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REVIEW U.S. Department of Labor In this issue Compensation and price trends Access to health benefits Nature of employment growth https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Bureau of Labor Statistics U.S. Department of Labor Robert B. Reich, Secretary Bureau of Labor Statistics Katharine G. Abraham, Commissioner The Monthly Labor Review is published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor. Communications on editorial matters should be addressed to the Editor-in-Chief, Monthly Labor Review, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, DC 20212. Phone (202) 606-5900. Subscription price per year—$25 domestic; $31.25 foreign. Single copy— $7 domestic; $8.75 foreign. Subscription prices and distribution policies for the Monthly Labor Review (ISSN 0098-1818) and other Government publications are set by the Government Printing Office, an agency of the U.S. Congress. Send correspondence on circulation and subscription matters (including address changes) to: Superintendent of Documents Government Printing Office Washington, DC 20402 Make checks payable to Superintendent of Documents. The Secretary of Labor has determined that the publication of this periodical is necessary in the transaction of the public business required by law of this Department. Second-class postage paid at Washington, DC, and at additional mailing addresses. Information from the Monthly Labor Review is available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 606-STAT. TDD phone: (202) 606-5897. TDD message referral phone: 1-800-326-2577. Regional Offices and Commissioners Region 1 Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Anthony J. Ferrara Region II New Jersey New York Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Anthony J. Ferrara (Acting) 10th Floor One Congress Street Boston, MA 02114-2023 Phone (617)565-2327 Fax: (617) 565-4182 Room 808 201 Varick Street New York, NY 10014-4811 Phone: (212) 337-2400 Fax: (212) 337-2532 Region III Delaware District of Columbia Maryland Pennsylvania Virginia West Virginia Region IV Alabama Florida Georgia Kentucky Mississippi Alan Paisner 3535 Market Street P.O. Box 13309 Philadelphia, PA 19101-3309 Phone: (215)596-1154 Fax: (215) 596-4263 Janet Rankin North Carolina South Carolina Tennessee 1371 Peachtree Street, N.E. Atlanta, GA 30367-2302 Phone: (404) 347-4416 Fax: (404) 347-0067 Lois L. Orr Region V Illinois Indiana Michigan Minnesota Ohio Wisconsin 9th Floor Federal Office Building 230 South Dearborn Street Chicago, IL 60604-1595 Phone: (312) 353-1880 Fax: (312) 353-1886 Robert A. Gaddie Region VI Arkansas Louisiana New Mexico Oklahoma Texas Room 221 Federal Building 525 Griffin Street Dallas, TX 75202-5028 Phone: (214) 767-6970 Fax: (214) 767-3720 Region VII Iowa Kansas Missouri Nebraska June Cover: Cover design by Keith Tapscott https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Region IX American Samoa Arizona California Guam Hawaii Nevada Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands Region Vili Colorado Montana North Dakota South Dakota Utah Wyoming Gunnar Engen Region X Alaska Idaho Oregon Washington Sam M. Hirabayashi 1100 Main St. Suite 600 Kansas City, MO 64105-2112 Phone: (816)426-2481 Fax: (816) 426-6537 71 Stevenson Street P.O. Box 3766 San Francisco, CA 94119-3766 Phone: (415) 744-6600 Fax: (415) 744-7138 Compensation changes in contracts E d ito r-in -C h ief Deborah P. Klein E xecu tive E d itor Richard M. Devens,Jr. C ollective bargaining in private industry, 1994 M an agin g E ditor C ollective bargaining in State and local governm ent, 1994 Arma Huffman Hill Negotiated changes in wage rates rebounded, after posting record lows in the past 2 years Charles J. Muhl E d itors Brian I. Baker Leslie Brown Joyner Mary K. Rieg Stephen Singer E d itorial A ssistan t Ernestine Patterson Leary P roduction M an ager Dennis L. Rucker P rod u ction A ssistan ts Catherine D. Bowman Phyllis L. Lott Edith W. Peters Catherine Stewart C on trib u tors Michael H. Cimini Constance B. DiCesare Charles A. Muhl Polly A. Phipps https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3 Again, changes in wages and compensation were less than those negotiated in contracts that were replaced Lisa Williamson and Phyllis Brown 13 Prices in 1994 P roducer price highlights, 1994 21 Price increases were generally moderate, as the Nation completed another year of sustained economic growth William D. Thomas and Scott Sager C onsum er prices in 1994 31 The index for all items less food and energy posted its smallest annual rise since the mid-1960's Joseph Pavalone Other articles W ho really has access to em ployer-provided health benefits? 36 Certain restrictions in plans exclude many employees and their families from coverage, or limit their benefits William J. Wiatrowski T he nature o f occupational em ploym ent growth: 1 9 8 3 -9 3 45 An increasing share of jobs was in high-paying occupations and required college training Neal H. Rosenthal Departments Labor month in review Industrial relations Book reviews Current labor statistics 2 55 59 65 Labor Month in Review The June Review Wages, benefits, prices, and jobs inter act to influence the material standards of workers’ lives. In our section on com pensation changes in 1994 collective bargaining agreements, Lisa William son and Phyllis Brown analyze major contracts in the private sector and C harles M uhl covers agreem ents reached in State and local government negotiations. The overall picture in both cases is one of restrained increases in negotiated wages—a first-year increase of 2 percent in the private sector and 2.7 percent in the public sector. While major collective bargaining agreements reached in 1994 in private industry cov ered ju st 1.6 m illion workers in an economy that employs nearly 80 million production workers, the terms of such agreements are an important part of the compensation-setting process in the American labor market. Price increases were also relatively restrained in 1994. According to Will iam Thomas and Scott Sager, when stripped of the very volatile food and energy components, the producer price “core” index for finished goods was up 1.6 percent, compared with 2 percent in 1992 and 0.4 percent in 1993. Joseph Pavalone also used a “core” index con cept to examine consumer prices and reports that the 1994 increase of 2.6 percent was the smallest since 1965, and has edged down for 4 consecutive years. The articles by William Wiatrowski and Neal Rosenthal suggest just how complex the issues of compensation, b enefits, wages, and jo b s can be. Wiatrowski points out that while em ployers are most often the source of health insurance coverage for the nonelderly, a large proportion of those who do not have health coverage are em ployed. He explores factors such as em ployer characteristics, dependent cover age provisions, the nature of employ ment relationships, and individual de cisions to elect benefits to examine more closely the link between jobs and health care. Rosenthal reminds us that while the job growth is, as has often been re marked, concentrated in occupations at the upper end of the educational distri bution, the need to replace existing 2 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 1995 workers leads to a more traditional pat tern of occupational openings. Horst Brand contributed a review es say of three books on the international debate on labor standards and Michael Cimini and Charles Muhl prepared their monthly précis of developments in industrial relations. The 1994 Klein Awards The Lawrence R. Klein Award trustees selected the authors of two articles pub lished in the Monthly Labor Review in 1994 as winners of the 26th annual Klein Award, and the participants in an entire issue for honorable mention. The winners were: • Craig Howell, Frank Congelio, and Ralph Yatsko for “Pricing practices for tobacco products, 1980-94” in the December issue. All three authors were members of the Bureau’s Office of Prices and Living Conditions at the time the article was written. • Paul Ryscavage, a senior labor econo mist in the Division of Housing and Household Economic Statistics, Bu reau of the Census, for “Gender-re lated shifts in the distribution of wages” in the July issue. Howell, Congelio, and Yatsko exam ined tobacco pricing practices from the crude goods stage to final consumer price. Over most of the period covered, tobacco prices were climbing rapidly, but then fell sharply in 1993. They found that the increases did not result from higher manufacturing input costs, but did find considerable increases in advertising costs and gross markup. Ryscavage examined the increasing dispersed and unequal distribution of wages and salaries during the 1980’s. Earnings distributions for both men and women grew more unequal over the de cade, but in different ways. Men’s earn ings polarized as the middle hollowed out, while the middle of the distribution for women filled in and there was only a small rise in the proportion of women with low wages. The trustees also recognized the au thors and editors who collaborated in creating the September special issue commemorating the 75th year of the International Labor Organization. Economic challenges At a conference of the Society of Ameri can Business Editors and Writers, Laura D. Tyson, chair of the National Eco nomic Council, listed deficit cutting at the top of a list of five challenges eco nomic policymakers must confront. Also on the list were the need to “reverse the alarming increase in income disparity”; increase educational skills of workers; improve access to health insurance; and protect a “strong safety net.” Robert Rubin, U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, addressed global economic is sues. According to Rubin, 20 years ago or 10 years ago, “the capitals where a treasury secretary needed to pay close attention because of the potential to af fect our economy could just about be listed on one hand___Today that list is almost indefinite.” He concluded that the United States is now an integral part of the global economy and must prepare to become more productive and competitive. W hat m akes a house? According to the Department of Com merce, American builders and construc tion workers completed nearly 1.2 mil lion single family houses in 1994. The median size of houses completed dur ing the year was 1,940 square feet. A typical house had three bedrooms two baths, and a two-car garage, and was most likely to have gas heat, a fireplace, and air conditioning. The largest num ber of houses were completed in the South, the fewest in the Northeast. Contrarily, the largest houses were built in the Northeast, the smallest in the West. Next month The July Review examines new tech niques for measuring industry produc tivity, revised and extended estimates of multifactor productivity in manufactur ing, international comparisons of manu facturing productivity, and productivity in the broadwoven textiles industry. □ ------------------------------------------------------------ — — y/y/ywÿM wm Bargaining in Private IndustrylMI Collective bargaining in private industry, 1994 For the third consecutive year, average wage and compensation changes were less than those negotiated in contracts that were replaced Lisa Williamson and Phyllis Brown Lisa Williamson and Phyllis Brown are economists in the Division o f Developments in Labor-Management Relations, Bureau o f Labor Statistics. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis espite a generally robust economy in 1994, labor negotiators settled for mod est gains in wages and compensation un der contracts with the longest average duration in 23 years. Wage changes under major 1994 collec tive bargaining settlements (those covering 1,000 or more workers) in private industry averaged increases of 2 percent in the first year and 2.3 percent annually over the contract term, among the lowest gains recorded since the Bureau of La bor Statistics established this data series in 1968. Total compensation (wage and benefit) changes under 1994 settlements (computed for bargaining units of at least 5,000 workers) were also at or near record low levels. The year was the third con secutive one in which wage and compensation gains under major settlements in private industry were lower, on average, than those in the con tracts they replaced. (See chart 1.) Most major economic indicators pointed to a healthy economy in 1994. Gross domestic prod uct grew 4.1 percent (in 1987 dollars), the largest gain in 10 years; unemployment trended down ward from 6.7 percent to 5.4 percent over the year, and labor productivity grew by 2.2 percent for nonfarm business and 4.9 percent for manufac turing (the largest gain in 7 years). Consumer prices, as measured by the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPl-w), rose 2.5 percent in 1994, the smallest ad vance in 8 years.1 Settlements in 1994 occurred at a time when other measures of labor cost changes also showed moderate advances. The Employment Cost Index, D a broad measure of the change in employers’ cost for compensation, rose 3 percent in 1994, the low est rate of change since the series began in 1981. In addition, reflecting substantial productivity growth and the moderate increases in compensa tion costs, unit labor costs increased 0.9 percent, the smallest annual rise since 1964. Characteristics of 1994 settlements About 1.6 million workers, or 29 percent of all workers under major collective bargaining agree ments in private industry, were covered by the 424 major settlements concluded during 1994. (See table 1.) Nonmanufacturing, with 1.1 mil lion workers under 286 settlements, dominated the bargaining calendar. In m anufacturing, 446,000 workers were under 138 settlements. In dustries with the largest number of workers cov ered by settlements were construction, trade, ap parel manufacturing, trucking, health services, and food processing. Duration o f contract. Newly negotiated contracts will be in effect for an average of 37.7 months, the first time the average duration has exceeded 3 years since the Bureau began tracking such in formation in 1972. Almost 40 percent of workers under 1994 settlements were covered by agree ments with a duration longer than 36 months. The contracts that the 1994 pacts replaced had an av erage duration of 35 months. As the following tabulation illustrates, settle ments with cost-of-living adjustment (COLA) Monthly Labor Review June 1995 3 Bargaining in Private Industry clauses tended to be longer than those without such provi sions: Average duration, in months 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... All settlements With COLA Without COLA 30.5 32.0 33.2 33.3 35.1 35.3 35.6 34.5 35.8 37.7 35.3 34.0 35.5 35.3 36.8 35.6 38.2 35.5 36.5 39.6 28.4 31.1 31.2 32.1 34.5 34.8 34.8 34.3 35.5 37.2 COLA clauses shelter workers’ wages from the eroding ef fects of inflation by automatically providing additional wage increases based on increases in the Consumer Price Index (CPI). While many factors can influence decisions on the length of the contract, in the past, the protection afforded by a c o l a clause may have made longer contracts more accept able to workers. The duration of contracts appears to have increased in recent years, even in agreements without COLA clauses. This suggests that the relatively moderate increases in the CPI lately may be making longer contracts more ac ceptable generally and lessening any tie between COLA clauses and the duration of a contract. Cola’s and lump-sum provisions. During 1994, 35 percent (542,000) of the workers were covered by settlements with a c o l a clause, a lump-sum payment provision, or both. Gener ally, these provisions are more frequent in manufacturing than in nonmanufacturing, as was the case in 1994. C o l a clauses were included in settlements covering about 19 percent (300,000) of all workers in new pacts, a 2-percentage-point decline from the proportion of workers who were covered by COLA clauses in the agreements the new con tracts replaced. With 46 percent under settlements with COLA clauses, workers in manufacturing were nearly 6 times more likely to have a COLA clause than those in nonmanufacturing. In 1994, seven settlements covering 11,600 workers discon tinued c o l a clauses, and four settlements for 9,700 workers added them, c o l a clauses were retained in 54 contracts for 290,500 workers. By the end of 1994, COLA provisions cov ered 24 percent of the 5.4 million workers under major col lective bargaining contracts in private industry—the same level as in 1993, but down from a high of 61 percent in 1976. Twenty-three percent (354,000) of workers who settled in 1994 had a lump-sum payment provision in their contract, compared with 13.6 percent under contracts that were re placed. Coverage was 32 percent in manufacturing and 19 4 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 1995 percent in nonmanufacturing. Most of the workers with lump sum provisions were newly covered, as such provisions were added in 55 settlements covering 238,500 workers; 33 settle ments for 100,000 workers had lump-sum coverage in both the current and replaced agreements.2 During 1994, lump sum provisions were dropped in 24 contracts covering 104,000 workers. The percentage of workers under all major agreements in private industry with lump-sum provisions rose from 39 percent in 1993 to 42 percent in 1994. Coverage was highest in 1989, at 44 percent. Negotiated wage changes in 1994 Settlements in 1994 provided wage changes in the first con tract year averaging an increase of 2 percent, the smallest average first-year gain since the 1.2 percent called for under 1986 settlements, and the second lowest recorded. Annual wage changes over the life of the contract for settlements reached in 1994 averaged an increase of 2.3 percent, among the lowest on record. The contracts these settlements re placed, which were negotiated primarily in 1991, called for wage changes averaging increases of 3.2 percent in the first year and 3.1 percent annually over the contract term. While the Bureau’s measures of wage changes exclude lump-sum payments and potential changes under c o l a clauses, they do include guaranteed wage changes for settle ments with these provisions. Specified wage changes under settlements with either lump-sum or c o l a provisions, or both, averaged 2.3 percent over the contract term, identical to the average gain in contracts without COLA clauses or lump sums. For workers who were covered by COLA provisions, wage changes over the life of the contract averaged an increase of 2.5 percent annually, compared with 2.3 percent for workers without c o l a clauses. The average annual wage change was lower in agreements with lump-sum provisions (2 percent) than in those without (2.4 percent). Wage gains under settlements in manufacturing, in which 28 percent of the workers were employed, were larger than those in nonmanufacturing. In manufacturing, average wage changes under newly negotiated contracts were 2.4 percent in the first year and 2.3 percent annually over the life of the contract. The comparable changes in the previous agree m ents were 3.7 percent and 3 percent, respectively. Nonmanufacturing settlements in 1994 specified average wage changes of 1.8 percent in the first year and 2.3 percent annually over the life of the contract. The former contracts called for wage changes averaging 2.8 percent in the first year and 3 percent annually over the life of the contract. Almost one-third of workers under 1994 settlements were under interregional3 agreements, including those in the Mas ter Freight Agreement and workers covered by new pacts at General Electric and United Airlines. The following tabula- tion shows that the average wage gains for interregional agreements were below those for all settlements: Percent wage change First Annual over the life Percent of workers covered All settlements............. 2.0 2.3 100 Interregional................... New England.................. Mid-Atlantic.................. East North Central......... West North Central........ South Atlantic................ South Central................. Mountain........................ Pacific............................ 1.3 2.7 2.2 2.6 2.9 2.8 2.2 2.5 1.4 2.1 1.9 2.6 2.7 2.9 2.9 1.6 2.5 2.0 29 6 21 13 3 5 2 3 17 Settlements with increases, decreases, and no change. The proportions of workers with wage increases, wage decreases, and no change in wages, as well as the size of the changes affect the average wage changes under settlements. Only 72 percent of the workers under 1994 settlements were sched uled to receive an increase in the first year of the contract. This was the lowest proportion since 1986 and a major factor in the modest 2.0-percent average first-year wage change under all 1994 settlements. (See table 2.) The size of the firstyear wage increases for the 1.1 million workers scheduled to receive them, 3.1 percent—the second lowest ever recorded— also dampened the overall average first-year gain. Nearly onefourth of the workers covered by 1994 settlements received no wage change in the first year of their contract, and 3 per cent had wage cuts. Over their term, agreements reached in 1994 specified wage increases for 90 percent of the workers, no change for 7 percent, and a net decrease for 3 percent. This distribution is similar to those of recent years. (See table 3.) Annual gains over the term of the contract for the 1.4 million workers re ceiving wage increases averaged 2.6 percent. Bcick-loaded contracts Settlements that specify smaller wage changes in the first ye;ir of the contract than in later years are said to be back loaded. By delaying all or most wage changes to later in the term of the contract, back loading serves as a cost-saving strategy. Settlements were back loaded, on average, in 4 of the 10 last years: 1985, 1986, 1992, and 1994. Back-loaded contracts were negotiated for 41 percent of the workers under 1994 settlements. These workers were pri marily in the construction and transportation industries. Firstyear wage increases under back-loaded agreements averaged https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1.2 percent, with over-the-life changes averaging an increase of 2.3 percent annually. Of the 649,000 workers under backloaded contracts, 56 percent had first-year increases that were lower than increases in later years, 43 percent received no wage change in the first year but increases in later years, and 1 percent had wage decreases in the first year with increases more than offsetting them in later years of the contract. Thirty-seven percent of all workers under 1994 agree ments were covered by front-loaded contracts (those with larger wage increases in the first year than in later years). Wage changes in these contracts averaged 3.9 percent in the first year and 2.9 percent annually over the term of the con tract. Eleven percent of the workers were covered by settle ments with first-year increases equal to average annual in creases over the life of the agreement; the annual wage changes for these workers averaged 2.7 percent. This group of workers includes those with 1-year contracts. As noted earlier, an additional 7 percent of the workers had no wage changes over the term of their contracts. The remaining 4 percent were covered by contracts of less than 1 year’s duration or by contracts that specified wage decreases in the first year that were not offset by increases in later years. Compensation changes Relatively low wage changes may be a sign that negotiators were trading wage increases for improvements in benefits. According to BLS measures of compensation changes, com puted for settlements covering 5,000 or more workers in 1994, such trading occurred with regard to first-year changes and over the contract term. Changes in wage rates for the 846,000 workers in settlements covering 5,000 or more work ers averaged increases of 1.8 percent in the first year and 2.2 percent annually over the life of the contract. The compa rable changes in compensation rates, which combine modifi cations in both wages and benefits, were 2.3 percent and 2.4 percent. Contracts replaced by 1994 settlements provided compensation rate changes of 4.2 percent in the first year and 3.5 percent annually over the term of the contract. Nine teen ninety-four marked the third consecutive year in which average compensation changes were lower in current settle ments than in contracts that were replaced. Also, average compensation rate changes in 1994 settlements were the sec ond lowest since the Bureau began compiling this measure in 1966. The change in compensation rates captures modifications to the ongoing wage and benefit structure, but excludes lump sum payments because they are not part of the ongoing rate. Another measure, the change in compensation costs, which also is calculated for settlements with 5,000 or more work ers, includes lump-sum payments and takes into account the length of time wage and benefit changes are in effect during Monthly Labor Review June 1995 5 Bargaining in Private Industry the contract. The average annual change in compensation costs was lower in 1994 settlements (1.6 percent) than in the contracts they replaced (2.4 percent). The annual rate of change in the cost of compensation and its various components established a new low or matched the lowest levels recorded since the series on compensation costs began in 1988. The 1994 rate of change was 1.3 per cent for wages alone, 1.4 percent for cash payments (wages and lumps sums), and 1.8 percent for benefits. Twenty-eight percent o f the workers in settlements cover ing 5,000 or more workers may receive additional changes in cash or benefits because they are under contracts with con tingent pay provisions. Examples o f such provisions are c o l a clauses, and lump-sum provisions that tie payments to com pany profits. Annual compensation cost changes averaged C h a rt 1. Wage changes under all contracts In addition to providing information on wage and compen sation changes under settlements in 1994, the Bureau com piled information on the average change in wages during the year for the 5.4 million workers under all 1,210 major con tracts in private industry. Wage rate changes under all major contracts averaged an increase of 2.7 percent in 1994, the lowest average change since 1988. It was also the third con secutive year in which wages advanced less than in the pre ceding year. Three sources contribute to the average wage change in A v e ra g e a n n u a l c h a n g e s in w a g e rates o v e r th e c o n tra c t te rm in cu rren t a n d re p la c e d p riv a te industry c o lle c tiv e b a rg a in in g settlem ents c o v e rin g 1,000 w orkers or m o re , 1 9 8 4 -9 4 1984 6 2.2 percent for settlements with contingent pay provisions and 1.3 percent for those without them. 1985 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1986 1987 June 1995 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 Average changes in w age and compensation rates in collective bargaining settlements in private industry, 1994 Measure Settlements covering 1,000 or more workers Wage changes: All industries................................................................... With COLA c lause s........................................................... Without cola c lause s........................................................ With lump sum s....................................................... Without lump sum s............................................................... With both lump sums and c o la c la u s e s ................................ With either lump sums or c o la clauses or b o th ................. With lump sums but no co la clauses......................................... With co la clauses but no lump s u m s ........................................ With neither lump sums nor COLA c lause s............................ Manufacturing............................................................... With co la c lause s....................................................... Without COLA clause s...................................................... With lump sum s............................................................ Without lump sum s................................................................. With either lump sums or c o la clauses or b o th ....................... With neither lump sums nor c o la clause s............................................. Nonmanufacturing..................................................................... With COLA clauses.......................................................................... Without cola clause s.......................................................... With lump sum s.................................................................... Without lump sum s................................................ With either lump sums or c o la clauses or both........................ With neither lump sums nor COLA clauses............................. C onstruction........................................................ All industries excluding construction...................................... Nonmanufacturing excluding construction............................... Goods producing.............................................................. Service producing.................................................................... Annual change over llife of contract2 (percent) Number of workers (thousands) 2.0 2.7 1.8 2.2 1.9 2.0 2.5 2.3 3.2 1.6 2.3 2.5 2.3 2.0 2.4 2.1 2.3 2.0 2.8 2.3 1,567 300 1,267 354 1,214 112 542 241 188 1,026 424 58 366 95 329 25 128 70 33 296 2.4 3.0 1.8 1.2 2.9 2.4 2.2 2.3 2.5 2.1 1.5 2.6 2.3 2.2 446 207 240 144 303 289 157 138 48 90 45 93 71 67 1.8 2.2 1.8 2.9 1.5 2.6 1.6 2.3 2.6 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.3 1,121 93 1,027 210 911 253 868 286 10 276 50 236 57 229 1.8 2.0 1.8 2.1 1.8 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.4 2.2 351 1,217 770 809 759 115 309 171 256 168 First-year change' (percent) Number of settlements Settlements covering 5,000 or more workers Wage changes, all industries.......................................................... Compensation changes: All industries........................................................... With co la clauses...................................................................... Without COLA clauses............................................................ With lump s u m s ..................................................... Without lump s u m s ............................................................. With either lump sums or COLA clauses or b o th ....... i ................ With neither lump sums nor COLA clauses.............................. 1.8 2.2 846 61 2.3 5.0 1.5 3.1 2.1 4.3 1.2 2.4 3.4 2.1 2.4 2.4 3.0 2.1 846 199 647 164 682 302 544 61 10 51 13 48 20 41 Manufacturing............................................ With cola clauses................................................... Without co la clauses......................................... With lump s u m s ............................................. Without lump s u m s ............................................. With either lump sums or COLA clauses or both................... With neither lump sums nor co la clauses............................. 3.1 4.0 1.9 1.9 3.5 3.6 1.9 2.6 3.1 1.9 1.8 2.8 2.9 1.6 205 120 85 46 158 154 51 15 7 8 4 11 10 5 Nonmanufacturing.................................................... With co la clauses................................................................ Without cola clauses.......................................................... With lump s u m s .................................................. Without lump s u m s .................................................................... With either lump sums or COLA clauses or b o th ........................................... With neither lump sums nor COLA clauses......................................... 2.0 6.5 1.4 3.6 1.7 5.1 1.1 2.3 3.8 2.1 2.7 2.3 3.1 2.1 641 80 562 118 524 148 494 46 3 43 9 37 10 36 Construction........................................................... All industries excluding construction............................. Nonmanufacturing excluding construction................................. Goods producing............................................................... Service producing......................................................... 1.1 2.5 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.4 153 693 488 365 481 14 47 32 30 31 1Changes under settlemets reached in the period and effective within 12 months of the effective date of the contract. Changes under settlements reached in the period, expressed as an average annual rate over the life of the contract. Note: Average changes include net increases, net decreases, and zero https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis change. The lump-sum measures refer to whether or not settlements have cash lump-sum provisions. All measures exclude any cash or benefit lumpsum payments and potential changes from COLA clauses. Because of rounding, sums of individual employment items may not equal totals. Monthly Labor Review June 1995 7 Bargaining in Private Industry any year: settlements negotiated during the year that provide wage changes effective in the year, settlements negotiated in prior years that scheduled changes in the current year, and the operation of c o la clauses. The 2.7-percent wage change in 1994 consisted of 0.6 percent from settlements negotiated in the year, 1.9 percent from contracts reached in earlier pe riods, and 0 .2 percent from c o l a ’s . Of the 5.4 million workers covered by major contracts, almost 4.6 million received wage increases in 1994 averaging 3.3 percent, a record low since the Bureau began tabulating these data in 1968. About 1.1 million workers received wage increases from settlements negotiated in 1994 averaging 3.2 percent, and 3 million workers received wage increases from agreements negotiated in earlier years averaging 3.4 percent. Nearly 761,000 workers received wage increases based on their co la clauses; the average was 1.7 percent. Wage gains from c o l a ’s averaged 46 percent of the movement in the CPI during the co la review periods. In 1994, 366,000 additional workers had co la reviews that did not produce a wage change, primarily because the CPI did not change enough. About 721,000 workers had no change in their wages in 1994, and 56,000 had their wages cut. The decreases came primarily from settlements negotiated in 1994. Settlements by industry Moderation was the watchword in private industry, as aver age annual wage changes over the contract term were lower in 1994 settlements than in the contracts they replaced in nearly all the sectors. (See table 4.) Six industries accounted for 55 percent of the workers covered by major settlements in 1994: construction, trade, apparel manufacturing, trucking, health services, and food processing. Highlights of the settle ment terms for these industries follow. Construction. One hundred fifteen settlements were reached covering approximately 351,000 workers in the construction industry in 1994. These workers accounted for 23 percent of all workers under major private industry settlements during the year. As is usual in the industry, most bargaining took place in the spring and summer. Overall economic condi tions in the industry improved in 1994. The value of new nonresidential construction,4 the sector in which most of the union work force is employed, increased more in 1994 than in 1993. In addition, the economy added an average of 274,000 jobs for construction workers in 1994, compared to a gain of 150,000 in 1993. Settlements in 1994, in general, did not reflect the im proving conditions in the industry. Newly specified wage changes averaged increases of 1.8 percent in the first year and 2.5 percent annually over the life of the contract; the average duration of the contracts was 31.9 months. The last 8 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 1995 time the same parties bargained, primarily in 1991, negotia tors agreed to higher wage changes, 2.0 percent and 2.7 per cent, respectively, and the contracts averaged 29.9 months. In addition, the average gains under 1994 settlements were smaller than those under settlements reached in 1993, which were 2.1 percent for the first year and 2.6 percent annually over the contract term. Provisions for lump-sum and COLA payments, rare in construction contracts, were in none of the 1994 settlements. Over the term of the contract, nearly 91 percent of the workers under construction settlements were scheduled for wage increases averaging 2.9 percent annually. Two percent, all in the special trades sector, had their wages cut, and the remaining 7 percent had no wage change. Bargaining activity differed considerably from region to re gion, with three regions accounting for nearly three-fourths of the construction workers under new contracts. The Pacific re gion had the largest proportion, one-third, followed by the East North Central and the Mid-Atlantic regions, with about onefifth each. The construction industry is very sensitive to local economic conditions, which may play a role in the wide varia tion among the regions in the size of negotiated wage changes. As the following tabulation indicates, annual changes ranged from 4 percent for interregional settlements to 1.2 percent for those in the South Central region: Annual „ . wage change ^ erce^ t ° f (percent) workers All construction settlements.... 2.5 100 Interregional................................ 4.0 10 New England............................... 2.1 4 Mid-Atlantic................................ 2.8 20 East North Central...................... 3.1 21 West North Central..................... 3.7 4 2.0 3 South Atlantic............................. SouthCentral.............................. 1.2 3 Mountain..................................... 2.1 2 Pacific.......................................... 1.7 33 Bargaining activity also varied by type of construction. Among the three types, bargaining was heaviest in the gen eral building sector, covering 47 percent of workers. The re maining workers were split almost evenly between heavy and highway construction, such as road and tunnel construction, and special trades work, such as plumbing, electrical work, and roofing. Workers in the heavy and highway construction sector received the highest average annual wage change, 3.5 percent over the contract term. Following were special trades with 2.6 percent, and general building construction with 2.1 percent. Contracts for two-thirds of the construction workers con tained an option to allocate the specified increases in com pensation between wages and benefits at a later date. Because Table 2. Percent of workers under collective bargaining settlements covering 1,000 or more workers in private industry with increases, decreases, and no change in w ag e rates during the first contract year, 1985-94 Percent of workers with— Year Wage rate increases W age rate decreases First-year First-year w age rate w age rate c h an g e1 increase2 No (percent) ( percent) change percent) than for settlements without them (2.6 percent). Fre quently, settlements with lump sums specified wage changes in the first year and then substituted lump-sum payments for wage increases in later years. This strategy contributed, in part, to the smaller average annual change in wages over the contract term in settlements with lump-sum provisions (2.2 percent) than in settlements without them (2.4 percent). Apparel. Nearly 100,000 workers were covered by 20 major agreements in the apparel industry in 1994, mainly in the northeastern, mid-Atlantic, and southern States. These work ers manufacture the full array of women’s, m en’s, and 0 children’s garments, including dresses, blouses, skirts, shirts, (3) trousers, belts, coats, and rainwear. The International Ladies’ 3 4 Garment Workers Union5 represented 82 percent of the work 3 ers, while the Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers 2 Data include net increases, net decreases, and no change. Union represented the remainder. 3 Net increase in the first contract year. The predominant form of bargaining in the apparel in Less than 0.5 percent. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual percentages may not dustry is between a union and an employers’ association, total 100. which comprises a number of small to medium-sized compa nies. For example, the Cotton Garment Negotiating Group, the measures of changes in wage rates count amounts are which represents companies employing 11,000 workers, is subject to allocation as wage changes, the actual wage gains made up of more than a dozen companies, the largest of which in 1994 construction settlements may be lower when the al employs fewer than 1,600 workers. Employment in the in locations are made. dustry has been declining, in part because of foreign compe tition, which is expected to accelerate with the passage of the Wholesale and retail trade. Settlements reached in 1994 in North American Free Trade Agreement and the Generalized wholesale and retail trade covered 178,000 workers, some Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Unionized firms also must 150,000 of whom worked in food stores. The remainder were compete with nonunion shops and the spreading incidence employed in department stores, apparel and accessory stores, of “sweatshops” in the United States.6 Despite these poten wholesale trade, drugstores, and automotive dealerships. The tial economic obstacles, apparel settlements in 1994 provided contracts provided an average wage rate change of 3.1 percent wage changes above the average in manufacturing. in the first year and 2.5 percent annually when averaged over First-year wage changes ranged from zero to 4 percent. the: term of the contract. The average was an increase of 3.6 percent, substantially All of the workers in retail food stores were covered by above the manufacturing average of 2 percent. Annual overcontracts between the United Food and Commercial Workers the-life wage changes for the new contracts ranged from 1.3 and local and regional chains. These contracts called for wage percent to 3.4 percent; the average was an increase of 3.1 changes averaging 3.2 percent in the first year and 2.3 per percent, again, above the manufacturing average of 2.3 per cent annually over their term. Corresponding changes in the cent. Under the former contracts, which were negotiated in agreements they replaced were higher—3.6 percent and 3.1 1991, the first-year change was 3.7 percent, and the annual percent, respectively. Contracts put in place in 1994 will be rate of change was 3.8 percent over the contract term. The in effect an average of 43.1 months, compared with 39 months new contracts will be in effect for an average of 33.3 months, for the expired agreements. compared with 36 months for the agreements they replaced. Fifty-nine percent (89,700) of the employees in food store None of the contracts provided for lump-sum payments. settlements in 1994 received lump-sum payments. These Most of the workers represented by the Ladies’ Garment workers accounted for one-quarter of all workers with lump Workers Union were covered by 3-year agreements negoti sum payment provisions in 1994 settlements. Generally, in ated in midyear and calling for wage increases of 4 percent the food store industry, average wage gains are smaller in in the first year and 3 percent in both the second and third settlements with lump-sum payments than in agreements years, with a cola if the CPI rises 8.5 percent or more. Em without such provisions. However, in 1994, the average first- ployer contributions to the health and welfare fund were in year change for settlements with lump sums was larger (3.6 creased about 3.5 percent over the life of the contract. A ma1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 63 70 73 78 92 95 87 82 81 72 3 9 4 2 1 33 21 23 20 8 4 12 15 15 24 2.3 1.2 2.2 2.5 4.0 4.0 3.6 2.7 2.3 2.0 4.2 2.9 3.5 3.4 4.4 4.2 4.2 3.6 3.2 3.1 Monthly Labor Review June 1995 9 Bargaining in Private Industry Table 3. Percent of workers under collective bargaining settlements covering 1,000 or more workers in private industry with increases, decreases, and no change in w age rate over the term of the contract, 1985-94 Percent of workers with— Year 1985............... 1986............... 1987............... 1988............... 1989............... 1990............... 1991............... 1992............... 1993............... 1994............... Wage rate increases 85 79 85 88 97 97 93 92 90 90 W age No rate change decreases 3 9 4 2 (3) 0 0 2 1 3 Average w age rate ch an g e1 (percent) 12 13 11 11 3 3 7 6 9 7 2.7 1.8 2.1 2.4 3.4 3.2 3.2 3.0 2.1 2.3 Average w age rate increase1 (percent) 3.5 2.7 2.6 2.7 3.5 3.3 3.5 3.3 2.4 2.6 1Change under settlements reached in the period, expressed as an average annual rate over the life of the contract. Data include net increases, net decreases, and no change. Net increase under settlements reached in the period, expressed as an average annual rate over the life of the contract. Less than 0.5 percent. Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual percentages may not jor noneconomic provision was the stipulation of a “code of conduct” by means of which employers would monitor over seas contractors to ensure that they met standards and condi tions pertaining to issues such as workers’ safety, health, right of association, and right to bargain. The 11,000 workers represented by the Clothing and Tex tile Workers Union concluded a 2-year agreement with the Cotton Garment Negotiating Group in September that pro vided wage increases of 20 cents per hour in each year, a new m anaged health care program that reduced employee deductibles and copayments, and increased employer contri butions to the pension fund. Health services. Eighteen major settlements for 91,000 work ers were negotiated in 1994 in the health services industry. The workers, located primarily in New York (61,100) and California (11,745), were employed principally in private sector hospitals and nursing homes. The health services in dustry has been under continuing pressure, both self-imposed and generated by outsiders, to contain costs. Bargaining in 1994 seemed to exhibit the effects of this pressure, as job security provisions were obtained or strengthened, while wage changes were below the average of all industries. Sixty-eight percent of the workers were covered by new contracts that had either no change or a slight decrease in wages for the first year. Thirty-two percent had first-year wage increases, ranging from 0.6 percent to 6.8 percent. The aver age first-year change was an increase of 1 percent, one-half 10 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 1995 of the all-industry average wage gain and significantly less than the 4-percent average increase in the former contracts. Over the contract terms, 76 percent of the workers will have their wages increased, with annual gains ranging from 1.3 percent to 6 percent; 24 percent of the workers will have no wage change or a slight decrease in wages. The average an nual over-the-life change was an increase of 1.6 percent, again considerably less than both the 2.3-percent all-indus try average and the 3.7-percent average for the contracts that were replaced. The lower average wage changes in the 1994 health services settlements were accompanied by longer con tracts, an average of 37.2 months for the newly negotiated agreements, compared with 32.8 months for the pacts they replaced. In 1994, only two settlements, covering 2,650 workers, included either a cost-of-living provision or a lump sum provision. Negotiations between the independent 1199 National Health and Human Care Employees Union (1199) and the League of Voluntary Hospitals and Homes of New York (League) dominated 1994 bargaining in the health services industry. Their October settlement, reached after the previ ous agreement, effective from July 1992 through June 1995, was reopened early, moved toward comprehensive job secu rity for the 38,000 workers covered by the new contract. Under the 1994 contract, which expires in June 1998, work ers received the 4-percent wage increase due in October 1994 under the previous contract, no wage change in 1995, and then increases of 3 percent in 1996 and 1997. Employer con tributions to employee benefit funds were reduced (albeit without a reduction in benefits). The new pact exceeded the job security provisions of the former contract by guaranteeing, for the life of the agree ment, the jobs of all covered workers with 2 years of service. Layoffs caused by economic exigencies will be determined by a four-member committee made up of two 1199 and two League representatives. Laid-off members are entitled to up to 80 percent of their previous salary and up to 1 year of family health coverage. A joint employment placement serv ice will refer laid-off union members to League institutions seeking workers. In addition, management is to give the union 30 days’ notice of plans to restructure jobs, so that the union can provide input to any proposed changes in job con tent or wage rates; if disagreement results, arbitration can be implemented. These wage and job security provisions were adopted in the 1199 agreement reached in October 1994 with St. Vincent’s Medical Center (not part of the League) in New York, covering 2,300 workers. They are expected to be used as a pattern in 1199 bargaining covering 19,000 workers in 1995. With slight modifications in wage increases, the pro visions were modeled on the 1,300-worker agreement be tween Hahnemann University Hospital and the American federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees that was concluded in Philadelphia in November 1994. Trucking. Seven new agreements were reached in the truck ing industry in 1994 for 96,500 workers,7 most of whom were covered by the Master Freight Agreement and were repre sented by the International Brotherhood of Teamsters and Warehousemen. Several independent trucking firms signed separate contracts, as did a few carriers that had been signa tories to the previous Master Freight Agreement. The Master Freight Agreement, covering local and overthe-road drivers and warehouse workers, was settled in early June, following a 24-day work stoppage—the first nationwide trucking strike in 15 years. Under the 4-year agreement, wages were increased $1.30 per hour, and employer contributions to the pension and health and welfare funds were raised from $5.29 per hour to $7.19 per hour. The former 3-year contract provided hourly increases of $1.40 in wages and $1.05 in ad- ditional payments to the benefit funds, and, in contrast to the 1994 settlement, the gains were front loaded. Under the 1994 contract, new hires will begin at 75 percent of the regular wage rate and reach the full rate after 2 years. The previous contract had stipulated that new hires start at 85 percent of the regular rate and progress to the full rate after only 18 months. In addition to the overall wage and benefit changes, one critical bargaining issue in 1994 was the use of parttime, casual workers. “Dock casuals,” who work between 6 and 8 hours per day on loading docks, had both health care and pension coverage under the previous agreement. They maintained those benefits and their previous wage rate, but did not receive any increases under the new contract. “Com bination casuals,” who work similar hours and work on the loading docks, just like dock casuals, but also do city driv ing, will receive 85 percent of the wage increases each year of the agreement. Trustees of the 29 regional benefit funds will determine the A v e r a g e c h a n g e s in w a g e rates, a n n u a liz e d o v e r th e life o f th e c o n tra c t u n d e r c o lle c tiv e b a rg a in in g s e ttle m e n ts c o v e rin g 1,000 o r m o re w orkers, s e le c te d industries, 1 9 8 9 -9 4 19*?4— Industry 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 Settle ments Replaced contracts All industries'.............................. Construction................................................ Building construction................................ Heavy construction, excluding b u ild in g ......... Special trade contractors.................................... 3.4 3.0 3.0 2.9 3.1 3.2 4.2 4.0 4.2 4.5 3.2 2.9 2.7 3.1 3.0 3.0 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.8 2.1 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.7 2.3 2.5 2.1 3.3 2.6 3.0 2.7 2.1 3.2 3.0 Manufacturing......................................... Food and kindred p roducts................................ Textile mill products.................................. Apparel and other textile products................... Paper and allied products........................ Printing and publishing............................... Chemicals and allied products....................... Petroleum and coal products.................. Rubber and miscellaneous plastics p roducts....... 3.2 3.1 4.0 (2) 1.9 3.2 3.5 (2) 2.1 3.4 4.2 3.5 2.1 3.5 4.0 5.0 (2) 3.1 3.2 4.1 2.6 2.6 4.4 2.5 2.7 (2) 3.7 1.5 2.6 4.0 2.3 1.6 3.3 3.1 2.4 2.3 2.6 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.8 2.4 2.2 3.4 .3 1.0 (2 ) (2 ) 1.7 1.6 4.1 .9 (2_) (2 ) (2) 1.9 .8 2.0 2.7 1.1 .8 .7 1.3 Stone, clay, glass, and concrete p roducts................ Primary metal industries..................................... Fabricated metal products.............................. Industrial machinery and equipm ent.............. Transportation equipment................................ Instruments and related products....................... 2.6 3.7 2.2 1.7 4.2 3.0 3.0 4.7 2.3 1.3 1.4 (2 ) (2) Nonmanufacturing3 ....................................... A irlines....................................... Communications....................................... Electric, gas, and sanitary s ervice s............................. Wholesale and retail trade........................ Food s to re s ........................................... Finance, insurance, and real estate............. Services................................................ Health services.......................... 3.4 4.6 2.4 3.7 3.5 3.2 4.8 6.1 7.7 4.0 4.6 3.0 4.0 3.7 3.8 2.9 5.3 5.6 3.3 4.3 Industries for which data for almost all years from 1989 to 1994 do not meet publication standards are not shown separately. 3 Data do not meet publication standards. Includes mining and construction, shown under all industries. NOTE: Average changes include net increases, net decreases, and no https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (2 ) 1.1 (2) 3.0 3.6 V (2 ) 2.0 1.2 3.7 (2 ) 4.4 3.3 3.4 (2 ) 4.9 7.3 a (2 ) (2) 3.0 .9 3.5 3.9 3.3 3.2 3.7 3.4 3.5 2.5 .4 3.4 2.8 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.6 2.5 (2 ) VÏ 1.6 2.2 2.2 1.7 1.1 4.2 2.6 1.2 2.3 2.4 2.3 -.2 3.0 22 (2) (2 ) 2.9 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.4 1.6 3.0 3.3 3.1 3.0 3.8 3.7 change under settlements reached in the period, express>ed as an averaae annual rate over the life of the contract, exclude lump-sum payments and potential changes under cost-of-living adjustment clauses. Dashes indicate no observations. Monthly Labor Review June 1995 11 Bargaining in Private Industry distribution of fund amounts between the health care and pen sion plans. According to Teamster President Ron Carey, the increase to the benefit funds was the largest in the history of the motor freight industry and was especially important because, with 40 percent of the workers in the industry older than 50 years and with more than 20 years of service, funding for pen sion and health care benefits is a critical issue. Food processing. Approximately 73,000 workers were cov ered by 22 contracts negotiated in 1994 in the food-process ing industry. Sixty-six percent of the workers were repre sented by the Teamsters and 16 percent by the United Food and Commercial Workers; no other union represented more than 10 percent of the workers. Negotiations were conducted mostly company by company, but in a few cases with associa tions representing several employers. Pattern bargaining is rare in the industry, which includes manufacturers of food and beverages. Average wage changes provided by the 1994 settlements in the industry— at 1.5 percent for the first year and 1.6 per cent annually over the life of the contracts—were among the lowest in manufacturing. These changes were also consider ably lower than wage changes agreed to when the parties last bargained, about 3 years earlier. Wage changes under the pre- vious contracts averaged increases of 3.9 percent for the first year and 3.1 percent annually over the contract term. The duration of the newly negotiated contracts ranged from 3 to 6 years and averaged 40.6 months. The contracts they replaced were for 38.1 months, on average. Only 1,000 workers covered by 1994 settlements in the food-processing industry had a cost-of-living provision. Twenty-four percent of the workers were under settlements that had a lump-sum payment provision. While some work ers received such payments in lieu of first-year wage in creases, the average annual wage changes over the contract term were nearly identical for settlements with and without lump-sum provisions. sum , for the last 3 years, bargainers have negotiated wage and compensation increases that have been lower, on aver age, than those agreed to the last time the same parties met, despite an improving national economy. While negotiators may have been taking their cue from economic conditions specific to their company or industry, rather than from over all economic conditions, the modest changes in compensa tion under 1994 settlements were similar to the moderate changes in compensation prevailing the economy. □ In Footnotes A cknowledgment : Economists Fehmida Sleemi, John Steinmeyer, and Ed ward Wasilewski of the Division of Developments in Labor-Management Re lations contributed to this article. William Davis and Douglas LeRoy, also econo mists in the Division, compiled the data. 1Because bargaining takes place throughout the year, this article uses the annual average change in the Consumer Price Index rather than the Decemberto-December change, which was 2.7 percent for 1994. Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada; Pacific—Washington, Oregon, California, Alaska, Hawaii. 4Nonresidential construction is total construction less residential construc tion. 5Unions are affiliated with the American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations (afl-cio ), unless indicated as independent (Ind.). 6 G a r m e n t In d u stry : E ffo rts to a d d r e s s th e p r e v a le n c e a n d c o n d itio n s o f s w e a ts h o p s , hehs -9 5 -2 9 (Washington, General Accounting Office, Novem 2The former contracts for seven settlements covering 15,000 workers with lump-sum payments were previously out of the scope of the measure for major collective bargaining agreements. ber 1994). 3Regions and the States they comprise (including the District of Columbia) are the following: New England—Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Masssachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut; Middle Atlantic—New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania; East North Central—Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin; West North Central—Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas; South Atlantic—Delaware, Maryland, Dis trict of Columbia, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida; South Central—Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas; Mountain—Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, 7Employment under 1994 settlements in the trucking industry was substan tially below the 171,500 workers covered under the former contracts. This decline is due, in part, to a drop in the number of trucking firms that partici pated in industry bargaining as members of Trucking Management, Inc., and Motor Carriers Labor Advisory Council. Many of these firms negotiated “me too” agreements following the National Master Freight Agreement, but because the individual agreements covered fewer than 1,000 workers, they were no longer within the scope of the Bureau’s series on major collective bargaining settle ments. 12 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 1995 Government Contracts, 1 9 9 4 H msm Collective bargaining in State and local government, 1994 After record lows were posted in 1992 and 1993, negotiated changes in wage rates rebounded under major settlements reached in 1994 Charles J. Muhl Charles J. Muhl is an economist in the Division of Developments in Labor-Management Relations, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Joan Borum and John Lacombe, economists in the Division, assisted in the prepara tion of this article. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis tate and local government workers cov ered by major collective bargaining agree ments up for negotiation in 1994 fared somewhat better in terms of wage changes than they had the last time their contracts were nego tiated.1 Wage rate changes under 1994 settle ments covering 1,000 workers or more were higher, on average, than the changes specified in 1993 and 1992 pacts—both record lows—as well as those negotiated in 1991. They were, however, not as high as those contained in settle ments that were reached prior to 1991. The larger changes negotiated in 1994 reflect, in part, the effects of an improving economy on the bargaining climate for the public sector gen erally, although conditions varied from jurisdic tion to jurisdiction. From m id-1990 through 1992, the U.S. economy endured a recession and a sluggish recovery, during which tax revenues declined and budget deficits rose in many State and local jurisdictions. These circumstances forced negotiators to try to freeze salaries, in crease employee contributions for benefits, and implement furlough days and layoffs. As the economy gained strength over the past 2 years, the incidence of such cost-cutting mea sures in State and local government declined, although management negotiators continued to seek to hold labor costs down without a corre sponding decrease in public services. Employee representatives, however, tended to focus more on wage increases than on job security, especially for larger bargaining units in which workers had taken wage cuts or freezes under the expiring contracts, and in States and localities in which economic conditions were improving. S In 1994 pacts, the proportion of workers receiving wage increases over the contract term rose noticeably. Furthermore, the inci dence of “backloading” contracts (that is, de laying all or most of a wage rate increase un til after the first contract year), which had risen substantially in 1992 and 1993, de creased during 1994. Many major contracts also included improvements in health and welfare benefits, which had generally been curbed during the economic downswing. Few jurisdictions bargained under the threat of lay offs or furloughs. Wage rate changes in 1994 pacts Major settlements in 1994 provided wage rate changes averaging an increase of 2.7 percent in the first contract year and 3.0 percent an nually over the contract term. Corresponding changes in the agreements they replaced— primarily negotiated during 1992 and 1993— were increases of 2.0 and 2.8 percent, respec tively. (See table 1.) The higher annual overthe-life wage rate change specified under 1994 settlements reversed a pattern estab lished over the previous 4 years, during which changes had been smaller in newly negoti ated contracts than in the contracts being re placed. Furthermore, the 3.0-percent wage rate change over the contract life was higher than those negotiated in new contracts from 1991 to 1993, which ranged between 2.1 and 2.8 percent, but lower than those in the 198790 period, which ranged between 5.0 and 5.7 percent. Monthly Labor Review June 1995 13 Government Contracts, 1994 A total of 2.8 million workers were covered by major col lective bargaining agreements in State and local government in 1994; 1.2 million (42 percent) of them were covered by negotiations concluded in the year. Nearly nine-tenths (slightly more than 1 million) of the State and local govern ment workers covered by 1994 settlements will receive wage increases during the term of the contracts. Almost all of the rest will not have a wage change. (See table 3.) The percent age of workers who will receive wage increases from settle ments was higher in 1994 than in 1991-93, when it ranged from 77 to 78 percent, but lower than in 1985-90, when between 96 and 99 percent of covered workers had wage gains. Level o f government. Local governments employed about 828,000 (70 percent) of the 1.2 million workers covered by 1994 settlements. Wage rate changes for these workers aver aged an increase of 3.0 percent annually over the contract term, compared with 3.2 percent for State government work ers (354,000). The lower wage increase in local government contracts reflects smaller wage increases as well as a greater incidence of wage freezes for local than for State govern ment workers during 1994. (See table 3.) This was the sec ond consecutive year in which wage rate changes were higher in State government than in local government, although the reverse relationship had been true in most years prior to 1993. Government functions. About 47 percent (558,000) of the employees under settlements negotiated during 1994 worked in education, the vast majority for local governments. (See table 2.) Agreements in education are primarily for teachers, although administrative and support personnel are also cov ered. Settlements in education in 1994 provided wage rate changes averaging an increase of 3.3 percent a year over the Table 1 M ean changes' in w ag e rates in State and local government collective bargaining settlements covering 1,000 workers or more, 1990-94 Measure 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 4.9 5.0 2.3 4.9 1.1 4.6 1.1 2.9 2.7 2.0 5.0 5.1 2.8 4.9 2.1 4.3 2.1 3.0 3.0 2.8 First-year change:2 Current settlements ............. Replaced settlem ents.......... Annual change over life of the contract:3 Current s ettlem ents............. Replaced settlem ents.......... 1 Mean changes include net increases, decreases, and zero changes, but exclude lump-sum payments and potential changes from cost-of-living adjustment clauses. 2 Changes under settlements reached in the period and effective within 12 months of the contract effective date. 3 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual rate over the life of the contract. 14 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 1995 contract term, tied for the highest rate of wage increase among government functions. College and university em ployees, who typically work for State governments, aver aged an increase of 4.2 percent annually over the contract term, while primary and secondary education employees, who typically work for local governments, had wage changes averaging 3.2 percent. Contracts in general administration covered the next largest group, 32 percent (383,000) of work ers, and called for a 2.6-percent average annual wage rate increase. These were followed by protective services, 10 per cent (121,000) of workers and a 3.3-percent increase, and health services, 4 percent (49,000) of workers and a 3.1percent increase. The average annual wage rate change negotiated in 1994 education settlements (3.3 percent) was higher than the av erage change for the remaining settlements in State and lo cal government (2.8 percent). This also had been true for the 1985-90 period, when settlements in education provided increases ranging between 5.5 and 6.3 percent each year, while the increases for the remainder of government ranged between 4.4 and 5.3 percent. From 1991-93, however, wage rate changes were smaller under settlements in education (between 1.8 and 2.1 percent) than in the remainder of gov ernment (between 2.3 and 3.2 percent). Backloaded contracts. One way to contain labor costs un der a multi-year settlement is to “backload” the agreement. Backloaded settlements, which previously had not been prevalent in State and local government, increased in inci dence during 1992 and 1993, covering between 50 and 52 percent of workers, in part because of the restrictive eco nomic climate facing negotiators. With a more favorable economy in 1994, the proportion of workers covered by backloaded settlements reached during the year declined to about 33 percent. A total of 53 percent were covered by con tracts that were evenly loaded, either because they had a du ration of 1 year or less (43 percent of the workers) or because they had the same rate of change in the first year and annu ally over the contract term. Fourteen percent of the workers were covered by front-loaded contracts. Backloaded 1994 settlements specified a wage rate change averaging an increase of 1.3 percent for the first contract year and 3.0 percent annually over the life of the contract, while in front-loaded settlements, the corresponding changes were 4.5 percent and 3.3 percent, respectively. Among 1year contracts and multi-year contracts with the same rate of change in the first year and annually over the contract term, the wage rate change averaged 3.0 percent. Backloaded agreements covered a higher proportion of workers in local government than in State government. Although most backloaded settlements occurred in education and, to a lesser extent, general administration units, the highest proportion Mean changes 1in w age and compensation rates, State and local governments collective bargaining settlements negotiated in 1994 [In percent] First-year change2 Measure Annual change Number of Number of over the workers settlements life of ttre (thousands)4 contracts3 Wage changes in settlements covering 1,000 workers or more All State and local governm ent..................... State go vernm ent............................ Local go vernm ent............................. 2.7 3.0 2.5 3.0 3.2 3.0 1,182 354 828 332 53 279 2.2 3.1 2.9 4.4 2.3 3.0 2.1 2.6 3.3 3.2 4.2 3.3 3.1 2.5 383 558 494 65 121 49 71 77 187 170 17 37 16 15 All State and local go vernm ent................... State governm ent......................... Local governm ent........................... 2.8 2.8 2.8 3.1 2.9 3.3 619 267 352 51 16 35 Government function: General government and administration ... Education....................................... Protective services......................... Other6 .................................. 2.3 3.4 1.8 3.6 2.7 3.6 2.9 3.4 267 232 63 58 17 24 5 5 Government function: General government and administration .. Education................................ Primary and seco ndary........................ Colleges and universities...................... Protective services........................ Health se rv ic e s.............................. Other ................................. Compensation changes in settlements covering 5,000 workers or more 1 Mean changes include net increases, decreases, and zero changes, but exclude lump-siurn payments and potential changes from cost-of-living adjustment clauses. 2 Changes under settlements reached in the period and effective within 12 months of the contract effective date. 3 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual rate over the life of the contract. 4 Because of rounding, sums of individual employment items may not equal totals. 5 Includes units in transportation and public utilities. of workers (48 percent) covered by backloaded agreements among government functions was in protective services. The following tabulation shows the number and share of work ers under backloaded agreements in 1994, by level of gov ernment and function: Number State and local government................390,600 Local government................... ........291,400 State government.............................99,200 Government function: Protective services.................. ..........58,200 Transportation........................ .......... 28,700 General administration .......... ........ 164,000 Education............................. Percent 33 35 28 48 47 43 23 Contract duration. State and local government settlements negotiated in 1994 had a longer average duration than the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis agreem ents they replaced— 22.4 m onths, co m p ared w ith 20.5 months. (See table 4.) The average duration of settlements in 1994 was shorter than that recorded for 1993 settlements (26 months), but simi lar to historical figures. About 40 percent (474,000) of all State and local governm ent w orkers were covered by 1994 settlements with a duration of 12 months or less, while 31 percent (363,000) were covered by contracts with a duration of 36 months or longer. Settlements with a duration of 12 or fewer months had wage rate changes averaging an increase of 3.2 percent, com pared with 2.7 percent annually for contracts with a term of 36 months or longer. The greater average wage change in shorter-term contracts reflects, in part, the influence of settlements in education. Fifty-one percent of all S tate and local governm ent workers under 1994 settlements in education were covered by contracts of 12 months or less, with a wage rate change averaging 3.3 percent annually over the contract term. Only 12 percent of workers in edu cation were covered by contracts of 36 months or more, providing an average increase of 2.6 percent an nually over the contract term. Compensation changes in 1994 pacts Wages are a substantial part of the economic package affected by a settlement, but benefits also may change. Thus, an exami nation of changes in compensation, which includes both wages and benefits, permits a more comprehensive analysis than a com parison based on wage changes alone. Note that the data on compensation changes are for major collective bargaining settle ments covering 5,000 or more workers. Rate changes. The measure of change in compensation rates covers the ongoing wage and benefit rate structure, but ex cludes lump-sum payments that are not part of the ongoing rate. In settlements covering 5,000 or more workers, which ac counted for 52 percent (619,000) of all workers under State and local government settlements in 1994, the average change in Monthly Labor Review June 1995 15 Governm ent Contracts, 1994 compensation rates was an increase of 2.8 percent in the first year and 3.1 percent annually over the contract term. (See table 2.) Nearly 97 percent of workers in these large bargaining units in 1994 received a compensation rate increase, while almost all the rest had no change in compensation rates. Compensation rate changes in 1994 settlements averaged 3.3 percent annually over the contract term in local govern ment and 2.9 percent in State government. In most years, the average wage rate changes have been higher in local gov ernment than in State government. The general administration function accounted for 43 per cent (267,000) of workers involved in these large settlements in 1994, providing compensation rate changes averaging 2.7 percent per year. Settlements in education covered 37 per cent (232,000) of workers and called for a 3.6-percent aver age annual compensation rate increase. Cost changes. The measure of change in compensation costs in settlements covering 5,000 or more workers includes the ongoing wage and benefit rate structure. Unlike rate change data, cost changes include lump-sum payments and account for the length of time wage and benefit changes are in effect during the contract. The change in compensation costs over the life of the contract in 1994 averaged an increase of 2.2 percent a year, reversing a 3-year downward spiral that be gan in 1991. (See table 5.) Settlements in local government (for 352,000 workers) averaged an increase of 2.5 percent Table 3. per year, compared with 1.9 percent in State government (for 267,000 workers). Changes in employer cost for cash payments to workers (which includes wages and lump-sum payments) and for wages alone each averaged 2.1 percent a year over the contract term. The identical increases in these two measures are due to the scarcity of lump-sum payments in State and local government contracts. Only four settlements covering 61,100 workers in cluded such payments. Changes in benefit costs averaged an increase of 2.7 percent a year over the contract term. Wage rate changes, all agreements in effect Workers under collective bargaining agreements in the pub lic sector can receive wage rate changes from several sources: Settlements that occurred during the year, settlements reached in earlier years calling for changes in the current year, and cost-of-living adjustments (typically, based on a formula tied to the Consumer Price Index). The average change in wage rates (the net effect of in creases, decreases, and freezes from all sources) for the 2.8 million workers under all major State and local government contracts in effect during 1994 was an increase of 3.3 per cent— 1.4 percent from settlements reached in 1994 and 1.9 percent from agreements reached earlier. Overall, cost-ofliving adjustments were negligible. (See table 6.) The 1994 change was higher than those in 1991-93, which ranged Distribution of workers by average changes in w ag e rates, major collective bargaining settlements negotiated in State and local government, 1994 Annual ch ang e over life of the co n trac t2 First year ch ang e' Measure All government State government Local government All government State government Local government Number of workers (thousands)3 ................................. 1,182 354 828 1,182 354 828 Percent of workers under settlements with: No wage ch a n g e ......................... Wage decreases ........................ 29 20 0 33 (4) 11 (4) (4) 7 0 13 (4) Wage incre ases.......................... Under 3 pe rcent....................... 3 and under 4 p e rc e n t............ 4 and under 5 percent............. 5 percent and o v e r.................. 71 15 19 25 11 80 10 27 33 9 67 17 16 21 12 89 33 23 22 11 93 25 26 32 11 87 36 23 17 11 Changes (percent):5 Mean c h a n g e ............... ............... Median change............................ Mean in cre ase............................ Median increase.......................... 2.7 3.0 3.8 4.0 3.0 3.1 3.8 4.0 2.5 2.7 3.8 3.9 3.0 3.1 3.4 3.2 3.2 3.0 3.4 3.3 3.0 3.0 3.4 3.2 1Changes under settlements reached in the period and effective within 12 months of the contract effective date. 4 Distributions are not shown separately to protect confidentiality. 2 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an aver age annual rate over the life of the contract. 5 Mean and median changes include net increases, decreases, and zero changes. Mean and median increases refer to settlements with a net increase. 3 Because of rounding, sums of individual employment items may not equal totals. NOTE: Data exclude lump-sum payments and potential changes from COLA clauses. 16 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 1995 Table 4. Unions are affiliated with the a fl cio , except where listed as independent. Duration of contracts and w ag e rate changes in major collective bargaining settlements in State and local government, 1994 Measure Number of settlem ents................. Number of workers (thousands)............................... Average contract duration (m onth s).................................... F’ercent change in wages:1 Annualized over the life of the c o n tra c t....................... First contract year2............. Second contract year3........ Third contract year4............ More More 12 than 24 than 24 All 24 36 months but less but less contracts or less than 36 months than 36 months months months More than 36 months 332 118 43 68 11 65 27 1,182 474 120 182 44 232 131 22.4 11.7 14.2 24.0 26.9 36.0 41.3 3.0 2.7 2.4 3.3 3.2 3.0 4.1 3.9 .6 - 2.6 2.1 3.0 - 3.2 2.8 3.0 1.3 3.0 2.5 3.5 3.1 2.3 1.3 1.0 4.4 - - 1 Changes are the result of net increases, decreases, and zero changes, but exclude lump-sum pay ments and potential changes from COLA clauses. 2 Data are not annualized. 3Average Is based only on settlements with a duration greater than 12 months. 4 Average is based only on settlements with a duration greater than 24 months. note: Dash indicates not applicable. between 1.9 and 2.8 percent, but not as high as those from 1984-90, which ranged between 4.6 and 5.7 percent. Wage rate changes for the 1.1 million workers under all major contracts in State government averaged an increase of 3.5 percent, compared with 3.2 percent for the 1.7 million workers under such contracts in local government. This was the second straight year in which the average wage rate change under all agreements in effect for State government exceeded the average change in local government contracts, atypical for these series. The larger change for State govern ment workers primarily reflected the effects of changes from contracts reached before 1994, which provided an increase of 2.4 percent for State government employees, compared with a 1.5-percent increase for local government employees. Several factors play a role in the size of the average wage rate change. The proportion of workers receiving a wage increase and the size of the increase push up the average wage rate change. The proportion of workers with no change in wages, and the proportion whose wages decrease, coupled with the size of the decrease, moderate the overall wage rate change. In 1994, approximately 2.1 million workers (76 per cent) of the 2.8 million workers covered by major contracts in State and local government received a wage rate increase averaging 4.4 percent. About 660,000 (24 percent) had no wage change, and approximately 13,200 (less than 0.5 per cent) had a net wage decrease. Specific settlements The: following discussion highlights wage and benefit changes from public sector settlements in selected States and localities. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Florida concluded negotiations for six bargaining units with 119,200 workers, all of whom received minimum salary increases of 4 percent on November 1, 1994. Bargaining was conducted under wage and benefit reopeners in contracts reached during 1993 for 5 of the 6 units. More than 87,000 employees in two separate units who work in admini strative, clerical, human service, professional, and operational occu pations were represented by the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees ( a f sc m e ), including 13,200 employed by the State’s university system. The Florida Nurses Association (Ind.) represented 5,100 professional health care em ployees. The Florida Police Benevolent Association negotiated wage reopeners for 19,100 State protective service workers. About 16,400 security and corrections officers agreed to a new salary progression schedule on November 1, 1994, that resulted in pay increases ranging between 4 and 7 percent, while the law enforcement unit of 2,700 employees agreed to a similar 4-percent salary increase. Some 7,700 faculty members of the university system agreed to a 1-year pact that, in addition to the 4-percent wage increase, provided a $5 million State contribution to the Teaching and Departmental Incentive program, under which annual awards for departments, schools, and colleges are given for creative programs to improve teaching. Individual faculty members can receive $5,000 increases in base salary. Illinois reached agreement on 3-year contracts covering 46,400 workers in eight bargaining units. Employees in the six bargaining units represented by a f sc m e ratified identi cal agreements that provided 3-percent wage increases on July 1 of 1994, 1995, and 1996, and increased the shift dif ferential every 6 months, from 35 cents per hour to 52 cents per hour over the contract term. The pacts also specified bi lingual pay equal to the greater of 4 percent or $75 per month on October 1, 1994, increasing to the greater of 5 percent or $100 per month on July 1, 1995. Standby pay for Thanks giving and Christmas was increased to the equivalent of 6 hours from 4 hours. These six a f sc m e units included four in public administration, covering 12,100 technical workers, 8,900 clerical employees, 3,000 professionals, and 1,700 paraprofessionals. The two other units covered 8,500 cor- Monthly Labor Review June 1995 17 Government Contracts, 1994 rections officers and 8,000 mental health employees. Some 1,300 registered nurses represented by the Illinois Nurses Association (Ind.) received similar wage increases and bilingual pay, while their shift differential was raised to 10 percent from 9 percent. The Teamsters represented 2,900 highway workers who agreed to salary increases of $100 per month on July 1, 1994, $120 per month on July 1, 1995, and $125 per month on July 1, 1996. Michigan State University (Ind.) negotiated a 3-year agree ment for 2,200 clerical and technical employees. That settle ment called for a lump-sum payment on April 1,1994, equal to 2.5 percent of an employee’s earnings from April 1, 1993, to March 31,1994, and salary increases of 2 percent on April 1, 1995, and 3 percent on April 1, 1996. Other terms com pressed the wage progression in both 1995 and 1996; estab lished a labor-management committee to study health care issues; and called for a benefit reopener in October 1996 to Michigan signed six agreem ents, covering 33,100 discuss premium sharing and flexible spending accounts. employees, including a 1-year agreement for 21,000 human The University of Michigan settled with two bargaining services and administrative support personnel in public units, covering some 1,800 nurses represented by the Uni administration. The employees, represented by the United versity of Michigan Professional Nurses Council (Ind.) and Automobile Workers, received a 2-percent wage increase on 2,500 service and maintenance employees represented by October 1, 1994. a f s c m e . The nurses agreed to a 4-year contract that pro The State also concluded negotiations with a number of vided a lump-sum payment, equal to 4 percent of annual bargaining units in its university system. At Michigan State salary for the preceding 12 months, that was rolled into base University, some 4,200 institutional workers represented by wage rates retroactive to December 1, 1993; base-rate and a f s c m e agreed to a 1-year contract that also provided -a 2step increases averaging 3 percent, combined, for employees percent wage increase. The Clerical & Technical Union of below pay maximums; similar lump-sum payments of 1 per cent for top-rated nurses in June of 1994, 1995, and 1996; and an “inter Table 5. Mean changes' in the cost of compensation and components, est-based” dispute resolution proce annualized over the life of the contract, State and local government collective bargaining settlements covering 5,000 dure. Service and maintenance em workers or more, 1991-94 ployees received wage increases of 4 [In percent] percent on August 1, 1994, and 3 per C om p o n e n t 1994 1991 1992 1993 cent each on August 1, 1995, and August 1, 1996, under their 3-year All State and local government: Compensation.................................................. .8 1.0 2.2 2.0 pact. Terms also provided a lump-sum 2.1 Cash paym ents2............................................. 1.0 1.0 1.3 payment, equal to 1 percent of annual W age s.......................................................... 2.1 .9 1.0 1.3 .7 2.7 B enefits............................................................ .8 2.0 salary for the preceding 12 months, on August 1, 1995. Without contingent pay provisions: C om pensation.............................................. .8 1.0 2.3 2.0 Some 1,400 faculty members rep 2.1 Cash payments2 .......................................... .9 1.0 1.3 resented by the University Professors W a g e s ....................................................... 2.1 .9 1.0 1.3 .7 .8 2.8 B e n e fits ......................................................... 2.0 (Ind.) at Wayne State University rati With contingent pay provisions: 3 fied a 2-year settlement. The contract C om pensation............................................... 1.2 .9 provided a variety of wage increases Cash payments2 ........................................... 1.0 1.5 .7 W a g e s ....................................................... 1.0 totaling 2.7 percent on August 28, B e n e fits.......................................................... .8 .6 1994, and 3.2 percent on August 27, State government: 1995, in addition to lump-sum pay Compensation................................................... 2.4 .9 1.2 1.9 ments on August 28, 1994, and Au Cash paym ents2.............................................. 1.5 .9 2.1 1.3 2.1 W a g e s ............................................................ 1.5 .9 1.2 gust 27, 1995, equal to 0.5 percent of 1.7 Benefits............................................................. 2.3 .7 .9 annual salary for the preceding 12 Local government: months. The pact also decreased the Compensation................................................... 1.2 2.5 .8 .8 employee supplementary monthly Cash paym ents2.............................................. 1.1 1.1 2.1 .9 W a g e s............................................................ 1.0 2.1 1.0 .8 premium for family health and wel B enefits............................................................. 1.5 .7 .7 3.5 fare coverage from $30 to $22.50. 1 Mean changes include net increases, decreases, and zero changes, but exclude potential changes from contingent pay provisions. Data are for changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual (compound) rate over the life of the contract. Dash indicates data do not meet publication criteria. 2 Cash payments include wages and lump-sum payments. 3 Include co la clauses and/or contingent lump-sum payment clauses. 18 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 1995 New York City temporarily resolved its budget situation in 1994 by balancing revenues and expenses for the fiscal year, in part by transferring $190 mil- Table 6. Mean annual changes' in w ag e rates in State and local government collective bargaining agreements covering 1,000 workers or more, by source, 1991-94 [In percent] Item Average wage rate changes............................................. Change, by source: Current settlements..................................................... Prior settlem ents......................................................... COLA provisions.......................................................... Change, by government function: General government and adm inistration.................. Education.................................................................... Primary and secondary......................................... Colleges and universities.......................‘.............. Protective services.................................................... Health s ervice s......................................................... Transportation........................................................... O th e r......................................................................... Average wage rate Increase3 ....................................... Increase, by sou rce:................................................... Current settlements................................................. Prior settlem ents..................................................... COLA provisions...................................................... 1991 1992 1993 1994 2.6 1.9 2.8 3.3 .6 1.8 .1 .8 1.1 (2) 1.6 1.1 (2) 1.4 1.9 (2) 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.2 2.8 2.2 2.3 3.1 1.9 2.0 2.1 1.1 1.2 1.9 3.4 .7 2.8 2.5 2.3 3.3 2.9 3.7 2.5 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.2 4.2 3.8 2.9 3.7 4.7 4.6 4.1 4.4 3.7 4.5 2.1 5.1 4.3 2.7 4.0 3.8 1.6 4.3 4.4 .8 1,425.5 1,125.3 1,849.4 2,126.6 Number of workers receiving wage increases (thousands) ................................... Receiving Increase from: Current settlements.............................................. Prior settlem ents................................................... 428.6 441.7 1,119.0 919.5 1 ,0 6 2 .2 6 7 6 .2 8 0 3 .9 1 2 1 2 .5 C O LA p r o v i s i o n s ..................................................................... 1 7 6 .3 2 2 .6 2 4 .0 2 2 .7 1 ,1 9 8 .7 1 ,5 4 4 .3 8 8 0 .0 6 6 0 .2 N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s n o t re c e iv in g w a g e in c r e a s e ( t h o u s a n d s ) ..................................................... 1Mean annual changes include increases, decreases, and zero changes in wages stemming from cur rent settlements, settlements reached in a prior period, and COLA clauses. 2 Value less than 0.05 percent. 3 Reflects only contracts in which the net effect of increases and decreases from all sources is a wage rate increase. “ The employment total does not equal the sum of employment for each source because some workers receive wage changes from more than one source. lion from the health and welfare reserves to general city funds. This eased negotiations between the city and its unions, which concluded agreements covering about 81,000 employees during the year. Most of the workers were em ployed in protective service occupations (32,600) for the city or in subway and surface transit jobs (31,600) for the Transit Authority. City police officers and firefighters had been work ing without new contracts since 1991. Some 18,300 police officers represented by the Patrolmen’s Benevolent Associa tion (Ind.) reached a 3-1/2 year retroactive agreement that froze wages for the first 18 months of the pact and provided salary increases of 2 percent each in April 1993 and 1994, and 3 percent in September 1994. The contract also called for certain salary schedule increases, lump-sum payments, a payment by the city to the annuity fund, expansion of cover age for pension benefits, and an increased night-shift differ ential. The Uniformed Firefighters Association (Interna tional Association of Fire Fighters), representing 8,700 city fire- fighters, agreed to a 39-month retroactive settlement https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis that provided similar increases in sal ary and annuity fund contributions, and also called for increases in lon gevity pay, uniform allowances, the monthly widow’s pension, and city contributions to the health and wel fare fund. Transit workers came to terms on a 3-year pact that included salary in creases of 4 percent in July 1994, and 3.2 percent each in August 1995 and September 1996. The settlement also called for 5-percent increases in city contributions to the health and welfare fund in July 1994, August 1995, and September 1996. Los Angeles City (California) nego tiated 13 collective bargaining agree ments covering 74,700 workers, most of whom were employed in the Los Angeles Unified School District. Some 32,000 teachers represented by the United Teachers of Los Angeles and 23,600 school administrators and support personnel represented by various unions agreed to 1-year con tracts that provided an 8-percent in crease in annual pay through the elimination of furlough days agreed to under the 1993-94 pact. The city and the Los Angeles Po lice Protective League (Ind.) reached agreement on a 4-year accord covering 7,600 police officers who had been working without a new contract since 1992. Terms froze pay over the first 2 contract years and increased salaries by 2 percent each in July 1994 and January 1995, and by 1.5 percent in both July 1995 and 1996. The contract also calls for a field assignment incentive and special equip ment bonuses. Some 3,000 firefighters and emergency para medics represented by the International Association of Fire Fighters (IA F F ) settled on a 2-year agreement that provided similar salary increases, raised the biweekly uniform allow ance, and increased the city’s contributions for health insur ance and dental benefits for single coverage. The remaining five agreements covered a total of 8,500 employees in general administration. Some 5,800 equipment operators, laborers, nonsworn safety and security workers, and service and craft employees represented by the Service Employees International Union settled on a 4-year agree ment, retroactive to July 1992, that froze pay for the first two years in exchange for a guarantee that workers would not be Monthly Labor Review June 1995 19 Government Contracts, 1994 laid off because of subcontracting during the term of the con tract. The agreement also called for wage increases of 2 per cent in both July 1994 and 1995; a wage reopener in mid1995; and potential pay increases under a “me-too” clause if more than 10 percent of any other city bargaining unit re ceives a pay increase. Two separate but identical 2-year con tracts for 2,600 engineers and scientific professionals repre sented by the Engineers and Architects (Ind.) called for a pay freeze over the term, but did provide some enhancements in vacation time, health and dental plan coverage, and work ers’ compensation offsets. insured plan. Police and corrections officers (3,900) repre sented by the Police Benevolent Association (Ind.) also agreed to a 3-year contract with wage increases identical to those received by general classified workers, in addition to increases in hazardous duty and night-shift differentials. The iaff settled on a 2-year contract for 1,300 county firefighters that provided a 4-percent wage increase in April 1995, and a 5-percent increase in April 1996. That settlement also in creased “rescue pay” and the hazardous duty differential. □ Footnote Dade County (Florida) concluded negotiations on five settle ments covering 39,500 county employees. About 21,200 teachers represented by United Teachers of Dade (American Federation of Teachers) reached a 3-year agreement provid ing salary increases of 4.3 percent in August 1994 and 4 percent in July 1995, and a wage and benefit reopener in the third year of the agreement. The a f sc m e negotiated a 3 -year agreement for some 11,500 general classified workers in government administration that called for wage increases of 4 percent in both April 1994 and 1995, and 5 percent in April 1996. Terms also improved vacations and switched employees to a point-of-service health care plan from a self- 20 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 1995 1 For data on 1994 settlements in private industry, see “Collective bargain ing in private industry, 1994” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , June 1995, pp. 3-12. Comparisons of major collective bargaining settlements for State and local government with those for private industry should note differences in occupa tional mix, bargaining practices, and settlement characteristics. For example, professional and other white-collar employees make up a much larger propor tion of the workers covered by government than by private industry settlements, while lump-sum payments and cost-of-living adjustment clauses are less com mon in government than in private industry settlements. Also, State and local government bargaining frequently excludes items (pension benefits and holi days, for example) that are prescribed by law; these items are typical bargain ing issues in private industry. For a detailed description of how occupational mix and industry activity affect the comparison, see Richard E. Schumann, “State and local government pay increase outpace five-year rise in private in dustry,” M o n th ly L a b o r R ev ie w , February 1987, pp. 18-20. Producer Prices Producer price highlights, 1994 Price increases at the producer level were generally moderate, as the Nation completed another year of sustained economic growth William D. Thomas and Scott Sager rices received by domestic producers of finished goods rose 1.7 percent between December 1993 and December 1994, fol lowing increases of 0.2 percent in 1993 and 1.6 percent in 1992. The index for energy goods turned up 3.5 percent in 1994 after declining in each of the previous 3 years,while prices for foods advanced 1.1 percent following somewhat larger increases in both 1993 (2.4 percent) and 1992 (1.6 percent). Price increases for finished goods other than foods and energy accelerated to 1.6 percent in 1994 from 0.4 percent in 1993; these prices had risen 2 percent in 1992. Developments at earlier stages of processing were mixed. The Intermediate Goods price in dex advanced 4.4 percent in 1994 after increas ing 1 percent in each of the preceding 2 years. In contrast, the Crude Goods price index de clined 0.5 percent last year after rising by 0.1 percent in 1993 and 3.3 percent in 1992. At both the intermediate and crude stages of processing, prices for food-related materials turned down in 1994 after advancing a year earlier, while price increases for nonfood nonenergy m aterials slowed significantly. Prices for energy goods rose at the intermediate stage after falling a year earlier, but declined much less at the crude stage, following a steep decline in 1993. (See table 1.) P Economic background William D. Thomas and Scott Sager are economists in the Division of Industrial Prices and Price Indexes, Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The U.S. economy gained strength throughout 1994, continuing much the same pace of growth experienced toward the end of 1993. A key fac tor driving this expansion was the increase in outlays for fixed investments by business, par ticularly spending on capital goods such as com puters and peripheral equipment, and also for cars and trucks. (For the past 3 years, the rate of increase in spending for computer equipment has been more than 4 times that for expendi tures on other types of capital equipment.) In vestment in nonresidential structures also picked up, despite the raising of short-term interest rates several times during the year. In 1994, the growth of the economy was also evident in the Federal Reserve Board’s capacity utilization index for mining, manufacturing, and utilities. This index stood at 84.9 in Decem ber 1994, its highest level in any month since March 1989. In addition, personal consumption spending rose 3.4 percent in 1994, fueled by an 8.1-percent advance in purchases of consumer durables. Growth in consumer expenditures for durables reflected increased purchases of furni ture and household durables, such as video, au dio, and computer equipment, as well as outlays for cars and light trucks. By the end of 1994, consumer spending had surged to a 5-year high, reflecting the ready availability of credit— in cluding the proliferation of credit card programs that offered cardholders rewards, such as direct rebates on purchases or frequent-flyer miles based on the amounts charged. Some vigor was evident in the interest-sensi tive residential housing market, which was buoyed by growth in incomes and employment over the year. Housing starts attained their high est level since 1988, and both single-family home starts and sales of existing single-family homes registered their largest annual gains in over 15 years. Despite a slowdown in residenMonthly Labor Review June 1995 21 Producer Prices U y jy g U A n n u a l p e r c e n t c h a n g e s for m a jo r c a te g o r ie s o f th e P ro d u c e r P rice In d e x b y s ta g e o f p ro cessin g , 199D -94 Index 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 Finished go o d s........... Foods ..................... E nergy.................... O th e r....................... Intermediate materials, supplies, and com ponents...... Foods and fe e d s .... E nergy.................... O th e r....................... Crude materials for further processing.... Foodstuffs and feedstuffs.............. E nergy.................... O th e r....................... 5.7 2.6 30.7 3.5 -0.1 -1.5 -9.6 3.1 1.6 1.6 -.3 2.0 0.2 2.4 -4.1 .4 1.7 1.1 3.5 1.6 4.3 -1.3 21.8 1.9 -2 .6 -.2 -11.6 -.8 1.0 -.5 .7 1.2 1.0 5.5 -4.2 1.6 4.4 -4.5 2.9 5.2 6.0 -11.6 3.3 .1 -.5 -4.2 19.1 .6 -5 .8 -16.6 -7.6 3.0 2.3 5.7 7.2 -12.3 10.7 -9.4 -.1 17.3 tial investment evident during the latter half of 1994, fig ures for the year as a whole surpassed those posted in 1993. A major factor in the strength of the housing sector in 1994 was the availability of adjustable-rate mortgages, which per mitted borrowers to structure their monthly payments in in novative ways. In 1994, much of the increased spending for computer equipment mentioned earlier reflected the strategy by many firms to increase productivity and efficiency while down sizing their work forces to reduce labor costs. Despite this general restructuring throughout the economy, construction employment registered its largest yearly advance in a de cade, while manufacturing employment recorded its largest gain since 1987. However, almost 85 percent of the advance in payroll employment was in the services sector. Among other indicators of economic health, manufactur ing productivity increased 4.9 percent in 1994, compared with 3.2 percent a year earlier. The Employment Cost Index of total compensation for workers in private industry rose 3.0 percent, after increasing 3.6 percent in 1993. Real dis posable income advanced 4.3 percent over the year. Busi ness spending on inventories increased in the second, third, and fourth quarters of 1994, particularly in the wholesale and retail trade sectors, reflecting in part an optimistic out look for continued growth in demand. The commercial construction market, although not very robust in most regions of the country, was considerably more vibrant than in recent years, during which there was a wide surplus from overbuilding. Overall, public construction spending on infrastructure and other projects outpaced that of 1993. A surge in export sales resulted from a combination of factors, including the strengthening recovery in foreign in dustrial countries; continued robust growth in developing 22 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 1995 countries; the decline in the dollar’s exchange value; the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agree ment; and the ongoing improvement in America’s underly ing competitiveness. However, the rise in exports was out stripped by the increase in imports that accompanied domestic investment and consumption demand. The value of the dollar declined about 8 percent last year (on a trade weighted basis) against the currencies of the nine major for eign industrial countries. However, the dollar fluctuated more substantially against some individual currencies, particularly those of Japan and Germany. Finished goods, less foods and energy The index for finished goods other than foods and energy increased 1.6 percent from December 1993 to December 1994, following a rise of 0.4 percent a year earlier. Much of the acceleration in price increases was due to a reversal in prices for tobacco products, which had fallen sharply in 1993 before rising last year. The index for consumer goods other than foods and energy turned up 1.4 percent in calendar 1994 after declining 0.4 percent in 1993. Prices for capital equip ment rose slightly more in 1994 (2 percent) than in either 1993 (1.8 percent) or 1992 (1.7 percent). (See table 2.) Within the category of consumer goods other than foods and energy, the tobacco products index moved up somewhat in 1994 after falling sharply in 1993. Prices also increased, after falling a year earlier, for tires and tubes and household flatware. Prices rose faster in 1994 than in 1993 for books, periodicals, men’s and boys’ apparel, mobile homes, news paper circulation, household glassware, and costume jew elry. The index for women’s apparel was virtually unchanged from December 1993 to December 1994 after falling a year earlier. Prices fell less in calendar 1994 than in the previous year for sanitary papers. Prices continued to rise rapidly for prescription drugs, lawn and garden equipment, and toys. By contrast, price increases slowed in 1994 for passenger cars, light trucks, household furniture, gold jewelry, textile housefumishings, over-the-counter drugs, floor coverings, and leather footwear. Prices turned down in 1994 after ris ing in 1993 for alcoholic beverages, cosmetics, household appliances, and for soaps and detergents. The Producer Price Index for capital equipment increased 2 percent in 1994, slightly more than in 1993 and 1992. In 1994, price decreases for electronic computers and x-ray equipment were more than offset by advances for most other types of capital goods. The largest increases occurred for truck trailers, heavy motor trucks, light trucks, machine tools, commercial furniture, and mining machinery. Motor vehicles. The Producer Price Index for motor ve hicles increased 2.5 percent in 1994 after rising 3.5 percent in the prior year. Indexes for passenger cars and light trucks rose somewhat less in 1994 than in 1993, while prices for heavy trucks rose about the same as in the preceding 12 months. Reflected in these figures are the net effects of sta tistical adjustment for quality changes in 1995 model ve hicles. For passenger cars, 35 percent of the originally reported price increase was deemed to be attributable to qual ity adjustment and is therefore not reflected in the price in dex; the corresponding figure for light trucks was 40 per cent. The tires and tubes index was almost unchanged from December 1993 to December 1994 after decreasing 1.7 per cent in the previous year. The motor vehicle industry experienced one of its best years in terms of sales, production, and profits for major manufacturers since 1988. Most plants operated above ca pacity in 1994 as the availability of new, higher-quality prod ucts helped to fuel demand. Despite several hikes in short term interest rates and small boosts in vehicle prices over the year, sales climbed. Sales for passenger cars and light trucks stood at record levels from January 1994 through mid summer, falling only slightly thereafter. Despite labor strikes at several plants and recalls on newly launched vehicles, sales were back to record levels by the fourth quarter. Automobile sales reached their first-quarter peak despite another round of price increases on 1994 models, heavy win ter storms in much of the country, and an earthquake in Cali fornia. Sales of light trucks also reached a record level in 1994. Many consumers switched from autos to light trucks during the year, as auto features, such as airbags and anti lock brakes, along with popular convenience features began appearing on light truck models. The market for light trucks comprised about 44 percent of all domestic manufactured light vehicle sales in 1994, up 1.5 percent over 1993. As in 1993, heavy truck prices advanced about 3 percent in 1994. Demand was very strong from trucking firms. Or ders were on a 6-month backlog with very few cancellations being seen. By yearend, some manufacturers juggled dis counts to maintain or increase market share. Drugs and pharmaceuticals. Following a rise of 3.2 per cent in 1993, prices for drugs and pharmaceuticals increased 2.5 percent in 1994, the smallest yearly advance in 15 years. The prescription drug industry continued to undertake several modifications in marketing practices during 1994. Producers have voluntarily continued to reign in price in creases in the face of pressure from HMO’s (health mainte nance organizations) and other large purchasers. Manufac turers are combining product lines in a marketing effort to offer one-stop shopping to large customers such as HMO’s and PBM’s (pharmacy benefit managers). Some have created their own separate divisions to market generic equivalents of their brand name drugs. And some producers also have https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis begun a strategy of bundling a brand name drug with the generic equivalent, offering the package at a discount over the sum of the individual prices. It should be noted that the method for selecting the sample of prescription drugs used in calculating the index was changed in 1994, and that this could materially affect the estimates. The new methodology gives each drug a chance to be selected for the sample based not on its relative impor tance within a company, but on its importance relative to other drugs of its therapeutic class. Also in 1994, broadbased increases were registered for over-the-counter drugs. Tobacco products. Following the 1993 decrease of 21.4 percent, prices for tobacco products showed a net increase of just 0.4 percent last year. Domestic consumption of ciga rettes continued to drop in 1994, in the face of concerns about the health hazards of smoking and the skyrocketing costs of health care attributable to the consumption of tobacco prod ucts. Some increased strength was noted again in 1994 for foreign demand for American-made cigarettes. Although domestic prices for cigarettes were rather flat in 1994, prices were up moderately across-the-board for other tobacco prod ucts, particularly cigars and loose leaf chewing tobacco. Ik S ifliK fl Annual percent chanaes in Producer Price Indexes for selected finished goods other than foods and energy, 1990-94 index Finished goods other than foods and e n e rg y .................. Consumer g o o d s ...... Passenger c a rs ..... Light trucks ............ Prescription d ru g s .................... Over-the-counter d ru g s .................... Tobacco products............... Books ..................... P eriodicals............. Newspapers........... Household furniture................ Capital equipm ent................ Heavy tru c k s .......... Truck tra ile rs .......... Metal cutting machine to o ls ...... Metal forming machine to o ls ...... C om puters............. X-ray equipment............. Construction machinery............. N ote: 1990 1991 1992 3.5 6.6 4.3 .4 3.1 -.9 3.1 5.4 2.0 1.6 .6 4.8 0.4 -.2 3.3 4.2 1.6 1.6 2.1 3.3 8.1 7.8 6.4 3.2 3.1 4.2 5.1 5.2 2.7 1.7 12.6 6.5 5.7 7.5 13.2 2.3 5.5 5.9 6.7 5.2 4.9 5.2 -21.4 .6 3.1 4.8 .4 5.4 2.0 3.9 2.5 1.8 1.6 3.7 2.7 3.4 3.6 1.5 2.5 3.7 1.3 1.7 3.1 2.6 1.8 3.1 3.3 2.0 3.0 7.7 4.7 2.9 3.2 .6 1.8 9.8 — 2.6 -19.4 1.5 -14.9 1.6 -12.5 3.5 -6.7 - .5 1.5 1.2 - .7 - 1 .1 2.8 3.1 1.1 2 .0 3.8 1993 1994 Dash indicates data not available. Monthly Labor Review June 1995 23 Producer Prices Energy Table 3. The decline in the index for crude energy materials slowed to 0.1 percent in 1994; the index had fallen 12.3 percent in 1993. Crude petroleum prices rose 21.1 percent in 1994, af ter decreasing 27.7 percent in the previous year and 2.4 per cent in 1992. The decline in the natural gas to pipelines index, however, accelerated to 14 percent in 1994 from just under 4 percent the year before. The coal index turned down 2.1 percent in 1994, after edging up 1 percent the year be fore. (See table 3.) The continued decline in the natural gas to pipelines in dex in the first half of the year resulted from both higher domestic supplies and increased imports. Late in the year, supplies were at very high levels because of moderate tem peratures— the summer had been cool and the autumn warm— and the forecast of unseasonably high temperatures for the winter. As a result, pipline owners asked some pro ducers to remove their gas from their storage facilities, in effect forcing them to bum some of it. Crude petroleum prices were pushed higher in the first half of the year by lower production, reduced imports, and higher demand. This state of affairs was due, at least in part to supply disruptions caused by leaks on platforms in the North Sea and leaks in pipelines near Los Angeles after the earthquake, an OPEC agreement to freeze production, and fears of tighter supplies due to a strike by Nigerian oil work ers. By July, prices were 43 percent higher than in Decem ber 1993. Throughout most of the second half of the year, though, prices declined as OPEC production levels rose above the organization’s self-imposed ceiling, imports from nonOPEC countries increased, and demand was curbed by unsea sonably warm weather in most parts of the Nation. The index for intermediate energy goods rose 2.9 percent in 1994 after falling 4.2 percent in 1993. Among the catego ries within intermediate energy goods, gasoline posted a sharp price increase in 1994, following a large decline in the previous year. Indexes for diesel fuel, jet fuels, liquefied pe troleum gas, residual fuel, and industrial power also turned up in 1994, while prices for commercial natural gas fell af ter rising in 1993. Residual fuel prices were among the big movers in the intermediate energy goods category in 1994, rising 10.2 per cent following a 17.8-percent decline in 1993. After increas ing early in the year, supplies fell below their year-earlier levels by the end of the first quarter, a situation that was to continue throughout the remainder of the year. In the sum mer, a drought in the Far East, which depends heavily on hydroelectric power, caused an increase in demand for re sidual fuel to generate electricity. At about the same time, the construction of a fuel processing plant in Alaska was completed; this plant turns residual fuel into more expen- 24 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 1995 Annual percent changes in Producer Price Indexes for selected energy items, 1990-94 Index Finished energy goods ............................. G aso lin e....................... Home heating oil........... Residential electric po w e r.......................... Residential natural g a s ................. Intermediate energy goods................. Residual fu e ls .............. Natural gas to electric utilities............ Diesel fu e l.................... Jet fu e ls ........................ Commercial po w e r.......................... Crude energy m aterials......................... Natural g a s .................. Crude petroleum .......... C o a l.............................. 1990 1991 30.7 45.2 28.1 -9.6 -25.1 -30.5 -0.3 -4.2 -5.4 -4.1 -16.8 -10.1 3.5 11.2 6.9 _ 5.1 1.2 .8 1.5 .7 4.6 5.4 -2.6 21.8 42.8 -11.6 -39.0 .7 24.3 -4 .2 -17.8 2.9 10.2 32.8 49.5 2.2 -30.4 -32.7 2.7 -3.8 -5 .4 -13.0 -15.9 -11.7 3.4 5.9 4.3 3.3 .3 1.8 3.2 2.3 19.1 6.5 32.6 .7 -16.6 -4.9 -30.5 -1.6 2.3 7.5 -2 .4 .2 -12.3 -3 .8 -27.7 1.0 -.1 -14.0 21.1 -2.1 1992 1993 1994 Note: Dash indicates data not available. sive, refined fuels. In the face of these developments, de mand for residual fuel was strong both domestically and in ternationally in the second half of 1994. Prices for finished energy goods turned up 3.5 percent from December 1993 to December 1994, following a 4.1percent decline over the preceding 12 months. Gasoline prices advanced 11.2 percent in 1994 after falling almost 17 per cent in the previous year. In addition, prices for home heat ing oil rose 6.9 percent, after falling 10.1 percent in 1993. Gasoline prices fluctuated throughout the year—increas ing during the summer driving season as labor turmoil in Nigeria reduced crude supplies and also during the autumn months, when ruptured pipelines hampered deliveries of both gasoline and home heating oil on the East Coast. Prices for residential electricity rose somewhat faster in 1994 (1.5 per cent) than in 1993 (0.8 percent). By contrast, prices for resi dential natural gas fell 2.6 percent in calendar 1994, follow ing a 5.4-percent increase in the previous year. Foods and related products At the farm level, prices for crude foodstuffs and feedstuffs fell 9.4 percent in 1994 after rising 7.2 percent in 1993. The index for com declined 22.4 percent after increasing 34.7 percent a year earlier. Prices for soybeans, hay, Louisiana rough rice, fluid milk, and slaughter broilers also turned down after rising in 1993. In addition, the slaughter hog index fell at a faster rate in 1994 than in the previous year. (See table 4.) Prices for intermediate foods and feeds declined 4.5 per cent in 1994 after rising 5.5 percent in the previous year. The index for prepared animal feeds turned down 10.6 per cent after increasing 6 percent in 1993. Prices for pork, flour, natural and processed cheese, condensed and evaporated milk, and fluid milk products also declined after 1993 ad vances. The indexes for crude vegetable oils and confection er)' materials rose less than they had last year. Prices received by domestic producers of finished con sumer foods rose 1.1 percent in 1994, much less than the 2.4-percent advance from December 1992 to December 1993. Within the consumer foods category in 1994, the slow down in price increases was led by an 11.1-percent decline in pork prices, which had risen 4.3 percent in the previous year. Prices also turned down over the year after increasing in 1993 for dairy products, fresh fruits and melons, processed young chickens and turkeys, milled rice, processed fruits and vegetables, confectionery end products, and pasta. Price in creases slowed for shortening and cooking oils. Prices sky rocketed for fresh and dry vegetables at the close of the year due to inclement weather on both coasts of the United States. The index for bakery products rose 2.3 percent, about as much as it had in the previous year. By contrast, prices for roasted coffee jumped almost 50 percent in 1994 after in creasing 5.5 percent in 1993. Prices turned up in 1994 after falling in 1993 for unprocessed packaged fish and seafood, and for soft drinks. Prices declined for beef and veal and for eggs for fresh use, but not as much as they had a year earlier. Slaughter hogs and pork. Prices for slaughter hogs de clined 21.3 percent in 1994 after falling 5 percent in 1993. Falling slaughter rates pushed prices higher at the start of the year. At the end of the first quarter, though, slaughter rates started to pick up, and prices moved sharply lower un til late autumn. By June, prices were 7.3 percent below their December 1993 levels, after adjustment for seasonality. Declining slaughter rates and bad weather that caused producers to delay marketings forced pork prices higher throughout most of the first quarter of 1994. Beginning in March, however, pork prices declined in 8 of the next 9 months as record production ensured ample supplies. Prices rebounded somewhat in December, when holiday demand helped reduce oversupplies. Dairy products. Prices for dairy products declined 2.0 per cent in 1994 after rising 3.1 percent in 1993. Prices were relatively high early in the year, reflecting healthy demand coupled with production increases that were less than ex pected. By the middle of the second quarter and into the third, however, fluid milk production increased and demand for cheese slowed, causing prices to decline. After a slight https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis IU S h U Annual percent changes in Producer Priceì Indexes for selected food items, 1990-94 Index Finished consumer fo o d s .......................... P o rk .......................... Dairy products......... Fresh fruits and m elons................... Fresh and dry vegetables............. Roasted c o ffe e ........ Intermediate foods and feeds................... Perpared animal fee ds....................... Crude vegetable o ils .......................... F lo u r......................... Confectionery m aterials................ Refined s u g a r.......... Crude foodstuffs and feedstuffs............ Louisiana rough rice............... C orn.......................... Slaughter h o g s ....... Soybeans ................ Fluid m ilk ................. 1990 1991 2.6 12.5 -7.1 -1.5 -16.9 6.4 11.0 1992 1993 1994 1.6 -.3 -2.2 2.4 4.3 3.1 1.1 -11.1 -2.0 -17.3 -15.7 11.8 -11.2 -9.0 -.6 -16.3 -6 .2 67.4 -6.9 27.7 5.5 25.6 49.8 -1 .3 -.2 -.5 5.5 -4.5 -4 .0 2.9 .6 6.0 -10.6 13.8 -18.5 -13.9 13.4 5.4 .5 34.3 8.6 4.1 -1.1 2.2 .3 4.0 -1 .6 -8.1 -1 .2 10.4 -.6 2.2 .8 -4.2 -5 .8 3.0 7.2 -9.4 -.8 -8.2 3.7 -26.2 2.2 -19.5 -7 .4 16.1 -31.4 -10.4 7.6 3.3 -7.2 86.2 34.7 -5.0 20.1 6.7 -42.2 -22.4 -21.3 -18.1 -5.2 Note: Dash indicates data not available. upturn late in the summer, prices for fluid milk continued to decline as supplies increased. Grains and feeds. Prices for grains declined 18.1 percent in 1994, after rising 30.5 percent in 1993. The 1994 decline was broad-based. The Louisiana rough rice index fell 42.2 percent, chiefly because favorable weather conditions resulted in a better than expected crop. Com prices declined sharply due to reduced export demand and a record crop. Wheat prices fell 5.6 percent as a result of lower export demand and fa vorable growing conditions that led to greater yields. Prices for prepared animal feeds fell in 1994 after increas ing in 1993. At the beginning of the year, these prices moved higher on the strength of reduced soybean yields caused by harsh weather the previous summer, and of low stockpiles of and strong export demand for corn (which is a soybean sub stitute in animal feeds). Near the end of the first quarter and through most of the second, prices declined in response to reduced demand and a favorable growing and planting sea son. Prices increased slightly at the start of the summer as supplies became tighter and export demand increased. Dur ing the second half of the year, though, prices for animal feeds declined in every month as favorable growing condi tions produced record harvests. Monthly Labor Review June 1995 25 Producer Prices Table 5. Annual percent changes in Producer Price Indexes for selected intermediate and crude materials other than foods and energy, 1990-94 Index Intermediate goods other than foods and e n e rg y .................. Nondurable manfacturing m aterials.................. Inedible fats and o ils ................. W oodpulp............... Basic organic chem icals............. Durable manufacturing m aterials.................. C opper................... A lum inum ............... L e ad........................ Construction m aterials.................. 1991 1990 1992 1993 1994 1 .9 -0 .8 1 .2 1 .6 5 .2 3 .7 -4 .8 .3 -.6 1 0 .5 2 .3 -6 .3 1 6 .0 - 6 .1 4 8 .0 -1 1 .5 -2 3 .3 5 .7 -1 4 .0 3 8 .1 7.1 -8 .7 .0 -.7 1 5 .7 - .1 - 3 .7 1 .2 2 .5 9 .8 - .2 -6 .6 -1 .2 -1 9 .7 6 8 .1 .2 -2 5 .8 7 .4 -1 1 .1 6 4 .4 -1 .3 -6 .7 - 8 .5 .0 3 7 .5 1 .5 .8 2 .7 5 .0 3 .9 G ypsum products... -5.6 -6 .2 4 .4 1 2 .8 3 0 .8 Nonferrous wire and c a b le .................... Softwood lu m b e r.... -1 .3 -2 .8 -.8 -3 .1 1 3 .8 - 5 .1 1 1 .7 2 3 .1 3 0 .8 -9 .6 Crude nonfood materials less e n e rg y .......................... W astepaper............... Nonferrous scra p...... Raw c o tto n ................ .6 -7 .6 5 .7 1 0 .7 1 7 .3 -1 1 .9 -1 7 .4 1 1 .7 -1 2 .3 1 7 9 .6 .7 -1 6 .9 .9 -1 4 .0 7 0 .3 1 2 .4 -2 3 .7 - 2 .8 1 2 .9 3 4 .9 Intermediate industrial materials The Producer Price Index for Intermediate Materials, Sup plies, and Components rose 4.4 percent in 1994 after in creasing 1 percent over the preceding year. The indexes for nondurable manufacturing materials turned up after falling in 1993. Prices for durable manufacturing materials rose more in 1994 than they had in the previous year. By con trast, prices for construction materials rose less in 1994 than in 1993. (See table 5.) Nondurable manufacturing materials. The index for ma terials for nondurable manufacturing rose 10.4 percent in 1994, following a decrease of 0.6 percent in 1993. Prices rebounded in 1994 for many petroleum-derived materials, driven by a combination of higher oil prices and stronger demand for petroleum derivatives. The basic organic chemi cals index rose 15.7 percent in 1994, after falling 0.7 per cent in 1993. Price upturns were also registered for plastic resins and materials, paperboard, woodpulp, processed yams and threads, and for inedible fats and oils. In addition, in dexes for paper and nitrogenates rose more in 1994 than in the preceding year. Prices for pulp and paper products increased 13.8 percent in 1994, after falling 1.5 percent in 1993. Price increases in this category were broad-based. 26 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 1995 Woodpulp prices surged 38.1 percent, following a 14-percent decline in 1993. As the year began, many woodpulp mills took downtime in an effort to reduce supplies, pushing prices upward. When users of woodpulp realized what was happening in the industry, many started replenishing their inventories, fearing further shortages. The resulting increase in demand forced prices even higher. During the second quarter, Russia closed several of her pulp producing mills, which put a further strain in supplies. By midyear, prices were more than 14 percent higher than they had been 6 months earlier, and mills were running near full capacity. As summer wore on, labor troubles in the Ca nadian Pacific Northwest and an increase in demand from Europe and the Far East for inventory replenishment further exacerbated the already tight supply situation. Consequently, prices rose at an even quicker pace than they had earlier in the year. During the second half of 1994, woodpulp prices increased 25.5 percent. Over the year, prices rose in every month. Paperboard prices rose 20.1 percent in 1994, following a small decline in 1993. Prices for paperboard remained de pressed through most of the first quarter of 1994, as buyers resisted manufacturers’ attempts to pass along cost increases. As the economic recovery started to pick up steam in the second quarter, paperboard prices followed suit—an increase in industrial production usually means greater demand for boxes and the paperboard used to produce them. During the second half of the year, rising material costs and increased demand pushed paperboard prices higher in each successive month. After posting a 0.2-percent increase in 1993, paper prices rose 11.3 percent in 1994. Price advances during the second half of 1994 accounted for the full yearly increase. The first quarter of 1994 remained slow for paper producers as they discounted away the price increases they had implemented in 1993 in order to cope with increased imports and higher inventories. By the end of the second quarter, producers started taking some operations out of production in an effort to curb paper supplies. In the third quarter, reduced invento ries led to greater demand and price increases started to take hold. By the fourth quarter, demand was so strong, both do mestically and internationally, that producers were not only seeking immediate price increases, but were announcing fur ther increases into the new year. As mill inventories became depleted, production increased, but manufacturers were still unable to keep up with the increased demand and avoid a backlog of orders. Prices for basic organic chemicals surged 15.7 percent in 1994 after showing virtually no change in the previous 3 years. The main forces driving the 1994 advance were the prices of primary and intermediate components, which were up 42 and 32.6 percent, respectively. Primary prices sagged early in the year, as expansion of European production ca pacity resulted in lower import prices and higher inventory levels. By the end of the first quarter, prices rebounded some what as inventories started to shrink, demand improved, and prices rose for gasoline and petroleum derivatives — inputs in the chemical manufacturing process. In the second quarter, European plant shutdowns helped boost demand for U.S. exports of organic chemicals. Do mestically, strong demand coupled with a dearth of invest ment in new capacity helped force both speculative and con tract prices higher. By midyear, primary prices were more than 14 percent above their December 1993 levels. In the second half of the year, continued strong demand, higher gasoline prices, a fire in a major production facility, and low inventories pushed prices of organic chemicals higher in each succeeding month. The price jump for inter mediate organic chemicals was due chiefly to tight supplies and the lack of new capacity to expand production. At. yearend, capacity was so constrained, because prices had been at such depressed levels during the 1980’s, that there was little incentive for firms to try to boost production. Durable manufacturing materials. In 1994, prices for ma terials for durable manufacturing advanced 9.8 percent, up from 2.5 percent a year earlier. This acceleration was led by the index for copper and brass mill shapes, which climbed 36 percent after declining 10.6 percent in the previous year. Prices for aluminum mill shapes, aluminum, copper, and flat glass also turned up after falling a year earlier. In addi tion, the plywood index rose more than in 1993, and lead prices increased after showing no change in the prior year. By contrast, prices for hardwood lumber advanced about 2 percent after jumping by over 30 percent from December 1992 to December 1993. Indexes for both hot rolled steel sheets and bars also rose less than they had in 1993. Aluminum prices increased 64.4 percent in 1994, after falling about 11 percent in 1993. Prices started the year at very low levels due to an excess of inventory. Exports of aluminum from Russia increased as that country’s domestic demand declined and her need for hard currency escalated. By the end of the first quarter, world demand began to pick up and major producers (the United States, Canada, Austra lia, Norway, The European Economic Community, and Rus sia) were negotiating a ‘memorandum of understanding’ to cut production in an effort to boost prices. By the second quarter, reduced domestic production and fears that the implementation of the ‘memorandum’ would reduce world production levels sent aluminum prices higher. By midyear, prices had risen over 23 percent. In the third quarter, re duced inventories translated into higher aluminum prices, as did greater demand from motor vehicle producers, who have been increasing the amount of aluminum in their ve- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis hicles to reduce weights and boost fuel efficiency. In the fourth quarter, drought conditions in the Pacific Northwest forced power companies to ration power to industrial users. Production was further curtailed because most major alumi num producers are located in this region. This caused some anxiety among both manufacturers and speculators, who feared that prices would surge even further in the future. This concern further drove up demand and boosted prices by more than 16 percent in the fourth quarter alone. Prices for copper rose 68.2 percent in 1994 after declin ing almost 20 percent in 1993. In the first quarter, demand was recovering in the aftermath of the most recent reces sion, and the resurgence in construction activity further re duced copper stockpiles, which were at only 8-week levels. By March, copper prices were almost 14 percent higher than they had been the previous December. Prices began to fall at midyear, reflecting fears that rising interest rates would slow the construction market, but then rebounded strongly through the second and third quarters. The upturn resulted from reduced capacity as plants shut down for scheduled maintenance. This further drew down inventories at a time when demand from overseas customers and automotive manufacturers was strong. After another brief lull at the be ginning of the fourth quarter, prices again surged higher as European stockpiles fell and domestic mills were running at near full capacity. Even at their high rate of capacity, they were unable to keep up with the continued strong construc tion demand. A mine cave-in in Zaire and an Australian smelter strike further worsened shortage fears near the end of the year. Prices for lead rose 37.5 percent in 1994 after remaining unchanged in 1993. Eighty percent of the lead on the do mestic market is used in the manufacture of motor vehicle batteries. With the cold winter of 1993-94, demand for re placement car batteries surged in the beginning of the year. As a result, lead prices rose by more than 6 percent in Janu ary 1994 alone. By midyear, demand for new batteries from automobile manufacturers, gearing up for the new model year, helped push lead prices higher. In the fourth quarter, demand for replacement batteries jumped again, as some consumers anticipated another harsh winter. Construction materials. Mortgage rates remained rela tively low in 1994, and many consumers took advantage of this by either refinancing existing mortgages or purchasing new homes. The low rates boosted housing starts to 1.5 mil lion units, up 12.9 percent over 1993 levels, and the greatest number of starts in any year since 1988. Spending for new market-rate apartment buildings, a favorite among private investors, was up 27.8 percent compared to 1993. Private nonresidential construction spending was 8.6 percent higher than in the prior year, reflecting the plentiful supply of bank Monthly Labor Review June 1995 27 Producer Prices credit and reduced vacancy rates. The value of public con struction projects in 1994 was 3.1 percent higher than it had been a year earlier, mostly as a result of the reconstruction initiatives in the aftermath of the Los Angeles earthquake early in the year. After advancing 5 percent in 1993, the Producer Price Index for construction materials rose more slowly, by 3.9 percent, in 1994. The softwood lumber index fell 9.6 per cent in 1994 after rising over 30 percent a year earlier. This 1994 decline was the largest since 1981. Prices for millwork and for air conditioning and refrigeration equipment rose less from December 1993 to December 1994 than they had in the previous 12 months. The nonferrous wire and cable index, however, moved up 13.8 percent in 1994 after declin ing 3.1 percent in the previous year. Prices for asphalt felts and coatings also turned up in 1994 after falling a year ear lier. Indexes for fabricated structural metal products, gyp sum products, plastic construction products, plywood, and concrete products all rose more than they had in 1993. Prices for softwood lumber declined 9.6 percent in 1994 after rising 30.8 percent in 1993. After a slight rise early in the year, prices declined from the middle of the winter through the middle of the second quarter because the weather was poor and also because higher interest rates dampened demand. Prices turned up at the end of the second quarter and continued to rise into the middle of the third as demand increased. At the end of the third quarter and throughout the remainder of the year, prices declined as weather improved in timber harvesting areas, demand slackened with the ap proach of the holiday season, and interest rates continued to rise. Prices for gypsum products rose 30.8 percent in 1994 hav ing increased 12.8 percent in the previous year. After de clining in January, the index increased for the next 11 months, reflecting robust demand created by construction activity, tight input supplies that resulted from the 1993 Midwest floods, and decreased production capacity. By the end of the year, with the economic turnaround in full gear, demand was at an 8-year high and production was taking up over 90 percent of existing capacity. Prices for nonferrous wire and cable increased 13.8 per cent in 1994 after declining 3.1 percent in 1993. Price in creases occurred in every month except April. Prices rose on the strength of higher costs for primary copper, a major input in the manufacturing process, and on strong de mand from both the construction industry and power utility companies. Basic industrial materials The Producer Price Index for crude nonfood materials less energy climbed 17.3 percent from December 1993 to De 28 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 1996 cember 1994, well more than its 10.7-percent advance in 1993. Prices for aluminum base scrap rose by about 85 per cent after falling about 6 percent a year earlier. Indexes for wastepaper, copper base scrap, and copper ores also advanced sharply after substantial declines in 1993. Prices for raw cot ton and cattle hides rose more than in the preceding year. By contrast, the iron and steel scrap index remained unchanged in 1994 after rising almost 45 percent in 1993. Prices for softwood logs, bolts, and timber moved up far less than they had over the previous year. Prices for wastepaper surged 179.6 percent in 1994 after declining 17.6 percent in 1993. Prices had been at such low levels over the past 2 years that even small dollar amount increases translated into large percentage changes. Prices increased in 10 out of 12 months in 1994. The opening of new recycling mills created extra demand. Supplies were reduced early in the year as the result of harsh winter weather. Throughout the rest of the year, new mills upset traditional supply channels, the usage rate of recovered pa per was expanded, and exports increased. With pulp prices rising throughout the year, wastepaper was seen as a viable substitute, with the result that its price nearly tripled. Nonferrous scrap prices increased 70.3 percent in 1994 following a 14-percent decline a year earlier. Prices rose in each month during 1994. The year’s increase was led by the upturn in aluminum base scrap prices, although copper base scrap prices, which advanced 52.3 percent after falling more than 20 percent in 1993, were also a factor. Early in the year, aluminum prices rose on increased demand from sheet can producers. Demand from secondary smelters for both alumi num and copper, as well as increases in aluminum ingot and copper cathode prices (scrap and primary metals are substi tutes in many cases) also pushed the nonferrous scrap index higher in the first half of the year. By midyear, prices were over 31 percent higher than they had been in December 1993. Throughout the second half of the year, rising export de mand tightened supplies and continued increases in primary metal prices pushed scrap prices higher each month. The increase in prices for raw cotton accelerated to 34.9 percent in 1994 from 12.9 percent in 1993. While the do mestic harvest was near record levels, domestic consump tion was at a 50-year high, and cotton’s share of fiber use was nearly 80 percent, its highest level in over 25 years. A poor Asian crop—the result of insect infestation—and de pleted world stocks increased export demand. This fueled rumors that export orders would be larger in the first quarter of 1995. Prices for inedible fats and oils rose 48.0 percent in 1994 after declining 6.1 percent in the prior year. Prices rose mod erately in the beginning of the year, before easing downward at the end of the first quarter. After a sluggish start in the second quarter, prices again rose. By midyear, they were al- most 11 percent higher than in December 1993. In the sec ond half of the year, prices of inedible fats and oils contin ued to rise in each month. Much of the pressure on these prices stemmed from higher prices for tallow, which is the major component of this index. Tallow is used as a substi tute for palm oil in the manufacture of soap. Palm oil costs rose substantially as supplies from the Far East fell off sharply. Net output of industries Manufacturing. The Producer Price Index for the net out put of the domestic manufacturing sector increased 2.4 per cent from December 1993 to December 1994, following a 0.8-percent rise a year earlier. Prices for the tobacco manu factures industry index inched up just 0.3 percent after de clining 22.8 percent in 1993. The petroleum refining indus try group index also turned up (8.9 percent) after falling (12.8 percent) in the previous year. Prices for the paper prod ucts industry group increased significantly after decreasing in the previous year. In 1994, price increases accelerated for most of the other industry groups in the manufacturing sec tor. Prices for the lumber and wood products industry group, however, advanced much less in 1994 than in 1993. Mining. The index for the net output of all mining indus tries fell 1.0 percent in calendar 1994 following a 9.4-per cent decrease a year earlier. Price declines slowed dramati cally for the oil and gas extraction industry group index, from 12.8 percent in 1993 to 3.2 percent in 1994. Prices continued to rise for the nonmetallic minerals mining in dustry group. By contrast, prices skyrocketed by 36 percent for the metal mining industry group in 1994 after falling 7.2 percent in the previous year. The index declined much more than in the previous year for the bituminous coal and lignite mining industry group. Services. Among other industries, prices for railroad line haul operations increased 0.4 percent in 1994 after rising 0.7 percent the year before. Demand for rail transportation was good in 1994 despite the horrible winter weather at the beginning of the year. The poor weather sorely tested the industry’s ability to handle an unexpected increase in traffic during the first months of the year. The unforeseen demand put pressure on a fairly depleted industry capacity, and re sulted in rate hikes. The surge in railroad traffic in 1994 can be attributed to a variety of factors including: the passage of N A F T A ; high demand for low-sulfur coal from Wyoming’s Power River Basin; record corn and soybean production; an effective cost control system implemented by the railroad industry; and greater success in tailoring services to meet shippers’ needs. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis In 1994, prices for deep sea foreign transportation de clined, while those for deep sea domestic transportation of freight increased. There are few U.S. carriers left in the for eign transportation category and those that remain continue to lobby Congress for increased subsidies to remain com petitive with their foreign counterparts. Domestic industry operators have threatened to reflag their vessels in foreign countries that have less stringent requirements than those imposed by the U. S. Coast Guard. For the domestic deep sea transportation category, indus try rates increased in 1994 as several private carriers opted to have independent carriers transport the crude petroleum of their parent companies. This trend represents a departure from typical industry behavior, as private carriers have his torically transported for some of the larger industry partici pants. Private carriers have not replaced aging vessels in their fleets, opting instead to hire less costly independent carriers. The water transportation of freight (not elsewhere classi fied) index increased by about 16 percent in 1994 after de clining 3.1 percent in 1993. Most of the 1994 increase was due to charges for Mississippi River transportation of farm products, which more than doubled. With 1994’s bumper harvest, and the resultant decrease in available barge space, significant rate increases were registered during the year. These rate increases allowed some operators to recoup losses from the disastrous 1993 floods that kept part of the Upper Mississippi River closed for weeks. The tugging and towing services index also increased in 1994 on the strength of higher charges for vessel docking services and auxiliary har bor services. The index for the trucking and courier service industries moved up 2.7 percent in 1994, led by increases for long dis tance trucking. In 1994, this industry experienced a 23-day Teamsters’ strike, one of the longest and costliest in truck ing history. As a result of the strike, there was a shift in market share from unionized to nonunionized trucking operations. The index for truck rental and leasing increased 2.2 per cent in 1994, slightly more than it had fallen in 1993. In 1994, truck rental prices increased sharply as the result of a substantial increase in demand. Truck lease rates, which are negotiated for much longer terms than rentals, moved up by about 1 percent. The index for passenger car rental, without drivers, advanced 2.5 percent from December 1993 to De cember 1994, after falling as much in the previous year. This index rose during peak travel and vacation periods and fell during off-travel periods. Much of the increase in the index for passenger car rentals in the latter months of the year reflected increased costs for 1995 fleet purchases. Very modest upward movement was registered in 1994 for the indexes for farm product warehousing and storage Monthly Labor Review June 1995 29 Producer Prices and for refrigerated warehousing and storage. However, charges for general warehousing and storage were up 1.3 percent over the year as prices rose for self-service storage, reflecting improved demand for all sizes of storage units throughout the year. Price increases for leased space for concessions and for services rendered to air passenger and cargo carriers caused the index for airports, flying fields, and airport services to increase 1.1 percent in 1994; this index moved up 0.6 per cent in the previous year. In 1994, concessionaire’s rents, which are escalated on a percentage of the vendor’s gross receipts, inched up steadily for most of the year. The index for travel agencies declined 2.7 percent in 1994, somewhat less than it had risen in 1993. In 1994, domestic airlines continued ongoing fare wars. This competition has caused much volatility in the size of commissions received by travel agents, which were based on airline ticket prices that fluctuated through the year. The index for tour opera tors advanced 1.2 percent in calendar 1994, following a 1.9percent rise in 1993. The hotels and motels index increased 1.4 percent from December 1993 to December 1994. Prices for guest room rental, which comprises the largest part of this industry, in creased by about 1 percent, while prices of food and bever ages increased about 4 percent. Other guest services, mostly casino gaming receipts, registered a 1.4-percent decline. Ca sino gaming in Nevada and New Jersey faced increased com petition in 1994 as more States legalize this form of gam bling. Slot machine receipts from New Jersey posted the larg est decreases over the year. The index for crude petroleum pipelines increased 13.7 percent in 1994, reflecting sharp increases for all pipeline categories. During this same period, the index for refined petroleum pipelines moved up 1.8 percent. In 1993, the crude and refined petroleum pipelines indexes showed little change. The indexes for employment agencies and help supply services, which were introduced in July 1994, edged up mod estly during their first 6 months of publication. This upward movement reflected strong demand for such placement services. Fees for postal service were unchanged in 1994. By yearend, across-the-board price increases were announced for domestic postal service, to take effect on January 1,1995. This was the first hike in domestic fees since February 1991, when the index for U. S. postal service increased 4.4 percent. The cable and other pay television services index inched down 0.1 percent in 1994, mostly as a 1.3-percent decline in the index for subscriber services offset a 5.5-percent boost in 30 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 1995 the advertising index. In February of 1994, under the Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act, the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) ordered a 7-per cent reduction in rates for basic service by July 15, 1994. This decline, reflected in the August index, was short lived, as some cable companies readjusted their prices upward to meet the FCC’s benchmark prices for basic service. The read justment continued through October. In late November, the FCC agreed to allow a cable company to increase charges over a 2-year period if the company adds six or more new channels to its basic lineup. Previously, the FCC only permit ted rate increases that reflected inflation, but had permitted companies to tack a 7.5-percent increase on to licensing fees. The radio broadcasting index increased 6.8 percent from December 1993 to December 1994, following a 4.3-percent rise a year earlier. In 1994, much of the increase was due to higher rates for local station commercial advertising. Prices were low at the start of the year, then rose from February to May as demand increased. They fluctuated during the sum mer months, then leveled off in September, and by Novem ber and December, had slightly exceeded the levels attained during the summer months. In 1994, the index for offices and clinics of doctors of medicine rose 4.1 percent, on the strength of higher fees for both medicare and nonmedicare treatments. The largest in crease was for pediatric treatments, for which prices ad vanced by about 11 percent. Prices for medicare treatments increased in January when the Health Care Financing Ad ministration implemented the Resource Base Relative Value Scale payment mechanism for physician services. The 4.7percent increase for medicare services represents the advance in total physician expenditures under the medicare program for all services and physicians in the United States. The hospitals index rose 3.6 percent in calendar 1994, after advancing 3.9 percent in the previous year. The index for medicare inpatients moved up 1.3 percent, while its med icaid counterpart increased 3.9 percent. Medicare reimburse ments are determined by the Department of Health and Hu man Services; the rates for fiscal year 1995 were effective October 1, 1994. Medicaid rates, however, differ by State and are subject to change throughout the year. Following a 17.5-percent advance in 1993, prices for scrap metal collection were up 22.2 percent in 1994, a re sponse to robust demand from an improving economy, as well as soaring prices for metals. By contrast, prices for waste paper collection declined for the second consecutive year. Prices fell sharply in the first part of the year but turned up in October when demand began to increase as prices for newsprint jumped. □ Consumer Prices Consumer prices in 1994 Inflation remained stable in 1994, as the index for all items less food and energy, which is considered the underlying rate of inflation, posted its smallest annual rise since the mid-1960’s Joseph P avalone Joseph Pavalone is an economist in the Division o f Consumer Prices an d Price Indexes. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis s measured by the Consumer Price In dex for All Urban Consumers ( c p i - u ), inflation was moderate in 1994. The c p i - u increased by 2.7 percent, the same as in 1993, keeping inflation below the 3-percent level for 3 consecutive years. This is the first time since December 1965 the index has remained stable for such an extended period. The CPI for all items less food and energy, of ten referred to as the core index, or underlying rate of inflation, increased 2.6 percent in 1994. This was its smallest annual increase since 1965, when the index rose just 1.5 percent. The decel eration in the index for all items less food and energy, which has continued since 1990, has con tributed to moderate retail inflation over the past 4 years. (See table 1.) The economy continued to expand in 1994. Consumer spending and real disposable income rose, and unemployment fell. The Federal Re serve Board maintained its goal of noninflationary price stability by raising the discount rate and Federal fund rate three times each in 1994. (The discount rate is the interest rate the Fed charges for loans to banks.1) The Federal Reserve Board’s Open Market Committee cited increases in commodity prices and capacity utilization rates, a measure of plant stress in manufactur ing, mining, and utilities. Utilization rates rose to 84.9 percent of total capacity in December, the highest since May 1989. Despite the economy’s growth, pressure on wages was modest, with private industry wages A and salaries increasing only 2.8 percent in 1994. Even accounting for increases in interest rates, which alter borrowing costs and saving incen tives, personal consumption increased 3.4 percent during the year. As increases in the Nation’s ag gregate demand continued, prices also continued to increase. However, with retail competition in tensifying and wage pressures abating, prices paid by consumers did not increase. Overall, price in flation was tamed by downward pressure on wages and competition among retailers, despite the surge in the Nation’s output.2 Food. In 1994, consumer prices for food climbed 2.9 percent for the second consecutive year, re maining less than 3 percent for the fourth con secutive year. Except for fresh vegetable prices, increases for most food categories were fairly moderate in 1994. Tropical storm Gordon, which hit the eastern coast in November, prompted a 21.6-percent in crease in prices for fresh vegetables, the secondhighest increase since 1971. Lettuce prices were up 79.8 percent, its highest since 1987, when prices rose 136.9 percent. For other fresh veg etables, prices rose by 21.1 percent, attributable to excessive rain and acreage reductions in 1994. The index for meats, poultry, fish, and eggs decreased 0.5 percent in 1994. Beef and veal prices fell 2.2 percent, its largest decline since 1976. Production for herding and slaughtering increased by 6 percent in 1994 over levels that were pushed down by weather-related problems Monthly Labor Review June 1995 31 Consumer Prices during the previous year. In addition, profitable feed mar gins, an input cost to farmers and ranchers, accelerated pro duction, helping to reverse the effects of reducing herds late in the year to limit overextended meat supplies. In the fourth quarter, prices for future contracts, a hedging device used by farmers and cattlers to guarantee specific delivery prices, remained steady in commodity trading markets with greater availability of beef and veal. On the other hand, fish and seafood prices rose 5.2 percent, reflecting tight supplies most of the year in salmon, shrimp, cod, and haddock. A frost in Brazil was largely responsible for a 55.4-per cent increase in coffee prices, a record since the index was started in 1967. Despite a drop of 0.3 percent in the index for carbonated drinks, its largest since the index began in 1978, the surge in coffee prices caused the index for nonal coholic beverages to increase 14.7 percent. Because of in creased competition between restaurants, the food-awayfrom-home index increased only 1.9 percent in 1994. Energy. After falling 1.4 percent in 1993, energy prices increased 2.2 percent in 1994. The household fuels index, which makes up more than half of the energy component, fell 0.5 percent, after increasing 1.7 percent a year earlier. Within the fuels index, fuel oil remained unchanged, elec tricity rose 0.6 percent, and natural gas fell 3.2 percent. The decline in the household fuels index was the first 12-month decrease in December for this index since 1986. A colderthan-usual winter in early 1994 pushed household fuel oil prices above the 6-percent mark in the first quarter. How ever, the harsh winter was tempered by mild temperatures in Table 1. the fall. Electricity and natural gas also were affected by the cold weather. As with fuel oil, natural gas rose during the first two quarters of the year, only to turn down again during the last half of 1994. The continuation of cold weather into the first few months of 1994 not only kept up prices for fuel oil, but also delayed the spring decline in natural gas prices until April, after the cold snap. The additional costs incurred by the gas utilities to meet the unforeseen excess in demand caused by the un seasonably long winter were passed on to consumers. These higher charges, or “purchase adjustments,” kept the gas in dex at a high winter level through March. More favorable weather in the fall of 1994 kept expected price increases in check for fuel oil and natural gas. Refunds in the electricity sample in April and September, and in the natural gas sample in June, also contributed to this year’s decline in the house hold fuels index. Gasoline prices increased by 6.4 percent in 1994 after falling 5.9 percent the previous year. This turnaround was due primarily to a drop in exports by oil-producing coun tries, higher dem and associated with the expanding economy, leaks in North Sea pipelines, and a strike by Nige rian oil workers. Crude oil prices, as reported in the Pro ducer Price Index, rose 21.3 percent in 1994, with price in creases occurring during most of the first 8 months of the year before tailing off. Also, summer travel and increased tourism helped fuel demand. Prices in 1994 were not much affected by new legislation that requires reformulated gasoline to be sold in selected cit ies to comply with the Clean Air Act. Instead, the impact of Annual percent change In the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U), selected expenditure categories, 12 months ended December, 1985-94 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 All item s.............................................. 3.8 1.1 4.4 4.4 4.6 6.1 3.1 2.9 2.7 2.7 Food.................................................. 2.6 3.8 3.5 5.2 5.6 5.3 1.9 1.5 2.9 2.9 E n e rg y............................................... E lectricity....................................... Natural g a s .................................... Fuel o i l ........................................... Motor fu e l....................................... 1.8 2.7 -4.7 5.4 3.1 -19.7 -1 .5 -5 .8 -33.3 -30.7 8.2 1.8 -2 .9 17.9 18.7 .5 2.8 3.6 -6 .3 -2.1 5.1 2.8 2.7 19.5 6.8 18.1 1.4 1.8 29.9 36.5 -7 .4 5.0 .3 -19.9 -16.0 2.0 1.7 5.1 -3 .4 1.8 -1 .4 .6 5.8 -4 .6 -5 .4 2.2 0.6 -3 .2 .0 5.9 All items less food and energy......... Medical c a re ................................ Medical care com m odities..... Medical care services............. Apparel and upkeep..................... S h e lte r.......................................... College tu itio n .............................. Alcoholic beverages.................... Tobacco products........................ 4.3 6.8 6.3 6.8 2.8 6.0 8.6 5.5 7.2 3.8 7.7 6.8 7.9 .9 4.6 7.4 2.0 5.9 4.2 5.8 7.1 5.6 4.8 4.8 7.0 3.3 7.9 4.7 6.9 6.9 6.9 4.7 4.5 7.7 3.9 9.4 4.4 8.5 8.2 8.6 1.0 4.9 8.1 4.8 14.7 5.2 9.6 8.4 9.9 5.1 5.2 8.2 4.2 10.8 4.4 7.9 7.5 8.0 3.4 3.9 12.1 9.9 11.1 3.3 6.6 5.2 7.0 1.4 2.9 10.0 2.9 8.1 3.2 5.4 3.1 5.9 .9 3.0 7.9 1.5 -5.9 2.6 4.9 3.0 5.4 -1 .6 3.0 6.3 1.0 3.0 Expenditure category Note: Data are not seasonally adjusted. 32 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 1995 most of the law’s provisions will be felt in 1995. The legis lation required gas stations to use only this new gasoline as of January 1, 1995. The Federal Environmental Protection Administration calculates that production costs associated with reformulated gasoline range from 4 cents to 6 cents per gallon. December was the only month in 1994 that was af fected by the law. On a seasonally adjusted basis, the index was unchanged; however, without factoring out productions costs to refine this gasoline, the index rose 0.9 percent. Core indexes Inflation for most other consumer goods and services was modest in 1994. The 2.6-percent increase in the CPI for all items less food and energy was due primarily to declining inflation for medical care and falling prices for apparel. Medical care. Medical care costs rose 4.9 percent in 1994, its lowest increase since a 3.3-percent rise in 1972. Although medical care costs have risen faster than the overall index since 1980, medical care commodities and medical care ser vices were at their lowest levels in 20 years. Price competi tion between brand name and generic prescription drugs and patients’ increasing reliance on health maintenance organi zations has helped keep down inflation in medical care costs. Although the service component of the medical care in dex (doctors’ and hospital fees), represents about 80 percent of this index, the decrease in inflation for medical care com modities has been more significant. The rise in medical care commodity prices was just 3.0 percent, the lowest since a 0.6-percent increase in 1973. Over-the-counter drugs in creased 0.8 percent, as new therapeutically equivalent ge neric drugs continue to push down prices on their brandname counterparts. Prices for medical care services rose 5.4 percent. Uncer tainty in health care reform contributed to a moderation in the index for physicians’ services, which rose 4.4 percent in 1994. Dental services rose 5.4 percent in 1994, the lowest increase since 1973. The index for hospital and related ser vices increased a modest 5.5 percent, due in part to hospital mergers, consolidation among hospitals in eliminating du plicative services, and an increase in negotiated rates. Apparel. Apparel prices fell 1.9 percent, the first time this index has fallen since 1954 and its biggest drop since a 2.9percent decline in 1952. Manufacturers continue to increase imported apparel from lower-wage countries, keeping down costs. M en’s and boys’ clothing prices fell 1.7 percent. Women’s apparel, which is slightly more volatile than menswear, fell 4.4 percent, contributing to the 3.8-percent de cline in women’s and girls’ apparel. On the other hand, prices for infants’ and toddlers’ clothing, and watches and jewelry, were up 3.3 percent and 5.0 percent respectively. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Apparel indexes over the last 10 years have increased only 2.5 percent on average from December to December. A long winter delayed introduction of spring clothing, forcing ap parel manufacturers to discount spring clothing longer than usual. In addition, retailers cut prices to encourage consum ers. Although some prices increased since last year, ana lysts had never before witnessed such reductions continue for an entire season. Also, the fall weather was unseason ably warm, perpetuating discounting for a new fall line of clothing. Consumer concern seems to have shifted toward value as measured by price rather than different characteristics in quality in apparel. Retailers are fueling competition and lowering prices for consumers as their costs for goods have dropped. Similar in style and quality, apparel manufactured in lower wage countries has been cheaper for U.S. retailers. As a result, prices have declined, and manufactures will employ third world labor to maintain profit margins as long as U.S. consumers continue to buy their products. Shelter. Inflation for shelter also has been modest for the past few years. Within the shelter component of the c p i , the owners’ equivalent rent index was up 3.3 percent, while the residential rent index rose 2.5 percent. Housing starts reached their highest level since 1988. Starts and sales of single-family homes recorded their largest annual rise in more than 15 years. The index for out-of-town lodging was up 1.3 percent, its smallest increase since the index was started in 1967. Furthermore, since the excess capacity of residential rental property construction during the 1980’s, an oversup ply of units continues in the 1990’s. Because supply exceeds demand, rent prices are flat. In addition, the return of young adults to their parents’ homes and the increase in more af fordable group homes help explain the rise in availability in rental units. Both choices lead to more affordable housing, have reduced demand for rental units, and has indirectly kept down rental price increases. Household furnishings and equipment. In 1994, a portion of the 8.1-percent increase in consumer durable spending included housing expenditures for furnishings and house hold equipment. However, the c p i for this remained low. Consumer home equity loan rates were lower than fixed rate mortgages at the end of the year. At the same time, reduced loan principles and lower interest debt in household income reflected cheaper financing for home improvement and fur nishings. This gave consumers more discretionary income to spend on such items. However, as spending increased, prices for household furnishings and operations rose by only 0.4 percent because discount specialty stores offer furniture and bedding, floor and window coverings, and lawn equip- Monthly Labor Review June 1995 33 Consumer Prices Chart 1. Changes in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers for all items and all items less food and energy (core index), 1987-95 Percent Percent 7 The Federal Reserve Board’s de cision to raise interest rates has had a significant impact on the automo bile finance charge index, which rose 23.0 percent for the year. This was the biggest increase in the index since 1980, when auto finance charges rose 25.3 percent. The in dex for automobile finance charges is affected by price increases for new vehicles and auto finance rates. For example, rates correlated with prime lending rates charged by banks rose between 5 percent and 30 percent on consumer-secured loans such as au tomobiles. These rate increases were not limited to banks; auto manufac turing credit companies and credit unions also increased borrowing costs. On the other hand, automo bile insurance went up a modest 3.4 percent in 1994, the smallest in crease since 1974, when the index rose 0.7 percent for the year. Auto m obile m aintenance and repair prices rose only 2.8 percent, its low est jum p since 1966, when these prices grew 2.4 percent. Tobacco products. Tobacco and smoking products rose 3.0 percent in ment, sparking a price competition with traditional chain retail stores. Motor vehicles. Prices rose 3.2 percent for new cars and 3.7 percent for new trucks in 1994. The “Big Three” auto manufacturers— General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler— posted record earnings or returned to positive balance sheets for their domestic sales. The new vehicle index, which in cudes new cars, trucks and motorcycles, rose steadily in the first three quarters of the year, as consumer confidence in the economy lifted factory demand. Prices abated in the fourth quarter due to a combination of larger incentives on the 1994 models and smaller price increases on the 1995 models. Sales of new cars and light-duty trucks were up 8.2 per cent for the year. Light trucks and sport-utility vehicles were in particularly high demand, up 12.9 percent in 1994. In 1994, pressures from quality upgrades by domestic manu factures caused import prices to fall below U.S. prices for the first time in the 1990’s. This occurred despite a favor able yen-to-dollar exchange rate. 34 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 1995 1994, compared to a 5.9-percent decrease in 1993. Prices for tobacco and smoking products had risen by about 10 percent annually from 1990-92. Increases occurred in various State excise taxes; cigarette price increases at the wholesale level in late 1993 reached consumers in early 1994. Wholesale cigarette prices were unchanged in 1994, the first year since 1980 that cigarette manufacturers did not raise prices. The possibility of a large Federal excise tax increase on ciga rettes—as much as $2.00 per pack—to finance health care reform never materialized. With health care reform on the back burner, and the different priorities of the new Congress, the likelihood of a Federal excise tax increase is slimmer. Other price indexes. In 1994, intense competition among airline carriers led to a drop in fares of 9.5 percent. This was the biggest drop since the index for airline fares was pub lished in 1963. College tuition rose 6.3 percent in 1994, and increases have been smaller each year since 1990. Private universities have been cutting tuition price increases, hop ing to draw more students from less expensive State univer sities. This strategy has increased revenues for some private Chart 2. 1987 wait and, for a time, ran up world oil prices. This should not be surpris ing: retail stores are experiencing in tense competition, consumers are be coming increasingly price conscious, and wages are rising only modestly. Indexes that are less transient, repre senting those other than food and en ergy price measures, have risen only modestly over the past 2 years or in some instances have declined. The outlook for inflation in 1995 is mixed. Those who predict an uptick in inflation in 1995 point to the economy’s overall performance in 1994, with robust growth in real out put, jobs, consumer spending, dispos able income, and capacity utilization. In addition, inflation is increasing for com m odities at the interm ediate stage; the p p i for intermediate goods rose 4.4 percent in 1994. When and whether this will be passed on to con sumers remains to be seen. However, observers who believe inflation in 1995 will continue to be modest look to the continued com petitive strength of U.S. firms. In addition, the effect of last year’s in 1994 1995 creases in short-term interest rates may stabilize prices and increase U.S. dollar reserves with larger foreign holdings of our securi ties. Also, the p p i for finished goods rose a mere 1 .7 percent and inventory buildup in 1994, particularly in the retail trade sector, was matched by steady sales. This may prompt com panies to keep production levels up and retain their work force, rather than continue accumulating inventory. Finally, as tariffs fall and global competition increases— a result of legislation such as n a f t a and g a i t — and with employment costs showing little sign of wage pressure, price inflation could well remain in check in the coming year. □ Annual percent changes for the core index of the three major stage-of-proce$$ing categories, January 1987-94 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 universities and has helped them avoid shortfalls in enroll ment. Other indexes to note in 1994 included entertainment, which rose 2.3 percent, its lowest price rise since its incep tion in 1967. Entertainment services rose 2.7 percent, its lowest gain since an increase of 2.5 percent in 1972. Video and audio products fell for the 13th consecutive year, down 2.1 percent. In part due to regulations imposed by the Cable Act of 1992, cable t v prices fell 2.6 percent, the first drop in this index since it began in 1983. Water and sewer prices were up 4.2 percent, its lowest since a 2.6-percent increase in 1979. And the 5.0-percent advance in 1994 was the small est since the inception of the refuse collection index in 1983. Finally, alcoholic beverages were up only 1.0 percent, their lowest increase since a 0.5-percent rise in 1964. In s u m , consumer price inflation for 1994 has been quite modest as it has been since 1990, the year Iraq invaded Ku https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Footnotes 1 This was the first time the discount rate had increased since it reached a nominal level of 3 percent in July 1990. 2 Most economists agree that a lag of up to 1 year occurs for a change in rates to affect consumer inflation and bring the economy to a soft landing. Monthly Labor Review June 1995 35 Who really has access to employer-provided health benefits? Although employers are the major source of health care coverage for persons under age 65, certain restrictions exclude many employees and their families from coverage, or limit the benefits received William J. Wlatrowski William J. Wiatrowskl is an economist in the Di vision of Occupational Pay and Employee Benefit Levels, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 36 wo seem ingly contradictory facts underlie the relationship between health care benefits and employment. Among nonelderly persons, employers are the most prevalent source of health care benefits. Yet, among those not covered, a large proportion are employed. These facts tend to place the links between employment and health coverage under close scrutiny during debates on health care reform. Employer-provided health care plans have been the source of health care coverage for many employees and their families since World War II, but several limits on coverage and other re strictions exist.1 This article explores the rela tionship between employer-provided health care benefits and the work force, concentrating on answers to the following questions: T • How does the availability of em ployerprovided health care benefits vary by industry, occupation, establishment size, and other factors? • To what extent are employer-sponsored health care benefits available to dependents of em ployees? How are dependents defined and what limits are there on dependent coverage? • What barriers prevent employees from receiv ing health care benefits? • When employers offer health care benefits, do employees elect to take advantage of these benefits? • What effect does job switching have on the availability of health care benefits? How fre quently are service requirements and preex Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 1995 isting condition limitations imposed, and what effect do they have? The article is based primarily on two data sources: the Bureau of Labor Statistics Employee Benefits Survey, an establishment survey that includes questions regarding the availability, cost, and provisions of em ployer-provided health care benefits, and the Current Population Survey (CPS), a household survey that includes questions about the overall extent of health ben efit protection.2 According to the CPS, 84 percent of the popu lation had health care coverage during 1993. Persons without coverage, about 41 million, were almost all under age 65.3 Of those with coverage, the most prevalent source of protec tion is employer-sponsored plans, covering 61 percent of persons under age 65, including em ployees and dependents. The following tabula tion provides a breakdown of the sources of health care coverage. (Note that the sum of sources is more than the total “with coverage” because some individuals had more than one source of coverage.) P ercen t o f n o n e ld e r ly S o u rce o f c o v e r a g e p erso n s Total.......................................................100 With coverage.......................................... 82 Employer............................................. 61 Government......................................... 16 Individual coverage............................. 9 Without coverage..................................... 18 Americans under age 65 who are not currently covered by a health care plan include both individuals in the labor force and those not in the labor force, children, those unable to work, and others. The uninsured fall into the following categories: Status Number (in millions) Total........................... ...........40.9 Family head, worker..... ........... 14.6 Other worker................. .......... 8.1 Non worker..................... .......... 7.1 Children......................... .......... 11.1 Percent 100 36 20 17 27 These data warrant a closer look into the availability of health care benefits and barriers to such protection among today’s workers. To begin, some background data on health care usage and the relationship to health benefits coverage is explored. Health care usage How much do Americans use health care services? Data on health expenditures and usage provide some answers. According to the Consumer Expenditure survey, Americans spent, on average, $1,776 per household on health care expenses, including insurance premiums, in 1993.4This was about 5.8 percent of total expenditures on all goods and services. Table 1 shows that health care expenditures varied by age and income level. Americans are frequent users of health services— 84 percent used some form of health service in 1987, according to the National Medical Expenditure Survey. Usage varied based on health insurance coverage, with 64 percent of uninsured persons using health services, compared with 87 percent of those persons covered by private health insurance.5 On average, the uninsured had lower annual health care expenses than those covered by private insurance— $915, compared with $1,316. Part of this difference is accounted for by the payment of insurance premiums, often required of the insured. The difference is also attributable to lower usage of services by persons without insurance. According to the survey results, “The younger uninsured ... were less likely to use services, had lower average expenditures, and spent more out of pocket. [They] may postpone preventive and routine care until health problems become more serious and are more difficult and expensive to treat.”6 The U.S. population has extensive health care services available, uses these services readily, and relies on insurance to make these services affordable. Employers are a large supplier of health care benefits, although data in the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis following sections indicate that such benefits are not uniformly available. Who’s covered? Data from surveys of individuals and employers indicate that about 6 in 10 workers receive health care benefits through their employers, and that the proportion has been declining slightly over the past decade.7Traditionally, employers have offered a single health care plan, although increasingly employers give a choice among several plans. These plans are funded by the employer, but in recent years, employees have increasingly been required to contribute toward plan financing. A small portion of employees with health care benefits through their workplace are covered by plans sponsored by someone other than the employer. For example, some labor unions offer health care benefit plans to which several em ployers contribute to provide protection for their employees. Similarly, several employers in the same industry or location may band together to form a cooperative arrangement; in this case, employee health care benefits are actually sponsored by the employer group, and not the individual employers. Regardless of plan sponsorship, coverage varies widely based on industry, union status, and other factors. The industry in which an employee works is a major factor in determining whether or not health care benefits will be available. Workers in the public sector (including Federal, State, and local governments) are more likely to have health care benefits than are their counterparts in the private sector. Within the private sector, workers in goods-producing industries, such as manufacturing and mining, more often have health care benefits than do workers in certain service■ ■ ■ ■ H Health care expenditures by a g e and income, 1993 Characteristic Annual expenditure Percent of all expenditures A verage....................................... $ 1,776 5.8 Age: Under 2 5 ................................. 2 5 -3 4 ....................................... 3 5 -4 4 ....................................... 4 5 -5 4 ....................................... 5 5 -6 4 ....................................... 65 and o ld e r............................ 349 1,128 1,673 1,817 2,176 2,733 2.0 3.9 4.5 4.4 6.6 12.8 Annual income Less than $5,000 .................. $5,000-$9,999 ....................... $10,000-$14,999 .................. $15,000-$19,999 .................. $20,000-$29,999 .................. $30,000-$39,999 .................. $40,000-$49,999 .................. $50,000-$69,999 .................. $70,000 and m ore................. 739 1,165 1,511 1,803 1,732 1,881 2,012 2,054 2,703 5.6 8.4 8.4 8.6 6.8 5.8 5.1 4.4 3.8 Monthly Labor Review June 1995 37 Employer Provided Benefits producing industries, especially retail trade and services. Table 2 indicates the percentage of workers in establishments that provide health care benefits, by industry.8 The data on establishments providing health care benefits mirror information from the Employee Benefits Survey, which provides data on the percent of workers actually covered by em ployer-provided health care benefits. According to the 1993 survey, 87 percent of full-time workers in private goods-producing establishments with 100 workers or more participated in a health care plan, compared with 78 percent of their service-producing counterparts. In general, the industries in which health care benefits are most prevalent are declining in their share of total U.S. em ployment. While workers in goods-producing industries frequently receive health care coverage, the proportion of w orkers em ployed in these industries has declined dramatically. In 1960, about two-fifths of all workers were employed in goods-producing industries. By 1990, these industries employed slightly fewer than one-fourth of U.S. workers. (See table 3.) Alternatively, those industries increasing their share of total employment, most notably services (such as personal and hospitality services) and retail trade, have among the lowest health care coverage rates. Not only are industries that frequently offer health care benefits, such as mining and manufacturing, declining in their percent of total employment, but that decline is expected to continue, b l s projects that between 1992 and 2005, about 24 million additional workers will be added in serviceproducing industries, while jobs in goods-producing industries will see little growth.9 Limited data are available on differences in health care coverage by occupation. In general, white-collar and bluecollar workers are about equally likely to be covered by an employer-provided health care plan. In contrast, service workers, such as waitresses, cosmetologists, and cleaning personnel, are less likely to be covered by employer-provided health care benefits. Just as with industry variations, those occupations less likely to have health care benefits from their employer are the occupations increasing in their share of total employment, and projected to gain further.10 Union status is also a determinant of health care coverage. Ninety-two percent of full-time employees covered by a collective bargaining agreement in the 1991-92 period received health care benefits from their employer.11 In comparison, 75 percent of full-time nonunion workers received employer-provided health care benefits. Differences in the receipt of health care benefits by union status may be related to industry and occupation differences: those industries and occupations that have the highest health care coverage are the ones that tend to have the highest union concentration.12 Just as goods-producing industries are no longer as 38 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 1995 Percent of workers in establishments that sponsor em p lo ye r-p ro vid e d health c a re benefits, by industry, 1993 Industry Percent c o v e re d All Industries.......................................................... 78 Private sector........................................................... A griculture........................................................... M ining................................................................... C onstruction........................................................ Manufacturing, d u rable....................................... Manufacturing, nondurable................................ Transportation..................................................... Communications and public u tilities.................. Retail tra d e .......................................................... Finance, insurance, and real esta te.................. Services................................................................ 74 42 93 55 93 86 80 83 62 86 68 Public secto r............................................................ 95 SOURCE: Pension and Health Benefits of American Workers (U.S. Department of Labor, Social Security Administration, U.S. Small Business Administration, and Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation, 1994). dominant in the U.S. economy as they once were, so too are unionized workers a lower percent of the total labor force. From a high of 36 percent in 1945, the percent of the labor force covered by a collective bargaining agreement has dropped gradually, to about 17 percent.13 Taken alone, each factor—industry, occupation, and union status— indicates shifts in employment away from those workers more likely to receive health care benefits from their employer. The intersection of two of these variables— industry and occupation—provides further evidence. For example, about two-thirds of white-collar and blue-collar workers in goods-producing industries have health care coverage from their employer. In contrast, about one-fourth of service workers in service-producing industries have such coverage. Thus, employment has shifted, and is projected to continue to shift, toward those jobs less likely to provide health care benefits.14 Another factor influencing the availability of health care benefits is location. Employer-provided health care benefits protection is slightly more prevalent in the Northeast and North Central States—traditional manufacturing locations— than in the South and West sun-belt areas. The following tabulation from the Employee Benefits Survey shows the percent of full-time workers in medium and large private establishments participating in employer-provided health care benefits in 1993, by geographic region: Region Percent of participating workers North Central.............................................................. Northeast.................................................................... South........................................................................... West............................................................................ 84 83 80 79 While these differences are quite small, shifts in employ ment over the past two decades have been toward those areas with lower health care coverage.15 Establishment size also influences the availability of health care benefits. In general, employees in larger esta-blishments an; more likely to be covered by health care benefits than are their counterparts in smaller establishments. For example, in 1993, 82 percent of full-tim e em ployees in private establishments with 100 or more workers participated in health care plans offered by their employer; in contrast, 71 percent of workers in smaller private establishments were covered in 1992. The proportion of the private sector labor force found in small establishments has been slowly increasing over the past two decades; currently, a little more than half of all private sector employees work in establishments with fewer than 100 workers. Contingent workers Despite the variations just described, attachment to the labor force remains a primary factor in the availability of health care benefits—61 percent of non-elderly Americans receive employer coverage. But what about those workers whose attachment to an employer is not permanent, or not full time, or not the traditional employer-employee relationship? There is considerable interest in such “contingent workers” and the benefits available to them. While there is much debate on how to classify certain workers, one definition of contingent work is “any arrange ment which differs from full-time, permanent, wage and salary employment.”16 This can include a wide range of employment practices, such as part-time employment, temporary employment, seasonal employment, leasing arrangements, self-employment, contracting out, and homebased employment. Part time. In 1993, about 21 million persons (17 percent of the labor force) worked part time, about one-fifth of them for “economic reasons,” meaning they could not find for full-time employment.17 While part-time workers choose such employment for a variety of reasons, including family commitments, such workers are frequently not provided health care benefits through their employer. In 1991-92, only 16 percent of part-time workers in private industry and State and local governments participated in a health care benefits plan provided by their employer, compared with 79 percent of full-time workers.18 Of course, these workers could have health care coverage from other sources, including employer-based coverage as a dependent of another worker. Temporary help. Another portion of the contingent work force is temporary help employees, those workers who are https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis assigned on a temporary basis to a variety of employers.19 In 1994, about 2 million Americans worked for temporary help employers, 3 times as many as in 1984. Benefits provided through a temporary help agency are frequently tied to hours worked. For example, a temporary worker may be required to work at least 300 hours in the first 6 months of employment to be eligible for health care benefits; in addition, the worker must continue to work at least 200 hours in each quarter thereafter to maintain eligibility. Depending upon the availability of temporary jobs and the individual’s schedule, attaining such a threshold may be difficult. According to a 1989 b l s survey of temporary help establishments, about 50 percent of temporary help workers were in jobs in which health care benefits would be available, if the hour threshold were met. However, fewer than 10 percent of temporary help workers were employed by establishments in which any workers actually participated in a health care plan.20 Self-employed. Approximately 9 million Americans were self-employed in 1994. In most cases, these individuals provide their services for a negotiated fee; benefits are typically not provided. About 73 percent of self-employed individuals have health care coverage, much of which comes from a spouse’s employer or from individually purchased coverage.21 Dependent coverage Nearly 140 million persons under age 65 receive health care coverage through an employer-provided benefit plan. About half of these individuals have indirect coverage, that is, they receive coverage as a dependent of a worker whose employer provides a plan.22 Dependent coverage is often subject to strict definitions, which may not always correspond with the variety of family relationships that Table 3. Percent distribution of U.S. nonagricultural payroll employment, by industry, 1920-90 Industry 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 T o ta l.................. Goods-producing..... M ining................... C onstruction......... Manufacturing...... Service-producing .... Transportation and public utilities.... Wholesale tra d e .... Retail tra d e ........... Finance, insurance, and real estate .. Services................ Government.......... 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 47 41 41 41 38 33 28 23 5 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 3 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 39 32 34 34 31 27 22 17 53 59 59 59 62 67 72 77 15 No t e : 12 9 9 7 6 6 5 - - 6 6 6 6 6 6 - - 15 15 15 16 17 18 4 5 5 4 5 5 6 6 9 11 11 12 14 16 20 26 10 11 13 13 15 18 18 17 Dash indicates data not available. Monthly Labor Review June 1995 39 Employer Provided Benefits exists in the United States. This section explores definitions and limitations surrounding dependent coverage. Although the large majority of plans provide identical coverage for dependents and employees, there are some variations in plan characteristics for dependents, as opposed to employees. For example, one union-sponsored plan offers only core protection—such as hospitalization and surgery for dependents, while providing extensive preventive and acute protection for employees. Some plans cover doctors’ office visits for employees, but not for dependents. In another case, dependent protection is contingent on proof that the dependents could not have gained health care protection from their own employer. Beyond direct restrictions on dependent coverage, indirect restrictions can occur through the definition of “eligible dependents.” T raditionally, dependent benefits were extended to a spouse—most likely a nonworking wife—and children up through a certain age. In the 1990’s, however, such fam ily relationships are not alw ays the norm. Employees may wish to cover a spouse, unmarried partner, same-sex partner, child, adopted or foster child, parent, or other family member. Such protection may not, however, always be available. Dependent health care coverage will always include provisions for a spouse. In contrast, coverage for unmarried partners is rarely provided by health care plans. According to the Bureau of the Census, approximately 14 million Americans live in households with individuals other than relatives. This may include heterosexual or homosexual partners, or other group arrangements. Workers with such living arrangements are rarely given the opportunity to extend employer-provided health care benefits to members of their household.” Coverage for homosexual partners has been extended by a small number of employers in recent years, in a manner similar to that provided to a married spouse. Employers may require gay partners to sign a statement certifying that they are living together in a relationship akin to marriage, or to prove that they have been living together for a period of time. Most of the employers that have extended such benefits to homosexual couples have not extended the same protection to unmarried heterosexual couples, explaining that hetero sexual couples could gain access to dependent protection by marrying. Protection for an em ployee’s own child is typically provided as part of a health care plan’s dependent coverage. Such protection often extends until age 18 or 19, or until age 21 or 22 if the dependent child continues to attend school. Traditionally, such a scheme would protect a noncollegebound dependent child through high school and until a job = p e rh a p s with health care benefits—=was obtained. Similarly, a eellege=beund dependent child would be https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis protected throughout his or her college years. To maintain health care benefits for students, restrictions often apply. For example: the student must attend school full time; the school must be accredited; the parent must be providing “support and maintenance”; the student must remain unmarried; and the student must be an eligible dependent of the parent for Federal income tax purposes. Today, many students take longer than 4 years to complete college, work part-time (often without health care benefits) while attending school part-time, and return to reside with parents for several years beyond their early 20’s. For example, in 1970,15 percent of Americans aged 22 to 24 were enrolled in school. By 1991, that figure had risen to 22 percent.24 In such cases, dependent coverage might expire. Employer-provided health care benefits are typically not extended to parents and other elderly relatives. In years past, such individuals would often work and receive health care benefits from their employer until retirement age; at that time they would be eligible for medicare and perhaps other sources of retiree health care protection. They did not need to rely on their children for health care assistance. However, a variety of factors have changed this situation to some extent. Americans are living longer; retiree health care benefits from employers are becoming somewhat less prevalent25; and acute conditions such as A lzheim er’s disease are requiring care beyond that provided by medicare. These factors may often lead to cases in which care of elderly relatives, including financial responsibility, falls upon working-age children. Employer-provided health care plans rarely allow em ployees to include p aren ts am ong the depend en ts receiving protection. Typically, the only adult to whom protection is afforded is a spouse. Even in the case in which an elderly relative can be claimed as a dependent of an employee for Federal income tax purposes, health care plans often specifically exclude such individuals from coverage. One area where employers are beginning to address concerns for elderly dependents is long-term care coverage. Long-term care is non-acute, custodial care provided to individuals who cannot meet basic needs—such as feeding and clothing themselves. Such care may be required for individuals whose medical conditions do not require close supervision, but have little likelihood of improvement. Alzheimer’s patients frequently require such care. Medicare does not cover long term custodial care, nor do most health care plans. A few employers have started to offer the opportunity for their em ployees to purchase long-term care insurance for themselves, a spouse, or an elderly relative. Such plans are often financed entirely by the employee, but are provided at group rates that are less costly than individually purchased policies.26 This is one of the few cases in which elderly dependents may receive benefits through their c h ild ’s employer. Restrictions imposed by plans Many workers without health care coverage actually work for employers who provide coverage. For a variety of reasons, employees may not be eligible for coverage, or may not choose to be covered. The following data indicate coverage patterns among workers:27 Coverage Employer sponsors plan........................... Employee participates........................ Employee does not participate.......... Not eligible.................................... Declined coverage......................... Other reason or unknown.............. Percent o f workers 73 58 15 5 8 2 Health care benefits coverage within an establishment may be subject to a variety of conditions. First, plan eligibility may be limited to certain workers. For example, health care benefit eligibility may be extended to full-time workers, but not part-time workers. Less frequently, benefits may be extended to salaried workers and not hourly workers. For employees who are in occupations eligible for coverage, other restrictions may apply. According to bls data from 1993,44 percent of full-time participants in health care plans were subject to an eligibility requirement, typically 1 to 3 months. During this eligibility period, coverage may not be available at all, or may be available only if the employee agrees to pay the entire cost. Similarly, a plan may provide employees with immediate coverage, but impose a waiting period before dependents can be covered. Eligibility requirements are imposed as a hedge against a new employee leaving the employer soon after starting. Because the administrative costs of enrolling a new employee can be high, employers may wait a few months to avoid enrolling employees who choose not to remain with the establishment. Once employees have completed all service requirements for plan eligibility, they frequently are required to pay part of the cost of coverage. Such employee contribution requirements have become more prevalent in recent years. For example, in 1979, fewer than 3 in 10 full-time employees in medium and large private establishments with health care coverage were required to contribute toward their health care coverage. By 1993, that rate had increased to 6 in 10 employees with coverage. For family coverage, required employee contributions are even more prevalent. Three of four health care plan participants were required to contribute toward the cost of https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis family coverage in 1993. For full-time employees in medium and large private establishm ents, average m onthly contributions for single and family coverage have risen steadily over the past several years, as shown in the follow ing tabulation: Contribution Year Single coverage 1983 .................................... $10.13 1985 .................................... 12.05 1988.................................... 19.29 1991 ....................................... 26.60 1993 ....................................... 31.55 Family coverage $32.51 38.33 60.07 96.97 107.42 Both the average single and family premiums increased a little more than 200 percent between 1983 and 1993. In contrast, the Consumer Price Index (CPI) for all items increased 45 percent over the same period, and the CPI for medical services and supplies doubled. Thus, the rate of growth in employee premiums has outpaced inflation, which might suggest that premiums may be difficult for some workers to afford, causing them to decline coverage. New benefit arrangements do exist to temper the burden for employees. Section 125 of the Internal Revenue Code authorizes flexible benefits plans, one feature of which allows employees to pay their required health care contributions with pretax funds. This feature, also known as premium conversion, is often part of a flexible spending account. In these plans, employees pay their health care premiums through payroll deductions prior to the imposition of Federal and State income taxes or Social Security taxes. Thus, the employee’s contribution is actually less—by the employee’s marginal tax rate— than is actually paid. These pretax arrangements have become increasingly common in recent years. In 1993, approximately one third of full-time parti cipants in health care plans in medium and large private establishments had the opportunity to make contributions using pretax funds. From coverage to care Preexisting conditions. Being covered by an employerprovided health care plan may not automatically provide an individual with payment for all needed coverage. Preexisting condition clauses, included in traditional health care plans covering about three-fifths of participants, limit the care provided to newly enrolled individuals who have a medical condition that existed prior to their enrollment in the plan.28 For example, if care for a particular condition were received within 6 months prior to joining the new plan, the preexisting condition clause is triggered. Once triggered, the new plan Monthly Labor Review June 1995 41 Employer Provided Benefits will limit care for the condition for a particular period. The new plan may not pay for any services connected with the condition for 6 months following enrollment, or the plan may only pay for services up to a specified dollar maximum for a specified time. Thus, access to employer-provided health care benefits may not ensure that the care desired by the patient or recommended by a physician will be reimbursed by the insurer. Cost containment. Beyond preexisting condition clauses, certain cost containment features in employer-provided health care plans may limit an individual’s access to care. For exam ple, for paym ent to be received, the plan administrators may have to determine that nonemergency hospitalization is necessary, and evaluate how long a hospital stay should be, or require a surgery candidate to seek a second opinion. Patients may also be encouraged to have certain procedures performed on an outpatient basis to reduce the costs associated with a hospital stay. Outpatient services may be required for certain procedures, or may be reimbursed at a higher rate than inpatient services as an incentive for the patient to avoid hospitalization.29 A relatively new phenom enon is for em ployers to identify particular health risks among their employees and to either charge higher premium s for such care, exclude preexisting conditions relating to the identified risk s, or deny co v erag e a lto g eth er. F or exam ple, employers may screen their applicants for medical risks, work-related accident history, and risky activities, such as motorcycle riding. Employee premiums for smokers may be higher than those for nonsmokers, or premiums may be lower if employees participate in certain wellness activities, such as fitness classes or regular physical examinations. And, premiums may be reduced if use of health care benefits has been limited in the past. Out-of-pocket expenses may also act to limit employee access to care; employees may be unable or unwilling to pay the required costs associated with seeking medical care. Typical out-of-pocket expenses include deductibles (a required payment by the patient before any services are reimbursed by the health care plan) and coinsurances (a shared payment between the plan and the patient). Individuals can end up paying a large portion of their medical care bills because of out-of-pocket expense requirem ents. This is m ost noticeable when overall medical expenses are low.30The following tabulation shows the percent of charges that would be paid by the plan and the patient for certain assumed levels of medical care services received during 1989-90:31 Benefits and mobility Cost o f services received Percent paid by plan Percent paid by individual 29 86 94 71 14 6 $87 .......................... 7,085 ....................... 41,504..................... 42 Monthly labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 1995 Americans may have a num ber of different jobs and employers throughout their worklife. In 1991, the median job tenure for workers aged 25 and older was 5.6 years, meaning half had worked with their present employer more than 5.6 years and half had worked less than 5.6 years.32 Workers who switch jobs often take into account whether subsequent employers have health care benefits, what eligibility requirem ents m ight be im posed by a new employer, and how preexisting conditions will be treated under a new em ployer’s plan. In addition, employees moving to a new employer may face different rules for dependent eligibility, different required contributions, and changes in required out-of-pocket expenses. Loss of employer-provided health care benefits, due to job switching and a number of other circumstances, is governed by Federal health care continuation rules. These rules are commonly referred to as c o b r a , for the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985. The act requires employers to make health care benefits available to employees and dependents who have lost coverage because of certain qualified circum stances such as voluntary separation (quitting or retiring from a job), layoffs, divorce (in the event that coverage was provided through a former spouse), and dependent children exceeding the age of eligibility. c o b r a specifies limited amounts of time during which coverage must be offered (typically 18 months), and allows employers to charge the former employee or dependent up to 102 percent of the total premium. While coverage may continue up to the specified time limit, rights to coverage are terminated when another plan becomes available. Thus, a job-switcher may typically maintain coverage from a prior employer until meeting eligibility requirements for a new employer’s plan. Loss of employer-provided health care coverage can occur despite protections under c o b r a . According to one survey, the majority of persons who lose employer-provided health care coverage do so because they have changed jobs. Such coverage loss may be a qualifying event under the act, allowing coverage continuation. However, employees may not in fact continue their coverage, because of either incomplete information or inability to pay required premiums.33 Individuals retiring from a job with employer-provided health care benefits are likely to see such coverage disappear after retirement. According to the Employee Benefits Survey, about 2 in 5 full-time workers in medium and large private establishments with health care benefits could expect their employer to continue to finance at least part of those benefits into retirement. In small establishments, a lower percent of covered employees had such protection. Under c o b r a , benefits are available to retirees for a limited period, and such eligibility ends when individuals become eligible for medicare. In those cases where employer-provided benefits do continue into retirement, coverage is coordinated with medicare to avoid duplicate benefits. ALTHOUGH ACCESS TO EMPLOYER-PROVIDED HEALTH CARE benefits is widespread among employees and dependents in the United States, there are limitations. Coverage is most prevalent among workers in occupations, industries, and locations that have been declining in their share of employment in recent years. Employer-provided health care benefits are widely available to dependents, but not always to those dependents that stem from newer family arrangements. Access to coverage may not guarantee payment for services, as preexisting condition clauses, eligibility requirements, contribution requirements, and required out-of-pocket expenses may limit benefits. Finally, individuals who are covered by employer-provided plans may find that their benefits are discontinued because of a variety of circumstances, and to maintain coverage, they would have to pay higher premiums. Footnotes 1 For more information on the history of employer-provided health care coverage, see Laura A. Scofea, “The development and growth of employerprovided health insurance,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , March 1994, pp. 3—10. 2 The Employee Benefits Survey (referred to as the “establishment survey”) is ^in annual survey of private businesses and State and local governments conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics to provide estimates of the percent of workers covered by health care and other benefits, and the features of those benefits. It does not include data on numbers of dependents or nonworkers covered by health care benefits. The Current Population Survey is a monthly survey of households conducted by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Lalior Statistics. Estimates indicate health coverage for Americans by a variety of demographic characteristics regardless of work status; details on benefit provisions are not available. 3 The Current Population Survey, a monthly survey of 60,000 households selected to represent the U.S. population 16 years of age and older, provides a wide range of data on the economic well-being of Americans, including statistics on employment and unemployment. Each March, special questions are asked on the health insurance status of Americans. To be classified as uninsured or without coverage, individuals must indicate that they did not have health insurance during all of calendar year 1993. For a discussion of this question, see “Sources of Health Insurance and Characteristics of the Uninsured,” E m p lo y e e B e n e fit R e s e a r c h In stitu te B r ie f N o. 1 5 8 ( EBRI, February 1995). 4 The Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer Expenditure Survey, comprised of a quarterly interview survey and a weekly diary or recordkeeping survey, provides continuous, comprehensive information on the buying habits of American consumers. For recent data on health care spending, among others, see C o n s u m e r E x p e n d itu r e s in 1 9 9 3 , USDL 94-546 (U.S. Department of Labor, Nov. 7, 1994). 5 Data are for Americans under age 65. In this article, health services are defi ned to encompass a wide range of items, including hospitalization, doctor and dentist visits, prescription drugs, and medical equipment. Use of these services is calculated regardless of the source of payment. See U se a n d C o s t o f H e a lth S e r v ic e s : E ffe c t o f H e a lth I n su ra n c e a n d O th e r F a c to r s , Highlights No. 22 (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Medical Expenditure Survey), April 1993. 6 See U se a n d C o s t o f H e a lth S e r v ic e s : E ffe c t o f H e a lth I n su ra n ce a n d O th e r F a c to rs . 7 See E m p lo y e e B e n e fits in th e U n ite d S ta tes, 1 9 9 1 - 9 2 , Bureau of Labor Statistics, June 1994. 8 In addition to data on health care benefits for all Americans, special data are available periodically from the Current Population Survey on health care coverage of American workers. See P e n sio n a n d H e a lth B en efits o f A m e ric a n Workers (U.S. Department of Labor, Social Security Administration, U.S. Small Business Administration, and Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation), 1994. 9 For more information on employment projections, see James C. Franklin, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis “Industry output and employment,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , November 1993, pp. 51-57. 10 Data on health care coverage by occupation are from unpublished tabulations of the Current Population Survey. Trends in occupational employment, and projections for the future, may be found in George T. Silvestri, “Occupational employment: wide variations in growth,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , November 1993, pp. 58-86. 11 In the Employee Benefits Survey, workers are defined as “unionized” if they meet the following three criteria: (1 )a labor organization must be recognized as the bargaining agent for workers in an occupation even though it is not necessary for all workers in that occupation to belong to the union; (2) wage and salary rates must be determined through collective bargaining or negotiations; and (3) settlement terms must be embodied in a signed, mutually binding collective bargaining agreement. 12 For data on benefits coverage by union status, see E m p lo y e e B en efits f o r Summary 94-12 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 1994). U n io n a n d N o n u n io n W orkers, 1 9 9 1 - 9 2 , 13 For information on the percent of employees covered by collective bargaining agreements by industry, see U n io n M e m b e r s in 1 9 9 3 , u s d l 94—58 (U.S. Department of Labor, Feb. 9, 1994.) 14 Data on occupation and industry health coverage are unpublished estimates from the Current Population Survey. Union data could not be tabulated with occupation and industry data because of high variability in such data when related to health coverage data. Independent union coverage data indicate that coverage among private sector workers is concentrated in goodsproducing industries and blue-collar occupations, further supporting the argument that service workers and service-producing industries are less likely than others to have employer-provided health care benefits. See U n io n M e m b e r s in 1 9 9 3 . 15 According to the BLS Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, the South and West now account for a little more than 54 percent of private sector employment, up from 48 percent in 1976. 16 For more information on contingent workers, See Anne E. Polivka and Thomas Nardone, “On the definition of ‘contingent work,’ ” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , December 1989, pp. 9-16. 17 In the household survey, which provides data on the number of part-time workers, part-timers are defined as those workers employed less than 35 hours in a week. Data from the household survey on the number and percent of workers in part-time employment may be found in E m p lo y m e n t a n d E a rn in g s, a monthly publication of employment data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In the establishment survey, which provides data on health care benefits and contributions for part-time workers, part-timers are defined in accordance with the practices of surveyed establishments. Typically, a part-time worker is one who does the same job as someone in a full-time position, but works fewer Monthly Labor Review June 1995 43 Employer Provided Benefits hours and may receive different compensation—such as fewer benefits—than the comparable full-time worker. 18 For health care benefits incidence data for full-time and part-time workers, see Ann C. Foster, “Employee Benefits in the United States, 1991-92,” C o m p e n s a tio n a n d W orkin g C o n d itio n s , July 1994, pp. 1-6. 19 Temporary help employees are those who receive one or more temporary job assignments through a temporary help agency or personnel services agency. They are distinct from “leased employees,” who may be assigned to a single employer on a more permanent basis. In many cases, a group of leased employees take over the duties of an organization, but are paid by a leasing agency. Data in this paragraph refer to temporary help employees. 26 According to the Employee Benefits Survey, 6 percent of full-time employees in medium and large private establishments had group long-term care insurance available to them in 1993. 27 Data are from the April 1992 Current Population Survey of the health care coverage of American workers. See P e n s io n a n d H e a lth B e n e fits (U.S. Department of Labor, and others, 1994). 28 Data on provisions for preexisting conditions are from the 1993 Employee Benefits Survey of full-time employees in medium and large private establishments. See E m p lo y e e B e n e f its in M e d iu m a n d L a r g e P r iv a te E s ta b lish m e n ts, 1 9 9 3 , Bulletin 2456 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, November 1994). Bulletin 29 Robert B. Grant, “Outpatient surgery: helping to contain health care costs,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , November 1992, pp. 33-36. 21 For tax purposes, self-employed individuals are allowed to deduct from their income 25 percent of the cost of purchasing health care coverage. See Internal Revenue Code section 1621. 22 See, “Sources of Health Insurance.” 30 Individuals covered by health care plans typically pay a higher proportion of smaller than larger medical bills because more of the smaller expense will be part of the deductible and because many plans have catastrophic provisions, which limit an individual’s out-of-pocket expenses for costly services. 20 I n d u s try W age S u rv e y : H e lp S u p p ly S e r v ic e s , 2430 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 1993). O c to b e r 1 9 8 9 , 23 For population data, see S ta tis tic a l A b s tr a c t o f th e U n ite d S ta tes , 1 9 9 3 , table 71. 24 S ta tis tic a l A b s tr a c t o f th e U n ite d S ta tes , 1 9 9 3 , table 227. 25 According to data from the Employee Benefits Survey, 40 percent of full time employees in medium and large private establishments in 1993 who participated in an employer-sponsored health care plan while an active employee could expect such coverage at least partially financed by their employer when they retired. This was down from 45 percent in 1988. 44 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 1995 31 Allan P. Blostin, Robert B. Grant, and William J. Wiatrowski, “Employee payments for health care services ''M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , November 1992, pp.17-32. 32 For information on job tenure, see “Employee Job Tenure and Occupational Mobility in the Early 1990s,” USDL 92-386 (U.S. Department of Labor, June 26,1992). 33 See “How Americans Become Uninsured,” The W a sh in g to n P o s t, July 5, 1994, p. H5. Occupational Employment mmmm The nature of occupational employment growth: 1983-93 Over the 1983-93 period, an increasing share of jobs was in high-paying occupations and required college training; but most jobs that were filled paid below-average wages and did not require a college education Neal H. Rosenthal Neal H. Rosenthal is chief of the Division of Occupational Outlook, Office of Employment Projections, Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis mployment growth between 1983 and 1993 was greater for occupations at the top and bottom of the earnings distribu tion than for those in the middle. This article presents additional data on occupational job openings resulting from the need to replace workers who permanently leave the labor force and the net movement of workers among occu pations. The number of job openings for wage and salary workers resulting from both employ ment growth and replacement of workers leav ing the labor force and changing occupations was greater in low-paying occupations1. These conclusions are derived from a re cently-developed employment series based on industry-occupational employment matrices pre pared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics since the early 1980’s. Changes in the demand for goods and ser vices and in how work is performed have raised many concerns about the nature of job growth. Increasing use of computer technology, restruc turing of businesses, and a growing global economy are among the factors economists cite as contributing to changes in the employment structure of the U.S. economy since the early 1980’s. However, measuring the impact of these factors on the industrial and occupational com position of employment and on the quality of jobs in terms of their educational requirements and earnings is difficult. E The need for data to analyze changes in the occupational structure of industries gave impe tus to the development of the Occupational Em ployment Statistics survey in the early 1970’s.2 In developing the base year occupational em ployment for b l s projections, data on occupa tional staffing patterns of industries from the survey are applied to industry employment data derived from the Current Employment Statistics survey to develop estimates of occupational em ployment.3A time series of occupational employ ment by industry for the 1983-93 period was de veloped using those data. This article discusses the nature of job growth over the 1983-93 period as measured by the time series. The discussion focuses on numerical change, rather than percent change. For ex ample, subway and streetcar operators, which grew 189 percent, but increased in number by only 14,700, have less importance to the discus sion than retail salespersons, which grew only 16 percent, but increased in number by nearly 500,000. In fact, the pattern of employment growth was influenced heavily by employment concentration and growth in relatively few (10) occupations that accounted for nearly 30 percent of total employment growth. (See table 1.) To study the quality of job growth in terms of earnings, employment for detailed occupations in the industry-occupation matrix was matched with data on median earnings for comparable Monthly Labor Review June 1995 45 Occupational Employment occupations in the Current Population Survey. The data were analyzed in earnings quartiles, which were developed by ranking occupations according to median earnings in 1993, and dividing them into four groups that each accounted for about 25 percent of employment in 1993. (The quartiles do not account for exactly 25 percent of employment because an occupation falling on the dividing line of the quartiles was not split between quartiles, but was included in the quartile in which most of its employment fell.) Issues concerned with the quality of jobs such as job satis faction, the availability of full-time jobs, and job tenure are not discussed, although they are important and cannot be ignored in broad views of the quality of jobs.4 Major employment trends Employment of wage and salary workers increased 19.7 mil lion over the 1983-93 period, from 92.6 million to 112.3 million. All major occupational groups experienced in creases, with the largest numerical growth in service, pro fessional, and administrative support occupations, includ ing clerical. (See table 2.) From an industry viewpoint, 80 percent of the increase was in two industry divisions—ser vices and retail trade—although they accounted for little more than half of total employment. Employment decreased in two of the ten industry divisions—mining and manufac turing—both in the goods-producing sector. (See table 3.) Occupational data by industry rather than by industry or by occupation alone offers a better understanding of the na ture of job growth over time. For example, from an industry viewpoint, employment growth is concentrated in low-pay ing industries; from an occupational viewpoint, employment growth is concentrated in higher-paying jobs.5 According to b l s , “the differences . . . can be reconciled by using a matrix of the major industry and occupation groups.” As a result, much of this article’s discussion of employment growth in major occupational groups is in terms of industrial concen tration of growth. Service occupations, with a growth of 4.1 million jobs, ac counted for 21 percent of total job growth from 1983 to 1993. The growth was concentrated among two industry divisions, retail trade and services,6 accounted for 90 percent of the growth, or about 3.7 million jobs. Food service worker jobs increased by nearly 1.5 million, primarily in eating and drinking places, and accounted for the majority of service worker growth in retail trade. Janitors and cleaners (604.000) , home health aides (240,000), nursing aides (208.000) , and child care workers (150,000) accounted for more than half of the growth of service occupations in the services industry. (See table 2.) All of these occupations are characterized by low median earnings. Most of the remainder of the growth in service occupa tions occurred in government. With an increase of 389,000, service occupations accounted for a larger share (28 per cent) of employment growth in government than any other major occupational group. (See table 3.) Of this growth, 305.000 were in protective service occupations; correction officers and police patrol officers accounted for more than 200.000 additional jobs. Median earnings in all protective service occupations were above average and most were in the top quartile. Professional specialty occupations increased by nearly 4 million over the 1983-93 period. In creases occurred in all industry divi Table 1. Employment change for w ag e and salary workers in selected sions, except mining and construction. occupations with large em ploym ent growth, 1983-93 About 80 percent of the occupation’s [Numbers in thousands] growth, or 3.2 million jobs, was in the Employment services industry. Teachers accounted Change, 1983-93 Percent of total Occupation for nearly 1.2 million, or roughly 30 Number Percent change, 1983-93 1983 1993 percent, of the growth of professional workers. Other professional specialty Teachers, preschool through college, except special jobs with growth of more than 100,000 and adult e d ucation............................... 3,100 4,040 940 30 5.3 included registered nurses (600,000), C ashiers.................................................... 1,893 2,746 853 45 4.3 computer engineers, scientists, and sys General office c le rk s ............................... 2,113 604 2,718 29 3.1 tems analysts (361,000), social workers Janitors and cleaners.............................. 2,211 2,815 604 27 3.1 (158,000), lawyers (125,000), and hu Registered nu rses.................................... 1,287 1,887 600 47 3.0 Salespersons, re tail................................. 3,011 3,493 482 man services workers (117,000). Virtu 16 2.4 Food preparation w o rk e rs ....................... 838 1,257 419 50 2.1 ally all of these occupations have aboveTruck d riv e rs ............................................ 1,799 2,196 397 22 2.0 average median earnings and the ma Computer engineers, scientists, jority had earnings in the top quartile. and systems analysts............................ 278 639 361 130 1.8 Despite the popular view that service Waiters and w aitre sses........................... 1,461 1,805 344 24 1.7 industry jobs are low-paying, profes- 46 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 1995 sional specialty occupations with high earnings accounted for more of the job growth in services industries than lowpaying service occupations. Despite an overall decline of 627,000 jobs in manufacturing, employment in professional specialty occupations in this industry division increased by 145,000. Most of this growth was in jobs for computer engineers, scientists, and sys tems analysts, and writers and editors, with most of the latter in the printing industry. E m p lo y m e n t c h a n g e fo r m a jo r o c c u p a t io n a l g r o u p s o f w a g e a n d s a la r y m w o r k e r s i n o c c u p a t i o r is w i t h g r o w t h o f 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 o r m o r e , 1 9 8 3 - 9 3 [ N u m b e r s in t h o u s a n d s ] E m p lo y m e n t 1983 1993 Num ber P e rc e n t T o ta l, all o c c u p a t io n s ........................... 92,586 112,312 19,726 21.3 S e r v ic e o c c u p a t io n s ....................................... 14,638 18,767 4,129 28.2 4,828 838 1,461 6,279 1,257 1,805 1,451 419 344 30.1 49.9 23.6 1,298 408 2,211 123 1,615 586 2,815 363 317 178 604 240 24.4 43.7 27.3 195.8 C o rr e c tio n s o f f o c e r s .................................... 1,116 150 165 1,324 300 286 208 150 121 18.6 100.0 73.5 P r o fe s s io n a l s p e c ia lty o c c u p a t i o n s ...... 11,387 15,337 3,950 34.7 3,550 4,837 1,198 32.9 3,100 4,040 940 30.3 298 241 1,287 431 366 1,887 133 125 600 44.7 52.0 46.6 278 330 288 80 639 488 414 197 361 158 125 117 130.0 48.0 43.5 147.5 18,427 2,113 2,845 584 22,233 2,718 3,312 904 3,806 604 467 321 20.7 28.6 14.6 54.9 1,709 103 1,950 236 241 133 14.1 123.4 8,619 1,893 3,011 11,301 2,746 3,493 2,682 853 482 31.1 45.0 16.0 8,358 559 10,769 704 2,411 145 28.8 25.8 14,725 1,799 522 431 15,793 2,196 690 567 1,068 397 169 136 7.2 22.1 32.3 31.5 3,341 4,267 926 27.7 1,452 576 403 2,067 679 551 615 103 148 42.4 17.8 36.8 11,187 11,843 656 5.9 3,895 4,402 507 13.0 912 1,117 205 22.5 1,904 2,001 97 5.1 F o o d p r e p a ra tio n a n d s e r v ic e o c c u p a t io n s .................................................... F o o d p r e p a ra tio n w o r k e r s ................... W a ite r s a n d w a it r e s s e s ........................ F o o d c o u n te r, fo u n ta in , a n d r e la te d w o r k e r s ............................. C o o k s , r e s t a u r a n t .................................... J a n ito r s a n d c l e a n e r s ................................. Administrative support occupations, in cluding clerical jobs, increased by 3.8 million and remained the largest major occupational group during the 1983-93 period, despite the widespread impact of labor-saving computer technology. Seventy percent of the growth (2.6 mil lion) was in services, and accounted for 17 percent of the growth in service in dustries. Nearly one-half of the growth of administrative support occupations, including clerical, was in 5 occupa tions—general office clerks (604,000), secretaries (467,000), teacher aides and assistants (321,000), bookkeeping and accounting clerks (241,00), and bill and account collectors (133,000). Workers in administrative support oc cupations, including clerical, accounted for 40 percent of the growth in the fi nance, insurance, and real estate indus try division. Of the industry’s 476,000 administrative support jobs, one-fourth were involved directly in processing in surance policies. This should not be a surprise because administrative support occupations, including clerical, ac counted for more than half of total em ployment in that industry. In general, the median earnings of these occupations were below average and in the third quartile, but about one-third had earn ings in the second quartile. Many of those with the highest earnings were concen trated in the insurance industry or in government. C h a n g e , 1 9 8 3 -9 3 O c c u p a tio n H o m e h e a lth a i d e s ....................................... N u rs in g a id e s , o rd e rlie s , a n d a t t e n d a n t s .............................................. C h ild c a r e w o r k e r s ....................................... T e a c h e r s , p r e s c h o o l-c o lle g e , s p e c ia l a n d a d u lt e d u c a t i o n ................. T e a c h e r s , p r e s c h o o l-c o lle g e , e x c e p t s p e c ia l e d u c a tio n a n d a d u lt a n d v o c a tio n a l e d u c a t i o n ...... T e a c h e r s , a d u lt a n d v o c a tio n a l e d u c a t i o n .................................................... T e a c h e r s , s p e c ia l e d u c a t io n .............. R e g is te r e d n u r s e s ........................................ C o m p u te r e n g in e e r s , s c ie n tis ts , a n d s y s te m s a n a l y s t s .............................. S o c ia l w o r k e r s ................................................. L a w y e r s ............................................................... H u m a n s e r v ic e s w o r k e r s .......................... A d m in is tra tiv e s u p p o rt o c c u p a tio n s , in c lu d in g c l e r i c a l ............................................ G e n e r a l o ffic e c l e r k s ................................. S e c r e t a r i e s ..................................................... T e a c h e r a id e s a n d a s s i s t a n t s ............. B o o k k e e p in g a n d a c c o u n tin g c l e r k s ..................................... Bill a n d a c c o u n t c o l le c t o r s .................... M a r k e tin g a n d s a le s o c c u p a t io n s .......... C a s h i e r s ........................................................... S a le s p e r s o n s , r e t a i l .................................. E x e c u tiv e , a d m in is tr a tiv e , a n d m a n a g e r ia l o c c u p a t io n s ................... F in a n c ia l m a n a g e r s ..................................... O p e r a to r s , fa b ric a to rs , a n d l a b o r e r s ..................................................... T r u c k d r i v e r s .................................................. H a n d p a c k e r s a n d p a c k a g e r s ............. B u s d r i v e r s ..................................................... T e c h n ic ia n s a n d re la te d s u p p o rt o c c u p a t io n s .................................... H e a lth te c h n ic ia n s a n d t e c h n o lo g is t s ..................................... L ic e n s e d p ra c tic a l n u r s e s ...................... C o m p u te r p r o g r a m m e r s ........................ P re c is io n p ro d u c tio n , c ra ft, a n d r e p a ir o c c u p a t io n s .............................. M e c h a n ic s , in s ta lle rs , a n d r e p a i r e r s ............................................... M a in te n a n c e re p a ire rs , g e n e r a l u t ility ............................................... A g ric u ltu re , fo re s try , fis h in g , a n d Marketing and salesworker employ ment increased by 2.7 million over the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis r e la te d o c c u p a t io n s ..................................... Monthly Labor Review June 1995 47 Occupational Employment 1983-93 period and accounted for 14 percent of total em ployment growth. As expected, the largest proportion of growth was in retail trade. Significant growth also occurred in services, primarily in miscellaneous business services, video rental, and amusement services industries. Salesworker employment also increased in manufacturing. De spite a decline in total manufacturing employment, manu facturing output increased and salesworkers were increas ingly needed to sell the goods that were produced. Two sales occupations with earnings in the lowest quartile, cashiers and retail trade sales workers, accounted for half of total sales worker employment growth. In con trast, the earnings for all other sales and related workers, composed largely of sales workers in wholesale trade and manufacturing, had earnings in the second quartile. Executive, administrative, and managerial jobs increased by 2.4 million, and accounted for 12 percent of total em ployment growth from 1983 to 1993. One-half of the growth was in the services industry. Despite wide publicity about the loss of managerial jobs due to business downsizing and restructuring, employment of managerial workers grew faster than total employment in all divisions, except retail trade and mining, both of which experienced a decline in managerial employment. Retail trade was the only major occupational group to experience an employment decline Table 3. over the 1983-93 period. Within finance, insurance, and real estate, managers accounted for nearly 40 percent of the job growth. The number of managers increased in manufactur ing despite a decline in total manufacturing employment. In general, median earnings of nearly all managerial occupa tions were in the top quartile. Operator, fabricator, and laborer jobs increased by nearly 1.1 million over the 1983-93 period. Employment growth was concentrated in the driving occupations, led by truck drivers (397,000) and bus drivers (136,000). Helpers, labor ers, and material movers also increased (339,000), led by hand packers and packagers (169,000). Many occupations in this group are concentrated in manu facturing and were part of the net loss of 413,000 manufac turing jobs from 1983 to 1993. Nevertheless, operators, fab ricators, and laborers remained the dominant occupation in manufacturing, accounting for 44 percent of wage and sal ary employment in this industry division in 1993. Only ad ministrative support occupations, including clerical, ac counted for a greater percent of wage and salary workers in the economy as a whole. In general, median earnings of operator, fabricator, and laborer occupations are close to the average for all occupa tions. Median earnings are much less in some occupations, such as sewing machine operators, shoe sewing machine Employment change for major occupational groups of w ag e and salary workers by industry division, 1983-93 [In thousands] Occupation Total, all occupations................. Agricul ture, Total, all forestry, industries and fishing Mining Transpor tation, com m u Construc M anufac nications, tion turing and public utilities Whole sale trade Retail trade 19,726 81 -353 628 -627 750 830 4,156 1,138 11,737 1,385 2,411 6 -3 8 165 137 83 126 -20 436 1,231 287 3,951 3 -31 -11 145 22 55 83 88 3,217 378 926 1 -7 -1 -41 43 30 78 30 741 52 2,683 3 -9 11 52 61 197 1,742 9 601 17 3,805 4,129 11 5 -4 8 -5 69 -1 0 -178 -80 124 49 146 15 378 1,542 476 49 2,619 2,174 208 389 97 23 -1 0 -10 1 40 15 3 8 17 656 8 -139 349 -239 6 25 132 52 388 74 1,068 21 -76 55 -413 360 196 207 -4 756 -36 Executive, adminitrative, and managerial occupations........... Professional specialty occupations.............................. Technicians and related support occupations................ Marketing and sales occupations............................. Administrative support occupations, including clerica l....................................... Service occupations.................. Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related occupations.......... Precision production, craft, and repair occupations............ Operators, fabricators, and la b o re rs............................. N ote : State and local Government hospitals and education are included in the services industry division 48 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Finance, insurance Govern and real Services ment estate June 1995 operators and tenders, and hand sewers, all of which de clined in employment over the 1983-93 period. Thus, in ad dition to the employment loss in some occupations with rela tively high earnings in manufacturing, such as lathe ma chine operators, drill press operators, and other machine tool cutting and forming occupations, many of the jobs lost were in low-paying occupations. Technicians and related support occupations increased in employment by 900,000 between 1983 and 1993. About 80 percent of the growth (741,000) was in services. Growth of 615,000 health technicians, led by the growth of licensed practical nurses (103,000), and 148,000 computer program mers accounted for a sizable proportion of the employment gains of technicians. Earnings for technicians generally are above average and earnings for a few occupations in this group, including airplane pilots, air traffic controllers, and computer programmers, are in the top quartile. Precision production, craft, and repair occupations in creased by 656,000 jobs. Significant losses in mining (139,000) and manufacturing (239,000) offset much of the gains in other industries, primarily in construction (349,000) and services (388,000). Construction crafts led the growth in construction. Mechanics and repairers increased in ser vices, including automotive mechanics and automobile body and related repairers; heating, air conditioning and refrig eration mechanics and installers; and data processing equip ment repairers. Maintenance repairers, general utility, ac counted for growth of 205,000, or nearly one-third of the total growth in this major occupational group, as increasing numbers were employed to service buildings in education services and real estate. Median earnings in most occupations in this major group are above average. A few occupations have earnings in the top quartile, including data processing machine repairers, aircraft mechanics, electricians, and tool and die makers. Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related occupations in creased in employment by 97,000 in the 1983-93 period. Nursery workers, gardeners and groundskeepers, and ani mal caretakers, except farm, all of which are low-paying occupations, accounted for most of the growth. Quality of job growth The above discussion of employment growth by major occu pation group is a traditional way of presenting an overview of occupational employment trends. But employment change in terms of the quality of job growth may not be clear from such an approach. Although the common view that workers in professional occupations earn high wages and workers in https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis service jobs earn low wages generally holds true, median earnings for detailed occupations in each major occupational group vary widely. For example, in the professional group, 1993 median weekly earnings were $ 1,131 for lawyers, $891 for engineers, $390 for adult and vocational education teach ers, and $356 for photographers and camera operators. Detailed occupations in other occupational groups tend not to be as varied because few occupations earn as much as lawyers and engineers, but the ranges are still wide. Simi larly, information on job growth by usual education and train ing needs is not clear from data by major occupation group because of the wide range of education and training require ments within most major occupational groups. Consequently, the employment change for detailed occupations without re gard to major occupational group was used to analyze the net employment change in earnings quartiles over the 1983— 93 period. Median weekly earnings of all wage and salary workers in 1993 by occupation as measured by the CPS were used to con struct the earnings quartiles. Each of the 278 occupations in the industry-occupation employment matrix 1983-93 time series was matched with a specific CPS occupation or occupa tion group and the CPS earnings were assigned to that occu pation. Median weekly earnings ranged from $111 to $1,131 for the occupations included in the time series. The range of earnings varied among the quartiles; the top quartile had the widest range, as would be expected. (See table 4.) Employment size significantly affected the distribution of occupations by quartile. Of the 278 occupations in the distri bution of employment, the first quartile counted 93 and the second quartile included 91. Only 58 were in the third quartile and 36 in the fourth. Many of the occupations in the lowest quartile are large occupations, such as janitors and cleaners, retail salespersons, cashiers, and waiters and wait resses. In contrast, the top two quartiles had many profes sional and technical occupations that are separately identi fied in the occupational classification system, but tend to be relatively small. Earnings quartile. Employment growth of 19.7 million was not distributed by earnings quartile in the same manner as employment in 1993. The highest earnings quartile’s share of growth was disproportionately high, at 29 percent; the lowest quartile’s share was 28 percent. Employment growth of the third quartile had the widest deviation from its share of employment, with only 18 percent of employment growth from 1983 to 1993. The distribution of employment, however, changed slightly from 1983 to 1993 with only the third quartile changing by more than 1 percent in the 10year period. (See table 4.) The distribution of employment growth by quartile was affected significantly by the concentration of occupational Monthly Labor Review June 1995 49 Occupational Employment Table 4. Employment ch an g e and net replacem ent openings for w ag e and salary workers by earnings quartile, 1983-93 [Employment in thousands] Earnings quartile Earnings range Number of occupations Employment, 1983 Number Employment, 1993 Employment change, 1983 Total job openings, 1983-93 Net replacem ent opening, 1983-93 Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total.............. $111-1,131 278 92,586 100.0 112312 100.0 19,726 100.0 20,913 100.0 41,645 100.0 1 ........................ $551-1,131 93 22,534 24.3 28,282 25.2 5,748 29.1 4,285 20.5 10,235 24.6 26,012 23.2 4,834 24.5 4,104 19.6 9,152 22.0 2 ........................ 378-540 3 ........................ 259-374 4 ........................ 111-249 21,177 22.9 58 26,227 28.3 29,839 26.6 3,612' 18.3 5,865 28.0 9,668 23.2 36 22,648 24.5 28,179 25.1 5,531 28.0 6,659 31.8 12,590 30.2 91 growth. Of the 278 occupations, ten accounted for 45 per cent of the change in employment from 1983 to 1993. Four of these occupations were in the top earnings quartile, three were in the fourth quartile, two were in the third and one was in the second.7 In addition to employment growth, job openings also stem from the need to replace workers. The earnings of these jobs as measured by earnings based on replacement needs differ from those originating from by employment growth. An es timated 20.9 million job openings were created during the 1983-93 period with the permanent exit of workers from the labor force and the net movement of workers among occupa tions.8 In contrast to the openings from employment growth, the bottom half of the earnings distribution (the third and fourth quartiles) accounted for 60 percent of the job open ings that resulted from replacement needs. Lower-paying oc cupations tend to have a greater proportion of workers leav ing their job than higher-paying occupations. Also, a dis proportionate share of workers in low-paying occupations are generally young workers who change their occupation more than older workers. Total job openings stemming from growth and replace ment needs show that the fourth quartile accounted for 30 percent of jobs filled during the 1983-93 period. The top quartile, which accounted for 29 percent of employment growth, only accounted for roughly the same share of total openings as its share of total employment. The bottom half of the earnings distribution accounted for only 46 percent of employment growth, but 53 percent of openings from growth and net replacement needs combined. Education. Another view of the nature of occupational em ployment growth is by level of education and training gener ally required. Each occupation in the data series was assigned to an educational category.9 50 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 1995 Employment change and net replacement openings for wage and salary workers by educational category, in percent, 1983-93 are shown below: Work- On-the-job Bachelor's Postdegree secondary related training Number of occupations............. Employment, 1983 .... Employment, 1993 .... Employment change, 1983-93 .................. Net replacement openings, 1983-93 .................. Total jobs openings, 1983-93 .................. 57 19.6 21.1 27 10.1 11.3 79 23.0 22.2 115 47.3 45.4 28.3 17.0 18.3 36.5 14.5 8.2 22.0 55.3 20.7 12.2 20.0 47.1 In 1993, the distribution of employment by these catego ries showed that the largest proportion, 45 percent, fell into the last category Employment growth from 1983 to 1993 in dicated that occupations requiring the most education had a larger share of growth than their share of employment. But in terms of job openings from replacement needs, jobs that require the least amount of training account for a greater share of replacement needs than their share of employment. Nearly half of all job openings in the 1983-93 period were in occupations falling in the educational category requiring the least amount of education and training. Comparison with CPS data Trends in 1983-93 employment of wage and salary workers from the c p s , which is based on data reported by individuals, are very similar for the major occupational groups, despite differences in the way employment is measured in the two series.10 The four occupational groups with the slowest 1983-93 growth in the matrix also showed the slowest growth in the c p s . (See table 5.) However, one group— agri culture, forestry, fishing and related workers—declined in the cps in contrast to the 5-percent growth in the matrix. The employment growth of professional specialty occupa tions and technicians was very similar from both measures, with both series showing greater-than-average growth. But the growth of managers was faster in the c ps than in the matrix, and the growth of marketing and sales occupations and service occupations was faster in the matrix than the c p s . The faster matrix growth of sales and service workers is consistent with the trend toward increasing dual job holders in the 1980’s. Another way to compare matrix and c ps employment trends is to examine changes in major occupational group employment by major industry division. Instead of analyz ing percentage changes, the comparison was made by look ing at the percentage distribution of the total change in each of 90 industry-occupation cells (9 major occupations in 10 industry divisions). In this way, large changes for small cells would not distort the broad view of the differences. In general, distributions of the employment change in each series were remarkably consistent. Professional specialty Table 5. occupations in the services division accounted for the larg est share of the employment growth in the matrix (16.3 per cent) and cps (16.9 percent). Executive, managerial, and ad ministrative occupations accounted for a larger share of the growth in the c ps than in the matrix in every major industry, except wholesale trade. In manufacturing, which declined overall by about 3 percent in both series, managers and pro fessional specialty workers increased and all other occupa tional groups declined in both series. Services accounted for more than half of the growth in both series, with most of the increase in each in managerial, professional, administrative support, and service occupations. (See table 6.) from 1983 to 1993 resulted in a greater share of jobs at the top and bottom of the earnings distribution in 1993 than in 1983. But from the viewpoint of job openings stemming from replacement needs over the 1983—93 period, low paying occupations ac counted for a greater proportion of jobs than their share of employment. Similarly, jobs that require the most education and training increased as a share of employment, but jobs that can be learned quickly and that generally do not require post-secondary education accounted for the largest share of wage and salary jobs that became available in the 1983-93 period. C h a n g e s i n t h e d is t r ib u t io n o f e m p l o y m e n t Employment change of w ag e and salary workers by major occupational group in the industry-occupation matrix and the Current Population Survey, 1983-93 [Numbers in thousands] Occupation Employment, 1983, number Change, 1983-93 Employment, 1993, number Number Percent Matrix CPS Matrix Total, all occupations.............................................. 92,586 90,601 112,312 108,764 19,726 18,163 21.3 20.0 Executive, administrative, and managerial ocupations...................................... 8,358 9,536 10,769 13,857 2,411 4,321 28.8 45.3 Professional specialty occupations.......................... 11,387 11,517 15,337 15,407 3,951 3,890 34.7 33.8 Technicians and related support occupations.......... 3,341 2,944 4,267 3,929 926 985 27.7 33.5 Marketing and sales occupations............................. 8,619 9,974 11,301 12,324 2,683 2,350 31.1 23.6 Administrative support occupations, including c le ric a l...................................................... 18,427 15,657 22,233 18,031 3,805 2,374 20.7 15.2 Service occupations................................................... 14,638 12,970 18,767 15,473 4,129 2,505 28.2 17.8 Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related occupations.......................................... 1,904 1,938 2,001 1,916 97 -22 5.1 -.1 Precision production, craft, and repair occupations............................................ 11,187 10,651 11,843 11,450 656 799 5.9 7.5 Operators, fabricators, and laborers......................... 14,725 15,414 15,793 16,377 1,068 963 7.2 6.2 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis CPS Matrix CPS Monthly Labor Review Matrix CPS June 1995 51 Occupational Employment Percent distribution of 1983-93 em ploym ent change of major occupational groups by industry division in the industry-occupation matrix and the Current Population Survey Transportation, com Construc Manu munifacturing cations, tion and public utilities Total, all industries Agriculture, forestry, and fishing Mining Industry-occupation matrix .... Current Population S urvey.... 100.0 100.0 0.4 .2 -1.8 -1 .3 3.2 4.0 -3 .2 -2.6 3.8 7.9 4.2 1.3 21.1 19.0 5.8 7.3 59.5 54.2 7.0 5.8 Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations.............................. Industry-occupation matrix .... Current Population S urvey.... 12.2 23.8 0 .2 -.2 -.2 .8 1.1 .7 2.1 .4 1.5 .6 .2 -.1 2.2 2.2 3.3 6.2 10.7 1.5 1.8 Professional specialty occupations.............................. Industry-occupation matrix .... Current Population S urvey.... 20.0 21.4 0 .2 -.2 -.1 -.1 .1 .7 .1 .1 1.0 .3 .6 .4 .1 .4 .5 16.3 16.9 1.9 1.3 Technicians and related support occupations................ Industry-occupation matrix .... Current Population S urvey.... 4.7 5.4 0 .1 0 -.1 0 0 -.2 -.1 .2 .6 .2 .1 .4 .5 .2 .2 3.8 3.6 .3 .4 Marketing and sales occupations Industry-occupation matrix .... Current Population S urvey.... 13.6 12.9 0 0 0 0 .1 0 .3 .5 .3 0 1.0 .7 8.8 8.1 0 1.8 3.0 1.8 .1 0 Administrative support occupations, including cle ric a l....................................... Industry-occupation matrix .... Current Population Survey.... 19.3 13.1 .1 .1 -.2 -.3 .3 0 -.9 -1.6 .6 1.8 .7 -.4 1.9 1.3 2.4 .9 13.3 9.2 1.1 .8 Service occupations.................. Industry-occupation matrix ... Current Population S urvey.... 20.9 13.8 0 0 0 0 -.1 0 -.4 -.4 .2 .3 .1 0 7.8 4.3 .2 .1 11.0 7.6 2.0 1.8 Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related occupations.......... Industry-occupation matrix .... Current Population Survey.... 5 -.1 .1 -.4 0 0 0 0 -.1 -.1 0 0 .2 .2 .1 0 0 .1 0 .1 .1 -.2 Precision production, craft, and repair occupations............ Industry-occupation matrix .... Current Population S urvey.... 3.3 4.4 0 0 -.7 -.3 1.8 2.5 -1.2 -.5 0 .1 .1 -.1 .7 0 .3 .4 2.0 1.8 .4 -.1 Operators, fabricators, and la bo rers............................. Industry-occupation matrix .... Current Population S urvey.... 5.4 5.3 .1 .1 -.4 -.3 .3 .3 -2.1 -3.3 1.8 3.0 1.0 .6 1.0 2.2 0 .1 3.8 2.5 -.2 -.1 Occupation Whole sale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance Services and real estate Public admini stration Total, all occupations N o t e : State and local Government hospitals and education are included in the services industry division. Public administration in the Current Popula- 52 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 1995 tion Survey is very similar to Government in the industry-occupation matrix, which excludes State and local government hospitals and education. Footnotes 1These conclusions are derived from a recently developed employment se ries based on industry-occupational employment prepared by bls since the early 1980’s. 2For a detailed description of the Occupational Employment Statistics sur vey , see bls H a n d b o o k o f M e th o d s , Bulletin 2414 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1992), ch. 3. 3For a detailed description of the Current Employment Statistics survey, see Bulletin 2414 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1992), ch. 2. bls H a n d b o o k o f M e th o d s , 4See Neal H. Rosenthal, “More than wages at issue in job quality debate,” December 1989, pp. 4-8. M o n th ly L a b o r R ev ie w , 5 See E m p lo y m e n t in P e r s p e c tiv e : E a rn in g s Labor Statistics Report 877, August 1994. a n d J o b G r o w th , Bureau of 6 In the industry-occupation matrix, State and local government hospitals and education are included in services and not in government. Appendix: Developing the industry-occupation matrix Procedures used to develop the industry occupation employment matrix historical 1983-93 time series. bls has been developing industry-occupation matrices on a 2 year cycle since the mid-1960’s. However, a time series of these matrices was never developed because of concerns about the lack of comparability of the matrix data over time. Before 1980, the matrices used the occupational classification of the most recent decennial census. Since 1980, data from the o e s surveys have been used to construct matrices. The o e s survey classification changed significantly in 1983, however, and matrices constructed with o e s survey data before that date were used are not comparable with those prepared using o e s data collected since 1983. In addition to the general changes in occupational classification systems, the occupations covered in the OES surveys have changed to facilitate improvements in quality, current use of occupational terms, and response to user needs. Changes to the Standard Indus trial Classification instituted in 1972, 1977, and 1987 also created comparability problems. hi response to requests from the public, work was begun in 1994 to develop a national industry-occupation matrix time series. In developing the time series, several guidelines were established: • The series would be as consistent as possible with the 1992 ma trix. The most current was developed by bls at the time the se ries was prepared; • The o e s survey’s occupational classification used after 1983 would be used; it is consistent with the 1980 Standard Occupa tional Classification; • Data that did not have a comparable definition in every year of the series would not be presented in the series for detailed occu pations or detailed industries; • A general review of the year-to-year total employment trend for an occupation must be consistent with logical year-to-year ex pectations; • No cell in the series would have confidential data and no cell would have data suppressed because of confidentiality; in this way, the series could be used for statistical analyses without losing data; • The time series would only cover wage and salary workers; selfemployed workers and unpaid family workers are not covered in the o e s survey and would not be covered in the time series; https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 7It also should be noted that 4 of the 10 occupations were residual catego ries that include all detailed occupations not identified separately in the histori cal time series in the following major occupational groups, sales occupations, executive and managerial occupations, administrative support occupations, in cluding clerical, and professional specialty occupations. 8For further information on the methodology used to determine replace ment needs, see T o ta l a n d N e t O c c u p a tio n a l S e p a r a tio n s : A R e p o r t o n R e c e n t R ese a rc h . (Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1991). A summary of this report appeared in M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , November 1991, pp. 95-102. 9Although most occupations have a range of entry requirements, each occu pation was assigned to only one educational category based on the views of analysts working on the O c c u p a tio n a l O u tlo o k H a n d b o o k who are familiar with an occupation’s education and training needs. 10One of the major differences is that, because the matrix counts jobs, a worker is counted in every job held. The cps is a count of individuals and a worker is only counted once in a primary job. • Data for industries having fewer than 50,000 workers in 1992 would be collapsed in all years except those having a distinct occupational staffing pattern that would distort other informa tion with which it would be aggregated. Data sources. The o e s survey has been the primary source of data on the occupational structure of industries to construct matrices since 1983. The o e s survey staffing patterns of industries collected over a 3-year period are applied to the wage and salary industry employment estimates obtained from the b l s Current Employment Statistics survey, to develop employment estimates for a particular year. Data on occupational staffing patterns for the Federal Gov ernment were based on data from the Office of Personnel Manage ment; staffing patterns for the U.S. Postal Service were obtained from that agency. Data on staffing patterns and industry employ ment for other industries not covered by the o e s survey—agricul ture, forestry, fishing, and private households—are obtained pri marily from the c p s . A comprehensive methodological statement outlining the data sources and procedures used in the development of the 1992 ma trix is published in The American Work Force: 1992-2005, bls Bulletin 2452, April 1994. Com parability of occupational d ata When the industry-occupation matrices were constructed, occupa tions covered by the o e s with a national total employment of less than 5,000 were generally aggregated with closely related occupa tions or into appropriate residuals. In addition, some closely re lated occupations such as typists and word processors were aggre gated. Primarily because of these aggregations of o e s survey occu pations, the number of occupations in the matrices constructed from 1986 through 1992 varied from 480 in 1986 to 512 in 1992. To achieve uniformity over time for the historical series, occu pations that were aggregated in the 1986,1988, and 1990 matrices, but were presented in the 1992 matrix, were disaggregated in the earlier matrices. However, if an occupation appeared in an earlier matrix but was collapsed in the 1992 matrix, that occupation was collapsed in the historical series. Monthly Labor Review June 1995 53 Occupational Employment Industry configuration The industrial structure of the 1986 and 1988 matrices was on the 1972/1977 Standard Industrial Classification and 1987 sic was used for the 1990 and 1992 matrices. The impact of the conversion to the new 1987 sic caused the loss of some industries, the addition of others, and the split of an industry into one or more industries. A reconciliation of the data before the 1990 matrix to the 1987 sic was made and resulted in a matrix having 190 industries that were comparable over the 1983-93 period. Analytical review for reliability of trend data. At this point, the 1983 through 1993 year-by-year employment totals for each of 456 detailed occupations in the series were analyzed to identify appar ent distortions in likely employment trends. If the data were sus pect for an occupation, the employment was aggregated to a sum mary level or combined into an appropriate residual. For example, in reviewing the data, occupational therapist employment was shown to have increased from 22,000 to 30,000 from 1986 to 1987 although it only increased 1,000 between 1983 and 1986 and 5,000 between 1986 and 1993. From this data, analysts can have little faith in the statistic show ing growth of 15,000 in 1983-93. Similarly, a decrease of 15,000 physicians from 1990 to 1991 raised questions about the reliability of the time series for that occupation. Although this analytical pro cedure was subjective, a decision was made not to present data in 54 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 1995 the series that showed counter-intuitive trends in the judgment of analysts having knowledge about the occupation. As a result of this review, many occupations were deleted from the series as detailed occupations; the number declined to 277. Confidentiality Protecting confidential employment data in the matrices was an other factor that had to be addressed in preparing the historical matrices for publication. Distributing matrices to data users with blank data for confidential cells causes problems in data manipula tion. Upon examination, most of the industries that contained con fidential cells had occupations that consisted of fewer than 50 work ers and cells with occupations representing less than 1 percent of the industry’s employment. In industries in which occupations rep resented more than 1 percent of the industry, these occupations were aggregated with appropriate residuals or the industry in which they appeared was aggregated. To eliminate the confidential employment cells with fewer than 50 workers, the occupation cell was made zero in the industry in which they appeared and the industry was rescaled to its bench mark control. This process slightly changed the staffing pattern of the industries. To avoid the need to delete large confidential cells that distorted trends, some industries were aggregated; this reduced the number of industries in the series from 190 to 185. Industrial Relations Deere, uaw settle Following a 5-month stalemate in ne gotiations, the United A utom obile Workers (UAW) and Deere & Co. settled on a 3-year master contract covering some 10,500 workers at facilities in Iowa, Illinois, Kansas, Georgia, Minne sota, and Colorado. UAW chief negotia tor Bill Casstevens said, “The new agreement improves the incomes of Deere workers, provides substantial in creases in pensions, provides additional income for retired members, and main tains comprehensive health care cover age.” He added, “It also provides u a w Deere workers with improvements in other important areas, such as health and safety and group insurance ben efits.” A company spokesperson said, ‘This agreement will allow the company to enhance its global competitiveness.” The settlement does not call for a general increase in base wages, but it does include income gains in the form of an immediate $500 ratification bo nus; a lump-sum payment in the first year of the contract equal to 4 percent of qualified earnings paid in the preced ing 12 m onths, and sim ilar 3-per cent bonuses in the second and third years; and cost-of-living adjustments (COLA’s). The agreement provides quar terly COLA payments equal to 0.53 per cent of wages for each 0.26-point in crease in the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and C lerical Workers, with a diversion of 27 cents an hour to help defray the cost of ben efits. The pact also rolls in to wages 5 cents an hour in c o la payments earned under the previous contract. In addition, it calls for new hires (except skilled tradesworkers) to start at 70 percent of regular pay for their job classification and to progress to the full rate after 3 “ Industrial Relations" is prepared by Michael H. Clmini and Charles J. Muhl of the Division of Developments in LaborManagement Relations, Bureau of Labor Statistics, and is largely based on informa tion from secondary source. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis years. At the expiration of the previous agreement, the average hourly rate re portedly was about $22. The pact converts the existing incen tive plan to a “continuous improvement payment plan” that links wages to pro ductivity. The new plan is designed to generate additional compensation to em ployees for achieving continuous im provements in work by using their ex perience, knowledge, and training to institute changes and to manage the workplace more efficiently. According to a Deere spokesperson, “Our mutual agreement to implement a new wage payment system is a development of sig nificant importance. We are unique in our industry in having a productivity enhancing wage payment system like our continuous improvement pay plan. This plan, which has been piloted in many of the company's factories in re cent years, will effectively support our efforts to create a continuous improve ment culture in the company. We know from experience that the full implemen tation of this program will yield very significant productivity improvement, while also protecting the earnings of our current incentive employees.” The agreement includes “substantial” gains in pension coverage. Enhance ments for future retirees include in creases in minimum monthly (employ ment security, disability, and mutual early) pensions, from $32.35 to $33.45 for each year of credited service for re tirements on or after September 30, 1994; $34.45 for each year of credited service for retirements on or after Sep tember 30, 1995; and $35.45 for retire ments on or after September 30, 1996. Other improvements for future retirees, which become effective on the same dates as above, include increases in the monthly retirement supplemental allow ance, from $2,000 to $2,050, to $2,080, and to $2,100; and monthly temporary benefits from $31.40 (maximum $942) to $31.95 (m axim um $958.50), to $33.10 (maximum $993), and to $34.25 (maximum $1,027.50). Current retirees will also receive special lump-sum pay ments ranging between $200 and $600 each year, plus a $1 increase in their monthly temporary benefits for each year of credited service. The pact introduces several changes in health care coverage. It requires new hires to be enrolled in a managed care health plan if they reside in the service area of one of these plans, and allows a dependent who lives outside a network area to be enrolled in a managed care option different from his or her parent’s if the parent’s medical option is not available to the dependent. The contract increases prescription drug plan de ductibles to $3 for generic drugs and name brand drugs without a generic substitute and to $5 for brand name drugs, and boosts monthly medicare premium reimbursement from $41.10 to $58.20 over the term. The settlement also provides additional durable medi cal equipment and improves insurance coverage for surviving spouses. Other terms continue the current job security program; improve the 401 (k) tax-deferred savings, profit-sharing, and life insurance plans; and call for 4day July 4th holiday weekends each year during the term of the contract. The pact also allows employees with 3 or more weeks of vacation to take leave 1 day at a time; establishes a joint committee to revise the current job classification sys tem; and provides language changes in provisions dealing with union represen tation and disability benefits. Job protection at AK Steel Negotiators for ak Steel Corp., formerly Armco Steel Co. l p , and the Armco Em ployees Independent Federation signed a 6-year agreement that gives enhanced job protection to 3,341 work ers at the company’s Middletown Works in Middletown, OH. Under the job protection arrange ments, a k Steel guarantees current em ployees 40 hours of pay a week and pro tection against layoffs during the term of the agreement except in case of a natural disaster or act of God, suspen- Monthly Labor Review June 1995 55 Industrial Relations sion of the contract by a bankruptcy court, or severe financial difficulties that threaten the viability of the company, ak Steel also is required to maintain a mini mum work force of 3,341, unless there is a permanent shutdown of all or a sub stantial portion of an operation or facil ity. In addition, contract language gives employees the right to bid on the plant if a k decides to sell it or to have a signed agreement with a new purchaser before a k sells the plant. The contract provides employees with an immediate $2,000 signing bonus; wage increases of 50 cents an hour in the first, third, and fourth years of the con tract; and a lump-sum payment of $ 1,000 in January 1996. In addition, if the Steel workers negotiates higher wage and lump-sum payments in subsequent settle ments at Bethlehem Steel, USX, Inland Steel, and National Steel, a k Steel must match the average of those adjustments. Besides incorporating several gains from a 1994 arbitration award, the settle ment introduces a number of changes in pension and health care coverage. Mini mum monthly pension rates increase from $42 to $44 for each year of credited service, and “alternate benefit value” monthly pension rates are raised from between $42 and $48 to between $44 and $50 for each year of credited service. The company is required to match pension improvements negotiated by the afore mentioned four steel companies and to continue surviving spouse payments for the life of the agreement. The contract also boosts sickness and accident benefits by $50 a week, establishes a trust to fund retirees’ medical and life insurance ben efits, and eliminates the 12-month wait ing period for eligibility for long-term disability benefits. Other terms provide 7 additional per sonal days off during the term of the agreement; enhance the profit-sharing plan payout; call for safety shoe allow ances of $100 in the second year and $80 in both the fourth and sixth years; and add Martin Luther King, Jr.’s Birth day as a paid holiday effective in 1996. The pact also expedites grievance pro 56 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis cedures and calls for the development of methods to resolve the backlog of grievances; requires the company to perform an epidem iology study of health conditions at the Middletown coke plant; and provides language changes dealing with scheduling, over time, special assignments, seniority lists, safety and health, and union representation. Pacts address hospital restructuring Rapid changes occurring in the health care industry have led many hospitals to restructure their health care delivery sys tems and to redefine the procedures used to provide health care. In the organized sector of the industry, both employers and unions often have recognized the need to work collectively to meet the chal lenges of a changing work environment, with employers seeking flexibility to re spond to changes and unions arguing for job protection for their members. Two recent settlements address the problems of providing cost-efficient, quality health care during a time when hospitals are downsizing or consolidating. Some 1,300 employees of Thomas Jefferson University Hospital in Phila delphia, PA, are covered by a 5-year ex tension to their current contract that includes job security and retraining pro visions, as well as improvements in wages and pension benefits. District 1199C, National Union of Hospital and Health Care Employees (affiliated with the Am erican Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees) rep resented the licensed practical nurses, aides, and service and maintenance em ployees covered by the settlement. The pact establishes a Contract In terpretation and Policy Com m ittee (CIPC), composed of two employer and two union representatives, to review and discuss major issues arising from hos pital restructuring. The CIPC will over see a Job Security Program, a Joint Em ployment Placement Service, and a La bor-Management Planning Program, all June 1995 financed through a new Employment, Training and Job Security Fund. Under the Job Security Program, full time employees with at least 90 days of service who lose their jobs as a result of restructuring will receive up to 80 per cent of their salaries (inclusive of un employment compensation) and health care coverage for their families for up to 1 year. During that time, displaced em ployees must enter an assigned training program and must accept referral to a new position at the hospital or other fa cilities covered by contracts with Dis trict 1199C. Employees who work in a new classification created because of re structuring will maintain their previous hourly rate for 1 year if the rate for their new job is lower. The Joint Employment Placement Service will act as the sole source of re ferrals for all bargaining unit jobs for the first 7 days on which jobs are posted. The service will also maintain a com puterized bank of prospective employ ees and a process to verify employees’ prior work performance and holding of licenses and certifications. The Labor Management Planning Program will collect information on job trends and emerging skills in the industry. These programs will be financed, in part, by diversions of general wage in creases during the first and second years of the agreement. Workers will receive wage increases of 3 percent on July 1, 1995, 3.5 percent on July 1,1996, and 3 percent on July 1,1997. One-third of the first-year wage increase and one-seventh of the second-year wage increase will be diverted to the Job Security Fund, as will 1 month’s employer contribution to the pension fund. Other terms of the accord raise the hospital’s monthly contributions to the pension fund to 7.56 percent (was 6.7 percent) of gross payroll and to the Training and Upgrading Fund to 1.5 percent (was 1 percent) of gross pay roll; reduce the age requirement for nor mal retirement from 65 to 62; and con tinue the annual cost-of-living review that provides an increase of $1 per week for every 1-percent change over 6 per cent in the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Work ers. The contract also calls for a wage reopener on June 30, 1998, to negotiate changes, if any, in salaries for the fourth and fifth contract years; raises the hospital’s contributions to the union le gal fund to 7.5 cents (was 5 cents) per hour worked; and extends health care coverage, dependent life insurance, and accidental death and dismemberment insurance to domestic partners of gay and lesbian employees. Elsewhere, negotiators for the Uni versity of Illinois Hospital in Chicago and the Illinois Nurses Association have agreed to modify their existing 2-year contract to address a number of impor tant issues stemming from the hospital’s intent to restructure work. N urses received job protection, a voice in deter mining the hospital’s budget, and guide lines on appropriate delegation of du ties to unlicensed nursing assistants, while the hospital gained greater flex ibility to move vacant positions from one nursing unit to another. Talks between the parties began after the union filed several grievances and unfair labor practice charges with the Illinois Educational Labor Relations Board over the hospital’s “Operations Improvement” plan. The hospital pro posed to “redesign the patient care de livery model” by replacing some nurses with lesser-trained, unlicensed person nel!, a move that reportedly would save about $6 million annually. The union ve hemently opposed any reduction in the professional nursing staff. Rather than continue down an adversarial path, the hospital suspended the implementation of its restructuring plan and the parties returned to the bargaining table. As a result of contract talks, the hos pital agreed to maintain 767 full-time equivalent nursing positions called for in its fiscal 1995 budget. These positions translate into about 1,000 actual jobs because represented nurses typically work about 80 percent of the allotted time per position. The contract stipulates https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis that nurses will be involved in the de velopment of the annual budget, a pro cess that, in part, will determine future staffing levels. Layoffs of bargaining unit employees are allowed in the event of reductions in the number of patients or cessation of hospital services, but not because of changes in the skill mix be tween professional nurses and unli censed health care workers. When a nursing position becomes vacant, the hospital will decide whether the posi tion should remain in its original unit, be transferred to another unit, or be moved to the float pool where nurses are assigned to units as needed. The settlement establishes a Nurse Practice/Patient Care Committee that consists of four representatives each from the union and hospital. The com mittee is charged with improving nurs ing practices by recommending proce dures to improve patient care and by developing potential solutions to nurses’ concerns about staffing levels. The amendment contains language designed to clarify nurses’ ability to del egate their responsibilities. Under stan dards established by the Illinois Nurse Practice Act, a nurse may assign a wide range of duties to unlicensed, less-skilled workers if he or she feels that delega tion is appropriate. On the other hand, a nurse can choose not to assign activities to other personnel if he or she is not com fortable delegating such duties. Hospi tal negotiators hope that the language clarification will provide greater flexibil ity for nurses, as they realize the poten tial for farming out certain aspects of patient care. The parties also included language in the amendment outlining supervisory and professional responsibilities, stating that nurses are not expected to perform supervisory functions relating to hiring, transfers, layoffs, promotions, disciplin ary actions, and other related tasks, and that duties such as routine monitoring, clinical guidance, and the assignment of nursing tasks are not considered su pervisory work. The parties were prompted to include these clarifications after the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in May 1994 in nlrb v . Health Care & Retirement Corp. of America that nurses who direct less-skilled employees as part of their duties are supervisors, and thus are not protected by Federal labor law. (See Monthly Labor Review, August 1994, p. 62.) The hospital and union separately negotiated a scheduled wage reopener that increases wages by 3.5 percent; raises “charge pay” by 50 cents to $1.50 per hour; and continues certification bonuses. Lorillard, bctw settle Local 317T of the Bakery, Confection ery and Tobacco Workers and Lorillard, Inc., agreed to a 3-year contract for 1,350 production and maintenance em ployees at the com pany’s cigarette manufacturing plant in Greensboro, NC, where Kent and Newport brands are produced. The settlem ent provided lump-sum payments, a general wage in crease, a new health maintenance orga nization plan, and improvements in pension benefits. Workers will receive lump-sum pay m ents o f $2,000 im m ediately and $2,200 on March 1, 1996. They will continue to receive quarterly cost-of-liv ing ad-justments (c o la ’s) equal to 1 cent per hour for each 0.3-percent increase in the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers. c o l a payments will be folded into base wage rates before employees receive a general wage increase of 2 percent in March 1997. Lorillard will provide optional health care coverage for employees through a new health maintenance organization (HMO) beginning in 1996. The company will continue to pay fully for single cov erage, but employees must pay 25 per cent of the premium costs for family cov erage. If employees choose to remain with an existing health plan after the HMO is created, they must pay the dif ference in premiums between the hm o and the existing plan. Monthly Labor Review June 1995 57 Industrial Relations The settlement introduces several other benefit changes. The pact increases the maximum accident and sickness pay ment from $400 to $460 a week. It boosts life insurance coverage from $50,000 to $65,000 for active employees and from $25,000 to $30,000 for retirees. The contract also features several gains in pension coverage. It liberalizes the eligibility requirement for normal re tirement by permitting employees to re tire with full benefits after 30 years of service, regardless of age. Previously, only employees aged 53 or older with at least 30 years of service could retire without a penalty. The pact also in creases pension benefits from $47 to $54 per month per year of credited service for employees retiring at age 60. Effec tive March 1, 1995, retiring workers will receive a joint and survivor’s benefit, under which a retiree will receive an unreduced pension and, upon the retiree’s death, the surviving spouse will receive 50 percent of the employee’s re duced pension benefit. Bloomingdale’s contract extended For the second time in 2 years, some 2,600 employees at Bloomingdale’s flag ship store in M anhattan and at two New York City area warehouses will be working under a 1-year extension of their current collective bargaining agree ment. The bargaining unit— which in cludes sales personnel, stockers, display employees, and warehouse workers rep resented by Local 3 of the Retail, Whole sale and Department Store Union—pre viously worked under a 5-year settle ment that was originally set to expire in March 1994, but subsequently was ex tended last year. The latest extension was agreed to because Bloomingdale’s parent company, Federated Department Stores, continued restructuring after Bloomingdale’s emerged from bank ruptcy protection. 58 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Terms of the pact increase wages by $8 to $35 per week, with the amount depending on an employee’s length of service. The hourly rate for workers with 5 years of service is raised to a minimum of $10 on April 1, 1995, as the result of a $25,000 contribution from Bloomingdale’s to an “upgrading fund,” and the rate for new hires in creases to $5.50 per hour. The contract eliminates Sunday premium pay for employees hired after the ratification date, but continues time and one-half pay for the fifth work day in a week and double time for work on the sixth day in a week for current employees. The accord provides a few gains in health benefits, but increases employee contributions toward insurance premi ums. Workers now must pay between 2 percent and 4 percent (was 1 percent) of gross weekly earnings for the plan, with the amount depending on the num ber of family members covered. The con tract allows workers to establish a taxdeferred medical benefit account so that contributions can be made with pretax dollars. The pact includes several enhance ments in medical benefits for active employees, effective in June 1995. It in creases in-hospital benefits from 30 days or $30,000 in expenses to 50 days or $50,000 in expenses; provides a new supplemental lifetime hospital benefit of $50,000; and calls for a $500 reimburse ment (was $300) for x-ray and labora tory expenses. In addition, the pact eliminates medical benefits upon retire ment for employees hired after the rati fication date. Building cleaning firms settle Negotiators for Local 79 of the Service Employees International Union and nine commercial building cleaning compa nies in the Detroit metropolitan area agreed on a 6-year master contract that provided a number of job protection pro- June 1995 visions for some 1,600janitorial employ ees. The companies covered by the agreement are International Service Sys tems. City Building Maintenance, CNC Maintenance Inc., Unibar Maintenance, A m erican B uilding M aintenance, Ogden Allied Maintenance, Panasonic Cleaning, Lakeside Building Mainte nance, and Total Building Service. The parties agreed to several changes that will protect or enhance employees’ job security and wage structure. Under terms of the new agreement, companies must get union approval prior to sub contracting any bargaining unit in a related area, new contract language al lows the union to meet with the compa nies to discuss anticipated job cuts because of productivity or service prob lems at any covered building. The con tract also specifies that new companies that become signatories to the contract cannot cut wage rates, shift hours, num ber of employees, or the number of hours an employee works each day of the week. In addition, the pact specifies that employees must be paid time and one-half for all work in excess of 8 hours (was 9 hours) a day or for work on a sixth (was seventh) consecutive work day, and double time for hours worked on a seventh (was eighth) con secutive work day. The contract calls for annual wage increases of 3.5 percent plus a wage reopener in any of the last 3 years of the contract if the annual cost of living rises by 8 percent in the year. At the expira tion of the prior agreement, base rates reportedly ranged between $4.25 and $8.50 an hour. Other terms increase employer con tributions towards health insurance to 6 percent in 1996-97, to 7 percent in 1998-99, and to 8 percent in 2000; provide 2 paid days each year for train ing of union stewards; and allow em ployees to cash out up to 90 percent (was 75 percent) of unused paid sick and per sonal days on their employment anni versary date. □ Book Reviews The labor standards battle Creating Economic Opportunities: The Role o f Labour Standards in Indus trial Restructuring. Edited by Werner Sengenberger and Duncan Campbell. Geneva, International Institute for Labour Studies, 1994, 439 pp., $36. Labor Standards and Structural Adjust ment. By Roger Plant. Geneva, In ternational Labour Office, 1994,202 pp., $26. Multinationals and Employment: The Global Economy in the 1990s. Paul B ailey, A urelio P arisotto, and Geoffrey Renshaw, eds. Geneva, In ternational Labour Office, 1993,325 pp., $36. Labor standards, as defined by the In ternational Labor Organization (ILO) and by laws enacted by member states, have come under increasing pressure. The i l o ’ s motivating idea since its in ception in 1919 was that labor was not to be treated as a commodity; that labor standards and labor conditions were not to be part of product market competi tion, and that the i l o ’ s function was to ensure “a level playing field.” Although labor standards “have re mained a battleground of controversial viewpoints and diverging interests,” in ternational competition intensified dur ing the 1980’s, generating controversy over labor standards. These also became subject to intensified competition, and as a result, labor policy stagnated. Creating Economic Opportunities: The Role o f Labour Standards in Indus trial Restructuring, edited by Werner Sengenberger and, Duncan Campbell defends labor standards, but its analy sis of the reasons for their decay is sparse. Rather, the case the book’s con tributors make for maintaining and im proving labor standards is based on the link between productivity improvement and worker satisfaction from adherence to labor standards. The book provides interesting infor mation, but the arguments are only par https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis tially persuasive. Two reasons for this may be suggested. One is that, by the contributors’ own accounts, the forces arrayed against the observance of labor standards often swamp—or relegate to subordinate status—any concerns with labor standards if they impede produc tivity. The other reason is that most of the authors ignore the objective of la bor standards, which have been to im pede the exploitation of workers fre quently associated with improvements in productivity. The inherent conflict between the one and the other has al ways been difficult to resolve. This con flict lies at the core of Labor Standards and Structural Adjustment by Roger Plant. Plant discusses the clash between the mission of the i l o and the policies of structural adjustment pursued by the World Bank. Among the forces that have tended to uphold, but as often to ignore or erode labor standards have been multinational enterprises—the engines of globali zation. In the process, most multina tional enterprises have reshaped their work forces. They have built a core of skilled or professional employees who enjoy some job security and relatively good benefits. But they have been in creasing their number of peripheral— part-time or temporary— work forces who remain without status or tenure. The globalization strategies of mul tinational enterprises that operate through foreign direct investment, mer gers and acquisitions, and forms of joint venture strategies that have distinct effects upon employment and labor standards. Following globalization, govern ments are less able to enforce national rules, leading to a widening “regulatory deficit” between labor standards and labor markets. Economic and institutional forces are intertwined and difficult to separate for purposes of analysis. Aspects of re structuring are seen by the authors as causing the “regulatory deficit” that loosens adherence to labor standards. Major parts of the SengenbergerCampbell volume and of Plant’s work are devoted to examining, and vigor ously attacking, the ideological under pinnings of neoclassical arguments to deregulate labor standards. Frank Wilkinson, a contributor to the Sengen berger book, writes that, following the re-emergence of traditional free-market economics, government policymakers in a growing number of developed and developing countries were advised by the international financial institutions that high unemployment and labor mar ket inflexibility result from trade union and government regulation of the labor market. In addition, they were told that social welfare is an important disincen tive to labor market activity and that un employment, low pay, poor working conditions, and casual employment of those “trapped in the lower strata of labour are to be explained by their low quality and weak labour market orien tation,” Wilkinson writes. Such a view is profoundly at odds with i l o philosophy. It “essentially ig nores the value of labour standards as instruments of social justice,” accord ing to Plant. He also writes that the World Bank has pursued the disman tling of protective labor standards as part of the structural adjustment poli cies that, with the International Mon etary Fund, has imposed on debtor na tions since the early 1980’s. Efforts by the i l o to integrate labor standards with adjustment policies have not been suc cessful, Plant writes. World Bank policy approaches work force issues “from the perspective of private investors” and is unconcerned with equity. The conflict exists over theory, too. Duncan and Campbell, writing in the Sengenberger-Campbell volume, state that “the semantic space occupied by such concepts as ‘laissez-faire’ or ‘free market’ occupy an opposite realm to that of standards.” In demonstrating how labor markets “really operate,” Wilkinson and others emphasize power affecting relations beMonthly Labor Review June 1995 59 Book Reviews tween employers and employees. The power of employers is partially re dressed and constrained by economic and fiscal policies, labor legislation, and welfare-state benefits. Labor markets, in turn, are structured by the different abilities of individuals to gain access to education and training opportunities, and to jobs. Labor markets also are char acterized by how workers and profes sional associations control job entry, and by other supply-side factors. Labor stan dards are indeed “rigidities,” but they are designed not least to prevent “de structive competition” based on “under valued labor,” defined by Wilkinson as labor exposed to “downward directed wage competition.” Undervalued labor is deprived of the education and skills that make possible mobility between firms and ensure job security, or tenure. This “undervalued” stratum of labor, which Wilkinson de scribes as a trend, although he does not provide supporting data, encourages the “predatory elem ents” in capitalism. These elements cause the degeneration in employment conditions as manage ment relocates work sites to areas with lower labor costs, less restrictive stan dards, and less tolerant of unions. The undervaluation of labor, and the deprivation of full employment rights it implies, impairs worker productivity because it breeds disincentives and low ers the status of skill as a social, rather than merely technical, category: jobs at firms and in industries where working conditions are poor do not offer an ac ceptable social status, regardless of the level of worker skill. Wilkinson’s obser vations are seconded by other contribu tors to the Segenberger-Campbell vol ume, and lie at the core of the volume’s argument. Numerous firms have upgraded their core work force, investing substantially in training and teaching news skills, and enhancing flexibility. They have “flattened” managerial hierarchies, and conferred greater responsibility on lower-level employees. But these posi- 60 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis tive trends have been paralleled by high unemployment in the advanced indus trial countries. The core work force in the larger enterprises has been shrink ing: nonstandard employment, such as part-time or independent contracting, has been rising. Furthermore, conver sions to work organizations featuring flexibility (that is, multiple skills of in dividual workers) has often been accom panied by downsizing. The effects of the new systems on labor standards have been far from being universally positive. Sengenberger and Campbell devote several chapters to the impact of “re structuring” on labor standards at the micro- and macro-economic levels of the international economic system. The dis cussion takes the form of case studies. The studies convey a sense of enormous difficulty and social costs from attempts to maintain labor standards form u lated by the i l o and its partners out of market-driven necessity to restructure industries and enterprises. Moreover, global economic interdependence had rendered restructuring “less and less a national matter;” the economic unit, no matter how defined, must now be viewed in terms of the international division of work and jobs. Powerful evidence sustains the argu ments presented by Sengenberger and detailed in the i l o volume, Multination als and Employment. In 1990, world wide trade in goods and services ran 13 times higher than in 1950. Worldwide production rose by a factor of 5 between 1950 and 1984 and exports rose by ap proximately a factor of 9. Exports of manufacturers soared 15-fold. As a pro portion of g n p , U.S. exports increased from 6 percent in 1967 to 11 percent in 1986, from 21 percent to 32 percent in Germany, and from 15 percent to 27 percent in France. Multinational enterprises have be come the “pivotal driving force” behind the internationalization of the economy, according to Sengenberger. These cor porations currently control one-third of the world’s private-sector assets. Non- June 1995 financial multinational enterprises num bered 37,000 in 1992, an increase from 7,000 in the mid-1970’s. In 1992, they counted 171,000 foreign affiliates and employed 70 million workers, the equiv alent of 20 percent of the total nonfarm labor force of the Organization for Eco nomic Cooperation and Development. The impact of the spread of multina tional enterprises on labor standards is indicated by contributors to Multina tionals and Employment. This impact is not documented as thoroughly as the effect on their strategies on employ ment, which is the book’s focus. How ever, this deficiency is mitigated in sev eral chapters. Moreover, many multinational enter prises that operate globally integrated strategies “refuse to recognize or nego tiate with unions,” not least to forestall the adverse effect on the entire corpora tion of a dispute in a subsidiary, accord ing to contributor James Hamill. He presents case studies of four globally in tegrated firms, three of which experi enced worldwide declines in employ ment of more than one-third between 1980 and 1991. This was due to effi ciency drives, shifts to factories produc ing goods for overseas markets rather than solely for domestic markets, and consolidation to fewer but more efficient plants. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (Ga t t ), and multinational en terprises are closely related. By includ ing production and sales of services, the treaty recognizes the need for a “com mercial presence” of international us ers of services, such as insurance, ac counting, health care, and telecommu nications. The commercial enterprises result in a multinational enterprise, under g a t t rules, and may compete with established businesses, including private or public monopolies, such as telecommunications and other public utilities. g a t t provides for market access by multinational enterprises to equipment and service sales. Rates must be “cost- oriented.” It prohibits cross subsidiza tion, which is the use of revenue from profitable services to support unprofit able ones. Given these provisions, mo nopolies would be breached, public mo nopolies would be partly or wholly privatized, and the future of some enter prises would be threatened. The relation ship between g att and multinational enterprises has aroused fears that labor standards may be further weakened. Certain forms of employment, par ticularly part-tim e work, are “more pre valent in services than in agriculture, manufacturing and extractive indus tries,” according to an i l o survey cited by author Ana Romero in Multination als and Employment. One in seven workers in the o e c d countries have worked, or continue to work, part-time; more than three-quarters of all part-time workers are employed in the service-pro ducing sector. Some service occupations require high levels of skills and knowl edge, and pay well. Many service enter prises also provide intensive training to their employees, who often must main tain direct contact with consumers. At the same time, large numbers of service workers perform routine, poorly paid jobs, and lack security or tenure. That has come to be a “mounting concern” of i l o and worker organizations. New flexible production techniques imply certain forms of labor market regulation that promote worker partici pation in production decisions in the en terprise and in decisions concerning worker training and employment conti nuity outside of it, according to Michael Piore. The contributors to the Sengenberger-Campbell book do not touch upon these possibilities of advancing productivity while ensuring worker sat isfaction. The case they make for link ing labor standards with productivity remains moot. The greater probability is that the conflict between the one and the other will persist, as is implied by Plant’s work. Piore takes a broader view of these matters. An inherent conflict exists be https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis tween the market as regulator of eco nomic activity, and the social relation ships through which people realize their humanity, he writes. This may be the most important reason for labor stan dards and why they are needed to regu late the economy. Meyer, Bruce D., Natural and Quasi-Experi ments In Economics, Cambridge, m a , National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1994, 42 pp. (Technical Working Paper 170.) $5 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Mishel, Lawrence and Jared Bernstein, The State o f Working America, 1994-95. —Horst Brand Economist, formerly with the Bureau of Labor Statistics Armonk,NY, M.E. Sharpe, Inc., 1994,410 pp. $55, cloth; $24.95, paper. Publications received Republic of China, Monthly Bulletin o f Manpower Statistics, Taiwan Area, Re public of China, September 1994. Tai wan, Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, 115 pp. Economic and social statistics Economic growth development Besley, Timothy and Anne Case, Unnatural Coe, David T., Elhanan Helpman, and Alexander W. Hoffmaister, North-South R&D Spillovers. Cambridge, m a , Na tional Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1995,41 pp. (Working Paper 5048.) $5 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Experiments? Estimating the Incidence o f Endogenous Policies. Cambridge, m a , National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1994,44 pp. (Working Paper 4956.) $5 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Evans, William N. and Edward Montgom ery, Education and Health: Where There’s Smoke There’s an Instrument. Cam bridge, m a , National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1994, 52 pp. (Working Paper 4949.) $5 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Farber, Henry S. and Joanne Gowa, Com mon Interests or Common Polities? Re interpreting the Democratic Peace. Cambridge, m a , National Bureau of Eco nomic Research, Inc., 1995, 39 pp. (Working Paper 5005.) $5 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Glaeser, Edward L., Bruce Sacerdote, Jose A. Scheinkman, Crime and Social Inter actions. Cambridge, m a , National Bu reau of Economic Research, Inc., 1995, 71 pp. (Working Paper, 5026.) $5 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Griliches, Zvi and Jacques Mairesse, Pro duction Functions: The Search for Iden tification. Cambridge, m a , National Bu reau of Economic Research, Inc., 1995, 39 pp. (Working Paper 5067.) $5 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Linder, Marc, Labor Statistics and Class Struggle. New York, International Pub lishers, 1994, 122 pp. House-Midamba, Bessie and Felix K. Ekechi, African Market Women and Eco nomic Power: The Role of Women in Af rican Economic Development. Westport, Greenwood Press, 1995, 240 pp. $59.95. ct, Razin, Assaf and Efraim Sadka, Population Economics. Cambridge, m a , The M IT Press, 1995, 275 pp. $30. Our Global Neighborhood: The Report of the Commission on Global Governance. New York, Oxford University Press, 1995, 410 pp., bibliography. $45, cloth; $14.95, paper. Education Creedy, John, The Economics o f Higher Education: An Analysis of Taxes versus Fees. Brookfield, v t , Edward Elgar Pub lishing, Ldt., 1995, 152 pp. $69.95. Elam, Stanley, How America Views Its Schools: The PDK/Gallup Polls, 19691994. Bloomington, in , Phi Delta Kappa International, 1995, 73 pp., $7.50, PDK members; $10, nonmembers. Jennings, John F., ed., National Issues in Education: Goals 2000 and School to Work. Bloomington, in , Phi Delta Kappa International and The Institute for Edu cational Leadership, 1995, 214 pp. $18, paper. Monthly Labor Review June 1995 61 Book Reviews Krueger, Alan and Cecilia Rouse, New Evi dence on Workplace Education. Cam bridge, m a , National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1994, 35 pp. (Working Paper 4831.) $5 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Owen, John D., Why Our Kids Don’t Study: An Economist’s Perspective. Baltimore, m d , The Johns Hopkins Press, 1995, 136 pp. $29.95. Industrial relations Harvard University Press, 1994, 704 pp. $35. Leckie, Norm, Human Resource Manage ment Practices: Patterns and Determi nants. Kingston, Ontario, IRC Press, Queens University, Industrial Relations Center, 1994, 35 pp. Panford, Kwamina, African Labor Relations and Workers ’ Rights: Assessing the Role of the International Labor Organization. Westport, cr, Greenwood Press, 1994, 248 pp. $59.95. Rosenblum, Jonathan D., Copper Crucible: Public Employee Department, Ex cellence in Public Service: Case Studies in Labor-M anagement Innovation. How the Arizona Miners’ Strike of 1983 Recast Labor-Management Relations in America. Ithaca, n y , i l r Press, Cornell Washington, 1994, 60 pp. University, 1995, 256 pp. $38, cloth; $16.95, paper. AFL-CIO Allcom, Seth, Anger in the Workplace: Un derstanding the Causes o f Aggression and Violence. Westport, c t , Quorum Swimmer, Gene and Mark Thompson, eds., Public Sector Collective Bargaining in Canada. Kingston, Ontario, Queen’s Books, 1994, 172 pp. $49.95. Booth, Alison L., The Economics o f the Trade Union. New York, Cambridge University Press, 1995, 295 pp. $59.95, cloth; $19.95, paper. Coleman, Charles J. and Theodora T. Haynes, eds., Labor Arbitration: An An notated Bibliography. Ithaca, n y , i l r Press, Cornell University, 1994, 384 pp. $35. University, Industrial Relations Center, IRC Press, 1995, 446 pp. Voos, Paula B., ed., Contemporary Collec tive Bargaining In the Private Sector. Ithaca, n y , ILR Press, Cornell University, 1994, 548 pp. $29.95, paper. National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1994, 11 pp. (Working Paper 4953.) $5 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Wheeler, Kenneth M., Effective Communi cation: A Local Government Guide. An napolis Junction, m d , International City/ County Management Association, 1994, 258 pp. $36, paper. International economics Baldwin, Robert E. The Effect of Trade and Foreign Direct Investment on Employ ment and Relative Wages. Cambridge, m a , National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1995,69 pp. (Working Paper 5037.) $5 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Cline, William R., International Economic Policy in the 1990s. Cambridge, m a , m i t Press, 1994, 260 pp. $35. The European Community, Economic and Social Committee, 320th Plenary Session of November 23-24, 1994, Bulletin 9, 1994. 30 pp. Labor and economic history Wagar, Terry H., Human Resource Manage Hinton, James, Shop Floor Citizens: Engi ment Practices and Organizational Per form ance: Evidence from Atlantic Canada. Kingston, Ontario, IRC Press, neering Democracy in 1940s Britain. Edward Elgar Publishing Co., Brookfeld, v t , 1994, 222 pp. $63.95. Regional Integration and Industrial Re lations in North America. (Proceedings Queen’s University, Industrial Relations Center, 1994, 65 pp. Rifkin, Jeremy, The End of Work: The De of a conference held October 1-2, 1993 at Cornell University.) Ithaca, n y , i l r Press, Cornell University, 1994, 284 pp. $28.95, paper. Weber, Caroline L. The Effects of Human Cook, Maria Lorena and Harry C. Katz, eds., Gifford, Courtney D., Directory ofU.S. La bor Organizations, 1994-95 Edition. Washington, b n a Books, 1994, 128 pp. $45, paper. Available from BNA Books, Edison, n j . Hunt, James W. and Patricia K. Strongin, The Law o f the Workplace: Rights o f Em ployers and Employees. 3rd ed. Wash ington, Bureau of National Affairs, 1994, 318 pp. $45, paper. Available from b n a Books, Edison, n j . cline o f the Global Labor Force and the Dawn o f the Post Market Era. New York, Resource Management Practices on Firm Performance: A Review of the Literature. G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1995, 350 pp., bib liography, $24.95. Kingston, Ontario, IRC Press, Queen’s University, Industrial Relations Center, 1994, 32 pp. Sugiman, Pamela, Labour’s Dilemma: The Zieger, Robert H., American Workers, American Unions. 2nd ed., Baltimore, m d , Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994, 244 pp., bibliography. $35, cloth; $12.95, paper. Industry, government organization Gender Politics o f Auto Workers In Canada, 1937-1979. Buffalo, n y , Uni versity of Toronto Press, 1994, 293 pp., bibliography. $50, cloth; $19.95, United States, paper. Labor force Anderson, Patricia and Simon M. Burgess, Empirical Matching Functions: Estima tion and Interpretation Using Disaggre gated Data. Cambridge, m a , National Cornell University, 1994, 262 pp. $45, cloth; $18.95, paper. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Career Guide to Industries. Washington, 1994, Bulletin 2453, Stock No. 029-001-03200-5, $14. For sale by the Superintendent of Docu ments, Mail Stop: s s o p , Washington 20402-9328. Kerr, Clark and Paul Staudohar, Labor Eco Chipty, Tasneem and Ann Dryden Witte, Factors Reshaping the World o f Work. nomics and Industrial Relations: Mar kets and Institutions. Cambridge, m a , Economic Effects of Quality Regulations in the Daycare Industry. Cambridge, m a , Albany, n y , State University of New York Press, 1995, 319 pp. $16.95. Johnston, Paul, Success While Others Fail: Social Movement Unionism and the Pub lic Workplace. Ithaca, n y , i l r Press, 62 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 1995 Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1994, 18 pp. (Working Paper 5001.) $5 per copy, plus $10 for postage and han dling outside the United States. Bills, David B., ed., The New Modern Times: Borjas, George J., The Economic Benefits From Immigration. Cambridge, m a , Na tional Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1994,28 pp. (Working Paper 4955.) $5 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Job Mobility. Cambridge, m a , National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1994, 45 pp. (Working Paper 4968.) $5 per copy, plus $10 for postage and han dling outside the United States. ployment Dynamics: Building From Microeconomic Evidence. Cambridge, Provenzano, Liza A., Telecommuting: A Trend Towards the Hoffice? Kingston, Ontario, Queen’s University, Industrial Relations Center, 1995, 28 pp. $20, paper. National Bureau of Economic Re search, Inc., 1995, 50 pp. (Working Pa per 5042.) $5 per copy, plus $ 10 for post age and handling outside the United States. Rife, John C., Employment o f the Elderly: An Annotated Bibliography. Westport, c t , Greenwood Press, 1995, 152 pp. $59.95. Caballero, Ricardo J., Eduardo M.R.A. Engel, John Haltiwanger, Aggregate Em ma, Chaykowski, Richard P. and Brian Lewis, Compensation Practices and Outcomes in Canada and the United States. Management, organization theory Baarda, Carolyn W., Computerized Perfor Farber, Henry S., Are Lifetime Jobs Disap Queen’s University, Industrial Relations Center, 1994, 28 pp. $20, paper. tional Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1995,57 pp. (Working Paper, 5014.) $5 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Griffith, David and Ed Kissam, Working Poor: Farmworkers in the United States. mance Monitoring: Implications for Em ployers, Employees, and Human Re source Management. Kingston, Ontario, Relative Income Concerns and the Rise in Married Women’s Employment. Cam 1995, 220 pp. $36.95, cloth: $15.95, paper. Monetary and fiscal policy bridge, m a , National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1995, 51 pp. (Working Paper 5023.) $5 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Gruber, Jonathan, The Incidence of Payroll Taxation: Evidence from Chile. Cam bridge, m a , National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1995, 33 pp. (Working Paper 5053.) $5 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. bridge, m a , National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1995,50 pp. (Working Pa per, 5044.) $5 per copy, plus $ 10 for post age and handling outside the United States. Jackson, Kevin, ed., The Oxford Book of Money. New York, Oxford University Press, 1995, 479 pp. $25. ____ , Roy J. Bank and Kyle D. Van Nort, Samuels, Warren J. and Frederic S. Lee, eds., Sex Discrimination in Restaurant Hiring: An Audit Study. Cambridge, m a , National A Monetary Theory o f Employment: Gardiner C. Means. Armonk, n y , M.E. Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1995, 34 pp. (Working Paper, 5024.) $5 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Sharpe, Inc., 1994, 292 pp. $60, cloth; $25.95, paper. Pason, Christina H. and Nachum Sicherman, The Dynamics o f Dual-Job Holding and https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Under Perfect and Imperfect Compensa tion. Cambridge, m a , National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1994,39 pp. (Working Paper 4970.) $5 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Hellerstein, Judith, The Demand for PostCambridge, m a , National Bureau of Eco nomic Research, Inc., 1994, 56 pp. (Working Paper 4981.) $5 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Married Women: The Tax Reform Act of 1986 As a Natural Experiment. Cam Neumark, David and Andrew Postlewaite, tional Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1994,18 pp. (Working Paper 4996.) $5 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Patent Prescription Pharmaceuticals. Heckshcher, Charles, White-Collar Blues: International Labour Organization, World Employment 1995: An ILO Report, 1995, 200 pp. $20, paper. Available from i l o Publications Center, Albany, n y . come and Wealth o f Older American Households: Modeling Issues for Public Policy Analysis. Cambridge, m a , Na How Business and Employees Can Both Win. Washington, Brookings Institution, Eissa, Nada, Taxation and Labor Supply of Books, 1995, 224 pp., bibliography, $23. Gustman, Alan L. and F. Thomas Juster, In Levine, David l.,Reinventing the Workplace: Philadelphia, 1995,335 pp. $49.95, cloth: $19.95, paper. Management Loyalties in an Age of Cor porate Restructuring. New York, Basic Feenstra, Robert C. Exact Hedonic Price Indexes. Cambridge, m a , National Bu reau of Economic Research, Inc., 1995, 44 pp. (Working Paper 5061.) $5 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Hausman, Jerry A., Valuation of New Goods Kingston, Ontario, Queen’s University at Kingston, Ontario, Industrial Relations Center, 1995, 37 pp. pearing? Job Duration in the United States: 1973-1993. Cambridge, m a , Na Prices and living conditions Schick, Allen, The Federal Budget: Politics, Policy, Process. Washington, The Brookings Institution, 1995, 223 pp. $36.95. Mocan, H. Naci, Quality Adjusted Cost Functions for Child Care Centers, Cam bridge, m a , National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1995, 13 pp. (Working Paper 5040.) $5 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Raff, Daniel M. G. and Manuel Trajtenberg, Quality-Adjusted Prices for the Ameri can Automobile Industry: 1906-1940. Cambridge, m a , National Bureau of Eco nomic Research, Inc., 1995, 54 pp. (Working Paper 5035.) $5 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Productivity, technological change Aoki, Reiko and Thomas J. Prusa, Product Development and the Timing of Informa tion Disclosure Under U.S. and Japanese Patent Systems. Cambridge, m a , National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1995, 30 pp. (Working Paper 5063.) $5 per copy, plus $10 for postage and han dling outside the United States. Bresnahan, Timothy and Shane Greenstein, The Competitive Crash in Large-Scale Monthly Labor Review June 1995 63 Book Reviews Commercial Computing. Cambridge, m a , National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1994,64 pp. (Working Paper 4901.) $5 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Eaton, Jonathan and Samuel Kortum, Inter national Patenting and Technology Dif fusion. Cambridge, m a , National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1994,42 pp. (Working Paper 4931.) $5 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Gray, Wayne B. and Ronald J. Shadbegian, Pollution Abatement Costs, Regulation, and Plant-Level Productivity. Cam bridge, m a , National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1994, 18 pp. (Working Paper 4994.) $5 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Gruber, Jonathan and Maria Owings, Phy sician Financial Incentives and Cesar ean Section Delivery. Cambridge, m a , National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1994,47 pp. (Working Paper 4933.) $5 per copy, plus $ 10 for postage and han dling outside the United States. Hines, James R., Jr. Taxes, Technology Transfer, and the R&D Activities o f Mul tinational Firms. Cambridge, m a , Na tional Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1994,36 pp. (Working Paper 4932.) $5 per copy, plus $ 10 for postage and han dling outside the United States. Irwin, Douglas A. and Peter J. Klenow, High Tech R&D Subsidies: Estimating the Ef fects of Sematech. Cambridge, m a , Na tional Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1994, 34 pp. (Working Paper 4974.) $5 per copy, plus $ 10 for postage and han dling outside the United States. Mamuness, Theofanis P. and M. Ishaq Nadiri, Public R&D Policies and Cost Behavior of the US Manufacturing In dustries. Cambridge, m a , National Bu reau of Economic Research, Inc., 1995, 49 pp. (Working Paper 5059.) $5 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Irwin, Douglas A. and Peter J. Klenow, High Tech R&D Subsidies: Estimating the Ef fects o f Sematech. Cambridge, m a , Na tional Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1994,34 pp. (Working Paper 4974.) $5 per copy, plus $ 10 for postage and han dling outside the United States. Zucker, Lynne G., Michael R. Darby, and Jeff Armstrong, Intellectual Capital and 64 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis the Firm: The Technology of Geographi cally Localized Knowledge Spillovers. Cambridge, m a , National Bureau of Eco nomic Research, Inc., 1994, 59 pp. (Working Paper Series 4946.) $5 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Wages and compensation Altonji and Thomas A. Dunn, An Intergenerational Model o f Wages, Hours and Earnings. Cambridge, m a , National Bu reau of Economic Research, Inc., 1994, 39 pp. (Working Paper 4950.) $5 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Blanchflower, David G. and Andrew J. Oswald, The Wage Curve. Cambridge, m a , The mit Press, 1994,491 pp. $39.95. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employee Ben efits Survey: A b l s Reader. Washing ton, 1995, Bulletin 2459, 254 pp. Stock No. 029-001-03206-4. $16. Available from the Superintendent of Documents, Mail Stop SSOP, Washington 20402-9328. _____, Employment Cost Index and Em ployee Benefits Survey: A Chartbook. Washington, 1995, 10 pp. Report 883. Card, David and Alan B. Krueger, Myth and Measurement: The New Economics of the Minimum Wage. Princeton, n j , Princeton University Press, 1995, 413 pp. $29.95. Fishback, Price V. and Shawn Everett Kantor, A Prelude to the Welfare State: Compulsory State Insurance and Work ers’ Compensation in Minnesota, Ohio, and Washington, 1911-1919. Cambridge, m a , National Bureau of Economic Re search, Inc., 1994, 51 pp. (Working Pa per on Historical Factors in Long Run Growth 64.) $5 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Welfare programs, social insurance Anderson, Patricia M. and Bruce D. Meyer, The Effects of Unemployment Insurance Taxes and Benefits on Layoffs Using Firm and Individual Data. Cambridge, m a , Na tional Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1994,48 pp. (Working Paper 4960.) $5 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Bjorklund, Anders and Richard B. Freeman, Generating Equality and Eliminating Poverty, the Swedish Way. Cambridge, June 1995 , National Bureau of Economic Re search, Inc., 1994, 72 pp. (Working Pa per 4945.) $5 per copy, plus $ 10 for post age and handling outside the United States. m a ______, Did Workers Pay for the Passage of Workers’ Compensation Laws? Cam bridge, m a , National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1994, 38 pp. (Working Paper 4947.) $5 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Borjas, George J., Immigration and Welfare, 1970-1990. Cambridge, ma, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1994, 72 pp. (Working Paper 4872.) $5 per copy, plus $ 10 for postage and han dling outside the United States. Currie, Janet and Jonathan Gruber, Health Insurance Eligibility, Utilization o f Medical Care, and Child Health. Cam bridge, m a , National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1995,51 pp. (Working Pa per 5052.) $5 per copy, plus $ 10 for post age and handling outside the United States. European Commission, Community Social Policy: Current Status, July 1, 1994: Vol. 6. Brussels, Belgium, European Com mission, 1994, 396 pp. Available in the United States from u n i p u b , Lanham, m d . Gruber, Jonathan and Jeffrey D. Kubik, Dis ability Insurance Rejection Rates and the Labor Supply of Older Workers. Cam bridge, m a , National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1994, 34 pp. (Working Paper 4941.) $5 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Gustman, Alan L. and Thomas L. Steinmeier, Pension Incentives and Job Mobility. Kalamazoo, m i , W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 1995, 171 pp. $14, paper. Holtz-Eakin, Douglas, John R. Penrod, Harvey S. Rosen, Health Insurance and the Supply of Entrepreneurs. Cambridge, m a , National Bureau of Economic Re search, Inc., 1994, 34 pp. (Working Pa per 4880.) $5 per copy, plus $ 10 for post age and handling outside the United States. Mazo, Judith F., Anna M. Rappaport, and Sylvester J. Schieber, eds., Providing Health Care Benefits in Retirement. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, Pension Research Council, the Wharton School, 1994, 263 pp., $39.95. C u rre n t L a b o r S tatistics N otes on Labor Statistics........................66 C o m p a ra tiv e indicators 1. Labor market indicators.................................................. 76 2. Annual and quarterly percent changes in compensation, prices, and productivity....................... 77 3. Alternative measures of wages and compensation changes................................................. 77 Labor fo rc e d a ta 4. Employment status of the population, data seasonally adjusted.............................................. 5. Selected employment indicators, data seasonally adjusted.............................................. 6. Selected unemployment indicators, data seasonally adjusted.............................................. 7. Unemployment rates by sex and age, data seasonally adjusted.............................................. 8. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, data seasonally adjusted.............................................. 9. Duration of unemployment, data seasonally adjusted.............................................. 10. Unemployment rates by States, seasonally adjusted...................................................... 11. Employment of workers by States, data seasonally adjusted.............................................. 12. Employment of workers by industry, data seasonally adjusted.............................................. 13. Average weekly hours by industry, data seasonally adjusted.............................................. 14. Average hourly earnings by industry, data seasonally adjusted.............................................. 15. Average hourly earnings by industry.............................. 16. Average weekly earnings by industry............................. 17. Diffusion indexes of employment change, data seasonally adjusted.............................................. 18. Annual data: Employment status of the population....... 19. Annual data: Employment levels byindustry.................. 20. Annual data: Average hours and earnings levels by industry................................... 78 79 80 81 81 81 82 82 83 85 85 86 87 88 88 89 89 Labor c o m p e n s a tio n a n d c o lle c tiv e b a rg a in in g d a ta 21. Employment Cost Index, compensation, by occupation and industry group............................... 22. Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group............................... 23. Employment Cost Index, benefits, private industry workers, by occupation and industry group................ 24. Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers, by bargaining status, region, and area size................. 25. Participants in employer-provided benefit plans ........... 26. Specified compensation and wage rate changes from contract settlements, and effective wage rate changes, agreements covering 1,000 workers or more........................................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Labor c o m p e n s a tio n a n d c o lle c tiv e b a rg a in in g d a ta — C o n tin u e d 27. Average specified compensation and wage rate changes, bargaining agreements covering 1,000 workers or more................................................. 28. Specified changes in cost of compensation in private industry settlements covering 5,000 workers or more........................................................... 29. Specified compensation and wage adjustments, State and local government bargaining situations covering 1,000 workers or more.................................. 30. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more.......... 97 98 99 99 Price d a ta 31. Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity and service groups.................100 32. Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average and local data, all item s..................................................... 103 33. Annual data: Consumer Price Index, all items and major groups......................................................... 104 34. Producer Price Indexes by stage of processing............... 105 35. Producer Price Indexes for the net output of major industry groups............................................................ 106 36. Annual data: Producer Price Indexes by stage of processing.................................................. 106 37. U.S. export price indexes by Standard International Trade Classification..................................................... 107 38. U.S. import price indexes by Standard International Trade Classification..................................................... 108 39. U.S. export price indexes by end-use category............... 109 40. U.S. import price indexes by end-use category................109 41. U.S.international price indexes for selected categories of services................................................... 110 Productivity d a ta 42. Indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, and unit costs, data seasonally adjusted..................... 43. Annual indexes of multifactor productivity..................... 44. Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices................................................... 45. Annual indexes of output per hour for selected industries..................................................................... 110 I ll 111 112 In ternation al co m p ariso n s d a ta 90 92 93 94 95 46. Unemployment rates in nine countries, data seasonally adjusted.............................................. 114 47. Annual data: Employment status of the civilian working-age population, 10 countries......................... 115 48. Annual indexes of productivity and related measures, 12 countries................................................................. 116 Injury a n d Illness d a ta 96 49. Annual data: Occupational injury and illness incidence rates............................................................. 117 Monthly Labor Review June 1995 65 Notes on Current Labor Statistics This section of the Review presents the prin cipal statistical series collected and calcu lated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics: series on labor force; employment; unem ployment; labor compensation; collective bargaining settlements; consumer, producer, and international prices; productivity; inter national comparisons; and injury and illness statistics. In the notes that follow, the data in each group of tables are briefly described; key definitions are given; notes on the data are set forth; and sources of additional in formation are cited. G eneral notes The following notes apply to several tables in this section: S easonal ad ju stm en t. Certain monthly and quarterly data are adjusted to eliminate the effect on the data of such factors as cli matic conditions, industry production sched ules, opening and closing of schools, holi day buying periods, and vacation practices, which might prevent short-term evaluation of the statistical series. Tables containing data that have been adjusted are identified as “seasonally adjusted.” (All other data are not seasonally adjusted.) Seasonal effects are estimated on the basis of past experi ence. When new seasonal factors are com puted each year, revisions may affect sea sonally adjusted data for several preceding years. Seasonally adjusted data appear in tables 1-14, 16-17, 42, and 46. Seasonally ad justed labor force data for 1994 in tables 1 and 4—9 were revised in the February 1995 issue of the Review. Seasonally adjusted es tablishment survey data shown in tables 1214 and 16-17 were revised in the July 1994 Review and reflect the experience through March 1994. A brief explanation of the sea sonal adjustment methodology appears in “Notes on the data.” Revisions in the productivity data in table 42 are usually introduced in the Sep tember issue. Seasonally adjusted indexes and percent changes from month-to-month and quarter-to-quarter are published for nu merous Consumer and Producer Price Index series. However, seasonally adjusted in dexes are not published for the U.S. aver age All-Items CPI. Only seasonally adjusted percent changes are available for this series. A d ju stm en ts fo r price chan ges. Some data—such as the “real” earnings shown in table 14—are adjusted to eliminate the ef fect of changes in price. These adjustments are made by dividing current-dollar values by the Consumer Price Index or the appro 66 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 1995 priate component of the index, then multi plying by 100. For example, given a current hourly wage rate of $3 and a current price index number of 150, where 1982 = 100, the hourly rate expressed in 1982 dollars is $2 ($3/150 x 100 = $2). The $2 (or any other resulting values) are described as “real,” “constant,” or “1982” dollars. Sources of information Data that supplement the tables in this sec tion are published by the Bureau in a vari ety of sources. Definitions of each series and notes on the data are contained in later sec tions of these notes describing each set of data. For detailed descriptions of each data series, see b l s Handbook of Methods, Bul letin 2414. Users also may wish to consult Major Programs of the Bureau of Labor Sta tistics, Report 871. News releases provide the latest statistical information published by the Bureau; the major recurring releases are published according to the schedule ap pearing on the back cover of this issue. More information about labor force, em ployment, and unemployment data and the household and establishment surveys under lying the data are available in the Bureau’s monthly publication, Employment and Earnings. Historical unadjusted data from the household survey are published in La bor Force Statistics Derived From the Cur rent Population Survey, BLS Bulletin 2307. Historical seasonally adjusted data are available from the Bureau upon request. Historically comparable unadjusted and sea sonally adjusted data from the establishment survey are published in Employment, Hours, and Earnings, United States, a BLS annual bulletin. Additional information on labor force data for sub-States are provided in the BLS annual report, Geographic Profile of Employment and Unemployment. More detailed information on employee compensation and collective bargaining settlements is published in the monthly pe riodical, Compensation and Working Con ditions. For a comprehensive discussion of the Employment Cost Index, see Employ ment Cost Indexes and Levels, 1975-93, BLS Bulletin 2447. The most recent data from the Employee Benefits Survey appear in the following Bureau of Labor Statistics bulle tins: Employee Benefits in Medium and Large Firms; Employee Benefits in Small Private Establishments; and Employee Benefits in State and Local Governments. Historical data on the collective bargaining settlements series appear in the March issue of Com pensation and Working Conditions. More detailed data on consumer and pro ducer prices are published in the monthly periodicals, The CPI Detailed Report and Producer Price Indexes. For an overview of the CPI reflecting 1982-84 expenditure pat terns, see The Consumer Price Index: 1987 Revision, BLS Report 736. Additional data on international prices appear in monthly news releases. For a listing of available industry pro ductivity indexes and their components, see Productivity Measures for Selected Indus tries and Government Services, BLS Bulle tin 2440. For additional information on interna tional comparisons data, see International Comparisons of Unemployment, BLS Bulle tin 1979. Detailed data on the occupational injury and illness series are published in Occupa tional Injuries and Illnesses in the United States, by Industry, a bls annual bulletin. Finally, the Monthly Labor Review car ries analytical articles on annual and longer term developments in labor force, employ ment, and unemployment; employee com pensation and collective bargaining; prices; productivity; international comparisons; and injury and illness data. Symbols n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified, n.e.s. = not elsewhere specified. p = preliminary. To increase the time liness of some series, preliminary figures are issued based on repre sentative but incomplete returns, r = revised. Generally, this revision reflects the availability of later data, but may also reflect other ad justments. C om parative Indicators (Tables 1-3) Comparative indicators tables provide an overview and comparison of major BLS sta tistical series. Consequently, although many of the included series are available monthly, all measures in these comparative tables are presented quarterly and annually. L ab or m ark et in d icators include em ployment measures from two major surveys and information on rates of change in com pensation provided by the Employment Cost Index (ECl) program. The labor force partici pation rate, the employment-to-population ratio, and unemployment rates for major demographic groups based on the Current Population (“household”) Survey are pre sented, while measures of employment and average weekly hours by major industry sec tor are given using nonfarm payroll data. The Employment Cost Index (compensation), by major sector and by bargaining status, is chosen from a variety of bls compensation and wage measures because it provides a comprehensive measure of employer costs for hiring labor, not just outlays for wages, and it is not affected by employment shifts among occupations and industries. Data on c h a n g e s in c o m p e n s a t io n , p rices, and p ro d u ctiv ity are presented in table 2. Measures of rates of change of com pensation and wages from the Employment Cost Index program are provided for all civilian nonfarm workers (excluding Federal and household workers) and for all private nonfarm workers. Measures of changes in consumer prices for all urban consumers; producer prices by stage of processing; over all prices by stage of processing; and overall export and import price indexes are given. Measures of productivity (output per hour of all persons) are provided for major sectors. A lte r n a tiv e m e a s u r e s o f w a g e a n d com p en sation rates o f ch an ge, which re flect the overall trend in labor costs, are summarized in table 3. Differences in con cepts and scope, related to the specific purposes of the series, contribute to the variation in changes among the individual measures. Notes on the data Definitions of each series and notes on the data are contained in later sections of these notes describing each set of data. Employment and Unemployment Data (Tables 1; 4-20) Household survey data Description of the series Employment data in this section are ob tained from the Current Population Survey, a program of personal interviews conducted monthly by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The sample con sists of about 60,000 households selected to represent the U.S. population 16 years of age and older. Households are interviewed on a rotating basis, so that three-fourths of the sample is the same for any 2 consecutive months. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Definitions include (1) all those who worked for pay any time during the week which includes the 12th day of the month or who worked unpaid for 15 hours or more in a family-operated enterprise and (2) those who were temporarily absent from their regular jobs because of illness, vaca tion, industrial dispute, or similar reasons. A person working at more than one job is counted only in the job at which he or she worked the greatest number of hours. U n em p loyed persons are those who did not work during the survey week, but were available for work except for temporary ill ness and had looked for jobs within the pre ceding 4 weeks. Persons who did not look for work because they were on layoff are also counted among the unemployed. T he un em p loym ent rate represents the number unem ployed as a percent of the civilian labor force. The civilian lab or force consists of all employed or unemployed persons in the ci vilian noninstitutional population. Persons not in the labor force are those not classi fied as employed or unemployed; this group includes persons who are retired, those en gaged in their own housework, those not working while attending school, those un able to work because of long-term illness, those discouraged from seeking work be cause of personal or job-market factors, and those who are voluntarily idle. The civilian n oninstitutional p opulation comprises all persons 16 years of age and older who are not inmates of penal or mental institutions, sanitariums, or homes for the aged, infirm, or needy. The civilian lab or force p artici pation rate is the proportion of the civilian noninstitutional population that is in the la bor force. The em p loym en t-p op u lation ra- is employment as a percent of the civil ian noninstitutional population. tio E m p lo y ed p erso n s Notes on the data From time to time, and especially after a de cennial census, adjustments are made in the Current Population Survey figures to correct for estimating errors during the intercensal years. These adjustments affect the compa rability of historical data. A description of these adjustments and their effect on the various data series appears in the Explana tory Notes of Employment and Earnings. Labor force data in tables 1 and 4-9 are seasonally adjusted. Since January 1980, national labor force data have been season ally adjusted with a procedure called X-11 Arima which was developed at Statistics Canada as an extension of the standard X11 method previously used by bls . A de tailed description of the procedure appears in the X -ll a r i m a Seasonal Adjustment Method, by Estela Bee Dagum (Statistics Canada, Catalogue No. 12-564E, January 1983). At the end of each calendar year, season ally adjusted data for the previous 5 years usually are revised, and projected seasonal adjustment factors are calculated for use during the January-June period. Because of the changes introduced into the CPS in Janu ary 1994, only seasonally adjusted data for 1994 were revised at the end of 1994. In July, new seasonal adjustment factors, which incorporate the experience through June, are produced for the July-December period, but no revisions are made in the his torical data. F or additional information on national household survey data, contact the Division of Labor Force Statistics: (202) 606-6378. Establishment survey data Revisions to household data Data relating to 1994 and subsequent years are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years because of the introduction of a major redesign of the survey questionnaire and collection methodology, and the introduction of 1990 census-based population controls, adjusted for the estimated undercount. An explanation of the changes and their ef fect on labor force data appears in the February 1994 issue of Employment and Earnings, a monthly publication of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Seasonally adjusted data for 1994 were revised at the end of 1994. Addi tional information on the revisions ap pears in the January 1995 issue of Em ployment and Earnings. Description of the series E mployment, hours, and earnings data in this section are compiled from payroll records reported monthly on a voluntary ba sis to the Bureau of Labor Statistics and its cooperating State agencies by more than 390,000 establishments representing all in dustries except agriculture. Industries are classified in accordance with the 1987 Stan dard Industrial Classification (S/C) Manual. In most industries, the sampling probabili ties are based on the size of the establish ment; most large establishments are there fore in the sample. (An establishment is not necessarily a firm; it may be a branch plant, for example, or warehouse.) Self-employed persons and others not on a regular civilian payroll are outside the scope of the survey Monthly Labor Review June 1995 67 Current Labor Statistics because they are excluded from establish ment records. This largely accounts for the difference in employment figures between the household and establishment surveys. Definitions An e s ta b lis h m e n t is an economic unit which produces goods or services (such as a factory or store) at a single location and is engaged in one type of economic activity. E m p loyed person s are all persons who received pay (including holiday and sick pay) for any part of the payroll period in cluding the 12th day of the month. Persons holding more than one job (about 5 percent of all persons in the labor force) are counted in each establishment which reports them. P rod u ction w ork ers in manufacturing include working supervisors and nonsupervisory workers closely associated with pro duction operations. Those workers men tioned in tables 11-16 include production workers in manufacturing and mining; con struction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in the following indus tries: transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insur ance, and real estate; and services. These groups account for about four-fifths of the total employment on private nonagricultural payrolls. E arn in gs are the payments production or nonsupervisory workers receive during the survey period, including premium pay for overtime or late-shift work but exclud ing irregular bonuses and other special payments. R eal earn in gs are earnings ad justed to reflect the effects of changes in consumer prices. The deflator for this series is derived from the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Work ers (CPI-W). H o u r s represent the average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory work ers for which pay was received, and are dif ferent from standard or scheduled hours. O vertim e h ou rs represent the portion of average weekly hours which was in excess of regular hours and for which overtime pre miums were paid. T he D iffu sion Index represents the per cent of industries in which employment was rising over the indicated period, plus onehalf of the industries with unchanged em ployment; 50 percent indicates an equal bal ance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment. In line with Bureau practice, data for the 1-, 3-, and 6-month spans are seasonally adjusted, while those for the 12-month span are unadjusted. Data are centered within the span. Table 17 pro vides an index on private nonfarm employ ment based on 356 industries, and a manu facturing index based on 139 industries. These indexes are useful for measuring the 68 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 1995 dispersion of economic gains or losses and are also economic indicators. Notes on the data Establishment survey data are annually ad justed to comprehensive counts of employ ment (called “benchmarks”). The latest ad justment, which incorporated March 1993 benchmarks, was made with the release of May 1994 data, published in the July 1994 issue of the Review. Coincident with the benchmark adjustment, seasonally adjusted data were revised to reflect the experience through March 1994. Comparable revisions in State data (table 11) occurred with the publication of January 1994 data. Unad justed data from April 1993 forward and seasonally adjusted data from January 1990 forward are subject to revision in future benchmarks. The bls also uses the X -ll arima meth odology to seasonally adjust establishment survey data. Beginning in June 1989, pro jected seasonal adjustment factors are cal culated and published twice a year. The change makes the procedure used for the establishment survey data more parallel to that used in adjusting the household survey data. Revisions of data, usually for the most recent 5-year period, are made once a year coincident with the benchmark revisions. In the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2 months are based on in complete returns and are published as pre liminary in the tables (12-17 in the Review). When all returns have been received, the es timates are revised and published as “final” (prior to any benchmark revisions) in the third month of their appearance. Thus, De cember data are published as preliminary in January and February and as final in March. For the same reasons, quarterly establish ment data (table 1) are preliminary for the first 2 months of publication and final in the third month. Thus, fourth-quarter data are published as preliminary in January and February and as final in March. A comprehensive discussion of the dif ferences between household and establish ment data on employment appears in Gloria R Green, “Comparing employment esti mates from household and payroll surveys,” Monthly Labor Review, December 1969, pp. 9-20. For additional information on estab lishment survey data, contact the Division of Monthly Industry Employment Statistics: (202) 606-6555. Unemployment data by State Description of the series Data presented in this section are obtained from two major sources—the Current Popu- lation Survey (CPS) and the Local Area Un employment Statistics (LAUS) program, which is conducted in cooperation with State employment security agencies. Monthly estimates of the labor force, employment, and unemployment for States and sub-State areas are a key indicator of local economic conditions, and form the ba sis for determining the eligibility of an area for benefits under Federal economic assis tance programs such as the Job Training Partnership Act and the Public Works and Economic Development Act. Seasonally ad justed unemployment rates are presented in table 10. Insofar as possible, the concepts and definitions underlying these data are those used in the national estimates obtained from the CPS. Notes on the data Data refer to State of residence. Monthly data for 11 States—California, Florida, Illi nois, Massachusetts, Michigan, New York, New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsyl vania, and Texas—are obtained directly from the CPS because the size of the sample is large enough to meet bls standards of reliability. Data for the remaining 39 States and the District of Columbia are derived using standardized procedures established by BLS. Once a year, estimates for the 11 States are revised to new population con trols, usually with publication of January estimates. For the remaining States and the District of Columbia, data are benchmarked to annual average CPS levels. Data for 1994 are not directly comparable with those for 1993 as a result of the redesign of the CPS and other methodological changes. See “Re visions in State and Area Estimates Effec tive January 1994,” Employment and Earn ings, March 1994. For additional information on data in this series, call (202) 606-6392 (table 10) or (202) 606-6589 (table 11). Compensation and W age Data (Tables 1-3; 21-30) Compensation and wage data are gathered by the Bureau from business establishments, State and local governments, labor unions, collective bargaining agreements on file with the Bureau, and secondary sources. Employment Cost Index Description of the series The E m p lo y m e n t C o st In d e x (ECI) is a quarterly measure of the rate of change in compensation per hour worked and includes wages, salaries, and employer costs of em ployee benefits. It uses a fixed market basket of labor—similar in concept to the Consumer Price Index’s fixed market bas ket of goods and services—to measure change over time in employer costs of em ploying labor. Statistical series on total compensation costs, on wages and salaries, and on benefit costs are available for private nonfarm work ers excluding proprietors, the self-employed, and household workers. The total compen sation costs and wages and salaries series are also available for State and local gov ernment workers and for the civilian non farm economy, which consists of private industry and State and local government workers combined. Federal workers are excluded. The Employment Cost Index probability sample consists of about 4,400 private non farm establishments providing about 23,000 occupational observations and 1,000 State and local government establishments pro viding 6,000 occupational observations se lected to represent total employment in each sector. On average, each reporting unit pro vides wage and compensation information on five well-specified occupations. Data are collected each quarter for the pay period in cluding the 12th day of March, June, Sep tember, and December. Beginning with June 1986 data, fixed employment weights from the 1980 Census of Population are used each quarter to calculate the civilian and private indexes and the index for State and local govern ments. (Prior to June 1986, the employment weights are from the 1970 Census of Popu lation.) These fixed weights, also used to derive all of the industry and occupation series indexes, ensure that changes in these indexes reflect only changes in compensa tion, not employment shifts among indus tries or occupations with different levels of wages and compensation. For the bargain ing status, region, and metropolitan/nonmetropolitan area series, however, employ ment data by industry and occupation are not available from the census. Instead, the 1980 employment weights are reallocated within these series each quarter based on the cur rent sample. Therefore, these indexes are not strictly comparable to those for the ag gregate, industry, and occupation series. Definitions costs include wages, salaries, and the employer’s costs for em ployee benefits. W ages and salaries consist of earnings before payroll deductions, including produc tion bonuses, incentive earnings, commis sions, and cost-of-living adjustments. T otal com p en sa tio n https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis B en efits include the cost to employers for paid leave, supplemental pay (includ ing nonproduction bonuses), insurance, re tirement and savings plans, and legally re quired benefits (such as Social Security, workers’ compensation, and unemployment insurance). Excluded from wages and salaries and employee benefits are such items as payment-in-kind, free room and board, and tips. Notes on the data The Employment Cost Index for changes in wages and salaries in the private nonfarm economy was published beginning in 1975. Changes in total compensation cost—wages and salaries and benefits combined—were published beginning in 1980. The series of changes in wages and salaries and for total compensation in the State and local govern ment sector and in the civilian nonfarm economy (excluding Federal employees) were published beginning in 1981. Histori cal indexes (June 1981 = 100) of the quar terly rates of change are presented in the March issue of the bls periodical, Compen sation and Working Conditions. For additional information on the Employment Cost Index, contact the Divi sion of Employment Cost Trends: (202) 606-6199. Employee Benefits Survey Description of the series E m ployee benefits data are obtained from the Employee Benefits Survey, an annual survey of the incidence and provisions of selected benefits provided by employers. The survey collects data from a sample of approximately 6,000 private sector and State and local government establishments. The data are presented as a percentage of em ployees who participate in a certain benefit, or as an average benefit provision (for example, the average number of paid holi days provided to employees per year). Se lected data from the survey are presented in table 25. The survey covers paid leave benefits such as lunch and rest periods, holidays and vacations, and personal, funeral, jury duty, military, parental, and sick leave; sickness and accident, long-term disability, and life insurance; medical, dental, and vision care plans; defined benefit and defined contribu tion plans; flexible benefits plans; reimburse ment accounts; and unpaid parental leave. Also, data are tabulated on the inci dence of several other benefits, such as severance pay, child-care assistance, well ness programs, and employee assistance programs. Definitions are benefits that are financed either wholly or partly by the employer. They may be sponsored by a union or other third party, as long as there is some employer financing. However, some benefits that are fully paid for by the em ployee also are included. For example, long term care insurance and postretirement life insurance paid entirely by the employee are included because the guarantee of insurabil ity and availability at group premium rates are considered a benefit. P articip an ts are workers who are cov ered by a benefit, whether or not they use that benefit. If the benefit plan is financed wholly by employers and requires employ ees to complete a minimum length of ser vice for eligibility, the workers are consid ered participants whether or not they have met the requirement. If workers are required to contribute towards the cost of a plan, they are considered participants only if they elect the plan and agree to make the required contributions. D efin ed ben efit p ension plans use pre determined formulas to calculate a retire ment benefit, and obligate the employer to provide those benefits. Benefits are gener ally based on salary, years of service, or both. D efin ed co n trib u tio n plan s generally specify the level of employer and employee contributions to a plan, but not the formula for determining eventual benefits. Instead, individual accounts are set up for partici pants, and benefits are based on amounts credited to these accounts. T ax-deferred savings plans are a type of defined contribution plan that allow par ticipants to contribute a portion of their sal ary to an employer-sponsored plan and de fer income taxes until withdrawal. F lexib le b en efit plan s allow employees to choose among several benefits, such as life insurance, medical care, and vacation days, and among several levels of care within a given benefit. E m p loyer-p rovid ed b enefits Notes on the data Surveys of employees in medium and large establishments conducted over the 1979-86 period included establishments that em ployed at least 50, 100, or 250 workers, de pending on the industry (most service industries were excluded). The survey con ducted in 1987 covered only State and local governments with 50 or more employees. The surveys conducted in 1988 and 1989 included medium and large establishments with 100 workers or more in private industries. All surveys conducted over the 1979-89 period Monthly Labor Review June 1995 69 Current Labor Statistics excluded establishments in Alaska and Ha waii, as well as part-time employees. Beginning in 1990, surveys of State and local governments and small establishments are conducted in even-numbered years and surveys of medium and large establishments are conducted in odd-numbered years. The small establishment survey includes all pri vate nonfarm establishments with fewer than 100 workers, while the State and local government survey includes all govern ments, regardless of the number of workers. All three surveys include full- and part-time workers, and workers in all 50 States and the District of Columbia. F or additional information on the Employee Benefits Survey, contact the Di vision of Occupational Pay and Employee Benefit Levels: (202) 606-6222. Collective bargaining settlements Description of the series C o lle c tiv e b a r g a in in g se ttle m e n ts data provide statistical measures of negotiated changes (increases, decreases, and zero change) in wage rates alone and in compen sation (wages and benefits), quarterly for private nonagricultural industries and semi annually for State and local governments. Wage rate changes cover collective bargain ing settlements negotiated in the reference period involving 1,000 or more workers, and compensation changes cover settlements reached in the reference period involving 5,000 or more workers. These data are not seasonally adjusted and are calculated us ing information obtained from bargaining agreements on file with the Bureau, parties to the agreements, and secondary sources, such as newspaper accounts. The wage and compensation rate changes are the percent difference between the aver age rate per work hour just prior to the start of a new agreement and the average rate per work hour that would exist at the end of the first 365 days of the new agreement (firstyear measure) or at its expiration date (overthe-life measure). These data exclude lump sum payments. The compensation cost change is the per cent difference between the average cost of compensation per work hour, including the hourly cost of lump-sum payments made during the term of the expiring agreement, just prior to the start of a new agreement and the average cost of compensation per work hour under the settlement. The timing of the changes in compensation rates is re flected in the compensation cost series, but not in compensation rate series. 70 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 1995 Data on changes in settlements exclude potential changes under cost-of-living adjust ment clauses. Averages reflect the change under each settlement weighted by the num ber of workers covered. Estimates of changes are based on the assumption that conditions existing at the time of the settlement (for example, composition of the labor force or methods of funding pensions) will remain constant over the term of the agreement. W age rate c h a n g es u n d e r a ll m a jo r agreem ents (those covering 1,000 or more workers) measure all wage increases, de creases, and zero changes occurring in the reference period, regardless of the settle ment date. Included are changes from settle ments reached in the calendar year, changes deferred from settlements negotiated in ear lier years, and changes under cost-of-living adjustment (COLA) clauses. The change in the wage rate for each agreement is the per cent difference between the average wage rate just prior to the start of the reference period and the average wage rate at the end of the reference period. The change for each agreement is weighted by the number of workers covered to determine the average change under all agreements. Definitions is the average straight-time hourly wage rate plus shift premiums. C om pensation rates include the wage rate, premium pay (for example, for over time and holidays); paid leave; life, health, and sickness and accident insurance; pen sion and other retirement plans; severance pay; and legally required benefits. C om pensation costs include the items covered by compensation rates plus speci fied lump-sum payments, the cost of contractually required training programs that are not a cost of doing business, and the ad ditional costs of changes in legally required insurance known at the time of settlement to be mandated during the contract term. C a sh p a y m e n ts include wages and lump-sum payments. W age ra te C ontingent pay provisions are clauses which could provide compensation changes beyond those specified in the settlement. COLA clauses and lump-sum provisions that call for a payment only if a com pany’s profits exceed a specific amount are examples. Notes on the data Comparisons of major collective bargaining settlements for State and local government with those for private industry should note differences in occupational mix, bargaining practices, and settlement characteristics. Professional and white-collar employees, for example, make up a much larger propor tion of the workers covered by government than by private industry settlements. Lump sum payments and cola clauses, on the other hand, are rare in government but com mon in private industry settlements. Also, State and local government bargaining fre quently excludes items such as pension ben efits and holidays, that are prescribed by law, while these items are typical bargain ing issues in private industry. For additional information on collec tive bargaining settlements, contact the Di vision of Developments in Labor-Manage ment Relations: (202) 606-6276 (private industry data) or (202) 606-6280 (State and local government data). Work stoppages Description of the series Data on work stoppages measure the num ber and duration of major strikes or lock outs (involving 1,000 workers or more) oc curring during the month (or year), the num ber of workers involved, and the amount of time lost because of stoppage. Data are largely from newspaper ac counts and cover only establishments di rectly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect or secondary effect of stoppages on other establishments whose employees are idle owing to material short ages or lack of service. Definitions The number of strikes and lockouts involving 1,000 workers or more and lasting a full shift or longer. W o r k e r s in v o lv e d : The number of workers directly involved in the stoppage. N u m b er o f days idle: The aggregate number of workdays lost by workers in volved in the stoppages. N u m b e r o f sto p p a g es: D ays o f idlen ess as a p ercent o f esti m ated w o r k in g tim e: Aggregate work days lost as a percent of the aggregate num ber of standard workdays in the period mul tiplied by total employment in the period. Notes on the data This series is not comparable with the one terminated in 1981 that covered strikes in volving six workers or more. F or additional information on work stoppages data, contact the Division o f De- velopments in Labor-Management Rela tions: (202) 606-6288. Price Data (Tables 2; 31-41) Price data are gathered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from retail and pri mary markets in the United States. Price in dexes are given in relation to a base pe riod— 1982 = 100 for many Producer Price Indexes, 1982-84 = 100 for many Consumer Price Indexes (unless otherwise noted), and 1990 = 100 for International Price Indexes. Consumer Price Indexes Description of the series The C on su m er P rice Index (CPI) is a mea sure of the average change in the prices paid by urban consumers for a fixed market bas ket of goods and services. The CPI is calcu lated monthly for two population groups, one consisting only of urban households whose primary source of income is derived from the employment of wage earners and clerical workers, and the other consisting of all ur ban households. The wage earner index (CPIW) is a continuation of the historic index that was introduced well over a half-century ago for use in wage negotiations. As new uses were developed for the CPI in recent years, the need for a broader and more representa tive index became apparent. The all-urban consumer index (CPi-U), introduced in 1978, is representative of the 1982-84 buying hab its of about 80 percent of the noninstitutional population of the United States at that time, compared with 32 percent represented in the cpi-w . In addition to wage earners and cleri cal workers, the cpi-U covers professional, managerial, and technical workers, the selfemployed, short-term workers, the unem ployed, retirees, and others not in the labor force. The cpi is based on prices of food, cloth ing, shelter, fuel, drugs, transportation fares, doctors’ and dentists’ fees, and other goods and services that people buy for day-to-day living. The quantity and quality of these items are kept essentially unchanged be tween major revisions so that only price changes will be measured. All taxes directly associated with the purchase and use of items are included in the index. Data collected from more than 19,000 retail establishments and 57,000 housing units in 85 urban areas across the country are used to develop the “U.S. city average.” https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Separate estimates for 15 major urban cen ters are presented in table 32. The areas listed are as indicated in footnote 1 to the table. The area indexes measure only the average change in prices for each area since the base period, and do not indicate differ ences in the level of prices among cities. Notes on the data In January 1983, the Bureau changed the way in which homeownership costs are measured for the cpi-U. A rental equivalence method replaced the asset-price approach to homeownership costs for that series. In January 1985, the same change was made in the cpi-w . The central purpose of the change was to separate shelter costs from the investment component of home-owner ship so that the index would reflect only the cost of shelter services provided by owneroccupied homes. An updated cpi-U and cpiw were introduced with release of the Janu ary 1987 data. For additional information on con sumer prices, contact the Division of Con sumer Prices and Price Indexes: (202) 606-7000. Producer Price Indexes Description of the series P rod u cer P rice Indexes (ppi) measure av erage changes in prices received by domes tic producers of commodities in all stages of processing. The sample used for calculating these indexes currently contains about 3,200 commodities and about 80,000 quotations per month, selected to represent the move ment of prices of all commodities produced in the manufacturing; agriculture, forestry, and fishing; mining; and gas and electricity and public utilities sectors. The stage-ofprocessing structure of ppi organizes prod ucts by class of buyer and degree of fabrica tion (that is, finished goods, intermediate goods, and crude materials). The traditional commodity structure of ppi organizes prod ucts by similarity of end use or material composition. The industry and product structure of ppi organizes data in accordance with the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) and the product code extension of the Sic developed by the U.S. Bureau of the Census. To the extent possible, prices used in cal culating Producer Price Indexes apply to the first significant commercial transaction in the United States from the production or central marketing point. Price data are gen erally collected monthly, primarily by mail questionnaire. Most prices are obtained di rectly from producing companies on a vol untary and confidential basis. Prices gener ally are reported for the Tuesday of the week containing the 13th day of the month. Since January 1992, price changes for the various commodities have been averaged together with implicit quantity weights rep resenting their importance in the total net selling value of all commodities as of 1987. The detailed data are aggregated to obtain indexes for stage-of-processing groupings, commodity groupings, durability-of-product groupings, and a number of special compos ite groups. All Producer Price Index data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication. For additional information on pro ducer prices, contact the Division of Indus trial Prices and Price Indexes: (202) 606-7705. International Price Indexes Description of the series The In tern ation al P rice P rogram produces monthly and quarterly export and import price indexes for nonmilitary goods traded between the United States and the rest of the world. The export price index provides a measure of price change for all products sold by U.S. residents to foreign buyers. (“Residents” is defined as in the national income accounts; it includes corporations, businesses, and individuals, but does not re quire the organizations to be U.S. owned nor the individuals to have U.S. citizenship.) The import price index provides a measure of price change for goods purchased from other countries by U.S. residents. The product universe for both the import and export indexes includes raw materials, agricultural products, semifinished manu factures, and finished manufactures, includ ing both capital and consumer goods. Price data for these items are collected primarily by mail questionnaire. In nearly all cases, the data are collected directly from the ex porter or importer, although in a few cases, prices are obtained from other sources. To the extent possible, the data gathered refer to prices at the U.S. border for exports and at either the foreign border or the U.S. border for imports. For nearly all products, the prices refer to transactions completed during the first week of the month. Survey respondents are asked to indicate all dis counts, allowances, and rebates applicable to the reported prices, so that the price used in the calculation of the indexes is the ac tual price for which the product was bought or sold. In addition to general indexes of prices for U.S. exports and imports, indexes are also published for detailed product catego- Monthly Labor Review June 1995 71 Current Labor Statistics ries of exports and imports. These catego ries are defined according to the five digit level of detail for the Bureau of Eco nomic Analysis End-use Classification (SiTC), and the four-digit level of detail for the Harmonized System. Aggregate import indexes by country or region of origin are also available. bls publishes indexes for selected cat egories o f internationally traded services, calculated on an international basis and on a balance-of-payments basis. For additional information on inter national prices, contact the Division of In ternational Prices: (202) 606-7155. Productivity Data (Tables 2; 42-45) Business sector and major sectors Description of the series Notes on the data The export and import price indexes are weighted indexes of the Laspeyres type. Price relatives are assigned equal impor tance within each harmonized group and are then aggregated to the higher level. The val ues assigned to each weight category are based on trade value figures compiled by the Bureau of the Census. The trade weights currently used to compute both indexes re late to 1990. Because a price index depends on the same items being priced from period to pe riod, it is necessary to recognize when a product’s specifications or terms of transac tion have been modified. For this reason, the Bureau’s questionnaire requests detailed de scriptions of the physical and functional characteristics of the products being priced, as well as information on the number of units bought or sold, discounts, credit terms, packaging, class of buyer or seller, and so forth. When there are changes in either the specifications or terms of transaction of a product, the dollar value of each change is deleted from the total price change to ob tain the “pure” change. Once this value is determined, a linking procedure is employed which allows for the continued repricing of the item. For the export price indexes, the pre ferred pricing basis is f.a.s. (free alongside ship) U.S. port of exportation. When firms report export prices f.o.b. (free on board), production point information is collected which enables the Bureau to calculate a ship ment cost to the port of exportation. An at tempt is made to collect two prices for im ports. The first is the import price f.o.b. at the foreign port of exportation, which is con sistent with the basis for valuation of imports in the national accounts. The second is the import price c.i.f.(costs, insurance, and freight) at the U.S. port of importation, which also includes the other costs associ ated with bringing the product to the U.S. border. It does not, however, include duty charges. For a given product, only one price basis series is used in the construction of an index. 72 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 1995 The productivity measures relate real physi cal output to real input. As such, they en compass a family of measures which include single-factor input measures, such as output per unit of labor input (output per hour) or output per unit of capital input, as well as measures of multifactor productivity (output per unit of combined labor and capital in puts). The Bureau indexes show the change in output relative to changes in the various inputs. The measures cover the business, nonfarm b u sin ess, m anufacturing, and nonfinancial corporate sectors. Corresponding indexes of hourly com pensation, unit labor costs, unit nonlabor payments, and prices are also provided. Definitions O utput per hour o f all p ersons (labor pro ductivity) is the value of goods and services in constant prices produced per hour of la bor input. O utput p er u n it o f cap ital ser vices (capital productivity) is the value of goods and services in constant dollars pro duced per unit of capital services input. M u ltifactor p rod u ctivity is the value of goods and services in constant prices pro duced per combined unit of labor and capi tal inputs. Changes in this measure reflect changes in a number of factors which affect the production process, such as changes in technology, shifts in the composition of the labor force, changes in capacity utilization, research and development, skill and effort of the work force, management, and so forth. Changes in the output per hour measures re flect the impact of these factors as well as the substitution of capital for labor. C om p en sation p er h ou r is the wages and salaries of employees plus employers’ contributions for social insurance and pri vate benefit plans, and the wages, salaries, and supplementary payments for the selfemployed (except for nonfinancial corpora tions in which there are no self-employed)— the sum divided by hours at work. R eal co m p en sa tio n p er h ou r is compensation per hour deflated by the change in Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers. U n it lab or costs are the labor compen sation costs expended in the production of a unit of output and are derived by dividing compensation by output. U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n ts include profits, depreciation, interest, and indirect taxes per unit of out put. They are computed by subtracting com pensation of all persons from current-dollar value of output and dividing by output. U n it n o n lab or costs contain all the compo nents of unit nonlabor payments except unit profits. U n it p ro fits include corporate profits with inventory valuation and capital con sumption adjustments per unit of output. H ours o f all person s are the total hours at work of payroll workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid family workers. C ap ital services are the flow of services from the capital stock used in production. It is developed from measures of the net stock of physical assets—equipment, structures, land, and inventories—weighted by rental prices for each type of asset. C om b in ed units o f lab or and cap ital in p u ts are derived by combining changes in labor and capital input with weights which represent each component’s share of total output. The indexes for capital services and combined units of labor and capital are based on changing weights which are aver ages of the shares in the current and preced ing year (the Tornquist index-number formula). Notes on the data The output measure for the business sector is equal to constant-dollar gross national product, but excludes the rental value of owner-occupied dwellings, the rest-ofworld sector, the output of nonprofit insti tutions, the output of paid employees of pri vate households, general government, and the statistical discrepancy. Output of the nonfarm business sector is equal to busi ness sector output less farming. The mea sures are derived from data supplied by the U.S. Department of Commerce’s Bureau of Economic Analysis and the Federal Re serve Board. Quarterly manufacturing out put indexes are adjusted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics to annual estimates of man ufacturing output (gross product originat ing) from the Bureau of Economic Analy sis. Compensation and hours data are de veloped from data of the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Bureau of Economic Analysis. The productivity and associated cost measures in tables 42—45 describe the rela tionship between output in real terms and the labor time and capital services involved in its production. They show the changes from period to period in the amount of goods and services produced per unit of input. Although these measures relate output to hoiars and capital services, they do not mea sure the contributions of labor, capital, or any other specific factor of production. Rather, they reflect the joint effect of many influences, including changes in technology; capital investment; level of output; utiliza tion of capacity, energy, and materials; the organization of production; managerial skill; and the characteristics and efforts of the work force. FORADDITIONAL INFORMATIONon this pro ductivity series, contact the Division of Pro ductivity Research: (202) 606-5606. (Tables 46-48) Industry productivity measures Labor force and unemployment Description of the series Description of the series The: bls industry productivity data supple ment the measures for the business economy and major sectors with annual measures of labor productivity for selected industries at the three- and four-digit levels of the Stan dard Industrial Classification system. The industry measures differ in methodology and data sources from the productivity mea sures for the major sectors because the in dustry measures are developed indepen dently of the National Income and Product Accounts framework used for the major sec tor measures. Tables 46 and 47 present comparative mea sures of the labor force, employment, and unemployment—approximating U.S. con cepts—for the United States, Canada, Aus tralia, Japan, and several European coun tries. The unemployment statistics (and, to a lesser extent, employment statistics) pub lished by other industrial countries are not, in most cases, comparable to U.S. unem ployment statistics. Therefore, the Bureau adjusts the figures for selected countries, where necessary, for all known major defi nitional differences. Although precise com parability may not be achieved, these ad justed figures provide a better basis for in ternational comparisons than the figures regularly published by each country. Definitions Ouitput p er em p loyee h ou r is derived by dividing an index of industry output by an index of aggregate hours of all employees. Output indexes are based on quantifiable units of products or services, or both, com bined with fixed-period weights. Whenever possible, physical quantities are used as the unit of measurement for output. If quantity data, are not available for a given industry, data on the constant-dollar value of produc tion are used. The la b o r in p u t series consist of the hours of all employees (production and nonproduction workers), the hours of all persons (paid employees, partners, propri etors, and unpaid family workers), or the number of employees, depending upon the industry. Notes on the data The industry measures are compiled from data produced by the Bureau of Labor Sta tistics, the Departments of Commerce, Inte rior, and Agriculture, the Federal Reserve Board, regulatory agencies, trade associa tions, and other sources. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis For most industries, the productivity indexes refer to the output per hour of all employees. For some transportation indus tries, only indexes of output per employee are prepared. For some trade and service industries, indexes of output per hour of all persons (including self-employed) are constructed. FORADDITIONALINFORMATION on this se ries, contact the Division of Industry Pro ductivity Studies: (202) 606-5618. International Comparisons Definitions For the principal U.S. definitions of the la b or force, em p lo y m en t, and u n e m p lo y m ent, see the Notes section on Employment and Unemployment Data: Household survey data. Notes on the data The adjusted statistics have been adapted to the age at which compulsory schooling ends in each country, rather than to the U.S. stan dard of 16 years of age and older. There fore, the adjusted statistics relate to the population age 16 and older in France, Swe den, and from 1973 onward in the United Kingdom; 15 and older in Canada, Austra lia, Japan, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and prior to 1973, the United Kingdom; and 14 and older in Italy prior to 1993. The in stitutional population is included in the de nominator of the labor force participation rates and employment-population ratios for Japan and Germany; it is excluded for the United States and the other countries. In the U.S. labor force survey, persons on layoff who are awaiting recall to their jobs are classified as unemployed. European and Japanese layoff practices are quite dif ferent in nature from those in the United States; therefore, strict application of the U.S. definition has not been made on this point. For further information, see Monthly Labor Review, December 1981, pp. 8-11. The figures for one or more recent years for France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom are calculated us ing adjustment factors based on labor force surveys for earlier years and are considered preliminary. The recent-year measures for these countries, therefore, are subject to revision whenever data from more current labor force surveys become available. There are breaks in the data series for the United States (1994), Italy (1986, 1991, 1993), and Sweden (1987, 1993). For the United States, the break in series reflects a number of changes in the labor force survey beginning with data for January 1994. Data for 1994 are not directly comparable with those for earlier years. See the Notes sec tion on Employment and Unemployment Data of this Review. For Italy, the 1986 break in series reflects more accurate enumeration of the number of people reported as seeking work in the last 30 days. The impact was to increase the Italian unemployment rates approximating U.S. concepts by about 1 percentage point. In 1991, the survey sample was modified to obtain more reliable estimates by sex and age. The impact was to raise the adjusted Italian unemployment rate by approximately 0.3 percentage point. In 1993, the survey methodology was revised and the definition of unemployment was changed to include only those who were actively looking for a job within the 30 days preceding the survey and who were available for work. In addi tion, the lower age limit for the labor force was raised from 14 to 15 years. (Prior to these changes, bls adjusted Italy’s pub lished unemployment rate downward by ex cluding from the unemployed persons who had not actively sought work in the past 30 days.) The break in the series also reflects the incorporation of the 1991 population census results. The impact of these changes was to raise Italy’s adjusted unemployment rate by approximately 1.1 percentage points. These changes did not affect employment significantly, except in 1993. Estimates by the Italian Statistical Office indicate that employment declined by about 3 percent in 1993, rather than the 4.5 percent indicated by the data shown in table 47. This differ ence is attributable mainly to the incorpora tion of the 1991 population census bench- Monthly Labor Review June 1995 73 Current Labor Statistics marks in the 1993 data. Data for earlier years have not yet been adjusted to incorpo rate the 1991 census results. Sweden introduced a new questionnaire in 1987. Questions regarding current avail ability were added and the period of active workseeking was reduced from 60 days to 4 weeks. These changes result in lowering Sweden’s unemployment rate by 0.5 percent age point. In 1993, the measurement period for the labor force survey was changed to represent all 52 weeks of the year, rather than one week each month, and a new ad justment for population totals was intro duced. The impact was to raise the unem ployment rate by approximately 0.5 percent age point. The data for 1993 onward are not seasonally adjusted because the previous seasonal adjustment pattern is not applicable following the 1993 break in series. Preliminary estimates by the Swedish Statistics Bureau indicate that employment linked for the 1993 break in series declined by about 5-1/2 percent in 1993, rather than the nearly 7 percent indicated by the data shown in table 47. For additional information on this se ries, contact the Division of Foreign Labor Statistics: (202) 606-5654. Manufacturing productivity and labor costs Description of the series Table 48 presents comparative measures of manufacturing labor productivity, hourly compensation costs, and unit labor costs for the United States, Canada, Japan, and nine European countries. These measures are limited to trend comparisons—that is, in tercountry series of changes over time— rather than level comparisons because reli able international comparisons of the levels of manufacturing output are unavailable. The hours and compensation measures re fer to all employed persons, including selfempoyed persons and unpaid family work ers, in the United States and Canada and to all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries. Definitions in general, refers to value added in manufacturing (gross product originating) in constant prices from the national accounts of each country. However, output for Japan prior to 1970 and the Netherlands from 1969 to 1977 are indexes of industrial production. The national accounts measures for the United Kingdom are essentially identical to its indexes of industrial production. While O utput, 74 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 1995 methods of deriving national accounts mea sures differ substantially from country to country, the use of different procedures does not, in itself, connote lack of comparabil ity—rather, it reflects differences among countries in the availability and reliability of underlying data series. H ou rs refer to hours worked in all coun tries. The measures are developed from sta tistics of manufacturing employment and average hours. The series used for France (from 1970 forward), Norway, and Sweden are official series published with the national accounts. Where official total hours series are not available, the measures are devel oped by the Bureau using employment fig ures published with the national accounts, or other comprehensive employment series, and estimates of annual hours worked. C om p en sation (labor cost) includes all payments in cash or kind made directly to employees plus employer expenditures for legally required insurance programs and contractual and private benefit plans. In ad dition, for some countries, compensation is increased to account for other significant taxes on payrolls or employment (or reduced to reflect subsidies), even if they are not for the direct benefit of workers, because such taxes are regarded as labor costs. However, compensation does not include all items of labor costs. The costs of recruitment, em ployee training, and plant facilities and ser vices—such as cafeterias and medical clin ics—are not covered because data are not available for most countries. The compen sation measures are from the national ac counts, except those for Belgium, which are developed by the Bureau using statistics on employment, average hours, and hourly compensation. Self-employed workers are included in the U.S. and Canadian compen sation figures by assuming that their hourly compensation is equal to the average for wage and salary employees. Notes on the data In general, the measures relate to total manufacturing as defined by the Interna tional Standard Industrial Classification. However, the measures for France. Italy (be ginning 1970), and the United Kingdom (be ginning 1971) refer to mining and manufac turing less energy-related products; the mea sures for Denmark include mining and exclude manufacturing handicrafts from 1960 to 1966; and the measures for the Netherlands exclude petroleum refining and include coal mining from 1969 to 1976. The figures for one or more recent years are generally based on current indicators of manufacturing output (such as industrial production indexes), employment, average hours, and hourly compensation and are con sidered preliminary until the national ac counts and other statistics used for the long term measures becomes available. F or additional information on this se ries, contact the Division of Foreign Labor Statistics: (202) 606-5654. O ccupational Injury and Illness Data (Table 49) Description of the series The Annual Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses is designed to collect data on injuries and illnesses based on records which employers in the following industries maintain under the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970: agriculture, forestry, and fishing; oil and gas extraction; construction; manufacturing; transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. Ex cluded from the survey are self-employed in dividuals, farmers with fewer than 11 em ployees, employers regulated by other Fed eral safety and health laws, and Federal, State, and local government agencies. Because the survey is a Federal-State co operative program and the data must meet the needs of participating State agencies, an independent sample is selected for each State. The sample is selected to represent all private industries in the States and terri tories. The sample size for the survey is de pendent upon (1) the characteristics for which estimates are needed; (2) the indus tries for which estimates are desired; (3) the characteristics of the population being sampled; (4) the target reliability of the es timates; and (5) the survey design employed. While there are many characteristics upon which the sample design could be based, the total recorded case incidence rate is used because it is one of the most important char acteristics and the least variable; therefore, it requires the smallest sample size. The survey is based on stratified random sampling with a Neyman allocation and a ratio estimator. The characteristics used to stratify the establishments are the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) code and size of employment. Definitions R ecord ab le occu p ation al in ju ries and ill nesses are: (1) occupational deaths, regard less of the time between injury and death, or the length of the illness; or (2) nonfatal occupational illnesses; or (3) nonfatal occu pational injuries which involve one or more of the following: loss of consciousness, re striction of work or motion, transfer to an other job, or medical treatment (other than first aid). O ccu p ation al in ju ry is any injury, such as a cut, fracture, sprain, amputation, and so forth, which results from a work accident or from exposure involving a single incident in the: work environment. O c c u p a tio n a l illn e s s is an abnormal condition or disorder, other than one result ing from an occupational injury, caused by exposure to environmental factors associ ated with employment. It includes acute and chronic illnesses or disease which may be caused by inhalation, absorption, ingestion, or direct contact. L ost w ork d ay cases are cases which in volve days away from work, or days of re stricted work activity, or both. L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s in v o lv in g r e stricted w o rk activity are those cases which result in restricted work activity only. L ost w ork d ays aw ay from w ork are the number of workdays (consecutive or not) on which the employee would have worked but could not because of occupational injury or illness. L ost w o rk d a y s— restricted w o rk activ are the number of workdays (consecutive or not) on which, because of injury or illness: (1) the employee was assigned to another job on a temporary basis; (2) the employee worked at a permanent job less than full time; ity https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis or (3) the employee worked at a permanently assigned job but could not perform all du ties normally connected with it. The number of days away from work or days of restricted work activity does not in clude the day of injury or onset of illness or any days on which the employee would not have worked even though able to work. Incidence rates represent the number of injuries and/or illnesses or lost workdays per 100 full-time workers. Comparable data for individual States are available from the bls Office of Safety, Health, and Working Conditions. Mining and railroad data are furnished to bls by the Mine Safety and Health Ad ministration and the Federal Railroad Ad ministration. Data from these organizations are included in bls and State publications. Federal employees experience is compiled and published by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Data on State and local government employees are collected by about half of the States and territories; these Notes on the data data are not compiled nationally. Estimates are made for industries and em The Supplementary Data System pro ployment-size classes and for severity clas vides detailed information describing vari sification: fatalities, lost workday cases, and ous factors associated with work-related in nonfatal cases without lost workdays. Lost juries and illnesses. These data are obtained workday cases are separated into those in from information reported by employers to which the employee would have worked but State workers’ compensation agencies. The could not and those in which work activity Work Injury Report program examines se was restricted. Estimates of the number of lected types of accidents through an em cases and the number of days lost are made ployee survey which focuses on the circum for both categories. stances surrounding the injury. These data Most of the estimates are in the form of are available from the bls Office of Safety, incidence rates, defined as the number of Health, and Working Conditions. injuries and illnesses or lost workdays per The definitions of occupational injuries 100 full-time employees. For this purpose, and illnesses and lost workdays are from 200,000 employee hours represent 100 em Recordkeeping Requirements under the Oc ployee years (2,000 hours per employee). cupational Safety and Health Act o f 1970. Full detail of the available measures is pre For additional information on occupa sented in the annual bulletin, Occupational tional injuries and illnesses, contact the Di Injuries and Illnesses in the United States, vision of Safety and Health Statistics: (202) by Industry. 606-6166. Monthly Labor Review June 1995 75 Current Labor Statistics: Comparative Indicators 1. Labor market indicators 1995 1994 1993 Selected indicators 1994 1993 II I IV III I IV III II Employment data’ Employment status of the civilian noninstitutionalized population (household survey):3 Labor force participation r a t e .................................................................... Employment-population r a tio ...................................................................... Unemployment rate ....................................................................................... Men .................................................................................................................. 16 to 24 years .......................................................................................... 25 years and o v e r ................................................................................... W om en ........................................................................................................... 16 to 24 years .......................................................................................... 25 years and o v e r ................................................................................... 7 -0 7.3 14.9 5.8 6.6 12.6 5.4 66.1 61.7 6.7 7.1 14.2 5.8 6.4 11.7 5.3 66.2 61.9 6.5 6.7 13.5 5.5 6.3 11.6 5.3 66.7 62.3 6.6 6.7 14.1 5.2 6.4 12.1 5.3 66.5 62.4 6.2 6.2 13.3 4.8 6.2 11.9 5.0 66.5 62.5 6.0 6.0 13.1 4.7 5.9 11.6 4.8 66.6 62.9 5.6 5.6 12.2 4.4 5.6 11.0 4.5 66.9 63.2 5.5 5.5 11.9 4.2 5.6 11.2 4.4 113,429 94,389 23,584 18,063 89,844 110,251 91,461 23,256 18,025 86,995 110,755 91,910 23,215 17,951 87,540 111,363 92,470 23,275 17,942 88,088 111,976 93,057 23,350 17,973 88,626 112,995 93,990 23,534 18,020 89,461 113,908 94,821 23,634 18,079 90,274 114,781 9 5,627 23,805 18,184 9 0,976 115,578 96,425 23,968 18,281 91,609 34.5 41.4 4.1 34.6 42.0 4.7 34.5 41.4 4.1 34.5 41.5 4.1 34.5 41.7 4.4 34.6 41.7 4.6 34.7 42.1 4.7 34.5 42.0 4.6 34.7 42.1 4.8 34.6 42.1 4.8 Percent change in the ECI, compensation: All workers (excluding farm, household, and Federal workers) ....... Private industry workers ............................................................................ Goods-producing3 .................................................................................... Service-producing3 .................................................................................. State and local government w o rk e rs .................................................... 3.5 3.6 3.9 3.6 2.8 3.0 3.1 3.1 2.9 3.0 .7 .8 .9 .8 .3 1.0 .9 .7 1.0 1.5 .6 .6 .6 .7 .4 .9 1.0 1.0 .9 .6 .7 .8 1.0 .7 .4 1.0 .8 .7 .9 1.5 .4 .4 .3 .4 .5 .8 .8 .8 .9 .6 Workers by bargaining status (private industry): U n io n ................................................................................................................. Nonunion ......................................................................................................... 4.3 3.5 2.7 3.1 1.1 .8 .8 .9 .8 .6 .8 1.0 .9 .8 .7 .8 .3 .4 .7 .9 66.2 61.6 6.8 7.1 14.3 5.8 6.5 12.2 5.4 66.6 62.5 6.1 6.2 13.2 4.8 6.0 11.6 4.9 66.2 61.6 Private sector .................................................................................................. G oods-producing............................................................................................ Manufacturing ............................................................................................... Service-producing .......................................................................................... 110,525 91,708 23,256 18,003 87,269 Average hours: Private sector .................................................................................................. Manufacturing ........................................................................................... O v e rtim e .................................................................................................... Employment, nonfarm (payroll data), in thousands:3 Employment Cost Index 1 Data for 1994 are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and prior years. For additional information, see the box note under "Employment and Unemployment Data" in the notes to this section. 2 Quarterly data seasonally adjusted. 3 Goods-producing industries include mining, construction, and manufacturing. Service-producing industries include all other private sector industries. 76 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 1995 2. Annual and quarterly percent changes in compensation, prices, and productivity Compensation data: 1993 1995 1994 1993 Selected measures 1994 II III IV I II III IV I 2 Employment Cost Index-com pensation (wages, salaries, benefits): Civilian nonfarm .................................................................................. Private nonfarm ................................................................................. Employment Cost Index-w ages and salaries Civilian nonfarm .................................................................................. Private nonfarm ................................................................................. 3.5 3.6 3.0 3.1 0.7 .8 1.0 .9 0.6 .6 0.9 1.0 0.7 .8 1.0 .8 0.4 .4 0.8 .8 3.1 3.1 2.8 2.8 .6 .6 1.0 1.0 .6 .6 .6 .7 .7 .8 1.0 .8 .5 .5 .7 .8 Consumer Price Index (All urban consumers): All ite m s ....... 2.7 2.7 .6 .5 .5 1.0 .5 .9 .2 1.1 Producer Price Index: Finished g o o d s .................................................................................... Finished consumer g o o d s ............................................................. Capital equipment ............................................................................ Intermediate materials, supplies, components ........................ Crude m a teria ls ................................................................................... .2 -.2 1.8 1.0 .1 1.7 1.6 2.0 4.4 -.5 .6 .8 -.2 .6 1.6 -1 .4 -1 .5 -.5 .1 -3.1 .2 -.2 1.7 -.7 .0 .6 .6 .8 .7 3.1 .6 .6 .4 1.2 -.9 .0 .2 -.5 1.6 -3 .4 .5 .3 1.2 .8 .8 .6 .5 .7 2.1 1.8 Price data:' 3. Alternative measures of wage and compensation changes 1994 1993 1995 1993 I IV 1995 1994 Components IV I III II IV II I III IV I Employment Cost Index-com pensation: Civilian nonfarm ' .................................................................................................... Private nonfarm .................................................................................................... U n io n ..................................................................................................................... N onun ion.............................................................................................................. State and local g o vernm ents........................................................................... 0.6 .6 .8 .6 .4 0.9 1.0 .8 1.0 .6 0.7 .8 .9 .8 .4 1.0 .8 .7 .8 1.5 0.4 .4 .3 .4 .5 0.8 .8 .7 .9 .6 3.5 3.6 4.3 3.5 2.8 3.2 3.3 3.5 3.3 2.8 3.2 3.4 3.3 3.4 2.9 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.3 3.0 3.0 3.1 2.7 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.6 3.0 3.1 Employment Cost Index-w ages and salaries: Civilian nonfarm ' ..................................................................................................... Private nonfarm .................................................................................................... Union ..................................................................................................................... N onun ion.............................................................................................................. State and local governments ............................................................................ .6 .6 .8 .6 .3 .6 .7 .7 .7 .6 .7 .8 .9 .8 .2 1.0 .8 .9 .8 1.7 .5 .5 .4 .5 .5 .7 .8 .6 .8 .7 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.1 2.7 2.9 2.9 3.0 2.9 2.7 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.0 2.8 2.9 2.9 3.3 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.7 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.9 3.2 .7 .5 .2 .4 .1 .3 .8 .2 .6 .1 .9 .1 .7 .1 .6 .2 .3 .1 .3 3.0 .9 1.9 .2 2.9 .9 1.8 .2 2.7 .9 1.7 .2 2.9 .8 1.9 .2 2.7 .6 1.9 .2 2.6 .5 1.9 .3 Total effective wage adjustments2 ............................................................................ From current s e ttlem e n ts ..................................................................................... From prior settlements .......................................................................................... From cost-of-living provision................................................................................ ( ’) <3) ( ’) .2 C) Negotiated wage adjustments from settlements:2 First-year adjustments ........................................................................................... Annual rate over life of c o n tr a c t........................................................................ 2.8 2.0 3.0 2.4 2.0 2.4 1.0 1.9 2.2 2.5 1.9 1.9 2.3 2.1 2.4 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.3 2.2 2.0 2.3 1.8 2.3 Negotiated wage and benefit adjustments from settlements:4 First-year adjustment ............................................................................................. Annual rate over life of c o n tra c t........................................................................ 3.8 2.5 3.0 2.6 3.4 2.9 <3) 1.4 1.5 2.1 1.4 1.6 3.0 2.4 3.0 2.3 3.1 2.4 3.1 2.5 2.3 2.4 2.1 2.3 1 Excludes Federal and household workers. 2 Limited to major collective bargaining units of 1,000 workers or more. The most recent data are preliminary. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3 Data round to zero. 4 Limited to major collective bargaining units of 5,000 workers or more. The most recent data are preliminary. Monthly Labor Review June 1995 77 Current Labor Statistics: 4. Employment Data Employment status of the population, by sex, age, race and Hispanic origin, monthly data seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Annual average 1994 1995 Employment status 1993 1994 Civilian noninstitutional po p u la tio n '........................................ Civilian labor fo r c e .......................... Participation rate ...................... Employed ........................... 193,550 128,040 66.2 119,306 196,814 131,056 66.6 123,060 196,363 130,787 66.6 122,402 196,510 130,699 66.5 122,703 196,693 130,538 66.4 122,635 196,859 130,774 66.4 122,781 197,043 131,086 66.5 123,197 197,248 131,291 66.6 123,644 Employment-population ratio- ........................................ U ne m ploye d ........................ Unemployment r a t e ................. Not in labor force ...................... 61.6 8,734 6.8 65,509 62.5 7,996 6.1 65,758 62.3 8,385 6.4 65,576 62.4 7,996 6.1 65,811 62.3 7,903 6.1 6 6,155 62.4 7,993 6.1 66,085 62.5 7,889 6.0 65,957 Civilian noninstitutional po p u la tio n '............................................ Civilian labor fo r c e ............................ Participation rate ...................... Employed ....................... 85,907 66,069 76.9 61,865 87,151 66,921 76.8 63,294 8 6,946 66,741 76.8 62,959 87,000 66,652 76.6 63,080 87,095 66,602 76.5 63,043 87,123 66,747 76.6 63,076 Employment-population ratio2 ........................................... A griculture...................................... Nonagricultural industries......... U ne m ploye d.......................... Unemployment r a t e ................. 72.0 2,263 59,602 4,204 6.4 72.6 2,351 60,943 3,627 5.4 72.4 2,362 60,597 3,782 5.7 72.5 2,384 60,696 3,572 5.4 72.4 2,334 60,709 3,559 5.3 94,388 55,146 58.4 51,912 95,467 56,655 59.3 53,606 95,282 56,466 59.3 53,318 95,329 56,545 59.3 53,481 55.0 599 51,313 3,234 5.9 56.2 809 52,796 3,049 5.4 56.0 833 52,485 3,148 5.6 13,255 6,826 51.5 5,530 14,196 7,481 52.7 6,161 41.7 212 5,317 1,296 19.0 Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. 197,430 131,646 66.7 124,141 197,607 131,718 66.7 124,403 197,765 131,725 66.6 124,570 197,753 132,136 66.8 124,639 197,886 132,308 66.9 125,125 198,007 132,511 66.9 125,274 198,148 132,737 67.0 125,072 62.7 7,647 5.8 65,957 62.9 7,505 5.7 65,784 63.0 7,315 5.6 65,889 63.0 7,155 5.4 66,040 63.0 7,498 5.7 65,617 63.2 7,183 5.4 65,578 63.3 7,237 5.5 65,4 96 63.1 7,665 5.8 6 5,412 87,248 66,817 76.6 63,271 87,321 66,909 76.6 6 3,517 8 7,439 6 7,177 76.8 63,820 8 7,529 6 7,345 76.9 64,051 8 7,617 6 7,450 77.0 64,281 8 7,528 6 7,539 77.2 6 4,133 8 7,572 6 7,552 77.1 64,478 87,622 67,643 77.2 64,4 65 87,664 67,563 77.1 64,2 24 72.4 2,314 6 0,762 3,671 5.5 72.5 2,377 60,894 3,546 5.3 72.7 2,293 61,224 3,392 5.1 73.0 2,329 61,491 3,357 5.0 73.2 2,377 61,674 3,294 4.9 73.4 2 ,410 61,871 3 ,169 4.7 73.3 2,390 61,743 3,406 5.0 73.6 2,512 61,965 3,074 4.6 73.6 2 ,519 6 1,946 3 ,178 4.7 73.3 2,384 6 1,840 3 ,339 4.9 95,407 56,384 59.1 53,328 95,469 56,536 59.2 53,541 95,544 56,747 59.4 53,722 95,658 57,031 59.6 54,044 95,729 56,951 59.5 54,090 95,821 56,984 59.5 54,129 95,873 56,725 59.2 54,037 95,961 56,951 59.3 54,134 96,020 57,096 59.5 54,334 96,037 57,042 59.4 54,242 9 6,099 5 7,360 59.7 54,403 56.1 789 52,692 3,064 5.4 55.9 739 52,589 3 ,056 5.4 56.1 790 52,751 2,995 5.3 56.2 815 52,907 3,025 5.3 56.5 847 53,197 2,987 5.2 56.5 863 53,227 2,861 5.0 56.5 850 53,279 2,855 5.0 56.4 882 53,155 2,688 4.7 56.4 877 53,257 2,817 4.9 56.6 898 53,436 2,763 4.8 56.5 913 53,329 2,800 4.9 56.6 925 53,477 2 ,957 5.2 14,135 7,580 53.6 6,125 14,181 7,502 52.9 6,142 14,191 7,552 53.2 6,264 14,267 7,491 52.5 6,164 14,251 7,522 52.8 6,204 14,269 7,351 51.5 6,083 14,261 7,518 52.7 6,231 14,257 7,389 51.8 6,223 14,274 7,550 52.9 6,252 14,263 7,646 53.6 6,372 14,294 7,660 53.6 6,313 14,348 7,826 54.5 6,567 14,385 7,814 54.3 6 ,446 43.4 249 5,912 1,320 17.6 43.3 243 5,882 1,455 19.2 43.3 240 5,902 1,360 18.1 44.1 221 6,043 1,288 17.1 43.2 229 5,935 1,327 17.7 43.5 244 5,960 1,318 17.5 42.6 271 5,812 1,268 17.2 43.7 302 5,929 1,287 17.1 43.6 273 5,950 1,166 15.8 43.8 240 6,012 1,298 17.2 44.7 308 6,064 1,274 16.7 44.2 245 6,068 1,347 17.6 45.8 266 6,300 1,260 16.1 44.8 285 6 ,160 1,369 17.5 163,921 109,359 66.7 102,812 165,555 111,082 67.1 105,190 165,259 110,809 67.1 104,591 165,351 110,829 67.0 104,978 165,472 110,523 66.8 104,687 165,576 110,911 67.0 105,006 165,696 111,186 67.1 105,401 165,832 111,381 67.2 105,740 165,954 111,555 67.2 106,010 166,072 111,637 67.2 106,242 166,175 111,715 67.2 106,352 166,361 111,876 67.2 106,366 166,444 111,830 67.2 106,604 166,521 111,999 67.3 106,698 166,613 112,153 67.3 106,500 62.7 6,547 6.0 63.5 5,892 5.3 63.3 6,218 5.6 63.5 5,851 5.3 63.3 5,836 5.3 63.4 5,905 5.3 63.6 5,785 5.2 63.8 5,641 5.1 63.9 5,545 5.0 64.0 5,395 4.8 64.0 5,363 4.8 63.9 5,510 4.9 64.0 5,226 4.7 64.1 5,301 4.7 63.9 5,653 5.0 22,329 13,943 62.4 12,146 22,879 14,502 63.4 12,835 2 2,799 14,507 63.6 12,775 22,824 14,510 63.6 12,810 2 2,855 14,481 63.4 12,838 22,883 14,380 62.8 12,767 22,917 14,429 63.0 12,795 2 2,955 14,477 63.1 12,927 22,990 14,649 63.7 13,022 2 3,023 14,578 63.3 13,054 2 3,052 14,541 63.1 13,119 23,089 14,697 63.7 13,192 23,117 14,868 64.3 13,362 23,142 14,818 64.0 13,370 2 3,169 14,938 64.5 13,337 54.4 1,796 12.9 56.1 1,666 11.5 56.0 1,732 11.9 56.1 1,700 11.7 56.2 1,643 11.3 55.8 1,613 11.2 55.8 1,634 11.3 56.3 1,550 10.7 56.6 1,627 11.1 56.7 1,524 10.5 56.9 1,422 9.8 57.1 1,505 10.2 57.8 1,505 10.1 57.8 1,448 9.8 57.6 1,601 10.7 Feb. Mar. Apr. TO TAL Men, 20 years and over Women, 20 years ond over Civilian noninstitutional p o p u la tio n '........................................... Civilian labor fo r c e ............................ Participation rate ...................... Employed .......................................... Employment-population ratio2 ........................................... Agriculture ...................................... Nonagricultural industries......... U ne m ploye d...................................... Unemployment r a t e ................. Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian noninstitutional population1 ........................................... Civilian labor fo r c e ............................ Participation rate ...................... Employed .......................................... Employment-population ratio2 ........................................... Agriculture ...................................... Nonagricultural industries......... U ne m ploye d...................................... Unemployment r a t e ................. White Civilian noninstitutional po p u la tio n '............................................ Civilian labor fo r c e ............................. Participation rate ...................... Employed .......................................... Employment-population ratio2 ........................................... U ne m ploye d...................................... Unemployment r a t e ................. Black Civilian noninstitutional population’ ............................................ Civilian labor fo r c e ............................. Participation rate ...................... Employed .......................................... Employment-population ratio2 ............................................ U ne m ploye d...................................... Unemployment r a t e ................. S ee footnotes at end of table. 78 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 1995 4. Continued— Employment status of the population, by sex, age, race and Hispanic origin, monthly data seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Annual average 1994 1995 Employment status 1993 1994 Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. 15,753 10,377 65.9 9,272 18,117 11,975 66.1 10,788 17,993 11,873 66.0 10,601 18,041 11,916 66.0 10,735 18,092 11,896 65.8 10,682 18,143 11,956 65.9 10,760 18,193 12,002 66.0 10,786 18,244 11,997 65.8 10,806 18,291 12,222 66.8 11,074 18,339 12,324 67.2 11,236 18,385 12,224 66.5 11,105 18,368 12,036 65.5 10,811 18,413 12,017 65.3 10,943 18,458 12,001 65.0 10,903 18,509 12,131 65.5 11,058 58.9 1,104 10.6 59.5 1,187 9.9 58.9 1,272 10.7 59.5 1,181 9.9 59.0 1,214 10.2 59.3 1,196 10.0 59.3 1,216 10.1 59.2 1,191 9.9 60.5 1,148 9.4 61.3 1,088 8.8 60.4 1,119 9.2 58.9 1,224 10.2 59.4 1,073 8.9 59.1 1,098 9.1 59.7 1,073 8.8 H ispanic origin Civilian noninstitutional p o p u la tio n '............................................ Civilian labor fo r c e ............................. Participation rate ...................... Employed .......................................... Employment-population ratio“1 ........................................... U ne m ploye d...................................... Unemployment r a te ................. The population figures are not seasonally adjusted. Civilian employment as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population. NOTE: Data for 1994 are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years. For additional information, see the box note under “ Employment and Unemployment 5. D ata” in the notes to this section. Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the “other races” groups are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Selected employment indicators, monthly data seasonally adjusted (Iri thousands) Annual average 1994 1995 Selected categories 1993 1994 119,306 64,700 54,606 40,869 123,060 66,450 56,610 41,414 122,402 66,058 56,344 41,357 122,703 66,197 56,506 41,330 122,635 66,255 56,380 41,313 122,781 66,226 56,555 41,281 30,512 6,764 31,536 7,053 31,382 7,096 31,372 7,061 31,193 7,008 1,637 1,332 105 1,715 1,645 49 1,695 1,707 45 1,736 1,637 43 107,011 18,504 88,507 1,105 87,402 9,003 218 110,517 18,293 92,224 966 91,258 9,003 131 109,828 18,343 91,485 1,003 90,482 9,010 133 110,164 18,378 91,786 978 90,808 9,049 129 Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Feb. Mar. 123,197 66,458 56,739 41,487 123,644 66,682 56,962 41,557 124,141 6 7,059 57,082 41,511 124,403 67,244 57,159 41,530 124,570 67,483 57,087 41,608 124,639 6 7,386 57,252 41,601 125,125 6 7,709 57,416 4 2,190 125,274 67,811 57,462 4 2,132 125,072 67,588 57,484 42,086 31,462 7,016 31,593 6,974 31,905 7,029 31,764 7,098 31,775 7,141 31,723 7,074 31,705 7,199 31,893 7,067 32,135 7,071 3 2,108 7,152 1,675 1,584 46 1,669 1,619 50 1,728 1,654 50 1,712 1,630 63 1,764 1,652 43 1,767 1,677 48 1,738 1,714 49 1,866 1,663 35 1,970 1,684 27 1,987 1,674 57 1,884 1,649 70 110,215 18,294 91,921 966 90,955 8,964 148 110,345 18,281 92,064 940 91,124 8,962 140 110,576 18,225 92,351 881 91,470 9,021 131 111,100 18,306 92,794 903 91,891 8,989 134 111,686 18,201 93,485 935 92,550 8,878 131 111,770 18,357 93,413 999 92,414 8,915 120 111,960 18,340 93,620 1,023 92,597 8,959 121 111,987 18,295 93,692 1,075 92,617 9,039 95 112,461 18,504 93,957 1,075 92,882 8,904 118 112,649 18,685 93,964 1,039 92,925 8,865 129 112,578 18,646 93,932 988 92,945 8,848 110 Dec. Jan. Apr. CHARACTERISTIC Employed, 16 years and o v e r ........ M e n ................................... W om en ............................................ Married men, spouse present .. Married women, spouse p r e s e n t........................................... W om en who maintain families . CLASS OF WORKER Agriculture: W age and salary workers ......... Self-em ployed w o rk e rs ............... Unpaid family w o rk e rs ................ Nonagricultural industries: W age and salary workers ......... Governm ent ................................ Private industries....................... Private househ old s................ Other .......................................... Self-employed w o rk e rs ............... Unpaid family w o rk e rs ................ PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME All industries: Part time for economic reasons . Slack work or business conditions....................................... Could only find part-time work Part time for noneconomic reasons ............................................ Nonagricultural industries: Part time for economic reasons . Slack work or business conditions....................................... Could only find part-time work Part time for noneconomic reasons ............................................ 6,348 4,625 4,779 4,792 4,766 4,467 4,348 4,333 4,411 4,411 4,422 4,693 4,460 4,530 4,469 3,140 2,908 2,432 1,871 2,418 2,043 2,503 1,981 2,464 1,927 2,431 1,698 2,396 1,618 2,404 1,697 2,394 1,791 2,394 1,736 2,384 1,734 2,504 1,777 2,372 1,739 2,333 1,902 2,517 1,686 15,062 17,638 17,417 17,441 17,452 17,922 17,955 17,609 17,644 17,756 17,576 17,940 18,041 17,627 18,121 6,106 4,414 4,583 4,583 4,510 4,273 4,173 4,154 4,226 4,246 4,254 4,430 4,187 4,347 4,171 2,977 2,832 2,311 1,824 2,298 2,007 2,386 1,942 2,349 1,883 2,318 1,661 2,272 1,583 2,290 1,646 2,257 1,756 2,282 1,689 2,272 1,690 2,359 1,737 2 ,216 1,687 2 ,226 1,854 2,328 1,624 14,637 17,007 16,620 16,841 16,909 17,308 17,314 16,982 16,992 17,101 16,917 17,307 17,381 16,991 17,232 ' Excludes persons “with a job but not at work" during the survey period for such reasons as vacation, illness, or industrial disputes. NOTE: Data for 1994 are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years. For additional information, see the box note under “ Employment and Unemployment D ata” in the notes to this section. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review June 1995 79 Current Labor Statistics: 6. Employment Data Selected unemployment indicators, monthly data seasonally adjusted (Unemployment rates) Annual average 1995 1994 Selected categories 1993 1994 Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. Total, all w o rke rs ................................................................. Both sexes, 16 to 19 y e a rs ....................................... Men, 20 years and over ............................................ W om en, 20 years and o v e r ....................................... 6.8 19.0 6.4 5.9 6.1 17.6 5.4 5.4 6.4 19.2 5.7 5.6 6.1 18.1 5.4 5.4 6.1 17.1 5.3 5.4 6.1 17.7 5.5 5.3 6.0 17.5 5.3 5.3 5.8 17.2 5.1 5.2 5.7 17.1 5.0 5.0 5.6 15.8 4.9 5.0 5.4 17.2 4.7 4.7 5.7 16.7 5.0 4.9 5.4 17.6 4.6 4.8 5.5 16.1 4.7 4.9 5.8 17.5 4.9 5.2 White, total ..................................................................... Both sexes, 16 to 19 y e a r s ................................... Men, 16 to 19 years .......................................... Wom en, 16 to 19 y e a rs .................................... Men, 20 years and over ......................................... W om en, 20 years and o v e r ................................... 6.0 16.2 17.6 14.6 5.6 5.1 5.3 15.1 16.3 13.8 4.8 4.6 5.6 17.1 18.3 15.9 5.0 4.7 5.3 15.5 17.0 13.7 4.7 4.6 5.3 14.3 15.1 13.6 4.7 4.7 5.3 14.7 16.1 13.1 4.8 4.7 5.2 14.6 15.4 13.7 4.6 4.6 5.1 14.8 16.2 13.3 4.4 4.6 5.0 14.4 15.2 13.5 4.4 4.4 4.8 13.5 14.3 12.6 4.3 4.3 4.8 14.7 16.0 13.2 4.2 4.1 4.9 14.1 15.0 13.1 4.4 4.3 4.7 14.7 16.1 13.1 4.0 4.1 4.7 13.6 14.7 12.4 4.2 4.2 5.0 14.6 15.3 13.8 4.4 4.5 Black, total ..................................................................... Both sexes, 16 to 19 y e a r s ................................... Men, 16 to 19 years .......................................... Wom en, 16 to 19 y e a rs .................................... Men, 20 years and over ......................................... W om en, 20 years and o v e r ................................... 12.9 38.9 40.1 37.5 12.1 10.6 11.5 35.2 37.6 32.6 10.3 9.8 11.9 35.5 39.7 31.0 10.5 10.5 11.7 38.2 40.9 35.0 10.3 10.0 11.3 36.1 39.3 32.6 10.0 9.5 11.2 37.3 41.4 32.7 10.4 8.8 11.3 36.1 39.9 31.9 10.2 9.4 10.7 32.1 30.8 33.4 9.8 9.0 11.1 37.5 35.9 39.1 9.5 9.2 10.5 33.0 32.0 34.1 9.2 8.9 9.8 34.6 34.3 35.0 8.3 8.3 10.2 35.5 34.0 37.1 9.2 8.5 10.1 35.7 38.7 32.4 7.9 9.0 9.8 31.2 31.7 30.7 7.8 9.1 10.7 35.6 35.4 35.8 8.9 9.3 Hispanic origin, to t a l.................................................... 10.6 9.9 10.7 9.9 10.2 10.0 10.1 9.9 9.4 8.8 9.2 10.2 8.9 9.1 8.8 Married men, spouse p re s e n t.................................. Married women, spouse p re s e n t............................ W om en who maintain fa m ilie s ................................. Full-time workers .......................................................... Part-time workers ......................................................... 4.4 4.6 9.5 7.4 7.4 3.7 4.1 8.9 6.8 7.1 3.9 4.2 9.1 6.4 6.2 3.7 4.1 8.9 6.1 6.2 3.6 4.2 8.8 6.1 5.9 3.6 4.0 7.9 6.1 6.0 3.5 4.1 8.8 6.0 6.2 3.4 4.0 8.9 5.8 5.8 3.3 4.0 8.9 5.8 5.6 3.2 3.9 8.7 5.6 5.4 3.2 3.7 8.8 5.3 5.9 3.4 3.7 8.9 5.5 6.2 3.0 3.6 8.1 5.3 6.0 3.2 3.9 7.6 5.4 5.8 3.4 4.2 9.0 5.6 6.3 7.0 7.3 14.3 7.2 7.1 7.3 5.1 7.8 6.3 5.4 11.8 5.6 5.2 6.0 4.8 7.4 6.6 6.6 12.4 5.8 5.5 6.3 5.3 7.6 6.4 6.0 11.7 5.6 5.3 5.9 4.9 6.3 6.1 11.7 5.5 5.2 5.9 4.9 7.2 6.3 6.0 11.1 5.6 5.5 5.8 5.1 7.5 6.1 5.0 10.7 5.3 5.3 5.3 4.8 7.4 6.0 5.1 10.7 5.3 5.3 5.4 4.5 7.0 5.9 4.7 10.7 5.1 4.8 5.6 4.4 7.2 5.9 4.5 10.7 5.1 4.3 6.0 4.6 7.0 5.6 3.9 10.9 4.9 4.6 5.4 4.2 6.7 5.7 5.1 11.7 4.7 4.2 5.4 4.7 6.6 5.5 5.2 10.5 4.4 3.9 5.0 4.5 6.4 5.5 6.1 10.8 4.5 4.2 4.9 4.5 6.2 5.9 4.3 11.8 4.8 4.4 5.4 4.6 6.8 4.1 6.5 3.3 11.6 3.6 6.1 3.4 11.3 3.5 6.2 3.6 10.8 3.6 6.0 3.5 8.8 3.7 5.9 3.7 8.6 3.7 5.9 3.4 12.1 3.7 5.7 3.6 11.1 4.3 5.5 3.2 11.1 3.4 5.3 3.2 10.3 3.6 5.4 2.7 10.4 2.9 5.2 3.1 11.1 2.9 5.2 3.2 10.7 3.5 5.2 2.8 9.1 3.3 5.3 2.7 10.5 3.4 5.6 3.1 11.3 CHARACTERISTIC INDUSTRY Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers .... M in in g ................................................................................ Construction ................................................................... Manufacturing ................................................................ Durable g o o d s ............................................................ Nondurable goods .................................................... Transportation and public utilities .......................... W holesale and retail tr a d e ........................................ Finance,insurance, and real e s t a te ...................................................................... Services ........................................................................... Governm ent workers ......................................................... Agricultural wage and salary workers ......................... V NO TE: Data for 1994 are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years. the notes to this section. 80 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 1995 For additional information, see the box note under “ Employment and Unemployment D ata” in 7. Unemployment rates by sex and age, monthly data seasonally adjusted (Civilian workers) Annual average Sex and age Apr. 1994 1993 1995 1994 June May Sept. Aug. July Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Apr. Mar. Feb. Total, 16 years and over ................................................................................ 16 to 24 y e a r s ................................................................................................. 16 to 19 y e a r s .............................................................................................. 16 to 17 years .......................................................................................... 18 to 19 years .......................................................................................... 20 to 24 y e a r s ............................................................... 26 years and o v e r .......................................................... 25 to 54 years .......................................................................... 55 years and o v e r ................................................................................... 6.8 13.3 19.0 21.3 17.5 10.5 5.6 5.8 4.3 6.1 12.5 17.6 19.9 16.0 9.7 4.8 5.0 4.1 6.4 13.2 19.2 23.5 16.5 10.0 5.0 5.2 4.3 6.1 12.6 18.1 20.4 16.3 9.6 4.8 4.9 4.2 6.1 12.2 17.1 20.1 15.4 9.5 4.8 4.9 4.0 6.1 12.5 17.7 20.3 15.7 9.7 4.8 4.9 4.2 6.0 12.6 17.5 19.9 15.6 9.9 4.7 4.8 4.2 5.8 12.1 17.2 18.8 16.0 9.4 4.6 4.8 3.8 5.7 11.8 17.1 17.8 16.8 9.0 4.5 4.7 3.9 5.6 11.4 15.8 17.2 14.7 9.1 4.5 4.5 3.9 5.4 11.6 17.2 18.1 16.6 8.6 4.3 4.4 3.5 5.7 11.4 16.7 20.0 14.2 8.5 4.5 4.6 3.9 5.4 11.7 17.6 20.7 15.3 8.5 4.2 4.3 3.4 5.5 11.6 16.1 20.0 13.0 9.1 4.2 4.3 3.5 5.8 11.8 17.5 20.6 15.7 8.7 4.6 4.7 3.8 Men, 16 years and o v e r ........................................................................... 16 to 24 years .......................................................................................... 16 to 19 y e a rs ........................................................................................ 16 to 17 y e a r s .................................................................................... 18 to 19 y e a r s .................................................................................... 20 to 24 y e a rs ........................................................................................ 25 years and o v e r .................................................................................. 25 to 54 y e a r s .................................................................................... 55 years and o v e r .......................................................................... . 7.1 14.3 20.4 22.8 18.8 11.3 5.8 5.9 4.7 6.2 13.2 19.0 21.0 17.6 10.2 4.8 4.9 4.3 6.5 13.8 20.2 24.9 18.0 10.5 5.0 5.1 4.5 6.2 13.5 19.9 22.4 18.0 10.1 4.7 4.8 4.4 6.0 12.7 18.0 21.6 16.6 9.9 4.8 4.8 4.2 6.3 13.4 19.4 20.9 18.0 10.3 4.9 4.9 4.5 6.1 13.3 18.8 20.7 17.1 10.5 4.7 4.8 4.2 5.8 12.6 18.5 19.4 17.5 9.5 4.5 4.6 3.9 5.7 12.4 18.1 18.2 18.1 9.4 4.5 4.6 4.1 5.5 11.8 16.5 16.5 16.5 9.5 4.4 4.4 4.0 5.5 12.2 18.5 18.8 18.2 9.0 4.3 4.3 3.5 5.7 12.0 17.4 20.9 14.5 9.1 4.5 4.6 4.0 5.4 12.1 19.4 22.6 16.7 8.2 4.0 4.2 3.6 5.4 11.7 17.0 20.2 14.6 8.9 4.1 4.2 3.7 5.7 11.8 17.8 21.7 16.1 8.6 4.5 4.5 4.3 W om en, 16 years and o v e r ................................................................... 16 to 24 y e a r s ......................................................................................... 16 to 19 years ...................................................................................... 16 to 17 years .................................................................................. 18 to 19 years .................................................................................. 20 to 24 years ..................................................................................... 25 years and o v e r .................................................................................. 25 to 54 years .................................................................................. 55 years and o v e r ........................................................................... 6.5 12.2 17.4 19.6 16.0 9.6 5.4 5.6 3.8 6.0 11.6 16.2 18.7 14.3 9.2 4.9 5.0 3.9 6.3 12.6 18.1 22.1 14.9 9.4 5.1 5.3 4.0 6.1 11.6 16.2 18.3 14.6 9.0 5.0 5.1 3.9 6.1 11.6 16.0 18.5 14.2 9.1 4.9 5.1 3.8 5.9 11.5 15.9 19.7 13.1 9.1 4.8 5.0 3.7 6.0 11.7 16.1 19.0 14.0 9.3 4.8 4.9 4.1 5.8 11.6 15.9 18.2 14.2 9.3 4.7 5.0 3.6 5.7 11.2 16.0 17.4 15.4 8.6 4.6 4.8 3.7 5.6 10.9 15.0 17.9 12.8 8.7 4.6 4.7 3.8 5.4 10.9 15.8 17.4 14.9 8.1 4.3 4.4 3.4 5.6 10.7 15.9 19.1 13.9 7.8 4.6 4.6 3.7 5.5 11.2 15.6 18.7 13.7 8.7 4.3 4.5 3.2 5.5 11.5 15.2 19.8 11.3 9.4 4.3 4.4 3.4 5.9 11.9 17.2 19.4 15.2 8.8 4.7 5.0 3.3 8. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, monthly data seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Annual average 1995 1994 Reason for unemployment 1993 Job losers' .......................................... On temporary la y o ff................................................... Not on temporary layoff ................................................ Job leavers .............................................................. Reentrants ........................................... New e n tra n ts ........................................................ 1994 Apr. May 4,769 1,104 3,664 946 2,145 874 3,815 977 2,838 791 2,786 604 3,880 979 2,901 810 3,164 679 54.6 12.6 42.0 10.8 24.6 10.0 47.7 12.2 35.5 9.9 34.8 7.6 3.7 .7 1.7 .7 2.9 .6 2.1 .5 June July Sept. Aug. Mar. Apr. 3,495 881 2,614 710 2,575 578 3,442 930 2,512 704 2,525 555 3,658 1,061 2,598 694 2,488 597 3,339 1,025 2,314 773 2,474 582 3,352 1,032 2,320 811 2,430 604 3 ,532 1,145 2,387 817 2,779 637 46.8 11.3 35.5 10.1 35.0 8.2 47.5 12.0 35.5 9.6 35.0 7.9 47.6 12.9 34.8 9.7 34.9 7.7 49.2 14.3 34.9 9.3 33.4 8.0 46.6 14.3 32.3 10.8 34.5 8.1 46.6 14.3 32.2 11.3 33.8 8.4 45.5 14.7 30.7 10.5 35.8 8.2 2.7 .6 2.0 .5 2.7 .5 2.0 .4 2.6 .5 1.9 .4 2.8 .5 1.9 .5 2.5 .6 1.9 .4 2.5 .6 1.8 .5 2.7 .6 2.1 .5 Oct. Nov. 3,640 811 2,829 796 2,863 611 3,734 931 2,803 788 2,785 498 3,863 1,031 2,832 770 2,766 594 3,706 1,012 2,694 786 2,758 621 3,574 824 2,750 874 2,620 600 3,513 848 2,665 755 2,626 614 45.5 11.5 34.0 9.5 37.1 8.0 46.0 10.3 35.8 10.1 36.2 7.7 47.8 11.9 35.9 10.1 35.7 6.4 48.3 12.9 35.4 9.6 34.6 7.4 47.1 12.9 34.2 10.0 35.0 7.9 46.6 10.7 35.9 11.4 34.2 7.8 3.0 .6 2.4 .5 2.8 .6 2.2 .5 2.9 .6 2.1 .4 3.0 .6 2.1 .5 2.8 .6 2.1 .5 2.7 .7 2.0 .5 Jan. Dec. Feb. PERCENT OF UNEMPLOYED Job losers' ....................................................................... On temporary layoff .................................................... Not on temporary la y o ff........................................ Job le a v e rs ........................................................ R e en tran ts ................................................................... New entrants ................................................... PERCENT OF CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE Job losers' .......................................................................... Job leavers ........................................................................... Reentrants ............................................................................ New entrants ........................................................................ ' Includes persons who completed temporary jobs. 9. Duration of unemployment, monthly data seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Annual average 1994 1995 W eeks of unemployment l ess than 5 w eeks .................................................... 5 to 14 w eeks .............................................................. 15 weeks and o v e r .................................................... 15 to 26 w eeks ........................................................ 27 w eeks and o v e r ...................................... M ean duration, in w e e k s ......................... Median duration, in w e e k s .............................. 1993 1994 Apr. May June July Aug. 3,160 2,522 3,052 1,274 1,778 2,728 2,408 2,860 1,237 1,623 2,772 2,482 2,972 1,237 1,735 2,651 2,461 2,853 1,160 1,693 2,754 2,452 2,740 1,193 1,547 2,768 2,365 2,823 1,234 1,589 2,655 2,572 2,773 1,198 1,575 18.1 8.4 18.8 9.2 19.1 9.2 19.4 9.2 18.4 9.1 19.0 9.2 18.9 9.2 NOTE: In the three tables above, data for 1994 are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years. For additional information, see the box note under https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. 2,675 2,294 2,768 1,213 1,555 2,434 2,256 2,934 1,344 1,590 2,599 2,163 2,661 1,187 1,474 2,587 2,149 2,456 1,088 1,368 2,937 2,122 2,386 1,033 1,353 2,600 2,165 2,298 1,090 1,207 2,523 2,319 2,266 920 1,347 2,629 2,430 2 ,505 1,115 1,390 18.8 9.5 19.3 10.1 18.2 9.1 17.8 8.7 16.7 7.9 16.9 7.8 17.5 7.9 17.7 8.5 Sept. "Employment and Unemployment D ata” in the notes to this section, Monthly Labor Review June 1995 81 Current Labor Statistics: Employment Data 10. Unemployment rates by State, seasonally adjusted State California .............................................................. Mar. 1994 Feb. 1995 Mar. 1995p 64 80 6 1 56 8.8 5 9 7.3 4.7 5.6 7.3 5 5 7.2 5.1 5.0 7.6 Mar. 1994 Feb. 1995 Mar. 1995p 5.2 2.9 6.3 5.0 5.6 2.2 5.9 4.1 4.9 2.0 5.6 4.5 North D a k o ta ..................................................... 7.7 6.6 7.9 4.4 4.1 6.1 5.8 6.1 4.6 3.4 5.8 6.0 6.6 3.9 3.3 O h io ...................................................................... O klahom a .......................................................... Oregon ................................................................ Pennsylvania ..................................................... Rhode Is la n d ..................................................... 6.0 6.0 5.8 6.8 7.3 4.0 5.1 5.0 5.6 6.3 3.8 5.1 4.6 6.0 6.2 South Carolina ................................................. South D a k o ta .................................................... Tennessee ......................................................... 6.8 3.4 5.1 7.3 3.6 5.1 3.0 4.1 5.1 3.9 4.7 2.9 4.0 5.7 3.1 4.7 4.9 6.7 9.5 4.8 4.3 4.2 6.0 8.2 3.7 4.2 4.2 5.9 7.1 4.0 5.5 4.2 4.1 State New Hampshire ............................................... New J e rs e y ........................................................ F lo rid a ................................................................... 4.5 5.8 5 5 84 7.1 3.1 5.5 36 7.9 4.5 3.5 5.3 3.4 8.0 4.4 G e o rg ia ................................................................. H a w a ii................................................................... Id a h o ...................................................................... Illinois..................................................................... In d ia n a .................................................................. 5.2 5.6 5.4 6.0 5.1 4.5 5.0 5.6 5.3 4.1 4.4 5.1 5.2 4.4 4.4 M a in e .................................................................... 3.8 5.3 5 5 8 1 7.7 3.4 4.4 4.7 6 9 5.5 3.3 4.4 4.7 7.3 5.4 New Y o r k ........................................................... U t a h ...................................................................... Verm ont .............................................................. M ississippi........................................................... 5 3 6 0 66 4.2 6.5 5.3 4.8 54 5.6 3.5 5.0 4 4 4.9 4 6 6.0 3.3 5.1 4.7 W est V irg in ia ..................................................... W iscon sin........................................................... p = preliminary 11. Employment of workers on nonfarm payrolls by State, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) State Mar. 1994 1 7 43 6 258.8 1,657.3 1 0 18 3 Feb. 1995 Mar. 1995p 12I121.8 1,773.6 264 0 1,743.7 1,064.5 12^225.9 1,774.0 262.4 1,747.4 1 067.2 12^224.6 1,726.8 1,530.7 352.0 659.3 5,726.4 1,793.2 1,543.0 359.8 648.6 5,939.9 1,801.0 1,544.4 360.5 648.8 5,953.0 3,365.0 3,378.6 534.7 479.3 5 ,549 6 Indiana ...................................................................... 3 2 23 8 536.2 454.8 5 429 4 2 J 0 0 .3 M a in e ......................................................................... 1,305.9 1 156 2 1 583 2 1 709 0 529.3 1,340.9 1'189 5 1,617 4 1 J 8 5 .5 541.1 C a lifo rn ia .................................................................. State New Jersey ............................................................ D e la w a re ......................................... F lo r id a ....................................................................... North Carolina ...................................................... Ohio ......................................................................... H a w a ii........................................................................ Idaho ......................................................................... 535.5 477.0 5 535.0 2Ì769.5 Oregon ..................................................................... P ennsylvania......................................................... 1,345.5 1,192.7 1,626.6 1 7 8 9 .2 541.8 Utah ......................................................................... V e rm o n t.................................................................. M ic h ig an ................................................................... Minnesota ................................................................ M ississippi................................................................ 2,154.7 2,943.6 4Ì237.7 2,350.1 1,060.4 2,534.7 2,160.2 2,949.7 4 7 4 7 .0 2,358.2 1,055.0 2,539.0 W est V irg in ia ......................................................... W is co n sin ............................................................... p = preliminary NOTE: Som e data in this table may differ from data published elsewhere because of the continual updating of the database. 82 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 1995 Feb. 1995 334.5 787.1 719.9 517.5 347.8 810.6 764.1 532.2 349.3 810.7 769.1 532.4 3,519.4 647.8 7,789.8 3 ,328.2 291.0 3,595.9 682.5 7,829.5 3,420.0 299.3 3 ,597.6 684.7 7,822.1 3 ,436.2 300.9 5,050.4 1,266.7 1,346.9 5,161.9 433.6 5,160.8 1,296.8 1,398.1 5,233.1 434.6 5,173.2 1,302.7 1,407.2 5,233.1 434.2 1,597.6 328.7 2,399.0 7,644.5 845.3 1,617.9 342.6 2,471.3 7,900.7 889.0 1,620.9 342.4 2 ,480.9 7,911.9 894.9 263.2 2,979.3 2,285.4 665.7 2,463.9 265.7 3 ,061.5 2 ,352.5 679.6 2,524.2 267.9 3 ,072.4 2 ,355.0 684.1 2,534.0 215.1 220.4 220.7 2 , 7 7 2 .9 South C a ro lin a ...................................................... 2,131 8 2,882 1 4 J 1 6 .2 2,290.8 1,043.9 2,448.7 Mar. 1 995p Mar. 1994 12. Employment of workers on nonfarm payrolls by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Annual average 1994 1995 Industry 1993 1994 Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. M ar.p Apr.p 113,429 94,389 112,699 93,718 112,951 93,937 113,334 94,316 113,624 94,601 113,914 94,827 114,186 95,035 114,348 95,228 114,882 95,692 115,113 95,962 115,282 96,153 115,637 96,473 115,814 96,650 115,805 96,640 23,256 611 50 351 23,584 605 51 339 23,506 606 50 342 23,519 603 50 338 23,576 605 50 339 23,590 601 51 335 23,640 603 52 336 23,673 605 51 341 23,715 599 51 335 23,827 600 52 3 32 23,873 597 52 329 23,958 595 52 328 23,945 592 53 325 2 4,002 592 53 325 23,951 589 53 323 101 101 100 101 101 101 101 101 101 102 102 103 103 103 102 4,642 1,111 4 ,916 1,166 4,893 1,163 4,907 1,161 4,927 1,165 4,944 1,161 4,942 1,166 4,972 1,172 4,974 1,180 5,044 1,194 5,050 1,198 5,092 1,207 5,062 1,202 5,130 1,204 5,110 1,204 708 2,823 722 3,029 725 3,005 723 3,023 725 3,037 733 3,050 725 3,051 727 3,073 716 3,078 727 3,123 722 3,130 728 3,157 722 3,138 732 3,194 728 3,178 18,003 12,290 18,063 12,445 18,007 12,391 18,009 12,392 18,044 12,429 18,045 12,431 18,095 12,478 18,096 12,485 18,142 12,527 18,183 12,575 18,226 12,607 18,271 12,645 18,291 12,668 18,280 12,662 18,252 12,637 10,172 6,815 10,267 6,978 10,216 6,924 10,217 6,930 10,253 6,966 10,249 6,969 10,290 7,007 10,306 7,021 10,335 7,054 10,371 7,094 10,403 7,120 10,435 7,142 10,462 7,176 10,461 7,179 10,455 7,172 703 485 516 679 731 496 529 687 726 493 529 678 726 495 528 679 730 496 52,9 684 732 500 530 686 734 496 531 686 735 496 531 690 737 497 533 695 743 500 535 699 744 501 536 701 749 502 539 703 745 504 542 704 744 502 543 704 737 499 543 706 239 1,333 234 1,366 231 1,353 230 1,357 234 1,365 234 1,368 232 1,373 233 1,373 235 1,381 2 35 1,388 235 1,398 234 1,407 235 1,415 235 1,415 236 1,416 TOTAL ................................... 110,525 PRIVATE SECTOR ........................ 91,708 GOODS-PRODUCING ..................... Mining Metal mining ...................... Oil and gas extraction .................... Nonmetallic minerals, except fu e ls ................................... Construction .................................. General building contractors........ Heavy construction, except build in g ............................... Special trades con tra cto rs ........... M anufacturing................................. Production workers ...................... Durable g o o d s ............................... Production workers ...................... Lumber and wood pro d u c ts ......... Furniture and fix ture s ...................... Stone, clay, and glass products .. Frimary metal industries................ Blast furnaces and basic steel pro d u c ts ........................................... Fabricated metal p ro d u c ts ........... Industrial machinery and equipment ......................................... E lectronic and other electrical equipment ...................... T ransportation equipment ............ Motor vehicles and e quipm ent... Aircraft and p a r ts ........................... Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing industries............................................ 1,918 1,945 1,938 1,940 1,947 1,942 1,952 1,956 1,957 1,963 1,967 1,977 1,984 1,990 1,997 1,520 1,750 833 542 893 1,552 1,728 885 479 855 1,542 1,719 870 486 861 1,540 1,718 868 484 858 1,550 1,724 876 480 853 1,551 1,712 875 475 849 1,561 1,727 893 472 850 1,567 1,731 898 468 848 1,567 1,741 909 467 845 1,574 1,741 911 464 846 1,584 1,744 914 462 845 1,588 1,745 927 458 842 1,594 1,749 925 457 841 1,595 1,746 925 455 840 1,594 1,745 926 4 55 839 375 378 377 376 375 379 380 379 382 382 383 383 384 382 379 7,831 5,475 7,797 5,467 7,791 5,467 7,792 5,462 7,791 5,463 7,796 5,462 7,805 5,471 7,790 5,464 7,807 5,473 7,812 5,481 7,823 5,487 7,836 5,503 7,829 5,492 7,819 5,483 7,797 5,465 Food and kindred products.......... Tobacco p ro d u c ts ........................... T extile mill pro d u c ts ........................ A.pparel and other textile products ............................................. Faper and allied p ro d u c ts ............. 1,676 43 6 75 1,667 39 672 1,667 41 673 1,665 40 671 1,666 39 671 1,668 38 672 1,666 40 672 1,661 38 669 1,662 39 672 1,670 38 674 1,669 38 673 1,679 38 671 1,677 38 671 1,677 36 670 1,675 36 669 985 689 954 684 955 684 958 684 957 683 954 684 958 683 957 680 956 684 948 685 946 6 85 943 686 936 684 929 684 922 685 Printing and publishing .................. Chemicals and allied products .... Fetroleum and coal products ...... Flubber and miscellaneous plastics p ro d u c ts ............................. Leather and leather p ro d u c ts ...... 1,513 1,078 151 1,529 1,054 148 1,523 1,057 148 1,524 1,056 148 1,528 1,054 147 1,531 1,053 147 1,535 1,050 149 1,533 1,049 149 1,537 1,049 149 1,538 1,046 149 1,545 1,047 149 1,545 1,048 146 1,549 1,047 147 1,551 1,046 148 1,546 1,045 146 904 118 935 115 927 116 931 115 932 114 935 114 938 114 941 113 946 113 951 113 957 114 966 114 967 113 965 113 962 111 SERVICE-PRODUCING .................. Transportation and public utilities............................................. 87,269 89,844 89,193 89,432 89,758 90,034 90,274 90,513 90,633 91,055 91,240 91,324 91,692 91,812 91,854 5,787 3,587 250 5,843 3,667 246 5,759 3,582 246 5,843 3,664 243 5,849 3,677 246 5,857 3,687 245 5,866 3,691 241 5,865 3,694 245 5,867 3,694 245 5,888 3,712 248 5,911 3,734 246 5,913 3,747 246 5,931 3 ,756 247 5,940 3,764 247 5,953 3,773 247 374 1,685 167 737 18 356 387 1,749 166 734 18 367 386 1,665 166 738 18 363 383 1,753 169 733 18 365 389 1,764 166 729 18 365 391 1,768 169 728 17 369 397 1,772 165 729 18 369 390 1,775 167 729 18 370 390 1,773 166 730 18 372 393 1,782 165 732 18 374 396 1,794 165 739 17 377 399 1,798 169 737 17 381 4 00 1,804 168 739 17 381 401 1,806 167 744 17 382 403 1,809 168 748 17 381 2,201 1,257 2,176 1,255 2,177 1,250 2,179 1,254 2,172 1,253 2,170 1,254 2,175 1,261 2,171 1,257 2,173 1,260 2,176 1,261 2,177 1,264 2,166 1,257 2,175 1,269 2,176 1,273 2,180 1,277 Nondurable g o o d s ......................... Production w o rk e rs ........................ T ransportation..................................... Railroad transportation .................. Local and interurban passenger tra n s it.................................................. Trucking and w arehousing........... W ater transportation....................... T ransportation by a i r ....................... Fipelines, except natural g a s ....... Transportation s e rv ic e s ................. Communications and public utilities.................................................. C om m unications............................... Electric, gas, and sanitary s e rv ic e s .............................................. 943 921 927 925 919 916 914 914 913 915 913 909 906 903 903 Wholesale trade ............................. 5,958 6,060 6,028 6,037 6,049 6,053 6,079 6,095 6,106 6,117 6,136 6,160 6,186 6 ,196 6,204 Retail tra d e ...................................... 19,717 20,310 20,137 20,153 20,279 20,386 20,405 20,470 20,523 20,655 20,751 20,779 20,843 20,811 2 0,824 781 2,461 3,208 838 2,473 3,244 829 2,442 3,229 833 2,438 3,240 838 2,443 3,234 842 2,457 3,247 844 2 ,476 3,254 848 2,484 3,248 852 2,506 3,252 859 2,557 3,267 863 2,555 3,289 872 2,545 3 ,296 874 2,534 3,298 872 2,517 3,304 874 2,531 3,286 2,021 2,147 2,132 2,139 2,143 2,145 2 ,159 2,171 2,180 2,194 2,204 2,215 2 ,223 <2,234 2,240 Building materials and garden s u p p lie s .............................................. General merchandise s to re s ......... Food stores ......................................... Automotive dealers and service stations ................................................ S ee footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review June 1995 83 Current Labor Statistics: Employment Data 12. Continued—Employment of workers on nonfarm payrolls by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted (In thousands) 1995 1994 Annual average Industry 1993 Apparel and accessory s to r e s ...... Furniture and home furnishings stores ................................................... Eating and drinking p la c e s ............. Miscellaneous retail e stablishm ents.................................. Finance, insurance, and real estate ............................................... Finance ................................................. Depository institutions ................... Nondepository institutions............. Security and commodity brokers ............................................... Holding and other investment o ffic e s .......................... In s u ra n c e .............................................. Insurance carriers ............................ Insurance agents, brokers and s e r v ic e ....................................... Real e s t a t e .......................................... Services' .......................................... Agricultural services ......................... Hotels and other lodging p la c e s ................................... Personal services .............................. Business s e rv ic e s .............................. Personnel supply services ........... Auto repair services, and parking ........................................ Miscellaneous repair s e rv ice s ....... Motion pictures .................................. Am usem ent and recreation services ............................................... Health services .................................. H os p ita ls .............................................. Legal s e rv ic e s ..................................... Educational services ........................ Social s e rv ic e s ................................... Museums and botanical and zoological g a rd e n s .......................... Membership organizations.............. Engineering and managem ent s e rv ic e s .............................................. Government .................................... F e d e r a l.................................................. S t a t e ....................................................... Education ........................................... Other State g o v ern m e n t....................................... L o c a l....................................................... Education ........................................... Other local g o v ern m e n t....................................... 1994 Apr. May June July 84 Sept. Oct. M ar.p Apr.0 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. 1,148 1,144 1,135 1,138 1,147 1,149 1,146 1,144 1,145 1,149 1,148 1,154 1,158 1,152 1,147 828 6,811 8 95 7,056 876 6,995 8 79 6,993 885 7,084 897 7,129 905 7,105 914 7,111 925 7,115 936 7,148 937 7,212 947 7,213 950 7,268 960 7,242 963 7,242 2,460 2,508 2,488 2,487 2,507 2,520 2,514 2,540 2 ,535 2,542 2,544 2,543 2,552 2,547 2,550 6,712 3,217 2,079 448 6,788 3,254 2,041 477 6,791 3,259 2,042 487 6,787 3,257 2,039 486 6,798 3,263 2,041 484 6,797 3,261 2,042 480 6,801 3,259 2,040 476 6,794 3,251 2,036 472 6 ,786 3 ,246 2,037 466 6,791 3,246 2,036 462 6 ,785 3 ,245 2,034 459 6 ,779 3,239 2,030 456 6,782 3,238 2,029 452 6,795 3,242 2,030 454 6,796 3,242 2,027 458 468 503 499 501 505 506 508 508 507 511 513 513 515 514 511 223 2,181 1,518 233 2,181 1,517 231 2,189 1,527 231 2,185 1,522 233 2,184 1,521 233 2,182 1,517 235 2,180 1,515 235 2,178 1,512 236 2,177 1,509 237 2,175 1,506 239 2,167 1,498 240 2,167 1,495 242 2 ,167 1,493 244 2,171 1,496 246 2,172 1,495 662 1,314 665 1,353 662 1,343 663 1,345 663 1,351 665 1,354 665 1,362 666 1,365 668 1,363 669 1,370 669 1,373 672 1,373 674 1,377 6 75 1,382 6 77 1,382 30,278 515 31,804 552 31,497 537 31,598 548 31,765 551 31,918 554 32,036 559 32,138 561 32,231 564 32,414 569 32,506 569 32,564 555 32,786 555 3 2,906 564 3 2,912 565 1,591 1,136 5,785 1,924 1,607 1,137 6,447 2,341 1,608 1,137 6,318 2,282 1,609 1,129 6,341 2,286 1,626 1,133 6 ,416 2,334 1,627 1,134 6,488 2,375 1,619 1,139 6,538 2,388 1,609 1,138 6,593 2,418 1,594 1,138 6 ,626 2,425 1,588 1,135 6,733 2,498 1,595 1,131 6,770 2,515 1,599 1,141 6,795 2,549 1,599 1,148 6,867 2,580 1,601 1,145 6,880 2,541 1,590 1,148 6,864 2 ,520 944 362 415 1,044 380 483 1,026 377 465 1,029 379 472 1,041 380 474 1,045 381 482 1,058 382 493 1,065 382 502 1,073 384 515 1,083 387 530 1,093 388 536 1,101 391 549 1,107 395 567 1,117 397 573 1,122 3 95 584 1,246 1,269 1,275 1,282 1,287 1,278 1,266 1,254 1,272 1,272 1,265 1,233 1,260 1,298 1,294 9,106 3,790 945 1,761 2,300 9,118 3,790 949 1,770 2,313 9,147 3,796 950 1,772 2,322 9,167 3,794 950 1,760 2,333 9,196 3,793 952 1,785 2,344 9,222 3,798 954 1,782 2,356 9,235 3,807 953 1,783 2,356 80 2,061 81 2,061 81 2,061 81 2,057 8,767 3,787 928 1,686 2,086 9,032 3,790 942 1,745 2,249 8,985 3,794 941 1,733 2,205 8,998 3,794 942 1,744 2,224 9,025 3,787 938 1,741 2,242 9,043 3,787 941 1,747 2,267 9,076 3,790 942 1,747 2,285 9,084 3,791 946 1,761 2,296 76 2,032 79 2,054 79 2,047 79 2,051 79 2,055 80 2,056 80 2,056 79 2,062 79 2,064 80 2,065 80 2,059 2,536 2,610 2,590 2,597 2,603 2,620 2,621 2,632 2,635 2,647 2,654 2,674 2,694 2,700 2,710 19,164 2,829 4,602 1,889 19,164 2,823 4,605 1,891 19,165 2,809 4,604 1,895 18,817 2,915 4,484 1,829 19,040 2,870 4,552 1,861 18,981 2,882 4,534 1,850 19,014 2,870 4,533 1,849 19,018 2,859 4,539 1,850 19,023 2,859 4,568 1,876 19,087 2,858 4,585 1,886 19,151 2,863 4,593 1,890 19,120 2,858 4,581 1,875 19,190 2,854 4,586 1,878 19,151 2,869 4,585 1,874 19,129 2,834 4,579 1,864 2,655 11,417 6,348 2,691 11,617 6,474 2,684 11,565 6,436 2,684 11,611 6,445 2 ,689 11,620 6,461 2,692 11,596 6,478 2,699 11,644 6,536 2,703 11,695 6,547 2,706 11,681 6,532 2,708 11,750 6,531 2,711 11,697 6,536 2 ,715 11,716 6,563 2,713 11,733 6 ,579 2,714 11,736 6,581 2,709 11,752 6,590 5,070 5,143 5,129 5,166 5,159 5,118 5,108 5,148 5,149 5,219 5,161 5,153 5,154 5,155 5,162 1 Includes other industries not shown separately. p = preliminary NOTE: S ee notes on the data for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Aug. June 1995 13. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted Industry An nual ave rage 1993 1994 1994 Apr. May June July Aug. 1995 Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar.p Apr.p PRIVATE SECTOR ....................................... 34.5 34.6 34.7 34.8 34.6 34.6 34.4 34.6 M IN IN G .................................................................. 44.3 44.7 45.0 44.5 44.8 45.4 44.7 45.0 44.8 45.0 44.7 45.0 44.9 44.4 44.5 MANUFACTURING............................................. 41.4 4.1 42.0 4.7 42.2 4.8 42.1 4.7 42.0 4.7 42.0 4.6 42.0 4.6 42.0 4.7 42.1 4.7 42.1 4.8 42.2 4.8 42.2 4.9 42.1 4.9 41.9 4.7 41.3 4.3 Overtime h o u rs ................................................. Lumber and wood p ro d u c ts ................................ Furniture and fix tu re s ............................................ Stone, clay, and glass p ro d u c ts ........................ Primary metal indu s tries ....................................... Blast furnaces and basic steel p ro d u c ts .... Fabricated metal products .................................. 42.1 4.3 40.8 40.1 42.7 43.7 44.1 42.1 42.8 5.0 41.2 40.4 43.4 44.7 44.9 42.8 43.0 5.2 41.4 40.3 43.4 44.9 45.1 43.0 42.9 5.0 41.4 40.3 43.7 44.8 45.1 42.8 42.8 5.0 41.3 40.8 43.6 44.3 44.4 42.6 42.6 4.9 41.1 40.5 43.5 44.4 44.8 42.6 42.8 5.0 41.2 40.4 43.4 44.7 45.0 42.8 42.8 5.0 40.9 40.7 43.6 44.9 45.3 43.0 42.9 5.0 41.4 40.8 43.5 44.9 45.4 42.8 43.0 5.1 41.1 40.7 43.4 45.1 45.5 43.1 43.0 5.1 41.3 40.4 43.5 45.1 45.5 43.1 43.1 5.3 41.4 40.8 43.7 44.9 45.8 43.3 43.0 5.3 40.7 40.7 43.0 44.9 45.5 43.1 42.7 5.1 40.7 39.8 43.2 44.4 44.9 42.8 42.1 4.6 40.5 38.7 42.5 42.9 43.8 41.7 Industrial machinery and e q u ip m e n t................ Electronic and other electrical equipment ..... Transportation e quipm ent.................................... Motor vehicles and equipm ent........................ Instruments and related products .................... Miscellaneous m anufacturing.............................. 43.0 41.8 43.0 44.3 41.1 39.8 43.7 42.2 44.3 46.0 41.7 40.0 43.9 42.6 44.6 46.1 41.6 40.4 43.8 42.3 44.3 45.8 41.9 40.2 43.8 42.2 44.0 45.2 41.6 40.2 43.6 42.2 43.3 44.1 42.1 40.3 43.4 42.3 44.4 45.9 41.8 39.9 43.7 42.0 44.2 45.8 41.7 39.9 43.7 42.3 44.2 45.6 41.8 40.0 43.8 42.1 44.8 46.7 41.7 39.9 43.7 42.0 44.7 46.4 41.7 39.8 44.1 42.2 44.5 46.2 41.8 40.1 44.1 41.7 44.8 46.3 41.7 40.3 43.7 41.5 44.5 45.8 41.6 39.9 43.0 41.2 44.4 44.1 41.1 39.9 Nondurable g o o d s ............................................ Overtime h o u rs .................................................. Food and kindred pro d u c ts ................................. Textile mill p ro d u c ts ............................................... Apparel and other textile products................... Paper and allied products .................................... 40.6 4.0 40.7 41.4 37.2 43.6 40.9 4.3 41.3 41.6 37.5 43.9 41.1 4.3 41.2 42.0 38.0 44.0 41.0 4.2 41.1 41.8 37.8 44.0 41.0 4.3 41.3 41.9 37.8 44.0 41.1 4.3 41.7 41.6 37.6 44.3 40.9 4.2 41.3 41.5 37.7 44.1 41.0 4.3 41.3 41.5 37.6 43.9 41.1 4.3 41.4 41.9 37.7 44.1 41.0 4.3 41.5 41.5 37.6 43.9 41.1 4.3 41.6 41.6 37.7 44.0 41.0 4.4 41.6 41.8 37.4 44.0 41.0 4.3 41.3 42.0 37.8 43.9 40.8 4.2 41.2 41.7 37.5 43.6 40.2 3.9 40.6 40.7 36.7 42.7 Printing and publishing........................................... Chemicals and allied products............................ Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products . Leather and leather products .............................. 38.3 43.1 41.8 38.6 38.6 43.2 42.2 38.5 38.8 43.2 42.4 39.0 38.8 43.4 42.2 38.4 38.8 43.3 42.2 38.3 38.6 43.5 42.2 37.9 38.5 43.2 42.2 38.6 38.7 43.1 42.4 38.8 38.7 43.5 42.3 39.1 38.7 43.4 42.3 38.6 38.7 43.2 42.4 38.4 38.4 43.3 42.1 37.8 38.4 43.5 42.3 38.4 38.4 43.3 42.0 38.4 38.2 43.3 40.9 37.7 40.0 39.9 39.9 39.6 39.9 40.1 39.8 39.5 39.9 39.7 39.6 39.9 Overtime h o u rs ................................................. Durable g o o d s .................................................. 34.9 34.6 34.6 34.8 34.5 34.5 34.6 TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES 39.6 39.9 40.2 WHOLESALE T R A D E .......................................... 38.2 38.3 38.4 38.5 38.4 38.3 38.1 38.2 38.6 38.3 38.2 38.5 38.2 38.2 38.4 RETAIL TRADE .................................................... 28.8 28.9 29.0 29.0 29.0 29.0 28.9 28.8 29.2 28.9 28.9 29.0 28.7 28.8 29.0 SERVICES .............................................................. 32.5 32.5 32.5 32.8 32.4 32.5 32.2 32.5 32.8 32.4 32.4 32.8 32.4 32.4 32.6 p = preliminary NOTE: S ee "Notes on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark adjustment. seaTOnany^djus?ecjearnin^S ° f production or nonsuPervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by industry, Industry An nual ave rage 1993 1994 1994 Apr. May June July Aug. 1995 Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar.p $10.83 $11.12 $11.05 $11.09 $11.08 $11.11 $11.13 $11.17 $11.25 $11.23 $11.25 $11.31 $11.31 $11.32 M ining........................................................ Construction ................................................................... Manufacturing ................................................................ Excluding overtime ................................................... Transportation and public utilities .......................... 14.60 14.37 11.74 11.18 13.63 14.89 14.69 12.06 11.42 13.88 14.87 14.52 12.00 11.33 13.77 14.83 14.60 12.00 11.37 13.80 14.73 14.67 12.03 11.40 13.78 14.80 14.75 12.05 11.42 13.84 14.82 14.72 12.08 11.43 13.87 14.94 14.82 12.12 11.46 13.89 15.06 14.91 12.14 11.51 14.03 15.05 14.82 12.17 11.52 14.09 15.10 14.77 12.19 11.52 14.04 15.07 14.68 12.22 11.55 14.08 15.14 14.92 12.25 11.60 14.00 15.14 14.84 12.26 11.62 14.09 15.14 14.90 12.29 11.75 14.18 W holesale tr a d e ............................................................. Retail t r a d e ................................................................. Finance, insurance, and real estate ...................... S e rv ic e s ................................................................... 11.73 7.29 11.35 10.79 12.01 7.49 11.83 11.07 11.95 7.45 11.77 10.99 11.98 7.47 11.83 11.04 11.99 7.47 11.74 11.03 12.02 7.48 11.80 11.06 12.01 7.50 11.80 11.08 12.04 7.52 11.89 11.12 12.19 7.56 12.06 11.22 12.11 7.56 11.98 11.17 12.15 7.60 11.99 11.22 12.24 7.59 12.11 11.31 12.19 7.60 12.08 11.29 12.20 7.61 12.16 11.30 12.39 7.64 12.28 11.41 PRIVATE SECTOR (In constant (1982) dollars) 7.39 7.40 7.40 7.42 7.39 7.38 7.37 7.38 7.42 7.39 7.39 7.41 7.39 7.37 PRIVATE SECTOR (in current d ollars)............. - Data not available. p = preliminary https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NOTE: S ee "Notes on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. Monthly Labor Review June 1995 85 Current Labor Statistics: Employment Data 15. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by industry Annual average 1993 1994 1995 1994 Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar.p Apr.p $11.26 $11.26 $11.27 $11.35 $11.35 $11.35 $11.40 PRIVATE S E C TO R .................................................... $10.83 $11.12 $11.07 $11.09 $11.03 $11.04 $11.04 $11.21 M IN IN G ......................................................................... 14.60 14.89 14.96 14.83 14.73 14.73 14.69 14.93 14.91 14.97 15.10 15.25 15.26 15.23 15.28 CO NSTRUCTIO N....................................................... 14.37 14.69 14.49 14.59 14.57 14.72 14.76 14.94 15.03 14.85 14.81 14.65 14.80 14.80 14.84 12.25 12.26 12.31 MANUFACTURING.................................................... Apparel and other textile products .......................... Rubber and miscellaneous plastics p ro d u c ts ...... TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC U T ILITIE S .... WHOLESALE T R A D E ............................................... 11.74 12.06 12.01 12.01 12.03 12.04 12.01 12.14 12.10 12.17 12.26 12.24 12.33 9.61 9.27 11.85 13.99 16.36 11.69 12.67 9.83 9.55 12.11 14.31 16.86 11.93 12.61 9.74 9.46 12.02 14.20 16.65 11.90 12.62 9.79 9.45 12.09 14.23 16.75 11.90 12.63 9.83 9.49 12.13 14.29 16.80 11.90 12.62 9.86 9.55 12.16 14.39 16.94 11.86 12.62 9.86 9.57 12.17 14.33 16.96 11.87 12.76 9.93 9.70 12.25 14.39 17.06 11.99 12.70 9.95 9.70 12.21 14.36 17.09 11.92 12.77 9.92 9.68 12.20 14.43 17.13 12.03 12.87 9.96 9.77 12.20 14.51 17.17 12.09 12.81 9.94 9.68 12.17 14.52 17.31 12.04 12.83 9.93 9.67 12.22 14.42 17.10 12.03 12.83 9.94 9.68 12.23 14.39 17.04 12.05 12.82 9.98 9.77 12.47 14.66 17.34 12.03 12.73 11.25 15.80 16.09 12.23 9.38 12.98 11.51 16.49 16.97 12.47 9.65 12.93 11.46 16.43 16.95 12.42 9.59 12.94 11.49 16.41 16.91 12.37 9.59 12.94 11.54 16.43 16.91 12.42 9.59 12.93 11.57 16.42 16.88 12.46 9.60 12.91 11.53 16.45 16.91 12.47 9.62 13.03 11.58 16.72 17.26 12.54 9.70 13.02 11.52 16.53 16.96 12.54 9.71 13.10 11.55 16.63 17.10 12.54 9.77 13.18 11.60 16.84 17.35 12.62 9.89 13.14 11.60 16.61 17.10 12.54 9.96 13.14 11.54 16.72 17.25 12.63 9.93 13.14 11.55 16.68 17.22 12.65 9.87 13.05 11.49 16.50 17.00 12.73 9.95 10.98 10.45 16.79 8.89 7.09 13.42 11.25 10.67 18.76 9.14 7.33 13.76 11.20 10.64 19.28 9.09 7.28 13.66 11.20 10.66 19.98 9.07 7.28 13.70 11.22 10.66 20.48 9.12 7.33 13.68 11.29 10.70 20.38 9.12 7.31 13.82 11.20 10.60 18.54 9.13 7.35 13.79 11.31 10.66 18.49 9.21 7.44 13.95 11.30 10.66 18.36 9.20 7.43 13.89 11.36 10.82 19.12 9.27 7.44 13.91 11.43 10.87 18.20 9.32 7.46 13.97 11.45 10.87 18.29 9.36 7.53 14.00 11.44 10.84 19.26 9.32 7.48 14.01 11.46 10.88 20.03 9.31 7.51 14.02 11.61 10.96 20.13 9.44 7.65 14.30 11.93 14.84 18.54 10.57 7.62 12.13 15.18 19.11 10.70 7.97 12.05 15.08 18.99 10.70 7.95 12.05 15.10 18.81 10.69 7.94 12.08 15.13 18.92 10.72 7.94 12.12 15.21 18.99 10.75 7.96 12.12 15.12 18.79 10.65 7.95 12.26 15.32 19.38 10.65 7.97 12.23 15.35 19.35 10.66 8.02 12.20 15.33 19.30 10.68 8.03 12.25 15.45 19.37 10.79 8.04 12.23 15.43 19.23 10.82 8.11 12.23 15.46 19.61 10.76 8.12 12.26 15.50 19.46 10.80 8.12 12.23 15.68 19.74 10.78 8.33 13.63 13.88 13.78 13.76 13.72 13.84 13.86 13.93 14.03 14.09 14.07 14.11 14.07 14.09 14.18 11.99 11.98 11.94 12.00 11.96 12.05 12.15 12.11 12.17 12.26 12.24 12.19 12.43 11.73 12.01 RETAIL TRADE ......................................................... 7.29 7.49 7.47 7.47 7.45 7.44 7.43 7.54 7.57 7.57 7.58 7.64 7.63 7.63 7.66 FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND REAL E S TA TE.... 11.35 11.83 11.81 11.84 11.67 11.72 11.73 11.85 12.02 11.97 12.04 12.17 12.19 12.21 12.30 SERVICES .................................................................. 10.79 11.07 11.01 11.03 10.92 10.92 10.92 11.13 11.22 11.23 11.31 11.41 11.39 11.37 11.42 p = preliminary NOTE: S ee “ Notes on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. 86 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 1995 1&. Average weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by industry Annual average 1994 1995 Industry 1993 1994 Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. M ar.p Apr.p PRIVATE SECTOR Current d o lla rs ....................... Seasonally a d ju ste d ........ Constant (1982) dollars ........... $373.64 $ 384.75 $381.92 $385.93 $383.84 $385.30 $385.30 $388.99 $ 392.97 $388.47 $391.07 $390.44 $388.17 $ 388.17 $39 1.0 2 383.44 385.93 383.37 384.41 382.87 386.48 392.63 388.56 389.25 393.59 3 90.20 390.54 3 94.09 254.87 255.99 255.81 258.15 255.72 256.01 254.83 256.59 259.04 2 55.57 2 57.45 256.03 253.71 252.88 M IN IN G ....................... 646.78 665.58 665.72 658.45 659.90 6 61.38 662.52 677.82 673.93 679.64 681.01 6 84.73 6 77.54 668.60 673.85 CO NSTRUCTIO N............... 551.81 569.97 554.97 579.22 576.97 584.38 585.97 596.11 593.69 570.24 571.67 550.84 546.12 563.88 557.98 486.04 331.54 506.52 337.01 504.42 337.86 504.42 337.40 507.67 338.22 500.86 332.80 504.42 333.61 514.74 339.54 511.83 3 37.40 517.23 340.28 525.95 3 46.25 514.08 3 37.10 510.83 333.88 511.24 333.06 496.09 Lumber and wood products . Furniture and fix tu re s ........... Stone, clay, and glass p ro d u c ts ............................... Primary metal industries ............ Eilast furnaces and basic steel p ro d u c ts ........... Fabricated metal products 519.09 392.09 371.73 506.00 611.36 721.48 4 92.15 542.28 405.00 385.82 525.57 6 39.66 757.01 510.60 540.97 402.26 379.35 521.67 633.32 744.26 508.13 541.40 408.24 3 77.06 533.17 637.50 752.08 509.g2 543.09 408.93 386.24 536.15 638.76 752.64 510.51 532.56 404.26 383.91 532.61 638.92 767.38 4 98.12 538.87 410.18 389.50 535.48 6 37.69 764.90 508.04 549.96 412.10 399.64 541.45 6 47.55 781.35 517.97 547.37 413.92 399.64 539.68 641.89 772.47 513.75 552.94 408.70 396.88 533.14 652.24 779.42 523.31 563.71 415.33 406.43 528.26 6 61.66 7 88.10 531.96 549.55 404.56 392.04 514.79 6 51.95 787.61 5 18.92 5 45.28 397.20 383.90 510.80 6 43.13 769.50 513.68 5 46.56 401.58 382.36 519.78 638.92 759.98 512.13 524.34 4 00.20 369.31 526.23 627.45 759.49 483.61 Industrial machinery and equipment ... Electronic and other electrical equipment .......... Transportation equ ip m en t................. Motor vehicles and e quipm ent........ Instruments and related products Miscellaneous m anufacturing.......... 547.39 470.25 679.40 712.79 502.65 3 73.32 567.23 485.72 730.51 780.62 520.00 386.00 565.04 4 84.76 731.14 786.48 515.43 385.52 565.48 4 83.73 731.89 786.32 514.59 383.60 566.77 488.14 729.49 779.55 517.91 384.56 557.28 480.16 697.85 729.22 515.84 3 79.20 556.42 484.26 723.80 771.10 517.51 383.84 569.41 488.68 749.06 8 02.59 524.17 388.97 568.97 487.30 735.59 778.46 5 22.92 394.23 575.09 4 92.03 748.35 796.86 526.68 397.64 590.46 499.96 767.90 8 17.19 537.61 3 99.56 580.79 489.52 734.16 779.76 525.43 395.41 578.16 478.91 742.37 791.78 524.15 395.21 575.53 479.33 743.93 790.40 527.51 393.81 542.88 459.60 701.25 736.10 511.75 385.07 445.79 425.32 627.95 368.05 263.75 585.11 460.13 440.67 735.39 380.22 274.88 604.06 456.96 430.92 759.63 380.87 273.00 598.31 456.96 434.93 775.22 379.13 274.46 600.06 461.14 438.13 8 23.30 386.69 278.54 601.92 460.63 445.12 772.40 375.74 273.39 606.70 460.32 443.08 730.48 382.55 278.57 6 05.38 468.23 450.92 761.79 387.74 281.23 6 19.38 466.69 446.65 767.45 386.40 282.34 615.33 471.44 456.60 760.98 388.41 2 82.72 616.21 476.63 458.71 748.02 391.44 2 84.23 625 .86 466.02 446 .76 715.14 388.44 280.12 6 16.00 463.32 440.10 741.51 383.98 2 79.00 606.63 464.13 441.73 763.14 383.57 280.12 604.26 4 58.60 435.11 760.91 374.77 270.05 600 .60 456.92 639.60 819.47 4 68.22 655.78 848.48 465.13 649.95 856.45 462.72 652.32 823.88 463.87 6 55.13 8 32.48 464.20 655.55 8 31.76 469.04 648.65 817.37 4 79.37 6 60.29 897.29 475.75 666.19 872.69 477.02 669.92 856.92 481.43 679.80 858.09 4 65.96 6 68.12 844.20 465.96 667.87 870.68 4 70.78 6 71.15 8 44.56 4 62.29 677 .38 886.33 441.83 294.13 451.54 306.85 453.68 306.87 452.19 304.90 455.60 308.87 447.20 301.68 448.37 306.87 450.50 310.03 450.92 313.58 454.97 3 12.37 463.97 312.76 455.52 306.56 451.92 307.75 451.44 308.56 432.28 306.54 TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES 539.75 553.81 549.82 550.40 550.17 557.75 557.17 558.59 564.01 560.78 557.17 555.93 552.95 552.33 562.95 WHOLESALE T R A D E .................................. 448.09 459.98 459.22 462.43 459.69 460.80 4 58.07 462.72 470.21 463.81 467.33 468.33 4 65.12 4 63.22 476.07 RETAIL TRADE ..................... 2 09.95 216.46 214.39 215.88 218.29 2 20.97 2 20.67 217.91 220.29 217.26 222.09 215.45 214.40 215.93 2 21.37 FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND REAL ESTATE ................................. 406.33 423.51 421.62 427.42 414.29 418.40 416.42 419.49 435.12 424.94 429.83 441.77 435.18 433.46 4 47.72 SERVICES .......................... 350.68 359.78 356.72 360.68 3 54.90 358.18 357.08 360.61 368.02 363.85 366.44 370.83 367.90 367.25 3 71.15 MANUFACTURING Current d o lla rs ....................... Constant (1982) d o lla rs ...................... Durable goods .... Nondurable goods ........... Food and kindred pro d u c ts ................ Tobacco products...................... Textile mill p ro d u c ts ........... Apoarel and other textile products.......... Paper and allied products .......... Printing and publishing................................... Chemicals and allied products.......... Petroleum and coal p roducts............. Rubber and miscellaneous plastics pro d u c ts ........................ Leather and leather products ................ - Data not available. p = preliminary NOTE: S ee “ Notes on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review June 1995 87 Current Labor Statistics: 17. Employment Data Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted (In percent) Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. and year Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June May Dec. Private nonfarm payrolls, 356 industries Over 1-month span: 1993 .................. .................................................................. 1994 .................................................................................... 1995 .................................................................................... 57.9 56.6 61.0 61.7 58.3 58.4 49.0 62.9 57.0 56.0 62.5 48.7 57.0 56.3 51.1 63.2 ” ” 50.0 59.8 56.7 56.9 57.4 59.8 61.0 64.6 57.4 61.7 54.6 66.7 55.9 64.0 55.8 65.4 62.4 65.3 61.5 70.1 60.8 68.4 57.9 68.1 58.8 70.1 59.7 68.1 60.8 69.4 62.8 67.0 63.6 69.5 60.8 71.1 63.5 70.5 62.8 70.6 63.1 63.5 “ “ 58.8 59.3 " Over 3-month span: 1993 ..................................................................................... 1994 ..................................................................................... 1995 ..................................................................................... 64.0 62.1 66.0 61.4 64.5 65.6 59.7 65.2 58.1 55.8 65.0 54.9 65.4 “ “ 57.7 64.6 ' Over 6-month span: 1993 .................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................... 1995 .................................................................................... 61.4 67.0 68.0 60.8 65.9 59.0 68.8 “ 59.8 66.0 54.4 67.8 “ “ 54.5 66.3 ' Over 12-month span: 1993 .................................................................................... 1994 ..................................................................................... 1995 ..................................................................................... 60.0 64.2 61.1 65.7 60.7 66.0 62.2 66.4 63.2 68.1 62.1 69.0 62.4 69.5 - - “ “ “ “ “ " Manufacturing payrolls, 139 industries Over 1-month span: 1993 .................................................................................... 1994 ..................................................................................... 1995 .................................................................................... 52.5 54.3 58.3 57.6 53.6 51.4 47.8 51.1 47.1 41.7 56.1 44.2 46.0 50.0 40.3 58.6 ” “ O ver 3-month span: 1993 .................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................... 1995 ..................................................................................... 60.1 56.1 61.5 58.3 57.6 53.6 51.4 56.5 45.3 40.6 53.2 37.1 57.2 49.3 52.9 42.8 56.8 46.8 48.9 50.0 60.8 55.4 60.1 51.1 60.8 43.5 55.8 40.3 61.5 41.0 55.0 43.2 60.4 52.9 60.1 54.7 69.1 56.1 65.5 34.2 56.8 39.6 60.1 45.7 62.6 47.8 62.2 50.4 66.5 54.3 62.2 55.8 63.7 48.9 60.4 50.0 62.2 48.9 62.9 50.0 61.2 50.7 59.4 51.4 51.4 ' O ver 6-month span: 1993 ..................................................................................... 1994 ..................................................................................... 1995 ..................................................................................... 54.0 58.3 59.0 51.8 56.1 48.6 59.4 47.1 54.3 ” “ “ 37.1 58.3 ' Over 12-month span: 1993 .................................................................................... 1994 ..................................................................................... 1995 .................................................................................... 50.0 50.7 52.5 54.3 " “ 48.6 54.0 49.3 56.8 “ ' employment. Data for the 2 most recent months shown in each span are preliminary. S ee the “ Definitions” in this section. S ee "N otes on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. - Data not available. NO TE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing 18. 50.7 59.0 Annual data: Employment status of the population (Numbers in thousands) Employment status Civilian noninstitutiopal p opulation.............................. Civilian labor fo r c e ......................................................... Labor force participation r a t e ................................................................................. 88 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 189,765 125,303 193,550 128,040 184,613 121,669 186,393 123,869 188,049 124,787 65.3 65.6 65.9 66.5 66.4 66.0 66.3 66.2 66.6 117,598 61.4 3,207 114,391 119,306 61.6 3,074 116,232 123,060 62.5 3,409 119,651 9,384 7.4 64,593 8,734 6.8 6 5,509 7,996 6.1 6 5,758 109,597 60.7 3,163 106,434 112,440 61.5 3,208 109,232 114,968 62.3 3,169 111,800 117,342 63.0 3,199 114,142 117,914 62.7 3,186 114,728 Unemployed ............................................................ Unemployment r a t e ........................................... Not in labor f o r c e .......................................................... 8,237 7.0 6 2,752 7,425 6.2 62,888 6,701 5.5 6 2,944 6 ,528 5.3 6 2,523 6,874 5.5 63,262 8,426 6.7 64,462 June 1995 1994 196,814 131,056 182,753 119,865 Employed ................................................................... Employment-population r a tio ........................... A griculture.......................................................... Nonagricultural industries.............................. Monthly Labor Review 191,576 126,982 1993 180,587 117,834 116,877 61.6 3,233 113,644 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1992 19. Annual data: Employment levels by industry (In thousands) Industry Total e m p lo y m e n t.................................................. Private s e c to r........................................... Goods-producing .............................................. M in in g ...................................... Construction ................................................... M anufacturing................................................. S ervice-producing................................................... Transportation and public u tilities .......................................... W holesale trade ............................................ Retail trade .................................................... Finance, insurance, and real e s t a t e ................ S e rv ic e s .......................................... G o v e rn m e n t.............................................. F e d e ra l.................................................... S ta te .......................................................... Local ......................................................................... NOTE: 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 99,344 82,651 24,533 777 4,810 18,947 101,958 84,948 24,674 717 4,958 18,999 105,210 87,824 25,125 713 5,098 19,314 107,895 90,117 25,254 692 5,171 19,391 109,419 91,115 24,905 709 5,120 19,076 108,256 89,854 2 3,745 689 4,650 18,406 108,604 8 9,959 23,231 635 4,492 18,104 110,525 91,708 23,256 611 4,642 18,003 113,429 94,389 23,584 605 4 ,916 18,063 74,811 5,247 5,761 17,880 6,273 22,957 77,284 5,362 5,848 18,422 6,533 2 4,110 80,086 5,514 6,030 19,023 6,630 25,504 82,642 5,625 6,187 19,475 6,668 26,907 84,514 5,793 6,173 19,601 6,709 27,934 84,511 5,762 6,081 19,284 6,646 28,336 85,373 5,721 5,997 19,356 6,602 29,052 87,269 5,787 5,958 19,717 6,712 30,278 89,844 5,843 6,060 2 0,310 6 ,788 31,804 16,693 2,899 3,893 9,901 17,010 2,943 3,967 10,100 17,386 2,971 4,076 10,339 17,779 2,988 4,182 10,609 18,304 3,085 4,305 10,914 18,402 2,966 4,355 11,081 18,645 2,969 4,408 11,267 18,817 2,915 4,484 11,417 19,040 2,870 4,552 11,617 S ee "N otes on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. 20. Annual data: Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on nonfarm payrolls, by industry Industry 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 34.8 8.76 304.85 34.8 8.98 312.50 34.7 9.28 322.02 34.6 9.66 334.24 34.5 10.01 345.35 34.3 10.32 3 53.98 34.4 10.57 363.61 34.5 10.83 373.64 34.6 11.12 3 84.75 42.2 12.46 525.81 42.4 12.54 531.70 42.3 12.80 541.44 43.0 13.26 570.18 44.1 13.68 6 03.29 44.4 14.19 630.04 43.9 14.54 638.31 44.3 14.60 6 46.78 44.7 14.89 665.58 37.4 12.48 466.75 37.8 12.71 480.44 37.9 13.08 4 95.73 37.9 13.54 513.17 38.2 13.77 526.01 38.1 14.00 533.40 38.0 14.15 5 37.70 38.4 14.37 551.81 38.8 14.69 569.97 40.7 9.73 396.01 41.0 9.91 406.31 41.1 10.19 418.81 41.0 10.48 429.68 40.8 10.83 441.86 40.7 11.18 4 55.03 41.0 11.46 469.86 41.4 11.74 4 86.04 42.0 12.06 506.52 39.2 11.70 458.64 39.2 12.03 471.58 38.8 12.26 475.69 38.9 12.60 490.14 38.9 12.97 504.53 38.7 13.22 511.61 38.9 13.45 523.21 39.6 13.63 539.75 39.9 13.88 553.81 38.3 9.34 357.72 38.1 9.59 365.38 38.1 9.98 380.24 38.0 10.39 3 94.82 38.1 10.79 411.10 38.1 11.15 424.82 38.2 11.39 435.10 38.2 11.73 448 .09 38.3 12.01 459.98 29.2 6.03 176.08 29.2 6 .12 178.70 29.1 6.31 183.62 28.9 6.53 188.72 28.8 6.75 194.40 28.6 6.94 198.48 28.8 7.12 2 05.06 28.8 7.29 2 09.95 28.9 7.49 2 16.46 36.4 8.36 304.30 36.3 8.73 316.90 35.9 9.06 325.25 35.8 9.53 341.17 35.8 9.97 356.93 35.7 10.39 370.92 35.8 10.82 387 .36 35.8 11.35 406.33 35.8 11.83 423.51 32.5 8.18 265.85 32.5 8.49 275.93 32.6 8.88 289.49 32.6 9.38 305.79 32.5 9.83 319.48 32.4 10.23 331.45 32.5 10.54 342.55 32.5 10.79 350.68 32.5 11.07 359.78 Private sector: Average weekly h o u rs .......... Average hourly earnings (in d o lla rs )... Average weekly earnings (in dollars) . Mining: Average weekly hours ................. Average hourly earnings (in dollars) Average weekly earnings (in dollars) Construction: Average weekly hours ................. Average hourly earnings (in dollars) ........ Average weekly earnings (in d o lla rs ).......... Manufacturing: Average weekly hours ................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars) .... Average weekly earnings (in d o lla rs )..... Transportation and public utilities: Average weekly hours ............... Average hourly earnings (in d o lla rs ).................. Average weekly earnings (in d o lla rs )......... Wholesale trade: Average weekly hours ............... Average hourly earnings (in d o lla rs )..... Average weekly earnings (in d o llars ).............. Retail trade: Average weekly hours ...................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars) ........................ Average weekly earnings (in d o lla rs )........................ Finance, insurance, and real estate: Average weekly hours ............... Average hourly earnings (in d o lla rs )....... Average weekly earnings (in d o lla rs ).............. Services: Average weekly hours ....................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars) ........ Average weekly earnings (in d o lla rs )......... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review June 1995 89 Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations 21. Employment Cost Index, compensation,1 by occupation and industry group (June 1 9 8 9 = 1 0 0 ) 1995 1994 1993 Series Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Percent ¡hange 3 months ended Mar. 12 months ended 995 Civilian workers 2 .......................................................................... 117.5 118.3 119.5 120.2 121.3 122.1 123.3 123.8 124.8 0.8 2.9 Workers, by occupational group: White-collar workers ........................................................................ Professional specialty and te c h n ic a l....................................... Executive, administrative, and managerial ........................... Administrative support, including clerical .............................. Blue-collar w o rke rs ........................................................................... Service occupations......................................................................... 117.9 120.1 116.9 118.3 116.7 117.9 118.6 120.6 117.5 119.3 117.8 118.7 119.9 122.0 118.6 120.4 118.8 119.9 120.6 122.5 119.4 121.3 119.4 120.5 121.8 123.7 120.6 122.6 120.4 121.6 122.6 124.2 121.6 123.5 121.3 122.1 123.9 125.7 122.9 124.6 122.4 123.5 124.4 126.2 123.6 125.2 122.7 124.3 125.5 127.0 125.2 126.5 123.6 125.0 .9 .6 1.3 1.0 .7 .6 3.0 2.7 3.8 3.2 2.7 2.8 Workers, by industry division: Goods-producing................................................................................. Manufacturing .................................................................................... S ervice-producing............................................................................... S e rv ice s ............................................................................................... Health s e rv ic e s ............................................................................. H o s p ita ls ....................................................................................... Educational s e rv ic e s ................................................................... Public administration 3 ................................................................... N onm anufacturing............................................................................... 118.0 118.6 117.2 120.1 122.3 122.0 120.1 117.6 117.1 119.1 119.7 118.0 120.6 123.2 122.6 120.2 118.0 117.9 120.0 120.6 119.3 122.2 124.4 123.9 122.6 119.3 119.2 120.6 121.3 120.0 122.9 125.4 125.0 122.9 120.0 119.8 121.9 122.5 121.0 123.8 126.1 125.9 123.2 121.5 120.9 123.0 123.5 121.7 124.2 126.6 126.4 123.6 122.2 121.7 123.9 124.4 123.1 125.8 127.8 127.5 126.0 123.7 123.0 124.4 125.1 123.6 126.4 128.5 128.4 126.4 124.2 123.4 125.3 126.2 124.6 127.2 129.4 128.8 126.9 125.4 124.4 .7 .9 .8 .6 .7 .3 .4 1.0 .8 2.8 3.0 3.0 2.7 2.6 2.3 3.0 3.2 2.9 117.1 117.5 118.0 118.5 119.1 119.5 119.8 120.2 121.0 121.4 122.0 122.3 123.0 123.4 123.5 123.9 124.5 125.0 .8 .9 2.9 3.0 117.4 118.3 120.4 116.5 112.9 118.3 119.2 121.3 117.2 113.8 119.4 120.2 122.2 118.1 115.6 120.2 121.0 122.9 118.9 116.5 121.5 122.4 124.6 120.3 117.2 122.5 123.3 125.3 121.3 118.8 123.5 124.4 126.3 122.6 119.2 124.1 125.1 126.8 123.3 119.6 125.3 126.3 127.7 124.9 120.2 1.0 1.0 .7 1.3 .5 3.1 3.2 2.5 3.8 2.6 118.1 119.2 120.3 121.2 122.5 123.5 124.5 125.1 126.5 1.1 3.3 Blue-collar w o rk e rs ........................................................................ Precision production, craft, and repair o c cu p a tio n s........ Machine operators, assemblers, and in sp ec to rs .............. Transportation and material moving oc cupations............. Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers .... 116.6 116.6 117.8 113.9 116.8 117.7 117.6 119.0 115.2 117.6 118.7 118.7 120.0 115.9 118.4 119.3 118.9 120.8 117.0 119.1 120.3 120.2 121.3 118.5 120.2 121.2 121.2 122.2 119.1 121.4 122.3 122.5 122.9 120.3 122.7 122.6 122.5 123.4 120.6 122.9 123.5 123.4 124.2 121.8 124.1 .7 .7 .6 1.0 1.0 2.7 2.7 2.4 2.8 Service o c cupations..................................................................... 117.2 118.0 118.9 119.5 120.6 121.0 121.8 122.9 123.4 .4 2.3 Production and nonsupervisory occupations4 ...................... 116.9 117.9 119.0 119.7 120.7 121.6 122.6 123.1 124.1 .8 2.8 Workers, by industry division: G oods-producing.............................................................................. Excluding sales o c cupations.............................................. White-collar occupations ........................................................ Excluding sales occupations.............................................. Blue-collar occupations .......................................................... Service occupations................................................................. Construction .................................................................................... M anufacturing.................................................................................. White-collar occupations....................................................... Excluding sales occupations............................................. Blue-collar o c cupations......................................................... Service occupations ............................................................... D u ra b le s .......................................................................................... Nondu rables ................................................................................... 118.0 117.8 118.6 118.1 117.6 120.0 114.9 118.6 118.7 118.0 118.5 120.3 119.0 117.9 119.1 118.8 119.6 119.0 118.7 120.6 116.0 119.7 119.7 118.8 119.6 120.7 120.0 119.0 119.9 119.6 120.5 119.7 119.6 121.5 116.8 120.6 120.5 119.5 120.5 121.7 121.0 119.7 120.6 120.1 121.1 119.9 120.2 122.4 116.5 121.3 121.3 119.9 121.3 122.7 121.9 120.3 121.8 121.4 123.0 121.9 121.1 123.5 118.6 122.5 122.7 121.3 122.3 123.8 122.9 121.7 123.0 122.5 124.3 123.2 122.2 123.8 120.2 123.5 123.9 122.5 123.2 124.1 123.8 122.8 123.9 123.5 125.1 124.1 123.1 126.5 121.4 124.4 124.9 123.6 124.0 127.0 125.1 123.2 124.3 124.0 125.9 125.0 123.4 126.3 120.8 125.1 126.0 124.9 124.5 127.0 125.8 123.8 125.3 124.9 127.2 126.2 124.1 127.3 121.1 126.2 127.4 126.1 125.3 128.0 127.0 124.7 .8 .7 1.0 1.0 .6 .8 .2 .9 1.1 1.0 .6 .8 1.0 .7 2.9 2.9 3.4 3.5 2.5 3.1 2.1 3.0 3.8 4.0 2.5 3.4 3.3 2.5 116.4 117.3 116.9 118.4 114.3 116.8 114.8 112.8 117.4 116.5 118.6 114.7 115.4 115.3 116.0 114.5 115.9 114.1 117.3 118.3 117.8 119.3 115.5 117.7 116.0 114.1 118.3 117.5 119.4 115.9 116.2 116.4 116.8 115.6 117.2 114.7 118.5 119.3 119.0 120.4 116.6 118.6 116.8 114.8 119.2 118.5 120.2 116.4 117.0 116.6 117.6 116.2 117.1 115.5 119.3 120.2 119.8 121.4 117.2 119.1 117.5 115.7 119.9 119.2 120.8 117.1 118.0 117.8 118.7 116.8 118.3 116.3 120.4 121.4 121.0 122.7 118.4 120.2 119.2 117.1 121.7 121.0 122.7 117.6 118.6 117.9 119.3 117.5 119.6 115.3 121.2 122.1 121.9 123.4 119.1 120.7 119.8 117.7 122.6 122.1 123.2 119.4 119.8 119.7 120.3 119.2 120.6 118.0 122.3 123.3 122.9 124.6 120.6 121.3 121.4 119.7 123.6 122.9 124.4 120.5 120.9 120.6 121.3 120.4 120.3 118.7 122.8 123.8 123.4 125.1 120.7 122.5 122.1 120.3 124.4 124.0 124.8 120.6 120.9 121.5 122.0 120.1 120.0 119.3 123.9 125.0 124.6 126.4 122.1 123.0 124.0 122.3 126.1 126.3 125.9 121.7 122.4 123.2 124.4 120.9 120.8 120.1 .9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.2 .4 1.6 1.7 1.4 1.9 .9 .9 1.2 1.4 2.0 .7 .7 .7 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.1 2.3 4.0 4.4 3.6 4.4 2.6 3.5 3.2 4.5 4.3 2.9 1.0 4.2 Private industry w o rkers......................................................... Excluding sales occupations...................................................... Workers, by occupational group: White-collar w o rk e rs ...................................................................... Excluding sales occupations................................................. Professional specialty and technical o c cu p a tio n s ............ Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations Sales oc cupations........................................................................ Administrative support occupations, including c le ric a l........................................................................................... Service-producing ........................................................................... Excluding sales occupations........................................... White-collar occupations......................................................... Blue-collar occupations........................................................... Food stores ............................................................................ General merchandise s to r e s ............................................ S ee footnotes at end of table. 90 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 1995 21. Continued—Employment Cost Index, compensation,' by occupation and industry group (June 1989 = 100) 1993 1994 1995 Series Mar. June 112.6 114.9 113.1 116.4 Sept. Percent change 3 months ended 12 months ended Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. 117.5 118.2 117.7 119.7 117.7 120.3 118.5 121.5 118.9 121.8 120.2 123.7 1.1 1.6 2.1 3.3 116.0 116.1 120.9 117.4 116.9 117.4 122.3 118.1 117.8 119.7 123.1 118.6 125.3 118.7 119.9 124.4 121.3 126.7 126.7 124.5 125.7 119.4 120.5 124.9 122.1 127.1 127.1 125.4 126.0 120.8 121.5 125.9 122.4 127.9 127.7 128.2 128.5 120.5 122.3 126.6 123.0 128.7 128.6 128.4 128.8 123.5 123.5 127.5 124.5 129.7 128.9 128.8 129.3 2.5 1.0 .7 1.2 .8 .2 .3 .4 4.0 3.0 2.5 2.6 2.4 1.7 3.5 2.9 116.3 117.2 118.5 114.6 116.8 119.4 115.6 117.7 118.4 119.0 120.4 116.6 118.6 119.0 119.9 121.4 117.1 119.1 120.3 121.1 122.8 118.2 120.2 121.2 122.1 123.6 119.1 120.7 122.3 123.1 124.7 120.5 121.3 122.6 123.5 125.1 120.5 122.4 123.7 124.7 126.4 121.5 123.0 .9 1.0 1.0 .8 .5 2.8 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.3 119.3 119.6 122.6 123.1 125.0 125.6 126.4 .6 3.1 119.6 119.0 119.2 119.7 119.2 119.6 122.6 122.5 122.8 122.7 122.3 122.9 122.7 123.4 123.3 122.7 124.9 125.0 124.7 124.9 124.2 125.5 125.5 125.3 125.6 124.7 126.2 126.0 126.9 126.3 125.4 .6 .4 1.3 .6 .6 2.9 2.9 3.3 2.9 2.5 123.1 122.8 124.2 123.7 122.9 123.2 123.7 121.5 121.5 123.4 123.3 125.2 124.5 123.1 123.4 123.8 122.0 122.2 125.6 124.9 127.2 127.0 125.5 125.9 126.3 124.5 123.7 126.1 125.6 127.7 127.7 126.0 126.3 126.5 125.5 124.2 126.7 126.4 128.4 128.4 126.5 126.8 127.1 126.0 125.4 .5 .6 .5 .5 .4 .4 .5 .4 1.0 2.9 2.9 3.4 3.8 2.9 2.9 2.7 3.7 3.2 Mar. Mar. 1995 Finance, insurance, and real estate Excluding sales o c c u p a tio n s .......... Banking, savings and loan, and other credit a g e n c ie s ....... Insurance .............. Services ......... Business services .... Health services ........ Hospitals ............... Educational services .. Colleges and universities ... Nonmanufacturing ....... White-collar occupations Excluding sales occupations............................................ Blue-collar occup a tio n s ................................................... Service occupations ............ State and local government workers 114.3 120.5 121.5 Workers, by occupational group: White-collar w o rke rs .... Professional specialty and technical .. Executive, administrative, and managerial Administrative support, including clerical Blue-collar w o rk e rs ........... Workers, by industry division: S e rv ic e s .................... Services excluding schools'1 Health serv ice s ............... H os p ita ls ................. Educational s e rv ice s ........ S c h o o ls ................... Elementary and secondary ........................................... Colleges and universities... Public administration^..... 119.6 120.2 120.0 120.7 1.18.4 120.7 120.4 120.1 120.3 120.8 118.5 IMOU3UICU in me employm ent oost index — ,-------- ,— consists of wages, salaries, and employer cost of employee benefits. Consist of private industry workers (excluding farm and household workers) and State and local government (excluding Federal Government) workers. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 121.0 121.0 120.5 122.2 122.0 122.3 122.5 123.0 120.8 121.4 123.1 123.3 122.7 122.9 123.6 120.7 3 Consist of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities. 4 This series has the sam e industry and occupational coverage as the Hourly Earnings Index, which was discontinued in January 1989. 5 Includes, for example, library, social, and health services. Monthly Labor Review June 1995 91 Current Labor Statistics: 22. Compensation & Industrial Relations Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group (June 1989 = 100) 1995 1994 1993 Series Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Percent change 3 months ended 12 months ended Mar. 1995 Civilian workers ' .......................................................................... 114.5 115.2 116.4 117.1 117.8 118.6 119.8 120.4 121.3 0.7 3.0 Workers, by occupational group: White-collar workers ........................................................................ Professional specialty and te c h n ic a l....................................... Executive, administrative, and m a n a g e ria l........................... Administrative support, including clerical .............................. Blue-collar w o rke rs ........................................................................... Service occupations......................................................................... 115.4 117.5 115.0 115.3 112.7 114.5 116.0 118.0 115.5 116.1 113.4 115.2 117.4 119.5 116.5 117.1 114.4 116.1 118.1 120.0 117.3 118.0 115.0 116.6 118.8 120.7 118.1 118.9 115.8 117.5 119.7 121.3 119.0 119.8 116.7 118.1 120.8 122.8 120.2 120.9 117.8 119.4 121.5 123.5 120.8 121.6 118.2 120.4 122.4 124.2 122.2 122.8 119.2 121.2 .7 .6 1.2 1.0 .8 .7 3.0 2.9 3.5 3.3 2.9 3.1 Workers, by industry division: Goods-producing................................................................................. Manufacturing .................................................................................... Service-producing ............................................................................... Services ............................................................................................ Health services ........................................................................... Hospitals .................................................................................... Educational services ................................................................. Public administration 2 ................................................................. N onm anufacturing............................................................................ 113.8 114.7 114.8 117.4 119.5 118.9 117.9 114.4 114.4 114.6 115.5 115.5 117.8 120.3 119.5 118.0 114.9 115.1 115.4 116.3 116.8 119.5 121.4 120.7 120.4 115.9 116.4 116.2 117.3 117.5 120.0 122.2 121.7 120.7 116.6 117.0 117.0 118.0 118.2 120.9 122.8 122.4 121.0 117.9 117.7 118.0 119.0 118.9 121.3 123.4 123.0 121.3 118.5 118.5 119.0 120.0 120.2 122.8 124.4 124.0 123.8 119.9 119.7 119.6 120.8 120.7 123.5 125.4 124.9 124.3 120.6 120.2 120.5 121.9 121.7 124.4 126.1 125.5 125.0 121.9 121.1 .8 .9 .8 .7 .6 .5 .6 1.1 .7 3.0 3.3 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.5 3.3 3.4 2.9 113.9 114.2 114.6 115.0 115.7 115.9 116.4 116.6 117.2 117.5 118.1 118.3 119.1 119.4 119.7 120.0 120.6 121.0 .8 .8 2.9 3.0 114.7 115.7 117.1 115.5 116.4 117.9 116.7 117.4 118.9 117.5 118.2 119.5 118.3 119.0 120.4 119.3 119.9 121.3 120.2 121.0 122.2 120.8 121.7 123.0 121.7 122.8 123.7 .7 .9 .6 2.9 3.2 2.7 114.7 110.5 115.3 111.6 116.2 113.8 117.0 114.7 117.8 114.8 118.8 116.2 120.0 116.5 120.5 116.7 121.9 116.9 1.2 .2 3.5 1.8 115.2 116.1 117.1 118.0 119.0 119.9 120.9 121.6 122.9 1.1 3.3 Private industry w o rk e rs ...................................................... Excluding sales o c cupations.................................................. Workers, by occupational group: White-collar w o rk e rs .................................................................. Excluding sales occupations............................................ Professional specialty and technical o c cupations....... Executive, administrative, and managerial o c c u p a tio n s ............................................................................. Sales oc cupations................................................................... Administrative support occupations, including c le ric a l........................................................................................ Blue-collar w o rk e rs .................................................................... Precision production, craft, and repair o c cupations............................................................................ Machine operators, assemblers, and insp ectors......... Transportation and material moving occupations........ Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and la b o re rs ..................................................................................... 112.5 113.2 114.1 114.8 115.6 116.5 117.5 118.0 119.0 .8 2.9 112.4 113.2 110.0 113.2 113.8 111.2 114.2 114.7 111.7 114.7 115.6 112.6 115.5 116.2 113.5 116.5 117.2 114.0 117.8 118.0 115.2 117.9 118.8 115.6 118.8 119.6 117.0 .8 .7 1.2 2.9 2.9 3.1 113.6 114.3 114.9 115.7 116.6 117.3 117.9 118.9 120.1 1.0 3.0 Service occupations .................................................................. 113.5 114.1 114.9 115.3 116.3 116.8 117.6 118.8 119.4 .5 2.7 Production and nonsupervisory occupations3 .................. 113.4 114.2 115.3 115.9 116.6 117.5 118.5 119.1 119.9 .7 2.8 Workers, by industry division: G oods-producing.......................................................................... Excluding sales o c cupations.............................................. White-collar o c cu p a tio n s ........................................................ Excluding sales o c cupations.............................................. Blue-collar occupations .......................................................... Service occupations................................................................. 113.8 113.5 115.4 114.9 112.8 113.9 114.5 114.2 116.4 115.6 113.4 114.4 115.3 114.9 117.3 116.4 114.1 115.7 116.1 115.6 118.2 116.8 114.9 116.9 116.9 116.4 119.1 117.7 115.6 116.4 118.0 117.4 120.3 118.8 116.6 117.7 118.9 118.4 121.1 119.8 117.5 120.1 119.6 119.1 122.0 120.8 118.1 119.7 120.4 119.9 123.0 121.8 118.8 120.6 .7 .7 .8 .8 .6 .8 3.0 3.0 3.3 3.5 2.8 3.6 Construction ................................................................................. 109.5 110.4 111.3 111.1 112.2 113.6 114.6 114.7 114.8 .1 2.3 M anufacturing............................................................................... White-collar occu p a tio n s ................................................... Excluding sales occupations......................................... Blue-collar occup a tio n s ...................................................... Service occupations..............................................;............. Durables ...................................................................................... N ondurables................................................................... ........... 114.7 116.0 115.3 113.9 114.3 114.4 115.5 115.5 116.9 115.9 114.5 114.5 115.1 116.3 116.3 117.7 116.7 115.2 116.0 115.9 116.9 117.3 118.8 117.2 116.2 117.3 117.2 117.5 118.0 119.5 118.0 116.9 116.8 117.8 118.3 119.0 120.6 119.1 117.8 118.2 118.7 119.5 120.0 121.7 120.2 118.7 120.6 119.8 120.3 120.8 122.7 121.4 119.5 120.6 120.8 120.8 121.9 123.9 122.4 120.4 121.5 121.9 121.9 .9 1.0 .8 .8 .7 .9 .9 3.3 3.7 3.7 3.0 4.0 3.5 3.0 S ervice-producing......................................................................... Excluding sales o c cupations.............................................. White-collar occupations ........................................................ Excluding sales o c cu p a tio n s .......................................... Blue-collar occupations .......................................................... Service occupations................................................................. 113.9 114.8 114.5 116.0 111.9 113.5 114.7 115.6 115.2 116.8 112.9 114.1 115.9 116.6 116.5 117.8 114.1 114.9 116.6 117.4 117.3 118.7 114.6 115.2 117.3 118.3 118.0 119.6 115.5 116.3 118.2 119.0 118.9 120.4 116.2 116.7 119.2 120.2 119.9 121.5 117.5 117.3 119.7 120.7 120.4 122.1 117.6 118.7 120.7 121.8 121.3 123.2 119.2 119.3 .8 .9 .7 .9 1.4 .5 2.9 3.0 2.8 3.0 3.2 2.6 Transportation and public utilities ...................................... T ra nsportation......................................................................... Public utilities........................................................................... Com m unications.................................................................. Electric, gas, and sanitary s e rv ic e s .............................. 112.9 110.8 115.4 114.7 116.3 114.0 112.0 116.4 115.6 117.4 114.7 112.6 117.2 116.5 118.2 115.4 113.4 117.9 117.1 118.8 116.4 114.2 119.1 118.4 119.9 117.2 114.8 120.1 119.5 120.9 118.9 116.7 121.4 121.0 121.9 119.6 117.5 122.3 122.1 122.4 121.2 119.0 123.9 124.3 123.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.8 .8 4.1 4.2 4.0 5.0 2.9 S ee footnotes at end of table. 92 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 1995 2J!. Continued— Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group (June 1989 = 100) 1994 1993 1995 Series Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Sept. June Dec. Mar. Percent change 3 months ended 12 months ended Mar. 1995 W holesale and retail tr a d e ................................................... Excluding sales occupations......................................... W holesale trade ................................................................... Excluding sales occupations ....................................... Retail tr a d e ................................................................ Food s to r e s ......................................................................... General merchandise s to re s ......................................... 113.0 113.6 113.9 114.7 112.6 114.6 112.4 114.2 114.4 115.1 115.5 113.8 115.4 113.4 114.7 115.2 115.1 116.3 114.5 114.9 114.5 115.4 116.1 116.4 117.5 115.0 115.9 115.0 115.5 116.5 116.2 117.8 115.2 117.0 114.0 117.4 117.8 118.3 118.8 117.0 117.8 116.4 118.3 118.7 118.9 119.6 118.0 117.4 116.5 118.4 118.8 119.9 120.2 117.8 117.3 117.5 119.4 120.2 120.9 122.2 118.7 117.8 117.9 0.8 1.2 .8 1.7 .8 .4 .3 3.4 3.2 4.0 3.7 3.0 .7 3.4 Finance, insurance, and real e s t a te ................................. Excluding sales occupations ....................................... Banking, savings and loan, and other credit a g e n c ie s ................................................................... Insurance ............................................................................. 109.3 112.0 109.3 113.1 112.3 114.0 112.9 114.6 113.7 115.5 113.2 116.0 113.8 117.2 114.2 117.4 115.0 119.3 .7 1.6 1.1 3.3 112.1 111.2 112.9 112.9 113.7 113.9 114.5 116.6 114.7 116.0 115.0 116.8 116.5 117.7 116.2 118.6 119.2 119.8 2.6 1.0 3.9 3.3 S e rv ic e s ....................................................................................... Business s e rv ic e s .................................................................. Health services ....................................................................... Hospitals ................................................................................ Educational services ............................................................ Colleges and universities................................................. 117.0 114.2 119.8 119.3 117.5 118.0 117.6 114.6 120.7 119.9 117.4 117.7 118.9 115.3 121.7 121.0 120.7 121.3 119.6 115.7 122.6 122.0 120.9 121.6 120.8 118.8 123.1 122.8 121.2 122.0 121.3 119.4 123.5 123.3 122.2 122.2 122.2 119.9 124.3 123.9 124.9 124.5 123.0 120.4 125.4 124.8 125.1 124.9 123.9 122.1 126.2 125.4 125.6 125.5 .7 1.4 .6 .5 .4 .5 2.6 2.8 2.5 2.1 3.6 2.9 Nonm anufacturing....................................................................... White-collar occupations....................................................... Excluding sales occupations............................................ Blue-collar o c cupations......................................................... Service occupations .............................................................. 113.4 114.4 115.8 111.1 113.4 114.2 115.2 116.6 111.9 114.1 115.4 116.4 117.6 113.0 114.8 116.0 117.2 118.5 113.4 115.1 116.8 117.9 119.4 114.2 116.3 117.7 118.9 120.2 115.1 116.7 118.7 119.7 121.3 116.4 117.3 119.1 120.2 121.8 116.4 118.6 120.0 121.1 122.9 117.5 119.2 .8 .7 .9 .9 .5 2.7 2.7 2.9 2.9 2.5 State and local government w o rk e rs ................................ 117.2 117.4 119.3 119.7 120.4 120.7 122.8 123.4 124.3 .7 3.2 Workers, by occupational group: White-collar w o rk e rs .................................................................. Professional specialty and te c h n ic a l................................ Executive, administrative, and m anagerial...................... Administrative support, including c le ric a l........................ Blue-collar w o rk e rs .................................................................... 117.5 118.1 116.5 115.4 116.2 117.6 118.2 116.6 115.9 116.5 119.6 120.4 118.2 117.2 118.4 119.9 120.7 118.8 117.8 119.0 120.6 121.1 119.8 118.9 119.7 120.9 121.3 120.3 119.4 120.1 122.9 123.6 121.6 120.9 121.8 123.6 124.2 122.4 121.7 122.5 124.4 124.8 124.1 122.5 123.1 .6 .5 1.4 .7 .5 3.2 3.1 3.6 3.0 2.8 Workers, by industry division: Services ......................................................................................... Services excluding schools4 ................................................ Health s e rv ic e s ...................................................................... H o s p ita ls ............................................................................... Educational s e rv ic e s ............................................................... S c h o o ls .................................................................................... Elementary and secondary ........................................... Colleges and universities................................................ Public administration 2 ............................................................... 118.1 118.4 118.1 117.6 118.0 117.9 118.7 115.5 114.4 118.2 118.7 118.8 118.2 118.1 118.0 118.8 115.6 114.9 120.3 120.1 120.4 119.9 120.3 120.3 121.1 117.8 115.9 120.6 120.4 121.0 120.7 120.6 120.7 121.6 117.7 116.6 121.1 121.3 121.9 121.2 120.9 121.0 121.7 118.6 117.9 121.3 121.9 122.9 122.0 121.1 121.2 121.8 119.2 118.5 123.6 123.2 124.7 124.2 123.6 123.8 124.5 121.5 119.9 124.2 124.0 125.3 125.1 124.2 124.3 124.9 122.5 120.6 124.9 125.0 126.0 125.8 124.8 125.0 125.5 123.2 121.9 .6 .8 .6 .6 .5 .6 .5 .6 1.1 3.1 3.1 3.4 3.8 3.2 3.3 3.1 3.9 3.4 ' Consists of private industry workers (excluding farm and household workers) and S tate and local government (excluding Federal Government) workers. 2 Consists of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities. 23. 3 This series has the sam e industry and occupational coverage as the Hourly Earnings Index, which was discontinued in January 1989. 4 Includes, for example, library, social and health services. Employment Cost Index, benefits, private industry workers by occupation and industry group (June 1989 = 100) 1993 1995 1994 Series Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Percent change 3 months ended 12 months ended Mar. 1995 Private industry workers .................................................... 125.2 126.7 127.7 128.3 130.7 131.7 132.8 133.0 134.5 1.1 2.9 Workers, by occupational group: White-collar workers ................................................... Blue-collar w o rke rs ....................................................... 124.7 125.5 125.9 127.3 126.8 128.4 127.6 128.9 130.5 130.5 131.6 131.5 132.8 132.7 133.3 132.5 135.2 133.3 1.4 .6 3.6 2.1 Workers, by industry group: Goods-producing .............................................................................. S ervice-producing.............................................................................. Manufacturing .................................................................................... Nonmanufacturing ............................................................................ 127.3 123.4 126.8 124.2 129.0 124.6 128.6 125.5 130.0 125.7 129.7 126.5 130.3 126.7 130.0 127.4 132.7 128.9 132.0 129.9 133.9 129.7 133.0 130.8 134.8 131.2 133.9 132.2 134.8 131.5 134.3 132.3 135.9 133.2 135.4 133.9 .8 1.3 .8 1.2 2.4 3.3 2.6 3.1 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review June 1995 93 Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations 24. Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers, by bargaining status, region, and area size (June 1 9 8 9 = 1 0 0 ) 1993 1994 1995 3 months ended Series Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Percent change Mar. 12 months ended Mar. 1995 COMPENSATION Workers, by bargaining status1 Union ............................................ Goods-producing .................................... S ervice-producing........................................................... Manufacturing .................................... Nonmanufacturing .......................................... 117.8 118.7 116.7 119.8 116.3 119.1 120.0 117.7 121.1 117.4 120.0 121.0 118.6 121.9 118.5 120.9 121.9 119.6 123.0 119.3 121.9 122.5 121.0 123.6 120.5 123.0 123.8 121.8 124.8 121.5 123.8 124.4 122.9 125.3 122.6 124.2 124.7 123.6 125.8 123.0 125.1 125.2 124.8 126.3 124.0 0.7 .4 1.0 .4 .8 2.6 2.2 3.1 2.2 2.9 N o n u n io n ................................................. G oods-producing............................................................ S ervice-producing...................................................... Manufacturing ..................................................... Nonmanufacturing ........................................... 116.8 117.7 116.3 118.1 116.3 117.7 118.6 117.2 119.0 117.2 118.8 119.4 118.4 120.0 118.3 119.5 119.9 119.2 120.6 119.0 120.7 121.5 120.3 122.0 120.2 121.7 122.6 121.1 122.9 121.1 122.7 123.6 122.2 124.0 122.2 123.2 124.1 122.7 124.8 122.5 124.3 125.2 123.8 126.1 123.6 .9 .9 .9 1.0 .9 3.0 3.0 2.9 3.4 2.8 117.8 116.2 117.9 116.2 119.1 117.0 119.3 116.4 120.2 118.1 120.1 117.8 120.7 118.8 121.2 118.1 121.6 120.0 122.8 119.4 122.8 120.8 123.6 120.5 124.0 121.8 124.6 121.3 124.3 122.5 125.0 121.7 125.6 123.7 125.8 122.6 1.0 1.0 .6 .7 3.3 3.1 2.4 2.7 117.1 117.0 118.1 117.8 119.1 118.7 119.8 119.7 120.9 121.3 121.9 122.5 122.9 123.2 123.4 123.5 124.5 124.8 .9 1.1 3.0 2.9 Union ........................................................ G oods-producing.............................................................................. S ervice-producing....................................................... Manufacturing .................................................................................... Nonmanufacturing ................................................................. 113.1 112.2 114.2 113.2 113.0 113.9 113.0 115.1 113.9 113.9 114.8 113.8 116.0 114.6 114.9 115.7 114.8 116.8 115.9 115.5 116.5 115.4 118.0 116.6 116.4 117.6 116.7 118.7 117.8 117.3 118.6 117.5 120.1 118.5 118.6 119.1 117.9 120.6 119.2 119.0 119.8 118.4 121.6 119.8 119.8 .6 .4 .8 .5 .7 2.8 2.6 3.1 2.7 2.9 N o n u n io n ..................................................................................... G oods-producing............................................................................... S ervice-producing.............................................................................. Manufacturing .................................................................................... N onm anufacturing............................................................................ 114.1 114.4 113.8 115.4 113.5 114.8 115.2 114.6 116.1 114.3 115.9 116.0 115.9 117.0 115.5 116.6 116.7 116.6 117.9 116.1 117.4 117.6 117.2 118.6 116.9 118.3 118.6 118.1 119.5 117.8 119.2 119.5 119.0 120.5 118.7 119.8 120.3 119.5 121.5 119.1 120.8 121.3 120.5 122.7 120.0 .8 .8 .8 1.0 .8 2.9 3.1 2.8 3.5 2.7 114.6 113.6 113.5 113.6 115.7 114.3 114.6 113.7 116.8 115.3 115.2 115.3 117.3 116.0 116.5 115.7 117.8 116.6 117.5 116.6 118.8 117.4 118.3 117.9 120.0 118.5 119.5 118.1 120.2 119.1 120.1 119.0 121.3 120.0 120.9 119.9 .9 .8 .7 .8 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.8 113.9 113.5 114.7 114.4 115.8 115.0 116.5 115.8 117.2 117.0 118.1 118.1 119.1 118.6 119.7 119.0 120.6 120.5 .8 1.3 2.9 3.0 Workers, by region ' N o rth ea st................................................... South ........................................................ Midwest (formerly North C e n tra l).................................................... W e s t........................................................................ Workers, by area size 1 Metropolitan areas .................................... Other a r e a s ..................................................................... WAGES AND SALARIES Workers, by bargaining status 1 Workers, by region 1 N o rth ea st................................................................................ South .......................................................... Midwest (formerly North C e n tra l)................................................... W e s t................................................................................. Workers, by area size1 Metropolitan a r e a s ............................................................................... Other a r e a s ............................................................................................ ' The indexes are calculated differently from those for the occupation and industry groups. For a detailed description of the index calculation, see the 94 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 1995 Monthly Labor Review Technical Employment Cost Index,” May 1982. Note, “ Estimation procedures for the 25. Percent of full-time employees participating in employer-provided benefit plans, 1980-91 Small private establishments2 Medium and large private establishments' Item 1980 1983 1984 1981 1982 1985 10 10 - 75 99 10.1 20 100 62 75 99 10.2 23 99 65 9 25 76 25 99 10.0 24 3.8 99 67 _ - _ _ - - - - - - “ 97 97 96 97 96 . . 58 98 60 99 - 62 99 50 37 37 58 99 5Ü 43 46 62 99 61 52 26 27 49 27 - 46 - - 33 $10.13 54 $32.51 96 96 96 69 72 64 1986 1988 1989 1991 1990 State and local governments3 1987 1990 Tlme-off plans Participants with: Paid lunch time .......................................................... Average minutes per d a y .................................... Paid rest time ............................................................. Average minutes per d a y .................................... Paid funeral le a v e ..................................................... Average days per o c cu rre n c e ........................... Paid holidays .............................................................. Average days per y e a r ......................................... Paid personal le a v e .................................................. Average days per y e a r ......................................... Paid v a c a tio n s ............................................................ Paid sick le a v e ........................................................... Unpaid maternity leave ........................................... Unpaid paternity leave ............................................ - 11 25 74 25 99 9.8 25 3.7 100 67 9 26 73 26 99 9.8 23 3.6 99 67 10 27 72 26 88 3.2 98 10.1 26 3.7 99 67 10 27 72 26 88 3.2 99 10.0 25 3.7 100 70 11 29 72 26 85 3.2 96 9.4 24 3.3 98 69 10 26 71 26 84 3.3 97 9.2 22 3.1 97 68 8 30 67 26 80 3.3 92 10.2 21 3.3 96 67 8 37 48 27 47 2.9 84 9.5 11 2.8 88 47 4 17 34 4 58 29 56 3.7 81 10.9 38 2.7 72 97 11 36 56 29 63 3.7 74 13.6 39 2.9 67 95 33 16 37 18 37 26 17 8 57 30 51 33 95 90 92 83 69 93 93 56 67 99 68 61 66 70 99 70 66 76 79 98 80 74 75 80 97 97 96 81 80 98 97 96 79 83 98 97 94 76 78 98 87 86 82 79 99 99 98 36 $11.93 58 $35.93 36 $12.05 56 $38.33 43 $12.80 63 $41.40 44 $ 19.29 64 $60.07 47 $25.31 66 $ 72.10 51 $26.60 69 $96.97 42 $25.13 67 $109.34 35 $15.74 71 $71.89 96 96 96 96 92 94 94 64 85 88 72 - 72 - 74 - 64 66 64 73 13 62 72 10 59 76 8 49 71 7 42 71 6 44 78 1 19 67 1 55 67 1 45 Insurance plans Participants in medical care p la n s .......................... Participants with coverage fo r Hom e health c a r e .................................................. Extended care facilities........................................ Mental health c a r e ................................................. Alcohol abuse tre a tm e n t..................................... Drug abuse treatm ent .......................................... Participants with employee contribution required for: Self coverage .......................................................... Average monthly contribution ........................ Family c o v e ra g e ..................................................... Average monthly contribution3 ....................... Participants in life insurance p la n s ......................... Participants with: Accidental death and dismemberment insu rance............................................................ Survivor income benefits .................................... Retiree protection a v a ila b le ................................ 97 . - - - Participants in long-term disability insurance p la n s ........................................................................... Participants in sickness and accident insurance p la n s ........................................................................... 51 38 $25.53 65 $117.59 40 41 43 45 47 48 48 42 45 40 19 31 27 54 50 51 49 51 52 49 46 43 45 26 14 21 84 84 84 82 82 80 76 63 63 59 20 93 90 55 98 56 98 - 58 97 - 53 45 - 50 43 - 52 45 - 64 97 51 54 55 - 63 97 47 54 56 - 67 97 41 57 61 7 53 64 98 35 57 62 7 60 59 98 26 55 62 45 62 97 22 64 63 48 55 98 7 56 54 48 54 95 7 58 49 31 92 90 33 100 18 9 89 88 16 100 8 9 - - - - - 26 33 36 41 44 17 28 45 - - - - - - 2 5 5 12 9 23 10 36 1 8 5 5 5 31 Retirement plans Participants in defined benefit pension p la n s '.... Participants with: Normal retirement prior to age 6 5 ................... Early retirement available ................................... Ad hoc pension increase in last 5 y e a r s ....... Terminal earnings fo rm u la .................................. Benefit coordinated with Social S e c u rity ....... Participants in defined contribution p la n s ............ Participants in plans with tax-deferred savings arrangem ents .......................................................... - Other benefits Employees eligible for: Flexible benefits plans ............................................ Reim bursem ent a c c o u n ts ....................................... ' From 1979 to 1986, data were collected in private sector establishments with a minimum employment varying from 50 to 250 employees, depending upon industry. In addition, coverage in service industries was limited. Begin ning in 1988, data were collected in all private sector establishments employing 100 workers or more in all industries. 2 Includes private sector establishments with fewer than 100 workers. 3 In 1987, coverage excluded local governments employing fewer than 50 workers. In 1990, coverage included all State and local governments. 4 Data exclude college teachers. 5 Data for 1983 refer to the average monthly employee contribution for dependent coverage, excluding the employee. Beginning in 1984, data refer https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis to the average monthly em ployee contribution for family coverage, which includes the employee. 6 Prior to 1985, data on participation in defined benefit pension plans included a small percentage of workers participating in money purchase pension plans. Beginning in 1985, these workers were classified as participating in defined contribution plans. 7 Includes em ployees who participated in Payroll-based Employee Stock Ownership Plans. Beginning in 1987, these plans were no longer available. NOTE: Dash indicates data were not collected in this year. Monthly Labor Review June 1995 95 Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations 26. Specified compensation and wage rate changes from contract settlements, and wage rate changes under all agreements, private industry collective bargaining agreements covering 1,000 workers or more (in percent) Annual average Quarterly average Measure 1993 1992 1994 1995 1993 II III IV I II III IV P Rate changes under settlements: Specified total compensation changes, settlements covering 5,000 workers or more: First year of c o n tr a c t..................................................... Annual average over life of c o n tr a c t....................... 3.0 3.1 3.0 2.4 3.2 2.6 1.0 1.4 3.8 2.5 3.0 2.6 3.4 2.9 0.0 1.4 1.5 2.1 1.4 1.6 Specified w age changes, settlements covering 1,000 workers or more: First year of c o n tr a c t..................................................... Annual average over life of c o n tra c t....................... 2.7 3.0 2.3 2.1 2.5 2.5 1.1 1.7 2.8 2.0 3.0 2.4 2.0 2.4 1.0 1.9 2.2 2.5 1.9 1.9 3.1 3.0 .9 .8 .7 .4 .8 .9 .6 .3 .8 1.9 .4 .9 1.9 .2 .2 .7 .1 .1 .6 .5 .2 .1 .3 .2 .6 .1 .1 .7 .1 .2 .3 .1 .0 .2 .0 Wage rate changes under all agreements: Average wage change 1 ................................................... Source: Current s e ttle m e n ts ................................................. Prior s ettle m e n ts ....................................................... CO LA provisions....................................................... 1 Because of rounding, total may not equal sum of parts. 2 More than zero but less than 0 .0 5 percent. 96 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 1995 i2) p i2) = preliminary. i2) 27. Specified compensation and wage rate changes from contract settlements, and wage rate changes under all agreements, private industry collective bargaining agreements covering 1,000 workers or more during 4-quarter periods (in percent) Average for four quarters e n d in g Measure 1993 II 1994 III IV I II 1995 III IV lp Rate changes under settlements: Specified total compensation changes, settlem ents covering 5,0 0 0 workers or more, all industries: First year of c o n tra c t.......................................................................... Annual average over life of c o n tr a c t........................................... 2.9 2.S 2.1 2.4 3.0 2.4 3.0 2.3 3.1 2.4 3.1 2.5 2.3 2.4 2.1 2.3 Specified w age changes, settlem ents covering 1,000 workers or more: All industries: First year of c o n tra c t............................................................................... Contracts with COLA clauses .......................................................... Contracts without CO LA c la u s e s ..................................................... Contracts with either lump sums, COLA, or b o th ...................... Contracts with neither lump sums nor C O L A .............................. Annual average over life of c o n tra c t................................................. Contracts with CO LA clauses .......................................................... Contracts without COLA c la u s e s ..................................................... Contracts with either lump sums, COLA, or b o th ...................... Contracts with neither lump sums nor C O L A .............................. 2.5 2.7 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.7 2.5 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.0 2.5 1.8 2.3 1.7 2.3 2.1 2.4 2.1 2.5 2.3 2.8 2.1 2.6 2.0 2.1 1.4 2.5 1.9 2.5 2.4 2.7 2.3 2.6 2.1 2.1 1.0 2.5 1.8 2.5 2.2 3.0 1.9 2.8 1.5 2.1 1.5 2.4 2.0 2.2 2.3 2.9 2.0 2.7 1.6 2.2 1.7 2.3 2.1 2.2 2.0 2.7 1.8 2.5 1.6 2.3 2.5 2.3 2.3 2.3 1.8 2.5 1.6 2.3 1.5 2.3 2.4 2.2 2.2 2.3 Manufacturing: First year of c o n tra c t............................................................................... Contracts with COLA clauses ........................................................... Contracts without CO LA c la u s e s ..................................................... Contracts with either lump sums, COLA, or b o th ...................... Contracts with neither lump sums nor C O L A .............................. Annual average over life of c o n tra c t.................................................. Contracts with CO LA clauses ........................................................... Contracts without COLA c la u s e s ..................................................... Contracts with either lump sums, COLA, or b o th ...................... Contracts with neither lump sums nor C O L A .............................. 2.8 2.4 3.0 2.3 3.3 2.6 2.3 2.8 2.2 3.0 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.3 3.1 2.1 1.9 2.5 1.8 2.9 2.7 2.9 2.3 2.7 2.9 1.5 1.3 2.1 1.3 2.5 2.5 2.7 1.9 2.4 2.6 1.3 1.0 1.9 1.0 2.3 2.7 3.0 1.9 2.7 2.6 1.5 1.3 2.0 1.4 2.3 2.6 3.0 1.9 2.7 2.2 1.7 1.5 1.9 1.5 2.0 2.4 3.0 1.8 2.4 2.2 2.3 2.5 2.1 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.6 1.8 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.3 1.9 2.1 2.2 Nonmanufacturing: First year of c o n tra c t............................................................................... Contracts with COLA clauses ........................................................... Contracts without COLA c la u s e s ..................................................... Contracts with either lump sums, COLA, or b o th ....................... Contracts with neither lump sums nor C O L A .............................. . Annual average over life of c o n tra c t.................................................. Contracts with CO LA clauses ........................................................... Contracts without COLA c la u s e s ...................................................... Contracts with either lump sums, COLA, or b o th ....................... Contracts with neither lump sums nor C O L A ............................... 2.5 3.0 2 .4 2.7 2.4 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.7 1.7 2.5 1.6 2.3 1.5 2.4 2.7 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.1 1.8 2.1 2.4 1.8 2.5 2.3 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.3 1.9 2.3 2.8 2.0 2.6 2.5 2 .6 2.7 2.5 2.0 2.9 1.9 2.9 1.3 2.4 2.7 2.4 2.7 2.2 2.0 2.5 2.0 2.8 1.4 2.5 2.7 2.5 2.7 2.3 1.8 2.2 1.8 2.6 1.6 2.3 2.6 2.3 2.4 2.3 1.6 2.2 1.5 2.4 1.4 2.3 2.6 2.3 2.4 2.3 Construction: First year of c o n tra c t................................................................................ Annual average over life of c o n tra c t................................................... 1.8 2.4 2.0 2.4 2.1 2.6 2.4 2.7 1.7 2.5 1.8 2.6 1.8 2.5 1.5 2.4 2.9 2.6 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.9 2.7 2.6 .7 1.8 .6 1.8 .3 .9 1.9 .2 .9 1.8 .2 .9 1.7 .2 .8 1.9 .2 .6 1.9 .2 .5 1.9 .3 Wage rate changes under all agreements: Average w age change1 ....................................... Source: Current s e ttle m e n ts ............................................ Prior s e ttle m e n ts ................................................. C O LA p rovisions.................................................. ■4 1 Because of rounding, total may not equal sum of parts. p = preliminary. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review June 1995 97 Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations 28. Specified changes in the cost of compensation and components annualized over the life of the contract in private industry collective bargaining settlements covering 5,000 workers or more, by quarter, and during 4-quarter periods (in percent) II Measure III 1995 1994 1993 IV I II III IV I 0.8 .9 .9 .5 1.2 1.5 1.5 .6 1.1 1.2 1.1 .9 Quarterly average All industries: C o m p e n s atio n ........................................................................................................ Cash p a y m e n ts ..................................................................................................... W a g e s ................................................................................................................... B e n e fits .................................................................................................................... 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.8 0.9 .8 .7 1.1 1.8 1.4 1.4 2.4 2.0 1.9 1.7 2.1 1.9 1.4 1.4 2.7 Average for four quarters All industries: C om p e n s atio n ........................................ ............................................................... Cash p a y m e n ts ..................................................................................................... W a g e s ................................................................................................................... B e n e fits .................................................................................................................... With contingent pay provisions: C o m p e n s atio n ........................................................................................................ Cash p a y m e n ts ..................................................................................................... W a g e s ................................................................................................................... B e n e fits .................................................................................................................... W ithout contingent pay provisions: C o m p e n s atio n ........................................................................................................ Cash p a y m e n ts ..................................................................................................... W a g e s ................................................................................................................... B e n e fits .................................................................................................................... 98 1.9 1.7 1.8 2.3 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.7 1.6 1.3 1.3 2.1 1.6 1.3 1.3 2.0 1.6 1.3 1.3 2.2 1.7 1.4 1.4 2.2 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.8 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.6 2.0 1.7 1.9 2.5 1.4 1.2 1.4 1.8 1.5 1.2 1.4 2.0 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.8 1.7 1.3 1.4 2.3 1.9 1.4 1.6 2.5 2.2 1.8 1.7 3.0 2.1 1.7 1.6 2.8 1.9 1.7 1.7 2.3 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.6 1.7 1.4 1.3 2.1 1.8 1.6 1.4 2.2 1.6 1.3 1.1 2.1 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.8 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 Manufacturing: C om p e n s atio n ........................................................................................................ Cash p a y m e n ts ..................................................................................................... W a g e s ................................................................................................................... B e n e fits ............................................... ..................................................................... 1.8 1.3 1.7 2.7 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.2 .8 1.1 1.6 1.1 .7 .9 1.5 1.3 .9 1.1 1.9 1.5 1.0 1.2 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.6 2.3 1.7 1.6 1.4 2.0 Nonmanufacturing: C om p e n s atio n ........................................................................................................ Cash p a y m e n ts ..................................................................................................... W a g e s ................................................................................................................... B e n e fits .................................................................................................................... 2.0 1.8 1.8 2.2 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.8 1.9 1.6 1.5 2.4 2.0 1.8 1.6 2.3 1.8 1.5 1.4 2.4 1.8 1.6 1.5 2.2 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.6 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.5 Goods-producing: C om p e n s atio n ........................................................................................................ Cash p a y m e n ts ..................................................................................................... W a g e s .....................................*............................................................................. B e n e fits .................................................................................................................... 1.9 1.6 1.8 2.7 1.6 1.4 1.5 2.1 1.4 1.1 1.2 1.9 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.8 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.8 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.5 Service-producing: C o m pe ns ation........................................................................................................ Cash p a y m e n ts ..................................................................................................... W a g e s ................................................................................................................... B e n e fits .................................................................................................................... 2.0 1.8 1.8 2.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.3 1.8 1.5 1.5 2.3 1.8 1.6 1.5 2.2 2.0 1.6 1.5 2.7 2.0 1.6 1.6 2 .6 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.9 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.8 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 1995 29. Specified compensation and wage rate changes from contract settlements, and wage rate changes under all agreements, State and local government collective bargaining agreements covering 1,000 workers or more (in percent) Annual average M easure 1992 1993 1994 1.9 1.8 2 8 3.1 2.1 2.1 3.0 1.9 2.8 3.3 Changes under settlements: Total compensation 1 changes, 2 settlem ents covering 5 ,000 workers or more: First year of contract ........................................................... Annual average over life of c o n tra c t............................................... W age changes, settlem ents covering 1,000 workers or more: First year of contract ..................................................... Annual average over life of c o n tr a c t............................................. W age changes under all agreements: Average wage change 3 .............................................................. Source: Current s ettle m e n ts ........................................................ Prior s e ttlem e n ts ....................................................... CO LA provisions........................................................... 1 Compensation includes wages, benefits when contract is negotiated. * Changes are the salaries, and net result of increases, 19 /4\ employers’ cost decreases, and of employee zero change l / compensation or wages. 3 Because of rounding, total may not equal sum of parts. 4 Less than 0 .05 percent. in 30. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more Annual totals 1994 1995 M easure 1993 Num ber of stoppages: Eleginning in p e rio d ......................... In effect during p e rio d .................... W orkers involved: Eleginning in period (in th ou sands)........................................ In effect during period (in th ou sands)........................................ Days idle: Number (in th ou sands).................. Percent of estim ated working lime1 .................................................... 1994 Apr. May June July Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.p Feb.p Mar.P 35 36 45 45 5 5 4 6 9 11 4 9 5 11 7 14 4 9 1 6 0 4 1 4 1 4 4 7 18.2 322.2 94.1 13.5 38.7 14.3 58.6 32.0 8.0 2.6 .0 37.7 3.0 17.6 18.4 322.2 94.1 18.0 43.2 33.1 88.2 59.4 32.7 26.8 17.2 52.9 18.2 32.8 398.1 5,020.5 1,404.3 133.5 367.0 436.1 678.5 638.5 505.9 420.8 342.2 368.5 306.8 367.8 .01 .02 .02 .02 .01 .02 .02 .02 .02 .02 .02 .01 .01 .01 1 Agricultural and government em ployees are included in the total employed and total working time: private household, forestry, and fishery em ployees are excluded. A r explanation of the m easurem ent of idleness as a percentage of the total time https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Aug. worked is found in “ T o ta l econom y’ measure of strike idleness,” Monthly Labor Re view, October 1968, pp. 54-56. p = preliminary. Monthly Labor Review June 1995 99 Current Labor Statistics: Price Data 31. Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group (1 9 8 2 -8 4 = 1 0 0 , unless otherwise indicated) 1995 1994 Annual Series Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. 149.4 447.5 149.5 448.0 149.7 4 48 .6 149.7 448.4 150.3 450.3 150.9 452.0 151.4 453.5 151.9 455.0 145.3 144.8 144.7 164.7 137.1 131.8 162.8 138.9 135.1 134.1 131.3 148.4 145.9 151.3 145.6 145.0 145.0 164.8 137.3 131.3 163.2 139.4 135.4 134.2 132.1 148.8 146.2 151.4 145.6 145.0 144.8 164.6 136.8 131.5 162.9 139.5 135.6 135.0 132.7 148.5 146.4 151.6 145.9 145.3 145.1 163.7 136.9 131.7 165.7 139.0 134.5 134.3 132.4 148.1 146.8 151.9 147.2 146.8 147.3 164.2 136.4 131.6 180.3 138.8 134.5 134.2 131.7 148.1 147.1 151.8 147.9 147.5 148.2 164.6 137.3 132.7 180.4 140.3 135.5 136.4 133.3 149.4 147.4 152.0 147.8 147.4 147.9 165.8 137.6 132.1 177.1 140.6 135.8 136.8 133.7 149.7 147.6 152.4 147.9 147.4 147.6 165.3 138.4 132.2 174.0 140.7 136.4 136.8 132.9 150.5 148.1 153.1 148.9 148.4 149.2 166.9 137.7 132.1 183.1 140.9 136.7 137.2 132.9 150.6 148.3 153.6 145.4 160.8 171.0 153.9 203.2 165.3 165.5 153.2 131.3 135.4 125.9 124.3 114.1 87.1 122.3 150.4 121.5 111.8 132.2 138.6 145.9 161.7 172.1 154.5 205.9 166.1 166.4 154.0 131.2 135.4 125.6 124.3 114.0 86.8 122.2 150.6 121.4 111.5 132.2 138.9 145.8 161.6 169.4 155.0 193.5 167.1 167.3 154.3 131.6 135.8 126.0 124.2 113.8 86.8 122.1 150.3 121.4 111.2 132.6 139.3 145.7 162.0 169.8 155.2 194.0 167.5 167.8 154.5 130.8 135.9 123.8 122.4 110.8 87.0 118.5 150.4 121.4 110.9 133.7 139.4 145.5 162.1 168.9 155.6 189.2 167.9 168.2 155.0 131.2 136.4 124.3 121.8 109.9 87.7 117.3 150.5 121.1 110.8 132.6 139.1 145.4 161.8 168.2 155.7 186.2 167.8 168.1 155.4 132.7 137.0 126.8 122.0 110.1 88.4 117.4 150.6 120.8 110.3 132.9 139.1 146.4 162.9 170.7 156.1 195.0 168.4 168.7 155.9 133.1 137.3 127.5 122.9 110.7 89.4 118.0 152.1 121.8 110.5 133.8 142.4 147.0 163.8 172.9 156.4 202.9 168.9 169.1 156.1 133.8 137.9 128.2 122.6 110.4 89.6 117.6 151.8 122.4 111.1 134.6 142.8 147.4 164.5 174.6 156.7 208.7 169.2 169.5 157.1 134.2 138.8 128.2 122.3 109.8 89.0 117.1 151.9 122.6 111.2 135.7 142.9 147.4 164.7 174.1 157.0 206.0 169.6 169.9 157.2 134.2 139.0 127.6 122.1 109.3 88.4 116.6 152.2 122.6 111.2 135.9 142.9 133.8 130.8 125.9 131.6 128.4 127.3 149.7 155.5 130.9 127.6 124.9 125.7 129.2 125.0 150.6 155.7 131.1 127.8 125.7 125.5 128.6 124.5 152.4 155.9 134.2 131.2 128.4 131.1 129.5 125.1 152.3 156.3 135.2 132.3 128.9 133.4 128.6 125.5 151.4 156.4 134.2 131.1 129.2 130.5 131.2 125.7 150.8 156.3 130.5 127.2 125.3 125.7 131.3 123.6 146.5 156.4 129.4 126.0 124.0 123.0 129.0 124.0 150.1 157.0 131.1 127.7 125.6 125.9 126.8 124.8 150.4 157.3 134.4 131.3 127.2 131.5 127.1 125.9 155.0 157.6 134.8 131.7 127.0 132.2 127.1 127.2 154.4 157.7 132.8 130.0 137.2 135.7 137.9 96.0 95.6 149.7 160.8 103.4 174.0 169.9 133.8 131.0 137.4 135.8 140.9 98.2 97.9 149.8 161.3 103.4 174.8 169.9 134.6 131.8 137.4 135.8 142.6 100.5 100.4 150.0 161.5 103.3 175.1 171.4 135.9 133.0 137.3 135.6 144.0 104.1 104.1 150.7 162.0 103.3 175.7 173.2 135.9 133.1 137.5 135.7 145.4 103.7 103.6 151.2 162.1 103.2 175.8 171.7 136.1 133.6 138.4 136.6 147.7 101.8 101.7 151.7 164.1 103.1 178.4 168.4 137.1 134.8 139.4 137.7 150.1 102.7 102.6 151.8 166.2 104.0 180.7 167.2 137.1 134.9 140.1 138.5 151.5 100.4 100.2 151.9 167.6 104.3 182.4 165.6 137.3 134.9 140.6 139.0 152.4 98.7 98.4 152.0 168.8 104.2 184.0 168.4 137.5 135.0 140.7 139.1 153.3 98.0 97.7 152.5 169.4 104.6 184.6 169.9 138.0 135.2 140.7 139.0 154.8 97.5 97.2 152.7 170.2 104.6 185.6 174.5 139.1 136.2 141.1 139.3 156.7 99.5 99.3 153.2 170.9 104.5 186.5 176.7 209.2 199.7 211.4 191.4 242.6 209.7 200.1 212.0 191.7 243.5 210.4 200.5 212.6 192.3 244.1 211.5 201.3 213.8 193.0 246.1 212.2 201.7 214.7 193.5 247.3 212.8 201.7 215.4 194.0 248.1 214.0 202.2 216.8 195.1 249.8 214.7 202.7 217.5 195.5 250.6 215.3 202.9 218.2 196.0 251.3 216.6 203.1 219.8 197.2 253.2 217.9 203.5 221.3 198.5 254.7 218.4 203.7 221.8 199.1 254.7 218.9 203.6 222.4 199.5 255.3 150.1 136.1 166.8 149.7 135.7 166.5 149.9 136.2 166.2 149.8 136.1 166.3 150.2 136.5 166.7 150.2 136.5 166.6 150.7 137.0 167.1 151.0 136.9 167.7 151.6 137.3 168.6 151.2 136.8 168.3 152.1 137.5 169.4 152.5 137.4 170.2 152.6 137.3 170.7 153.3 138.1 171.3 198.5 220.0 144.6 141.5 147.9 223.2 205.5 224.8 196.4 218.0 144.2 141.4 147.1 220.1 204.0 221.6 197.1 220.6 144.4 141.7 147.2 220.4 204.1 221.9 197.6 220.6 145.2 141.8 148.8 220.9 204.6 222.4 198.0 221.3 145.0 141.9 148.3 221.6 205.1 223.0 199.4 221.7 145.0 141.9 148.3 223.9 205.8 225.5 201.4 220.8 145.1 141.8 148.7 228.0 208.4 229.7 201.9 221.3 145.3 142.0 148.7 228.8 207.7 230.6 202.3 221.4 145.7 142.3 149.2 229.2 207.7 231.1 202.4 222.0 145.8 142.6 149.2 229.2 207.4 231.1 203.0 222.2 145.7 142.2 149.4 230.2 211.9 231.8 204.1 222.7 146.2 142.6 150.1 232.0 212.5 233.6 204.0 222.5 146.0 142.2 150.2 232.0 212.6 233.6 204.3 223.0 146.3 142.2 150.7 232.1 212.7 233.8 Apr. May June July Aug. 148.2 444.0 147.4 441.4 147.5 441.9 148.0 443.3 148.4 444.4 149.0 446.4 141.6 140.9 140.1 156.6 135.5 129.4 159.0 130.5 133.4 130.0 114.6 143.7 143.2 149.6 144.9 144.3 144.1 163.0 137.2 131.7 165.0 135.6 135.2 133.5 123.2 147.5 145.7 151.5 144.0 143.4 143.0 162.5 137.6 131.8 161.8 133.0 135.9 133.2 115.5 147.5 145.1 151.6 144.1 143.5 143.0 162.3 137.1 132.0 163.2 132.8 135.5 133.4 115.6 147.0 145.3 151.5 144.2 143.5 142.9 163.4 137.2 132.2 161.6 132.9 134.9 133.5 115.8 147.2 145.5 151.7 144.8 144.2 144.0 163.9 136.7 131.8 164.4 135.7 135.2 135.1 122.8 147.6 145.6 151.6 Housing .............................................................................................................. S h e lte r ............................................................................................................. Renters’ costs (1 2 /8 2 — 1 0 0 ) ........................................................... Rent, resid e n tial..................................................................................... O ther renters’ c o s t s ............................................................................. Hom eow ners’ costs (1 2 /8 2 — 1 0 0 ) ..................................................... O w ners’ equivalent rent (1 2 /8 2 — 1 0 0 ) .......................................... Household insurance (1 2 /8 2 — 1 0 0 ) ............................................... M aintenance and re p a irs ....................................................................... Maintenance and repair services .................................................... Maintenance and repair com m odities............................................ Fuel and other utilities ............................................................................... Fuels ............................................................................................................. Fuel oil, coal, and bottled g a s .......................................................... G as (piped) and electricity ................................................................ O ther utilities and public s e rv ic e s ...................................................... Household furnishings and o p e ratio n s ................................................ Housefurnishings...................................................................................... Housekeeping s u p p lie s ........................................................................... Housekeeping s e rv ice s ........................................................................... 141.2 155.7 165.0 150.3 190.3 160.2 160.5 146.9 130.6 135.0 124.6 121.3 111.2 90.3 118.5 147.0 119.3 109.5 130.7 135.8 144.8 160.5 169.4 154.0 196.3 165.5 165.8 152.3 130.8 134.5 125.8 122.8 111.7 88.8 119.2 150.2 121.0 111.0 132.3 138.5 143.9 159.6 169.1 153.3 197.3 164.2 164.6 150.1 130.2 133.3 126.3 121.6 109.8 90.2 116.9 150.0 120.6 110.7 131.5 137.9 144.1 159.6 168.5 153.3 194.9 164.5 164.8 150.8 131.0 135.0 125.7 122.2 110.6 88.7 118.0 150.4 121.1 111.4 131.9 138.1 144.9 160.1 169.6 153.4 198.9 164.8 165.1 151.9 131.5 135.4 126.2 124.2 113.9 87.7 122.1 150.4 121.4 111.6 132.4 138.4 Apparel and u p k e e p ...................................................................................... Apparel c o m m o d ities ................................................................................. M e n’s and boys’ a p p a re l....................................................................... W om en’s and girls' apparel ................................................................. Infants’ and toddlers’ a p p a r e l.............................................................. F o o tw e a r...................................................................................................... O ther apparel c om m odities.................................................................. Apparel s e rv ic e s ........................................................................................... 133.7 131.0 127.5 132.6 127.1 125.9 145.6 151.7 133.4 130.4 126.4 130.9 128.1 126.0 149.5 155.4 136.4 133.7 126.9 137.4 128.0 128.0 149.0 154.8 135.6 132.8 127.4 135.1 125.2 128.5 149.9 155.0 Transportation ................................................................................................. Private transportation.................................................................................. N ew v e h ic le s .............................................................................................. N ew c a r s ................................................................................................... Used c a r s .................................................................................................... Motor fuel .................................................................................................... G a s o lin e .................................................................................................... Maintenance and re p a ir......................................................................... O ther private transportation................................................................. O ther private transportation c om m odities .................................... O ther private transportation s e rv ic e s ............................................. Public transportation................................................................................... 130.4 127.5 132.7 131.5 133.9 98.0 97.7 145.9 156.8 103.4 169.1 167.0 134.3 131.4 137.6 136.0 141.7 98.5 98.2 150.2 162.1 103.5 175.8 172.0 132.6 129.2 136.9 135.4 135.3 94.8 94.3 149.4 160.4 103.4 173.6 176.5 Medical c a r e ..................................................................................................... Medical care commodities ....................................................................... Medical care s e rv ic e s ................................................................................ Professional s e rv ic e s .............................................................................. Hospital and related s e rv ic e s .............................................................. 201.4 195.0 202.9 184.7 231.9 211.0 200.7 213.4 192.5 245.6 E n te rta in m e n t................................................................................................... Entertainm ent commodities ..................................................................... Entertainment s e rv ic e s .............................................................................. 145.8 133.4 160.8 O ther goods and services ........................................................................... Tobacco products ....................................................................................... Personal c a r e ................................................................................................ Toilet goods and personal care a p pliances.................................... Personal care services ........................................................................... Personal and educational e x p e n s e s ..................................................... School books and s u p p lie s .................................................................. Personal and educational s e rv ic e s .................................................... 192.9 228.4 141.5 139.0 144.0 210.7 197.6 211.9 1993 1994 All ite m s ................................................................................................................ All items ( 1 9 6 7 - 1 0 0 ) ...................................................................................... 144.5 432.7 Food and beverages ..................................................................................... F o o d .................................................................................................................. Food at h o m e ............................................................................................ Cereals and bakery p ro d u c ts ............................................................ Meats, poultry, fish, and e g g s ........................................................... Dairy p ro d u c ts ........................................................................................ Fruits and v e g e ta b le s ........................................................................... O ther foods at h o m e ............................................................................ Sugar and s w e e ts .............................................................................. Fats and o ils ........................................................................................ Nonalcoholic b e v e ra g e s ................................................................... O ther prepared fo o d s ....................................................................... Food away from home ........................................................................... Alcoholic b e v e ra g e s .................................................................................... Sept. CONSUMER PRICE INDEX FOR ALL URBAN CONSUMERS: S ee footnotes at end of table. 100 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 1995 31. Continued— Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers- U S citv average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group (1 9 8 2 -8 4 = 1 0 0 , unless otherwise indicated) Annual average Series 1993 All ite m s .............................................................................................. C om m o d itie s ................................................................................... Food and b e v e ra g e s ................................................................ Commodities less food and b e v e ra g e s ............................. Nondurables less food and beverages ......................... Apparel c om m odities.......................................................... Nondurables less food, beverages, and apparel .... D u ra b les ..................................................................................... 1995 1994 . 125: 128 128 Q ... 129 € 130.3 ... 134 2 182 Q 136 3 ... 202.9 213.4 S e rv ic e s ............................................................................................. Rent of shelter ( 1 2 / 8 2 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................ Household services less rent o f shelter ( 1 2 /8 2 = 1 0 0 ) Transportation s e rv ic e s ............................................................ Medical care s e rv ic e s ............................................................... O ther services ............................................................................. Special indexes: All items less food ..................................................................... All items less s h e lte r ................................................................ All items less hom eowners’ costs ( 1 2 / 8 2 = 1 0 0 ) ............ All items less medical c a r e ..................................................... Commodities less f o o d ............................................................. Nondurables less f o o d ............................................................. Nondurables less food and apparel .................................... N ondu ra ble s .................................................................................. Services less rent of’ shelter ( 1 2 / 8 2 = 1 0 0 ) ...................... Services less medical c a r e ...................................................... E n e 'g y .............................................................................................. All items less e n e r g y ................................................................. All hems less food and energy .............................................. Commodities less food and e n e r g y ...................................... Energy c o m m o d ities ................................................................... Services less e n e rg y ................................................................... .. 146.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. 164.8 153.6 104.2 150.0 152.2 135.2 Purchasing power of the consumer dollar: 1 9 8 2 - 8 4 = $ 1 .0 0 ..................................................................... 1 9 6 7 = $ 1 . 0 0 ........................................................................... Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. 147.4 133.1 144.0 126.4 128.3 133.7 128.5 123.7 147.5 133.4 144.1 126.8 128.5 132.8 129.3 124.4 148.0 133.5 144.2 126.9 128.4 130.8 130.2 124.9 148.4 133.7 144.8 126.8 128.1 127.6 131.3 125.1 149.0 134.3 145.3 127.5 129.2 127.8 132.8 125.1 149.4 134.8 145.6 128.1 130.3 131.2 132.8 125.1 149.5 134.9 145.6 128.3 130.2 132.3 132.2 125.7 149.7 135.2 145.9 128.6 130.1 131.1 132.5 126.5 149.7 135.1 147.2 127.6 128.1 127.2 131.5 126.9 150.3 135.1 147.9 127.4 127.5 126.0 131.2 127.2 150.9 135.4 147.8 127.9 128.1 127.7 131.3 127.6 151.4 135.9 147.9 128.6 129.2 131.3 131.1 127.7 151.9 136.6 148.9 129.2 129.9 131.7 132.0 128.1 162.0 166.1 135.0 168.2 211.4 183.8 162.0 166.0 135.7 167.1 162.8 166.6 137.7 167.5 212.0 212.6 183.9 184.3 163.4 167.3 137.9 168.1 213.8 184.7 164.2 168.2 138.0 168.9 214.7 185.8 164.4 168.2 137.9 168.8 215.4 187.8 164.6 168.6 136.3 169.5 216.8 188.5 164.7 168.6 135.8 170.5 217.5 189.0 164.7 168.3 135.9 171.1 218.2 188.9 165.9 169.4 137.2 172.6 219.8 189.7 166.7 170.4 137.0 173.4 221.3 190.9 167.3 171.2 136.9 175.0 221.8 191.1 167.5 171.3 136.7 176.1 222.4 191.4 148.3 144.2 148.9 144.0 127.8 129.8 130.6 136.5 169.5 157.4 102.9 153.5 156.0 137.5 95.4 166.6 148.8 144.6 149.4 144.5 127.9 129.7 131.4 136.5 170.5 158.2 105.7 153.7 156.2 137.3 97.2 167.1 149.1 144.9 149.8 144.8 127.8 129.4 132.4 136.6 171.0 158.7 106.8 154.0 156.4 136.8 99.2 167.7 149.8 145.5 150.4 145.5 128.4 130.4 133.7 137.4 171.7 159.4 108.5 154.6 157.0 136.8 102.4 168.5 150.2 146.0 150.6 145.8 129.0 131.4 133.7 138.1 172.2 159.6 108.2 155.0 157.5 137.7 150.6 146.3 150.9 146.1 129.5 131.2 133.5 138.2 172.4 159.8 105.7 155.7 158.2 138.4 168.8 150.4 146.1 150.7 145.9 129.3 131.4 133.2 138.1 172.2 159.7 105.8 155.5 158.0 138.3 100.4 169.3 169.6 150.2 146.3 150.8 146.0 128.5 129.5 132.6 137.8 172.7 159.7 104.7 155.7 157.9 137.6 99.2 169.6 150.8 146.8 151.5 146.6 128.3 128.9 132.4 137.8 174.0 160.9 104.2 156.5 158.7 137.7 97.9 170.8 151.5 147.2 152.1 147.1 128.8 129.5 132.5 138.1 174.7 161.6 103.7 157.2 159.6 138.4 97.2 171.7 152.1 147.7 152.7 147.6 129.5 130.5 132.4 138.7 175.1 162.2 103.2 157.8 160.4 139.4 96.7 172.4 152.5 148.3 153.2 148.1 130.1 131.3 133.3 139.6 175.5 162.4 103.9 158.3 160.7 139.7 98.4 172.7 149.0 144.8 149.5 144.7 127.9 129.7 131.6 136.8 170.7 158.4 104.6 154.1 156.5 137.1 97.6 167.6 153.4 155.9 137.2 94.5 166.6 67.5 22.5 67.9 22.7 67.8 67.6 67.1 22.4 66.9 22.3 66.9 22.3 66.8 22.6 67.4 22.5 66.8 22.6 22.3 22.3 66.5 22.2 66.3 22.1 66.0 22.0 65.8 22.0 148.1 144.0 148.7 143.9 127.4 129.6 130.0 136.4 169.4 157.4 102.0 102.0 101.2 CONSUMER PRICE INDEX FOR URBAN WAGE EARNERS AND CLERICAL WORKERS: All ite m s ....................................................................................... ZZZZZZZZZZZ . . 142.1 423.1 145.6 433.8 144.7 430.9 144.9 431.7 145.4 433.2 145.8 434.3 146.5 436.4 146.9 437.5 147.0 437.8 147.3 438.6 147.2 438 .6 147.8 440.2 148.3 441.7 148.7 443.0 149.3 444.6 Food and beverages ............................................................................ F o o d ........................................................................................................ Food at h o m e ................................................................................... Cereals and bakery pro d u c ts ................................................... Meats, poultry, fish, and e g g s .................................................. Dairy p ro d u c ts ............................................................................... Fruits and v eg e ta b le s .................................................................. O ther foods at h o m e ................................................................... Sugar and s w e e ts ..................................................................... Fats and o ils ................................................................................ Nonalcoholic b e v e ra g e s .......................................................... O ther prepared fo o d s ............................................................... Focd away from home .................................................................. Alcoholic b e ve rag es ............................................................................ . . 141.2 140.5 139.6 156.3 135.4 129.1 158.2 130.4 133.1 129.9 115.1 143.5 143.1 149.3 144.4 143.9 143.4 162.7 137.0 131.5 164.2 135.3 135.2 133.5 122.9 147.2 145.5 151.0 143.6 143.0 142.4 162.2 137.4 131.6 160.9 143.7 143.1 142.4 162.0 137.0 131.7 162.3 132.7 135.4 133.4 116.1 146.7 145.2 150.9 143.8 143.2 142.4 163.1 137.0 132.1 161.1 132.7 134.7 133.4 116.2 146.9 145.4 151.3 144.4 143.8 143.4 163.6 136.4 131.6 163.8 135.4 135.1 135.1 122.4 147.4 145.5 151.1 144.9 144.4 144.1 164.4 136.9 131.6 162.3 138.3 135.1 134.0 130.2 148.1 145.8 150.7 145.1 144.6 144.4 164.6 137.2 131.0 162.6 138.8 135.4 134.2 130.9 148.5 146.1 150.9 145.1 144.6 144.1 164.3 136.6 131.2 162.0 139.0 135.7 135.0 131.5 148.2 146.3 151.1 145.3 144.8 144.3 163.5 136.7 131.4 164.5 138.5 134.5 134.1 131.1 147.8 146.7 151.3 146.6 146.2 146.3 163.9 136.0 131.4 178.8 138.3 134.4 134.1 130.6 148.0 147.0 151.4 147.2 146.9 147.2 164.3 137.1 132.4 178.8 139.7 135.5 136.3 132.2 149.1 147.3 151.6 147.3 146.9 147.1 165.6 137.4 131.8 175.8 140.2 135.8 136.7 132.9 149.5 147.5 152.0 147.3 146.8 146.8 165.1 138.1 131.9 172.7 140.3 136.4 136.7 132.2 150.2 147.9 152.7 148.3 147.9 148.2 166.7 137.3 131.8 182.1 140.4 136.6 137.1 132.1 150.3 148.2 153.2 138.5 151.6 144.7 150.0 190.2 146.1 146.3 134.4 130.9 138.6 120.7 121.1 110.7 90.2 118.0 147.7 118.0 108.3 131.1 137.4 142.0 156.2 148.5 153.7 196.6 150.9 151.1 139.7 130.8 138.1 121.1 122.5 111.1 88.7 118.7 150.8 119.7 109.6 132.5 140.6 141.3 155.3 147.7 153.0 194.9 150.0 150.2 138.1 130.9 138.8 142.1 155.8 148.4 153.1 199.1 150.3 150.5 139.1 131.5 139.1 121.4 124.0 113.5 87.6 121.5 151.1 142.5 156.4 149.5 153.6 204.2 150.7 150.9 140.5 131.4 139.1 143.0 157.4 148.9 154.7 194.1 152.3 152.6 141.7 131.8 139.4 142.8 157.7 149.2 154.9 194.4 152.8 153.0 141.9 131.0 139.5 142.7 157.9 148.8 155.4 189.6 153.1 153.3 142.4 131.4 140.0 120.0 122.0 120.2 142.7 157.7 148.5 155.4 187.2 153.1 153.3 142.9 132.4 140.3 121.9 109.7 89.5 116.9 152.2 120.1 110.1 110.3 132.5 140.6 109.5 88.3 116.8 151.1 119.7 109.1 133.3 141.5 110.1 120.0 121.5 109.3 87.6 116.7 150.9 119.8 109.5 133.0 141.4 143.5 158.6 149.9 155.7 195.3 153.6 153.8 143.2 132.8 140.5 122.5 122.5 144.0 159.3 151.3 156.1 202.9 154.0 154.2 143.4 133.2 140.8 123.0 124.0 113.6 87.0 121.7 150.9 143.0 157.2 150.3 154.2 206.7 151.5 151.7 141.4 131.3 139.1 120.9 124.0 113.5 All items (1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 ) ............................ Housing .................................................................................................... S h e lte r ..................................................................................................... Renters’ costs ( 1 2 / 8 4 = 1 0 0 ) ...................................................... Rent, re sid e n tial............................................................................. O ther renters’ costs ..................................................................... Hom eow ners’ costs ( 1 2 / 8 4 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................. O w ners’ equivalent rent (1 2 /8 4 = 1 0 0 ) ................................. Household insurance (1 2 /8 4 = 1 0 0 ) ....................................... M aintenance and re p a irs ............................................................... M aintenance and repair services ............................................ M aintenance and repair com m odities.................................... Fuel and other u tilities....................................................................... Fuels ...................................................................................................... Fuel oil, coal, and bottled g a s .................................................. G as (piped) and electricity ........................................................ O ther utilities and public s e rv ic e s ............................................... Household furnishings and o p e ratio n s ......................................... Hou sefurnishings ............................................................................... Housekeeping supplie s .................................................................... Housekeeping s e rv ice s .................................................................... S ee footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 120.6 121.9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 110.0 88.6 117.4 151.0 119.7 109.9 132.2 140.2 132.7 140.3 121.1 121.6 123.9 113.3 86.7 121.5 150.9 86.9 117.8 150.9 120.0 120.0 120.1 110.1 109.8 132.9 141.5 109.5 133.9 141.7 86.6 121.6 151.1 132.5 140.9 110.2 121.6 ___ L Monthly Labor Review 89.3 117.4 152.4 120.5 109.2 134.1 145.6 122.2 121.2 109.9 134.8 146.0 144.3 159.9 152.3 156.4 208.5 154.3 154.5 144.2 133.7 141.7 123.1 121.9 109.1 88.9 116.3 152.3 121.4 109.9 135.9 146.1 _______ June 1995 101 144.4 160.1 152.1 156.7 205.8 154.7 154.9 144.5 133.7 141.9 122.9 121.6 108.4 88.3 115.6 152.7 121.4 109.9 136.2 145.9 Current Labor Statistics: Price Data 31. Continued— Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group (1 9 8 2 -8 4 = 1 0 0 , unless otherwise indicated) 1995 1994 Anni jal avers ge Series 1993 1994 Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. Apparel and u p k e e p .................................................... Apparel c o m m o d ities ............................................... M e n’s and boys’ a p p a r e l.................................... W om en’s and girls’ a p p a r e l............................... Infants’ and toddlers’ a p p a r e l........................... F o o tw e a r................................................................... O ther apparel c om m odities............................... Apparel s e rv ic e s ....................................................... 132.4 129.8 126.8 130.4 128.9 126.5 145.4 151.2 132.2 129.4 125.8 129.2 129.3 126.9 148.7 154.9 135.0 132.4 126.0 135.0 128.5 129.0 150.1 154.2 134.3 131.6 126.5 132.7 126.2 129.5 151.3 154.5 132.4 129.6 125.3 129.5 129.6 128.2 148.3 155.0 129.8 126.7 124.6 124.2 130.8 125.8 148.3 155.1 130.2 127.2 125.3 124.5 129.9 125.3 151.5 155.4 133.1 130.2 127.8 129.4 131.1 126.0 151.3 155.9 133.9 131.1 128.1 131.7 130.3 126.3 149.9 156.0 133.0 130.1 128.4 129.1 133.2 126.1 149.1 155.8 129.3 126.1 124.5 124.0 132.9 124.2 144.1 155.9 128.3 125.0 123.5 121.2 130.3 124.4 149.1 156.5 130.0 126.8 125.2 124.3 127.0 125.3 149.7 156.8 133.2 130.3 126.7 129.8 127.4 126.8 154.6 157.1 133.6 130.7 126.5 130.6 127.7 127.9 153.5 157.2 Transportation .............................................................. Private transportation.............................................. N ew v e h ic le s ........................................................... N ew c a r s ............................................................... Used c a r s ................................................................ Motor f u e l ................................................................ G a s o lin e ................................................................ M aintenance and re p a ir...................................... O ther private transportation.............................. O ther private transportation commodities . O ther private transportation s e rv ice s ......... Public transportation............................................... 129.4 127.4 133.3 131.2 134.6 97.9 97.6 146.5 152.9 102.8 165.0 163.0 133.4 131.4 138.3 135.7 142.4 98.4 98.2 150.9 157.9 102.8 171.5 167.7 131.2 128.9 137.6 135.1 136.0 94.7 94.3 150.1 156.0 102.8 169.0 171.5 131.8 129.8 138.0 135.4 138.6 96.0 95.6 150.5 156.6 102.8 169.8 166.4 132.9 131.0 138.2 135.6 141.5 98.2 97.9 150.5 157.3 102.8 170.7 165.9 133.9 132.0 138.3 135.6 143.3 100.5 100.4 150.8 157.5 102.6 171.0 167.1 135.2 133.3 138.2 135.3 144.7 104.2 104.3 151.4 157.8 102.6 171.5 168.7 135.3 133.5 138.4 135.4 146.1 103.7 103.7 151.9 158.0 102.4 171.8 167.6 135.6 133.9 139.2 136.3 148.4 101.7 101.5 152.4 160.0 102.4 174.3 164.8 136.7 135.1 140.1 137.3 150.8 102.6 102.5 152.5 162.0 103.2 176.6 163.8 136.7 135.2 140.9 138.1 152.1 100.2 100.0 152.6 163.4 103.5 178.4 162.5 136.9 135.2 141.2 138.6 153.0 98.5 98.3 152.7 164.7 103.4 180.0 164.8 137.1 135.4 141.4 138.7 154.0 97.8 97.5 153.3 165.4 103.8 180.9 166.5 137.6 135.7 141.5 138.7 155.5 97.3 97.0 153.5 166.3 103.8 181.9 170.1 138.7 136.8 141.9 139.0 157.4 99.5 99.3 154.0 166.9 103.7 182.8 172.3 Medical c a r e ................................................................. Medical care commodities ................................... Medical care s e rv ic e s ............................................. Professional s e rv ic e s .......................................... Hospital and related s e rv ic e s .......................... 200.9 193.2 202.7 185.2 229.2 210.4 198.6 213.0 193.4 242.7 208.6 197.8 211.0 192.2 239.7 209.1 198.2 211.5 192.5 240.5 209.7 198.7 212.2 193.1 241.3 210.8 199.0 213.4 193.9 243.2 211.5 199.5 214.2 194.4 244.4 212.0 199.3 214.9 194.9 245.2 213.4 199.9 216.4 196.0 246.9 214.0 200.6 217.1 196.5 247.7 214.6 200.8 217.7 196.9 248.5 215.9 200.9 219.3 198.1 250.5 217.3 201.3 220.9 199.4 252.1 217.7 201.5 221.4 200.0 252.2 218.2 201.3 222.0 200.5 252.8 E n te rta in m e n t.............................................................. Entertainm ent c o m m o d ities ................................ Entertainm ent s e rv ic e s ......................................... 144.1 132.9 160.5 148.2 135.5 166.7 147.8 135.2 166.2 148.1 135.7 166.1 148.0 135.6 166.2 148.4 136.0 166.5 148.3 135.9 166.5 148.6 136.0 167.0 149.0 136.2 167.5 149.6 136.6 168.5 149.2 136.1 168.3 150.1 136.8 169.2 150.4 136.8 170.1 150.6 136.7 170.6 151.3 137.5 171.2 O ther goods and services ...................................... Tobacco p ro d u c ts ................................................... Personal c a r e ............................................................ Toilet goods and personal care appliances Personal care s e rv ic e s ...................................... Personal and educational e x p e n s e s ................ School books and supplie s .............................. Personal and educational s e rv ic e s ............... 192.2 228.3 141.6 139.6 143.9 206.9 199.2 207.8 196.4 220.1 144.8 142.2 147.9 219.2 207.1 220.4 194.4 217.8 144.5 142.2 147.2 216.3 205.8 217.4 195.3 220.6 144.7 142.4 147.3 216.6 205.9 217.7 195.8 220.7 145.3 142.3 149.0 217.2 206.4 218.4 196.3 221.4 145.1 142.5 148.2 217.9 206.9 219.0 197.5 222.1 145.2 142.6 148.2 220.2 207.5 221.5 198.9 221.1 145.4 142.6 148.6 223.6 209.8 225.0 199.4 221.6 145.5 142.8 148.6 224.4 208.8 225.9 199.8 221.7 145.9 143.1 149.1 224.9 208.8 226.5 200.0 222.2 146.1 143.5 149.2 224.9 208.5 226.5 200.5 222.4 146.0 143.1 149.5 226.0 213.4 227.2 201.5 222.9 146.4 143.4 150.1 227.5 213.4 228.9 201.4 222.6 146.1 142.9 150.2 227.7 213.6 229.0 201.7 223.1 146.5 143.1 150.7 227.8 213.7 229.2 All ite m s .............................................................................................. C om m o d itie s ................................................................................... Food and b e v e ra g e s ................................................................ Commodities less food and b e v e ra g e s ............................. Nondurables less food and beverages ......................... Apparel c om m odities.......................................................... Nondurables less food, beverages, and apparel .... D u ra b les ..................................................................................... 142.1 131.2 141.2 125.0 127.7 129.8 129.7 120.1 145.6 133.4 144.4 126.6 127.9 129.4 130.1 123.8 144.7 132.6 143.6 125.8 127.5 132.4 128.0 122.4 144.9 132.9 143.7 126.3 127.9 131.6 129.0 123.1 145.4 133.2 143.8 126.6 127.9 129.6 130.0 123.8 145.8 133.4 144.4 126.7 127.8 126.7 131.2 124.2 146.5 134.1 144.9 127.5 129.1 127.2 133.0 124.3 146.9 134.6 145.1 128.1 129.9 130.2 132.8 124.4 147.0 134.7 145.1 128.2 129.7 131.1 132.0 125.1 147.3 135.0 145.3 128.6 129.7 130.1 132.4 126.0 147.2 134.8 146.6 127.6 127.7 126.1 131.3 126.5 147.8 134.9 147.2 127.4 127.0 125.0 130.9 126.8 148.3 135.3 147.3 127.9 127.6 126.8 130.8 127.2 148.7 135.7 147.3 128.6 128.5 130.3 130.6 127.5 149.3 136.5 148.3 129.3 129.4 130.7 131.7 128.0 S e rv ic e s ............................................................................................ Rent of shelter ( 1 2 / 8 4 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................... Household services less rent of shelter ( 1 2 /8 4 = 1 0 0 ) Transportation s e rv ic e s ........................................................... Medical care s e rv ic e s .............................................................. O ther services ............................................................................ 155.5 145.8 123.5 160.0 202.7 174.1 160.6 150.3 125.4 165.7 213.0 182.4 159.4 149.4 124.1 164.6 211.0 180.8 159.6 149.4 124.8 164.3 211.5 181.0 160.4 149.9 126.7 164.8 212.2 181.5 160.9 150.5 126.8 165.2 213.4 181.8 161.6 151.3 126.9 165.9 214.2 182.9 161.9 151.4 126.9 166.0 214.9 184.7 162.1 151.8 125.2 167.2 216.4 185.3 162.3 151.9 124.7 168.4 217.1 185.9 162.4 151.7 124.9 169.2 217.7 185.9 163.4 152.5 126.1 170.6 219.3 186.6 164.1 153.3 125.8 171.5 220.9 187.7 164.6 153.8 125.6 172.8 221.4 188.0 164.8 154.0 125.4 173.8 222.0 188.3 Special indexes: All items less food ................................................................... All items less s h e lte r .............................................................. All items less homeowners' costs ( 1 2 / 8 4 = 1 0 0 ) ......... All items less medical c a r e ................................................... Commodities less f o o d ........................................................... Nondurables less food ........................................................... Nondurables less food and apparel .................................. N ondu ra ble s ............................................................................... Services less rent of shelter (1 2 /8 4 = 1 0 0 ) .................... Services less medical c a r e ................................................... E n e rg y ........................................................................................... All items less energy .............................................................. All Items less food and energy ........................................... Commodities less food and e n e r g y ................................... Energy c o m m o d itie s ............................................................... Services less e n e rg y ............................................................... 142.3 139.7 133.9 139.2 125.9 128.9 130.7 134.7 147.0 151.4 103.6 147.5 149.3 134.3 97.5 159.7 145.9 143.0 137.0 142.6 127.6 129.2 131.2 136.4 152.1 156.1 104.1 151.5 153.5 136.2 97.5 165.C 144.9 141.9 136.1 141.6 126.8 128.8 129.5 135.8 150.8 155.C 101 .C 150.7 152.7 135.9 94.6 164.: 145.2 142.3 136.4 141.9 127.3 129.2 130.3 136.1 151.0 155.1 102.3 150.9 152.9 136.4 95.6 164.C 145.8 142.8 136.9 142.4 127.6 129.2 131.2 136.1 152.1 155.9 105.1 151.1 153.2 136.3 97.6 164." 146.1 143.1 137.3 142.7 127.7 129.1 132.2 136.4 152.5 156.4 106.3 151.4 153> 135.9 99.6 165.3 146.8 143.8 137.9 143.4 128.4 130.3 133.7 137.3 153.C 157.1 108.: 151.9 153.9 136.1 102.9 166.C 147.2 144.2 138.1 143.8 128.9 131.1 133.6 137.8 153.5 157.3 107.8 152.4 154.4 136.9 102.4 166.4 147.4 144.3 138.2 143.8 129.1 130.9 133.0 137.7 153.4 157.4 105.3 152.9 155.0 137.5 100.6 167.0 147.7 144.6 138.4 144.1 129.4 130.8 133.3 137.8 153.7 157.6 105.3 153.2 155.3 137.7 101.£ 167.4 147.4 144.6 138.4 144.0 128.5 129.0 132.4 137.4 154.0 157.6 104.2 153.3 155.1 137.1 99.4 167.5 147.9 145.0 139.0 144.6 128.3 128.4 132.0 137.4 155.2 158.6 103.6 154.C 155.E 137.1 98.C 168.£ 148.5 145.5 139.4 145.0 128.8 129.0 132.0 137.7 155.8 159.3 103.1 154.6 156.6 137.9 97.C 169.: 149.0 145.9 139.9 145.5 129.5 129.9 131.9 138.2 156.1 159.7 102.6 155.2 157.C 138.6 96.6 169.9 149.5 146.5 140.4 146.0 130.2 130.7 132.9 139.1 156.4 160.0 103.3 155.7 157.7 139.3 98.7 170.3 Purchasing power of the consumer dollar: 1 9 8 2 - 8 4 = 5 1 .0 0 ........................................................................ 1 9 6 7 = 5 1 . 0 0 ............................................................................... 7 0 .' 23.6 69.1 23.2 69.C 23.: 68.6 23.1 68.6 23.6 68.C 22.9 68.1 22.9 68.0 22.8 67.9 22.£ 67.9 22.£ 6 7 .' 22." 6 7 .' 22.6 67.: 22.6 67.0 22.5 102 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 1995 . 6 8.' 23. | . 32. Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average and available local area data: all items (19 82 -8 4 = 100, unless otherwise indicated) Urban W age Earners All Urban Consumers A rea1 U.S. city a v e r a g e ....................... Pricing schedule2 M 1994 1994 1995 1995 Mar. Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. Mar. Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. 147.2 147.4 149.7 150.3 150.9 151.4 151.9 144.4 144.7 147.2 147.8 148.3 148.7 149.3 Region and area size3 Northeast u rb a n ........................... Size A - More than 1 ,200,000 .................................... Size B - 5 00 ,00 0 to 1 ,200,000 .................................... Size C - 50,0 00 to 5 00 ,00 0 ....................................... North Central urban .................. Size A - More than 1 ,200,000 .................................... Size B - 3 60 ,00 0 to 1,200,000 .................................... Size C - 50,0 00 to 360 ,00 0 ....................................... Size D - Nonm etro politan (less than 5 0,0 00 0 ............................. South u rb a n .................................. Size A - M ore than 1,20 0,0 00 .................................... Size B - 4 50 ,00 0 to 1 ,200,000 .................................... Size C - 5 0,000 to 4 5 0 ,0 0 0 ....................................... Size D - Nonm etro politan (less than 5 0,000) .............................. W est u r b a n .................................... Size A - More than 1 ,250,000 .................................... Size C - 50,0 00 to 3 30 ,00 0 ....................................... M 154.3 154.4 156.3 157.1 157.6 158.0 158.3 151.7 151.8 154.0 154.8 155.2 155.5 155.8 M 155.1 155.0 156.6 157.7 158.3 158.7 159.0 151.4 151.4 153.3 154.3 154.8 155.1 155.4 M 152.7 153.3 155.3 155.4 155.7 155.9 156.3 150.6 151.1 153.1 153.3 153.7 153.9 154.2 M M 152.2 142.6 152.6 142.9 155.0 145.7 155.7 146.1 156.0 146.7 156.6 147.3 157.0 148.1 153.4 139.4 153.9 139.8 156.7 142.7 157.4 143.0 157.6 143.6 158.1 144.2 158.6 145.0 M 143.9 144.1 146.8 147.3 148.0 148.5 149.0 140.0 140.3 143.1 143.5 144.2 144.7 145.3 M 141.8 142.2 144.1 144.4 145.2 146.1 146.9 137.9 138.5 140.6 140.9 141.8 142.6 143.4 M 143.1 143.7 147.1 147.4 147.7 148.3 149.5 140.6 141.2 144.6 144.9 145.2 145.6 146.9 M M 137.8 143.6 137.9 143.8 141.2 146.1 141.5 146.7 142.3 147.4 142.7 148.0 143.9 148.4 136.3 141.9 136.4 142.2 139.7 144.9 139.8 145.3 140.4 145.9 141.0 146.5 142.2 147.0 M 144.4 144.4 146.0 146.6 147.3 148.0 148.3 142.3 142.4 144.3 144.8 145.4 146.1 146.4 M 145.4 145.5 148.4 148.S 149.6 150.4 150.9 141.8 141.8 145.3 145.6 146.3 146.9 147.4 M 142.0 142.9 145.3 145.7 146.2 146.6 147.3 141.6 142.6 145.3 145.7 146.1 146.5 147.3 M M 141.3 149.0 141.3 148.9 144.3 151.2 145.2 152.0 146.1 152.4 146.6 152.8 147.1 153.2 141.4 145.9 141.4 145.9 144.7 148.5 145.6 149.2 146.4 149.4 146.7 149.8 147.3 150.3 M 150.5 150.4 152.2 152.9 153.1 153.6 154.0 145.9 145.8 147.9 148.5 148.7 149.1 149.6 146.3 146.3 150.7 151.4 152.2 152.2 152.8 M 148.7 148.6 153.3 154.1 155.1 155.2 155.9 M M M M 133.9 146.5 145.2 142.0 133.9 146.8 145.8 142.1 135.6 149.4 148.8 145.3 136.2 149.9 149.3 145.9 136.7 150.5 149.8 146.6 137.2 151.1 150.2 147.1 137.5 151.6 151.0 147.7 132.7 143.8 144.3 141.2 132.7 144.1 144.9 141.4 134.7 146.9 148.1 144.8 135.3 147.3 148.6 145.2 135.7 147.9 149.0 145.8 136.2 148.5 149.3 146.3 136.6 148.9 150.2 147.0 Chicago, IL-Northwestern IN ... Los Angeles-Long Beach, Anaheim, C A .............. New York, NYNortheastern N J ........................ Philadelphia, P A -N J .................... San FranciscoOakland, C A ................................ M 147.6 147.9 150.5 151.8 152.3 152.6 153.1 143.0 143.3 145.8 147.1 147.5 147.8 148.3 M 152.5 152.0 153.4 154.3 154.5 154.6 154.7 147.0 146.6 148.1 149.0 149.2 149.3 149.5 161.4 157.8 154.0 152.8 153.9 152.6 155.4 155.1 156.3 156.4 156.6 157.5 157.1 157.5 157.5 157.4 151.5 145.6 145.6 147.4 148.2 148.3 148.9 149.4 Baltimore, M D .............................. Boston, MA .................................. Cleveland, O F I.............................. Miami, F L ....................................... St. Louis, M O -IL ........................... Washington, DC-M D -VA .......... 144.2 153.5 135.7 141.1 138.7 148.9 _ _ _ - - 149.1 156.9 139.7 146.6 143.9 152.4 - - 147.7 157.0 139.0 145.3 142.3 151.2 Size classes: A ( 1 2 / 8 6 - 1 0 0 ) ........................ B ..................................................... C .................................................... D .................................................... Selected local areas Dallas-Ft. Worth, T X .................. Detroit, M l ...................................... Houston, TX ................................. Pittsburgh, PA .............................. M M 157.9 153.5 157.7 153.1 158.9 155.4 159.9 156.6 160.3 157.8 160.9 158.0 M 148.2 148.0 149.4 150.3 150.5 151.1 1 1 1 1 1 1 145.0 155.0 143.3 143.5 139.7 151.5 2 2 2 2 _ “ _ _ - - - - 140.3 142.6 136.8 143.9 141.9 145.5 137.8 146.5 148.7 158.0 146.6 147.3 142.9 153.8 _ “ 1 Area definitions are those established by the Office of M anage m ent and Budget in 1983, except for Boston-Lawrence-Salem , M A-NH, Area (excludes Monroe County); and Milwaukee, W l, Area (includes only the Milwaukee MSA). Definitions do not include revisions made since 1983. Excludes farms and the military. 2 Foods, fuels, and several other items priced every month in all areas; most other goods and services priced as indicated:. M - Every month. 1 - January, March, May, July, Septem ber, and November. 2 - February, April, June, August, October, and December. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis _ 143.3 147.3 139.3 147.3 150.3 158.4 147.3 148.7 144.5 155.1 _ - _ 145.0 148.1 138.0 148.9 _ - 139.3 137.9 136.2 137.4 141.7 141.0 137.8 140.3 _ “ ~ 142.7 142.7 138.9 141.1 “ - 144.5 143.6 137.6 142.6 3 Regions are defined as the four Census regions. - Data not available. NO TE: Local area CPI indexes are byproducts of the national CPI program. Because each local index is a small subset of the national in dex, it has a smaller sam ple size and is, therefore, subject to substan tially more sampling and other m easurem ent error than the national in dex. As a result, local area indexes show greater volatility than the na tional index, although their long-term trends are quite similar. Therefore, the Bureau of Labor Statistics strongly urges users to consider adopting the national average CPI for use in escalator clauses. Monthly Labor Review June 1995 103 Current Labor Statistics: 33. Price Data Annual data: Consumer Price Index, U.S. city average, all items and major groups (1982-84 = 100) 1986 Series Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All items: In d e x ................................................................................................. Percent c h a n g e ............................................................................ Food and beverages: Percent c h a n g e ............................................................................ Housing: Percent c h a n g e ............................................................................ Apparel and upkeep: In d e x ................................................................................................. Percent c h a n g e ............................................................................ Transportation: In d e x ................................................................................................. Percent c h a n g e ............................................................................ Medical care: Percent c h a n g e ............................................................................ Entertainment: Percent c h a n g e ............................................................................ O ther goods and services: Percent c h a n g e ............................................................................ 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 109.6 1.9 113.6 3.6 118.3 4.1 124.0 4.8 130.7 5.4 136.2 4.2 140.3 3.0 144.5 3.0 148.2 2.6 109.1 3.3 113.5 4.0 118.2 4.1 124.9 5.7 132.1 5.8 136.8 3.6 138.7 1.4 141.6 2.1 144.9 2.3 110.9 3.0 114.2 3.0 118.5 3.8 123.0 3.8 128.5 4.5 133.6 4.0 137.5 2.9 141.2 2.7 144.8 2.5 105.9 .9 110.6 4.4 115.4 4.3 118.6 2.8 124.1 4.6 128.7 3.7 131.9 2.5 133.7 1.4 133.4 -.2 102.3 -3 .9 105.4 3.0 108.7 3.1 114.1 5.0 120.5 5.6 123.8 2.7 126.5 2.2 130.4 3.1 134.3 3.0 122.0 7.5 130.1 6.6 138.6 6.5 149.3 7.7 162.8 9.0 177.0 8.7 190.1 7.4 201.4 5.9 211.0 4.8 111.6 3.4 115.3 3.3 120.3 4.3 126.5 5.2 132.4 4.7 138.4 4.5 142.3 2.8 145.8 2.5 150.1 2.9 121.4 6.0 128.5 5.8 137.0 6.6 147.7 7.8 159.0 7.7 171.6 7.9 183.3 6.8 192.9 5.2 198.5 2.9 108.6 1.6 112.5 3.6 117.0 4.0 122.6 4.8 129.0 5.2 134.3 4.1 138.2 2.9 142.1 2.8 145.6 2.5 Consum er Price Index for Urban W age Earners and Clerical Workers: All items: Percent c h a n g e ............................................................................ 104 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 1995 34. Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing (1982 = 100) Annual average 1994 Grouping 1993 Finished g o o d s ................................................ Finished consumer goods ........................... Finished consumer fo o d s ......................... Finished consum er goods excluding foods ............................................................... .. Nondurable goods less food ................ Durable g o o d s ............................................ Capital e q u ip m e n t............................................ 121.7 117.6 128.0 78.0 1994 May June July Aug. 125.5 126.8 126.8 125.3 126.6 126.6 125.6 125.9 125.9 126.0 126.2 126.2 126.5 126.6 126.6 121.6 116.2 130.9 77.0 121.2 115.6 130.9 76.2 122.0 116.9 130.8 78.3 122.5 117.5 130.9 79.6 123.4 118.7 131.0 81.4 1995 Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. 125.6 126.3 126.3 125.8 126.1 126.1 126.1 126.9 126.9 126.2 128.6 128.6 126.5 127.8 127.8 126.9 128.3 128.3 126.9 128.5 128.5 127.6 128.5 128.5 122.2 117.8 129.2 79.6 122.0 116.3 132.1 77.1 122.3 116.7 132.1 77.7 121.8 115.9 132.2 75.9 122.2 116.4 132.6 76.5 122.6 116.9 132.6 76.6 122.7 117.1 132.4 76.4 123 8 118.7 132.4 78.8 In te rm e d ia te m a teria ls, supplies, and c o m p o n e n ts ....................................................... Materials and components for manufacturing .................................................. Materials for food m anufacturing............ Materials for nondurable manufacturing Materials for durable m anufacturing...... Components for m anufacturing............... 116.2 118.5 117.2 118.2 118.7 119.5 120.1 120.0 120.9 121.1 122.2 123.3 123.7 124.7 112.7 115.6 115.5 119.1 123.0 114.8 118.5 119.2 125.2 124.3 116.5 120.1 116.4 122.7 124.1 115.5 118.0 117.1 124.2 124.2 113.4 116.2 118.1 125.1 124.4 113.6 117.8 119.7 126.0 124.3 113.9 118.5 122.3 127.4 124.5 112.2 116.8 124.3 128.5 124.6 112.1 118.0 125.4 130.6 124.8 111.5 117.5 126.7 131.8 124.9 112.0 118.0 129.3 134.2 125.4 111.8 118.5 131.5 136.1 125.9 112.7 119.0 132.4 136.5 125.9 111.7 117.1 135.7 136.8 126.2 Materials and components for construction...................................................... Processed fuels and lubricants................... C o n tain e rs ........................................................... S u p p lies ............................................................... . 84.6 123.8 135.8 125.0 83.0 127.1 137.1 127.0 81.2 125.7 137.0 126.6 84.2 126.3 137.1 126.9 85.8 126.7 137.1 126.9 87.3 127.3 137.2 126.9 86.5 128.3 136.4 127.2 83.0 129.2 137.8 127.5 83.4 130.2 137.8 127.9 82.2 130.9 138.1 128.4 82.0 132.3 138.6 129.2 82.4 133.6 139.0 129.8 82.3 134.1 139.1 130.4 83 9 135.2 139 4 131.2 C ru d e m a teria ls fo r fu rth e r proc es s in g .. Foodstuffs and feedstuffs ........................... Crude nonfood m a te ria ls .............................. 102.4 108.4 76.7 101.8 106.5 72.1 103.0 109.7 73.4 103.2 107.8 75.2 102.2 103.6 75.3 101.9 101.8 75.6 99.7 101.3 71.3 98.2 98.9 70.2 99.1 100.4 69.3 100.5 101.6 69.9 100.9 102.1 68.6 102.7 104.0 69.8 102.3 103.2 69.2 103 9 101.9 72.9 124.4 78.0 132.9 133.5 135.8 125.1 77.0 134.2 134.2 137.1 124.8 76.2 134.1 134.0 137.0 125.4 78.3 133.9 133.8 137.1 125.8 79.6 134.0 133.9 137.1 126.4 81.4 134.2 134.1 137.2 125.3 79.6 133.6 133.6 136.4 125.6 77.1 134.5 134.4 137.8 125.8 77.7 134.7 134.7 137.8 125.5 75.9 135.4 135.5 138.1 126.0 76.5 135.5 135.4 138.6 126.4 76.6 136.0 135.9 139.0 126.4 76.4 136.1 136.1 139.1 127.3 78 8 136 3 136.3 139.4 138.5 139.0 138.8 138.9 138.9 139.0 138.2 139.6 139.7 140.0 140.3 140.8 141.0 141.3 146.1 144.4 144.2 144.3 144.2 144.4 144.6 144.7 144.8 145.2 145.5 146.3 147.0 147.4 S pec ial groupings: Finished goods, excluding fo o d s ................ Finished energy g o o d s .................................... Finished goods less e n e r g y .......................... Finished consumer goods less e n e r g y ..... Finished goods less food and e n e rg y ....... Finished consumer goods less food and e n e r g y ........................................................ Consumer nondurable goods less food and e n e r g y ........................................................ Intermediate materials less foods and fe e d s .................................................................... Intermediate foods and fe e d s ....................... Interm ediate energy g o o d s ............................ Interm ediate goods less e n e r g y .................. Intermediate materials less foods and e n e r g y .................................................................. 116.4 112.7 84.6 123.2 118.7 114.8 83.0 126.3 117.3 116.5 81.2 125.2 118.3 115.5 84.2 125.6 119.0 113.4 85.8 125.9 119.8 113.6 87.3 126.5 120.4 113.9 86.5 127.5 120.4 112.2 83.0 128.2 121.3 112.1 83.4 129.1 121.6 111.5 82.2 129.7 122.7 112.0 82.0 131.1 123.9 111.8 82.4 132.4 124.3 112.7 82.3 132.9 125.4 111.7 83.9 133.8 123.8 127.1 125.7 126.3 126.7 127.3 128.3 129.2 130.2 130.9 132.3 133.6 134.1 135.2 Crude energy m a te ria ls .................................... Crude materials less e n e rg y ........................... Crude nonfood materials less e n e r g y ........ 76.7 116.3 140.2 72.1 119.3 156.2 73.4 120.3 151.4 75.2 119.1 152.4 75.3 117.0 155.6 75.6 116.4 157.9 71.3 116.4 159.2 70.2 114.6 159.3 69.3 117.0 164.1 69.9 119.1 168.4 68.6 120.9 173.7 69.8 123.1 177.0 69.2 122.9 178.3 72.9 122.6 180.7 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review June 1995 105 Current Labor Statistics: 35. Price Data Producer price indexes for the net output of major industry groups (Decem ber 1 9 8 4 = 1 0 0 , unless otherwise indicated) Industry SIC 1993 Total mining In d u stries.................................. Metal m in in g .......................................................... Coal mining (1 2 /8 5 — 1 0 0 ) ................................ Oil and gas extraction (1 2 /8 5 — 1 0 0 ) ............ Mining and quarrying of nonmetallic minerals, except f u e ls ..................................... Printing, publishing, and allied industries.............................................................. Chemicals and allied p roducts........................ Petroleum refining and related p ro d u c ts ..... Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products Leather and leather products ......................... Stone, clay, glass, and concrete products .. Primary metal industries .................................... Fabricated metal products, except machinery and transportation e q u ip m e n t............................................................ Machinery, except e le c trica l............................. Electrical and electronic machinery, equipment, and s u p p lie s ................................ Transportation equ ip m en t................................. Measuring and controlling instruments; photographic, medical, optical goods; watches, c lo c k s ................................................. Miscellaneous manufacturing industries ( 1 2 / 8 5 - 1 0 0 ) ...................................................... 1994 May June July Aug. 1995 Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. 10 12 13 76.4 69.7 93.3 76.2 73.3 81.4 93.2 71.1 73.7 74.6 93.2 72.0 74.9 81.4 92.0 73.5 74.3 84.9 92.1 72.4 75.0 84.4 92.7 73.3 72.4 87.6 94.3 69.2 71.0 88.3 95.0 67.1 70.5 91.1 94.9 66.2 72.0 94.2 92.0 68.6 70.5 98.2 89.3 66.7 71.4 99.0 88.5 67.9 70.9 101.8 91.5 66.4 73.5 105.0 94.4 69.4 14 118.8 120.5 120.6 120.5 120.5 120.4 120.5 120.7 120.8 120.9 122.1 123.3 123.3 123.1 20 21 22 119.1 118.7 218.0 113.6 120.7 120.1 187.8 113.6 120.4 120.6 187.7 113.2 120.4 119.8 187.7 113.5 120.9 119.7 187.7 113.6 121.5 120.1 187.7 113.8 121.1 119.9 187.9 113.8 121.5 119.6 187.6 113.9 121.9 119.6 188.1 114.2 121.7 119.4 187.9 114.3 122.4 120.1 187.9 114.6 123.0 120.9 188.8 115.5 123.2 121.0 190.6 115.7 124.0 120.2 190.8 116.0 23 119.2 119.7 119.7 119.5 119.8 119.7 119.7 119.8 119.7 119.8 119.6 120.1 120.3 120.6 24 25 26 148.3 125.4 120.2 154.4 129.7 123.7 152.5 130.1 120.7 153.7 130.1 121.6 152.7 130.2 122.1 153.3 130.1 123.3 154.1 130.3 125.5 153.9 130.5 128.2 155.9 130.9 130.4 155.5 131.0 132.8 155.5 131.4 134.6 155.5 131.9 138.8 155.7 ' 155.0 132.1 132.5 143.7 140.8 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 145.6 127.2 77.6 115.4 129.0 115.4 111.4 149.7 130.0 74.8 117.1 130.6 119.6 117.0 149.2 128.0 73.5 116.0 129.8 119.1 115.1 149.2 128.4 74.7 116.4 130.1 119.8 116.0 149.4 129.2 78.0 116.7 130.3 120.1 117.0 149.6 130.3 82.5 117.0 130.6 120.4 117.5 150.3 132.0 79.5 117.9 131.3 120.7 118.7 150.8 133.6 76.2 118.8 131.7 121.1 119.7 151.7 134.4 77.8 119.5 132.1 121.4 121.7 152.4 136.1 73.5 120.1 132.5 121.6 122.9 153.9 137.9 73.4 121.0 133.1 122.3 126.3 155.2 140.3 74.7 121.4 133.8 122.8 128.2 156.0 141.0 74.3 122.4 133.9 123.6 129.1 157.0 143.3 80.6 123.1 134.1 124.6 129.4 34 118.2 120.3 119.8 120.0 120.3 120.6 120.8 121.2 121.6 121.8 122.6 123.8 124.2 124.6 35 116.8 117.5 117.4 117.5 117.6 117.6 117.7 117.7 117.7 117.8 118.4 118.8 118.9 119.0 36 37 112.0 126.3 112.7 130.1 112.9 130.1 112.7 129.9 112.8 130.1 112.7 130.1 112.6 128.2 112.6 131.5 112.6 131.2 112.7 131.6 113.1 132.2 113.4 132.2 113.1 131.9 113.1 132.0 38 120.8 122.1 122.0 122.1 122.3 122.2 122.0 122.3 122.6 122.6 123.0 123.1 123.4 123.7 39 121.5 123.3 123.2 123.3 123.5 123.5 123.6 123.6 123.8 124.0 124.9 125.1 125.2 125.5 42 43 44 45 46 119.8 99.7 105.6 96.6 101.9 119.8 100.0 108.5 102.6 101.7 119.8 99.9 108.0 100.9 101.9 119.8 99.1 109.1 101.0 102.1 119.8 99.5 109.0 102.3 102.2 119.8 100.1 109.0 102.9 102.3 119.8 100.3 108.5 103.0 102.7 119.8 102.9 108.3 103.7 102.7 119.8 101.4 108.1 106.5 102.9 119.8 101.6 107.9 107.0 103.1 132.1 102.8 108.0 110.9 104.1 132.1 102.6 109.7 110.9 104.4 132.1 102.6 110.7 110.9 104.6 132.1 101.9 110.1 110.9 Total manufacturing industries.................... Food and kindred p ro d u c ts .............................. Tobacco m a n u fa ctu res ...................................... Textile mill p ro d u c ts ............................................ Apparel and other finished products m ade from fabrics and similar m a teria ls ............................................................... Lumber and wood products, except fu rn itu re ................................................................ Furniture and fix tu re s ......................................... Paper and allied products ................................ 1994 Annual average Service Industries: Motor freight transportation and warehousing ( 0 6 /9 3 = 1 0 0 ) ............... U.S. Postal Service (0 6 /8 9 — 1 0 0 ) ................. W ater transportation (1 2 /9 2 — 1 0 0 ) ............... Transportation by air (1 2 /9 2 — 100) .............. Pipelines, except natural gas ( 1 2 /8 6 = 1 0 0 ) - Data not available. 36. Annual data: Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing (1 9 82 = 100) Index 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 103.2 107.3 63.0 110.6 105.4 109.5 61.8 113.3 108.0 112.6 59.8 117.0 113.6 118.7 65.7 122.1 119.2 124.4 75.0 126.6 121.7 124.1 78.1 131.1 123.2 123.3 77.8 134.2 124.7 125.7 78.0 135.8 125.5 126.8 77.0 137.1 99.1 96.2 72.6 104.9 101.5 99.2 73.0 107.8 107.1 109.5 70.9 115.2 112.0 113.8 76.1 120.2 114.5 113.3 85.5 120.9 114.4 111.1 85.1 121.4 114.7 110.7 84.3 122.0 116.2 112.7 84.6 123.8 118.5 114.8 83.0 127.1 87.7 93.2 71.8 103.1 93.7 96.2 75.0 115.7 96.0 106.1 67.7 133.0 103.1 111.2 75.9 137.9 108.9 113.1 85.9 136.3 101.2 105.5 80.4 128.2 100.4 105.1 78.8 128.4 102.4 108.4 76.7 140.2 101.8 106.5 72.1 156.2 Finished goods: Total .................................................................................... Foods ............................................................................. E n e rg y ............................................................................ Other .............................................................................. Intermediate materials, supplies, and components: Total .................................................................................... Foods ............................................................................. E n e rg y ............................................................................ O t h e r .............................................................................. Crude materials for further processing: Total .................................................................................... Foods ............................................................................. E n e rg y ............................................................................ O t h e r .............................................................................. 106 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 1995 37. U.S. export price indexes by Standard International Trade Classification (1 9 9 0 = 1 0 0 , unless otherwise indicated) Category SITC Rev. 3 1994 May June July Food and live an im als................ M eat and m eat preparations............... Cereals and cereal pre p ara tio n s ....... Vegetables, fruit, and nuts, prepared fresh or dry 04 05 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels Hides, skins, and furskins, r a w .......... Oilseeds and oleaginous fruits .............. Crude rubber (including synthetic and reclaimed) Cork and wood ................. Pulp and w aste p a p e r ........ Textile fibers and their w aste ....... Crude fertilizers and crude minerals .... Metalliferous ores and metal scrap ...... 113.2 23 94.1 27 28 86.1 Animal and vegetable oils, fats, and waxes 109.7 54 55 57 58 59 107.2 Feb. Mar. 102.6 105.9 102.4 107.7 96.1 109.6 103.9 108.8 99.6 106.6 105.2 112.4 100.8 109.2 106.7 109.0 103.9 113.3 105.7 109.3 102.8 109.9 106.6 108.4 104.6 109.2 108.8 112.4 103.1 119.2 108.9 103.9 96.2 99.3 149.1 105.0 101.8 96.2 100.2 108.9 107.2 87.4 102.0 149.0 108.6 100.2 95.4 104.3 112.7 109.9 89.5 104.5 151.0 118.5 103.8 96.4 108.9 116.8 110.4 91.9 104.7 151.5 126.8 110.5 96.4 116.5 120.4 111.3 91.9 109.6 154.6 135.5 116.2 97.5 119.9 124.4 110.8 92.0 115.8 157.8 145.9 122.8 97.2 124.4 127.2 109.6 93.7 117.0 157.5 155.7 134.3 98.3 122.5 89.5 91.0 87.6 93.3 87.5 93.6 88.2 93.9 89.3 94.1 89.3 94.0 89.4 94.7 89.4 94.7 87.0 81.1 80.6 81.1 82.8 82.8 82.4 82.6 109.0 116.2 118.1 119.1 132.1 134.7 124.2 121.9 101.5 107.9 103.8 107.9 109.7 121.5 101.4 109.0 106.6 107.6 109.5 129.5 104.6 109.2 108.1 107.5 109.7 132.5 104.2 109.7 109.2 107.5 109.4 134.0 104.8 110.9 112.4 107.6 109.7 137.0 105.7 113.1 113.8 107.8 110.0 138.6 105.9 114.5 115.1 108.1 110.3 141.2 106.4 112.4 106.1 109.3 106.6 110.2 108.0 110.7 109.3 110.3 110.9 110.5 112.1 111.6 113.1 112.6 113.9 114.8 100.3 97.6 101.8 107.6 98.7 105.9 107.6 102.5 108.2 107.4 107.1 111.0 108.6 111.4 115.8 108.6 113.8 117.4 108.5 116.1 118.7 109.4 115.2 113.5 109.3 103.7 113.7 109.9 103.7 113.6 109.9 103.8 114.5 109.9 103.7 114.6 109.9 103.9 115.1 110.6 104.1 115.3 111.1 104.1 114.2 111.5 110.3 11U.5 78.8 110.5 78.5 110.5 78.4 110.5 78.1 111.2 77.6 111.7 77.1 111.8 76.7 107.3 106.5 106.8 101.8 106.6 106.7 101.9 107.2 106.7 101.7 107.2 106.4 101.5 107.3 107.0 101.8 107.4 107.0 101.5 107.7 106.3 102.3 107.8 111.9 112.5 112.2 113.1 112.6 113.5 113.4 113.2 107.4 109.2 107.7 109.5 100.2 105.3 Rubber manufactures, n.e.s....... Paper, paperboard, and articles of paper, pulp, and p a p e rb o a rd .............. 66 95.6 Machinery and transport equ ipm ent.... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Jan. 95.4 99.3 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by m aterials.................... Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments and apparatus Dec. 96.0 100.8 149.9 110.5 102.1 95.8 Chemicals and related products, n.e.s. Power generating machinery and equipment ... Machinery specialized for particular industries . G eneral industrial machines and parts, n.e.s., and machine p a r ts ............ Com puter equipment and office machines Te ©communications and sound recording and reproducing apparatus and e q u ip m e n t........ Electrical machinery and equipment Road v e h ic le s .................... Nov. 106.3 Coal, coke, and b riq u e tte s ............. Petroleum, petroleum products, and related m a te ria ls .......................... Ncmmetalllc mineral manufactures, n.e.s Nonferrous m e ta ls ............... Oct. 21 Mineral fuels, lubricants, and related products Medicinal and pharmaceutical products Essential oils; polishing and cleaning preparations Plastics in primary forms ( 1 2 /9 2 = 1 0 0 ) Plastics in nonprimary forms ( 1 2 /9 2 = 1 0 0 ) Cfiemical materials and products, n.e s Sept. 109.6 1^2 9 96.1 71 72 104.2 112.4 110.1 75 81.6 76 107.5 1995 Aug. 111.9 Monthly Labor Review June 1995 107 Current Labor Statistics: 38. Price Data U.S. import price indexes by Standard International Trade Classification (1 9 9 0 = 1 0 0 , unless otherwise indicated) 1995 1994 SITC Ftev.3 Category June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. 0 01 109.0 91.0 114.7 89.9 118.0 90.7 118.8 91.9 120.6 91.0 118.4 90.9 118.7 91.7 120.1 90.3 116.9 89.7 120.5 88.6 03 04 05 06 121.2 102.0 102.5 98.2 122.0 101.6 98.3 98.9 123.6 101.7 99.9 98.8 123.5 100.5 100.1 96.8 126.1 102.5 99.4 97.1 126.5 101.9 100.6 96.7 127.9 101.9 112.6 97.2 125.7 101.6 120.3 98.3 125.7 101.5 110.0 98.8 127.7 102.0 114.0 98.1 07 137.1 181.7 195.9 202.2 212.0 194.5 172.3 172.2 168.6 183.7 114.4 114.5 121.0 165.6 143.3 105.0 89.6 105.5 140.1 Fish and crustaceans, mollusks, and other Coffee, tea, cocoa, spices, and manufactures 1 11 113.2 112.8 113.5 113.0 113.6 113.1 113.4 113.5 113.6 113.6 113.7 113.8 113.5 113.6 114.0 114.2 113.4 113.6 2 23 24 25 27 28 29 106.7 106.3 159.9 70.1 82.3 89.6 131.2 106.7 114.6 153.6 72.3 82.1 91.0 128.5 107.2 119.6 154.8 76.7 82.4 90.2 118.6 108.5 121.0 155.4 80.1 82.3 92.3 118.3 110.4 134.0 151.3 86.4 86.0 92.8 117.4 113.9 135.7 157.2 90.0 86.1 94.3 126.6 114.6 143.8 149.6 90.7 86.6 97.2 139.2 118.9 159.8 152.7 97.4 87.9 98.6 142.8 121.6 164.8 150.0 97.4 87.9 101.1 166.3 3 76.3 80.1 79.2 73.5 73.9 76.9 75.3 76.0 77.8 79.2 74.5 88.3 83.5 75.4 84.8 82.3 77.5 81.7 79.9 79.1 79.1 78.0 Petroleum, petroleum products, and related 33 34 35 75.7 83.7 83.7 79.6 86.4 89.8 78.6 86.9 92.4 72.6 87.4 88.8 73.1 86.0 86.2 76.1 87.5 83.3 4 135.1 135.0 136.9 140.0 141.6 144.1 155.0 152.2 145.4 151.8 5 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 102.6 100.7 101.5 117.5 108.4 104.0 101.2 98.3 101.7 103.4 100.0 102.0 118.7 109.5 102.3 102.8 99.1 101.9 103.9 100.7 102.7 120.3 110.7 101.0 103.1 99.4 103.1 105.7 102.7 102.5 119.7 110.5 102.1 101.6 102.8 105.2 106.6 105.6 102.9 120.2 111.8 105.0 101.4 102.1 103.1 107.8 106.8 103.2 121.4 112.7 107.0 102.1 105.8 103.4 108.8 107.6 102.9 120.5 113.4 107.2 102.9 107.1 103.7 109.1 108.5 102.4 120.2 114.5 108.2 107.3 110.0 102.6 110.1 109.4 103.3 120.7 115.3 109.7 107.3 112.8 103.4 111.1 113.1 104.4 121.4 116.8 112.0 106.8 115.5 104.2 6 62 101.0 102.4 101.5 101.4 102.4 102.2 103.0 101.5 103.9 102.5 105.4 102.6 106.4 102.3 107.4 102.4 108.6 102.1 109.0 102.8 64 66 68 69 95.6 108.5 85.2 104.6 97.1 108.9 88.2 104.7 97.9 108.9 90.0 105.7 99.4 109.8 91.0 106.0 99.2 109.6 95.6 106.2 101.3 109.9 99.1 107.0 105.2 110.5 103.1 106.4 108.6 110.4 105.6 106.3 108.6 110.7 110.8 107.0 113.2 110.9 106.1 108.5 7 72 106.8 109.7 106.9 110.3 107.4 111.5 107.4 111.5 108.1 112.0 108.2 112.8 108.0 112.5 107.9 112.3 108.2 113.2 108.3 114.0 74 75 109.0 87.1 110.1 86.1 110.5 86.0 110.3 86.0 110.9 85.7 111.6 84.5 111.6 84.8 112.1 84.7 112.8 84.5 112.9 83.7 76 77 78 97.4 106.1 112.7 97.4 106.0 112.8 97.8 106.8 113.4 97.5 106.6 113.5 97.6 106.9 115.0 97.7 106.7 115.3 97.7 106.5 115.1 97.4 106.4 115.0 97.6 106.6 115.4 97.7 106.8 115.4 85 100.2 100.4 101.0 101.0 101.0 101.3 101.1 100.7 101.0 101.1 88 109.1 109.7 110.6 110.8 111.1 110.8 110.6 109.9 110.7 111.0 Paper, paperboard, and articles of paper pulp, G eneral industrial machinery and equipment, n.e.s., Telecom m unications and sound recording and Photographic apparatus, equipment, and supplies, 108 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 1995 39. U.S. export price indexes by end-use category (1990 = 100 unless otherwise indicated) 1994 1995 Category June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. ALL C O M M O DITIES............................................................................... 103.2 103.4 103.6 103.8 104.4 105.1 105.8 106.7 107.4 107.9 i:oods, feeds, and beverages .................................................................... Agricultural foods, feeds, and beverages .......................................... Nonagricultural (fish, beverages) food p ro d u c ts ....................................................................................................... 104.5 104.8 102.0 101.8 101.1 100.1 101.3 100.3 101.5 100.1 102.9 101.5 104.7 103.4 103.8 102.5 104.5 102.8 106.2 104.1 100.2 101.3 108.2 107.9 112.1 112.8 113.0 113.5 117.1 122.1 Industrial supplies and m ateria ls ............................................................... 100.5 102.2 103.5 104.3 106.0 107.9 109.9 112.5 114.1 115.3 Agricultural industrial supplies and materials ............................................................................................. 105.0 104.7 105.7 107.1 107.7 109.7 114.4 117.7 118.7 122.0 Fuels and lubricants ................................................................................... Nonagricultural supplies and materials, excluding fuel and building m a teria ls ................................................ Selected building m a te ria ls ...................................................................... 89.8 91.6 92.9 90.3 90.0 90.6 91.4 91.5 91.6 91.0 97.7 147.1 99.8 147.0 101.2 147.4 102.6 147.2 104.9 147.3 107.1 148.6 109.2 149.7 112.2 151.4 114.2 153.2 115.5 153.4 Capital g o o d s .................................................................................................... Electric and electrical generating e q u ip m e n t.................................................................................................... Nonelectrical m a ch in e ry ............................................................................ 104.1 104.1 103.7 103.7 103.6 103.7 103.6 103.9 104.0 104.2 106.4 101.6 106.5 101.5 106.5 101.0 106.6 100.8 106.7 100.6 106.8 100.8 106.4 100.6 106.9 100.9 107.0 100.9 107.3 101.0 Automotive vehicles, parts, and e n g in e s ............................................... 106.5 106.6 106.6 106.7 107.2 107.2 107.3 107.4 107.7 107.3 Consum er goods, excluding a u to m o tiv e ................................................ Nondurables, m anufactured..................................................................... Durables, m anufactured ............................................................................ Nonmanufactured consumer g o o d s ...................................................... 108.0 110.1 105.8 100.0 107.7 109.7 105.8 99.4 107.9 109.9 106.0 99.3 108.1 110.1 106.3 98.4 108.2 110.1 106.5 99.3 108.3 110.2 106.6 98.9 108.2 110.0 106.3 100.7 108.3 110.3 106.3 108.8 110.8 106.9 - - 109.0 111.2 106.9 99.9 Agricultural com m o d ities .............................................................................. Nonagricultural c o m m o d itie s ...................................................................... 104.7 103.1 102.4 103.7 101.2 104.0 101.7 104.2 101.6 104.9 103.2 105.5 105.7 106.0 105.6 107.0 106.1 107.7 107.8 108.1 - 40. Data not available. U.S. import price indexes by end-use category (1990 = 100) 1994 1995 Category June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. ALL CO M M O DITIES............................................................................... 101.9 102.8 103.3 102.8 103.5 104.2 104.1 104.4 105.1 105.6 Foods, feeds, and beverages .................................................................... Agricultural foods, feeds, and beverages .......................................... Nonagricultural (fish, beverages) food p ro d u c ts ....................................................................................................... 111.5 107.6 116.3 113.9 119.0 117.2 120.0 118.5 121.8 120.2 120.1 117.7 120.2 117.6 121.1 119.4 118.8 116.2 121.8 119.8 121.3 122.2 123.2 123.5 125.3 125.7 126.7 125.1 125.0 126.8 Industrial supplies and m a teria ls ............................................................... 90.2 92.3 92.5 90.6 91.5 93.8 93.7 94.8 96.5 97.7 Fuels and lu b rica n ts ...................................................................................... Petroleum and petroleum products ...................................................... 77.2 75.2 80.9 79.0 80.0 78.1 74.5 72.2 74.8 72.8 77.7 75.8 76.1 74.2 77.0 75.1 78.7 77.1 80.4 78.7 Paper and paper base s to c k s .................................................................... Materials assiciated with nondurable supplies and materials ............................................................................................. S elected building m a teria ls ......................................................................... Unfinished metals associated with durable g o o d s ............................. Nonm etals associated with durable goods .......................................... 87.6 89.2 90.9 93.0 94.7 96.8 100.1 104.7 105.7 111.0 102.7 131.1 91.4 97.4 103.6 127.9 92.8 97.8 104.6 128.4 93.9 98.7 106.4 128.6 95.3 98.0 107.5 126.5 98.1 100.4 109.4 129.8 100.1 100.5 110.3 125.7 102.5 100.7 111.5 125.7 103.8 100.8 112.7 125.2 107.4 101.2 113.8 123.1 106.0 103.0 Capital g o o d s .................................................................................................... Electric and electrical generating e q u ip m e n t.................................... Nonelectrical m a ch in e ry ............................................................................ Transportation equipment, excluding motor vehicles and spacecraft (1 2 /9 2 = 100) ......................................... Automotive vehicles, parts and e n g in e s ................................................ 104.3 106.5 103.1 104.3 106.9 103.1 104.9 107.7 103.7 104.8 107.4 103.7 105.1 107.7 103.9 105.0 108.3 103.7 104.9 108.1 103.6 104.7 107.9 103.4 105.1 109.2 103.7 105.1 109.6 103.7 104.9 110.8 105.0 110.9 104.7 111.5 105.2 111.6 105.7 112.9 105.8 113.2 105.3 113.0 _ _ _ 112.9 113.2 113.3 Consumer goods, excluding a u to m o tiv es .............................................. Nondurables, m anufactured..................................................................... Durables, manufactured ............................................................................ Nonmanufactured consumer g o o d s ...................................................... 105.7 105.4 105.2 112.2 105.8 105.6 105.3 111.7 105.9 105.8 105.5 110.0 106.0 106.0 105.6 110.3 106.2 106.2 105.6 110.6 106.4 106.5 105.6 112.0 106.4 106.4 105.6 113.4 106.3 106.1 105.6 114.0 106.8 106.4 106.0 117.2 106.8 106.8 106.2 112.1 - Data not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review June 1995 109 Current Labor Statistics: 41. Price and Productivity Data U.S. international price indexes for selected categories of services (1 9 9 0 = 1 0 0 unless otherwise indicated)) 1995 1994 1993 Category Sept. June Mar. Mar. Dec. Sept. June Air freight (inbound) ............................................................................ Air freight (outb o u n d ).......................................................................... 100.1 97.3 106.4 96.6 106.6 95.6 106.1 96.4 105.9 96.5 108.1 96.2 Air passenger fares (U.S. carriers) ............................................... Air passenger fares (foreign c a rrie rs )........................................... O cean liner freight (in b o u n d )........................................................... 109.8 108.0 104.0 117.2 115.7 103.5 119.0 117.0 103.3 111.4 107.2 102.1 113.1 108.1 103.4 119.7 114.6 106.3 42. Mar. Dec. 108.6 96.2 110.4 97.3 115.4 98.1 121.4 118.1 106.2 113.8 110.0 106.6 116.1 113.8 106.6 Indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, and unit costs, quarterly data seasonally adjusted (1982 = 100) Quarterly Indexes IV 119.2 164.7 107.6 138.2 155.3 143.8 120.3 166.2 107.6 138.1 157.6 144.5 121.5 167.4 107.8 137.8 158.9 144.8 121.6 169.0 108.1 139.0 158.4 145.4 117.9 162.6 106.9 137.9 155.3 143.5 117.2 162.9 106.4 138.9 158.1 145.1 118.2 164.1 106.3 138.9 160.8 145.9 119.3 165.5 106.6 138.7 161.7 146.1 119.5 167.2 106.9 139.9 161.2 146.7 124.1 155.9 103.1 122.6 125.7 114.8 220.9 134.8 128.7 125.1 157.9 103.8 123.5 126.2 116.6 218.2 135.7 129.4 124.6 157.9 103.1 123.4 126.7 115.2 228.7 136.6 129.9 125.2 159.1 103.1 124.0 127.1 116.2 228.8 137.4 130.5 126.2 160.2 103.2 123.8 127.0 115.9 230.3 137.4 130.4 “ “ “ 133.6 155.1 102.5 116.1 135.7 156.6 103.0 115.4 137.6 156.1 102.0 113.4 138.8 157.2 101.8 113.3 140.0 158.6 102.1 113.3 141.2 160.4 102.6 113.6 IV 116.4 160.0 107.0 137.5 149.6 141.4 117.3 161.2 107.4 137.4 150.4 141.6 119.0 162.1 107.2 136.3 153.8 142.1 119.8 164.6 108.2 137.4 153.2 142.6 114.4 157.2 106.0 137.5 151.5 142.0 114.5 158.2 105.8 138.1 151.8 142.5 115.6 159.3 106.1 137.7 153.5 142.8 117.0 160.2 105.9 136.9 156.1 143.1 120.6 153.1 104.0 123.8 127.0 115.7 191.2 129.9 127.9 120.0 154.0 103.8 125.0 128.3 116.8 183.7 129.4 128.7 121.3 154.5 103.4 124.1 127.3 115.8 199.4 131.5 128.7 122.7 155.4 103.5 123.6 126.7 115.8 202.5 132.1 128.5 128.8 150.7 102.4 117.0 130.0 150.0 101.1 115.4 130.7 152.1 101.8 116.4 131.7 153.6 102.4 116.6 IV I 115.9 156.0 106.9 134.7 145.8 138.3 116.8 157.7 107.1 135.1 150.2 140.1 116.2 158.8 107.0 136.6 149.5 140.8 113.9 154.7 106.0 135.9 147.0 139.5 115.0 156.4 106.2 136.1 152.1 141.2 119.1 151.5 103.8 124.9 127.2 119.0 171.0 128.8 127.7 127.6 148.4 101.6 116.3 II I II Business: Output per hour of all p e rs o n s .................................... Compensation per h o u r .................................................. Real compensation per h o u r ....................................... Unit labor c o s t s ................................................................ Unit nonlabor p a y m e n ts ................................................ Implicit price d e fla to r...................................................... I III III III 1995 1994 1993 1992 Item Nonfarm business: Output per hour of all p e rs o n s .................................... Compensation per h o u r .................................................. Real compensation per h o u r ....................................... Unit labor c o s t s ................................................................. Unit nonlabor payments ................................................ Implicit price d e fla to r...................................................... Nonflnanciai corporations: Output per hour of all e m p lo y e e s .............................. Compensation per h o u r .................................................. Real compensation per h o u r ....................................... Total unit c o s ts .................................................................. Unit labor costs ............................................................. Unit nonlabor c o s ts ...................................................... Unit p ro fits ........................................................................... Unit nonlabor p a y m e n ts ................................................ Implicit price d e fla to r ...................................................... Manufacturing: Output per hour of all p e rs o n s .................................... Compensation per h o u r ................................................. Real compensation per h o u r ....................................... Unit labor c o s t s ................................................................ - 110 Data not available. Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 1995 43. Annual Indexes of multifactor productivity and related measures, selected years (1 9 8 2 = 1 0 0 ) Item 1960 1970 1973 1980 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 Private business: Productivity: Output per hour of all p e rs o n s ................................ Output per unit of capital s e rv ic e s ......................... Multifactor productivity................................................ O u tp u t................................................................ Inputs: Hours of all perso n s .................................................... Capital services ....................................................... Combined units of labor and capital in p u t.......... Capital per hour of all p e rso n s .................................... 53.5 116.0 70.5 37.8 74.8 115.1 87.2 57.4 83.0 120.1 95.3 67.9 89.1 105.8 96.0 79.9 99.6 99.7 99.8 96.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.9 101.4 100.5 104.3 101.0 101.3 100.3 107.0 101.9 99.8 100.0 107.9 102.9 96.8 99.0 106.5 105.9 97.9 100.5 109.3 106.6 98.8 101.1 112.5 66.7 32.6 53.4 46.3 74.2 49.8 65.7 64.9 78.7 56.6 71.1 69.2 86.8 75.5 83.1 84.2 96.8 97.0 96.8 99.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 104.2 102.9 103.7 99.6 107.2 105.6 106.7 99.7 107.8 108.2 107.8 102.1 106.5 110.0 107.5 106.1 107.5 111.6 108.6 107.9 110.1 113.8 57.7 122.6 74.9 37.4 77.3 120.5 89.9 57.4 85.6 125.3 98.1 68.3 90.6 108.2 97.7 80.2 99.8 100.0 100.0 96.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.9 101.3 100.5 104.5 100.7 100.9 99.9 107.1 101.3 99.1 99.4 107.8 102.5 96.0 98.5 106.4 105.1 96.8 99.6 108.9 105.9 97.8 100.3 112.4 61.4 30.5 49.7 47.1 68.6 36.2 72.0 47.7 63.8 64.0 85.0 50.7 76.9 54.5 69.4 68.3 90.8 52.9 85.7 74.2 82.0 83.8 96.3 74.3 96.6 96.7 96.6 99.8 98.8 98.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 104.4 103.2 103.9 99.6 102.8 99.7 107.6 106.1 107.1 99.9 104.0 102.4 108.3 108.8 108.4 102.3 103.4 108.1 106.8 110.8 107.9 106.6 101.2 115.9 108.0 112.6 109.2 108.5 101.6 120.1 110.9 115.0 - Private nonfarm business: Productivity: Output per hour of all p e rs o n s ................................ Output per unit of capital s e rv ic e s ......................... Multifactor productivity................................................ O u tp u t..................................................................... Inputs: Hours of all perso n s ................................................ Capital services .................................................. Combined units of labor and capital in p u t.......... Capital per hour of all p e rso n s ................................... Combined units of labor and capital in p u ts ........ Capital per hour of all p e rs o n s .................................... Data not available. • NO TE: Productivity and output in this table have not been revised for 44. consistency with the Decem ber 1991 National Income and Product Accounts. comprehensive - revisions to the Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years (1982 = 100) Item 1960 1970 1973 1983 1985 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 65.6 21.1 68.8 32.2 33.6 32.6 87.0 36.7 91.3 42.2 42.7 42.4 95.1 45.1 98.1 47.5 52.1 49.0 102.3 103.8 100.6 101.5 107.5 103.4 106.3 113.2 101.5 106.5 120.8 111.2 109.6 123.1 104.6 112.3 125.5 116.6 110.7 128.5 104.8 116.0 130.6 120.8 109.9 133.0 103.5 121.0 136.6 126.1 110.7 140.6 103.8 127.1 139.8 131.2 112.1 147.4 104.4 131.5 144.9 135.9 115.5 154.9 106.6 134.2 148.3 138.8 117.2 160.5 107.2 136.9 150.9 141.5 120.1 165.6 107.8 137.9 156.3 143.9 69.9 22.2 72.4 31.8 33.3 32.3 88.5 37.0 92.0 41.8 43.0 42.2 96.4 45.4 98.7 47.1 49.6 47.9 102.5 104.0 100.8 101.5 109.2 104.0 105.6 112.8 101.1 106.8 121.6 111.6 108.6 122.5 104.1 112.8 126.6 117.2 109.6 127.7 104.2 116.5 131.8 121.4 108.6 132.0 102.7 121.5 137.1 126.5 109.1 139.2 102.8 127.6 140.6 131.8 110.7 146.2 103.6 132.1 146.5 136.7 113.7 153.7 105.7 135.2 149.7 139.9 115.4 158.7 106.0 137.5 153.3 142.6 118.1 163.6 106.6 138.6 159.0 145.2 75.3 23.6 77.0 29.5 31.4 24.8 75.1 34.2 32.3 90.3 38.4 95.4 40.5 42.5 35.5 69.5 41.9 42.3 95.0 46.6 101.2 46.5 49.0 40.2 87.9 49.2 49.1 103.8 103.4 100.2 99.5 99.6 99.3 135.9 106.2 101.8 106.5 112.0 100.4 103.7 105.2 100.1 168.1 112.9 107.7 111.2 120.9 102.7 107.0 108.8 102.5 172.1 115.6 111.0 113.3 125.9 102.7 109.8 111.1 106.4 183.5 120.9 114.3 111.5 130.2 101.3 115.7 116.8 112.9 168.5 123.3 119.0 112.7 137.1 101.2 120.1 121.7 116.3 167.5 125.9 123.1 115.0 143.8 101.9 123.7 125.0 120.5 164.7 128.8 126.3 118.5 150.4 103.5 124.4 126.9 118.0 177.2 129.1 127.7 122.0 154.9 103.5 123.8 127.0 115.8 201.9 132.0 128.6 125.2 158.7 103.3 123.7 126.7 116.0 226.5 136.8 130.0 - - - 102.2 102.7 99.5 100.5 113.5 103.8 106.7 111.3 99.8 104.2 120.1 108.2 116.6 118.4 100.6 101.6 134.5 109.8 119.2 123.1 100.4 103.2 147.4 114.3 119.9 127.9 99.5 106.7 153.3 118.4 122.1 134.7 99.5 110.4 153.7 121.2 124.9 141.9 100.5 113.7 157.0 124.5 127.5 147.9 101.7 116.0 157.0 126.3 131.6 152.8 102.0 116.1 138.0 157.1 102.3 113.8 Business: Output per hour of all p e rs o n s .................................... Com pensation per h o u r .................................................. Real compensation per h o u r ....................................... Unit labor c o s t s ................................................. .............. Unit nonlabor payments ................................................ Implicit price d e fla to r ...................................................... Nonfarm business: Output per hour of all p e rs o n s .................................... Compensation per h o u r .................................................. Real compensation per h o u r ....................................... Unit labor costs ................................................................ Unit nonlabor payments ................................................ Implicit price deflator ...................................................... Nonfinancial corporations: Output per hour of all e m p lo y e e s .............................. Compensation per h o u r .................................................. Real compensation per h o u r ....................................... Total unit c o s ts .................................................................. Unit labor costs ........................................................... Unit nonlabor c o s ts ...................................................... Unit p ro fits ................................................................. Unit nonlabor payments ................................................ Implicit price deflator ...................................................... Manufacturing: Output per hour of all p e rs o n s .................................... Compensation per h o u r .................................................. Real compensation per h o u r ....................................... Unit labor costs ......................................................... Unit nonlabor payments ................................................ Implicit price d e fla to r ...................................................... - " - - Data not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review June 1995 111 Current Labor Statistics: 45. Productivity Data Annual indexes of output per hour for selected industries (1987 = 100) SIC Industry 1973 1979 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 Iron mining, usable ore ............................................. Copper mining, recoverable m e ta l........................ Coai m in in g .................................................................... Crude petroleum and natural g a s ......................... Nonmetallic minerals, except fu e ls ....................... 101 102 12 131 14 50.9 42.4 69.1 174.1 85.3 51.0 48.5 54.6 110.6 90.1 76.2 93.6 85.2 83.4 93.9 79.4 110.0 92.5 90.9 94.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 103.6 109.7 110.6 100.8 102.2 99.5 107.8 116.5 97.8 102.0 90.1 104.5 118.4 96.8 105.0 86.9 103.0 122.1 97.7 103.2 85.8 118.7 132.5 102.2 109.0 83.6 120.5 144.4 106.5 111.1 Meatpacking p la n ts ..................................................... Sausages and other prepared m e a ts .................. Poultry dressing and processing............................ Cheese, natural and p ro c e s s e d ............................. Fluid m ilk ........................................................................ Canned fruits and v e g e ta b le s ................................ Frozen fruits and v e g e ta b le s ................................... Flour and other grain mill p ro d u c ts ...................... Cereal breakfast fo o d s .............................................. Rice milling .................................................................... W e t corn milling ........................................................... 2011 2013 2015 2022 2026 2033 2037 2041 2043 2 044 2 046 66.9 67.9 56.9 56.6 53.4 69.2 80.5 63.2 68.7 62.0 24.1 79.0 93.1 78.1 79.8 69.7 74.9 86.8 76.3 76.2 73.4 44.7 101.1 96.3 98.2 94.7 92.2 91.0 96.2 93.6 97.6 77.1 84.5 99.2 96.2 93.9 101.1 96.3 98.3 101.9 95.4 98.9 83.8 92.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.6 105.7 95.3 106.4 103.9 98.5 96.5 103.2 98.6 83.8 95.4 91.5 99.2 100.1 104.3 106.7 89.4 99.1 102.8 96.0 98.7 98.7 91.1 93.2 106.1 101.1 107.9 92.2 93.4 108.5 102.0 106.9 100.1 94.6 91.0 112.5 98.9 110.8 97.7 98.3 107.3 105.3 101.1 96.8 103.3 101.6 121.5 93.6 112.3 100.1 100.4 - Prepared feeds for animals and fo w ls ................ Bakery p ro d u c ts ........................................................... Raw and refined cane s u g a r .................................. Beet sugar ..................................................................... M alt b e v e ra g e s ............................................................. Bottled and canned soft d rin ks .............................. Fresh or frozen fish and s e a fo o d ......................... Cigarettes, chewing and smoking to b a c c o ........ 2 047,48 205 1,5 2 206 1,6 2 2063 2082 2086 2092 211,3 54.7 81.4 86.7 74.3 41.8 49.2 95.0 76.8 67.5 82.8 94.4 77.8 62.3 64.4 97.8 88.6 95.6 95.5 96.0 73.4 76.8 85.2 89.5 92.9 93.3 101.1 95.2 80.9 90.9 91.4 92.9 95.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.6 92.7 98.7 95.3 99.5 109.9 100.2 106.8 100.4 92.4 96.0 87.9 99.4 119.4 91.3 107.3 103.6 93.8 95.9 91.0 106.0 126.7 87.6 112.7 Cotton and synthetic broadwoven fa b ric s ......... 221,2 2251,52 2281 231 57.6 64.5 54.8 78.6 75.8 93.3 66.9 90.4 94.1 101.3 87.5 100.5 101.2 102.8 91.9 101.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 98.2 107.4 98.5 103.6 101.9 108.2 103.5 105.0 92.3 94.3 95.5 85.2 81.7 87.3 101.0 93.1 98.7 99.4 85.3 99.1 98.1 89.1 99.3 93.5 95.9 102.1 98.3 100.5 82.9 81.7 89.5 99.9 99.9 100.6 102.9 89.7 96.0 101.5 96.9 102.6 96.3 101.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 102.3 97.0 98.7 98.3 101.7 100.1 103.6 101.2 99.8 100.6 104.5 94.7 95.7 101.8 99.6 100.1 97.7 Yarn spinning m ills ...................................................... M e n’s and boys’ suits and c o a ts ........................... “ “ 113.4 - - “ - “ “ 103.2 90.5 99.3 93.3 103.8 135.1 84.8 119.2 89.8 99.4 95.8 104.1 144.1 89.9 128.0 104.3 91.2 106.5 144.6 106.1 105.7 107.1 105.2 114.0 111.4 106.9 95.2 116.0 117.0 114.7 108.2 100.1 96.2 97.8 91.4 101.9 102.7 109.6 99.5 101.0 99.8 112.0 94.2 99.0 102.5 97.7 101.7 94.1 100.3 95.3 98.3 94.4 95.7 108.4 113.2 98.3 98.5 103.7 114.7 95.8 95.5 103.2 100.3 105.2 92.4 102.9 97.5 96.2 92.6 98.4 114.6 115.0 99.8 103.4 107.4 122.1 99.0 92.7 105.1 100.0 104.4 89.6 111.1 104.6 94.1 116.5 116.3 110.3 109.0 103.3 107.7 107.3 115.3 104.7 94.4 109.2 100.9 104.4 94.1 - 139.8 122.9 111.2 107.3 Sawmills and planing mills, general ..................... Hardwood dimension and flo o rin g ........................ Millwork ........................................................................... Wood kitchen c a b in e ts .............................................. Hardwood veneer and p ly w o o d ............................. Softwood veneer and plywood .............................. W ood c o n ta in e rs ......................................................... W ood household furniture ....................................... Upholstered household fu rnitu re............................ Metal household fu rn itu re ........................................ M attresses and bedsprings ..................................... W ood office fu rn itu re ................................................. Office furniture, except w o o d ................................. Pulp, paper, and paperboard m ills ........................ Corrugated and solid fiber boxes ......................... Folding paperboard b o x e s ....................................... Paper and plastic b a g s ............................................. 2421 2 42 6 2431 2434 2435 2 43 6 2 44 251 1,1 7 2 512 2 514 2 51 5 2521 2522 261,2,3 2653 2657 2673,74 68.3 86.0 106.0 80.7 60.7 62.6 92.3 72.2 75.9 75.3 80.3 74.5 66.3 69.9 84.6 82.7 72.4 82.5 95.5 89.2 73.8 63.2 75.6 90.2 83.1 72.6 87.5 113.9 79.5 76.3 86.6 95.1 86.0 Alkalies and c h lo rin e .................................................. Inorganic pigments ..................................................... Industrial inorganic chemicals, not elsewhere c la s s ifie d ................................................. Synthetic fib e rs ............................................................. Soaps and d e te rg e n ts ............................................... Cosmetics and other toiletries ............................... Paints and allied p ro d u c ts ....................................... Industrial organic chemicals, not elsewhere c la s s ifie d ................................................. Nitrogenous fertilize rs ................................................ Phosphatic fertilizers ................................................. Fertilizers, mixing o n ly ............................................... Agricultural chemicals, not elsewhere classified................................................ 2812 2816 49.4 76.3 52.2 69.9 75.1 87.0 101.6 90.7 100.0 100.0 101.6 101.7 93.4 106.2 90.7 101.1 82.6 95.3 86.2 96.7 2 81 9 pt. 282 3,2 4 2841 2844 2 85 87.3 50.5 87.2 87.9 64.6 101.5 72.9 90.5 94.7 82.4 87.4 86.2 91.0 88.9 98.2 88.9 92.7 92.6 96.4 99.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 92.7 104.6 102.9 104.3 103.2 85.9 102.3 111.7 101.4 106.6 86.5 99.1 131.3 100.3 111.1 81.3 101.9 131.2 102.5 110.8 93.2 105.4 122.5 105.8 111.1 2 869 2 873 2874 2875 68.8 58.5 69.7 82.6 86.4 70.0 74.1 105.0 85.7 95.2 87.7 100.6 90.7 85.0 80.3 93.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 107.8 101.6 93.0 103.3 105.5 102.1 85.8 110.8 98.0 107.7 105.9 108.7 91.9 107.4 113.7 109.3 92.2 117.7 109.0 118.5 2879 72.8 87.4 91.2 91.7 100.0 108.7 107.9 105.0 101.5 106.3 - 291 301 305 2 81.2 55.0 83.1 82.3 62.0 85.0 84.3 88.1 101.4 94.6 92.2 102.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 105.9 104.3 107.1 110.1 106.4 96.5 109.9 108.3 101.4 107.4 109.8 93.1 112.6 117.6 103.6 120.9 125.8 Glass c o n ta in e rs ......................................................... Cem ent, hydraulic ....................................................... Clay construction p ro d u c ts ...................................... Clay re frac to rie s ........................................................... Concrete products ...................................................... Ready-mixed concrete ............................................. 308 314 3221 324 325 1,5 3,5 9 3255 3271,72 3 273 72.6 91.9 75.3 71.6 75.5 75.4 89.2 99.0 73.4 93.6 83.4 68.8 76.3 88.8 89.3 95.6 88.0 100.3 93.3 92.1 94.1 91.9 97.3 93.2 89.0 102.2 98.4 97.2 95.5 99.3 102.5 95.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 98.3 102.3 101.1 103.2 104.1 101.3 103.0 100.2 97.2 101.1 104.8 110.0 96.6 97.3 106.7 100.9 100.1 92.6 112.6 112.3 100.3 102.1 105.8 99.6 100.8 92.8 114.9 108.1 94.9 96.2 107.5 96.0 113.4 92.7 120.5 114.9 99.0 96.6 105.5 99.4 Copper rolling and drawing .................................... Aluminum rolling and d ra w in g ............................... 331 3321 332 4,2 5 3331 3334 3351 335 3,5 4,5 5 70.1 87.9 106.1 32.8 74.5 68.7 75.3 70.2 90.1 104.7 41.1 74.7 72.3 80.4 91.4 96.1 99.5 73.8 97.6 85.5 92.6 93.3 98.7 104.3 88.7 102.6 92.4 99.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 110.3 107.6 95.9 103.7 102.2 100.5 99.1 107.2 103.5 96.4 96.8 104.6 95.1 96.8 110.4 103.7 95.8 86.3 106.3 94.8 94.4 106.3 99.0 93.3 84.7 110.3 97.2 92.6 116.1 106.2 96.9 73.8 109.4 105.5 104.9 Petroleum re fin in g ....................................................... Tires and inner tu b e s ................................................ Rubber and plastics hose and b e ltin g ................ Miscellaneous plastic products, not elsewhere c lassified ................................................ S ee footnotes at end of table. 112 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 1995 - ” “ “ “ " “ “ 104.1 103.1 " “ - - _ “ 114.2 - - 95.9 124.9 “ “ “ “ 130.5 106.0 110.3 45. Continued—Annual indexes of output per hour for selected industries (1987 = 100) Industry SIC 1973 1979 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 3411 63.9 81.2 102.4 97.4 100.0 107.0 108.5 118.3 124.3 133.0 - 3423 3433 3441 3 442 3 452 3465 105.5 78.0 95.5 88.8 72.5 74.5 107.9 87.9 86.3 89.5 77.3 80.9 95.3 92.9 99.6 102.5 88.2 94.5 95.0 95.9 99.5 100.3 91.4 95.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.5 112.5 98.8 102.3 96.6 104.5 102.0 103.0 94.5 102.2 93.0 104.7 96.4 110.7 97.2 98.3 93.1 100.8 95.1 115.3 99.5 96.0 95.2 104.2 98.3 119.8 104.3 102.5 90.1 114.3 _ _ _ _ - 3469 95.3 97.1 85.5 90.7 100.0 99.9 97.8 95.2 96.5 98.2 - 349 1,9 2,9 4 3498 92.9 147.8 94.8 121.0 94.4 121.0 94.0 121.9 100.0 100.0 101.9 99.3 101.3 101.7 102.1 106.5 102.1 113.3 102.3 110.6 - 3519 3523 3524 3531 3 532 3533 82.5 95.6 66.2 85.8 99.2 104.9 89.0 98.2 83.5 91.6 87.2 100.1 93.4 98.6 82.1 96.7 93.0 91.8 98.9 95.7 92.7 102.7 95.6 94.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 105.1 110.4 97.7 107.5 102.0 99.4 111.1 120.7 94.3 111.1 108.8 104.7 106.4 126.6 95.8 114.5 100.6 107.5 99.1 119.4 96.7 101.7 92.5 109.1 103.4 116.4 108.3 102.8 93.9 98.7 Metal-cutting machine tools .................... Metal-forming machine to o ls ................... Machine tool a cc e s s o rie s ......................... Pumps and pumping equipment ............. Ball and roller b e a rin g s .............................. Air and gas com presso rs.......................... Refrigeration and heating e q u ip m e n t.... Carburetors, pistons, rings, and valves . 3541 3542 3545 3561,94 3562 3563 3585 3592 93.4 108.1 104.9 78.0 101.2 86.9 97.2 101.3 91.2 94.1 100.1 83.9 104.0 86.3 95.7 79.6 87.2 92.3 91.8 88.4 90.2 91.7 98.3 95.9 89.0 92.8 94.6 90.7 93.6 94.8 96.3 93.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 94.1 116.0 99.4 106.0 101.7 104.4 103.4 109.9 100.5 112.4 104.7 102.4 96.7 106.2 106.1 119.7 102.0 102.6 107.5 104.4 90.7 109.0 105.9 113.5 99.0 95.0 109.1 103.1 88.0 111.7 103.0 114.9 109.2 109.5 98.7 100.9 97.3 113.5 105.5 135.5 Transformers, except e le c tro n ic ............. Switchgear and switchboard apparatus Motors and g e n era to rs ............................... . Household cooking equ ip m en t................. Household refrigerators and freezers .... Household laundry equ ip m en t.................. Household appliances, not elsewhere classified........................................................ Electric la m p s ................................................. Lighting fixtures and e q u ip m e n t............... Household audio and video equipment . Motor vehicles and e q u ip m en t................. A irc ra ft............................................................... Instruments to measure electricity.......... Photographic equipment and supplies ... 3 612 3613 3621 3631 3632 3633 93.6 89.1 89.3 60.0 73.2 68.8 104.8 90.2 88.1 77.0 86.0 84.2 95.8 96.5 95.9 87.2 104.0 92.9 97.6 96.3 96.9 98.4 101.2 97.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 102.8 110.0 103.9 102.2 102.7 106.6 104.8 110.1 103.4 108.0 107.1 100.8 112.2 111.9 102.6 103.9 107.6 103.8 116.4 109.0 105.3 107.1 112.5 111.4 130.3 121.3 112.4 114.4 115.7 118.0 3639 3641 3 64 5,46,47,48 3651 371 3721 3 825 3 86 64.8 63.5 83.9 31.0 67.9 82.2 68.4 68.8 78.1 74.1 84.6 41.8 77.5 103.0 75.5 91.9 86.8 88.7 96.4 91.8 95.0 92.4 98.3 90.3 90.2 91.0 102.7 103.9 94.7 92.4 92.0 97.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.7 105.6 98.1 110.9 102.9 103.0 106.5 106.3 98.5 113.7 95.9 123.2 102.7 106.7 109.3 113.6 91.2 119.1 94.4 134.4 102.0 106.2 108.0 109.5 81.6 128.7 92.4 141.8 96.3 124.5 111.6 110.5 93.9 143.8 98.8 166.0 104.8 137.4 124.1 118.0 _ _ 108.4 _ _ 4011 4 11 ,13 ,14 pts. 4213 451 2,1 3,2 2 pts. 4612,13 481 491 ,49 3 pt. 492 ,49 3 pt. 5093 46.7 116.8 69.5 58.6 92.5 43.3 88.0 145.1 50.7 108.3 83.9 77.6 96.1 64.5 95.0 143.6 80.7 78.4 96.1 93.8 93.6 99.9 90.5 93.0 114.1 93.4 86.1 95.6 96.8 94.5 102.0 96.5 95.3 102.9 97.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 109.7 107.9 105.2 99.5 104.8 106.2 104.9 105.4 94.3 116.5 104.6 109.4 95.4 103.2 111.9 107.7 103.4 87.8 122.4 _ _ 132.6 _ _ 140.3 _ _ 150.9 92.4 102.6 113.3 110.1 94.7 92.2 92.6 99.1 119.7 113.4 93.8 93.1 97.3 97.3 127.5 115.3 95.1 100.9 100.5 89.3 135.9 120.1 104.9 108.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 108.8 99.5 97.4 98.6 94.2 103.5 106.5 102.5 102.6 99.4 101.2 102.5 99.6 101.1 115.4 97.2 113.7 95.9 87.3 102.4 108.9 104.1 102.3 102.9 103.2 106.8 102.0 108.7 110.5 95.0 132.0 94.8 84.9 106.0 114.2 101.1 101.6 106.7 101.5 105.5 103.8 111.2 102.6 98.9 131.0 94.0 90.0 104.0 114.6 102.1 102.0 110.0 102.3 104.3 103.8 117.4 107.4 101.3 136.3 93.6 90.0 106.3 120.4 106.2 97.0 121.9 106.1 110.3 111.0 130.3 108.7 106.3 135.3 93.8 77.2 106.7 120.2 108.9 95.3 123.4 104.6 106.6 111.1 131.5 Metal c a n s .................................................. Hand and edge tools, not elsewhere c lassified.................................................... Heating equipment, except electric .... Fabricated structural m e ta l.................... Metal doors, sash, and tr im ................... Bolts, nuts, rivets, and w a s h e rs .......... Automotive sta m p in g s ............................. Metal stampings, not elsewhere c lassified.................................................... Valves and pipe fittin g s .................. Fabricated pipe and fittin g s ........... Internal combustion engines, not elsewhere c lassified...................... Farm machinery and equipment .. Lawn and garden equ ip m en t........ Construction m achinery.................. Mining m a ch in e ry .............................. Oil and gas field m a chine ry .......... Railroad transportation, revenue tra ffic . Bus carriers, class 1 .................................... Trucking, except lo c a l................................ Air transportation ......................................... Petroleum p ip e lin e s ..................................... Telephone com m unications...................... Electric u tilitie s .............................................. G as u tilities ..................................................... Scrap and w aste m a te ria ls ....................... _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ - 137.9 - _ _ Hardware s to re s ........................................ Departm ent s to r e s .................................... Variety stores .............................................. Grocery s to re s ............................................. Retail b a k e rie s ............................................. New and used car dealers .................... Auto and home supply s to r e s ............... Gasoline service s ta tio n s ........................ M e n’s and boys’ clothing s to re s .......... W om en’s clothing stores ........................ Family clothing stores .............................. Shoe stores ................................................. Furniture and homefurnishings stores . Household appliance s to r e s .................. Radio, television, and computer s to r e s ...................................................... 525 531 533 541 546 551 553 554 561 562 565 566 571 572 84.7 62.2 141.1 108.4 125.0 85.1 71.0 59.4 77.5 59.5 76.3 81.1 81.6 59.1 98.6 74.8 119.8 106.3 111.7 86.3 81.2 74.0 81.3 73.3 75.7 91.1 89.0 72.2 96.0 93.1 129.1 105.3 86.9 99.8 95.0 93.7 98.2 99.9 103.2 97.8 94.3 94.6 101.7 97.7 106.6 103.6 93.2 101.6 94.6 101.9 100.6 107.3 103.4 105.6 101.1 106.3 573 48.6 56.0 89.1 93.9 100.0 120.3 118.2 125.5 136.7 152.9 172.8 Eating and drinking places ... Drug and proprietary stores .. Liquor s to re s .............................. Commercial b a n k s .................. Hotels and m o te ls .................... Laundry, cleaning, and garment ! Beauty s h o p s .................................... Automotive repair s h o p s .............. 581 591 592 602 701 721 723 753 110.4 92.2 94.1 81.2 102.9 114.9 88.1 109.7 106.3 98.6 90.0 84.1 109.8 113.8 89.4 105.3 96.2 101.4 101.6 94.3 101.1 103.2 96.1 99.4 99.2 101.0 93.7 96.1 98.9 100.7 96.9 96.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 102.6 102.7 99.1 103.5 95.8 97.1 93.4 105.6 102.0 104.2 102.8 102.1 91.4 98.6 96.0 107.8 103.2 106.6 107.8 108.5 90.6 99.0 91.4 106.4 104.6 109.0 109.2 112.3 91.4 96.6 87.6 99.9 104.1 109.2 113.0 117.2 97.5 97.1 90.5 102.9 103.9 112.5 98.1 129.9 97.4 96.4 87.2 102.0 June 1995 113 . - Data not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review Current Labor Statistics: International Comparisons Data 46. Unemployment rates, approximating U.S. concepts, in nine countries, quarterly data seasonally adjusted 1995 1994 1993 Annual average Country 1993 1994 IV United S tates1 .............................................. Canada ............................................................ Australia ......................................................... Japan ............................................................... 6.8 11.2 10.9 2.5 6.1 10.4 9.7 2.9 6.7 11.4 10.9 2 .6 6.5 11.2 10.8 2.8 F r a n c e ............................................................. Germ any ........................................................ Italy2 .................................................................. S weden3 .......................................................... United K in g d o m ........................................... 11.8 5.8 10.5 8.1 10.4 12.3 6.5 11.6 7.8 9.5 12.0 5.9 10.5 9.2 10.5 12.2 6.2 11.0 8.2 10.1 12.3 6.4 11.0 8.1 9.9 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 1995 III II I 6.6 11.0 10.4 2.8 1 Data for 1994 are not directly com parable with data for 1993 and earlier years. For additional Information, see the box note under “ Employment and Unemployment Data” in the notes to this section. 2 Quarterly rates are for the first month of the quarter. Break In series beginning in 1993. 3 Break in series beginning in 1993. D ata for 1993 on ward are not seasonally adjusted. 114 III I IV 6.2 10.6 10.0 2.9 6.0 10.2 9.5 3.0 5.6 9.8 9.1 3.0 5.5 9.7 8.9 3.0 12.3 6.5 11.6 7.5 9.7 12.3 6.5 11.1 8.4 9.5 12.3 6.5 11.8 7.6 9.0 12.1 6.4 8.7 - Data not available. NO TE: Quarterly figures for France, Germ any, and the United Kingdom are calculated by applying annual adjust m ent factors to current published data and therefore should be viewed as less precise indicators of unemployment under U.S. concepts than the annual figures. S ee “ Notes on the data” for information on breaks in series. 47. Annual data: Employment status of the working-age population, approximating U.S. concepts 10 countries (Num bers in thousands) Employment status and country 1985 1986 1987 115,46 1 3 ,1 2 : 7,30( 58.82C 23.62C 28.02C 21.80C 6,25C 4,416 27.21C 117,83' 13,371 7,58C 59.41C 23.76C 28.24C 22.29C 6.38C 4,44C 27.38C 119,86. 13,63 7.75Í 60.05C 23.89C 28.39C 22.35C 6.50C 4,48C 27.72C 64.8 65.8 61.6 62.3 56.9 54.7 47.2 55.5 66.9 62.2 65.3 66.3 62.8 62.1 56.9 54.9 47.8 56.0 67.0 62.2 65.6 66.7 63.0 61.9 56.7 55.0 47.6 56.3 67.1 62.6 107,150 11,742 6 ,697 5 7,260 21,150 26,010 20,490 5,650 4 ,293 24,1 50 109:597 12,095 6,974 57,740 2 1,240 26,3 80 20,610 5,740 4 ,326 24,300 60.1 58.9 56.5 60.6 51.0 50.7 44.4 50.1 65.0 55.2 1988 1989 1990 123,86! 14,15 8,23" 61.92C 24.17C 28.84C 22.53C 6.64C 4,599 28.42C 124,787 14,329 8,459 63,0 50 24,300 29,4 10 2 2,670 6 ,770 4,642 28,5 40 65.9 67.2 63.3 61.9 56.4 55.1 47.4 56.1 67.6 63.4 66.5 67.5 64.2 62.2 56.1 55.2 47.3 56.5 68.0 63.8 66.4 67.3 64.7 62.6 55.6 55.0 47.2 56.8 68.1 63.9 112,440 12,422 7 ,129 58,320 21,3 20 2 6,590 20,590 5,850 4,396 24,860 114,968 12,819 7,398 59,310 21,5 20 26,800 20,8 70 5,920 4 ,467 25,730 117,342 13,086 7,728 60,5 00 2 1,850 27,2 00 20,770 6,070 4 ,538 26,3 50 60.7 59.9 57.7 60.4 50.8 51.3 44.2 50.3 65.2 55.2 61.5 60.8 57.9 60.1 50.6 51.5 43.8 50.7 65.8 56.2 62.3 62.0 58.7 60.4 50.6 51.6 43.7 50.8 66.5 57.9 8 ,312 1,381 603 1,560 2 ,470 2,010 1,310 600 125 3 ,060 8 ,237 1,283 613 1,670 2 ,520 1,860 1,680 640 117 3 ,080 7,425 1,208 629 1,730 2,570 1,800 1,760 650 84 2,860 7.2 10.5 8.3 2 .6 10.5 7.2 6.0 9.6 2.8 11.2 7.0 9.6 8.1 2.8 10.6 6.6 7.5 10.0 2.6 11.2 6.2 8 .9 8.1 2.9 10.8 6.3 7.9 10.0 1.9 10.3 1992 1993 126,98. 14,482 8,62" 65.04C 24.56C 30.05C 22,91 6,97C 4,534 28,230 128.04C 14,66: 8,69: 65.47C 24.63C 29,950 22,560 7,070 4,38£ 28,150 64.: 63 55 55. 48, 57. 67. 63. 66.3 65.9 64.0 63.4 55.8 55.4 48.5 57.9 66.0 62.8 66.2 65.5 63.6 63.3 55.6 54.7 48.8 58.6 63.8 62.6 117,914 13,165 7 ,872 61,710 22,1 00 27,9 50 21,080 6 ,260 4,5 7 2 26,580 116,877 12,916 7 ,713 62,9 20 22,140 28,500 21,3 60 6 ,380 4 ,504 25,910 117,598 12,842 7,694 63,6 20 2 2,010 28,6 70 21,2 30 6,470 4 ,320 25,410 119,306 13,015 7,744 63,810 21,7 20 2 8,210 20,200 6 ,450 4,028 25,220 63.0 62.4 60.2 60.8 50.7 52.0 43.6 51.7 67.1 59.1 62.7 61.9 60.2 61.3 50.5 52.2 43.9 52.5 67.0 59.5 61.6 59.8 58.1 61.8 50.3 53.3 45.3 53.4 65.7 57.8 61.4 58.4 57.1 62.0 50.0 52.9 44.9 53.8 62.9 56.5 61.6 58.2 57.7 61.7 49.0 51.5 43.7 53.4 58.6 56.1 6,701 1,082 576 1,550 2,460 1,810 1,790 6 10 73 2 ,420 6 ,528 1,065 509 1,420 2 ,320 1,640 1,760 570 61 2 ,070 6 ,874 1,164 587 1,340 2,200 1,460 1,590 510 70 1,960 8,4 2 6 1,492 821 1,360 2,350 1,280 1,580 490 9 ,384 1,640 933 1,420 2,550 1,380 1,680 500 214 2 ,820 8 ,734 1,649 948 1,660 2,910 1,740 2,360 620 357 2 ,930 5.5 7.8 7.2 2.5 10.3 6.3 7.9 9.3 1.6 8.6 5.3 7.5 6.2 2.3 9.6 5.7 7.8 8.6 1.3 7.3 5.5 8.1 6.9 2.1 9.1 5.0 7.0 7.5 1.5 6.9 7.4 11.3 10.8 2.2 10.4 4.6 7.3 7.2 4.7 10.0 6.8 11.2 10.9 2.5 11.8 5.8 10.5 8.8 8.1 10.4 1994 Civilian labor force United States .... Canada ............... A ustralia.............. Japan ................... France ................ G e rm a n y .............. Italy ....................... N eth e rlan d s ........ S w e d e n ................ United Kingdom . 121,66« 13.90C 7 ,9 7 ' 60.86C 23.98C 28,61 C 22.66C 6,53C 4.54C 28.15C 125,303 14,408 8,534 6 4,280 24,4 90 29,780 22,9 40 6 ,870 4 ,626 28,400 14,832 - Participation rate1 United States Canada ............... A ustralia.............. Japan ................... France ................ . G e rm a n y ............. . I t a l y ....................... N e th e rlan d s ........ S w e d e n ................ United K ingdom . 66 . 66. 65.3 _ - _ _ - - Employed United States .... Canada ............... A ustralia.............. Japan ................... F r a n c e ................ G e rm a n y ............. I t a ly ....................... N e th e rlan d s ........ S w e d e n ................ United Kingdom . 13,292 - - Employment-population ratio2 United S ta te s ....................................................... C anada ................................................................... A us tra lia .................................................................. Japan ....................................................................... France ..................................................................... G e rm a n y ................................................................. Italy ........................................................................... N eth e rlan d s ............................................................ S w e d e n .................................................................... United K ingdom .................................................... 58.5 _ - - Unemployed United States .... Canada ............... A ustralia.............. Japan ................... France ................ G e rm a n y ............. I t a ly ....................... N eth e rlan d s ....... . S w e d e n ................ United Kingdom . 122 2,490 1,541 _ _ - Unemployment rate United States . C anada ............... A ustralia.............. Japan ................... France ................ G e rm a n y ............. I t a l y ....................... N e th e rlan d s ....... . S w e d e n ................ United Kingdom . ulation. >ulation. - Data not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 6.7 10.4 9.6 2.1 9.6 4.3 6.9 7.1 2.6 8.8 6.1 10.4 9.7 2.9 12.3 6.5 11.6 _ 9.5 NOTE: S ee “Notes on the data for Italy and Sweden. Monthly Labor Review June 1995 115 Current Labor Statistics: International Comparisons Data 48. Annual indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 12 countries (1 9 8 2 = 1 0 0 ) 1960 Item and country Output per hour _ United K ingdom ...................................................................................... 1970 - 1973 - 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 51.6 18.5 24.1 32.4 29.6 37.1 29.1 26.5 46.4 36.1 50.3 76.9 50.3 44.0 57.2 58.6 66.4 54.6 52.9 73.0 69.0 72.1 91.9 64.4 57.4 72.7 69.4 77.9 65.2 67.3 85.4 81.2 86.2 103.5 116.3 107.9 117.5 104.3 103.9 109.0 115.7 115.0 112.2 111.9 112.4 106.7 119.8 114.9 119.6 105.0 107.9 113.4 122.3 118.7 115.8 113.6 116.4 109.5 117.9 113.0 121.4 98.9 109.7 114.2 123.7 120.1 114.7 115.4 120.6 116.6 119.0 122.4 123.8 98.4 111.6 112.7 127.2 120.7 120.4 117.6 126.9 119.2 119.5 129.6 128.9 102.1 119.3 116.7 130.0 124.4 119.5 119.3 133.5 119.9 120.0 138.7 134.5 105.6 125.4 120.5 134.0 128.5 125.3 123.1 138.4 122.1 122.0 149.1 134.1 105.5 127.6 125.6 139.3 130.1 129.3 125.0 140.1 124.9 122.9 156.9 137.0 105.5 128.0 130.1 143.8 131.4 130.3 126.1 145.3 127.5 128.0 156.8 142.2 107.7 130.9 128.0 150.8 132.2 132.5 132.8 152.4 131.6 130.9 157.3 146.4 113.9 132.3 130.0 159.2 133.8 135.3 141.5 159.7 44.1 15.1 37.6 45.4 35.1 51.0 28.0 42.7 56.0 51.8 82.9 78.5 55.1 70.4 75.7 72.7 87.0 58.4 80.3 88.4 91.1 110.5 100.0 71.8 86.3 88.5 87.0 96.4 70.7 91.2 101.3 98.7 121.9 111.3 120.2 113.2 109.9 111.7 98.7 104.6 105.4 107.9 105.0 113.6 105.9 114.0 127.0 121.2 111.8 115.3 99.1 108.4 108.9 111.1 108.8 115.7 108.9 115.2 127.9 117.9 111.9 115.3 99.1 110.1 111.5 113.8 108.8 117.1 110.3 123.5 134.1 126.5 112.3 110.6 98.9 108.1 116.3 115.4 110.8 120.0 115.5 130.0 140.9 138.2 118.0 112.3 104.6 111.5 125.0 119.7 105.5 123.7 123.6 131.2 142.1 149.3 125.0 113.6 110.3 115.4 129.7 125.2 103.8 125.1 129.1 130.6 136.8 160.6 126.5 112.4 112.4 121.7 132.3 129.3 104.5 124.3 128.9 128.2 127.5 170.8 125.9 111.1 110.6 126.2 132.1 129.9 102.3 117.4 121.9 130.1 128.3 167.7 125.8 112.5 109.8 123.3 132.4 129.0 104.2 113.3 121.1 135.4 134.7 160.7 120.5 113.2 106.3 113.8 129.6 125.8 105.9 115.1 122.8 94.1 85.5 81.7 156.2 140.0 118.5 137.2 96.2 160.9 120.9 143.7 164.9 106.5 102.1 109.6 159.9 132.3 123.9 131.1 107.0 152.0 121.1 132.0 153.3 112.6 108.8 111.5 150.3 121.8 125.3 123.7 108.3 135.6 118.7 121.6 141.4 107.6 103.3 104.9 93.6 107.1 95.0 96.0 91.1 93.8 93.5 101.5 94.2 106.8 106.0 105.5 93.5 109.8 91.8 95.6 89.0 93.6 94.0 101.9 93.5 105.2 108.5 104.3 92.2 116.6 90.3 96.4 90.1 94.8 94.8 101.5 91.5 106.0 112.7 103.4 90.7 112.4 88.6 95.9 91.4 95.6 92.0 102.0 91.0 109.0 117.9 106.7 91.5 110.0 87.7 95.6 96.1 96.2 88.3 103.6 92.6 109.4 118.4 107.6 93.0 107.6 88.0 95.7 96.8 97.4 82.9 101.6 93.3 107.0 112.2 107.7 94.3 106.6 88.1 96.9 95.0 99.4 80.9 99.4 92.0 102.6 103.7 108.8 91.9 105.3 86.4 97.0 91.8 98.9 78.5 93.1 83.9 102.0 100.3 106.9 88.4 104.4 83.8 96.3 87.8 97.6 78.6 85.4 79.5 102.9 102.9 102.2 82.3 99.4 80.3 87.6 81.4 94.0 78.3 81.4 76.9 16.4 6.6 9.1 7.7 7.6 13.5 3.9 8.9 9.9 9.3 7.1 28.7 25.0 23.2 22.3 18.5 34.5 11.6 27.8 24.6 24.4 14.7 35.9 40.7 35.5 34.5 26.2 48.2 17.7 43.4 35.3 34.3 22.6 106.0 111.1 105.8 114.8 113.0 119.6 110.0 134.3 106.6 120.9 119.6 114.6 111.3 116.8 110.1 122.0 120.6 129.6 116.3 150.9 111.5 132.2 131.8 125.1 115.8 121.3 115.8 127.0 123.1 135.1 121.2 157.1 115.4 145.0 142.4 135.4 118.4 125.0 118.6 130.0 134.6 140.0 126.9 166.0 118.8 165.6 151.9 149.8 123.1 130.5 120.6 132.7 139.4 145.4 131.8 172.5 119.5 175.7 161.8 159.4 127.9 135.4 128.2 139.7 147.3 153.2 138.2 189.5 120.1 183.4 179.0 174.7 134.7 143.0 138.3 147.5 156.5 161.3 147.9 210.8 123.3 193.7 197.5 180.6 141.9 151.7 146.2 156.8 162.2 168.3 157.8 233.1 129.2 202.8 215.1 199.4 147.9 158.1 153.0 164.9 167.2 174.1 165.6 249.7 136.6 208.4 225.0 219.7 152.8 159.0 157.1 171.2 171.4 179.8 177.8 266.1 140.5 210.4 221.6 236.1 102.4 95.5 98.1 97.7 108.3 115.2 101.0 116.1 92.7 107.8 106.9 101.9 104.2 97.6 95.8 102.0 114.9 120.2 102.6 123.4 93.9 114.2 116.1 107.5 105.8 102.9 102.4 104.7 124.5 123.2 106.2 127.1 96.1 126.4 123.4 112.3 101.6 105.0 96.8 105.0 136.8 125.5 112.6 130.5 98.4 137.5 129.1 118.0 103.2 109.2 93.1 103.0 136.5 121.8 113.0 132.6 96.0 147.1 135.6 119.4 106.7 112.8 92.4 103.8 139.5 122.2 114.6 141.4 93.5 146.3 145.4 126.2 110.4 117.2 92.7 110.0 148.3 126.4 117.8 151.3 94.7 149.8 158.0 128.9 113.7 123.4 93.2 114.4 153.8 131.5 121.3 162.1 98.3 155.6 170.6 137.2 116.0 123.5 97.5 115.9 155.1 133.0 129.4 165.6 103.3 157.3 169.5 144.2 116.1 121.4 99.9 117.0 150.5 135.9 136.8 167.2 105.1 155.5 156.6 147.8 102.4 91.0 102.9 77.5 87.3 86.7 86.2 89.5 77.2 85.3 81.2 77.9 104.2 88.2 100.1 78.7 90.4 88.0 84.7 87.5 75.6 85.8 84.8 79.8 105.8 91.4 151.5 107.3 128.3 117.0 118.8 115.4 104.8 110.3 108.8 94.3 101.6 97.8 166.8 128.7 166.7 137.3 152.1 136.3 129.8 131.7 127.8 110.7 103.2 109.5 180.9 128.1 169.0 134.5 156.1 137.9 129.8 145.5 138.8 121.6 106.7 117.6 166.7 120.6 159.0 126.0 148.0 139.5 117.7 136.6 141.5 118.3 110.4 124.0 159.3 150.7 200.0 152.7 176.9 170.9 138.9 154.7 167.6 131.6 113.7 132.9 172.5 153.2 200.4 153.2 177.3 176.8 140.3 154.8 177.1 138.7 116.0 126.2 191.6 165.1 214.4 165.3 201.2 182.0 157.0 163.4 182.8 145.7 116.1 116.2 223.9 154.8 193.6 157.8 200.8 143.8 151.0 141.5 126.3 127.0 Output United K ingdom ...................................................................................... Total hours United K in g d o m ...................................................................................... Compensation per hour United K in g d o m ...................................................................................... Unit labor costs: National currency basis United K ingdom ...................................................................................... Unit labor costs: U.S. dollar basis United K in g d o m ..................................................................................... - Data not available. 116 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 1995 _ 31.9 35.5 38.0 23.8 25.7 36.4 13.5 33.4 21.3 25.8 14.2 _ 40.6 24.6 34.9 28.8 34.4 21.2 29.5 23.7 19.3 31.4 22.8 37.3 49.7 52.6 39.0 31.5 51.9 21.3 52.7 33.7 35.4 20.4 _ 44.1 34.6 48.5 43.4 37.5 34.6 46.0 38.9 30.4 42.8 28.0 39.1 63.2 61.8 47.4 37.7 61.9 27.1 64.5 41.4 42.2 26.3 _ 48.2 58.1 72.8 65.7 55.9 56.8 63.1 62.0 46.5 60.9 36.8 49. Occupational injury and illness incidence rates by industry,1 United States Incidence rates per 100 full-time workers3 Industry and type of case2 1985 1986 1987 1988 198 9 1 1990 1991 1992 19934 PRIVATE SECTOR5 Total c a s e s ................................................................... Lost workday c a s e s .................................................. Lost w o rkd a y s ............................................................. 7.! 3,f 64.9 7.9 3.6 65.6 8.6 3.6 69.9 8.6 4.C 76.1 8.6 4.C 7 8 .' 8.f 4. 84.C 8 .' 3.9 8 6 .' 8.9 3.9 93.9 8.5 3.8 11.4 5." 91. 11.2 5.8 93.6 11.2 5.7 94.1 10.9 5.6 101.6 10.9 5.7 100.9 11.t 5.9 112.2 10.£ 5.4 108.C 11.6 5.4 126.9 11.2 5.0 - 8.4 4.8 145.3 7.4 4.1 125.9 8.5 4.9 144.0 8.8 5.1 152.1 8.8 4.8 137.2 8.C 5.C 119.5 7.4 4.5 129.6 7.3 4.1 204.7 6.8 3.9 15.2 6.8 128.9 15.2 6.9 134.5 14.7 6.8 135.8 14.6 6.8 142.2 14.3 6.8 143.3 14.2 6.7 147.9 13.0 6.1 148.1 13.1 5.8 161.9 12.2 5.5 15.2 6.8 120.4 14.9 6.6 122.7 14.2 6.5 134.0 14.0 6.4 132.2 13.9 6.5 137.3 13.4 6.4 137.6 12.0 5.5 132.0 12.2 5.4 142.7 11.5 5.1 14.5 6.3 127.3 14.7 6.3 132.9 14.5 6.4 139.1 15.1 7.0 162.3 13.8 6.5 147.1 13.8 6.3 144.6 12.8 6.0 160.1 12.1 5.4 165.8 11.1 5.1 15.4 7.0 133.3 15.6 7.2 140.4 15.0 7.1 135.7 14.7 7.0 141.1 14.6 6.9 144.9 14.7 6.9 153.1 13.5 6.3 151.3 13.8 6.1 168.3 12.8 5.8 10.4 4.6 80.2 10.6 4.7 85.2 11.9 5.3 95.5 13.1 5.7 107.4 13.1 5.8 113.0 13.2 5.8 120.7 12.7 5.6 121.5 12.5 5.4 124.6 12.1 5.3 10.9 4.7 82.0 11.0 4.8 87.1 12.5 5.4 96.8 14.2 5.9 111.1 14.1 6.0 116.5 14.2 6.0 123.3 13.6 5.7 122.9 13.4 5.5 126.7 13.1 5.4 18.5 9.3 171.4 18.9 9.7 177.2 18.9 9.6 176.5 19.5 10.0 189.1 18.4 9.4 177.5 18.1 8.8 172.5 16.8 8.3 172.0 16.3 7.6 165.8 15.9 7.6 15.0 6.3 100.4 15.2 6.3 103.0 15.4 6.7 103.6 16.6 7.3 115.7 14.8 6.6 128.4 14.6 6.5 13.9 6.7 127.8 13.6 6.5 126.0 14.9 7.1 135.8 16.0 7.5 141.0 15.5 7.4 149.8 15.4 7.3 160.5 14.8 6.8 156.0 13.6 6.1 152.2 13.8 6.3 12.6 5.7 113.8 13.6 6.1 125.5 17.0 7.4 145.8 19.4 8.2 161.3 18.7 8.1 168.3 19.0 8.1 180.2 17.7 7.4 169.1 17.5 7.1 175.5 17.0 7.3 16.3 6.9 110.1 16.0 6.8 115.5 17.0 7.2 121.9 18.8 8.0 138.8 18.5 7.9 147.6 18.7 7.9 155.7 17.4 7.1 146.6 16.8 6.6 144.0 16.2 6.7 10.8 4.2 69.3 10.7 4.2 72.0 11.3 4.4 72.7 12.1 4.7 82.8 12.1 4.8 86.8 12.0 4.7 88.9 11.2 4 .4 86.6 11.1 4.2 87.7 11.1 4.2 6.4 2 .7 45.7 6.4 2.7 49.8 7.2 3.1 55.9 8.0 3.3 64.6 9.1 3.9 77.5 9.1 3.8 79.4 8.6 3.7 83.0 8.4 3.6 81.2 8.3 3.5 9.0 3.9 71.6 9.6 4.1 79.1 13.5 5.7 105.7 17.7 6.6 134.2 17.7 6.8 138.6 17.8 6.9 153.7 18.3 7.0 166.1 18.7 7.1 186.6 18.5 7.1 5.2 2.2 37.9 5.3 2.3 42.2 5.8 2.4 43.9 6.1 2.6 51.5 5.6 2.5 55.4 5.9 2.7 57.8 6.0 2.7 64.4 5.9 2.7 65.3 5.6 2.5 9.7 4.2 73.2 10.2 4.3 70.9 10.7 4.6 81.5 11.3 5.1 91.0 11.1 5.1 97.6 11.3 5.1 113.1 11.3 5.1 104.0 10.7 5.0 108.2 10.0 4.6 9.6 10.0 11.4 11.6 11.7 11.5 11.3 10.7 Agriculture, forestry, and fishing Total c a s e s ............................................................................... Lost workday c a s e s .............................................................. Lost w o rk d a y s .......................................................................... Mining Total c a s e s ..................................................... Lost workday c a s e s .................................... Lost w o rkd a y s ............................................... Construction Total c a s e s ............................................................ Lost workday c a s e s ........................................... Lost w o rkd a y s ...................................................... G eneral building contractors: Total c a s e s ............................................................ Lost workday c a s e s ........................................... Lost w o rkd a y s ...................................................... Heavy construction, except building: Total c a s e s ............................................................ Lost workday c a s e s ........................................... Lost w o rkd a y s ....................................................... Special trade contractors: Total c a s e s ............................................................. Lost workday c a s e s ........................................... Lost w o rkd a y s ....................................................... - - - Manufacturing Total c a s e s ............................................................. Lost workday c a s e s ............................................ Lost w o rkd a y s ....................................................... Durable goods: Total c a s e s .......................................................... Lost workday cases ........................................ Lost w o rk d a y s .................................................... Lumber and wood products: Total c a s e s .......................................................... Lost workday cases ......................................... Lost w o rk d a y s ..................................................... Furniture and fixtures: Total c a s e s .......................................................... Lost workday cases ......................................... Lost w o rk d a y s ..................................................... Stone, clay, and glass products: Total c a s e s ........................................................... Lost workday cases ......................................... Lost w o rk d a y s ..................................................... Primary metal industries: Total c a s e s ........................................................... Lost workday cases ......................................... Lost w o rk d a y s ..................................................... Fabricated metal products: Total c a s e s ........................................................... Lost workday cases ......................................... Lost w o rk d a y s ..................................................... Industrial machinery and equipment: Total c a s e s ............................................................ Lost workday cases .......................................... Lost w o rk d a y s ...................................................... Electronic and other electrical equipment: Total c a s e s ............................................................ Lost workday cases .......................................... Lost w o rk d a y s ...................................................... Transportation equipment: Total c a s e s ............................................................ Lost workday cases ........................................... Lost w o rk d a y s ...................................................... Instruments and related products: Total c a s e s ............................................................ Lost workday cases ........................................... Lost w o rk d a y s ...................................................... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries: Total c a s e s ............................................................ Lost workday cases ........................................... Lost w o rk d a y s ...................................................... Nondurable goods: Total c a s e s ............................................................ S ee footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 16.1 7.2 16.9 7.8 15.9 7.2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Current Labor Statistics: Injury and Illness Data 49. Continued— Occupational injury and illness incidence rates by industry,1 United States Incidence rates per 100 full-time workers3 Industry and type of case2 1985 Lost workday cases ....................................................................... .......................... Lost w o rk d a y s ............................................................................................................. Food and kindred products: Total c a s e s ................................................................................................................... Lost workday cases .................................................................................................. Lost w o rk d a y s ............................................................................................................. Tobacco products: Total c a s e s ................................................................................................................... Lost workday cases .................................................................................................. Lost w o rk d a y s ............................................................................................................. Textile mill products: Total c a s e s ................................................................................................................... Lost workday cases .................................................................................................. Lost w o rk d a y s ............................................................................................................. Apparel and other textile products: Total c a s e s ................................................................................................................... Lost workday cases .................................................................................................. Lost w o rk d a y s ............................................................................................................. Paper and allied products: Total c a s e s ................................................................................................................... Lost workday cases ............................................................................ - ................... Lost w o rk d a y s ............................................................................................................. Printing and publishing: Total c a s e s ................................................................................................................... Lost workday cases .................................................................................................. Lost workdays .............................................................................................................. Chemicals and allied products: Total c a s e s .............................................................................................. .................... Lost workday cases .................................................................................................. Lost w o rk d a y s ............................................................................................................. Petroleum and coal products: Total c a s e s ................................................................................................................... Lost workday cases .................................................................................................. Lost w o rk d a y s ............................................................................................................. Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products: Total c a s e s ................................................................................................................... Lost workday cases .................................................................................................. Lost w o rkd a y s ............................................................................................................. Leather and leather products: Total c a s e s ................................................................................................................... Lost workday cases .................................................................................................. Lost w o rkd a y s ............................................................................................................. 1986 1987 1988 1 98 9 1 1990 1991 1992 19934 5.0 4.4 77.6 4.6 82.3 5.1 93.5 5.4 101.7 5.5 107.8 5.6 116.9 5.5 119.7 5.3 121.8 16.7 8.1 138.0 16.5 8.0 137.8 17.7 8.6 153.7 18.5 9.2 169.7 18.5 9.3 174.7 20.0 9.9 202.6 19.5 9.9 207.2 18.8 9.5 211.9 17.6 8.9 7.3 3.0 51.7 6.7 2.5 45.6 8.6 2.5 46.4 9.3 2.9 53.0 8.7 3.4 64.2 7.7 3.2 62.3 6.4 2.8 52.0 6.0 2.4 42.9 5.8 2.3 7.5 3.0 57.4 7.8 3.1 59.3 9.0 3.6 65.9 9.6 4.0 78.8 10.3 4.2 81.4 9.6 4.0 85.1 10.0 4.4 88.3 9.9 4.2 87.1 9.7 4.1 6.7 2.6 44.1 6.7 2.7 49.4 7.4 3.1 59.5 8.1 3.5 68.2 8.6 3.8 80.5 8.8 3.9 92.1 9.2 4.2 99.9 9.5 4.0 104.6 9.0 3.8 10.2 4.7 94.6 10.5 4.7 99.5 12.8 5.8 122.3 13.1 5.9 124.3 12.7 5.8 132.9 12.1 5.5 124.8 11.2 5.0 122.7 11.0 5.0 125.9 9.9 4 .6 6.3 2.9 49.2 6.5 2.9 50.8 6.7 3.1 55.1 6.6 3.2 59.8 6.9 3.3 63.8 6.9 3.3 69.8 6.7 3.2 74.5 7.3 3.2 74.8 6.9 3.1 7.0 3.2 63.4 6.5 3.1 61.6 6.4 3.1 62.4 6.0 2.8 64.2 5.9 2.7 ' " " ' " - 5.1 2.3 38.8 6.3 2.7 49.4 7.0 3.1 58.8 7.0 3.3 59.0 5.1 2.4 49.9 7.1 3.2 67.5 7.3 3.1 65.9 7.0 3.2 68.4 6.6 3.3 68.1 6.6 3.1 77.3 6.2 2.9 68.2 5.9 2.8 71.2 5.2 2.5 13.4 6.3 107.4 14.0 6.6 118.2 15.9 7.6 130.8 16.3 8.1 142.9 16.2 8.0 147.2 16.3 7.8 151.3 15.1 7.2 150.9 14.5 6.8 153.3 13.9 6.5 10.3 4.6 88.3 10.5 4.8 83.4 12.4 5.8 114.5 11.4 5.6 128.2 13.6 6.5 130.4 12.1 5.9 152.3 12.5 5.9 140.8 12.1 5.4 128.5 12.1 5.5 8.6 5.0 107.1 8.2 4.8 102.1 8.4 4.9 108.1 8.9 5.1 118.6 9.2 5.3 121.5 9.6 5.5 134.1 9.3 5.4 140.0 9.1 5.1 144.0 9.5 5.4 7.4 3.2 50.7 7.7 3.3 54.0 7.7 3.4 56.1 7.8 3.5 60.9 8.0 3.6 63.5 7.9 3.5 65.6 7.6 3.4 72.0 8.4 3.5 80.1 8.1 3.4 7.2 3.5 59.8 7.2 3.6 62.5 7.4 3.7 64.0 7.6 3.8 69.2 7.7 4.0 71.9 7.4 3.7 71.5 7.2 3.7 79.2 7.6 3.6 82.4 7.8 3.7 7.5 3.1 47.0 7.8 3.2 50.5 7.8 3.3 52.9 7.9 3.4 57.6 8.1 3.4 60.0 8.1 3.4 63.2 7.7 3.3 69.1 8.7 3.4 79.2 8.2 3.3 2.0 .9 15.4 2.0 .9 17.1 2.0 .9 14.3 2.0 .9 17.2 2.0 .9 17.6 2.4 1.1 27.3 2.4 1.1 24.1 2.9 1.2 32.9 2.9 1.2 5.4 2.6 45.4 5.3 2.5 43.0 5.5 2.7 45.8 5.4 2.6 47.7 5.5 2.7 51.2 6.0 2.8 56.4 6.2 2.8 60.0 7.1 3.0 68.6 6.7 2.8 " " Transportation and public utilities Total c a s e s .............................................................................................. ....................... Lost workday c a s e s ..................................................................................................... Lost workdays .............................................................................................................. " Wholesale and retail trade Total c a s e s ....................................................................................................................... Lost workday c a s e s ..................................................................................................... Lost w o rkd a y s ......... ....................................................................................................... W holesale trade: Total c a s e s ...................................................................................................................... Lost workday c a s e s ..................................................................................................... Lost w o rkd a y s ................................................................................................................. Retail trade: Total c a s e s ...................................................................................................................... Lost workday c a s e s ..................................................................................................... Lost w o rkd a y s ................................................................................................................. ’ ‘ Finance, insurance, and real estate Total c a s e s ....................................................................................................................... Lost workday c a s e s ..................................................................................................... Lost w o rk d a y s ................................................................................................................. " Services Total c a s e s ....................................................................................................................... Lost workday c a s e s ..................................................................................................... Lost w o rkd a y s ................................................................................................................. subsequent years are based on the Standard For this reason, they are not strictly com parable with data for the years 1985-88, which w ere based on the Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 1972 Edition, 1977 Supplement. 2 Beginning with the 1992 survey, the annual survey measures only nonfatal injuries and illnesses, while past surveys covered both fatal and nonfatal incidents. T o better address fatalities, a basic elem ent of workplace safety, BLS implem ented the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries. 3 The incidence rates represent the number of injuries and illnesses or lost workdays per 100 full-time workers and w ere calculated as: (N /E H ) X 200,000, where: 1 D ata for 1989 and Industrial Classification Manual, 1987 Edition. 118 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 1995 N = number of injuries and illnesses or lost workdays. EH = total hours'worked by all em ployees during the calendar year. 2 00 ,00 0 = base for 100 full-time equivalent workers (working 40 hours per week, 50 w eeks per year). * Beginning with the 1993 survey, lost workday estimates will not be generated. 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