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'!
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
ROYAL MEEKER, Commissioner
VOLUME X
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
NUMBER 3
MARCH, 1920
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1920
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Contents.
Special articles:
Prevention of accidents by the statistical method, by Royal Meeker, United
States Commissioner of Labor Statistics.........................................................
1_3
Duration of wage earners’ disabilities, by Boris Emmet, Ph. D ................... 4_15
Industrial relations :
British railway wages, by N. C. Adams............................................................. 16-25
Prices and cost of living:
Retail prices of food and coal in the United States.......................................... 26-63
Index numbers of wholesale prices in the United States................................ 64, 65
Wholesale prices in the United States and foreign countries, 1S90 to
December, 1919........................ . ..................................................... ................ 65-67
Price changes, wholesale and retail, of important food articles in selected
cities...................................................................... ............................................ 67-70
Cost of living in Lawrence, Mass., in 1919......................................................... 71-72
Changes in retail prices in Canada, 1914 to 1919............................. ................
73
Cost of living in Paris in January, 1920, compared with 1914 and April,
1919...................... ............................................. .........................................‘ ’
74
Retail price changes in Great Britain................................................................. 74, 75
Cost of living in South Africa, 1910 to September, 1919................................. 75, 76
Retail prices of food in Czecho-Slovakia, April, 1914, and December, 1919..
76
Wages and hours of labor:
Wages and hours of labor in the cigar and the men’s clothing industries.. 77-90
Hours of labor of hotel and restaurant employees, by Dorothy Pope........91-108
Practice regarding the payment of punitive overtime rates, by Leifur
Magnusson................. ..................................................................................... 109-117
Recent railroad wage award in Queensland, Australia............................... 118,119
Changes in wages and hours in certain industries in France, March 1o
August, 1919..................................................................................................... 119-124
Increased wages for textile workers at Lyon, France................................... 124,125
Return to piecework rates in Germany.................................................... .
126-129
Shorter working day in German coal mines................................................... 130,131
Minimum wage:
Minimum wage for women in hotels and restaurants in District of Colum
bia, by Clara E . Mortenson..... .............................. ..................................... 132-136
Minimum wage law of Massachusetts........................................................... 136,137
Cooperation:
The cooperative movement in the United States, by Florence E. Parker. 138-145
Employment and unemployment:
Employment in selected industries in January, 1920.................................. 146-150
Employment and unemployment in Great Britain in 1919. ..................... 150,151
Employment and unemployment conditions in France............ ............... 151-154
Unemployment in Germany............................................................................ 154,155
Women in industry:
Annual report of women’s service section, United States Railroad Admin
istration ................................ ....................................... ............ .................... 156-158
Industrial accidents:
Accidents on steam railroads in the United States in 1918....................... 159,160
Industrial hygiene and m edicine:
Health hazards in certain industries of New York S tate..... ...................... 161-168
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ill
IV
CONTENTS.
Workmen’s compensation:
Page.
Investigation of Oregon Industrial Accident Commission......................... 169,170
New chairman of California Industrial Accident Commission.......................
170
Comparison of Canadian workmen’s compensation laws, by Carl Hookstadt.................................................................................................................. 171-180
Social insurance:
Increase in statutory benefits under British laws......................................... 181,182
Restriction of unemployment benefits in Austria...........................................
182
Labor laws:
Suspended sentences in labor law cases in New York S tate..........- ......... 183, 184
Comparison of foreign eight-hour laws, by Leifur Magnusson................... 184-198
Profiteering Act of Great B ritain..................................................................... 199, 200
Summary of labor legislation in Great Britain in 1919............................... 200-202
Labor organizations:
Annual convention of International Seamen's Union of America, January,
1920................................................................................................................... 203-205
Activities of German trade-unions................................................................... 206-208
Labor bureaus:
Organization of Massachusetts Department of Labor and Industries---- 209-213
Conciliation and arbitration:
Adjustmant of industrial disputes in Kansas and Colorado.................. - 214-217
Kansas court of industrial relations................................................................. 214, 215
Colorado Industrial Commission....................................................................... 216, 217
Immigration:
Opinion of Secretary of Labor with regard to membership in Communist
P arty................................................................................................................. 218-221
Book reviews:
Stabilizing the dollar, by Irving Fisher......................................................... 222, 223
Publications relating to labor:
Official—United States...................................................................................... 224-227
Official—foreign countries................................................................................. 228-231
Unofficial.................................................................................................. *......... 231-236
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
V O I. X—NO. 3
WASHINGTON
MARCH, 1920
Prevention of Accidents by the Statistical
Method.1
By R oyal Meeker , U nited States Commissioner of Labor Statistics
TATISTICS are commonly thought of as exceedingly dry and
rather useless arrays of figures. No popular misconception is
more at variance with the truth than this misconception of the
nature and purpose of statistics. In the field of accident prevention
safety men were unable to make much impression on the frequency
of accident occurrence until accident statistics showed the causes
responsible for the greater numbers of accidents.
The crude statistics of accident occurrence, which counted all acci
dents as equally important, whether resulting in death, the loss of an
arm, or a cut on the finger, were useful in assisting the safety men to
determine the causes and reduce the number of accidents. These
crude statistics of accident occurrence or accident frequency were
wholly inadequate for attacking the causes of the fatal and more
severe accidents. The analyses by the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statis
tics of accidents by length of disability or severity of injury had some
very important results. It was found that some industries and occu
pations with high accident frequency rates had low severity rates.
On the other hand, industries and occupations with low frequency
rates had high severity rates. It was further discovered that the
fatal and more severe accidents were largely due to faulty lay
out of plants and faulty construction of equipment. For instance,
blast furnaces formerly contributed very largely to the fatal accidents
in the manufacture of iron and steel. The heavy toll of deaths due
to blast-furnace accidents led to improvements in construction by
which “ blow-outs” with their accompanying fatalities have been
almost entirely eliminated. The substitution of mechanical charging
of blast furnaces for the old hand-charging method has practically
eliminated fatal “ gassing” among the men who were obliged to work
on top of the old type of blast furnaces. These improvements in the
construction of blast furnaces were brought about as the result of
the analyses of accident statistics and the calling of the attention of
those responsible for the direction of industry to the causes of the
more severe accidents.
i This article was published in th e N atio n al Safety News, b u lle tin of th e N ational Safety Council,
Chicago, Ja n . 26, 1920.
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[595]
1
2
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
It is impossible to differentiate accurately responsibility for accident
occurrence. There must be the fullest cooperation between management and men if accidents are to be reduced to the irreducible
minimum. Workers must be educated to be careful in doing their
work. The management must be educated to be careful in laying
out and building the plant and equipment to be used by the workers.
The analyses of accident statistics made by the U. S. Bureau of Labor
Statistics indicate that the education of the workmen may and does
result in reducing very greatly the number of accidents, especially
the minor ones. These studies indicate with equal precision that we
must depend upon the education of employers to bring about any
marked decrease in the severity of accidents. Workers can spend
all their time being careful in a badly constructed or badly equipped
plant and yet be killed or seriously injured by reason of unsafe railroad
yards or badly designed or badly built machines and other equipment.
JÉI
Need for Accurate Accident Statistics.
HE safety movement has gained tremendous impetus. The
T
workers are being educated in the gospel of being careful not
merely for their own safety but for the safety of their fellow workers.
Employers are also being educated to provide safe and sane work- 4^
shops and equipment for their workers to use. The great need of the
hour is more accurate accident statistics and more intelligent tabula
tion and analysis of such statistics. Employers have gone about as
far as they can go in directing the safety campaign until they can be
given more information about the causes and severity of accidents in
industries and occupations that have not yet been included in detailed
accident studies.
The most important contribution that could be made to the further
development of the safety movement would be the adoption in all the
States of the Union of uniform accident reporting blanks. These
blanks should call for the essential facts which safety men and factory
inspectors must know to determine the causes and results of accidents.
These uniform accident reports should be tabulated on the tabular
forms adopted and according to the rules laid down by the Committee
on Statistics and Compensation Insurance Cost of the International
Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions. Infor
mation regarding accident occurrence and results collected in a uni
form way from all industries and plants throughout the country and
tabulated in a uniform manner would be most valuable to employers,
employees, and factory inspection departments. The safety move- ^
ment could then be intelligently directed toward the reduction or
elimination of the more severe accidents in the industries and occu
pations with the higher severity rates.
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[ 596]
PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS BY THE STATISTICAL METHOD.
#
3
The campaign for the reduction of severe accidents need not at all
diminish the vigor of the campaign for the reduction of minor injuries.
It is important to reduce the occurrence of all accidents—minor and
major—to the irreducible minimum, but the point that needs empha
sis just now is the fact that it is more important to prevent the loss of
the legs, the arms, and the lives of workers than to prevent the loss
of the finger nails and cuticle of workers.
The men who are engaged in analyzing accident statistics by
tabulating them by causes and severity of injuries are like the general
staff of the army. They map out the objectives of the campaign and
furnish the information necessary to attain these objectives most
speedily and economically. The Safety Movement Army has now
caught up with the general staff. It has attained all of the objectives
that have been clearly mapped out by the statistical strategists.
The imperative need of the Safety Movement Army now is for better
and more detailed maps of the enemy’s country and the clear indica
tion of the objectives for the next onward movement. These maps
can only be supplied by the accident statisticians when they obtain
more complete and accurate accident statistics. Let the watchword
be the prevention of every preventable accident. To attain this goal/
accurate, complete, and comprehensible accident statistics are indis
pensable. Better statistics make for better safety work.
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[ 597]
Duration of Wage Earners’ Disabilities.
By B oris Emmet, Ph. D.
BRIEF report on the extent of disabilities among wage
earners was published in the November, 1919, issue of the
R e v ie w .1 The article presented herewith represents a
supplementary study undertaken for the purpose of revealing the
duration of disability as influenced by age and occupation. The
figures are for the years 1912 to 1916, inclusive, and represent the
experience of the Workmen’s Sick and Death Benefit Fund of the
United States of America. Disabilities resulting from accident as
well as those caused by sickness are included. Members of Class
III, who are entitled to receive death benefits only, are not
included.
The following table shows the duration of disabilities among wage
earners by presenting the proportion of cases of each specified dura
tion and the number and per cent of disability days in each dura
tion period.
T able 1 .—N U M B E R AND P E R C EN T O F CASES AND O F DAYS OF D IS A B IL IT Y IN EA CH
S P E C IF IE D D U R A T IO N P E R IO D .
Cases of dis
ability.
Days of disability.
D uration of disability.
1 d ay ..
2 days.
3 days.
4 days.
5 days.
6 days.
Total, under 1 week.
1 week and under 2 weeks.
2 and un d er 4 w eeks.........
4 and un d er 12 weeks.......
12 and under 25 w eeks___
25 weeks and over.............
G rand total.
■Ppr
cent>
270
1,013
1,586
1,844
2,088
1,502
0.6
2.3
3.7
4.2
4.8
3.5
267
1,996
4,707
7,302
10,344
8,910
(i)
0.2
.4
.6
.9
8,303
12,071
10,468
9,418
2,269
956
19.1
27.8
24.1
21.6
5.2
2.2
33,526
109,972
195,981
423,480
244,316
208,841
2.8
9.0
16.1
34.8
20.1
17.2
43,485
N um ber, i
D pr
N um ber.
100.0 s 1,216,116 j
cent_
100.0 j
1 Less th a n one-tenth ol 1 per cent.
2 This to tal differs som ew hat from th e to tal days of disability (1,223,321) shown in the article entitled
“ D isability among wage earners,” which appeared in th e November, 1919, issue of th e Monthly L abor
R eview , Table 5, p. 26. The difference is due to th e m ethod of com putation. The larger figure of the
earlier rep o rt represents th e actual n um ber of disability days. The smaller figure given here was arrived
a t by m ultiplying the num ber in each group by th e mean of the lower and higher num ber of days in
cluded in the group.
Table 1 shows that slightly over 19 per cent of all the cases and
about 3 per cent of the total days of disability were due to disabili
ties of less than one week. More than 46 per cent of the cases and
i “ Disability among wage earners,” Monthly Labor R eview , November, 1919, pp. 20-39.
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DURATION OF WAGE EARNERS’ DISABILITIES.
#
5
about 12 per cent of the total days of disability were caused by disabilities extending less than two weeks.
The information given in Table 1 is of interest to students of State
and fraternal social insurance as well as to organizations having, or
proposing to have, employees’ sick benefit societies. One of the
two most pressing questions in all such instances is that of the wait
ing period. A very short waiting period, or no waiting period at
all, has a definite tendency to encourage malingering. Again, too
prolonged a waiting period may mean that a considerable number of
disabled persons, actually’- in need, will be deprived of the sorely
needed financial assistance. Certain of the proposed State social
insurance plans provide for a waiting period of three days. The
disability experience presented in Table 1 shows that a waiting period
of three days would eliminate from benefit payment less than 7 per
cent of the disability cases. Such an elimination would be most
desirable from the point of view of guarding against malingering
and would, at the same time, cause very little hardship because the
proportion of disability days covered by cases of a duration of three
days or less is insignificantly small, slightly over one-half of 1 per
cent of all disability days.
The length of the benefit period is the second important consid
eration in sickness insurance. Long benefit periods mean, of course,
a great financial burden. The usual length of benefit periods in
many of the existing voluntary sickness insurance societies as well
as in trade-union funds is about three months.1 Table 1 shows that
7.4 per cent of all the disability cases last 12 weeks and over. These
cases represent 37.3 per cent of all the disability days.
The Age Factor in Disability Durations.
nHABLE 2 shows for all occupations the number and per cent of
members disabled each classified number of days, by age groups.
The detailed facts presented in Table 2 are, for purposes of clearer
analysis, summarized in Table 3, in 5-yekr age groups, and in Table 4,
in 10-year age groups.
1 See article on “ Operation of establishm ent and trade-union disability funds,” in Monthly R eyiew
of the U nited States B ureau of Labor Statistics, A ugust, 1917, pp. 22-36.
#
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[ 599]
a
T able 2 .—N U M B E R AND P E R C E N T (A L L OCCU PA TIO N S) D ISA B L E D EA C H S P E C IF IE D P E R IO D , B Y 5-Y E A R A G E G R O U P S.
Number disabled.
Age group.
Total
[600 ]
disabled
m em bers..........
T otal disability
days................. .
6
17
35
51
45
40
30
26
16
6
3
71
136
169
167
185
132
75
48
22
2
9
110
196
281
254
254
215
141
86
31
9
10
117
212
266
325
313
257
186
109
42
6
i
148
254
312
338
358
279
206
135
33
10
1
54
113
197
222
237
269
225
128
46
7
4
11
189
391
516
618
648
649
503
316
138
35
2
8
75
162
213
250
252
238
169
135
62
12
3
6
S2
164
200
232
280
229
181
141
41
14
3
69
115
152
225
222
227
184
114
47
10
2
5
60
121
148
195
206
209
157
90
44
10
2
6
57
117
157
187
251
208
166
96
61
12
270 1,013 1,586 1,844 2,088 1,502 4,016 1,579 1,570 1,370 1,247 1,318
8
67
158
224
262
314
335
313
218
73
27
4
4
39
60
85
129
152
138
136
88
21
9
2
27
73
74
145
124
165
111
79
31
8
1
1
27
69
106
119
123
150
112
63
36
4
1
2
27
53
82
107
122
149
101
66
27
6
3
35
41
86
101
135
110
102
68
41
8
2
i2
32
43
71
89
112
102
58
19
7
1
971 2,003
861
840
811
745
729
546 1,144
20
57
81
142
149
174
173
112
48
13
2
4
33
84
121
139
191
194
170
131
57
20
1
18
33
61
55
80
93
71
53
17
7
1
490
12
41
44j
6o
86
100
75
51
26
T
507
2
12
36
50
68
80
63
88
50
16
7
1
473
267 1,996 4,707 7,302 10,344 8,910 27,961 12,528 14,018 13,570 13,613 15,732 12,550 27,839 12,762 13,328 13,672 13,248 13,667 10,760 23,852 10,604 11,515 11,148
Per cent disabled.
U nder 20..............
20 to 24.................
25 to 29.................
30 to 34.................
35 to 39.................
40 to 44.................
45 to 49.................
50 to 54.................
55 to 59.................
60 to 64.................
65 to 69.................
70 and ov er..........
0.79
.96
.98
1.05
.73
.56
.42
.43
.38
.32
.54
4.72
3.99
3.81
3.48
2.69
2.60
1.85
1.24
1.15
1.18
.36
7.09
6.19
5.48
5.78
4.10
3.58
3.01
2.33
2.06
1.67
1.62
7.87 11.02
6.58 8.27
5.93 7.11
5.47 6.42
5.24 5.45
4.41 5.04
3.59 3.90
3.08 3.41
2.62 3.24
2.26 1.78
1.08 1.80
1.54 1.54
T o t a l disabled
m em bers..........
P er cent of all disability d a y s . ..
.62
2.33
3.65
4.24
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0)
.2
.4
.6
4.80
8
8.66
3.04 10.63
3.16 10.94
4.05 10.61
3.58 9.97
3.34 9.12
3. 76 9.08
3.72 8.32
3.07 7.58
2.47 7.42
1.26 6.28
6.15 3.08
6.30
4.22
4.53
4.38
4.03
3.55
3.33
2. 80
3.24
3.34
2.15
4.62
4.72
4.61
4.59
4.11
3.74
3.94
3.20
2.99
3.38
2 . 21
2.51
2.36
3.88
3.22
3.13
3.63
3.13
3.17
3.04
2.74
2.53
1.80
3.08
3.94
3.37
3.39
3.04
3.15
2.90
2.92
2.60
2.16
2.37
1.80
3.08
4.72
3.21
3.27
3.23
3.02
3.53
2.91
2.75
2.30
3.28
2.15
2.87
3.03
1.1
1.3
1.12
1.59
1.67
2.29
2.10
2.43
2.86
2.69
2.58
2.33
3.08
6.30
3.77
4.42
4.61
4.23
4.42
4.69
5.18
5.23
3.93
4.85
6.15
3.15
2.19
1.68
1.75
2.08
2.14
1.93
2.25
2.11
1.13
1.62
1.57
1.52
2.04
1.52
2.34
1.75
2.31
1.84
1.90
1.67
1.44
1.54
0.79
1.52
1.93
2.18
1.92
1.73
2.10
1.85
1.51
1.94
.72
1.54
1.57
1.52
1.48
1.69
1.73
1.72
2.08
1.67
1.58
1.45
1.08
4.62
1.97
1.15
1.77
1.63
1.90
1.54
1.69
1.63
2.21
1.44
3.02
0.67
.90
.88
1.15
1.25
1.57
1.69
1.39
1.02
1.26
1.54
2.23
4.61
1.98
1.93
1.86
1.71
1.68
1.26
1.1
.9
1.0
2.3
1 Less th a n one-tenth of 1 per cent.
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.1
3.15
1.86
2.35
2.49
2.24
2.69
2.71
2.81
3.14
3.07
3.59
0.79
1.01
.92
1.25
.89
1.13
1.30
1.17
1.27
.91
1.26
1.54
0.67
1.15
.90
1.05
1.21
1.40
1.24
1.22
1.40
1.26
1.57
.67
1.01
1.03
1.10
1.13
.88
1.46
1.20
.86
1.26
1.54
1.12
.90
.86
.97
.97
1.13
1.13
1.42
. 86
1.44
2.63
1.13
1.17
1.09
1.05
2.0
.9
.9
.9
.9
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
U nder 20.............
20 to 24.................
25 to 29.................
30 to 34.................
35 to 39.................
40 to 44.................
45 to 49.................
50 to 54.................
55 to 59.................
60 to 64............... .
65 to 69............... .
70 and over.........
25
24
23
22
A
21
19
16
18
20
14
15
17
12
11
13
9
10
1
5
6
3
7
8
2
day. days. days. days. days. days. days. days. days. days. days. days. days. days. days. days. days. days. days. days. days. days. days. days. days.
Number disabled.
Age group.
4
5
6
7
11
8
9
10
12
13
14
15
25
19
16
17
18
35
20
30
40
45
and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and
26
27 under
to
under
under
under
under
under
under
under
under
under
under
under
under
under
under
under
under
under
under
under
under
days days
52
5
6
9
11
12
7
8
10
14
15
16
25
13
17
18
19
35
45 weeks
20
30
40
weeks weeks weeks weeks weeks weeks weeks weeks weeks weeks weeks weeks weeks weeks weeks weeks weeks weeks weeks weeks weeks
11
22
27
51
76
76
74
41
23
7
9
95
163
245
348
425
448
400
267
127
45
4
3
63
130
167
274
296
338
279
230
94
33
3
2
44
82
125
145
226
254
234
163
78
23
4
2
33
72
90
141
151
195
176
135
54
28
4
3
24
58
55
115
124
148
136
99
50
22
]
17
38
53
80
104
106
127
87
64
19
1
11
23
39
51
88
83
99
64
35
13
1
1
13
19
29
43
71
84
73
60
29
10
2
9
13
25
39
53
66
67
54
17
11
5
12
20
34
43
47
49
36
19
12
3
19
17
35
36
50
49
31
29
11
1
3
8
15
32
45
43
35
35
20
1
4
6
9
28
28
27
40
40
15
6
3
10
15
13
29
23
29
21
13
5
3
7
11
16
18
30
13
19
13
3
1
4
S
17
15
18
30
21
13
6
i
5
21
38
42
72
74
90
75
45
13
1
1
4
19
24
32
59
47
47
54
27
6
12
12
26
30
34
26
27
23
6
i
2
11
13
20
25
27
23
22
21
2
1
3
5
6
8
17
22
18
11
S
5
1
3
5
ii
23
31
24
21
22
21
6
1
127
1,778
3^574
4,862
6,197
7,104
7,150
6,044
4,168
1,859
557
65
[601]
T otal disabled
456
408 2,576 1,910 1,380 1,081
835
695
m e m b e rs ...
433
359
283
283
237
203
161
133
134
476
104
43,485
508
320
197
167
168
Total disabii*
ity d a y s ---- 11,661 10,844 78,438 70,756 60,397 54,418 47,470 43,956 35,085 32,960 29,324 24,722 26,669 24,138 22,028 17,873 15,613 16,116 67,833 53,856 38,029 38,252 26,587 52,117 1,216,116
Per cent disabled.
Under 20........
20 to 24...........
25 to 29...........
30 to 34...........
35 to 39...........
40 to 44...........
45 to 49...........
50 to 54...........
55 to 59...........
60 to 64...........
65 to 69...........
70 and o ver...
Total disabled
members. . .
Per cent of ail
d is a b ility
days.............
1.57
.96
.84
.97
1 02
1 15
1 .1 2
0.62
.62
.56
.82
1.07
1.06
7.09
5.34
4.56
5.04
5.62
5.98
6.27
6.62
6.41
6.83
8.08
6.15
2.36
3.54
3.64
3.43
4.42
4.17
4.73
4.62
5.52
5.05
5.92
4.62
1.57
2.47
2.29
2.57
2.34
3.18
3.55
3.87
3.91
4.20
4.13
6.15
1.85
2.28
2.13
2.73
2.91
3.24
2.90
5.03
6.15
1.75
2.07
2.25
2.38
2.69
3.95
1.54
1.57
1 .8 6
2 .0 1
2.36
1.35
1.62
1.13
1 .8 6
1.13
1.06
1.08
. 54
.98
1.24
1.26
1.05
.94
5.92
4.39
3.17
2.49
1.92
1 .0
.9
6.4
5.8
5.0
4.5
3.9
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 .2 2
0.96
1.06
1.09
1.29
1.46
1.48
0.79
.62
.64
.80
.82
1.24
1.16
1.64
1.54
0.73
.53
.60
.69
1 .0 0
1.17
0.51
.36
.51
.63
.75
.92
0.79
.39
.34
.41
.55
.61
0.79
0.17
0 .2 2
.2 2
2.15
4.62
0.28
.53
.35
.56
.51
.70
.81
.74
1.56
1.97
1.54
.31
.52
.63
.60
.58
.84
1.08
.18
.17
.19
.45
.39
.38
.66
.96
.81
1.08
.6 6
.81
0.17
.28
.31
.2 1
.41
.32
.48
.50
.70
.90
0.17
0.06
.2 0
.1 1
.23
.26
.25
.42
.16
.27
0.28
.59
.78
.6 8
.53
.49
.52
.83
.2 1
1 .0 1
.46
.70
.54
.25
.50
.50
.70
1.08
1.54
1.03
1.49
1.80
2.42
2.33
1.54
.78
1.30
1.45
1.08
.6 6
0 .1 1
0.34
.25
.42
.42
.48
.43
.65
1.24
1.08
1.54
.31
.27
.32
.35
.38
.38
.53
1.13
.36
1.54
0.17
.14
.13
.24
.31
.30
.26
.43
.90
1.54
0.17
.14
.23
. 37
.44
.34
.35
.53
1.13
1.08
1.54
1 0 0 .0 0
1 0 0 .0 0
.1 2
1 0 0 .0 0
1 0 0 .0 0
1 0 0 .0 0
1 0 0 .0 0
1 0 0 .0 0
1 0 0 .0 0
100 00
.
1 .2 1
1 .1 1
2.33
1.54
1.44
1.56
1.80
3.08
1.30
.91
1.97
7.69
1.60
1.17
1 .0 0
.S3
.6 0
.65
.55
.47
.37
.31
.31
1.09
.74
.45
.38
.24
.39
1 0 0 .0 0
3.6
2.9
.7
2.4
2 .0
2 .2
2 .0
1 .8
1.5
1.3
1.3
5.6
4.4
3.1
3.1
2.2
4.3
100.00
2 .1 0
2.09
3.44
3.41
1 .8 8
2
.8 6
1 .0 2
.2 2
1 0 0 .0 0
.2 2
1 0 0 .0 0
1 0 0 .0 0
DURATION OF WAGE EARNERS7 DISABILITIES,
2
17
30
47
63
82
80
68
44
20
3
U nder 20........
20 to 24............
25 to 29............
30 to 34...........
35 to 39...........
40 to 44...........
45 to 49...........
50 to 54...........
55 to 59............
60 to 64............
65 to 69............
70 and o v e r...
Total.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
T able 3 .—N U M B E R AN D P E R C EN T (A L L O C CU PA TIO N S) D IS A B L E D EA C H C L A S S IF IE D
N U M B E R O F W E E K S , B Y 5-Y E A R A G E G R O U P S.
N um ber disabled.
.Age g ro u p .
25 to 2 9 ....
30 to 3 4 ....
35 to 39__
40 to 4 4 ....
45 to 4 9 ....
50 to 54__
55 to 59___
Per cent disabled.
1
2
12
4
25
U nder week
U n
and
and and weeks
and under
under
under
T o t a l. der 1
1
under
and
week
4
12
25
week
2
over
weeks weeks weeks weeks
946
1,276
1,351
1,387
1,182
859
522
1,127
1,467
1,849
2,008
1,934
1,533
1,004
T o t a l . . . 7,523 10,922
764
1,092
1,435
1,723
1,846
1,591
1,069
585
S03
1,197
1,485
1,656
1,524
1,105
100
158
256
339
378
402
332
9,520 8,355 1,965
1
2
12
4
week and and
25
and weeks
and under under under
T o t a l.
under 4
and
12
25
2 weeks weeks
over
weeks
weeks
3,574
4,862
6,197
7,104
7,150
6,044
4,168
26.5
26.2
21.8
19.5
16.5
14.2
12.5
31.5
30.2
29.8
28.3
27.0
25.4
24.1
21.4
22.5
23.2
24.2
25.8
26.3
25.6
16.4
16.5
19.3
20.9
23.2
25.2
26.5
2.8
3.2
4.1
4.8
5.3
6. 7
8.0
1.4
1.4
1.8
2.3
2.2
2.2
3.3
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
814 39,099
19.2
27. 9
24.3
21.4
5.1
2.1
100
52
66
109
162
154
135
136
T able 4 .—N U M B E R AN D P E R C EN T (A L L O C CU PA TIO N S) D IS A B L E D EA C H C L A SS IFIE D
N U M B E R O F W E E K S B Y 10-Y E A R A GE G R O U P S.
N um ber disabled.
j
Per cent disabled.
1
1
2
12
4
12
2
4
Age group. U n d e r week
25
25
a n d a n d weeks
U n week
a nd a nd and
a n d uand
and under
1
nder
under
under
Total.
der
1
under under weeks
Total.
under
and
under
and
week
4
12
25
week
4
12
25
2
over
2
over
weeks weeks weeks weeks
weeks weeks weeks weeks
U nder 20..
20 to 2 9 ....
30 to 3 9 ....
40 to 4 9 ....
50 to 5 9 ....
60 to 6 9 ....
70 and over
T o ta l1. .
40
1,463
2,627
2,569
1,381
217
6
39
1,679
3,316
3,942
2,537
547
11
26
20
1,121
885
2,527 2,000
3,569 3.141
2,660 2,629
551
724
14
19
l
140
414
717
734
252
1L
8,303 12,071 10,468 9,418 2,269
1
127 31.49 30. 71 20.47 15. 75 0. 79
64 5,352 27.33 31.37 20. 94 16.54 2.62
175 11,059 23. 75 29.99 22.85 18.09 3.74
316 14,254 18.02 27.66 25.04 22.03 5.03
271 10,212 13.53 24.84 26.05 25. 74 7.19
125 2,416 8.98 22.64 22.81 29. 97 10.43
4
65 9.23 16.92 21.54 29. 23 16.92
0. 79
1.20
1.58
2.22
2. 65
5.17
6.16
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
956 43,485 19.09 27. 76 24. 07 21.66
2.20
100
5.22
i The totals given in th is ta b le include all ages a n d therefore do not agree w ith the totals in Table 3.
The influence of the age factor may easily be discerned by a com
parison of the figures shown in the columns headed ‘'under .1 week,”
and “25 weeks and over,” of Table 3. In the first instance the pro
portion of cases lasting under one week was 26.5 per cent in age group
25 to 29, and less than one-half of that—12.5 per cent—in the age group
55 to 59. An entirely opposite, but just as definite, tendency is found
in the column showing per cent of disabilities lasting 25 weeks and
over. Here the age group 25 to 29 shows 1.4 per cent compared with
3.3 per cent—or more than 100 per cent greater—for the age group
55 to 59. The combination into 10-year age groups, as given in Table
4 shows the same tendency, but in a much more striking manner. Com
paring the percentage figures of the columns corresponding to those
mentioned in Table 3, it is seen that the proportion of cases lasting
under one week is about two-thirds less in age group 60 to 69 than in
age group 20 to 29, but that the proportion of cases lasting 25 weeks
and over is over three hundred per cent greater in group 60 to 69 than
in group 20 to 29.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[ 602]
9
DURATION OF WAGE EARNERS' DISABILITIES,
The Occupational Factor in Disability Durations.
S STATED in tlie earlier report on disability among wage
earners,1 the two principal factors determining the extent of
disability are age and occupation. A similar statement may be made
with reference to the factors determining disability durations.
Although the age factor is most important, the effect of the occu
pational factor should not be underestimated. Table 5 shows occu
pational disability durations by giving for all ages the number and
per cent disabled each classified number of weeks.
A
T able 5 .—N U M B E R A N D P E R C E N T (A L L A G ES) D IS A B L E D EA C H C L A S S IF IE D NUM
B E R O F W E E K S , IN E A C H O C CU PA TIO N G R O U P.
Number disabled.
Occupation.
1
wk.
U n and
der un
1
wk. der
2
wks.
Per cent disabled.
2
1
4
12
wks. wks. wks. 25
U n wk.
and and and wks.
and
un un un and Total. der
1 un
der der der over.
wk. der
4
2
12
2.5
wks. wks. wks.
wks.
A uto, carriage, and wag
46
43
40
on m an u factu rin g ........
60
36
57
B arb ers..............................
94
66
96
B arten d ers.........................
149
132
B lack sm ith s......................
81
144
138
96
B rick lay ers.......................
744
696
C arpen ters......................... 477
Clay products m anufac
23
41
36
tu rin g ..............................
240
211
Clothing m anufacturing. 173
85
134
113
Cooks a n d w a ite rs ..........
497
507
D riv e rs............................... 344
49
31
29
D yers..................................
76
41
46
E lectrical w orkers...........
182
224
Engineers and firem en... 147
Farm ers, gardeners, and
62
81
florists.............................
39
400
403
Food employees............... 282
58
49
21
F reight h a n d le rs..............
70
49
41
G lassw orkers....................
37
44
40
Jewelers..............................
Laborers, no t sp ec ified .. 1,017 1,389 1,180
212
245
Leather w orkers............... 205
Liquor m a n u factu rin g .. 718 1,114 1,007
810
M achinists......................... 789 1.007
592
314
627
M iners................................
151
207
193
M olders..............................
O ther building construc
38
22
26
tio n ..................................
194
O ther m anufacturing—
191
246
O ther metal, w orkers___ 351
388
451
222
P ain ters.............................. 168
234
P lasterers...........................
28
23
23
66
P lu m b e rs...........................
90
94
111
119
P rinters a n d engravers.. 133
27
Professional.......................
26
58
44
41
43
R ailw ay em ployees........
15S
111
Sheet-m etal w orkers....... 107
Slaughtering and m eat
packing employees —
334
248
351
Stone and granite w ork
44
67
ers ....................................
81
77
111
86
T anners..............................
T extile m anufacturing
371
em ployees......................
285
319
75C
570
Tobacco an d cigars.......... 271
278
190
Trade a n d clerical...........
225
W oodw orkers................... 246
345
331
M iscellaneous...... ............. 458
572
492
2
wks.
and
un
der
4
wks.
4
wks.
and
un
der
12
wks.
12
wks.
25
and wks.
u n and To
der over. tal.
25
wks.
38
54
101
119
117
671
9
14
32
25
25
156
4
7
15
12
19
76
180
228
404
518
539
2, S20
22.2
25.0
16.3
15.6
17.8
16.9
25. 5
26.3
23.8
28.8
25.6
26.4
23.9
15.8
23.3
25.5
26.7
24. 7
21.1
23. 7
25.0
23.0
21.7
23.8
5.0
6.1
7.9
4.8
4.6
Ò. Ò
2.2
3.1
3.7
2.3
3.5
2.7
100
100
100
100
100
100
34
193
112
476
41
43
151
8
49
25
111
9
8
49
2
17
15
42
5
i
13
144
883
484
1,977
164
215
766
16. 0
19.6
17.6
17.4
17.7
21.4
19.2
28.5
27.2
27.7
25.1
29.9
35.3
29.2
25.0
23. 9
23.3
25.6
18.9
19.1
23.8
23.6
21.9
23.1
24.1
25. 0
20. 0
19.7
5.6
5. 5
5.2
5.6
5.5
3.7
6.4
1.3
1.9
3.1
2.1
3.0
.5
1.7
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
46
323
50
45
35
988
201
926
704
521
155
11
93
16
13
5
215
45
192
188
119
26
4
36
5
4
5
77
31
81
68
47
5
243
1,537
199
222
166
4,866
939
4,038
3,566
2,220
737
16.0
18.3
10.6
18.5
26.5
20.9
21.8
17.8
22.1
14.1
20.5
33.3
26.2
24.6
31.5
24. 1
28. 5
26. 1
27.6
28.2
28.2
28.1
25. 5
26.0
29.1
22.1
22.3
24.2
22.6
24.9
22. 7
26.7
26.2
18.9
21.0
25.1
20.3
21.1
20.3
21.4
22.9
19.7
23.5
21.0
4.5
6.1
8.0
5.9
3.0
4.4
4.8
.8
5.3
5.4
3.5
1.6
2.3
2.5
1.8
3.0
1.6
3.3
2.0
1.9
2.1
.7
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
24
192
324
218
23
59
130
25
36
100
7
45
78
54
7
11
4]
8
8
29
5
8
14
30
5
6
27
2
5
9
122
876
1,606
926
109
326
591
146
177
514
21.3
21.8
21.9
18. 1
25. 7
27.6
22.5
17.8
24.9
20.8
31.1
28.1
28.1
25.3
21.1
28.8
23. 9
39.7
24.3
30.7
18.0
22.1
24.1
24.0
21. 1
20.2
20. 1
18.5
23.2
21.6
19.7
21.9
20.2
23.5
21.1
18.1
22.0
17.1
20.3
19.5
5.7
5.1
4.9
5.8
6.4
3.4
6.9
5.5
4. o
5.6
4.1
.9
.8
3.2
4.6
1.8
4.6
1.4
2. 8
1. S
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
325
62
31
1,351 18.4 26. 0 24.7 24.1
4.6
54
61
16
26
11
9
273 16.1 29.7 24. 5 19.8
370 20.8 30.0 23.2 16.5
274
514
187
293
435
74
129
51
82
98
20
67
23
39
54
All occupations. . . 8,303 12,071 10,468 9,418 2,269
2.3
100
5.9 4. 0
7. C 2.4
100
100
20.4
22.3
19.6
21. 9
20.6
5. 5
5.6
5.4
6. 1
4.6
1. 5
2.9
2.4
2.9
2.6
100
100
100
100
100
956 43,485 19.1 27.8 24.1 21.6
5.2
2.2
100
1.343
2,301
954
1,336
2,109
21.2
11.8
23.6
18. 4
21.7
27.6
32.6
29.1
25.8
27.1
23. S
24. 8
19.9
24.8
23.3
1 See article on “ D isability among wage earners,” in Monthly L abor R eview , N ovem ber, 1919,
p. 31.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[603]
10
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
The above table shows occupational disability irrespective of age;
that is, the results presented were influenced by the age distribution
factor within each occupation.
In Table 6, which follows, all occupational experience as to duration
of disability is given for specific and identical 5-year age groups. By
means of this table the influence of the age factor can be eliminated
as explained in the earlier article 1 and the extent of occupational
influence on disability durations ascertained.
T able 6 .—N U M B E R A N D P E R C E N T D IS A B L E D EA C H C L A S S IF IE D N U M B E R O F W E E K S ,
IN EA C H O CCU PA TIO N A L G R O U P , B Y 5-Y EA R A G E G R O U PS.
Age group 25 to 29.
N um ber disabled.
Occupation.
A uto, carriage, a n d wagon
m an u factu rin g .....................
B arb ers............. “ .....................
B artenders................................
B lack sm ith s.............................
B rick lay ers...............................
C arpenters................................
Clay p roducts m anufacturin g employees.......................
Clothing m anufacturing employees...................................
Cooks an d w aiters...................
D riv ers......................................
D yers..........................................
E lectrical w orkers...................
Engineers an d firem en..........
Farm ers, gardeners, a n d
florists....................................
Food em ployees......................
Freight h an d lers.....................
G lassw orkers............................
Jewelers.....................................
Laborers, no t specified..........
L eather w o rk ers.....................
L iquor m anufacturing employees......... ..........................
M achinists................................
M iners........................................
H olders......................................
O ther building construction
em ployees.............................
O th er m anufacturing employees...................................
O ther m etal w orkers.............
P a in te rs .....................................
P lasterers..................................
P lu m b ers..................................
P rin ters an d engravers..........
Professional..............................
R ailw ay em ployees................
Sheet-m etal w orkers..............
Slaughtering a n d m eat packin g em ployees......................
Stone a n d granite w o rkers...
T anners.....................................
T extile m anufacturing empioyees...................................
Tobacco a n d cigars.................
T rade a n d clerical...................
W oodw orkers...........................
M iscellaneous...........................
jt
All occupations........ ..
1
wk.
U n and
der un
1
wk. der
2
wks.
2
wks.
and
un
der
4
wks.
4
wks.
and
un
der
12
wks.
Per cent disabled.
12
wks. 25
and wks. To U n
u n and tal. der
1
der over.
wk.
25
wks.
5
9
5
6
13
42
3
5
10
14
9
39
2
4
8
10
31
3
2
8
9
19
1
1
4
1
4
2
1
2
1
1
1
IS
8
46
5
10
13
7
41
9
2
48
1
8
10
6
6
39
5
26
4
5
7
118
14
8
36
2
10
6
154
16
6
3
118
9
91
96
40
16
102
117
85
8
61
91
65
20
16
161
19
4
1
1
1
1
2
1
74
13
1
9
3
2
9
4
51
62
46
9
10
13
2
1
3
4
2
9
9
4
12
5
7
1
1
15
25
8
1
151
15
1
1
3
2
3
3
2
8
2
25
36
21
1
22
20
4
2
15
19
32
14
24
2
2
33
5
18
1
15
1
1
1
2
17
24
44
31
45
25
73
42
21
56
19
39
12
10
30
14
18
20
12
25
1
5
7
1
7
946 1,127
764
585
100
4
4
2
55.6
37.5
23. 8
16. 2
31. 0
30.7
wk.
and
un
der
2
wks.
33.3
20.8
47. 6
37.8
21. 4
28.5
2
wks.
and
un
der
4
wks.
4
wks.
and
un
der
12
wks.
8.3 12.5
19.0 9. 5
21. 6 21 .6
23 8 2L 4
2 2.6 13.9
12
wks. 25
and wks.
To
u n and tal.
der over.
25
wks.
IL 1
4.2 Ì6.7
2. 4
2,9
2. 7
1.4
6 16. 7 33.3 16.7 16. 7 16.7
2
27
41
10
3
28
19
1
6
17
10
14
3
3
7
1
9
24
21
37
42
137
1
2
2
1
1
42
21
178
15
44
49
42. 8
38.1
25. 8
33.3
22. 7
26.5
16. 7
23. 8
23.0
46. 6
36. 4
32.7
21. 4
9.5
27.0
6. 7
18 2
20. 4
22
96
11
28
19
482
59
22. 7
27.1
36. 4
17.9
36. 8
24.5
23.7
36.4
37.5
18.2
35 7
31.6
31.9
27.1
22. 7 18.2
19.8 12.5
45. 4
21. 4 25.0
15.8
24.5 15.3
15.3 22.0
318
383
240
54
28.6
25.1
18.7
29.8
32.1
30.5
35.4
14.8
19.2
23.8
27.1
37.0
16.0
16.2
19.2
16.7
.8
1 Q
14 14.3 57.1 14.3
7.1
7.1
88
139
58
6
79
72
11
12
43
28 4
25 9
36.2
16 7
27 8
27 8
36 3
16 7
39.5 34.9
30 7
29 5
17.2
50 0
35 ’ 4
26. 4
9.1
50.0
14 3
28. 6
219
20. 4
18. 4
100
4 £
2.2
6. 7
2.3
6.7
2 .0
2 .1
1.0
5 3 10 5
79
163
128
75
165
100
100
100
100
100
10Ò
100
1 .9
3.1
3 .4
.9
1.0
.8
100
100
100
100
21 6 17 0 2 3
23 0 18 0 2 2
2L1 13! 8 5 . 2 3.4
16 7
16.7
12 7 19 0 5 1
19. 4 20 8 5. 6
27 3 9 1 18.2
25. 0 8 3
16.3 7 .0 2.3
100
6.8
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
31.6 24.1 17.7
44.8 23.9 11.0
32.8 9.4 15.6
28 0 13 3 16 0
3 3.9 1&2 15.2
1.3
3.1
5.5
13
4!2
3.8
2.5
2.3
1.2
100
52 3,574 26.5 31.5 21.4 16.4
2 .8
1.4
100
2
21.5
14.7
34.4
41. 3
27.3
100
100
100
100
100
100
1 .9
5.1
91 26. 4 36. 2 19 8 16 5 1 1
11 18.2 45.4 9.1 9.1 18.2
3 66.7
33 .3
3
4
3
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
'S e e article on “ D isability am ong wage earners,” in Monthly L abor R e v ie w , N ovem ber, 1919,
pp. 31, 32.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[604 ]
DURATION OF WAGE EARNERS’ DISABILITIES,
IX
T able 6 .—N U M B E R A N D P E R C E N T D IS A B L E D EA C H C L A S S IF IE D N U M B E R O F W E E K S ,
IN EA C H O CCU PA TIO N A L G R O U P , B Y 5-Y EA R A G E G R O U P S -C o n tin u o d .
Age group SO to 34.
N um ber disabled.
2
1
Occupation.
A uto, carriage, a n d wagon
m an ufacturing.....................
B arbers............. “ .....................
B artenders................................
B lacksm ith s.............................
B ricklayers...............................
C arpenters................................
Clay products m anufacturing employees.......................
Clothing m anufacturing employees...................................
Cooks a n d w aiters...................
D riv ers......................................
D yers.........................................
E lectrical workers ..
Engineers a n d firem en..........
Farm ers, gardeners, and
flo rists...................................
Food employees......................
F reigh t h a n d le rs.....................
G lassw orkers...........................
Jewelers.....................................
Laborers, no t specified..........
L eather w orkers......................
Liquor m anufacturing employees...................................
M achinists................................
M iners........................................
H olders.....................................
O ther building constructing
employees..............................
O ther m anufacturing employees...................................
O ther m etal w orkers..............
P a in te rs.....................................
P lasterers..................................
P lum b ers..................................
P rinters a n d engravers..........
Professional..............................
Railw ay em ployees................
Sheet-m etal w orkers..............
Slaughtering a n d m eat packm g employees.......................
Stone an d granite w orkers...
T anners......................................
Textile m anufacturing employees...................................
Tobacco a n d cigars.................
Trade a n d clerical...................
W oodw orkers............... ..........
M iscellaneous...........................
wks.
U n wk.
and
der and
un
un
1
der
der
wk.
4
2
wks. wks.
■1
6
5
4
10
6
15
9
9
13
13
58
13
79
2
21
4
wks.
and
un
der
12
wks. 25
and wks. To U n
der
un and
1
der over. tal. wk.
12
25
wks. wks.
4
1
1
12
12
8
8
6
2
57
40
8
1
3
3
4
12
8
9
54
4
46
2
6
1
26
19
15
60
4
16
24
3
33
7
39
2
1
6
2
15
53
i
8
5
5
161
24
135
150
55
29
11
7
14
8
9
38
5
2
24
4
174
28
143
14
100
8
161
155
83
95
65
34
109
127
64
34
4
2
1
i
23
54
28
26
57
18
21
18
30
13
1
15
35
12
1
11
2
2
11
1
1
2
8
22
2
1
11
17
18
9
3
2
1
1
5
9
3
8
5
22 . 2 27 8 22 2 22 2
20 . 0 33 3 2 0 .0 23 3
20. 9
28 3
29. 5
23.4
34. 9
23. 9
29. 5
31.9
20. 9
26 1
27. 3
23.0
18,6
17 4
13. 6
16.1
5 6
3.3
4.7
4.3
3.2
2.4
23.1 23 1 30.7
61 34 4
45 33.3
226 23.5
11 36. 4
30 20 5
74 3 5 . i
31 1
83 3
26.5
36 4
41 0
32.4
10 7 13 1
20 0 8 9
23.9 20.4
18.1 9 1
15 4 17 Q
18.9 1 0 .8
23
147
9
23
18
598
74
30 4
26.5
11 . 1
26.1
8 7
13 0
22.4
22 . 2
21. 7
27 8
26.9
32. 4
12
wks.
and 25 Tou n wks.
and tal.
der over.
25
wks.
39.1
25.9
55. 6
43 5
11 1 33 3
29.1 23.9
37. 8 18.9
508 26.6 31.7 21.5
553 27.1 28.0 23.0
300 18.3 34.0 21.3
122 23.8 27.9 27.9
16.3
11.1
22 2
16.7
4 4
4.9
L4
16.3
17.2
21.7
18.0
.8
1.4
8 7
5.4
3.4
8 7
5 6
1 .8
1.5
10 , 8
3.3
3.3
3.0
2.4
1
4
3
8
2
11
1
5
9
3
2
6
10
2
4
7
1
1
2
51
7
4
31
3
4
2
1
1
26
57
23
38
13
5
10
3
7
46
34
6
8
8
31
44
35
29
34
92
37
41
20
21
66
68
43
20
20
5
3
5
All occupations............ 1,276 1,467 1,092
803
158
1
1
1
94
184
78
5
55
56
15
31
52
24.5
29. 3
35.9
20 . 0
27.3
37.5
13.3
32.3
36.5
122 25.4
248 17.7
110 31. 8
114 25. 4
207 31.9
27.9
37.1
33 6
36. 0
32.9
21.3
23.0
18 2
18 4
18.8
15.3
100
100
10Ó
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
.6
100
100
100
100
1 .1
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
1.4
1.7
100
27.7 22.3 19.1 5.3
31.0 19. 0 16. 3 4. 3
23.1 15.4 16.7 5.1
20 0 40 0 2 0 .0
32. 7 20 0 20 0
30. 4 8.9 16.1 5.3
46.7 13.3 13.3 6.7
29.0 19.4 12.9 3.2
26.9 19.2 13.5 3.8
165 27.9 2 0 .6 30.9 18.8
25 24.0 32.0 28.0 1 2 .0
20 40.0 2 0 .0 2 0 .0 2 0 .0
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
1 .6
8 50.0 25.0 12 5 12.5
5|
19
4
18
30
43
46
44
248
1
2
4
wk. wks. wks.
and and and
un un un
der der der
2
4
12
wks. wks. wks.
13 15. 4
1
18
17
7
9
14
21
2
10
6
1
10
6
102
Per cent disabled.
1 .2
4.0
4. 1
4.0
4 5
3.8
1 .8
6.7
3.2
.6
100
100
100
2.5
17 5
9.6
2 6
2.4
2.4
100
100
100
100
100
66 4,862 26.2 30.2 22.5 16.5
3.2
1.4
100
4.2
4. 2
9.7
3.3
4.4
4.2
2. 8
100
100
100
100
100
100
5
2 0 .8
11 8
2 .8
Age group 35 to 39.
A uto, carriage, and wagon
m an u factu rin g ....................
B arb ers.....................................
B artenders...............................
B lacksm ith s............................
B ricklayers..............................
C arpenters................................
Clay products m anufactur
ing employees......................
Clothing m anufacturing em
ployees..................................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
8,
10 !
9i
7!
17
91 i
6
13
17
19
15
117
4
5
14
17
19
70
4
24
36
72
60
16.7
13. 9
19.4
28.3
22 .1 27.9
31.0 18.6
2
14
7.1 28.6 21.4 28.6
1
91 26.4 30.8 23.0 15.4
1
1
23
13
7
2
2
2
10
3
16
4
9
8
74
1
4
3
4
24|
28
21
14
3
[ 605]
33.3
27.8
12.5
11.7
68 25.0
377 24.1
25.0
36.1
23.6
31.7
16.7
2 2 .2
31.9
21.7
14.7
19.6
3. 3
5. 9j
2.4
14.3| 100
3.3
1 . l|
100
12
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
T able <5.—N U M B E R AND P E R C E N T D IS A B L E D EA C H C L A S S IF IE D N U M B E R O F W E E K S ,
IN EA CH O CCU PA TIO N A L G R O U P , B Y 5-Y EAR A G E G R O U P S—C ontinued.
A g e g r o u p 3 5 to 3 9 —Concluded.
Per cent disabled.
N um ber disabled.
O ccupation.
Cooks and w aiters.........
D riv ers......................................
D yers.
'Elftfstrira.l w orkers...
Engineers and firem en ..........
Farm ers, gardeners, florists..
Food em ployees......................
Freight h a n d le rs...............
G lassw orkers...........................
Jewelers.....................................
Laborers, n o t specified.........
L eather w orkers......................
L iquor m anufacturing employees...................................
M achinists................................
M iners.......................................
H o ld ers__
O ther building construction
employees.........
O ther m anufacturing employees.................................
O ther m etal w o rk ers.. .
P a in te rs ....................................
P la ste re rs.
P lu m b ers.................................
P rin ters and engravers.........
Professional..............................
Railw ay em ployees...............
Sheet-metal w orkers..............
Slaughtering and m eat packing employees......................
Stone and granite w o rk ers..
T anners.....................................
Textile m anufacturing employees...................................
Tobacco a n d cigars.................
Trade and clerical...................
W oodw orkers..........................
M iscellaneous..........................
1
2
wk. wks.
U n and
and
der u n u n
1
der
wk. der
4
2
wks. wks.
13
66
2
8
19
78
5
9
25
28
4
48
4
4
5
132
34
5
178
34
117
148
57
25
207
197
97
44
12
70
12
8
4
wks.
and
un
der
12
wks. 25
U n
and
To der
u n wks.
1
and
tal.
der over.
wk.
12
25
wks. wks.
16
84
3
12
2
79
7
15
2
20
28
6
3
CO
7
2
6
j
62
158
25
27
4
145
136
95
23
138
93
73
25
19
23
23
7
6
3
4
37
69
27
3
14
14
7
13
15
19
60
27
0
19
46
34
4
7
3
1
1
11
T
7
2
2
l
13
13
14
7
65
16
58
15
10
11
4
51
41
63
28
44
72
23
50
25
18
51
10
All occupations............ 1,353 1,849 1,435 1,197
256
66
12
17
5
8
12
56
7
9
31
44
31
26
79
112
42
43
86
14
2 0 .0
25.9
24.0
24.3
33. 3
19.0
21.7
19. 0
11.7
111
12
8
10
638
605
355
124
18.3 32.4 22.7 2 1 .0
24.5 32. 5 22.5 15.4
16. 0 27.3 26.8 2 0 .6
2 0 .2 35.5 18.5 2 0 .2
2
1
8
19.4
23.9
41.2
1
5
i
i
i
7
10
12
4
5
118
13
2 1 .0 30.6 25.8
2 0 .0 23.6 25. 5
11. 8 29.4 17.6
32.0 36.0 8 .0
25.9 23.1 18.5
16. 0 48.0 12 . 0
18.8 27.5 23.5
11.1 33. 3 19.4
19.0 38.1 9.5
21.7 21.7 26.1
21.3 28.7 25.5
30.6 30.6 22.5
1
6
34
32
4
62
330
17
25
108
25
255
36
8
2
1
4
wk. wks. wks.
and and and
un un un
der der der
12
4
2
wks. wks. wks.
21
23
620
113 30. 1
248 26.6
127 25.2
11 36.3
45 26. 7
68 25.0
16 31.2
44 18.2
51 23.5
4
3
6
1
53
10
2
1
1
6
8
152
281
143
142
305
4
4
5
9
32.7
27.8
21.3
27.3
31.1
4.0
5. 6
2 0 .6
43. 8
29. 5
29.4
2
7
20.4
15. 7
27.2
18.3
25.9
33. 6
39.9
29.4!
30.3
28.2
27.0
22.4
19.6
31.C
23.6
15.1
17.8
17.5
12.7
16.7
109!6 ,197 2 1 .8 29.8 23.2 19.3
I
2.4
.9
3.9
2 .0
2 .8
9.5
4.3
4.4
3.6
4.8
4.3
3.0
3.8
6 .5
5.6
1.9
1.3
1.1
.9
2 .8
4. 5
16.8 16.8 3,5
24.2 18.5 2 .8
21 .3 26.8 2.3
18.2 9. 1 9.1
2 .2
24.4
2 0 .6 10.3 19.1
12.5 12.5
29.5 15.9 6 .8
27.5 1 1 .8 5.9
244 23.0 26.6 23.8 21.7
52 13.5 30. 8 28.8 19.2
36 25.0 27.8 30.5 11.1
4
10
3.2
4. 5
22 36.4 27.3 13.6 18.2
1
3
3
12
wks. 25
and wks. To
u n and tal.
der over.
25
wks.
4.1
2.8
3.1
4.4
Ì. 9
.8
7.7
2 .8
3. E
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
2 .8
1.4
3.5
6.3
3.3
2 .8
1.4
2.3
100
100
100
100
100
4.1
1 .8
100
4.7
5.2
3.5
100
100
100
100
100
100
Age group 40 to 44A uto, carriage, and wagon
m an u lactu rin g .....................
B arb ers. ..
B artenders................................
B lack sm ith s.............................
B ricklayers..............................
C arpenters................................
Ciay products manufacturing employees......................
Clothing m anufacturing employees...................................
Cooks and w aiters...................
D riv ers......................................
D yers.........................................
Electrical workers..................
Engineers and firem en..........
Farm ers, gardeners, florists..
Food employees......................
Freight h an d lers.....................
G lassw orkers...........................
Jewelers.....................................
Laborers, n o t specified.........
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2
9
18
16
4
7
16
25
7
3
15
15
24
22
22
6
3
20
22
20
82
18
119
95
88
4
3
13
4
8
7
6
o
32
16
73
3
47
23
34
23
104
3
25
23
93
3
4
112
3
8
21
8
10
10
43
60
3
79
7
8
12
6
26
15
76
15
3
188
11
235
6
175
2
25
61
2
1
8
2
20
8
6
2
26
11
3
136
4
5
3
9
10
[606]
13.3 26.7 40.0 2 0 .0
21.9 17.1 17,1 36. 6 7.3
2 1 .2 18.8 17.6 25.9 1 1 .8
16.7 26.0 25.0 22.9
86 23.3 25. 5 23.3 20.9
406 2 0 .2 29.3 23.4 21.7
4.2
3. 5
3.2
2 .2
97 14.8 29.6 25.9 22 . 9
I
143
93
417
15
34
127
49
301
38
32
9
774 24.3
1
6
10
1
3
2
5
2
3
31
15
41
85
96
....
22.4
17.2
17.5
20 . 0
23.5
16.5
16.3
2 0 .0
7.9
25.0
22 31.8
32.8 23.8 17.5
24.7 24.7 24.7
26.9 24. 9 22.3
2 0 .0
2 0 .0 2 0 .0
29.4
33.8
22.4
26.2
18.4
37.5
27.3
30.3
29.4
20. 5
30. 6
25.2
39.5
9.4
27. 3
14.7
20.5
22.4
20.3
21 .0
18.8
13. 6
2 2 .6 17.6
100
2 .8
2 .2
6 .0
13.3
2.9
6.3
4.1
.7
6. 5
2.4
6.7
6 .2
2.4
4.1
3.7
5.3
3.1
4.0
1 .2
6 .6
7.9
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
DURATION OF WAGE EARNERS
13
DISABILITIES
T able 6 .—N U M B E R AND P E R C E N T D IS A B L E D E A C H C L A S S IF IE D N U M B E R O F W E E K S ,
IN EA C H O C CU PA TIO N A L G R O U P , B Y 5-Y EAR AGE G R O U P S—Continued.
A g e g r o u p 40 to 4 4 —Concluded.
N um ber disabled.
1
O ccupation.
2
U n wk. wks.
and
der and
un un
1
wk. der der
2
4
wks. wks.
Leather w orkers......................
Liquor m anufacturing employees....................................
M achinists................................
M iners.......................................
H olders.....................................
O ther building construction
employees................ .............
O ther m anufacturing employees... .
O ther m etal w o rk ers___
P ainters.....................................
P lasterers.................................
P lu m b ers..................................
P rin ters and engravers.........
Professional..............................
R ailw ay em ployees..............
Sheet-metal w orkers..............
Slaughtering and m eat packing employees.......................
Stone and granite w orkers..
T anners...............
T extile m anufacturing employees................................. .
Tobacco and cigars.................
T rade and clerical...................
W oodw orkers..........................
M iscellaneous...........................
4
wks.
and
un
der
j
12
wks. 25
n
and wks. To U
u n and tal. der
1
der over.
wk.
25
12
wks. wks.
27
33
25
24
4
2
118
134
41
217
141
90
48
197
130
94
38
163
117
76
39
39
34
17
20
21
2
22
11
2
6
40
85
51
28
71
43
30
48
34
8
8
22
2
5
23
6
8
12
10
1
1
6
1
1
24
3
9
1
1
6
20
7
17
42
78
10
10
22
50
14
7
55
38
31
29
91
54
106
32
49
1.7
100
2.3
3.8
3.3
1.3
100
100
100
100
66
All occu p atio n s............ 1,387 2,008 1,723 1,485
339
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
2 2 .8
2 1 .0
Ì. 4
1
2
210 26. 2 25.7 2 0 .0
21.9
38.3 28.1 18,1
23.7 26.6 18.5
2 2 .6 24.4 29.0
24.2 25.8 18.5
5.2
.7
5.2
6.9
3.9
3,-0
3.7
2 .0
100
100
100
100
100
162 7,104 19.5 28.3 24.2 20.9
4.8
2.3
100
28 25. C 35.7 17.9 10.7 7.1
43 23.2 20.9 14.0 23.3 16.3
4.5
75 25.3 25.3 18.7 26.7 1.3
76 13.2 26.3 27.6 26.3 3.9
430 13.0 26.3 29.3 24.4 4.7
3.6
2.3
1.5
2.7
100
100
100
100
100
100
4
11
2
7.7
21 .9 23. 4
31. 2
30.4
30.2
32.0
28.6
5.2
4.2
4. 2
1
46
50
25
63
7.7 46.1 38.5
18 0
22 . 8
14.8
28.0
17.8
2 0 .2
2 2 .8
26.2
230 18.3 34.0 21.7 19.1
47 21.3 21.3 29.8 21.3
48 14. 6
16. 7 18. 7
3
42
78
36
53
92
21.7
7.7
4.3
12
2
2
9
26.2
22.5
28.2
25.5
3.6
4.0
3.6
44
10
128
280
169
25
28
105
13
26
70
28.9
24.4
27.0
32.2
4. 3
5.9
4.0
3.6
2.9
20
7
15
14
86
3.5
5.2
5.9
6.3
1.3
15.7
23.2
12.3
13.4
25. 4 17.1
25.4 20.1
8 .0 24.0
17.8 28.6
21.9 2 2 .8
7.7 7.7
26.9 26. 9
24.3 28.6
2
8
12
wks. 25
and wks.
To
un and tal.
der over.
25
wks.
115 23.5 28.7 21.7 20.9
1
7
1
2
4
wk. wks. wks.
and and and
un un un
der der der
2
4
12
wks. wks. wks.
751
578
333
149
13
1
23
64
25
7
5
24
4
4
9
7
Per cent disabled.
3
4
8
7
277
135
217
356
30.8 53.8
15.4 23.1
12 .8 28.6
13.7
23.0
13.4
25.6
8 .6
1.7
2 .1
1 .0
1 .1
100
100
100
A g e g r o u p 4 5 to 4 9 .
A uto, carriage, a n d wagon
m an u factu rin g .....................
B arb ers.....................................
B artenders................................
B lacksm ith s.............................
B ricklayers...............................
C arpenters................................
Clay products m anufacturing employees......................
Clothing m anufacturing employees...................................
Cooks a n d w a ite rs.................
D rivers......................................
D yers.........................................
Electrical w orkers...................
Engineers an d firem en ..........
Farm ers, gardeners, florists.
Food em ployees......................
Freight h a n d le rs.....................
G lassw orkers............................
Jewelers.....................................
Laborers, no t specified..........
L eather w orkers......................
L iquor m anufacturing employees..................................
M achinists................................
M iners.......................................
H o ld e rs.....................................
O ther building construction
em ployees.............................
O ther m an u factu rin g employees...................................
O ther m e ta l w orkers.............
165126°—20----- 2
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
7
10
5
2
9
14
19
3
10
8
6
20
7
3
10
20
21
10
20
20
20
56
113
126
105
20
4
7
6
1
27
14
50
4
42
32
38
24
10
19
27
9
57
4
1(1
8
145
43
14
110
47
23
114
5
5
48
3
44
8
101
7
6
10
12
84
85
27
7
59
12
12
11
8
16
7
223
39
1
3
4
19
1
2
9
1
1
1
2
2
10
23 17.4 30.4 21.7 26.1
1
2
8
1
4
2
18
4
10
10
6
1
1
2
185
43
158
31
39
1
12
8
3
198
105
195
108
96
24
13
102
76
46
19
160
144
89
36
25
22
45
28
18
7
3
5
8
4
3
1
17
32
40
71
34
62
30
45
6
12
3
100
[607]
66 12 . 1 2 1 .2 30.3 30.3
8
1
1
165
99
402
26
16
159
40
307
41
48
30
762
167
728
468
359
111!
16.4
14.1
12.4
15.4
17.0
22.5
18.6
9.7
2 0 .8
25.4
32.3
27.4
19.2
31.2
30.2
25.0
27.3
29.3
33.3
23.3
29.3
23.4
28.5
23.2
28.4
30.8
18.8
27.7
30.0
27.7
29.3
22.9
26.7
24.3
25.7
23.0 6.1
24.2 4.0
25.1 4.7
26.9 3.8
37.5 12.5
17.0 5 .6
17.5 5.0
19.2 5.9
24.4 2.4
2.1
20.7
18.6
5.1
4.8
13.7 2 2 .8 27.2 26.8
14.9 30.8 22.4 23.1
6 .2
6 .0
1 2 .8 24.8 28.4 26.7
17.3 32.7 22.7 2 0 .0
100
.6
2 .0
2 .0
3.8
2.5
1.3
4.9
3.3
5.0
6.4
24 12.5 2 0 .8 33.3 16.7 12.5
130 13.1 30.8 26.1 23.1
223 14.3 31.8 27.8 2 0 .2
2.3
4.3
2 0 .8
2 0 .0
26.7
19.0
25.7
2 .6
4.6
5.4
1 .6
1 .8
3.3
2 .8
2 .2
.9
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
4.2
100
2.3
.4
100
100
14
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
T able 6 .—N U M B E R A N D P E R C EN T D IS A B L E D E A C H C L A S S IF IE D N U M B E R O F W E E K S ,
IN EA C H O C CU PA TIO N A L G R O U P , B Y 5-Y E A R A G E GROLTPS—Continued.
A g e g r o u p 4 5 to 4 9 —Concluded.
N um ber disabled.
1
Occupation.
2
wks.
U n wk.
and
der and
u n un
1
der
der
wk.
2
4
wks. wks.
Per cent disabled.
wks. 25
n
and wks. To U
u n and ta l. der
1
der over.
wk.
12
25
wks. wks.
4
1
2
wk. wks. wks.
and and and
un u n u n
der der der
2
4
12
wks. wks. wks.
167 13.2
22 27.3
36 19.4
72 2 0 .8
18 16.7
29 13.8
82 20.7
24.6 28.1 26.9
18.2 31.8 22.7
2 2 .2 33.3 13.9
23.6 2 0 .8 23.6
38.9 16.7 27.7
24.1 17.2 34.5
22. G 20.7 28.0
4
wks.
an d
un
der
12
22
6
41
4
47
7
45
8
4
7
15
3
4
17
8
12
3
i
17
15
3
5
17
5
17
5
6
2
10
1
23
5
2
2
80
9
15
9
5
6
49
64
33
52
76
14
9
9
16
15
All occupations............ 1,182 1,934 1,846 1,656
378
P a in te r s ..................................
P la ste re rs..................................
P lu m b ers..................................
P rin te rs a n d engravers..........
Professional.
R ailw ay em ployees................
Sheet-m etal w orkers...............
Slaughtering an d m e a t packin g em ployees......................
Stone a n d g ra n ite w orkers...
T a n n e rs .....................................
T ex tile m anufacturing employees...................................
Tobacco a n d cigars.................
T rade a n d clerical...................
W oodw orkers..........................
M iscellaneous...........................
7
7
18
40
3
48
14
61
10
21
27
01
20
65
90
41
63
69
30
51
75
68
66
103
87
43
11
8
21
2;
5
7
3
6
6
12
wks. 25
and wks. To
un and tal.
der over.
25
wks.
4.8
2.4
8.3
8.3
2 .8
2 .8
3.4
6 .1
6.9
2.4
244 16.4 19.7 25. C 32.8 3.7
44 6 .8 31.8 25.0 20.5 11.4
89 18. G 23.6 30.3 16.9 9.0
2 .2
257
288
136
259
362
23.7
14.9
14.7
19.7
2 0 .7
25.3
33.3
30.1
26.2
28.5
24.5 19.1
24.0 22 .2
24.3
25.5 2 0 .1
24.0 2 1 .0
2.4
4.5
5.4
3.1
2 .0
6 .6
6 .2
2 .2
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
4.1
2.3
1.7
100
100
100
100
100
5.3
2 .2
100
26.2 4.8
19.2
14.5 12.7
19.8 7.4
17.7 4.7
27.2 6.2
5 .5
1 .2
22 .1
154|7,150 16.5 27.0 25.8 23.2
2.4
A g e g r o u p 5 0 to 54A uto, carriage, a n d wagon
1
8:
11
m a n u fa c tu rin g .....................
8) 13
9i
5
B a rb ers.....................................
7!
7! lOj 20
8
B arte n d ers................................
B la ck sm ith s.............................
6| 301 22: 16
9| 28] 28! 15
B rick lay ers...............................
591 114! 141 135
C arp en ters................................
Clay products m an ufaetu re; 12i
7
in g em ployees......................
Clotfiing m anufacturing em44
35
38
ployees...................................
21 :
'
14
21
8
22!
Cooks a n d w aiters..................
64
27;
53
68
D riv e rs......................................
4
8
D y ers.........................................
6
15;
1
1
2
5;
E lectrical w orkers...................
Engineers a n d firem en..........
33
23
37!
18i
Farm ers, gardeners, florists.
5!
7
5
5
321 45i 69
52
F ood em ployees......................
4j
7
9
9
F reig h t h a n d le rs .....................
8
5
G iassw orkers...........................
31
7
7
2
2
8
Je w e le rs.......................... .........
Laborers, n o t specified.......... 115! 178! 182 173
32! 39
L e a th e r w orkers......................
40
46
Liquor m an u factu rin g employees....... ...........................
711 124 152 165
92
M achinists................................
49i 79; 86
22| 64
72
58
M iners........................................
20
16! 18
H o ld ers......................................
1
7
O ther b uilding construction ;
1
4
8
em ployees............................
3j
O ther m an u factu rin g emJ
16i 30; 28
33
ployees______ ___ ______
54
O ther m e ta l w o rk ers.............
35) 50
59
44
P a in te rs .....................................
261 39
45
4
1
3!
7
P la s te r e r s ...............................
4
•1
5;
P lu m b ers....................... ...........
7
12
9i
9
13
P rin ters a n d engravers..........
4
4
9
3i
Professional..............................
4
3
3
R ailw ay em ployees................
8i
32! 20
14
10
Sheet-m etal w orkers..............
Slaughtering a n d m eat pack1
22; 57
63
56
ing em ployees......................
14
11
10
Stone a n d g ran ite w orkers...
3 21
18
11
T a n n e rs.....................................
is!
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2
7
6
4
31
3
1
1
17
42
26
55
81
85
497
19.0
34.6
12.7
7.4
10.6
11.9
19.0
26.9
18.2
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32.9
22.9
31.0
19.2
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27.2
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28.4
1 .2
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30 20.0 40.0 23.3 10.7
12
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8
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553 12.8 22.4 27.5 29.8 6.0
334 14.7 23.7 25.7 27.5 7.5
246 8.9 26.0 29.3 23.6 10.2
73 23.3 21.9 24.6 27.4 1.4
8
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[608]
2
6
1
1
7
9
3
2
25.2
31.0
21.7
41.7
55.6
30.3
28.0
20.1
18 9
29.6
35.0
25.5
22.4
19 15.8 42.1
115
214
174
17
19
58
22
19
81
13.9
16.4
14.9
17.6
26.3
15.5
13.6
42.1
17.3
26.1
23.4
22.4
23.5
36.8
15,5
40.9
21.0
39.5
23.2
19.7
27.9
11.1
22.2
27.0
20.0
30.8
24.3
25.9
10.0
26.0
23.0
100
100
100
100
151
71
244
36
9
122
25
224
37
27
20
698
174
13.9
11.3
11.1
16.7
11.1
14.8
20.0
14,3
10. S
11.1
10.0
16.5
18.4
100
100
100
29.1 7.9
29.6 4.2
26.2 9.4
22.2 2.8
11.1
18.9 7.4
20.0 12.0
23.2 7.6
24.3 21.6
18.5 11.1
40.0 5.0
24.8 6.2
26.4 5.2
i.ò
4.6
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
1.5
.9
2.0
1.4
100
100
100
100
5.3 21.0 15.8:........
100
7.0'____
.9
6. 5
3.4
8 .1
5.9
5.9
5 .3
5.3
5 .2
12.1
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
24.3
27.6
25.9
41.2
21.0
20.7
18.2
15.8
24.7
28.7
25.2
25.3
5.9
5.3
31.0
18.2
15.9
12.3
9 .1
5 .3
6 .2
217 10.1 26.3 29.0 25.8
45 6.7 31.1 24.4 22.2
69 21.7 30.4 26.1 15.9
4 .6
8 .9
2 .9
.7
4 .2
3 .7
5 .5
1 .6
4 .0
3.7
100
4.2
6.7
2.9
100
100
100
15
DURATION OF WAGE EARNERS ’ DISABILITIES.
T a b l e 6 .—N U M B E R A N D P E R C E N T D IS A B L E D EA C H C L A S S IF IE D N U M B E R O F W E E K S
IN EA C H O C C U PA T IO N A L G R O U P , B Y 5 -Y E A R A G E G R O U P S—Concluded.
A g e g r o u p 5 0 to 54 —Concluded.
•
N u m b er disabled.
1
O ccupation.
T extile m anufacturing employees...................................
Tobacco a n d cigars.................
T rade a n d clerical...................
W oodw orkers..........................
M iscellaneous...........................
All occupations............
U n
d er
i
w k.
2
wk.
and
un
der
wks.
and
un
der
2
4
wks. wks.
37
31
13
41
38
59
82
30
56
69
65
66
22
58
71
P er cent d isab led .
4
wks.
and
un
d er
12
i
wks. 25
wk.
U n and
and
To- der u n
u n and ta
l.
i
der over.
wk. der
12
2
25
wks. wks.
wks.
46
87
26
50
77
859 1,533 1,591 1,524
6
8
2
8
2
15
15
7
4
24
402
215 17.2 27.4
298 10.4 27.5
101 12.9 29.7
227 18.1 24.7
274 13.9 25.2
2
wks.
an d
un
der
4
wks.
4
wks.
and
un
der
12
wks. 25
a nd
u n and
der over. ta l.
12
25
wks. wks.
30.2 21.4
29.2
25.7
25.5 2 2 .0
25.9 28.1
2 .8
8 .1
0.9
2.7
5.5
3.1
1.4
100
100
100
100
100
6.7
2 .2
100
4.8
30.7 15.4 23.1 15.4 15.4
13.3 30.0 23.3 23.3 6.7 3.3
11.5 24.4 25.6 30.8 7 7
10.7 16.0 30.7 25.3 9.3 8 .0
1 2 .2 22.1 27.6 28.1 8.5
1.5
100
100
100
100
100
100
22.1
2 1 .8
135 6,044 14,2 25.4 26.3 25.2
7.9
6 .6
2 .0
A g e g r o u p 5 5 to 5 9 .
A uto, carriage, a n d wagon
m an u factu rin g .....................
B arb ers......................................
B arten d ers................................
B lack sm ith s.............................
B ricklayers...............................
C arpen ters................................
Clay products m anufacturing em ployees......................
C lothing m anufacturing employees...................................
Cooks a n d w aiters..................
D riv ers......................................
D yers.........................................
E lectrical w orkers...................
Engineers an d firem en..........
Farm ers, gardeners, florists.
Food em ployees......................
F reight h a n d le rs.....................
G lassw orkers...........................
Jewelers.....................................
Laborers, n o t specified..........
L eather w orkers......................
Liquor m anufacturing employees...................................
M achinists................................
M iners........................................
H olders......................................
O ther building construction
em ployees.............................
O ther m anufacturing employees...................................
O ther m e ta l w orkers.............
P a in te rs.....................................
P la ste re rs..................................
P lu m b ers..................................
P rin ters an d engravers..........
Professional..............................
R ailw ay em ployees................
Sheet-m etal w orkers..............
Slaughtering an d m eat packing employees......................
Stone an d granite w orkers...
T a n n e rs.....................................
T extile m anufacturing employees...................................
Tobacco a n d cigars.................
T rade a n d clerical...................
W oodw orkers..........................
M iscellaneous...........................
All occupations............
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3
4
9
4
4
9
19
8
12
45
85
2i
2
131
27
9
26
5
8
11
5
8
2j
19
13
7
6
3
7
7
24
2C
23
19
111
113
2
5
1
2
1
7
34
6
6
7
5
3C
14
33
13
8
6
2
1
2
18
3
9
4
1
1
6
2
38
4
14
3
4
8
6
2
1
1
29
7
18
20
119
30
81
58
44
17
81
67
57
9
19
28
16
11
74
63
41
15
2
1
1
4
18
29
13
22
23
36
27
4
27
42
11
20
2
5
4
3
4
56
15
34
37
17
111
24
39
26
1
1
8
7
3
107
20
4
2
8
9
6
4
1
2
4
1
11
6
1
3
2
1
2
2
14
5
3
13
6
2
7
3
27
9
11
2
4
12
5
1
39
75
15
35
48
13
24
12
522 1,004 1,009 1,105
332
19
4
4
25
19
7
18
7
17
12
9
41
91
16
38
45
37
104
11
11
23
24
2
25
26
1
8
11
48
45
13
30
78
75
402
2
8
13
[609]
113
59
95
33
3
81
28
125
20
17
3
]
12
1
1
21 14.3 19. C 33.3 28.6
13 15.4 15.4 38.4 30. 8 :__
4
31
18
15
7
26
4
35
2
2
6
4
12
1
10
10
24
17
440
104
11.5 23.9 27.4 26.6! 6.2
13.6 15.2 30.5 23.7! 13.6
1 1 .6 27.1 15.8 34.7 6.3
15.2 15.2 2 1 .2 39 4 Q 0
33.3 66.71..
9.9 23.5 32.1 22.21 i l . l
7.1 46.4 14.3 21.4 7.1
1 1 .2 16.0 28.0 30.4 1 1 .2
25.0 40. C 2 0 . O i 1 5 . 0
8.3 16.7 29.2 33.3 8.3
23.5 17.6 17.6 35.3 ft Q
12.7 25.2 24.3 27.1 6 .6
14.4 23.1 19.2 28.9 6.7
298 11.4 24.8 27.2 27.2 6.4
259 14.3 24.3 22.4 25.9 1 0 .8
179 9.5 22,9 24.6 31.8 8.9
55 2 0 .0 27.3 30.9 16.4 3.6
10 2 0 .0 1 0 .0
1 0 .0
95 18.9 23.2 24.2
160 18.1 24.4 22.5
93 14.0 28.0 29.0
10.01 40.0
10
6 16.7 16.7 33.3
70 17.1 27.1 24.3
15 6.7 26.7 2 0 .0
14.3
14.3
T
71 5.6 35.2 26.8
40.0
28.4 4.2
26.2 6.9
21.5 6.5
40.0 1 0 .0
33.3
100
4.4
3.4
4.2
1 .2
3.6
3.2
4.2
4.1
7.7
3.0
2.3
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
2 .2
1 .8
100
100
100
100
2 0 .0
100
1 .1
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
1.9
1.0
2 0 .0
2.9
8 .6
33.3 13.3
42.8
28.6
18.3 9.9 4.2
84 8.3 21.4 2 0 .2 32.1 13.1
37 29.7 18.9 21 .6 24.3 5.4
50 2 2 .0 24.0 18.0 24.0 1 0 .0
2 .0
100
100
100
157 14.6 26.1 23.6 24.8 8.3
330 7.3 27.6 31.5 22.7 7.3
53 3.8 30.2 20.7 28.3 15.1
169 14.8 22.5 28.4 20.7 7.7
186 14.0 24.2 24.2 25.8 6.4
2.5
3.6
1.9
5.9
5.4
100
100
100
100
100
3.3
100
136 4,168 12.5 24.1 25.6 26.5
8 .0
4.8
INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS.
British Railway Wages.1
By
N.
C.
A d a m s.
HE industrial situation in England was appreciably eased on
January 15 by the decision of the railwaymen’s representatives
to accept the Government’s proposals for the fixing of standard
railway wages. Negotiations regarding standardization of wages be
gan in March. 1919,2came to an abrupt halt at the time of the strike3
in September, and were resumed vigorously in October at the cessa
tion of the strike in accordance with the terms of settlement.3
Although the Government’s proposals do not by any means concede
the full demands of the railwaymen, it is probable that the decision
of the delegates of the National Union of Railwaymen will be ratified
by the branches, as Mr. J. II. Thomas, the general secretary, and the
other leaders have strenuously advised the acceptance of the present
offers as being far and away better than anything yet proposed and
promising to result ultimately in an approximation to the full
demands.
The Government lias had a highly technical and difficult task in
endeavoring properly to grade railway employees, to standardize
rates of pay by grades, and to fix a sliding scale dependent upon the
cost of living, subject, however, to the underlying principle that
standard wages are to be substantially increased over prewar rates,
whatever the cost of living may be.
T
Course of the Negotiations.
AILWAYMEN as a class derived scant satisfaction from the strike
settlement, because of its indeterminate character. Rumors of
uneasiness and of further strikes have been recurrent, therefore,
since October. Officials of the Government and of the railwaymen’s
unions have fully recognized this state of mind and apparently have
made strenuous effort to reach an early as well as an equitable settle
ment as to wages.
The Government through the minister of transport (Sir Eric
Geddes) submitted various offers to the railwaymen’s executive
committee which were deliberated upon but not accepted. The
Railway Review 4 of December 19, 1919, announced that the execu• The following publications have been consulted: London Times, O bserver, D aily H erald, and R ailw ay
R eview , a n d M anchester G uardian.
* See Monthly L abor R eview , June, 1919, p p. 169-177.
See Monthly L abor R eview , December, 1919, pp. 116-127.
i Official organ of th e N ational U nion of R ailw aym en.
3
16
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[610]
INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS.
17
live committee had received further offers from the Government
which in “ principle” were a departure from the “ national program”
(straight upwards standardization) yet “ might ultimately provide
a basis for settlement." The executive committee, therefore, had
decided to send a delegation to interview the Government again,
“with a view to obtaining an improvement on the offer to the full
extent to which they (the Government) are prepared to go, so that
the full terms of the offer may be submitted to a special general
meeting.” The representatives were instructed to make it plain to
the Government that the executive committee was not in a position to
accept the “ principle” of The new offers, but that their function would
be limited to placing it before a delegate meeting (special general
meeting) with a recommendation for its acceptance or otherwise.
Finally on January 4 the Government’s offers were made known
at meetings of railwaymen held in several important centers, but at
nearly every meeting the offers were voted unsatisfactory. The
Government proposed an immediate and retroactive increase of 5s.1
per week thus increasing the stabilized minimum of the October
agreement from 51s. to 56s. up to September 30, 1920, but after
that date standardization in any grade was to be based upon the
average rather than upon the highest rates and the guaranteed
minimum in a few grades might fall to 40s. which is considerably
below what the railwaymen consider a “ living wage.”
On January 9 the delegate conference, after three days of discus
sion, rejected the terms offered but remained in being to await a reply
to some modifying proposals of the railwaymen. Finally on January
15 the conference by a “ very narrow” majority accepted the Gov
ernment’s amended offer, as representing the best terms obtainable
at present.
The conference returned six objections to the original offer:
1.
The standard wage rates are based on the average, not the
highest prewar rate in each grade. (The Government adhered to
the average.) 2. The sliding scale based on the cost of living is
unacceptable. (The Government considered the scale essential.)
3. Certain grades are not included. (The Government extended the
.5s. advance in the war wage to all grades now receiving the war wage.)
4. Hardship would result in individual cases. (The Government
agreed to deal with these cases.) 5. Any increase resulting should
be retroactive as from August, 1919. (The Government agreed to
grant this if the men prefer it to the offer of a general lump-sum pay
ment of £1.) 6. The Irish railways should be included. (The Gov
ernment agreed to include the Irish railways.)
1 N orm ally, th e p a r value of th e shilling is 24.3 cents; of the pound sterling, $4.8065.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1.611 ]
18
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
It appears that the Government has agreed to a certain measure
of elasticity in the detailed application of its proposals, while
standing firm on principles. Whether the new terms are equitable
or not this policy of the Government may have an alleviating effect.
The indecision of the last year has had a disturbing effect upon
industry in general, and while the public, having in mind the com
parative ease with which the country “carried on” during the recent
railway strike, has of late shown little concern, there is ample evidence
that the rank and fde of the railwaymen had become more and more
disinclined to accept anything less than the full terms of their
demand for standardization upwards. The railwaymen’s leaders
have advised the men to accept the Government’s offer.
Summary of the Government’s Offer.
Government’s offers as accepted may be summarized as
TTheHEfollows:
average weekly rate on 15 of the largest railway companies
has been taken for each grade or group of grades, and the war bonus
(33s.), plus an additional 5s., added to make the new abnormal rate
which will remain in existence until the end of September, 1920.
A sliding scale is to be instituted after September, 1920. Taking
the present cost of living at 125 per cent above normal a rise or fall
of five full points will carry an increase or decrease, as the case may
be, of Is. in the new rate of pay. The position is to be considered
every three months after September, 1920, by the central wages
board.1
The normal (i. e., standard) rate of pay in each grade is to be the
average as described above, plus a minimum of 100 per cent. These
“ normal rates” form the “ stop” for the sliding scale; that is, in
each grade no reduction will be made below the “ stop” no matter
how low the cost of living may fall. The lowest “ stop” is 40s., for
porters (class 2) outside London; porters, goods depot, class 2 sta
tions; laborers, telegraph department; crossing keepers, and rural per
manent-way undermen. The highest “ stop ” is 75s. for yard fore
men (class 1).
A large number of grades have been eliminated, with the result
that there will be only 88 grades in place of the 512 now existing in
the departments so far dealt with.
A lump sum of £1 is to be paid each man in the grades under con
sideration in place of making any increase, resulting from the new
terms, retroactive to August, 1919, when the drivers’ and firemen’s
wages were standardized.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 See page 24.
[612 ]
INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS,
19
Analysis of the New Terms.
"OEFORE the September strike the Government offered to stabilize
wages at their present level to the end of March, 1920, only, but
by the terms of the strike settlement the period was extended through
September, 1920. Now by the new terms a more real improvement
has been secured by the railwavmen in the shape of an extra 5s. per
week added to the war bonus, to last at least until September 30.
The sliding-scale system., which is to operate after September, is at
least definite and in that respect much more favorable than the one
proposed during the strike; also the positive assurance is given of a
reviewing of the position every three months.
Before the strike the Government offered standardization at an
average of 100 per cent above the prewar rate in each grade, but in
the new offer 100 per cent is called a “minimum increase” and so
far as the actual wages have been published it is exceeded in every
case. Taking porters as an illustration, they are to be placed in
three categories, the averages working out at 18s., 20s., and 22s., so
that, with the enhanced war bonus added, wages will be 56s., 58s.,
and 60s., respectively, until September 30, when the sliding scale
becomes operative. But the “stops” arranged are 40s., 42s., and
46s., respectively, which are 122 per cent, 110 per cent, and 109 per
cent, respectively, above the prewar averages. When one considers
the additional 5s. and the fact that there is a dubious prospect of the
cost of living decreasing sufficiently to bring the rate of any grade
down to the so-called “normal rate,” it is apparent that the railwaymen have made a very considerable gain. Indeed, these new terms,
taken in conjunction with the eight-hour day and the new arrange
ments for overtime and Sunday work, granted last year,1 mark an
advance for railway men that would have been thought beyond the
bounds of possibility a very short time ago.
The unavoidable complications and delays involved in ascertain
ing the amounts due each man to whom increases result from the
new terms, back to the time when the drivers’ standard wages came
into force, August, 1919, probably will cause the men to accept instead
the lump-sum immediate payment of £1.
The real cause of dissatisfaction with the new offer seems to be
the proposed “average” basis of the new terms in place of the “high
est rate” basis demanded. But this dissatisfaction is assuaged by
the Government having agreed that there shall be no reduction for
those now getting prewar rates above the average, other than those
reductions after September resulting from the operation of the slid
ing scale. This agreement should prevent cases of individual hard-
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 See Monthly L abob R eview , Ju n e, 1919, p. 176.
[613]
20
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
ship from arising, and in any event the new wages machinery already
provided for1should be able to ascertain facts regarding any case and
make proper adjustments. With all these advances and improve
ments, however, the fact remains that there are grades in which it
is possible that wages may be reduced to only 40s. per week.
Details of the Government’s Offer.
ATES of pay to adults in the various grades, as they stand with
R
the newly added 5s. bonus, in force at least up to the end of
September, and the standard rates, or “stops,” to which employees
may be reduced after September, by the application of the sliding
scale, are given in the statement following. These on their face
present some startling possible reductions which, if ever effected,
might easily prove a disturbing factor. The possible reductions range
from 18s. per week for permanent-way undermen in rural districts
to 4s. per week for yard foremen (class 1). As before stated there
is little chance of their taking place.
W E E K L Y R A T E S O F P A Y TO A D U L T S T A F F .2
T ra ffic s ta ff.
[Norm al p a r value of shilling is 24.3 cents.]
P resent
ra te .8
Grade.
P orters, grade 1.......................................................................................................................
P orters, grade 2:
L ondon................................................. ..........................................................................
O ther places......................................................................................................................
Crossing keepers......................................................................................................................
L eading porters:
L o n d o n ........................................... .................................................................................
O ther places......................................................................................................................
P o in t cleaners a n d station-lam p m e n ...............................................................................
D istrict relief p o rte rs.............................................................................................................
Signal-lamp m e n ....................................................................................................... .............
Horse an d carriage p o rte rs............................................................. - ...................................
L e tte r sorters...........................................................................................................................
Cloakroom an d lost p ro p e rty offi ce a tte n d an ts:
H ead ................................................................................ .................................................
O th er................................................................................................................................ .
P arcel porters:
H ead...................................................................................................................................
O th er..................................................................................................................................
T icket collectors:
Class 1.................................................................................................................................
Class 2 ................................................................................................................................
Excess luggage collectors:
Class 1.................................................................................................................................
Class 2.................................................................................................................................
T rain tick et collectors...........................................................................................................
T rain a tte n d a n ts ....................................................................................................................
G atem en a n d tick et collectors on rail, m otor, or electric tra in s w ho are n o t in
charge of tra in s ....................................................................................................................
B ill posters...............................................................................................................................
G uards, passenger an d goods:
F irst a n d second years...................................................................................................
T h ird a n d fourth years..................................................................................................
F ifth , six th , a n d seventh y e a rs.................................................................................
E ig h th y ear.......................................................................................................................
1 See page 24.
2 Railw ay Review (L ondon), Jan u a ry 16, 1920.
8 In effect u n til Sept. 30, 1920, th e n subject to sliding scale.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[614]
S h illin g s .
' 00
Standard
ra te or
“ stop.”
S h illin g s .
46
58
55
56
42
40
40
00
58
50
59
60
60
60
45
43
43
48
46
48
48
65
61
58
52
03
01
56
50
05
61
58
54
65
61
65
01
58
54
60
50
61
61
50
50
60
63
66
69
50
55
60
65
21
INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS,
W E E K L Y R A T E S OF P A Y TO A D U L T S T A F F —Continued.
T ra ffic sta ff- —Concluded.
Grade.
S hunters, passenger and goods:
Class 1........................... ...........
Class 2 . . . . ................................
Class 3.......................................
Class 4.......................................
S tatio n foremen:
Class 1.......................................
Class 2.......................................
P arcel foremen:
Class 1 . .. .. ..............................
Class 2.......................................
Forem en, ticket collectors:
Class 1.......................................
Class 2.......................................
Y ard foremen:
Class 1......................................
Class 2.......................................
P resent
ra te .1
Standard
ra te or
‘‘sto p .”
S h illin g s .
S h illin g s .
09
66
63
GO
65
00
55
50
70
63
65
58
75
71
66
60
72
68
65
61
79
76
75
70
57
60
61
40
44
47
60
62
63
43
49
52
62
64
66
47
54
57
65
68
71
52
59
62
60
62
64
46
50
53
01
64
66
49
54
57
67
68
57
60
66
07
53
56
65
68
71
52
59
62
G o o d s a n d ca rta g e s ta ff.
P o rters, etc.:
Class 2 statio n s........
Class 1 statio n s........
L o n d o n ................... ..
Callers-off, etc.:
Class 2 statio n s.........
Class 1 sta tio n s.........
L o n d o n .......................
Checkers, etc.:
Class 2 sta tio n s.........
Class 1 statio n s.........
L o n d o n ..................... ■.
W o rk in g forem en, e tc .:
Class 2 sta tio n s .........
Class 1 sta tio n s.........
L o n d o n .......................
G o o d s d e p o t.
C a r ta g e .
Carters, etc.:
Class 2 sta tio n s___
Class 1 statio n s___
L on d o n ...................
C arters, head:
Class 2 statio n s___
Class 1 statio n s.......
L o n d o n ...................
M otor drivers:
P etro l or steam —
Class 1 stations
L o n d o n .............
E lectric—
Class 1 stations
L o n d o n .............
W or king foremen—horsekeepers, stablem en (in charge):
Class 2 statio n s......................................................................
Class 1 statio n s...................................................
L on d o n ...............................................................................
1 In effect u n til Sept. 30, 1920, th e n subject to sliding scale.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[615]
22
M O N T H L Y LA BO R REVIEW,
W E E K L Y R A T E S O F P A Y TO A D U L T S T A F F —Continued.
P e r m a n e n t- w a y s ta ff.
G rade.
Area.
G angers.........................................................................................
Subgangers...................................................................................
U n d e rm e n ....................................................................................
R u ra l..............................
In d u strial, e tc 2.............
L o n d o n 3. . .....................
L ondon te rm in i...........
R u r a l..............................
In d u stria l, e tc 2.............
L ondon
.....................
L ondon te rm in i............
R u r a l..............................
In d u strial, e tc 2.............
London
.....................
L ondon te rm in i............
Present
ra te .’-
S tandard
rate
or “ sto p .”
S h illin g s .
S h illin g s .
63
65
69
72
60
62
48
52
60
43
46
52
66
58
60
62
63
40
44
48
50
62
48
60
45
59
43
67
65
60
56
67
65
63
61
58
56
50
47
62
59
47
45
60
58
44
42
S h e d s t a f f — lo c o m o tiv e d e p a r tm e n t.
S te a m ra isers................................................................................
F irelig h ters.....................................................................
Coal m e n ...............................................................
F ire d ro p p ers............................................................................
Stores issuers.....................................................................
Toolm en.......................................................................................
B oiler w ashers........................
G land packers...........................................................................
T u b e cleaners......................................................................
S h ed lab o rers................................................................................ ...........................................
A sh fillers...........................................
B arm en ......................................................................................
S an d m en ..................................................
L am p m e n ....................................................................................
L am p trim m ers............................ ..............................................
Callers-up (a d u lt)........................................................................
C a rria g e a n d w a g o n d e p a r tm e n t s ta ff.
Carriage exam iners.....................................................................
W agon ex am in ers....................................................................... [L o n d o n 8.........................
B rake ex am in ers......................................................................... [Province3.......................
B rake a d ju ste rs...........................................................................
Oil-gas m ak ers............................................................................. (L o n d o n 8........................
(P rovinces.......................
/L o n d o n 8........................
Oil-gas m akers’ assistants a n d firem en................................ \P
ro v in c es.......................
Carriage-lamp m e n .....................................................................
Carriage lig h ts.............................................................................. ¡L o n d o n 3.........................
Globe cleaners............................................................................ [P rovinces.......................
Oil-gas fillers................................................................................ !
Carriage cleaners.........................................................................
B rassers....................... ................................................................
¡L o n d o n 3........................
Carriage w ash ers......................................................................... [P
rovinces....................... !
Carriage a n d w agon oilers an d greasers................................
A xle-box cleaners.......................................................................
1 In effect u n til Sept. 30, 1920, th e n subject to sliding scale.
2 In d u strial and m ining areas and large tow ns and im p o rtan t ports and h ealth resorts.
3 As far o u t as 10 miles from Charing Cross.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[816]
INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS.
23
W E E K L Y R A T E S O F P A Y TO A D U L T S T A F F —Concluded.
S i g n a l a n d te le g r a p h s ta ff.
Grade.
C hief linem en.............................................................................
L in em e n ......................................................................................
L inem en ’s a ssistan ts................................................................
Storesm en...................................................................................
Electric locking installers, signal locking fitters, signal
fixers.........................................................................................
Gangers........................................................................................
Gangers’ assistan ts...................................................................
W irem en (te le g ra p h )...............................................................
L aborers......................................................................................
R u ra l.
In d u strial, etc.8.
L o n d o n 3.
R u ra l.
In d u strial, etc,8.
London 8.............
R u ra l...................
In d u strial, etc.8.
L o n d o n 3.............
R u ra l...................
In d u strial, e tc .2.
London 3.............
55
57
R u ra l...................
In d u strial, etc.2.
L o n d o n 3.............
R u ra l...................
In dustrial, e tc ,2.
L o n d o n 3.............
R u ra l...................
In d u strial, e tc .2.
L o n d o n 3.............
R u ra l...................
In d u strial, e tc .4.
L o n d o n 8.............
R u ra l...................
In d u strial, e tc .2.
L o n d o n 3. . . . ___
59
64
67
57
62
65
54
59
62
50
54
58
40
44
48
1 In effect u n til Sept. 30,1920, th e n su b ject to sliding scale.
2 In d u stria l an d m ining areas and large tow ns a n d im p o rtan t p orts and h ealth resorts.
3 As far ou t as 10 miles from C haring Cross.
It is reported that before these terms were accepted by the delegate
conference a resolution to refer the matter to the Triple Alliance1 was
introduced but not carried. The transport workers are engaged upon
the dockers’ demand for a 16s. raise, while the miners are occupied
with their nationalization campaign, and at present neither body can
afford to drop its own interests to assist the railwaymen. Moreover,
it is not likely that the three unions would strike because of the
slight differences at present existing between the railwavmen’s
demands and the Government’s offers.
Proposed Participation in Management by Employees.
N THE meantime there is a new phase of the railwaymen’s situation
to be considered. On November 16 Mr. Thomas, addressing a
meeting of railwaymen at Bristol, announced that the Government
proposed to give railwaymen a share in control of the railways by
creating the following machinery:
Three union representatives to join the Railway Executive, with coequal powers to
I
0 }
the general managers; a joint board, composed of five general managers and five
representatives of the unions, to deal with conditions of service; a body of 12 (4 from
the men, 4 from the railway companies, and 4 from the public, with an independent
chairman) to wiiich will be referred questions on which the joint board fails to agree;
bodies set up locally (with an equal number of both management and men) to deal
with grievances.
1 See M onthly L abor R e v ie w , June, 1919, pp. 169-177.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[617 ]
24
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
The full significance of these new concessions is not yet known and
on their face it does not seem that the railwaymen are actually gaining
any real share in control. The outstanding fact, however, is that
the Government has given full “ recognition” to the railway unions,
and it should be recalled that the strike of 1911 was virtually for that
very object. At that time a reluctant recognition was granted,
but this new offer to place union representatives on boards hitherto
reserved for general managers of the railways is apparently entirely
voluntary on the part of the Government. This is a very long step
indeed for the railwaymen to have advanced in a little more than
eight years.
Mr. Thomas’s first announcement was somewhat vague in that
the “ railway executive,” as such, was, in accordance with the
Transport Act of 1919, to cease to exist January 1, 1920, and the new
body has now been announced by Sir Eric Geddes as the “ railway
advisory committee,” and includes in its personnel four union officials
together with 12 railway officials. No promise has been made as to
the extent to which the Ministry of Transport will act upon the advice
of this committee. The four union representatives are Mr. Thomas,
Mr. C. T, Cramp, industrial secretary of the National Union of Railwaymen, Mr. Bromely, secretary of the Locomotive Engineers, and Mr.
A. G. Walkden, secretary of the Railway Clerks’ Association, who has
not been identified with labor politics, but is devoted to the administra
tive work of trade-unionism. These men are among the ablest of the
railway unions’ representatives and may be depended upon to gain
for the railwaymen all the voice in control possible in the existing
conditions, i. e., an advisory committee with a definite minority
representation of the railwaymen, and the retention of all executive
functions by the Ministry of Transport.
The joint board (five general managers and five railwaymen) to deal
with conditions of service has been named the “ Central wages
board,” and the final court (four from the railway companies, four
from the employees, and four from the public, with an independent
chairman) is to be known as the “ National wages board.” Of the
four public representatives, one is to be nominated by the parliamen
tary committee of the Trade-Union Congress, one by the Cooperative
Union, one by the Federation of British Industries, and one by the
Associated Chambers of Commerce.
Modification of “ Right to Strike.”
IR Eric
9, said
take place
referred to
Geddes, speaking in the House of Commons on December
that the railway unions had agreed that no strike should
until one month after the question in dispute had been
the National wages board. This statement would seem
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[618]
»
INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS.
H
25
to indicate that the railway unions have definitely accepted the
Government’s proposition in respect to these three bodies. Still, as
long as the standardization negotiations remain unsettled, there is
no likelihood of the wages boards functioning, as the offer specifically
states that they shall not take up any questions now being negotiated.
This would seem to indicate that the wages boards will not be set up
till standardization lias been definitely accomplished.
This renouncement of the privilege of the instantaneous strike
is important. During the 1911 strike the great inconvenience
suffered by the public acted as a lever to bring an early victory to the
railwaymen; but in 1919 the use of motor transport so eased the
situation that the strike may no longer be regarded as an irresistible
weapon of the railwaymen.
Trade-unionists as a rule are averse to compulsory arbitration or
to any limitation of the right to strike, hence it is not clear that the
leaders, who have apparently agreed to the one month postponement,
will have an easy task in obtaining the adherence of their members
to this provision.
The advisory committee will, it is supposed, terminate as such in
August, 1921, when, according to the Ministry of Transport Act,
Government control of the railways will cease. The minister has
authority, however, to increase rates, which will remain in force, if
necessary, for a year and a half after the date specified, and previous
compensation provisions to protect the shareholders will remain
unassailed. According to the arrangement between the companies
and the State, the railways must be returned to their proprietors
“ unimpaired in net revenue earning capacity.” It is little wonder,
therefore, that the Government has made a great effort to stick to its
original offers, which were supposed to be all the railways could
endure. The central and national wages boards, if they prove
successfully workable, are likely to be continued, although their
composition may be changed. From information at present available
it is not known just at what point the central wages board will begin
its duties and whether the adjustment of anomalies resulting from
the standardization scheme will fall to its lot.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[619]
PRICES AND COST OF LIVING.
Retail Prices of Food and Coal in the United
States.
ETAIL prices of food are secured by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics from retail dealers in 50 cities through monthly
reports of actual selling prices on the 15th of each month.
These reports represent many thousands of sales to housewives in
each of the 50 cities. Prices of 43 food articles 1 are now reported
monthly by retail dealers, and prices of storage eggs are secured in
January, February, October, November, and December. Quotations
are secured on similar grades of commodities in all cities. There are,
however, some local differences which must be taken into consider
ation when any comparison is made of the prices in the different cities.
1. The cut of beef known as “ sirloin” in Boston, Mass.; Man
chester, N. H.; Philadelphia, Pa.; and Providence, it. I., would be
known as “ porterhouse ” in other cities. In these four cities, owing
to the method of dividing the round from the loin, there is no cut
that corresponds to “ sirloin” in other cities. There is also a greater
amount of trimming demanded b}T the trade in these cities than in
others. This is particularly true of Providence, R. I.
2. In Boston, Mass.; Fall River, Mass.; Manchester, N. II.; New
Plaven, Conn.; Portland, Me.; and Providence, R. I., very little
fresh plate beef is sold, and prices are not secured from these cities
for this article.
3. The most of the sales in Newark, N. J., are on whole ham instead
of the sliced, as in other cities.
There are also other local factors which should be taken into con
sideration. The cities for which prices are shown are widely sepa
rated; some are in localities near the source of supply while others are
a greater distance from it, making it necessary to add to the prices
a greater amount for transportation. Methods and costs of doing
business vary greatly in different localities, due to the demands of
customers, and to rentals, wages, and other fixed charges or expenses.
In addition to food prices, the following retail prices are secured
from each of the 50 cities listed on page 38:
1 R etail prices for th e following 23 food articles have been secured each m onth since January, 1913: Sirloin
steak, ro u n d steak, rib roast, chuck roast, p late beef, pork chops, bacon, ham , lam b, lard, hens, flour,
corn meal, eggs, b u tte r, m ilk, bread, potatoes, sugar, cheese, rice, coffee, an d tea.
I n a d d itio n to these 23 articles, m o n th ly prices have been secured for the following 5 articles since
January, 1915: C anned salm on, n av y beans, onions, prunes, an d raisins.
M onthly re ta il prices have been secured since Jan u a ry , 1919, for th e following 15 articles: E vaporated
m ilk, oleomargarine, n u t m argarine, Crisco, rolled oats, corn flakes, C ream of W heat, m acaroni, cabbage,
baked beans, canned corn, canned peas, canned tom atoes, b an an as, a n d oranges.
Prices for storage eggs have been secured for Jan u a ry , F eb ru ary , N ovem ber, and D ecember only of
each y ear including 1919, w hen prices were also secured for October.
26
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[ 620]
PRICES A N D COST OF LIVING.
^
(a) Prices of coal are secured semiannually, and published in the
March and September issues of the M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w .
(b) Prices of gas are secured annually' and published in the June
issue of the M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w .
(c) Prices of dry goods are secured quarterly and published in
the April, July, October, and December issues of the M o n t h l y
Labor R
^
%
27
eview
.
Retail prices of food for January 15, 1920, show that the cost of
22 articles of food was 2 per cent higher than in December 15, 1919,
9 per cent higher than in January, 1919, and 104 per cent higher than
in January, 1913. These comparisons are based on actual retail
prices of 22 of the most essential foods,1 weighted according to the
consumption of the average family.
During the month from December 15, 1919, to January 15, 1920,
29 of the 44 articles of food for which prices were secured in 1919
increased as follows: Cabbage, 33 per cent; potatoes, 26 per cent;
granulated sugar, 23 per cent; onions, 11 per cent; lamb and robed
oats, 8 per cent each; hens, 7 per cent; plate beef, 6 per cent; flour,
5 per cent; sirloin steak, rib roast, chuck roast, bread, and Cream of
Wheat, 4 per cent each; round steak and raisins, 3 per cent each;
canned salmon and rice, 2 per cent each; ham, evaporated milk,
macaroni, baked beans, tea, coffee, and bananas, 1 per cent each.
Bacon, nut margarine, cheese, and Crisco increased less than fivetenths of 1 per cent each.
The 11 articles which decreased in price were: Strictly fresh eggs,
8 per cent; butter, 5 per cent; lard and canned tomatoes, 3 per cent
each; pork chops, storage eggs, and oranges, 2 per cent each; fresh
milk, canned corn, canned peas, and prunes, 1 per cent each.
Oleomargarine, corn meal, corn flakes, and navy beans were the
same in price as in December, 1919.
During the year period, January, 1919, to January, 1920, 25 of the
44 articles for which prices were secured on both dates increased as
follows: Onions, 120 per cent; cabbage, 98 per cent; potatoes,
69 per cent; granulated sugar, 65 per cent; raisins, 53 per cent; prunes,
47 per cent; coffee, 41 per cent; rice, 31 per cent; flour, 23 per cent;
rolled oats, 18 per cent; canned salmon, 16 percent; Crisco, 13 per
cent; Cream of Wheat and bananas, 11 per cent each; oleomargarine
and strictly fresh eggs, 10 per cent each; bread, 8 per cent; fresh milk
and corn meal, 6 per cent each; hens and butter, 5 per cent each;
evaporated milk and storage eggs, 4 per cent each; lard and macaroni,
2 per cent each; and lamb and tea, 1 per cent each.
Articles which decreased in price during the year were: Navy beans,
18 per cent; plate beef, 16 per cent; bacon, 14 per cent; canned toma
toes, 11 per cent; chuck roast and baked beans, 10 per cent each; pork
1 See first p arag rap h of footnote on p. 26. This com parison is based on ail th e articles for w hich prices
have been secured each m o n th since 1913, w eighted according to th e consum ption of th e average fam ily.
L am b, for w hich th e B u reau has no consum ption figures, is n o t included in this com parison.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[621 ]
28
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
chops, 8 per cent; ham and canned corn, 6 per cent each; round steak,
5 per cent; rib roast, 4 per cent; cheese and canned peas, 2 per
cent each; and sirloin steak, nut margarine, and oranges, 1 per cent
each. The price of corn flakes was the same as in January, 1919.
T able 1 .— A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S AN D P E R C E N T O F IN C R E A SE OR D E C R E A SE
JA N U A R Y 15, 1920, C O M PA R ED W IT H JA N U A R Y 15, 1919, AN D D E C E M B E R 15, 1919.
Per cent of increase ( + )
or decrease ( —) Jan.
15, 1920, compared
w ith—
Average retail price.
Article.
U nit.
Jan. 15,
1919.
Dec. 15,
1919.
Jan. 15,
1920.
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
Jan. 15,
1919.
Dec. 15,
1919.
Sirlnin steak
...................
Round steak
........................
R ib ro a st.....
.......................
Chuck ro a st..........................................
P la te beef.............................................
P o u n d ..........
........d o ...........
........d o ...........
........d o ...........
........d o ...........
41.1
39.0
32.6
28.0
21.9
39.1
35.9
30.3
24.3
17.3
40.5
37.0
31.4
25.3
18.4
-
P o rk chops...........................................
B acon....................................................
H a m .......................................................
l.a m b ........
.
.........................
H en s......................................................
........d o ...........
........d o ...........
........d o ...........
........d o ...........
........d o ...........
40.6
58.5
53.6
36.1
40.0
38.1
50.3
49.9
33.6
39.1
37.3
50.4
50.3
36.4
42.0
- 8
- 14
- 6
+ 1
Salmon, canned ..............................
Milk, fresh ............................................
Milk', evaporated (unsw eetened).. B u tte r...................................................
...................
Oleomargarine
........d o ...........
Q u a rt...........
15-16-oz.can.
P o u n d ..........
........d o ...........
32.1
15.6
16.3
TO. 5
39.6 •
36.4
16.7
16.9
78.0
43.4
37.1
16.6
17.0
74.2
43.4
+ 16
+ 6
+ 4
+ 10
(2)
N u t m arg arin e....................................
Cheese...................................................
L a rd .................
Crisco.....................................................
Eggs, stric tly fresh ............................
........d o ...........
........d o ...........
........d o ...........
........d o ...........
D ozen...........
36.4
44.5
33.4
33.5
75.2
35.8
43.3
34.9
37.7
90.1
35.9
43.4
34.0
37.8
82.7
- 1
- 2
+ 2
+ 13
+ 10
(')
G)
Eggs, storage....................................... ........d o ...........
B read...........
Pou n d 3........
F lo u r..................................................... P o u n d ..........
........d o ...........
Corn m e a l..
........d o ...........
Rolled o a ts...
59.9
9.8
6.6
6.2
8.4
10.2
7.7
6.6
9.2
62.5
10.6
8.1
6.6
9.9
+ 4
+ 8
+ 23
+ 6
+ 18
Corn flakes...........................................
Cream of W h e a t ................................
M acaroni...............................................
R ice.......................................................
Beans, n a v y ........................................
8-oz. p k g ___
28-oz. p k g . . .
P o u n d ..........
........d o ...........
........d o ...........
14.1
25.9
19.5
13.8
14.9
14.1
27.6
19.8
17.7
12.2
14.1
28.8
19.9
18.1
12.2
Potatoes ..
O nions...................................................
Cabbage................................................
B e a n s T ak o d ......................................
Corn, can n ed .......................................
. . . . d o ..........
........d o ...........
........d o ...........
No. 2 c a n . . .
........d o ...........
3.2
4.1
4.1
19.1
20.0
4.3
8.1
6.1
17.0
18.9
5.4
9.0
8.1
17.1
18.8
+ 69
+120
+ 98
- 10
- 6
+26
+ 11
+33
+ 1
- 1
Peas, can n ed .......................................
Tom atoes, can n ed..............................
Sugar, g ra n u la te d ..............................
Tea
7...............
Coffee.....................................................
........d o ...........
........d o ...........
P o u n d ..........
........d o .........
........d o ...........
19.3
17.6
10.8
69.2
35.0
19.2
16.1
14.5
69.3
48.9
19.0
17.8
70.1
49.2
—
+
+
+
- 1
- 3
+23
+ 1
+ 1
19.8
16.1
37.0
51.5
29.3
23.9
40.4
52.0
29.1
24.7
40.9
51.0
P ru n es................................................... ........d o ...........
........d o ...........
R aisins...........
D ozen...........
Bananas
___d o ........... I
Oranges.
22 weighted articles 4
i
i
n
1
5
4
10
16
+ ii
+ 2
+ 31
- 18
2
11
65
1
41
+ 47
+ 53
+ 11
- 1
+ 9
+
+
+
+
+
4
3
4
4
6
- 2
(l)
+ 1
+ 8
+ 7
+
+
-
(>)
2
1
1
5
- 3
- 8
- 2
+ 4
(2)
(2)
+ 8
+ 4
+ 1
+ 2
(2)
+
+
+
1
3
1
2
2
i
11n crease of less th a n five-tenths of 1 per cen t. 2 N o change in price.
2B aked weight.
< S eefirstp arag rap h offootrioteonp. 26; lam b is not included.
To show more clearly the extent of the change in the price of
each article within the last year, the chart on page 29 has been
prepared in which the articles are arranged in the order of per cent
of change in the year interval, beginning with onions, for which the
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[ 622]
January t^ j9 /9
PRICES AND COST OP LIVING.
165126°—20-----3
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[623]
29
30
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
price increased 119.6 per cent (in other words, considerably more
than doubled), and ending with dry navy beans, for which article,
the price decreased 18.1 per cent within the year.
Table 2 lists the articles arranged in the same order as in the chart,
from greatest increase to greatest decrease. In order to show minute
differences as between articles, the percentage of change is carried to
one decimal place; even then there are two instances in which two
articles had the same percentage of change.
This table and the chart takes no account of the changes in the
months intervening between January, 1919, and January, 1920.
4 ^-
T able 2 .—A R T IC L E S L IS T E D B Y P E R C E N T O P C H A N G E IN P R IC E B E T W E E N JA N U
A R Y , 1919, AND JA N U A R Y , 1920.
Articles th a t increased Jan u ary , 1919,
to Jan u ary , 1920.
O nions................................................................
Cabbage............................... ..............................
P o tato es.............................................................
Sugar............................................ ......................
R aisins................................................................
P ru n es................................................................
Coffee..................................................................
R ice.....................................................................
F lo u r.................................................................
Salm on...............................................................
Crisco... ..............................................
Cream of W h e a t. ..........................................
B an a n a s.........................................
Eggs, fresh ...............................................
Oleomargarine.....................................
B re ad ...............................................
Corn m eal.........................................
Milk, fr e s h ..................................
B u tte r .................................................
H ens........................................................
Milk, e v ap o rated ....................................
Eggs, sto rag e.........................................
L a rd ...................................
T e a ...................................................
Lam b .............................
C ornflakes..................................
P er cent
of in
crease.
119.6
97.6
68.8
64.8
53.4
47.0
40.6
31.2
22.7
15.6
12.8
11.2
10.5
10.0
9.6
8.2
Articles th a t decreased January, 1919,
to January, 1920.
Per cent
of de
crease.
O ranges. .
N u t m arg arin e...............................................
Sirloin ste a k ...................................................
Peas, c a n n e d ...
Cheese....... .
R ib ro a s t....
R o u n d steak .
Corn, can n ed__
H a m ..
P o rk chons..........
C huck roast
B aked b e a n s . . .
Tom atoes, canned .
Bacon...........
P late beef..
Beans, navy, d ry __
6.4
5.2
5.0
4.3
4.3
1.8
1.3
.8
(>)
1 0
1,4
1.5
15
2 5
3 7
5 1
f> 0
9
K1
Q fi
10 5
11 4
12 R
0
18.1
*
1 No change in price.
The chart is drawn on a logarithmic rather than on an arithmetic
scale. The logarithmic scale shows better the comparative effect of
changing prices than would an arithmetic scale.1 For, if a com
modity changes in price, say from $1 to $1.50, the price rises 50
per cent and the capacity to buy this article is diminished by onethird, while if the same commodity changes from $1 to $0.50, v/hich
means a fall of 50 per cent, the capacity to buy is doubled. A fall
of 50 per cent from a given price has therefore a greater effect on
the family budget than a 50 per cent rise from the same price and
should be shown on a correspondingly larger scale.
For the seven-year period, January, 1913, to January, 1920, 2 of
the 24 articles for which prices were secured in January, 1913, and
upon which this comparison can be based, increased over 200 per
1 For discussion of th e logarithm ic ch art, see article on “ Comparison of arithm etic a nd ratio c harts,” by
L ucien W. Chaney, Monthly L abor R eview for March, 1919, p p. 20-34. Also, T he “ R a tio ” C hart, by
Prof. Irving Fisher, rep rin ted from Q uarterly Publications of th e Am erican S tatistical Association, June,
1917, 24 pages.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[624]
^
PRICES A N D COST
31
O F L IV IN G .
cent. Potatoes were 238 per cent and granulated sugar 207 per cent
higher than in January, 1913. This m e a n s that the price hi January,
1920, w a s m o r e than three times w h a t it w a s in 1913. T h e price of
9 other articles m o r e than doubled during this period. P o rk chops
increased 101 per cent; lamb, 102 per cent; hens, 107 per cent; rice,
110 per cent; c o m meal, 120 per cent; lard, 121 per cent; strictly
fresh eggs, 123 per cent; storage eggs, 143 per cent; and flour, 145
per cent.
Table 3.— A V E R A G E
R E T A IL P R IC E A N D P E R C E N T O F IN C R E A S E OR D E C R E A S E
JA N U A R Y 15, OF EA C H S P E C IF IE D Y E A R C O M PA R E D W IT H JA N U A R Y 15, 1913.
Per cent of increase (+) or decrease
(- Jan. 15 of each specified year
compared w ith Jan. 15, 1913.
Average retail price , Jan. 15Article.
U nit.
1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920
C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts .
Sirloin steak:..............
R ound s te a k ............
R ib roast....................
Chuck ro a s t..............
Plate beef...................
P ound..
...d o .......
. ..d o .......
. ..d o .......
. ..d o .......
23.8 25.1 25.4 25.7 27.6
20.6 22. S 22.8 22.8 24.7
18. 7 19.7 19.9 19.9 21.6
14.9 16.9 16.3 16.2 17.4
11.0 12.3 12.4 12.0 13.2
32.7
30.6
25.8
22.1
17.2
41.1 40.5 + 5 + 7 + 8 + 16 +
39.0 37.0 + 11 + 11 + 11 + 20 +
32.6 31.4 + 5 + 6 + 8 + 16 +
28.0 25.3 +13 + 9 + 9 + 17 +
21.9 18.4 +12 +13 + 9 + 20 +
Pork chops.................
Bacon..........................
H a m .............................
L a m b ...........................
lie n s ............................
. ..d o ___
. ..d o .......
. ..d o .......
. ..d o .......
. ..d o .......
18.6 20.7 18.6 18.6 23.6
25.5 26.4 27.3 27.3 29.6
25.3 26.5 26.5 29.4 30.6
18.0 18.8 20.6 20.5 23.9
20.3 21.2 20.3 21.7 25.5
34.3
48.6
43.6
30.8
32.9
40.6
58.5
53.6
36.1
40.0
^ ^ S a lm o n , can n ed........
Milk, fr e s h ................
Milk, evaporated,
unsw eetened.
B u tte r ........................
O leom argarine..........
\
m Bf
^
37.3 +11 O
C) +
50.4 + 4 + 7
+
50.3 + 5 + 5 +16
36.4 + 4 +14 +14 +
42.0 + 4 (l) + 7 +
.. „do.......
19.8 20.0 21.4 29.2 32.1 37.1
Q u a rt... 8.9 9.1 9.0 8.9 9.9 13.4 15.6 16.6 + 2 + 1 (Q
15-16 oz.
16.3 17.0
can.
P o u n d . . 41.0 39.8 38.6 38.2 45.3 56.7 70.5 74.2 - 3 - 6 - 7
...d o .......
39.6 43.4
N ut m arg arin e..........
Cheese. . ^...................
L a r d ...........................
Crisco...........................
Eggs, stric tly fresh ..
. ..d o .......
. ..d o ....... 22.222.9 23.2 24.3 31.2 34.5
. ..d o ....... 15.4 15.8 15.4 17.5 21.4 32.9
. „.do.......
D ozen... 37.1 43.5 44.3 42.4 54.4 67.4
Eggs, storage.............
Bread..........................
F lo u r...........................
Corn m e a l..................
Rolled oats.................
. ..d o .......
Pound 2.
P o u n d ..
. ..d o .......
. ..d o .......
Corn flak es.................
Cream of W h e a t___
Macaroni.....................
R ic e .............................
Beans, n a v y ..............
8-oz. pkg
14.1
28-oz. pkg
25.9
P o u n d ..
19.5
. ..d o ....... 8.6 8.7 9.1 9.1 9.1 11.7 13.8
. ..d o .......
7.3 9.1 14.5 18.5 14.9
P otato es.....................
Onions.........................
C abbage......................
Beans, b a k e d ............
Corn, can n ed.............
. ..d o ....... 1.6 1.9 1.5 2.4 3.9 3.2 3.2 5.4 +19 - 6 +50
. ..d o .......
3.4 4.1 6.9 5.0 4.1 9.0
.. .do.......
4.1 8.1
No. 2 can
19.1 17.1
. ..d o .......
20.0 18.8
Peas, canned.............
Tom atoes, c an n e d ...
Sugar, g ra n u la te d ...
T e a ..............................
Codec..........................
.. .d o .......
.. .d o .......
P o u n d .. 5.8 5.2 6.0 6.7 8.0 9.5
. ..d o ....... 54.3 54.5 54.6 54.6 54.6 62.3
. ..d o ....... 29.9 29.6 29.9 29.9 29.9 30.4
P ru n es.........................
R aisins........................
Mammas.....................
Oranges.......................
. ..d o .......
...d o .......
D ozen...
. ..d o .......
36.4 35.9
44.5 43.4
33.4 34.0
33.5 37.8
75.2 82.7
25.7
59.9
5.6 6.2 6.8 7.0 7.9 9.3 9.8
3.3 3.2 4.0 3.9 5.6 6.6 6.6
3.0 3.1 3.3 3.2 4.0 7.0 6.2
8.4
70
68
68
70
67
27 + 84 + 118 + 101
16 + 91 + 129 + 98
+ 72 + 112 + 99
33
+101 + 102
26 + 62 + 97 + 107
+
11
51
+
76
+
87
+
10 + 38
+
72
+
81
+ 3 + 5 + 9+
+ 3 0) +14 +
+ 17 +19 +14 +
+
+ 55 +100 + 95
+ 114 + 117 + 121
47 + 82 + 103 + i23
41
39
62.5
+ 134 +143
10.6 +11 +21 +25 + 41 + 66 + 75 + 89
8.1 - 3 +21 +18 + 70 + 100 + 100 + 145
6.6 + 3 +10 + 7 + 33 + 133 + 107 + 120
9.9
14.1
28.8
19.9
18.1
12.2
+
1
19.3 19.0
17.6 15.6
10.8 17.8 - 1 0
69.2 70. 1 (3)
35.0 49.2 - 7
+
6
+6+
6
+ 36 +
60
+ 110
+ 144 + 100 + 100 +238
+ 3 + 16 + 38 + 64 + 86 +207
+ 1 + X+ 1+ 15 + 27 + 29
C) C1) « + 2 + 17 + 65
13.7 13.3 13.9 16.4 19.8 29.1
12.5 12. 6 14.1 15.0 16.1 24.7
37.0 40.9
51.5 51.0
+
22 weighted a rtic le s1
5
+
5
+ 9+
No change in price.
B aked w eight.
Increase of less th a n five-tenths of 1 per cent.
See first p a ra g ra p h of footnote on p 26; lam b is n o t included
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
37 + 73 +
49 + 89 +
38 + 74 +
48 + 88 +
56 + 99 +
[625]
29 + 62
+
88 +104
32
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
Ill Table 4 are given the average prices for each of the 44 articles of
food for each month of 1919 and for the years 1913 and 1919. The
percentage changes in the prices of each of the articles for which
prices were secured in 1913 are shown in Table 6, on page 36. These
relative figures show the relation that the price of each article for
each month, January, 1913, to January, 1920, bears to the average
price of each article in the year 1913.
Table 5 shows for each month of 1919, and for the years 1913 and
1919, the average family expenditure for 22 articles of food1weighted
according to the consumption of the average family. The percentage
changes in these expenditures, as compared with the average expen
diture in the year 1913, are shown by the use of relative figures. For
example, the average expenditure in the year 1919 is represented by
the relative figure 186 when the average expenditure for the year
1913 is taken as the base, or 100. This shows a percentage increase
of 86 per cent. These relative figures are also shown in the last col
umn of Table 6.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 See first paragraph of footnote on p. 26; lam b is n o t included.
PRICES A N D COST OF LIVING,
33
T able 4 .—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S AN D A V E R A G E FA M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E S F O R
C E R T A IN S P E C IF IE D A R T IC L E S OF FO O D F O R T H E Y E A R 1913, JA N U A R Y TO DECE M B E R , 1919, IN C L U S IV E , A N D F O R T H E Y E A R 1919.
1919
U nit. Year
1913.
A rticle.
Y ear
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Ju n e July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dee.
C is .
Sirloin stea k .................
R ound ste a k .................
R ib ro a st.......................
Chuck ro a s t..................
P la te beef......................
L b.
L b.
L b.
L b.
Lb.
P ork c h o p s................... L b.
Bacon, sliced................ Lb.
H am , sliced.................. Lb.
L a m b ............................. Lb.
H e n s............................... Lb.
Salmon, c an n e d ..........
Milk, fresh ....................
Milk, evaporated (unsw eetened)................
B u tte r......... ’..................
Oleom argarine.............
Lb.
Q t.
(i )
Lb.
N u t m arg arin e............. L b.
Cheese............................ Lb.
L a rd ............................... T >b .
Crisco............................. L b.
Eggs, stric tly fresh__ Doz.
C ts .
1919.
C ts .
C ts .
C ts :
C ls .
C ts .
C ts .
25.4 41.1
39.0
19.8 32.6
16.0 28.0
12.1 21.9
41.2
38.8
32.6
27.9
21.9
41.8
39.4
334
28.4
22.1
437
40.5
34.6
29.4
22.6
44.1
41.6
35.2
29.7
22-5
C ts .
43.1
40.4
33.8
28.1
21.0
43.4
40.7
33.5
27.7
20.3
42.1 40.9 39.8 39.3
39.5 37.9 36.9 36 2
32.4 31.2 30.6 30 2
26 6 25.3 24.5 24.2
19.3 18.2 17.6 17.3
C ts .
39.1
35 9
30 3
24.3
17.3
41.7
38.9
32.5
27.0
20.2
21.0
27.0
26 9
18.9
21.3
37.9
55.3
51.8
36 . 4
39.6
38.6
54.9
51.4
38.0
41.1
41.4
57.2
52.9
39.9
43.0
43.0
56.7
54.5
39.6
43.5
42.4
57.2
55.2
38.4
42.6
46.2
58.1
56.7
38.2
42.0
46.9
57.7
56.9
36.4
41.8
38.1
50.3
49 9
33 6
39.1
53.4
36.5
41.1
2 2 .a
40.6
58.5
53.6
36.1
40.0
C ts .
C ts .
46.0
55.6
55.2
34.6
41.4
C 's .
44.3
52.8
52.4
33.9
40.3
C s.
42.1
51.0
50 5
334
39.2
42.3
32.1 31.7 32.1 32.2 31.9 32.0 32.2 32.3 33.6 34.8 35.7 36.4 33.1
8.9 15.6 15.5 15.3 15.0 14.9 14.9 15.0 15.5 15.7 16.0 16.4 16.7 15.5
16.3 16.4 15 . 3 15 0 15.1 15 4 15 9 10 3 10 5 10 0
38.3 70.5 57.2 66.5 71.3 67.9 63.3 62.8 64.1 65.7 71.1 75.4 78.0 67.8
39.6 39.2 39 0 39.2 40.4 41.4 41 9 42 5 42 8 42 0
36.4
44.5
15.8 33.4
33.5
34.5 75.2
22.1
35.9
40.9
32.1
33.8
50.6
35 5 35.2 35.3 35.4 35.7 35.8 35.8 35.8 35.8 35.8 35.7
40 5 41.9 42.2 42.4 43.0 43.5 43.0 42.4 43.0 43.3 42.6
33 4 35.3 38.8 40.2 42.0 42.0 38.2 36.1 36 5 34.9 36.9
33 2 33.4 33.9 35.3 38.9 40.5 39.5 37.5 37.8 37.7 36.3
4S .3 49.3 53.1 53.5 56.6 60.2 63.2 72.0 81.0 90.1 62.8
Eggs, sto rag e................ Dos.
B re ad ............................. i L b .2
F lo u r.............................. Lb.
Corn m e a l..................... Lb.
R olled o a ts ................... Lb.
59.9 59.9
5.7 9.8 9.8
3.3 6.6 6.7
3.0 6.2 6.0
,8 4 8 4
Corn flakes.................... G)
Cream of W h e a t.......... (4)
M acaroni..................
Lb.
R ice................................ L b.
Beans, n a v y ................. L b.
14.1 14.1 14.1 14.0 14.1 14.0 14.1 14.0 14.0 14.1 14.1 14.1 14.1
9r> 9 2d 1
IQ 3
IQ 4
19 3 I Q 3
19 4
8.7 13.8 14.3 13.4 13.4 13.4 13.8 14.6 15.5 16.5 17.3 17.6 17.7 15.1
14.9 13. 7 12 . 5 12.1 12. 0 12.1 12.1 12 . 3 12.4 12 0
Potato es......................... Lb.
O nions........................... Lb.
Cabbage......................... L b.
B eans^baked............... (5)
Corn, c an n e d ................ (5)
1.7
Peas, c an n e d ................
Tom atoes, c an n e d ___
Sugar, g ran u lated .......
T ea..................................
Coffee.............................
(*)
(•)
L b.
L b.
Lb.
P ru n e s........................... L b.
R aisins........................... L b.
B ananas.........................
O ranges......................... Doz.
9.8
6.8
5.9
8 3
9.8
7.2
6.0
8 4
9.8
7.5
6.2
8.5
59.2 61 8 63 5
9.9 10.0 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.2 10 2 10.0
7.5 7.5 7.4 7.3 7.3 7.4 7.7 7.2
6.3 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.6 6 6 6 6 6.4
8 5 8 7 8 Q Q 1 Q 2
3.1 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.8 4.8 5.0 4.3 3.8 3.9 4.3
4 3 0 0 6 9 10 7
9 8 7 8
4.3 5. 3 9.1 9 . 6 0 8 fi 9. 5 3 4 9 4 5
19 1 18 . fi 18.1 17.7 17.5 17 3 17 3 17 1 17 1 17 1 17 0 17 n
2 0 . 0 19. 0 19.3 19 . 2 19.1 19 1 19 3 I Q 1
I Q 1 18 Q 18 Q
3.2
4 1
3.8
4 .1
19.3 19.2 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.2 19.1 19.2 19.1
17.6 17.0 16.4 15.9 15.8 15.9 16.1 15.9 16.0 16.1
11.1 11.0 11.4
54.4 69.2 68.4 70.4 69.7 69.8 70 . 1. 70 . 5 70.7 70.7 71.0
29.8 35.0 36.6 37.6 38.5 40.5 42-6 46.2 47.8 48.8 48.6
5.5 10.8 10.7 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.9
19.8
16.1
37.0
51.5
20 3
16.2
35 . 0
46.8
1 15-16-ounce can.
2 B aked w eight.
20.9
16.4
36 . 6
53.2
21.9 23.2 25.4 20 5
16.3 16.5 16.8 17.3
37 . 6 38 . 8 38 . 2 39 . 2
55.5 54.1 54.4 53.4
27 4 28 0 2Q 0
18.0 19.4 20.9
39 1 38 4 3Q 3
53.7 ¿ 3.9 55.3
3 8 -ounce package.
28-ounce package.
19.1
16.1
12.5
71.3
48.9
19.2
16.1
14.5
69.3
48.9
19.1
16.2
11.3
70.1
43.3
30 9 2Q 3
22.7 23.9
3Q Q 4 0 4
54.2 52.0
95 2
18.4
38 3
63.2
s No. 2 can.
*
T able 5 .—A V E R A G E A C TU A L A N D R E L A T IV E F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E F O R 22 FO O D
A R T IC L E S . 1
1919.
Y ear
1913.
J a n .2
F e b .2 M ar .2 A p r .2 M ay .2 J u n e .2 J u ly .2 A ug .2 S e p t .2 O ct .2 N ov .2 Dec .2
Y ear
1919.
$343.94 ¡.$636.97 $591.70 $602.88 $624.82 $635.83 $632.79 $653.39 $659.70 .$647.73 $648.62 $661.08 $676 22 $639.26
100
! 185
172
175
182
185
184
190
192
188
189
1 See first p arag rap h of footnote on p. 26; lam b is n o t included.
2 Cost of y ear’s su p p ly a t prices charged in specified m onth.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[627]
192
197
186
34
M O N T H L Y L A BO R REVIEW.
Relative R etail Prices of 22 Articles of Food.
TABLE 6 the average monthly and yearly prices of 22 food
1 are shown as relative prices or
of the aver
IageNarticles
prices for the year 1913. These relatives are computed by divid
'percentages
ing the average price of each commodity for each month and each
year by the average price of that commodity for 1913. The rela
tive prices or percentages are computed to enable the reader more
readily to grasp the per cent of change in the prices of an article.
Relative prices must be used with caution, however. For example,
the relative price of pork chops in November, 1919, was 200, which
means that the money price was 200 per cent of the money price in
1913 or, in other words, the price doubled. The relative price of
pork chops in December was 181, showing a drop of 19 points since
November. This is not a drop of 19 per cent. It is a drop of 19
points from 200, which is a decrease of only 9.5 per cent.
In the last column of this table are given index numbers showing
the changes by months and years in the retail cost of the 22 food ar
ticles weighted according to the importance of each article in the con
sumption of the average family. To aid the general reader, a brief
description of the method used to compute these index numbers is
given. The average price per unit of each commodity is multiplied
by the number of units of that commodity consumed by the average
family. The products are the cost To the average family of each of
the 22 food articles. These products for each month and year are
added. The aggregates thus obtained give the cost to the average
family for each month and year of the 22 food articles. These aggre
gates show the actual money cost of the family market basket for each
month and year. It would be very difficult to see at a glance the
percentage changes in the cost of the family market basket from
these aggregate money costs. The aggregates are therefore changed
to percentages of the aggregate cost for the year 1913 by dividing
each aggregate by the 1913 aggregate. The principle is the same as
that used in converting the money prices of individual articles into
relatives or percentages of the 1913 prices. The percentages thus
obtained are called index numbers. They show what the cost of the
f ami l y market basket is in each month and year in percentages of
the cost of the same market basket in the year 1913. Since index
numbers are merely relatives or percentages of the prices of a group
of commodities, they must be used with all the caution required in
the use of relative prices in general. Prices are obtained each month
for 43 food articles, but only 22 of these articles are included in the
retail food price index because the amounts consumed by the average
family have been obtained as yet for only these 22 articles. These
1 See first p arag rap h of footnote- on p . 26; lam b is n o t included.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[628 ]
PRICES ANI> COST OF LIVING.
35
articles comprise about two-thirds of the entire food budget of the
average family and reflect with great accuracy changes in the cost of
the food budget.
From September, 1915, there has been a steady increase in the cost
of these 22 articles of food. In December, 1918, the cost of these
foods was 87 per cent above the 1913 average. In January, 1919,
there was a slight decline. February prices declined 7 per cent, but
from, that date until June the prices advanced. In June there was a
decline of less than five-tenths of 1 per cent. July prices increased
3 per cent. August prices showed a further increase of 1 per cent,
reaching the highest level up to that date. In September there was
a decrease of 2 per cent ; in October, a further decrease of two-tenths
of 1 per cent; but in November, there was an increase of more than 2
per cent, which brought the cost up to the previous high-water mark
in August. In December there was a further increase of 2.6 per cent.
This made the cost in December of these 22 food articles 2.6 per cent
higher than ever. In January, 1920, there was a further increase of
2 per cent. Using the average cost in the year 1913 as the base, or
100, the relative figure representing the January cost was 201, or an
ihcrease of 101 per cent over the year 1913, which means that the
price of these 22 foods has more than doubled since 1913.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[629]
T able 6 .—R E L A T IV E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T IC L E S O F FO O D IN T H E U N IT E D ST A TES, JA N U A R Y , 1913, TO JA N U A R Y , 1920.
CO
05
22
Year and m onth.
1913: Av. fo r y e a r . .
Jan u ary .............
F e b ru a rv ..........
March................
A p ril..................
M ay....................
J u n e ...................
J u ly ....................
A ugust...............
Septem ber........
O ctober.............
N ovem ber........
December.........
1914: A v .f o r y e a r ..
Jan u ary .............
CT
F e b ru a ry ..........
Co
M arch................
O
April..................
May....................
J u n e ...................
J m y ...................
A ugust...............
S eptem ber........
O ctober.............
N ovem ber........
December..........
1915: Av. fo r y e a r . .
Jan u ary .............
F e b ru a ry ..........
M arch................
A p ril..................
May....................
J u n e ...................
J u ly ...................
A ugust...............
Septem ber........
O ctober.............
N ovem ber........
December.........
1916: Av. fo r y e a r .
Jan u ary .............
F eb ru ary ..........
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
•
Sirloin Round R ib Chuck P late Pork B a H am. Lard. Hens. Eggs. B ut Cheese. M ilk .
ter.
steak. steak. roast. roast. beef. chops. con.
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
94
94
97
92
93
96
99
95
95
98
93
93
98
92
93
98
100
100
103
103
103
103
99
103
104
108
107
191
104
105
104
103
108
91
77
73
76
81
87
96
109
107
108
108
106
94
92
91
92
98
121
102
101
102
101
101
101
101
101
101
102
102
102
102
93
94
97
99
99
95
97
101
101
102
94
95
97
99
97
98
99
101
101
102
102
102
101
101
100
100
89
90
97
103
102
101
100
101
99
105
103
104
104
99
102
102
99
99
102
102
102
100
100
102
103
103
105
106
109
113
100
101
101
102
102
102
102
102
102
97
105
99
101
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153
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Jan u a ry .............
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129
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1917: A v , f o r y e a r .
[631]
1919: A v . f o r y e a r .
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130
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https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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124
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178
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187
186
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152
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199!
PRICES A N D COST OF LIVING,
Jan u ary .............
F e b ru a ry ..........
M arch................
A p ril..................
M ay....................
J u n e ...................
J u ly ...................
A u g u st..............
Septem ber........
O ctober.............
N ovem ber........
December.........
104
106
109
113
113
112
111
108
106
106
124
109
113
116
125
127
129
129
130
131
130
124
126
M arch................
A p ril..................
M ay....................
J u n e ...................
J u ly ....................
A u g u st..............
Septem ber........
O ctober.............
N ovem ber........
December.........
*
•
38
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
The curve shown in the chart on page 39 pictures more readily to
the eye the changes in the cost of the family market basket and the
trend in the cost of the food budget than do the index numbers given
in the table. The chart has been drawn on the logarithmic scale 1be
cause the percentages of increase or decrease are more accurately
shown .than on the arithmetic scale.
Retail Prices of Food in 50 Cities on Specified Dates.
YERAGE retail food prices are shown in Table 7 for 19 cities
for December 15, 1919, and for January 15 of each year, 1913,
1914, 1918, 1919, and 1920. These cities are as follows:
A tlanta, Ga.
B altim ore, Md.
B inningham , Ala.
Boston, Mass.
BuSalo, N. Y.
Chicago, 111.
Cleveland, Ohio.
D enver, Colo.
D etroit, Mich.
Los Angeles, Calif.
Milwaukee, Wis,
New Orleans, La.
New York, N. Y.
P hiladelphia, Pa.
P ittsburgh, Pa.
St. Louis, Mo.
San Francisco, Calif.
Seattle, Wash.
W ashington, D. 0.
In Table 8, average prices are shown for December, 1919, and Jan
uary, 1920, for 31 other cities as follows:
Bridgeport, Conn.
B utte, Mont.
Charleston, S. 0.
C incinnati, Ohio.
Columbus, Ohio.
Dallas, Tex.
F all R iver, Mass.
H ouston, Tex.
Indianapolis, Ind,
Jacksonville, Fla.
Kansas City, Mo.
L ittle Rock, Ark.
Louisville, Ky.
Manchester, N. H .
Memphis, Temi.
Minneapolis, M inn.
Mobile, Ala.
Newark, N. J.
New H aven, Conn,
Norfolk, Ya.
Omaha, Nebr.
Peoria, 111.
Portland, Me.
P ortland, Oreg.
Providence, R. I.
Richm ond, Ya.
Rochester, N. Y.
St. Paul, Minn.
Salt Lake City, U tah.
Scranton, Pa.
Springfield, 111.
1 F o r discussion of th e logarithm ic c h art, see article on “ Comparison of arithm etic a nd ra tio ch arts,” by
Lucien W . Chaney, M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w for M arch, 1919, p p. 20-34. Also, T he “ R a tio ” c h a rt, by
Prof. Irv in g Fisher, rep rin ted from Q u arterly Publications of th e A m erican S tatistical Association, June,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
•
•
*
T R E N D IN R E T A IL P R IC E S O F 22 FO O D A R T IC L E S , C O M B IN ED , F O R T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S , B Y M O N T H S, JA N U A R Y , 1913, TO JA N U A R Y , 1920.
[Average for 1913=100.]
4Q0
375 .
350
325
300
275
250
200
175
150
[633]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
125
100
75
PRICES AND COST OF LIVING,
225
50
40
CO
40
40
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
T able 7 .—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T IC L E S OF
[The prices show n in Tables 7 a n d 8 are com puted from reports sent m o n th ly to the B ureau b y retail
A tlan ta, Ga.
B altim ore, Md.
Jan. 15—
A rticle.
U nit.
J a n . 15—
Dec. Jan.
Dec. Jan .
15, 15,
15, 15,
1919.
1920.
1913 1914 1918 1919
1913 1914 1918 1919 1919. 1920.
C ts .
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C ts .
Sirloin ste a k .....................................
R ound ste a k ....................................
R ib ro a s t..........................................
Chuck ro a st......................................
P la te beef............... .........................
37.4
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52.1
34. 4
37.9
37.1
53.5
50.8
39.3
39.5
18.0
21.3
29.0
17.3
20.0
17.5
22.3
29.0
18.0
21.3
34.8
45.0
49.1
32.7
35.1
41.0
54.3
58.7
38.5
42.0
33.5
42. 4
50.8
32.8
39.5
34.6
41.1
52.2
36.9
44.0
Salm on (canned)............................
Milk, fresh ........................................
Milk, evaporated (unsw eetened).
B u tte r ............................................
O leom argarine...............................
L b ..
22.8 28.5 28.8 30.2
26.2 28.9 34.2 35.2
Q t . . 10.0 10.6 17.5 21.7 25.0 -25.0 8.8 8.7 13.0 17.0 16.0 16.0
16.6 18 1 18. 8
16.7 16. 4 16.6
(2)
L b . . 42.4 40.4 58.3 74.8 73 5 77 6 42.8 40.6 59.1 77.4 81 2 79.2
L b ..
47 ! 5 46. 4
38.6 41.0 40.8
N u t m arg arin e................................
Cheese................................................
L a rd ...................................................
Crisco.................................................
Eggs, strictly fresh .........................
L b ..
L b .. 25.0 25.0 34.7
L b .. 14.8 15.5 34.4
L b ..
Doz. 30.8 39.3 67.5
40.1
47.3
34.9
36.3
70.2
Eggs, storage....................................
B read.................................................
F lo u r.................................................
Com m eal.........................................
R olled o a ts .......................................
Doz. 25.0 35.0 59.0
Lb. 3 6.0 5.6 10. C
L b .. 3.6 3.4 7.0
L b .. 2.4 2.7 5.0
L b ..
59.3 63.1 55.7 25.0 34.0 54.1 60.7 61.9 61.9
10.0 10.0 10.0 5.-1 5.5 8.7 9.7 9.6 9.6
6.9 7.3 7.5 3.2 3.1 6.6 6.8 8 0 8.4
5.8 5.6 5.5 2.6 2.5 6.1 5.9 5. 5 5.5
10.9 10. 6 10.8
7.1 7 .9 9.4
Corn flakes....................................... («)
Cream of W h e a t............................. (5)
M acaro n i.......................................... L b ..
R ice.................................................... L b ..
Beans, n a v y ..................................... L b ..
P o tato es............................................ L b ..
Onions............................................... L b . .
C abbage............................................ L b ..
Beans, b a k e d ................................... (6)
Corn, c an n e d ................................... («)
8.6
2.0
14.2
25.8
20 3
8.6 11.1 14.4
19.0 17.1
2.3
3.9
5.9
40. 7
42.8
31.4
34.3
91.4
14 1
27.9
20 5
17.6
14. 7
14.1
27. 8
20 3
17. 5
14.6
4.2 4.8 6.0
5.6 9.1 9.8
4.9
8 4
19.3 16 3 16 0
21.7 20. 0 19.9
Peas, canned.................................... (6)
22J? 20 4
Tomatoes, can n ed.......................... (6)
16 0 14 5
Sugar, g ra n u la te d ........................... L b . . 6.1 5.5 10.4 l i . i 2 2 .6
T ea..................................................... L b .. 60.0 60.0 79.3 89.9 87.6
Coffee................................................. L b .. 32.0 32.Ü 29.7 34.0 51.0
P ru n es............................................... L b ..
R aisin s.............................................. L b ..
B an an as............................................
Oranges.............................................
38.0
42.5 23.3 23.3 35.5
31.2 14. C 14.7 33.2!
37.1
76.7 33.8 38.8 74.1
16 7 13.5 9.4 8
17.1 13 2 22 3
27.7 3 4 .2
39.3 41.3
20 2
14 6
9.0
1.7
38.6
47.3
33. C
32.4
73.8
13 5
23.4
17 3
9 .0 11.5 13.6
18 6 15.8
1 .8
3 .6
5.1
35. 9 35.1
43.2 43.8
32.2 32.3
35.7
87.8 84.4
12 9 13.1
27.1
18 3
17.9
U 7
27.8
18.7
18.3
11.7
4.5
3 .4
3 .6
3 8 7 5 8.6
4 1
9.1
17 3 15 5 15.5
20 4 17.8 18.4
18 7 18 9 18.8
16 9
14 0
2 2 .1
5.1 4 .7 9 .4 10.4 13.8 16.9
8 6 .9 56.0 56.0 65.3 7 3 .2 71.6 72.4
51.6 25.2 24.8 27.7 3 3 .8 45.8 44.9
25 3
22 9
32.1
39. 4
16 6 IQ 4
15.3 17 8
30 0
46.2
30 1
9,3 8
32 2
52.2
98 7
94 1
33. 6
41.5
¡The steak for w hich prices are here reported is know n as “ porterhouse” in m ost of th e cities included
in th is table, b u t in th is city it is called sirloin steak.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
r634]
PRICES AND COST OF LIVING,
41
FO O D F O R JA N . 15, 1013, 1914, 1918, 1919, 1920, A N D D EC . 15, 1919, F O R 19 C IT IE S .
B irm ingham , Ala.
Jan . 1,!—
Boston, Mass.
Jan.
Jan.
10,
1913 1914 1918 1919 1919. 1920. 1913 1914 1918
Buffalo, N . Y.
J a n . 15—
Dec. Jan.
15,
15,
1919. 1920. 1913 1914
1918 1919
Dec.
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
25.0
19.6
19.9
15.1
10.0
28.0
23.0
21.0
16.5
11.5
35.0
30.5
26. S
21.9
17.1
40.7
37.7
32.6
28.3
22.5
38.7
36.8
30.8
25.5
17.0
40.7
38.0
31.5
25.5
17.6
19.4
31.3
30.0
20.0
18.7
22.9
34.0
32.0
22.0
19.3
33.5
52.0
45.0
35.0
30.1
40.2
62.4
53.5
38.0
36.9
39.8
57.3
52.3
38.5
36.1
36.6
57.1
51.5
38.5
37.0
41.0
53.0
58.1
40.2
43.3
39.0
46.3
53.3
37.6
45.1
38.3
47.8
55.1
40.7
45.8
27.2 31.8
10.3 ÌÓ.Ò 15.2 20.0
15.1
44. Ò 43.0 59.5 77.2
42.0
39.5
25.0
17.5
82.1
45.8
39.3
30.° 32.3
25.0 8.9 8.9 14.5 16.5
17.8
16.9
78.1 38.5 38.2 54.4 71.1
38.9
45.1
35.1
17.0
17.1
72.
42.
40.3
23. Ò 22.5 35.6 47.8
15.3 15.9 32.7 33.1
33.7
33.8 38.8 68.3 74.3
38.3
42.3
35.0
37.3
89.1
38.4
42.6 23.1 24.0 33.2
33.5 15.4 15.8 33.4
37.5
75.0 41.0 47.3 79.1
25.0 30.0 57.9 69.5
6.4 5.6 10.0 11.7
3.8 3.8 6.7 7.2
2.1 2.6 5.1 5.3
10.8
64.2
9.6
7.6
5.3
11.1
61.5 26.4 36.3 54.1 58.8
9.6 5.9 5.9 8.7 9.1
7.8 3.7 3.6 7.4 6.8
5.3 3.5 3.6 7.7 6.8
11.7
7.3
65.1
9.6
8.4
7.4
7.9
64.7 23.3 34.0 52.6
11.0 5.6 5.2 9.3
8.8 2.9 2.9 6.2
7.2 2.5 2.7 7.7
14.8
25.2
21.1
7.9 12.5 13.4
19.2 17.4
14.8
26.8
20.9
17.7
14.2
14.7
28.8
20.8
18.3
13.6
13. S
24.2
22.4
9.4 12.0 14.0
18.8 15.4
13.9
27.4
3.9
6.0
4.3
4.6
4.7
20.5
20.6
5.1
9.1
6.5
18.1
19.2
6.2
10.0
8.6
18.9
18.8
3.3
3.8
4.1
20.6
16.6
5.7 5.3 9.6 10.9
61.3 61.3 76.2 83.7
28.8 28.3 32.8 36.8
21.6
14.3
21.4
86.2
49.8
14.8 18.4
15.3 18.2
39.1
44.8
30.4
22.7
42.4
42.6
8.2
1.9
2.3
C ts .
!
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts ,
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
21.5
19.2
16.8
15.5
11.8
31.4
29.2
25.0
22.3
17.5
39.1
36.8
32.1
28.6
23.1
35.8
32.6
28.9
24.2
17.3
37.1
33.6
30.9
25.6
18.2
19.5
21.0
25.0
16.7
20.0
35.4
44.3
45.1
29.1
32.8
41.4
52.9
53.1
32.9
41.5
36.8
40.4
50.2
26.8
38.2
37.3
41.2
50.6
31.6
42.0
36.0
28.6
17.0 S . Ó 8.Ò 14.0
17.0
73.3 40.2 39.8 57.0
44.3
28.9
16.0
16.8
75.5
39.0
34.3
16.0
78.2
42.9
35.0
16.0
16.4
73.7
42.8
36.6 35.8 35.7
39.3 42.
42.9 21.5 21.5 33.6
33.3 34.
33.5 14.1 14.3 31.9
33.6 36.0 36.6
90.2 108.6 103.3 37.7 43.5 71.8
33.7
42.4
31.5
31 fi
75.5
34.4
41.7
32.7
34.4
41.9
31.2
95.3
ss!o
8.0
64.8
9.7
6.2
5.8
6.8
60.4
10.0
7.4
6.6
7.8
60.3
10.0
7.7
6.4
8.1
18.1
11.4
14.0
28.8
22.7
18.5
11.3
13.2
24.5
20.5
13.7
13.8
13.0
25.4
20. 3
17.5
11.5
13.0
26.6
20.8
17.8
11.5
3.9
9.2
6.7
17.1
20.5
4.8
9.5
8.7
17.2
20.6
3.1
5.4
2.7
3.6
3.0
16.7
20.5
3.9
7.8
5.5
14.1
18.7
5.0
9.0
7.4
14.1
18.4
21.1
21.3
14.2
20.3
21.3 5.8 5.2 9.9 10.7
87.3 58.6 58.6 61.7 66.0
49.6 33.0 33.0 34.6 38.9
20.4
15.3
21.7
16.3
14.4 5.5 5.1 9.7
66.3 45.0 45.0 55.5
53.0 29.2 29.3 30.0
18.3
17.9
10.7
63.9
34.4
17.9
16.5
11.2
66.4
47.0
17.8
15.4
16.4
67.0
47.0
29.7
22.3
44.5
42.8
28.8 28.0
23.5| 24.8
45.0! 51.4!
55.9 58.0
20.7
14.7
40.0
56.2
30.4
20. 8
42.3
57.9
29.9
23.2
43.4
57.5
2 15-16-ounce can.
8 B aked w eight.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C ts .
135.2 132.5
32.0 33.8
23. 4 23.7
16. c 17.3
20.0
24.4
28.3
21.3
22.0
9.2
1.7
22.8
25.0
31.4
21.2
24.5
2.0
42.6 5 5 . 1 158.9 i 60.6 20.3
42.7 55.3 53
56.7 18.3
30.3 38.6 41.5 42.0 17. C
25.3 30.4 29.7 30.2 14.7
10.7
35.0
45.9
46.5
33.4
34.9
3.7
r> 7
20.1
21.2
|
C ts .
C ts .
Dec. Jan.
15,
15,
1919. 1920.
16.7 20.5
14.8 15.9
33.8
52.6
22.1
11.0
66.7
53.3
4 8-ounce package.
6 28-ounce package.
18.0
20.3
24.0
17.5
19.0
9.3
9.3 11.9
19.3
1.4
1.8
16.9
14.0
<No. 2 can.
C ts .
C ts .
M O N T H L Y LA BO R REVIEW,
42
T able 7 —A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T IC L E S OF FO O D
Cleveland, Ohio.
Chicago, 111.
A rticle.
U n it.
J ä n .Io —
Dec. Jan.
Dec. Jan.
15, 15,
15, 15,
1920.
1919.
1920.
1913 1914 1918 1919
1913 1914 1918 1919 1919.
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
Sirloin s te a k ....................................
R ou n d s te a k ....................................
R ib ro a s t...........................................
Chuck ro a s t......................................
P la te beef.........................................
L b ..
L b ..
L b ..
L b ..
L b ..
21.0
18. 2
18.2
14.3
10.9
24.8
21.2
19.6
15.8
11.9
30.2
27.3
25.4
21.2
16.4
37.5
34.0
31.1
27.5
20.7
35.9
31.7
29.0
23.5
16.7
37.2
32.0
30.1
24.3
17.6
22.3
18.8
17.8
14.7
10.4
24.7
22.0
19.1
16.4
12.0
30.2
28.8
24. 4
22.4
16.8
37.8
35.5
29.6
27.6
20.7
37.7
34.3
29.0
24.2
16.9
38.4
34.6
29.5
25.4
18.2
P o rk chops.......................................
B acon.................................................
H a m ...................................................
L am b .................................................
H en s...................................................
L b ..
L b ..
L b ..
L b ..
L b ..
16.0
31.3
30.8
18.7
17.4
17.9
31.0
32.0
19.7
17.8
31.6
49.8
42.8
30.6
30.4
35.2
61.6
55.3
34.2
33.5
33.3
52.7
51.4
32.3
32.0
»2.4
53.1
51.8
37.0
37.6
17.5
23.9
32.0
17.3
19.3
19.9
27.4
33.5
19.1
20.6
33.1
47.0
45.6
30.1
33.8
39.5
58.7
57.6
33.6
39.1
37.1
47.8
53.4
33.0
37.3
36.8
49.7
56.2
36.9
42.8
20 2
Lb
M ilk, fresh ........ 1........................... Q t . . 8.Ö ' 8.Ö 11.9
M ilkj evaporated ( unsw eetened). (i)
B u tte r ................................................ L b . . 39.9 38.1 54.4
O leom argarine................
L b .-
0
14.0
16.0
71.3
37.4
37.1
15.1
16.2
74.4
41.7
28.2 30.6 36.5 37.5
36.0
15.0 8.8 8.0 13.0 15.0 16.0 16.0
16.6 17.2 17.4
16.1
69.0 41.8 42.8 57.1 76.0 80.4 74.8
41.6
39.7 46.1 45.8
N u t m argarine................................
C heese. .7 .........................................
L a rd ...................................................
C risco..............................
Eggs, s tric tly fre s h .........................
L b .L b .. 25.0 25.3 37.5
L b .. 14.8 15.0 31.8
L b ..
Doz. 32.7 38.8 65.1
34.6
43.9
31.4
33.1
69.5
33.7
45.0
33.4
36.2
82.1
33.3
44.9 23.0 23.5 33.8
31.5 15.8 16.3 31.6
35.4
77.8 35.0 44.8 72.5
E g g s,sto rag e ....................................
B re ad .................................................
F lo u r..................................................
Corn m e a l........................................
R olled oats.......................................
Doz. 23.8 33.5 53.4 56.4 60.2 60.5 24.5 36.0 52.4 60.2 63.1 66.1
Lb.2. 6.1 6.1 9.2 10.2 10.7 10.7 5.5 5.6 9.C 10.C 9.6 10.9
L b .. 2.8 2.9 6.1 6.1 7.7 7.H 3.2 3.2 6.8 6.7 7.8 8.2
L b .. 2.9 3.0 7.0 5.8 6.6 6.6 2.8 2.9 7.2 6.2 6.3 6.3
7.£ 9.4 10.3
L b ..
7.3 7.3 8.3
Corn flakes....................................... (3)
Cream of W h e a t............................. ( 4)
M acaroni.......................................... L b ..
R ic e .................................................... L b ..
Beans, n a v y ..................................... L b ..
P o tato es............................................ L b ..
Omons..................... : ........................ L b ..
Cabbage............................................. L b ..
Beans, b a k e d ................................... (6)
Corn, can n ed .................................... (5)
Jan . 15—
9.0
1.3
12.7
24.2
19.1
9.0 12.0 13.7
IS. 5 14.1
1.7
2.8
4.5
13.3
25.7
18.3
17.4
12.1
13.0
27.4
18.8
17.6
11.8
2.7 4.1 5.2
2.5 7.6 8.3
3.7 6.6 8.1
17.3 16.5 16.6
18.0 17.0 17.2
8.5
1.4
13.9
24.7
18.9
9.0 11.£ 14.4
18.1 13. £
2.0
3.0
4.8
Peas, can n ed .......................... ......... (5)
17.0
Tom atoes, can n ed .......................... (8)
17.0
Sugar, g ra n u la te d ........................... L b .. 5.3 5.0 S. 4 10.4
T e a ..............................................
L b .. 53.3 53.3 59.3 64.0
Coflee................................................. L b .. 30.0 30.0 28.3 32.7
17.1
16.0
17.1
67.1
45.0
17.1
15.3
19.8 5.6 5.1 9.6
64.5 50.0 50.0 59. £
44.7 26.-5 26.5 28.9
P ru n es............................................... L b ..
R aisins............................................... L b ..
B an an as............................................
Oranges.............................................
30 0
20. 2
37.7
50.5
29 6
25. 4
27.5
51.6
115-16 ounce package.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
16 2 20 0
15.0 15.9
35.5
49.3
3 B aked w eight.
[636]
35.2
42.6
32.7
32.7
77.9
35.5
42.4
34.4
37.8
98.0
14.1
27.9
19.0
18.6
11.4
35.4
43.3
34.0
37.9
92.3
14.6
28.9
19.1
18.7
11.6
3.1 4.2 5.3
3.4 7.6 9.0
3.6 6.1 9.1
18.2 15.9 15.8
20.5 19.3 19.4
19.4
17.7
10.9
64.8
34. &
17.1 20 2
14.6 15.7
41.4
58.7
38-ounce package.
19.1
16.3
14.1
74.0
50.2
19.8
16.0
18.9
74.0
51.1
29 2
23.8
47.5
56.5
29.1
25.6
48.5
53.8
PRICES AUD COST OF LIVING,
43
F O R JA N . IS, 1913, 1914, 1918, 1919, 1920, A N D D E C . 15, 1919, F O R 19 C IT IE S —C ontinued.
Detroit, Mich.
Denver, Colo.
Los Angeles, Calif.
Jan . 15—
Jan. 15—
J a n . 15—
Dec. Jan.
Dec. Jan.
15,
15,
15,
15,
1919.
1920.
1913 1914 1918 1919
1913 1914 1918 1919 1919. 1920. 1913 1914 1918 1919
Dec. Jan.
15,
15,
1919. 1920.
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
22. C
19.0
15. S
14. C
9.1
22. £
20.7
16.7
15.3
9.7
C ts .
29.2
27.6
22.5
20.3
14.8
36.9
34.0
28.6
25.2
19.1
C ts ,
31.8
28.8
25.3
20.7
13.9
C ts .
C ts .
34.3
30.4
25.8
21.8
15.0
26.2
21.4
20.2
15.6
11.7
C ts .
22.8
18. (
18.0
14.5
10.6
31.8
28.5
25.]
21.0
16.7
C ts .
37.6
34.]
29.7
25.7
20. (
36.7
31.8
29.2
22.0
15.9
38.2
32.7
30.6
24.0
17.4
22.2
20.0
17.4
14.7
11.8
23.1
21.0
19.4
16.6
13.5
26.4
24.4
23.2
19.2
15.7
33.?
31.6
30.2
25.0
20.7
31.5
29.5
26.5
20.5
16.4
30.8
28. J
22.4
18.3
17.5
26.3
27.0
15.0
20.4
18.6
27.4
28.3
15.1
19.7
33.3
51.8
46. 7
28.9
30.5
40.0
61.3
59.3
30.4
35.8
36.0
52.2
54.8
28.3
35.0
34.7
52.3
54.0
30.4
38.0
16.5
21. C
23.5
16.0
18.8
17.6
22.8
28.0
16.6
19.4
33.3
45.8
42.3
31.3
34.2
37.9
55.8
57.5
35.2
38.9
36.4
47.0
53. i
34.4
36.7
37.3
48.]
52.5
39. i
41.4
24.4
33.8
35.0
17.4
26.8
25.6
33.5
34.1
19.1
27.4
37.3
53.3
52,3
31.1
36.0
45.7
67.0
62.9
34.4
46.3
46.6
58.8
59.4
31.6
48.2
47.1
60.5
59.5
34.6
48.4
27.6 32.5
8.4 11.5 12.6
17.3
40.0 39.4 54.3 73.3
39.2
36.1
13.0
16. £
77.2
45.1
37.7
28.6 31.8
13.0 9.0 8.9 14.0 15.0
16.2
16.4
68.5 39.7 39.9 55.6 74.4
43.3
39.8
36.8
16.0
16.5
79.4
43.7
37.5
16.0 10.0 10.0 14.0
16.5
73.7 44.5 38.5 57.4
44. 4
38 7
14.0
43 5
46 6
73.0
41 o
75.2
7 3 .2
35.9
26.1 26.1 35.8 41.6
15. 6 16.3 34.2 34.2
32.9
37.0 43.6 61.2 74.8
35.3
45.0
37.9
37.5
95.8
35.8
45.1 21.3 22.0 33.8
36.8 15.6 16.1 32.9
38.6
73.1 35.0 43.2 72.6
35.3
44.4
33.4
33.2
75.1
34 7
43.4
34.9
36.7
94.0
34.9
43.7 19.5 20.0 33.3
33.9 18.0 18.0 33.2
37.3
92.5 41.0 49.6 62.1
35 9
45.9
34.3
36 0
44.6
35.2
67.1
79^8
67.4
25.0 33.5 50.9 58.8
1-5-1 5.4 10.0 11.9
F 2.6 2.5 5.4 6.0
2.5 2.6 5. 9 5.6
8.4
64.7
11.0
6.8
6.1
8.9
62.3 25.2 36.5 52.8 61.3
11.5 5.6 5.6 8.7 9.5
7.1 3.1 3.1 6.2 6.4
6.2 2.8 3.0 7.7 6.5
9.7
8.0
62.4
10.9
7.8
6.7
8.0
63.8 30.0 41.7 49.3
11.1 6.2 6.1 8.9
7.9 3.4 3.5 6.3
6.9 3.3 3.5 7.5
9.7
59.4
8.9
7.1
6.9
Q2
64.3
10.0
7.4
7.5
58.8
9.7
7. 8
7.5
14.8
25.2
19.9
8.6 11.5 14.2
17.7 14.7
14.8
27.4
19.3
17.6
13.1
14.8
29.4
19.1
18.3
13.3
13.8
25.1
19.2
8.4 11.8 13.7
17.9 13.5
13.8
27.2
19.9
18.4
11.4
13.8
28.3
19.5
18.3
11.4
13 7
24 7
18 4
13.7
14 1
13 1
28 O
17 2
17! 0
10 2
13 2
29 0
17 8
17.8
10 0
1.7
4.4
7.8
6.8
17.6
18.4
5.5
8.0
78.5
18.1
18.4
1.6
3.7
20.1
18.7
2.6
4.0
4.5
18.3
19.7
4.0
8.2
7.2
16.2
19.5
5.3
8.7
8.7
15.9
19.0
3.1
3 7
2 7
19 fi
7 0
4 8
17*0
19.5
15.7
5.8 5.0 8.9 11.6
52.8 52.8 57.5 65.6
29.4 29.4 30.0 35.8
19.9
15.3
13.2
70.6
50.1
19.6
15.0
13.3 5.2 5.0 8.7
69.8 43.3 43.3 54.4
49.7 29.3 30.0 29.8
17.9
17.5
10.8
63.6
35.0
18.6
16.6
14.6
66.6
48.9
14.0
16.9
15.2 5.9 5.2 8.7
63.6 54.5 54.5 58.6
48.8 36.3 36.3 31.2
16.6 20.5
14.7 16.8
43.2
55.4
29.9
23.7
43.3
53.0
30.9
25.1
42.8
53. 4
16.8 20.3
13.8 15.9
30.1
53.8
30.4
23.8
34.0
53 8
30.8
24.4
35. 4
54 0
8.4
8.6
1.2
2.2
4. 7
2.7
4 .1
C ts .
C ts .
8.4
1.3
2.9
5.3
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
7.7
8.0 11.0
18 7
1.1
1.9
2.5
3.7
14 fi
13.8
!
128-ounce package.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
&No. 2 can.
19 0
17 2
C ts .
16.0
C ts .
3 4 .0
0
45 5
5 .2
4 4 .8
3 5 .0
6 .4
7
5
is
18
8
2
3
7
68.8
34.5
19 4
IS Q l r' 6
is! 9 14,4
69.8 70.3
45.4 46.9
20 8
ifi 7
38.1
27 2
99 3
42.0
i n ', é
27 0
94 4
42.5
44
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
T able 7.—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T IC L E S OF FOOD
N ew Orleans, La.
Milwaukee, W is.
J a n . 15—
Dec. Jan.
Dec. Jan.
15,
15, 15,
1919.
1920.
1920.
1919.
1913 I1914 1918 1919
1913 1914 1918 1919
J a n . 15—
A rticle.
U nit.
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
Sirloin s te a k ....................................
R ound steak ....................................
R ib ro a st..........................................
Chuck ro a st......................................
P late beef..........................................
L b ..
L b ..
L b ..
L b ..
L b ..
20.5
18.5
17.3
15.0
10.5
23.4
21.6
18.8
16.4
11.7
29.8
28.4
24. 5
22.5
16.7
36.2
34.5
29.9
27.6
20.8
35.0
32.8
28.2
24.8
17.4
36.6
33.5
29.7
26.1
18.0
19.6
17.1
18.3
12.1
10.9
22.1
19.3
19.9
14.9
11.6
28.1
25.3
24.5
18.3
16.8
35.2
31.9
29.4
25.3
21.6
31.6
29.1
28.7
21.4
19.5
33.6
30.9
29.2
22.8
19.7
Pork chops.......................................
B acon... *..........................................
H a m ...................................................
L a m b .................................................
H en s...................................................
L b ..
L b ..
L b ..
L b ..
L b ..
15.3
25.5
26.0
18.5
17.8
17.8
27.4
27.8
19.0
19.0
32.1
48.9
45.1
31.2
30.4
36.6
57.7
53.7
36.4
35.0
33.0
50.2
50.5
32.7
31.6
33.3
52.0
50.8
37.3
38.1
20.0
29.8
26.3
19.8
20.8
22.9
29.9
26. 0
22.1
21.6
35.0
51.9
43.8
29.8
33.0
43.6
63.3
51.8
39.4
41.5
42.7
52.0
48.5
38.2
41.9
42.5
51.4
49.5
38.7
42.6
31.3 36.6 37.0 38.2
37.3
13.0 10.0 9.7 14.2 16.3 18.5 18.5
15.8 16.6 16.7
17.3
70.0 41.1 40.1 56.8 76.3 80.7 77.1
40.2 45.9 45.6
43.0
B u tte r........................... ...................
O!eom a rga rfn e,
27.8 31.0 35.3
7.0 11.0 13.0 13.0
16.2 17.0
L b .. 38.0 38.5 54.4 74.0 77.2
38.8 43.1
Lb
T\nf m argarine
Cheese . ...............................................
L a rd ...................................................
Orispo
Eggs, strictly fresh .........................
Lb
L b .. 22.3 22.3 33.5
L b .. 15.0 15.6 31.9
Lb
Doz. 34.6 -38.2 63.0
Eggs, storage....................................
Bread
................................
F lo u r..................................................
Corn m e a l........................................
Bn] led oat,,s
Doz. 25.3 33.3 49.1 52.6 60.3 59.1 25.0 30.0
5. C
Lb.3. 5.6 5.7 8.8 8.6 10.0 10.5
L b .. 3.1 3.1 6.2 6.4 8.0 8.3 3.7 3.7
L b .. 3.3 3.3 7.1 6.5 6.5 6.5 2.6 2.6
7.9 8.2 8. £
L b ..
Corn flalres
nre.am of W heat
Mnearoni
R ic e ...................................................
Beans. n a v y ____
(•>)
(5)
L b ..
L b ..
L b ..
Salmon (panned
Lb
Milk, fresh .................................... .. Q t . .
(2 )
Po tato es.......................................... L b ..
O nions............................................... l,b ..
____
Clahhnge.
L b ..
(6)
Beans haired . . . .
(6)
Corn panned
7.0
9.0
1.2
14.3
24.8
19.9
9.0 11.8 14.3
19. ( 14.0
1.6
2.7
4.8
(6)
Pee.Sj panned
(6)
Tom atoes panned
Sugar, g ran u lated ........................... L b .. 5.5 5.3 8. C
T e a ..................................................... L b .. 50. t 50.t 59.5
Coflee................................ ................ L b .. 27.5 27.5 26.1
Prunes
.......................................... L b ..
Raisins .......................................... ! L b ..
B ananas , . T .
Orangos
34.7
46.1
34.0
33.1
70.8
33.8
41.6
34.7
37.1
87.2
14.2
28.2
18.8
18.0
11. t
34.1
41.6 22.0 22.8 34.8
33.6 14.4 15.0 33.1
36.7
79.6 35.6 38.0 58.6
14.1
28.8
19.1
18.5
11.3
2.8 4.2 5.1
3.8 8. ] 8.6
3.8 7.0 8.2
18.5 15.9 15.6
17.6 17.8 17.3
17.1
17.5
10.9
67.0
32.1
17.4
16.6
14.4
68. (
47.6
7.4
2.0
36.4
46.4
33.7
33.9
72.1
3.8
4.7
.....
.........
1
14.5
27.4
12.0
15.4
11.7
14.1
28.8
11.7
16.0
11.2
4.0 5.1 6.6
4 J 8.2 9.1
3.( 4L 6.0
18.9 17.1 17.0
18.8 18.0 17.1
18. C
16.7
15.3
15.6 .....
17.5 5.7 4.9 9.6 10.5
69.8 62.1 62.: 62.6 64.5
47.2 27.1 25.7 26.6 32.4
15. 19.6 28.8 29.
15.1 15.6 25.1 25.6
35. C 40. C 41. (
52.9 58.9
38.1
43.2
35.1
39.2
77.1
49.2 59.3 64.0 63.5
9.1 9.2 9. i 9.8
7.2 7.4 7.6 8. if
6.3 5.4 5.5 5.4
7.5 9. 0 9.6
14.2
24.8
11.7
7.5 10.6 12.0
17.6 14.5
2.3
36.1
43.2
35.9
39.2
80.9
18.6
15.4
12.2
70.7
42.2
18.6
15.0
19.3
75.5
42.2
15.9 19.1 30.5
15.1 17.1 23.
20. 25.
43. 45.
29.9
25.4
25.0
41.4
1 The steak for which prices are here quoted is know n as “ porterhouse” in m ost of th e cities included in
his table, b u t in th is city it is called “ sirloin steak.P
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[638]
45
PRICES AND COST OP LIVING,
F O R JA N .
15, 1913, 1914,1918, 1919, 1920, A N D
New Y ork, N . Y,
j
D EC .
15, 1919, F O R 19 CITIES—Continued.
Philadelphia, Pa.
P ittsburgh, Pa.
Jan. 15—
T<m. lo—
Jan. 15—
Dec. Jan.
Dec. Jan.
Dec. Jan.
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
1913 1914 1918 1919 1919. 1920. 1913 1914 1918 1919 1919. 1920. 1913 1914 1918 1919 1919. 1920.
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts ..
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
24.4
23.1
21.0
14.9
13.7
25.6
25.1
21.8
16.1
14.7
34.4
35.2
29.4
23.6
22.1
44.8
47.3
40.9
32.7
28.0
42.7
44.5
37.8
27.6
24.8
43.3
44.6
38.4
28.5
25.2
128.3
23.1
21.4
16.5
10.5
130.0
25.7
21.9
18.0
11.7
38.7
36.0
29.6
25.3
18.3
50.4 i 49.1 1 49.8 24.8 27.2 36.0
47.4 44.9 45.2 21.4 22.8 33.2
38.2 38.5 37.9 20.4 21.3 27.2
32.7 29.4 28.8 15 4 17.0 23.9
22.2 17.7 18.3 10.8 12.8 17.5
47.3
44.0
36.7
31.9
23.2
43.6
39.3
34.3
27.4
17.5
45.0
39.8
34.1
27.8
18.3
19.5
23.0
27.8
15.9
19.8
21.6
25.1
29.0
15.9
21.3
34.8
46.2
32.8
28.1
32.6
43.5
54.8
57.1
33.6
40.8
41.0
47.7
56.0
28.8
40.1
39.9
47.8
56.0
30.8
40.3
19.8
23.6
29.1
17.7
20.8
21.7
25.4
29.6
19.0
22.9
37.2
46.8
48.8
31.4
33.8
42.9
58.2
58.3
38.9
43.1
39.5
49.4
56.1
39.2
44.5
39.1
48.6
55.5
40.9
44.3
35.6
50.5
47.0
34.5
38.8
43.6
61.7
59.6
39.6
46.3
38.8
53.6
57.0
37.7
43.1
37.6
52.6
58.3
41.3
46.9
35.5 37.0
9.0 15.0 16.0
16.1
40.8 39.8 57.4 75.5
37.2
41.9
18.0
16.1
80.6
41.6
41.9
26.6 30.0
18.0 8.0 8.0 13.5 14.0
16.0
16.0
75.2 46.4 46.1 62.4 80.4
43.9
41.1
34.0
14.0
16. 5
86.3
45.2
?,0 5
34.4
14.0 8.8 9.2 13.7
16.3
82.4 41.9 42.3 58.6
45.9
.31 0
15.0
15. 8
78.0
40.3
36 8
ie .o
16 7
81.8
43- 5
38 0
16.0
16 6
77.2
42 8
34.3 34.5
20.0 19.8 34.4 42.7 43.1
15.9 15.9 33.0 33.1 34.3
32.3 36.6
42.6 49.9 80.8 78.1 101.3
34.7
43.3 25.0 25.0 36.2
33.8 14.4 15.1 33.6
36.5
95.8 38.4 44.0 74.1
36.4
44.6
33.3
32.3
78.6
37. 5
46.4
33.5
35.3
96.1
38.9
46.0 24.5 24.5 35.2
32.4 15.6 15.6 33.4
34.9
90.8 37.6 43.1 74.7
36.9
44.3
33.6
33.3
79.2
35 6
43.7
35.0
37 4
94.4
35 5
44.0
34.0
37 2
88.0
27.4 37.7 53.6 61.1
6.0 6.1 9.1 10.0
3.3 3.2 7.0 6.8
3.5 3.5 8.2 6.3
7.4
65.2
10.0
8.1
7.7
8.1
65.6 25.2 34.7 52.9 64.5
10.0 4.8 4.8 8.0 9.4
8.5 3.2 3.1 7.1 6.7
7.0 2.8 2.8 7.1 6.4
8.2
7.6
64,5
9.4
7.6
6.4
8.4
64.6 25.0 36.1 53.9
9.4 5.3 5.5 9.3
7.9 3.0 3.1 7.0
6.2 2.7 2.9 8.8
8./»
62.2
10.0
6.6
6.9
9 0
63.4
10.3
7.9
7.6
62.8
11.3
8.2
7.4
10 3
12.4
24.0
19.5
8.2 11.8 13.8
IS. 5 15.3
12.1
26.0
21.0
16.9
12.3
12.0
27.6
21.2
17.6
12.5
12.8
24.3
19.8
9.8 10.0 12.8 14.7
18.7 14.7
12.3
27.1
22.0
18.7
12 2
12.5
27.7
20.6
18.5
12.1
14.3
25.5
18.8
14.4
14.6
13. 8
27.6
IQ 3
18.5
12.3
13. 6
23. 5
13. 7
19.1
11.9
4.0
4.2
3.9
17.7
19.7
4.7
8.3
5.5
15.2
18.6
5.7
8.8
7.5
15.1
19.2
2.1
4.1
3.5
4.3
16.0
20.1
4.5
8.3
6.8
14.8
18.0
5.5
9.2
9.9
14.6
17.7
3.3
5.1
3.2
4.2
4.4
18.8
19.7
4.2
8.4
6.2
16.1
18.8
5.5
9.3
8.7
16.1
18.4
18.5
16.1
5.1 4.7 9.7 10.1
43.3 43.3 54.1 53.5
27.5 26.3 26.7 32.4
18.5
16.2
11.9
57.1
45.1
18.2
19.1
15.9
15.0
17.3 5.2 4.4 9.6 10.1
56.7 54.0 54.0 57.6 62.6
46.9 25.0 25.0 27.2 32.7
18.9
15.6
11.0
64.0
45.1
18.1
15.5
17.3 6.0 5.4 9.9
63.4 58.0 60.0 72.7
44.3 30.0 29.3 30.2
19. 5
16.9
10.9
79.3
34.9
18.9
15.3
12.6
81.9
49.6
18.3
14.8
17.1
80.1
48.9
16.8 22.1
15.1 15.3
32.0
51.2
29.6
23.4
37.7
56.0
29.6
24.4
41.7
57.9
29.6
22.6
41.4
52.5
28.5
23.0
41. 5
47.4
22.0
16.0
40. 8
56.3
31. 7
25.4
45.0
50.5
30.7
26-7
46.0
52.1
9.0
8.0
2.5
2.5
4.3
5.2
C ts .
C ts .
2 15-16 ounce can.
3 B ak ed w eight.
165126°—20----- 4
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2.4
3.9
16.5 21.3
14.0 15.1
32.8
51.1
C ts .
8-ounce package.
6 28-ounce package.
*
[6391
C ts .
C ts .
19.4
27.2
29.0
21.3
24.3
C ts .
C ts .
21.5
28.3
29.1
20.7
25.8
9.2
S.2 i i .9
19.7
1.5
1.9
17.2
14.6
C ts .
!
6 No. 2 can.
C ts .
C ts .
46
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
Table 7.—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T IC L E S OF FO O D
St. Louis, Mo.
Sail Francisco, Calif.
A rticle.
U nit.
Jan. 15—
Dee. Jan.
15, 15,
1919. 1920. 1913 1914
1913 1914 1918 1919
1918
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
S irio in stea k .....................................
R ou n d s te a k ....................................
R ib ro a st...........................................
Chuck ro a s t....................................P la te beef..........................................
L b ..
L b ..
L b ..
L b ..
L b ..
22.7
19.3
16.8
13.3
9.2
30.0
29.6
25.7
21.5
17.2
37.0
36.5
29.7
24.0
20.7
34.8
34. ^
28.4
20.8
17.4
35.7
35.4
29 . 4
22.9
19.4
20. 'i
18.7
20.3
15. (
12.5
21.0
19.7
22.0
15.5
15.0
Cts.
27.3
24.5
20.5
15.9
14.1
24.3
23.7
23.5
17.3
16. G
32.8
32.0
30.9
23.
P o rk chops........................................
Bacon.................................................
H am ..................... .............................
L a m b .................................................
H ens...................................................
L b ..
L b ..
Lb .
L b ..
L b ..
17.7
23.0
25.0
17.7
17.8
18.5
25. (
30.0
17.1
17.5
30.3
50. (
46.7
30.6
30.1
35.1
54.6
56.7
34.1
34.7
31.8
46.1
49.5
31.9
31.7
32.6
46.1
50.0
35.7
37.8
21.8
32.8
30.0
17.2
24.2
25.0
34. C
32.{
18.0
23.8
30.1
53.5
48 9
28.2
37.5
43.4
62.2
58.6
34.7
48.9
44.7
59.
57.7
32.3
49.7
44.
59.6
56.0
34.6
50.1
Salmon (canned).............................
Milk, fre s h ........................................
Milk, evaporated (unsw eetened).
B u tte r. . t ..........................................
O leom argarine.................................
L b ..
28.5 32.3 34.2
Q t.. 8.0 8.8 13.0 14.0 16.0
(i)
16.3 16. 4
L b . . 40.7 39.8 58.1 76.8 81.7
L b ..
37.5 41.0
34.4
25 7
16.0 16.6 10.0 12.1
16.6
76.7 41.4 36.1 60.2
41.6
28.0
14.0
16.4
72.3
39.0
33.4
15.3
15.2
75.5
38.2
34.0
15.8
15.3
70.9
37.9
N u t m arg arin e.................................
Cheese................................................
L a rd ...................................................
Crisco.................................................
Eggs, stric tly fresh .........................
35.5 34.7 34.9
36.3 35.3
L b ..
L b .. 20.2 21.3 35.2 45.7 41.5 42.0 21.0 21.6 33.5 41.9 44.8
L b . . 13.1 13. C 28.6 28.9 28.3 28.4 17.6 17.4 33.6 33.7 37.4
33.3 35.5 35.5
Lb .
34.8 39.2
Doz. 29.3 38.3 68.4 69.9 80.2 74.0 31.4 47.9 71.0 65.7 83.9
35.6
43.
36.9
33.8
68.9
Eggs, storage....................................
B re a d ...............................................
F lo u r..................................................
Corn m e a l........................................
R oiled o ats.......................................
Doz. 25.0 30.0 52.5 57.9
10. C
L b .2 5.0 5.6
L b .. 3.1 2.8 6.1 6.3
Lb.
2.3 2.6 5.9 5.3
7.0
L b ..
Corn flakes....................................... (3)
Cream of W h e a t............................. ( * )
M acaroni............................................ L b ..
R ic e .................................................... L b ..
Beans, n a v y ..................................... Lb
P o tato es............................................ L b ..
O nions............................................... L b ..
Cabbage............................................. L b ..
Beans,~baked................................... (6)
Corn, can n ed .................................... (6)
- J a n . 15—
8.6
1.7
14.2
24.8
18.2
8.7 11.2 13.6
17.9 13.9
1.6
3.0
4.6
P ru n e s ............................................... L b ..
R aisins......... ..................................... L b ..
B an an as............................................ Doz.
Oranges...................................... .......
1
1 15-18-ounce can.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[640]
C ts .
6.8
13.2
28. 7
18.1
17.2
11.6
36.1
14.9
18.6
72.0
45.5
16.7 ]8.9 29.3
16.5 16.4 24.3
34.4 35.6
46.4 46.0
2Baked weight.
C ts .
30.1 32.3
29.0 30.7
29.3 31
21
22.5
22.2 18.1 19.9
59.5 58.4 22.5 41.3 48.8 57.0 64.4 57.
10. C 10.0 5.9 5.2
10.0 11
11.4
7.3 7.5 3.3 3.4 6.2 7.0 7.3 7.8
5.5 5.6 3.4 3.4 7.1 7.3 6.9
.
6.4 8.9
8.4 8.9 10.0
14.2
13.2
........
28.0
24.8
17. T1
13.9
17.3 8.5 8.5 11.9 13.6
10 2 13.0
11.6
3.1 4.4 5.7
4.2 8.2 9.0
5.0 5.9 8.6
16.3 15.5 14.7
16.8 16.5 15.6
Peas, can n ed .................................... (S)
17.3
Tom atoes, can n ed .......................... (6)
15.6
Sugar, g ra n u la te d ........................... L b . . 5.8 4.7 8.7 10.9
T e a ..................................................... L b .. 55.0 55.0 65.0 73.2
Cofiee................................................. L b .. 24.3 24.7 27.4 34.9
Dec, Jan .
15, 15,
1919 1920.
1.6
1.9
2.7
3.3
3.0
2.7
14.1
27.5
13.2
17.5
9.5
4.5
6.3
5.9
7.1
21.2 18.0 18.2
19.0 18.5 19.6
16.1
18.6
.
14.9
15.9
20.6 5.7 5.3 8.6 10.6
73.9 50.0 50.0 53.9 57.2
45.8 32.0 32.0 30.9 34.1
29.1
24.0
36.6
43.4
14.0
26.2
15.6
16.g
9.8
18.6
13.3
11.9
58.5
44.5
18.8
13.3
14.4
59.5
45.4
14 2 17.5 23.3
13! 8 14.5 21.9
35.0 43.0
f " 49.0 55.2
22.5
22.0
42.1
52.9
2 8-ounoe package.
47
PRICES AND COST OF LIVING,
F O R JA N . 15, 1913, 1914, 1918, 1919, 1930, A N D D E C . 15, 1919, F O R 19 C IT IE S —Concluded.
W ashington, D. C.
Seattle, W ash.
Jan . 15—
1913
1914
1918
1919
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
Dec.
15,
1919.
Jan .
15,
1920.
C ts .
C ts .
Jan. 15—
1913
1914
1918
1919
Dec.
15,
1919.
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
22.0
20. C
18.0
15.2
11.7
24. C
21.2
19.4
14.9
12.8
27.5
25.6
22.8
19.5
16.2
36.2
35.4
31.3
26.9
21.8
35.7
33.7
29.2
23.1
18.5
36.6
34,2
30.5
24.3
19.7
25.0
21.4
20.3
15.6
10.7
27.5
23.4
21.0
17.0
12.4
37.0
35.1
28.8
25.4
19.5
51. 4
48.4
40.9
34.0
23,8
23.4
30. C
28.3
18.6
24.3
24.0
32.1
30.0
18.7
25.0
38.8
53.4
46.4
31.5
34.1
47.0
62.6
57.5
36.2
44.1
45.0
59.4
57.2
33.1
43.4
45.8
59.6
57.2
34.8
47.6
20.3
23.0
28.2
19.3
20.6
20.3
24.5
28.6
19.7
22.4
38.1
48.8
47.2
35.7
35.0
9.1
9.6
28.5
12.6
28.3
14.0
58.7
37.5
15.0
15.3
70.3
39.9
9.0
40.9
35.3
15.0
15.2
76.4
40.6
9.0
44.6
30.9
15.7
16.0
73.3
43.3
43.4
43. 0;
60.0
21.6
17.8
22.7
17.0
30.6
32.7
35.5
33.6
59.5
36.7
43.6
38.0
41.9
67.5
23.5
14.9
42.5
36.7
43.1
38.6]
42.0
83.4
22.8
14.2
39.0
40.5
43.2
33.8
35.3
73.5
33.1
41.0
81.3
32.5
6.0
2.8
3.1
37.5
5.1
2.9
3.4
47.5
61.0
25.0
57
3.8
2.6
35.7
5-0
3.7
2.5
58.4
10.6
6.5
7.2
7.9
66.4
11.5
6.9
7.3
8.6
14.7
27.6
17.0
14.5
14.8
14.9
28. Ä
16.4
19.0
11.6
14.9
31„4
17.8
19.4
11.0
2.3
4.0
4.8
23.3
20.4
4.2
7.7
6.3
2 1 .81
20. 4
5.5
9.1
7.8
21.6
20.6
19.7
19.7
10.4
62.7
35.4
20. 4
17.5
12. f?
63.6
48.1
20.8
16.7
13.7
64.4
48.6
18.0
15.4
46.1
59.5
28.4
24.4
52. Si
58.1
28.1
24.6
55.0
55.6
5.9
7.3
7.7
7.91
10.8
17.7
1.0
1.4
1.9
4.1
6.1
50.0
28.0
5.8
50.0
30.0
8.9
56.1
31.8
14.3
14.9
428-ounee package.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
11.5
7.1
7.4
9.0
7.6
6.6
9.2
9.8
12.5
20.0
1.6
2.0
3.5
5.1
5.5
57.5
28.8
4.9
57.5
28.8
9.6
63.9
29.6
17.4
15.2
6 No. 2 can.
Jan.
15,
1920.
C ts .
47.1
42.8
36.2
27.8
18.0
48.8
44.3
37.6
29.0
17.8
45.9
55.3
58.3
44.5
45.4
39.8
47.9
55.2
38.7
42.9
41.0
47.8
56.1
44.3
47.2
34.2
17.0
16.7
78.4
38.2
3fi.2
18.0
1f> Q
82.6
42. f>
35.4
17.7
17.0
79.0
44.0
35.7
46.2
33.9
33.8
78.3
1
42.7
34.1
37.fi
97.4
35.0
42.8
33.5
37.9
89.8
63.0
10.0
6.2
5.5
8.9
64.4
¿1
5.5
10. T
63.3
10. 0
8.5
5.6
11.0
14.2
24.2
20.6
14.2
14,5
20.7
18.2
12.6
14.0
27.6
21.9
18.4
12.4
3.1
3.3
3.6
18.6
20.7
3.9
7.4
6-1
14. 8
19. Ö
5.0
8.7
8.8
15.3
18.6
20.7
17.4
10.4
75.0
33.5
18.6
17.4
13.6
75.9
47.5
18.4
16.5
18.1
77.1
48.1
22.4
15.6
40.51
48.8
31.9
24.3
43.61
49.8
31.5
24.4
45.6
48.2
14. 0
48
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
T able 8 .—R E T A IL P R IC E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T IC L E S
1
B u tte,
M ont.
Bridgeport,
Conn.
A rticle.
Charleston, C incinnati,
Ohio.
S. C.
Columbus,
Ohio.
U n it.
Dec. Jan. Dec. Jan. Dec. Jan. Dec. Jan. Dec. Jan.
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
1919. 1920. 1919. 1920. 1919. 1920. 1919. 1920. 1919. 1920.
C e n ts . C e n ts . C e n ts . C e n ts . C e n ts . C e n ts . C e n ts . C e n ts . C e n ts . C e n ts .
Sirloin ste a k .....................................
R o u n d ste a k ....................................
R ib ro ast...........................................
Chuck ro ast......................................
P la te beef..........................................
L b . ..
L b . ..
L b ...
L b ...
L b ...
49.9
47.1
37.0
29.1
1-1.7
49.4
46.6
37.1
28.6
14. 6
32.7
27.9
25.4
19.6
13.8
36.4
29.8
28.8
22.8
16.2
37.8
37.0
30.5
25.2
19.0
38.2
38.3
31.3
20.3
21.4
30.6
29.1
25.7
18.7
17.4
33.0
31.4
27.9
21.2
19.7
34.7
32.7
29.4
25. 4
18.1
35.8
33.9
30.1
25.9
18.6
P o rk chops.......................................
B acon.................................................
H am ...................................................
L am b .................................................
H ens...................................................
L b . ..
L b . ..
L b . ..
L b . ..
L b . ..
38.5
55.0
59.5
35.1
43.6
36.1
56.6
59.5
37.7
44.4
38.3
58.9
60.0
27.7
31.3
37.5
60.8
61.7
29.3
41.3
43.7
54.3
52.0
40.4
47.9
40.0
53.6
51.9
40.6
47.1
34.2
42.5
48.0
30.6
37.0
34.5
43.5
49.0
34.6
39.7
33.1
45.2
49.3
33.3
34.4
32.5
45.3
48.8
35.0
38.0
Salmon (canned).............................
Milk, fresh ........................................
Milk, evaporated (unsw eetened)
B u tte r...............................................
O leom argarine.................................
L b . ..
Q t...
(2)
L b ...
L b ..
39.0
18.5
17.0
71.5
43.3
37.2
17.5
17.0
71.6
43.0
45.0
15.6
18.5
74.5
43.2
15.6
18.5
72.4
34.7
25.0
17.2
76.4
45.7
35.4
25.0
17.6
76.1
35.7
15.0
16.4
77.9
42.1
35. 9
15.0
16.5
73.5
41. 6
35.0
14.0
16.8
78.0
42.7
36.5
14,0
17.1
73.2
42.7
N u t m arg arin e................................
Cheese................................................
L a rd ...................................................
Crisco.................................................
Eggs, s tric tly fresh ............. ..........
L b . ..
L b . ..
L b . ..
L b . ..
D o z ..
35.4 35.5
43.2 42.6
33.8 32.5
36.3 36.3
111.0 103.8
46.1
39.0
43.5
90.0
45.4
38.5
44.6
83.5
45.7
42.6
38.0
38.7
76.7
46.7
43.7
37.8
39.1
78.3
34.5
43.7
29.8
34.8
80.5
34.5
44(1
29.2
34.9
82.8
35.3
43.2
32.4
36.7
85.3
35.4
43.2
30.9
37.3
79.2
Eggs, storage....................................
B read.................................................
F lo u r..................................................
Corn m eal........................................
R olled oats.......................................
D oz.. 66.3
L b 3. . 10.4
L b ... 8.0
L b ... 8.5
L b ... 10.0
67.9
10.4
8.3
8.6
10.0
63.9
12.3
8.7
7.8
9.1
63.0
12.4
8.8
8.0
9.9
58.3
10.0
7.8
5.2
10.4
59.3
10.0
8.0
5.0
10.6
60.7
9.9
7.7
5. 5
7.6
60.7
10.1
8.1
5.6
9.1
59.6
9.8
7.1
5.9
9.5
59.5
9.8
7.4
6.2
10.9
Cornflakes.........................................
(0
Cream of W h e a t.............-..............
(5)
M acaroni........................................... L b . ..
R ice.................................................... L b . ..
Beans, n a v y ..................................... L b . ..
13.7
26.8
23.5
17.4
12.1
13.7
27.8
23.4
17.8
12.0
14.6
31.2
20.4
17.8
13.0
14.1
31.6
20.6
18.4
13.0
14.9
27.7
20.7
14.7
14.7
14.9
29.9
20.7
15.7
15.1
13.8
26.5
16.7
17.7
10.6
14.0
28.6
16.7
18.4
10.6
14.2
27.0
19.4
17.5
11.1
14.5
28.2
19.9
18.8
11.3
P o tato es............................................ L b ...
O nions............................................... L b ...
Cabbage............................................. L b ...
Beans, b a k ed ...................................
(6)
Corn, canned.................................... (6)
3.9
8.6
6.2
16.4
21.2
4.7
9.0
7.9
16.1
20.9
3.9
7.6
5.3
22. 1
18.9
5.5
8.0
7.8
21.7
18.4
4.6
9.1
6.5
15.3
20.7
5.9
11.0
8.8
14.9
20.6
4.4
6.7
6.0
15.9
16.5
5.6
8.4
8.5
15.5
17.9
4,3
8.6
6.9
17.1
16.0
5.6
9.0
8.8
16.2
15.5
Peas, can n ed .................................... («)
Tom atoes, canned..........................
<6)
Sugar, g ra n u la te d ........................... L b . ..
T e a ..................................................... L b ...
Cofiee................................................. L b . ..
20.9
17.6
11.3
61.4
47.2
20.0
15.3
19.1
64.0
47.1
19.0
18.7
14.1
78.1
58.9
18.5
17.3
14.4
80.4
58.5
21.9
15. 7
14.0
81.3
48.6
22.3
15.0
13.9
81.4
50.0
17.1
15.4
18.7
75. 8
43.0
17.2
15.1
19.1
76.7
43.2
16.5
15.3
16.6
81.9
49.4
16.3
15.3
18.5
83.1
49.1
L b ...
L b . ..
D o z ..
D o z..
29.2
23.8
40.0
54.5
28.9
24.4
38.3
51.6
26.5
24. 1
50.0
58.8
26.1
26.1
52.5
56.1
29.6
23.0
46.0
49.1
29.6
23.8
48.3
44.6
27.7
24. 1
37.7
37.9
27.9
26.4
36.5
36.8
29.6
24.5
40.0
56.7
29.0
26.4
39.2
52.7
P ru n es...............................................
R aisins...............................................
B an an as............................................
Oranges..............................................
1 The steak for w hich prices are here quoted is know n as “ sirloin” in m ost of th e cities included in this
report, b u t in th is city it is called “ ru m p ” steak.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[642]
49
PRICES AND COST OF LIVING.
o r FO O D F O R 31 Ò IT IE S ON D EC . 15, 1919, A N D JA N . 15, 1920.
D allas,
Tex.
F all R iver,
Mass.
H ouston,
Tex.
Indianapolis,
ln d .
Jacksonville,
Fla.
K ansas C ity,
Mo.
Dec.
15,
1919.
Jan.
15,
1920.
Dec.
15,
1919.
Jan.
15,
1920.
Dec.
15,
1919.
Jan.
15,
1920.
Dec.
15,
1919.
Jan.
15,
1920.
Dec.
15,
1919.
Jan.
15,
1920.
Dec.
15,
1919.
Jan.
15,
1920.
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
37.7
36.6
31.8
27.3
22.8
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
37.2
35.3
30.6
26.8
23.4
158.6
46.4
34.0
26.4
158.8
46.6
33.8
26.9
33.1
32.0
27.2
23.3
18. 6
36.5
36.1
30.2
26.2
22.5
33.9
33.2
26.0
23.5
17.1
34.7
34.4
26.2
21.2
17.2
38.6
34.2
27.8
22.5
15.7
40.8
37.8
30.3
24.7
16.0
34.3
30.5
26.1
20.2
14.5
35.8
31.8
26.4
20.0
15.6
39.8
52.8
51.4
35.0
30.0
39.3
57.1
53.1
42.5
34.8
37.0
48.8
51.1
32.1
46.0
35.4
47.7
52.1
34.5
46.7
39.2
60.9
50.0
37.5
37.8
38.3
63.1
50.0
38.8
39.5
36.0
47.9
53.1
37.5
34.0
33.3
47.8
52.8
41.0
37.1
39.7
51.6
51.7
32.9
40.4
39.2
53.5
52.1
35.8
41.0
33.5
53.2
52.5
29.4
34.4
31.5
52.8
50.7
29.8
36.7
38.5
21.0
18.2
76.2
36.8
39.3
21.5
18.2
74.4
37.3
34.4
16.0
16.6
70.9
40.8
35.6
16.0
17.2
71.9
40.8
33.2
21.4
16.5
75.5
43.6
34.6
21.8
16.8
73.9
42.8
29.2
14.0
17.4
77.9
44.5
30.5
14.0
17.4
72.7
44.4
38.0
21.0
17.3
79. 7
44.4
36.6
21.0
17.3
78.2
46.0
34.6
16.0
17.7
80.5
41.5
35.3
16.0
17.5
69.6
41.5
36.4
43.7
36.6
36.5
65.0
37.1
44.2
36.0
37.3
74.0
36.2
42.9
32.8
36.6
109.8
36.8
42.8
32.5
37.2
111.9
37.0
41.9
34.8
33.6
82.5
37.6
43.1
34.6
36.2
70.3
35.4
45. 6
31.9
37.0
88.8
35.6
45.5
31.0
36.5
81.4
38.5
43.5
36.0
39.6
77.5
38.3
43.6
35.0
39.3
86.5
35.6
43.9
35.8
39.8
84.2
35.5
44.2
33.8
41.1
75.1
66.8
10.0
7.8
6.8
10.9
01.3
12.0
8.2
6.7
11.4
64.1
10.0
8.3
8.4
9.8
65.2
11.8
8.5
8.6
10.2
61.8
9.2
7.5
6.0
9.9
61.6
10.2
7.9
6.1
11.2
59.6
9.7
7.4
5.8
9.9
59.5
9.7
7.7
5.8
10.6
62.7
10.0
7.9
5. 5
11.3
66.1
10.3
8.1
5.5
11.7
63.5
10.0
7.5
7.0
12.0
60.4
10.4
7.7
7.1
11.9
14.1
29.4
19.9
18.0
13.3
14.2
31.9
19.9
18.6
13.2
14.5
27.6
23.5
17.8
12.1
14.5
27.4
24.5
17.9
12.1
14.5
27.0
19.9
15. 4
12.5
14.5
29.9
19.7
15. 6
12.1
14.9
28.8
20.6
19.6
12.0
14.8
29.1
20.3
19.8
11.6
14.8
27.8
20.4
16.5
13.9
15.2
28.8
21.1
16.8
14,3
15.0
27.9
18.7
18.7
12.5
15.0
29.5
19.4
18.9
12.6
5.4
7.8
6.6
19.1
20.2
7.1
8.9
9.4
19.4
20.6
3.8
8.9
6.2
16.8
19.9
5.0
10.1
7.7
17.1
19.7
4.8
7.4
7.4
18.2
18.2
6.5
9.2
8.3
17.3
18.5
4.4
8.2
6.1
18.0
18.7
5.6
8.9
8.4
17.5
17.8
4.8
8.4
6.9
17.9
20.5
6.0
9.2
6.7
17.9
21.0
4.8
9.1
7.4
17.3
16.8
5.8
9.8
8.8
16.9
16.1
21.9
15.2
18.1
81.1
54.1
23.7
15.1
20.6
85.8
54.3
20.7
15.9
11.5
59.0
50.1
20.4
17.0
19.9
57.9
50.0
19.5
14.8
15.5
66.6
45.1
19.1
14.6
18.8
09.1
45.7
17.7
16.4
17.2
86.8
51.4
17.6
15. 6
19.5
88.9
50.5
21.7
15.3
19.1
89.5
53.3
22.7
15.3
19.4
88.8
54.4
16.8
15.8
13.9
78.8
47.3
16.3
15.4
15.8
81.8
48.2
29.1
21.0
45.8
51.3
29.5
23.8
41.7
48.8
26.1
25.2
40.6
44.4
27.0
23.4
43.8
46.2
28.3
21.9
38.5
48.1
29.1
23.8
41.0
48.3
30.7
26.8
32.3
49.2
32.4
28.5
30.0
46.1
31.3
25.6
40.0
36.7
28.8
26.1
40. 6
3S.0
29.0
26.4
52.5
56.3
29.9
27.0
52.5
57.5
2 15-16-ounce can.
8 B ak ed w eight.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
* 8-ounce package.
* 28-ounce package.
8 No. 2 can.
50
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
T A B L E 8 .—R E T A IL P R IC E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T IC L E S
L ittle Rock,
Ark.
A rticle.
Louisville,
K y.
M anchester,
N. H.
M emphis,
Tenn.
U nit.
Dec. 15, Jan. 15, Dec. 15, Jan. 15, Dec. 15, Jan. 15, Dec. 15, Jan. 15,
1920.
1919.
1920.
1920.
1920.
1910.
1919.
1919.
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
L b . ..
L b . ..
L b . ..
L b . ..
L b . ..
C e n ts .
Sirloin stea k ...............................
R ound s te a k ..............................
R ib ro ast.....................................
Chuck ro a st................................
P la te beef....................................
34.4
32.1
27.9
23.2
17.1
37.5
34.7
32.1
25.0
19.7
32.7
31.2
26.0
22.9
19.3
33.4
32.3
27.5
23.9
20.5
154.8
48.2
31.0
26.9
i 54.7
48.2
31.8
27.5
35.4
32.8
28.3
22.5
18.0
37.2
34.8
30.8
24.6
19.4
Pork chops.................................
Bacon...........................................
H a m .............................................
L a m b ...........................................
H ens............................................
L b . ..
L b . ..
L b . ..
L b . ..
L b . ..
39.5
54.7
51.3
33.8
33.9
37.8
55.6
52.3
38.8
35.2
31.6
47.9
49.3
29.0
36.8
32.6
49.5
47.9
31.3
40.1
36.3
46.6
47.2
34.6
45.9
35.5
46.8
48.4
37.0
46.7
36.1
53.6
52.5
36.7
36.9
35.3
53.2
53.3
37.5
39.5
Salmon (canned).......................
Milk, fresh ..................................
Milk, evaporated (unsweeten ed )........................................
B u tte r..........................................
O leom argarine...........................
L b . ..
Q t...
34.0
20.0
36.6
20.0
32.8
16.0
33.0
16.0
37.4
15.0
38.9
15.0
36.2
19.0
35.9
20.0
(3)
L b . ..
L b . ..
18.3
77.4
44.0
17.7
74.1
43.7
16.9
77.8
44.3
16.8
74.9
44.3
18.1
79.9
43.5
18.2
80.7
44.3
17.6
79.5
42.2
17.8
75.7
40.6
N u t m arg arin e..........................
Cheese..........................................
L ard .
Crisco...........................................
Eggs, strietly fresh...................
L b . ..
L b . ..
Lb
L b .'..
38.5
-43.4
37.2
39.1
81.0
37.7
43.3
37.fi
39.4
75.6
34.7
42.4
31.2
35.0
81.9
34.6
43.4
30 Q
34.8
80.0
34.3
42.9.
3fi 1
37.2
108.2
34.3
43.2
85 2
37.4
95.8
40.3
43.5
39.4
44.1
36.9
8fi. 2
37.6
78.2
Eggs, storage..............................
B read...........................................
F lo u r............................................
Com m e a l ..................................
R olled o a ts ................................
D o z ..
Lb h
L b . ..
L b . ..
L b . ..
68.4
10.0
7.5
5.9
11.0
65.9
10.0
7.9
5.6
11.0
60.3
10.0
7.5
5.2
9.8
61.3
10.0
7.9
5.2
10.9
04.8
0. 5
8.2
7.3
9.6
64.9
10 5
8.6
7.7
10.5
66.2
10 0
7.6
5.2
11.1
59.8
8.0
5.4
10.9
Corn flakes.................................
0)
Cream of W h eat........................
(•)
M arcaroni............... .................... L b . ..
R ice.............................................. L b . ..
Beans, n a v y ............................... L b . ..
14.7
26.9
19.0
16.9
12.6
14.6
28.1
18.2
17.1
13.1
14.0
26.5
17.3
18.1
11.9
13.8
27.9
19.5
18.2
11.8
14.9
26.8
24.3
17.7
12.1
14.9
28.0
24.7
18.1
12.0
14.3
27.1
19.3
17.1
13.0
14.3
27.6
19.6
17.1
12.5
P o ta to e s...................................... L b . ..
Onions......................................... L b . ..
C abbage.. .................................... L b . ..
Beans, b ak ed.............................
(7)
Corn, can n ed .............................
(7)
4.5
8.9
7.7
16.9
18.1
5.7
9.7
9.0
17.0
17.6
3.8
7.3
6.3
15.9
17.9
4.8
8.7
8.2
15.9
17.5
3.5
9.1
5.1
17.9
20.9
4.3
9.6
7.5
18.3
21.9
4.9
8.3
6.2
18.4
18.6
6.1
9.1
8.6
17.6
18.5
Peas, canned..............................
(7)
Tom atoes, canned.....................
(7)
Sugar, g ra n u la te d ..................... L b . ..
T e a ............................................... L b . ..
Coflee........................................... L b . ..
18.9
14.8
22.4
85.8
19.0
14.9
22.3
87.3
53.6
17.7
15.3
18.1
79.8
48.7
17.5
14.3
20.6
85.3
47.8
20.8
17.0
fi9 1
51.5
21.9
15.0
17.8
18.6
15.8
21.8
18.4
15.0
22.0
5i 0
P ru n es.........................................
R aism s.........................................
B a n a n a s......................................
Oranges........................................
27.7
26.5
38.6
50.9
27.8
25.1
35.5
53.1
29.1
23.7
37.1
42.7
28.0
24.0
40.4
38.1
29.8
25.3
40.0
55.8
29.3
26.0
42.5
53.9
33.9
24.4
41.4
44.0
33.4
24.1
43.5
44.1
L b . ..
L b . ..
D oz..
D o z..
11.5
1 The steak ior which prices are here quoted is know n as “ porterhouse" in m ost of th e cities in cluded
in th is report, b u t in th is c ity it is called “ sirloin " steak ,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C644J
51
PRICES AND COST OF LIVING.
O F FO O D F O R 31 C IT IE S ON D EC. 15, 1919, A N D JA N . 15, 1920—C ontinued.
M inneapolis,
Minn.
Dec. 15, Jan. 15,
1919.
1920.
Mobile, Ala.
N ew ark, N . J.
N ew H aven,
Conn.
Norfolk, Va.
O m aha, N ebr.
Dec. 15, Ja n . 15, Dec. 15, Jan. 15, Dec. 15, Jan. 15. Dec. 15, Jan. 15, Dec. 15, Jan. 15,
1919.
1919.
1920.
1920.
1919.
1920.
1919.
1920.
1919.
1920.
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
32.2
28.1
26.5
20.8
14.2
33.2
30.0
29.0
21.7
15.3
33.6
32.7
300
23.6
19.5
35.0
34.2
31.0
25.4
19.9
44.0
44.6
35.6
27. 4
18.0
44.9
44.8
36.4
27.9
17.7
52.2
46.3
37.3
30.5
52.6
47.1
37.9
31.6
43.5
39.2
35.9
27.3
17.9
42.9
37.8
35.8
28.2
19.7
36.1
32.9
20.2
21.9
15.3
36.1
32.8
26.1
21.6
15.7
35.0
53.8
50.0
28.2
32.0
32.9
54.2
52.1
29.5
37.3
45.0
57.5
52.0
34.3
42.1
42.3
56.9
53.8
35.0
40.0
38.6
46.0
50.0
36.5
40.7
37.1
45.8
2 35.0
38.7
42.5
36.7
53.8
55.4
38.3
43.7
35.4
52.1
55.3
39.4
44.6
39.2
46.8
42.5
35.8
43.9
37.4
48.6
45.0
39.0
47.1
35.1
53.9
54.0
31.8
33.6
32.6
53.3
54.1
32.9
37.2
44.2
13.0
43.8
13.0
38.8
24.0
10.2
23.5
38.0
1S.0
39.3
18.0
38.1
16.0
38.1
16.0
34.0
21.0
35.3
21.0
38.2
16.4
38.8
15.9
18.0
75.0
41.9
17.9
69.4
42.2
17.7
78.5
44.9
17.8
78.3
44.5
15.7
82.6
42.8
15.8
76.3
42.5
16.8
72.5
43.8
1C. 8
72.3
44.0
16.6
78.0
49.0
16.4
78.1
48.4
17.8
79.1
44.4
17.8
72.8
44.7
33.1
41.9
33.9
38.6
96.3
33.1
41.4
32.6
38.0
73.6
40.4
44.3
36.5
38.2
84.3
40.9
43.8.
35.8
37.9
77.0
35.5
44.3
35.3
36.1
98.4
35.2
44.6
34.2
36.0
96.8
36.1
42.7
34,. 4
36.0
108.6
35.6
42.9
33.0
35.4
98.7
39.3
42.4
37.1
38.2
85.2
38.3
43.0
36.4
38.4
78.5
35.9
44.4
30.8
39.0
80.7
35.5
43.4
35.7
38.6
72.3
61.9
9.8
8.1
6.5
7.3
58.6
10.8
8.5
6.7
8.2
65.1
9.6
7.3
6.1
11.2
62.4
10.0
8,0
6.1
11.6
65.9
9.8
7.9
7.6
9.2
65.2
10.0
8.1
7.9
8.8
64.4
10.6
8.1
7.8
9.4
64.9
10.9
8.4
7.7
10.1
64.5
10.0
7.8
5.7
10.4
62.9
10.0
8.2
6.0
11.0
65.4
10.0
7.3
6.7
9.0
£9.3
10,0
7.8
6.4
11.2
14.6
29.8
18.7
19.0
12.0
14. Ô
30.9
17.9
19.1
12.2
14.7
26.8
18.9
16.5
14.0
14.5
29.6
19.7
16.7
13.6
12.3
26.0
21.9
17.1
12.1
12.3
27.3
22.2
17.6
11.9
14.1
27.6
21.0
18.0
12.3
14.0
28.2
21.7
17.9
11.7
14.5
27.6
20.0
19.1
13.2
14.7
27.1
21.3
1.9.6
12.8
15.0
28.8
20.7
18.2
13.3
15.0
29.4
20.6
18.4
12.6
3.7
7.9
5.6
18.3
17.7
5.1
9.3
7.3
IS. 5
17.9
5.0
8.4
5.7
17.8
19.8
4.4
9 .0
7.1
17. 4
19.7
4.5
9.2
6.0
14.7
20.4
5.7
9,3
7.6
14.5
19.5
3.8
8.9
6.6
17.9
21.6
4.6
9.4
8.2
17.8
20.8
4.2
8.7
5.5
14.2
20.6
5.3
9.0
7.5
14.2
20.5
4.4
9.0
7.1
21.1
18.3
5j7
9,9
8.2
20.4
18.2
17.8
16.7
14.0
64.1
51.2
17.7
16.2
18.9
62.8
53.1
18.9
15.2
21.3
75.0
46.2
18.8
15.2
19.2
77.4
44.5
19.8
15.3
11.2
66. 4
45.9
18.8
14.9
16.6
58.2
46.1
21.9
10.1
12.1
63.5
51.4
21.9
15.5
18.6
63.1
50.4
21.6
17.5
12.9
83.1
52.0
22.0
15.3
17.6
85.9
52.8
19.3
17.4
18.2
78.6
53.6
18.9
17.3
(9.0
77 5
54.9
31.2
21.8
47.5
56.6
31.6
22.9
49.2
58.5
28.1
25.4
30.0
42.9
27.0
28.6
29.6
47.1
26.3
22.2
41.0
54.2
26.5
22.8
41.8
52.3
29.6
24.9
37.5
58.7
29.6
25.4
36.2
53.8
30.7
23.5
40.0
50.2
30.6
23.1
41.0
48.6
30.4
26.4
47.5
55.0
29.0
26.3
50.0
55.3
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
2 W hole ham .
3 15-16-ounee can.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
O laked w eight.
5 8-ounce package.
m
[645]
« 28-ounce package.
" No. 2 can.
C e n ts .
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
5 2
T a b l e 8 .—R E T A IL P R IC E S OF T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T IC L E S
%
Peoria, 111.
*
Article.
Portland, Me.
P ortland, Oreg. Providence, R. I.
L n it.
Dec, 15, Jan. 15, Dec. 15, Jan. 15, Doe. 15, Jan. 15, Dec. 15, Jan . 15,
1919.
1920.
1919.
1919.
1919.
1920.
1920.
1920.
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
L b ...
L b . ..
L b ...
L b . ..
L b . ..
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
Sirloin ste a k ...............................
R ound s te a k ..............................
R ib ro a s t.....................................
Chuck ro o st................................
P late beef....................................
33.3
30.7
23.7
21.5
15.4
33.1
32.1
25.3
22.0
16.3
156.3
45.7
30.4
23.7
i 55. 8
45.9
31.2
24.3
31.2
29.8
27.8
22.2
16.5
32.8
31.0
28.9
23.6
17.6
66.7
54.3
42.6
34.9
66.4
52.5
42.1
33.1
Pork chop?..................................
Bacon...........................................
H am .............................................
L am b ...........................................
H ens.............................................
L b ...
L b ...
L b . ..
L b . ..
L b . ..
33.9
50.2
53.3
31.3
32.4
32.7
50.9
52.2
30.9
36.3
40.4
48.2
51.6
34. 8
44.4
36.8
51.5
48.6
35.9
46.1
42.1
55.6
53.8
31.9
41.1
40.9
54.4
52.8
33.8
43.8
39.8
49.3
60.6'
40.5
47.4
40.7
49.0
57.5
44.0
47.0
Salmon (canned).......................
Milk, fresh ..................................
Milk, evaporated (unsweeten o d )........................................
B u tte r .........................................
O leom argarine...........................
L b . ..
Q t. . .
35.3
14.3
35.1
14.3
36.4
15.0
36.6
15.0
40.8
15.9
41.2
15.8
41.0
17.0
39.9
17.0
L b . ..
L b ...
(2)
17.8
76.3
44.7
17.3
70.7
44.0
17.5
78.4
44.4
17.6
76.3
43.8
17.4
76.1
42.2
17.0
71.0
42.2
17.6
76.6
40.8
17.5
74.7
42.5
N u t m arg arin e..........................
C heese..........................................
L a rd .............................................
Crisco...........................................
Eggs, strictly fresh ...................
L b ...
L b ...
L b ...
L b . ..
D o z ..
35.6
44.3
34.6
38.3
84.2
35.8
44,1
32.8
39.1
76.8
35.6
44.7
35.1
38.0
105.0
35.3
44.8
33.2
36.6
87.2
38.7
44.1
40.0
42.7
87.1
39.0
44.1
40.0
42.7
72.9
35.2
42.9
34.6
37.2
107.8
35.2
42.8
32.8
36.9
100.1
Eggs, storage..............................
B read...........................................
F lo u r............................................
Corn m e a l...................................
R olled o a ts ................................
D oz..
Lb. 3 .
L b ....
L b ....
L b . ..
62.7
10.0
8.3
6.2
9.4
62.0
10.0
8.8
6.4
11.4
67.9
11.0
8.0
6.8
7.9
66.6
11.0
8.3
6.7
8.3
67.5
10.6
6.8
7.7
9.1
65. 0
10.6
7.1
7.7
10.1
64.8
10.7
8.8
6.5
9.8
64.9
11.4
9.0
6.3
9.8
Corn flakes................................
0)
Cream of W h e a t.......................
(5)
M acaroni...................................... L b . ..
R ice.............................................. L b . ..
Beans, n a v y ............................... L b . ..
14.7
29.4
20.1
18.2
12.1
14.9
30.0
18.8
18.2
12.1
14.2
28.0
22.9
16.7
12.1
14.2
29.2
23.1
17.5
12.0
14.6
31.3
18.7
17.9
11.0
14.8
33.6
17.5
IS. 9
11.4
14.1
27.3
22.2
17.8
11.7
14.1
28.8
21.7
18.4
11.6
P o ta to e s...................................... L b . ..
O nions......................................... L b . ..
C abbage...................................... L b ...
Beans, b a k e d .............................
(«)
Corn, canned..............................
(«)
4.0
7.7
6.4
18.1
17.4
5.2
9.9
9.1
18.5
17.3
3.8
8.8
4.8
19.3
19.6
4.7
9.6
6.6
19.0
19.5
4.0
6.4
5.6
22.0
22.3
5.2
7.8
6.8
21.6
22.1
4.0
8.8
6.0
16.8
20.5
4.8
9.6
8.2
16.8
19.9
Peas, canned..............................
Tom atoes, canned....................
Sugar, g ran u lated.....................
T e a ...............................................
Coffee...........................................
(6)
(6)
L b . ..
L b ...
L b ...
18.3
15.5
14.0
73.0
47.2
18.5
15. 2
18.7
73.7
4S.5
21.1
19.0
11.3
62.6
50.7
20.3
19.2
13.0
63.2
50.7
22.9
18.9
12.5
63.1
50.7
22.1
18.7
12.9
64.2
50.7
20.4
17.8
11.6
60.5
52.7
20.9
15.7
21.3
61.2
52.3
P ru n es......................................... L b ,...
R aisin s........................................ L b . ..
B an an as...................................... D o z ..
Oranges....................................... D o z ..
31.0
24.9
35.0
52.7
32.2
24.4
40.0
54.3
28.2
25.0
37.5
61.3
28.1
25.4
40.0
56.6
26.2
21.8
45.0
59.2
25.5
24.2
45. 0
55. 8
28.6
23.2
41.7
61.3
28.4
25.3
42.5
61.2
A
1 The steak for w hich prices are here quoted Is know n as “ porterhouse” in m ost of the cities included
In th is report, b u t m th is city it is called “ sirloin . steak.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1
•
[646]
53
PRICES AND COST OF LIVING,
O F FO O D F O R 31 C IT IE S ON DEC. 15, 1919, A N D JA N . 15,1920—Concluded.
Rochester, N . Y . j St. P au l, Minn. Salt Lake City,
U tah.
1
R ichm ond, Va.
Scranton, Pa.
Springfield, 111.
Dec. 15, | Jan. 15, Dec. 15, Jan. 15, Dec. 15 Jan. 15, Dec. 15 Jan. 15, Dec. 15, J a n . 15, Dec. 15, Jan. 15,
1919.
1920.
1919.
1920.
1919.
1920.
1919.
1920.
1919.
1920.
1919.
1920.
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
41.0
37.6
34.5
27.3
22.5
42.9
39.1
33.6
28.6
23.1
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
38.1
34.4
30.5
27.3
18.4
38.9
35.6
31.2
27.4
19.1
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
32.8
28.8
28.8
22.9
15.0
C e n ts .
36.1
31.2
30.1
24.4
15.9
C e n ts .
31.5
28.4
24.8
20.3
15.4
33.4
30.1
26.5
22.0
16.1
42.5
36.8
33.7
27.4
17.4
44.6
38.7
35.4
27.8
18.1
32.1
32.0
22.9
20.1
16.0
35.5
33.9
24 6
21.8
17.8
39.5
46.6
46.7
39.3
39.7
37.6
43.2
40.5
40.8
46.4
38.9
42.0
48.5
30.2
40.8
38.1
41.8
49.7
36.4
42.9
34.0
46.8
48.1
27.4
31.2
33.1
48.2
49.7
32.0
36.9
40.4
52.3
53.3
26.8
33.1
40.0
52.9
51.1
30.4
35.1
42.6
53.6
47.5
40.7
45.5
40.1
54.3
52.6
39.5
47.2
45.4
48.9
31.9
31.5
34.4
45.5
48.3
37.8
32.9
27.5
16.7
27.8
16.5
37.1
14.8
37.6
15.0
37.7
13.0
38.9
13.0
37.1
12.5
37.1
12.5
38.8
15.0
40.5
15.0
35.8
16.7
36.9
16.7
17.3
82.6
43.3
17.5
81.1
44.6
17.3
75.5
44.4
17.6
74.4
44.4
17.6
74.1
41.2
17.7
68.4
41.0
16.0
76.8
42.0
15.8
67.6
42.0
16.4
73.2
45.3
16.3
73.2
44.7
18.6
78.9
44.9
18.4
70.8
44.5
38.1
43.7
35.7
38.5
83.1
37.4
44.1
35.4
38.7
78.3
34.8
42.0
34.8
36.4
102.5
34.7
41.8
34.2
36.1
91.8
34.6
42.6
34.5
39.7
94.5
34.9
42.5
33.8
40.5
72.7
38.5
42.7
39.6
44.5
83.8
38.3
42.6
37.5
44.3
72.7
36.1
41.4
36.5
38.4
108.3
36.0
41.8
35.2
38.7
95.5
36.3
44.8
35.9
40.6
82.0
35.6
44.6
33.6
40.6
78.1
06.3
10.9
8.1
6.2
10.5
63.5
10.9
8.4
6.1
11.2
02.7
10.0
8.0
7.3
7.5
62.6
10.2
8.6
7.0
7.5
62.3
9.2
8.2
6.6
7.8
60.3
10.5
8.7
6.4
8.8
67.0
10.3
6.5
7.4
9.1
61.7
10.6
6.9
7.4
9.9
63.5
10.0
8.3
9.1
10.5
65.3
10.5
8.8
8.5
11.1
05.2
10.0
8.1
6.4
9.9
10.0
8.7
6.4
11.3
14.5
27.8
18.6
1.8.9
13.3
14.7
27.7
18.9
19.3
13.5
13.9
27.8
20.8
18.4
12.1
13.9
28.6
20.2
18.4
12.1
14.5
30.2
19.5
18.8
11.8
14.7
30.7
19.5
18.6
11.9
14.8
29.7
19.5
17.3
13.4
14.6
30.6
20.1
17.7
13.2
14.2
26.4
22.2
18.6
14.5
14.1
27.9
23.0
18.9
14.5
15.0
28.5
19.5
19.3
12.8
15.0
30.1
19.0
19.2
12.6
4.8
8.6
6.6
14.3
19.4
5.4
8.8
9.1
14.5
19.4
3.8
7.6
4.7
14.8
19.6
4.7
9.0
6.8
14.5
19.9
3.5
7.8
5.1
19.3
17.7
4.5
8.8
6.7
19.2
17.7
4.0
7.0
6.3
20.0
17.8
5.2
7.8
8.8
19.6
18.4
3.9
7.7
4.4
16.1
19.4
4.8
9.3
6.7
16.3
19.3
4.4
7.9
0.0
19.2
17.0
5.7
9.7
8.0
17.6
17.0
22.0
18.8
11.9
84.3
46.6
21.9
18.7
19.9
83.8
49.8
19.7
16.3
11.9
64.7
46.3
19.8
16.0
18.4
63.5
47.6
17.4
16.0
14.4
65.0
51.0
17.2
15.0
18.2
67.7
51.1
18.2
16.9
12.8
79.2
57.8
17.9
16.2
13.8
79.9
58.3
18.8
17.9
12.4
67.5
49.5
18.3
15.5
19.4
68.1
50.3
18.7
16.7
14.7
84.2
51.2
18.8
16.0
22.2
85.8
51.1
29.5
23.6
45.5
43.8
29.6
23.9
45.0
44.3
28.7
23.4
41.0
49.8
29.8
25.7
42.3
54.1
30.4
24.4
56.7
58.1
30.0
24.6
60.0
60.0
27.9
24.8
47.0
53.8
27.3
25.0
50.7
53.9
28.5
24.6
34.3
55.9
28.9
25.1
37.3
52.9
33.1
25.0
50.0
51.9
30.2
25.0
36.3
52.7
•
J
2 15-10-ounce can.
8 B aked w eight.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
8-ounce package.
8 28-ounce package.
*
[647]
8 No. 2 can.
C e n ts .
M O N T H L Y LA B O R REVIEW.
54
Comparison of R etail Food Costs in 50 Cities.
ABLE 9 shows for 39 cities the percentage of increase or decrease in
the retail cost of 22 food articles1 combined, in January, 1920,
compared with the average cost in the year 1913 and in January and
December, 1919. For 11 other cities, comparisons are given for the
one-year and one-month periods. These cities have been scheduled
by the Bureau at different dates since 1913.
The average family expenditure is based on the prices sent to the
Bureau each month by retail dealers, and on the average family
consumption of these articles in each city.
The amounts given as the expenditures in January and December,
1919, and in January, 1920, represent the amounts necessary to buy
a year’s supply of these 22 food articles when purchased at the aver
age retail prices charged in the months specified. This method
makes it easier to note the increase over the year 1913. The year
1913 has been selected for the comparison because it was the last
year before the war when prices were normal.
No attempt should be made in this table to compare one city with
another, as the average number of persons in the family varies from
city to city, and these 22 food articles represent a varying proportion
of the entire food budgets according to locality. This table is in
tended to show merely comparisons in the retail cost of these 22 food
articles for each city.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
i See first paragraph of footnote on page 26; lam b is n o t included.
16481
PRICES AND COST OF LIVINTG,
55
T a b l e 9 . — R E T A IL COST O F 22 FO O D A R T IC L E S ,1 C O M B IN ED , IN JA N U A R Y , 1920, COM
P A R E D W IT H T H E COST IN JA N U A R Y A N D D E C E M B E R , 1919, A N D W IT H T H E
A V E R A G E COST IN T H E Y E A R 1913, B Y C IT IE S .
Average fam ily ex p en d itu re for 22 food
articles, combined.
City.
1919
1913
Jan u a ry .2 Decem
ber.*
A tla n ta .............................................
B altim ore........................................
B irm ingham ....................................
B oston ................................
B rid g ep o rt......................................
B uffalo.............................................
B u tte ........................................
Charleston, S. C .............................
Chicago.............................................
C incinnati........................................
Cleveland.........................................
C olum bus........................................
D allas...........................................
D enver........................................
D e tro it.............................................
F all R iver........................................
H ouston...........................................
Indianapolis....................................
Jacksonville................................
K ansas C ity, Mo............................
L ittle R ock.....................................
Ems A ngeles....................................
'L ouisville........................................
M anchester......................................
M em phis..........................................
M ilwaukee.......................................
M inneapolis....................................
Mobile...............................................
N e w a rk ..........................................
New H a v e n ..................................
N ew O rlean s...................................
New Y ork........................................
Norfolk.............................................
O m aha.............................................
P e o n a ...............................................
Philadelphia...................................
P itts b u rg h ......................................
P ortland, M e..................................
P ortland, O reg...............................
Providence......................................
R ichm ond........................................
R ochester........................................
St. L ouis..........................................
St. P a u l...........................................
S alt Lake C ity................................
San F rancisco.................................
Scranton..........................................
Seattle...............................................
Springfield, 111................................
W ashington, D. C .........................
Percentage increase January,
1920, com pared w ith —
3331.00
335.15
377.53
388.16
318.15
348.60
336.48
338.26
354.01
395.41
247.36
335.02
375.51
345.23
377.10
340.12
390.14
284.84
383.85
366.01
368.46
327.25
319.98
364.92
376.96
369.29
355.36
334.52
352.19
350.35
26S. 03
380.85
346.40
326.36
261.87
271.48
335.98
265.35
354.82'
$683. 04
679.48
732.08
692.87
678.39
623.35
481.08
692.50
614. 75
620.02
653.59
637.73
739.01
461.63
635.69
681.49
709.52
629.45
695.89
637.37
707.97
470.14
687.88
680.18
703.83
621.10
573.60
720.15
672.50
701.09
705.09
666.48
681.07
625.54
609.65
666.89
668.46
687. 27
463.26
716.78
683.84
627.87
623.76
598.36
448.88
407.25
655.88
477.73
629. 43 699.23
$729.80
668.08
787.24
733.87
708.17
640.30
493.92
713.67
666.53
656.65
699. 25 '
667.42
759.17
474. 56
688.93
712.94
738.62
678.18
70S.50
676.17
754.02
497.61
696.32
704.95
754.27
662.68
657.41
780. 03
685.60 .
718.31
719.88
708.30
697.29
696.01
654,83
689.15
691.77
705.56
488.03
761.77
694.90
855.74
667.10
650. 90
466.37
493.51
687.26
500.15
671.67
721.54
Jan u a ry ,2
1920.
$794 46
~684.98
777.64
757.14
72S. 41
660.64
517.15
724. 08
679.64
681.58
696. 08
680 65
796. 04
470.40
706.36
752.38
768 10
684.82
734.17
672.43
769.63
508.54
715.05
725.84
741.77
675.66
667.21
766 52
704.77
735.92
750.76
723.48
719. 7 9
¿89.47
672.31
704.83
710. 29
698. 21
490.72
783.19
717.05
677.68
687.41
659 58
468.81
506.36
711.37
504.38
699.02
739.74 !
1 See first paragraph, of footnote on page 26; lam b is n o t included,
2 Cost of year’s su p p ly a t prices charged in specified m onths.
1913
101
104
106
95
108
108
102
101
97
101
90
111
100
9.8
95
98
97
79
97
98
101
106
109
93
95
103
104
106
100
103
84 :
106
107
111
79
87
100
90
103
January, Decem
1919.
ber, 1919.
6
i
6
9
7
6
5
11
10
7
7
8
2
11
10
9
5
6
9
8
4
7’
5
9
16
6
6
5
6
9
6
10
10
6
•6
2
6
9
58
10
10
4
8:
8
6
11
6
3
31
3
3
1
2
4
31
5
31
3
6
4
i
4
31
2
2
3
3
32
2
1
3
2
4
2
3
81
3
2
3
31
l
3
3
3
3
1
1
3
4
1
4
3
3 Decrease.
As shown in Table 9 the average family expenditure for 22 articles
of food increased during the month from December 15 to January 15
in 41 cities and decreased in 9 cities. In Memphis and Mobile the
decrease was 2 per cent and in Atlanta, Birmingham, Cleveland, Den
ver, Kansas City, Omaha, and Portland, Oreg., the decrease was 1
per cent. In each of 7 cities the expenditure increased 1 per cent; in
9 cities, 2 per cent; in 16 cities, 3 per cent; and in 6 cities, 4 per cent.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[649]
56
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
In Butte and Dallas, the increase was 5 per cent; and in Fall River,
6 per cent.
During the year period from January, 1919, to January, 1920, the
greatest increase, or 16 per cent, was shown in Minneapolis, The
next largest increase, or 11 per cent, was in Chicago, Detroit, and
Springfield. The other cities showed increases ranging from 1 per cent
in Baltimore to 10 per cent in Cincinnati, Fall River, Omaha, Peoria,
St. Louis, and St. Paul. As compared with the average expenditure
in the year 1913, the following cities showed an increase of 100 per cent
and over: Fall River, 100 per cent; Atlanta, Cincinnati, Dallas and
Memphis, 101 per cent each; Chicago, 102 per cent; New Orleans and
Pittsburgh, 103 per cent each; Baltimore and New York, 104 per
cent each; Birmingham, Milwaukee, Omaha, Providence and Scran
ton, 106 per cent each; Richmond, 107 per cent; Buffalo, Charleston,
and Washington, 108 per cent each; Minneapolis, 109 per cent; and
Detroit and St. Louis, 111 per cent each.
R etail Prices of Coal.1
ABLE 10 shows the average retail prices of coal on January 15 and
July 15 of each year, 1913 to 1919, inclusive, and on January 15,
1920, by cities. The prices are those quoted by the retail trade for
household use.
In addition to the prices for Pennsylvania anthracite, prices are
shown for Colorado, Arkansas, and New Mexico anthracite in those
cities where these coals form any considerable portion of the sales
for household use.
The prices shown for bituminous coal are averages made on the
several kinds. The coal dealers in each city were asked to quote
prices on the kinds of bituminous coal usually sold for household use.
The prices quoted are for coal delivered to consumers but do not
include charges for storing the coal in cellar or coal bin where an
extra handling is necessary.
Prices are shown for coal only in the cities in which prices are
scheduled for food and are shown for the years when food prices
were obtained.
i Prices of coal are secured sem ian n u ally an d pu b lish ed in th e March and Septem ber issues of the
M onthly L abob R eview .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[650]
T able 1 0 .— R E T A IL P R IC E S P E R TO N O F 2,000 PO U N D S O F COAL, F O R H O U SE H O L D U SE , ON JA N . 15 A N D JU L Y 15 O F EA C H Y E A R , 1913 TO 1919,
IN C L U SIV E , A N D JA N U A R Y 15, 1920, B Y C ITIES.
1914
1913
1916
1915
1917 1
1919
1918
1920
C ity, a n d k in d of coal.
January.
July.
January.
July.
January.
July.
January.
July.
January. January.
January.
Ju ly .
$7,778
$8,029
A tlan ta, Ga.:
P en n sy lv an ia an thracite—
B itu m in o u s........................................................
B altim ore, Md.:
P en n sy lv an ia anthracite—
S to v e ............................................................
C hestn u t ..................................................
[651]
B irm ingham , A la.:
B itum inous........................................................
Boston, Mass.:
P en n sy lv an ia anthracite—
Stove ..........................................................
Ch fxstn lit ............. .............. .....................
$5.875
$4,833
$5.295
$5,083
$5.250
$4.575
$5.050
$4,500
$7,000
$7,444
$14.667
14.667
8.250
$9.050
2 7.700
2 7.930
2 7.240
2 7.490
2 7.700
2 7.950
2 7.280
2 7.520
= 7.620
2 7.870
2 7.138
2 7.363
2 7.650
2 7.880
= 7.800
2 7.950
3 8.160
2 8.310
2 9.600 2 10.450 a 11.983 2 11.750
2 9.750 2 10.550 2 12.042 2 11.850
2 7.540 2 6.893
212.500
2 12.600
2 7.500
4.217
4.011
4.228
3.833
4.090
3.646
3.913
3.644
5.080
5.616
6.461
6.741
7.286
7.496
8.250
8.250
7.500
7.750
8.000
8.250
7.500
7.750
7.750
8.000
8.000
8.250
8.000
8.000
9.500
9.500
9.850
9.850
10.250
10.250
12.000
12.000
10.250
12.000
12.000
9.000
12.750
12.750
9.500
10.000
10.000
10.500
10.500
10.400
10.400
12.370
12.370
9.125
11.750
11.750
8.000
12.500
12.500
8.500
Bridgeport, Conn.:
P en n sy lv an ia anthracite—
Stove
....................................................
C hestn u t .... ..............................................
Buffalo, N . Y .:
P en n sy lv an ia anthracite—
Stove ..........................................................
Chest n o t ....................................................
7.750
...............
...............
6.992
6.542
6.800
B u tte , M ont.:
R itiirn in n n s ......................................................
Charleston, S. C.:
P e n n sy lv an ia an thracite—
Stove
.................................................... 2 8.375 2 7.750
C hestn u t
............................................... 2 8.500 2 8.000
TTifiiminnns........................................................ 2 6.750 2 6.750
Chicago, 111.:
P en n sy lv an ia anthracite—
7.800
8.000
Stove
..................................................
8.250
8.050
Chestnut, ..................................................
4.969
4.650
B itu m in o u s........................................................
i Prices no t secured by B ureau in Ju ly , 1917.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
January.
6.817
7.067
6.650
6.900
6. 850
7.100
6.650
6.900
6.850
7.100
7.010
7.260
7.600
7.850
8.830
8.830
9.180
9.240
10.400
10.500
6.000
10.700
10.800
8.000
10.890
10.990
7.417
6.750
7.125
7.125
8.222
9.188
9.083
9.377
9.836
10.381
2 8.750 2 12.275
2 9.250 2 12.475
7.000
8.000
8.375
C)
(•■)
8.500
213.400
213.500
8.500
213.400
213.500
8.500
10.900
10.975
6.475
11.808
12.016
6.700
12.200
12.300
7.017
12.590
12.690
8.020
2 7.750
2 8.250
*6.750
2 7.750
2 8.250
2 6.750
2 7.750
2 8.250
2 6.750
2 7.750
3 8.250
2 6.750
2 7.750
2 8.250
2 6.750
2 7.875
2 8.375
2 6.750
8.080
8.330
5.000
7.900
8.130
4.850
8.100
8.350
5.068
7.900
8.150
4.708
8.100
8.350
4.938
8.240
8.490
4.800
s P e r to n of 2,240 pounds.
9.570
9.670
7.083
10.350
10.388
6.671
* Zoned out b y F u e l A dm inistration.
PRICES AND COST OF LIVING,
Ju ly .
T able 10 .—R E T A IL P R IC E S P E R T O N O F 2,000 P O U N D S O F COAL, F O R H O U SE H O L D U SE , ON JA N . 15 A N D J U L Y 15 O F EA C H Y E A R , 1913 TO 1919,
IN C L U S IV E , A N D JA N U A R Y 15, 1920, B Y C IT IE S —Continued.
1914
1913
19171
1916
1915
1919
1918
Cn
OO
1920
C ity, an d k in d of coal.
January.
C incinnati, Ohio:
Pen n sy lv an ia an thracite—
S to v e ...........................................................
B itu m in o u s ......................................................
Columbus, Ohio:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
January.
July.
January.
July.
January.
July.
January. January.
July.
[652]
C h estn u t............ .........................................
B itum inous............... 1......................- - - -. —
F all R iver, Mass.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
C h estn u t......................................................
H ouston, Tex.:
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
July.
January.
6.725
(2)
(2)
$6,478
$12.000
12.000
6.139
$12.500
12.667
6- 73E
9.825
9.575
6.901
6.443
11.050
11.175
6.821
11.538
11.650
7.710
12.300
12.233
7.911
6.400
5.943
6.179
6. OSS
12.000
6.058
12.00C
6.513
18.000
20.000
22.00C
8.375
7.208
11.500
10.167
14.334
10.139
14.250
10.386
15.800
10.980
14.500
11.083
is. not
$8.250
8.750
3.500
$7.500
7.750
3.375
$8.000
8.250
3.750
$7.917
8.167
3.500
$7.917
8.167
3.500
87.667
7.833
3.500
88.000
8.083
3.688
$7.875
8.125
3.500
$10.000
10.125
5.500
$9.500
9.500
6.098
7.500
7.750
4.143
7.250
7.500
4.143
7.500
7.750
4.400
7.500
7.750
4.571
7.650
7.900
4.643
7.400
7.650
4.607
7.650
7.900
4.643
7.850
8.100
4.946
9.688
10.000
8.227
3.640
$11,660
Dallas, Tex.:
Pen n sy lv an ia anthracite—
Arkansas anth racite—
"&&• *............................................................
B itum inous........................................................
Denver, Colo.:
Colorado anthracite—
Stove, 3 an d 5 m ix ed ............................
Furnace, 1 an d 2 m ixed _________ ___ _
B itum inous....................................... . . . . . . . . o
D etroit, Mich.:
Pen n sy lv an ia an thracite—
January.
8.250
7.214
7.929
7.150
7.545
8.250
6.950
9.000
7.458
8.500
8.875
5.250
8.500
9.000
4.875
10.500
11.000
6.474
8.929
9.071
£.300
9.214
9.286
5.641
9.071
9.071
5.192
0.333
9.333
5.250
8.786
9.071
5.019
9.600
S. 900
6.000
11.750
11.750
7.598
12.325
12.325
7.995
12.650
12.650
8.148
13.150
12.650
8.348
14.00(
13.50(
8.905
8.000
8.250
5.200
7.450
7.650
5.200
8.000
8.250
5.200
7.500
7.750
5.188
7.938
8.1S8
5.179
7.500
7.750
5.237
7.950
8.200
5.237
8.000
8.250
5.611
9.750
9.800
7.583
9.880
10.080
8.267
10.150
10.520
8.180
11.600
11.710
7.732
11.890
11.980
7.988
12.75(
8.78
8.250
8.250
7.425
7.613
7.750
8.000
7.688
7.688
8.000
8.000
7.750
7.750
8.750
8.750
8.438
8.438
11.000
11.000
10.750
10.750
11.000
11.000
10.000
12.700
12.383
10.250
12.500
12.250
9.500
13.00
10.000
10.000
12.00
9.000
14.583
1 2 .65(
12.75
10.00
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
B itum inous.........................................................
Cleveland, Ohio:
Pen n sy lv an ia an thracite—
July.
B itum inous.... ..................................................
L ittle Rock, A rk,:
A rkansas an th racite—
E gg...............................................................
Stove
.... .................................................
B itum inous........................................................
Los Angeles, Calif.:
New Mexico a n th racite-Cerillns pvg ............. ..............................
B itum inous.™ .................................................
Louisville, K y.:
Pennsylvania an th racite—
Stove
C hestnut............... _....................................
B itum inous........................................................
Manchester, N . H .:
Pennsylvania an th racite—
Stove ........................................................ .
C hestnut......................................................
B itum inous......, ................................................
Memphis, Tenn.:
Pennsylvania an th racite—
Stovp
C hestnut t B itum inous........................................................
Milwaukee, Wis.:
Pennsylvania an th racite—
Stove ....................................... *..............
C h estn u t,....................................................
B itum inous........................................................
i Prices no t secured b y B ureau
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
8.950
9.150
3.813
8.000
8.250
3.700
8.300
8.500
4.611
7.750
7.950
4.000
8.250
8.450
4.673
7.650
7.900
4.208
8.250
8.450
4.411
8.500
8. 088
30.167
10.333
6.800
9.825
9.925
7.107
10.250
10.500
6.163
12. 250
12.333
6.875
12.250
12.250
7.375
13.000
13.167
8.188
10.000
10.000
7.500
9.000
9.000
7.000
9.000
9.000
7.125
9.125
9 195
6.875
9 000
9. 000
7.500
9.000
9.000
7.000
9 000
9.000
7.500
9 000
9.000
7.375
11.000
11.000
8.000
12.000
12.000
9.333
9.825
(2)
( 2)
10.000
15.000
15.000
10.000
17.000
17.090
11.000
16,210
16.470
17,400
17.625
9.292
9.958
è. 438
12.592
13.150
6.703
13.700
14,200
6.700
15.107
7.354
13.593
14.450
7.469
15.050
16.5S3
8.625
7.625
9 .000
11.500
12.750
5.750
3.000
8.250
9.155
12.975
13. 333
9.414
12. 500
13.250
9.250
13. 333
10.375
18.000
13.700
16.000
12.900
15.000
22.000
14.881.
20.000
14.700
21,150
14.688
14.583
21.000
16.000
3.478
3.816
3.737
5.734
6.038
10.640
6.783
(2)
(2)
6.743
Ì2 ,750
12. 750
6.816
13.750
13. 750
8.836
8.750
8.750
8.500
8.500
9.000
9.000
8.750
8.750
l i . 000
11.000
11.000
11.000
id. 500
10.500
10.000
12.5Ò0
12.500
10.000
12. 750
12.750
10.000
13,417
13.417
10. ooo
3 4.219
3 3.883
3 3.838
3 3.904
s’4.083
s 6.222
6.539
7.171
15.000
15.000
7.221
16.000
16.000
7.528
16.000
16.000
8.000
7.930
8.180
5. 714
8.100
8.350
6. Ì43
7.900
8.150
5.625
8.100
8.350
6.000
8.300
0 .02Ó
9.270
7.743
9.500
9.650
7.385
10.968
10.904
7.385
12.286
12.378
7. 814
12.400
12.500
8.144
12.800
12. 700
8.960
4.391
3.935
8.286
8.929
4.276
7 917
8.500
4.093
8 333
8.833
4.200
7.833
8.375
4.056
6.000
5.333
6.250
5.833
5.972
5.361
12.500
17.000
13.500
12.000
15.000
13.600
9.000
9.000
4.200
8.250
8.250
4.000
8 750
8.750
4.377
8 450
8.450
3.953
10.000
10.000
8.500
8.500
8.750
8.750
3 4.344
3 4.219
8.000
8.250
6.250
7.850
8.100
5.7Ì4
in Ju ly , 1917.
8,333
8,833
4.515
8.125
8.667
4.353
7.625
6.000
15.000
11.375
3.997
8.500
8.500
3 4.219
8.080
8.330
6.143
8. 700
2 Zoned out b y F u e l A dm in istratio n .
5.875
PRICES Ais'D COST OF LIVING,
Indianapolis, Ind.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Sto v e............................................................
C hestnut......................................................
B itum inous........................................................
Jacksonville, Fla.:
Pennsylvania an th racite—
......................................................
Stove
C hestnut......................................................
B itum inous........................................................
K ansas City, Mo.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
___T............................................
Stove
C h e s tn u t....................................................
A rkansas anthracite—
F um ane ......................................................
3 p e r 10-barrel lots (1,800 pounds).
Or
CD
T able 1 0 __R E T A IL T R IC E S T E R TO N O F 2,000 P O U N D S O F COAL, F O R H O U SE H O L D U SE , ON JA N . 15 A N D JU L Y 15 O F E A C H Y E A R , 1913 to 1919,
IN C L U S IV E , AN D JA N U A R Y 15, 1920, B Y C IT IE S —C ontinued.
1914
1913
1916
1915
19171
1919
1918
O
°
1920
City, and kind of coal.
Omaha, Nebr.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove
......................................................
C h e s tn u t....................................................
B itum inous.......................................................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
July.
Januar y.
July.
January.
July.
January.
July.
$9.250
9.500
5.889
$9.050
9.300
5.792
$9.350
9.600
5.875
$9.133
9.383
5. 846
$9.307
9. 557
5. 990
$9.150
9. 400
5.900
$9.350
9.600
5.977
$9. 900
10.150
6.375
January. January.
S10.350
10.600
8.077
110.826
10.926
8.888
14.000
14.000
8.000
July.
January.
July.
January.
$12.238
12.328
8.474
$13. 708
13. 786
9. 000
$13.800
13.900
9.189
$14.000
14.100
10.425
.......... ..........
9.000
9.429
17.000
17.000
9.722
17.000
17.000
10.333
6.500
6. 750
6.250
6.500
6.500
6.750
6.250
6.500
6.500
6.750
6.250
6.500
6.500
6.750
6. 750
7.000
7.208
7.292
8.100
8.100
8.500
■8.500
9. 750
9.750
10.050
10.050
10.483
10.483
7.500
7.500
6.250
6.250
6.571
6.571
6.579
6.579
7.000
7.000
6.750
6.750
7.500
7.500
7.742
7.742
9.500
9.500
9.750
9.750
10.100
10.100
12.050
12.050
11.333
11.333
12.250
12.250
10.000
10.500
3 6.056
10.000
10.500
3 6.063
10.000
10.500
8 5.944
10.000
10.500
3 6.071
10.000
10.500
3 5.950
10.125
10.625
3 6.083
10.500
11.000
3 6.091
11. 700
12.200
a 6.063
13.100
13.500
3 6.944
13.067
13.300
8.040
14.550
7. 789
(2)
(2)
8.900
16.000
16.000
8.292
17.500
17.500
9,269
7.071
7.143
6.657
6.800
6.857
7.000
6.850
6.993
7.143
7.286
6.907
7.057
7.107
7.250
7.393
7.421
8.500
8.500
9.058
9.083
9.300
9.293
10.757
10. 764
10.800
10.857
11.536
11.600
10.000
10.000
9. 500
9.500
11. 700
11. 700
8.250
12.500
12.500
9.375
13.000
13.000
9.750
13.188
13.338
7.950
7.388
8.471
16.450
16.55,0
8.930
17.275
17. 450
10.108
12. 000
12. 000
6.625
10. 750
11.000
6.125
10. 700
10. 950
6.125
10.700
10.950
6.125
10.750
11.000
6.083
10.700
10.950
6.167
10. 750
11.000
6.042
11.750
12.000
6.000
13.200
13.400,
7.857
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
[654]
Minneapolis, Minn.:
Pennsylvania an th racite—
Stove............................................................
C hestnut......................................................
B itum inous........................................................
Mobile, Ala.:
Pennsylvania an th racite—
Stove
......................................................
C hestnut......................................................
B itum inous........................................................
Newark, N. J.:
Pennsylvania an th racite—
Sto v e............................................................
C hestnut......................................................
New H aven, Conn.:
Pennsylvania an th racite—
Stove............................................................
C hestnut......................................................
New Orleans, La.:
Pennsylvania an th racite—
Stove
......................................................
C hestnut......................................................
B itum inous........................................................
New York, N. Y .:
Pennsylvania an th racite—
Stove................. .........................................
C hestnut......................................................
Norfolk, Va.:
Pennsylvania an th racite—
Stove
......................................................
C hestnut......................................................
January.
♦
jt t j u
na,
10.250
10.500
5.500
4 7.969
4 8.188
<9.594
4 9.681
9.806
9.888
411.244
411.319
<10.850
< 10.950
«11.881
411.906
6.000
4 7.156
4 7.375
4
6.894
4 7.144
4
7.281
4 7.531
4 7.050
4 7.300
4
7.250
4 7.500
4
4 7.013
7.263
4 7.250
4 7.500
4
4 7.938
4 8.000
5 3.158
4 7.375
4 7.438
S3.176
4 7.713
4 7.775
5 3.188
4 7.550
4 7.550
5 3.158
4 7.875
<7.933
5 3.225
4 7.567
4 7.567
5 3.225
4 7.987
<8.017
5 3.326
4 8.000 410.500
410.850 410.150
4 8.100
5 3.450 5 4.857 5 5.278
411.000
4 11.050
5.656
412.750
412.700
6.000
412.750
U2.663
5.833
413.750
< 14.000
6.179
10.890
10.890
10.453
11.040
11.040
10.890
13.000
13.000
10.853
12.200
12.200
8.573
13.440
13.440
9.370
4
4
4
[655]
9.786
9.656
9.625
9.279
9.382
9.224
9.438
9.263
10.276
10.181
10.442
10.566
11.493
11.618,
8.250
8.250
7.500
7.750
7.750
8.000
7.450
7.700
7.750
8.000
7.500
7.750
8.750
9.000
8.500
8.500
10.000
10.000
10.500
10.500
11.375
11.375
12.400
12.400
10.500
12.000
12.000
12.950
13.000
9.000
10.000
8.000
8.000
5.500
7.250
7.250
4.944
7.750
7.750
5.423
8.000
8.000
5.444
7.500
7. 500
5.023
8.438
8.680
3.360
11.000
11.000
5.639
1 Prices n o t secured b y B ureau in Ju ly , 1917.
a Zoned o u t by F u e lA d m in istra tio n .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
7.494
7. 744
11.667
11.750
5.550
13.000
13.000
5.850
11.000
11.025
7.542
7.542
5.042
7.900
7.900
5.364
8.000
8.000
5.063
9.450
9.450
7.268
9.500
9.500
7.686
9.900
9.900
7.811
11.500
11.500
8.222
12.000
8.464
12.125
12.125
8.931
7.200
7.450
7.750
7.900
8.550
8.650
9.050
9.150
10.300
10.400
10.600
10.700
10.800
10.900
12.000
7.740
7.990
3.037
8.150
8.350
3.288
8.175
8.363
3.056
8.333
8.500
3.214
8.033
8.200
3.050
8.583
8.750
3.179
8.500
8.750
3.073
9.813
10.050
4.615
10.433
10.533
5.444
11.000
11.250
5.893
5.463
12.900
12.900
5.425
13.100
13.225
5.970
9.050
9.300
6.041
9.333
9.583
6.121
9.183
9.433
6.089
9.350
9.600
6.167
9.150
9.400
6.153
9.350
9.600
6.203
9.883
10.133
6.610
10.350
10.600
8.213
10.727
10.827
9.162
12.248
12.417
9.148
13.453
13.543
9.582
13.800
13.900
9.875
14.000
14.100
11.531
11.500
11.500
5.458
11.500
11.472
5.580
5.552
11.500
11.500
5.462
11.563
11.571
5.462
11.714
11.786
5.464
11.429
11.429
5.464
12.000
12.000
5.658
14.000
14.000
7.250
15.000
15.000
7.303
15.333
15.333
7.875
16.000
16.000
7.250
16.313
16.583
8.236
s P er 10-barrel lots (1,800 pounds).
4 P e r to n of 2,240 pounds.
6 P e r 25-bushel lots (1,900 p o u n d s).
PRICES AND COST OE LIVING,
165126°—20----- 5
Pen n sy lv an ia a n th racite—
Sto v e................................
C h estn u t..........................
B itu m in o u s............................
P h ilad e lp h ia , P a.:
P en n sy lv an ia a n th racite—
Sto v e................................
C h estn u t..........................
P ittsb u rg h , P a .:
P en n sy lv an ia an th racite—
. Sto v e................................
C h estn u t..........................
B itu m in o u s............................
P o rtla n d , M e.:
P en n sy lv an ia a n th ra c ite —
Stove................................
C h estn u t..........................
B itu m in o u s............................
P o rtla n d , Oreg.:
B itu m in o u s............................
Providence, R . I .:
P en n sy lv an ia a n th racite—
Stove................................
C h estn u t..........................
B itu m in o u s............................
R ichm ond, Va.':
Pen n sy lv an ia an th racite—
Sto v e................................
C h estn u t..........................
B itu m in o u s............................
R ochester, N . Y .:
P en n sy lv an ia an th racite—
Stove................................
C h estn u t..........................
S t. Louis, Mo.:
P ennssdvania a n th racite—
Sto v e................................
C h estn u t..........................
B itu m in o u s............................
S t. P a u l, M inn.:
Pen n sy lv an ia a n th racite—
Stove................................
C h estn u t..........................
B itu m in o u s............................
S a lt L ak e C ity, U ta h :
Colorado anthracite—
Furnace, 1 and 2 m ixed
Stove, 3 a n d 5 m ix e d ...
B itu m in o u s............................
T able 1 0 .—R E T A IL P R IC E S P E R TO N O F 2,000 PO U N D S O F COAL, F O R H O U S E H O L D U SE, ON JA N . 15 A N D JU L Y 15 O F EA CH Y E A R , 1913 TO 1919,
IN C LU SIV E, A N D JA N . 15, 1920, B Y C IT IE S —Concluded.
1913
1914
1917 i
1916
1915
1919
1918
C5
to
1920
City, and k in d of coal.
Jan u ary .
1 Prices n o t secured b y B ureau in Ju ly , 1917.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
January.
July.
$20.750
$18,600
$21,550
$20.500
$23,000
18.600
13.867
18.600
14.083
19.400
14.200
19.400
13.591
21.750
15.100
5.250
5.250
6.113
6.150
6.050
6.150
7.475
7.563
7.683
7.783
8.233
8.300
2 5.850
3 7.867
3 9.133
s 9.163
3 9.103
3 9.588
2.706
3.711
3.661
3.832
3.976
3.950
4 8.206 410.100 4 9.960 411.890 4 11.911
4 10.190 4 10.064 4 12.019 4 12.011
4 8.200
4 7.700 4 7.974 4 8.050
4 12.447
4 12.538
4 8.267
January.
July.
January.
July.
January.
July.
$17,000
$17.000
$17,000
$16.833
$16.833
$17.000
$17,000
$19,000
17.000
12.000
17.000
12.091
17.000
12.400
16.833
12.273
16.833
12.333
17.000
12.250
17.000
12.250
19.000
13.429
4.313
4.563
4.500
4.750
4.313
4.563
4.438
4.688
4.125
4.313
4.375
4.625
4.800
4.800
2 7.200
2 6.167
2 5.800
2 5.906
2 5.313
2 5.528
2 5.750
2.646
4 7.381
4 7.531
4 7.588
4 7.738
4 7.419
4 7.569
4
4
January. January.
2.078
2.094
2.563
2.750
7.731
7.881
4 7.400
4 7.550
4 7.625
4 7.775
4 7.725
4 7.856
2 A t yard, delivery $0.05 to $2, according to distance.
»
s Prices in Zone A.
*
January.
P er to n of 2,240 pounds.
*
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
[656]
San Francisco, Calif.:
New Mexico anth racite—
Cerillos egg.................................................. $17,000
Colorado a n th racite—
17.000
E g g...............................................................
B itu m in o u s........................................................ 12.000
Scranton, P a .:
Pennsylvania an th racite—
S to v e............................................................
4.250
4.500
C h estn u t......................................................
S eattle, W ash.:
B itu m in o u s........................................................ 2 7.125
Springfield, 111.:
B itu m in o u s........................................................
W ashington, D . C.:
Pennsylvania a n th ra c ite —
S to v e..............................
..................... 4 7.500
C h estn u t...................................................... 4 7.650
B itu m in o u s........................................................
July.
July.
63
PRICES AND COST OF LIVING.
Table 11 shows for the United States both average and relative
retail prices of Pennsylvania white ash coal, stove and chestnut
sizes, and of bituminous coal on January 15 and July 15 of each
year, 1913 to 1919, inclusive, and January 15, 1920. An average
price for the year 1913 has been made from the averages for January
and July of that year. The average prices for January and July of
each year have been divided by this average price for the year 1913 to
obtain the relative prices.
January, 1920, compared with January, 1913, shows an increase
of 63 per cent in the price of Pennsylvania white ash stove coal, 61
per cent in the price of chestnut, and 62 per cent in the price of
bituminous.
January, 1920, compared with January, 1919, shows an increase of
9 per cent in the price of Pennsylvania white ash stove, 11 per cent
in the price of chestnut, and 12 per cent in the price of bituminous.
^
Table 1 1 .—A V E R A G E A N D R E L A T IV E P R IC E S O F COAL IN TO N LO T S F O R T H E U N IT E D
ST A T E S ON JA N . 15 A N D JU L Y 15 OF E A C H Y E A R , 1913 TO 1919, IN C L U SIV E , A N D
JAN . 15, 1920.
Pennsylvania anthracite, w hite ash.
Stove.
Y ear an d m onth.
1913:
Average for y e a r........................................
Jan u a ry ........................................................
Ju ly ...............................................................
1914:
Ja n u a ry ........................................................
J u ly ...* .......................................................
1915:
Jan u a ry ........................................................
July . *.........................................................
1916:
J an u ary ........................................................
Ju ly ...............................................................
1917:
J a n u a r y .......................................................
J u l y .. .I ........................................................
1918:
Jan u a ry .....................................................
J u ly ...“.........................................................
1919:
Jan u a ry ........................................... ............
J u ly ... I .........................................................
1920:
Jan u a ry ...........-.......................................
Chestnut.
A vei age
price.
R elative
price.
Average
price.
R elative
price.
Average
price.
R elative
price.
$7.73
7.99
7.46
100
103
97
$7.91
8.15
7.68
100
103
97
$5.43
5.48
5. 39
100
101
99
7.80
7.60
101
98
8.00
7. 78
101
98
5.97
5.46
110
101
7.83
7.54
101
98
7.99
7.73
101
98
5. 71
5.44
105
100
7. 93
8.12
103
105
8.13
8. 28
103
105
5.69
5.52
105
102
120
9.40
0)
119
6.96
0)
9. 29
0)
0)
(0
128
0)
9.88
9.96
128
129
10.03
10.07
127
127
7. 68
7.92
141
146
11.51
12.16
149
157
11.61
12.19
147
154
7.90
8.10
145
149
12. 59
163
12.77
161
8. 81
162
1 Prices no t secured b y B ureau in Ju ly , 1917.
a
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Bitum inous.
[657]
64
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
Index Numbers of Wholesale Prices in the
United States.
W
HOLESALE prices in the United States continued to advance
during January of the present year, the Bureau’s weighted
index number rising to 248 as compared with 238 for
December and 203 for January, 1919, the average for the year 1913
being regarded as 100. Food products registered the greatest increase
from December to January, the index number rising from 234 to 253,
or slightly more than 8 per cent. The group of lumber and building
materials showed practically 7 per cent increase (from 253 to 268),
cloths and clothing nearly 4§ per cent (from 335 to 350), while metals
and metal products advanced nearly 5 per cent (from 169 to 177).
The index number for house-furnishing goods increased from 303 to
324, that for chemicals and drugs from 179 to 189, and that for
miscellaneous articles from 220 to 227. Somewhat smaller increases
were recorded for farm products (244 to 246), and fuel and lighting
(181 to 184).
The large increase in the index number for the group of food
commodities is due mainly to the rise in sugar and potatoes. The a
price of raw sugar in January advanced more than 26 per cent,
granulated sugar nearly 42 per cent, and potatoes nearly 37 per cent
above the December average. These articles, being heavily weighted
because of their great importance, have a decided influence on the
index number for the group. The decrease in the price of butter,
eggs, and a few other commodities was offset by the increase in the
price of coffee, flour, and meat products. In the cloths and clothing
group, the increase in the index number is due largely to the rise in
prices of cotton and woolen goods, carpets, and silk. The increase
in the index numbers for the remaining groups is about what should
be expected in view of the recent advances in the prices of iron and
steel products, brick and lumber, household furniture, cottonseed
meal, paper, and other staple articles.
In the 12 months from January, 1919, to January, 1920, as meas
ured by changes in the index numbers, farm products increased
nearly 11 per cent, food slightly more than 22 per cent, and cloths
and clothing nearly 50 per cent. During the same time, fuel and
lighting increased over 8 per cent, metals and metal products about
3 per cent, and lumber and building materials nearly 69 per cent.
House-furnishing goods increased nearly 49 per cent in this time, j|^
and miscellaneous commodities about 7 per cent. Chemicals and
drugs, on the contrary, decreased slightly more than 1 per cent in
the same period.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[658]
65
PRICES AND COST OF LIVING.
IN D E X N U M B E R S O F W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S IN T H E U N IT E D ST A TES, D E C E M B E R , 1919,
A N D JA N U A R Y , 1920, AN D JA N U A R Y , 1913 TO 1919, B Y G R O U PS O F COM M O D ITIES.
[For detailed statem en t of in d ex num bers since Jan u ary , 1913, an d for yearly d a ta since 1890 see
Monthly Labor R eview for F ebruary, 1920, pages 87 to 89.]
[1913=100.]
Group.
Decem Jan u
ber,
ary,
1919.
1920.1
January.
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
F a rm p ro d u c ts.......... ....................
Food, e tc ....................................
Cloths a n d clothing...............
Fuel a n d lig h tin g ..........................
M etals and m e ta l products........................
L um ber and building m aterials.....................
Chemicals and drugs..................................
House-furnishing goods....................................
Miscellaneous.......................................................
244
234
335
181
169
253
179
303
220
246
253
350
184
177
268
189
324
227
97
99
100
103
107
100
101
100
100
101
102
98
99
92
98
100
99
99
102
106
96
93
83
94
103
99
100
108
113
110
105
126
99
150
105
107
148
150
161
176
183
106
159
132
138
207
187
211
157
174
136
232
161
178
222
207
234
170
172
161
191
218
212
All com m odities.............................................
238
248
100
100
99
110
151
185
203
1 Prelim inary.
Wholesale Prices in the United States and
Foreign Countries, 1890 to December, 1919.
â T N THE following table the more important index numbers of
I wholesale prices in the United States and several foreign coun
tries, as compiled by recognized authorities, have been reduced
to a common base in order that the trend of prices in the several
countries may be directly compared. The results here shown have
been obtained by merely shifting the base for each series of index
numbers to the year 1913, i. e., by dividing the index for 1913 on the
original base into the index for each year or month on that base.
These results are therefore to be regarded only as approximations of
the correct index numbers in the case of series constructed by averag
ing the relative prices of individual commodities.1 This applies to
the index numbers of the Annalist, the Economist, the Statist (Sauer
beck), the Department of Labor of Canada, the Statistique Générale
of France, and, presumably, the Monthly Statistical Bulletin of New
South Wales, Australia. The index numbers of the U. S. Bureau of
Labor Statistics, Bradstreet, Dun, Gibson, and the Bureau of Census
and Statistics of Australia are built on aggregates of actual money
prices, or relatives made from such aggregates of actual prices, and
therefore can be readily shifted to any desired base. In cases where
no index numbers for years are shown in the original sources, the
® figures here presented have been obtained by averaging the 12 monthly
index numbers.
1 For a discussion of th e defects of in d ex n um bers constructed according to th is m ethod, see B ulletin No.
181 of th e B ureau of L abor S tatistics, p p . 245-252.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[659]
66
M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW .
W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S IN T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S A N D C E R T A IN F O R E IG N C O U N T R IE S .
[Index num bers expressed as percentages of th e in d ex n u m ber for 1913.
U n ited K ing Canada.
dom.
U n ite d States.
T>
Y ear
and
m onth.
itÌr"
(vari
A nnalist:
25 commodities.
See te x t explanation.]
D un:
B radstreet:
200
96 com- commodmodities.
ities.
Gib- Econoson: 22 m ist: 44
comcommodmodities.
itie s.
lies.
Departm ent
of
Labor:
272
commodities
(variable).
A ustralia.
Commonw ealth
B ureau
of Census and
Statistic s : 92
commodities.
France.
New
South
W ales
Monthly Statistic al
Bulletin :
N um ber of
commodities
Statistiq u e
Générale:
45 commodities.
shown.
1890..............
1895..............
1900..............
1905..............
1910..............
1913..............
1914..............
1915..............
1916..............
1917..............
1918..............
1919..............
81
70
80
85
99
100
100
101
124
176
196
212
73
68
71
79
98
100
104
106
126
187
2C1
2a1
70
86
88
98
100
97
107
128
170
203
203
1 75
1 67
77
83
98
100
101
105
123
169
190
190
75
72
76
81
102
100
105
110
129
191
211
209
83
72
90
84
93
100
99
123
ICO
204
225
235
85
73
88
85
92
100
100
127
160
205
226
242
81
71
80
84
92
100
100
110
134
174
205
216
97
70
82
84
92
100
106
147
138
153
1914.
Ja n u a ry ___
A p ril............
J u ly .............
O ctober___
100
98
100
99
102
101
104
107
97
95
94
100
103
99
99
102
100
99
101
108
97
96
95
101
98
96
104
106
101
101
99
102
1915.
J a n u a ry ___
A p ril............
J u ly .............
O ctober___
99
100
101
101
108
109
105
101
99
106
107
108
103
103
103
105
111
117
111
103
112
124
122
125
118
125
126
134
1916.
J a n u a ry ___
A p ril............
J u ly - - ..........
O ctober___
110
117
119
134
110
118
121
136
119
128
125
131
114
121
120
126
113
123
124
141
143
156
156
171
1917.
J a n u a ry ___
F e b ru a ry ...
M arch..........
A p ril............
M ay.............
J u n e .............
J u ly - - - ........
A u g u st........
Septem ber .
O ctober___
N ovem ber..
D ecem b er..
151
156
161
172
182
185
186
185
183
181
183
182
151
159
170
188
203
198
189
190
195
200
199
200
149
151
154
158
164
168
175
178
181
184
185
191
110
146
154
157
172
176
175
181
178
182
183
182
150
156
166
188
204
197
200
203
206
207
206
209
184
188
197
200
1918.
Ja n u a ry ___
F e b ru a ry ...
M arch..........
A p ril............
M ay .............
J u n e .............
J u ly .............
A u g u st........
Septem ber .
O cto b er___
N o vem ber..
D ecem b er..
185
186
187
190
190
193
198
202
207
204
206
206
200
204
204
207
207
201
203
207
210
203
205
208
195
196
196
200
205
206
208
208
207
207
205
207
184
188
189
191
188
186
192
192
193
193
191
191
205
210
217
225
216
211
212
210
212
205
204
208
201
210
208
210
209
212
215
215
84
88
100
95
114
137
153
162
85
93
100
102
140
188
262
339
2 100
2 102
2 109
2 113
98
102
101
95
2 100
2 100
2 101
2 107
103
108
111
112
2 127
2 153
2 167
2 142
101
109
115
117
2 124
2 135
2 142
2 158
149
157
157
175
127
132
132
138
2 138
2 137
2 138
2 139
123
137
134
140
2 179
2 190
2 186
2 198
187
193
199
203
205
211
208
207
207
212
214
218
154
160
163
169
140
150
151
151
150
215
225
177
153
179
179
181
179
179
183
187
152
152
156
152
147
163
166
219
220
222
223
225
226
227
230
232
233
230
231
190
194
199
199
204
207
210
210
211
214
215
213
146
158
166
220
248
266
268
280
284
293
304
J
1Average for January and July.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
215
216
218
221
223
227
228
233
231
231
231
226
173
178
1 80
181
161
165
156
155
164
163
160
170
164
160
159
163
2 Quarter beginning in specified month.
[ 660 ]
313
315
329
337
223
329
337
350
355
360
358
353
PRICES AND COST OF LIVING.
W H O LESA LE
P R IC E S
IN
THE
U N IT E D S T A T E S A N D
T R IE S—Concluded.
Y ear
and
m onth.
1919.
J a n u a ry ___
F e b ru a ry ...
M arch..........
A p ril............
M ay.............
J u n e ............
J u ly .............
A u g u st........
Septem ber .
O ctober___
N ov em b er..
D ecem b er..
A nnal
ist:
25 com
mod
ities.
203
197
211
201
201
209
203
207
207
218
226
220
223
230
238
222
226
216
219
220
202
200
201
205
Bradstreet:
96 com
mod
ities.
201
192
187
188
187
196
205
217
211
212
216
219
C E R T A IN
U n ited K ing
Canada.
dom.
U n ited States.
B ureau
of
L abor
S tatis
tics: 328
com
m od
ities
(vari
able).
67
D un:
200
com
mod
ities.
190
182
180
182
184
189
193
200
197
195
191
202
Gib E cono
son: 22 m ist: 44
com
com
mod
mod
ities.
ities.
206
201
212
217
216
212
S tatist
(Sauer
beck):
45 com
mod
ities.
224
211
221
206
205
217
217
223
214
220
212
220
222
220
230
240
242
245
252
259
273
235
243
250
253
264
272
277
218
201
191
197
206
De
p a rt
m ent
of
Labor:
272
com
m od
ities
(vari
able).
F O R E IG N
COUN-
A ustralia.
Com
m on
w ealth
Bureau
of Cen
sus and
S tatis
tics: 92
com
mod
ities.
177
France.
New
South
W ales
M onth
ly Sta
tistic al
Bulle
tin :
N um
ber of
com
m od
ities
not
shown.
S ta tis
tiq u e
Géné
rale:
45 com
mod
ities.
200
ICO
151
157
150
348
340
337
332
210
168
330
24Q
395
217
347
222
223
360
221
227
238
I
.............
1.....
Price Changes, Wholesale and Retail, of Impor
tant Food Articles in Selected Cities.
XACT comparison of wholesale with retail prices is not at
tempted in the following tables. Some food products—fresh
meats, for example—are not sold by the retailer in the same
form in which they leave the wholesaler, hence strictly comparable
prices are not obtainable. It was found impracticable also to obtain
both wholesale and retail prices for the same date, the retail prices
being those prevailing on the 15th of the month, while the wholesale
prices are for a variable date, usually several days prior to the 15th.
The figures in the table are therefore to be considered as merely
indicative of price variations in the retail as compared with the
wholesale markets.
To assist in comparing the fluctuations at wholesale and at retail,
the differential between the two series of quotations at successive
dates is given. I t should not be assumed, however, that this differ0L ential in any case represents the margin of profit to the retailer, since,
in addition to a possible difference of grade between the articles
shown at wholesale and retail, the various items of handling cost to
both the wholesaler and retailer are included in the figure.
E
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[6611
68
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
W H O L E S A L E AN D R E T A IL P R IC E S O F IM P O R T A N T FO O D A R T IC L E S IN S E L E C T E D
C IT IE S .
IThe in itia ls W = w holesale, R = re ta il. The wholesale price is th e m ean of th e high and low quotation
on th e d ate selected, as published in leading tra d e journals. The re ta il price is th e average of prices
rep o rted to th e B ureau of L abor S tatistics b y dealers.]
A rticle a n d city.
1920
1919
1918
J u ly 1913:
AvU nit. erage
for 1914 1915 1916 1917 Jan. July. Jan. July. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.
year.
C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts .
l-jp.ofj Chicago:
Steer loin e n d s....... W . L b .. 16.8 17.5 16.0 20.5 19.0 20.0 34.0 32.0 27.0 33.0 32.0 32.0 32.0
Sirloin ste a k ............ . R . L b .. 23.2 26.0 25.8 28.1 30.2 30.2 37.7 37.5 39.3 36.6 37.0 35.9 37.2
6.4 8.5 9.8 7.6 11.2 10.2 3.7 5.5 12.3 3.6 5. U 3.9 5.2
Price differential - ..
Beef, Chicago:
Steer rounds, No. 2 W . L b .. 13.1 14.5 14.3 14.5 17.0 16. o 25.0 22.0 22.0 21.0 18.5 20.0 20.0
R o u n d s te a k ............ .R . L b .. 20.2 23.3 22.8 24.1 26.6 27.3 35.0 34.0 35.5 32.5 32.5 31.7 32.0
7.1 8.8 8.5 9.6 9.6 10.8 10.0 12.0 13.5 11.5 14.0 11.7 12.0
Price d ifferen tial...
Beef, Chicago:
fiteer ribs, No. 2 . . - .W . L b .. 15.7 16.5 14.5 17.5 20.0 20.0 28.0 30.0 24.0 28.0 30.0 28.0 3Ô. U
R ib ro a st!................. .R . L b .. 19.5 21.2 21.3 22.9 24.6 25.4 31.8 131.3 31.9 128.9 129.6 129.0 130.1
7.9
Prior* differential__
3.8 4.7 6.8 5.4 4.6 5.4 3.8
/
Beef, New York:
No. 2 loins, c itv __ .W . L b .. 15.8 18.3 17.0 20.0 19.0 23.5 28.0 37.0 28.5 37.0 42.0 42.0 37.0
Sirloin s te a k ............ .R . L b .. 25.9 27.4 28.2 29.4 33.7 34.4 43.9 44.8 44.4 42.6 42.5 42.7 43.3
.5
. 7 6.3
10.1 9.1 11.2 9.4 14.7 10.9 15.9 7.8 15.9 5.6
Price d ifferen tial..
Beef, New Y ork:
No. 2 ro u n d s ,c ity .. W. L b .. 12.1 13.5 13.5 14.5 17.5 18.0 28.0 25.0 22 0 22.0 22.0 21.0 21.0
R ou n d s te a k .......... . R . L b .. 24.9 27.0 27.1 28.9 33.7 35.2 46.3 47.3 46.2 44.5 44.4 44.5 44.6
12.8 13.5 13.6 14.4 16.2 17.2 18.3 22.3 24.2 22.5 22.4 23.5 23.6
Price differential. Beef, New Y ork:
No. 2 ribs, c ity ....... .W . L b .. 15.1 16.5 16.0 18.0 19.0 23.5 28.0 35.0 27.5 30. C 36.0 36.0 31.0
R ib r o a s t! ....'........ .R . L b .. 21.8 22.5 22. 7 24.3 27.9 29.4 37.5 40.9 38.6 37.2 37.6 37.8 38.4
6.7 6.0 6.7 6.3 8.9 5.9 9.5 5.9 11.1 7.2 1.6 1.8 7.4
Price d ifferen tia'..
P ork, Chicago:
L oins......................... .W . L b .. 14.9 16.5 15.0 16.5 25.0 27.0 29.0 27.0 37.0 35.0 31.0 25.0 25.0
Chops....................... .R . L b .. 19.0 20.4 20.1 21.7 29.2 31.6 35.5 35.2 41.7 41.0 36.8 33.3 32.4
4.1 3.9 5.1 5.2 4.2 4.6 6.5 8.2 4.7 6.0 5.8 8.3 7.4
Price d ifferen tial..
P ork, New Y ork:
Loins, w estern....... .W . L b .. 15.2 16.3 15.3 16.5 23.5 26.5 30.5 33.0 37.0 39.0 40.0 '30.0 29.0
Chops....................... .R . L b .. 21.7 23.0 21.7 23.9 32.6 34.8 40.6 43.5 47.5 45.7 46.7 41.0 39.9
6.5 6.7 6.4 7.4 9.1 8.3 10.1 10.5 10.5 6.7 6.7 11.0 10.9
Price d ifferen tial..
Bacon, Chicago:
Short ei ear s id e s ... W . L b .. 12.7 13.9 11.3 15.9 24.7 30.1 27.4 29.4 33.1 23.3 23.1 24.1 21.6
Sliced....................... .R . L b .. 29.4 31.8 31.5 32.8 43.9 49.8 54.7 61.6 61.5 54.6 54.2 52.7 53.1
16.7 17.9 20.2 16.9 19.2 19.7 27.3 32.2 28.4 31.3 31.1 28.6 31.5
Price d ifferen tial..
H am , Chicago:
Sm oked.................... ,W . L b .. 16.6 17.5 16.3 19.0 24.3 29.8 30.1 35.3 38.3 29.3 28.9 28.9 28.9
Sm oked, sliced___ . . R . L b .. 26.6 33.8 32.8 34.9 41.4 42.8 49.1 55.3 58.8 54.0 52.3 51.4 51.8
Price d ifferential..
10.0 16.3 16.5 15.9 17.1 13.0 19.0 20.0 20.5 26.7 23.4 22.5 22.9
L ard , New Y ork:
Prim e, c o n tra c t— -W . L b .. 11.0 10.4 8.0 13.3 20.1 24.6 26.2 24.2 35.8 29.0 26.8 23.6 24.5
P u re, t u b ............... . . R . L b .. 16.0 15.6 15.1 16.8 27.4 33.0 32.2 33.1 42.5 35.7 36.3 34.3 33.8
5.0 5.2 7.1 3.5 7.5 8.4 6.0 8.9 6.7 6.7 9.5 10.7 9.3
Price differentia]..
L am b , Chicago:
14.9 17.C 19. C 19. C 26. C 24. C 31. C 28.0 29.0 24.0 23.0 22.0 29.0
D ressed, ro u n d . . . W L b
Leg of, y e a rlin g .. . . . R . L b .. 19.8 21. 9 20.8 23.1 28.7 30.6 35. 7 34.2 36.2 33.1 32.9 32.3 37.0
Price differential..
4.9 4.9 1.8 4.1 2.7 6.6 4.7 6.2 7.2 9.1 9.9 10.3 8.0
P o u ltry , New Y ork:
Dressed fowls........ .W . L b .. 18.2 18.8 17.5 21.5 24. S 29.8 36.0 35.5 34.5 37.8 35.0 34. 5 35.3
Dressed h e n s......... . . R . L b .. 21.4 22.0 21.9 25.6 28.7 32.6 41.0 40.8 41.5 40.5 39.9 40.1 40.3
4.1 3.1 2.8 5. C 5.3 7.0 2.7 4.9 5.6 5.0
3.2 3.2 4 . 4
Price d ifferen tial..
B u tte r, Chicago:
C ream ery, e x tr a . . .W . L b .. 31.0 26.5 26.5 27.5 37.5 49.0 42.5 60.0 52.0 63.5 67.8 71.8 62.0
Cream ery, e x tr a ... . . R . L b .. 36.2 31.2 32.2 33.5 43.5 54.4 48.0 71.3 57.1 67.8 73.6 74.4 69.0
5.2 4.7 5.7 6. C 5.7 5.4 5.5 5.3 5.1 4.; 5.8 2.6 7.(
Price d ifferential.
B u tte r, New Y ork:
Cream ery, e x t r a . . W L b . 32.3 28. ( 27. C 28.5 39.5 51. ( 44.4 67.0 51.0 66.8 69.5 73.5 63.8
Cream ery, e x tr a .. ..R . L b .. 38.2 32.8 33.6 34.6 45.; 57. ‘ 51.4 75.5 61.3 72.4 77.9 80.6 75.2
5. i 4.8 6.6 6.; 5.8 6. ‘ 7. ( 8.5 io.; 5.0 8. ‘ 7.: 11.4
Price differential..
B u tte r, S an Francisco:
C ream ery, e x tr a . . W L b . 31.7 24.5 26.5 25.5 38.5 53. f 50.0 64.5 56.5 66. C 67.5 68. 61. C
Cream ery, e x tr a .. . .R . L b .. 38. 32.9 33.8 33 . ; 45.5 60.2 56.6 72.3 64.7 73.5 74. 75. 70.9
7. : 8. ‘ 7.: 7.8 7.1 7.2 6. C 7.8 8.2 7.5 6.8 7.5 9.9
Price d ifferen tial..
Cheese, Chicago:
14.2 13.; 14.5 14.5 21. f 23.5 22.7 36.3 30.6 27.4 30. 30. 30.4
W hole m ilk ........... ,.W . Lb
F ull cream . ____
R_ L b ..
22.! 24. 33.! 37.5 34.5 43. 44. : 44. ‘ 44.1 45.1 44.9
8.4 9 / 12.5 14.2 11.8 7.6 13.2 17. 14. 14. 14.5
Price differential............
1 Price is for different q u a lity of beef from th a t quoted a t wholesale.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[662 ]
69
PRICES AND COST OF LIVING.
W H O L E SA L E A N D R E T A IL
A rticle and city.
Cheese, New York:
W holem ilk, S tate. • W ..
F u ll c re am .............
Price d e fe re n tia l..
Cheese, San Francisco:
F a n c y ..................... w . .
F u ll c re am ............. . R . .
Price d ifferential..
Milk, Chicago:
F r e s h ..................... W -.
F resh , b o ttle d ........ . R . .
Price d ifferen tial..
M ilk, New Y ork:
F resh ....................... W ..
F resh , b o ttle d ........ . R . .
Price d ifferen tial..
M ilk, San Francisco:
F resh ....................... w . .
F resh , b o ttle d ........ . R . .
Pri ce d ifferen tial..
Eggs, Chicago:
Fresh, fir s ts ...___ w . .
S trictly fresh.......... . R . .
Price d ifferen tial..
Eggs, N ew Y ork:
Fresh firsts........... w . .
S tric tly fresh .......... . R . .
Price d ifferen tial..
E ggs, San Francisco:
w
F resh ....................... w . .
S trictly fresh .......... . R ..
Price d ifferen tial..
Meal, corn, Chicago:
F in e ......................... w . .
F in e ......................... . R . .
Price d ifferential..
B eans, New Y ork:
M edium , choice... w . .
N avy, w h ite .......... . R . .
Price d ifferen tial..
Potatoes, Chicago:
W h ite 1..................... w . .
W hite................. ... R
Price d ifferen tial........__
R ice, New Orleans:
H e a d ......................... w . .
H ead ........................
Price d ifferen tial...........
Sugar, New Y ork:
G ran u lated ............. W ..
G ranulated............. . R . .
Price difierent ia l..
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
P R IC E S O F IM P O R T A N T
C I T I E S — C o n c lu d e d .
F O O D A R T IC L E S IN S E L E C T E D
July—
1918
1919
1920
1913
AvU nit. erage
for
year. 1914 1915 1916 1917 Jan. July. Jan. July. Oct. Nov. Dee. Jan.
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
L b .. 15.1 14. 4 14.6 15.1 23.8 23.0 23.9 36.8 31.5 30.3 31.9 31.5 31.4
22 . Ç 22 . 8 32.8 34.4 33.2 42.7 42.8 42.3 42.9 43.1
8.3 7.7 9.0 11 . 4 9.3 5.9 11.3 1 2 .0 11 .0 11.6
L b .. 15.9 12.5 11.5 13.5 2 0 .0 25.5 26.0 33.5 32.0 33.0 35.5 33.5 32.5
L b ..
20 . C 22 £ 29. 7 33.5 32.3 41 9 41. 2 44.7 44.4 44.8
8.5 9.1 9.7 8 .0 6.3 8.4 0 . 2 11.7 8.9 11.3 10.7
Q t..
Q t..
3.8
8. C
4.2
Q t..
Q t..
3.6 3.7 3.6 4.7 7.0 5.3 8.4 6 .8 8 .2 8 .1 8 .1 8 .1
8 . C 8 . C 8 .1 1 0 .0 11.9 1 2 .0 14.0 14.0 15.0 15.0 15.1 15.0
4.4 4.3 4.5 5.3 4.9 6.7 5.6 7.2 6 .8 6.9 7.0 6.9
3.5 3.0
9. C 9.0
5.5 6 .0
3.0
9.0
6 .0
3.1 5.0 8 .1 5.4 9.2 7.1 7.3 7.8
8.5
9.0 11.4 15.0 12.7 16.0 16.0 16.0 17.7 1 8 .0 18.0
5.9 6.4 6.9 7.3 6 .8 8.9 8.7 9.9 9.5 9.5
Q t . . 3.8 3.9 3.8 3.8 4.3 6 .6 5.9 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.9 8 .8
Q t . . 10.0 1 0 .0 1 0 .0 1 0 .0 10 .0 12.1 12.1 14.0 14. 0 14. 2 15.0 15.3 15.8
6 .1
6.1
6 .2
6 .2
5.7
6 .2
6 .6
6 .6
6 .8
7.6 7.4 7.0
Doz. 22 .6 18.8 16.8 2 1 .8 31.0 56.5 36.5 58. 8 42.0 56.8 60.5 80.0 68.5
Doz. 29.2 26.1 24.8 29.6 40.6 65.1 45.7 69.5 53.2 65.6 74.2 82.1 77.8
6 .6
7.3 8 .0 7.8 9.6 8 .6 9.2 10.7 11.2
13.7
Doz. 24.9 21.5 2 0 .0 24.1 35.0 64.5 40.0 61.3 44.5 61.0 65.5 87.0 77.5
Doz. 39.7 35.3 32.6 37.2 47.7 80.8 57.3 78.1 66.4 80.0 88 .1 101. 3 95.8
14.8 13.8 12.6 13.1 12.7 16.3 17.3 16.8 21.9 19.0 22.6 14.3 18.3
Doz. 26.8 23.0 22.0 24.0 32.0 61.0 44.0 53.0 45.0 59.5 64.0 76.0 54.5
Doz. 37.3 33.8 31.0 33.3 39.2 71.0 51.4 65.7 56.6 79. l 8«. 7 83.9 68.9
10.5 10.8 9.0 9.3 7.2 10.0 7.4 12.7 11.6 9.6 24.7 7.9 14.4
L b ..
L b ..
1.4
2.9
1.5
1.6
2.8
1.2
L b ..
L b ..
4.0
4.0
5.8 9.8 15.4 14.1 11.9 9.9 7.5 7.9 7.8 7.8 7.9
8.1 11.3 18.8 18.5 17.5 15.3 12. 2 12.3 12.6 12.3 12.5
2.3 1.5 3.4 4 4 5.6 5.4 4.7 4.4 4.8 4.5 4.6
L b ..
L b ..
1.0
1.5
.5
2.4
2.7
.3
.7
1.2
Jj
1.6
2.3
7
L b ..
Lb
5.0
5.4
4.9
7.5
2.6
4.6 7.1 8.8 9.3 9.1 10.5 12.4 12.9 12.4 12.6
7.4 10.1 10.6 11.9 12.0 14. 2 14. 8 15. 1 15. 4 16.0
2.8 3.0 1.8 2.6 2.9 3.7 2.4 2.2 3.0 3.4
L b ..
L b ..
4.3
4.9
.6
4.2
4.6
.4
5.9
6.3
.4
7.5
7.9
.4
3.1
1.9
3.1
1.2
4.5
5.8
1.3
4.4
5.0
J)
7.4
8.4
1.0
1Good to choice.
[663]
5.1
7.0
1.9
2.0
2.8
7.3
9.7
2.4
5.4
6.8
1.4
1.5
3.7
2.2
3.6
5.8
2.2
1.9
2.7
4.6
6.1
1.5
1.4
5.0
3.6
3.6
6.7
2.2
3.4
3.7
6.7
3.0
2.9
3.8
3.8
6.6
2.8
3.2
4.1
.9
3.7
6.6
2.9
4.3
5.2
.9
7.4 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 15.7
8.8 10. 1 10.0 10. 8 10. .8 11.9 17.3
1.4 1.3 1.2 2.0 2.0 3.1 1.6
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
7 0
R E L A T IV E
W H O L E S A L E A N D R E T A IL P R IC E S O F IM P O R T A N T F O O D A R T IC L E S
S E L E C T E D C I T I E S ( A V E R A G E F O R 1 9 1 3 = 1 0 0 ).
A rticle a n d city.
Beef, Chicago:
Steer loin ends (h ip ). . .W -.
Sirloin s te a k ................. . . R . .
B eet, Chicago:
Steer rounds, No. 2 ....... W ..
R ou n d ste a k ................... . . R . .
Beef, Chicago:
Steer ribs, No. 2............. W
R ib ro a s t......................... . . R . .
Beef, New York:
No. 2 loins, c ity ............. W
Sirloin ste a k ................... . . R . .
Beef, New Y ork:
No. 2 rounds, c ity .......... ,W .
R ou n d stea k ................... . . R . .
Beef, New Y ork:
No. 2 rib s, c ity ............. W
R ib ro a s t......................... . . R . .
P o rk , Chicago:
L o in s................................. W
C hops............................... . . R . .
P o rk , New Y ork:
L oins, w e ste rn ............. W
C hops............................... . . R . .
B acon, Chicago:
S hort clear sides........... W
Sliced................................ . . R . .
H a m , Chicago:
Sm oked........................... W
Sm oked, sliced............... . . R . .
L a rd , New Y ork:
Prim e, c o n tra c t............ W
P u re, tu b ......................... . . R . .
L am b , Chicago:
Dressed, ro u n d ............. -W -.
Leg of, yearling.............. . . R . .
P o u ltry , New Y ork:
D ressed fowls................ W
D ressed h e n s .................. . . R . .
B u tte r, Chicago:
Cream ery, e x tra ........... W
C ream ery, e x tr a ............ . . R . .
B u tte r, New Y ork:
C ream ery, e x tra ........... -W ..
C ream ery, e x tr a ............ . . R . .
B u tte r, San Francisco:
Cream ery, e x tra ........... ..W ..
Cream ery, e x tr a ............ . . R . .
M ilk, Chicago:
F re s h .............................. ..W ..
F resh , b o ttle d , delivered. R ..
Milk, New Y ork:
F re s h .............................. ..W ..
F re s h ,b o ttle d ,d e liv e re d .R ..
M ilk, San Francisco:
F resh ............................... W
F resh , b o ttle d .............. . A i . .
Eggs, Chicago:
F resh , firsts................... ..W ..
Strictly f r e s h . . . . . ___ . . R . .
Eggs, New Y ork:
F resh , firsts................... W
S trictly fresh ................ . . R . .
Eggs, San Francisco:
F re s h .............................. W
S trictly fre s h ................ . . R . .
Meal, corn, Chicago:
F in e ................................ ..W ..
F in e ................................ . . R . .
Potatoes, Chicago:
W h ite, good to choice. . .W ..
W h ite ............................. . . R . .
Sugar, New Y ork:
G ra n u la te d ................... W
G ranulated................... . . R . .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
IN
1920
1919
1918
July.
Aver
age
for
1913. 1914 1915 1916 1917 Jan. July. Jan. July. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.
190
104
95
111
122
121
113
130
119
130
202
112
163
190
162
161
169
196
158
190
159
190
155
100
100
100
111
109
li3
111
115
119
130
132
126
135
191
173
168
168
168
176
160
161
141
161
153
157
153
158
100
100
105
109
92
109
117
127
126
127
130
178
163
191
159
153
164
178
148
191
152
178
149
223
154
100
100
116
106
108
109
127
114
120
130
149
130
177
170
234
173
180
171
234
164
266
164
266
165
234
167
100
100
112
112
120
108
109
116
145
135
149
141
231
186
207
190
182
186
182
179
182
178
174
179
174
179
100
100
109
103
106
104
119
126
128
156
135
185
172
232
188
182
177
199
171
238
172
238
173
205
176
100
100
111
101
111
107
106
114
168
154
181
166
195
187
181
185
248
219
235
216
208
194
168
175
168
171
100
100
107
106
101
100
109
155
150
174
160
201
217
200
243
219
257
187
211
263
215
197
189
191
184
100
100
109
lu 8
89
107
112
194
149
237
169
216
186
210
261
209
183
186
182
184
190
179
170
181
100
100
105
127
98
123
114
131
146
156
ISO
161
181
185
213
208
231
221
177
203
174
197
174
193
174
1S |
100
100
95
98
73
94
121
183
171
224
206
238
220
201
207
325
266
264
223
244
227
215
214
223
105
100
100
114
111
128
105
128
117
174
145
161
155
208
180
188
173
195
183
161
167
154
166
148
163
195
187
100
100
103
103
96
103
118
120
136
134
164
152
198
192
195
191
190
194
208
189
192
186
190
187
194
188
100
100
85
85
89
89
93
121
158
150
137
133
213
197
168
158
205
187
219
203
232
206
200
100
100
87
96
84
88
122
91
119
137
135
207
198
158
160
207
190
215
204
228
88
158
150
211
198
197
100
100
77
85
84
87
80
121
86
117
167
155
158
146
203
186
178
167
208
189
213
191
215
195
192
183
100
100
95
97
95
100
101
124
125
184
149
139
150
221
100
175
179
175
216
188
213
188
213
189
213
188
100
100
86
100
86
100
143
127
231
167
154
141
263
178
203
178
209
178
223
197
243
243
100
200
200
100
100
100
100
97
97
151
100
110
100
169
100
121
121
190
140
190
140
190
142
190
150
203
153
226
158
100
100
83
89
74
85
137
139
250
223
162
137
260
238
186
101
1S2
251
225
268
254
354
281
303
266
100
100
86
80
82
97
94
141
161
144
246
197
179
167
263
202
222
349
255
311
120
259
204
245
89
90
89
119
105
228
190
164
138
198
176
168
152
222
212
239
238
284
225
203
185
136
107
321
364
241
386
234
257
329
200
210
257
231
264
231
22 S
2 ? ||
220
290
253
320
273
430
347
205
205
220
220
205
243
365
353
100
100
86
111
111
110
125
89
96
119
232
100
100
86
91
82
83
100
100
114
97
107
100
100
237
182
66
160
151
429
331
200
78
187
150
247
190
180
140
333
100
100
98
94
137
129
174
161
172
171
170
198
172
180
205
206
205
204
[664]
200
227
271
211
191
2-11
264
1
71
PRICES AND COST OF LIVING.
0
Cost of Living in Lawrence, Mass., in 1919.
r p h e National Industrial Conference Board has recently pubI fished the results of a study1 undertaken for the purpose of
“ ascertaining the cost of maintaining a minimum but reason
able standard of living for a representative wage earner’s family”
consisting of man, wife, and three children under 14, and the cost of
maintaining ‘‘a somewhat better standard, according to conditions
actually existing” in Lawrence, Mass. Using the standard budgets
developed in a similar study made by the board, in Fall River, the
board secured the prices being charged for food, clothing, shelter, fuel,
light, and sundries.
I t was found that the minimum average cost of all items combined
was $1,385.79. To maintain this minimum standard would require
,an average weekly income of $26.65 the year round. The more
liberal budget was found to require a yearly expenditure of $1,658.04,
to meet which the family must have a steady weekly income of
$31.88. The budget makes no provision for savings except such as
are effected through insurance.
The following table shows for each item of expenditure the average
^ cost per week and per year of the minimum budget and the more
liberal budget. For the sake of comparison the average annual
expenditure of 109 families in Lawrence, as shown by an investigation
made in 1918 by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, is
given.2
B U D G E T S E S T A B L IS H E D B Y N A T IO N A L IN D U S T R IA L C O N F E R E N C E B O A R D , N O V EM
B E R , 1919, A N D E X P E N D IT U R E F O R T H E SAME IT E M S, AS SH O W N B Y T H E B U R E A U
O F L A B O R ST A TISTIC S ST U D Y , 1918, F O R F A M IL IE S O F L A W R E N C E , MASS.
B udget of N ational In d u stria l Conference Board.
M inim um stan d ard .
More liberal stan d ard .
Ite m of expenditure.
•
Average
weekly
cost.
Average
yearly
cost.
Average
weekly
cost.
Average
yearly
cost.
U. S.
Bureau
of L abor
Statistics
stu d y ,
1918.
F o o d ......................................................................
S helter...................................................................
Clothing................................................................
Fuel a n d lig h t.....................................................
Sundries................................................................
811.55
3.50
5.11
1.37
5.12
8600. 60
182. 00
265. 61
71.34
266. 24
812. 55
4. 50
6.54
1.69
6 . 60
8652.60
234. 00
340. 26
87.98
. 343.20
8651.46
176.59
258.06
77.72
340. 83
A ll ite m s...................................................
26. 65
1,385. 79
31.88
1,658.04
1,504.67
The “ representative wage earner’s family” taken by the board
consisted of man, wife, and three children—a boy 13 to 14 years of
1 N ational In d u stria l Conference Board. The cost of living am ong wage earners, Lawrence,
N ovem ber, 1919. Boston, 1919. 21 pp.
2 Monthly L abor R e v iew , May, 1919, p. 156.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[665]
Mass.,
72
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
age, a girl 8 to 9 years of age, and a boy 5 to 6 years of age. In terms
of the standard of food requirement established by the Bureau of
Labor Statistics, this is a family of 3.95 equivalent adult males as
compared with the average family of 3.64 equivalent adult males
of the Bureau’s study. The annual expenditure for food per equiva
lent adult male amounts to $165.22 in the board’s study and $178.97
in the Bureau’s study. The allowance made by the National Indus
trial Conference Board as a fairly liberal expenditure for this item is
therefore $13.75 less per year than the amount actually spent by the
109 families studied by the Bureau. The Bureau’s study, however,
included in this number families with incomes ranging from less than
$900 up to $2,500. For the 24 families of 3.18 equivalent adult
males each, taken in the Bureau’s study, having incomes of $1,500
and under $1,800—in which group the income allowed by the board
would fall—-the expenditure for food was $652.02, or a yearly average
of $205.04 per equivalent adult male. Here the difference between
the amount allowed by the National Industrial Conference Board and
the amount found by the Bureau actually to have been spent is still
greater, being $39.82. I t must be remembered also that this differ
ence takes no account of the increase in the price of food since
1918 1 when the Bureau’s investigation was made.
a
With the exception of the item of food, however, the figures arrived
at by the board in its study and those shown by the Bureau are in
substantial agreement, if allowance is made for increases since 1918.
The board found that the following increases in the items of its
budget have taken place since 1914:
IN C R E A S E IN COST O F IT E M S O F B U D G E T B E T W E E N N O V E M B E R , 1914, A N D
N O V E M B E R , 1919.
Item .
M inimum
standard.
More liberal
standard.
P e r c e n t.
P e r c e n t.
Food.............................................
Shelter..........................................
Clothing.......................................
Fuel, heat, a n d lig h t...............
S u n d r i e s ..................................
A ll item s..........................
95
35
120
59
85
95
35
107
60
76
84
80
1 Figures published by th e B u reau (Monthly L abor R eview , January, 1920, p. 72) show th a t the retail
prices of 22 articles of food increased 4.9 per cent betw een Nov. 15, 1918, a nd Nov. 15,1919.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
m
[666 ]
PRICES AND COST OF LIVING,
7 3
Changes in Retail Prices in Canada, 1914 to 1919.
HE Canadian Labor Gazette for January, 1920 (pp. 86-92),
gives a review of price movements in the Dominion during
1919, with a table showing index numbers of wholesale prices
by groups of commodities in certain months of the years 1914 to 1919,
and another table giving the cost per week of a family budget of
staple foods, fuel and lighting, and rent in terms of the average prices
in 60 cities. The data in the second table are also presented by
Provinces. The following table summarizes the information con
tained in the second table, the prices given being confined to two
months in each year 1914 to 1918, and to three months in 1919.
T
COST P E R W E E K O F A FA M IL Y B U D G E T O F S T A P L E FO O D S, F U E L A N D L IG H T IN G
AN D R E N T IN T E R M S O F T H E A V E R A G E P R IC E S IN 60 C IT IE S IN CA NADA.
1914
Com m odity.
1915
C ts .
2 lbs. 46.4
1918
1919
July. Jan.
July. Jan. July. Jan. July.
Jan.
July. Dec.
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
49.4
47.2
C ts .
49.2
C ts .
47.2
C ts .
C ts .
52.6
C ts .
C ts .
52.8
63.6
63.8
C ts .
79. G 73.6
79.8
69.4
43.5
22.8
28.9
30.0
54.1
39.8
62.3
38.8
35.9
59.3
75.5
45.0
25.3
31.2
33.1
62.6
44.8
60.6
63.3
51.2
71.4
93.8
C ts
32.6
16.6
20.9
20.6
36.2
24.8
37.2
45.6
33.4
55.2
61.0
33.6
17.4
20.9
20.2
37.4
25.5
36.8
26. S
24.9
51.0
49.8
32.8
17.6
20.4
19.0
35.8
25.1
35.6
45.5
34.9
55.2
01.8
33.4
17.3
21.3
19.5
34.4
26.6
35.8
25.3
24.9
52.2
56.2
32.4
17.8
21.1
19.9
36.0
26.7
36.6
46.4
36.1
52.2
66.6
35.2
19.2
23.9
22.4
38.8
28.7
40.4
31.0
28.0
45.0
60.4
34.8
20.3
24.8
24.6
44.8
31.2
48.6
56.9
45.3
59.4
88.4
57.8 51.6 55.2
28.3 27.7 28.3
36.8 34.9 30.3
37.7 36.9 42.1
70.4 70.8 75.2
51.0 51.0 56.3
73.8 73.8 83.8
49.3 73,6 52.7
43.1 62.5 4S.1
70.8 82.8 78.6
91.4 106.0 10e. 2
45.6
25. 5
32.3
35.7
70.6
51.8
77.8
82.4
68.5
88.8
132.4
lib ..
lib ..
lib ..
151bs.
10 lbs.
5 lbs.
2 lbs.
2 lbs.
35.9
21.3
19.6
64.2
32.0
21.5
12.0
11.8
30.0
21.1
19.4
63.0
33.0
21.5
11.6
11.8
35.0
22.5
20.5
67.5
39.0
24.5
12.2
13.2
32.6
24.6
22.6
73.5
41.0
26.0
12.0
14.8
38.1
24.4
22.4
66.0
37.0
24.0
12.0
17.2
34.5
25.6
23.6
70.5
37.0
24.0
13.4
19.4
48.9 42.5 51.2 51.7 59.1 60.4
30.5 33.4 33.3 33.4 35.7 40.3
28.8 30.3 30.4 30.6 33.9 38.8
91.5 110.4 114.0 117.0 120.0 120.0
53.0 69.9 65.0 68.0 69.0 67.0
27.0 31.4 35.0 40.5 40.0 37.0
13.6 16.8 19.6 23.2 25.2 24.6
24.4 31.5 33.4 34.2 30.2 22.6
72.6
40.9
37.6
118.5
67.0
39.5
29.0
23.0
lib ..
lib ..
12.4
12.2
13.1
12.4
12.1
12.9
11.9
13.0
12.5
12.7
13.4
13.1
14.6
13.6
15.8
15.5
19.7
17.3
22.9
18.0
22.7
19.6
24.6
22.0
26.6
25.2
4 lbs. 22.8
2 lbs. 10.2
i lb . 9.1
•I lb . 9.3
9.5
i lb .
1 bag 37.5
.8
A q t.
22.0
10.2
9.1
9.3
9.4
50.3
.7
30.8
14.0
9.6
9.6
9.9
31.7
.8
32.0
14.6
9.5
9.8
9.9
29.3
.8
31.2
14.4
9.7
10.0
9.8
47.0
.8
38.4
17.6
9.9
10.3
10.0
58.6
.8
36.8 39.5
17.0 18.3
10.1 11.6
10.1 11.3
9.9 10.1
64.7 118.2
.8
.8
42.8
19.8
12.5
12.1
10.1
72.7
.8
43.6
20.4
14.0
14.1
11.2
66.0
.9
49.2
22.4
15.9
15.3
11.8
62.3
.9
47.2
22.2
15.4
15.6
13.4
62.7
1.0
53.2
25.2
15.9
16.5
14.3
86.7
.9
$7.73 $7.42 $7.97 $7.7 4 $ 8 .2 8 $8.45 $10.27 $11.62 $12.42 $13. 00 $13.78 $13.77 $14.73
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
53.2
C ts .
A t on 54.1
C ts .
52.1
C ts .
54.1
C ts .
53.2
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
54.7
64.0
63.2
72.4
73.8
82.5
71.9
83.1
A to n
A to n
A to n
1 gal.
38.0
42.5
31.8
23.5
38.0
42.4
31.3
23.7
35.8
41.7
30.6
23.4
36.9
41.6
30.7
23.0
38.0
41.9
30.2
22.8
47.7
45.7
32.7
23.2
57.8
52.0
39.7
25.6
55.9
63.7
47.2
25.8
58.7
69.2
50.8
27.8
63.4
76.8
56.5
28.2
61.8
74.7
57.8
28.9
64.0
80.0
60.0
29.6
$1.90 $1.89 $1.90 $1.84 $1. 85 $1.87 $2.1 3 $2.38 $2. 65 $2.80 S3.07 $2.95
$3.17
Fuel and
lig h tin g .. . . .
R e n t................. î mo
T o ta l........
I
1917
2 lbs.
lib ..
lib ..
1l b . .
2 lbs.
lib ..
2 lbs.
1 do?,.
1 doz.
6 q ts.
21bs.
All fo o d s ........
Coal, anthrac ite ................
Coal, bitum inous.............
W o o d ,h a rd ...
Wood, so ft___
Coal oil.............
1916
U n it
Jan. July. Jan.
Beef, sirloin
steak .............
Beef, shoulder
ro a s t.............
V e al..................
M u tto n ............
Pork, fresh___
Pork, s a lt........
B acon...............
L a rd .................
Eggs. fresh___
Eggs, storage..
M ilk.................
B utter, dairy .
B u tte r, cream e r y .. . . . . . . . .
Cheese, old ---Cheese, n e w ...
B read...............
F lo u r................
R olled oats__
Rice, m edium .
B eans...............
Apples, evapo rated ...........
P runes.............
Sugar, granula te d .............
Sugar, y e llo w .
Tea, b la c k . . . .
Tea, green........
Coffee...............
P otato es..........
V inegar...........
!
37.1
42.9
32.1
23.9
4. 83
4. 83
4 .3 7
14.49
14.17
14.27
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
4. 09
3 .9 8
13.70 14.14
4. 04
4. 05
4. 37
14. 41 16.49
18.41
[667]
4. 50
C ts .
5.25
5.54
19.61 20. 66 21.7 4 22.02
23.49
4. 81
4. 83
74
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
Cost of Living in Paris in January, 1920, Com
pared with 1914 and April, 1919.
HE Economist (London) for January 10, 1920, publishes a
table, received from its Paris correspondent, showing changes
in the cost of living in that city in January, 1920, as com
pared with the year 1914 and April, 1919. Prices are given in francs,
conversions into United States money not being made because of the
constantly fluctuating value of the franc. Normally the par value
of the franc is 19.3 cents. Only the food and clothing items of the
original table are presented.
T
C H A N G ES IN COST O F L IV IN G IN P A R IS , JA N U A R Y , 1920, C O M PA R ED W IT H 1914 AND
A P R IL , 1919.
Item .
Food:
P o tato es..............................................
M ilk..............................................
E g g s..................................
Coiiee.......................................................
B u tte r..................................
H a m .................................................
R ic e .....................................................
S a lt...................................................
B read.............................................
S u g ar...............................................
Clothing:
Men’s su its...........................................
W om en’s taLor-m ade s u its ...............
Men’s b o o ts............................................
W om en’s b o o ts.....................................
Men’s socks (th re a d )...........................
Men’s silk h a ts ......................................
Men’s felt h a ts ........................... ...........
U n it.
1914.
F rancs.
Kilo i . . .
L ite r2. ..
E ach ___
K iloi . . .
P o u n d ..
. do ..
. .d o ..
Kilo» . . .
1 A kilo is eq u iv alen t to 2.205 pounds.
0.15
.40
.15
4.00
1.90
A pril, 1919.
Jan u a ry , 1920.
F rancs.
F rancs.
0.65
.80
.45
0.75
.95
.80
10.00
11.00
8.50
8.80
2.00
10.00
12.00
.60
.75
.25
.50
1.70
.50
.90
3.20
.10
.35
.65
25.00
175.00
25.00 to 40.00
28.00 to 45. 00
2.75
20.00
18.00
2.10
200.00
400.00
60.00 to 90.00
70.00 to 100. 00
7.00
60.00
40.00
450.00
700.00
70.00 to 140.00
80.00 to 175.00
16.00
100.00
60.00
2 A liter is e quivalent to 1.057 quarts.
Retail Price Changes in Great Britain.
HE following table gives for Great Britain the increase over
July, 1914, in the cost of food and general family expenditure
for February of each year, 1915 to 1920, and for each month
in 1919. The food items included in this report are: Ribs and
thin flank of beef, both British and chilled or frozen; legs and
breast of mutton, British and chilled or frozen; bacon; fish; flour;
bread; tea; sugar; milk; butter, fresh and salt; cheese; margarine;
eggs; and potatoes.
The table gives percentage of increase, and is not one of relative
prices, as is the table given for the United States. When making,
comparisons this should be borne in mind, and to obtain the relative
prices it is necessary to add 100 to the percentage as given, e. g.,
for January, 1919, the increase in cost of food is 130 per cent, the
relative price being 230.
[668]
T
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
75
P R IC E S AND COST OF L IV IN G .
W
The figures represent two comparisons: First, the increase in prices,
based on the same kinds and quantities as used in July, 1914; second,
the increase, based on the change in the standard of living, resulting
from a substitution of one kind of food for another to meet war-time
conditions.
The table shows that retail prices of food were 135 per cent higher
in February, 1920, than in July, 1914, and that the increased cost
of all items in the family budget was 130 per cent. On account of
the lower standard of living at the later date the expenditures of
wage earners for food increased only 112 per cent and for all items
in the family budget 115 per cent during the same period.
P E R C E N T IN C R E A S E IN COST O F FO O D A N D A L L IT E M S IN F A M IL Y B U D G E T IN
G R E A T B R IT A IN B A S E D ON JU L Y , 1914.
[Com piled from th e B ritis h L ab o r G azette.]
Food.
Y ear and m o n th .
A llite m s in fam ily bud g et.
E x p e n d itu res
E x p e n d itu res
R e ta il prices
Cost
ing for
(assum ing sam e (allow
(assum ing sam e (allow ing for
e stim a te d
e stim ate d
k in d s an d
k
inds
an
d
in con
changes in con
q u a n titie s). changes
q u a n titie s).
su m p tio n ).
sum ption).
F e b ru a ry , 1915..............................................
February^ 1916..............................................
F eb ru ary ^ 1917..............................................
F eb ru ary \ 1918..............................................
22
47
89
108
i 50
54
2 60-65
3 90
55-60
1919.
Ja n u a ry ...........................................................
F e b ru a ry ........................................................
M arch..............................................................
A pril................................................................
M ay................................ ..............................
J u n e .................................................................
J u ly .................................................................
A ugust............................................................
S ep tem b er.......................................... ...........
O ctober...........................................................
N ovem b er......................................................
D ecem ber.......................................................
130
130
120
113
107
104
109
117
116
122
131
134
79
77
79
87
81
87
97
108
103
113
119
116
4 120
4 120
4 115
4 110
4 105
6 105
105-110
115
115
120
125
125
90
90-95
90
95
90
95
100
110
105
110-115
115-120
110-115
1920.
J a n u a r y .........................................................
F e b ru a ry ........................................................
136
135
115
112
125
130
115
115
1 A pp ro x im atein crease if s ta n d a rd of c o n su m p tio n is changed as follows: E g g s o m itte d ; m argarine sub»
s titu te d for b u tte r; sugar an d fish co n su m p tio n c u t one-half.
2 N o t in clu d in g tax es.
* In clu d in g taxes.
4 The increase, excluding ad d itio n a l ta x a tio n , is 7 p e rc e n t less.
6 T he increase, excluding a d d itio n a l ta x a tio n , is 6 p e r c e n t less.
Cost of Living in South Africa, 1910 to Septem
ber, 1919.1
SUPPLEMENT to the half-yearly abstract of statistics issued
by the Office of Census and Statistics of the Union of South
w
Africa in June, 1919, contains a table of index numbers
showing the changes in the cost of living from 1910 to September,
1919, the former year being taken as the base, or 1,000. These index
A
i U nion of South Africa. Office of Census an d S tatistics. S upplem ent to half-yearly A b stra ct of
union statistics. No. 1, Ju n e, 1919. P reto ria, O ctober, 1919. 7 pp.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[669]
76
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
numbers represent weighted averages for nine cities, namely, Bloem
fontein, Cape Town, Durban, East London, Johannesburg, Kimber- A
ley, Pietermaritzburg, Port Elizabeth, and Pretoria, and cover the
items of food, fuel, light, and rent.
Index Numbers o f Cost o f Living in N ine Cities in the Union o f South A frica, by years
1 9 1 0 to 1 9 1 8 , and January to September, 1 9 1 9 .
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919:
Ja n u a ry ...
F ebruary..
March. . ..
A pril.........
May..........
Ju n e..........
Ju ly ..........
August. . .
September
1, 000
1, 036
1, 065
1, 077
1,089
1,105
1,153
1,250
1, 300
1, 331
1, 339
1, 347
1,359
1, 355
1, 363
1, 359
1, 407
1,411
Retail Prices of Food in Czechoslovakia, April,
1914, and December, 1919.
A
TABLE recently published by a Prague daily paper1 contains
comparative data as to official retail prices in April, 1914, and
December, 1919, of a number of important foodstuffs. The
increase of the prices ruling in December, 1919, over those of April,
1914, is enormous, varying between 345 per cent in the case of sugar
and 2,285 per cent in that of potatoes. These large increases are, of
course, due not only to the prevailing shortage of food but chiefly to
the great depreciation of the crown. The table is reproduced below.
R E T A IL FO O D P R IC E S IN P R A G U E , A P R IL , 1914, A N D D E C E M B E R , 1919.
R etail price.
Article.
Beef .................................................................................
P o rk ...................................................................................
L a rd ...............................................................................
Eggs...............................................................................
B u tte r............................................................................
R ice............................................................................
Geese ..........................................................................
P o tato es....................................................................
S ugar ..................................................................................
Coffee, ro a ste d .....................................................
M ilk........................................................................
T e a ..................................................................
B eer...............................................................
U nit.
Kilo .
. . .d o __
. . .d o ..
E a c h __
Kilo ..
. do__
. do ___
d o .. .
do ___
do
L iter___
Kilo
î lite r.. .
April,
1914.
December,
1919.
C r o w n s ,2
C r o w n s .2
1.85
2.06
2.04
.10
3.87
.67
2.50
.07
.83
3.20
.30
8.00
.35
20. 00
28.00
37.00
2.00
50.00
5.00
26.00
1.60
2 87
38.00 to 40.'00
2.60
120.00
1.60
R elative price.
1,187
to
1,081
1,359
1,813
2,000
1,291
746
1,040
2,285
345
1,250
866
1,500
457
1 Prager Tagblatt. Prague, Dec. 24,1919.
2 Owing to present fluctuations in th e value of th e crown, conversions are no t m ade into U nited States
money. N orm ally, th e p a r value of a crown equals 20.3 cents.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[670]
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR.
Wages and Hours of Labor in the Cigar and
the Men’s Clothing Industries.
AS A part of the industrial survey of 1919 wage data were gathered concerning employees engaged in the manufacture of
cigars and of men’s clothing. A summary presentation of
the results of the investigation of these two industries is contained in
the tables included in this article.
The statistics relating to the cigar industry were obtained from
establishments making cigars classed for revenue purposes as full
size. Figures are not included from factories making cigarettes,
little cigars, stogies, or tobies. The material for the report on the men’s
clothing industry was obtained from establishments making men’s
outer garments, coats, pants, vests, and overcoats for the trade; in
other words, what is commonly known as men’s ready-made clothing.
The manufacture of ready-made clothing is distinctly an urban
industry, and is very largely concentrated in a few cities. The manu
facture of cigars, while much more widely distributed than that of
men’s clothing, is still preeminently urban. Because of this pecu
liarity of the two industries data concerning them, unlike that of the
other industries included in the survey, are presented by cities and
not by States. The cities covered by the survey of each industry,
and the number of establishments and the number of employees
included in each city, are shown in the following table:
T able 1 —N U M B E R O F E S T A B L IS H M E N T S AN D N U M B E R O F E M P L O Y E E S IN T H E CIG A R
AN D M E N ’S C L O T H IN G IN D U S T R IE S , B Y C IT IE S .
Cigars.
Cities.
A llentow n, P a ..........
B altim ore,' M d ..........
B ingham ton, N . Y ..
Boston, Mass..............
Buffalo, N . Y ............
Chicago', 111...............
C incinnati, O hio___
Cleveland, O hio........
D ayton, O hio............
D etroit,'M ich.............
E vansville, I n d ........
Indianapolis, I n d __
K ey W est, F la ..........
Lancaster,' P a ............
N ew ark, N .J ..
New Y ork, N . Y ___
P hiladelphia, P a ___
R eading, P a ..............
Rochester, N . Y . ..
St. Louis, Mo..........
T am p a, F la ...............
T o ta l................
165126°—20-----6
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M en’s clothing.
N um ber of N um ber of N u m ber of
N um ber of
establish
employees. establish
employees.
m ents.
m ents.
3
5
4
3
473
530
967
614
5
4
4
4
6
3
663
560
569
497
1,078
1,707
4
3
2
11
7
4
1,060
271
135
3,387
1,690
684
6
1,830
78
16,715
[671]
4
2,340
16
11
7
26
6
808
479
6,400
1,272
443
2
630
11
21
15
324
2,094
1,424
10
5
2,566
473
134
19,253
77
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
78
I t was not possible to arrange the survey in such a way as to obtain
the records of all establishments in an industry for the same pay-roll ^
period. Industry was in a very unsettled state during the progress
of the survey. Conditions changed so rapidly that the exact date of
the material presented is a matter of more importance than it would
be in a normal year. The pay-roll periods included in each industry
were distributed by months as shown in the following table:
T able 2.—N U M B E R OF PA Y -R O L L
P E R IO D S IN
S P E C IF IE D M O N T H S, 1918 A N D 1919.
N u m b er of pay-roll periods in -
Industry.
Cigars
M en’s clothing.............
T otal
num
b er of
p ay
roll
periods. Aug
ust.
78
134
1
1919.
1918.
Sep
tem
ber.
Octo
ber.
No
vem
ber.
De
cem
ber.
5
2
3
6
22
Jan u Feb March. April. May.
ary. ruary.
2
33
21
48
18
20
14
17
I t will be seen from the table that in the cigar industry 70 of the
78 pay-roll periods fell within the four months of February, March,
April, and May; while in the men’s clothing industry 123 of the 134
pay-roll periods fell within the months of December, January, F e b -^
ruary, and March. Information is presented as of the year 1919. Irw
neither of the industries, so far as could be ascertained, were there any
changes in rates of wages during the progress of the survey.
The information concerning hours and earnings on which the tables
are based was obtained directly from the pay rolls or other records of
the companies by agents of the Bureau. Other information was
obtained from responsible officials in personal interviews. Wherever
the records of the company failed to indicate the time actually worked
by pieceworkers during the selected pay-roll period, arrangements
were made to have such a record kept for a future period, from which
record data were afterwards copied. In all cases the figures copied
by the agents represented the hours actually worked and earnings
actually received.
As the material comes in to the office the figures for hours and those
for earnings are both in incommensurable form on account of inequali
ties in the length of pay-roll periods and in the time worked by different
individual employees. Before they can be presented in tabular form
it is necessary to reduce both hours and earnings to a common de
nominator. The comparable figures selected for use in the following
tables are hours worked per day and per week, and earnings per hour
and per week. These figures are obtained in the following manner: 0
The hours per day of each employee are obtained by dividing the
number of hours worked by him during the pay-roll period by the
number of week days, holidays omitted, in the pay-roll period.
Thus in the case of pay rolls for a single week containing no holidays,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[672]
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR.
0
79
the hours worked by each employee during the pay-roll period are
divided by six, whether the employee worked on each of the six days
or not. The resulting figure represents the number of hours per day
that the employee would have worked if his time had been distributed
uniformly among the week days of the pay-roll period.
All the schedules used in making up the following tables were for
pay-roll periods one week in length. I t was therefore possible to
obtain the average hours actually worked per week by the employees
in any occupation by dividing the sum of the hours worked by all the
employees in the occupation by the number of employees.
By full-time hours per week is meant the number of hours that is
thought of in the occupation as constituting a normal week’s work,
the number of hours the employee regularly expects to work and the
employer expects him to work. This figure was obtained from the
officials of the various establishments by agents of the Bureau. The
difference between full-time hours per week and average hours actually
worked per week is an indication of the degree of irregularity of em
ployment among the employees to whom the figures apply.
For comparative purposes the earnings of each employee are reduced
to the form of average earnings per hour by dividing his total earnings
^ f o r the pay-roll period by the total number of hours worked by him
during the period. The resulting figure indicates how much he would
have earned each hour he worked if his earnings had been distributed
uniformly over all the hours actually worked by him during the period.
The average weekly earnings for any occupation are obtained by
dividing the aggregate weekly earnings of all employees in the occupa
tion by the number of employees engaged in it. These average actual
earnings per week in each occupation, computed as described above,
are brought into comparison in the tables with average full-time weekly
earnings in the same occupation. In a general way the ratio of full
time earnings to actual earnings might be expected to be identical
with the ratio of full-time hours to actual hours. As a matter of
fact, however, these ratios may vary to a considerable extent.
Actual earnings per week include the week’s share of all extra pay for
overtime and of all premiums and bonuses. Full-time earnings, on
the other hand, represent what an employee can earn by working
exactly the normal full-time hours of the establishment. The factor
of extra pay for overtime, included in computing actual weekly earn
ings, was in general eliminated in computing full-time earnings. In
those instances, however, which were comparatively rare in these
0 industries, in which the normal working day consisted of a certain
number of hours at a basic rate, and an additional hour or two at an
increased rate, the extra pay for such additional hour was included
in the full-time earnings. Each bonus had to be considered separately.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[673]
80
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
Those that could be earned in regular time, as, for example, bonuses
for regularity of attendance, were included; those that could be earned
only by working overtime were excluded; while those earned partly
in regular time and partly in overtime, as indicated by the relative
amount of overtime work performed, were distributed accordingly.
The result of eliminating these factors of extra pay for overtime and
bonus is to reduce the ratio of full-time earnings to actual earnings
somewhat below the ratio of full-time hours to actual hours.
In many cigar factories the hours of work are very irregular, the
employees coming and going as they please. In such factories there
is no such thing as generally recognized “ full-time hours.” For
that reason it has not been practicable to present figures for full-time
hours per week or full-time weekly earnings in the cigar industry.
In the detailed tables which follow it has been necessary to omit a
number of occupations owing to limitations of space. Out of a total
of 12 occupations for which data were obtained in the cigar industry
10 are included in the tables. In these occupations are found 16,460
employees out of the total of 16,715 included in the survey. The
corresponding figures for men’s clothing are 10 out of 12 occupations,
and 18,589 out of 19,253 employees.
T able 3 .—A V E R A G E H O U R S W O R K E D A N D A V E R A G E E A R N IN G S R E C E IV E D
T H E C IG A R IN D U S T R Y , B Y O C C U PA T IO N , SE X , A N D C IT Y .
O ccupation, sex, a n d city.
N um ber N um ber
of
of em
establish ployees.
m ents.
A verage hours
w orked.
D uring
one
w eek.
Per
week
day.
IN ^ fc
W
Average earnings
received.
D uring
one
week.
Per
hour;
B u n c h m a k e r s , h a n d , m a le .
B a ltim o re ..........................................................
B in g h am to n .......................................................
Chicago................................................................
D a v t o n ...............................................................
D e tro it.................................................................
New Y o rk ...........................................................
R ead in g ...............................................................
T am p a..................................................................
4
3
4
2
2
10
3
3
19
6
109
2
15
144
79
162
51.2
48.1
48. 5
37. 4
43. 2
48.1
49.3
52.4
8.5
8.0
8.1
6. 2
7.2
8.0
8.2
8.7
$24. 26
15.94
39.16
14.72
24. 51
22.53
19. 50
27.96
$0. 475
.343
.619
. 402
.564
.469
.273
.536
T o ta l.........................................................
36
557
49.3
8.2
25.92
.486
A llentow n...........................................................
B altim ore............................................................
B in g h am to n .......................................................
B oston..................................................................
C hicago.............................................................. .
C incinnati .........................................................
C leveland............................................................
D ay to n .................................................................
D e tro it.................................................................
E v a n sv ille ...........................................................
K ey W est............................................................
L a n c a ste r............................................................
N ew ark ................................................................
New Y o rk ...........................................................
P h ilad elp h ia.......................................................
R ead in g ...............................................................
T am pa................................................................
2
3
3
3
5
4
3
3
6
2
4
2
2
10
5
3
6
10
7
26
7
9
7
9
12
10
35
9
4
2
40
16
7
25
56.1
52.8
43. 2
50.1
46.3
52. 4
55. 6
49. 4
55.5
58.5
52.3
66.0
50. 6
54. 6
52.3
57.9
9. 2
9.4
8.8
7.2
8.3
7.7
8.7
9.3
8.2
9.3
9.6
8.7
11.0
8.4
8.9
8. 7
9.2
18.93
17.05
15.64
17. 67
24. 28
15.12
20. 31
20.33
21.40
13.59
15. 56
16. 56
23.22
15. 07
16. 48
15.63
18. 44
.313
.392
.304
.402
.487
.327
.389
.367
. 444
.242
.267
.317
.34lj
. 29f>
.313
.298
.319
T o ta l........................................................
66
235
53.4
8.8
16.89
.319
C a se rs, m a le .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[674]
81
WAGES AND H O U R S OF LABOR.
T able 3 .—A V E R A G E H O U R S W O R K E D A N D A V E R A G E E A R N IN G S R E C E IV E D
T H E C IG A R IN D U S T R Y , B Y O C C U PA T IO N , S E X , A N D C IT Y —Continued.
O ccupation, sex, and city.
N um ber N um ber
of
establish of em
m ents. ployees.
A verage hours
w orked.
D uring
one
week.
Per
week
day.
IN
A verage earnings
received.
D uring
one
week.
Per
hour.
C ig a r m a k e r s , m a le .
B altim ore.....................................................
B oston............................ .........................
Chicago.................................................
C incinnati........................................
D etro it.............................................................
K ey W est.....................................................
L ancaster............................................................
New Y o rk ................................................
P hilad elp h ia...................................................
R eading....................................................
T am pa......... .............................................
O ther cities.........................................................
3
3
4
2
3
1
3
5
2
4
6
3
25
390
155
246
48
761
29
206
160
126
723
65
43.1
36.3
44.1
40.8
42.4
49.5
48.1
42.8
50.3
50.9
51.1
41.0
7.2
6.1
7.3
6. 5
7.0
8.3
8.0
7.2
8.3
8.5
8.5
6.8
$18. 79
25.05
26.55
15. 33
19.97
17.34
17. 52
19.01
19.83
19. 42
17.33
21.38
$. 437
.685
. 584
.389
.474
. 348
.369
.435
.398
.383
.340
.520
T o tal.........................................................
42
2,934
46.4
7. 7
19.17
.424
3
4
3
5
4
2
2
4
2
9
3
4
6
3
14
35
36
38
35
3
2
29
7
111
16
27
55
3
41.7
48.2
34.9
42.4
37.3
39.3
47. 5
42.9
45.6
42.8
45.5
45. 4
47.5
45.8
7.1
8.0
5.8
7.0
6.2
6.5
7.9
7.2
7.6
7.1
7.6
7.6
8.1
7.7
20. 30
20.02
28. 26
30. 82
17.10
20. 44
22.40
31.31
16.87
26.32
23. 67
18. 89
34.49
26. 84
.484
.413
.815
. 724
. 459
.521
. 470
. 705
.364
.627
. 528
.416
. 710
.589
51
411
43.0
7.3
26. 07
.608
B altim ore.......................................................... .
B ingham to n ...................................•..................
Chicago................................................................
D etroit.................................................................
K ey W est............................................................
New Y o rk ...........................................................
P h ilad elp h ia.......................................................
T am pa..................................................................
O ther cities.........................................................
4
4
4
2
2
10
2
3
5
32
47
158
3
29
394
11
229
19
49.4
41.8
46.8
45.8
48.4
45.1
42.1
51. 6
47.9
8.1
7.0
7.8
7.6
8.1
7.5
7.0
8.6
8.0
24.99
14. 59
25.98
28.21
17. 29
21.17
12. 63
22. 24
17. 54
.506
.345
.555
.623
.357
.471
.312
.434
.365
T o ta l.........................................................
36
922
47.1
7.9
21. 78
.463
A llentow n...........................................................
B altim ore............................................................
B ingham ton.......................................................
Chicago................................................................
C incinnati...........................................................
Cleveland............................................................
D ayton.................................................................
D e tro it............................................................. .
E vansv ille...........................................................
K ey W est............................................................
L ancaster............................................................
New Y o rk ...........................................................
P h ilad elp h ia.......................................................
R eadin g ...............................................................
T am pa..................................................................
O ther cities.........................................................
2
5
3
5
2
3
3
4
2
4
2
8
4
2
6
1
29
14
12
20
15
35
18
43
39
43
10
39
26
7
61
3
39.4
40.9
39.8
47.9
38.0
30.7
32.6
40.7
44.1
30.1
48.9
42.4
45.6
45.8
40.3
40.2
7.2
6.8
6.6
8.0
6.3
5.1
5.5
6.8
7.4
4.9
8.2
7.1
7.6
7.6
6.7
6.7
10.26
11.56
8.96
11.95
7.57
8.79
8.38
8.86
8.68
8. 41
10.34
14. 48
10. 89
12.29
10. 28
15. 67
.255
.291
.231
.261
. 194
. 272
.240
. 220
. 198
.272
.213
.339
.244
.265
.250
.391
T o tal.........................................................
56
414
39.5
6. 5
10.07
.254
P a c k e r s , m a le .
B altim ore............................................................
B ingh am to n .......................................................
B oston.......................................................... „ .
Chicago................................................................
C incinnati...........................................................
C leveland.........................................................
D ayto n .................................................................
K ev W est............................................................
L ancaster............................................................
New Y o rk ....................................................
P h ilad elp h ia.......................................................
R eadin g ...............................................................
T am pa..................................................................
O ther cities.........................................................
T o tal.........................................................
R o lle r s , h a n d , m a le .
P a n d e r s , h a n d , fe m a le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[675]
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
82
T able 3 .—A V E R A G E H O U R S W O R K E D A N D A V E R A G E E A R N IN G S R E C E IV E D IN
T H E CIG A R IN D U S T R Y , B Y O C C U PA T IO N , SE X , A N D C ITY —C ontinued.
T
O ccupation, sex, and city .
B unch
N um ber N um ber
of
of em
establish ployees.
m ents.
Average hours
w orked.
D uring
one
week.
Per
week
day.
Average earnings
received.
1
D uring
one
week.
I
I
Per
hour.
m a k e r s , h a n d , fe m a le .
B altim ore
......................................
B ingham ton ...................................................
Chicago .............................................................
Cleveland .........................................................
D etro it..................................................................
Evansville .......................................................
K ey W est............................................................
New Y o rk ...........................................................
P h ilad elp h ia.......................................................
R eading .............................................................
T anroa..................................................................
O ther c itie s.........................................................
4
4
2
3
6
3
2
9
2
3
3
3
91
154
5
81
224
374
24
571
63
28
38
68
40.8
44.0
47.8
43.0
42.7
51.3
48.1
46.5
38.7
45.7
52.0
45.6
6.8
7.3
8.0
7.2
7.1
8.4
8.0
8.1
6.5
7.6
8.7
7.6
$16.52
16.14
30. 63
10.67
17. 91
13. 50
10. 61
21.83
17.36
17. 61
22.44
14.49
$0.393
. 365
.635
.387
.418
. 268
.217
.452
.449
.388
.438
.316
1
I
T o ta l.........................................................
44
1,721
40.9
7.8
17.84
.384
I
A llentow n...........................................................
C leveland............................................................
D ayton ...............................................................
D etro it..................................................................
New Y o rk ...........................................................
P h ilad elp h ia.......................................................
R eading .............................................................
O ther c itie s.........................................................
2
3
3
3
3
4
2
5
99
42
107
54
122
209
18
101
50.4
46.2
43.9
44.1
44.3
48.5
49.2
45.2
8.4
7.7
7.3
7.4
7.4
8.0
8.2
7.5
21. 63
17.29
14.20
17.77
18. 65
17.54
20. 43
15. 75
.430
.374
.321
.399
.420
.361
.413
.345
I
1
I
I
1
1
1
1
T o ta l.........................................................
25
812
44.0
7.7
17. 48
.374
Boston
.....................................................
C leveland............................................................
D etroit .............................................................
K ey W est-..........................................................
Lancaster .........................................................
P h ilad elp h ia.......................................................
R ead in g ...............................................................
T a m p a ..................................................................
O ther citie s.........................................................
3
4
2
2
2
2
4
5
5
65
20
9
4
17
36
56
81
37
35.5
41.4
42.6
43.2
45.5
42.4
45.8
51.0
39.5
6.0
6.9
7.1
7.2
7.0
7.1
7.6
8.5
6.4
19.74
17.16
18.96
12.10
15.72
15.94
15.39
18. 22
18.16
.561
.427
. 442
.254
.340
.370
.337
.360
.453
I
1
1
I
I
1
1
1
1
Total .......................................................
29
325
43.5
7.2
19.12
.413
|
A llentow n...........................................................
B altim ore............................................................
B ingham ton
.................................................
C leveland............................................................
D a y to n ................................................................
D e tro it.................................................................
E v an sv ille...........................................................
L an caster............................................................
N ew Y o rk ...........................................................
P h ilad elp h ia.......................................................
R eading .............................................................
O th er citie s.........................................................
2
2
3
4
3
6
3
3
5
5
2
4
30
28
32
36
33
51
97
16
59
96
17
10
41.8
38.7
40.2
33.9
38.3
39.8
43.1
39.1
43.4
43.6
41.0
34.9
7.5
6.9
6.7
5.7
6.4
6.6
7.2
6.5
7.2
7.2
6.8
5-8
15.57
13. 65
14.76
13.92
14.50
19.29
11.43
12.71
19.75
15. 61
16.63
16.54
.375
.351
.370
.410
.371
.483
.268
.320
.457
.365
.405
.398
I
1
1
1
1
I
I
I
1
I
1
1
T o ta l.........................................................
42
511
41.1
6.9
15.27
.375
|
B altim ore............................................................
B in g h am to n .......................................................
Chicago................................................................
C leveland............................................. .............
D a y to n ...............................................................
D etroit. ....„......................................................
E v a n sv ille .........................................................
L a n c a ste r..........................................................
New Y o rk .........................................................
P h ilad e lp h ia .....................................................
R ea d in g .............................................................
T a m p a ................................................................
O th er c itie s.........................................................
4
4
4
3
2
6
45.7
44.7
44.8
39.9
41.3
42.4
49.1
50.2
47.7
37.6
45.7
55.1
46.0
7.6
7.5
7.5
6.6
6.9
7.1
8.4
8.4
8.0
6.3
7.0
8.3
7.7
21.25
15. 20
24.10
14. 28
13.58
17.04
11. 44
15.41
18.94
15.97
19.54
21.84
13.02
.458
.339
.539
.357
.333
.400
. 232 a
. 309 ill
.398
.422
.429
.438
.282
I
1
1
I
I
I
j
2
8
3
2
3
1
36
356
47
52
62
399
761
18
779
215
83
194
64
1
1
1
I
T o ta l.........................................................
45
3,066
46.3
7.7
18. 77
.354
1
B unch
m a k e r s , m a c h in e , fe m a le .
C ig a r m a k e r s , h a n d , fe m a le .
P a c k e r s , fe m a le .
J
9
R o lle r s , h a n d , fe m a le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3
[676]
j
W A G E S A N D H O U R S OF LABOR.
83
T able 3 .—A V E R A G E H O U R S W O R K E D A N D A V E R A G E E A R N IN G S R E C E IV E D IN
T H E CIG A R IN D U S T R Y , B Y O C C U PA T IO N , S E X , A N D C IT Y -C o n c lu d e d .
O ccupation, sex, a n d city.
Average hours
w orked.
N um ber N um ber
of
establish of em
m ents. ployees.
D uring
one
week.
P er
week
day.
j Average earnings
received.
D uring
one
week.
Per
hour.
R o lle r s , s u c tio n , fe m a le .
A llento w n.......................................................
B altim ore.........................................................
C leveland.........................................................
D a y to n .............................................................
L an caster.........................................................
N ew Y o rk .......................................................
P h ilad elp h ia...................................................
O th e r citie s.....................................................
2
2
2
2
2
5
3
4
203
153
141
151
73
465
397
196
49.7
40.7
43.6
42.9
44.5
47.0
48.6
44.8
8.3
6.8
7.3
7.1
7.4
7.9
8.1
7.5
$20.82
14.74
15.97
13.14
15. 57
17. 91
16. 22
15.57
$0.417
.357
.364
.309
.349
.381
.388
.345
T o ta l......................................................
22
1,779
46.1
7.7
16.57
.359
A llento w n .......................................................
B altim o re........................................................
B in g h am to n ...................................................
B oston..............................................................
Chicago.............................................................
C incinn ati.......................................................
C leveland.........................................................
D a y to n .............................................................
D etro it..............................................................
E v a n sv ille .......................................................
K ey W est............................................... .........
. L an caster.........................................................
N ew Y o rk .......................................................
P h ilad e lp h ia ...................................................
R ead in g ...........................................................
T am p a..............................................................
O th e r c itie s.....................................................
2
5
4
2
5
3
4
4
5
3
4
3
11
6
4
6
1
81
38
184
94
98
45
92
61
153
334
157
12
348
354
78
258
5
47.6
44.4
42.5
38.6
44.6
37.9
39.6
47.0
41.2
44.2
43.2
48.0
47.6
42.6
41.7
49. 2
53.9
7.9
7.4
7.1
6.5
7.4
6.3
6.6
7.8
6.9
7.4
7.2
8.0
7.9
7.1
7.1
8.2
9.0
10.21
8.78
8.98
11.14
11.55
6.32
9.45
9.08
10. 56
6.45
7.83
9.38
11.05
10.85
10.38
9. 71
9.12
.215
.192
.216
.294
.257
.169
.244
.194
.256
.145
.183
.199
.233
.188
.248
.196
.167
T o ta l.......................................................
72
2,392
44.3
7.4
9.57
.207
A llento w n .........................................................
B altim ore..........................................................
B in g h am to n .....................................................
B oston................................................................
Chicago..............................................................
C incinnati.........................................................
C leveland..........................................................
D a y to n ..............................................................
D etro it...............................................................
N ew ark..............................................................
N ew Y o rk .........................................................
P h ilad elp h ia.....................................................
R ead in g .............................................................
O th e r citie s.......................................................
2
2
4
3
3
3
3
3
5
2
4
4
3
3
15
24
34
18
4
30
20
26
39
6
34
47
24
60
42.5
45.2
45.3
39.1
47.9
41.6
44.9
39.7
41.7
54.0
48.5
47.0
38.7
45.4
7.1
7.6
7.5
7.4
8.0
6.9
7.5
6.6
6.9
9.0
8.9
7.6
6.5
7.6
9. 82
11.38
9. 82
12.73
14.20
10.11
12.64
8.95
11.04
8.65
12. 56
9.38
10.43
8.29
.220
.253
.221
.325
.298
.245
.279
.215
.267
.163
.259
.201
.275
.189
T o ta l.......................................................
44
381
44.1
7.4
10. 31
.236
5,059
11,401
16,460
46.9
45.2
45.7
7.8
7.5
7.6
20.84
15.54
17.17
.448
.325
.363
S te m m e r s o r s tr ip p e r s , h a n d , fe m a le .
S te m m e r s o r s tr ip p e r s , m a c h in e , fe m a le .
All occupations, m ale.....................................
A ll occupations, fem ale..................................
A ll occupations, m ale an d fem ale...............
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[677]
.
84
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
T able 4 .—A V ER A G E A C TU A L AN D F U L L -T IM E H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S IN T H E M EN ’S
C L O T H IN G IN D U S T R Y , B Y OCCU PA TIO N , SE X , A N D CITY .
Occupation, sex, and city.
Average hours
F ull
N um N um a ctu ally worked.
tim e
ber of
hours
estab
emPer week ’er week. per
lish ployees.
week.
day.
m ents.
Average earnings
actually m ade.
F ull
tim e
earnngs per
P er hour. Per week. week.
B a s te r s , h a n d , c o a ts , m a le .
Bali im ore....................................
B oston.........................................
B uffalo.........................................
Chicago ....................................
C incinnati...................................
Indianapolis ...........................
Newark ....................................
New Y o rk ...................................
P hiladelphia ............................
Rochester .
.....................
St. L ouis.....................................
O ther c itie s ................................
3
7
4
5
3
2
5
10
8
4
2
1
89
66
19
284
19
9
39
192
139
162
5
4
7.3
7.1
7.9
7.2
8.1
8.4
7.3
7.6
7.6
7.7
6.9
9.0
43.9
42.5
47.2
43.4
48.6
50.4
43.8
45.3
45.5
46.3
41.4
53.8
48.0
45.7
48.0
48.0
50.0
48.0
45.2
46.3
48.0
48.0
49.2
53.8
80.649
.499
. 416
.506
.464
.455
.455
. 5u3
.490
.515
.401
. 416
$28.23
21.28
19.70
21.99
22.12
22.84
19.84
22.89
22.40
23.86
17.50
22.50
$31.15
22.72
19.95
24.16
23.19
22.17
20.44
23.27
23.42
24.59
20.01
22.40
T o tal................................
54
1,027
7.5
44.8
47.5
.511
22.87
24.19
B altim ore....................................
B o s to n ........................................
B u ffa lo .....................................
Chicago ....................................
C incinnati...................................
Cleveland ................................
Indianapolis
.......................
N ew ark........................................
N ew Y ork
............................
P hiladelphia ............................
R ochester....................................
St. L ouis.....................................
4
5
2
5
8
4
2
4
12
8
5
2
101
34
5
189
39
12
33
14
122
52
63
2
8.0
7.6
8.3
7.8
8.0
7.8
7.9
6.9
7.8
9.5
7.8
8.2
47.9
45.3
50.0
46.7
48.0
47.0
47.1
41.1
46.5
56.9
46.6
49.0
48.0
45.5
50.0
48.0
49.3
49.0
48.0
45.3
46.6
52.0
48.0
49.0
.586
.529
.280
.431
.371
.468
.470
.534
.478
.404
.501
.481
27.89
23.96
14.00
20.17
17.78
21.98
22.15
21.73
22.19
22.47
23.52
23.50
27.77
24.07
14.01
20.46
18.25
22.83
22.78
23.66
21.97
20.59
23.91
23.51 j
T o tal.................................
Gl
666
7.9
47.6
48.0
.473
22.39
22.42
4
5
4
5
8
3
2
3
12
5
4
3
211
66
31
1456
1C3
* 11
25
11
193
103
133
59
6.9
6.5
7.9
7.4
7.3
7.1
7.2
7.8
7.5
6.8
6.9
8.0
41.3
38.7
47.3
44.2
43.8
42.3
43.3
46.5
45.2
40.6
41.4
47.8
48.0
44.5
48.0
48.0
48.3
48.6
48.0
46.5
46.9
48.0
48.0
48.0
.659
.840
.505
.593
.552
.529
.427
.613
.697
.619
.663
.555
27.17
31.43
23.89
26.21
24.12
22.36
18.62
28.45
31.37
25.07
27.26
26.45
31.59
37.01
24.23
28.45
26.56
25.82
20.28
28.45
32.55
29.72
29.79
26.64
58 31,402
7.2
43.3
47.7
.628
26.98
29.63
B u s h e le r s a n d ta ilo r s , m a le .
C u tte r s , c lo th , h a n d , m a le .
B altim ore....................................
Boston
....................................
Buffalo.........................................
Chicago ....................................
C incinnati...................................
Cleveland ................................
Ind ian ap o lis...............................
N ew ark ....................................
New Y ork
............................
P h ila d e lo h ia .............................
Rochester....................................
St. Louis.....................................
T o tal.................................
C u tte r s , c lo th , m a c h in e , m a le .
B altim ore...................................
B uffalo........................................
Chicago ....................................
C incinnati...................................
Cleveland ..................................
N ewark ....................................
N ew Y ork ..............................
Philadelphia ............................
Rochester ................................
St. L ouis.....................................
O ther cities................................
3
3
3
6
2
2
7
4
3
4
1
8
7
54
13
12
2
18
28
9
22
1
6.7
8.0
7.3
7.4
8.0
7.7
7.0
7.6
6.0
7.7
8.0
40.1
47.9
43.9
44.5
48.1
46.0
42.0
45.7
36.2
45.9
48.0
48.0
48.0
48.0
48.3
48.6
46.0
40.7
48.0
48.0
48.3
48.0
.609
.501
.674
. 553
.660
.608
.7 5o
.583
.674
. 564
.481
23.87
23.99
29.26
24.51
31.90
28.00
31.79
25.62
23.73
26.19
23.10
28.56
24.06
32.35
26.62
31.50
28.00
35.27
27.76
32.34
27.23
23.09
T o tal.................................
38
174
7.4
44.2
47.9
.632
27.58
30.17
63
3
B altim ore..................................
23
8
B oston.......................................
2
4
Buffalo ..................................
136
5
Chicago ..................................
22
9
C incinnati.................................
19
3
Cleveland ..............................
19
2
Ind ian ap o lis.............................
1 Including 303 hand or m achine cutters.
s Including 10 h an d or m achine cutters.
7.7
7.5
8.1
7.6
8.1
7.5
8.0
46.2
45.1
48.8
45.6
48.6
45.1
47.9
48.0
45.8
48.8
48.0
49.3
48.0
48.0
.544
.486
.462
.489
.405
.558
.478
25.38
21.96
22.50
21.88
19.74
25.16
23.00
25.66
22.25
22.50
21.71
19. y5
26.74
23.29
E x a m in e r s , m a le .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3 Including 313 hand or machine cutters,
[678]
W A G E S A N D H O U R S OF LABOR.
T able 4 .
85
A V E R A G E A C TU A L AN D F U L L -T IM E H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S IN T H E M EN ’S
C L O T H IN G IN D U S T R Y , B Y O CCUPATION, S E X , AN D C ITY —Continued.
Occupation, sex, a n d city.
E x a m in e r s , m a le —
Average hours
N um N u m
actually worked.
ber of
of
estab ber
em
lish
Per w eel
Per week
m ents. ployees
day.
Full
tim e
per
week.
Average earnings
a ctu ally m ade.
F ull
tim e
earn
P e r houi . Per week ings per
week.
Concluded.1 .
N e w a rk .........
New Y o r k ...
P hiladelphia.
R ochester___
St. L ouis.......
Total.
4
14
7
6
2
6
87
58
48
3
7.8
8.0
7.8
8.0
8.3
46.7
48.1
46.5
48.2
50.0
46.7
46.6
48.3
48.0
50.3
$0.489
.490
.446
.475
.340
$22. 58
23.58
20.71
23.06
16.33
$22. 58
22.70
21.39
22.71
17.07
65
488
7.8
46.7
47.8
.487
22.67
22.65
4
8
4
5
8
4
2
5
18
9
7
1
48
19
4
83
16
5
5
7
37
24
40
1
7.0
7.5
8.0
7.4
7.8
8.3
8.3
7.8
7.3
7.6
7.4
8.0
41.8
45.0
47.9
44.5
46.6
49.8
49.8
46.6
43.7
45.6
44.1
48.0
48.0
45.9
48.5
48.0
48.6
48.0
48.0
46.6
46.7
48.0
48.0
48.0
.613
.577
.500
.656
.416
.565
.440
.571
.590
.487
.504
.417
25.74
25.98
24.13
28. 64
19.50
27.94
22.10
26.43
25.72
22.08
22.07
20.00
29.36
26.40
23.57
31.25
20.12
27.10
21.20
26.43
27.46
23.30
24.14
20.00
75
289
7.4
44.4
47.7
.576
25.38
27.37
4
15
9
6
7
5
2
9
17
14
8
5
380
140
56
709
27
21
20
58
482
242
188
26
7.4
7.2
7.7
7.4
8.0
7.1
7.9
7.5
7.4
7.8
7.9
8.0
44.6
43.0
46.2
44.2
47. 7
42.4
47. 1
45.1
44.6
46.8
47.2
48.0
48.0
45.8
48.2
48.0
49. 9
49.8
48.0
46.7
46.8
48.0
48.0
50.0
.616
.600
.530
.572
.470
.500
.527
.576
.417
.599
.553
.412
27.55
26.15
24.31
25.31
22. 43
21.12
29.86
26.12
29. 56
28. 07
26.13
19. 94
29. 61
27.28
25. 47
27.29
23.57
25. 01
24.99
26. 68
30. 92
28. 67
26.43
20.52
101
2,349
7.5
44.9
47.7
.545
26. 80
28.27
4
12
7
6
20
4
2
9
18
11
9
2
148
58
41
539
123
17
60
43
225
111
256
3
7.5
6.9
7.5
7.2
7.9
7.8
7.8
7.3
7.7
7.8
7.4
5.9
45.0
41.1
44. 8
42.9
47.5
46.5
46.6
43.8
46.1
46.5
44.5
35.6
48.0
45.2
48.0
48.0
49.0
49. 7
48.0
46.8
46.5
48.3
48.0
48.7
.593
.623
.552
.617
.390
.550
.458
.588
.538
.497
.523
.437
26. 83
25. 77
24. 68
26. 36
18. 54
25.21
21.35
25. 48
24.86
23. 27
23. 30
15.05
28.20
28.18
26. 44
29.58
19.10
27. 21
22.01
27.17
24.96
23. 87
25.06
21.26
104
1,624
7.4
44. 6
47.8
.555 1
1
24.60
26. 40
3
10
10
5
16
4
2
4
13
8
8
5
170
64
42
408
65
31
33
27
103
98
229
38
7.5
7.1
7.9
7.4
8.0
7.1
7.5
7.4
7. 7
7.5
7.8
7.9
44.8
42.5
47.4
44.3
47.8
42.7
45.0
44.1
46.0
45.2
47.0
47.2
48.0
45.9
48.3
48.0
49.3
48.0
48.0
45. 3
46.7
48.0
48.0
50.2
.643
.510
.415
.559
.391
.559
.353
.563
.562
.501
.505
.391
28. 48
21.85
20.25
24. 40
18.52
24.27
16.02
24.71
25. 96
22.92
23.62
18. 54
30.79
23.51
20. 01
26.60.
19.32
26.62
16. 90
24.94
26.18
24.01
24.15
19.63
88
1,308 1
7.6
45.3
47.9
.531
23.88
25.28
F itte r s o r tr im m e r s , m a le .
B altim ore___
B oston...........
Buffalo...........
Chicago..........
C incinnati__
Cleveland___
Indianapolis.
N ew ark..........
New Y o rk .. .
P hiladelp h ia.
R ochester___
O ther c itie s ..
T otal.
O p e r a to r s , m a le .
^ B a ltim o re .
^B o sto n .
Buffalo...........
Chicago..........
C incinnati__
Cleveland___
Indianapolis.
N ew ark..........
New Y o rk . . .
P hiladelp h ia.
R ochester.. . .
St. Louis........
Total.
P r e s s e r s , h a n d , m a le .
B altim ore............................
Boston..................................
Buffalo.................................
Chicago................................
C incinnati............................
C leveland............................
Indianapolis.......................
N ew ark................................
New Y o rk ........................... .
P hiladelp h ia.......................
R ochester............................
St. Louis..............................
Total.
P r e s s e r s , m a c h in e , m a le .
B altim ore..............................
Boston....................................
Buffalo...................................
Chicago..................................
C incinnati..............................
C leveland..............................
Indianap o lis.........................
N ew ark..................................
New Y o rk .............................
P h iladelp h ia.........................
R ochester..............................
St. Louis................................
Total.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[679]
M O N T H L Y LA BO R REVIEW.
1
86
1
1
T able 4 .—A V E R A G E A CTU A L A N D F U L L -T IM E H O U R S A N D EA R N IN G S IN T H E M E N ’S
C L O T H IN G IN D U S T R Y , B Y OCCU PA TIO N , SE X , AND C ITY —Concluded.
I I
Average hours
actually worked.
1
Occupation, sex, and city.
F ull
N um N um
tim e
ber of ber of
hours
estab
em
per
lish
P er w eek Per week. week.
m ents. ployees.
day.
Average earnings
a ctually m ade.
F ull
tim e
earn
ings per
P er hour. Per week. week.
1
B a s te r s , h a n d , fe m a le .
1
1
I
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
B altim ore....................................
B oston.........................................
Buffalo.........................................
Chicago........................................
C incinnati...................................
C leveland....................................
Indianapolis...............................
N ew ark........................................
New Y o rk ...................................
P h ilad elp h ia..............................
R ochester....................................
O ther citie s................................
4
15
5
5
12
3
2
8
15
11
9
1
115
57
40
417
63
19
58
33
61
94
237
1
7.1
7.3
7.7
7.4
7.4
7.2
7.6
7.6
7.7
7.3
7.3
7.7
42.7
43.6
46.1
44.2
44.5
43.2
45.5
45.7
46.1
43.9
43.8
46.0
48.0
45.5
48.0
48.0
49.4
48.1
48.0
46.7
47.5
48.1
48.0
48.0
$0.372
.312
.323
.389
.261
.332
.301
.326
.329
.287
.325
.336
115.84
13.60
14.83
17.18
11.63
15.28
13.65
14.89
15.30
12. 73
14.33
15. 45
817. 74
14.17
15.51
18. 61
12. 92
15. 93
14. 47
14.99
15.56
13. 79
15. 60
16.13
1
T otal.................................
90
1,195
7.4
44.2
47.9
.344
15.23
16. 43
I
E x a m in e r s , fe m a le .
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
I
B altim ore....................................
Chicago........................................
C incinnati...................................
Cleveland....................................
New Y o rk ...................................
P h ilad elp h ia..............................
R ochester....................................
St. Louis......................................
O ther cities................................
3
3
4
2
3
2
5
2
1
17
45
5
10
6
9
9
19
2
7.3
6.9
8.6
7.8
8.6
6.6
7.9
7.8
8.2
43.5
41.2
51.6
47.0
51.6
39.4
47.4
46.5
49.3
48.0
48.0
50.0
48.0
47.7
48.0
48.0
50.3
48.0
.295
.374
.248
.385
.290
.272
.352
.214
.388
14.30
15.56
12.75
18.04
14.83
10. 45
•16. 64
9.84
19.25
13. 56
16.05
12.40
18. 50
13. 82
13.13
16. 87
10.74 .
19. 2 5 ^ |
1
T o tal.................................
25
122
7.4
44.2
48.4
.321
14.23
14. 71
1
H a n d se w e rs , fe m a le .
I
B altim ore....................................
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
Buffalo.........................................
Chicago........................................
C m cinnati...................................
Cleveland....................................
Indianapolis...............................
N ew ark........................................
New Y o rk ...................................
P h ilad elp h ia..............................
R ochester....................................
St. Louis......................................
4
14
11
6
22
6
2
9
18
15
10
4
454
175
105
1,418
301
60
179
43
368
227
566
48
7.0
7.2
7.5
7.2
7.4
7.0
7.2
7.6
7.4
7.5
7.5
7.0
42.0
43.0
45.1
43.3
44.6
41.7
43.2
45.6
44.6
44.9
44.7
41.9
48.0
45.8
48.2
48.0
49.1
48.1
48.0
46.7
46.6
48.1
48.0
50.1
.386
.314
.259
.349
.239
.310
.245
.308
.341
.286
.324
.211
16.16
13.37
11.61
15.20
10.64
13.09
10.55
13.89
15.13
12.65
14.51
8.87
IS. 42
14. 34
12. 47
14. 99
11.72
14. 92
11. 75
14.15
15. 83
13.68
15. 46
10. 52
T o ta l.................................
121
3,944
7.3
43.7
47.9
.326
14.20
14. 90
B altim ore....................................
B oston..........................................
Buffalo.........................................
Chicago........................................
C incinnati...................................
C leveland....................................
Indianapolis...............................
N ew ark........................................
New Y o rk ...................................
P h ilad elp h ia..............................
R ochester....................................
St. Louis......................................
4
11
10
6
25
7
2
7
13
9
10
5
423
45
106
1,469
430
195
146
32
154
207
560
234
7.2
7.1
7.4
7.2
7.4
6.8
6.9
7.2
7.4
7.3
7.5
7.8
43.4
42.6
44.6
43.3
44.3
41.0
41.5
43.4
44.1
44.0
44.8
46.7
48.0
46.0
48.1
48.0
49.0
48.1
48.0
46.5
46.8
48.0
48.0
50.1
.383
.361
.282
.392
.246
.385
.303
.337
.377
.326
.363
.265
16. 51
15.05
12.63
17.00
10.47
15. 74
12.61
14.49
16.52
14.20
16.17
12.52
18. 09
16. 56
13. 55
18. 73
12.04
18. 55
14. 55
15. 47
17.57
15. 65
17. 40
13. 20
T o tal.................................
109
4,001
7.3
43.8
48.1
.353
15.32
16. 88
O p e r a to r s , fe m a le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
•
[6 8 0 ]
*
WAGES A1STD HOURS OF LABOR.
♦
8 7
The last previous investigation of the cigar industry made by the
Bureau was carried out in 1913; for the men’s clothing industry the
date was 1914. Table 5 gives relative hourly earnings for a num
ber of selected occupations in the cigar industry, and Table 6 gives
relative full-time hours, hourly earnings, and full-time earnings for the
men’s clothing industry. For reasons already stated it is impracti
cable to compute full-time hours or full-time earnings for the cigar
industry. The figures for 1913 are in all cases used as the base.
The comparison is necessarily confined to those occupations for which
the requisite information in comparable form is at hand. The table
also gives a relative for each industry as a whole. I t seems desirable
to point out certain features of the method by which the latter rela
tives were computed. In the first place the averages of hours and
earnings on which the 1919 relative is based covered only selected
occupations. In earlier years the relatives have been based on all
wage-earning employees found in the establishments visited. Those
employees who did not fall within any of the selected occupations
were grouped in the tables under the caption “ other employees.”
This was done not because of any value that was supposed to attach
to figures for this heterogeneous group, but because it was feared
0 t h a t the omission of these employees might seriously affect the aver
ages for the industry as a whole. Careful experiments carried out
by the Bureau indicate that, if the selected occupations include lowpaid groups, such as laborers, in proportion to their numbers in the
industry, the omission of “ other employees” has little effect upon
industry averages.
In the second place it should be stated that the industry averages
given in the table are based on all of the occupations listed in the
several industries and not on those to which limitations of space made
it necessary to confine the detailed tables already presented. The
total number of selected occupations used in computing the
industry relative was eight in the cigar industry and eight in the men’s
clothing industry.
In the third place the effect of bonuses and of extra pay for over
time in increasing hourly earnings has been carefully noted and every
effort has been put forth to make the full-time weekly earnings rep
resent exactly what the employees would earn by working the full
time hours of the occupation and no more. For that purpose not
only has the extra pay for overtime been eliminated but also every
bonus which it required overtime work to secure. On the other hand,
^attendance bonuses and others which could be earned in regular
time have been included in the hourly rates from which full-time
earnings were computed.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[681]
88
MONTHLY LABOE REVIEW.
Finally no attempt has been made to base the relatives on data from
identical establishments. With the changes that the lapse of time
since the last investigation has brought about in the different estab
lishments the plan of confining the comparison to data from identical
establishments would have two disadvantages. It would in some
cases seriously limit the numbers on which the comparative figures
are based; in other cases it might give undue weight to changes in
hours and earnings taking place in one or another of the limited
number of establishments covered, when those changes did not reflect
conditions in the industry as a whole. The present relatives are
based on the entire body of information available for each year for
which a relative is shown.
T able 5 .—A V E R A G E A N D R E L A T IV E H O U R L Y E A R N IN G S IN T H E CIG A R IN D U S T R Y ,
B Y O C CU PA TIO N , SE X , AN D Y E A R .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Sex an d occupation.
Year.
Average R elative
earnings earnings
per hour. per hour.
M a le s .
B unch m akers, h a n d .....................
Cigar m akers, h a n d ........................
Packers...............................................
Rollers, h a n d ....................................
Stem m ers or strippers, h a n d ........
1913
1919
1913
1919
1913
1919
1913
1919
1913
1919
$0.303
.469
.316
.424
.477
.608
.301
.463
.153
.219
100
160
100
134
100
127
100
154
100
143
1913
1919
1913
1919
1913
1919
1913
1919
1913
1919
1913
1919
1913
1919
1913
1919
.161
.254
.234
.384
.203
.374
.256
.413
.226
.375
.230
.354
.186
.359
.128
.207
100
158
100
164
100
184
100
101
100
166
100
154
100
193
100
162
1913
1919
.237
.363
100
153
F e m a le s .
Banders, h a n d ..................................
B unch m akers, h a n d .....................
B unch m akers, m ach in e...............
Cigar m akers, h a n d ........................
Packers...............................................
Rollers, h a n d ....................................
Rollers, suction................................
Stem m ers or strippers, h a n d ........
All occupations.....................
[ 682 ]
-A
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR,
T
89
6 .—A V E R A G E A N D R E L A T IV E F U L L -T IM E H O U R S P E R W E E K , H O U R L Y
E A R N IN G S , A N D F U L L -T IM E E A R N IN G S P E R W E E K IN T H E M E N ’S C L O T H IN G IN
D U S T R Y , B Y O C C U PA T IO N , S E X , A N D Y E A R .
able
Average.
O ccupation, sex, and year.
B asters, coat, male:
1913...........................................................
1914...................................................
1919..............................................................
B ushelers and tailors, male:
1913.........................................................
1914.......................................................
1919..........................................................
C u tters, cloth, hand, male:
1913............................................................
1914.......................................................
1919.............................................................
C utters, cloth, m achine, male:
1913.............................. ..........................
1914................................ ..............................
1919..............................................................
E xam iners, male:
1913............................................................
1914.............................. ..........................
1919.............................. .................................
F itte rs or trim m ers, coat male:
1913.............................. .................................
1914........................................................
1919..............................................................
Sewers, h a n d , coat, male:
1913.............................. .................................
1914.............................. ..........................
1919..........................................................
O perators, male:
1913........................................................
1914........................................................
1919........................................................
Pressers, h an d , male:
1913..........................................................
1914........................................................
1919.............................. .................................
Shapers, coat, male:
1913................................................................
1914............... ...........................................
1919.............................. ...................... .
B asters, h a n d , female:
1913................................................................
1914........................................................
1919.............................. . u............................
Sewers, h an d , female:
1913................................................................
1914................................................................
1919............................................................
O perators, female:
1913..........................................................
1914........................................................
1919............................................................
A ll occupations:
1913........................................................
1914.....................................................
1919..............................................................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Rei live.
Full-tim e H ourly Full-tim e Full-tim e
H ourly Full-tim e
hours
weekly
hours
w eekly
p er w eek earnings. earnings. per week earnings. earnings.
52.5
52.1
47.5
$0.267
.257
.511
$14.00
13.33
24.19
100
99
90
100
96
191
100
95
173
52.2
51.6
48.0
.273
.282
.473
14.23
14.56
22.42
100
99
92
100
103
173
100
102
158
49.0
48.6
47.7
.432
.446
.628
21.08
21.66
29.63
100
99
97
100
103
145
100
103
141
49.3
48.4
47.9
.451
.470
.632
22.19
22.74
30.17
100
98
97
100
104
140
100
102
136
51.8
51.2
47.8
.303
.317
.487
15.63
16.18
22.65
100
99
92
100
105
161
100
104
145
52.2
51.7
47.7
.348
.332
.575
18.15
17.13
27.24
100
99
91
100
95
165
100
94
150
52.2
52.1
47.8
.256
.270
.446
13.34
14.04
21.05
100
100
92
100
105
174
100
105
158
52.5
52.1
47.7
.312
.316
.545
16.33
16.44
28.27
100
99
91
100
101
175
100
101
173
52.3
51.9
47.8
.298
.292
.555
15.55
15.15
26.40
100
99
91
100
98
186
100
97
170
52.4
51.9
47.8
.342
.343
.577
17.91
17.74
27.41
100
99
91
100
100
169
100
99
152
52.5
51.9
47.9
.184
.189
.344
9.66
9.81
16.43
100
99
91
100
103
187
100
102
170
52.2
51.7
47.9
.177
.173
.326
9.23
8.91
14.90
100
99
92
100
98
184
100
97
161
52.2
51.7
48.1
.204
.214
.353
10.62.
11.10
16.88
100
99
92
100
105
173
100
105
159
52.0
51.5
47.9
.264
.265
.449
13.63
13.56
21.24
100
99
92
100
100
170
100
99
156
r683]
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
90
The industrial survey covered eight industries for which the Bureau
had material on hand for the calculation of industry relatives. That
the increases in earnings in the industries included in this report may
be compared with increases in the other six industries, the relatives
of each industry are given in the following table:
T able
7
.—R E L A T IV E E A R N IN G S P E R H O U R IN E IG H T IN D U S T R IE S : 1914,1915 A N D
1919 C O M PA R E D W IT H 1913.
[1913=100.]
Y ear.
1913 ..............................
1914................................
191 5 ..............................
1919
.................
Cigars.
100
(!)
(9
152
Clothing,
m en 's.
100
(9
(9
171
F u rn i
tu re .
H osiery Iron and
L um ber.
and un
steel.
derw ear.
100
103
100
(9
103
154
(9
184
100
103
101
221
100
(9
91
194
Millw ork.
Silk
goods.
100
100
100
(9
99
151
(9
191
i N ot rep o rted .
An examination of the table shows that in the spring of 1919, at
which time the survey was carried out, employees in the cigar-making
industry had received increases over the 1913 level .of earnings
amounting on the average to 52 per cent; at the same date the in
crease in the men’s clothing industry amounted to 71 per cent. Over
against this should be set the increase in the cost of living during the
same period. According to the careful estimates made by the
Bureau this had amounted to 75 per cent in the spring of 1919 as
compared with the 1913 level. It will be noticed that only employees
in the mill work industry had received a lower rate of increase during
the period under consideration than the cigar employees had received,
while the increase in the men’s clothing industry had followed very
closely the increase in the cost of living.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[684]
^
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR.
91
Hours of Labor of Hotel and Restaurant
Employees.
B y D orothy P o pe .
A
N ARTICLE on wages and hours of hotel and restaurant
employees, in the M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w for September,
1919 (pp. 190-217), outlined the general scope of the inves
tigation of this industry made by the Bureau in 1919 in 26 large
cities of the country, and presented the daily rates of wages received
by these employees. The number of days in the working week, the
full-time weekly hours, and the arrangement of the daily hours of
work prevailing in the industry are dealt with in this article.
Days in the Working Week.
A LL hotels and the majority of restaurants operate at least 13
hours a day every day throughout the year. Because they
serve the public they can not close their doors at their own con
venience on one day a week, and if they are to give employees one
day of rest in seven, schedules of work must be so arranged that the
absence of employees will not interfere with the service rendered the
public. Many hotels and restaurants have accomplished this by
maintaining relief employees for each occupation or group of small
related occupations; but many others still arrange a seven-day
working schedule for all or part of their employees. Nearly half the
men and over half the women in hotels and about one-third of the
men and one-fourth of the women in restaurants included in the
survey work seven days a week. Some hotels in the transitional
stage between a seven and a six day working week allow certain
classes of employees a day off every two weeks or a half day off
every week. The following table shows, by occupation, the percent
age of hotel and restaurant employees who are entitled to be off duty
each specified number of days.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T able 1.—P E R C EN T O F H O T E L A N D R E S T A U R A N T E M P L O Y E E S E N T IT L E D TO EA C H S P E C IF IE D N U M B E R O F D A Y S O F F D U T Y , B Y OCCUPA T IO N .
R esta u ra n ts.1
Hotels.
P er cent of employees whose days oil are—
P er cent of employees whose days off are—
Occupation.
’Buses..............................................
[686 ]
Butchers a n d oyster m e n ...........
Checkers..........................................
Cleaners...........................................
Cooks................................................
D ishwashers...................................
Door m e n ........................................
H ousekeepers.........................., ...
H o u se m e n .....................................
K itchen help and u tility m e n . .
Linen-room employees................
M aids...............................................
P a n try and counter servers........
Porters, baggage............................
Stewards a n d storeroom helpers
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M.
F.
M.
F.
M.
F.
M.
F.
M.
F.
M.
F.
M.
F.
M.
M.
F.
M.
M.
F.
M.
F.
F.
M.
F.
M.
M.
F.
147
6
116
24
74
4
38
82
97
98
145
55
120
106
52
1
147
146
135
90
12
126
152
81
98
98
109
27
1,768
56
1,369
141
289
5
128
304
671
1,001
1,881
98
1,664
937
166
1
408
1,244
1,188
394
37
534
4,176
524
539
324
469
94
None.
85
7
40
49
21
60
46
41
66
64
19
49
53
54
71
100
69
52
47
37
46
41
74
27
41
76
46
9
1 every
1
2 weeks,
a week
1
or 2 a
or 4 a
a week,
m onth, w ithout m onth,
or \ a
w ith
pay.
week,
pay.
w ith pay.
5
93
43
48
63
40
46
48
19
28
72
45
24
34
2
14
12
32
43
54
42
12
56
40
15
34
73
Occa
sional,
w ith
pay.
(2)
(2)
8
10
13
5
2
4
13
8
27
7
2
3
15
24
15
15
1
5
3
1
10
13
9
11
3
16
12
7
1
6
1
6
1
6
2
7
2
( 2)
413
125
4
6
2
2
7
2
1
4
1
(J)
11
None.
1 every
1
2 weeks,
1
a week
Occa
or 2 a
sional,
or 4 a a week,
m onth, w ithout moronth,
w ith
i a
w ith
pay.
pay.
week,
pay.
w ith pay.
1
9
6
4
5
N um ber N um ber
of estab of em
lish
m ents. ployees.
1
(2)
( 2)
1
(2)
9
215
142
34
731
606
39
441
1,096
(2)
33
M O N T H L Y LABOR REV IEW
Bell boys...................................
Sex. N um ber
ber
of estab Nofum
em
lish
ployees.
m ents.
CO
*0
W lite r s ___ __
....................................
W aiters, helps’ h a ll.................................
G rand to ta l.....................................
114
76
44
43
4,541
1,162
150
230
25
33
49
36
52
53
41
48
14
12
5
M.
F.
153
153
16,414
10,079
43
58
38
29
6
3
153
26,493
48
35
5
^
9
2
4
5
8
140
124
3
6
2,145
2,025
7
10
40
15
3
100
20
11
10
2
1
256
234
7,161
5,510
33
24
14
4
10
2
258
12,671
'29
10
(2)
m
i N o t including 532 males a n d 788 females whose days ofE were no t available from th e pay-roll records.
[687]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
26
22
57
73
2
2
(2)
40
4J
68
4
3
(2)
57
4
(2)
1
2 Less th a n one-half of 1 p e r cent.
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR,
165126°-—20--- - 7
T o ta l.................................................
M.
F.
M.
F.
CO
Co
94
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
In this table an employee is credited with receiving a half day off
a week only when his hours off duty on this day are at least half ^
his regular working hours or his work is completed by 1 p. m.
Employees receiving one day off a week are shown in two groups,
according to whether they receive this day off with pay or without
pay, or, in other words, whether they are paid for a seven-day or a
six-day week. The proportion of hotel and restaurant employees
paid on a six-day basis reflects the degree to which establishments in
this industry have adopted the straight six-day week, now the
standard in other industries. In hotels 14 per cent of the men and
9 per cent of the women who have a day off a week are paid on this
basis. In restaurants the proportion is much higher. About onefourth of the male restaurant employees and two-fifths of the females
were found in restaurants that close on Sunday; these employees
necessarily fall in the class paid on the six-day basis. In the restau
rants open on Sunday 63 per cent of the men and 87 per cent of the
women who have a day off every week are paid on the same basis.
I t is also true that the percentage of both male and female employees
receiving a day off a week is much larger in restaurants than in hotels.
The following table presents by cities the same information as
Table 1, thus enabling comparisons to be made between different*
parts of the country in this respect.
2 . —P E R
C E N T O F H O T E L A N D R E S T A U R A N T E M P L O Y E E S E N T IT L E D TO
EA C H S P E C IF IE D N U M B E R O F D A Y S O F F D U T Y , B Y C ITY .
H otels.
R estaurants.
C in c in n a ti,
Ohio.
C le v e la n d ,
Ohio.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
5
5
6
6
381
274
654
531
59
79
42
46
14
1
12
11
(!)
12
46
18
27
7
(■)
25
1
3
*
6
5
2
2
6
6
9
9
6
6
3
2
1 Less th a n one-half of 1 per cent.
[688]
2
2
8
8
6
6
7
7
5
5
5
5
151
103
280
504
208
266
564
644
171
263
209
70
88
43
1
1
24
43
23
65
1
16
17
1
2
18
5
i
1
3
31
99
99
71
98
32
66
33
98
79
81
1
11
Occasional, w ith pay.
1 a week, w itho u t pay.
3
3
8
18
9
5
1 every 2 weeks or 2 a m on th
or -J a week, w ith pay.
1
27
5
1
6
1 a week or 4 a m o nth , w ith
pay.
39
52
52
30
P er cent of employees
whose days off are—
N um ber of employees.
97
97
24
25
38
56
Open Sunday.
1 every 2 weeks or 2 a m onth
or | a week, w ith pay .
433
361
854
604
442
393
Occasional, w ith pay.
1 a week, w ithou t pay.
6
6
8
8
7
7
1 a week or 4 a m o n th , w ith
pay-
Buffalo, N . Y ..
Chicago, 111.......
M.
F.
M.
F.
F.
M.
M.
F.
M.
F.
M.
F.
None.
Boston, M ass...
N um ber of employees.
A tlan ta, Ga___
N um ber of establishm ents.
Sex.
City.
Closed Sunday.
N um ber
of estab
lish
m ents—
P er cen t of employees
whose days off are—
None.
T able
8
16
4
6
6
2
1
4
r
95
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR,
2 .—PE R
C E N T O F H O T E L AN D R E S T A U R A N T E M P L O Y E E S E N T IT L E D
EA C H S P E C IF IE D N U M B E R OF D A Y S O F F D U T Y , B Y C IT Y —Concluded.
20
C1)
56
17
5
2
16
6
16
10
5
5
42
41
30
10
44
31
19
1
2
3
T o tal....... ÍM.
\F .
16414
10079
43
58
38
29
6
3
11
10
2
1
153 26493
48
35
5
10
2
Grand
to ta l. . .
2
8
1
17
16
1
1
66
42
14
1
66
94
69
97
38
32
35
33
8
0)
1
7
2
4
3
4
4
C1)
12
5
1
5
15
14
7
9
41
10
2
4
3
4
36
15
11
12
1
14
12
5
1
20
5
3
9
31
2
15
2
1
10
1
7
17
3
4
3
8
1
1
(!)
2
1
3
1
0)
1
1
6
4
3
1
1
4
8
4
4
8
8
7
7
8
8
3
2
9
8
8
8
5
5
7
7
7
7
6
5
19
14
7
7
2
2
2
2
8
8
11
11
7
3
11
5
10
8
7
7
185
4
5
27
13
45
8
26
22
11
8
1
10
3
50
1
59
36
Ì8
71
7
9
3
46
1
1
7
34
18
10
20
2
46
2
5
56
7
Dì
12
17
60
6
1
83
19
2
8
35
58
1
88
57
1
90
45
1
83
58
4
88
3
32 . 6
28
42
64
1
92
64 (l)
69
1
39
87
1
Occasional, w ith pay.
1 a week, w ith o u t pay.
76
87
28
68
88
87
42
85
78
78
92
92
100
98
56
83
69
63
98
99
13
43
81
94
10
1
27
2
53
35
48
47
90
99
20
53
57
70
54
65
P er cent of employees
whose days off are—
1 every 2 weeks or 2 a m on th
or i a w eek, w ith pay.
7 371
7
337
5
767
5
535
7
283
7
290
5
728
5
273
7
725
7
387
6
368
6
199
3
174
3
146
5
275
5
260
G 275
6
256
5
810
5
343
12 3,543
12 1,691
6
329
6
222
6
894
6
400
729
6
6
503
5
262
5
244
6
599
6
494
4
200
4
181
8 1,338
8
498
288
6
6
222
692
6
435
6
Closed Sunday.
Occasional, w ith pay.
1 every 2 weeks or 2 a m onth
or \ a w eek, w ith pay.
1 a w eek, w ith o u t pay.
1 a w eek or a 4 m onth, w ith
pay.
None.
N um ber of employees.
N um ber of establishm ents.
Sex.
D enver, C olo... M.
F.
D etroit, M ich... M.
F.
Indianap o 1i s, M.
In d .
F.
K ansas C ity, M.
Mo.
F.
Los Angeles, M.
Calif.
F.
Louisville, K y . M.
F.
|
FkiemphiSjTenn. M.
F.
M i l w a u k e e , M.
W is.
F.
M inneap o 1i s , M.
Minn.
F.
New O rleans, M.
La.
F.
New Y ork City, M.
N . Y.
F.
O m aha, N e b r .. M.
F.
P hiladelph i a , M.
Pa.
F.
P ittsb u rg h , P a. M.
F.
P o rtland, Oreg. M.
F.
S t. Louis, M o .. M.
F.
Salt L ake City, M.
U tah .
F.
San Francisco, M.
Calif.
F
Seattle, W ash .. M.
F.
W a s h in g to n , M.
D .C .
F.
O pen Sunday.
N um ber
of estab
lish
m ents—
P er c en t of employees
w hose days oil are—
City.
TO
R estaurants.
1 a week or 4 a m o n th , w ith
pay.
Hotels.
None.
able
N um ber of employees.
T
197
168
152
258
101
91
137
188
36(1
319
137
114
75
71
104
166
134
178
213
133
1,508
302
126
118
400
251
274
360
204
205
224
153
150
43
689
156
209
186
184
200
51
88
36
53
100
100
47
31
42
21
88
53
91
66
38
78
41
35
92
71
13
7
79
58
2
38
11
31
9
62
30
13
5
26
31
58
12
22
3
10
1
3
1
7,161
33
24
14
4
49
68
4
3
(!)
5 , 510
73 12671
29
10
57
4
D)
2
2
5
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
5
5
1
1
7
7
7
8
2
2
1
1
2
1
13
34
10
3
21
9
39
12
29
10
16
6
7
4
1
1
0)
0)
1
1 Less th a n one-half of 1 p er c e n t.
£
Striking differences are found in the proportion of employees in the
several cities who are allowed a day of rest in seven. The six-day
working week is more prevalent in large cities than in smaller ones.
This is shown by the fact that the percentage in a good deal more than
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[689]
96
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
half the cities is below the average for all cities. For female hotel
employees this is the condition-in 18 out of 25 cities, and foi female
restaurant employees in 15 out of 26 cities; while for male employees
the corresponding figures are 16 out of 25 and 17 out of 26. Indian
apolis is the only city included in the survey in which no restaurant
employee has a day of rest; hut the same condition was found among
male hotel employees in Atlanta and Memphis, and among lemales
in Salt Lake City. That it is possible to arrange schedules of work
for employees which will allow each one a day of rest a week is shown
by the experience of San Francisco restaurants. Eleven of the 12
restaurants scheduled in that city are open on Sunday, and yet 86
per cent of all the male restaurant employees and 95 per cent of the
females listed in that city receive a day off per week.
Full-Time Weekly Hours.
ONTINUOUS operation or long daily hours of operation produce
great irregularity in the arrangement of daily hours of work for
men and women in the several occupations. For this reason the
actual hours at which employees begin and end their work each day
were secured from’ practically every establishment included in the
survey. These scheduled daily hours do not, however, afford a
basis for computing with absolute accuracy the hours which each
employee actually worked during the pay period studied, because
at slack times the head of a department may dismiss him early and
at rush times may require him to remain after regular hours to com
plete his work. Overtime thus worked is frequently not reckoned
as overtime and is not recorded. The small amount of over time
recorded for hotels and restaurants has been disregarded, therefore, in
the discussion of the hours worked by employees in this industry.
Space does not permit discussion of the full-time weekly hours or
daily hours of work of employees in all occupations. The hours
worked by men and women in the occupations numerically the largest
in the several departments of hotels and restaurants, however, are
similar to the working hours of other employees in the same depart
ment, and indicative of conditions throughout the industry, the
occupations of cook, dishwasher, and waiter in both hotels and res
taurants, and of bellman and maid in hotels, have therefore been
selected for discussion as the most common and most typical occu
pations in the industry. In order to present a concise picture of the
weekly hours of work of men and women in these selected occupations
the following summary table, showing for each occupation, except that
of bellboys, the number of employees working each specified number
of hours a week, has been prepared. Bellboys are not included in
this table because practically all of them work under one general
arrangement of daily hours.
C
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[690]
O ccu p atio n .
N um - N nm b er
of
of
estab- em lish- ploym ents ees.
E m p lo y e e s w h o se fu ll-tim e h o u rs p e r w eek w e re —
U nd er
35
O v er
36
and
under
42
33
42
O v er
42
and
under
48
48
O v er
48
and
under
54
54
O v er
54
and
under
56
56
O v er
56
and
under
60
60
O v er
60
and
under
63
63
O v er
63
and
under
70
70
O v er
70
and
under
77
O v er
77
and
under
84
77
n
84
&Aöi
[691]
C ooks, m aip*
........................
C ooks, Trial p,2 ............................
Cooks, fpmalp.1
C ooks, fpmalp,2 ..
D ishw ashprs m alp.i
D ish w ash p,rs, m aip.2 .......... ..
D ishw ashprs, fpm alp,1
D ishw ashprs, fo m a io 2 ..........
M a id s 1
....................................
M a id s 2
..................................
W a ito r s 1 .....................................
W a itp rs 2 ............................... .
W ai tre ss p s 1 ..............
W a itresses 2 ...............................
59
100
19
36
71
58
57
50
131
30
58
69
38
40
831
900
37
59
971
667
549
348
3,670
426
1,805
2'193
'461
505
4
2
1
4
1
8
1
l1
i
1
7
80
94
14
25
12
25
5
9
2
2
5
21
11
101
3
48
16
38
13
35
7
6
2
20
2
25
8
74
2
38
42
71
30
48
4
11
1
43
2
88
4
740
24
117
33
97
77
270
124
48
34
6
4
3
10
34
153
25
13
84
105
33
28
319 1,575
33
88
241
72
254
118
54
17
99
40
121
141
2
5
25
74
8
111
97
50
160
200
102
46
8
2
60
i
16
4
133
18
128
100
27
39
26
20
6
37
25
56
35
193
43
52
20
29
61
4
254
58
113
31
181
90
429
238
11
2
24
232
3
i
38
10
3
20
72
76
58
13
8
179
108
12
3
93
219
1
114
9
59
152
2
6
2
13
31
134
1
8
5
5
2
19
14
58
41
2
5
33
19
1
17
83
IS
1
41
31
85
2
5
63
61
5
9
39
51
163
246
2
67
2
49
5
3
62
1
9
5
39
2
16
27
1
1
22
1
29
3
22
3
1
48
2
2
4
2
56
45
14
9
43
141
7
36
13
70
1
15
23
4
9
18
50
12
20
23
6
37
46
6
3
18
81
31
1
2
Restaurants.
C ooks, m a le 1
C ooks, m alp,2...............................
Cooks fe m a le 1
Cooks, fp.maip2
D ishw ashors, m a le 1
D ishw ashprs, m a ip 2
..........
D ish w ash p.rs, f p.m a ’e 1
D ishw ashprs, f e m a 'e 2 ..........
W a itp r s 1
..............................
W a ite r s 2.......................................
W ai trpss p s 1
........
W a itre s s e s 2.................................
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
107
156
43
43
102
77
85
66
73
76
74
52
644
137
110
240
487
277
1,236
791
1,316
647
6
2
3
4
14
4
59
11
ISO
28
310
91
5
4
2
7
11
21
24
29
4
2
2
15
17
5
33
8
87
17
21
6
6
4
7
2
37
11
115
16
64
42
39
6
28
2
2
71
5
48
19
272
76
54
58
33
22
28
18
83
32
38
103
260
106
76
21
27
11
56
7
81
214
42
159
31
96
84
19
13
58
33
72
83
84
84
68
131
16
4
6
11
1
3
27
79
8
1
59
4
9
9
39
8
30
25
49
2
39
50
59
66
4
10
53
10
16
12
85
66
21
5
60
160
3
26
21
12
120
78
3
12
14
1 Tim e off d u ty for meals is specified a nd is n o t included in full-tim e w eekly hours.
2 T im e off d u ty for m eals is n o t specified a nd is included in full-tim e w eekly hours.
49
91
1
3
49
9
6
10
58
56
1
25
22
43
1
24
9
1
13
30
5
14
35
10
1
6
22
2
4
3
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR.
Hotels.
98
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
In Table 3 no distinction is made between those who work six
days a week and those who work seven days a week. Naturally,
however, the full-time weekly hours of employees working a sevenday week would be longer than those of employees working a six-day
week. Employees working less than 36 hours a week are usually parttime workers. Relief employees, and employees who have a half day
off a week but whose exact hours off are not reported, are necessarily
excluded. In the majority of establishments employees who are en
titled to meals eat at least one meal a day during working hours. In
many establishments, especially hotels, employees have no regular
time allowed in which to eat their meals, but take as much oi as
little time as they need or the pressure of business permits. In other
establishments from 20 minutes to an hour is allowed for a meal,
with never more than an hour and a half total meal allowance during
working hours. In Table 3 two groups of employees are presented
separately under each occupation term. In the first line the data
are given for employees who receive regular time off for meals dur
ing working hours j in the second line the same information is gi ven
for those who have no specified time off for meals during working
hours. Because of this arrangement a comparison of the weekly
hours worked by the two groups can readily be made. In establish
ments where no regular time is allowed for meals the lull hours on
duty have necessarily been used as the regular working day, whereas
in establishments where regular time is allowed for meals, such time
has been deducted from the total working hours of each employee
to obtain his actual working hours. This deduction of time allowed
for meals, however, does not account entirely for the shorter hours
worked by those in the first group under each occupation. Employees
in establishments allowing regular time for meals work on the average
fewer hours per week than employees in establishments which do not
regulate the time for meals. In other words, an establishment which
arranges regular meal periods also usually regulates moie carefully
hours of work and general working conditions.
The groups having regular time for meals afford the best basis of
comparison of weekly hours worked by employees in the several
occupations. The most striking facts brought out by the table are
the extreme differences in the length of the working week of employees
in the same occupation, and the long weekly hours worked by large
numbers of men and by some women. Extreme variation in the
length of the working week is found even among establishments in the
same city, indicating an extraordinary lack of standardization in the
working week. Full-time weekly hours of men are longer than those
of women in all occupations. Slightly more than half the male hotel
employees work between 49 and 60 hours a week, and about the same
number of the male restaurant employees work between 49 and 63
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[692]
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR.
9 9
hours a week; while approximately half the female hotel employees
work between 48 and 56 hours a week, and the same proportion of
the female restaurant employees between 42 and 54 hours a week.
Twenty-two per cent of the men in all hotel and restaurant occupa
tions work more than 60 hours a week, while 24 per cent of the
women in hotel occupations and only 16 per cent of the women in
restaurant occupations work 54 hours or over a week. The greatest
difference in length of working week for men and women in the same
occupation is found in the unskilled occupations. As the men in
the skilled occupations work shorter hours than those in the unskilled
occupations, their hours approximate more closely to the hours of
women in these occupations. The shorter hours of the women are
of course due to a certain extent to the several State laws regulating
hours of women's work. A glance at the table reveals, however,
that 11 women in hotels and 2 women in restaurants, including those
to whom time off duty for meals is not specified, are working 84
hours or over a week. Of the men, 112 in hotels and 98 in restau
rants, including both groups of employees, are working 84 hours or
over a week. Eighty-four hours a week means 12 hours a day for
seven days, a condition sometimes rendered more unbearable because
a the 12 hours' work is distributed over a stretch of 15 hours or more.
“ Employees in the unskilled occupations suffer most frequently from
hours as long as these. But even in the skilled occupations the
working time is longer than in many industries and longer than is
generally regarded as desirable. Of the male employees whose full
time weekly hours as shown in Table 3 do not include time off for
meals, cooks in hotels and waiters in restaurants constitute the only
groups with 25 per cent of their members working as little as 48 hours
per week, or 50 per cent working less than 54 hours a week. A m o n g
the female employees whose working week does not include time for
meals the percentage whose hours per week do not exceed 48 varies
from 34 for maids to 78 for waitresses in hotels and from 55 for cooks
to 75 for waitresses in restaurants.
4k
Daily Hours of Work.
rP H E arrangement of the daily hours of work of hotel and restaurant employees is influenced largely by the long hours of
operation of most of the departments of a hotel or restaurant, and
in the case of kitchen and dining-room employees by the occurrence
of peaks of business in the dining room at meal times. The unequal
number of employees needed at different hours has induced a prevalence of split shifts and shifts which vary from day to day. In
considering the daily hours of hotel and restaurant employees it
should be borne in mind that although some may not be busy every
minute during their working hours, they must nevertheless be at
their posts of duty ready to respond to any call.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[693]
100
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
Waiters and Waitresses.
O
F ALL hotel and restaurant employees waiters and waitresses ^
have the most irregular hours and the most diversified arrange
ment of shifts. For hotels the records on which this report is based
cover 4,541 waiters and 1,162 waitresses. Only one-third of these
waiters and one-half of the waitresses work uniform hours day after
day, the remainder work on shifts which alternate from day to day
or week to week, or rotate through several days or weeks. Of those
working uniform hours from day to day a minority only, consisting
of one-fifth of the waiters and less than one-half of the waitresses,
work straight, unbroken shifts; of these many are part-time em
ployees who are hired for a single meal per day. The remaining fourfifths of the hotel waiters and one-half of the waitresses in the group
that work uniform hours from day to day have split shifts. For
employees on split shifts the time limits within which the day’s work
falls are only less important than the number of hours per day
worked. For the waiters in this group the common arrangement of
the working day is between 8 and 11 hours of work falling within
between 13 and 15 consecutive hours of the day. There are 29
waiters in hotels, however, whose broken shifts extend ovei moie
than 16 hours per day; four work 13 hours a day within 18 hours. ^
As would be expected the hours of women are less extreme than those
of men. Of those having uniform split shifts from day to day the
largest group in hotels have 7 and under 8 hours of work falling
within between 12 and 14 hours.
In the second division of the waiters and waitresses mentioned
above, those who work alternating or rotating shifts, the most com
mon arrangement is one in which the hours alternate from day to
day. Such alternating shifts are worked by 1,633 hotel waiters.
The majority of these waiters work a straight shift one day and a
split shift on the following day; for 35 per cent of them the split shift
consists of an average of 11 hours distributed over 18 hours or more
a day. Of the waitresses of this division 148 work alternating shifts.
More than half of them have split shifts every day, with a different
arrangement of hours on the two shifts. The prevalent working day
among them is one of 9 hours or less over a stretch of less than 13
hours. Five hotel waitresses were found, however, whose working
hours every day extended over a stretch of 18 hours.
In restaurants 2,222 waiters and 2,598 waitresses were listed in the
survey. Of this number approximately 50 per cent of both waiters
and waitresses work uniform hours from day to day, and 50 per cent ^
work alternating or rotating shifts. Of the former group one-half
of the waiters and two-thirds of the waitresses have straight, un
broken shifts. As in the case of hotel employees many of these are
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[694]
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR.
part-time workers.
101
The other 50 per cent of restaurant waiters and
Their hours are
similar to those of the corresponding groups in hotels. In the case
of 10 waiters, however, the working hours are spread over more than
16 hours per day. The prevailing hours for women in this group are 7
and under 10 within 12 and under 14 hours per day. No waitress in
this group has hours of work spread over more than 16 hours per day.
Of the group of waiters and waitresses in restaurants working
alternating or rotating shifts 437 waiters and 123 waitresses had shifts
alternating from day to day. The hours are shorter, and the spread
of hours less, in restaurants than in hotels. No restaurant waiter
works over as long a stretch as 18 hours a day. As in hotels more
than half the restaurant waitresses with alternating shifts have split
shifts every day. The prevalent working day is one of 9 hours or
less included within 13 hours or less.
There are other large groups of waiters and waitresses in hotels and
considerable numbers in restaurants who work on shifts which change
every day for a period of days or every week for a period of weeks.
Examples of such shifts worked by waiters in hotels are shown in the
chart on page 102.
In all the charts accompanying this article the number of employees
Represents the number on the pay roll during the period studied and
not necessarily the number of full-time positions in the establishments.
The first establishment shown on Chart A employs 39 waiters and
arranges its hours to rotate weekly, each waiter working a six-day
week on each shift. In the fourth establishment, which employs 16
men, shifts rotate daily through a seven-day week. No man neces
sarily works three consecutive days on the shift starting at noon and
lasting until 1 a. m., but during each week he works three days on
this shift. Although very long shifts are broken by an hour or less
allowed for a meal, this break could not be indicated on the chart as
the exact hours at which meals are served were not ascertained.
It will be noticed tùat all the waiters represented on this chart work
on some days over stretches of at least 13 hours and that the work of
several of them extends over much longer periods. In the next to
the last establishment shown a waiter never works a straight shift.
The fourth establishment, with 16 men working seven days a week,
has the most severe arrangement of hours. Although these men are
off at 2 in the afternoon on two days out of seven, the other five days
they must work until 1 a. m. In a hotel like this with considerable
^ iter-th eater business a waiter must often stay on popular nights
until 2 o’clock or later to complete the service of guests. No matter
how this schedule may be arranged there is one morning when the
waiter has to be on duty no later than 8 o’clock following a night when
he has been on duty until 1 o’clock. In other words, there are two
4§ waitresses with uniform hours have split shifts.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[695]
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
102
working days every week between wliicli t i i G waiter has no more than
seven hours of rest at night. These men work 77\ hours in a sevenday week.
C H A R T A .— R O TA TIN G S H IF T S F O R W A IT E R S IN E IG H T H O T E L S.
Representative Arrangement of Shifts.
HE hours of waitresses in hotels are broken in a manner similar
T
to those of the men, but their hours on duty are usually fewer, with
longer rest periods at night. The following arrangement of hours
found in a small hotel employing six waitresses, in shifts rotating as
indicated, seems to involve the maximum of inconvenience for the
employees. Each employee works—
|
Two days: 8 to 10 a. m ., 12 m. to 2.30 p. m ., 6 to 9 p. m ., 9.30 to 12 p . m.
Two days: 12 m . to 5 p. ra., 5.30 to 6 p. m.
One day: 8 to 10 a. m ., 12 m . to 2.30 p. m ., 9.30 to 12 p . m.
One day: 6 to 6.30 a. m ., 7 to 11a. m ., 6 to 9 p . m ., 10 to 12 p . m.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[696]
W AGES AND H O U R S OF LABOR.
4^
1 0 3
That it is possible to arrange the hours of waiters, even in large
hotels, with more regard for the convenience and advantage of the
employees, is shown by the successful experience of a large Pacific
coast hotel employing about 150 waiters. The men work in shifts,
changing weekly from one shift to another. For the week covered
by the survey the schedule was arranged as follows:
7 worked from 10.30 a. m. to 2 p. m. and from 2.45 to 8.30 p.m.
7 worked from 11.45 a. m. to 2.15 p. m. and from 6 p. m. to 1 a. m.
10 worked from 12 m. to 2.30 p. m. and from 6 p. m. to 12.30 a. m.
2 worked from 11.30 a. m. to 8.30 p. m.
7 worked from 11.30 a. m.to 2 p. m. and from 2.45 to 6 p. m.
7 worked from 12 m. to2 p. m. and from 5.45 to 9.45 p. m.
7 worked from 11.45 a. m. to 2.45 p. m. and from 5.30 to 6.30 p. m.
The last three shifts are known as three-quarter shifts; while on
them the men receive three-fourths of their regular weekly wage.
The arrangement of hours, both for waiters and for waitresses, is
usually bettei m lestaurants than it is m hotels. Several instances
of well-arranged systems were found. Thus a restaurant in the
eastern part of the country having the heaviest part of its business
at night, and employing 30 waiters, operated under the following
schedule:
4 worked daily from 12 m. to 8 p. m.
1 worked daily from 7 a. m. to 3 p. m.
OK
, ,
. ,
[from 12 m. to 8 p. m. on one.
2o worked
on alternate days!
„ „„
‘ ,
[from 5.30 p. m. to 1 a. m. on the other.
The shortening of the late shift makes allowance for the frequent
obligation of the waiters to remain later than 1 o'clock to complete
the service of guests.
That it is possible to make satisfactory arrangements of hours of
waitresses in restaurants may be further illustrated by the followingexamples. The first restaurant is in the East and employs 115
full-time waitresses; the second is in the West and has 18 waitresses
on the pay roll. The arrangement of hours is as follows:
Restaurant A:
5 work from 6 a. m. to 3 p. m.
1 works from 7 a. m. to 3 p. m.
1 works from 8 a. m. to 5 p. m.
2 work alternating days from 7 a. m. to 3 p. m. and from 10.30 a. m.
to 7.30 p. m.
28 work from 10.30 a. m. to 7.30 p. m.
42 work from 11 a. m. to 8 p. m.
7 work from 12 m. to 3 p. m. and from 5 to 8 p, m.
4 work from 11.30 a. m. to 3 p. m.
22 work from 12 m. to 3 p. m.
3 work from 5 p. m. to 8 p. m.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[6971
M O N T H L Y LA B O R REVIEW.
104
Restaurant B :
4 work from 6 a. in.
to
2p. m.
2 work from 7 a. m.
to
3p. m.
2 work from 8 a. m.
to
2p. m.and from 6 to 8 p.m.
1 works from 8 a. m. to 1.30 p. m. and from5 to 7.30 p. m.
4 work from 12 m. to 8 p. m.
4 work from 4 p. m. to 12 p. m.
1 works from 5 p. m. to 1 a. m.
Cooks.
CONTRAST to the experience of waiters a large proportion of
work the same shifts every day. Of this group, consisting
IofNcooks
1,424 male hotel cooks, 1,195 male restaurant cooks, 73 female
hotel cooks and 214 female restaurant cooks, about half work un
broken shifts. The remainder work split shifts, running approxi
mately from 7 a. m. to 2 p. m. and 5 to 8 p. m. Among the men
who work straight unbroken shifts, however, there is the widest
variation in working conditions. Because a hotel or restaurant
worker has a straight shift he does not necessarily have short hours.
In Chart B are represented the hours of cooks in three restaurants
having unbroken long shifts and in four having similar short shifts.
The three restaurants in the first group are located in the South,
Middle West, and East, respectively, while of the four in the second
group two are in eastern cities and two on the Pacific cost. (See
Chart B.)
Housekeeping and Service Departments.
LARGE majority of employees in the housekeeping and service departments work seven days a week. Numerically the
occupation of maid is the largest in the housekeeping department
and the largest female occupation in the industry. Of approximately
4,000 maids included in the survey, 6 per cent work over 60 hours a
week and 62 per cent work from 48 to 56 hours per week. Daily
hours of work for maids are usually included between the hours of
6 a. m. and midnight. Regular work is all performed before 6 p. m.,
but evening maids are required to make up rooms vacated late in
the day. About half the 4,000 maids are employed in hotels in
which regular day maids work straight shifts broken only for lunch,
and where the necessary night work is done by different groups.
In these hotels the day shifts work from 7.30 or 8 a. m. to 4 or 5 p. m.
and the night shifts from 4 or 5 p. m. to II p. m. or midnight. From
one-half to one hour off is allowed for lunch or supper. The Sunday
shift for about 900 of this group is shorter than the week-day shift
by approximately two hours. The daily and weekly hours of all
this group of maids are comparatively short, and are much easier
than those of the other half of the maids included in the survey.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[698]
W A G E S A N D H O U R S OF LABOR.
105
The 2,000 maids constituting this other half work straight, alternating, or rotating shifts, so arranged that each maid takes her
turn at night work. About 700 of them work straight day shifts
with the addition of a night watch every fifth to ninth day. This
0
C H A R T B .— S T R A I G H T S H I F T S F O R M A L E C O O K S I N
SEV EN R ESTA U RA N TS.
am
m
Ï T 1 I 3 H 5 6 1 8 9 10 II if I T T
ll
6
15
#
9
6
2
2
5
'6
2
10
6
a
2
3
6
1 Straight n ig h t shift.
0
2 E n title d to 1 day off each week.
8 Closed on Sunday.
long day may extend straight through from 8 in the morning to
11 at night with breaks only for meals, or it may extend approximately from 8 a. m. to 3 p. m. and from 6 to 11 p. m. Occasionally
the night shift is on d u ty only until 7 or 8 o’clock. In many
instances m aids in this group have comparatively short shifts on
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[699 ]
106
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
Sunday. Chart C gives ten examples of rotating shifts in as many
hotels in different cities.
#
Maids who work over a long, unbroken stretch of hours are allowed
an hour or less for one meal. As the exact hours at which meals
are eaten were not reported, it was impossible to show breaks ior
meals on the chart. The frequency of night work varies; it is
required 8 nights out of 13 in the first establishment, 2 nights out of
4 in the third, and only 1 night a week in the 2 establishments
employing 82 and 79 maids, respectively. The women working on
the extremely broken shifts in the first establishment are lodged
in the hotel and can therefore retire to their own rooms during the
short periods of time elapsing between shifts. On the other hand,
the fact that they are lodged in the house enables the management
to call on them for extra work when any employees are absent from
duty or when the hotel is unusually busy.
The type of shift worked by maids is frequently the same for
practically all hotels in the same city, although the actual hours
on duty may vary considerably from establishment to establishment.
In States in which there are no State laws regulating the hours of
work for women, weekly hours for maids vary extremely in dif
ferent hotels, and are apparently regulated in each case entirely by ^
the management.
Practically all the 1,768 bellboys included in the survey work
alternating long and short days of strikingly similar length through
out the country. A large majority of them work approximately
6 hours, from 12 m. to 6 p. m. on one day, and on alternate days
have long hours divided between two shifts. The largest number
work on this long day 12 and under 13 hours, completed in 18 and
under 19 hours. Another large group works on the long day 11
and under 12 hours, distributed over 17 and under 18 hours, and a
third group works 10 and under 11 hours, distributed over 16 and
under 17 hours. These long day shifts extend approximately from
6 or 7 in the morning to noon and from 6 at night until 11 or mid
night. In some establishments the hours on the long day vary in
rotation. For example, in one hotel all bellboys begin their even
ing shift at 6 p. m. Each man remains on duty one night until
11 o’clock, the second night until 11.30, the third night until 12,
and the fourth night until 12.30. The fifth night he leaves again
at 11 o’clock.
Only 49 bellboys were found working unbroken shifts every day.
Twenty-eight of these were in one establishment with shifts alter-^p
nating weekly, the daily hours being from 6 a. m. to 3 p. m. during
one week and from 3 p. m. to 1 a. m. during the next week. The
night force of bellboys is usually composed of one or two men who
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C H A R T C .— R O T A T I N G S H I F T S F O R M A I D S I N T E N H O T E L S .
1 E n title d to 1 d ay oil every 2 weeks.
8 Same shift is worked b y all employees every Sunday.
3 E n title d to 1 day off each week.
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work from 11 p. m. to 7 a. m. and act as elevator men as well as
bellboys. The usual full-time weekly hours of bellboys are between
56 and 63, spread over a 7-day week.
Of the 56 women listed as bellboys 37 work alternate long and
short shifts similar to those of the men, but usually with somewhat
shorter hours on the long day. All but four of the women work a
six-day week. Their weekly hours are, therefore, much less than
those of the men, 31 of them working only 42 hours a week. Their
work is apparently specialized, and not exactly like that of the
regular bellboys. It is evident, therefore, that women have not
replaced men to any appreciable extent in this occupation.
Conclusion.
HE outstanding features of employment in the hotel and res
T
taurant industry as revealed by this study of hours are the
long hours of work, especially among men, as compared with most
manufacturing industries; the numerous instances of split shifts
spread over excessively long periods; and the extreme variation in
the length of the week for employees in the same occupation, not
only in different cities but also among different establishments in
the same city, showing the great lack of standardization in the
industry. Since some of the establishments scheduled, especially
those in the Pacific coast and the eastern cities, have been able
to inaugurate a six-day week with shorter daily hours and better
wages, it seems reasonable to believe that better working conditions
might be introduced quite generally in the industry.
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Practice Regarding the Payment of Punitive
Overtime Rates.
By L eifur Magnusson.
Establishment of Overtime Rates by Legislation.
m i l E policies of the war labor administration undoubtedly caused
considerable extension of the practice of paying punitive over
time rates. All war labor agencies, either directly or by im
plication, accepted trade-union practice in that respect. The War and
the Navy Departments took a definite stand in the matter and ordered
the payment of an extra overtime rate on all their construction work.
General Order No. 13, November 15, 1917, issued originally by the
Chief of Ordnance and repeated by the Quartermaster General, ex
plained the theory of paying punitive overtime rates in these terms:
T he theory under w hich we pay “ tim e and a h a lf” for overtim e is a ta c it recogni
tion th a t it is usually unnecessary an d always undesirable to have overtim e. T he
excess paym ent is a penalty an d in ten d ed to a ct as a deterrent . T here is no industrial
k b use w hich needs closer w atching in tim e of war.
The law of the Federal Government limiting the hours of work on
all public contracts to eight hours per day permits overtime only in
cases of emergency. During the war the eight-hour day on Govern
ment shipbuilding, munition, and construction contracts was sus
pended because of the war emergency. The Executive order of March
22, 1917, one of several similar orders which suspended the eight-hour
day on different kinds of Government work, provided “ that the wages
of persons employed upon such contracts shall be computed on a
basic day rate of eight hours’ work, with overtime rates to be paid
for at not less than time and one-half for all hours worked in excess
of eight hours.”
Likewise during the war the Bureau of Engraving and Printing
began working overtime and paying an extra rate of compensation
for such work.
Previous to the exigencies in Government work created by the war
the act of August 24, 1912, provided that beginning March 4, 1913,
letter carriers in the city delivery service and clerks in first and
second class post offices who in case of emergency were employed
over eight hours per day should be compensated at the rate of time
tmd a half. Section 5 of chapter 389 of the act reads as follows:
In cases of emergency, or if th e needs of th e service require, le tte r carriers in the
city delivery service and clerks in first and second class post offices can be required
to work in excess of eight hours a day, an d for such additional services th ey shall be
paid extra in proportion to th eir salaries as fixed by law.
165126°-—20
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State and territorial legislation in the United States has also dealt
with the problem of extra compensation for overtime. Under the W
Administrative Code, 1917 (ch. 42, see. 1656), the Bureau of Printing
of the Philippine Islands is required to compensate overtime work
at a rate of 20 per cent in excess of normal rates on regular workdays
and of 100 per cent on holidays.
An act of 1917 of Porto Rico (Act No. 43, sec. 1) requires that the
chief of the bureau of supplies, printing, and transportation shall pay
employees of that bureau who are paid by the hour for all work on
holidays and outside of regular office hours at the rate of 50 per cent
above the regular rate.
Oregon is the only State in the Union which requires extra com
pensation for overtime where labor is employed by the State, county,
school district, municipality, or other governmental division. Chap
ter 98 of the General Laws of Oregon, 1917, specifies that no person
shall be required or permitted to labor more than 8 hours in any
one day, or 48 hours in any one week, except in cases of necessity,
emergency, or where public policy absolutely requires it, in which
event the person or persons so employed shall receive double pay for
such overtime; and no emergency, necessity, or public policy shall be
presumed to exist when other labor of like skill and efficiency whic^^
has not been employed full time is available. This act does not apply
to State institutions and departments. A law; similar to the above
is found in the legislation of the State of Washington (Codes and Stat
utes, sec. 6573), which is applicable on all public contracts.
The general 10-hour law of Oregon (Section 2, chapter 102, General
Laws of Oregon, 1913), which fixes a 10-hour day in all manufacturing
industries, directs that if, in an emergency, overtime is worked, the
rate of payment therefor shall be 150 per cent oi the regular rate.
The general practice under minimum-wage legislation in the
States is to discourage and limit overtime as much as possible, and
to allow it only where an emergency makes it necessary. In such
cases provision is made for the payment of compensation for the
overtime in the orders of the commissions or boards which are
charged with the enforcement of the minimum-wage laws. This com
pensation is usually somewhat in excess of the normal rate of com
pensation. The Industrial Welfare Commission of Kansas has ap
plied a rate of time and one-half for overtime work of women subject
to its orders, while that of California fixes a rate of time and onefourth.
_
Cognizance is taken of overtime in foreign labor legislation eithew
by law or administrative order. In Austria, Ecuador, Finland,
France, Poland, Portugal and Jago-Slavia punitive overtime rates are
to be paid to persons coming within the scope of the general eight-
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Ill
hour laws. Other countries having eight-hour laws require only the
payment of pro rata overtime.1 In Great Britain a bill before Parlia
ment in 1919 specified that not less than time and one-quarter should
be paid for overtime work.
The draft convention on the eight-hour day, recommended by the
recent International Labor Conference at Washington which was
convened under the League of Nations and consisted of representatives
of Governments, employers, and workers from 40 nations, provided for
the general introduction of an eight-hour day and suggested the
placing of a limit upon the amount of overtime work and the payment
of time and a quarter for such overtime.
In the voluntary agreements between employers and workers
and in the binding awards of the arbitration courts or wages
boards of Australia and New Zealand, all work in excess of 8 hours
a day or 48 hours a week must be paid for at a higher rate of
remuneration.
Overtime Rulings of the National War Labor Board.2
PTRLE National War Labor Board did not follow an invariable rule
in fixing the payment of overtime work, yet its decisions are
^ fa irly uniform. In 68 cases it decided that time and a half should be
paid for all overtime and in 67 cases it directed the payment of
double time on Sundays and holidays. In one instance, the board
awarded double time for work on Saturday afternoons and for some
work late at night by those employees who were not ordinarily nightshift men. In the Sloss-Sheffield Steel & Iron Co. case the joint
chairmen as arbitrators awarded time and one-quarter for work
between 8 and 10 hours and time and one-half for work over 10 hours,
but in another case decided by them on the same day—that of the
Corn Products Refining Co.—the overtime rate was fixed at time and
one-half for work beyond 8 hours and double time for that beyond
12 hours.
In the rulings of the board the special nature of the industry
frequently determined the question of the payment of overtime.
Under a system of shift work where continuous operation is required,
Sunday work was not considered as overtime. In the newsprint
paper award the board decided that whenever tour workers were
required to work overtime for more than two weeks to fill a vacancy,
overtime compensation should be paid at the rate of double time;
but in case the employer was unable to fill such a vacancy, he could
Wapply to the union, and if the union was unable to furnish the required
1 F o r a n a n a ly s is o f t h e e ig h t-h o u r la w s in t h e fo r e ig n c o u n tr ie s se e p p . 184 t o 198 of t h is n u m b e r of
t h e R eview .
2 A n a l y s i s o f a w a r d s o f t h e N a t io n a l W a r L a b o r B o a r d , b y R o b e r t P . R e e d e r . A p p e n d ix N o . 2, R e p o r t
o f t h e S e c r e ta r y o f t h e N a t io n a l W a r L a b o r B o a r d t o t h e S e c r e ta r y o f L a b o r for t h e 12 m o n t h s e n d in g M a y
3 1 ,1 9 1 9 , p p . 80 t o 84, W a s h in g to n , 1920.
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men the employer could not be required to pay more than time and
one-half for overtime work. Work at the change of shifts was not #
considered as overtime work.
Railroad work was treated specially in regard to payment of over
time and train crews were given nine-hour days without higher rate
for overtime although the basic day was eight hours. The ruling of
the board in this matter was as follows:
T he working hours for tra in crews shall be 9 hours p er day. Should th eir work
be com pleted a t any tim e betw een th e last half-hour p o in t and th e full 9 hours’
working tim e, th e crew shall have th e privilege of going home. Should th e crew be
required to rem ain 30 m inutes or less beyond th e end of th eir n in th working hour to
com plete th e work, no ex tra tim e shall be granted, b u t in case more th an 30 m inutes
in excess of 9 hours are required to do th e work overtim e shall be granted at th e flat
hour basis. T he su perintendent, or his representative, shall be th e judge as to when
th e work for th e day is com pleted. W here i t is necessary to operate th e railroad for
24 hours daily, th e regular 8-hour shifts shall be in operation.
In three cases the War Labor Board awarded the payment of over
time rates for time spent in traveling after the regular hours.
In calculating the overtime rate for piecework the board decided
that the piece and not the day rate is to be used as the basis if that
course is feasible. In only two cases before the board was this
matter involved, these being the General Electric Co. case (Docket N o .^
127) and the Bethlehem Steel Co. case (Docket No. 22). In those
awards which establish the 48-hour week as a basis of work, the
board went on record to discourage excessive overtime work and
directed “ that where in 1 day more than 2 hours’ overtime in excess
of 8 hours is required, then, for that day, overtime shall be paid
without regard as to whether or not the worker shall, during that
week, have worked the weekly schedule provided for.” This view
was taken in nine cases.
Overtime in Certain Organized Trades.
HE union wage scale studies of the United States Bureau of Labor
»Statistics indicate the general prevalence of the practice of
T
paying extra compensation for overtime in the principal organized
trades in the United States. The following trades are included in
the latest union wage scale study of the Bureau:1
Bakery trades.
B uilding trades.
Chauffeurs, team sters, and drivers.
F reig h t handlers.
G ranite and stone trades.
L aundry trades.
Metal trades.
Millwork trades.
P rin tin g and publishing, book and job.
P rin tin g and publishing, newspaper.
T h eatrical employees.
Waiters.
1 B u lle tin N o . 259, U n i o n scale o f w ages a n d h o u rs of la b o r, M ay 15, 1918.
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The standards as to overtime set up in the trades mentioned are,
as a rule, followed by the unorganized as well as the organized
workers. The Bureau studies in question covered the principal cities
of the country and these are generally the largest in their respective
sections of the country. Within the cities in question there are found
more than one-third of the total number of persons engaged in gainful
occupations, not including those in agricultural pursuits.
0
Overtim e in Certain Basic Industries.
0
•
UPIIE practice of paying punitive overtime rates is common in the
largest basic industries of the country, among which may be
mentioned the steel, slaughtering and meat-packing, and shipbuilding
industries, longshore work, and the merchant marine.
I r o n a n d ste e l i n d u s t r y . -In placing its employees on the basic
8-hour day, effective October 1, 1918, the United States Steel Cor
poration announced that time and one-half would be paid for all
overtime beyond the eight hours.1 Both mines and industrial
establishments of the corporation were affected. Iron and steel
employees proper work in two shifts; and mechanics work 10 hours.
The order of the corporation directly affected over 250,000 workers.
P a c k i n g i n d u s t r y .— B y an award in May, 1918, Judge Samuel
Alschuler, the administrator for the Government in the arbitration
of the packing industry disputes, introduced for the first time the
principle of payment for overtime in that industry. The rate fixed
was time and one-quarter for the first two hours over eight per day
and time and one-half for all work after that. This award affected
approximately 100,000 employees in the slaughtering and meat
packing industry of the United States. In discussing the question
of compensation ior Sundays and holidays and week-day overtime»
Judge Alschuler used the following language:
As to th e fairness of th e dem and for a higher rate of com pensation for Sundays,
holidays, and w eek-day overtim e th ere was no controversy a t th e hearing, b u t it
was frankly conceded b y such of th e packers who testified, and b y all of th e super
intendents. In testifying before th e U n ited States Commission on In d u strial R ela
tions about three years ago Mr. O’H ern, referring to th e resu lt of overtim e work,
said, We do not get th e results in overtim e nor do we have m en working as
efficiently. ” W hile presum ably he was referring to overtim e beyond 10 hours, it
would of course have application to th e tru e economic d a y ’s work w hatever i t m ay be,
and i t is likew ise tru e th a t if th e overtim e beyond th e economic d a y ’s work is
continued on successive days for an y considerable tim e, th e im p aired results of th e
labor, and th e inefficiency of th e laborer would n o t be lim ited to th e overtim e itself,
b u t be reflected in th e e n tire d a y ’s work as well. The higher rate serves to deter
em ployers from unnecessarily requiring employees to work a t such tim es; b u t if
such work is necessary i t serves also to com pensate th e em ployee for th e added
sacrifice h e m akes in so working a t tim es w hen he should have his lib erty .
1Monthly L abor R eview , November, 1918, p. 133.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
As to th e p articu lar holidays th e re was some contrariety of view, and likewise
as to th e am ount of th e ex tra p ay for Sundays and holidays. I t is m y judgm ent
th a t double tim e should be allowed for work on Sundays, and on th e following
holidays: New Y ear’s Day, Memorial D ay, In d ep en d en ce Day, Labor Day, T hanks
giving Day, and Christm as Day. W here an y operation is continuous in th ree 8-hour
shifts, I do not believe ex tra p ay for S unday should be allowed if provision is m ade
for relieving th e em ployee from work on some other day of th e week.
As to overtim e pay for w eek days, th e employers, w hile conceding th e general
fairness of th e principle, contend th a t th e overtim e should be allowed for th e excess
of hours served in th e week. T h at is, if th e basic day were 10 hours, excess tim e
should be allowed only if in th e week over 60 hours were served. This system is
in vogue in m any industries, b u t I do n o t th in k i t tends so well to serve th e purpose
of m inim izing th e daily hours, or rath er of equalizing th em from day to day, as would
th e daily application of th e p rinciple. If w ith th e eight-hour day th e employers
m ay w ith im m u n ity work th e employees 16 hours daily for th ree days of th e week,
and not a t all for th e others, th e y m ight regulate th e ir stock purchases and holdings
accordingly, whereas if th e added p ay for overtim e applied to th e days, th e y would
be more lik ely to m ake effort to conform to th e eight-hour day, as i t would probably
be more to th eir advantage to carry over some of th e stock for another day or two
th a n to pay th e added rate for overtim e.
T he most usual and custom ary rate for w eek-day overtim e is tim e and one-half,
and as to such tim e served beyond 10 hours I have no h esitan cy in fixing th a t rate.
I am convinced, however, th a t for a v ery considerable tim e after th e basic eighthour day becomes effective, at least u n til employers and employees have become
adjusted to th e new conditions, i t will from tim e to tim e be necessary to serve some ^
overtim e. In view of this fact I do n o t believe i t would be fair, a t least u n til long
enough after th e basic eight-hour w orkday becomes effective to determ ine more
definitely from experience in th is in d u stry , to im pose on th e first two hours so large
a p en alty as for th e excess over 10 hours; and I have accordingly concluded th a t on
and after n e x t May 5 for th e first two hours of w eek-day overtim e th e rate of com
pensation shall be tim e and one-fourth.
As to th e w eek-day overtim e rate for th e tim e interv en in g betw een Jan u ary 14,
1918 (on and after w hich date th e said a rb itra tio n agreem ent is b y its term s effective),
u n til said May 5, w hen th e basic eight-hour day becomes operative, w eek-day tim e
in excess of 10 hours daily shall be com pensated a t th e rate of tim e and one-half
an d Sundays double tim e.
S h i p b u i l d i n g .—In accordance with a series of decisions commenc
ing in March, 1918, the Shipbuilding Labor Adjustment Board fixed
the standard of an eight-hour workday with overtime rates for hours
in excess thereof. On October 1 , 1918, these decisions governing
working conditions in the shipyards were harmonized in two decisions,
one applicable to Pacific coast yards and the other to the Atlantic
coast, Gulf coast, and Great Lakes shipyards. The general over
time rate in the industry is time and one-half.
The number of employees in the shipyards of the United States
under control of the Emergency Fleet Corporation, which would
include practically all the yards, was 289,594 on June 30, 1919. The w
maximum number employed is represented by the figures for Novem
ber, 1918—that is, 336,000.
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The terms of the award of March 7, 1918, governing working con
ditions in the shipyards of the Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry
Dock Co., may be cited as typical respecting the matter of overtime.
The overtime rate is time and one-half on regular week days and
double time on holidays. Employees engaged on certain kinds of
repair work also receive double time on week days. The terms of the
award respecting overtime are as follows:
(2) Work in excess of these periods on a n y w eek d ay shall be counted as overtim e
and paid for a t the rate of tim e and one-half.
(3) Work in excess of 60 hours a w eek for a n y em ployee shall not be p erm itted,
except on repair work, or w hen ordered b y th e N avy D epartm ent or th e Em ergency
F leet Corporation, or to protect life or property from im m in en t danger.
(4) Work on Sundays and th e following holidays shall be paid for a t th e rate of
double tim e: New Y ear’s Day, W ashington’s B irthday, Decoration D ay or Memorial
Day, F o urth of July, Labor Day, T hanksgiving D ay, and Christmas Day.
(5) Men em ployed on th e n ig h t shift shall receive com pensation 5 per cent higher
th an is paid to those em ployed on th e d ay shift.
(6) Em ployees engaged on repair work in or upon vessels undergoing repair shall
receive double tim e for all overtim e on w eek days as defined above, as well as on
Sundays and th e specified holidays.
Our purpose in lim iting overtim e b y th e above 60-hours-a-week regulation is to
discourage a resort to excessive overtim e, w hich leads to inefficiency and ten d s to
lessen rather th an to increase production, and to encourage th e in tro d u ctio n of the
two and three shift systems. The feasibility of working two or three eight-hour shifts
in shipbuilding plants has been conclusively dem onstrated, and we urge th e Newport
News Shipbuilding & D ry Dock Co. to take im m ediate steps looking toward th e
introduction of additional shifts in th eir yards.
A m e r i c a n m e r c h a n t m a r i n e .—By virtue of union agreements and
subsequent confirmation by the United States Shipping Board,
payment for overtime exists as a general practice in the United States
merchant marine. Approximately 270,000 persons are engaged in
the merchant marine of the United States.1
The rules respecting overtime provide for a special flat rate of com
pensation per hour, inasmuch as those engaged in the marine occu
pations are paid the regular compensation on a monthly basis. The
principle respecting the payment of overtime is the same for the
Atlantic coast as for the Pacific coast.
I t may be noted in this connection that overtime rates are paid, for
instance, in the merchant marines of Sweden and Italy as shown by
recent laws enacted by those countries regarding the merchantmarine service.2
L o n g s h o r e m e n . —An examination of the various agreements in the
longshore industry for the port of New York since 1912 shows the
existence of the practice of paying an extra rate of compensation for
1 R e p o r t o f t h e D ir e c to r o f M arin e a n d D o c k I n d u s t r ia l R e la tio n s D iv is io n , U . S . S h ip p in g B o a r d ,
31, 1918, p p . 67, 68.
2 Monthly L abor R eview , D e c e m b e r , 1919, p. 259; J a n u a r y , 1920, pp. 158-173.
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Sunday and holiday work. Likewise the recent awards of the
National Adjustment Commission direct the payment of punitive
overtime rates in the principal lake and sea ports of the country.
The estimates of the number of longshoremen in American ports
range from 100,000 to 150,000.
Railroad service.—The Adamson Act of September 3, 1916, estab
lished a basic eight-hour day for employees of carriers engaged in
interstate and foreign commerce. While overtime is not forbidden
under the act and may extend up to the limitations prescribed by
the 16-hour law, work in excess of eight hours must be paid for at
a rate not less than the pro rata of the standard eight-hour day.
This act affected approximately -400,000 railroad employees in the
operating branch of the service.
Various orders respecting rates of pay and hours of work of rail
road employees have been issued by the Railroad Administration.
The latest order issued is Supplement No. 25 to General Order
No. 27, effective December 1, 1919. This order provides in practice
for an overtime rate of time and a half in the freight service, thus
bringing about a radical modification in payment for overtime work
on railroads. The section of the order having to do with the basic
day and overtime rates is as follows:
(а) In all road service, ex cep t passenger service, 100 m iles or less, eight hours or less
(straightaw ay or turnaround) shall constitute a d ay ’s work. Miles in excess of 100
will be paid for a t th e mileage rates provided.
(б) On runs of 100 miles or less overtim e will begin a t th e expiration of eight hours;
on runs of over 100 m iles overtim e will begin w hen the tim e on d u ty exceeds th e miles
ru n divided by 12J. O vertim e shall be paid for on the m inute basis, a t a rate per
hour of three-sixteenths of th e daily rate.
(c) Road conductors and trainm en performing more th a n one class of road service
in a day or trip will be paid for the en tire service a t the highest rate applicable to
any class of service performed. The overtim e basis for th e rate paid will ap p ly for
th e entire trip.
The recent agreement between the Railroad Administration and
the railway employees department of the American Federation of
Labor, comprising the various crafts in occupations allied to rail
roading, that is, the machinists, boiler makers, blacksmiths, sheetmetal workers, electrical workers, and carmen, under date of Sep
tember 20, 1919, provides as follows, respecting overtime:
All overtim e, ex cep t as th e provisions of rules 7, 9, 10, and 15 apply, outside of
b u lletin hours, u p to and inclu d in g th e six teen th hour of service in an y one 24-hour
period, com puted from the starting tim e of th e em ployee’s regular shift, shall be
paid for a t the rate of tim e and one-half and thereafter a t th e rate of double tim e, up
to th e starting tim e of th e em ployee’s regular shift.
This to include work performed on Sundays, New Y ear’s Day, W ashington’s B irth
day, D ecoration Day, F o u rth of Ju ly , Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day, Christmas, and
such State holidays as are now recognized as p u n itiv e overtim e days a t th e various
points on th e respective railroads w ith in th e different States.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[710]
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR.
117
Likewise tlie agreement between the Railroad Administration and
^ the maintenance-of-way employees and railway shop laborers,
effective December 16, 1919, provides for overtime at time and a half
for all work over eight hours.
A typical provision of the agree
ment—there are certain limitations and restrictions—is as follows:
O vertim e for laborers in ex tra or floating gangs whose em ploym ent is seasonal and
tem porary in character, w hen engaged in work not custom arily done b y regular
section gangs, such as ballasting and rail laying, in cluding th e tie renew als in c id e n t
thereto, and ditching or in im provem ent work such as b ank w idening, grade an d line
changes, riprapping and sim ilar work, shall be com puted for th e n in th and te n th
hour of continuous service, exclusive of th e meal period, pro rata, on th e actual m in u te
basis and thereafter a t th e rate of tim e and one-half tim e. Such ex tra or floating
gangs will not be used to displace regular section gangs.
O vertim e for regular section laborers and other employees ex cep t those covered in
sections (a-7) and (a -12) of th is article shall be com puted after th e eighth hour of
continuous service, exclusive of th e meal period, on th e actual m inute basis a t th e
rate of tim e and one-half tim e.
G a r m e n t i n d u s t r y .—Time and a half for overtime is the prevailing
practice in the garment industry of the United States. The number
employed in this industry ranges, as estimated, from 125,000 to
150,000. The provisions of the agreements in the cloak, suit, and
jgikirt industry of New York City signed, respectively, in May and June
x>f last year and effective until June, 1922, may be cited as an
example for the industry.1
All operators, finishers, and piece tailors shall be p aid a t th e rate of tim e and onehalf for overtim e. All other classes of workers for whom th e last agreem ent provided
th a t double tim e shall be p aid for overtim e shall receive th a t rate un d er th is agreem ent.
C o a l m i n i n g .—The payment of extra compensation for overtime
is not in practice in the coal-mining industry of the United States.
The anthracite agreements provide merely for a pro rata overtime.
The only information which the Bureau has concerning the pay
ment of overtime has reference to Germany’s mining industry, in
which the practice is to pay double time for Sundays and a less rate
for week-day overtime. In Saxony, for instance, the overtime rate
is time and one-quarter for work on regular days.2
Obviously there are industries and occupations other than those
considered above in which the practice of paying a higher rate than
normal for overtime work is quite generally observed either through
the industry as a whole or in certain districts or markets. Thus
the lumber industry in the Northwest States, affecting probably
50,000 workers, began the practice during the war. This survey of
^ h e extent to which punitive overtime is paid in American industry
has merely sought to bring together the more important examples
such as could be more readily discovered.
1 Monthly L abor R eview , D e c e m b e r , 1919, pp . 53, 57.
2 E c o n o m ic N o t e s fr o m G e rm a n a n d A u s tr ia n N e w s p a p e r s , N o . 53, D e c . 22, 1919, is s u e d b y th e British.
G o v e r n m e n t, p p . 11, 67.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
U ll]
118
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
Recent Railroad Wage Award in Queensland, •
Australia.
HE Queensland Industrial Gazette for November, 1919, pub
lishes the text of an award made by the court of arbitration
governing the wages and hours of labor of railroad employees in
that State. The terms of the award, effective as to wages on July 1,
1919, and as to hours on November 1, 1919, are here presented for a
few of the most important occupations. The wages, shown in
English currency,1differ in the three divisions into which the State is
divided.
The figures given for clerks and telegraphers apply to persons 21
years of age and over. The table shows the minimum salary estab
lished for each occupation. This minimum is to be increased by not
less than £10 after two years, and by not less than £10 each year
thereafter until the total increase amounts to £40. In the interest
of efficiency the commissioner of railways may increase a salary to
£235, £245, or £260, in the respective divisions. The hours shall
be 6f Monday to Friday, inclusive, and 3 on Saturday, making a total
of 36f hours per week. Overtime shall be paid for at time and a halij^
This group does not include typists, switchboard attendants. o W
comptometer operators.
The duties of car conductors are to examine and collect tickets, to
assist guards in taking on and discharging passengers, and to cleaning
and preparing their own cars. The basic hours in this occupation
are 48 per week, with overtime paid for at time and a half. Guards
are the men in charge of trains. Their basic hours are 8 per day.
Overtime is paid for at time and a half, and after 12 hours at double
time.
The basic hours and the provision for overtime for engine (loco
motive) drivers and firemen are the same as for guards.
T
1 Owing to fluctuations in th e ra te of exchange, conversions are n o t m ade in to U n ite d S ta te s m oney.
N orm ally th e valu e of th e pound sterling is $4.8665, of th e shilling, 24.3 cents, a nd of th e penny, 2.03 cents.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
119
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR.
W A G E S P E R H O U R O F R A IL R O A D E M P L O Y E E S IN Q U E E N S L A N D , A U ST R A L IA , BY
O CCU PA TIO N A N D D IV IS IO N , U N D E R A W A R D E F F E C T IV E JU L Y 1, 1919.
R ate of wages per hour in —
Occupation.
Southern
division.
Clerks an d telegraphers (m inim um salaries)............................................
Car conductors. . ........................................... .................................
Guards:
F irst class....................................................................................................
Second class.............................................................................
T h ird class.................................................................
E ngine drivers:
F irst class............................................................................
Second class............................................................
T hird class.................................
F o u rth class............................................................................................
Firem en:
F irst y e a r.................................................................
Second year an d th ereafter.....................................................................
Engineering w orkshops:
A cetylene a n d (or) electric w eld er....................................
B lack sm ith .....................................................
B oiler m a k e r.................................................
B ricklayer....................................................................................................
C ab in etm a k e r....................................................................
C arpenter..............................................................................
Carriage b u ild e r.................................................................................
Coal m an (pow er house)................................................................
C oppersm ith.................. ...............................................................
D rllier............................................................................................
D rop-ham m er d riv e r.............................................................
D rop-ham m er forger.............................................................................
1
Electrical m echanic..................................................
Enginem an (shop)........................................................
F irem an (po'w erliouse)..........................................................................
F itte r (coach an d wagon)................................................................
F itte r (engine)......... . . ! ........................................................
L abo rer.........................................................................................
Laborer (b lack sm ith ’s sh o p ).............................................
M achinist (iro n )................. ’..................................................
Molder an d core m ak er............................................................
O iler..................................................................................................
P a in te r (carriage)...........................................................................
P a in te r (locom otive)...........................................................................
P a in te r’s laborer..... ..............................................................................
P a tte rn m a k e r......................................................................
P lum b er...........................................; .........................................
T in sm ith .........................................................................................
Toolm aker an d (or) diesinker.........................................................
T urn er (w ood)...................................................................
Central
division.
i £175
215
1
s.
d.
s
2
0
10 è
2
1
1
1
i
i
9
1 £185
225
2
2
1
2
0*
11
i
91
2
2
2
1
1
6
i
2
21
1
1
HI
3
U
2
9
41
3
0
101
2
2
11
0
10
7
1
1
2
01
11«
01
2
2
2
3
il
2
2
01
8J
8
1J
lit
Hi
101
8J
111
Hi
7
10
oi
8
11 J
io |
7è
Of
11 |
ll|
of
11-1
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
d.
9
8-1
Hi
81
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
s.
i
111
i
i
1
h i
1
i
i
i
d.
i £200
« 240
7)
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
.
N orthern
division.
9
01
2
01
01
0i
2
2
91
H
9i
9
2i
01
111
81
10
5
3J
3
5
5
2
3f
2
1
0Ì
111
2
3
li
2
91
01
0i
8
8
u
h
9
0i
111
8|
1
1
9
2
3
33
HI
9 .3
1
1
0i
2
9
2
2
01
2
if
ot
10
10
101
4Ì
3
3
5
3
1 R ate p e r a n n u m .
Changes in Wages and Hours in Certain Indus
tries in France, March to August, 1919.
HE administrative councils of various French Departments
have adopted scales of wages in reconstruction and similar
work done on the public account, according to an article in
a special issue of the Bulletin of the Ministry of Labor.1 Wages
vary according to occupation and local conditions, and districts are
designated as 1‘devastated ” and “ nondevastated.” Higherwages ob
tain in the former. Such scales have been published for the Depart
ments of Marne, Meurthe-et-Moselle, Meuse, Ain, and the Seine, and
in addition for the military establishment (artillery) at Toulouse.
T
1 B ulletin d u M inistère du Travail, Paris, Ju n e-Ju ly -A u g u st, 1919, pp. 293-310.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1713]
120
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
The following is the scale for public excavation and construction
work adopted by the Department of Marne July 30, 1919, eight A
hours to constitute a day’s work: 1
SCALE O F W A G ES ON P U B L IC W O R K S IN D E V A S T A T E D AN D N O N D E V A S T A T E D
D IST R IC T S O F T H E D E P A R T M E N T O F M A R N E JU L Y 1, 1919, B Y O CCU PA TIO N .
W ith board and
lodging.
D istrict a n d occupation.
D evastated districts:
A d u lt lab o rers....................................................................................
Diggers a n d c a rte rs...........................................................................
Skilled lab o rers..................................................................................
Skilled general m echanics..............................................................
N ondevastated districts:
A d u lt lab o rers....................................................................................
Diggers a n d c a rte rs ..........................................................................
Skilled lab o rers..............................................................................
Skilled general m echanics..............................................................
W ithout board and
lodging.
P e r day.
P er hour. Per day.
P er hour.
F rancs.
F rancs.
F rancs.
13.60
15.60
17.60
19.60
12.60
14.60
16.60
18.60
1.70
1.95
F rancs.
2.45
15.60
17.60
19.60
21.60
2.45
2.70
1.575
1.825
2.075
2.325
14.60
16.60
18.60
20.60
1.825
2.075
2.325
2.575
2 .2 0
1.95
2 .2 0
Persons under 16 years of age are paid one-half and those between
16 and 18, 70 per cent of these wages. Normal wages are paid for
overtime not to exceed two hours per day.
The Department of Meurthe-et-Moselle, on July 20, 1919, to help
meet the increased cost of living, increased the cost-of-living bonuses
already in force, which ranged from 2.75 to 4 francs per day, by the
addition of from 0.25 franc to 1 franc. Women were granted ai^|
increase of 0.50 franc, young persons 0.25 franc, and women who
are heads of families an increase of 0.75 franc. It is understood
that these wages were to remain unchanged until January 1, 1920;
but whenever any change in cost of living is greater than 15 per cent
of that of July 15, 1919, the scale shall be revised upon demand
of either the employer or employees.
In the Department of Meuse the following scale was adopted for
public work either directly under public authorities or under con
tractors. It was to remain in force for at least three months from
August 1, 1919.
H O U R L Y W A GES ON P U B L IC W O R K S IN T H E D E P A R T M E N T O F M E U SE , E F F E C T IV E
A U G U ST 1, 1919, B Y O CCU PA TIO N .
Non
D evastated devastated
districts.
districts.
Occupation.
O rd in ary lab o rers..................................................................................................
C a rte rs ..........................................................................................
Glaziers, painters, p ap er han g ers......................................................................
E x c a v a to rs........... .................... 7 ......................................
C arpenters, locksm iths, tin sm ith s, zinc workers, plum bers, roofers, m arble cut
ters, chim ney b u ild ers..................................................................
P lasterers___.'.............................................................................................
Stonecutters, cabinetm akers, m arb le-cu tters...................................................................
A sp h alt la y e rs....................... .’ .................................................................................................
Miners, q u arrym en, road builders, m asons, cem ent workers, bricklayers, brick
pavers, p a v ers...................................................................................................................
Sewer builders, stone layers, jo in ers........................................................................
Masons, rough c o atin g .."___......................................................................................
B lacksm ith, w a re h o u se ............................................................................. ...........................
F rancs.
F rancs.
1.30
1.55
1.80
1.95
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.50
1.95
2.00
2.10
2.15
1.50
1.55
1.60.
1.65
2.20
2.35
2.45
2.60
1.80
1.90
2.00
,i
t Owing to fluctuations in the value of th e franc, conversions are not m ade in th is article into U nited
S tates m oney. N orm ally, th e p a r value of th e franc is 19.3 cents.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[714]
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR.
121
In addition to wages, a cost-of-living bonus in either district of 4
francs per day was allowed. An allowance of 3 francs was granted to
workmen employed at a distance exceeding 6 kilometers (3.7 miles)
from their homes, unless lodged by the contractor, and of 1.5 francs
to those living at a distance of more than 6 kilometers who return
home at night.
Rates per hour fixed on June 20, 1919, in the city of Bourg in the
Department of Ain, are as follows: Sawyers, helpers, skilled, 1.10
francs; masons, 1.25 francs; coppersmiths, locksmiths, chimney
builders, and sawyers, 1.30 francs; joiners, wall painters, 1.40 francs;
stonecutters, 1.50 francs; masons, tinsmiths, tilers, 1.55 francs;
and carpenters, 1.60 francs.
The following scale was established on March 29, 1919, for the
military establishment (artillery) at Toulouse:
SCALE O F W A GES IN FO R C E AT T H E M IL IT A R Y E S T A B L IS H M E N T A T T O U L O U SE
E F F E C T IV E M ARCH 29, 1919.
W eekly wages.
*
Occupation.
M inimum. M axim um .
Metal working:
M illwright, tu rn er, h an d b la c k sm ith . . .
M illwright, tu rn er, p a tte rn tracer, fitter, ream ei, blacksm ith
Driller, planer, m ortiser, a n d sim ilar occupations...
Sheet-iron worker, zinc p lu m b e r. . .
Coppersm ith, and' p a tte rn tracer on t i n ___
Sheet-iron a n d copper worker, tin s m ith ___
W elder.................................
...................................................
M elter and m older, brass an d bronze, handw ork
Melter, b ra ss.........................
W oodworking:
P a tte rn m aker, fin ish er............
L athe m an, tu rn e r, saw y e r..........
Saw sh arp en er..........
Sawyer, m ortiser, planer, m ach in em en ..
Joiners—1st class.............................
2d class.........................
C arp en ter..................................
W heel w ig h t, cooper..........
B uilding trades:
M ason....................................
Structural-iron worker, plasterer, wall painter, roofer, chim ney builder
Mason, cem ent worker, chim ney builder, in d u s tiia l. .
Electrical m achines:
Electrician, m otor pow er m en, arm ature w in d e r...........
Electrician, ordinary, m ach in em an ..
Engineer, fireman, m achine te n d e rs .
O ther trades:
Harness m a k e r.........................
Saddle m a k e r...........................
Miscellaneous:
Digger........................................................................
Chauffeur, coachman, driver, groom
___
A ssistant w arehouseman, w a tch m an ..........
W arehouseman, p rin c ip a l...................
Gardener, chief; roadbuilder. chief; baggagem an. . .
S uperintendent of in firm a ry ..........................
H elper, in firm a ry ......................... .
Messenger, orderly, yard w a tch m an ...........
N ursery guardian ( d e c r è c h e e t d e g a r d e r i e ) .........
Orderly, under 18 years of age.....................
C hem ist, a ssistan t..............................
Laborer, male or female, s k ille d .......................
Laborer, m ale or female, u n sk ille d .....................
W om en doing m an u al labor in w orkshops heretofore done b y m e n . . .
L au n d ry employees, fem ales..............................
Garment makers, fem ales...................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1715]
F rancs.
F rancs.
52. 50
66 00
48. 00
60.00
42 nO ______ 57.00
45. 00
51.00
45. 00
57 00
43. 50
57.00
66.00
51.00
51.00
43.50
48. 00
57 00
4 5 .00
43. 50
48. 00
57. 00
60.00
52 50
45.00
43.50
66.00
57.00
57.00
43. 50
48.00
K7
46.80
39 no
46 80
51.00
48.00
48. 00
39.00
43.20
42 00
21.00
54.00
45. 00
4?. nn
40.20
36.00
31.80
54.00
51.00
54.00
60.00
60.00
72.00
48.00
51.00
51.00
42.00
«4 nr)
51.00
48.00
45.60
45.60
39.00
/Vt
122
M O N T H L Y L A BO R REVIEW.
All these workers, except those classified as “ Miscellaneous,” when
employed by the hour, receive 25 per cent more than normal wages.
In the Department of the Seine committees of employers and
employees on July 2, 1919, adopted a scale for an eight-hour day in
building and construction trades as follows: Journeyman plumber,
zinc roofer, and gas fitter, 20 francs; helper, 14 francs; and street
guard, 10 francs per day. In metal construction: Pattern maker and
shift foreman, blacksmith, 2.75 francs; hammersmith, 2,15 fiancs,
fitter, locksmith, ironworker, driller, stamper and chipper, riveter,
general smith, bellhanger, metal-stairway builder, 2.50 francs, and
unskilled laborer, 2 francs per hour. Woodworkers: Carpenter, stairbuilder, 2.50 francs per hour.
Collective Agreements Regulating Wages and Hours.
HE Master Printers’ Union of France, the French Federation
of Bookworkers, and the National Federation of Lithographers,
represented by their respective accredited committees, acting under
the law of April 23, 1919 (8-hour law), entered into an agreement
as of June 11, 1919. The following provisions are selected as the
most important ones: Work shall begin and end at a given signal,
eight hours shall constitute a day’s work; the division of the week’s
work shall provide for either 45 or 44 hours of work for the first five
days and 3 or 4 hours on Saturday; in phototype and similar estab
lishments no arrangement calling for over 9 hours in any one day
shall be established.
Until January 1,1920, certain exceptions were permissible, but over
time shall not exceed two hours per day.
Permanent exceptions in the employment of shopmen, overseers,
those doing preparatory and preliminary work, laborers, delivery
men, drivers, shop and machine cleaners, etc., are allowable, provided
the hours of overtime do not extend beyond two hours of the regular
working time of the establishment. Temporary exceptions are
allowed in special cases, such as: (1) Seasonal or extraordinary
amount of work; (a) 120 hours per year, with a maximum of two
hours’ overtime per day, (b) 15 Sundays per year; and (2) In national
need or in case of actual or imminent accident.
The agreement is valid until January 1, 1922, and unless notice is
given by October 1, 1921, it is to remain in force for one year longer.
Regular working hours are between 7 a.m. and 7 p.m. Work
between 7 p.m. and 7 a.m. is paid for at 25 per cent above regular
wages. However, if the work during the night hours is overtime it
is paid for as follows: First two hours, 33 per cent; the following two
hours, 50 per cent; and further extra hours, 100 per cent above
regular wages. Sunday and holiday work, to 12 noon, is paid for at
50 per cent, and after 12 noon, 100 per cent above regular wages.
T
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[716]
W A G E S A N D HOTJRS O F LABOR.
123
Petroleum reiineries and warehouses.—An agreement was entered
into June 16, 1919, between the national association of employers in
the petroleum industry and the General Federation of Workers in
Chemical Products. This agreement provides for an 8-hour day or
a 48-hour week. Time for computing hours of labor begins as soon
as the employee enters the building, and work ceases 10 minutes
efore the clock strikes the quitting hour. Certain classes of em^yees are excepted: Overseers, foremen, distillers, watchmen, and
delivery men.
Overtime work is paid for at 1.65 per cent of regular wages, and is
limited to 100 hours per year.
Agriculture.— An, agreement covering the district of Melun, between
the employers’ association and the agricultural workers’ unions, was
entered into August 8, 1919. In addition to the minimnm wages
established an employee is entitled to a garden of five ares (598
square yards) cultivated and fertilized at the expense of the employer,
or in default of that, 'to-a compensation of 100 francs.
Wages for general laborers employed at all kinds of work are 10
francs per dày; for employees under monthly contracts—drivers and
carters—not Vboarded and lodged, 300 francs per month, and garden;
boarded and lodged, 160 francs per month. Wages for other workers
are as follows:
Man and wife, farm family ( Ménage deferme) , 250 francs per month,
board and .lodging; farm maid, 90 francs per month,"board and
lodging; women engaged in light work, 0.60 franc per hour; and
women engaged in threshing and distilling, 0.75 franc per hour.
When performing work equal with men’s, women shall receive wages
equal to men’s.
Overseers, 350 francs per month without board and lodging, or
200 francs with board and lodging.
Shepherds, 350 francs per month without board and lodging, and
the shepherd to provide food for his dogs. When the employer
boards and lodges the shepherd and provides food for his dogs, wages
are reduced to 160 francs.
Tractor operators, 400 francs per month, without board and lodging.
Threshing machine hands, 12 francs per day.
Distillery men, 360 francs per month, minimum—increased wages
for higher grades of work.
Those engaged in harvesting are paid twice the usual rate. Men
employed at other work on the farm receive 400 francs per month plus
a bonus of 50 francs during harvest, and day laborers are paid 16 francs
per day. In job work wages are based on general hourly earnings.
The working day of from 5 a.m. to 7 p.m. is abolished, except dur
ing harvest, and the regulations issued by the public authorities are
to be observed. A weekly day of rest, with other social laws relating
[717]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
124
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
to agriculture, are to be vigorously enforced. Lodging employees m
unhealthful quarters is prohibited.
Wages of persons not able to perform a normal day’s work are to
be determined by the arbitration commission, which shall also see
that work beyond their physical strength is not required of such
employees. Foreign laborers work under the same conditions as
native laborers and are paid the same wages.
A mixed arbitration commission, composed of from three to
members of the district union, is charged with the supervision o
this agreement. In case of threatened dispute the commission shall
advise with the employer.
f
'■
This agreement remains in force until June 1, 1920, and in default
of notice of its termination, for one year longer. Notice of desired
changes shall be filed two months before the expiration of the agree
ment. No person shall be- discharged because of strikes or questions
of unionism.
" J (y
.
- .
,' ,
Other agreements.—Agreements have been, entered into covering the
rubber industry of the Paris district; the boot and shoe industries of
Marseille, and undergarment making in Paris. Thes0 provide for
the putting into operation of the eight-hour law, minimum wages,
etc.
n .'
.
*,
.
------------ ---------------------. -■-j .|
Increased Wages for Textile Workers
France.
<xi
Lyon,
CCORDING to a report from the American consul at Lyon,
France, the strike of textile workers which was called bn October
’27,1919, was ended on October 31 by the signing of a new wage
agreement. The employers had agreed to a wage advance but stated
that they could not guarantee a minimum daily wage without the
guaranty of a minimum production. The discussion turned princi
pally on the minimum salary to be guaranteed the workers, reports
the consul, and the question was finally submitted to the mayor of
Lyon for arbitration. He suggested that in case the mean produc
tion established by common consent was not reached “ for reasons
for which the laborers were not responsible, the minimum price of a
day’s work should be due just the same. If there is a difference of
opinion on this point the difference should be submitted to a mixed
arbitration commission.” Following this arbitration, which close
the strike of Lyon spinners, the following convention was signed.
1 A stu d y shall be m ade in each factory as to rates of wages for all articles now
being m anufactured, or possible of future m anufacture, w hich shall assure a work
woman of average ab ility and efficiency th e following d aily earnings......................
i O w in g t o f lu c tu a tio n s i n t h e v a lu e o f t h e fr a n c , c o n v e r s io n s in t o U n i t e d S t a t e s m o n e y a r e n o t m a d e .
N o r m a lly t h e p a r v a lu e o f t h e fra n c i s 19.3 c e n t s .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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125
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR.
Daily earnings o f textile workers in Lyon, France, under agreement o f Oct. 31, 1919.
Women working—
'
Francs
W ith 1 loom, p la in _______ : . . . . . . . . .
10
‘ W ith 2 looms, p l a i n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . V . . . . . . ^ v . . . . . .
12
W ith 1 loom, fan cy........... .............- i -.\. . . .
..:...........
H
_ .. /
14
W ith 2 ldbms, fan cy ................. ....; . . . . . : ......................
W ith 1 loom, v elv et, p la in .. . . . . . . . . . J
........ .
1 12 to 14
___ __ ‘
1 14 to 16
W ith 1 loom, v elv et, fa n c y .............. j . ............ ..... „
Spindlers ap’d oth er sim ilar skilled w
o r k w
o m
e n 2 9 to 10
Throwers, spindlers, an d reefers, skilled w orkw om en.. . . . . . . . . . . ;
10
Cotton reelers, skilled w orkw om en......................................
2 9 to 10
Boiled-silk ioelers and rew inders, skilled w orkwom en.......................
H
Twisters, w arpers, and d ay w orkers......... I ..........................................!
12
Male laborer (able bodied):
P er d a y . . ! , . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iL . .......... .............. 15
P er m o n t h ^ . . I ........ . . .......... . . . . . .
350
\'s
. ' (
• * *
- \
- • -
* . * ..................
,
*
-•
2 . These rates w ill be based on a m inim um production w hich w ill assure th e daily
earnings of an average w orker u n d er norm al conditions of work, i t being understood
th a t th is m inim um production is to be established b y agreem ent betw een th e work
m en Interested and th e employers.
3. R ules governing th e spinning of each article should be com m unicated to th e
workwoman; th is applies also to th e verifying of pieces already spun, if she so desire.
j ^ h e m ethod of accom plishing th is should be agreed to in each factory b y th e workers
and th e employer.
4. In all cases w here th e m inim um production, established b y agreem ent is not
reached, for causes beyond th e control of th e Workers,’a norm al d a y ’s earnings w ill
still be paid, on condition th a t th e spare tim e be em ployed in th e service of th e factory.
In case of disagreem ent, th e m atter in controversy shall be investigated b y both,
parties, and if th e y can n o t agree th e question shall be su b m itted to arb itratio n b y
a m ixed commission.
5. W hen articles exactly sim ilar are spun in several factories un d er th e same condi
tions of production th e rates shall be id entical.
6 . For loom setters, capable of supervising th e section to w h ich th e y have been
assigned, and for all skilled loom m ounters th e m inim um wage is\ fixed a t 500 francs
per m onth.
lo
If th e above-m entioned loom setters and m ounters are engaged b y th e d ay , th e d a y ’s
wage shall be 20 francs. I n th is case, all overtim e work shall be p aid for a t th e ra te ,
of one an d one-third tim es th e usual rate.
7. In th e future no conflict should tak e place u n til th e m ixed arb itratio n commis
sion shall have been called upon thoroughly to stu d y and discuss th e questions a t
issue, w ith a view to avoid fu rth er m isunderstanding.
1 A c c o r d in g t o a r t ic le .
2 A c c o r d in g t o p r o fe s s io n a l v a lu e .
»
165126°—2Q»---- 9
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[719]
126
M O N T H L Y L A B O R REVIEW.
Return to Piecework R,ates in Germany.
N E . of the first economic effects of the G erm an revolution
was th e refusal of German, workers to work a t piecéwork
rates, and the consequent general decrease ip output. I t
seems, however, th a t a change of m ind has taken place recently
w ith respect to piecework. Saziale P ra x is 1 states th a t Yorwarts,
the organ of the Social-Democratic P a rty , advocates piecework
and a bonus system in an article which has received much
attention. P aym ent by results is regarded as being absolutely
necessary in State-owned establishm ents. The o u tp u t of the .rail
w ay shops has dropped to such an extent th a t there are not enough
cars to carry even thè reduced coal o u tp u t. The tran sp o rt crisis
can not, however, be regarded as thè only or chief explanation of
th e coal crisis. I t m ay be the reason for the acute shortage which
has been experienced a t different tim es and places, b u t i t does not
account for th e chronic shortage which only increased o u tp u t cap
rem edy. N othing could be worse a t the present m om ent, th e
article states, th a n to tell th e miners th a t increased ontp n t wifi not
avail because. of th e tran sp o rt crisis. On the o ther hand, it is tim o
to p u t an end to the s ta te of affairs which now prevails in the r a ilw a ^
shops. - A larg e proportion of‘Workers would welcome the declaration
th a t in th e railw ay shops some w ork shall be done in re tu rn for good
wages. “ V orw àrts is right,” however, says Soziale Praxis, “ when it
refrains from confining th e question of piecework w'ages to the rail
w ay shop workers b u t .examines it in principle as the present situ a
tion dem ands, and rejects th e old saying "piecework is m u rd er’
(AkTcordarbeit isti M ordarb'eit ) Y o r w a r t s states:
H
Piecew ork, if reasonably ap p lied , is th e m ost Ju st m ethod for d etermin ing wages.
T he trade-unions p a v e ad ap te d th e ir ac tiv itie s in p ast years accordingly; th e y n ever
h av e waged a fight against piecew ork as such, ’b u t against th e abuses to w hich i t is
su b ject. * * * Sensible workers w ill regard piecew ork as desirable inasm uch as
i t w ill enable d ilig en t workers to earn a m u ch h ig h er wage th a n u n d er th e p resent
tim e wages system .
I n ad d itio n to th e piecew ork system , consideration should also be giv en to th e
bonus system , w hich has been opposed in G erm any w hile in R ussia i t has been a d v a n
tageously adopted . T he c u rre n t wage rates w ere retain ed a n d stan d ard iz ed i n Russia.
T hey constituted th e p a y m en t for th e la te st recorded o u tp u t. A n y o u tp u t over and
above th is was aw arded a bonus in ad d itio n to th e stan d ard wage. T he bonuses
were increased progressively. According to th e reports received from th e Soviet
G overnm ent on th e situ atio n of th e labor m arket, th e bonus system has exercised an
exceedingly favorable influence on production. I n some factories o u tp u t has i ^ £
creased 25 to 40 p er c e n t in a short, period.
.
»
T he effect of th e piecew ork a n d bonus system s w ould b e increased if especial coupons
were given to th e workers who exceeded a fixed m inim um of work. T his w ould
i S o z ia le P r a x is u n d A r e h iv fiir V o lk s w o h lf a h r t , B e r lin , S e p t . 4 ,1 9 1 9 , p.; 879.
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WAGES AND HOUEá OF LABOR?
127
enable tb e workers to ob tain th e e x tra rations allowed to workers in th e h e a v y an d
m ost fatiguing industries. I n th is w ay a w orker who h a d ap p lied him self w ith d ili
gence an d in d u stry to h is ta sk in th e in te re st of th e com m unity w ould b e e n title d
to receive n o t only a larger n u m b er of p ap er m oney notes b u t also a larger su p p ly
of necessary foodstuffs, an d th u s be enabled to renew his strength.
The social-dem ocratic publication is right, says Soziale Praxis,
when it asserts th a t the G erm an nation is so sick th a t it does n o t hear
the doctor’s advice to do m ore work. I t needs a daring operation to
force the process of recovery. The revolution, which led to the
collapse of au th o rity in the m anagem ent of production, rem oved
m any barriers. A t first the abolition of piecework was w arm ly wel
com ed, as it was thought th a t in a S tate in which all the people were
im bued w ith á se n se of d u ty there would be no necessity for any
other incentive tu work. Now the disappointm ent is g reat when it
is realized th a t the sense of d u ty is n o t equal in all sections of the
com m unity.
Piecework R ates as an Incentive to W ork.
TN AN article on piecework rates as an incentive to w o rk /
•A- Soziale P raxis says:
T h e introduction, of, piecew ork as a m eans of increasing th e zest for work is, being
vigorously discussed among railw aym en. T h e reason for th is is to be found in th e
orders issued b y th e m inister of railw ays. These recom m end th e strict observance
of th e eight-hour day and th e reintroduetion of piecew ork as a m eans of com bating
th e prevailing aversion to work in th e railw ay workshops. Discussions h a v e tak en
p lace in th e M inistry of Labor betw een representatives of th e G overnm ent a n d of th e
railw aym en’s unions on ways a n d m eans of increasing th e o u tp u t of th e railw ay shops.
T he G eneral U nion of R ailw aym en has called a conference of th e ex ecu tiv e com
m ittee and. ex p ert officials to. discuss th e same problem . T he Central League of
Officials has also tak en u p th e m atter.
T he representatives of th e workers ad m it th a t th ere is some aversion to work, b u t
th e blam e does n o t lie on workers only. To some e x te n t railw aym en are exhausted
after th e arduous work during th e war, a n d th e y should h a v e h a d some rest. Bad
m aterials an d unpractical m ethods of m anufacture an d w ork are other causes of d im in
ished o u tp u t. A ttentio n m u st therefore n o t b e exclusively centered on th e wage
system , b u t a n effort should b e m ade to provide good m aterials an d tools. O therw ise
th e workers w ould suffer if th e piecew ork system w ere introduced, an d w ould energet
ically protest against it. T h e system could b e in tro d u ced for new work, b u t n o t for
. repair work.
I n spite of this rejection of th e piecework principle, th e G eneral U nion of R ail
w aym en has declared itself in favor of th e piecework system in certain works for a
three months^ test. T h e workers m ain tain th a t only far-reaching rig h ts of p articip a
tion in m anagem ent can b e effective in increasing th e zest for work.
T he right to p articip a te in m anagem ent should b e granted as soon as possible.
T he m inister of railw ays has issued in structions to .th e railw ay adm inistrations th a t
all preparations should b e m ade for elections for th e railw ay works councils to be
h eld as soon as th e works council law is prom ulgated.
1 S o z ia le P r a x is u n d A r c h iv fü r V o lk s w o h lf a h r t , B e r lin , S e p t . 1 8 ,1 9 1 9 , p . 920.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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% M fikNTHLY .LABOR R E V IE W .
I t is.n o t only among railw aym en, b u t also among other Workers, th a t th e value of
th e piecework system is being realized .. I n th is connection the-follow ing award
m ade b y th e State arb itratio n board at.B runsw ick on th e occasion o L th e closing down |
of an autom obile factory is w orthy of a tten tio n :
T he firm shall b e e n titled to close down its works as long as th e economical operar
tion of th e works is endangered b y th e refusal to perform su itab le piecework. As
soon äs th e Workers declare th e ir w illingness to u n d ertak e piecew ork th e firm shall
reinstate all its former staff. T here shall b e negotiations betw een th e tw o parties
as to th e system , of piecework, w hether teain or in d iv id u al piecework or, th e bonus
system, w hich should b e adopted.
M
In some instances workers are returning volu n tarily to th e piecework system.
One firm, B ergm ann in Suhl, h ad given notice of dismissal to all its salaried employees
an d workers because th e d im in u tio n of o u tp u t h a d m ade i t questionable w hether
operation could b e carried on a t a profit. T h e notices were, however, w ithdraw n
because th e workers declared th a t th e y were prepared to accept th e piecework system .
In th e Zeiss O ptical Works a t Jen a two votes w ere tak en on th e question: T he
first ballot showed no great inclin atio n on th e p a rt of th e workers to adopt piecework,
b u t a big m ajority in favor was obtained on a second ballot.
Production Comm ittees in Railw ay W orkshops.
OR W A R T S1 reports th a t as a result of m any com plaints of lack
of m aterial and tools and against old-fashioned m ethods in the
railw ay workshops, which, the railwaym en say, have greatly
hindered production, the Germ an M inistry of R ailw ays has decided %
to reorganize the engine and carriage repair shops on a m odern
basis. The new system secures for the workers a large measure of
the desired share in control. In November, 1919, th e article states,
“ production com m ittees’’ will be introduced in every workshop
w ith the object of increasing o u tp u t and organizing the work on
m odern lines.
■
The production committees will be invested with extensive powers.
In each occupational group, for instance, locksmiths, turners, wheel
wrights, smiths, clerks, etc., two employees will be appointed to
supervise production in collaboration with the existing workers’
committee or works council and to suggest reforms. Their duties
will be to determine whether each worker is suitably employed and
able to perform the required minimum of work; to consult the
engineers and directors in individual works with regard to better
methods of work and desirable innovations; to keep the stores well
supplied so that repairs may not be unnecessarily delayed, and to
act as liaison officers between the workshops and factories and the
managing directors.
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i
V o r w ä r ts , B e r lin , O c t. 3 0 ,1 9 1 9 .
[722]
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR.
^
129
A New Piecework System.
A NEW piecework system in operation in a Government railway
repair shop is described in Vorwärts1 as follows:
The former system of piecework m ust be considered as a thin g of th e past. This
method, w hile securing a higher wage to th e specially industrious or capable worker,
failed to stim ulate production as a whole.
A new system, w hich is of th e n atu re of profit sharing, has led to increased produc
tion in th e G overnm ent’s railw ay rep air shops a t Golm-Mark. A commission, com
posed of a works manager, a delegate of th e workers, and a railw ay official, calculates
th e num ber of hours necessary for th e performance of a certain piece of work, on the
basis of actual experience and average production.
W hile aim ing a t th e highest possible technical perfection, th e workers try to carry
out the prescribed task in th e shortest possible tim e. B y a special scheme th e saving
in cost resulting from th e difference betw een th e actual num ber of hours worked and
the calculated num ber is shared betw een workers and employers. E ach in d iv id u al
worker is paid according to o u tp u t and capacity on a scale arranged betw een th e
m anagem ent and th e workers. The resulting average of hours and wage rates is th a t
for w hich paym ent is agreed upon in th e rep air contract. If, for instance, th e agreed
average price per hour is 2.30 m a rk s 2 p lu s 180 per cen t for general expenses (some such
percentage is usually allowed to every firm of contractors as compensation for expenses)
th e following result will obtain:
A railw ay freight car, according to th e standard calculated, requires 500 hours for
R e p a i r . The work is actu ally performed in 408 hours, so th a t a saving of 92 hours is
(effected. N inety-tw o, th e num ber of hours saved, m u ltip lied by 2.30 m arks gives
211.60 marks. The 180 per cent for expenses am ounts to 380.88 m arks; th e sum of
th e two is 592.48 marks. H alf of th is sum, or 296.24 marks, goes to th e gang of 10
workers employed on th e job. The com bined wages of these 10 workers for th e job in
question were 947.90 marks. The ex tra com pensation of 296.24 marks paid to them
for th e saving in tim e amounts, therefore, to somewhat over 31 per cent.
N ewly em ployed workers are paid a share of th e profits after 12 days’ work w ith their
gang. The standard num ber of hours fixed by th e commission is not reduced when
th e worker receives higher wages.
This system has already been in use in th e workshops for four m onths. As a result
production has increased 100 per cent. A nother advantage is th a t th e em ploym ent
of supervisors has become unnecessary. F u rth er, if an y m em ber of a gang shows a
lazy disposition, th e other mem bers refuse to in cu r th e loss of profit involved, and
dem and his dismissal.
1 V orw ärts, B erlin, Oct. 4,1919.
2 Owing to fluctuations in exchange value conversions in to U n ited S tates m oney are not m ade.
norm al par value of th e m a rk is 23.8 cents.
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The
130
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
Shorter Working Day in German Coal Mines,1 ^
CORDING to the Kölnische Zeitung,2 certain representatives
of the miners’ unions are now opposing the early introduction
of the six-hour shift in the coal mines. The Bergarbeiterzeitung, the journal of the Free (Social-Democratic) Miners’ Union,
demands that there shall be an international agreement with regard
to the six-hour shift, and calls attention to England, which pro
vides for this shift in 1921 only if the industrial situation allows it.
At a meeting of the commission appointed to inquire into the workinghours in the Ruhr district the workers demanded that the six-hour
shift should be introduced on February 1, 1920, and it was clearly
pointed out that if this demand were not acceded to by that date the
workers would take by force what was not accorded them as an act
of grace. The increasing coal shortage makes it plain that a serious
danger lurks in any further curtailment of the working hours. At
the beginning of February the shortage will be still more serious, and
the necessity of increased output makes the curtailment of working
hours out of the question.
The Bergarbeiterzeitung examines the question as to which is the
country in which the shortest working hours for miners prevail. I n ^
France the eight-hour shift, “ bank to bank,” was made legal from
July, 1919; but if national requirements demand it, the Government
may, after hearing the views of the employers’ and workers’ organi
zations, lengthen the working hours. In Austria the eight-hour shift
was introduced in July, 1919, while in Belgium, although no new
regulations for the mines have yet been issued, the eight-hour shift
also prevails. In Poland the shift below ground is between eight
and eight and one-half hours, “ bank to bank,” while in Russia the
eight-hour shift has been introduced by the Soviet Government,
though in the Moscow and Don districts the shift is seven and one-half
hours.
Soziale Praxis 3 reports that the commission appointed to examine
the question of working hours in coal mines in the Ruhr district met
in Essen on December 8 and 9, 1919, and while there seems a prospect
of an agreement between the employers and workers as regards cer
tain questions, e. g., the housing problem, the transport s}rstem, food
and clothing grants for miners, as regards working hours the views
of the employers and workers are diametrically opposed.
With regard to the housing problem it was stated that, owing to
difficulties that are well known, it will take between three and four®
Â
1 See Monthly L abor R eview , Jan u a ry , 1920, pp. 173-177, for a n article on th e sam e subject.
2 Kölnische Zeitung Cologne, Dec. 21, 1919. M orning edition.
8 Soziale P rax is u n d A rchiv für V o lksw ohlfahrt,B erlin, Dec. 18,1919.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[724]
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR.
#
131
years to provide 70,000 homes for about 100,000 miners. With
regard to transport, conditions are comparatively satisfactory, for
about 15,000 cars are now available, which are sufficient for the trans
port of 150,000 metric tons of newly mined coal and 10,000 tons from
the dumps, so that by the end of February all the dumps should
have been removed.
In the matter oi working hours the chairman of the commission,
■Prof. Gothein of Heidelberg, gave an alarming account of the grave
consequences of the coal shortage. Many branches of industry in
South Germany, he said, had been obliged to close down and many
others would shortly have to follow suit. Electricity and gas works
could provide only half their normal output, and many had closed
temporarily, with the result that factories had closed and the workers
were starving. In Heidelberg gas was being produced from wood,
whose acid content injured the gas pipes. The Berlin metal work
ers had sent a deputation to Essen to beg the miners to produce
more coal.
In view of this situation the employers are unconditionally opposed
to any curtailment of the shifts, and actually demand their temporary
prolongation fiom seven hours to eight. But the workers cling
obstinately to their demand that from February 1, 1920, the six-hour
shift must be introduced. Under the old conditions the average life
of a miner was only 45 years, and miners now claim that they can not
be blamed for desiring to prolong their lives. Justifiable as their
claims may be, at the present juncture the country’s requirements
should take first place. Prof. Francke appealed to the workers to
recognize this, and pointed out that should the Ruhr district be
occupied by the Entente by reason of nonfulfillment of the treaty
terms the miners would probably be compelled to vTork eight or nine
hours, as in the Saar district. Attempts to arrive at a compromise
between the twTo opposed views failed.
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MINIMUM WAGE.
Minimum Wage for Women in Hotels and Res
taurants in District of Columbia.
B y Clara E. Mortenson.
HE conference called by the Minimum Wage Board of the
District of Columbia to recommend a minimum wage for
women employed in hotels, restaurants, apartment houses,
clubs, and hospitals on February 3, 1920, reported that $16.50 aweek
is the least sum with which a self-supporting woman in the occupa
tions under inquiry can maintain herself according to proper stand
ards. This is the same figure unanimously voted by the mercantile
conference1 on July 12, 1919, as the minimum living wage for women
in that industry. The conference on the printing, publishing, and
allied industries,2 the first conference called by the Minimum Wage
Board, on April 8, 1919, unanimously recommended a minimum
wage of $15.50 for women employed in the industries under con
sideration.
In the conference on the hotel, restaurant, and allied industries
unanimity was not obtained. The employers’ representatives voted
against the recommendations submitted to the board.
The conference held nine meetings before a basis of agreement
could be reached. The ordinary difficulties attending a just wage
determination were augmented in the industries under considera
tion by the prevalence of the system of providing employees with
room or board, or both, as part of their compensation. Should the
existence of this system be recognized ? If so, in what way ? Three
possible methods of solution were advanced during the conference:
(1) That the conference should recommend a minimum wage, coupled
with the stipulation that whatever accommodations were provided
by the employer inuát be provided in addition to this wage. (2)
That the conference should recommend a minimum wage, with the
provision that if the employer furnished room or board the amount
which he might charge for these accommodations should be agreed
upon by the employer and employee in each specific case. (3) That
the conference should recommend a minimum wage and also the
maximum amounts which an employer who provided room or board
might charge for these accommodations.
T
1 See Monthly L abor R eview A ugust, 1919, p p . 199, 200; October, 1919, pp. 163, 164; November,
1919, p p . 217, 218.
*See Monthly L abor R eview , May, 1919, pp. 217-219; J u ly , 1919, pp. 165-167.
132
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[726]
MINIM UM WAGE.
133
The representatives of the employees stated from the beginning
that they preferred an all-cash wage. With this wage they would be
in a position to eat and live wherever they chose. If an employer
provided room and meals for his employees, such accommodations
should be in addition to the minimum wage. The employers pro
tested against such an arrangement, their main argument being that
it would be practically impossible to prevent the employees who were
handling food from eating what they wanted. This large group of
workers would thus get their meals at the expense of the employer
and have the money allowed for food in the minimum wage rate for
other purposes.
The employers, however, were willing to pay an all-cash wage,
provided that they could charge their employees for food and room,
such charge to be a matter of individual bargaining between the
employer and the employee. The workers objected to this scheme
on the ground that the superior bargaining power of the employer
would leave the actual determination of the charge largely in his
hands. The employee would either have to accept his terms or look
elsewhere for work.
Determining the Charge for Accommodations.
HE remaining proposition was that a minimum wage rate
should be determined and also the maximum amounts which
an employer who furnished room or board, or both, to his em
ployees should be allowed to charge for these accommodations.
This scheme was generally accepted as the best method of protecting
the interests of all parties concerned. But the cpiestion at issue was,
upon what basis should the fixed charge be determined—cost to the
employer or value to the employee.
The representatives of the woman workers contended that the
basis should be cost to the employer. They argued that generally
speaking it was of advantage to the employer to have his employees
live in the establishment. The ' ‘living in ” system has been opposed
for years by the workers and is gradually being broken down, but
if in addition to the natural advantage of having the employees on
the premises an employer was allowed to make profits on the accom
modations provided them, the “ living in ” system with all its evils
would be given a new lease of life. Theoretically, the employee
would have the option of taking or leaving the job, but practically
the person who controlled the job, the employer, would hold the
"ption. The applicant for work would be told that a certain wage
would be paid, from which would be deducted the legal allowance
for room and board. Among an unorganized group of workers the
tendency would be to accept for the. time being the terms offered,
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no matter how unsatisfactory they might be, rather than take a
chance at finding other work.
The representatives of the employers, on the other hand, held
that the basis of determination should be the prevailing rates for
similar accommodations in the community. If $3.50 a week, was
the least sum for which a woman could secure respectable lodgings,
and the conference agreed that it was, then the employer who pro
vided rooms for his employees should be allowed to deduct $3.50
from the minimum wage. In the same way if $1 a day, $7 a week,
was the least sum for which palatable and nutritious food could be
obtained, and the conference was of the opinion that this was true,
then the employer who furnished food to his employees should be
allowed to deduct that sum from the minimum wage. In other
words, the representatives of the employers held that if in the deter
mination of the cash minimum wage a certain allowance was made
for room and board, then that sum should be fixed as the charge
which an employer who furnished his woman workers with these
items could make.
Real difficulties were presented by the inequalities in food served
employees in the different types of establishments and by the in
adequacy of some of the rooming facilities provided. It was pointecj^
out that three grades of food were served in the larger hotels, the rank
and file of the employees getting the third or poorest grade. The
women contended that this food was often unpalatable and even
inedible, and they felt that an employer should not be allowed to
charge the price of a wholesome meal for food which did not come up
to standard. On the other hand, in the small restaurants, tea rooms,
and cafeterias only one grade of food was served. In these establish
ments the employees probably ate more than one dollar's worth of
food a day. Therefore a fixed price for a meal served employees
would in some instances work a hardship on the employee and in other
instances on the employer. Where could the line be drawn so as to
secure a maximum of benefit with a minimum of hardship? Final
agreement was reached on $0.30 a meal, $6.30 for 21 meals a week,
and $2 a week for rent. These figures represent a compromise between
the cost to the employer and the value to the employee as measured
by prices for which standard accommodations could be secured out
side of the establishment.
The mercantile conference reporting in July, 1919, allowed $4 a
week for clothing. It was generally conceded that clothing prices
had risen appreciably since that time and wdth little discussion th<®
employees’ estimate of $4.50 was accepted. The clothing budget was
as follows:
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1 su it every two y ears....................................................................................... $ 1 7 .5 0
1 coat every two years...................................................................................... 19. 75
8 waists, a t $2.................................................................................................. 16.00
1 dress w aist.........................................................................................................
7 .00
1 wool dress every two y ears........................................................................... 12. 50
1 wool sk irt................................ 1 ........................................................................ 10.00
2 sum m er sk irts..................................................................................................
5 .00
1 dress-up dress ev ery two years.................................................................... 15.00
3 hats—sum m er and w inter work hats and dress h a t every two y ears. .
14.00
2 wash dresses, a t $8.......................................................................................... 16.00
4 pairs shoes, 2 pairs, a t §8, and 2 pairs, a t $4........................................... 24.00
3 pairs gloves—1 kid, a t $2.50, an d 2 cotton, a t $1.05.............................
4 . 60
12 pairs stockings, a t 65 cen ts.........................................................................
7.80
2 corsets, a t $2.50...............................................................................................
5.00
4 sum m er union suits, a t $1.25.......................................................................
5 .00
3 w inter union suits, a t $1.75..........................................................................
5 . 25
6 corset covers, a t 80 cen ts...........................................................................
4 .80
4 nightgowns, a t $1.50.......................................................................................
6.00
2 w hite petticoats, a t $1.50..............................................................................
3 .00
1 dark u n d ersk irt...............................................................................................
3 . 60
2 dozen handkerchiefs, a t 15 c en ts................................. .............................
3 . 60
8 aprons, a t $1.50................................................................................................ 12.00
1 kim ono...........................................................
2.00
1 purse..................................................................................................................
1. 50
1 um brella every two years.............................................................................
1. 50
1 pair ru b b ers......................................................................................................
1. 50
R epairs to clothing (suit, skirt, e tc .)............................................................
2. 50
R epairing shoes...................................................................................................
4 .00
Neckwear— 4 sets, a t 50 c e n ts........................................................................
2 .00
M iscellaneous................................................................ .....................................
2 .00
*
Total per y e a r............................................................................................. 234.40
Total per w eek............................................................................................
4 . 51
The two previous conferences had each allowed S3.20 for sundries.
The representatives of the employees asked for a material increase in
this allowance, but 50 cents additional was all that was granted.
This 50 cents was to cover increased laundry expenses and car fare
rates.
Report of the Conference.
FPHE report of the conference, dated February 3, 1920, is as folT lows:
To th e M inim um Wage Board of th e D istrict of Columbia:
The conference on th e hotel, restaurant, ap artm en t house, club, and hospital in d u s
tries having com pleted its consideration of and in q u iry in to th e subject su b m itted to
it b y th e board reports its findings and recom m endations as follows:
1.
The conference finds th a t th e m inim um wage for women workers in th e occupa
tions u nder in q u iry should be $16.50 perw eek, and th a t an y lesser wage is inad eq u ate
to su p p ly th e necessary cost of living to women workers in such occupations and to
m aintain th em in health an d to protect th e ir morals. The figures upon w hich th is
wage is based are: Room, $2; board, $6.30; clothing, $4.50; sundries, $3.70.
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2. The conference recom mends:
(а) T h at th e wage to b.e paid to any woman worker in a hotel, restaurant, apartm en t
house, club, or hospital shall be n o t less th an $16.50 p e r week.
(б) T h at where th e em ployer furnishes room or board, or both, to his employees he
m ay m ake a charge for room of n o t more th a n $2 p er week, for board a t not more th an
the rate of $0.30 per meal or $6.30 for 21 meals per week.
This report has been unanimously accepted by the Minimum Wage
Board. In accordance with the law a public hearing must be held
at which any person in favor of or opposed to the recommendations
may be heard. The hotel men’s section of the Merchants and Manu
facturers’ Association has signified its intention of protesting against
the rates. The representative of the restaurant owners in the confer
ence has refused to join with the hotel men in such protest. With
sentiment divided the hearing promises to be a lively one. If, when
the hearing is over, the board is still in favor of the recommended
rates it will embody them in the form of an order which will become
effective 60 days from date. Approximately 3,000 women will come
within the scope of such an order.
Minimum Wage Law of Massachusetts,
B
Y AN act of the legislature of 1919 (chap. 350) the Minimum
Wage Commission of Massachusetts went out of existence on
November 30 of that year. The act named creates a depart
ment of labor and industries into which are consolidated the various
State boards and commissions interested in industrial matters.1 There
is to be a commissioner of labor and industries who is the adminis
trative and executive head of the new department. Three associate
commissioners take over the functions of the minimum wage com
mission, and are charged with the executive duties formerly devolving
upon the commission.
The commission in its final report expresses the hope that the
essential features of the minimum wage work will be continued
intact, and that its identity and individuality will be maintained.
I t says: 11 The work is distinctly different from that of the other labor
boards and commissions with which it is joined. It is concerned
directly with a special group—the unskilled, unorganized women and
child workers in the State. The wage boards through which it func
tions involve distinct problems requiring a certain specialization in
their treatment.”
The minimum wage commission was established in July, 1913.
During the six years of its existence wage investigations have been
i See p p . 209 to 213 of th is issu e of th e R e v ie w for a n a c c o u n t of th e o rg a n iz a tio n of th e n e w d e p a rtm e n t.
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M I N I M U M WAGE.
137
conducted in 23 occupations, in 4 of which a second investigation has
* been made. In 16 of these, wage boards have been authorized, and
in 14 minimum wage rates have been fixed. Inspections during the
year showed substantially full compliance with the recommendations
of the commission, and also indicate a considerable number of
increases in wages paid.
Inspections covered 1,030 establishments, employing 24,815
women. Only 196 cases of violations, or less than 1 per cent of the
entire number for whom records were secured, were found. Satis
factory adjustments were secured in nearly every case without
recourse to legal action. The difficulty of determining with exactness
the advances made on account of the decrees is recognized. However,
it is believed that they have been largely beneficial, while in a number
oi cases employers have anticipated action by the commission by
increasing rates of wages immediately following an investigation of
their industry, without waiting for a wage board to make recom
mendations. Indeed, satisfaction is expressed over a changed attitude
on the part of employers toward the minimum wage work. The
hostility of past years seems largely to have disappeared, and many
employers recognize that a minimum wage is to their interest as well
w-s that of their employees, since it is a minimum and not a standard
rate, and protects representative employers from unfair competition.
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COOPERATION.
The Cooperative Movement in the United States.
By F lorence E. P arker.
fT ^ H E cooperative movement, or the Rochdale movement, as it is
I often called, is one of great social significance. It tends to
substitute for the present system of private profit taking a
condition of society under which every need of life, social and eco
nomic, will he supplied by the united effort of all. Though this aim
is revolutionary, the method of attainment is gradual and peaceful.
The movement is not political but economic. The cooperator as
such takes no part in politics. One writer states that “the cooperator
exercises his power chiefly through his economic vote, as a consumer/’1
The immediate object of the movement is the reduction of the cost
of living by a system of exchange, as nearly direct as possible,
between producer and consumer, the middleman and his profits
being eliminated. The cooperator may set about to accomplish th is ^
object either as a consumer or as a producer. As a consumer the
medium through which he works is the cooperative buying club or
the cooperative store; as a producer it is some such organization as
a farmers’ marketing association.
The Rochdale Principles.
C
ERTAIN features inaugurated by the Rochdale cooperators
have been adopted by their successors as guiding principles
and characterize the movement wherever it exists. The leaders in
cooperative organization continually urge that all societies should
rigidly adhere to them. One authority says that failure to conform
to these principles “is to abandon the cooperative idea and to invite
failure.” 2
The principles are as'follows:
1. U nrestricted m em bership, w ith shares of low denom ination w hich m ay be paid
for in installm ents.
2. L im itation of th e num ber of shares to be held by any one m em ber, to prev en t
wide in eq u ality in th e financial status of members.
3.
Democracy in governm ent, and each m em ber lim ited to one vote, irrespective
of th e num ber of shares held.
a
4. Sale of pure goods at prevailing m arket prices.
5.
Cash sales to avoid th e loss a tte n d a n t upon extension of credit and to enable th e
society to m ake th e best use of its capital.
1Albert Sonnichsen: Consum ers’ Cooperation.
2
New Y ork, M acm illan Co., 1919, p. 1B6.
Emerson P . H arris: Cooperation th e H ope of th e Consumer. New Y ork, M acm illan Co., 1918, p. 179.
138
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C. P aym ent of not more th a n a legal rate of in terest on share and loan capital, the
rem ainder of th e “ profits” (th e surplus over cost price plus expenses of m anagem ent),
after m aking provision for depreciation, reserve, and educational fund, to be returned
as a dividend to m em bers in proportion to th e ir patronage.
History of Cooperation in the United States.1
OTARTED in Rochdale, England, in 1844 by 28 weavers as a
^ means of relief from poverty, unemployment, adulterated food,
and extortionate prices, the cooperative movement has remained
a distinctly working-class movement, and as such has spread to
every continent. The United States was one of the first countries
to follow the lead of the Rochdale pioneers. Until recently, however,
the cooperative movement has not been particularly successful here,
though thousands of enterprises have been started which have had
temporary success.
The cooperative spirit in the United States has manifested itself
in various ways. Probably the first instance of cooperative purchase
was the buying club established in Boston in 1844, out of which
grew the powerful New England Protective Union. This organiza
tion flourished for a while, but internal quarrels disrupted it, and its
place was taken by the American Protective Union. Through the
w latter, as many as 700 stores are said to have been established in
New England.
During the early seventies the Patrons of Husbandry, a farmers’
order, established a number of cooperative stores, some of which still
exist.
The establishment of communistic colonies was another form taken
by cooperative effort. This phase, beginning early in the first half
of the century has continued, in sporadic instances, up to the present.
Some of these colonies, such as the Amana community in Iowa, the
Separatist community at Zoar, Ohio, and the various Shaker com
munities, were primarily religious. Others, such as the Anaheim,
and Kaweah cooperative colonies in California were economic in
origin. Some of these communities are still in existence. The
Oneida community in New York, which began as a communistic
religious colony, still survives, but has taken on the character of a
joint stock company.
Not all of the early ventures were strictly cooperative in principle
and in many cases the cooperative idea was subordinated to some
other economic or social theory which caused the failure of the
cooperative scheme. This was true of the movement supported by
W the Knights of Labor about 1884, in which the cooperative feature
was incidental to their political program, the failure of which de
stroyed the stores.
1 T he d a ta -o n w hich this section is based w ere secured from C onsum ers’ Cooperation, by A lbert Sonnichsen, Cooperation in New E n g lan d , b y Prof. Jam es Ford, an d U . S. B ureau of L abor B u lletin No. 35.
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Iii 1874 there was established a purely cooperative organization,
the Sovereigns of Industry. Stores established by this organization
spread all through the North Atlantic coast States. This society
failed in 1879 through bad business management.
Toward the end of the century the movement in the United States
seemed to have died out. Only a few isolated independent stores
remained. Of recent years interest in all lines of cooperative activity,
particularly in farmers’ marketing organizations and cooperative
buying associations, has gradually revived. The most notable
examples of the former type of cooperation are found in such associa
tions as the California Fruit Growers’ Exchange and the various
live-stock shippers’ organizations. A detailed discussion of farmers’
distributive organizations was given in the M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w
for March, 1919 (pp.133-136). The present article will be confined
to cooperative buying or consumers’ associations.
There are now certain well-defined centers of consumers’ cooper
ative associations. The Pacific coast has a vigorous movement,
strongly backed by labor unions, centering about San Francisco
and Seattle. Illinois is another center of cooperative activity. In
this section the miners have been largely instrumental in making b
the stores a success. In the Dakotas, the Nonpartisan League has ^
established a chain of stores as a part of its program. The North
Central States have a thriving movement centering in the Coopera
tive Wholesale Society of America, in St. Paul, which combines both
the producer and consumer phases of the movement. A good deal
of organization work is being done in the vicinity of New York City.
The Finns have a large number of stores, all strongly centralized,
with wholesale centers at Superior, Wis., and Fitchburg, Mass.
Extent and Character of Cooperative Movement in the United States.
HILE there seem to be no statistical data relative to the extent of the cooperative movement in the United States, it is
estimated that there are about 3,000 consumers’ societies, having a
combined business of approximately $200,000,000 a year.1
The Bureau of Labor Statistics has been making a tentative survey
of the cooperative movement and. now has data from about 85 con
sumers’ cooperative societies. Though as yet the data are too
scattered and incomplete and relate to too small a number of asso
ciations to be put into statistical form, they will serve to give a gen
eral idea of the character of the cooperative society. The survey
includes associations dealing in one or several of the following lines:
Groceries, meats, meat products, bakery goods, milk, dry goods,
women’s clothing, millinery, boots and shoes, students’ school sup1 E stim a te d by th e N ational Cooperative A ssociation, Chicago.
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|p[ plieSj feed, fuel, miners’ supplies, grain, fertilizers, spraying mate
rials, lumber, timber products, farm machinery, and hardware.
All except six of the societies reporting as to number of establish
ments operate only one establishment. Of these, four report that
they operate a branch store in connection with a grocery or general
mercantile business; one society which does a general mercantile
business operates seven branch stores; a Finnish society in New
England reports that it operates 12 grocery stores, 2 bakeries, 3
boarding places, and 4 milk stations.
M embership.
The membership of the societies which furnished information as
to membership ranged from 35 to 1,700, the average being 427. Most
of the societies reporting conform to the open-membership principle.
Generally the only requirement—aside from the monetary one—is
that the applicant be over 16, or over IS, years of age, or that he be
indorsed by a member in good standing. One society makes a some
what unusual restriction on membership. Its constitution provides
that “ members of commercial clubs, employers’ organizations, man
ufacturers’ associations, retailers’ associations, and business men,
p r iv a te detectives, except should they be a member of some labor
organization also,” shall not be admitted to membership in the
society.
Most societies charge a small membership fee ranging, among those
reporting, from 25 cents to 11. In one society this fee was $5; two
others charge $10.
N um ber and V alue of Shares.
The value of a share of stock ranges from $5 to $100, the greatest
number reporting the former amount. The significance of this is
altered somewhat by the fact that some societies require the pur
chase of more than one share of stock by each member. With this
factor taken into account the capital investment required ranges from
$5 to $300, the majority of societies requiring $10. The average for
all the societies reporting was $41 per member. Of course, every fac
tor which tends to increase the amount of money which must be ad
vanced in order to secure membership limits the field from which the
society may draw its members, since many persons, though inter
ested in the project, might still be deterred by financial inability from
joining. One society whose shares are $100 each requires that each
' unember hold three. To the average wage earner whom the cooper
a t i v e movement should benefit this requirement acts as a very
effective barrier. About one-fourth of the societies reporting stated
that the shares may be paid for in installments.
The number of shares that may be held by one member range from
1 to 200, the greatest number of associations allowing each member
165120°—20----- 10
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to own 5 shares. The maximum amount that may be invested by
any one member ranges from $10 to $1,000. In the largest number
of cases a member may invest $100 in share capital. The number of
shares per member is limited in some States by the cooperative law.
Thus, in Illinois the law provides that no member may own more
than five shares or $500 worth of stock.
D em ocracy in G overnm ent.
Without exception, in the societies studied, the principle of ‘‘one
member, one vote’7 is strictly adhered to. Voting by proxy is al
lowed in only one society. A number of associations allow a member
unavoidably absent to vote by mail, provided he is informed as to
the matter to be voted on. A great many allow the member’s vote
to be cast, in. his absence, by a member of his family.
Since democracy in government is one of the chief principles of the
cooperative society, it is important that as many members partici
pate as possible, and cooperators lay stress on the importance of
members’ attendance at meetings. About one-third of the societies
reporting levy a fine, ranging from 25 cents to $1, for nonattendance,
and one society provides that any member failing, for a whole year,
to attend the meetings shall be expelled.
The affairs of each society are managed by a board of directors
elected by and from the membership to serve, in the majority of
cases, for one year. This board usually consists of five or seven mem
bers. In one case, where there are nine directors, the constitution
provides that three shall be women. Another association provides
that none of its directorships shall be filled by a ‘‘business man or
profiteer.”
Prices.
Of the associations which reported as to prices, all but three sell
at prevailing prices. These three state that they sell at “ reasonable
rates,” “ operate on a small margin,” or on as small a margin “ as is
consistent with safety.”
Sales.
Though it is the policy of the stores reporting to sell only for
cash, in practice members are allowed credit to the amount of from
two-fifths to four-fifths of their paid-up capital stock. Three-fifths
of the paid-up capital stock seems to be the usual amount of credit
granted. Usually, in addition, credit is given to the full amount of
the member’s loan capital. One society, which allows credit up to
four-fifths of stock, states that it does not recommend this as a saitjP
course to pursue, although it has worked very well in their case.
One association allows credit, amount unspecified, for six months;
another allows it to the amount of $40, and this must he paid by
the tenth of the following month.
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The average monthly sales of the societies reporting on this point
range irom. $2,359 in one small society which had at the time of
reporting been in business less than a year to $78,450 in a society
having about 1,700 members, which has been established since 1890.
The average sales of all the societies reporting amounted to
$13,815 per month, this average is probably too large to be rep
resentative of the typical small cooperative society, since the socie
ties which reported on this point were, for the most part, societies
with a large membership and some operated more than one store.
R ates of In te re st, P rovision for R eserve, etc., an d D ivid en d s on P urchases.
The rate of interest paid by the societies reporting ranged from
nothing, in two cases, to 10, in one ease. In only one instance, a
Michigan society, was more than the legal rate of interest paid. In
several of the societies, the first two or three shares of each member’s
stock are held as working capital and bear no interest, the legal rate
being paid on all shares in excess of those numbers.
Practically every society provides for a reserve fund to meet unex
pected losses. The amount annually set aside for this fund is based
upon the surplus, and ranges from 1 to 50 per cent. In most of the
^societies the annual appropriation for reserve is 10 per cent or under.
Many societies provide either that when the reserve reaches the sum
of $30,000, or when it amounts to 30 per cent of the capital stock,
no further additions to the fund shall be made.
In the cooperative movement, emphasis is laid on the importance
of educational and propaganda work, and many associations regularly
appropriate a certain percentage of the surplus for this purpose. In
the societies studied this percentage ranged from 2 to 50 per cent.
Cooperative societies generally sell to nonmembers as well as
members, but they do not always include noninemhers in the return
of dividends. Where dividends are returned on the purchases of
nonmembers they are usually at one-half the rate received by mem
bers, though some of the societies state that they pay up to threefourths of the members’ rate. In some associations the nonmember’s
dividend is not paid to him but is applied on a share of stock so that
in time he automatically becomes a member of the society and is
entitled to the full rate of dividend.
Some societies also arrange with private stores for a discount on
purchases made by their members.
A
B enefits o f th e C ooperative Society.
The cooperative stores probably have little, if any, effect in lower
ing prices in their community, since, as has been noted, most of them
sell at prevailing market prices to avoid arousing the enmity of the
private dealer. The practical effect of price reduction, however, is
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obtained by means of dividends, which are declared quaiterly or
semiannually.
The dividend is the member’s share of the “ profits,” that is, of the
sum remaining after deduction from the surplus of the amounts to he
set aside for education, reserve, and depreciation funds. The divi
dend is computed not upon the capital stock but upon the total sales,
and is distributed in accordance with the amount purchased by each
member. Thus the member whose purchases at the store have
amounted to $100 during the quarter would receive, on a 6 per cent
dividend, $6.
The dividends returned to members on purchases ranged from 3
to 10 per cent. One large society, mentioned above, states that it
has never paid less than 8 per cent and has paid as high as 13 per
cent, The average dividend for the stores reporting was a little
over 7 per cent.
Only three of the stores reporting as to the amount of dividend deal
exclusively in groceries. These reported dividend returns of 4, 6, and
9 per cent on purchases. In the investigation made by the Bureau
of Labor Statistics in cooperation with the National War Labor
Board of the cost of living in 92 industrial centers it was found that
the average annual expenditure for food of 3,959 families with
yearly incomes of $1,200 and under $1,500, amounted to S515.55.1
On such an expenditure the cooperator would receive as his yearly
dividend $20.62 from, the store paying a 4 per cent dividend, $30.33
from the one paying 6 per cent, and $46.40 from the one paying 9
per cent. The expenditure for food of 2,730 families with yearly
incomes of $1,500 and under $1,800 was found to he $571,752 On
purchases to this amount the dividend received from the three stores
would be $22.87, $34.30, and $51.46.
I t must be borne in mind, however, that probably in most cases
members would not buy all of their food supplies from the coopera
tive store. The above dividends, therefore, are the maximum re
ceivable, the amount actually received being determined by the
proportion bought at the cooperative store.
The average dividend paid by the societies dealing in general
merchandise ranged from 3 to 8 per cent, the average being 6 per cent.
Assuming the term “ general merchandise” to cover the items listed by
the Bureau in its cost-of-living study as “ food,” “clothing,” and “ fur
niture and furnishings,” the average expenditure for general mer
chandise of the industrial wage earners’ families was found to be
$784 for those having an annual income of $1,200 and under $1,500
and $907.44 for those having an income of $1,500 and under $1,800.
At the rate of a 6 per cent return on this expenditure, assuming
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COOPERATION.
145
again that all purchases for merchandise were made at the society’s
store, the yearly dividend would amount to $47.04 and $54.45.
Besides this monetary benefit the cooperator receives other advan
tages through his membership in the society. Prof. Ford empha
sizes 1 that the cooperative movement provides values not readily
obtainable from other sources:
(!) I t provides im p o rta n t practical education in business m ethods for a d u lt wage
earners. (2) I t provides train in g for citizenship. Questions of broad policy are
in ev itab ly discussed in m eetings of cooperative associations. This discussion dev el
ops knowledge, a b ility to und erstan d and to h an d le m en w hich renders th e cooperator
valuable in public service. (3) I t discovers w hat Prof. Marshall calls " o u r greatest
waste product, ” nam ely, th e la te n t abilities of workingm en, and u tilizes those la te n t
abilities not only in th e fields of business and citizenship, b u t throughout th e en tire
range of social conduct. (4) I t h ab itu ates m en to altru istic modes of thou g h t an d of
conduct. The m otto E ach for all and all for each finds d aily expression in coop
erative activities. The more a m an buys from th e cooperative shop th e more he
stabilizes th e business and increases his profits and his neighbor's dividends. (5) I t
not only increases th e incom e of in d iv id u al mem bers, b u t creates a collective capital
which can be used on occasion, to free th e working classes from an y form of exploita
tion.
1 D istrib u tiv e cooperation, by Jam es Ford.
1917, P ittsb u rg h , Pa.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Address delivered a t N ational Conference of Social W ork
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT
Employment in Selected Industries in January,
1920,
HE Bureau of Labor Statistics received and tabulated reports
concerning the volume of employment in January, 1920,
from representative establishments in 13 manufacturing in
dustries. Comparing the figures of January., 1920, with those of
identical establishments for January, 1919, it appears that in 10
industries there was an increase in the number of persons employed,
while in 3 there was a decrease. The greatest increases 54.2 and
51 per cent—appear in men’s ready-made clothing and woolen,
respectively, and the largest decrease—24.9 per cent is shown in
car building and repairing.
Eleven of the 13 industries show an increase in the total amount
of the pay roll for January, 1920, as compared with January, 1919, ^
and 2 show a decrease. The most important percentage increases
149.5, 125.8, and 73—appear in men’s ready-made clothing, woolen,
and automobile manufacturing, respectively. A decrease of 21.5
per cent is found in car building and repairing.
The large increases over last year are due in part to the decline
in the fall and winter of 1918-19 caused by the cancellation of Gov
ernment contracts and uncertain industrial conditions following the
signing of the armistice in November, 1918. In men’s ready-made
clothing in November, 1918, there was a falling off of 1.4 per cent
in the number of employees and 4.6 per cent in the amount of the
pay roll as compared with October, 1918. The comparison of De
cember, 1918, with November, 1918, shows a decrease of 2.7 per cent
in the number of employees and an increase of 5.8 per cent in earn
ings. In January, 1919, as compared with December, 1918, there
was a decrease of 8 per cent in the number on the pay roll and a
decrease of 3.7 per cent in the amount of the pay roll. In woolen
for January, 1919, as compared with December, 1918, there was a
falling off of 18.1 per cent in the number on the pay roll and 25.2
per cent in the amount of the pay roll.
T
146
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[740j
147
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT.
C O M PA R ISO N O F E M P L O Y M E N T IN ID E N T IC A L E S T A B L IS H M E N T S IN JA N U A R Y , 1919,
A N D JA N U A R Y , 1920.
In d u stry .
A utom obile m anufacturing.
B oots a n d shoes._________
Car bu ild in g a n d rep airin g ..
Cigar m a n u factu rin g ............
M en's ready-m ade clothing.
C otton finishing.....................
C otton m anufacturing..........
H osiery a n d u n d e rw e ar___
Iro n an d steel.........................
L eather m an u factu rin g.......
P aper m ak in g .........................
S ilk ...........................................
W oolen_____ ______ ____
E sta b
: N um ber on p ay
Per
lish
roll in Jan u a ry — cent
m en ts
of
in
report Period of
crease.
ing for
p
ay
roll.
(
+
)
or
Jan u
de
ary,
1919
1920
crease
b o th
(-)•
years.
36
65
55
56
36
17
52
65
97
33
50
49
49
1 w e e k .. 78,120
. . .d o ....... 51,624
| m o n th . 66,766
1 w e e k .. IS ,273
. .. d o ....... 13,314
. .. d o ....... 12,762
.. .do.......
43,532
30,709
-...d;o___
J m o n th . 191,486
I w e e k .. 15,449
. .. d o .......
27,588
2 w eek s. 17,787
1 w e e k .. 29,123
107,559
56,610
50,109
17,492
20,530
15,868
45,341
34,182
174,797
18,025
28,734
21,099
43,975
A m ount of p ay roll
in Jan u ary —
1919
1920
+37.7 82,091,674 $3,617,749
+ 9.7 1,110,203 1,395,794
-2 4 .9 3,887,252 3,050,049
- 4.3
291,278
365,467
+54.2
267,892
668,517
+24.3
241,367
398,024
+ 4.2
709,333
945,075
+ 11.3
442,355
647,200
- 8 . 7 13,250,085 12.378,710
+ 16.7
339,439
466,443
+ 4.2
596,785
747,149
+ 18.6
626,094
957,632
+51.0
507,700 1,146,242
Per
cent
of in
crease
( + ) or
de
crease
(-)•
+ 73.0
+ 25.7
- 21. 5
+ 25.5
+149.5
+ 64.9
+ 33.2
+ 46.3
- 6.6
+ 37.4
+ 53.0
+ 125.8
Comparative data for January, 1920, and December, 1919, appear
in the following table. The figures show that in nine industries there
was an increase in the number of persons on the pay roll in January
as compared with December, and in four a decrease.
The largest increase in the number of people employed appears in
iron and steel, 12.4 per cent. Decreases of 3.4 and 2.6 per cent are
shown in cigar manufacturing and car building and repairing,
respectively.
In comparing January, 1920, with December, 1919, nine industries
show an increase in the amount of money paid to employees and four
a decrease. The most important increases are 13.7 per cent in iron
and steel and 12.4 per cent in automobile manufacturing. Cigar
manufacturing and car building and repairing show respective per
centage decreases of 7.8 and 6.4.
C O M PA R ISO N O F E M P L O Y M E N T IN ID E N T IC A L E S T A B L IS H M E N T S IN D E C E M B E R ,
1919, A N D JA N U A R Y , 1920.
In d u stry .
#
A utom obile m anufacturing.
Boots a n d shoes.....................
Car building and rep airin g ..
Cigar m an u factu rin g ............
M en’s ready-m ade clothing.
C otton fin ish in g ....................
C otton m an u factu rin g ..........
H osiery an d u n d erw ear___
Iro n a n d steel____________
L eather m an u factu rin g .......
P aper m aking.........................
Silk...........................................
W oolen.............................. ......
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
E s ta b
N u m b er on p ay
lish-1
roll in —
m ents
report Period of
ing for
Decem p a y roll. Decem Jan u
ber and
ber, 1919. ary, 1920.
Jan u
ary.
37
59
55
56
41
17
52
61
99
31
50
47
49
1 w e e k .. 100,098
. .. d o ....... 51,492
h m onth.
51,443
I w eek. . IS ,288
. - .d o ....... 17,704
.. . d o ...,. 16,020
. .. d o ....... 43,772
. .. d o ....... 32,012
i m onth. 158,067
1 w e e k .. 16,926
. .. d o ....... 28,458
2 w e e k s., 20,067
1 w eek... 45,553
[741]
105,053
52,123
50,109
17,663
17,981
15,868
43,506
32,097
177,674
17,238
28,734
20,178
47,407
A m ount of pay roll
Per
in —
cent
of in
crease
( + ) or
de
DecemJan u
crease : ber, 1919. ary, 1920.
(-)•
Per
cent
of in
crease
( + ) or
de
crease
(-)•
+ 5.0 $3,161,276 $3,553,941
+ 1.2 1,287,310 1,323,272
- 2.6 3,258,785 3,050,049
- 3.4
399,345
368,363
543,347
+ 1.6
575,283
403,807
- .9
398,024
- .6
895,684
910,103
594,328
609,071
+ .3
+12.4 11,099,157 12,615,643
+ 1.8
432,517
443,736
731,641
+ 1.0
747,149
918,390
+ .6
916,316
+ 4.1 1,184,.265 1,227,862
- 6.4
- 7.8
+ 5.9
- 1 .4
+ 1.6
+ 2.5
+ 13.7
+ 2.6
+ 2.1
- .2
H~* 3.7
+12.4
148
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
In addition to the data presented in the above tables as to the
number of employees on the pay roll 86 plants in the iron and steel
industry reported 147,426 employees as actually working on the last
full day of the pay period reported for January 1920, as against
156,327 for the reported pay-roll period in January, 1919, a decrease
of 5.7 per cent. Figures given by 87 establishments in the iron and
steel industry for January, 1920, and December, 1919, show that
147,893 employees were actually working on the last full day or the
pay period reported for in January, 1920, as against 131,054 for the
period in December, 1919, an increase of 12.8 per cent.
Changes in Wage Rates.
the period December 15, 1919, to January 15, 1920, there
DURING
were establishments in 11 of the 13 industries which reported
increases in wage rates. Of the establishments reporting, many did
not answer the inquiry relative to this item, but in such cases it is
not likely that changes were made.
Automobile manufacturing: Twenty per cent of the employees in
one establishment received an increase of 10 per cent, and 9.5 per
cent of the men in another plant received an increase of 8.25 per cent. ^
One concern granted a 4 per cent increase to 12\ per cent of their
help. In one establishment 40.6 per cent of the employees received
an increase of 2.48 per cent, while 5 per cent of the force in another
shop were granted a wage increase of 2 per cent. Two establish
ments reported a few individual increases but made no further
statement.
Boots and shoes: Ten per cent of the employees in one firm were
granted a 12R per cent increase. Three firms gave increases of 10
per cent affecting all of the force in two plants and 25 per cent of the
men in the third establishment. An increase of 9f per cent, affecting
164 per cent of the employees, was reported by one plant. One
establishment gave an 8 per cent increase to 10 per cent of their help
and paid 20 per cent of the men a bonus of 7£ per cent on wages
earned the preceding three months. A few small individual increases
were reported by one concern but no further data were given.
Cigar manufacturing: One factory reported a 12 per cent increase
but made no further statement. One establishment gave increases
ranging from 5 to 10 per cent to 98 per cent of the employees. All
of the men in one concern received an increase of 7 \ per cent. An
increase of about 2 per cent, affecting 4 | per cent of the force, was ^
reported by one concern.
Men’s ready-made clothing: Five establishments granted a 20 per
cent increase affecting all of the employees in three firms, 90 per
cent of the force in the third plant and 75 per cent of the men in the
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[742]
*
E M P L O Y M E N T AND U N E M P L O Y M E N T .
149
fourth concern. An increase of 17 per cent, affecting 821 per cent
of the employees, was given by one establishment. All of the em
ployees in one concern were given an increase of 15 per cent and
the entire force of another establishment received increases ranging
from 10 to 15 per cent. One firm reported an increase of 9.71 per
cent but made no statement concerning the number of men affected.
Cotton finishing: An increase of 12$ per cent, affecting all of the
employees, was reported by one establishment while another concern
gave a 2 per cent increase to all of their force.
Cotton manufacturing: One establishment reported a 16 per cent
increase but made no statement as to the number of men affected.
All of the employees in three plants received a 10 per cent increase
and the entire force in another plant was granted an increase of 9.1
per cent. One concern reported an increase of 8$ per cent, affecting
99 per cent of the help.
Hosiery and underwear: One establishment granted an increase
of 15 per cent to all of the employees. Two firms gave a 12$ per cent
increase to the entire force, and two other mills reported a 12$ per
cent increase in wage rates but failed to give the proportion of the
0 help affected. An increase of 11 per cent, affecting all of the men,
w was given by three concerns. All of the employees in one mill
received an increase of about 10 per cent while six establishments
granted 10 per cent increases, affecting all of the men in four plants,
90 per cent of the employees in the fifth mill, and 25 per cent of the
force in the sixth establishment. One concern reported an increase
in wage rates but made no further statement.
Iron and steel: One plant reported individual increases of about
10 per cent. Fifty per cent of the men in one establishment received
increases ranging from 2 to 10 per cent, and all of the employees in
another plant were granted a 6$ per cent increase. One concern
reported an increase of about 6 per cent affecting 60 per cent of the
force and a 2$ per cent increase to the other 40 per cent of the
employees. The entire force in one mill was granted a 5 per cent
increase. All of the men in one mill received an average wage
increase of 4$ per cent. Two plants reported a 2$ per cent increase,
affecting about 20 per cent of the employees in one concern and onethird of the force in the other. Forty-two per cent of the employees
in one establishment received an increase, the puddle mill tonnage
men receiving an increase of 2.2 per cent and the finishing mill
^tonnage men a 1.2 per cent increase. All of the force in one plant
was granted an increase of 0.1428 per cent, and the wages of all the
employees in another concern were increased 30 cents per day. One
establishment reported an increase of 0.0233 per cent, affecting 75
per cent of the force, and 41 per cent of the men in another plant
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[743]
1 5 0
M O N T H L Y LABOE R E V IE W .
received an increase of 0.019 per cent. One establishment reported
an increase but made no further statement.
Leather manufacturing: Six per cent of the men in one establish
ment received a 15 per cent increase. One firm gave a 10 per cent
increase to all of the employees while the entire force in anothei plant
was granted an increase of 71 per cent. A 5 per cent increase,
affecting 50 per cent of the men, was reported by one concern. One
establishment paid a bonus to all full-time workers.
Paper making: Eighty-five per cent of the employees in one estab
lishment received an increase of 121 per cent. Two firms gave a 10
per cent increase affecting the entire force and all of the men in
another concern were given an increase of approximately 10 per cent.
Silk: One establishment reported an increase of about 20 per cent
affecting about one-half of the employees. All of the force in one
mill was given a 121 per cent increase. Seven concerns granted an
increase of 10 per cent, affecting all of the men in the first two plants,
90 per cent of the force in the third, 79 per cent in the fourth, 50 pei
cent in the fifth, 7 per cent in the sixth, and 3 per cent in the
seventh. One concern gave a 5 per cent increase to 20 per cent of the
employees, and another firm paid a 5 per cent bonus to the entue
force. An increase was reported by one mill but no further infoiki- ^ i
ation was given.
Employment and Unemployment in Great Britain
in 1919»
REVIEW of employment and unemployment conditions in
Great Britain in 1919 is contained in the January issue of
the British Labor Gazette. I t is stated that in the early
part of 1919 there was a large amount of transitional unemployment
due to changing over from war to peace conditions, which was most
severely felt by semiskilled and unskilled munition workers, large
numbers of whom had been drawn irom other industries, while many
others—particularly women—-have not previously been occupied in
wage-earning employments. For most classes or skilled workers
employment remained fairly good. While not an exact measure of
the volume of unemployment, the out-oi-work donation statistics
give a fairly accurate index to conditions, showing the improvement
which took place in the spring and summer. From the beginning
of the year until early in March the number oi those in receipt
out-of-work donations increased from 625,149 civilians and 53,554
ex-service men, to 753,982 civilians and 30o,263 ex-service men. An
improvement then set in among’ civilians, the number of policies
A
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[744]
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT.
151
current decreasing to 137,637 on November 21, three days before the
termination of the civilian donation. However, the number of
ex-service men out of employment continued to increase until the
maximum of 409,956 was reached on May 9. A steady decrease
then set in continuing’ until September, when the number was 302,272.
In October the number increased to 344,242 in November to 353,909,
and on January 2, 1920 had reached 383,095.
T he great am ount of unem ploym ent among women in th e early m onths of th e year
m ay be illustrated b y analyzing th e figures for March 7, th e date of m axim um civilian
unem ploym ent. On th a t d ate th e n um ber of persons recorded as unem ployed in
connection w ith th e donation schem e for civilians was 790,521, of whom 234,402 were
m en, 27,356 boys, 494,365 women, a n d 34,398 girls. The m axim um of unem ploy
m en t as regards ex-m em bers of H . M. Forces was May 9, w hen th e figures reached
409,959.
It is stated that the percentage of unemployment among members
of trade-unions paying unemployment benefits was highest in Decem
ber, being 3.2 per cent, the mean for the year being 2.4 per cent,
and that this mean was the highest since 1914 when it was 3.3 per
cent. It was, however, less than the average in prewar years—from
1905 to 1914. I t is explained in this connection that skilled men
0 permanently engaged in their trades form a relatively large proportion
of the members of these trade-unions, and that the unemployment
in the early part of 1919 was largely unemployment of semiskilled
and unskilled workers who were discharged from industries which
they had only entered for the purposes of the war. These figures,
therefore, may not fully indicate the amount of unemployment
occurring under such abnormal circumstances as prevailed in the
first half of 1919. They also take no account of short time.
----------------------
Employment and Unemployment Conditions in
France.,1
HE first industrial census taken of the invaded districts of
France was made by the Office of Industrial Rehabilitation
as of July 1,1919. Questionnaires were sent to establishments
which, under normal conditions employed 20 or more persons each.
From two departments only (Nord and Ardennes) were returns re
ceived which furnished sufficient data for the purposes of the investi^ g a tio n . Of these questionnaires, 1,045 and 201 were returned from
~ the two departments named, and 276 from other departments. Of
the establishments returning these questionnaires, 706, or 46.3 per
cent, have resumed operations. The number of persons employed in
T
5 B u lletin d u M inistère d u T ravail.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Paris, Ju n e-Ju ly -A u g u st, 19X9, pp. 273-27S an d 310-313.
[745]
M O N T H L Y LA BO E REVIEW.
152
industrial labor in these establishments in 1914 was 397,140, and in
1919, 38,682, or 9.7 per cent. There were also 53,419 civilian workers
and 13,276 war prisoners engaged in clearing away débris and in re
construction work, making a total of 105,377 persons employed.
The following table shows the industrial situation as to employ
ment, July 1, 1919, as compared with 1914:
N U M B E R O F E S T A B L IS H M E N T S E M P L O Y IN G 20 O R M O R E P E R S O N S , AND N U M B E R OF
C IV IL IA N W O R K E R S E M P L O Y E D IN T H E M , 1914 AN D JU L Y 1, 1919.
E stab lish m en ts.
N u m ber of civilian workers em
ployed.
R esum ing
operations.
In d u s tr y .
N um
ber re
porting. N u m P er
ber. cent.
34.7
i g l .2
33.0
4L 5
142.9
63.6
38.6
158.3
153.8
55. 5
48.4
46.2
In 1914.
In reconstruction
work.
10,694
271
1,667
3,054
2,577
164
M ines an d m ineral p its .........................
Q uarries....................................................
Food p re p a ra tio n s.................................
C hem ical...................................................
R u b b er, paper, cardboard...................
P r in tin g ...................................................
T ex tiles.....................................................
C lo th in g...................................................
L eath er and h id es..................................
W oodw orking.........................................
M etallurgy...............................................
Base m etal w orking..............................
Precious stones an d fine m etals.........
Stone d ressing........................................
E x c av atin g an d stone c o n stru ctio n ..
Stone and earth en w are.........................
23
16
118
53
14
33
373
36
26
81
33
415
26
138
136
80
65
57.9
29.4
69,551
896
12,191
9,908
13,419
3,744
140,396
4,758
3,018
6,784
25,530
70,153
134
1,735
9,145
25,678
T o ta l..................................................
1,522
700
40.3
397,140
1
8
13
39
22
6
21
143
21
14
45
16
192
1 110 0 .0
20 >76.9
P e r cent
of em
ployees
in 1914 in
in d u stry
on July
1, 1919.
Total.
Ju ly 1,1919.
1 Computed; not shown in original table taken from the report.
In th e
in d u s
try .
12,185
497
2,932
4,243
4,185
1.372
22,332
1,237
5,005
3,673
1,491
226
1,265
1,189
1,608
1,208
11,664
1,099
990
1,204
948
9,763
40
512
2,290
3,179
1,643
4,951
20,539
40
578
7,295
6,852
11.9
132.3
8.3
i 23.1
133.0
17.7
3.7
13.9
129.9
129.5
25.0
12.3
53,419
38,682
92,101
9.7
1 0 ,688
108
224
439
4,003
10,776
(2)
66
1,220
2 .1
125.2
10.3
1 2 .0
2 Not shown in report.
Of the total civilian workers engaged in removing debris and in
repair work 14,410 were foreign workmen, nearly all of whom were
Belgians. These foreign workmen formed 15.6 per cent of the total
number of workers employed in both reconstruction and industrial
work. The number of wounded and invalided soldiers employed
formed but a small portion, 1,036.
City of Paris.
ASED on a recent report on the operation of the municipal un
employment fund of Paris, published in the Bulletin of the
French Ministry of Labor, unemployment in the city of Paris con
tinues to decrease. The report states that the number of persons
in receipt of benefits decreased from 67,370 during tbe period April
30 to May 15, 1919, to 29,629 in the two weeks ending August 19;
that in the same periods, respectively, the amount of the unem- ^
ployment benefits paid fell from 2,990,245 francs1 to 1,324,363
francs. The amount of State aid granted the fund was 1,828,127
B
1 Owing to fluctuations in th e value of th e franc, conversions in th is article are n o t m ade in to U nited
States m oney. N orm ally, th e p a r value of th e franc is 19.3 cents.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[746]
^
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT.
0
1 5 3
francs in the former period, but it was reduced to 808,962 francs in
the two-week period ending August 19.
Comparing the average number of persons in receipt of benefits
in the period April 27 to August 16, 1918, with the period April 30
to August 19, 1919, the report shows that there were more than four
times as many in receipt of unemployment benefits in 1919 as in 1918
and that the disbursements increased from 1,315,386 francs in 1918
to 14,379,095 francs in 1919, or about 993 per cent.
The following table presents comparative figures for corresponding
periods of 1918 and 1919:
N U M B E R O F U N E M P L O Y E D P E R S O N S R E C E IV IN G B E N E F IT S , TO T A L D IS B U R S E M E N T S
A N D ST A T E A ID TO U N E M P L O Y M E N T B E N E F IT F U N D S , IN S P E C IF IE D P E R IO D S O F
1818 AN D 1919.
Item .
A pr. 27 to
Aug. 16,
1918.
A pr. 30 to
Aug. 19,
1919.
11,258
1,872
9,386
46,025
27,186
Average n u m b e r of unem ployed receiving ben efits...................
M en......................................................................
W o m en ..........................................................................
F rancs.
T otal disbursem ents..........................................................
S tate a id .....................................................
E xpense to city of P a ris ........................................
1,315,386
433,374
882,012
P e r cent
of in
crease.
308.81
1j 352. 24
IUU. /1
F rancs.
ft 777 74q
5Í60L346
F rancs
vvo.
535.06
During the first period the State paid 33 per cent of the total dis
bursements for unemployment grants. On January 15, 1919, the
State assumed 75 per cent, which has considerably changed the
ratio of distribution for the two periods.
The following table shows the extent of unemployment by indus
tries for the two periods August 1 to 16, 1918, and August 4 to 19,
1919.
N U M B E R O F P E R S O N S , B Y IN D U S T R Y AN D SE X , R E C E IV IN G U N E M P L O Y M E N T B E N E
F IT S , IN P A R IS , A U G U ST 1 TO 16, 1918, A N D A U G U ST 4 TO 19, 1919.
Aug. 1 to 16, 1918.
Aug. 4 to 19, 1919.
Increase.
In d u stry .
Fe Total.
F e Total.
F e
Males. males.
Males. males.
Males. males.
Total.
Food p rep aratio n s....................................
B uilding and p u b lic w o rk s....................
Textiles and clo th in g ..............................
A rt and je w elry ........................................
P rin tin g ......................................................
W oodworking a n d fu rn itu re manufactu rin g .......................................................
Chemicals a n d ceram ics.........................
H ides, leather, ru b b e r............................
M echanical an d electrical.......................
Mines a n d m etallu rg y .............................
Commerce a n d b a n k in g .........................
Liberal a r ts ................................................
Domestics, e tc .........................................
U nclassified..............................................
T o tal.................................................
1 Decrease.
73
261
186
105
93
3,027
327
182
178
354
3,213
438
279
1,084
2,014
1,393
808
626
640
107
3,026
452
373
151
35
90
212
102
130
58
710
580
3,011
363
182
310
232
113
1,182
529
701
1.955
1,837
2,392
734
1,901
117
369
237
561
1.077
1,525
1,320
578
1,989
111
97
55
290
194
298
4
147
220
1
1,0 0 0
774
3,309
5
1,011
1,753
1, 207
697
529
1,551
'766
1,262
3'. 032
3,362
3,712
1,312
3,890
'218
535
14
i1
125
191
1,546
1,767
1,206
822
720
157
90
341
947
1,467
2 ,1 0 2
'610
540
i2
1,603 i l ,0 2 2
113
100
1,188
'584
952
2,800
3,249
2,712
'538
581
213
1,031
494
611
1,853
1 ,782
1,947 2 8 , 713 10,750 17,273 12,355 29,628 15,326
2 This to ta l is tak en from th e original rep o rt.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
101
1,724
2,121
4,419
1,260
099
[747]
3,552
18,878
The to ta l of the colum n is 8,803.
154
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
It is stated that the increase in 1919 was due to demobilization.
It is shown that unemployment has been steadily growing less during
the year.
The labor exchanges ( c o m m is s io n s paritaires) have canceled the
names of a large number of persons appearing on the roll as benefi
ciaries and have endeavored to find employment for them. Of the
total receiving benefits—namely, 322,180—the number thus dropped
by the commissions, in the period April 30 to August 19, 1919, was
63,42.4, and the number who secured employment was approxi
mately one-half of the number dropped—36,093 or 56.9 per cent.
The number of beneficiaries dropped from the roll by reason of their
having secured employment was 11.2 per cent of the total number
receiving benefits.
..... .....
-°
a
g
------ ------—
Unemployment in Germany,
A CCORDXNG to the Kölnische Zeitung1 the Reichs-Arbeitsbistt
reports that unemployment increased in Germany during
^ November, 1919. Reports received by the German Sta
tistical Office from 31 trade-union federations, with a membership of
4,538,921, show that in that month 131,193 members, or 2.9 per Ä
cent, were unemployed. In October,. 1919, 32 federations reported
110,626 (2.6 per cent) members as out of work, and in November,
1918, 31 federations reported 26,144 (1.8 per cent) members unem
ployed. The greatest increase of unemployment was reported by the
building trades unions, 4.7 per cent against 1.9 per cent in October.
The tex^'le workers7federation, on the other hand, reported a decrease
of unemployment from 7.4 per cent in October to 6.5 per cent in
November, and the transport workers’ federation a decrease from
2.6 to 1.1 per cent, respectively. The number of persons receiving
unemployment grants on December 1, 1919, was 388,300 (291,501
males and 96,799 females). Statistics of the employment offices show
that for every 100 vacant situations there were 173 male and 129 female
applicants, as against 150 and 115 in October, 1919, and 74 and 101
in November, 1918.
jh \
Conditions in the Baking Industry.
A N ARTICLE in Soziale Praxis 3 calls attention to the superabunXtL dance of apprentices in the German baking industry at the present
time. In 28,745 baking establishments there are 19,625 journeymen
and 21,831 apprentices, i. e., I l l of the latter to each 100 of the former, ^
whereas in 1909 the respective proportion was 44 to 100. Employers
are apt to encourage the taking on of apprentices, since they are able
* Kölnische Zeitung,. Cologne, D ec. 29,1919.
2 Soziale P ra x is u n d A rchiv fü r V olksw ohlfahrt, B erlin, Dec. 20, 1919.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[748]
9-
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT.
*
155
to make a larger profit on their labor. The result has been a large
increase of unemployment in the industry, which has caused many
qualified bakers and confectioners to seek work in other industries.
According to the Reichs-Arbeitsblatt, 12,543 bakers and confec
tioners were out of work in September last. This led to the workers’
organizations insisting in the case of all wage scale agreements that
clauses should be inserted limiting the number of apprentices. Em
ployers who will not employ journeymen, but accept apprentices
with a view to making increased profits are not to be allowed to take
apprentices in future. The employers are, however, opposed to
such clauses since they see in the apprentice system an opportunity
of enriching themselves, for the employment of apprentices reduces
their outlay for wages.
Unemployment in the Hotel and Restaurant industry.
A CCORDING to Soziale Praxis (December 20, 1919), there is no
industry in which unemployment is more rife than in the
hotel and restaurant industry. Various measures are being adopted
to combat this unsatisfactory state of affairs. In Berlin so-called
compulsory holidays for hotel employees have been instituted, every
9 employee who has occupied his present situation for six months
being obliged to take a week’s leave between July and December.
In Nuremberg, with the assent of the conciliation board, it has been
ordered that waiters and waitresses engaged during the war must
be laid off for three months and replaced by unemployed and prison
ers of war who have returned home. In Hamburg it has been ordered
that every married waiter should receive 700 marks per month (basic
wage and percentages), and every unmarried waiter 550 marks. In
cases where the percentages exceed these amounts an extra waiter
is to be employed for each 700 or 550 marks.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[749]
WOMEN IN INDUSTRY.
Annual Report of Women’s Service Section,
United States Railroad Administration.
A n ACCOUNT was given in the M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w ,
March, 1919 (pp. 209-212), of the establishment and work of
the Women’s Service Section, having charge of the wages
and working conditions of women employed by the railroads of the
country. The annual report of the Director General of Railroads
devotes a section to the work of this division during the past year.1
The work of the women’s section has been particularly devoted
to improving working conditions, especially in regard to health, com
fort, and proper hours of work, and to insuring a fair application of the
wage orders so that there should be no discrimination against the
women.
The highest point in the employment of women was reached in ^
October, 1918, when there were 101,785 employ ed by first-class roads,
an increase of 66 per cent in the first nine months of 1918, and of 225
per cent from the beginning of the war. Although this number has
decreased since that time, there are still many more employed than
before the war. There are two causes which have operated to bring
about the reduction in the number of women employees: First, the
return of soldiers and sailors, who were reinstated according to sen
iority, and second, the general reduction in labor force on the rail
roads caused by the necessity for economy and which resulted in
women being laid off in many cases because of their lower seniority
rights. Recently, however, there has again been a slight increase in
the number of women employed.
The eight-hour day has been put into effect in an increasing number
of cases. Out of a total of 12,908 women covered by inspections of
the women’s service section, working in all classes of work, 90 per cent
were working 48 hours or less in 1919, as against 70 per cent in 1918.
Improvement in the number employed on night work, that is, em
ployment on shifts beginning or ending between 6 p. m. and 6 a. m.,
is also noted, there being but 4.2 per cent of the total number working
at night. These were mainly telephone switchboard operators in ^
private exchanges and clerks. But 8 per cent of the total number
scheduled, mainly car cleaners, were employed 7 days per week.
1 A nnual report of W alker D. Hines, D irector General of Railroads, 1919, Division of Labor.
1920, 84 pp.
158
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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Washington,
WOMEN IN INDUSTRY.
157
Beginning last October, however, seven days’ work is allowed only
every other week.
Much progress also is reported in improving working conditions,
especially in the provision of rest rooms which can be used at need as
lunch rooms, dressing rooms, or for first-aid. The best results, it is
said, have been achieved where a special supervisor of women
employees has been installed and during the past year and a half,
nine of the roads, most of them large systems, have engaged women
supervisors.
Wage increases have been effective for women as well as men. The
following table shows the rates of pay for clerical workers:
RATES
OF PA Y P E R M O N TH F O R W O M EN E M PL O Y E D AS
C L E R IC A L W O R K E R S .
Em ployees whose rates of p ay per. m onth are—
Item .
$45
$50
$60
$70
$87.51
$95
$115
and and and
and
and
and
and and
u n d er un d er un d er under $87.50 under under under under
$50
$60
$70 $87.50
$95
$105 8115 $125
N u m b e r....................
P er c e n t......................
43
0.4
287
2.8
137
1.4
223
2.2
5,317
52.5
977
9.7
1,953
19.3
731
7.2
241
2.4
$125
and $135
and
under over
$135
185
1.8
30
0.3
Total.
10 124
boo
The monthly rates of pay for women in other classes of work are
shown in the following table:
R A T E S OF PA Y P E R M ON TH F O R W OM EN E M P L O Y E E S IN V A R IO U S CLASSES OF R A IL
ROAD W O R K .
N um ber of employees whose rates of pay per m onth are—
Occupation.
$39
$40
$45
$50
$60
$70
$80
$90
and
and
and
and
and
and
and
and
under u nder under u nder un d er un der under under
$40
$45
$50
$60
870
$80
$90
$100
Office girls a n d messengers........
Telephone operators (sw itch
b o a rd ).......................
M atrons a n d supervisors..........
Cleaners and janitresses........
R estau ran t employees.........
Crossing w atchw om en.........
Miscellaneous......................
Laundresses......................
Seamstresses in linen room s...
T otal..............................
Per c e n t............................
2
7
$100
and
over.
Total.
35
28
24
5
5
13
6
4
i1
24
18
17
27
133
34
112
21
4
15
1
5
3
6
11
7
1
8
8
1
227
91
209
36
46
24
237
69
57
5.5
34
3.3
1,040
100
12
2
27
4
28
10
76
10
57
21
12
4
20
10
67
21
31
1
3
5
24
9
27
2.6
18
1.7
47
4.5
149
14.3
193
18.5
349
33.6
166
16.0
101
i A t $69.
The lowest rates of pay are found among the laundresses and seam
stresses, whose rates correspond closely with commercial rates. In
general, however, railroad work has been very popular with women
because of the prevailingly high wages as compared with pay in other
positions. The standardization of rates has been carried to such an
165126o-—20
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
11
1751]
158
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
extent that the “ rate is put on the position and not on the person,”
with the result that the women have been put to a real test of capacity.
That they have not always measured up to the standard, it is stated,
is because during the war emergency there was not time to make
careful selection and many had to be taken in with insufficient
training.
In regard to the future possibilities of advancement toward the
more responsible positions in the railroad industry, the writer of the
report says:
Testim ony from th e ir superiors indicates th a t women w ill u n d oubtedly progress
further in all forms of work. W hile in some offices th ere is h esitatio n in encouraging
them to advance in to th e more responsible positions, in other offices th ere is distinct
effort to p u t no obstacle in th e ir p a th , in fact th e y are being urged to bid on th e higher
positions. W hile some officials are still testing o ut th e capacities of th eir women
employees, others are em phasizing th e need of training as th e only requisite for further
advancem ent.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[752]
m
INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS,
Accidents on Steam Railroads in the United
States in 1918.1
TATISTICS of accidents on steam railroads in the United States
in 1918 are presented by the Interstate Commerce Commission
in its Accident Bulletin No. 70, recently issued. The com
mission’s rules governing monthly reports of railway accidents divide
accidents into three primary groups, namely : Train accidents, trainservice accidents, and nontrain accidents. The commission defines
train accidents as those arising in connection with the operation of
trains, locomotives, or cars in road, yard, or work service, resulting
in damage to equipment or other railway property.
Train-service accidents are defined as those, incidental to the oper
ation of trains, locomotives, or cars, which result in casualties to per
s o n s but not in damage to equipment or other railway property.
They include casualties due to coupling or uncoupling cars or car
connections; to getting on or off, falling from, being struck by, or
doing work about trains, locomotives, or cars not in shops or engine
houses; to coming in contact, while on or getting on or off moving
cars or locomotives, with any fixed structure above or at the side of
track; and other like accidents not causing damage to the train
itself or to other railway property.
Nontrain accidents include those occurring in and around shops, on
boats and wharves, at stations, freight houses, engine houses, coaling
stations, water stations, tracks, etc.; also those occurring in connec
tion with construction or with repair, painting, or other maintenance
work on buildings and other structures, and with the construction
and maintenance of equipment, except such running repairs as may
be made by trainmen en route. They do not include accidents occur
ring directly in connection with the operation of trains, locomotives^
and cars, on rails.
In reports of injuries to persons the commission prescribes the
following distinctions :
S
1.
A ny person killed in an accid en t a t th e tim e of its occurrence, or so severely
" n j u r e d as to die w ithin 24 hours thereafter, should be reported as “ k ille d .”
1 U n i t e d S t a t e s . I n t e r s t a t e C o m m e r c e C o m m is sio n . B u r e a u o f S t a t is t ic s . C o llisio n s , d e r a ilm e n ts , and
o th e r a c c id e n ts r e s u lt in g i n in j u r y to p e r s o n s , e q u ip m e n t , or r o a d b e d , a r isin g fr o m t h e o p e r a tio n o f railways
u s e d in in t e r s t a t e c o m m e r c e . O c to b e r , N o v e m b e r , a n d D e c e m b e r a n d y e a r 1918. W a s h in g to n , 1920. 64
p p . A c c id e n t B u l l e t i n N o . 70.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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160
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
2.
W ith regard to injuries not resulting in death w ithin 24 hours after th e occurrence,
of an accident, th e following rules are to be observed: (a) Em ployees incapacitated
from performing th e ir ordinary d u ties for more th a n th ree days, in the aggregate, d u r
ing th e 10 days im m ediately following th e accident, are to be reported as “ in ju red ;”
those incapacitated for only three days or less are not to be re p o rted , (&) persons other
than employees are to be reported as “ injured ’ if th e in ju ry is sufficient, in th e opin
ion of th e officer m aking th e report, to incapacitate th e injured person for a period of
more th an one day from following his custom ary vocation.
The rules further provide that only accidents arising from the oper
ation of a railway which cause either the death or the injury of a
person as limited above or cause damage to railway property in ex
cess of $150 (including cost of clearing wreck) are reportable.
In the interest of uniformity, it is unfortunate that the rules noted
above do not conform to those laid down by the committee on insur
ance and compensation insurance cost of the International Associa
tion of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions,1 which pre
scribe certain standard definitions applicable to the reporting of in
dustrial accidents. For example, any person who dies as the result
of injuries should be reported as killed even though death occurred
after an interval of 24 hours from the time of the accident. Also,
the committee prescribes that all accidents and injuries arising out
of the employment and resulting in death, permanent disability, or
in the loss of time other than the remainder of the day, shift, or turn
on which the injury was incurred, should be reported. In the defi
nition above it will he noted that employees incapacitated three
days or less are not to he reported. Section (b) in the definitions of
the Interstate Commerce Commission is very indefinite, and increases
the confusion by establishing a different standard for injuries to em
ployees and to other persons.
The following table is a summary of the accidents reported for the
calendar year 1918:
C A S U A L T IE S
TO
P E R S O N S O N ST E A M R O A D S IN T H E U N IT E D
Y E A R E N D E D D E C E M B E R 31, 1918.
P assen gers a n d
p e r s o n s ca r ried
u n d e r c o n tr a c t.
E m p lo y e e s , i n
c lu d in g th o s e
n o t on d u ty .
STATES
O th e r p e r so n s
(tr e s p a s se r s a n d
n o n tr e s p a s s e r s ).
FO R TH E
T o t a l.
C la ss.
In ju r e d .
K ille d .
I n ju r e d .
K ille d .
I n ju r e d .
K ille d .
I n ju r e d .
K ille d .
T r a in a c c id e n t s ..............................
T r a in -s e r v ic e a c c id e n t s ..............
N o n tr a in a c c id e n t s .......................
286
233
4 ,6 5 5
3 ,4 2 7
554
2 ,4 4 8
491
4,251
43,403
108,457
156
5 ,0 2 0
98
499
7,9 0 9
1,974
996
7,701
589
9 ,4 0 5
5 4 ,739
110,431
T o t a l.......................................
519
8,0 8 2
3 ,4 9 3
156,211
5,2 7 4
10,382
9 ,2 8 6
174,575
i S e e Monthly R eview for O c to b e r , 1917, for r e p o r t o f t h is c o m m itt e e .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
m
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND MEDICINE.
Health Hazards in Certain Industries of New
York State.
«
Industries of Niagara Falls.
EALTH hazards in the industries of Niagara Falls is the title
given to the description by Paul M. Holmes, in a recent
number of Public Health Reports,1 of the results of an
investigation conducted by the United States Public Health Service.
The investigation was brought about by a letter from the secretary
of the employers’ association of Niagara Falls to the Commissioner
of Labor Statistics, United States Department of Labor, dated
June 27, 1918, asking permission of the Federal Government to
introduce women into “ shift work,” which, as it involved working
between the hours of 10 p. m. and 6 a. m., was prohibited by the
♦ N e w York State law. The request was referred by the Commissioner
of Labor ¡statistics to the newly created Woman in Industry Service
of the Department of Labor, and the Service decided to associate
with it in the work other Federal agencies. A committee on hazard
ous occupations was formed, with a membership representing Federal
agencies concerned with women in industry and with the health of
the civilian population, federal departments having a direct or
indirect interest in contracts in the chemical industries, and the New
York State Department of Labor. This committee decided that a
field investigation was necessary and appointed a subcommittee
which supervised the field work and met at frequent intervals with a
consultant staff, which was composed of Dr. Alice Hamilton, of the
Bureau of Labor Statistics, Prof. C. E. A. Winslow, Dr. David Edsall,
and Dr. W. Gilman Thompson, United States Public Health Service.
The field staff was detailed by the Public Health Service to Niagara
Falls to study and report upon (1) the hygiene and sanitation in the
plants, making recommendations for correcting faulty conditions;
and (2) the extent to which women might be employed if war con
ditions should necessitate their going into the plants in increasing
numbers.
♦ This report is limited to summarizing the field workers’ findings on
the hygiene and sanitation in the individual plants, the answers to
the question raised as to the employment of women in the industries
H
1 H e a lth h a z a r d s in th e in d u s tr ie s o f N ia g a r a F a lls , N . Y ., b y P a u l M. H o lm e s . I n Public H ealth
R e p o r ts , is s u e d b y t h e U n it e d S ta te s P u b lic H e a lth S e r v ic e , W a s h in g to n , J a n u a r y 2, 1920. Pp. 1-20.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[755]
161
162
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
having been dealt with in a report of the Woman in Industry Service,
entitled “ Proposed employment of women during the war in indus- ^
tries of Niagara Falls.” 1 ,
The inquiry conducted by the field force extended from August 10
to September 10, 1918. The detailed written reports covered the
following points for each department and process of each plant:
The nature and construction of the buildings; the ventilation,
humidity, dust, fumes, gases, illumination, infection hazards, specific
poisons, extremes of heat or cold, noises, and odors; the personal
service facilities, such as toilet, washroom, locker, eating, drinking,
and rest-room accommodations; the medical and surgical care of
employees, including physical examinations and first-aid practice;
hours of work, fatigue, absenteeism, and labor turnover; transporta
tion facilities to and from work; and the educational measures used
to prevent occupational ailments among workers. I t is explained
that the individual plant reports, covering the above points and
containing detailed and specific recommendations for removing
health hazards, were sent to the respective plant executives.
The investigation covered the 21 plants represented in the employ
ers’ association. With the exception of a few plants, this number
includes all the industrial establishments in Niagara Falls. The A
following table shows the number of employees in these plants,
which are grouped by products manufactured:
NUM BER
OF
E M P L O Y E E S IN 21 IN D U S T R IA L PL A N T S OF
G R O U P E D B Y PR O D U C T S M A N U FA C T U R E D .
N IA G A R A
FA L LS,
N um ber of employees.
N um ber
of plants.
Products m anufactured.
Men.
A b rasiv es..............................................................
Chemicals an d gases....................................................................
Electrodes and C arbon......................................................
Metals a n d alloys......................................................................................
M iscellaneous. ' ......................................................................................
T o ta l...............................................................................................
W omen.
Total.
3
8
3
4
3
1,734
2,242
Ï 230
2 ,667
650
490
8
19
33
132
2,224
21
8,523
682
9,205
2 ,2 5 0
1,249
2 ,700
782
S um m ary of H a zard s E n co u n tered .
The report contains a summary of the study of each of the five
groups. In the abrasive industries the chief hazard is dust and
this hazard, in the opinion of the writer, was “ by far the most
serious of any of the industrial health hazards in Niagara Falls.”
The three plants investigated cover the entire industry in Niagara
Falls. Two manufacture crude abrasive material, which is shipped
to other places to be made into commercial articles; the third makes
1 T h i s r e p o r t w a s r e v i e w e d i n a n a r t i c l e p u b li s h e d i n t h e M o n t h l y L a b o r R
p p . 231-246.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[756]
e v ie w
f o r J u n e , 1919,
INDUSTRIAL. HYGIENE AND MEDICINE.
163
both the crude material and the finished product. It was found
that all employees are exposed to dust in varying amounts; not even
the office force escapes. Tables are given showing nationalities of
the workers of these three plants and the dust content of air in a
lathe room, in a shaving room, in the grinding room, and in the
plant offices and laboratories. Characteristics of the abrasive dust
are that the particles are very hard, being second only to the diamond,
in this quality; and that they are insoluble in ordinary acids or fluids,
and are from 95 to 100 per cent inorganic material. The particles
are exceedingly jagged and sharp, according to photomicrographs of
samples. This dust is very injurious to the lungs, as when once
inhaied it is never removed. One to five years are required for the
effects of it to develop. The main reason assigned by the report for
workers not showing marked ill effects from this dust is that the,
laboi turnover was so large that hardly any workers in the very
dusty processes remained long enough to acquire serious damage
to their lungs.
In the group of plants manufacturing chemicals and gases (90 per
cent of their products being for war purposes), fumes and gases—
particularly chlorine gas, hydrogen gas, and caustic fumes, nitrous
# oxide and benzol fumes—dusts, and caustic burns are the chief haz
ards, but on the whole the conditions regarding protection from
these were comparatively good and were being improved.
In the manufacture of electrodes and carbon compounds a dust,
‘‘in no way comparable, as far as detrimental effects to the respiratory
system are concerned, to the abrasive dusts” mentioned in connec
tion with the abrasive industries, and heat from the furnaces, are the
most objectionable conditions.
In the plants manufacturing metals and alloys the hazards are
excessive heat, furnace gases, and dusts. “ In none of the plants in
the other groups are such large numbers of workers exposed to high
temperatures as in this electrothermal industry.” In no instance
was any provision made to reduce the heat by water screens, heat
chains, fans, or other devices. Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide
were hazards in two plants, and phosgene was not adequately removed
in one plant.
In the miscellaneous group the hazards were chiefly lead and brass
poisoning and sulphuric acid fumes.
Only 1 plant employed a full-time physician; 2 plants employed
one physician each on part time; 18 called a physician in case of acci• dent, sickness, or any emergency that the first-aid agent could not
handle. Physical examinations were made in three plants, but not
according to any set plan. Employees in the dusty processes of one
abrasive plant were examined physically every three months by two
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first-aid men, neither of whom was a physician. These examinations
were supervised by the doctor. In no instances were employees
examined before employment, and, with the one exception men
tioned, none at regular intervals after employment.
The general average of labor turnover per month for the five-month
period preceding the survey was found to be 25 per cent in the abrasive
industry, 24 per cent in chemicals, 58 per cent in the electrical indus
try (1 plant for four weeks), 40 per cent in metals and alloys, and 53
per cent in one plant classed as miscellaneous.
I t is an interesting and significant fact th a t one p la n t in th e group m anufacturing
chemicals, having a grading of “ good ” w ith regard to hygienic conditions in th e p ian t
and excellent personal service facilities, had th e lowest labor turn o v er approxi
m ately 12 to 15 per cen t p er m onth—w hile another p la n t in th e same group graded
as “ p oor” had th e highest turnover, or 33 per c e n t per m onth.
The prevailing hours of work were found to be 10 in the abrasive
industry (75 per cent of the employees); 9 in chemical plants (60 per
cent of the employees); 9 and 10 in the electrode plants (52 per cent
of the employees); 8 and 12 hour shifts in the metals and alloys group
(60 per cent of the employees); and 9 and 10 hours per day in the
miscellaneous group (85 per cent of the employees).
R esu lts of th e Survey a n d R ecom m endations.
In April, 1919, two officers of the Public Health Service were de
tailed to Niagara Falls to see what action had been taken concern
ing the recommendations for improvement of plant hygiene and
sanitation which had been made several months before to each plant
executive. They found that a number of the recommendations had
been put into effect, including the following: In abrasive plants,
marked changes and extensions in the dust-collecting system; in the
carbon and electrode plants, dust-collecting apparatus and drinking
fountains; and in the other plants, varying improvements.
The following excerpt from the report summarizes the recommen
dations suggested by the survey:
In view of th e great num ber and th e seriousness of th e health hazards in th e in d u s
tries of N iagara Falls, i t is im p erativ e th a t p erm anent and full-tim e supervision of th e
physical condition of th e workers an d work places be in stitu te d . This, in th e opinion
of th e w riter, can be best accom plished b y an in d u strial hygiene u n it, located in
Niagara Falls.
The following is a te n ta tiv e o utline of th e organization and functions of such a u n it:
A t th e head of th e u n it is th e advisory board consisting of two representatives each
from th e employers, th e employees, th e m edical society, an d th e cham ber of com
merce, together w ith th e local h ealth commissioner an d th e local factory inspectors.
As executive head and d irectly u n d er th e advisory board comes th e director, a physi
cian, preferably train ed or experienced in in d u strial hygiene, and em phatically of
executive ab ility . The directo r’s force should consist of one physician, two industrial
nurses, one industrial hygienist (nonm edical), and one m echanical engineer.
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165
The functions of the organization m ay be briefly set forth as follows:
1. To m ake physical exam inations of th e workers engaged in th e hazardous occupa
tions;
2. To m ake p lan t inspection, to carry on research work, an d to m ake specific recom
m endations for rem oving hazards;
3. To work cooperatively w ith th e hospitals; to have charge of th e occupational
disease clinic;
4. do c a n y on educational wrork for th e prevention of occupational diseases; and
5. To cooperate in work w ith th e U n ited States P u b lic H ealth Service, th e New
York D epartm entof Labor, th e New York D ep artm en to f H ealth, th e local departm ent
of h ealth, th e local m edical staff, em ploym ent departm ents, th e local m edical
societies, etc.
To meet the expenses of a unit of this kind it is suggested that the
most satisfactory plan would be to have it financed on a pro rata
basis by the manufacturers of Niagara Falls. The size of the unit
could be definitely fixed and it is recommended that the members of
the organization should be selected for permanent and full-time duty.
Most of the Niagara Falls plants are too small to consider the employ
ment of a full-time physician, and, in some instances, even a nurse,
declares the report.
A m edical organization w ith engineering personnel th a t will d irect physical exam i
nations of employees to note physical defects, analyze jobs, an d place workers where
th ey are best fitted to do a full d a y ’s work w ith o u t in ju ry to them selves, stu d y th e
occupational hazards, give care to those in ju red or m ade ill b y such hazards, and
•adopt engineering plans for th e ir elim ination, v/ill find th e m onetary outlay insig
nificant as compared w ith th e reduced cost in production and th e increased o utput.
The Chemical Industry.
N ACCOUNT of the health hazards of the chemical industry in
New York State, with recommendations for remedying the
various conditions which have been found to be dangerous to em
ployees and employers alike, are set forth in a bulletin 1 recently
issued by the New York Industrial Commission. A brief historical
survey of the industry is given, and reference is made to the fact
that 89 per cent of all the electrochemical products made in the
United States are manufactured along the banks of the Niagara River,
where power from the Niagara Falls is available. The chemical
industry, however, is carried on quite extensively in other parts
of the State. The produets of this industry “ are so vast and numer
ous and involve so many processes that it would be an impossibility
in this bulletin to point out and describe all operations in which
risks occur, it being the intention to show some of the most com
monly occurring accidents for which remedies to prevent their
occurrence may be applied.” It is suggested that in some of the
1 H ealth hazards of th e chem ical in d u stry , N ew Y ork In d u stria l Commission Special B ulletin No. 96.
A lbany , N ovem ber, 1919, 69 p p. Illu strated .
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plants the average workman knows little or nothing of the nature
or effect of the substances which he constantly handles, “ this igno/w rance being fostered by some manufacturers for the purpose of
protecting their secrets from their competitors or keeping the men
at work in positions which they would refuse to hold if they realized
the dangers of their occupations. Many of the materials are referred
to only as ‘dope/ ' s t u f f / 'liquor/ or by initials which have no rela
tion to the name or real composition of the material.”
The report notes first the danger arising from the use of artificial
lights, particularly open gas lights, although electric lights also cause
explosions under certain conditions.
Heating constitutes another hazard, some factories being found
in which salamander stoves are used without any means being
provided to convey to the outer air the products of combustion.
In a majority of cases, however, steam is used as the heating medium
and here the danger lies in the possibility of volatile and inflammable
material coming into contact with the heated pipes. To avoid this
the use of screens is suggested.
In the course of the survey made by the industrial commission it
was found that many cases of occupational poisoning were defi
nitely traceable to the lack of adequate ventilation of factory workrooms, the employees being compelled constantly to inhale dele
terious materials arising from machines or mixing and packing proc
esses. It is regarded as most important that a proper system of
ventilation be provided to eliminate health and fire hazards by
removing dust, gases, vapors, and fumes arising in the various
processes used in the particular industry.
It was pointed out that workers in chemical factories are subjected
to the danger of accidents from the same general causes as workmen
in other classes of manufacture, but in addition they are subject to
the danger of burns from acids or molten metal, the corrosive effect
on the body tissues of caustic alkalies, alkaline earths, and chromium
salts, and the poisonous effects of the inhalation of certain dusts,
gases, fumes, and vapors. The breaking up, by means of sledge
hammers, of hard, heavy, or tenacious material presents a serious
eye hazard. There is also danger to the eye where caustic soda,
metallic sodium, sodium peroxide, oxide of lime, ammonia, and
chlorinated lime are handled or used. Dermatitis, especially of the
hands and arms, is mentioned as a common malady among the
employees in color works. Here also droppings from trays on
which the workers carry material become dried and are soon reduced W
to a powder, thus constituting a serious dust hazard.
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INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND MEDICINE.
167
Toxic E ffect of T N T D ue to In h a la tio n of Fum es.
The bulletin states that one important fact brought out by the
investigation is the repudiation of the statement made by many
writers both in America and England that the toxic effects of
TNT are due solely to absorption of the finished product through
the skin or to the inhalation of the material in dust form. It was
found that the majority of cases of illness from this substance was
due to inhalation of the fumes generated through the nitration of
the toluol, the fumes of the first nitration (mononitrotoluol) appar
ently being the most dangerous.
The report gives a brief statistical summary of 7,139 accidents in
three factories employing 3,607 workers. Of the total injuries 1,245, or
17.4 per cent, were eye injuries, and 1,081, or 15.1 per cent, were caused
by bums. About 36 per cent of the injuries are classed as lacerations.
Brief attention is given to the hazard caused by handling car
boys. The fire hazard is an important one in chemical industries.
Chemical reaction—changes which take place when certain substances
are brought together—furnishes a long list of materials which may pro
duce fire. Friction, shock, static sparks, and the carrying of matches
may be the causes of fire. The report gives a list of materials which
rshould not be stored together indiscriminately lest a fire result.
Reference is made to unsafe practices—carelessness on the part
of employees. This applies to any industry, “ but in the manufacture
of chemicals the workers are exposed not alone to the hazards met
with in ordinary manufacturing lines, but to the additional ones
created by the handling of acids, poisonous materials, and hot
liquids, and here above all other places short cuts and the game of
chance (the unsafe way) usually fail.”
The report concludes with nearly four pages devoted to 33 recom
mendations for remedying the hazards to which chemical workers
are exposed. Generally speaking these recommendations pertain
to the installation of safety valves on devices in which pressure is
carried, and of a lighting system of such a type as to prevent ignition
of any gas, vapor, or dust which is present or may be generated or
produced; prohibition of practice of lowering electric light globes
into tanks, etc., in which vapors, fumes, gases or dust are present;
prohibition of the use of salamander stoves unless adequate means
is provided for conveying the products of combustion out of the
factory; installation of radiators or steam pipes used for artificial
heating purposes so that a space of not less than 2 inches shall be left
between the wall and the radiator or steam pipe; the wearing of
suitable goggles by all employees engaged in breaking, chipping,
crushing, or grinding hard or tenacious material, and the wearing of
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masks or goggles when acids, alkalies, or dangerous or poisonous chemicals are used ; the provision of drowning ta das containing plain
water, or a solution of bicarbonate of soda in all places where acids
are handled or used ; the provision of shower baths in the ratio of
one for every 20 employees where substances which have an iiiitating
or corrosive effect on the skin are made, handled, or used, the tag
ging of all valves; provision of powder shoes or shoes with rubber
soles, and of wooden shovels and sieves, in all factories manufacturing
or handling explosives; prohibition of the carrying of matches, etc.,
into any factory where explosives, oxidizing agents, or inflammable
gases or liquors are made or handled. The recommendations further
provide that all employees shall be made acquainted with the nature
of the materials with which they work; that explosives or substances
having powerful oxidizing qualities or substances in which chemical
combination may generate heat, flame, or gas, shall not be stored in
rooms or closets in such manner that they may fall or become com
bined and create a fire or explosion; that suitable protection from the
glare of the arc shall be provided for those required to look into fur
naces in the electro-chemical industry; the prohibition of fires or
furnaces, except under certain restrictions, within the same building
with inflammable liquids; the installation of suitable and efiectrve^p
sprinkler systems in all plants engaged in the manufacture of TNT
or certain other explosives; the maintenance of suitable and approved
first-aid kits; the prohibition of smoking in any building, or on any
premises connected therewith, in which explosives or inflammable
liquids or gases are manufactured, handled, used, or stored.
The report contains a brief bibliography, though not complete, of
works consulted in connection with the investigation.
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WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION,
Investigation of Oregon Industrial Accident
Commission.
T
HE interference by industrial accident commissions with the
business of damage-suit lawyers continues to bear fruit in
complaints against accident funds and investigations of them.
The latest report to come to hand is one on the industrial accident
commission of Oregon. I t appears that an attorney had gone to the
widow of a workman killed by accident and secured from her a con
tract based on a considerable percentage of the compensation award
to be sought from the accident commission. When this came to the
knowledge of the commission it took pains to see that the payment
should reach the beneficiary and not the attorney, which was in
accordance with the intention of the legislature in enacting the law.
The attorney thereupon set about finding causes of complaint and
•publishing charges against the commission. This, with perl laps other
incidents, led to the appointment of a committee representing
employers, employees, and the public to make an investigation of
the affairs of the commission.
The report of this committee, bearing date of January 10, 1920,
describes the efforts made by it to run down all complaints and
charges in an effort to determine their merits. The active aid and
assistance of the commission was rendered freely. I t was found that
there were some technical violations of the law, not going to the merits
of its administration, but really attaining more satisfactorily the
desired ends. The case that furnished the largest amount of criti
cism was given special attention. It was found to be quite difficult
from a legal standpoint, and it was concluded that “ the commission
used its best judgment at the time, and acted with proper intent, and
that no serious criticism is justified.” Quite the same conclusion was
reached in other cases which were given considerable newspaper
notoriety, and the recommendation concerning them was that further
effort be made to ascertain the final results of the injuries with a view
to a possible reopening of the cases.
^
Although wide notice was given of the purpose of the committee
™to consider all complaints, “ less than a dozen requests all told have
been made by those who wanted to appear before it with either
complaints or suggestions.” The attorney most active in presenting
complaints submitted “ some specific and a good many general
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
charges/’ but upon detailed investigation so many of these were
found to be “ without substantial foundation that the committee 4
was inclined to attach very little importance to either the complaints
or the suggestions.”
Recommendations were made for an improved accounting system
and a closer following up of accounts. However, the funds are
reported as in a healthy condition, with reasonable surplus. Means
of securing early payments to injured men were also recommended,
as well as legislative action looking toward higher compensation
awards. The commission was found not to be guilty of any mis
conduct, and the charges against it were in the main declared to be
groundless. Suggestions for educational work to make the pro
visions of the law belter understood, for some improvement in
administrative methods, and for a periodical review of the admin- *
istration of the fund by an independent commission, which should
hear complaints and make recommendations for improvements,
conclude the committee’s report.
The fund showed assets amounting to $2,878,484 on July 1,
1919, and premium receipts from employers up to December 31 of
$1,271,564. Employees contributed $96,194. Oregon is the only
State in which employees contribute to the regular compensation
funds, the rate being 1 cent for each day worked. Interest, a State
appropriation of $207,428, and some other items bring the total
assets and receipts for the half-year up to $4,545,248. From this
were paid benefits amounting to $504,551, medical aid, $201,460,
and funeral expenses, $8,700. Administrative expense during the
six months amounted to $91,780.
On December 31 the ledger assets were $3,858,542, with a net
surplus of $668,808, a gain of $426,996 in surplus during the six
months.
New Chairman of California Industrial Accident
Commission.
T A meeting of the California Industrial Accident Commission,
held on January 24, 1920, Will J. French, second member of
the commission, was elected chairman to succeed A. J. Pillsbury, who retired from that position following an agreement that the
chairmanship should rotate. Mr. Pillsbury remains a member of
the commission. These gentlemen have been associated in connec
tion with the administration of the Workmen’s Compensation, In
surance, and Safety Act of California since the date the act became
effective on September 1, 1911, and in assuming the duties of the
office the new chairman paid high tribute to the faithful services
rendered by Mr. Pillsbury.
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WORKMEN S COMPENSATION.
.
171
II Comparison of Canadian Workmen’s Compen
sation Laws.1
By C arl H ookstadt.
ITH the single exception of Prince Edward Island, all of
the Provinces of Canada, including the Dominion Gov
ernment, have enacted workmen’s compensation legisla
tion. The law of Saskatchewan, however, although designated in
its title as a workmen’s compensation law, is merely an employer’s
liability act, and is therefore not included in the following discussion.
The Dominion act provides that if a Federal employee (Government
railroads excepted) sustains an injury he shall receive the same
compensation as any other person would under similar circumstances
receive under the law of the Province in which the accident occurred.
Administration of the Dominion act is placed in the hands of the
provincial boards, and any compensation awarded may be paid by
the Dominion Minister of Finance.
Chronologically, Canadian legislation practically parallels that of the
United States. The first law was enacted by British Columbia in
* 902, followed by Alberta in 1908, Quebec in 1909, and Manitoba and
Aova Scotia in 1910.2 These early laws were patterned after the
British act and were really modified employers’ liability laws. No
administrative commissions were provided, and usually suits for
damages were permitted. A radical departure from the British
type of law, however, took place in 1914, when Ontario enacted the
first of the collective-liability compensation acts prevailing in most
of the Provinces at the present time. These laws were patterned
upon the mutual liability idea of the German workmen’s compen
sation system and upon the exclusive State fund plan of the Wash
ington act. Nova Scotia enacted a similar law in 1915, followed by
British Columbia in 1916 and by Alberta and New Brunswick in
1918.
Canadian and American Laws Compared.
W
N ANALYSIS of the Canadian laws shows a number of striking
characteristics and of deviations from the American type of
compensation act. Some of the more important of these are the
following:
1.
In Canada there is a remarkable uniformity among the several
compensation laws. This uniformity applies to the scope of the
acts, benefits, injuries covered, administration, and procedure. In
1 Section of a forthcom ing b u lle tin on Comparison of w orkm en’« com pensation laws in the U nited
States a n d Canada. This com parison includes 1919 legislation.
3I n th e U n ited States th e Federal com pensation act was passed in 1908, w hile M ontana enacted
a eom jm nsation law in 1909 a n d N ew Y ork in 1910, th o u g h th e se e arly S ta te law s -$rere la te r declared
unconstitu tio n al.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
the United States compensation acts are distinguished more for
their dissimilarity than for their uniformity.
2. In Canada all of the laws are compulsory upon the employers
coming w'. Lin the scope of the act. In the United States only 13
are compulsory while 32 are elective.
3. In Canada the scope of the law in each Province (Yukon ex
cepted) is limited to enumerated hazardous employments. There is
some diversity in the number of such employments, hut the principal
hazardous industries are covered, including manufacturing, mining,
construction, and transportation. In the United States only 13 States
limit their scope to the so-called hazardous industries, while 32 States
cover the “ nonhazardous” as well as the “ hazardous” industries.
4. In Canada occupational diseases are compensable in every
Province except Quebec and Yukon. Such diseases, however, are
limited to those enumerated in the statutory schedule. In the
United States only 6 of the 45 State laws include occupational
diseases, but in these 6 States all occupational diseases are covered.
5. In Canada all of the Provinces except Manitoba, Quebec, and
Yukon have exclusive State insurance funds. In Ontario, however,
employers under schedule 2 (municipalities, railroad, express, telephone, telegraph, and navigation) are permitted self-insurance. In W
the United States only 8 of the 45 States have exclusive State funds,
while 9 have competitive State funds.
6. In Canada probably the most significant characteristic of com
pensation legislation is the assumption of liability on the part of the
Province. Injured workmen are paid direct by the workmen’s com
pensation board out of the accident fund. This is true, irrespective of
whether or not the employer has contributed his premiums to the fund
and even if the employer is insured or carries his own risk. Failure on
the part of the employer to meet his compensation obligations does
not deprive the injured workman or his dependents of compensation
benefits. This obligation is assumed by the accident fund, which in
turn has redress against the defaulting employer through an action
at law. Under none of the laws in the United States does the State
assume liability. In case of insolvency of the employer and insurance
carrier the injured employee loses his compensation benefits.
7. In Canada the workmen’s compensation boards have exclusive
and final jurisdiction over all compensation matters, no appeal to
the courts being permitted except in New Brunswick and Nova
Scotia. In these two Provinces appeal may be had to the Supreme
Court upon questions of law, but only with the permission of the G
judge of said court. In none of the States of America does the
administrative commission have final jurisdiction. In every State
appeal may be had to the courts upon questions of law and in many
of the States upon questions of fact.
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“
173
8. In Canada members of the workmen’s compensation boards
hold office during good behavior, except that in British Columbia
the term oi office is 10 years. Inmost of the Provinces, however, they
are subject to compulsory retirement at the age of 75. Each board is
authorized to appoint its officers and employees and to fix their
salaries. The term of office of such employees is subject to the
pleasure of the board. In the United States the term of office of
compensation commissioners is usually 3, 4, or 5 years.
9. As regards liberality, the benefits of the Canadian laws are
about on a par with the more liberal of the American acts. The
scale of benefits is considerably lower, but on the other hand the
periods for which benefits are paid are much longer. In Canada
compensation is usually paid during disability or until death or
remarriage of the widow, while in most of the States the compensa
tion periods terminate at the end of 300, 400, or 500 weeks. In
none of the Provinces (Yukon excepted) is the waiting period over
1 week, and in most of the laws compensation when payable begins
from the date of the injury, whereas in the United States 7 States
have a waiting period of 10 days and 13 States of 2 weeks. In all
of the Canadian laws the amount of compensation in case of dis®ability is 55 per cent of the employee’s earnings, except that in
Quebec the percentage is 50; in the United States 20 States have a
percentage of 60 or greater. The early Canadian laws did not provide
for medical benefits, but some of the Provinces have recently
made provision therefor; in the United States 42 of the 45 States
provide medical service. All but five of these States, however,
place some limitation upon the amount of the medical service which
the employer is required to furnish.
Compensation and Insurance Systems.
A EE of the Canadian laws are compulsory upon employers coming
within the scope of the act. In the five Provinces of Alberta,
British Columbia, .New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and O ntario1 all
employers must contribute to the accident fund. Quebec and Yukon
Territory have no State fund nor are employers in these jurisdictions
required to insure. Manitoba has a hybrid system. Employers
are required to insure in private casualty companies or provide selfinsurance. Such insurance companies or self-insurers, however,
must contribute to the accident fund. They must also contribute
71 per cent of their premiums to the administration fund.
^ Out of these accident funds, which are managed by the workmen’s
compensation boards, are paid all compensation claims. The board
1 E xcep t em ployers en u m erated in schedule 2, w hich includes m unicipalities, a n d railroad, e x p r e ss ,
telephone, telegraph, a n d n avigation companies. Em ployers in these industries are individually lia b le ,
though th e y m u st deposit funds w ith th e board, w hich pays th e com pensation direct to th e in ju r e d
employee.
105120°—20----- 12
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
classifies the industries according to the hazard, fixes and collects
premiums, receives and investigates claims, grants awards, and pays
the compensation benefits. As already noted, the workmen’s com
pensation board assumes liability. Injured workmen are always
paid direct by the board from the accident fund irrespective of
whether or not the employer is insured or carries his own risk.
Failure on the part of the employer to meet his compensation obliga
tions does not deprive the employee of his compensation benefits.
This obligation is assumed by the accident fund, which in turn has
redress against the defaulting employer through an action at law.
Scope or Coverage.
HE scope or coverage of the Canadian laws is more restricted
than that of most of the American acts. In ail of the Provinces
(Yukon excepted) the employments covered are limited to enumer
ated hazardous industries. Agriculture and domestic service are
universally excluded. Most of the laws also exclude outworkers,
traveling salesmen, nonhazardous clerical occupations, nonhazardous
public employments, and casual enrplotmes employed otherwise than
for the purpose of the employer’s business. Alberta also excludes radroads. Moreover the workmen’s compensation boards have been ^
given discretionary power both to increase and to decrease the scope"
of the acts by adding to or subtracting from the industries enumerated
in the statute. Under this authority the original statutory scope of
the acts has been considerably changed. Many new classes of
industries have been added ; others have been excluded. In addition,
the Ontario board has exempted certain classes of employers having
less than a stipulated number of employees. The policy of the boards
in including and excluding certain industries is apparently determined
by the hazard of the particular industry and by the administrative
difficulty of collecting premiums in the case of small employers.
Exempted employments usually are given the privilege of coming
under the act if either the employer or employee so desires.
Under all of the Canadian laws employees injured without the Prov
ince are entitled to compensation benefits if the place of business of
the employer and the usual place of employment of the workmen are
in the Province. The following provision found in the Alberta law
is typical of that in the laws of practically all the Provinces:
T
(1) W here an accident happens w hile th e workman is em ployed elsewhere th a n in
th e Province w hich would en title him or his dependents to compensation u n d er th is
act if it had happened in th e Province, th e workman or his dependents shall be
en titled to com pensation under this act-—•
*
(a) If th e place or chief place of business of th e em ployer is situ ate in th e Province
and th e residence and th e usual place of em ploym ent of th e workman are in th e
Province and his em ploym ent out of th e Province has im m ediately followed his
em ploym ent b y th e same em ployer w ithin th e Province and has lasted less th a n
six m onths; or
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W O R K M E N " S COMPENSATION,
175
(b) If an accident happens to a workman who is a resident of th e Province and th e
nature of the em ploym ent is such th a t in th e course of th e work or service w hich th e
workman performs it is required to be performed both w ithin and w ithout th e Prov
ince.
(2) E x cep t as provided b y subsection 1, no compensation shall be payable under
this act where the accident to th e workman happens elsewhere th an in th e Province.
The following table shows more in detail the scope of the several
Canadian compensation acts:
SCOPE
O F C A N A D IA N C O M P E N S A T IO N L A W S .
E x c lu s io n s .1
In c lu sio n s:
E n u m e r a te d
h a z a rd o u s
e m p lo y
m e n ts ;
O ut w orkers.
T ra v e lin g
sale sm en .
N o n h a z a rd ou s c lerica l
o cc u p a tio n s.
' C asu al e m
p loyees n o t
in u su al
course of
e m p lo y e r’s
b u sin ess.
P u b lic a n d o th e r e m p lo y m e n ts .
A lb e r ta ..........
A lb e r t a ......... A lb e r t a ......... A lb e r t a ......... A lb e r t a ......... A lb e rta (n o n h a z a rd o u s m u n ic i
p a l; ra ilro a d s; i t in e r a n t e m
p lo y ees).
B r itis h Co B ritis h Co B ritis h Co B r itis h Co B ritis h Co B r itis h C o lu m b ia (n o n h a z a rd o u s
lu m b ia .
lu m b ia .
lu m b ia .
lu m b ia .
lu m b ia .
p u b lic ).
M a n ito b a ___ M a n it o b a .. .
M a n ito b a . . . M a n ito b a . . . M a n ito b a (n o n h a z a rd o u s p u b lic ).
N ew B r u n s N ew B ru n s N ew B r u n s N e w B ru n s N e w B ru n s N e w B ru n s w ic k (p ro v in c ia l).
w ick .
w ick.
w ick.
w ick.
w ick.
N o v a S co tia.. N o v a S co tia. N o v a S cotia.
N o v a S co tia. N o v a S co tia (n o n h a z a rd o u s p u b
lic).
O n ta rio .......... O n ta r io .........
O n ta rio (p ro v in c ia l a n d n o n h a z
a rd o u s m u n ic ip a l).
Q u e b e c ..........
Q u eb ec (p u b lic em p lo y ees; sail
in g vessels; e m p lo y ees re c e iv
in g o v er 11,200 a y e a r a n d th o s e
w o rk in g alo n e ).
Y u k o n ..........
Y ukon
Y u k o n (em p lo y ers h a v in g less
t h a n 5 em p lo y ees).
A g r ic u l tu r e a n d d o m e stic serv ic e a re u n iv e rs a lly ex c lu d e d .
Accidents and Occupational Diseases.
/CANADIAN compensation laws cover both accidents and occupa^ tional diseases. The provisions of the British act, both as to
content and phraseology, have been adopted practically without
change in nearly all of the Provinces. Every law except Quebec
uses the phrase “ personal injury by accident arising out of and in
the course of the employment, unless it is attributable solely to the
serious and willful misconduct of the workman.” In four Provinces,1
however, injuries due to willful and serious misconduct are compen
sable if they result in death or serious disability. In addition, New
Brunswick excludes injuries if intentionally self-inflicted, due to in
toxication, or caused by a fortuitous event not connected with the
industry. Quebec also excludes intentionally self-inflicted injuries,
while Yukon excludes those caused by intoxication.
As regards occupational diseases the Canadian Provinces followed
the compensation law of Great Britain which originally included the
following diseases and processes:
1 A lberta, B ritish Colum bia, M anitoba, a n d N ova Scotia.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
O C C U P A T IO N A L
D IS E A S E
S C H E D U L E O F B R IT IS H
L A W O F 1906.
W O R K M E N ’S
C O M P E N S A T IO N
P ro cess.
D isease.
H a n d lin g of w ool, h a ir, b ris tle s , h id e s, a n d sh in s.
A n y pro cess in v o lv in g t h e u se of le a d or its p re p a ra tio n s or
c o m p o u n d s.
A n y process in v o lv in g t h e u se of m e rc u ry or its p re p a ra tio n s o r
co m p o u n d s.
A n y process in v o lv in g th e u se of p h o s p h o ru s or its p re p a ra tio n s
or c o m p o u n d s.
A n y process in v o lv in g th e u se of arsen ic o r its p r e p a ra tio n s or
c o m p o u n d s.
M ining.
A n th r a x ..
..............................................
B ead p o iso n in g or its s e q u e la e .....................
M ercu ry p o iso n in g or its s e q u e la e ..............
P h o sp h o ru s p o iso n in g or its s e q u e la e ----A rse n ic p o iso n in g o r its s e q u e la e ..............
Au h y lo s to m ia s is ................................................
Manitoba and British Columbia adopted verbatim the British act
of 1906; Alberta and Ontario added miners’ phthisis to the original
list; while Nova Scotia added the three following diseases: Sub
cutaneous cellulitis of the hand (miners’ beat hand), subcutaneous
cellulitis over the patella (miners’ beat knee), and acute bursitis
over the elbow (miners’ beat elbow). New Brunswick did not adopt
the British schedule, but grants compensation benefits for all occu
pational diseases, as determined by the board, contracted in indus
tries within the scope of the act. Quebec and Yukon do not com
pensate for occupational diseases.
However, the foregoing diseases are compensable only if they are
due to the nature of any employment in which the workman was
employed at any time within one year previous to the date of dis
ability. Compensation shall be payable in the first instance by the
last employer. The latter, however, may recover from other em
ployers whose employment had within the year contributed to the
contraction of the disease.
Waiting Period.
rITH the exception of Yukon Territory none of the Canadian com
In two
Provinces the waiting time is only three days. Furthermore, in most
of the Provinces compensation when payable begins from the date
of the injury. The following table shows the waiting period for each
Province :
W pensation laws have a waiting period of over one week.
W A IT IN G P E R I O D O F C A N A D IA N C O M P E N S A T IO N L A W S .
W a itin g p erio d .
P ro v in ce .
3 days.
3 d ay s.
6 d a y s.
1 w eek.
6 days.
O n t a r i o ............................ .................................................. 6 d a y s .
Q u e b e c .................................................................. 1 w eek .
Y u k o n -. ........................................................... 13 d a y s .
A lb e rta ..................................................................
B r i t i s h C o lu m b ia ...............................................
M anitoba, ...........................................................
N ew B ru n sw ick ...............................................
N o v a 8 o o tia .......................................................
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
N one if d is a b ility la s ts 10 d a y s or m ore.
N one if d is a b ility is p e rm a n e n t or la s ts over 6 d ay s.
N one if d is a b ility la s ts o v er 6 d a y s .
N one if d is a b ility la s ts o v er 6 d ay s.
N o n e if to ta lly a n d p e rm a n e n tly d isab led .
N one if d is a b ility la s ts o v er 13 d ay s.
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w o r k m e n ’s c o m p e n s a t i o n .
Compensation Benefits.
r p H E compensation benefits of the Canadian laws are about on a
“®" par with the more liberal American acts. The scale of benefits
is considerably lower, but on the other hand, the periods for which
benefits are paid are much longer, compensation usually being paid
during disability or until death or remarriage of the widow. In
case of death the usual provision is a fixed monthly pension of $20
to the widow, with an additional $5 a month for each child, but
not over $40 in all. In case of disability the usual compensation is
55 per cent of the employee’s earnings, to be paid during disability.
The following table shows the per cent of wages paid as compensa
tion, maximum weekly or monthly payments, and maximum period
and amount of compensation payable in case of death, permanent
total disability, and partial disability.
P E R C E N T O F W A G ES PA ID AS C O M PE N SA TIO N , M AXIM UM W E E K L Y OR M O N T H LY
P A Y M E N T S , A N D M AXIM UM P E R IO D A N D A M O U N T O P C O M PE N SA TIO N PA Y A B L E
IN CASE O F D E A T H , P E R M A N E N T T O T A L D IS A B IL IT Y , A N D P A R T IA L D IS A B IL IT Y .
M axim um period and am ount of compen
sation.
P ro v in c e .
P er cent
of w ages.
M o n th ly o r w e e k l y
m a x im u m .
D eath.
A lb e rta ...................
N o t b ased $40 m o n th ly p en sio n (d e a th ): P ro b a b le
in d u s
on w ages
$16 w eek ly p en sio n (to ta l
tria l life of d e
d is a b ility ).
ceased ($2,500).
B ritish C olum bia.. 55 (disa $40 m o n th ly p e n s io n (d e a th ); P ro b a b le in d u s
b ility ).
$22 w eek ly (to ta l d isa
tria l life of d e
b ility ) .
ceased.
M anitoba................ 55 (disa $40 m o n th ly p ension (d e a th ); P ro b a b le
in d u s
b ility ).
$22 w eekly (to ta l d isa
tria l life of d e
b ility ).
ceased .
New B ru n sw ick ... 55 (disa $40 m o n th ly p ension ( d e a th ) ; P ro b a b le
in d u s
b ility ).
$15.86 w eek ly d is a b ility ).
tria l life of de
ceased ($3,500).
Nova Scotia........... 55 (disa $40 m o n th ly p en sio n (d e a th ); P ro b a b le
in d u s
b ility ).
$13.20 w e e k ly (to ta l d isa
tria l life of de
b ility ).
ceased.
O ntario................... 55 (d isa $60 m o n th ly p ension (d e a th ); P ro b a b le
in d u s
b ility ).
$22 w eek ly ( to ta l d isa
tria l life of de
b ility ).
ceased.
Q uebec.................... 50 (d isa
4 y e a rs’ ea rn in g s
b ility ).
($2,500).
Y uk o n ..................... 50 (te m
$2,500..........................
p o ra ry
to ta l).
P e rm a
n e n t tota l disaI b ility .
I
P a r tia l
d is a b ility .
L i f e
($2,500)
$1,000.
L ife ........
D u rin g dis
a b ility .
L ife ........
D u rin g dis
a b ility .
L i f e
D u rin g dis($3,500).
a b ilit y
($1,500).
L ife ........ D u rin g dis
a b ility .
L ife ........
D u rin g dis
a b ility .
L i f e
D u rin g dis
($2,500).
a b ility .
$ 3 ,0 0 0 ... $3,000.
W eekly or M onthly M aximum .
The provisions relative to weekly or monthly maximums differ
widely as between death and disability. In case of death the monthly
maximum is usually $40 (Ontario, $60) but not over 55 per cent of
the employee’s wages. In case of total disability the weekly maxi
mum amounts range from $13.20 in Nova Scotia to $22 in British
Columbia, Manitoba, and Ontario. The Quebec and Yukon laws
make no provision in this regard.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
D eath.
Compensation benefits in case of death are not based upon wages.
Instead, all of the Provinces except Quebec and Yukon provide a
fixed monthly pension of $20 for the widow ($30 in Ontario) with an
additional $5 for each child ($7.50 in Ontario). Payments to the
widow continue for a period equal to the probable industrial life of
the deceased husband, or to quote the law, “ the payments shall con
tinue only so long as in the opinion of the board it might reasonably
have been expected had the workman lived he would have contributed
to the support of the dependents.” Payments to the children cease
at 16 years and to the widow upon remarriage, except that in the
latter event she is paid a lump sum equal to two years’ compensation.
Two of the above Provinces have a maximum lim it; in Alberta this
limit is $2,500 and in New Brunswick $3,500. Under the Quebec
law the death benefits are four years’ earnings of the deceased em
ployee (maximum, $2,500), while the Yukon law provides a fiat sum
of $2,500. In addition to the compensation benefits most of the
Provinces provide also for burial expenses, the maximum allowance
usually being $75.
T o tal D isability.
In all of the Provinces (except Yukon) compensation for total ^
disability accidents continue during disability and in case of per
manent disability during the life of the injured workman.
Three Provinces, however, provide a maximum limit—Alberta and
Quebec $2,500 and New Brunswick $3,500. In five Provinces
(British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and
Ontario) the amount of compensation is 55 per cent of the employee’s
wages, subject to wTeekly maximum and minimum limits. In Quebec
the percentage is 50, while in Alberta the amount is not based upon
wages, a weekly pension (maximum $16, minimum $10) being pro
vided instead,
P a rtia l D isability.
The Canadian method of compensating partial disability accidents
differs widely from the popular American method. Most of the laws
in the United States contain a schedule of specified partial disabilities
for which benefits are awarded for stated periods, the weekly pay
ments being based upon a percentage of wages earned at the time of
the injury. In Canada all of the Provinces except Alberta and Yukon
base the amount of compensation upon the wage loss or impairment
of earning capacity, payments continuing during disability. The
workmen’s compensation boards have authority to formulate partial
disability schedules in which the loss of earning capacity of the various
disabilities is expressed in percentages of total disability. The age
and occupation of the injured workman is usually taken into con-
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1772]
^
w o r k m e n ’s c o m p e n s a t i o n
.
179
sidération in determining his impairment of earning capacity. One
of these Provinces, however, has a maximum limit—New Bruns
wick $1,500. Alberta and Yukon have adopted the Washington
method and provide fixed amounts for certain specified injuries.
Medical Service.
A LTHOUGH none of the early Canadian acts provided medical
or surgical service in the present acceptation of the term, some
of the Provinces have recently made provision therefor. The fol
lowing table shows for each Province the amount of medical and
surgical aid and the conditions under which it is furnished:
M ED IC A L S E R V IC E P R O V ID E D U N D E R CA N A D IA N C O M PE N SA TIO N LA W S.
Province.
A l b e r t a . ............
B ritish Columbia.
M anitoba...............
New B ru n sw ick ..
N ova Scotia..........
O ntario...................
Q uebec...................
Y u k o n ....................
M axim um am ount, an d other qualifications.
Reasonable expenses o flast sickness in fatal cases involving no dependents; in other
cases em ployees furnished m edical aid from em ployer's hospital fund or S tate
accident fu n d to w hich employees m u st co ntribute.
Such service as reasonably necessary; tra n sp o rta tio n included; special provision
for seamen; em ployer’s h ospital fu n d p e rm itted.
Such m edical atten d an ce as board deem s reasonable; m axim um 8100; additional
special tre a tm e n t in p e rm an en t d isab ility cases if com pensation costs can bo
reduced.
Such special m edical an d surgical tre a tm e n t as w ill conserve th e accident fund a nd
such first-aid and hospital tre a tm e n t as th e board m ay require.
R easonable service for 30 days in compensable in ju ry eases; additional tre a tm e n t
if necessary to reduce disability; spècial provision for seamen; approved estab
lis h m e n t benefit schemes p erm itted .
Necessary service in compensable in ju ry cases; tra n sp o rta tio n included; approved
establishm ent benefit schemes p erm itted .
No provision.
No provision.
Nonresident Alien Dependents.
W I T H the exception of Quebec all of the Provinces grant com* » pensation to nonresident alien dependents but with certain
qualifications and restrictions. In Alberta, the law provides that
it shall be conclusively presumed that a workman, two years
after his arrival in Canada, has no nonresident dependents other than
his parents—one year after his arrival in case the workman is not of
British nationality. In British Columbia nonresident alien depend
ents are entitled to compensation, but the board may award such
lesser sum as will, according to the conditions and cost of living in the
place of residence of such dependents, maintain them in a like degree
of comfort as dependents of the same class, residing in Canada and
receiving the full amount of compensation, would enjoy. In the
other five Provinces (Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, On
tario, and Yukon) a nonresident alien dependent shall not be entitled
to compensation unless by the law of the country in which he resides
the dependents of a workman to whom an accident happens in such
country if resident in Canada would be entitled to compensation.
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[773]
180
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
Moreover, the amount of compensation shall not be greater than
that granted under the foreign law. Furthermore, in Manitoba and
Ontario, nonresident enemy aliens are excluded entirely from the
benefits of the act. Ontario also denies compensation to a resident
of a country “ voluntarily withdrawn from alliance with the British
Empire during the Great War, or of a country in default of establish
ing peaceful and harmonious relations with the British Empire.”
The Quebec law does not grant compensation to nonresident alien
dependents.
Administration.
N ALL of the Provinces except Quebec and Yukon, which have the
court type of law, the administration of the compensation acts is
Iunder
workmen’s compensation boards. The members of the boards
are appointed by the lieutenant governor and hold office during
good behavior, except that in British Columbia the term of office is
10 years. In four 1 of the Provinces, however, the commissioners are
subject to compulsory retirement at the age of 75. Each board is
authorized to appoint its officers and employees and to fix their
salaries. The term of office of such employees is subject to the
pleasure of the board.
The boards have final and exclusive jurisdiction over all compen
sation matters, no appeal to the courts being permitted except in
New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. In these two Provinces appeal
may be had to the supreme court upon questions of law, but only
with the permission of the judge of said court.
Accident Prevention.
F THE six Canadian Provinces having administrative compensation boards, the British Columbia board is the only one which
has statutory jurisdiction over accident prevention work. In all
of the other Provinces this function is performed by other State or
private agencies. The Alberta, and Manitoba compensation laws
made no provision for accident prevention at all, while the laws of New
Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Ontario authorize employers’ associa
tions to undertake this work, with a rather loose supervision by the
workmen’s compensation board.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
i M anitoba, New B runsw ick, N ova Scotia, an d O ntario.
[774]
SOCIAL INSURANCE.
Increase in Statutory Benefits Under British
Laws.
NCREASES in cost of living are notably burdensome in the case
of persons whose income is fixed by law, as in the case of public
employees, and more especially of persons whose income is
derived from pensions or other fixed awards.
I
Amendment of Workmen’s Compensation Law.
H po MEET the needs of persons in one of these latter classes, i. e.,
~ injured workmen, the British compensation law was amended in
1917 by adding 25 per cent to current and accruing awards payable
during total incapacity on the basis of the original act. This addi
tion was to be effective during the period of the war and for six
months thereafter. On December 30, 1919, royal assent was given
• * o a “ war addition” amendment, 1919, changing the 25 per cent
increase to one of 75 per cent, effective January 1, 1920. This is
an amendment to the Workmen Compensation (War Addition) Act,
1917, but contains no limitation as to term.
Old-Age Pensions Act, 1919.1
A NOTHER liberalizing enactment is one affecting the Old-Age
.CX Pension Acts, 1908, 1911. Perhaps the first change to attract
attention is the increase of the maximum pension allowance from 5s.2
per week to 10s. Pensions vary in accordance with the amount of
income derived from other sources, being so graduated that the maxi
mum receipts from property owned or other resources, combined with
the pension allowance, shall give a weekly support amounting to 20s.
This is the result of the 1919 amendment, and contrasts with the
maximum of 13s. provided for by the law of 1908.’
The original act allowed no benefits where the claimant had yearly
means in excess of £31, 10s. but the amendment advanced this sum
to £49, 17s. 6d. This enlargement of course brings an additional
number of persons within the purview of the act, estimated to be
220 , 000 .
^
A third change of importance is one striking out the provision
that the receipt of poor relief would bar the recipient from pensions.
1 Source: Local G overnm ent Journal, London, Dec. 2 7 ,19l9.
2 Owing to fluctuations in exchange valu e conversions in to U n ite d S tates m oney a re n o t m ade. The
n o rm a lp a r v alu e of th e po u n d is $4.87, of th e shilling 24.3 cen ts, a n d of th e penny 2 cents.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
181
182
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
It was held that this was an artificial disqualification, laying an
unwarranted social slight on the recipient of poor relief. It also
led to inadequate standards of living; while now if the pensioner is
found in need of outdoor relief, it is recognized as merely another
form of assistance of the same general nature.
Other changes relate to term of residence, prison sentences, the
status of wives of aliens, etc., the changes generally being in the
direction of liberality.
^
Civil-Service Pensions.1
THIRD item of like nature to the foregoing relates to the amounts
A
of retirement pensions for civil servants. Due to a war bonus
award, the Treasury agrees to add 40 per cent to the retiring salary,
where it does not exceed £300, and 30 per cent to higher salaries,
instead of 25 per cent and 20 per cent, as formerly. Ihus a man
drawing £100 annual salary would be rated £140 for retirement pur
poses, making his a half-pay ’ on retirement £ /0 instead oi £63 as
before.
Restriction of Unemployment Benefits in Austria,1•
N VIEW of the serious financial situation in Austria, the Govern
ment has decided to proceed energetically with the abolition of
unemployment benefits. The industrial district commission in
Vienna has announced that it will cease to pay unemployment bene
fits to the following classes of workers:
1.
Furniture makers, wheelwrights, shoemakers, brickmakers,
clay workers, and women tailors.
2.
Single and married unemployed manual workers and salaried
employees with no children who before August 1, 1914, were not
employed at work which involved compulsory sickness insurance
or have not received suitable training in any trade in so far as in the
opinion of the unemployment bureau they are unfitted for house
work or agriculture.
3.
Married women workers and employees (with the exception of
those who before their husbands were called into military service
were employed at work which made sickness insurance obligatory)
whose husbands have returned from the war and are earning wages.
This limitation of unemployment relief is regarded by Soziale
Praxis as a sound idea, which should be imitated in Germany, w here^
the workers have turned the right to work into a right not to work.
I
1 Source: Local G overnm ent Journal, London, Dec. 27,1919.
2 Soziale P rax is u n d A rchiv fiir Volks w ohlfahri. P e rlin , Nov. 27,1919.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[778]
LABOR LAWS,
Suspended Sentences in Labor Law Cases in
New York State.
PAMPHLET of 20 pages prepared by Bernard L. Shientag,
chief counsel to the New York State Industrial Commission,
considers the matter of suspended sentences in labor law
cases. The purpose of the pamphlet is to give publicity to a practice
that is largely prevalent in the State of New York with regard to
violations of the labor laws. The State is divided into two inspec
tion districts, one including New York City, and the other, known
as the second inspection district, the rest of the State. The study
covers a period of two and one-half years, from July 1,1917, to Decem
ber 31, 1919. The policy of the commission as set forth is to secure
compliance with the provisions of the labor law with as little friction
and hardship for the employers as possible. In most cases notice
9 is first sent,, and time allowed for remedying the practice concerning
which complaint is made. If this is not done, a warning letter is
sent by the counsel, and if that does not produce results, prosecution
is begun. Even then if the owner or employer complies with the
law, the department asks that proceedings be dismissed, and ‘‘it is
only in exceptional cases where the employer uses improper or
obstructive tactics that this procedure is not followed.’’ Naturally,
after this forebearance, and exclusion of cases in which there is
compliance, even though tardy, the commission feels that there
should be an actual enforcement of penalties.
There are two principal classes of cases noted, one class consisting of
those under the factory law, and the other of those under the mercantile
law. Factory law cases relate to fire protection and to child labor.
Under the mercantile law the chief difficulty is with the illegal employ
ment of children, hours of labor of women, and the allowance of a day
of rest. During the year ended June 30, 1918, there were 967 convic
tions under the factory law, resulting in 529 fines, aggregating $11,930;
while in 438 cases, or about 45 per cent, sentence was suspended.
In the second inspection district, fines were assessed in but 59 cases
out of 221 convictions, sentences being suspended in 73 per cent of
W the cases. There was a higher degree of strictness with regard to
offenses against the fire protection law in New York City, the per
centage of suspended sentences being 9; the up-State courts, however,
were more lenient, suspending sentences in 70 per cent of the cases,
A
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184
though here the class of cases considered was more inclusive. Of the
convictions in mercantile cases 70 per cent were granted suspended
sentences in New York City and 80 per cent up-State.
Effort is being constantly made to secure better cooperation
between the courts and the commission, and that some success in
this connection is being achieved is shown by the following brief table:
P E R C E N T OF S U S P E N D E D S E N T E N C E S D U R IN G EA C H S P E C IF IE D
N E W Y O R K C ITY A N D U P -S T A T E .
P E R IO D ,
IN
New York U p-State.
City.
Period.
P e r c e n t.
58
50
47
July 1917, to Ju n e, 1918.............................
In ly 1Q18 to .T im e 1919............................
Tipy71919 to D o n o m b e r , 1919...................
P e r c e n t.
75
70
69
The point is made that while the courts as a rule reach a conclu
sion as to the guilt of the defendant which is satisfactory to the
commission, there is a serious weakening of the laws by a too general
failure to enforce the penalties. While most employers comply with
the statutes, there are those who disregard them, and for whom a
penalty is the only persuasive argument. This is particularly the
case where children are illegally employed or women are worked
prohibited hours. An exit once constructed or a building otherwise
altered remains the same, while a child may be reemployed after
dismissal or a door be locked again when the fear of inspection is
absent. Since inspection can not be constant, the imposition of a
penalty is an indispensable aid to the enforcement of the law, and
for this the aid of the judges is essential.
All we can do is to call p u b lic atte n tio n to these m atters, and to plead for a closer
and more sym pathetic cooperation betw een th e commission and th e courts, in order
th a t th e purpose and in te n t of these beneficent laws, so im p o rtan t to th e safety and
welfare of th e people, m ay be fully carried out.
--- ---- --------- --
Comparison of Foreign Eight-Hour Laws.1
By
L
e if u r
M
a g nusson
.
WENTY countries had embodied in their legislation, and one
in its constitution, the principle of the 8-hour day or 48hour week before the International Labor Conference, under
the League of Nations, drafted its convention recommend
ing the 8-hour day and the 48-hour week for incorporation into
national legislation. Thus, as pointed out in effect by various
speakers among Government and labor delegates, the conference
T
i See also, R e p o rt o n th e 8-hour d a y or 48-hour w eek , p re p a re d b y th e O rg an izin g C o m m itte e for th e
In te rn a tio n a l L a b o r C onference, W a sh in g to n , 1919 [L o n d o n , 1919], p ag e 156.
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LABOR LAW S.
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was merely engaged in registering accepted principles, or at the
yery most, in harmonizing divergences of practice in respect to the
application of the 8-hour day. I t was insisted upon by the workers
and the Government delegates that the committee appointed to
study the matter and to draft a convention should consider only
the practical aspects of the matter, that the principle had already
been agreed upon. To appoint a committee to discuss the principle of
the 8-hour day and the 48-hour week, would be, as one Govern
ment delegate wittily put it, like appointing a committee for the
discovery of America.
Aside, however, from the fact that the principle of the shorter
workday has already been agreed upon in the legislation of the
major civilized countries, there remains much to be accomplished
in harmonizing that legislation, stopping up loopholes in it, and
making it effective in practice. Probably the most valuable result
of the international convention will be the effect it has as a standard
for legislation of the kind in question. The convention raises the
standards set up in some of the national legislation by broadening
the scope of the legislation, specifying exceptions more explicitly, and
defining the rate of overtime and the circumstances justifying overtime.
# In this article a comparison is made of the provisions of the various
8-hour laws and the international 8-hour convention. The State laws
of the United States and those of the States comprising the Federal
unions of some of the South American countries have been omitted.
No attempt has been made to cover those 8-hour laws of certain
countries which are applicable to public employments, nor those
already applying to mines. While some of these newer laws include
mining, yet before the war and before the springing up of these general
8-hour laws, mining was already practically an 8-hour industry the
world over, and is now moving in the direction of a seven or six
hour day.
The following statement shows the countries included and the
date of enactment of the 8-hour laws:
GENERAL
C o u n try .
A u s t r i a ...................
C zech o -S lo v a k ia .
D e n m a r k ...............
E c u a d o r .................
F i n l a n d ..................
^■ F rance.........
G e r m a n y .. .
L uxem burg.
M e x ic o ...........
N e th e r la n d s .
N o r w a y .........
E IG H T -H O U R
LAW S
IN
F O R E IG N
C O U N T R IE S .
D a te .
C o u n tr y .
D a te .
D e c . 1 9 ,1 9 1 8 .
D e c . 9, 1918.
F e b . 1 2 ,1 9 1 9 .
S e p t . 1 1 ,1 9 1 6 .
N o v . 27, 1917 ( a m e n d e d
. A u g . 14, 19, 1918).
A p r . 23, 1919.
N o v . 23, 1918.
D e c . 1 4 ,1 9 1 8 .
J a n . 3 1 , 1917J
N o v . 1, 1919.*
A u g . 14, 1918.
P a n a m a .................................
P e r u ........................................
P o la n d ....................................
P o r t u g a l................................
R u s s ia ....................................
S e r b s, C ro a ts, a n d S lo
v e n e s (J u g o -S la v ia ).
S p a i n ........................................
S w e d e n .................................. .
S w it z e r la n d .........................
U r u g u a y .................................
N o t a s c e r ta in e d .
J a n . 15, 1919.
N o v . 2 3 ,1 9 1 8 .
M a y 7, 1919.
O c t. 26 ( N o v . 11), 1917.
S e p t . 12, 1919.
1 C o n s titu tio n .
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A p r . 3, 1919.
O c t. 17, 1919.
J u n e 27, 1919.
N o v . 17, 1915.
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M O N T H L Y LABOE R E V IE W .
Types of Laws.
T
HERE are two general types of 8-hour laws:1 (1) Those in which ^
the coverage is specific; and (2) those in which it is general.
In the first instance, the laws specify the industries in which the
principle shall be applied or abated; and in the second instance, the
principle is stated as a general rule, to be applied in industries as
may be determined by administrative order, or by the action of
arbitration courts. This classification is very general, and in both
types of laws administrative orders defining and permitting excep
tions of the principle play some part. The draft convention of the
International Labor Conference is an example of the use both of
specifications in the general law and of administrative authority.
The Australian and New Zealand systems are the only examples
of standardization and enforcement through arbitration courts. The
8-hour day in these countries has been quite universal for several
years, and is mainly the result of collective agreements between em
ployers and workers and of awards of the arbitration courts and
trade boards. Aside from these observations concerning them, the
Australian and New Zealand laws are not covered in this article.
The laws of the other countries are grouped as follows according
to the general type of legislation in practice: Laws in which in d u stries^
covered are specified are those of Austria, Czecho-Slovakia, Denmark,
Ecuador, Finland, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal,
Russia, the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes; Sweden,
Switzerland, and Uruguay. Laws in which industries covered are
determined in detail by administrative orders are those of France,
Norway, and Spain.
Hours of Work Defined.
the laws define the hours of work as the actual hours of work
ATheLLexcluding
rest periods.
Peace Treaty, in Part X III, defining labor standards, declared
for the 8-hour day or 48-hour week as alternatives. The international
convention drafted by the International Labor Conference used the
term “ 8-hour day and 48-hour week,” thus defining the working
period in terms of both daily and weekly hours. The twofold method
of definition, as against the alternative one, is obviously better cal
culated to prevent abuses in the application of the principle such as
might take place if employees could be required to compress the
whole 48 hours of the week into a period of days less than the number
in the week. On the other hand the employers pointed to the g re a ter^
1 S e e a lso r e p o r t o n t h e 8 -hour d a y or 4 8-hour w e e k , p r e p a r e d b y t h e o rg a n iz in g c o m m itt e e for t h e I n t e r
n a tio n a l L a b o r C o n fe ren ce, W a s h in g to n , 1919 [L o n d o n 1919], p . 5. T h r e e t y p e s o f la w s a re d is tin g u is h e d
b y t h is r e p o r t, n a m e ly , t h e tw o m e n tio n e d a b o v e a n d t h e A u s tr a lia n a r b itr a tio n -c o u r t la w s .
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flexibility in adjusting hours obtained by taking the week as the
unit. The convention accepted what was in effect a compromise of
the hard-and-fast rule, namely, a fairly liberal policy in respect to
exceptions, and permitted the hours not worked on any weekday—
hours less than the 8 prescribed—to be distributed over the remain
ing days of the week. The laws of the following countries accept
either the day, or the day and the week, as the unit: Austria, Den
mark, Ecuador, France, Germany, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Poland,
Russia, and Uruguay. The following have adopted the 8-hour
day or 48-hour week with the alternative form of definition:
Finland, Norway (allows 8-|- hours per day on 5 days of the week),
Portugal, the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, and
Sweden (allows 8-1 hours per day on 5 days of the week). Switzerland
makes the week the unit in determining the hours, No limit is
apparently placed on the day, except that in shift work the day
may not exceed 9 hours.
Employees Included,
11f i OST of the laws include all persons employed in the industries
l¥ l, covered by the acts, other than the members of a family.
The international convention is specific and includes all departments
of an industry so as not to discriminate between those who perform
clerical work and the industrial workers in the same establishment.
The laws, as near as may be determined without first-hand knowl
edge of administrative orders interpreting them, which cover only
industrial workers are those of Austria, Czecho-Slovakia, Denmark,
Germany, Russia, and Sweden. The last named is the only country
which anticipates the international convention by specifically exclud
ing persons in a managerial capacity and in positions of confidence.
Laws covering only industrial workers naturally exclude this class.
The laws of Czecho-Slovakia, Denmark, Netherlands, and Norway,
which are likewise factory inspection laws of a general nature, make
distinctions as to the hours of women, children, and adult male
workers. The details can not be gone into in this analysis, which
aims to cover only the general hours of work of adult males.
Industries Excluded,
| T is not possible to determine exactly the coverage of the laws.
-®- Either by express mention or by implication, certain industries
and employments are excluded. The acts usually cover those under
takings which are included in the factory legislation of the country,
and only a detailed first-hand study could determine the exact scope
of the terms “ factory” or “ industrial undertaking.” Consequently, a
negative form of definition is probably more helpful than a positive
one in order to determine the scope of the law’s. All the laws, with
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M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
the exception of those of Ecuador, France, Poland, Portugal, the King
dom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes; Sweden, and Uruguay, exclude
commercial and office employments. In some respects these laws set a
higher standard than the international convention. Homework is uni
versally excluded, as are all undertakings where only members of the
family are employed. Agriculture is also generally excluded, except in
the Czecho-Slovakian law, and in the Dutch law during periods other
than the harvest season. The Danish law applies only to work in
continuous industries and of all the laws is therefore the most limited
in scope. Seasonal industries are either excluded entirely or are given
special treatment in the exceptions allowed. Except in Sweden, where
special laws exist for that class of work, public employments are
included along with private undertakings.
Exceptions Permitted.
VEN within the scope of the various laws certain exceptions are
permitted to be supplied by administrative order. In deter
mining these exceptions, it is customary to consult the organiza
tions of workers and employers. The customary exceptions are
either temporary or permanent exclusions of an industry or certain
departments thereof. All the laws make temporary exceptions in
the case of seasonal industries; also in case of exceptional pressure of
work, as well as in the case of emergencies created by unforeseen acci
dents or force majeure. The law of Czecho-Slovakia, while including
agriculture, makes exception in the distribution of the hours of work,
spreading them over a period of four weeks so as to attain an average
of 48 per week. France has a provision which is found in no other
law, namely, that exception may be made in the case of an industry
if an international agreement is entered into providing for different
hours in the industry in question. Switzerland has the only act which
contains a provision that an exception from the application of the
8-hour rule may be granted to an industry to enable it to meet the
competition of countries working longer hours.
E
Overtime.
HE international convention is the most explicit as respects the
provisions affecting overtime. Here the rate of overtime is
definitely fixed at time and a quarter; the amount of overtime is
subject to determination by agreement between the employers' and
workers’ organizations. The international convention further re
quires special authorization for working overtime and provides for £
the registration of the amount of overtime worked. Few of the
national laws are as specific on this point. Those which provide for
an extra rate of compensation for overtime are the laws of Austria,
Ecuador, Finland, France, Poland, Portugal, and the Serbs, Croats,
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and Slovenes. The amount of overtime is limited by the laws of the
following countries: Austria, Finland, Netherlands, Russia, Sweden,
and Switzerland. The laws in which registration of the amount of
overtime is required are those of Finland, Poland, Russia, and the
Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. Those countries which have laws laying
down the principle of an 8-hour day and leaving its application to
administrative order make no detailed provision respecting overtime.
W
Administration.
HPHE general administration of the 8-hour laws is confided to the
factory inspection departments and related services. The ordi
nary police authority and inferior courts try all cases of contravention
under the law. Only one country, Peru, provides for the settle
ment of disputes as to wages arising from the application of the
law, by an arbitration board composed of three members, two repre
senting the parties and the third an arbitrator chairman chosen by
the supreme court. No provision, however, is made as to enforce
ment of the award, although the arbitrators are required to report
within eight days after assuming jurisdiction of the dispute. However, in this connection it should be noted that the majority of the
other countries have arbitration and conciliation boards for the set
tlement of ordinary labor disputes so that the provision of the Peru
vian law is not necessarily an advance on the 8-hour legislation of
the other countries as far as the settlement of disputes is concerned.
Conclusion.
HPHIS brief study of the 8-hour laws of various countries has
served to show the great diversity in the provisions which the
laws lay down respecting the application of the 8-hour principle.
Some are obviously extremely vague and limited in scope, others are
pious wishes at the most. None are as definite or as comprehensive
as the international convention adopted at the International Labor
Conference in Washington (October 29-Nov. 29, 1919), the accept
ance of which would in most countries constitute a distinct advance
over the existing 8-hour laws.
Topical summaries of the 8-hour laws now in force in various
foreign countries and of the international convention on the 8-hour
day follow:
Topical Summaries of Eight-Hour Laws.
In tern a tio n a l C onvention.1
D a te o f a d o p tio n .—Conference of October 29, 1919; effective as to m em bers ratifying
it, J u ly 1, 1921.
H o u rs o f w ork defined .—W orking hours shall not exceed 8 per d ay and 48 per week.
P erso n s in clu d ed .—All persons other th a n m em bers of fam ily and those engaged in
homework em ployed in undertakings specified.
1 R e p r o d u c e d i n fu ll i n F e b r u a r y is s u e o f t h e Monthly L abor R eview , p p . 15 t o 20.
165126°—-20------13
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M O NTH LY LABOE BEVIEW.
In du stries covered.—Industries w hether public or private include p articularly
mines, quarries, and other works for th e extraction of m inerals from th e earth ; estab
lishm ents engaged in th e m anufacture, alteration, cleaning, repairing, ornam ent
ing, finishing, adap tin g for sale, breaking up or demolishing, or transform ation of
m aterials; shipbuilding; generation and transm ission of electric or m otive power;
construction and m aintenance work in general; transportation, handling, and ware
housing.
R ed u ctio n i n w ages. —No provision.
E x cep tio n s. —Persons in a supervisory or managerial position, or confidential
capacity; shift work, provided th e average w eekly hours for a period of 3 weeks
do not exceed 48; accident, actual or th reaten ed , u rg en t work to m achinery or plant,
or in case of force m ajeure w hen necessary to m aintain ordinary work; certain con
ditions, when authorized b y th e G overnm ent, in w hich cases th e average per week
shall not exceed 48; certain occupations prelim inary to and subsequent to beginning
and stopping of work; unexpected dem ands upon th e capacity of an establishm ent;
national em ergency. Special exceptions m ade as to tim e w hen becom ing effective
in case of certain G overnments.
N ot exceeding 56 hours per w eek in processes carried on under continuous operation.
O vertim e. —R ate of com pensation for overtim e fixed a t tim e and a quarter. Amount
of overtim e to be determ ined b y adm inistrative regulation and after consultation with
em ployers’ and workers’ organizations.
S p e c ia l orders. —Perm an en t and tem porary orders m ay be issued b y th e Government
after consultation w ith th e organizations of em ployers and workers concerned, if
such exist.
A d m in is tra tio n . —Left to national au th o rity , w hich will determ ine th e appropriate
agencies of enforcement.
A ustria.
D ate o f en actm en t. — Decem ber 19, 1918; effective Jan u ary 3, 1919. Continues in
force u n til conclusion of peace.
H o u rs o f w o rk defined .<—Hours of work shall n o t exceed 8 in 24, excluding breaks in
work. For young people and women, 44 per week, and no work on Saturdays after
12 noon.
P erso n s in clu d ed . —In d u strial workers.
In d u stries covered. —All undertakings conducted b y a corporation, State, Province,
or comm une, if operated as factories subject to th e In d u strial Code.
R ed u ctio n i n w ages. —No provision.
E x cep tio n s. —W hen necessary to m ake up for unforeseen in terru p tio n n o t periodi
cally recurring; press of work, especially in seasonal industries; in cases of collective
contracts calling for a m axim um of 48 hours per w eek; subsidiary processes (heating
boilers, cleaning, etc.), provided young people are n o t so em ployed.
O vertim e. —O vertim e work paid for a t 150 per cent norm al wages; lim ited to 2 hours
per day and not exceeding 3 weeks.
S p e c ia l orders. —May allow fu rth er exceptions, after consultation w ith an advisory
board on w hich em ployers an d workers are eq u ally represented.
A d m in is tra tio n . —Factory inspection service and police authorities connected th ere
w ith. C ontraventions are su b ject to th e penal provisions of th e In d u strial Code.
C zecho-Slovakia.1
D ate o f en actm en t. —Decem ber 9, 1918.
H ou rs o f w ork defined. —A ctual hours of labor lim ited to 8 per day and 48 per week.
P erso n s in clu d ed . —Workers.
1 The Czecho-Slovakian law is also a general factory act and includes provisions affecting th e em ploy
m en t of w omen and Children, n ig h t w ork, rest periods, etc.
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1 9 1
In du stries covered.— In d u strial undertakings, w hether pu b lic or private, or conducted
for profit, philanthropic or charitable purposes; m ining, coke ovens, and b last furnaces,
agriculture and lum bering, provided th e y are ru n as enterprises b y hired labor;
transportation.
These provisions m ay not be evaded b y giving out homework.
R ed u ctio n in w ages. —Prohibited if based on decrease in actual hours worked.
E xcep tio n s. In particu lar classes of undertakings, especially transport and agri
culture, th e hours m ay be spread differently over a period for 4 weeks, th e total
theiein not to exceed 192 hours; one-half hour for ascent and descent allowed in m ines;
where work is b y shifts; force m ajeure, accid en ts, ex trao rd in ary d em and, w hen
other m eans are not practical; em ergency work or re p a ir work w hen life, h ealth , or
public interests are in danger; fixing of boilers, cleaning of workrooms, feeding anim als,
etc.; public u tility establishm ents not re q u irin g over 6 hours of work p e r day.
Overtim e. All overtim e work separately paid for, rate not stated. E xcluding
emergency Avork, th e m axim um am ount of overtim e is 2 hours per d ay w ithin a period
of 20 weeks or 240 hours per year.
s p e c ia l orders.— R equired for overtim e work, except for em ergency and preparatory
work, work w hen life, health or p ublic in terest is a t stake. In special cases, in rail
road work extra hours m ay not be required unless th e m inister p re v io u s^ consults
workers’ representatives.
A d m in is tra tio n . M inistry of Social W elfare and its subordinate, factory and mineinspection service, th e railroad adm inistration, and local and m unicipal police
authorities.
D enm ark.
D ate o f enactm ent. —February 12, 1919; in effect, A ugust 12, 1919.
H ou rs o f w ork defined.— N o worker in continuous operation m ay have gross hours of
labor in excess of 8 per day, or more th an 160 hours in 3 weeks; 16 hours at change
of shifts perm issible.
P erson s in clu ded. —Workers in establishm ents covered.
In d u stries covered.— Industries regularly operated continuously; seasonal industries
w ith four m onths of continuous process work.
R edu ction in w ages. —No proAdsion.
E x cep tio n s.— On change of shift days hours may be extended to 16; seasonal in d u s
tries for four m onths in any year; repairw ork. sickness, or for com pletion of a specific job.
O vertim e. —No provision.
S p e c ia l orders. —-Required in case of seasonal industries covered and after consulta
tion Avith em ployers’ and workers’ organizations.
A d m in is tra tio n . —M inister of labor and subordinate factory inspection service;
advisory labor council representing employers and workers equally and u n d er chair
m anship of State official.
Ecuador.
D ate o f enactm ent. —Septem ber 11, 1916.
H ou rs o f w ork d e fin ed — N ot more th an eight hours daily, six days a week.
P erso n s in clu ded. —Laborers, mechanics, employees.
In du stries covered. Commercial establishm ents, offices, in d u strial enterprises, "and
in general any business w hatever th e natu re of th e services rendered.
R ed u ctio n in w ages. — No proAdsion.
E x cep tio n s. —Laborers, mechanics, clerks, etc., may work beyond th e legal lim it
upon request.
O vertim e. —O vertim e, before 6 p. m. is p aid 20 per cent extra; betw een 6 and 12 p. m.,
50 per cent, and after th e last-nam ed hour 100 per cent.
S p e c ia l orders. —No provision.
A d m in is tra tio n . —Judges of police court and parish justices try suits under act.
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M O NTH LY LABOR REVIEW .
Finland.
D ate o f enactm ent.— N ovem ber 27, 1917, am ended A ugust 14, 1918; adm inistrative
orders, A ugust 19, 1918.
H ou rs o f w ork defined. —A ctual work n o t to exceed 8 hours p er day (bank to bank in
mining), or 96 hours in 2 weeks.
P erso n s in clu ded. —All persons in in d u stries and undertakings m entioned, other than
owner and m em bers of his fam ily.
In d u stries covered— W hether p u b lic or p riv ate or conducted for profit or philanthropic
purposes, handicrafts, factory or other in d u strial occupations, building, repair, and
upkeep of buildings, and construction of docks, railways, bridges, roads, etc., salvage,
and diving; bathin g establishm ents; clearing, cleaning, draining, and scavenging;
rafting and lum bering; loading an d unloading; comm ercial, office, or warehouse work;
inns, hotels, cafés, and sim ilar ind u stries; railw ay and street traffic, except traffic
and rail sections; postal, customs, telephonic service, canals, ex cep t traffic sections;
autom obile traffic and jobbing; in d u stries and undertakings sim ilar to th e above.
R ed u ctio n in w ages. —No provision.
E x cep tio n s. —In case of accident, force m ajeure, or other occurrence threatening to
in te rru p t work or cause damage, such e x tra work n o t in cluded in th e regularly allowed
overtim e; establishm ents w here work requires to be carried on u n in terru p ted ly day
and night: (a) 156 hours in 3 weeks w ith suspension on S unday; (6) 168 hours in 3
weeks w ithout such suspension (Senate decree, Aug. 19, 1918); subsidiary work in
cleaning, repairing, heating, etc.
O vertim e. —O vertim e rate of tim e and a half for th e first 2 hours, and double tim e
for subsequent hours; am ount of overtim e n o t to exceed 24 hours in 2 weeks, and over
350 hoiirs per year. Consent of inspection authorities required for overtim e beyond
200 hours a year; registration and account of all overtim e required.
S p ecia l orders. —Defining in detail exem ptions from th e law if, owing to th e tech n i
cal nature of th e work, th e tim e of year, or th e compelling circumstances, th e a ct can
not be applied in practice.
A d m in is tra tio n . —D ep artm en t of Social W elfare and th e subordinate factory inspec
tion service, together w ith local police authorities.
France.
D ate o f en actm en t. —A pril 23, 1919 (forms T itle I of Book I I of th e Labor Code).
H o u rs o f w ork defined. —A ctual hours of work lim ited to 8 p er day or 48 p er week.
P erso n s in clu d ed defined. —A ny age or sex, w heth er wage earners or salaried persons.
In d u stries covered. —In d u strial an d comm ercial establishm ents, in cluding all d ep art
m ents thereof; both priv ate and p u b lic undertakings w hether of a religious, educa
tional, charitable or philan th ro p ic n ature.
R ed u ctio n in w ages. —No reduction in wages allowed as resu lt of shortening hours
through law.
E x cep tio n s. —L eft to adm in istrativ e order for determ ination in general. S ubject
to revision if contrary to in tern atio n al agreem ents entered into.
O vertim e. —L eft to ad m in istrativ e order for determ ination.
S p e c ia l orders. —Term s of law ap p lied through adm in istrativ e orders w hich apply
eith er to a trade or locality or both. These w ill determ ine distrib u tio n of hours
w ithin w eek or other period, tem porary and perm an en t exceptions, rest periods. ^
Consultation w ith em ployers and workers required in advance of prom ulgation of w
orders or decrees.
A d m in is tra tio n . —M inistry of Labor and subordinate factory inspection service.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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LA BO R LAWS.
193
G erm any.1
Date o f enactment.—N ovem ber 23, 1918; effective upon publication.
Hours o f work defined.—R egular d aily hours of labor, exclusive of rest periods, m ust
not exceed eight. C urtailm ent on days preceding S undays and holidays m ay be
made u p on other w orking days.
Persons included.—In d u strial workers.
Industries covered.— All in d u strial establishm ents, inclusive of m ining; Federal,
State, and comm unal establishm ents, and agricultural subsidiary establishm ents
of an in d u strial nature.
Reduction in wages.—No provision.
Exceptions.—G eneral exceptions in transportation and com m unication (railway,
post and telegraph service) subject to agreem ents betw een managers and w orkm en’s
organization; shift changes (perm ittin g a 16-hour d ay once in 3 weeks); tem porary
emergency work not p erm ittin g d elay; if p u b lic in terest or natu re of work requires
unin terru p ted work, provided labor can n o t be secured.
Special orders.—Factory inspection m ay authorize exceptions. A ny hours of
labor differing from th e above m ust be in consequence of agreem ents, subject to
approval of adm inistrativ e officials.
Administration.—D epartm ent of Labor, factory and m ine inspection services,
and local police authorities.
L uxem burg.
Date o f enactment.—D ecem ber 14, 1918, adm in istrativ e decree, D ecem ber 14, 1918;
effective D ecem ber 15, 1918. Tem porary, d uration n o t specified.
Hours o f work defined.—A ctual d uration of hours of work shall n o t provisionally
exceed eight per day.
Persons included.—All em ployees in th e classes of establishm ents enum erated
below.
Industries covered.—Mines, clay-pits, quarries; iron and steel works and factories,
establishm ents classed as dangerous, u nhealthful, or noxious; factories em ploying
steam or other m echanical m otive power; p u b lic and private establishm ents, in c lu d
ing those established for th e purpose of in d u strial education or p h ilanthropic purposes.
Reduction in wages.—R eduction of wages because of a reduction in hours is
prohibited.
Exceptions.—Railroad, transportation; work u n d er direction of fam ily authority,
w hen not classed as dangerous or u n h ealth fu l or as not requiring heav y m anual labor,
and if steam or other m echanical power is n o t em ployed ; h andicraft and small in d u s
tries em ploying less th an 20 persons.
Special orders.— E xem ptions, w hether in general or for a lim ited tim e, m ay be
authorized on special grounds.
Adm inistration.—M inistry of A griculture, In d u stry , and Commerce and subordinate
factory inspection service.
N eth erlan d s.2
Date o f enactment.—N ot ascertained; effective N ovem ber 1, 1919.
Hours o f work defined.—-Actual hours of work per d ay n o t to exceed 8 hours p er d ay
and 45 per week.
Persons included.—All persons em ployed in factories, workshops, an d offices.
1 F u ll tr a n s la t io n o f t h e t e x t o f t h e o r d er w a s p u b lis h e d i n t h e M onthly L abor R
e v ie w
, M a y , 1919,
pp. 214, 215.
2 S u m m a r y m ade fro m r e p o r t o n 8 -h o u r d a y a n d 4 8-hour w e e k , p r e p a r e d b y t h e o r g a n iz in g c o m m itt e e
o f t h e I n t e r n a t io n a l L a b o r C o n fe r e n c e , W a s h in g to n , 1919. [L o n d o n , 1919.] T h is la w is m o r e t h a n a n
h ou r s-of-lab or r e g u la tio n a n d a p p lie s a ls o t o t h e e m p lo y m e n t o f w o m e n a n d c h ild r e n , a g e o f a d m is s io n t o
in d u s t r y , e t c .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
194
M O NTH LY LABOR REVIEW.
Industries covered.— All industries ex cep t dom estic service, agriculture during other
th a n harvest seasons, a n d those for w hich oth er laws are applicable—stonecutters,
harbor workers, m ine workers, tram w ay an d railroad tran sp o rtatio n employees.
Reduction i n wages.—No provision.
E xceptions— Work of p rep aratio n a n d of cleaning up in factories, etc., allowed up
to 10 hours per d ay ; caretakers p e rm itted to work u p to 13 hours p er d ay and 78 hours
per w eek; seasonal industries; general exception for certain factories and workshops
specified b y order.
Overtime.—A m ount of overtim e generally lim ited to 2 hours p er d ay and 7 hours
per w eek; special order m ay p e rm it 1 hour d aily for 5 d ay s p er week as a regular rule
in designated factories; seasonal industries, m axim um hours lim ited to 11 hours per
day for a d u lt m ales (10 for women) a n d 62 per week (55 for women). In stan ces of
overtim e in any establishm ent are n o t to exceed 24 each y e a r except in case of seasonal
industries and like pressure of work, an d provided only p a rt of factory was affected
by previously granted perm its.
Special orders.—Allow exceptions a n d relaxations of th e law, for c ertain establish
m ents or classes of establishm ents.
Administration.—D ep artm en t of L abor an d subordinate factory inspection service;
police and local au th o rities of various kinds.
N orw ay.
Date o f enactment.—A ugust 14, 1918; in effect on p u b licatio n ; continues in force
12 m onths after declaration of peace.
Hours o f work defined.—G eneral hours of work shall not exceed
per d ay and 48
per week.
Persons included— All workers in establishm ents designated b y Crown.
Industries covered.—All in d u stries covered b y F acto ry A ct of 1915 as follows: H andi
craft and in d u strial establishm ents h aving th e character of a factory, em ploying other
th a n h an d power or steam boilers, a n d n o t em ploying m otors of 1 horsepower or o v er,
quarries, clay and chalk p its; stone dressing em ploying five or more persons regularly;
mines, ore dressing, an d sm elting works; m ining an d sm elting; works m anufacturing
or using explosives; h an d icraft or o th er in d u strial occupations em ploying five or more
persons outside of th e w orkm an’s hom e; ice c u ttin g , w arehousing, packing, stevedores,
etc. ; building trades, w ater, gas, and sewer constructions; bridge building; construc
tion of roads, railw ays, harbors; telegraph and telephone installations, etc.
Reduction in wages.—No provision.
Exceptions.—E x traordinary circum stances, provided authorization is secured.
Overtime— In extraordinary circum stances by authorization.
Special orders.— D esignate establishm ents to b e governed b y act.
Administration.—M inistry of Labor and subordinate factory inspection service.
Special wage board of five m em bers selected b y Crown to settle disputes as to wage
changes arising un d er th e law.
P anam a.
Date o f enactment.—N o t ascertain ed .1
Hours o f work defined.—E ig h t hours of work co n stitu te a d ay s work.
Persons included— All workers and comm ercial employees.
Industries covered— All p riv a te and pub lic u n dertakings w hether in d u strial or com
m ercial in th e ir nature.
Reduction in wages.—No provision.
Exceptions.— 'Cases of u rgent necessity; continuous processes; in te rru p tio n likely to
cause in ju ry to interests of th e p u b lic and of h e a lth ; n a tu ra l occurrences.
i S u m m a r y m a d e fro m re p o r t o n t h e 8 -h o u r d a y a n d t h e 48-h our w e e k p r e p a r e d b y t h e o r g a n iz in g c o m
m it t e e for t h e I n t e r n a t io n a l L a b o r C o n fe ren ce, W a s h in g to n , 1919.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[L o n d o n , 1919.]
LA BO R LAWS.
195
Overtime. All work beyond hours stip u lated is overtim e and to be “ rem unerated
accordingly.” P erm itted b y special agreem ents betw een workers and employers.
Administration. —No provision.
Peru.
Date o f enactment.—Jan u ary 15, 1919 (decree b y president).
Hours o f work defined.— A d a y ’s work is fixed a t eig h t hours.
Persons included.—All persons em ployed in in d u stries covered.
Industries covered.— S tate workshops, railw ays, agriculture and in d u strial estab
lishm ents, and all pub lic works u n d ertak en by th e State. P rivate establishm ents
unless otherwise agreed upon by em ployers and workers.
Reduction in wages.— P résent wages to continue w ith o u t change through reduction
in hours.
Excep tions . —No provision.
Special orders.—No provision.
Adm inistration.— D isputes as to wages arising from th e application of th is law,
adjusted by an arbitratio n board of th ree m em bers, two representing th e parties and
the th iid an im p artial chairm an chosen by th e suprem e court. A rbitrators m ust
report in eight days. No provision as to enforcem ent of an award.
Poland.
Date o f enactment.—N ovem ber 23, 1918; in effect upon publication.
Hours o f work defined.— Hours of labor m u st be lim ited to 8 hours daily and on
Saturdays to 6 hours, exclusive of rest periods. W hen daily hours necessarily exceed
8 not more th an 46 per week perm itted.
Persons included.—All workers and employees in industries covered.
Industries covered.—All in d u strial establishm ents, mines, furnaces, workplaces,
transportation by land and by w ater, and commercial occupations.
Reduction in wages.— R eduction in wages as result of reduced hours prohibited.
Exceptions.—P erm itted only upon special au th o rity . The 6-hour day m ay be any
week day w hen agreed to by th e c ity or local council.
Overtime. Compensated a t a higher rate th an normal. V oluntary overtim e agree
m ents m ust be ratified by th e labor inspectors: authorization required for obligatory
overtim e.
Special orders. -Special regulations and explanations m ay be issued by m inister of
labor and public welfare.
Administration.—M inistry of Labor and P u b lic Welfare and subordinate factory
inspection service as soon as constituted ; a t present, police authorities.
Portugal.
9
Date o f enactment.—May 7, 1919; in effect May 17, 1919.
Hours o f work defined.— M axim um period of work lim ited to 8 hours per d ay or 48
per week; comm ercial and financial in stitu tio n s 7 hours per day.
Persons included defined.—All classes of em ployees in undertakings covered.
Industries covered.— State em ploym ent, adm inistrative, comm ercial and ind u strial
undertakings; transportation.
Reduction o f wages. R eduction of wages as resu lt of reduced hours prohibited.
Exceptions.— Agriculture and dom estic service, including hotels, restaurants, e tc.;
national em ergency, m obilization; accidents by fire, flood, explosion, grave disaster,
force m ajeure; special cases when authorized. B arber shops and business houses
may work four hours ex tra on Saturdays. In dangerous and u n h ealth fu l processes
further reduction in hours p erm itted; and if im possible to arrange work in shifts.
Overtime. —D ouble pay, excepting when for th e S tate and ad m in istrativ e bodies
and paid for under existing regulations.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
Special orders.—May regulate shift-work in transportation; fix th e tim e of opening
and closing industrial and comm ercial establishm ents, and tim e for recreation.
Administration.—Factory inspection service and police authorities.
R ussia.1
jDate
o f enactment.—October 26 (Nov. 11), 1917.
Hours o f work defined.—The working day n o t to exceed 8 hours a day and 48 hours a
week, including th e tim e necessary for cleaning m achinery and clearing up th e works.
Persons included.—All persons working as wage earners in industries covered.
Industries covered.—All comm ercial and productive establishm ents regardless of
th eir size and legal status.
Reduction in wages.-—No provision.
Exceptions.—N ight or seasonal work to satisfy p u b lic needs; preparatory work and
work after th e regular hours of an establishm ent; preservation of raw m aterials;
danger to persons or property; w ater an d lig h t supply plants, heating, canalization and
im p o rtan t public m eans of com m unication; necessary repair work; prevention of
in jury to m achines, apparatus, etc., w hich m ight cause cessation of work; repair of
damage by flood or fire; w atchm en, guards, etc.
Overtime.— Double tim e rate; lim ited to 50 days in th e year and to 4 hours in any
two consecutive days; authorization required in m ost instances, and record of am ount
k ep t in all instances.
Special orders.—R equired in case of exceptions covering unavoidable necessity and
in restricting hours in dangerous and u n h ealth fu l occupations.
Consultation w ith em ployers and workers necessary for designation of certain
holidays and perm itting suspension of th e law during hostilities.
Administration.— General adm inistration of factories and mines.
Serbs, C roats, an d Slovenes ( Jugo-Slavia).
Date o f enactment.—Septem ber 12, 1919; in effect one m onth after publication.
Hours o f work defined.—R egular hours of labor, exclusive of rest periods, m ay not
exceed 8 hours per day or 48 hours per week.
Persons included.—A ll employees in th e classes of establishm ents covered.
Industries covered.—A ll in d u strial and handicraft establishm ents, mines, m ercantile
and transportation enterprises, w hether p riv ately or S tate owned, and establishm ents
of an industrial character in agriculture and forestry.
Reduction in wages.—No provision.
Exceptions.—(1) Home-working establishm ents in w hich only m em bers of th e
fam ily of th e entrepreneur are em ployed; (2) establishm ents requiring continuous
operation (16-hour day p erm itted for a d u lt workers once in th ree weeks a t shift change) ;
(3) in case of unforeseen emergencies (w ith modification of th e proper authorities) ; (4)
on application, th e proper authorities m ay issue perm its for a 10-hour day or a 60-hour
week for a duration of 4 weeks to in d iv id u al establishm ents or in d iv id u al departm ents
of an establishm ent and to seasonal ind u strial and handicraft establishm ents (these
perm its m ay be renew ed not more th a n 3 tim es in a calendar year and each tim e for a
m axim um of 4 weeks); (5) cases of force m ajeure; (6) aux iliary work on w hich th e
beginning or term ination of operation is conditioned (cleaning, atten d an ce of boilers,
machines, etc.).
O vertim e. —O vertim e work p aid a t 150 per cen t of norm al wages. In case of piece
work wages th e forty-eighth p a rt of th e w eekly earnings to be considered as th e normal
hourly wage.
1The decree is more than an 8-hour regulation and is practically a comprehensive factory law covering
also the employment of women and children and night work.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
197
LABOR LAWS.
S p ecia l orders. —In transport an d com m unication enterprises (railroads, mails,
telegraph, telephone, traction and steam ship companies, etc.) th e law is to be a p p li
cable w ith such am endm ents as are required by th e n atu re of these enterprises. Such
am endm ents to be determ ined by th e proper m inisters in conjunction w ith th e m inister
of social welfare.
Administration.—M inistry of social welfare, in dustrial and m ining authorities or
factory and m ine inspection service or political authorities.
Spain.
Date o f enactment.—A pril 3, 1919; in effect O ctober 1, 1919.
Hours o f work defined.—The legal m axim um hours of labor shall n o t exceed 8 per
d ay or 48 per week.
Persons included.—All persons em ployed in in d u stries covered.
Industries covered.—All in dustries u n til exceptions have been determ ined by ad m in
is trativ e order.
Reduction in wages.—No provision.
Exceptions.—D eterm ined by ad m in istrativ e orders to be issued not la te r th an
Jan u ary 1, 1920.
Special orders.—D eterm ine scope of law ; consultation w ith com m ittee representing
workers and em ployers provided for.
Administration.—In s titu te of Social Reform and subordinate factory inspection
service and various police au thorities; advisory com m ittees of employers an d workers.
Sweden.
Date o f enactment.—O ctober 17, 1919; in effect Ja n u a ry 1, 1920 (July 1, 1920, in case
of continuous processes); op erativ e u n til D ecem ber 31, 1923.
Hours o f work defined.—A ctual hours of work exclusive of rest periods generally
lim ited to 8 per d a y or 48 p e r week; b u t w ith o u t exceeding th e w eekly lim it, 8 Jh o u r
perm issible th e first five days of th e week.
Persons included.—All employees ex cep t (a) persons in m anagerial positions; (6)
persons doing secretarial or clerical work; (c) w atchm en an d ( d ) office employees.
Industries covered.—(1) A ll establishm ents, in d u stria l an d n onindustrial, p riv a te or
m unicipal, em ploying four or more persons or located in com m unity of over 1,500
in h ab itan ts; (2) buildin g construction work of every kind, provided th a t four persons
are employed. Industries or work excluded are (1) Homework and work b y m em bers
of fam ily; (2) work of irregular or casual n atu re; (3) S tate establishm ents; (4) care of
sick; (5) seam en, etc .;1 (6) forestry an d lum bering; (7) agricu ltu re an d related in d u s
tries; (8) transportation by rail; (9) stores, barber shops, and related establishm ents;
(10) hotels, restaurants, etc.
Reduction in wages.—No provision.
Exceptions.—Allowed b y th e advisory council representing em ployers an d workers.
N ational emergencies m ay occasion ov : tim e; work in shifts m ay exceed th e w eekly
lim it of 48 hours, provided th e average over a period of th ree weeks does not exceed 48
hours. In seasonal an d other trades th e average of 48 hours m ay be p rorated over a
period n o t exceeding four weeks. In case of in d u stria l emergencies, such as work to
p rev en t accidents an d spoiling of perishable products, work in excess of th e legal
lim its is p erm itted . U ndertakings w hich m ay find i t necessary to close down if com
pelled to accept th e 8-hour d ay m a y b e allowed to defer th e in troduction of th e 8-hour
d ay upon orders by th e Crown after advice of th e labor council created.
Overtime.—A m ount of overtim e lim ited to 25 hours per m onth, a n d 150 hours per
year for a d u lt workers (18 years an d over) an d 10 hours p er m onth in th e case of young
persons. F u rth er overtim e of 10 hours per m onth and 75 hours per year p e rm itted by
i C o v e r e d b y s p e c ia l la w O c to b e r , 1919.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
S ee M onthly L a b o r R
e v ie w
, D e c e m b e r , 1919, p p . 258-260.
198
M O NTH LY LABOR REVIEW.
au th o rity of factory inspector. D etails respecting overtim e left to collective agree
ments.
S p ecia l orders. —Define and lim it exceptions.
A d m in is tra tio n .— D ep artm en t of Labor and subordinate factory inspection service;
police authorities, courts, etc. Special advisory council representing em ployers and
workers set u p for advice in drafting regulations, etc.
Sw itzerland.
D a te o f enactment.- —Ju n e 27, 1919.
H ou rs o f w ork defined.— Single-shift work n o t to exceed 48 hours per week; if hours
on Saturday are less th a n 8, rem aining hours m ay be distrib u ted over th e 5 days of
the week, so long as th e week does n o t exceed 48 hours. Work a t n ig h t (perm itted
by com petent authority) n o t to exceed 8 hours, b u t in shift Work it m ay be 9 hours.
P erso n s included.. —All em ployees in industries and occupations covered.
In d u stries co vered — AM factories or in d u strial establishm ents operated b y m achine
power em ploying a t least 6 persons; those n o t having m achine power b u t employing
a t least 11 persons; those em ploying any persons u n d er 18 years of age if at least 6
persons altogether are em ployed; establishm ents involving injurious or unhealthful
processes.
R edu ction in w ages. —-No provision.
E x cep tio n s.— Allowed b y com petent au th o rity in case of d uly ascertained need; in
case of preparatory work and work of cleaning, etc., after hours; if necessary to enable
an industry to m eet com petition of countries working longer hours. M aximum of
exception allowed is 52 hours per week.
O vertim e. —N ot over 2 hours per day except in case of d u ly ascertained need; nor for
a period exceeding 10 days b y d istrict or local auth o rity and over 10 days b u t not ex
ceeding 20 days b y cantonal auth o rity , and no t exceeding 24 days in general during the
year. T his lim it m ay be exceeded b y agreem ent betw een employers and workers in
very exceptional cases (seasonal work), and if an y previously issued perm its have
applied only to p a rt of factory or some of th e workers; b u t prolongation of day p re
ceding Sundays and holidays is perm itted only in case of d u ly ascertained need w hich
m ust not lie in natu re of th e industry.
S p e c ia l orders. —Define am ount of overtim e and rest periods and e x te n t of excep
tions perm itted.
A d m in is tra tio n .— D epartm ent of In d u stry and Commerce and th e subordinate fac
tory inspection service.
U ruguay.
D a te o f enactm ent.— -November 17, 1915; effective F ebruary 17, 1916.
H ou rs o f w ork defined. —A ctual work 8 hours per day and 48 hours per week.
P erso n s inclu d ed — All employees in industries covered.
In d u stries covered. —A ny factory, workshop, shipyard, stoneyard, earthworks, h ar
bors on coasts or rivers, ind u strial and comm ercial establishm ents, railroads, street
railw ay service, loading or unloading ships, and on p ublic works.
R ed u ctio n in w ages. —No provision.
E x c ep tio n s. —Such as are granted by special authorization; affect only daily hours;
w eekly hours m ay exceed 48.
O vertim e.— No provision as to rate, am ount, or kind.
S p e c ia l orders. —The ex ecutive au th o rity m ay p erm it extension of th e daily hours'
in exceptional cases.
A d m in is tra tio n . —Treasury departm ent, th e factory inspection service, and police
authorities.
1 L a w su m m a riz e d i n th e M o n t h l y R
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[792]
e v ie w
fo r A p ril, 1916, p p . 84, 85.
LABOR LAWS.
199
Profiteering Act of Great Britain.
N AUGUST last the British Parliament passed a measure to be
cited as “ the Profiteering Act, 1919.” It provides for investiga
tion of complaints by the Board of Trade, which may also
establish local committees for the handling of matters arising in the
locality. The subjects to he investigated are prices, costs, and
profits at all stages, and also complaints as to unreasonable profits.
The board or the local committee may either dismiss the complaint
on hearing, or declare the price that would yield a reasonable profit
and require the return of the excess charged above such price. Viola
tions may he punished by fine and imprisonment; false and reckless
complaints.also entail liability of similar punishment.
Articles covered include those designated by the Board of Trade,
being an article or class of articles declared by the order to be one
or one of a kind in common use by the public, or being material,
machinery, or accessories used in the production thereof.” Articles
subjected to other regulations, known as “ controlled articles,” are
exempt from the provisions of this act, as are also goods for export
or sales at public auction or on competitive tender. The Board of
Trade has power to make regulations for the carrying out of the
purposes of the act and the government of local committees. These
committees may exercise in general the powers of the board except
as regards the fixing of prices. Appeals may be taken to tribunals
to which the decisions of local committees may be referred, and
either the local committee or the appeal tribunal may refer cases to
the court of summary jurisdiction for the prosecution of offenders.
The Board of Trade may take action by way of investigation on
its own initiative, and is directed to do so as regards trusts, combi
nations, etc., connected with the regulation of prices or the produc
tion of commodities. Local committees will proceed normallv on
complaints submitted to them, the regulations requiring such com
plaints to be made within 4 days after the transaction, though
this period may be extended by the local committee to not later
than 14 days. Proceedings are to be public and reports of the evi
dence and sentences are to be published in the local press. As a
further means of reducing the cost of living the Board of Trade may
authorize local authorities to purchase and sell any article or articles
to which this act applies, subject to such conditions as the board
may impose. This business is to be carried on on a commercial
basis, however, and not at public expense.
It is reported that the Board of Trade has received a large number
of replies from local authorities accepting their invitation to form
local committees under the act; these committees are to consist of
I
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
200
M O NTH LY LABOR REVIEW .
not less than 7 nor more than 25 members, and the working classes
must be adequately represented thereon. The act itself directs the
inclusion of women on all local committees.
The first schedule issued by the board, of articles to be included,
contains a list of all articles of wearing apparel, all household utensils
and necessaries, and all material required in building; the second
schedule deals with all articles of food which are not controlled. At
the end of about one month from date of the enactment of the law
it was reported that 900 local committees had been formed, and
that appeal tribunals were being organized at such a rate that the
whole country would soon be covered.
Considerable criticism of the act has been expressed. It is regarded
by some as an effort to deal with trivial offenders on the complaint
of persons whose names will become known to the dealers, and who
will thereby incur their dislike to an extent that may cause much in
convenience, particularly in small communities. On the other hand
the fault may really lie back of the dealer complained of, who is only
obtaining a reasonable profit based on the high price that he was
compelled to pay. The machinery is felt to be poorly coordinated
and unlikely to reach effectively the real seat of the trouble. How
ever, it is admitted that a valuable effect may be produced by the
fact that a penal provision is in existence, potentially available in
case of discovered extortion. The life of the act is limited to six
months unless specifically extended by provision of Parliament.
Summary of Labor Legislation in Great Britain
in 1919.
HE British Labor Gazette for January, 1920, publishes the fol
lowing summary of labor legislation enacted in that country
during the year 1919. It should be noted that the provisions
of some of these measures have been given in previous issues of the
T
Monthly L
abor
R
e v ie w
.
Two acts d ealt w ith questions of wages. The Wages (Tem porary R egulation)
E xtension A ct (May 2 9 )1 exten d ed for six m onths, u n til N ovem ber 21, 1919, th e pro
visions of th e Wages (Tem porary R egulation) Act, 1918. U n til that- date, therefore,
th e statutory obligation was im posed upon em ployers of paying not less th an th e “ prescribed ” rates of wages, w hich, broadly speaking,were th e standard d istrict rates exist
ing a t th e tim e of th e arm istice. Compulsory reference to th e in terim court of arbitra
tion a t th e request of one of th e parties was also m aintained in case of difference as to
th e existence or th e am ount of a prescribed rate; and in th e case of w om en’s wages,
w here th e rate could not be easily ascertained, th e M inister of Labor retained power
to fix a prescribed rate b y order. In addition, a rate m ight be su b stitu ted for th e pre-
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1The dates given after the title of acts are those of the royal assent.
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LAB OB LAWS.
201
ecribed rate by an award of th e in terim court of arb itratio n on compulsory reference,
or by an agreem ent approved b y th e M inister of Labor; an d these “ su b stitu ted ” rates
m ight be extended b y order to th e whole of th e in d u stry concerned. T he In d u stria l
Courts A c t1 (N ovem ber 20) ex ten d e d u n til S eptem ber 30,1920, certain of th e m ain
provisions of th e wages (tem porary regulation) acts. S tatu to ry sanction was given
to th e prescribed or substitu ted rate in existence a t th e ex piration of th e Wages (Tem
porary R egulation) A ct, and to th e decisions as to th e existence and am o u n t of such
rates given b y th e industrial court established in place of th e in te rim court of a rb i
tration.
B u t, except in certain circum stances in th e case of women, i t is no longer possible
to establish a new prescribed or su b stitu te d rate having statu to ry au th o rity ; and th e
power to extend by order su b stitu ted rates, fixed by agreem ent, to th e whole of an
in d u stry has also ceased to exist.
The In d u stria l Courts A ct provides also a p erm anent supplem ent to th e ex isten t
m achinery for conciliation and arbitration. Reference m ay be m ade to th e in d u strial
court, b y agreem ent of b o th parties, in regard to any m atter relating to or arising out of
a dispute. T his step m ay only be tak en w hen other means of settlem en t have been
brought in to operation w ith o u t success. O ther forms of arb itratio n trib u n als th an th e
in d u strial court continue, an d , if b oth parties to a d isp u te desire it, can still be utilized.
The act also m akes provision for th e full inform ation of th e G overnm ent and th e public
as to th e facts in a trad e disp u te, by authorizing th e M inister of Labor to set up, in case
of a dispute, actu a l or an ticip ated , a court of in q u iry , w ith au th o rity to dem and evi
dence and to issue a report.
T he problem s of em ploym ent in th e coal in d u stry gave rise during th e year to two
Facts. T he Coal In d u stry Commission A ct (F ebruary 26) provided th a t a commission2
should be constituted to in q u ire in to th e position of and conditions prevailing in th e
in dustry, w ith special reference in te r alia to wages, hours of work, cost of production
and distribution, selling prices and profits, and th e social conditions of colliery workers.
T he Coal Mines A ct, 1919 (August 15), provided, in accordance w ith th e interim
report of th e commission, for th e reduction, from eight to seven, of hours of labor of coal
m ine workers below ground as from Ju ly 16, 1919, and makes provision, contingent
upon th e conditions of th e in d u stry , for a fu rth er reduction in 1921.
Two acts d e a lt w ith special problems arising from war conditions. The Restoration
of Prew ar P ractices A ct 3 (A ugust 15) redeem s th e pledges given to trade-unions in
return for th e ir w ithdraw al of restrictiv e practices during th e war. I t requires owners
of establishm ents to w hich th e a c t applies—m ainly those engaged on m unitions work—
to restore or p erm it th e restoration of any trad e rules, practices, or customs obtaining
before th e war w hich had been departed from during and in consequence of th e war,
and to perm it th e continuance of such trad e practices for one year. T he Disabled Men
(Facilities for E m ploym ent) A ct (July 22) enables arrangem ents to be m ade to relieve
or indem nify em ployers in respect of th e whole or p a rt of any increase of ex p en d itu re
arising from his liab ility to pay com pensation in respect of accidents or in d u strial dis
ease, w here such increase is a ttrib u ta b le to th e em ploym ent of m en disabled in th e
war. The act, w hich is adm inistered b y th e H om e Office, is given effect, in general,
by agreem ents entered in to w ith th e insurance companies, who accept disabled men
a t th e ordinary rates, and are indem nified by th e G overnm ent against e x tra ex p en d i
ture.
. Four acts am ended previous legislation providing for social services. The N ational
'H ealth Insurance A ct, 1919 (A ugust 15), increases from £160 to £250 per annum th e rate
i T h is a c t w as p u b lis h e d in th e M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w for F e b r u a r y , 1920 (p p . 41-45).
1 A rtic les d e a lin g w ith th e a p p o in tm e n t a n d re p o rts of th is c o m m issio n w ere p u b lish e d i n th e M o n t h l y
L a b o r R e v i e w for M ay, 1919 (p p . 109-114), A u g u st, 1919 (p p . 78-86), a n d O cto b e r, 1919 (p p . 23-30).
* A n a c c o u n t of th e in tro d u c tio n of th is b ill, it s im p o r ta n t featu res, a n d th e a ttit u d e of u n s k ille d la b o r
to w a rd it, w as g iv e n in th e Monthly L abor R eview for O cto b e r, 1919 (p p . 30-35).
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M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW.
of rem uneration for th e purpose of exem ption from insurance under th e national health
insurance acts. T he N ational Insurance (U nem ploym ent) A ct (D ecem ber 23) raises
from 7s. to 11s. per week th e rate of benefit payable to workpeople insured u n d er th e
National Insurance (U nem ploym ent) Acts, 1911-1918. T he W orkm en’s Compensation
(War A ddition) A m endm ent A c t1 (Decem ber 23) increases th e additional w eekly sum
from one-quarter to three-quarters of th e am ount of th e w eekly paym ent, and also
extends th e application of th e ac t of 1917, as am ended, to persons en titled to com pen
sation under th e acts of 1897 and 1900. T he Old Age Pensions A c t1 (Decem ber 23)
increases th e w eekly rates of old-age pensions, th e new m axim um being 10s. per week,
and m akes various other provisions and am endm ents to earlier acts.
The Checkweighing in Various In d u stries A c t2 (A ugust 15) provides for “ checking
the w eight or m easurem ent of m aterials produced, h andled, or gotten by workmen
paid by w eight or m easure in certain in d u stries,” including th e production or m anu
facture of iron or steel, th e loading or unloading of goods in to or from vessels, th e get
ting of chalk or lim estone from quarries, and th e m anufacture of cem ent and lime.
Provision is m ade for th e inclusion of other m aterials b y regulation.
The Police A ct (A ugust 15) constituted th e police federation, and prohibits m em
bers of police forces from being m em bers of trade-unions.3
In addition to th e acts m entioned above, bills have been introduced by th e M inister
of Labor providing for (a) th e establishm ent of a m axim um working week of 48 hours,
subject to certain exceptions; (6) th e constitution of a commission to in q u ire into and
report on m inim um tim e rates of wages; (c) th e extension of th e contributory scheme
of unem ploym ent insurance to su b stan tially all persons falling w ithin th e h ealth
insurance scheme, ex cep t those engaged in agriculture and dom estic service.4 These
bills are to be dealt w ith in th e n e x t session of Parliam ent.
*
1 T h is a c t is n o te d in th is issue of t h e M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w (p. 181).
2 T h is a c t w as n o te d i n t h e M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w for F e b r u a r y , 1920 (p p . 238, 239).
2 T h is a c t ap p lies to G reat B rita in only; a sim ila r m e asu re for I re la n d w as th e C o n stab u lary a n d Police
(Ire la n d ) A c t, w h ich rece iv ed ro y al a sse n t o n N o v e m b e r 20.
4 I n Ire la n d th e b ill ap p lies o n ly to w o rk m e n in th e tra d e s n o w in s u re d a g a in st u n e m p lo y m e n t.
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LABOR ORGANIZATIONS.
Annual Convention of International Seamen’s
Union of America, January, 1920.
T
HE determination of the International Seamen’s Union of
America to defend and uphold the Seamen’s Act against all
attacks in Congress and in the courts, and to initiate an active
counter propaganda against the campaign which the union alleges is
being carried on to misrepresent and discredit the act, was strongly
emphasized at the twenty-third annual convention of the union,
which was held in San Francisco, January 12-22, of this year.1 The
convention went on record as being opposed to any and all amend
ments intended to bring about a repeal of the law and empowered its
legislative committee to take any action it may deem necessary to
preserve the law.
In his annual address to the convention, President Andrew Furuseth
JBpoke of the struggles of the seamen to attain their present position
and to defeat the campaign to nullify or repeal the Seamen’s Act.
Criticism was voiced of some of the rulings made by the Department
of Commerce in the enforcement of the act, although Mr. Furuseth
stated that “ the trouble is more in the system that places the material
of the merchant marine—the vessel—under the same department
with the personnel—the seamen.’ He urged indorsement by the
convention of the recommendation of the Secretary of Labor to Con
gress that jurisdiction of the personnel of the merchant marine be
transferred to the Department of Labor, and also of the bill drafted
by authority of the executive board of the union for submission to
Congress providing for such transfer. The convention subsequently
acted favorably upon a resolution to this effect and providing that
the legislative committee be instructed to consult with the »Secretary
of Labor, with the Masters, Mates, and Pilots of the United States,
and the Marine Engineers’ Benevolent Association to the end that
we may, if possible, be united by the final form of the bill before it is
introduced.”
President Furuseth pointed out the potential danger to the sea
men’s act from the labor clause in the covenant of the League of
^Nations and to the hostile attitude of foreign shipowners. The
friendly attitude of the organized seamen of Europe .toward the act
and the enactment of similar legislation in Scandinavian and other
1 R e p o rt s u m m a riz e d from T h e S e a m e n ’s J o u rn a l, S a n F ran cisc o , J a n . 14, 21, 28, 1920.
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M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
maritime nations were referred to in showing the need of close affilia
tion with the International Seafarers’ Federation in order to advance
the interests of all seamen. He said:
To accom plish our purpose we m ust be associated w ith th e seam en of th e world and
send delegates to th e gatherings of th e representatives of th e seam en from different
countries. We need them . T hey need us. W e all need th e strength th a t comes from
knowing each other, and th e h elp th a t we can give to each other in d u strially and
legislatively. WTe m ust all become free, or we shall again all become slaves.
The convention later decided to send three delegates to the next
conference of the International Seafarers’ Federation which will be
held in Europe this summer, and “ to cooperate with the organized
seamen of all countries in securing for them the rights conferred to
seamen under the American flag by the Seamen’s Charter of Freedom,
the Seamen’s Act.”
Work of .the Convention.
*r
1\ /T ORE than two days of the convention’s time was devoted to a
-*-*-*- thorough discussion of the problems confronting the seamen
of America and at the conclusion of the deliberation a recommenda
tion was mad e to all affiliated unions that, in view of the very unset
tled industrial conditions, they give most careful and painstaking!
consideration to all movements either to advance or lower existing
wages and working rules. Unqualified indorsement was given to the
principle of the eight-hour working day for all seamen, and a resolu
tion was passed approving the action of the Railroad Administration
in recognizing the fundamental right of the 48-hour week and time
and one-half as overtime for any work done in excess thereof, but
protesting against the exclusion of that class of employees called
“ marine workers of floating equipment department.” I t was decided
to work for the early enactment of the Federal seamen’s compensation
bill, now pending in the United States Senate, to urge Congress to
abolish the present recruiting and training service of the Shipping
Board and instead make every merchant ship a training vessel for
American youths, and to favor private ownership and operation of
merchant vessels “ because Government ownership of ships has had
the tendency to establish Government ownership of seamen.” The
convention disapproved of the Rowe bill which has passed the House
and is now in the Senate and which would amend the law so that a
person might become an able seaman after serving six weeks in a
training vessel or by passing the examination required after six
weeks of such training and serving nine months in a merchant vesseU
The present law permits any person who has been at sea for one year
to become an able seaman upon passing an examination proving his
fitness for the rating. The proposed law was said to be “ vicious,”
and in the resolution adopted it was held that “ no man can learn an
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LABOR ORGANIZATIONS.
able seaman’s duties in such short time” and that “ it is the real
interest of the safety at sea and our ability to compete that the
efficiency [of the seamen] be increased in place of being decreased.”
The convention decided to establish permanent offices for the
union at Washington, D. C., and to continue organizing work in the
ports of the United States and Canada and particularly on the Great
Lakes until every seaman and fisherman is a member of the union.
The report of the secretary showed the membership of the union to
have increased from 50,000 in 1918 to 75,000 in 1919.
By occupation groups the membership was reported as follows:
M E M B E R S H IP O F IN T E R N A T I O N A L S E A M E N ’S U N IO N , 1918 A N D 1919, B Y O C C U P A T IO N
G ROUP.
O c c u p a tio n g roup.
1918
1919
C oo k s........
F ish e rm e n
F ir e m e n ..
S a ilo rs ___
7,200
9,600
14, 700
18,500
9,400
8,600
27.000
30.000
T o ta l...
50,000
75.000
By districts, in 1919, 48,000 were credited to the Atlantic district,
18,000 to the Pacific district, and 9,000 to the Great Lakes district.
Approximately 50 per cent of the membership at the beginning of 1920
was native born, while just prior to the war the native-born member
ship was only 20 per cent. Andrew Furuseth was reelected president
and T. A. Hanson secretary-treasurer for the coming year. Philadel
phia was selected as the place for holding the next convention.
165126°—20----- 14
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
Activities of German Trade-Unions.
Membership of General Trade-Union Federation.
N SEPTEMBER, 1919, the German General Trade-Union Federa
tion, the central organization of the tree (Social-Democratic)
Trade-Unions, had a membership of approximately 6,400,000
organized in 54 federations.1 Of these 5,327,000, or about five-sixth
of the total, belong to 12 federations, each of which has 100,000
or more members.
I
F E D E R A T IO N S O F T H E G ER M AN F R E E T R A D E -U N IO N S W IT H A M E M B E R S H IP OF
100,000 O R O V E R IN S E P T E M B E R . 1919.
Memloership.
Federation.
Before the
war.
ln Septem
ber, 1919.
531,991
207,330
228,207
101,956
309,562
22,531
133,034
35,219
192,465
54,522
49,145
1,350,000
505,000
450,000
422, 600
420,000
400,000
400,000
370,000
350,000
310,000
250,000
100,000
1,865,962
5,327,000
With respect to the membership figures given in the preceding table
it should be noted that the railwaymen’s federation was not estab
lished until July, 1916, and that the salaried employees’ federation
was formed in 1919 by the amalgamation of two Other federations.
Commenting on the rapid growth of the membership of the Free
Trade-Unions an article in Correspondenzblatt2 says:
G erman Free Trade-U nion m em bership is m aking rapid strides from th e sixth into
th e seventh m illion. Considerably more th a n half of th e m em bers are persons who
have joined a trade-union for th e first tim e. These m ust be trained to be good tradeunionists. This training has for m any years been th e task of th e trade-unions, b u t it
has never been so big and difficult a task as i t is now . H itherto th e old m em bers were
in th e m ajority in th e local unions, th e d istrict councils, federations, and conferences.
Now th e new m em bers are in th e m ajority. The m inority has to teach th e m ajority.
The new m em bers have been in th e trenches for four years, and th e ir experiences have
left a m ark. T hey are not shy and retiring as new m em bers -were in th e old days. The
characteristic of th e masses of th e workers to-day is a deep-seated feeling of bitterness
and m istrust tow ard everything and everybody. A ll th is m ust be tak en in to consid
eration. New m em bers m ust n o t be called “ November Socialists ’ and m ust not be
referred to as “ those who have ju st crep t into th e organization.” J he youthfulness
of th e new m em bers m ust no t constitute a cause of reproach.
1 C orrespondenzblatt der G eneralkom m ission der Gewerkschaften D eutschlands.
2 C orrespondenzblatt. Berlin, Sept. 13,1919.
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B erlin, Sept. 20,1919.
LABOR O RG ANIZATIONS.
»
207
Metal Workers’ Federation.
HHHE proceedings at the general conference of the Metal Workers’
Federation held at Stuttgart in October were of great importance
for the development of industrial conditions in Germany.1 For the
first time in the history of the federation the delegates belonging to
the Independent (radical) Socialist Party gained the upper hand in
this, the largest German trade-union federation, and appointed its
representatives as leaders. This majority has declared itself against
joint industrial leagues (Arbeitsgemeinschaften ) of representatives of
trade-unions and employers’ associations. Its manifesto states that
“ the general conference recognizes no form of negotiations with em
ployers other than those rendered necessary by industrial disputes.”
An Industrial Workers’ Federation {Industrieverband), composed of
all manual and brain workers in the metal industry, is to be formed,
to continue the fight for the possession of the means of production
and the abolition of capitalism.
The passing of the leadership of the Metal Workers’ Federation
into the hands of the Independents means, it is stated, that the joint
industrial league in the metal industry has broken up, and that if
J $ this process is repeated in other trade-union federations, the existence
of the central industrial league of workers’ and employers’ organiza
tions will be threatened. The movement which aims at industrial
dictatorship through the works’ councils is undermining the practical
beginnings made by the joint industrial leagues toward giving the
workers an effective share in the control of production. The mani
festo recognizes only those conferences with employers which are
necessitated by industrial disputes, and excludes cooperation in
productive tasks. The fact of the continued existence of capitalistic
enterprise is thus recognized, but organized workers are deprived of
the measure of participation in the control of production which they
had gained. These leaders, it is added, are evidently afraid of devel
oping the joint industrial leagues and cooperating with the employers.
But they will find, after some practical experience as leaders of the
unions, that they are obliged to cooperate in the control of produc
tion. The idea of the industrial joint league will be resuscitated in
one form or another by its present opponents.
The Metallarbeiter-Zeitung2 publishes the following excerpts from
the new by-laws of the Metal Workers’ Federation operative as
from October 13, 1919:
£
Strike benefit.—First-class m em bers (m en), 5 m ark s3 per diem , or 30 m arks weekly;
second class (women 16 years of age and over), 3 marks, or 18 m arks w eekly; th ird
1 V o rw ä rts .
B e rlin , O ct. 25,1919.
2 M etallarbeiter-Zeitung. S tu ttg art, Nov. 15, 1919.
3 O w in g t o fluctuations in exchange value conversions in to U n ited S tates m oney are not m ade.
n o rm a l p a r value o f th e m a rk is 23.8 cents, a n d of th e pfennig 0.238 cent.
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M O N T H L Y L A B O K REVIEW.
class (children un d er 16 years of age), 2 marks, or 12 marks weekly. For th eir
wives m arried m em bers of th e first class are to receive in addition 1 m ark per
diem , or 6 m arks weekly, and of th e second class, 50 pfennigs, or 3 marks. For each
child a t home, 50 pfennigs daily, or 3 m arks w eekly, is to be paid. Should th e person
have been a m em ber for less th an 26 weeks th e strike benefit is to be: F irst class,
18; second class, 15; th ird class, 9 m arks w eekly; and for wives and children at
home, 3 m arks w eekly. O perative as from D ecem ber 28, 1919.
Initiation fee and contributions.—T he initiatio n fee has been fixed a t 1 m ark for
ad u lt m ale m em bers an d a t 50 pfennigs for women and for boys under 16 years of age.
T he w eekly contribution is to be 1.20 m arks for m en, 60 pfennigs for women of 16
years and over, and 30 pfennigs for boys and girls under 16 years of age.
Traveling and removal benefit.—T he traveling benefit is to be 2 marks per day. The
rem oval benefit varies according to length of m em bership. Membership of from 52
to 156 weeks and rem oval to a locality d istan t 25 to 150 kilom eters (15. 5 to 93.2 miles)
is allowed 40 marks, an d above 150 kilom eters (93.2 miles) 60 m arks in th e first class;
in th e second class, 20 and 30 marks, respectively, are allowed. W hen th e period of
m em bership exceeds 11 years, th e am ounts allowed for th e same distances rise to 120
and 180 m arks in th e first class and 60 an d 90 m arks in th e second class.
Unemployment and sick benefit.—U nem ploym ent and sick benefit is granted for 20
weeks a t rates varying according to length and class of m em bership. In class 1 th e
w eekly benefit varies betw een 7 and 12 marks, in class 2 betw een 4.75 and 8 marks,
and in class 3 betw een 3.50 an d 6 marks.
Death benefit.—D eath benefit is paid according to class and length of m em bership,
as follows: Fifty-tw o weeks’ m em bership entitles to 60, 30, and 13 marks, respec
tively, and after 11 years’ m em bership th e benefit reaches a m axim um of 200,100, and
50 marks.
Notice fo r offensive action.—N otice of a t least one m onth m ust b e given before any
offensive action is taken. No stoppage of work m ay tak e place u n til th e m atter in
dispute has been laid before th e conciliation authority and not unless three-fourths of
th e mem bers affected have voted for such cessation of work.
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LABOR BUREAUS.
Organization of Massachusetts Department of
Labor and Industries.
HE so-called consolidation act (Mass. Gen. Acts, 1919, ch. 350)
provided for the organization in 20 departments of all of the
executive and administrative functions of the Commonwealth,
except such as pertain to the governor and council and such as are exer
cised and performed by officers serving directly under the governor
and council. The- functions of the new department of labor and
industries (one of the 20 departments established by the act) com
prise those formerly vested in the board of labor and industries, the
bureau of statistics (in part), the board of conciliation and arbitra
tion, the minimum wage commission, the commissioner of standards,
and the surveyor of lumber.
^
The act provides that the department shall be under the super^ vision and control of a commissioner, to be known as the “ commis
sioner of labor and industries, ” an assistant commissioner, who may
be a woman, and three associate commissioners, one of whom shall be
a representative of labor, and one a representative of employers of
labor, all of whom shall be appointed by the governor with the advice
and consent of the council. The commissioner is the executive and
administrative head of the department and has charge of the adminis
tration and enforcement of all laws, rules, and regulations which it is
the duty of the department to administer and enforce. He is also
required (among other duties) to prepare, for the consideration of the
associate commissioners, rules and regulations, in accordance with
existing law, for the carrying out of the provisions of this act relative
to the department, which rules must first be approved by the associate
commissioners before becoming effective. In addition to acting in
an advisory capacity the associate commissioners constitute a board
to be known as the “ board of conciliation and arbitration,” which
has the authority and exercises the functions heretofore vested in
the board of conciliation and in the minimum wage commission,
except as to matters of an administrative nature.
The act authorizes the commissioner to organize the department
w in such divisions as he may from time to time determine and to assign
the officers and employees of the department thereto, and authorizes
the commissioner and associate commissioners, with the approval
of the governor and council, to appoint and fix the salaries of not
T
0
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
more than five directors, each of whom shall be assigned to take
charge of a division of the department. The plan of organization as
at present in effect and its directing personnel are as follows:
Commissioner of Labor and Industries: Gen. E. Leroy Sweetser.
A ssistant Commissioner: Miss E th e l M. Johnson.
Associate Commissioners: Mr. H e rb e rt R. W asgatt; Mr. Edw ard Fisher; Mr. Samuel
Ross.
D irectors:
Division of In d u strial Safety: Mr. John P . Meade, director.
Division of S tatistics: Mr. Roswell F . Phelps, director.
Division of Standards: Maj. Francis M eredith, director.
U nited States E m p lo y m en t Service: Gen. E . Leroy Sweetser, federal director;
Roswell F . Phelps, assistant federal director.
In the process of consolidation the function of the several boards,
etc., now vested in the department of labor and industries were trans
ferred in toto to the new department, except in the case of the former
bureau of statistics, whose functions were distributed among three
departments, as follows:
1. The duties of collecting, arranging, and publishing statistical
information relative to the commercial and industrial conditions of
the people, and the productive industries of the Commonwealth
usually designated as the statistics of labor and manufactures, and *
the establishment and maintenance of public employment offices
and all other duties not otherwise provided for by the act, were
transferred to the department of labor and industries (section 69)
and are now performed by the division of statistics of that department,
2. The duty of taking the decennial census of the Commonwealth
and of collecting, compiling, and publishing information in connec
tion therewith, and the duty of making the enumeration of summer
residents of certain towns were transferred to the secretary of the
commonwealth (section 25).
3. The duties of compiling municipal statistics, of auditing of
municipal accounts, and of certifying notes of towns and districts
were transferred to the department of corporations and taxation
(section 52).
Although the former minimum wage commission, as such, was
abolished by the consolidation act, its functions are now vested in
the associate commissioners of the new department of labor and
industries, who are authorized to establish wage boards, enter de
crees, and issue special licenses as formerly done by the commission.
When acting in this capacity, the associate commissioners and the
assistant commissioner, who is in immediate charge of minimum wage
matters, direct the work of the division of minimum wage.
With reference to the division of standards, it should be stated
that the term “ standards ” has reference to weights and measures
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and not to the industrial code. The functions of this division now
embrace those of the former commissioner of standards and surveyor
general of lumber.
Under the consolidation act the industrial accident board, which
administers the workmen’s compensation act in Massachusetts, is
continued without change as a department entirely separate from
the department of labor and industries, and certain former joint
functions of these two departments are now vested in the latter de
partment. Thus the law provides that the duties of factory inspec
tion and accident prevention shall be performed by the department
of labor and industries. The reporting of accidents, however, is
made to the department of industrial accidents, which takes over
the functions of the industrial accident board, and this department
is the only source from which accident experience is available.
The following sections of the consolidation act (Mass. Gen. Acts,
1919, chap. 350, secs. 69-78) refer specifically to the organization
of the department of labor and industries:
*
S e c t i o n 69. T he board of labor and industries, existing under a u th o rity of chapter
726 of th e Acts of 1912 and acts in am endm ent thereof and in additio n thereto; th e
board of conciliation and arb itra tio n , existing u n d er au th o rity of chapter 514 of th e
Acts of 1909, as am ended b y ch ap ter 681 of th e A cts of 1914, and acts in am endm ent
thereof and in ad d itio n thereto; th e m inim um wage commission existing under
au th o rity of ch ap ter 706 of th e Acts of 1912, and acts in am endm ent thereof and in ad
dition thereto; th e office of commissioner of standards, existing u n d e r'a u th o rity of
chapter 534 of th e Acts of 1907 and of ch ap ter 218 of th e G eneral A cts of 1918; and th e
office of surveyor general of lum ber, existing un d er a u th o rity of chapter 60 of th e
Revised Laws, are hereb y abolished. All th e rights, powers, du ties and obligations
of th e said boards, commissions and offices, or of a n y m em ber or official thereof, and
those of th e bureau of statistics, or th e d irector thereof, w ith respect to collecting,
arranging, and publishing statistical inform ation relativ e to th e comm ercial and in d u s
trial condition of th e people, and th e p roductive industries of th e Commonwealth,
usually designated as th e statistics of labor and m anufactures, and w ith respect to
th e establishm ent and m aintenance of pu b lic em ploym ent offices and w ith respect
to all other m atters not otherwise provided for b y th is act, are h ereb y transferred to and
shall hereafter be exercised and perform ed b y th e d ep artm en t of labor and industries,
established b y this act, w hich shall be th e lawful successor of said boards, commissions,
and offices and of said bureau of statistics, and th e director thereof, w ith respect to
the said rights, powers, duties, an d obligations. The powers and duties conferred
and im posed upon th e in d u strial accid en t board b y section 18 of P a rt IV of chapter
751 of th e Acts of 1911 are also transferred to and shall hereafter be exercised and p er
formed b y said departm ent.
S e c . 70. The dep artm en t of labor and in d u stries shall be u n d er th e supervision and
control of a commissioner, to be know n as th e commissioner of labor and industries,
an assistant commissioner, who m ay be a woman, and three associate commissioners,
one of whom shall be a rep resen tativ e of labor and one of whom shall be a representative
of em ployers of labor, all of whom shall be appointed b y th e governor, w ith th e advice
and consent of th e council. The first ap p o in tm en t of th e commissioner and assistant
commissioner shall be for th e term of th ree years, and of th e associate commissioners
for th e term s of one, two an d th ree years, respectively. T hereafter as th e term s expire
the governor shall in like m anner appo in t th e said commissioners for term s of three
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years, shall fill any vacancy for th e un ex p ired term , and m ay, w ith th e consent of
th e council, rem ove any commissioner. The commissioner shall receive such annual
salary not exceeding $7,500, and th e assistant commissioner and associate commis
sioners such annual salary, n o t exceeding $4,000 each, as th e governor and council may
determ ine.
Sec . 71. T he commissioner shall be th e executive and ad m in istrativ e head of the
departm ent. H e shall have charge of th e ad m inistration and enforcement of all
laws, rules, and regulations w hich it is th e d u ty of th e d ep artm en t to adm inister ana
enforce, and shall d irect all inspections and investigations ex cep t as is otherwise pro
vided herein. H e m ay organize th e d ep artm en t in such divisions as he m ay from tim e
to tim e determ ine, and m ay assign th e officers and employees of th e d epartm ent
thereto. H e shall prepare for th e consideration of th e associate commissioners, rules
and regulations, in accordance w ith existing law, to carry ou t th e provisions of th is act
relative to th e departm ent. All rules an d regulations so prepared shall tak e effect,
subject to th e provisions of ch ap te r 307 of th e G eneral Acts of 1917 w here applicable,
w hen approved b y th e associate commissioners, or upon such date as th e y m ay deter
m ine. T he commissioner m ay designate an associate commissioner to discharge
th e duties of th e commissioner during h is absence or disability.
S ec . 72. T he associate commissioners shall constitute a board to be known as th e
board of conciliation and arbitration, w hich shall have th e au th o rity and exercise th e
functions heretofore vested in th e board of conciliation and arbitration and in th e
m inim um wage commission, ex cep t as to m atters of an ad m in istrativ e n ature, and in
pursuance of th e said au th o rity shall, if th e y deem i t necessary, investigate im m edi
ately th e circum stances of an y in d u strial disp u te which arises, shall establish wage
boards and review th e ir reports, and m ay issue special licenses u n d er th e provisions
of section 9 of chapter 706 of th e Acts of 1912. In all investigations and proceedings
conducted b y said associate commissioners th e y shall have a u th o rity to summon
witnesses, to adm inister oaths, to tak e testim ony and to require th e production of
books and docum ents. I n an y controversy referred to th e board on a jo in t application
under any arbitration agreem ent th e y shall em ploy special experts a t th e request of
either party. One such e x p ert shall be selected from a list furnished b y each p arty
to th e controversy. T he expense of such experts shall be borne by th e Commonwealth.
T hey shall be assigned such assistants from th e officers and employees of th e d ep art
m en t as th e commissioner and th e y shall from tim e to tim e determ ine. 1 he fees of
witnesses before th e associate commissioners for atten d an ce and travel shall be th e
same as those of witnesses before th e superior court, and shall be certified and paid in
accordance w ith th e prolusions of section 15 of ch ap ter 514 of th e A cts of 1909, and acts
in am endm ent thereof and in add itio n thereto.
S ec . 73. In all m atters relating specifically to women and minors th e assistant
commissioner shall have and exercise such d u ties and a u th o rity as m ay be prescribed
b y th e commissioner w ith th e approval of th e associate commissioners.
S e c . 74. The commissioner and associate commissioners m ay, w ith th e approval of
th e governor and council, appoint, and fix th e salaries of, not more th a n five directors,
and m ay, w ith lik e approval, rem ove th e directors. E ach director shall be assigned
to tak e charge of a division of th e departm ent. T he commissioner m ay also, subject
to th e civil service law and rules, w here th e y apply, em ploy and rem ove such experts,
inspectors, investigators, clerks, and such other assistants as th e work of th e d ep art
m en t m ay require, and, subject to th e provisions of chapter 228 of th e G eneral Acts of
1918, and th e rules and regulations established thereunder, and to th e approval of
th e governor and council, w here th a t is required b y law, fix th e com pensation of th e
said persons. T he commissioner m ay require th a t certain inspectors in th e d ep art
m ent, not more th a n seven in num ber, shall be persons qualified b y train in g and
experience in m atters relating to h e a lth and sanitation.
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S ec. 75. All directors, inspectors, and other permanent employees of the department
shall devote their whole time to the affairs of the department, and all directors and
inspectors, and siich other employees as may be designated by the commissioner,
shall, before entering upon their duties, be sworn to the faithful performance thereof.
Inspectors shall have the police powers granted by existing law to the inspectors of
the board of labor and industries, except th at those assigned to exercise th e functions
now exercised by the commissioner of standards shall have the powers now possessed
b y inspectors appointed by the commissioner of standards.
The num ber of inspectors em ployed b y th e d ep artm en t shall not, a t first, exceed
th e num ber of inspectors in th e service of th e boards, commissions, and bureaus hereby
abolished, and shall no t thereafter be increased w ith o u t th e approval of th e governor
and council. The commissioner and associate commissioners shall determ ine from
tim e to tim e how m any of th e inspectors em ployed shall be women. Section 10 of
chapter 720 of th e Acts of 1912 shall a p p ly to inspectors appointed un d er th e provisions
of th is section.
S ec . /6. T he commissioner and associate commissioners m ay app o in t comm ittees,
on w hich employers and employees shall be represented, to investigate an d recom
m end rules and regulations, and changes in existing rules and regulations, w ith in th e
scope of th e powers and d u ties of th e departm ent.
S ec . 77. All th e rights, powers, duties, and obligations of th e commissioner of
standards and th e surveyor general of lum ber shall be assigned to a division of th e
departm ent, and th e director in charge of said division shall be known as th e director
of standards. H e shall exercise th e functions of th e commissioner of standards and
th e surveyor general of lum ber, and shall perform such other du ties as m ay be a s s i g n e d
to him b y th e commissioner.
Sec . 78. A ny person affected by an order, rule, or regulation of th e d ep artm en t
m ay, w ithin such tim e as th e associate commissioners by vote m ay fix, w hich shall
not be less th an 10 days after notice of th e order, or th e tak in g effect of th e ru le or
regulation, appeal to th e associate commissioners, who shall th ereu p o n gran t a hearing,
and after th e hearing m ay am end, suspend, or revoke such order, rule, or regulation.
T he commissioner m ay, pending such hearing, grant a tem porary suspension of th e
order, rule, or regulation appealed from. A ny person aggrieved b y an order approved
b y th e associate commissioners m ay appeal to th e superior court: P ro vid ed , T h a t th e
appeal is taken w ithin 15 days after th e d ate when th e order is approved. T he superior
court shall have jurisdiction in e q u ity upon such appeal, to an n u l th e order, if i t is
found to exceed th e au th o rity of th e d epartm ent, and upon p etitio n of th e comm is
sioner, to enforce all valid orders issued b y th e departm ent. N o th in g h erein contained
shall be construed to deprive any person of th e rig h t to pursue a n y other lawful
rem edy.
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CONCILIATION AND ARBITRATION.
Adjustment of Industrial Disputes in Kansas
and Colorado.
Kansas Court of Industrial Relations.
HE action of the Legislature of Kansas in January of this year in
establishing a special tribunal as a court of industrial relations
has attracted widespread attention. The court consists of
three judges appointed by the governor, with the advice and consent
of the senate, for three-year terms, and was immediately (Feb. 2)
organized. This court is given the powers previously held by the
State public utilities commission, which is abolished. However, its
principal powers, from the standpoint of immediate interest, relate
to the regulation of designated classes of employments, industries,
etc., “ declared to be affected with a public interest and therefore
subject to supervision by the State.” Included are the manufactur- (J l
ing of food products and clothing, and processes connected therewith;
the mining or production of fuel; transportation-, and all public
utilities and common carriers as defined by existing statutes of the
State.
The court has power to make investigations, serve process, take
testimony, and adopt rules and regulations to govern its own pro
ceedings. Appeal lies to the supreme court from its findings. The
public welfare is declared to require continuity and efficiency in the
operation of the industries, etc., named; the willful hindering, delay,
limiting, or suspension of such operations are therefore declared to be
contrary to the purpose of the act. The court may act on its own
initiative, or upon the complaint of either party to a controversy, or
of ten citizen taxpayers of the affected community, or of the attorneygeneral of the State. Investigation may extend to the conditions sur
rounding the workers, their wages, returns to capital, the rights and
welfare of the public, “ and all other matters affecting the conduct of
said industries, employments, public utilities, or common carriers.”
The court is authorized to order any changes necessary in the
matter of working and living conditions, hours of labor, rules and
practices, and a reasonable minimum wage or standard of wages. 9
Appeal may be taken within 10 days to the supreme court. If after
60 days’ compliance the order is found to be unjust, unreasonable,
or impracticable, the aggrieved party may apply for a modification,
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215
and a hearing shall thereupon be had and the court of industry may
modify its orders for cause shown.
Enforcement is by process issuing from the supreme court on pro
ceedings by the industrial court. Persons willfully violating the pro
visions of the act or any valid order of the court are liable to fine not
exceeding $100 or imprisonment not exceeding one year, or both.
Officers of corporations or of labor unions who use their official posi
tions willfully to influence or compel violations are guilty of a felony
and may be punished, upon conviction thereof, by a fine not exceeding
$5,000, or imprisonment at hard labor for not exceeding two years,
or both. I n case production or operation is suspended, the court may
take proceedings for the taking over and operation of the industries
or work affected. In any case a fair wage is to be paid the workers
and a fair return allowed the owners.
It is an offense to do or perform any forbidden act, or fail or refuse
to perform any act enjoined or directed by the court, acting either
singly or in confederation with others; or to induce or intimidate any
employer or worker to violate the orders of the court whether nega
tively or positively. Picketing, threats, abuse, or other forms of
intimidation are unlawful in connection with the employments, in
dustries, etc., governed by the act.
Unions of workers are recognized, as is the right of collective bar
gaining. Individual workers are guaranteed freedom of action in
maldng or terminating contracts, but it is unlawful for individuals to
conspire with other persons to quit employment for the purpose of
hindering, delaying, or interfering wnth the operation of industries
covered by the pet. Employees testifying as witnesses or otherwise
active in securing the attention or action of the court may not be dis
charged or discriminated against because of such action.
This is the most comprehensive attempt yet made to protect the
public in cases of industrial disputes likely to affect its interests. The
act has attracted attention in other States and in Congress, but it is
too soon to announce any definite results under it. One point of in
terest in connection therewith is the establishment of a minimum wage
for men. Kansas, in common with a number of other States, chiefly
western, has a commission charged with the fixing of a minimum
wage for women and for minors; but no State has thus far sought
to fix a minimum wage for adult males. An initiative act has been
proposed and filed with the Secretary of State, in the State of
Oregon, looking toward the fixing of a minimum wage for both men
and women; but the house resolutions committee of the State legis
lature directed its chairman to draftUa resolution expressing the
opposition of the legislature to the proposed law.
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216
Colorado Industrial Commission.
j
HE nearest approach to the Kansas statute is an act of the State
T
of Colorado, enacted in 1915, creating an industrial commission,
and conferring upon it certain powers as to the adjustment of indust
rial disputes. This act is patterned to some extent after the Canadian
Industrial Disputes Acts, and makes it unlawful for employers to
declare or cause a lockout, or for employees to go on a strike prior
to or during an investigation or arbitration of a dispute. This act
received its first test in this regard during the coal strike of November
last, a restraining order against the proposed strike of November 21
being issued under it by the District Court of the City and County of
Denver. In obedience thereto the district officers of the miner’s union
recalled their strike order, resulting, it is claimed, in a production of
coal more nearly normal than in any other State of that section of the
country. However, the union attacked the law on the ground of its
claimed unconstitutionality, and some technical questions as to its
enactment. The act limits its application, at least in the case of lock
outs, to industries “ affected with a public interest.” In its later delib
erations the district court, without suggestion from either party, in
jected the test of public interest into the case in hand, and ruled that
underground mines are not affected with a public interest and fall out
side the act. The case has been carried to the supreme court on a writ
of error for a decision on this subject, as well as on the constitutional
questions, and it will be of interest to know what conclusion shall be
reached by the court on these points. However, it seems obvious
enough that coal mines are affected with a public interest, so that
the main concern is with the validity of the act that undertakes to
prevent the cessation of industrial operations on grounds of the public
concern until suitable time for investigation has elapsed.
Though this first legal process for enforcement has thus been
opposed, the commission reports results of great value flowing from
the operations of the law.1 Since its enactment in 1915, “ this State
has been comparatively free from labor trouble, and has been abso
lutely free from any protracted strike; and bloodshed, violence, and
the destruction of property have been unknown.”
The law requires 30 days’ notice before a strike or lockout is actually
engaged in; and this provision, “ against which violent criticism has
been directed, has saved the situation innumerable times.” This
period permits opportunity for conciliatory efforts, which have many
times been successful. If this fails, informal conferences often afford W
a means of arriving at.an understanding; while in other cases, formal
hearings and awards are resorted to. From March, 1917, when the
1Second Report of the Industrial Commission of Colorado, 1917-18, pp. 98-121.
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217
present commission took office, up to November 1,1918, the commission
handled controversies involving 1,430 employers and 28,888 employees.
There were 196 cases reported to the commission, of which 145 were
reported with the statutory 30 days’ notice; 32 resulted in strikes of
from 1 to 65 days’ duration, hut all were settled, the men returning
to work. The record is believed to show “ ample justification for the
enactment and continued existence of the law,” which all interests
“are coming to view as a step in the right direction.”
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IMMIGRATION.
Opinion of Secretary of Labor With Regard to
Membership in Communist Party.
HE deportation of one Englebrert Preis, an Austrian, alleged to
be a member of the Communist Party of America and liable
to deportation under the act of October 16, 1918, having
arisen, the Secretary of Labor, Hon. W. B. Wilson, rendered the
following opinion approving the recommendation of the Commis
sioner General of Immigration that Preis be sent back to his native
country:
T
I n re E n glebrert P reis.
Age, 31; n ativ e of A ustria; entered th e U nited States a t P ort H uron, Mich., on
N ovem ber 13, 1915, having arrived in Quebec b y S. S. S co ta n , Ju n e 14, 1914. This
is a case arising un d er th e provisions of th e act of October 16, 1918.
I t is alleged that the alien is a member of the Communist Party
of America, which is affiliated with the Communist International.
The alien admits membership in the Communist Party of America,
and that it is affiliated with the Communist International. The sole
question, therefore, to be determined by the Secretary of Labor is:
Is the Communist Party of America such an organization as is
described in the act of October 16, 1918, membership in which makes
an alien liable to deportation. The language of the act applicable to
this particular case is as follows:
S ection 1. * * * aliens who are m em bers of or affiliated w ith any organization
th a t entertains a belief in, teaches, or advocates th e overthrow by force or violence
of th e G overnm ent of th e U nited States. * * *
S e c . 2. * * * shall, upon th e w arrant of th e Secretary of Labor, be tak en into
custody and deported in th e m anner provided in th e im m igration act of F eb ru ary 5,
1917.
It will be observed that belief in, teaching, or advocating the over
throw of the Government of the United States is not alone sufficient
to bring any organization within the scope of the act. There must
in addition be a belief in, teaching, or advocacy of force or violence to
accomplish the purpose. Bearing that in mind we may proceed to
an examination of the facts.
^
The manifesto and program and constitution of the Communist
Party of America and the manifesto of the Communist International
are submitted in evidence and their authenticity admitted. The
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constitution of the Communist Party (see p. 19 of the manifesto)
requires th at—
Sec . 2. A pplicants for m em bership shall sign an application card reading as follows:
T he undersigned after having read th e constitution and program of th e Comm unist
P arty , declares his adherence to th e p rinciples and tactics of th e p a rty and th e Com
m u n ist International; agrees to su b m it to th e discipline of th e p a rty as stated in its
constitution and pledges him self to engage activ ely in its work.
An examination of the documents submitted clearly demonstrates
the fact that it is the purpose of the Communist Party to overthrow
the Government of the United States. There are many statements
that might be quoted showing that purpose. The two following are
typical. On page 9 of the manifesto and program the statement is
made:
Communism does not propose to “ c a p tu re ” th e bourgeoise parliam entary S tate, b u t
to conquer and destroy it.
And again on the same page:
The proletarian class struggle is essentially a political struggle.
objective is th e conquest b y th e proletariat of th e power of th e State.
*
* *
The
Many other statements of similar purport are to be found in the
same document. After having found that it is the purpose of the
Communist Party to conquer and destroy the Government of the
United States the next point of inquiry is as to how the conquest is
to take place.
It is apparent that the Communist Party does not seek to attain
its objective through the parliamentary machinery of this Govern
ment, established by, and operated under, the Constitution. That
is made sufficiently clear by the following excerpt from page 15 of the
manifesto referred to:
(P) P articipation in p arliam entary campaigns, w hich in th e general struggle of th e
proletariat is of secondary im portance, is for th e purpose of revolutionary propaganda
only.
And again from pages 9 and 10 of the same document:
In those countries w here th e conditions for a workers’ revolution are not y e t ripe,
the same process will go on. T he use of parliam entarism , however, is only of secondary
im portance.
And further on page 10:
The parliam entarism of th e Com m unist P a rty performs a service in m obilizing the
proletariat against capitalism , em phasizing th e political character of th e class struggle.
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MONTHLY LABOE REVIEW.
Communist Party’s Attitude Toward Strikes.
HE parliamentary processes established by our Government are
T
to be discarded or used for propaganda purposes only and other
means adopted for overthrowing the Government of the United
States. These means are stated at considerable length and frequently
reiterated, seemingly for purposes of emphasis. The conquest of
the power of the State is to be accomplished by the mass power of
the proletariat.
Strikes are to be broadened and deepened, making them general
and militant, and efforts made to develop their revolutionary impli
cations. The strike is to be used not simply as a means to secure
redress of economic wrongs, but as a means through which the Govern
ment may be conquered and destroyed. A few excerpts from the
Communist Party and Communist International manifestos will make
these statements evident.
Thus on page 10 of the manifesto and program of the Communist
Party of America is the following:
T he conquest of th e power of th e S tate is accom plished by th e mass power of th e
proletariat. Political mass strikes are a v ita l factor in developing th is mass power,
preparing th e working class for th e conquest of capitalism . The power of th e proleta ria t lies fundam entally in its control of th e in d u strial process. The mobilizing of
this control against capitalism means th e in itia l form of a revolutionary mass action
th a t will conquer th e power of th e State.
And again, on page 11 of the same document:
Mass action is in d u strial in its origin, b u t i t acquires political character as i t develops
fuller forms. Mass action, in th e form of general political strikes and demonstrations,
unites th e energy and forces of th e proletariat, brings proletarian mass pressure upon
th e bourgeois State. T he more general and conscious mass action becomes, th e more
i t antagonizes th e bourgeois State, th e more i t becomes political mass action. Mass
action is responsive to life itself, th e form of aggressive proletarian struggle under im
perialism . O ut of this struggle develops revolutionary mass action, th e means for
the proletarian conquest of power.
And further, on page 12 of the same document :
Strikes of protest develop in to general political strikes and th en in to revolutionary
mass action for th e conquest of th e power of th e State. Mass action becomes political
in piupose w hile extra-parliam entary in form; i t is equally a process of revolution
and the revolution itself in operation.
Then, on page 16:
T he Comm unist P a rty shall p articip ate in mass strikes, no t only to achieve th e
im m ediate purposes of th e strike, b u t to develop th e revolutionary im plications of
th e mass strike.
And then making the purpose still more clear, we have the following
from page 30 of the manifesto of the Communist International, with
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IM MIGRATION.
2 2 1
which the Communist P a rty of America is affiliated and whose
manifesto is accepted as p a rt of the policy of the party:
T he revolutionary era compels th e proletariat to m ake use of th e means of battle
w hich will concentrate its en tire energies, nam ely, mass action, w ith its logical re
sultant, d irect conflict w ith th e governm ental m achinery in open com bat. All other
m ethods, such as revolutionary use of bourgeois parliam entarism , will be of only
secondary significance.
From these quotations and numerous other statem ents in the mani
festo, n o t here quoted, it is apparent th a t the Communist P a rty of
America is n o t merely a political p a rty seeking the control of affairs
of S tate, b u t a revolutionary p a rty seeking to conquer and destroy
the S tate in open com bat. And the only conclusion is th a t the Com
m unist P a rty of America is an organization th a t believes in,
teaches, and advocates the overthrow by force or violence of the
G overnm ent of the U nited States.
I t does n o t devolve upon the Secretary of Labor officially to deter
mine w hether Congress was wise in creating the law, or the Com
m unist P a rty wise in creating the facts. I t is his d uty to apply the
law to the facts as he finds them . I t is m andatory upon him to take
into custody aliens who are members of this organization and deport
them in the m anner provided for in the im m igration act of February
5, 1917.
Your1 memorandum of January 17, 1920, recommending that the
Department issue its warrant for the deportation of Englebrert Preis,
such deportation to be to Austria, at Government expense, is hereby
approved.
1 R e fe r s t o t h e C o m m is sio n e r G e n e r a l o f I m m ig r a tio n .
165126°— 20
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[815]
BOOK REVIEWS.
F ish e r , I r vin g .
S ta b ilizin g the dollar. A -plan to stabilize the general price level w ith
o u t fix in g in d iv id u a l prices. N ew York, The M acm illan C o., 1920. 324 PP-
This book is a most valuable co n tribution to th e discussion of prices. The author
presents th e facts as to price fluctuations, discusses th e causes of changing commodity
prices and price levels, points out th e evils resu ltin g from unstab le prices, and presents
his rem edy for fluctuating prices and th e evils growing therefrom .
T he facts as to changing prices of in d iv id u al com m odities an d all comm odities taken
collectively are determ ined now w ith g reat accuracy by means of index numbers.
The author m entions all im p o rtan t ind ex num bers in use a t p resent and pays th e
U nited States B ureau of Labor S tatistics th e com plim ent of citing its index num bers
as th e best now being published. B y m eans of index num bers i t is clearly demon
strable th a t price levels all over th e world h av e been steadily rising since 1897.
In ch ap ter 2 th e au th o r discusses th e causes of flu ctu atin g price levels in different
countries, and after a careful exam ination of all th e available evidence reaches th e con
clusion th a t th e chief cause operating to change price levels is th e in sta b ility in th e
value of th e m oney u n it. B y p lo ttin g th e p rice curves of several different commodities
in term s of com m odities in general, he determ ines t h a t Brussels carpets an d eggs are
m uch more stable in v alu e th a n gold, w hich is th e m easure of prices in all th e im p o rtan t
industrial and com m ercial countries of th e world to-day. Of course, th e au th o r does
not tak e account of th e v iolent seasonal fluctuations in th e prices of eggs. As a m atter
of fact, eggs would m ake a very m uch worse m easure of prices th a n gold. On th e
other hand, if th e world h ad used Brussels carpets as th e basis of its m onetary and bank
ing systems, price fluctuations would h av e been less vio len t th a n th e y h av e been d u r
ing th e period from 1890 to th e p resent tim e.
In chapter 3 th e au th o r points out th e evils resulting from flu ctu atin g price levels.
H e shows th a t increasing prices do n o t m ean general im poverishm ent b u t do m ean th e
im poverishm ent of some and th e en rich m en t of others. C ontracts, although guaranteed
inviolability in th e C onstitution of th e U n ited States, are violated an d up set every
year because of changes in th e valu e of money, th e m edium th rough w hich settlem ents
are m ade. Lowered real wages, because of increased prices of th e necessities of life,
lead to in d u strial unrest and th e advocacy of violent m easures to rem edy th is condition.
The falling prices w hich culm in ated in th e pan ic of 1893 an d th e following depression
continuing u n til 1897 produced perhaps an equal am o u n t of discontent, b u t in different
quarters and for different reasons. The discontent of th e 1880’s an d 1890’s was p rin
cipally a farm er’s discontent against th e holders of mortgages on his farm an d th e
“ bloated bondholders.” T he discontent to-day is leveled chiefly a t th e profiteers
who are accused of being responsible for h igh prices. As a m atter of fact, th e profiteer
is a result ra th e r th a n a cause of h ig h prices. H e h as been able to m ake large profits
because prices h av e risen so sharply an d continuously.
C hapter 4 sum m arizes briefly some of th e rem edies th a t h av e been proposed to cope
w ith th e h igh and ever-rising prices of th e present. These proposed rem edies range
from parcels post to G overnm ent ownership and from housekeepers ’ m ark et clubs to
th e single tax . T he au th o r th e n points o u t th a t th e dollar is th e only u n it as y e t
unstandardized. T he dollar is supposed to be a stan d ard of value. In re a lity , how
ever, i t is m erely a stan d ard of w eight. Prof. Fisher th e n presents his well-known
p lan for converting our p resent m onetary u n it from a fixed w eight of gold of flu ctu at
ing value to a standard of fixed valu e of flu c tu a tin g w eight. Briefly, th e p lan is to
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223
retire from circulation all gold coins and to issue for circulation gold certificates. If
th e prices of comm odities collectively increase, as shown by th e official index num ber,
th e w eight of gold represented by each gold certificate in circulation is increased accord
ingly so th a t th e prices are speedily brought down to approxim ately th e ir former level.
If, on th e other hand, th e prices of comm odities in general should fall, th e gold content
of th e uncoined gold dollars is decreased proportionately and autom atically , th u s
bringing prices u p again to approxim ately th e ir former level. T he tech n ical d etails
of th e p lan are given in A ppendix I. A ppendix I I gives th e objections th a t h av e been
raised to th e plan. A ppendix I I I presents some a ltern ativ e plans th a t h av e been
suggested.
An excellent bibliography of th e more im p o rtan t index num bers now e x ta n t and th e
principal w ritings on index n um bers is given in A ppendix V I.
T he book is adm irably arranged for ready reference or for use as a te x t book in college
classes. A short tab le of contents is given followed by an a n a ly tic a l tab le of contents
w hich gives all th e more im p o rtan t points discussed in th e volume. A t th e beginning
a general sum m ary is presented followed b y a more d e tailed sum m ary by sections.
T he m an who is pressed for tim e can get a very accurate understanding of th e argum ents
and conclusions b y reading th e 20 pages of th is sum m ary b y sections.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO LABOR.
Official—U nited States.
A labam a .— S ta te M ine In spectors.
1919.
A n n u a l report o f coal m in es, 1918.
B irm in gh am ,
87 p p .
T he coal production in 1918 was 19,521,840 short tons, a decrease of 891,971 tons
as compared w ith 1917. T he coke tonnage was 4,344,726 short tons, a decrease of
523,872 tons compared w ith 1917. In 1918, 26,341 m en were em ployed in and around
th e m ines as against 27,921 in 1917, th e decrease representing approxim ately the
in d u stry ’s contribution to th e Army. T he coal produced p er employee in 1918
was 741 tons as compared w ith 731 tons in 1917. T here were 110 fatalities against 108
in 1917. D uring th e year 932 regular inspections and 146 visits to investigate fatal
and nonfatal accidents were made.
D istrict of Columbia .— M in im u m Wage B oard. Wages o f w om en in hotels a n d res
tau ra n ts in the D istric t o f C olu m bia.
B u lle tin N o . 3.
[W ashington, October 10, 1919.]
23 p p .
For an account of th e conference w hich resulted in recom m endation of a m inim um
wage for women em ployed in hotels and restaurants see pages 131 to 136 of this issue
of th e M onthly L a bor R eTv ie w .
I llinois .-—D ep a rtm en t o f M ines a n d M inerals.
1918.
S p rin g field , 1918.
306 p p .
T hirty-seven th a n n u a l coal report,
Illu stra te d .
Compared w ith 1917 th e report shows an increased production of 10,995,942 tons,
an increase of 157 in th e num ber of mines, an increase of four days in working tim e,
and an increase of 10,479 employees. T he total num ber of fatalities was 259, an
increase of 52, or more th a n 25 per cent. A loss of 30 or more days resulted from the
injury of each of 2,161 workers—an increase of 527, or 32.25 per cent over th e preced
ing year. Falling roof and sides were responsible for 100 deaths and 713 serious
injuries, and p it cars for 46 fatal and 516 nonfatal injuries.
I n d ia n a .— E m p lo y m en t C om m ission .
S om e e x p la n a tio n s concerning ju n io r section,
In d ia n a free e m p lo ym en t service. S u ggested phases o f vo ca tio n a l guidance f o r m in ors.
In d ia n a p o lis, A u g u st 1, 1919. 16 p p . B u lle tin N o . 1.
K a n s a s .— C ourt o f In d u stria l R ela tio n s.
tion s, defin in g its pow ers a n d du ties.
A n act creating the C ou rt o f I n d u stria l R ela
Topeka, 1920. 14 p p .
T his act is discussed in an article on pages 214 to 217 of this issue of th e M onthly
L abor R e v ie w .
L o u isia n a .— D ep a rtm en t o f E d u ca tio n . P la n f o r vo ca tio n a l education ( prepared 1919).
A p p ro v e d by the Federal B o a rd f o r
40 p p .
V ocational E d u ca tio n .
B a to n R ou ge, 1919.
T he plan includes agricultural, trad e and industrial, and home economics educa
tion, and teacher training.
M a ry l a n d .-—S ta te D ep a rtm en t o f E d u ca tio n .
1919.
B a ltim o re, 1919.
V ocational education in
M aryland,
63 p p .
M a ss a c h u s e t t s .— B u reau o f S ta tis tic s.
F orty-seven th qu arterly report on em ploy
m en t in M assachusetts, quarter ending S eptem ber 30, 1919. B o sto n , 1919. 21 p p .
According to returns received from 1,184 labor organizations in Massachusetts, repre
senting an aggregate m em bership of 257,390, th e n um ber of m em bers unem ployed for all
causes a t th e close of Septem ber, 1919, was 13,863, or 5.4 per cen t of th e total num ber.
T his percentage is slightly higher th a n th e corresponding percentage (5.1) for th e
close of th e preceding quarter, b u t is lower th an th e corresponding percentage for
th e close of Septem ber in each year of th e past decade except 1912 and 1916. The
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225
num ber of strikes reported as having occurred during th e quarter was 188 as compared
w ith 161 during th e preceding quarter.
N ew Y ork . — D ep a rtm en t o f H ealth.
The p u b lic health m a n u a l, c o n ta in in g the pu b lic
health la w , the sa n ita ry code a n d the p ro v isio n s in other general law s rela tin g to p u b lic
health. A lb a n y , F ebru ary 1, 1919. 658 p p .
Includes th e te x t of th e labor laws relating to th e reporting of ind u strial poisons,
em ploym ent of minors, physical exam ination of children in factories, powers and
duties of boards of health relative to tenem ent-m ade articles, lunch rooms, and th e
em ploym ent of women and children in basem ents.
------In d u stria l C om m ission .
ber, 1919.
69 p p .
H ealth hazards o f the chemical in d u stry .
Illu stra te d . S p e c ia l b u lletin N o . 96.
A lb a n y , N o vem
T his report is noted more fully on pages 165 to 168 of th is issue of th e R eview .
----- R econ struction C om m ission .
R ep o rt to G ov. A lf r e d E . S m ith o n retrenchm ent and
reorgan ization i n the S ta te G overnm ent. A lb a n y , October 10, 1919. 419 p p . Charts.
T his is th e full report of th e commission.
A digest of th e sum m ary of th e report was published in th e January, 1920, issue of
th e M onthly L abor R ev ie w , pages 266 to 269.
P anama Ca n a l . — W ashington Office.
M an u al o f in fo rm a tio n concerning em ploym en ts
f o r the P a n a m a C anal Service, revised N ovem ber 1 5 ,1 9 1 9 . W ashington, 1919. 35 p p .
F o rm 151.
P e n n sy l v a n ia . —D ep a rtm en t
H a rrisb u rg , 1919.
of
1470 p p .
M in es.
Chart.
R ep o rt.
1917.
P art
I I . —B itu m in o u s.
The o u tp u t of th e coal m ines of th e S tate in 1917 reached th e unprecedented total
of 271,519,710 n e t tons, of w hich 171,074,411 tons were bitum inous and 100,445,299
anthracite. Coke production was 23,240,777 tons. There were 342,734 m en employed
in and about th e mines. The num ber of fatalities among workers was 1,075, compared
w ith 1,030 to a total of 246,797,774 tons produced in 1915 and 1,001 to a total production
of 256,804,012 n e t tons in 1916.
S outh D akota .— S ta te In spector o f M ines.
n in th a n n u a l reports, 1916, 1917, 1918.
T w en ty-seventh , tw enty-eighth, a n d tw en tyP ierre, 1917-19. 32, 36, 28 p p .
The reports for 1917 and 1918 show a decrease in th e activ ity of th e m ining ind u stry ,
owing to shortage of labor and increased cost of production, th e in a c tiv ity being most
m arked in 1918, w hen m aterials and supplies necessary for th e recovery of gold had
increased in cost, in some instances, as m uch as 100 p er cent. The report for th a t
year states, however, th a t ‘‘conditions are returning to normal w ith respect to labor,
and th is coming year will see all p lants operating a t full capacity. ”
F atal accidents reported are 6 in 1916, 7 in 1917, 1 in 1918; perm anently and totally
disabled, 1 each in 1916 and 1917; perm anently and partially disabled, 3 in 1916, 11 in
1917, and 2 in 1918; seriously injured (more th an 14 days lost tim e), 105 in 1916, 114 in
1917, and 102 in 1918; slightly injured (1 to 14 days lost tim e), 683 in 1916, 590 in 1917,
and 429 in 1918.
V irg in ia . —S ta te B o a rd o f E d u ca tio n .
o f V irg in ia .
V ocational agricultu re in the secondary schools
R ich m on d, Jan u ary, 1920. 71 p p .
W a sh ingto n . — S ta te M in e In spector.
Decem ber 31, 1916, 1917, 1918.
A n n u a l reports o f coal m in es f o r the years ending
S eattle, 1917, 1918, 1919. 121, 53, 62 p p .
The coal production for 1918 was 4,128,424 short tons, w hich was an increase of
125,665 tons over th e previous year and th e largest production th e S tate has y e t had.
T here were 5,847 persons em ployed in and about th e coal m ines of th e State, of whom
4,172 worked inside and 1,675 outside th e mines. T his was an increase of 502 em
ployees over 1917. There were 34 fatal accidents and 692 nonfatal accidents.
W est V ir g in ia .— D ep a rtm en t o f M ines.
30, 1917.
C harleston, 1917.
A n n u a l report f o r the fiscal year ending Jun e
376 p p .
D uring th e year 88,665 persons were em ployed a t th e m ines and coke ovens, an in
crease of 8,607 over th e previous year. The average annual earnings of p ick m iners
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
was $1,137.81, an increase of $254.33 over 1916, w hile th e rate p er ton of run-of-mine
coal m ined was 69 cents as against 52 cents in 1916. The report tabulates 394 fatal
and 993 nonfatal accidents.
W isc o n sin .— S ta te B o a rd o f V ocation al E du ca tio n .
M adison , 1919.
16 p p .
Courses o f stu d y.
Teacher train in g.
M on ograph N o . 5.
U nited S ta tes .— D e p a rtm en t o f L abor.
N a tio n a l W ar L abor B oard.
secretary f o r the 12 m on th s en din g M ay 31, 1919. W ashington, 1920.
R eport o f the
149 p p .
Practically th e en tire te x t of th e report of th e secretary was pu b lish ed in th e M onthly
T his volum e, however, includes
detailed reports of th e heads of th e various departm ents of th e board, including th e
departm ent of procedure, th e d ep artm en t of files an d inform ation, th e d ep artm en t of
exam ination, and th e d ep artm en t of ad m inistration of awards. A ppendix 1 is a spe
cial report on public u tility cases, m any of w hich were noted in th e R e v iew from tim e
to tim e as th e awards were made. These awards are classified in th is report un d er th e
following heads: R ig h t to organize; Collective bargaining; R epresentation of workers;
E qual p ay for equal work; W omen as conductors; H ours of labor; and In d iv id u al con
tracts. In A ppendix 2 is presented an analysis of all of th e decisions of th e board up
to May 31, 1919, w hich i t is believed will be very useful to all stu d en ts of industrial
conditions. In th is analysis th e decisions of th e board are classified u n d er th e general
heads: No strikes or lockouts during th e war; R ig h t to organize; E xistin g conditions;
W omen in in d u stry ; Hours of labor; M axim um production; M obilization of labor;
Custom of localities; and T he living wage. The principles and rules of procedure of
th e board are set forth in full in A ppendix 3. A ppendix 4 gives an account of th e
organization and practice of th e board as adopted and am ended to D ecem ber 10, 1918.
■
------ —— - W om an in In d u s tr y Service. F irst a n n u a l report o f the D irector o f the W om an in
L abor R ev iew for August, 1919 (pp. 262-270).
In d u stry Service, f o r the fiscal year ended Ju n e 3 0 ,1 9 1 9 .
W ashington, 1919.
29 p p .
This sen d ee was organized in Ju ly , 1918, a year and th ree m onths after th e entrance
of th e U nited States in to th e war, and th e app o in tm en t of its director and assistant
director announced Ju ly 9, 1918.
Briefly stated th e purpose of this service is—
1. To consider all general policies w ith respect to women in in d u stry and to advise
th e Secretary of Labor as to th e policies w hich should be pursued.
2. To keep inform ed of th e work of th e several divisions of th e d ep artm en t in so far
as th e y relate to women in in d u stry and to advise w ith th e divisions on all such work.
3. To secure inform ation on all m atters relating to women in in d u stry and to collate
Buch inform ation in to useful form.
4. To establish useful connections w ith all governm ental departm ents and divisions
on th is subject and w ith v oluntary agencies and societies.
•—— D ep a rtm en t o f the In terior. B u reau o f M ines. M iners’ safety a n d health alm an ac
for 1920. P u b lish e d in cooperation w ith the U n ited S ta tes P u b lic H ealth Service.
W ashington, 1919. 51 p p . Illu stra te d . M iners’ circular 26.
The second of a series, th e first of w hich, for th e year 1919, was issued as M iners’
circular 24. This alm anac contains “ inform ation on different diseases th a t cause m uch
sickness and death among m iners and th e ir families, and points out how such diseases
can be k e p t from startin g and spreading. Also, i t describes some of th e more common
causes of accidents in m ines and shows how th e m iner can lessen th e risks of his work. ”
---- - E m p lo y e es’ C om pen sation C om m ission . R eg u la tio n s concerning d u ties o f e m p lo y
ees, official su periors, m edical officers, a n d others un der F ederal C om pen sation A c t o f
S eptem ber 7, 1916. R evised October 15, 1919. W ashington, 1919. 75 p p .
----- Federal B o a rd f o r V ocational E du ca tio n .
R eh a b ilita tio n D iv is io n . A year’s w ork
in voca tio n a l reh abilitation in the tw elfth d istrict co m p risin g C aliforn ia, A rizo n a , an d
N evada. S a n F rancisco, F lo o d B ld g ., 1919. 29 p p .
------ G overn m en t P r in tin g Office.
S u p erin ten d en t o f D ocu m en ts. Im m ig ra tio n , n a tu
ra liza tio n , citizen sh ip, Chinese, Japanese, Negroes, en listm en t o f alien s. L is t o f
p u b lica tio n s. W ashington, 1919. 16 p p . P rice list 67, 3d ed itio n .
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U n ited S t a tes .— In terstate Commerce C om m ission .
C ollision s, derailm ents, a n d other
accidents resu ltin g in in ju r y to p erso n s, eq u ip m en t or roadbed a risin g fr o m the opera
tio n o f ra ilw a ys u sed i n in terstate commerce. October, N ovem ber, a n d Decem ber, an d
year 1918. W ashington, 1920. 64 p p . A cciden t b u lletin N o . 70.
A brief statement of the accidents which occurred in the year 1918 is contained on
pages 159 and 160 of this issue of the R eview .
----- R a ilro a d A d m in is tra tio n .
A greem en t between the R a ilro a d A d m in is tra tio n an d
the em ployees represented by the R a ilw a y E m p lo y e es’ D ep a rtm en t o f the A m erican
F ederation o f L a bor, a n d its affiliated organ ization s o f the m echanical section and
d ivisio n s N o s. 1, 2 , a n d 3 thereof. W ashington, 1919. 77 p p .
The affiliated divisions to w hich th is agreem ent is applicable are th e International
Association of M achinists, Intern atio n al Brotherhood of Boilermakers, Iron Ship
B uilders and H elpers of America, In tern atio n al Brotherhood of B lacksm iths and
H elpers, A malgam ated Sheet Metal W orkers’ Intern atio n al A lliance, International
Brotherhood of E lectrical Workers, and Brotherhood of R ailw ay Carmen of America.
The agreem ent, w hich is d ated Septem ber 20, 1919, covers hours of service, overtim e
work, preferences in reduction of forces, grievances, apprentices, rates of pay, shop
conditions, personal injuries, and assignm ent of work. E ig h t hours is m ade th e basic
work day, w hile th e rates of p ay are increased an average of 4 cents an hour, except
for m echanics in the car departm ent, who were receiving 58 cents an hour and who
received an increase of 9 cents, th e increases to be effective from May 1, 1919.
Special rules are laid down for each of th e affiliated divisions, th e subjects covered
including qualifications, classification of work, apprentices and helpers, running
repair work, and differentials.
Liv/iA'/
Lit/ kj
l Lit// N
j. vo
L/.• 27,
iv/ y w
UJLblL
LbO usu
LA/jJ
bt5 //LG
LLLLLLGl LLLLL ? am
IXillLtiibLlll
i LC
------ •—— G
eneral
order
ith its
p pfJlem
en/LLo
ts,j addenda,
en dmL(jfb(/o
ents aCLn
dl in ter-"
p reta tio n s to Jun e 30, 1919.
212 p p .
Wages o f railroad em ployees.
W ashington, 1919.
G eneral order No. 27 was p rin ted in full in th e June, 1918, issue of th e M onthly
L abor R e v ie w , pages 1-21.
----- ------ S a fe ty section circu lar N o . 7.
A im s a n d p u rposes o f the safety section.
A ddress delivered by A . F . D u ffy before the steam railroad section o f the N a tio n a l
S a fe ty Congress, C leveland, Ohio, October 2, 1919. W ashington, 1919. 7 p p .
----- T reasury D ep a rtm en t.
P u b lic H ealth Service. A n n u a l report o f the surgeon
general f o r the fisca l year 1919. W ashington, 1919. 346 p p .
Included in th is report is an account of th e organization of a division of in d u strial
hygiene in cooperation w ith th e W orking Conditions Service of th e D epartm ent of
Labor, and a brief statem ent of certain investigations conducted b y th is division th e
results of w hich have, in several instances, been m ade pub lic. One of these was th e
investigation of electro-chemical and abrasive plan ts a t Niagara Falls, carried on in
cooperation w ith th e Woman in In d u stry Service of th e D epartm ent of Labor, an
account of w hich is given on pages 161 to 168 of th is issue of th e R e v ie w . A nother
investigation was th a t conducted in conjunction w ith th e C hildren’s B ureau for th e
purpose of establishing standards of height and w eight for Southern m ill children.
To determ ine th e ex ten t of th e lead hazard in th e p o ttery in d u stry , an investigation
was m ade of 116 potteries, chiefly in New Jersey, and physical exam inations were m ade
of over 1,700 m en. The report also m entions investigations m ade in a num ber of
plants a t the request of th e U n ited States E m ployees’ Compensation Commission th a t
the service assume advisory and in some instances d irect charge of th e m edical relief
in plants whose employees were judged to come under th e F ederal com pensation law.
----- W ar D ep a rtm en t.
S u rgeon G eneral’s Office. Defects f o u n d in drafted m en . S ta
tistic a l in fo rm a tio n co m p iled fr o m the d ra ft records sh ow in g the ph ysical con dition
o f the m en registered a n d exam in ed i n pu rsu an ce o f the requirem ents o f the selective
service act. P rep a red un der the direction o f the S u rgeon General, by A lb ert G. L ove.
W ashington, 1919. 359 p p . 66th Congress, 1st session.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
228
Official—Foreign Countries.
A r g e n t in a .— D ep a rtam en to N acion al del T rabajo.
de la R o p e ría S a la rio s M ín im o s.
T raoajo a D o m icilio . In d u stria
B uenos A ires, 1919. 19 p p . (L ey N u m . 10,505.)
R eport of th e president of th e commission on m inim um wages in home work in the
clothing industry concerning piece wages on various articles of clothing.
. — B u reau o f S ta tistics.
The C anadian T ear B ooh, 1918. O ttaw a, 1919.
686
pp.
M ap.
,----- P a rlia m en t. S o u s e o f Com m ons. Cost o f livin g . Proceedings o f the special
com m ittee a p p o in ted f o r the p u rpose o f in q u irin g fo rth w ith as to the prices charged fo r
fo o d stu ffs, clothing, f u e l, a n d other necessaries o f life, a n d as to the rates o f p ro fit made,
,thereon by dealers a n d others concerned in their produ ction , distrib u tio n , and, sale, etc.
C o m prisin g the evidence taken an d p a p ers su b m itted in connection therewith. Nos.
1 to 28. O ttaw a, 1919. 1008 p p . P a rlia m en ta ry session, 1919.
C
a n a d a
The conclusions of th is investigation were published in an article in th e Septem ber,
1919, issue of th e M onthly L abor R e v ie w , pages 113-118.
G reat B r ita in .— S o m e Office.
M ines an d quarries. General report, w ith statistics,
f o r 1918, by the chief in spector o f m ines. P a r t I I . — L abor. L on don , 1919. P p .
91 -1 4 2 . Cm d. 490. P rice, 6d. net.
The total num ber of persons ordinarily em ployed a t m ines and a t th e quarries under
th e Q uarries A ct in th e U nited Kingdom and th e Isle of Man during 1918 was 1,072,903
(1,029,688 a t m ines and 43,215 a t quarries), or a n e t decrease of 12,568 persons as com
pared w ith th e preceding year—a decrease of 12,152 a t m ines and 416 a t quarries.
Of those em ployed a t mines, 807,086 worked underground, and 222,602 above ground.
Of th e la tte r 11,761 were females. There were 1,284 separate fatal accidents in and
about m ines and quarries, causing th e loss of 1,487 lives, an increase of 36 fatalities
as com pared w ith th e previous year. Of these accidents 1,220, causing th e loss of
1,420 lives, happened a t mines, and 64, causing th e loss of 67 lives, happened a t quar
ries; or, expressed in term s of th e num ber of persons em ployed, th e d eath rate from
accidents per 1,000 persons a t all m ines was 1.379 for surface and underground workers,
and 1.603 for underground workers alone for 1918 as compared w ith 1.339 for surface
and underground workers and 1.500 for underground workers alone for 1917. The
death rate per m illion of tons raised a t mines under th e coal m ines act during 1918
was 5.86, as compared w ith th e average of 5.08 for th e decennial period 1908-17.
------ L ocal G overnm ent B oard. F orty-eighth a n n u al report, 1918-1919. P a r t I . —P u b
lic health; L ocal a d m in istra tio n ; L ocal taxation a n d va lu a tio n . P a r t I I . — S o u s in g
a n d to w n p la n n in g . P a r t I I I . — A d m in is tra tio n o f the p o o r la w ; O ld age pensions.
P a rt I V . — S p ecia l w ork arisin g o u t o f the w ar. L on don , 1919. 197 p p . Cmd. 413.
P rice, Is. net.
------ M in istry o f S e a lth .
4 pp.
Cm d. 426.
S o u s in g .
P rice, Id . net.
N ew m ethods o f constru ction.
L on don ,
1919.
S tatem ent of proposals subm itted to th e M inistry of H ealth for th e provision of
houses of new m ethods of construction w hich th e m inistry has approved.
------------- S o u s in g , T ow n P la n n in g , etc., A ct, 1919; regulation s. October 6, 1919.
L o n d o n , 1919.
24 p p -
------ M in istry o f L abor.
J o in t In d u stria l C ouncil. A review o f progress an d achieve
m en ts, December, 1919. [L ondon], 1919. 20 p p . B u lle tin N o . 2.
Gives a lis t of 51 W hitley councils set up betw een January 11, 1918, and October
21, 1919, w ith a sum m ary of progress, since Ju ly , 1919, showing w h at th e various
councils have achieved as regards wages, hours, and holidays; disputes and concilia
tion; em ploym ent of disabled men; welfare; safety; and research, organization, sta
tistics, etc. Progress in th e organization of d istrict councils and works com m ittees
is also noted.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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PU B L IC A T IO N S R E LA TIN G TO LABOR.
N a tio n a l In su rance ( U n em ploym en t) B ill, 1919.
M em orandum o n the fin a n c ia l clauses. L on don , 1919. 3 p p . Cm d. 440. P rice, l d .n e t.
G r e a t B r i t a i n . — M in is tr y o f L abor.
E xplains financial readjustm ents necessary if benefit payable to workpeople insured
under th e national insurance (unem ploym ent) acts, 1911-1918, is increased from
7s. to 11s. per week, as is proposed in th e bill.
--------------------- R ep o rt by the G overnm ent actu ary.
L on don , 1919.
Cm d. 439.
3 pp.
P rice, Id . net.
States th a t “ owing to th e lack of suitable d ata a t th e tim e th e original calculation
was m ade, th e risk to be u n dertaken was overvalued, and th e benefit fixed a t a
substantially lower rate th an th e contribution would have b orne.” I t is recom
m ended th a t the benefit be increased from 7s. (par value of shilling, 24.3 cents) to
lls . a week.
------ M in istry o f R econ stru ction .
1919.
409 p p .
Cm d. 321.
A d u lt E d u ca tio n C om m ittee.
5 appendixes.
F in a l report.
L on don ,
The final report of th e A dult E ducation C om m ittee is th e fourth of a series of re
ports p u t out by th is com m ittee upon th e subject of a d u lt education. T he first of
these dealt w ith Indu strial and Social Conditions in R elation to A d u lt E ducation;
the second, w ith E ducation in th e Army; w hile th e th ird considered th e question
of Libraries and Museums.
From th e nature of th e m aterial considered th e final report m ay be divid ed into
three parts. In th e first p art th e past history of th e m ovem ent for a d u lt education
is traced and its present statu s discussed. The second p art deals w ith th e dem and
for ad u lt education and th e in tellectu al standards achieved in th e work w hich is being
done. The th ird p art is devoted to a discussion of th e weaknesses and possibilities
of ad u lt education; th e place of a d u lt education in th e work of universities; and
th e very apparent need of greater cooperation on th e p a rt of th e univ ersities in
affording to workers opportunity for courses of study w hich w ill lift them above
th eir daily routine and prepare th em for a more in tellig en t p articipation in th e duties
of citizenship; th e supply of teachers, w ith proposals for increasing it; m ethods of
financing a d u lt education classes; technical education in its relation to m odern in d u s
try ; and a generous num ber of conclusions and recom mendations.
------ Oversea S ettlem en t C om m ittee.
R ep o rt to the presiden t o f the com m ittee o f the
delegates a p p o in te d to in qu ire as to op en in g s in Canada f o r ivom en f r o m the U nited
K in g d o m . A p ril-S e p te m b e r , 1919. L on don , 1919. 35 p p . Cm d. 403. P rice,
4d. net.
This report is a result of a personal investigation by th e com m ittee in Canada over
a period of four m onths. T he purpose of th e in q u iry was to determ ine th e oppor
tu n ities of em ploym ent for women from G reat B ritain in in d u strial, commercial,
and other kinds of em ploym ent and in land settlem en t and in positions as domestics.
The social conditions th e women would m eet, as well as wages and housing condi
tions, form p a rt of th e study. T he appendixes contain th e list of authorities consulted
during th e study, suggestions as to th e establishm ent of com m unity houses for th e
benefit of girls coming over as servants, opportunities provided for special training
in domestic service, and accounts of th e experiences of in d iv id u al women who have
settled on farms.
I t a l y . — Ufficio Centrale d i S ta tistic a . L e flu ttu a zio n i sta g io n a li n ella v ita econom ica
ita lia n a , by Riccardo B achi. 261 p p . A n n a li d i S ta tistic a , series V, voi. 9. R o m e ,
1919.
A volum e of th e statistical annals published b y th e Italian Central S tatistical Office,
containing a study b y Prof. Riccardo B achi on th e seasonal fluctuations in th e eco
nomic life of Italy . T he aspects of economic life covered b y th e study include intern al
and foreign commerce, prices, money in circulation, discount rates, th e money m arket,
credit m ovem ent, industrial activ ity , labor m arket, transportation, m unicipal ad
m inistration, pawnshops, and S tate finances.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[823]
230
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
M e x i c o .— Secretaria de In d u s tr ia , Comercio y T rabajo.
P la n de estudios de la escuela
Mexico, 1919. 131 p p .
su p erio r de comercio y adm in istración .
Regulations, requirem ents, and courses of study adopted for th e reorganization of
the superior school of commerce and adm inistration.
N e t h e r l a n d s .— C entraal B u rea u voor de S ta tistie k .
der vakbew eging o p J a n u a ri 1917.
n ew series, N o . 245.
B e k n o p t overzicht v a n den om van g
The H ague, 1917. 34, x v ii p p .
B ijdragen ,
T he following tab le, tak e n from th e report, sets forth th e growth of trade-union
m em bership in th e N etherlands, 1913 to 1917. T he figures for 1918 and 1919 were
tak en from M aandschrift v an h et Centraal B ureau voor de S tatistiek, August, 1919
(p. 959). T R A D E _U N I0 N M E M B E R S H IP IN T H E N E T H E R L A N D S , 1913-1919.
1919
N am e of organization.
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
N ational T,ahnr Sftnr atari a t .....................
N ational Federation of T rade U n io n s..
Evangelical Federation of T rade Un-
8,097
61,447
9,697
84,261
9,242
87,598
10.510
99.511
14,309
128,918
23,068
159,449
33,626
191,138
7,944
11,023
12,327
15,013
20,506
28,008
46,338
40,338
54,855
69,139
91,814
5,046
5,635
7,794
10,539
170,418
224,223
287,458
373,455
R om an Catholic Federation of T rade
21,096
N onpartisan Federation of T rade Unio n s.............................................................
2,844
101,428
29,048
35,257
4,677
3,864
137,893
149,101
--------------Overzicht betreffende de loonen en den arbeidsduu r bij werken ten behoeve van
het R ijk b ij aanbesteding uitgevoerd in 1913.
B ijd ra g en , new series, N o. 238.
The H ague, 1917.
x x ix , 24 p p .
Presents a sum m ary view of wages and hours of labor on public works (State and
m unicipal) executed b y contract in th e N etherlands during 1913. Previous studies
have covered th e years 1894, 1899, 1902, 1903, 1905, and 1908.
------------- S ta tistie k va n de loonen en den arbeidsdu u r der volgens de O n gevallenw et 1901
verzekerde w erklieden in de p a p ier in d u strie, in 1911.
10 p p . B ijd ragen , n ew series, N o . 242.
The H ague, 1917.
xv [2],
T his report is a survey of th e paper-m aking in d u stry in th e N etherlands and pre
sents com prehensive d ata as to wages and hours of labor of persons employed in th e
industry as of 1911.
----- ------ W erkstakingen en u itslu itin g e n in N ederlan d gedurende, 1915-1916. The
H ague, 1917-18.
2 vols.
B ijdragen , new series, N os. 239, 250.
The following table, contained in a F rench sum m ary in th e te x t, gives in brief
form th e official reported d ata respecting strikes and lockouts in th e N etherlands
since 1
9
1
0
: __________________ __ ____________________
Year.
1910..............................
1911..............................
1912..............................
1913..............................
1914..............................
1915..............................
1916..............................
N um ber of
strikes.
N um ber
of
lockouts.
i 133 (131)
i 205 (197)
i 265 (260)
i 400 (383)
i 250 (241)
i 259 (244)
i 356 (345)
13
12
18
27
21
10
21
N um ber of persons
affected.
Strikes.
Lockouts.
4,507
19,122
19,620
23,990
13,953
14,373
17,146
8,731
883
2,052
6,171
1,706
806
2 981
1 N um ber of strikes for w hich n um ber of strikers was reported.
2 Applies to only 20 lockouts, n um ber affected no t being reported in th e case of one lockout.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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PU B L IC A T IO N S R E L A T IN G TO LABOR.
N e t h e r l a n d s .-— D epartem en t van A rbeid.
handelskantoren.
The H ague, 1919.
A rbeidsvoorw aarden van het personeel o p
56 p p .
U itgaven, N o. 24.
A study b y th e d ep artm en t of labor of hours, Wages, and working conditions of
store, office, and p e tty shop employees, covering 3,035 shops in w hich 23,427 Were
em ployed. Classified wages, per m onth, of 10,956 workers in August, 1914, are
reported, as follows:
N U M B E R A N D P E R C E N T R E C E IV IN G C L A S S IF IE D A M O U N T O F W A G ES P E R M O N T H ,
A U G U ST, 1914, B Y S E X .
[P ar value of florin=40.2 cents.]
Male.
Fem ale.
Total.
...
Classified m o n th ly wage.
N um ber. P e r cent. N u m ber. P e r cent. N um ber. P e rc e n t.
Less th a n 5 florins.............................................
5 to 9 florins........................................................
10 to 14 florins....................................................
15 to 19 florins.....................................................
20 to 24 florins.....................................................
25 to 29 florins.....................................................
30 to 34 florins.....................................................
35 to 39 florins....................................................
40 to 44 florins....................................................
45 to 49 florins.....................................................
50 to 59 florins....................................................
60 to 69 florins.....................................................
70 to 79 florins.....................................................
80 to 89 florins.....................................................
90 to 99 florins.....................................................
100 to 199 florins.................................................
200 florins and over...........................................
31
550
782
584
518
485
352
403
370
289
513
526
559
557
316
1,698
505
0. 34
6.09
8. 65
6.46
5. 73
5.37
3.89
4. 46
4.09
3.20
5.67
5.82
6.18
6.16
3. 50
IS. 79
5. 59
5
54
133
159
252
267
146
166
162
141
206
93
56
29
15
34
0.26
2.82
6.93
8.29
13.14
13.92
7. 61
8.65
8.45
7.35
10.74
4.85
2.92
1.51
.78
1.77
36
604
915
743
770
752
498
569
532
430
719
619
615
586
331
1,732
'505
0.33
5. 51
8. 35
6. 78
7.03
6. 86
4.55
5.19
4. 86
3.92
6. 56
5. 65
5. 61
5. 35
3.02
15. 81
4. 61
T o ta l.........................................................
9,038
100.0
1,918
100.0
10,956
100.0
S w e d e n .— S o d a lsty re lsen .
Israkenskaper.
sta tistik .
L evnadskostnaderna i S verige 1913-14. D el I I I , H ush âlStockholm , 1919. 493 p p . Sveriges Officiella S ta tis tik , S o d a l-
Comprises part 3 of an extensive study of household budgets in Sweden in 1913-14.
This volum e contains a detailed statem ent of th e sources of incom e and expenditures
for various item s of expenditure for each of th e 908 families in cluded in th e investiga
tion. T hese families were distrib u ted throughout th e 8 principal cities in th e country,
excluding Stockholm.
S w it z e r l a n d .— B u rea u F édéral des A ssurances.
m atière d ’assurances en S u isse en 1917.
R a p p o rt su r les en treprises privées en
B ern, 1919. 107* 193 p p .
This volum e is th e annual report of th e Swiss insurance bureau for th e year 1917.
Unofficial.
A l l e n , F r e d e r ic k J.
1919.
A d v ertisin g as a vocation .
N ew
York, The M acm illan Co.,
178 p p .
A m erica n F e d e r a t io n
of L a b o r . A rizo n a
Branch. Proceedings o f the eighth
a n n u a l con ven tion , held a t P h oen ix, Oct. 27- N o v . 1, 1919. P h o en ix , 1919. 71 p p .
— — Utah Branch.
P roceedings o f the fifteen th conven tion, held at B a h L ake C ity , S e p
tem ber 9 to 12, 1919. S a lt Lake C ity, 1919. 48 p p .
A m er ic a n W r itin g P a p e r Co .
C ost o f liv in g in H olyok e, M ass., J u ly , 1919.
vestig a tio n m ade by John W . S coville. H olyoke, 1919. 12 p p . 4 charts.
A n in
Shows changes in th e cost of th e principal item s of th e fam ily budget in Holyoke
since 1913. The change in th e cost of food wTas calc u lated from quotations of retail
prices charged on Janu ary 1 of each year since 1913 furnished by local grocers, and
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
232
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
from advertised quotations in 1913 and 1919. In order “ to get a composite food co st”
th e cost in 1913 and Ju ly , 1919, of specified am ounts of each of 13 articles of food were
calculated, and th e results showed th a t th e to ta l cost had risen from $54.97 in 1913 to
$102.88 in 1919, an increase of over 87 per cent. Figures for ren ts were based on those
paid in 30 apartm ents in sections of th e city w here employees of th e company live;
i t was found th a t ren ts had increased about 9 per cent. F uel and lig h t increased about
27 per cent. To o btain th e increases in clothing and sundries th e wholesale price
index num bers of th e U nited States B ureau of Labor Statistics were used; these item s
had increased 107 and 91 per cent, respectively.
W eighting th e item s according to th eir relativ e im portance in th e family budget,
th e company found th a t th e increases since 1913 were as follows:
Per cent.
Food.................................................................................................. 37.4
R e n t.................................................................................................. L 6
F uel an d lig h t................................................................................. 1-4
Clothing............................................................................................ 13-9
Sundries............................................................................................ 18. 2
All item s............................................................................... 72. 5
T he com pany relates these figures to th e changes in hourly wage rates paid to its
employees. No figures are given as to wage rates b u t a ch art is shown indicating
changes in b oth wages and cost of living. The report states:
Since Ju ly , 1918, hourly wage rates have advanced more th a n th e cost of living.
T he purchasing power in goods of an hour’s labor was ab o u t 15 per cen t higher in
July, 1919, th a n in 1913, as shown by th e curve on com m odity wage rates. However,
w eekly earnings w ould deviate som ewhat from th e wage rate curve, on account of
variations in th e am ount of em ploym ent.
A sso cia tio n
o f L if e I n su r a n c e P r e s id e n t s .
Proceedings o f the tw elfth an n u a l
m eetin g, held in N ew Y ork, Decem ber 5 a n d 6, 1918. N ew Y ork, 1919. 162 p p .
Papers of interest to labor were on Vocational retraining—a national conservation,
b y Dr. Charles A. Prosser; Group insurance as an influence in prom oting sta b ility in
labor groups, b y Eugenius H . O uterbridge; and F ailure of German compulsory
insurance—a w ar revelation, by F rederick L. Hoffman.
B ab s o n , R o g e r W. W. B . W ilson an d the D ep a rtm en t o f L abor. N ew Y o rk , B renta n o ’s, 1919.
276 p p .
B lo o m fiel d , D a n ie l (C o m p il e r ).
H . W . W ilso n Co., 1919.
M odern in d u stria l m ovem en ts.
377 p p .
The handbook series.
N ew Y ork,
The
This book contains a collection of articles w hich have appeared in periodicals and
in reports and other publications on th e following subjects: Cooperation; syndical
ism, industrial unionism , and th e I. W. W.; shop stewards; scientific m anagem ent;
guild socialism; m anagem ent sharing; bolshevism ; labor parties; and industrial
reconstruction programs. A short bibliography on each subject is included.
B oston P u blic L ib r a r y .
In d u stria l problem s, chiefly A m erican ; selected references
to books a n d m agazines in the P u b lic L ibrary o f the C ity o f B o sto n . B oston , December,
1919. 18 p p .
Contents: Collective bargaining and trad e agreem ents; strikes and lockouts; boy
cotts and blacklists; injunctions in labor disputes; arbitration; open and closed
shop; labor representation in industry.
B ureau
of
I n d u str ia l R e s e a r c h , N e w Y o r k .
a n d labor u n io n s.
graphed pages.
B u reau
of
N ew
S elected list o f references on trade
Y ork, 289 F ou rth A ven u e, Decem ber, 1919. 12 m im eo
M u n ic ipa l R e s e a r c h
liv in g in P h iladelph ia.
Co., 1919. 125 p p .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
of
P h il a d e l p h ia .
A report, by W illia m C. Beyer.
[826]
W orkin gm en’s
standard of
N ew Y ork, The M acm illan
PU B L IC A T IO N S R E LA TIN G TO LABOR.
233
B ureau
of R a ilw ay N e w s and S ta tistics . R a ilw a y sta tistic s o f the U n ited S tates
o f A m erica f o r the year ended Decem ber 31, 1918. Chicago, 1919. 148 p p .
States th a t th e average num ber of employees during 1918 was 1,897,741, as compared
w ith 1,780,235 in 1917, and 1,703,577 in 1916. T he total wages and salaries paid in
1918 was $2,686,734,498, as compared w ith $1,781,027,002 in 1917 and $1,511,728,926
in 1916. T he average com pensation per em ployee in 1918 was $1,416; in 1917, $1,001;
and in 1916, $887. I t is stated th a t nearly 60 of th e 77 per cent, or over $1,175,529,000
increase in th e cost of labor betw een 1916 and 1918, w ent to th e in d iv id u al employee,
and th a t only 17 per cen t was d u e to th e increase in th e num ber em ployed.
A ccident statistics show th a t for th e first n in e m onths of 1918, 7,056 persons were
killed and 134,730 injured in railw ay accidents. In 1917 th e n um ber killed was 10,087
and th e num ber injured 194,805. In 1916 th e figures were 10,001 and 196,722, respec
tively . Of th e persons killed in 1918, 394 were passengers on train s, 2,127 employees
on d u ty , and 4,535 other persons, of whom 126 were em ployees n o t on d u ty , 2,442
were trespassers, 1,506 nontrespassers, and 461 persons killed in nontrain accidents.
B u reau
of V ocational I n fo r m a t io n .
V ocations f o r business a n d profession al
w om en . P u b lish ed in cooperation w ith the N a tio n a l B o a rd o f the Y ou n g W om en1s
C h ristian A sso cia tion s. N ew Y ork, 2 W est 43rd S treet, M ay, 1919. 48 p p . B u l
letin N o . 1.
Discusses “ those occupations in which women have m ade a definite and perm anent
place for them selves and in w hich younger women, th e workers of th e future, m ay
expect to find fields for service.”
B u r t o n , T h e o d o r e E . , a nd S e l d e n , G. C. A century o f prices. A n exam in ation
o f econom ic a n d fin a n c ia l co n dition s as reflected in prices, m on ey rates, etc., d u rin g
the p a st 100 years. N ew York, The M agazine o f W all Street, 1919. 118 p p . G raphs.
T he te x t and graphs of th is book first appeared in th e Magazine of W all Street. T he
a.im is to “ explain th e great controlling principles of business and finance in th e
straightforw ard fashion of one business m an talking to another. ’ C hapters of special
interest deal w ith Prices and an in d ex of economic and in v estm en t conditions, G reat
economic forces since 1790, and W hat American com m odity prices show.
£)a p e k , T h o m a s . The (jtechs ( B oh em ian s ) in A m erica. A stu d y o f their n a tio n a l,
cu ltu ra l, p o litic a l, social, econom ic, a n d religiou s life.
Co., 1920. 294 p p - Illu stra ted .
B o sto n , H ou gh ton M ifflin
C a r n e g ie E n d o w m en t
fo r I n te r n a t io n a l P e a c e . D iv is io n o f E con om ics an d
H is to r y . P re lim in a ry econom ic stu dies o f the w a r N o . 14. B ritish labor con dition s
a n d leg isla tio n d u rin g the w ar, by M. B . H am m on d. N ew York, Oxford U n iversity
P ress ( A m erican branch), 1919. 335 p p .
T he social conditions in E ngland prior to th e war, p articu larly w ith relation to
housing, drink, sickness, pauperism , and old age, and th e effect which social legisla
tion had upon problem s of th e war, are review ed, as well as th e condition of English
industry and labor a t th e outbreak of th e war. T he author treats also of th e effects
of th e m unitions of war acts, th e m ethods tak en to secure an adequate supply of labor,
changes in wages, cost of living, and hours of labor, m easures tak en for th e relief of
unem ploym ent, and th e problem of labor unrest. T h e final chapter is devoted to
plans for industrial reconstruction, especially th e W hitley councils, and th e dem ands
of th e Labor P arty for nationalization of p u b lic utilities.
Ch e l l e w , H e n r y .
P re ss, 1919.
H u m a n a n d in d u stria l efficiency.
170 p p .
L on don ,
U n iversity o f L on don
An a rgu m en t, for th e reconstruction of th e relationships betw een employees and em
ployed along th e lines of scientific m anagem ent. T he author believes th a t housing
and working conditions m ust be satisfactory, th a t every effort m u st be m ade to elim i
nate excessive fatigue, and th a t th e psychology of th e workers m ust be studied; also
th a t th e workers m ust be anim ated b y ‘1th e rig h t spirit, ” and th a t th e g reatest factor
in efficiency, and therefore in success, is th a t th e in d iv id u al shall feel an in terest in his
work.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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234
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
C linic
fo r F u nction a l R ee d u c a tio n of D isa b l e d S o l d ie r s , S a ilors and
ia n s . F irst an n u a l report, 1918-1919.
N ew York, 5 L iv in g sto n P lace,
C iv il
1919.
52 p p .
D o ug la s , D orothy W.
A m erican m in im u m wage law s at w ork.
A m erica n E con om ic R eview . December, 1919. P p . 701-738.
R ep rin ted fr o m the
A digest of th is paper was published in th e January, 1920, issue of th e M onthly
L a bo r R e v ie w , page 180.
E l m e r , M a n u e l C.
A rm ou rdale, a city w ith in a city.
The report o f a social su rvey o f
A rm o u rd a le, a co m m u n ity o f 12,000 p eo p le liv in g in the in d u stria l district o f K a n sa s
C ity, K a n sa s.
T opeka, Ju n e 15, 1919. 91 p p . Illu s tr a te d . B u lle tin o f the
U n iversity o f K a n sa s.
Vol. X X , N o . 12.
G il b r e t h , F r a n k B.
a n d L ill ia n M.
F a tig u e stu d y.
The e lim in a tio n o f h u m a n ity's
greatest unnecessary w aste a f ir s t step in m o tio n stu d y. S eco n d edition , revised. N ew
Y ork, The M acm illan C o., 1919. 175 p p . Illu stra te d .
H o l l a n d e r , J acob H .
A m erican citizen sh ip a n d econom ic w elfare. The W eil lectures,
1919, delivered a t the U n iversity o f N orth C arolina. B a ltim o re, The Johns H o p
k in s P ress, 1919. 122 p p .
T hree lectures on T he weal of th e N ation, T he laborer’s hire, and The sinews of
peace. In discussing wages th e author holds th a t a progressive standard of life
should form th e basis upon w hich th e final arb itral award is reached in th e arb itra
tion of all in d u strial d isputes involving wage dem ands. H e believes th a t “ In th e
m atter of collective bargaining, in th e arb itral determ ination of labor disputes and in
th e validation of th e standard of life as a wage p rin cip le—th e in d u strial experience
of th e w ar years h av e resulted in notable progress, ” and agrees th a t th e device of th e
local shop com m ittee has been p lan ted “ so well and so broadly th roughout in d u stry —
as h ard ly to seem eradicable.”
H oltz , M a x L. R eview o f the accom plishm en ts o f the Rochester cloth in g in d u stry f o r
the year 1919. A report presented a t the tw en ty -n in th a n n u a l m eetin g o f the Clothiers'
Exchange, Decem ber 20, 1919, by the presiden t. [Rochester, 1919.] 24 p p .
T he achievem ents of th e R ochester m arket for th e year 1919 are said to have been
(1) th e establishm ent of a definite labor policy, w ith th e m achinery for its adm inistra
tion, based on a system of collective bargaining th a t now has been adopted practically
b y th e in d u stry as a whole, and w hich has brought about a b etter understanding be
tw een em ployer and em ployee th a n exists in any oth er in d u stry in th e country; (2)
th e establishm ent of a definite m ark et policy tow ard th e retailer, based on th e square
deal; and (3) th e developm ent of th e sp irit of cooperation.
L a b o r P a rty (B r it is h ).
The c a p ita l levy (H ow the L abor P a r ty w o u ld settle the
w a r debt), by F . W. P eth ick L aw rence. L o n d o n , 33 E ccleston Squ are, 1919. 8 p p .
P rice, 2 d .; p o st free, 2 \d .
------ In te rn a tio n a l econom ic p o lic y , b p L . S . W oolf.
10
L o n d o n , S3 E ccleston S qu are, 1919.
p p . P rice, 2 d .\ p o st free, 2 \d .
------ M em oranda:
C o n tin u ed education un der the n ew education act; The ju v e n ile w orker
a t the en d o f the w ar; N u rsery schools. L o n d o n , 33 E ccleston S qu are, 1919. 24 PP-
These m em oranda, prepared b y th e advisory com m ittee on education, em phasize
th e points to be w atched in th e carrying out of th e new education act; measures to be
tak en for coping w ith th e problem of ju v en ile em ploym ent and unem ploym ent; and
th e necessity for th e early establishm ent of nursery schools, provided for in th e act.
------ T ariffs a n d the w orker, by B rou gh am V illiers.
8 pp.
L o n d o n , 33 E ccleston Squ are, 1919.
P rice, I d .; p o st free, l%d.
L a bo r R e s e a r c h D e p a r t m e n t .
P ress, L td . [1919],
A n n u a l report, 1918-19.
L a d d , M a ry B.
L is t o f references on the righ t to strike.
R e p rin ted f r o m S p e c ia l L ibraries, Decem ber, 1919.
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L on d o n , N a tio n a l L abor
24 p p .
[828]
[W ash in gton , 1919.]
16 p p .
235
PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO LABOR.
L a n d s o r g a n is a t io n e n s
dr 1917.
i
Sv e r g e .
S to c k h o lm , 1 9 1 9 .
Berattelse over Landsorganisationens verksamhet
179, 180 p p .
R eport of th e N ational F ederation of Swedish trade-unions.
L lo y d , J ohn W ill ia m .
Cooperative and other organized methods o f marketing California
III., 1 9 1 9 . 1 4 2 pp. University o f Illinois studies
No. 1, March, 1 9 1 9 . .
h o r tic u ltu r a l products.
Urbana,
in th e social sciences, Vol. V III,
Ma n e s , A l f r e d .
9
V e r s ic h e r u n g s -S ta a ts b e tr ie d i m A u s l a n d .
B e r lin , 1919.
128 p p .
In this volum e has been collected th e experiences of various State, provincial, and
m unicipal G overnm ents w hich eith er have established G overnm ent monopolies of
insurance or have und erw ritten insurance in com petition w ith p riv ate insurance
companies. T he States most extensively covered in th e volum e are U ruguay, which
in 1912 established a general insurance monopoly, and Ita ly , w hich in th e same year
enacted a law making th e underw riting of life insurance a state monopoly.
In sum ming up th e results achieved by foreign G overnm ents in carrying on an in
surance business th e author arrives at th e following conclusions:
1. State insurance in stitu te s operated in com petition w ith private insurance com
panies as a rule have achieved indifferent results and only in exceptional instances
have proved to be more advantageous to th e com m unity th an priv ate companies.
2. Monopolistic state insurance in stitu tes established on th e basis of voluntary
insurance show even less favorable results from an economic poin t of view th an state
institutes operated in com petition, w ith p riv ate companies. This is perhaps due to
the absence of com petition.
3. In compulsory insurance countries th e experiences of monopolistic state insur
ance institutes, at least w ith respect to fire insurance, were in p a rt favorable, while
th e experiences in all other branches of insurance vary greatly, b u t were largely
unfavorable.
N a tio n a l I n d u s t r ia l C o n f e r e n c e B o a r d .
L a w r e n c e , M a ss ., N o v e m b e r , 1 9 1 9 .
T h e co st o f l i v i n g a m o n g w a g e earners,
1 9 1 9 . 21 p p .
B o s to n ,
T h is p a m p h le t is re v ie w e d in th is issue of th e M onthly L a b o r R e v ie w , pages
71 a n d 72.
R e a d s , W. H. V.
T h e re v o lt o f la b o r a g a in s t c iv iliz a tio n .
G reen a n d C o ., 1 9 1 9 . 8 0 p p .
New Y o r k .
Sjo s t r o m , Ch r is t o p h e r .
p la g a n .
F a c k fo r e n in g s r b r e ls e n och S o c ia ld e m o k r a tie n .
S to c k h o lm , 1 9 1 8 . 3 0 p p .
L on g m a n s,
A n d ra
iip -
Discussion of th e relationship of th e trade-union m ovem ent and th e p olitical labor
m ovem ent (socialism).
S ociaal -D em o cratisch e A r b e id e r s p a r t ij
in
N ederland.
Arbeidersjaarboekje, 1919.
Amsterdam [1919]. 1 9 0 p p .
Yearbook of th e D u tch Labor P a rty for 1919.
S q u ir e s , B e n ja m in M.
T h e M a r in e W o rk e rs' A f f i l i a t i o n o f the P o r t o f N e w Y o r k .
[ N e w Y o r k , 1 9 1 9 .] p p . 8 4 0 -8 7 4 . R e p r in te d f r o m T h e J o u r n a l o f P o litic a l E c o n o m y ,
V o l. x x v i i , N o . 10 , D ec e m b e r, 191 9 .
A rticles b y Mr. Squires covering th e facts contained in th is article appeared in th e
M onthly L a bo r R e v ie w , August, 1918, pp. 45-62; Septem ber, 1918, pp. 1-26; F eb
ruary, 1919, pp. 12-27; A pril, 1919, pp. 246-249; August, 1919, pp. 173-185.
U s s in g , C a r l .
D e K o lle k tiv e a rb e jd sa fta le rs f r e m t i d .
D a n s k F o r e n in g f o r S o c ia lp o litik , 7 . h e fte .
j^k
C openhagen,
1919.
16
pp.
This lecture delivered b y th e P resid en t of th e P erm an en t A rbitration Court of
D enm ark appears also in th e Decem ber, 1919, issue of Social Forsorg issued jo in tly by
the staffs of th e social insurance, factory inspection, and em ploym ent service of
D enm ark. After pointing out w hat he considers to be chronic defects in th e present
relations of capital and labor, Judge Ussing concludes th a t th e collective agreem ent
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[829]
2 3 6
M O N T H L Y LA BO R REVIEW.
is here to stay as a m eans of adjusting in d u strial relations, although th e ind u strial
conflict as such w ill continue. H e recom m ends broadening th e m em bership of th e
arbitration trib u n al so as to in clu d e more th an a single judge to represent th e p u b lic
or society a t large.
W a r d , H arry F . The New Social Order— Principles and programs. New York, The
Macmillan Co., 191 9 . 3 8 4 PPT he first section of th is book is devoted to a discussion of th e need for a new social
order; th e second half is tak en u p w ith th e programs for th e new order.
Wto r k e r ’s E d ucational A sso c ia tio n . Sixteenth annual report and statement of
accounts, July 1, 1 9 1 9 . London, 16 Harpur Street, 1 9 19. 60 pp.
Hi-
This general report of th e central council for 1918-19 covers th e grow th of th e asso
ciation, classes and lectures, sum mer schools, publications, a statem en t of accounts,
d istrict reports, overseas work, th e constitution of th e association, and a roster of th e
tu to rial classes in 1918-19.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
%
[830]
SERIES OF BULLETINS PUBLISHED BY THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS[The publication of the annual and special reports and of the bimonthly bulletin was
discontinued in July, 1912, and since that time a bulletin has been published at irregular
intervals. Each number contains matter devoted to one of a series of general subjects. These
bulletins are numbered consecutively, beginning with No. 101, and up to No. 236; they also carry
consecutive numbers under each series. Beginning with No. 237 the serial numbering has been
discontinued. A list of the series is given below. Under each is grouped all the bulletins
which contain material relating to the subject matter of that series. A list of the reports and
bulletins of the Bureau issued prior to July 1, 1912, will be furnished on application. The
bulletins marked thus * are out of print.]
W holesale Prices.
* B u i. 114. W h o le sa le p ric e s, 1 8 9 0 to 1912.
B u i. 149. W h o le sa le p ric e s , 189 0 to 1913.
* B u i. 173. In d e x n u m b e rs o f w h o le sa le p ric e s in th e
c o u n trie s .
B u i. 181. W h o le sa le p ric e s, 1 8 9 0 to 1914.
B u i. 200. W h o le sa le p ric e s , 1 8 9 0 t o 1915.
B u i. 226. W h o le sa le p ric e s , 1 8 9 0 to 1916.
B u i. 269. W h o le sa le p ric e s , 189 0 to 1919.
[ I n p re s s .]
U n ite d
S ta te s
and
fo re ig n
R e ta il P ric e s a n d C ost o f L iv in g .
* B u i. 105. R e ta il p ric e s , 1 8 9 0 to 1911 : P a r t I.
R e ta il p ric e s , 189 0 to 1 9 1 1 : P a r t I I — G e n e ra l ta b le s.
* B u i. 106. R e ta il p ric e s, 1 8 9 0 t o J u n e , 1912 : P a r t I.
R e ta il p ric e s , 1 8 9 0 to J u n e , 1912 : P a r t I I — G e n e ra l ta b le s.
B u i. 108. R e ta il p ric e s, 1 890 to A u g u st, 1 9 1 2 .
B u i. 110. R e ta il p ric e s, 1 8 9 0 to O c to b er, 1912.
B u i. 113. R e ta il p ric e s, 189 0 to D ecem b er, 1912.
B u i. 115. R e ta il p ric e s, 1 8 9 0 to F e b r u a r y , 1913.
* B u i. 121. S u g a r p ric e s , fro m re fin e r to c o n su m e r.
B u i. 125. R e ta il p ric e s , 1 890 t o A p ril, 1913.
B u i. 1 3 0 . W h e a t a n d flo u r p ric e s , fro m f a r m e r to c o n su m e r.
B u i. 132. R e ta il p ric e s, 189 0 to J u n e , 1913.
B u i. 136. R e ta il p ric e s , 1 8 9 0 to A u g u st, 1913.
* B u i. 138. R e ta il p ric e s, 1 8 9 0 to O c to b er, 1913.
B u i. 14 0 . R e ta il p ric e s , 1 8 9 0 t o D e ce m b e r, 1913.
B u i. 156. R e ta il p ric e s , 190 7 to D ecem b er, 1914.
B u i. 164. B u tte r p ric e s , fro m p ro d u c e r to c o n su m e r.
B u i. 170. F o r e ig n fo o d p ric e s a s a ffe c te d by th e w a r.
* B u i. 184. R e ta il p ric e s , 190 7 t o J u n e , 1915.
B u i. 197. R e ta il p ric e s , 190 7 to D ecem b er, 1915.
B ui. 228. R e ta il p ric e s , 190 7 to D ecem b er, 1916.
B u i. 266. A s tu d y o f fa m ily e x p e n d itu re s in th e D i s t r i c t o f C o lu m b ia .
B u i 270. R e ta il p ric e s , 1913 t o 1919.
[ I n p re s s .]
[ I n p re s s .]
W ages an d H o u rs of L ab o r.
B u i. 116. H o u rs,- e a r n in g s , a n d d u r a tio n o f e m p lo y m e n t o f w a g e -e a rn in g w o m en in
s e le c te d in d u s tr ie s in th e D i s tr ic t o f C o lu m b ia.
B u i. 118. T e n -h o u r m a x im u m w o rk in g -d a y f o r w o m en a n d y c u n g p e rs o n s.
B u i. 119. W o rk in g h o u rs o f w o m en in th e p e a c a n n e rie s o f W isc o n sin .
* B u i. 128. W ag e s a n d h o u rs o f la b o r in th e c o tto n , w o o le n , a n d silk in d u s tr ie s , 1890
to 1912.
* B u i. 129. W ag e s a n d h o u rs o f la b o r in th e lu m b e r, m illw o rk , a n d f u r n itu r e in d u s
tr ie s , 1 8 9 0 to 1912.
* B u i. 131. U n io n s c a le o f w a g e s a n d h o u rs o f la b o r, 1 9 0 7 to 1912.
* B u i. 134. W ag e s a n d h o u rs o f la b o r in t h e b o o t a n d sh o e a n d h o s ie ry a n d k n it goods
in d u s tr ie s , 189 0 to 1912.
* B u i. 135. W a g e s a n d h o u rs o f la b o r in th e c ig a r a n d c lo th in g in d u s tr ie s , 1911 a n d
1912.
B u i. 137. W ag e s a n d h o u rs o f la b o r in th e b u ild in g a n d r e p a ir in g of s te a m r a ilr o a d
c a rs, 1 8 9 0 to 1912.
B u i. 143. U n io n s c a le o f w a g e s a n d h o u rs o f la b o r, M ay 15, 1913.
B u i. 146. W ag e s a n d r e g u la r ity o f e m p lo y m e n t a n d s ta n d a r d i z a tio n o f p iece r a te s
in th e d re s s a n d w a is t in d u s tr y o f N ew Y o rk C ity .
165126°—20—
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
16
(I)
W ages a n d H o n rs of L ab o r— C o n clu d ed .
B u i. 147. W ag e s a n d r e g u la r ity o f e m p lo y m e n t in th e clo ak , s u it, a n d s k ir t in d u s try .
B u i. 150. W a g e s a n d h o u rs o f la b o r in t h e c o tto n , w o o len , a n d silk in d u s tr ie s , 1907
to 1913.
B u i. 151. W ag e s a n d h o u rs o f la b o r in th e iro n a n d s te e l in d u s tr y in th e U n ite d
S ta te s , 1907 to 1912.
* B u i. 153. W ag e s a n d h o u rs o f la b o r in t h e lu m b e r, m illw o rk , a n d f u r n i t u r e in d u s
tr ie s , 190 7 to 1913.
B u i. 154. W a g e s a n d h o u rs o f la b o r in th e b o o t a n d sh o e a n d h o s ie ry a n d u n d e r
w e a r in d u s tr ie s , 1907 t o 1913.
B u i. 160. H o u rs , e a r n in g s , a n d c o n d itio n s o f la b o r o f w o m en in I n d ia n a m e rc a n tile
e s ta b lis h m e n ts a n d g a r m e n t fa c to rie s .
B u i. 161. W a g e s a n d h o u rs o f la b o r in t h e c lo th in g a n d c ig a r in d u s tr ie s , 1911 to
1913.
B u i. 1 6 3 . W a g e s a n d h o u r s o f la b o r in th e b u ild in g a n d r e p a ir in g o f s te a m r a ilr o a d
c a rs, 190 7 to 1913.
B u i. 168. W ag e s a n d h o u r s o f la b o r in t h e iro n a n d s te e l in d u s tr y , 1907 to 1913.
B ui. 171. U n io n s c a le o f w a g e s a n d h o u rs o f la b o r, M ay 1, 1914.
B u i. 177. W ag e s a n d h o u rs o f la b o r in th e h o s ie ry a n d u n d e r w e a r in d u s tr y , 1907
to 1914.
* B ui. 178. W ag e s a n d h o u rs o f la b o r in t h e b o o t a n d sh o e in d u s tr y , 1907 to 1914.
B u i. 187. W’a g e s a n d h o u rs o f la b o r in th e m e n ’s c lo th in g in d u s tr y , 1911 to 1914.
* B u i. 190. W a g e s a n d h o u rs o f la b o r in th e c o tto n , w oolen, a n d s ilk in d u s trie s , 1907
to 1914.
* B u i. 194. U n io n s c a le o f w a g e s a n d h o u rs o f la b o r, M ay 1, 1915.
B u i. 204. S tr e e t r a ilw a y e m p lo y m e n t in th e U n ite d S ta te s .
B u i. 214. U n io n s c a le o f w a g es a n d h o u rs o f la b o r, M ay 15, 1916.
B ui. 218. W ag e s a n d h o u rs o f la b o r in t h e iro n a n d s te e l in d u s tr y , 1907 to 1915.
B u i. 221. H o u rs , fa tig u e , a n d h e a l th in B r itis h m u n itio n fa c to rie s .
B u i. 225. W ag e s a n d h o u rs o f la b o r in th e lu m b e r, m illw o rk , a n d f u r n i t u r e in d u s
tr ie s , 1915.
B ui. 232. W ag e s a n d h o u rs o f la b o r in th e b o o t a n d shoe in d u s tr y , 1907 to 1916.
B u i. 238. W ag e s a n d h o u rs o f la b o r in w o o le n a n d w o rs te d g oods m a n u f a c tu r in g
1916.
B ui. 239. W ag es a n d h o u rs o f la b o r in c o tto n g o ods m a n u f a c tu r in g a n d fin ish in g
1916.
B u i. 245. U n io n s c a le o f w a g e s a n d h o u rs o f la b o r, M ay 15, 1917.
B u i. 252. W ag e s a n d h o u rs o f la b o r in th e s la u g h te r in g a n d m e a t-p a c k in g in d u s tr y .
B u i. 259. U n io n s c a le o f w a g e s a n d h o u r s o f la b o r, M ay 15, 1918.
B u i. 260. W a g e s a n d h o u rs o f la b o r in th e b o o t a n d shoe in d u s tr y , 1907 to 1918.
B u i. 261. W a g e s a n d h o u r s o f la b o r in w o o len a n d w o rs te d goods m a n u f a c tu r in g , 1918.
B u i. 262. W a g e s a n d h o u rs o f la b o r in c o tto n goods m a n u f a c tu r in g a n d fin ish in g ,
1918.
B u i. 265. I n d u s t r i a l s u rv e y in s e le c te d in d u s tr ie s in th e U n ite d S ta te s , 1919. P r e
lim in a r y re p o r t.
[ I n p re s s .]
B u i. 274. U n io n s c a le o f w a g e s a n d h o u rs o f la b o r, M a y 15, 1919.
[ I n p re s s.]
Employm ent and U nem ploym ent.
* B u i. 1 0 9 . S ta tis tic s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t a n d th e w o rk o f e m p lo y m e n t offices.
B u i. 116. H o u rs , e a r n in g s , a n d d u r a tio n o f e m p lo y m e n t o f w a g e -e a rn in g w o m en in
s e le c te d in d u s tr ie s in th e D is tr ic t o f C olum bia.
B u i. 172. U n e m p lo y m e n t in N ew Y o rk C ity , N. Y.
B u i. 182. U n e m p lo y m e n t a m o n g w o m en in d e p a r tm e n t a n d o th e r r e ta il s to re s of
B o sto n , M ass.
B u i. 183. R e g u la r ity o f e m p lo y m e n t in th e w o m e n ’s re a d y -to -w e a r g a r m e n t in d u s trie s .
B u i. 192. P ro c e e d in g s o f t h e A m e ric a n A s s o c ia tio n o f P u b lic E m p lo y m e n t Offices.
• B u i. 195. U n e m p lo y m e n t in t h e U n ite d S ta te s .
B u i. 196. P r o c e e d in g s o f th e E m p lo y m e n t M a n a g e rs ’ C o n fe re n c e h e ld a t M in n e a p o lis ,
J a n u a r y , 1 9 16.
B u i. 202. P ro c e e d in g s o f t h e c o n fe re n c e o f th e E m p lo y m e n t M a n a g e rs ’ A ss o c ia tio n of
B o sto n , M ass., h e ld M ay 10, 1916.
B ui. 206. T h e B r itis h s y ste m o f la b o r e x c h a n g e s.
B u i. 22 0 . P ro c e e d in g s o f th e F o u r th A n n u a l M e e tin g o f th e A m e ric a n A s s o c ia tio n o f
P u b lic E m p lo y m e n t Offices, B u ffalo , N. Y., J u ly 2 0 a n d 21, 1916.
B ui. 223. E m p lo y m e n t o f w o m e n a n d ju v e n ile s in G re a t B r i t a i n d u r in g th e w a r.
B u i. 227. P ro c e e d in g s o f th e E m p lo y m e n t M a n a g e rs ’ C o n fe re n c e , P h ila d e lp h ia , P a .,
A p ril 2 a n d 3, 1917.
B u i. 235. E m p lo y m e n t sy ste m o f th e L a k e C a r r ie r s ’ A ss o c ia tio n .
B u i. 241. P u b lic e m p lo y m e n t offices in th e U n ite d S ta te s .
B ui. 247. P ro c e e d in g s o f th e E m p lo y m e n t M a n a g e rs ’ C o n fe re n ce , R o c h e s te r, N . Y.,
M ay 9 -1 1 , 1918.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(II)
Women in Industry.
B u i. 116. H o u rs , e a r n in g s , a n d d u r a tio n o f e m p lo y m e n t of w a g e -e a rn in g w om en in
se le c te d in d u s tr ie s in th e D is tr ic t o f C o lu m b ia.
* B u i. 1 1 7 .
B u i.
B ui.
* B u i.
B u i.
118.
119.
122.
160.
* B u i. 167.
B u i. 175.
B u i. 176.
B u i. 180.
B u i. 182.
B u i. 193.
B u i. 215.
B u i. 217.
B ui. 223.
P r o h ib itio n o f n ig h t w o r k o f jm u n g p e r s o n s.
T e n -h o u r m a x im u m w o rk in g -d a y fo r w o m en a n d y o u n g p e rso n s.
W o rk in g h o u rs o f w o m en in th e p e a c a n n e rie s o f W isc o n sin .
E m p lo y m e n t o f w o m en in p o w e r la u n d r ie s in M ilw au k e e .
H o u rs , e a r n in g s , a n d c o n d itio n s o f la b o r o f w om en in I n d ia n a m e rc a n tile
e s ta b lis h m e n ts a n d g a r m e n t fa c to rie s .
M in im u m -w a g e le g is la tio n in th e U n ite d S ta te s a n d fo re ig n c o u n trie s .
S u m m a ry o f th e r e p o r t on c o n d itio n o f w o m a n a n d c h ild w a g e e a r n e r s in
th e U n ite d S ta te s .
E ffe c t o f m in im u m -w a g e d e te r m in a tio n in O regon.
T h e b o o t a n d sh o e in d u s tr y in M a s s a c h u s e tts a s a v o c a tio n fo r w om en.
U n e m p lo y m e n t a m o n g w o m en in d e p a r tm e n t a n d o th e r r e ta il s to re s of
B o sto n , M ass.
D re s s m a k in g a s a tr a d e fo r w o m en in M a s s a c h u s e tts .
I n d u s t r i a l e x p e rie n c e o f tra d e -s c h o o l g ir ls in M a s s a c h u s e tts .
E ffe c t o f w o rk m e n ’s c o m p e n s a tio n la w s in d im in is h in g th e n e c e s sity of
in d u s tr ia l e m p lo y m e n t o f w o m en a n d c h ild re n .
E m p lo y m e n t o f w o m en a n d ju v e n ile s in G re a t B r ita in d u r in g th e w a r.
B u i. 2 5 3 . W o m e n in t h e le a d in d u s t r y .
W orkm en # Insurance a n d Compensation (including law s relating thereto).
B u i. 1 0 1 . C a r e o f t u b e r c u l o u s w a g e e a r n e r s i n G e r m a n y .
B u i.
B u i.
B ui.
* B u i.
B u i.
* B u i.
B u i.
B u i.
102.
103.
107.
126.
155.
185.
203.
210.
B u i. 2 1 2 .
B r itis h N a tio n a l I n s u r a n c e A ct, 1911.
S ic k n e ss a n d a c c id e n t in s u r a n c e la w o f S w itz e rla n d .
L a w r e la tin g to in s u r a n c e o f s a la r ie d e m p lo y e es in G e rm a n y
W o rk m e n ’s c o m p e n sa tio n la w s o f th e U n ite d S ta te s a n d fo re ig n c o u n trie s .
C o m p e n sa tio n f o r a c c id e n ts to e m p lo y e es o f th e U n ite d S ta te s
C o m p e n sa tio n le g is la tio n o f 191 4 a n d 1915.
W o rk m e n ’s c o m p e n sa tio n la w s o f th e U n ite d S ta te s a n d fo re ig n c o u n trie s .
P ro c e e d in g s o f th e T h ird A n n u a l M e e tin g o f th e I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s s o c ia tio n
o f I n d u s t r i a l A c c id e n t B o a rd s a n d C o m m issio n s.
P r o c e e d in g s o f t h e c o n f e r e n c e o n s o c ia l in s u r a n c e c a lle d b y th e I n t e r
n a t io n a l A s s o c i a t io n o f I n d u s t r ia l A c c id e n t B o a r d s a n d C o m m is s io n s .
B u i. 217. E ffe c t o f w o rk m e n ’s c o m p e n s a tio n la w s in d im in is h in g th e n e c e s sity of
i n d u s tr ia l e m p lo y m e n t o f w o m en a n d c h ild re n .
B u i. 240. C o m p a ris o n o f w o rk m e n ’s c o m p e n sa tio n la w s o f th e U n ite d S ta te s
B u i. 243. W o rk m e n ’s c o m p e n sa tio n le g is la tio n in th e U n ite d S ta te s a n d fo re ig n
c o u n trie s .
B u i. 2 4 8 . P r o c e e d in g s o f t h e F o u r t h A n n u a l M e e t in g o f t h e I n t e r n a t io n a l A s s o c ia t io n
o f I n d u s t r ia l A c c id e n t B o a r d s a n d C o m m is s io n s .
B u i. 2 6 4 . P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e F i f t h A n n u a l M e e t i n g o f t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n
o f I n d u s t r ia l A c c id e n t B o a r d s a n d C o m m is s io n s .
B u i . 2 7 3 . P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e S i x t h A n n u a l M e e t i n g o f t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l Association
o f I n d u s t r ia l A c c id e n t B o a r d s a n d C o m m is s io n s .
[ I n p r e s s .]
B u i. 275. C o m p a ris o n o f w o rk m e n ’s c o m p e n sa tio n la w s of th e
C a n a d a u p to J a n u a r y 1, 1 9 20. [ I n p re s s .]
U n ite d
S ta te s a n d
Industrial A ccidents and H ygiene.
B u i. 104. L e a d p o is o n in g in p o tte r ie s , t ile w o rk s, a n d p o rc e la in e n a m e le d s a n ita r y
w a re fa c to rie s .
B u i. 120. H y g ie n e o f th e p a i n t e r s ’ tr a d e .
* B ui. 127. D a n g e rs to w o rk e rs fro m d u s ts a n d fu m e s, a n d m e th o d s o f p ro te c tio n .
B u i. 1 4 1 . L e a d p o i s o n i n g i n t h e s m e l t i n g a n d r e f i n i n g o f le a d .
* B ui. 157. I n d u s t r i a l a c c id e n t s ta t is tic s .
B ui. 165. L e a d p o is o n in g in th e m a n u f a c tu r e o f s to ra g e b a tte r ie s .
B u i. 1*9. I n d u s t r i a l p o is o n s u se d in th e ru b b e r in d u s tr y .
B u i. 188. R e p o r t o f B r itis h d e p a r tm e n ta l c o m m itte e on th e d a n g e r in th e u se of
le a d in th e p a in tin g o f b u ild in g s .
* B ui. 201. R e p o r t o f c o m m itte e on s t a t i s t i c s a n d c o m p e n sa tio n in s u r a n c e c o st o f th e
I n t e r n a t i o n a l A ss o c ia tio n o f I n d u s t r i a l A c c id e n t B o a rd s a n d C om m is
s io n s.
[L im ite d e d itio n .]
B u i. 205. A n th r a x a s a n o c c u p a tio n a l d is e a s e .
B ui. 207. C au se s o f d e a th by o c c u p a tio n .
* B ui. 209. H y g ie n e o f th e p r in t in g tra d e s .
B u i. 216. A c c id e n ts a n d a c c id e n t p re v e n tio n in m a c h in e b u ild in g .
Inc1l,strlal P oisons used or produced in th e m an u factu re o f e xp losives.
B ul. 221. H o u rs , fa tig u e , a n d h e a lth in B r itis h m u n itio n fa c to rie s .
B ui. 230. I n d u s tr ia l efficiency a n d f a tig u e in B r itis h m u n itio n f a c to rie s
B ul. 231. M o r ta lity fro m r e s p ir a to r y d is e a s e s in d u s ty tra d e s .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(H I)
Industrial A ccidents and H ygiene— C o n clu d ed .
B u i. 2 3 4 . ¡Safety m o v e m e n t in th e iro n a n d s te e l in d u s tr y , 1907 to 1917.
B ui. 236. E ffe c t o f th e a i r h a m m e r on th e h a n d s o f s to n e c u tte r s .
B ui. 251. P r e v e n ta b le d e a th in th e c o tto n m a n u f a c tu r in g in d u s tr y .
B ui. 253. W o m en in th e le a d in d u s tr y .
B u i. 256. A c c id e n ts a n d a c c id e n t p re v e n tio n in m a c h in e b u ild in g .
(R e v ise d .)
p re s s .]
B ui. 267. A n th r a x a s a n o c c u p a tio n a l d isea se.
(R e v ise d .). [ I n p re s s .]
[In
Conciliation and A rb itra tio n .(in clu d in g strikes and lockouts).
* B ui. 124. C o n c ilia tio n a n d a r b i t r a t i o n in th e b u ild in g t r a d e s o f G r e a te r N ew Y ork.
B ui. 133. R e p o r t o f t h e in d u s tr ia l c o u n cil o f th e B r itis h B o a rd o f T r a d e on its in
q u iry in to in d u s tr ia l a g re e m e n ts .
B ui. 139. M ic h ig a n c o p p e r d i s t r i c t s trik e .
B u i. 144. I n d u s t r i a l c o u r t o f th e clo ak , s u it, a n d s k i r t in d u s tr y o f N ew Y o rk C ity.
B ui. 145. C o n c ilia tio n , a r b i tr a tio n , a n d s a n it a tio n in th e d re s s a n d w a is t in d u s tr y of
N ew Y ork C ity .
* B u i, 191. C o lle c tiv e b a r g a in in g in th e a n t h r a c i t e coal in d u s tr y .
B ui. 198. C o lle c tiv e a g re e m e n ts in th e m e n ’s c lo th in g in d u s tr y .
B u i. 233. O p e ra tio n o f th e I n d u s t r i a l D is p u te s I n v e s tig a tio n A c t of C a n a d a .
Labor L aw s o f the U nited States (including decisions o f courts relating to labor).
* B ui. 111. L a b o r le g is la tio n o f 1912.
B ui. 11 2 . D e c is io n s o f c o u r ts a n d o p in io n s a ffe c tin g la b o r, 1912.
B ui. 148. L a b o r la w s o f th e U n ite d S ta te s , w ith d e c isio n s of c o u r ts r e la tin g th e re to .
B ui. 152. D e c is io n s o f c o u r ts a n d o p in io n s a ffe c tin g la b o r, 1913.
B ui. 166. L a b o r le g is la tio n o f 1914.
B ui. 169. D e c isio n s o f c o u r ts a ffe c tin g la b o r, 1914.
B ui. 186. L a b o r le g is la tio n o f 1915.
B u i. 189. D e cisio n s o f c o u r ts a ffe c tin g la b o r, 1915.
B ui. 211. L a b o r la w s a n d th e ir a d m in is tr a tio n in th e P a c ific S ta te s .
B ui. 213. L a b o r le g is la tio n o f 1916.
B ui. 224. D e cisio n s o f c o u rts a ffe c tin g la b o r, 1916.
B ui. 229. W a g e -p a y m e n t le g is la tio n in th e U n ite d S ta te s .
B ui. 244. L a b o r le g is la tio n o f 1917.
B ui. 246. D e c is io n s o f c o u rts a ffe c tin g la b o r, 1917.
B ui. 257. L a b o r le g is la tio n o f 1918.
[ I n p re s s .]
B ui. 258. D e c is io n s o f c o u r ts a n d o p in io n s a ffe c tin g la b o r, 1918.
Foreign Labor Law s.
B ui. 142. A d m in is tr a tio n o f la b o r la w s a n d f a c to ry in s p e c tio n in c e r ta in E u r o p e a n
c o u n trie s .
V ocational Education.
B u i. 145. C o n c ilia tio n , a r b i t r a t i o n , a n d s a n it a tio n in th e d re s s a n d w a is t in d u s tr y of
N ew Y o rk C ity .
B u i. 147. W ag e s a n d r e g u la r ity o f e m p lo y m e n t in th e clo ak , s u it, a n d s k ir t in d u s tr y .
* B ui. 159. S h o r t- u n it c o u rs e s fo r w ag e e a r n e r s , a n d a fa c to r y sch o o l e x p e rim e n t.
B ui. 162. V o c a tio n a l e d u c a tio n s u rv e y o f R ic h m o n d , V a.
B ui. 199. V o c a tio n a l e d u c a tio n s u rv e y o f M in n e a p o lis .
B ui. 271. A d u lt w o rk in g -c la s s e d u c a tio n in G re a t B r i t a i n a n d th e U n ite d S ta te s .
Labor as
B ui.
* B ui.
B ui.
B ui.
B ui.
B ui.
B ui.
B ui.
Affected by the W ar.
170. F o r e ig n fo o d p ric e s a s a ffe c te d by th e w a r.
219. I n d u s t r i a l p o is o n s u s e d o r p ro d u c e d in th e m a n u f a c tu r e o f e x p lo siv es.
221. H o u rs , fa tig u e , a n d h e a l th in B r itis h m u n itio n fa c to rie s .
222. W e lfa re w o rk in B r itis h m u n itio n fa c to rie s .
223. E m p lo y m e n t o f w o m e n a n d ju v e n ile s in G re a t B r i t a i n d u r in g th e w a r.
230. I n d u s tr ia l efficiency a n d f a tig u e in B r itis h m u n itio n fa c to rie s .
237. I n d u s t r i a l u n r e s t in G r e a t B r ita in .
249. I n d u s tr ia l h e a l th a n d efficiency. F in a l r e p o r t o f B r itis h H e a lth o f M u n i
tio n W o rk e rs C o m m itte e .
B ui. 255. J o i n t in d u s tr ia l c o u n c ils in G r e a t B r ita in .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(I V )
M iscellaneous
* B u i. 117.
B u i. 118.
* B u i. 123.
B u i. 158.
* B u i.
* B u i.
B u i.
.B u i.
159.
167.
170.
174.
B u i.
B u i.
B u i.
B u i.
208.
222.
24%.
250.
B u i.
B ui.
B u i.
B ui.
254.
263.
268.
272.
Series.
P r o h ib itio n o f n ig h t w o rk o f y o u n g p e rs o n s.
T e n -h o u r m a x im u m w o rk in g d a y fo r w o m en a n d y o u n g p e rs o n s.
E m p lo y e rs ’ w e lfa re w o rk .
G o v e rn m e n t a id to h o m e o w n in g a n d h o u s in g o f w o rk in g pe o p le in fo re ig n
c o u n trie s .
S h o r t- u n it c o u rses fo r w ag e e a r n e r s , a n d a f a c to ry sch o o l e x p e rim e n t.
M in im u m -w a g e le g is la tio n in th e U n ite d S ta te s a n d fo re ig n c o u n trie s .
F o r e ig n fo o d p ric e s a s a ffe c te d by th e w a r.
S u b je c t in d e x o f th e p u b lic a tio n s o f th e U n ite d S ta te s B u re a u of L a b o r
S ta tis tic s u p to M ay 1, 1915.
P r o f it s h a r in g in th e U n ite d S ta te s .
W e lfa re w o rk in B r itis h m u n itio n fa c to rie s .
F o o d s itu a tio n in C e n tr a l E u ro p e , 1917.
W e lfa re w o rk fo r em p lo y ees in in d u s tr ia l e s ta b lis h m e n ts in th e U n ite d
S ta te s .
I n te r n a t i o n a l la b o r le g is la tio n a n d th e s o c ie ty o f n a tio n s .
H o u s in g by e m p lo y e rs in th e U n ite d S ta te s .
[ I n p re s s .]
H is to ric a l s u rv e y o f i n t e r n a tio n a l a c tio n a ffe c tin g la b o r.
[ I n p re s s .]
P ro c e e d in g s o f s ix th a n n u a l c o n fe re n c e o f G o v e rn m e n t la b o r officials
[ I n p re s s .]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
<V)
*
SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS ISSUED BY THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
D escriptions o f occupations, prepared for the U nited States Em ploym ent Service, 1918-19.
B o o ts a n d sh o es, h a r n e s s a n d s a d d le ry , a n d ta n n in g .
C a n e -s u g a r re fin in g a n d flo u r m illin g .
C o al a n d w a te r g a s, p a in t a n d v a r n is h , p a p e r, p r in t in g tr a d e s , a n d ru b b e r goods.
E le c tr ic a l m a n u f a c tu r in g , d is tr ib u tio n , a n d m a in te n a n c e .
L o g g in g c am p s a n d s a w m ills.
M e d ic in a l m a n u fa c tu rin g .
M e ta l w o rk in g , b u ild in g a n d g e n e r a l c o n s tr u c tio n , r a ilr o a d t r a n s p o r ta tio n , a n d s h ip
b u ild in g .
M in es a n d m in in g .
Office em p lo y ees.
S la u g h te r in g a n d m e a t p a c k in g .
S tr e e t ra ilw a y s .
T e x tile s a n d c lo th in g .
W a te r t r a n s p o r ta tio n .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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