3
245. 2

205.9
178.3

251.7
236.1

191. 5
179.5

314.1
299.0

186.7
186.2

201.2
178.0

208.1
198.2

218.8
208.0

152.9
145.1

227.4
224.3

220.7
292.5

148.4
136.7

176.4
178.8

1950: January_______
February. . .
M a r c h _______
April_________
M a y __________
June__________
July__________
A u g u st... _ . .
September____
October.__ . . .
N o v e m b e r ___
December____

196.0
194.9
196.6
197.3
199.8
203.1
208.2
209.9
210.0
210.6
210.8
216.3

169.0
169.1
169.1
169.3
169.8
169.8
171.5
175.5
176.9
177.2
177.6
177.7

219.4
222.0
229.3
231.1
240.2
246.5
255.7
260.7
261.0
253.3
250.3
253.4

217.9
220.2
224.1
224.6
238.4
240.7
257.4
259.6
260.2
252.0
249.6
253.8

242.3
241.8
244.6
246.4
258.7
268.6
277.2
282.2
281.7
279.6
279.2
286.3

177.3
183.6
188.3
185.4
202.8
209.1
225.9
225.0
228.3
209.3
201.8
201.0

234.3
238.6
246.5
251.9
262.1
268.1
269.0
266.9
264.2
259.4
264.1
269.0

158.9
164.9
180.6
187.8
184.4
185.1
189.8
202.3
199.2
187.2
180.1
179.3

301.9
294.1
301.8
297.5
293.7
295.9
297.3
302.8
311.4
328.8
336.6
340.3

184.2
183.6
182.4
179.6
178.3
177.8
180.7
184.3
186.9
191.9
192.8
194.0

152.3
140.8
149.5
149.8
143.7
148.4
163.3
182.2
192.1
206.2
205.4
249.4

204.8
199.3
195.1
198.9
202.2
209.3
211.5
193.4
186.0
189.8
195.7
203.9

217.2
208.7
202.0
208.1
213.6
224.3
227.7
196.9
183.9
187.7
195.9
207.3

143.3
142.7
142.6
142.3
142.0
142.7
142.7
145.7
147.6
151.6
153.2
155.3

223.9
222.1
221.5
221.6
222.9
222.9
222.9
227.6
229.8
236.1
242.2
248.8

299.5
303.3
308.5
305.5
299.1
296.5
303.0
321.3
327.3
333.4
325.5
327.5

135.2
133.6
134.3
135.6
137.7
140.1
141.8
153.9
154.8
152.9
152.9
158.5

178.9
178.0
177.0
175.1
174.4
174.3
175.7
185.6
185.4
184.8
184.6
184.9

1951: January______
Jan uary______

221.9
221.6

185.4
185.3

263.6
263.2

265.5
264.1

300.9
298.7

210.2
210.4

273.6
273.9

184.3
184.1

345.3
344.0

202.6
203.7

191.5
192.5

214.1
213.2

220.0
220.8

160.6
163.5

253.4
255.4

340.6
341.4

171.5
174.2

185.6
186.2

1939: Average______

1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:

November____

1 The Bureau of Labor Statistics retail food prices are obtained monthly
during the first three days of the week containing the fifteenth of the month,
through voluntary reports from chain and independent retail food dealers.
Articles included are selected to represent food sales to moderate-income
families.
The indexes, based on retail prices of 50 foods through 1949 and 59 foods
from January 1950 to date are computed by the fixed-base-weighted-aggregate
method, using weights representing (1) relative importance of chain and
independent store sales, in computing city average prices; (2) food purchases


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

by families of wage earners and moderate-income workers, in computing
city indexes; and (3) population weights, in combining city aggregates in
order to derive average prices and indexes for all cities combined.
Indexes of retail food prices in 56 large cities combined, by commodity
groups, for the years 1923 through 1948 (1935-39=100), may be found in Bulle­
tin No. 965, “ Retail Prices of Food, 1948,” Bureau of Labor Statistics, U . S.
Department of Labor, table 3, p. 7. Mimeographed tables of the same
data, by months, January 1935 to date, are available upon request.

375

D : PRICES AND COST OF LIVING

REVIEW, MARCH 1951
T able

D -5: Indexes of Retail Prices of Foods, by City
[1935-39=100]
Jan.
1950

June
1946

194.9

196.0

145.6

2 2 1 .6

190.1
205.0
183.0
185.4
192.6

192.5
206.6
186.4
186.6
195.5

141.0
152.4
147.7
138.0
139.1

2 2 4 .8

231.9
216.2
210.0
221.6

191.6
194.5
201.0
186.8
201.1

189.4
193.9
200.3
183.3
198.6

189.8
194.1
200.3
185.3
199.9

140.2
139.7
148.2
140.8
142.8

215.8
223.0
231.3
209.1
226.2

197.7
203.1
179.5
197.1
199.0

198.2
201.8
179.2
197.0
199.0

197.0
201.7
177.5
197.9
196.6

197.4
202.6
177.2
198.4
196.8

141.4
149.3
136.4
142.4
145.3

223.2
226.7
202. S
225.5
225.6

198.7
195.6
206.3
196.1
201.2

194.9
193.7
206.6
193.3
199.9

192.8
192.7
209.2
192.7
198.7

190.8
190.8
206.0
191.2
196.7

191.8
191.9
207.7
192.3
199.9

145.4
138.1
144.0
141.5
150.6

2 2 4 .6

205.8
189.2
223.1
200.1
201.6

202.8
187.2
220.6
196.8
201.3

201.5
184.7
219.3
195.6
201.6

202.3
183.5
218.8
196.0
199.5

199.0
182.8
216.7
195.0
198.9

200.7
183.6
216.7
196.4
201.4

150.8
134.8
165.6
139.1
154.8

229.4
209.1
248.8
224.1
223.0

197.6
206.3
213.6
212.7
196.8

192.0
200.6
208.3
206.6
194.1

187.8
196.2
205.8
204.2
191.3

183.1
192.6
203.4
198.9
187.1

184.1
193.3
204.8
199.0
187.2

183.0
190.4
202.9
196.4
187.5

183.7
191.6
203.1
196.3
189.1

135.6
144. 4
153.6
144.3
137.5

211.6
216.0
225.6
219.9

212.6
206.3
203.8
227.0
207.2

204.7
206.8
204.5
218.5
209.2

200.1
203.3
199.8
212.9
203.7

199.8
198.3
194.9
210.8
200.3

199.7
195.7
192.3
211.3
198.7

198.7
193.9
192.3
209.8
197.2

194.8
191.0
190.1
207.4
195.9

196.4
192.4
190.6
209.6
195.9

149.8
147.9
140.4
157.6
149.2

220.7
217.2
238.2
220.6

216.3
203.5
224.2
208.8
214.6

217.6
203.9
224.3
208.1
213.3

210.3
199.6
221.2
205.9
211.1

205.9
197.2
216.8
201.4
207.5

202.1
195.5
211.9
195.5
205.1

199.1
190.2
208.3
193.6
201.0

198.7
190.0
207.4
193.4
198.5

195.1
188.6
206. 5
190.2
198.4

194.8
189.8
205.9
191.3
199.7

146.0
139.5
151.3
143.5
147.1

226.4
214-9
235.3
215.7
221.7

198.9
228.7
214.4
202.0
204.5

197.7
228.5
213.6
202.9
202.0

198.0
227.5
214.4
202.9
201.7

198.9
224.2
213.5
200.7
203.4

193.0
219.1
207.9
195.2
196.4

189.2
216.6
203.0
191.1
193.7

188.2
212.9
199.6
189.0
189.6

190.3
211.3
198.8
189.3
191.2

186.7
212.1
197.0
187.9
190.0

187.3
210.4
198.3
188.3
190.7

138.4
158.4
144.9
138.4
142.5

209.3
248.8
227.4
214.7
211.9

221.2
198.4
212.4
219.3
214.9

220.2
196.9
211.4
217.0
215.9

220.4
195.3
210.9
214.3
217.9

220.8
195.7
210.1
217.3
219.5

220.1
194.4
202.8
215.9
211.6

210.2
192.5
202.2
211.1
206.3

207.2
189.7
199.2
210.4
203.6

202.6
186. 3
196.2
210.8
200.0

204.7
187.0
196.8
210.5
200.0

202.8
186.6
198.8
211.9
195.6

204.6
186.4
198.7
214.3
197.0

147.4
137.3
151.7
155.5
158.5

234.3
210.2
221.9
237.9
231.1

207.1
221.8
223.1
208.9
218.4
205.7

207.2
218.0
222.1
208.9
219.0
207.5

208.9
214.1
218.6
207.0
218.9
207.8

209.8
214.6
219.8
207.4
220.4
207.4

209.5
211.4
218.6
205.8
214.0
200.8

204.2
208.6
211.8
201.9
209.4
197.3

199.6
206.9
207.5
196.9
207.6
193.1

194.0
205.6
202.7
194.4
204.6
192.6

194.7
204.4
201.8
194.7
206.9
193.7

191.4
205.3
200.7
194.0
205. 0
189.2

192.4
205.8
200.9
194.4
205.9
191.0

144.0
151.6
150.1
145.5
154.4
145.3

216.4
228.0
233.7
220.8
233. S
218.5

Mar.
1950

Feb.
1950

197.3

196.6

194.1
207.0
189.9
188.6
197.4

195.6
207.1
189.2
187.9
196.9

193.9
198.5
205.5
186.1
206.0

192.3
196.7
201.1
185.6
201.1

205.1
211.2
183.9
201.5
205.9

202.0
205.7
182.1
199.8
203.0

208.0
207.2
212.8
203.4
206.0

202.9
200.7
208.1
198.1
201.0

218.1
194.9
238.5
210.7
208.6

211.4
195.0
227.9
204.2
204.4

199.4
206.2
221.5
212.3
199.1

197.8
207.3
219.4
213. 7
200.7

207.4
208.2
205.4
221.5
210.2

210.2
206.3
203.6
225.2
210.6

210.8
203. 6
224.4
206.7
213.8

211.8
202.3
225.0
207.9
215.9

202.9
234.9
219.3
210.3
206.1

198.1
230.7
213.7
201.6
202.6

234.0
210.5
222.2
238.0
229.8

229.7
202.8
217.2
229.0
223.0

217.7
230.2
233.7
221.2
231.1
217.6

212.1
225.7
231.7
216.7
230.0
214.1

July
1950

June
1950

M ay
1950

Apr.
1950

209.9

208.2

203.1

199.8

210.1
222.0
201.5
202.9
208.4

202.0
220.4
199.8
202.0
210.0

195.4
215.6
192.2
196.1
204.0

193.8
210.0
191.8
190.6
199.8

202.6
209.4
219.2
198.9
214.7

203.5
209.1
218.8
199.9
217.0

204.9
204.9
211.9
192.8
214.8

199.0
203.0
208.6
188.0
208.4

212.6
219.1
192.5
213.5
215.1

214.2
217.5
193.2
215.6
212.2

213.2
218.3
194.0
214.2
214.8

210.2
216.6
189.9
207.2
209.6

213.5
206.2
222.1
208.8
211.6

212.5
207.6
222.3
208.6
213.9

209.7
205.6
223.3
210.3
213.9

208.8
207.7
221.9
208.8
213.2

223.1
203.2
243.6
217.1
218.0

215.3
198.1
235.0
211.7
212.1

215.2
196.2
235.8
210.9
210.9

219.1
195.8
238.5
211.5
207.8

210.0
215.1
227.6
219.6
213.8

203.3
210.1
224.0
216.3
206.8

198.0
207.4
218.3
213. 0
202.1

198.0
208.8
220.1
212.3
200.7

M obile, Ala______________
Newark, N . J . . . ________
New Haven, C o n n -----------New Orleans, L a. ____ __
New York, N . Y -----------------

220.4
220.2
214.0
237.8
221.0

213.2
215.3
208.7
228.2
216.1

208.8
209.1
203.6
220.7
211.3

Norfolk, Va _____________
Omaha, Nebr ____________
Peoria, 111_________________
Philadelphia, P a ---------------Pittsburgh,

225.2
213.7
233.4
217.7
222.4

214.8
209.8
226.9
212.9
218.0

Portland, M aine----------------Portland, Oreg-------------------Providence, R . I ___ _______
Richmond, Va . . ............. .
Rochester, N . Y ........ ...........

207.9
243.4
225.1
215.6
212.2

St. Louis, M o ------------------St. Paul, M in n ____________
Salt Lake City, U tah______
San Francisco, Calif. ..........
Savannah, O a. ___________
Scranton, P a .........................
Seattle, W ash_____ ________
Springfield, 111...... ................
Washington, D . O.................
Wichita, Kans.1____________
Winston-Salem, N . C .1_____

Sept.
1950

Aug.
1950

210.6

210.0

208.6
221.2
202.7
201.9
210.8

210.2
221.8
206.4
200.1
206.8

204.0
212.0
220.6
196.7
215.0

210.7
217.8
191.1
213.1
216.0

217.2
211.4
227.5
214.9
216.0

229.0
208.5
248.6
222.7
226.3

Louisville, K y ---------------Manchester, N . H ...
__
Memphis, Tenn - ------------Milwaukee, W is -------------Minneapolis, M in n -------------

City

Jan.
1951

Dec.
1950

United States ........................

221.9

216.3

210.8

Atlanta, Ga ........- ..............
Baltimore, M d . .................
Birmingham, Ala__________
Boston, M ass______________
Bridgeport, C onn-.................

223.4
231.8
219.8
209.1
220.9

217.0
226.4
212.3
204.1
214.6

208.3
220.5
203.0
201.5
209.1

Buffalo, N . Y ............. ............
Butte, M o n t_______________
Cedar Rapids, Iowa 1............
Charleston, 8. C ___________
Chicago, 111......................... .

215.5
220.7
229.2
208.9
225.1

207.5
215.8
225.9
203.2
221.6

205. 7
212.2
220.2
195.5
214.8

Cincinnati, O h io ---------------Cleveland, Ohio-- ------------Columbus, Ohio___________
Dallas, T ex...... ............ ..........
Denver, C o lo - .- ....................

223.7
227.4
200.7
225.9
227.8

215.9
220.9
197.4
221.1
223.6

Detroit, M ich - __________
Fall River, M ass. _______
Houston, Tex-- ___________
Indianapolis, In d ---------------Jackson, M iss.1---------------- --

223.7
216.0
236.0
218.6
223.1

Jacksonville, Fla..................
Kansas City, M o ---------------Knoxville, Tenn.«--------------Little Rock, A rk___________
Los Angeles, Calif -------------

Pa----------

i June 1940=100.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

N ov.
1950

Oct.
1950

Jan.
1951

217.6
236.6
220.6
222.8

214.1

214.1

376

D : PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
T
Com m odity

able

D -6: Average Retail Prices and Indexes of Selected Foods
Aver­
age
price
Jan.
1951

Cereals and bakery products:
Cereals:
Cents
Flour, wheat..... .............. 5 pounds
50.7
Corn flakes C .................. 13 ounces,.
20.6
Corn m eal.............. ........... .p o u n d ..
9.5
„ .d o ___
Rice 2_________
18.0
Rolled oats 2__________ 20 ounces..
17.0
Bakery products:
Bread, white
____ _____ p ou n d..
15.6
Vanilla cookies______________ d o___
49.1
Layer cake* * __________
d o___
47.3
Meats, poultry, and fish
Meats:
Beef:
R ound steak___ .........._do____ 105.6
R ib roa st............ - ........-d o ___
83.2
Chuck roast____ --------- d o___
71.2
Hamburger 3___ -------- d o____
64.9
Frankfurters*.. --------- d o___
63.4
Veal:
Cutlets_________
120.4
Pork:
C h op s..
____
75.4
Bacon, sliced___ ___ __ do___
67.1
Ham, whole_____ ----------do ___
66.1
Salt pork___ . . .
39.4

Lamb:
Leg-----------------------------do___
78.7
Poultry_________________ ..d o ___
Frying chickens:
New York dressed Ado___
46.3
Dressed and drawn Ado___ 60.2
Fish:
Fish (fresh, frozen) »____do___
m
Salmon, pink___16 ounce can..
61.1
Dairy products:
Butter--------------- ------ -----------pound.. 83.1
Cheese, American process______ do___
57.7
Milk, fresh (delivered)____ quart.. 22.5
Milk, fresh (grocery) 8 _____ do__-. 21.3
Milk, evaporated.. 14)4 ounce can._ 13.8
Ice cream*_________
pint
31.0
Eggs: Eggs, fresh_______________ .dozen.. 66.8
Fruits and vegetables:
Fresh fruits:
Apples--------------------------- pound.. 10.9
Bananas__________________ do___
16.1
Oranges,size 200................ dozen
43.7
Fresh vegetables:
Beans, green...... ..........
pound.. 32.6
do_
Cabbage______ ________
9.0
Carrots..... ..................... ...bunch
11.2
Lettuce----------------------..head _ 13.6
Onions__________
pound..
5.9
Potatoes--------------------15 pounds.. 62.8
Sweetpotatoes................... .pound. _
9.5
Tomatoes 10_______________ do___
38.7
Frozen fruits and vegetables:
Strawberries*-------------- 16 ounces
59.2
Orange juice*---------------- 6 ounces.. 23.9
Peas*-------------------------------------- 1 2 ounces..
24.8
Canned fruits and vegetables:
Canned fruits:
Peaches...............No. 2}i can.. 33.1
Pineapple_____________ do
38.5
Canned vegetables:
Corn---------- --------- No. 2 can.. 19.8
Tomatoes__________
do
17.1
Peas ii--------------- No. 303 can"’ 21.9
Baby foods*— 4)4-4% ounces
9.8
Dried fruits and vegetables:
Dried fruits, prunes______ pound.. 27.2
Dried vegetables, navy beans _do .
17.2
Beverages:
Coffee_______________
do
85.7
Cola drink*------- ------------ Carton of 6~
28.2
Fats and oils:
Lard-------------------------------------- pound.. 24.7
Shortening, hydrogenated_____ d o..
39. 6
Salad dressing................... _
pint
39.0
Margarine____ ____
pound"
Uncolored >2____ __________ do
37.5
Colored is_____________ ___ do I"
36.6
Sugar and sweets:
Sugar.
--------------------------5 pounds.. 50.2
Grape jolly*------------------ - _12 ounces.. 23.9
' " item; Dec. -LUU\J*New
1950=100.
-- 1U
U
.
1 Specification changed to 13 ounces in December.
2 July 1947=100.
8 February 1943=100.
* Priced in 46 cities.
8 Priced in 29 cities.
• Priced in 27 cities.
»1938-39=100.
6Average price not computed.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

M O N TH LY LABO R

Indexes 1935-39=100
Jan.
1951

Dec.
1950

N ov.
1950

Oct.
1950

Sept.
1950

Aug.
1950

July
1950

June
1950

M ay
1950

Apr.
1950

Mar.
1950

Feb.
1950

Jan.
1950

196.3
192.5
200.5
100.7
154.5

192.5
191.7
197.8
101.0
153.4

191.3
190.9
197.9
98.6
152.5

192.4
187.4
204.0
97.5
150.3

192.9
182.7
205.4
96.8
146.8

192.6
177.2
205.9
95.5
146.1

190.6
177.1
190.9
92.4
145.8

190.5
176. 5
181.9
93.1
145.8

190.2
177.0
179.9
93.0
145.9

189.2
176.9
176.6
92.8
145.9

188.1
177.0
176.3
92.4
146.2

187.7
177.4
176.2
92.4
146.2

187.3
177.8
177.7
92.2
146.4

196.5
191.6
200.0
100.2
154.0

182.2
209.8
103.1

172.0
201.7
100.0

171.9
202.8

171.9
201.3

171.5
201.6

171.1
197.0

166.2
193.3

163.9
191.7

164.1
191.6

164.1
189.8

163.9
189.8

163.9
190.1

163.8
189.9

182.2
209.7

312.3
288.0
315.0
212.1
104.4

297.6
273.3
298.1
201.0
100.0

286.4
266.0
286.9
196.6

287.1
265.3
287.4
196.5

288.2
270.2
289.7
197.4

293.3
271.7
291.3
197.5

295.9
272.1
290.1
189.3

287.9
264.1
279.2
181.8

274.7
255.3
262.6
176.3

256.6
241.4
247.4
167.8

253.4
239.3
249.2
166.3

250.1
237.5
246.0
164.8

252.1
238.5
245.1
164.6

512.7
288.7
317.9
210.9

Jan.

1951

300.2

286.7

281.1

281.0

280.1

277.8

275.3

271.2

265.1

258.5

262.5

261.4

255.8

299.3

228.1
175.9
224.9
186.7

216.6
171.9
212.7
184.5

221.8
174.8
204.9
183.6

229.9
183.9
210.7
184.8

261.2
184.3
233.6
183.1

253.5
181.7
236.4
179.6

268.6
171.4
229.7
164.8

243.5
161.9
215.8
160.5

238.0
157.4
206.6
152.5

206.6
154.1
193.6
149.3

210.0
155.1
198.0
152.2

200.7
154.7
195.3
150.2

186.9
154.7
192.5
153.2

228.3
176.1
224.6
185.2

277.9
184.3

273.3
179.3

268.4
180.1

263.5
187 2

268.4
199.2

271.2
202.3

273.3
189.8

272.4
185.1

266.2
184.4

255.9
187.8

250.5
180.6

242.4
164.9

238.1
158.9

278.3
184.1

283.0
493.7

279.5
484.5

278.5
473.1

277.1
446.9

276.2
381.1

272.8
357.9

270.0
344.8

268.4
344.1

264.9
346.4

269.4
347.4

273.6
351.5

259.1
365.4

272.2
355.9

289.6
465.1

228.0
254.9
183.5
185.7
194.1
104. 2
191.5

209.7
232.4
179.0
180.6
183.7
100.0
249.4

205.0
230.3
178.3
181.1
183.0

204.1
228.5
177.4
180.3
182.8

198.9
229.0
170.6
174. 2
181 1

197.9
228.2
167.5
170.0
177.8

195.6
226.3
164.2
165.7
173.9

195.4
226.2
160.4
162.0
174.2

196.0
228.0
160.8
162.9
174.3

197.6
229.0
162.0
165.1
174.5

200.7
230.1
165.3
168.4
175.1

201.6
230.6
167.0
169.7
174.9

201.8
231.1
167.9
170.2
175.1

228.1
254.7
183.3
186.2
193.6

205.4

206.2

192.1

182.2

163.3

148.4

143.7

149.8

149.5

140.8

152.3

192.6

204.4
266.5
153.3

195.3
271.0
166.5

187.0
266.4
176.3

190.3
261.4
191.0

229.5
247.1
175.4

237.5
263.8
174.0

340.6
268.6
182.9

301.1
271.9
172.8

256.3
274.6
168.0

220.1
274.7
173.9

204.9
278.2
177.8

187.5
278.2
176.5

178.6
273.1
156.5

207.5
266.9
152.6

303.5
239. 6
206.0
164.3
144.0
172.3
182.5
254.7

310.6
158.5
203.8
167.6
133.1
163.8
177.5
193.6

228.4
125.6
203.1
173.3
128.9
154.0
161.2
167.9

154.5
126.5
177.0
159.2
133.8
163.5
159.3
131.6

160.1
134.3
180.2
155.8
148.7
178.8
184.8
86.1

143.7
142. 5
181.2
150.7
174.0
202.0
216.0
117.5

165.6
158.7
195.1
138.9
197.4
216.3
198.5
215.4

151.0
174.3
181.7
167.3
187.1
219.3
209.4
208.3

210.0
174.0
178.3
189.6
161.9
207.7
219.0
154.1

199.5
168.6
175.3
159.5
145.2
198.4
211.7
175.8

180.2
178.7
177.3
156. 5
157.4
194.9
210.4
142.3

215.2
169.6
184.9
172.2
187.1
195.2
206.0
156.9

274.9
173.9
202.6
220.1
216.9
196.5
205.6
165.3

301.8
236.3
205.7
164.3
143.0
172.7
182.1
256.4

100.8
102.0
99.1

100.0
100.0
100.0

172.1
177.5

168.2
176.1

166.7
176.0

164.6
175.7

158.3
175.0

151.5
174.8

142.4
172.7

140.1
172.0

138.2
171.9

138.4
173.1

139.1
173.7

140.1
173.6

141.8
174.2

171.7
178.0

159.5
191.2
119.5
100.2

154.3
176.3
117.8
100.0

150.5
172.0
117.2

147.8
169.1
117.3

141.4
164.4
116.0

139.5
163.9
114.8

137.5
161.5
112.9

138.4
161.6
114.3

137.3
161.7
113.5

138.9
160.1
114.6

139.7
159.4
114.8

142.2
157.9
114.0

144.1
158.2
113.1

159.7
190.6
119.4

268.0
231.8

264.6
226.7

261.4
218.8

253.4
214.0

242.0
210.7

238.2
209.4

235.7
203.9

237.8
202.7

236.7
203.4

235.3
202.1

233.3
203.1

232.1
204.5

232.5
206.9

268.1
231.7

340.7
107.8

331.4
100.0

332.5

343.2

336.1

328.1

303.6

294.9

298.4

306.9

310.9

304.0

298.9

340.7

166.3
191.2
161.4
193.9

149.5
175.1
152.9
179.9

142.0
169.4
148.9
173.0

142.6
169.0
148.4
173.8

156.1
168.2
148.1
174.5

157.9
166.1
146.9
173.7

118.7
157.2
142.0
164.2

116.0
155.6
142.1
161.1

112.5
151.8
140.2
160.5

109.3
148.4
138.9
160.1

110.3
147.2
137.6
156.4

109.7
146.2
138.0
154.5

113.1
148.8
138.3
155.3

166.7
190.8
161.2
192.9

187.3
100.3

186.5
100.0

186.8

187.3

188.5

188.7

177.0

175.3

175.5

176.1

177.8

178.9

179.8

187.2

8 Specification revised in Novem ber 1950.
m October 1949=100.
11 N o. 303 canned fancy grade peas introduced in April 1950 in place of
N o. 2 can standard.
12 Priced in 18 cities in January 1951,19 cities July through December 1950.
Priced in 56 cities before that date.
13 Priced in 37 cities July through December 1950 and 38 cities in January
1951.

T able

377

D : PRICES AND COST OF LIVING

REVIEW, MARCH 1951

D -7: Indexes of Wholesale Prices,1 by Group of Commodities, for Selected Periods
[1926=100]

70.2
81.3
80.1
83.0

82.0
87.6
89.7
92.2
93.6

83.5
92.3
100.6
112.1
113.2

86.9
90.1
92.6
92.9
94.1

89.1
94.6
98.6
100.1
100.8

88.3
93.3
97.0
98.7
99.6

89.0
93.7
95. 5
96.9
98.5

104.5
104.5

94.7
94.8

116. 8
116.3

95.9
95.5

101.8
101.8

100.8
100.9

99.7
99.9

101.4
96.4
118.9
127.3

111.6
110.4
118.2
131.1

100.3
98.5
106.5
115.5

134.7
126.3
153.4
165.6

110.8
105.7
129.1
148.5

116.1
107.3
134.7
146.0

114.9
106. 7
132.9
145.5

109.5
105.6
120.7
135.2

199.1

135.7

144.5

120.5

178.4

158.0

159.4

159.8

151.0

193.4

118.6

145.3

112.3

163.9

150.2

151.2

152.4

147.3

206.0

122.7

153.2

120.9

172.4

156.0

156.8

159.2

153.2

191.6
192.8
194.2
194.8
198.1
202.1
207.3
213.9
219.6
218.9
217.8
221.5
225.6

115.7
115.2
116.3
117.1
116.4
114.5
118.1
122.5
128.6
132.2
135.0
139.6
144.5

144.7
145.2
145.5
145.8
146.6
146.9
148.7
153.9
159.2
163.8
166.9
169.9
174.4

110.0
110.0
110.7
112.6
114.7
114.7
119.0
124.3
127.4
131.3
137.6
140.5
142.4

159.8
162.4
162.8
162.5
166.3
167.7
175.8
179.1
181.8
180.2
184.5
» 187.1
192.5

144.8
144.3
144.1
143.9
145.6
148.4
152.9
159.2
165.7
169.3
173.0
178.1
185.0

148.2
149.1
148.9
149.4
152.2
153.5
158.0
161.2
164.0
163.5
165.1
168.9
173.0

150.5
151.1
151.0
151.2
153.7
155.2
159.8
163.7
166.9
166.9
168.8
172.3
176.7

145.8
145.9
146.1
146.4
147.6
148.8
151.5
155.5
159.2
161.5
163.7
166.6
170.2

75.1
86.3
85.6
88.5

64.4
74.8
73.3
77.3

99.4
103.3
103.8
103.8
103.8

103.2
107.8
110.2
111.4
115.5

84.4
90.4
95.5
94.9
95.2

94.3
101.1
102.4
102.7
104.3

84.0
84.8

104.7
104.7

117.8
117.8

95.2
95.3

116.3
109.2
131.6
141.7

90.1
87.8
94.5
108.7

115.5
112.2
130.2
145.0

132.6
129.9
145.5
179.7

188.8

149.8

134.2

163.6

180.4

140.4

131.7

170.2

70.3
73.1
72.6
71.7

80.2
94.4
93.2
95.8

82.7
90.5
99.6
106.6
104.9

108.3
114.8
117.7
117.5
116.7

84.8
91.8
96.9
97.4
98.4

76.2
78.4
78.5
80.8
83.0

128.2
126.9

106.2
106.4

118.1
118.0

100.1
99.6

121.1
112.9
139.7
152.1

148.9
140.1
169.8
181.2

130.7
112.9
165.4
168.7

137.2
122.4
172.5
182.4

165.1

188.3

179.1

1932: Average...........
1939: Average--------A u gu st............
1940: Average---------

64.8
77.1
75.0
78.6

48.2
65.3
61.0
67.7

61.0
70.4
67.2
71.3

1941: Average..........
December____
1942: A v e r a g e .----1943: Average..........
1944: Average...........

87.3
93 6
98 8
103.1
104.0

82.4
94.7
105.9
122.6
123.3

1945: Average--------August.............

105.8
105.7

1946: Average..
June... . . .
November
1047: Average--------1948: Average---------

August______

68.3
79.5
77.9
80.8

73.9
76.0
74.2
77,0

54.9
69.7
67.8
73.8

68.1
69.7
131.6
193.2
109.1

September___
October_____
N ovem ber—
December___
1951: January_____

70.3
80.4
79.1
81.6

71.4
90.5
89.6
94.8

72.9
95.6
92.7
100.8

64.2
62.9
128.6
147.3
99.9

M a y _____

59.3
77.0
74.5
79.1

68.8
67.3
138.8
163.4
97.5

56.7
52.9
101.8
164.4
95.4

71.5
71.4
150.3
169.8
104.9

July________

55.1
70.2
66.5
71.9

93.1
88.1
142.3
176.5
82.6

90.8
79.1
143.5
155.5
100.5

69.8
67.3
136.3
167.2
95.3

January..
February____
M arch___

70.0
65.7
129.9
170.6
91-6

56.1
66.7
99.2
143.3
94.3

61.3
55. 7
114.3
169.8
83.0

Average..........
July__________
November___
M a y . .. ............
Average..........

1950: Average_____

69.0
65.7
131.0
165.4
93.3

80.2
77.9
178.0
173.7
94.0

57.3
55.3
142.6
188.3
90.4

Foods

1949: Average______

69.4
66.9
130.4
157.8
94.5

Raw
mate­
rials

Build­
ing
mate­
rials

Hides
and
leather
prod­
ucts

1913:
1914:
1918:
1920:
1929:

74.9
67.8
162.7
253.0
93.9

M is­
cella­
neous
com ­
m odi­
ties

Metals
and
metal
Prod­
ucts >

Farm
prod­
ucts

Year and month

Semi- Manu
facmanutured
facprod­
tured
articles ucts 1

Chem ­
Houseicals
furand
nishallied
ing
prod­
goods
ucts

Fuel
and
light­
ing
mate­
rials

All
com­
modi­
ties >

155.0
161.5
151.5
152.7
152.7
152.9
155.9
157.3
162.9
166.4
169.5
169.1
171.7
175.3
180.0

165.5
170.4
154.7
159.1
159.4
159.3
164.7
165.9
176.0
177.6
180.4
177.8
183.7
o 187.4
194.0

161.4
166.1
154.8
156.7
155.5
155.3
159.9
162.1
171.4
174.6
177.2
172.5
175.2
' 179.0
182.3

Tex­
tile
prod­
ucts

191.9

148.0

133.3

173.6

179.3
179.0
179.6
179.4
181.0
182.6
187.2
195.6
202.9
208.5
211.6
« 218.8
235.0

138.5
138.2
137.3
136.4
136.1
136.8
142.6
149.5
158.3
163.1
166.7
171.2
178.3

131.4
131.3
131.5
131.2
132.1
132.7
133.4
134.4
135.1
135.4
135.6
135.6
136.4

168.4
168.6
168.5
168.7
169.7
171.9
172.4
174.3
176.7
178.6
180.4
• 184.8
187.4

i BLS wholesale price data, for the most part, represent prices in primary
markets. They are prices charged by manufacturers or producers or are
prices prevailing on organized exchanges. The weekly index is calculated
from 1-day-a-week prices; the monthly index from an average of these prices.
M onthly indexes for the last 2 months are preliminary.
The indexes currently are computed by the fixed base aggregate method,
with weights representing quantities produced for sale in 1929-31. (For a
detailed description of the method of calculation see "Revised Method of
Calculation of the Bureau of Labor Statistics Wholesale Price Index,” in
the Journal of the American Statistical Association, December 1937.)
Mimeographed tables are available, upon request to the Bureau, giving
monthly indexes for major groups of commodities since 1890 and for subgroups
and economic groups since 1913. The weekly wholesale price indexes are


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

All
com ­
m odi­
ties
ex­
cept
farm
prod­
ucts
and
foods1

All
com ­
m odi­
ties ex­
cept
farm
prod­
ucts 1

available in summary form since 1947 for all commodities; all commodities
less farm products and foods; farm products; foods; textile products; fuel and
lighting materials; metals and metal products; building materials, and
chemicals and allied products. Weekly indexes are also available for the
subgroups of grains, livestock, and meats.
x
„
J Includes current motor vehicle prices beginning with October 1946. lh e
rate of production of motor vehicles in October 1946 exceeded the monthly
average rate of civilian production in 1941, and in accordance with the an­
nouncement made in September 1946, the Bureau introduced current prices
for motor vehicles in the October calculations. During the war, motor
vehicles were not produced for general civilian sale and the Bureau carried
April 1942 prices forward in each computation through September 1946.
« Corrected.

378

M O N TH LY LABOR

D : PRICES AND COST OF LIVING

T able

D -8: Indexes of Wholesale Prices,1 by Group and Subgroup of Commodities
[1926 = 100]
1951

________
1950

1946

1939
Aug,

Group and subgroup
Jan.

D ec.

N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

June

All commodities *_............... .

180.0

175.3

171.7

169.1

169.5

166.4

162.9

157.3

155.9

152.9

152.7

152.7

151.5

112.9

76.0

Farm products............. .........
Grains_________________
Livestock and poultry rLivestock r...............P o u l t r y ________
Other farm p rod u cts...
E ggs«..........................
Foods______________ ______
Dairy products______ _
Cereal products ______
Fruits and vegetables...
Meats, poultry, fish ' __
M ea ts ' ____________
P o u ltry ' __________
Other foods____________
Hides and leather products..
Shoes_________ _______
Hides and skins..............
Leather________________
Other leather products..
Textile products....................
Clothing...........................
Cotton goods__________
Hosiery and underwear
R ayon and n y lo n ' ____
Silk ' __________________
W oolen and worsted___
Other textile products__

194.0
186.6
222.2
250.6
84.7
177.8
116.5

» 187. 4
180.9
204.9
231.8
74.5
« 177.4
« 149. 5
» 179.0
164.4
157.7
137.8
233.7
251.9
92.3
» 161.5
0 218. 8
»209.4
277.5
213.8
173.9
171.2
155.4
236.1
113.7
43.0
75.0
195.3
» 229.6
135.6
145.7
193.2
232.7
(3)
90.2
118.0
» 184. 8

177.8
165.3
198.7
223.8
77.1
167.4
141.0
172.5
160.8
153.8
129.5
223.7
240.8
90.2
156.4

177.6
167.7
217.3
243.8
90.2
155.3
110.1
174.6
148.0
154. 9
132.0
240.2
258.3
103.5
154.1

164.7
172.3
194.6
218.5
79.6
143.7
85.4
159.9
138.0
146.0
139.2
217.1
234.0
90.0
130.9
181.0
185.0
194.4
179.3
143.1
136.1
143.8
172.0
97.7
39.9
49.3
146.2
164.6
132.1
139.2
192.6
225.6
66.6
87.2
112.6

159.1
161.3
179.9
200.6
81.4
144.9
87.3
156.7
147.5
144.8
138.2
201.6
216.3
86.8
129.6
179.0
184.3
188.2
176.6
143.1
138.2
143.1
178.4
98.6
39.9
50.1
147.2
170.3
131.3
139.3
196.7
223.7
69.6
87.4
109.4
168. 6

87.8
106.1
132.8
133.5
67.2
79.6
64.0
112.2

67.8
81.6
65.5
61. 5
28.5
44. 3
75.5
63.7
72 6
72 1
Qfi 0
104 2

169.7

138.5
143.9
178.7
98.5
39.6
50.1
147.0
171.7
131.4
139.3
196.2
222.2
68.9
85.0
109.4
168.4

109.2
120.3
139.4
75.8
30.2
(s)
112.7
112.3

171.9

159.3
169.6
178.0
197.9
84.0
144.2
90.7
155.3
141.1
145.9
137.6
200.6
214.7
89.9
129.3
179.4
184.3
187.2
179.1
143.1
136.4
144.2
172.8
97.7
39.9
49.1
146.1
165.8
131.2
142.6
193.4
225.6
67.8
86.8
109.5
168.7

140.1
151.8
137.4
143.4
(3)
137.6
97.3
112.9
127.3
101.7
136.1
110.1
116 6
(J)
98.1
122.4
129.5
121, 5
110.7
115.2

149.5
145.2
206.8
101.2
41.3
65.6
157.7
181.5
134.4
142.1
192.5
225.6
65.5
88.1
116.8
174.3

165.9
169.3
197.5
222.4
77.2
145.0
91.3
162.1
135.9
145.6
140.5
223.7
241.4
91.5
133.1
182.6
184.8
202.1
180.6
143.1
136.8
143.8
173.8
97.7
39.9
49.3
148.3
164.5
132.7
140.1
192.1
225.6
67.0
87.3
113.9

154.7
160.2
170.5
192.0
66.7
142.6
86.0
154.8
148.8
144.3
134.3
194.5
208.3
83.1
131.0
179.3
184.3
189.0
177.6
143.1

163.1
147.7
225.7
109.2
42.5
65.3
188.9
207.3
135. 4
143.9
193.3
231.1
65.2
88.9
118.0
178.6

176.0
173.5
215.8
242.5
87.6
151.8
103.8
171.4
141.8
151.2
137.0
240.7
260.1
97.9
145.1
187.2
185. 8
219.8
185.3
143.1
142.6
144.3
190.7
99.2
40.7
60.3
150.9
168.5
133.4
141.0
191.9
225.6
67.0
88.3
115.5
172.4

159.4
165.4
180.3
199.7
89.7
144.2
94.6
155.5
144.8
145.6
134.9
200.0
213.6
92.7
129.8
179.6
184.3
190.4
177.9
143.1

166.7
151.4
231.7
111.4
42.7
69.0
192.5
210.4
135.6
144.7
193.3
232. 5
65.5
90.5
118.1
180.4

180.4
166.5
211.3
237. 5
85.3
164.4
128.8
177.2
154.7
155.5
131.0
241.0
259.5
99.0
158.7
202.9
194.8
264.7
196.8
151.3
158.3
146.7
221.6
105.3
41.7
64.9
178.7
191.3
135.1
142.8
193.1
225.6
65.6
89.0
117.8
176.7

61.0
51.5
66.0
67.7
(»)
60.1
47.5

182.3
171.5
163.5
135.8
242.7
261.5
98.2
157.7
235.0
219.6
318.8
224.8
188.0

183.7
172.1
197.3
222.6
74.9
177.4
148.2
175.2
164.1
154.1
140.4
223.4
240.5
90.8
158.9
211.6
204.0
269.3
204.9
164.9

225.6
181.5
147.1
354.9
162.1
152.1
176.2
183. 7
139.5
204.3
195.7

» 154. 6
» 157.1
» 182.1
183.2
196.2
181.6
»178.4
187.1
» 140.6
182.5
183.6
139.3
221.5
» 179. 9
141.2
348.4
155. 3
148.1
166.2
183.6
139.3
204.3
» 193.8

153.2
155. 7
174.0
172.8
185.4
171.2
176.9
187.1
133.9
181.7
182.5
137.3
217.8
178.5
140.8
347.6
148.2
143.6
156.1
182.5
137.3
191.6
189.4

152.0
154.5
173.2
172.7
185.4
171.1
176.8
187.0
133.9
173.3
177.2
132.0
218.9
178.1
140.2
358.4
145.7
142.4
152.1
177.2
132.0
191.6
186.6

150.3
152.7
172.2
172.5
185.4
170.9
176.5
186.6
133.9
166.1
166.9
125.4
219.6
168.7
136. 3
371.5
145.9
142.4
152.4
166.9
125.4
191.6
182.5

145.5
147.7
171.0
172.3
185.4
170.6
176.1
186.4
133.1
156.3
164.6
123.9
213.9
167.8
135.5
357.6
142.4
141.3
146.2
164.6
123.9
191.6
178.7

143.9
146.2
169.8
172.3
185.4
170.6
175.1
185.2
133.0
150.6
156.5
116.9
207.3
167.4
135.3
338.0
138.6
138.6
141.3
156.5
116.9
191.6
177.4

143.7
146.0
169.4
172.2
185.4
170.4
175.1
185.2
133.0
148.4
156.3
116.7
202.1
164.3
134.9
322.6
137.7
138.5
139.5
156.3
116.7
191.6
175.0

143.7
146.0
168.5
171.8
184.9
170.1
175.1
185.2
133.0
136.3
156.4
116.6
198.1
163.9
134.9
310.8
136.8
138.5
137.6
156.4
116.6
191.6
172.7

143.4
145.8
168.9
171.7
184.7
170.1
175.1
185.2
132.7
128.9
154.7
(!)
194.8
163.4
134.9
299.4
136.7
138.5
137.3
154.7
(!)
191.6
172.0

143.1
145.6
169.0
171.7
184.7
170.0
175.1
185.2
132.8
127.2
151. 9
(!)
194.2
163.3
134.9
295.9
138.2
138.5
140.5
151.9
(!)
191.6
172.2

143.1
145.7
168.8
171.7
184.7
170.0
175.6
185.7
133.0
128.1
148.7
(!)
192.8
163.2
134.9
292.1
139.0
138.5
142 2
148.7
(')
191.6
171.1

143.0
145.7
167.3
171.1
182.2
169.7
176.5
186.7
133.8
128. 6
151.7
(“)
191.6
163.5
134.8
287.5
139.0
138.5
142.2
151.7
(!)
191.6
170.5

104.5
104.9
110.1
112.2
108.9
112.8
135. 6
142.8
104. 3
99.2
106.0
(»)
129.9
121. 3
102.6
176.0
108.6
99.3
120.9
106.0
(8)
120.1
118.4

93.5
94 7
95 1
98 fi
9fi 0
99 0
92 5
95.8
77 4
74.6
79 3
(!)
89 6
90. 5
91. 3
90 1
82.1
92. 9
71 8
79 3
(')
107.3
89.5

144.5
138.1

139.6
136.1

135.6
134.3

132.2
131.6

128.6
125.4

122.5
122.1

118.1
119.3

114.5
117.3

116.4
116.5

117.1
116.4

116.3
115.4

115.2
114.7

115.7
114.7

96. 4
98,0

74. 2
83.8

184.6
117.3
109.1
200.4
174.4
185.5
162.7
142.4
82.8
226.3
196.5
221.1
174.2
272.1
148.4
137.1
157.8

175.1
115.6
» 107.4
180.9
169.9
180.2
159.2
140.5
»82.5
224.4
189.0
214.0
173. 3
222.6
146.1
136.6
152.3

163.8
112.0
104.7
171.5
166.9
176.6
156.7
137.6
82.3
211.4
178.7
193.0
164.5
222.6
150. 5
134.7
144.4

161.1
111.2
103.1
160.3

153.4
111.4
103.1
163.9
159.2
168.1
149.9
127.4
77.4
203.8
167.1
171.6
157.3
201.8
114.7
127.8
140.0

135.0
112.1
103.1
141.5
153.9
162.8
144.6
124.3
75.0
205.6
163.9
165.5
154.5
201.5
106.1
125.4
130.5

129.1
110.1
103.0
125.7
148.7
156.2
141.0

122.7
108.4
103.3
111.9
146.9
154.2
139.4
114.7
67.0
213.2
155.6
146.6
150.3
186.9
63.4
120.7
122.1

122.3
116.8
103.3
122.2
146.6
154.1
138.9

122.0
117.4
103.5
127.5

121.9
117.3
103.5
125.6

145.8
152.6
138.8
112.6
65.0
215.6
155.4
146. 5
150.3
185.0
48.7
120.3
122.9

145.5
152.2
138.6
110.7
64.3
193. 7
155. 5
147.3
150.3
184.3
41.3
120.4
122.9

121.4
116.9
103.5
120.9
145.2
151. 8
138.4
110.0
64.3
177.3
155.6
147.3
150.5
183.8
41.1
120.4
123.0

121.5
117.4
104.6
122.7
144.7
151. 5
137.8
110.0
64.3
179.3
155.9
147.3
151.0
183.8
39.1
120.5
123.1

109.4
82.7
86.6
102.1
110.4
114.6
108.5
98.5
65.7
197.8
135.6
115.6
107.3
154.1
46.2
101.0
101.3

77.1
65.5
73.1
40.6
85.6
90.0
81.1
73.3
59.5
68.4
80.0
66.2
83.9
69.6
34.9
81.3
78.9

Fuel and lighting materials.
Anthracite_____________
Bituminous c o a l.______
Coke_________________ _
Electricity........... ...........
G a s ... ___ ____ ______
Petroleum and products
Metals and metal products2
Agricultural machinery
and equipm en t ' _____
Farm m achineryr.. .
Iron and steel__________
Steel mill products___
Semi-finished___
Finished_________
M otor vehicles ' _______
Passenger cars_____
Trucks ___ ______
Nonferrous metals____
Plumbing and heating '
P lum bin gr____________
Building m aterials... .........
Brick and tile__________
C em entf_________ ____ _
Lumber ___ . . . .
Paint, paint m aterials '
Prepared p a in tf___
Paint materials r_.
Plum bing and heating r.
P lu m b in g '
Structural steel.
Other bldg, m aterials...
Chemicals and allied prodnets........................................
Chem icals____________
Drug
and
pharma­
ceutical materials........
Fertilizer materials
M ixed fertilizers_______
Oils and fats....................
Housefumishing goods
Furnishings....... ..........
Furniture' .....................
Miscellaneous....... .................
Tires and tubes r___
Cattle feed____________
Paper and pulp________
P aperboard.............
Paper . .....................
W ood pulp_____ . . .
Rubber, crude_________
Other miscellaneous___
Soaps and detergents

178.3
161.6
239.1
115.2
43.1
87.6
217.4
238.5
136.4
145.8
193.2
232.8
(3)
(3)
119.4
187.4
156.1
158.3
185.6
186.1
196.2
184.9
178.8
187.1
142.1
187.9
183.7
139. 5

208.5
200.3
266.3
201.3
164.9

163.8
173.7
153.5
131.3
78.1
199.6
173.4
184.3
159.4
222.6
131.5
130.5
143.2

195.6
191.4
238.2
192.3
151.3

119.0
68.7
240.5
159.9
152.8
152.0
203.1
78.4
121.7
122.0

114.7
65.8
235.5
155. 4
146.5
150.3
184.8
58.4
120.5
122.8

137.3
143.5
176.5
98.0
39.9
49.1
146.3
166.9
131.5
141.9
198.5
224.7
67.9
88.3
108.6
168.5

67.2
67.9
71.9
58.5
73.7
78.1
(»)
60.3
92.7
100.8
77.2
84.0
97.1

7 fi 8
80 7

51.7
93. 2

1 See footnote 1, table D -7 . 1 See footnote 2, table D -7. « N ot available. ‘ Index based on old series not available. Revised series first used in index
In December
1 Index based on old series not available.
Revised series first used in index in M ay 1950.
« Corrected.
* Revised,
t Revired indexes for dates prior to August 1949 available upon request.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

REVIEW, MARCH 1951

E : WORK STOPPAGES

379

E : Work Stoppages
T able

E -l: Work Stoppages Resulting From Labor-Management Disputes 1
Number of stoppages

Workers involved in stoppages

M an-days idle during month
or year

M onth and year
Beginning
in month or
year
1935-39 (average)
1945
.........
1946
.........
1947
.........
1948
.........
1949
.........
1950: January»....
F eb ru a ry»_
M arch »____
A p r il»..........

M ay »______
June *______
July» ..........
A ugu st»___
Septem ber»„
O ctober»___
N ovem ber».
D ecem ber».
1951: January».

2,862
4,750
4,985
3, 693
3,419
3,606
245
205
300
405
485
480
460
620
525
525
250

Beginning
in month or
year

In effect dur­
ing month

1.130.000
3, 470, 000
4.600.000
2.170.000
1,960, 000
3,030, 000

200

365
355
450
600
715
755
705
860
800
800
575
400

340, 000
275, 000
180, 000
160, 000
40, 000

400

550

185,000

» All known work stoppages, arising out of labor-management disputes,
involving six or more workers and continuing as long as a full day or shift
are included in reports of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Figures on “ work­
ers involved” and “ man-days idle” cover all workers made idle for one or
more shifts in establishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not
measure the indirect or secondary effects on other establishments or indus-


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

In effect dur­
ing month

170,000
56, 000
84, 000
156, 000
352, 000
271, 000
220 , 000

Number

Percent of
estimated
working time

16, 900,000
38,000,000
116,000,000
34.600.000
34.100.000
50, 500, 000

0. 27
.47

100, 000

2, 700,000
8, 600, 000
3,900, 000
3,300, 000
3, 300, 000
2, 600, 000
2, 800, 000
2, 600, 000
3, 500, 000
2, 450, 000
1, 750, 000
1, 000, 000

.39
1.40
.51
.49
.44
.34
.40
.31
.48
.30
.23
.14

215,000

1, 200,000

.15

695, 000
590, 000
630, 000
200, 000
505, 000
390, 000
390, 000
430, 000
460, 000
300, 000
275, 000

1.43
.41
.37
.59

tries whose employees are made idle as a result of material or service shortages.
2 Data for 1950 are not final although revisions have been made on basis of
most current information. Figures for December 1950 .in particular, are
based on very incomplete data.
» Preliminary.

F : BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION

380

M O N TH LY LABO R

F: Building and Construction
T

able

F -l:

E x p e n d itu r e s fo r N e w C o n s tr u c tio n 1
[Value of work put in place]
Expenditures (in millions)

Type of construction

1950

1951
Feb.2

Jan.8

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

Total new construction 4---------- --------- -------- SI, 980 $2,068 $2,235 $2, 554 $2, 750 $2.816
Private construction--------------- ----------- ------Residential building (nonfarm).............
New dwelling units...... ................... Additions and alterations........... . . .
Nonhousekeeping 5 ______________
Nonresidential building (nonfarm) 4__
industrial______ ______ ____________
Commercial_______________ ______
Warehouses, office and loft
buildings----------- ---------------- Stores,
restaurants,
and
garages_______
_ --------------Other nonresidential building.. . .
Religious _____________________
Educational_____ . . . _________
Social and recreational________
Hospital and institutional L _
Miscellaneous............................ .
Farm construction____________ _______ _
Public utilities-------------------------------------Railroad__________________________
Telephone and telegraph............
Other public utilities.........................
All other private 8_____________________
Public construction----- ----------------------------Residential building 8-----------------Nonresidential building (other than
military or naval facilities)--------------Industrial------------------------- -----------Educational__________ _____________
Hospital and institutional________
Other nonresidential______________
Military and naval facilities 10________
H ighw ays______________________________
Sewer and w a te r ----------------------------- . .
Miscellaneous public service enterprises 11_______________ _____ _________
Conservation and development_______
All other publicla— ................................

1,545
864
800
47
17
383
134
122

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

27

398

321

50
105
29
22
18
26
10
75
209
16
32
161
9
356
26

884
1,426
407
298
247
342
132
1,087
3,182
310
470
2,402
112
7,067
341

706
1,229
360
269
262
202
136
1, 292
3,316
352
533
2,431
78
6, 390
359

100
49

154
7
79
38
30
9
55
46

2,310
220
1,158
470
462
180
2,425
655

2,056
177
934
477
468
137
2,129
619

11
62
9

10
49
7

185
875
96

203
792
95

1,998
1,253
1,145
93
15
325
84
116

47

46

42

39

35

31

28

26

24

25

91
129
39
30
20
29
11
66
243
24
34
185
5
549
28

101
135
40
30
22
30
13
74
277
28
40
209
7
669
31

93
133
39
29
23
30
12
88
295
29
40
226
7
744
30

82
130
38
28
23
29
12
106
301
30
43
228
7
744
* 28

79
128
37
26
24
30
11
116
305
30
45
230
11
725
27

85
125
35
25
23
30
12
113
296
29
45
222
11
678
24

82
118
33
23
21
30
11
108
285
28
42
215
13
652
28

66
109
30
21
19
29
10
100
267
27
41
199
13
593
28

52
102
28
20
17
27
10
88
253
26
40
187
11
506
28

52
103
28
21
17
27
10
79
235
21
38
176
9
437
28

214
34
110
37
33
27
105
52

209
29
110
37
33
25
155
55

221
30
112
40
39
26
240
59

230
31
114
42
43
28
290
62

214
22
108
40
44
22
310
60

205
19
102
40
44
16
305
58

196
18
98
37
43
10
275
56

191
16
94
39
42
10
250
55

187
17
90
40
40
8
210
54

178
13
87
40
38
9
145
52

170
11
84
40
35

10
54
6

11
60
6

17
67
8

20
76
8

20
82
8

21
85
8

18
91
8

17
92
9

15
82
9

13
73
8

47

76
127
36
27
17
31
16
74
219
15
31
173
5
435
29

75
126
37
28
18
30
13
69
220
22
29
169
5
497
29

205
37
108
31
29
25
65
49
8
49
5

Total

16, 204
8, 290
7,280
825
185
3,228
972
1,027

2,074
1,310
1,200
93
17
332
90
114

46

Total

1,262 20, 648
717 12, 500
655 11,425
51
900
11
175
252 3, 767
70 1,059
77 1,282

2,072
1,306
1,195
94
17
352
101
121

1,883
1,171
1,065
92
14
306
78
110

1,689
1, 035
940
82
13
274
73
92

1,482
882
800
70
12
248
70
76

1, 313
741
675
55
11
249
69
77

2,006
1,237
1,135
84
18
379
111
135

1,686
980
900
62
18
392
125
138

Feb.

1949

$2, 799 $2,676 $2, 535 $2, 282 $1,988 $1, 750 $1.618 $27, 715 $22, 594

1,885
1,126
1,035
73
18
401
119
147

1, 571
901
830
54
17
376
128
122

1 Joint estimates of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U . S. Department of
Labor, and the Building Materials Division, U . S. Department of C om ­
merce. Estimated construction expenditures represent the monetary value
of the volume of work accomplished during the given period of time. These
figures should be differentiated from permit valuation data reported in the
tabulations for building authorized (tables F -3 and F-4) and the data on
value of contract awards reported in table F-2.
2 Preliminary.
• Revised.
4 Includes major additions and alterations.
• Includes hotels, dormitories, and tourist courts and cabins.
• Expenditures by privately owned public utilities for nonresidential
building are included under “ Public utilities.”


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Aug.

1950

8

1 1ncludes Federal contributions toward construction of private nonprofit
hospital facilities under the National Hospital Program.
8 Covers privately owned sewer and water facilities, roads and bridges,
and miscellaneous nonbuilding items such as parks and playgrounds.
* Includes nonhousekeeping public residential construction as well as
housekeeping units.
Covers all construction, building as well as nonbuilding.
11 Covers primarily publicly owned airports, electric light and power sys­
tems, and local transit facilities.
i* Covers public construction not elsewhere classified, such as parks, play­
grounds, and memorials.

F : BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION

R E V IE W , M ARCH 1951

T

able

381

F -2 : Value of Contracts Awarded and Force Account Work Started on Federally Financed
New Construction, by Type of Construction1
Value (in thousands)
Conservation and
development

Building

Period

Total
new
con­
struc­
tion 8

Non-residential
Air­
ports *
Total

Resi­
den­
tial

Total

Hospitals and
institutional

Edu­
ca­
tional 4

Total

1935______________ $1, 478,073
$442, 782 $7, 833
H
1,533, 439
1936______________
561,394 63, 465
(7)
1937______________
990, 410
344, 567 17,239
(')
676, 542 31,809
1938______________ 1, 609, 208
(7)
1939______________
1, 586, 604 $4, 753 669, 222 231, 071
1940— - ____ ______ 2,316, 467 137,112 1, 537, 910 244, 671
1941................. ......... 5,931, 536 499, 427 4, 422,131 322, 248
1942______________ 7,871, 986 579,176 6, 226,878 565, 247
1943______________ 2,877,044 243, 443 2, 068, 337 405, 537
1944______________ 1.861, 449 110, 872 1, 438,849 117, 504
1945______________ 1, 092,181 41,219 806, 917 60, 535
1946______________ 1, 502, 701 15,068
617,132 452, 204
1947______________ 1, 473, 910 25,075
454, 593 60, 694
1948______________ 1, 906, 466 55, 577 543,118
47,198
1949........... ............... 2,172, 333 49.317 878, 231 46, 800

Vet­
erans

Other

Ad­
minis­
trative
and
gen­
eral 5

Other
nonresidential

River,
har­
bor
and
flood
control

High­
ways

All
other9

$158,027
73, 797
59. 051
175,382
115, 612
69. 028
41, 880
150, 708
101, 270
66, 679
30, 765
149, 870
75, 483
147, 732
184, 803

$280, 698
115, 913
73, 959
128, 492
109, 811
128, 561
157, 804
67, 087
54, 467
45, 736
41,385
140.293
232,212
347,139
312, 754

$381,037
511,685
360, 865
372, 238
355, 701
364,048
446. 903
347, 988
161,852
111,805
100, 969
534, 653
659, 645
767, 460
690,469

$215, 529
270, 650
151, 968
256, 554
331, 505
79, £08
363, 391
500,149
247, 675
87, 508
70, 926
45. 685
26. 902
45, 440
56, 759

Total

Rec­
lama­
tion

$434, 949
(!)
(8)
(*)
(«)
497, 929
( 8)
(s)
(8)
(*)
327,328
(8)
(8)
(*)
(8)
644, 733
(!)
(8)
(«)
(8)
438, 151
(«)
(8)
(s)
(8)
1, 293, 239
m
(8)
(s)
(8)
(*)
4,099,883
m
( s)
( 8)
5, 661, 631
m
(*)
(*)
( 8)
1, 662, 800
(»)
(8)
(*)
(8)
1,321,345
(0)
(8)
(8)
( 8)
746,382
(*)
( 8)
( ')
(*)
164, 928 $14, 664 $14, 281 $9,032 $5, 249
393, 899 47. 750 101, 992 96,140
5,852
1, 424 263, 296 168, 616 94, 680
495, 920
831, 431 1,041 353,671 123, 967 229, 704

$9, 713
32, 550
29, 926
88,856

$126, 270
211,607
201,274
387,863

$438, 725
189. 710
133,010
303, 874
225, 423
197, 589
199, 684
217, 795
155, 737
112,415
72,150
290,163
307, 695
494, 871
497, 557

1,974
1,735
1,229
1,871
1,869
9, 735
1,413
1,054
3.184
3,312
891
1,659

20, 269
19, 898
10. 096
8, 893
35,020
29, 970
8,281
5,828
6, 700
37, 231
6, 938
12.150

54,115
65,119
22, 439
84, 888
10, 495
24, 564
41, 947
22, 505
29. 191
37.158
35, 409
67, 041

4,876
1,229
6,639
56, 984
4, 738
8, 887
1,327
4, 269
2,959
19. 371
13, 895
22, 558

49, 239
63,890
15, 800
27, 904
5, 757
15, 677
40, 620
18. 236
26, 232
17, 787
21,514
44, 483

47,696
50,194
51, 582
58. 247
75,645
68, 569
76, 428
91,310
65, 975
55, 747
51, 972
74,095

2,564
1,404
3, 522
4,086
2, 459
4,684
6, 478
2,246
3, 771
6, 047
5,339
2,840

(8)

(8)

( 8)

(8)

(8)
(8)

(8)
(8)

( 8)

(8)

(8)

(8)

( 8)
( 8)
( 8)
( 8)
( 8)

(8)
(8>
( 8)
( 8)
(8)

1948: January___
February..
M arch_____
April______
M a y ............
June_______
July----------August-----September.
October___
Novem ber.
December.

136, 910
184, 965
155,376
177, 950
153, 836
181, 347
151, 963
147,075
135, 771
180,274
118, 629
182,370

892
1,586
5, 675
3, 850
5, 634
4,930
5, 251
6, 616
8,142
3, 678
3, 792
5,531

31, 643
66,662
72,158
26,879
59,603
78,600
21,859
24,398
28,692
77, 644
22,117
32,863

149
3,084
1,159
10.330
463
19, 602
272
7,059
66
785
2, 374
1,855

31, 494
63, 578
70. 999
16, 549
69,140
58, 998
21, 587
17, 339
28, 626
76, 859
19, 743
31,008

306
164
257
12
468
92
6
4
31
0
84
0

8,945
41, 781
59, 417
5, 773
21. 783
19, 201
11,887
10, 453
18, 711
36, 316
11,830
17,199

8. 626
41, 557
56, 214
5,049
20, 044
13, 876
1,697
872
13, 287
6,498
436
460

319
224
3,203
724
1,739
5.325
10,190
9.581
5, 424
29.818
11,394
16, 739

1949: January___
February. . .
M arch_____
April______
M a y _______
June_______
July-----------August____
September.
October___
November.
Decem ber..

97,047
5,520
242
101,298
182,992 4, 288
133,535 4, 212
257,834 7,233
325, 997 12, 262
142, 768 4, 818
272, 671 3, 385
171, 714 1,902
103,616 3,413
222, 263
790
160, 598 1,252

40, 410
45,058
45,051
34,148
71, 383
143,870
37,979
134, 548
82,101
36, 718
131,881
75,084

101
2, 535
4,602
4, 498
6,245
23,017
821
49
446
672
9
3,805

40,309
42, 523
40, 449
29, 650
65,138
120,853
37,158
134, 499
81, 655
36,046
131,872
71, 279

148
635
0
18
30
0
10
140
0
0
60
0

8,192
12, 651
26, 663
21, 352
23 649
64, 985
22, 756
43, 544
56,125
15,004
16,600
42,150

428
5,477
9,612
1, 204
1,045
14, 814
202
25,492
26, 500
8,737
7,387
23,069

7,764
7,174
17,051
20, 148
22, 604
50, 171
22, 554
18,052
29, 625
6, 267
9, 213
19,081

25,008
6, 961
22, 719
6, 518
1,747
12,039
949
7, 331
13, 658 27,801
10, 564 45, 304
2,018
12. 374
969 89.846
538 24, 992
4,333
16, 709
5,308 109, 904
1,045
28,084

15,141
24,032
84,342
39,899
89, 536
80, 530
22,115
52, 304
20, 679
12,914
42,186
13, 879

7, 596
3, 083
22, 546
18, 778
61,537
26, 603
6, 822
12,375
10,179
1, 091
5, 677
8, 516

7,545
20,949
61, 796
21,121
27, 999
53, 927
15.293
39, 929
10, 500
11, 823
36, 509
S, 363

34, 465
29,000
41, 646
52,099
83. 769
80, 348
75, 448
79,020
63,035
49,910
38,100
63,629

1, 511
2, 966
7, 665
3,177
5,913
8, 987
2.408
3,414
3,997
661
9, 306
6, 754

1950: January___
February...
M arch_____
April______
M a y _______
June_______
July----------August------September.
October____
Novembe r9_
December «_

126, 308
112,191
203,476
151, 822
209, 410
327,028
145,157
133,914
171, 590
236, 225
140, 268
534,733

46, 513
35,443
26, 727
59, 780
51,413
122, 303
46.410
26, 250
76, 475
142, 524
22, 558
460,735

109
127
1,036
3,406
1,493
5, 223
634
33
1,284
200
233
730

46,404
35,316
25, 691
56,374
49, 920
117,0,80
45, 776
26, 217
75,191
142, 324
22,325
460,005

144
138
20
70
0
1,430
616
174
0
19
2
0

27,477
30, 676
19, 901
35, 797
27, 558
41, 655
31,177
11,595
33, 915
18, 734
14,314
11,823

19, 328
17,302
14,391
21,459
13,299
7, 629
8,007
200
12, 957
643
676
3

8,149
13,374
5, 510
14,338
14, 259
34,026
23,170
11,395
20,958
18,091
13,638
11,820

12,805
5, 978 25, 578
1,052
3,450
25, 537
3. 457
2,313 101, 266
2,364
19,063
18,143
2, 474 19, 888 67, 473
25,187
48,808
76,898
2,172
11,811
13,474
15, 516
1, 732 12, 716
1, 532 39, 744 16,084
1, 226 122,345
19, 537
1,846
6,163
32,497
7,414
349 11447,833

17,933
7,087
69, 797
2,763
7, 726
43, 620
10, 531
8, 364
9, 762
13,471
1,753
2,960

7,645
40, 998
18, 450 42, 357
31,469
61,026
16,300
63, 453
59, 747 80,618
33, 278 110, 963
2,943
77, 869
7,152
83, 292
6,322
72,300
6,066
55, 531
30. 744 81,135
4,454
63,415

8,836
5, 955
6, 460
3. 970
6,648
13, 798
4,475
6,147
5,196
15,251
2,812
2,810

4, 383
2, 899
7, 997
5, 556
3, 258
3,066
2, 929
2,709
1,535
3, 382
1,266
359

1 Excludes projects classified as “ secret” by the military. Data for Federalaid programs cover amounts contributed by both owner and the Federal
Government. Force-account work is done not through a contractor, but
directly by a government agency, using a separate work force to perform non­
maintenance construction on the agency’s own properties.
1 Includes major additions and alterations.
* Excludes hangars and other buildings, which are included under “ Other
nonresidential” building construction.
4 Includes educational facilities under the Federal temporary re-use edu­
cational facilities program.
* Includes post offices, armories, offices, and customhouses. Includes
contract awards for construction at United Nations Headquarters in New


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

York City, the principal awards having been for the Secretariat Building
(January 1949: $23,810,0001, for the Meeting Hall (January 1950: $11,238,000),
and for the General Assembly Building (June 1950: $10,704,000).
* Includes electrification projects, water-supply and sewage-disposal sys­
tems, railroad construction, and other types of projects not elsewhere clas­
sified.
7 Included in “ All other.”
8 Unavailable.
9 Revised.
to Preliminary.
ii Includes primarily construction projects for the Atom ic Energy Com­
mission.

T

MONTHLY LABOR

F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION

382
able

F -3 :

Urban Building Authorized, by Principal Class of Construction and by Type of Building1
Number of new dwelling units— House­
keeping only

Valuation (in thousands)

New residential building

Privately financed

Housekeeping

Period
Total all
classes *

Privately financed dwelling units

Total

1-family

2-fam­
ily »
$42,629
103,042
156, 757
181, 493
132,367
179, 214

M ulti­
family <

Publicly
Nonfinanced
housedwell­
keep­
ing
ing «
units

New nonresidential
building

Addi­
tions,
altera­
tions,
and
repairs

Total

1-fam­
ily

$77, 283 $296, 933 $22, 910 $1, 510,688 $278, 472 184, 892 138.908
1,458,602
181,531
355, 587 43, 369
771,023 430,195 358,151
372,646
29, 831
891, 926 503,094 393, 720
35,177
1,712,817
496, 215 139, 334 38, 034 2, 367, 940 1,004, 549 516,179 392, 532
747,161 285, 625 39, 785 2,408,445 937, 493 575, 286 413, 543
779, 594 301,961 84,508
3,127, 769 1,090,142 796,143 623,330

2-fam­
ily »

Multifam­
ily«

15, 747 30,237
24, 326 47, 718
34,105
75, 269
36. 306 87, 341
26, 431 135, 312
33,312 139,501

Pub­
licly fi­
nanced

1942____________________
1946____________________
1947__________________
1948____________________
1949...............................
1950«___________________

$2, 707, 573
4, 743, 414
5, 561, 754
6, 972, 784
7, 396, 274
10,408,292

$598, 570
2,114, 833
2,892,003
3, 422, 927
3. 724, 926
5,803, 912

$478,658
1,830, 260
2. 362, 600
2, 745, 219
2, 845,398
4,845,104

1949: December..............

564,435

277, 622

219, 701

9, 790

48,131

10,350

4,669

216,189

55, 604

43,422

31,410

1, 982

10,030

1,287

558, 374
572,464
855, 618
920, 983
1,062,337
1,011,211
1,060, 627
1,088, 854
837. 297
870, 390
707,673
781,384

315, 529
352, 248
545, 665
577, 757
643,989
613,848
590,243
606, 244
440, 247
430, 548
341,336
345,279

243, 446
283,164
442, 035
482, 238
534, 758
518,377
512, 763
501, 245
375. 214
363,027
297,465
291,219

11, 354
11, 888
21.040
17, 778
20,000
15,421
17,406
17, 590
13, 518
13,032
11,192
9,298

60, 729
57,196
82, 590
77, 741
89, 231
80,050
60,074
87,409
51,515
54,489
32,679
44,762

8, 564
1,506
9, 197
13, 591
27, 995
6,209
41,998
34, 442
33, 698
12,373
29,260
76,094

2, 421
2, 971
9,011
4, 725
31,184
5,092
7,935
8, 690
6, 599
4,405
5,546
4,919

166, 233
156,049
205, 704
237, 412
258,355
273,149
308, 622
324, 827
258,195
329,189
250,616
280, 717

65,627
59, 690
86, 041
87, 498
100, 814
112, 913
111,829
114, 651
98,558
93,875
80, 915
74,375

49,128
52, 818
79, 408
81, 207
88, 642
82,862
79, 589
79, 001
58.308
55,443
44, 588
44,697

36, 041
40, 200
59, 785
63, 478
69,377
66,877
64, 613
61, 711
46, 498
43, 738
36, 244
34,810

2,287
2, 377
4,209
3,203
3,859
2,828
3,130
3, 018
2,256
2,347
2,056
1,747

10, 800
10, 241
15, 414
14, 526
15, 406
13,157
11,846
14, 272
9, 554
9,358
6,288
8,140

868
177
1,135
1,626
3,268
677
4,590
3,733
3, 784
1.389
2, 940
9,289

1950: January__________
February________
March___________
April_____________
M a y _____________
June_____________
July--------------------August— ............
September_______
October__________
November L . . . .
December 8______

i Building for which building permits were issued and Federal contracts
awarded in all urban places, including an estimate of building undertaken
in some smaller urban places that do not issue permits.
The data cover federally and nonfederally financed building construction
combined. Estimates of non-Federal (private and State and local govern­
ment) urban building construction are based primarily on building-permit
reports received from places containing about 85 percent of the urban popula­
tion of the country; estimates of federally financed projects are compiled from
notifications of construction contracts awarded, which are obtained from other
Federal agencies. Data from building permits are not adjusted to allow for
lapsed permits or for lag between permit issuance and the start of construc­
tion. Thus, the estimates do not represent construction actually started
during the month.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

95, 946
98, 310
5,100
15,114
32,194
34,363

Urban, as defined by the Bureau of the Census, covers all Incorporated
laces of 2,500 population or more in 1940, and, by special rule, a small numer of unincorporated civil divisions.
* Covers additions, alterations, and repairs, as well as new residential and
nonresidentisl building.
s Includes units in 1-family and 2-family structures with stores,
* Includes units in multifamily structures with stores.
* Covers hotels, dormitories, tourist cabins, and other nonhousekeeping
residential buildings.
6 Totals for 1950 include revisions which do not appear in data shown for
January through December. Revised monthly data will appear in a subse­
quent issue of the M onth ly Labor Review.
1 Revised.
Preliminary.

R E V IE W , M ARCH 1951

T

able

F-4:

F : BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION

383

New Nonresidential Building Authorized in All Urban Places,1 by General Type and by
Geographic Division8
Valuation (in thousand*)

Geographic division and
type of new nonresi­
dential building

1950
D ec.4

N o v .5

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

1949

1950 3

1949

Dec.

Total

Total

All types________________ $280, 717 $250, 616 $329,189 $258,195 $324, 827 $308, 622 $273,149 $258,355 $237,412 $205, 704 $156,049 $166, 233 $216,189 $3,127, 769 $2, 408, 445
16, 462 13, 675 15.651
New England______
12, 701 21,082
19, 988 12, 586 17,078
15,648
10,377
17, 552 17,361
193,386
13,090
115, 582
36, 916 47, 556 68, 679 45, 232 42, 775 47, 472 45,928
Middle Atlantic____
41, 984 32,117
25,617 20,195 32, 357 57| 807
516, 583
429| 042
42,105
East North Central.
46,313
94,850
61,897 67, 251 61, 510 63,794
59,853 68, 708 47,228 28,422 23, 663 40| 528
675, 555
492,384
17, 797 21, 063 25,098
W est North Central.
23,630 27,348 25, 806 32, 526 24,910 22,186
15,939
10, 674
262, 737
13j 844
203| 409
6,977
37, 650 25,316
South Atlantic_____
26,444
27, 662 42, 08C 38, 081 31,827
33, 230 28,515 26, 591 22,332 23, 464 21, 428
375, 803
311, 540
10, 826
East South Central.
7, 904 16,441
8,408
12, 630 16, 57C 12, 568
9,264
10, 483 10,637
144, 084
10, 506 12,586 12', 891
133,377
60, 882 28, 016 34,901
W est South Central.
30,806 42, 454 39,673 33.130
27,795 22,864 22,513
16,080 23,' 529 17,386
388, 201
270Î 406
8,611
Mountain_________
8, 929
7.416
13, 453 15, 511
9, 518
9,413
7,310
6, 971 16,307
5, 740
112, 265
104,112
3,078
10, 478
49, 467 51, 844 39, 708 34,406
Pacific______________
53, 695 50,110 31,272
36, 931 29, 921 30,496
24, 548 23,219 28, 737
459,155
348, 592
26,646
Industrial building*
1, 062
New England ____
5, 705
M iddle Atlantic____
8, 074
East North Central.
1, 696
W est North Central.
1,495
South Atlantic..
1,972
East South Central.
903
W est South Central.
789
Mountain____ _____
4,950
Pacific________ . . .
Commercial buildings f__ 119, 091
7, 244
New England _____
14, 622
Middle Atlantic____
15,107
East North Central.
6, 873
W est North Central.
17, 467
South A tlan tic... .
4, 208
East South Central.
35,996
W est South Central.
3,014
Mountain______
14, 560
P acific... . . . . . . _.
98, 545
Community buildings
6,630
New England______
7, 959
Middle Atlantic____
14, 077
East North Central.
6,796
W est North Central.
15, 096
South Atlantic_____
3,036
East South Central
17, 552
W est South Central.
3,756
M ountain____ . .
Pacific_____________
23,643
Public buildings •........ .
9, 226
809
New England______
2,495
M iddle Atlantic____
527
East North Centra!
1,621
W est North Central.
826
South A tla n tic ____
366
East South Central.
303
West South Central.
M ountain_______
695
P a cific_________
1, 584
Public works and utility
buildings 1»_________
17,939
279
New E n g la n d ____
5, 358
M iddle Atlantic___
East North Central.
3, 260
323
West North Central.
South Atlantic..
1,766
647
East South Central
W est South Central.
4,310
M ountain_____
0
Pacific________
1,996
A ll other buildings
9,270
New England_____
439
Middle Atlantic___
777
East North Central.
1,060
W est North Central.
488
South Atlantic
1,000
East South Central.
597
W est South Central.
1, 818
M ountain............
356
Pacific________
2,735

27,228
44,892 29, 203 31,373
29,604 24, 575 20,893
18,962
1, 653
1,755
2,173
1,558
1,282
928
1,225
1,415
2, 586
7, 281
4,762
4,308
10, 972
3,927
5,219
2,734
9,619
23,745
13, 572 11,948
7, 005
9,077
6, 955
6,217
5,149
3,077
2,906
1,143
2,223
1.109
2,200
1,329
963
1,017
1,619
1,033
1,297
3,298
778
1,201
1,456
1,168
946
1,000
1,888
417
234
1,708
1,677
2,332
2,388
1,815
2,025
1,411
691
1,664
190
278
592
846
161
2S8
1,420
330
3,936
4,182
4,042
3, 983
2,751
2,990
3,302
2,363
95, 985 117,952 93,691 124, 598 96, 008 97,177
90,895 A3,198
2,115
5,343
5, 700
3, 270
5,170
6,327
4, 767
6,241
28, 391 37,017
18, 746 12, 599 16, 498 12,825 13,228
14,293
15, 971 17,697
18.152 24, 797 20,370 20,683 18,857 15, 242
5,045
8,335
10,336 10, 984
7, 720
8, 813 10, 780 10,371
8, 553 11,877
10,280 16,071
12,397 13,016
11, 678 10,904
2,226
3,344
4, 720
4,055
5,255
4,060
5,662
3,512
15, 383
14, 578 10, 613 21, 801 16,006 12,645
11,236 10,431
3, 620
6,995
3,308
4, 758
3, 948
3,662
3,639
3,425
14, 682 16,453 15, 505 17, 216 12, 543 11, 668 11,469
9,631
85, 024 118, 586 104, 091 124,698 131, 954 102,798 111, 558 107, 270
9, 025
7,238
3, 520 11,839
11, 913
8,301
5,757
5, 437
12, 862 20,957
23,973 15,332 17,345 12,940
19,158 12, 297
16,401
21,001 20, 749 25,077 24,783
37,177
24,807 42, 280
6, 673 10,808
9,993
7, 777
8,125
8, 585
7,627
18, 525
13,191
11,327 15,037 17, 243 20,574
18,594 13,369
9,034
3, 860
6,030
3,438
2,281
8,328
4,102
3,749
5, 568
9. 257 12, 641
13,942 14,319
18,795 14,177
10,600
7,273
4,164
4, 706
1,709
6, 563
3, 871
2,387
1,564
2; 022
9, 593 13,291
9, 998 24, 486 17, 926 10,311
15,024 13,356
6, 788 15, 459 24,044
19, 225 11, 716
4,530
5,438
5,556
53
0
70
30
216
90
542
430
247
349
611
0
1,211
992
734
9,602
642
382
329
742
1, 561
663
33
3,411
0
683
111
30
61
262
425
1,002
92
3,820
555
372
952
98
1,337
4, 201
145
35
7,966
0
0
92
331
’ 318
185
178
820
2,566
573
145
954
1,859
247
29
494
186
0
235
70
1,123
925 10, 885
18, 001
759
604
2,862
1,130
2,098
7,119
119
1,322
206
1, 534
341
7
254
125
3, 211
16, 036
763
2,148
3, 474
2,663
2,177
321
1,267
801
2,422

14,235
161
554
10,279
266
835
70
434
180
1, 457
21,807
1,085
2,258
5,622
2, 501
833
454
4,040
1,448
3,566

7,432
941
759
607
2,233
105
370
543
339
1,536
19, 247
952
1,899
7,825
2,111
835
755
1,329
762
2,779

9, 954
2, 769
1,263
1,830
606
240
225
170
361
2, 490
27,416
978
2,324
7, 545
2,176
3, 088
511
3,647
2,611
4, 536

11, 365
491
2,955
1,759
622
1,281
494
147
370
3,246
24, 234
917
2,389
5,738
7,056
1, 580
605
2,127
1,063
2,759

1 Building for which permits were issued and Federal contracts awarded
in all urban places, including an estimate of building undertaken in some
smaller urban places that do not issue permits. Sums of components do not
always equal totals exactly because of rounding.
s For scope and source of urban estimates, see table F-3, footnote 1.
3 Totals for 1950 include revisions which do not appear in data shown for
January through December. Revised monthly data will appear in a subse­
quent issue of the M onthly Labor Review.
4 Preliminary.
•Revised.
• Includes factories, navy yards, army ordnance plants, bakeries, ice plants,
industrial warehouses, and other buildings at the site of these and similar
production plants.


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6,403
249
325
1, 111
1,207
623
257
799
474
1,359
18,152
776
2,636
4,729
1,870
1,656
345
2,240
1,055
2,846

6,681
49
1,385
2,348
318
592
221
1,239
41
488
22, 890
1,086
2,405
6,223
2, 765
1,489
554
3,884
697
3,786

5,404
569
1,334
424
760
540
80
812
406
480
17,022
1,124
1,792
4,512
1,674
1,164
1,102
1,730
962
2,962

15, 353
431
3,000
5, 457
844
1,019
1,264
851
349
2,139
85, 507
4,348
11,071
16, 952
8,209
11,642
3,395
10,144
5,560
14,187
85,294
4, 977
9,544
20,053
5,101
12, 586
5,155
8,798
9,787
9,293
1,542
0
110
234
58
68
0
477
15
581

11, 856
328
1, 406
4, 706
984
482
885
783
90
2,191
55; 559
1,379
10,059
9, 930
3, 454
10, 331
2, 893
6,290
4,070
7,154
70; 844
15; 335
7, 370
9,967
4, 458
8,320
8,352
6, 728
142
11,173
4,159
0
52
177
300
1,823
0
71
56
1, 682

5, 558
236
532
2,287
319
366
308
663
2
845
12,450
385
1,360
2,245
1,408
910
516
1, 580
594
3,451

5,153
187
307
2,112
'977
765
0
292
73
440
8, 478
324
1,002
h 531
501
611
375
1, 916
' 309
1, 909

296, 803
14. 008 14, 882
203, 699
321
13,999
190
6| 450
55, 679
3, 522
1, 804
40,386
110, 829
4, 455
8, 442
77,037
23, 369
'785
' 709
15, 689
17,019
1,179
864
19,174
753
13,355
416
8,736
308
17, 800
1,262
6, 859
113
5, 469
135
4,370
1,178
39, 284
2,454
24, 999
6b 799 52,127 1,122, 583
752' 810
2,089
53, 675
1,785
36, 668
212, 645
22, 522 10,388
127,049
201, 314
7, 558 10,119
147; 620
94,104
5, 818
3 ; 185
52, 907
6,402
Si 411
139, 990
106.037
2, 457
46, 076
2, 747
36,020
5,207
175,129
101, 025
10,006
1,214
47,481
1 ,483
25, 590
8, 433
152,169
7,103
119, 895
68. 718 109,200 1, 260, 078 1, 018,637
4,622
107, 541
43,771
14, 515
169, 036
3i 744 44,000
179, 463
16, 354
275,029
10,150
201, 808
3,188
105, 603
100, 281
2,503
7, 344
103, 666
15,' 470
179. 635
71,114
62, 529
9, 381
5, 392
9,105
146, 688
135, 620
7,061
7,692
43, 296
59, 923
' 746
122, 991
7, 512
170, 721
9.137
134, 894
153,103
2, 490 16, 223
2,584
4,863
2, 040
' 158
264
36,154
552
40,178
8,156
2, 792
9,513
268
1, 571
4, 896
9,560
192
1,748
50,313
15, 008
369
18
0
9, 279
6, 257
146
5, 041
8,268
126
799
5,436
3,240
54
6,845
41, 928
27,322
771
8,968
4.30
823
361
150
204
638
3, 982
333
2,049
10,249
' 283
1,195
871
238
1,146
3,393
1,092
327
1,704

15, 474
3,615
544
920
1,735
4, 070
41
1,663
121
2,765
8,284
404
808
1,899
747
685
241
957
538
2,004

106,164
6. 478
16, 868
26, 585
9,314
7,658
3,316
13, 646
2,702
19, 597
207, 247
9,109
22,177
52, 285
25, 451
16,493
9, 529
26, 670
10, 077
35, 456

148, 375
16, 012
27, 650
22,302
11,337
23,281
7, 223
11, 944
2, 566
26,059
131, 821
7, 819
18,339
35, 460
13,634
9, 070
4,027
9,918
6,228
27,326

r Includes amusement and recreation buildings, stores and other mercantile
buildings, commercial garages, gasoline and service stations, etc.
8 Includes churches, hospitals, and other institutional buildings, schools,
libraries, etc.
• Includes Federal, State, county, and municipal buildings, such as post
offices, courthouses, city halls, fire and police stations, jails, prisons, arsenals,
armories, army barracks, etc.
1(1 Includes railroad, bus and airport buildings, roundhouses, radio stations,
gas and electric plants, public comfort stations, etc.
11 Includes private garages, sheds, stables and bams, and other building
not elsewhere classified.

F : BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION

384
T

able

F -5 :

Number and Construction Cost of New Permanent Nonfarm Dwelling Units Started, by
Urban or Rural Location, and by Source of Funds 1
Num ber of new dwelling units started
Estimated construction cost
(in thousands) 1
Publicly financed

Privately financed

All units
Period
Urban

Rural
non­
farm

Total
non­
farm

Urban

Rural
nonfarm

Total
nonfarm

Urban

Rural
non­
farm

937,000
1925
____________________________
93,000
1933 3 _____________________ _____ ___
706,100
19414
— _______________________
141,800
1944 * ______________ __________ —
670, 500
1946 _____________________________
849,000
__________________________
1947
931, 600
1948
.
________________________
1949 « . _________________________ 1,025,100

752,000
45,000
434,300
96, 200
403,700
479,800
524, 900
588,800

185,000
48, 000
271,800
45,600
266,800
369,200
406, 700
436,300

937,000
93,000
619, 500
138, 700
662, 500
845, 600
913, 500
988,800

752,000
45,000
369,500
93,200
395,700
476, 400
510,000
556, 600

185,000
48,000
250,000
45, 500
266,800
369, 200
403,500
432, 200

0
0
86, 600
3,100
8,000
3, 400
18,100
36,300

0
0
64,800
3,000
8,000
3,400
14,900
32, 200

0 $4,475,000 $4,475,000
285,446
285, 446
0
2,825,895
2, 530, 765
21,800
483, 231
495,054
100
0 3,769, 767 3, 713,776
5,617, 425
0 5,642,798
7,028,980
3, 200 7, 203,119
7,374, 269
7, 702,971
4,100

0
0
$295,130
11,823
55,991
25,373
174,139
328,702

180,000
53, 500
50,100
76, 400
297,600
99,500
100,300
97,800
264,000
95,000
86,700
82,300
190,000
73,400
63, 700
52,900

103,000
30,800
29,100
43,100
166,100
55,000
56,700
54,400
144,200
52,200
47,700
44, 300
111, 600
41,300
38,100
32, 200

77,000
22,700
21,000
33,300
131,500
44, 500
43. 600
43, 400
119, 800
42,800
39.000
38,000
78,400
32,100
25,600
20,700

177, 700
52, 500
48,900
76,300
293,900
98,100
99, 200
96,600
259, 300
93,700
85,100
80, 500
182, 600
71,900
61,300
49,400

100,800
29,800
28,000
43,000
164,600
54,600
56,100
53,900
140,100
51,000
46,600
42,500
104,500
39,800
35,800
28,900

76,900
22, 700
20, 900
33, 300
129,300
43, 500
43,100
42, 700
119, 200
42,700
38, 500
38,000
78,100
32,100
25, 500
20, 500

2,300
1,000
1,200
100
3,700
1,400
1,100
1,200
4, 700
1,300
1,600
1,800
7,400
1, 500
2,400
3,500

2,200
1,000
1,100
100
1,500
400
600
500
4,100
1,200
1,100
1,800
7,100
1,500
2,300
3, 300

100
(7)
100
(7)
2,200
1,000
500
700
600
100
500
C7)
300
(7)
100
200

1,315, 287
383,634
368,985
582,668
2,287,624
748,976
769,369
769, 279
2,113,496
750,977
720,523
641, 996
1,486,712
573,950
498, 296
414,466

1, 296, 612
374,984
359,420
562, 208
2, 252,961
736,186
758,635
758,140
2,065, 770
738, 659
703,066
624,045
1,413, 637
560,347
471,336
381,954

18,675
8, 650
9, 565
460
34,663
12,790
10,734
11,139
47,726
12,318
17,457
17,951
73,075
13,603
26,960
32, 512

169,800
50,000
50, 400
69, 400
279, 200
88,300
95, 400
95, 500
298,000
96,100
99.000
102, 900
278,100
104, 300
95, 500
78,300

94, 200
29,500
28,000
36, 700
157,300
49,500
53,900
53,900
171,600
53,300
55,900
62,400
165,700
60,000
56, 700
49,000

75, 600
20,500
22,400
32, 700
121, 900
38,800
41,500
41,600
126, 400
42,800
43,100
40, 500
112, 400
44,300
38,800
29,300

159,400
46,300
47,800
65,300
267,200
85,000
91,200
91,000
289, 900
92, 700
96,600
100,600
272,300
101,990
93, 400
77,000

84,100
25,800
25,500
32,800
147,800
46,700
50,600
50, 500
164.500
50,100
54,300
60,100
160, 200
57,700
54,700
47,800

75,300
20, 500
22,300
32,500
119, 400
38.300
40,600
40,500
25, 400
42.600
42| 300
40, 500
112,100
44,200
38, 700
29,200

10,400
3, 700
2.600
4,100
12,000
3,300
4,200
4, 500
8,100
3,400
2, 400
2. 300
5.800
2, 400
2,100
1,300

10.100
3, 700
2,500
3,900
9, 500
2, 800
3,300
3,400
7,100
3,200
1,600
2,300
5,500
2,300
2,000
1,200

300
(7)
100
200
2,500
500
900
1,100
1,000
200
800
(7)
300
100
100
100

1,287, 228
374,020
382,778
530, 430
2,120, 637
666, 969
733,967
719, 701
2, 222,103
710,341
743,389
768,373
2,073,003
776,674
723,097
573, 232

1,189,640
340,973
357, 270
491,397
2,007,563
637,170
692,063
678,330
2,153,937
682,863
722,208
748,866
2,023,129
756,712
704,220
562,197

97, 588
33,047
25, 508
39,033
113,074
29, 799
41,904
41,371
68,166
27, 478
21,181
19,507
49,874
19,962
18,877
11,035

278, 900
78, 700
82,900
117,300
426,800
133,400
149,100
144.300
406,900
144,400
14i; 900
120,600
282, 500
102, 500
85, 000
95, 000

167,800
48, 200
51,000
68,600
247,000
78,800
85, 500
82, 700
238,200
84,200
83,600
70,400

111, 100
30, 500
31, 900
48, 700
179,800
54, 600
63,600
61,600
168, 700
60,200
58,300
50, 200

165,600
47,300
50,800
67, 500
241, 500
77,000
82,300
82,200
225,500
79,600
79, 600
66,300

110, 500
30, 500
31, 500
48, 500
179,200
54,300
63,500
61,400
168, 400
60, 200
58,200
50,000

600
0
400
200
600
300
100
200
300
(7)
100
200

43,100
(9)
(9)

57,800
(«)
(9)

43,100
(9)
(9)

2,800
900
600
1,300
6,100
2,100
3,300
700
13,000
4,600
4,100
4,300
21, 000
1,600
4, 500
14, 900

2,200
900
200
1,100
5,500
1,800
3,200
500
12, 700
4, 600
4,000
4,100

59, 400
(»)
(9)

276,100
77,800
82,300
116,000
420, 700
131,300
145, 800
143,600
393,900
139,800
137,800
116,300
261, 500
100, 900
80, 500
80,100

2,162,636
589, 997
637,753
934,886
3,564,158
1,093,920
1,233,672
1,236,566
3,564, 509
1,253,102
1,267,746
1,043,661
2, 499, 581
916,663
753, 253
829, 665

2,138, 565
581,497
632,690
924,378
3,511,204
1,075,644
1,204,978
1,230,582
3,446, 722
1, 210,745
1,230, 238
1,005,739
2, 320,144
902,190
712,186
705, 768

24, 071
8, 500
5,063
10. 508
52,954
18,276
28,694
5,984
117,787
42,357
37,508
37,922
179, 437
14, 473
41, 067
123, 897

Total
non­
farm

1948:

First quarter ___________
January____________
February _________
March___________ Second quarter___ _______
M ay__________
Third quarter__________

__

August_____________
September_________
Fourth quarter_____________
October____________
November_______
December__________
1849:

First quarter . . . . ----------January___________
February _________
March ________ . . .
Second quarter_____________
April_______________
June________________
Third quarter______________
July_____ __________
August_____________
September_________
Fourth quarter_____________
O ctober................. .
November_________
December__________

1950:

First quarter------------- --------January.. _________
February___________
March . .
________
Second quarter...
-----------April_______________
M ay ______________
June________________

September----------------

December 1(1_______

1 The estimates shown here do not Include temporary units, conversions,
dormitory accommodations, trailers, or military barracks. They do In­
clude prefabricated housing units.
These estimates are based on building-permit records, which, beginning
with 1845, have been adjusted for lapsed permits and for lag between permit
issuance and start of construction. They are based also on reports of
Federal construction contract awards and beginning In 1946 on field surveys
In nonpermit-issuing places. The data in this table refer to nonfarm
dwelling units started, and not to urban dwelling units authorized, as shown
in table F-3.
All of these estimates contain some error. For example, if the estimate
of nonfarm starts is 50,000, the chances are about 19 out of 20 that an
actual enumeration would produce a figure between 48,000 and 52,000.


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1, 600
(9)
(9)

(7)
(9)
(9)

Total

Privately
financed

Publicly
financed

1 Private construction costs are based on permit valuation, adjusted for
understatement of costs shown on permit applications. Public construc­
tion costs are based on contract values or estimated construction costs for
Individual projects.
3 Depression, low year.
4 Recovery peak year prior to wartime limitations.
s Last full year under wartime control.
6 Housing peak year.
7 Less than 50 units.
s Revised.
9 N ot available«
10 Preliminary»

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1951