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Monthly Labor Review
U.S. Departm ent of Labor
Bureau of Labor Statistics
June 1993
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
In this issue:
Trade-sensitive em ploym ent
D isplaced workers
Productivity in aircraft m anufacturing
W age changes in contracts
U.S. Departm ent of Labor
Robert B. Reich, Secretary
Bureau of Labor Statistics
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June cover:
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RESEARCH LIBRARY
Federai Reserve Bank
of S t. Louis.
.
[3UL 1 4 1993
m
b
*
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
Volum e 116, N um ber 6
Deborah P. Klein, Editor-in-Chief
Robert W. Fisher, Executive Editor
Articles
3
Geographic concentration of trade-sensitive employment
Manufacturing industries that are involved in international trade
are more concentrated geographically than those that are not
Robert C. Shelburne and Robert W. Bednarzik
14
Recession swells count of displaced workers
A disproportionately large share were in goods-producing industries,
but displacement was more widespread across industries than was the case a decade earlier
Jennifer M. Gardner
24
Productivity in aircraft manufacturing
Productivity rose an average of 3.2 percent during the 1972-91 period; however,
the average rate of growth in the industry was substantially lower during the 1980’s
Alexander Kronemer and J. Edwin Henneberger
34
Negotiated wage changes in government, 1992
The smallest wage changes ever were recorded
for State and local government workers
Michael Cimini, Joan Borum, Eric Johnson, and John Lacombe
Reports
45
Employer and occupational tenure: 1991 update
'
Steven R. Maguire
57
Lump-sum benefits available from savings and thrift plans
Michael Bucci
Departments
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2
45
61
62
65
67
Labor month in review
Research summaries
Major agreements expiring next month
Developments in industrial relations
Book reviews
Current labor statistics
Labor
month
in review
WOMEN IN THEIR FORTIES. By
age 40, most women have completed
some important lifetime events such as
schooling and childbearing. But many
women in their forties are actively partic
ipating in the labor force and face a num
ber of labor market and marital status de
cisions, which often are interrelated.
Significant differences exist for these
women in their labor force attachment
and marital status by race and education.
In particular, women in their forties who
were high school dropouts worked sub
stantially fewer weeks than their more
educated counterparts, were less likely to
be in the labor force at age 40 and at age
49, and also were less likely to be married
at age 40 and at age 49.
Data from the National Longitudinal
Survey of Mature Women were used to
track the experiences of women as they
aged from 40 to 49 during the 1967-86
period. Information in this report is from
a sample of women who were between the
ages of 30 and 45 in 1967 and who have
been interviewed regularly since. The
sample is restricted to women between
the ages of 40 and 49 for whom there is
complete information. Consequently, the
data reported here refer to the experi
ences of women born between 1927 and
1936 and who aged from 40 to 49 during
the 1967-86 period.
Participation. About two-thirds of wo
men in their forties were in the same labor
force status at age 49 as age 40. About 38
percent were in the labor force at both
ages, and about 29 percent were out of the
labor force. Approximately a third of the
women changed labor force participation
status. About 13 percent of the women
out of the labor force at age 40 were in the
labor force at age 49. Overall, about 26
percent of those who were in the labor
force at age 40 were out at age 49, and
about 41 percent who were out of the la
bor force at age 40 were participants at
age 49.
Non white women were more likely
than white women to be in the labor force
Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June 1993
at age 40 and at age 49. They also were
more likely to move from in the labor
force at age 40 to out of the labor force at
49. They were less likely than white
women to move from out of the labor
force at age 40 to in the labor force at age
49, and to be out of the labor force at age
40 and at age 49.
Approximately 46 percent of college
educated women were in the labor force
at ages 40 and 49 —more than any other
educational group. In contrast, about 33
percent of high school dropouts and 40
percent of high school graduates were in
the labor force at both ages. Also, about a
third of high school dropouts were out of
the labor force at both ages—the highest
proportion of the educational groups.
There is no definitive pattern in labor
force participation rates by birth year.
However, women in their forties born
after 1930 were more likely to be in the
labor force at age 40 and age 49 and less
likely to be out of the labor force at both
ages than were women born between
1927 and 1930.
Weeks worked. More than 85 percent of
women in their forties worked and, on
average, they worked 289 weeks over the
10-year period; if they had worked “full
year” each year, they would have worked
about 480-520 weeks. Only 1 of 7 (14.3
percent) of the women did not work at all
between ages 40 and 49; 1 of 4 (23.5 per
cent) worked 480 weeks or more.
Among women in their forties, non
white women worked about 12 weeks
more than did white women, on average.
This difference appears to occur pri
marily because a higher percentage of
white women of these ages did not work
at all during the period, while a greater
percentage of their nonwhite counter
parts worked full year. College-educated
women worked more weeks than did
women without a college education, on
average, and women without a high
school diploma worked fewer weeks than
women in all other educational groups.
College-educated women worked about
88 weeks more than did high school drop
outs. Women with less than a high school
education were less likely to work full
year throughout their forties, and more
apt not to work at all, than women in
other educational groups.
Women bom after 1930 averaged
more weeks worked (about 300) than
those born between 1927 and 1930 (270
weeks). This difference appears to have
occurred because a higher proportion of
women born after 1930 worked 240
weeks or more.
Marital status. The majority of women
(72.2 percent) were married at age 40 and
age 49 (although not necessarily to the
same husband). Nearly 14 percent of the
women were single at both ages. Ten per
cent changed marital status from married
at age 40 to single at age 49; 3.9 percent
changed from single to married.
While more than 75 percent of white
women were married at age 40 and age
49, less than half of nonwhite women
were married at both ages. Compared to
white women, nonwhite women were
more likely to be single at both ages and
to have changed marital status.
Although a definitive pattern does not
appear in marital status transitions by
educational category, women with less
than a high school education were the
least likely to be married at age 40 and age
49. High school dropouts were the most
likely to be single at both ages.
Women who were born in later years
were slightly less likely to be married
at age 40 and age 49 than those bom in
earlier years. More than 74 percent of
women bom in 1927 and 1928 were mar
ried at both ages, compared with about 7 0
percent of women born in 1935 and 1936.
T he study , Work and Family: Women
in their Forties, bls Report 843, is
available from the Bureau of Labor
Statistics, Office of Publications and Spe
cial Studies, Washington, DC 20212-
00001.
□
Geographic concentration
of trade-sensitive employment
Manufacturing industries that are greatly involved
in international trade are more geographically concentrated
than those that are not, with export-sensitive industries
generally located in different regions than import-sensitive industries;
trade-related displacements are also geographically concentrated
Robert C. Shelburne
and
Robert W. Bednarzik
Robert C. Shelburne and
Robert W. Bednarzik are
senior economists in the
Bureau o f International
Labor Affairs, U.S.
Department o f Labor.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
.S. manufacturing activity, both in general
and for specific industries, has a tendency
to concentrate in certain geographic ar
eas. The phenom enon was described as early
as 1900 and 1905 in the Census of Manufac
tures.1 An implication of such clustering is that
reemployment is likely to be more difficult when
a worker loses a job in an industry that is geo
graphically concentrated.
This article provides some estimates of geo
graphic clustering by industrial sector and shows
how certain industry characteristics are related
to geographic concentration. It also discusses
some uses for the estimates in understanding la
bor market adjustment problems in industries
that are intensively involved in international
trade.
U
approach its upper limit of 1. The employment
pattern in most industries falls somewhere in be
tween these two extremes; thus, the Gini will be
somewhere between 0 and 1. (See the appendix
for how the Gini index we used was actually
derived.)
The Gini coefficients were estimated using
State employment data from the Employment and
Wages (es-202) program of the Bureau of Labor
Statistics’ Office of Employment and Unemploy
ment Statistics. For the classification of industrial
sectors, the Standard Industrial Classification
(sic), 1987 revision, was used. Calculations were
made at the three-digit sic level for 416 sectors and
at the four-digit sic level for 1,012 sectors. These
represent the most comprehensive estimates
available.3
Methodology and data
Factors affecting concentration
We estimated geographic concentration of em
ployment by industry using a Gini coefficient, a
useful summary measure of the degree of con
centration of a variable.2 If employment in a
sector is located in each State in the exact pro
portion to total State employment, then there is
no tendency toward concentration in that sector,
and the Gini coefficient is given a value of zero.
If, however, all of the employment in an industry
is located within one State, then the Gini would
To reveal how the basic pattern of geographic con
centration is influenced by commodity character
istics, the two-digit sic sectors are grouped into
four major industrial divisions: agriculture (sic’s
01 to 09), mining (sic’s 10 to 14), manufacturing
(sic’s 20 to 39), and services and construction
(sic’s 15 to 17 and 40 to 99). The mean Gini coef
ficient for each grouping, using three- and four
digit sic subgroupings, is presented in the follow
ing tabulation:
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
3
Trade-Sensitive Employment
Mean Gini index
Three-digit Four-digit
Agriculture........................
Mining................................
Manufacturing....................
Services and construction ..
.582
.797
.522
.307
.707
.813
.607
.351
The general pattern among the groups is simi
lar, regardless of the level of aggregation; how
ever, at the four-digit level, all of the groups
exhibit more geographic concentration (that is,
values closer to 1). As expected, mining is the
most concentrated group: geological deposits are
highly localized, and mining industries must be
situated according to the pattern of those deposits.
Agriculture has slightly more flexibility in regard
to location, but weather, soils, and other environ
mental factors certainly constrain the placement of
most crops to fairly limited areas. What is more
interesting, however, is the degree to which manu
facturing is concentrated. Although there are cer
tainly manufacturing industries that are con
strained to specific locations in order to have
low-cost access to inputs that are dependent on en
vironmental or geological factors, most manu
facturers have a great deal of flexibility as regards
location. Yet the degree of concentration in manu
facturing is only slightly less than that found in
agriculture or mining. The service and construc
tion group is significantly less concentrated than
the rest of U.S. industry. The appellation by which
this group is generally known— the nontraded sec
tor— explains to a large degree its lack of con
centration. Usually, nontraded products must be
provided at the location of consumption, and con
sumption is highly diffused throughout the
economy. Nevertheless, as the expansion of serv
ices in the balance of payments demonstrates,
changes in communication technology are al
lowing services to be transported more easily,
and this trend could lead to increases in concen
tration of the industry in the future. Several ser
vice sectors, such as securities and commodities
brokers (sic 62), have Gini coefficients higher
than the average for m anufacturing. (See the
appendix for average Gini indexes for all twodigit sic industries.)
Michael Porter has suggested that geographic
clustering is associated with global competitive
ness;4 therefore, we examined the relationship be
tween competitiveness in international trade and
geographic concentration. We used four measures
to assess the extent of an industry’s international
trade activity:
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M/(M + S)
X/S
X -M
X +M
June 1993
(import penetration)
(export penetration)
(trade competitiveness)
(tradeability index)
where
M
X
S
M + S
=
=
=
=
U.S. imports
U.S. exports
U.S. product shipments
new supply
Because Porter observed geographic concen
trations of industries that were successful at ex
porting, we begin with an analysis of U.S. exports.
Based on the value of U.S. exports and domestic
product shipments in 1987, we placed 50 four
digit sic manufacturing industries with the highest
export penetration rates into an export-intensive
group.5 Similarly, we put the 50 four-digit manu
facturing industries with the highest import pen
etration rates into an import-intensive group.
We then calculated the average Gini coefficient
for the export-intensive group and found it to be
.671. A similar calculation for the import-intensive
group yielded an almost identical .679. If trade
competitiveness is now defined as the difference
between export penetration and import penetra
tion, its correlation with the Gini coefficient is
slightly negative. These findings suggest that there
is no correspondence between trade competitive
ness and geographic concentration.
More interesting, both the top 50 export-inten
sive and the top 50 import-intensive groups have
Gini coefficients above the average for all manu
facturing. In fact, there is a significant positive
correlation between the Gini coefficient and both
the import intensity and the export intensity vari
ables. If we now define a tradeability variable as
the sum of import penetration and export penetra
tion, we find that the average Gini coefficient for
the top 100 four-digit sic manufacturing industries,
based on tradeability, is .653, and that for the bot
tom 100 four-digit sic manufacturing industries is
.531. (Weighted by 1990 employment in each
four-digit sic category, the figures are .619 for the
top 100 and .404 for the bottom 100.) Clearly,
those industries with a high penetration of exports,
imports, or both are significantly more geographi
cally concentrated than those industries which are
not involved with trade. So just as the traded sec
tors are more highly concentrated geographically
than the nontraded sectors, the trade-intensive
manufacturing sectors are more highly concen
trated geographically than manufacturing sectors
that are not as extensively involved with trade. In
general, then, there appears to be something about
tradeability that is associated with geographic
concentration.
Although we do not know why industries in
tensively involved with trade cluster, we offer a
few conjectures. As noted, Porter suggested that
industries which are highly competitive interna
tionally (industries successful at exporting) have a
tendency to cluster geographically. However, our
findings show that import-sensitive industries
cluster as well. This suggests that there are certain
industry characteristics which cause industries to
cluster geographically within a nation and which
also appear to be operating at a global level. In
ternational trade appears to result when firms
cluster in only a few areas (countries), assuming
that demand is fairly evenly distributed geo
graphically. Thus, the correlation between do
mestic concentration of production and a high
level of tradeability merely mimics a more global
phenomenon.
Because the employment-weighted averages
for both the top 100 and the bottom 100 four-digit
sic manufacturing industries have Gini coeffi
cients that are lower than the corresponding
nonweighted averages, it is apparent that the sec
tors with larger employment have lower Gini co
efficients. Larger employment may be due to a
larger number of establishments, a larger average
establishment size, or both. To control for these
effects, we performed a multiple regression with
the Gini coefficient as the dependent variable and
the total number of establishments, average es
tablishment size, import intensity, and export in
tensity as the independent variables. The results
are presented in the following tabulation, with all
the estimated coefficients significant at the 99percent level:
Estimated value
of parameter t-statistic
Number of firms................ -0.00003
8.09
Mean size of firm ..............
.00044
7.81
Exports-shipment ratio. . . .
.13809
2.71
Imports-new supply ratio . .
.16455
3.55
Thus, the larger the number of establishments
there are in a four-digit sic industry, the smaller is
the degree of concentration, a result that is to be
expected in view of the law of large numbers. In
contrast, the larger the average number of em
ployees per establishment, the greater is the de
gree of concentration. This may be due in part to
the fact that the variance in establishment size in
creases with average size, thus contributing to
concentration; however, there is still a definite
tendency for the number of establishments to
concentrate with average size. If Gini coefficients
are calculated using the number of establishments
instead of total employment and are then re
gressed on the same set of variables, average es
tablishment size remains significant. Hence, the
number of establishments, their average size, and
their involvement in trade are significantly related
to the degree of geographic concentration in an
industry.
The issue of geographic concentration may
turn out to be important in regard to how the pro
duction structure of a nation is altered by trade
agreements. Paul Krugman has found that the
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manufacturing industry in the European Commu
nity, viewed as one region, is less geographically
concentrated than the same industry is in the
United States.6 Numerous industry studies, such
as that of the automobile industry by Philip Jones
and John North, reach a similar conclusion.7 If
Krugman is correct, the comparison seems to
suggest that economic integration leads to in
creased geographic concentration of industries. In
addition, David Greenaway and Robert Hine pro
vide some evidence that the increased integration
of the world economy during the 1980’s resulted
in production patterns within the member coun
tries of the Organisation for Economic Co-opera
tion and Development becoming more regionally
specialized.8 The question therefore arises as to
whether further trade liberalization will increase
the geographic concentration of industries.9 Cur
rently, there are ongoing negotiations in the Gen
eral Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ( g a t t ) to
liberalize the global economy further, as well as
several efforts, such as the proposed North
American Free Trade Agreement ( n a f t a ) and the
1992 Single Market program in the European
Community, to promote regional trading blocs.
More open trading arrangements will lead to in
creased economic integration and, perhaps, in
creased geographic concentration of industry.
This in turn is likely to increase the amount of
interindustry trade, which may then create labor
adjustment problems for job losers.10
Adjusting to trade liberalization
The Gini coefficient for geographic concentration
not only may be associated with the tradeability of
an industry, but also may provide information
about potential trade adjustment problems result
ing from trade agreements. For example, Marie
Howland and George E. Peterson found that the
strength of the local economy was important in
minimizing the financial losses of displaced
workers employed in declining industries.11 Spe
cifically, a growing local economy reduced the
financial losses of displaced white-collar workers,
but not those of blue-collar workers. Also, a de
pressed local economy led to large financial losses
among all displaced workers, even those who
were young and well educated. We argue that a
downturn in an industry that is highly concen
trated could severely weaken the local economy,
which in turn would weaken the reemployment
prospects of displaced workers.
Identifying trade-sensitive industries. A recent
study identified import- and export-sensitive man
ufacturing industries at the four-digit sic level,
based on the level and growth of their trading ac
tivity between 1982 and 1987.12 The study conMonthly Labor Review
June 1993
5
Trade-Sensitive Employment
eluded that a number of import-sensitive manu
facturing industries, especially low-wage apparel
and leather and high-wage machinery, could be
adversely affected by a more open international
trading environment. In contrast, it also found that
the export-sensitive food, chemicals, and electri
cal equipment industries could benefit from such
an environment. Analysis of worker characteris
tics revealed that those most vulnerable to import
competition— women, youth, blacks, Hispanics,
and the less educated— would also have the great
est difficulty relocating.
The following tabulation reports average Gini
measures of geographic concentration for selected
manufacturing industry groups, both those that are
trade sensitive and those that are not:
Average Gini
Import sensitive........................
.658
Export sensitive........................
.680
Not sensitive to trade................
.602
Separating out any industry found in both the
import- and export-sensitive groups yields the
following:
Average Gini
Import sensitive o n ly ................
.629
Export sensitive o n ly ................
.674
Import and export sensitive . . . .
.696
Table 1.
Distribution of employment in trade-sensitive
manufacturing industries, by region, 1990
[Percent]
Industries sensitive to—
Region1
All
manufacturing
Imports
only
Exports
only
Both imports
and exports
Employment (thousands) ..
P e rce n t................................
19,143.3
100.0
1,391.9
100.0
2,117.6
100.0
412.9
100.0
New England ......................
Mid-Atlantic..........................
South A tla n tic ......................
Lakes ..................................
Deep S o u th ..........................
Heartland ............................
Oil S ta te s ............................
M ountain..............................
P a cific..................................
6.4
14.3
16.4
22.1
7.5
7.4
8.2
3.4
14.4
8.2
19.7
16.1
16.8
9.9
7.6
6.5
3.3
12.0
8.7
10.9
10.5
15.3
3.7
7.0
12.1
5.5
26.5
11.7
18.4
11.4
33.2
4.4
8.3
4.6
1.4
6.7
1 (Regions:
New England— Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island,
Connecticut.
Mid-Atlantic— New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania.
South Atlantic— Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, West Virginia, North
Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida.
Lakes— Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin.
Deep South— Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi.
Heartland— Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas.
Oil States— Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas.
Mountain— Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada.
Pacific— Washington, Oregon, California, Alaska, Hawaii.
Note: The regions listed are the standard Census Bureau regions with the following
name changes: East North Central— Lakes; East South Central— Deep South; West North
Central— Heartland: West South Central— Oil States.
Source:
Special tabulation from
M onthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
bls
Employment and Wage (es-202) program.
June 1993
Although these results are similar to earlier ones in
that there is a high degree of geographic concen
tration among industries more actively engaging
in trade, export-sensitive industries show a slightly
higher degree of concentration than do importsensitive industries. This is even more noticeable
in the case of those trade-sensitive industries that
are import sensitive only or export sensitive only:
the gap between the Gini coefficients widens.
While the difference is not large, it does provide an
indication that the gains from trade liberalization
may be more concentrated than the losses. How
ever, as noted earlier, the concentration of importsensitive industries relative to that of all manufac
turing and that of the service sector is quite high,
which could lead to reemployment difficulties for
those displaced.
Regional view. Because employment in tradesensitive manufacturing industries exhibits geo
graphic concentration, it would be useful for
policymakers to know where it may be concen
trated. Of course, the existence of a concentration
of total employment and manufacturing employ
ment in a certain region will increase the likeli
hood that there is also a concentration of trade-sen
sitive employment in that region. Table 1 shows
that in 1990 total manufacturing employment was
concentrated in the Lakes region of the Nation and
also in the South Atlantic region, followed by the
Pacific and Mid-Atlantic regions. The Lakes re
gion had more than 20 percent of U.S. manufactur
ing employment, the other three regions near 15
percent each. Although this distribution helps ac
count for the regional distribution of employment
in trade-sensitive industries, that distribution is
even more concentrated.
In addition to finding that tradeability is asso
ciated with geographic concentration, we found
that the locations of the concentrations are re
lated to the type of trade activity involved. For
example, there is a heavy geographic concentra
tion of industries that are both import and export
sensitive in the Lakes region. Export-sensitive
industries were concentrated in the west, espe
cially the Pacific region, while import-sensitive
industries were concentrated in the east, particu
larly the Mid-Atlantic and New England regions.
The Deep South also had a disproportionate
share of import-sensitive industries.
Those regions with a high percentage of em
ployment in import-sensitive industries also re
corded a high percentage of employment in non
durable goods manufacturing, and those regions
with a high percentage of employment in exportsensitive industries recorded a high percentage of
employment in durable goods manufacturing. For
example, almost half of employment in the apparel
industry (sic 23) and three-fourths of that in the
Distribution of average annual employment in manufacturing, by two-digit sic industry level, 19901
Table 2.
Region2
Employment:
Number
Percent
All
manufacturing
Food and
kindred
products
(sic 20)
Textile
mill
products
(sic 22)
19,143,306
100.0
1,665,766
100.0
6.4
14.3
16.4
22.1
7.5
7.4
8.2
3.4
14.4
2.8
12.4
14.9
18.0
7.2
12.9
11.0
4.5
16.3
New E ngland.
Mid-Atlantic ..
South Atlantic
Lakes.............
Deep South ..
Heartland. . . .
Oil S tates. . . .
Mountain . . . .
P a c ific ...........
Petro
leum
and coal
products
(sic 29)
Rubber
and
miscel
laneous
plastics
products
(sic 30)
Leather
and
leather
products
(sic 31)
Employment:
Number . . . .
P e rc e n t___
158,540
100.0
892,165
100.0
New England.
Mid-Atlantic . .
South Atlantic
Lakes.............
Deep South ..
Heartland. . . .
Oil S tates. . . .
Mountain . . . .
P a c ific ...........
1.3
15.2
4.3
17.1
5.3
4.3
30.1
2.8
19.5
6.1
12.4
14.4
31.7
8.4
6.9
7.8
2.1
10.1
Apparel and
other textile
products
(sic 23)
Lumber and
wood
products
(sic 24)
Furniture
and fixtures
(sic 25)
700,030
100.0
1,039,591
100.0
736,897
100.0
509,958
100.0
699,713
100.0
1,569,511
100.0
1,091,617
100.0
5.0
8.9
67.3
2.2
11.2
.6
1.7
.3
2.8
3.0
20.8
24.7
6.3
17.5
3.6
8.3
1.6
14.2
3.6
7.1
19.2
13.5
11.9
6.0
9.1
5.9
23.7
2.7
9.7
27.7
20.3
13.4
5.6
5.9
2.2
12.5
8.3
15.4
16.8
22.6
8.9
8.7
7.9
1.3
10.1
6.6
19.4
14.8
20.2
4.9
9.7
6.9
4.4
13.2
4.2
22.2
20.6
19.8
6.6
5.2
11.1
2.2
8.1
Paper and
allied
products
(sic 26)
Printing and
publishing
(sic 27)
Chemicals
and allied
products
(sic 28)
Stone,
clay,
glass, and
concrete
products
(sic 32)
Primary
metal
industries
(sic 33)
Fabricated
metal
products
(sic 34)
Industrial
machinery
and
computer
equipment
(sic 35)
Electronic
Trans
and other
portation
electrical
equipment equipment
(sic 37)
(sic 36)
Meas
uring and
control
ling
equip
ment
(sic 38)
133,885
100.0
557,815
100.0
758,384
100.0
1,422,503
100.0
2,096,640
100.0
1,679,291
100.0
2,000,307
100.0
1,002,227
100.0
377,864
100.0
17.1
18.4
8.9
15.5
8.9
14.0
9.8
2.0
5.5
3.6
17.1
18.8
19.8
7.1
6.5
10.1
4.6
12.4
4.2
17.3
10.6
38.0
8.4
4.2
6.2
2.5
8.7
7.0
13.3
9.5
32.9
7.0
7.6
9.2
2.2
11.2
8.0
13.2
10.4
29.5
5.3
9.3
8.4
3.5
12.2
8.8
13.9
13.5
20.4
6.5
6.1
8.6
4.8
17.4
6.8
6.2
10.3
29.9
5.7
7.8
7.6
3.7
22.1
12.0
20.9
10.4
12.8
2.1
6.8
5.1
4.8
24.9
14.6
21.1
8.5
18.0
6.9
6.4
6.6
5.4
12.5
Miscel
laneous
manu
factures
(sic 39)
1For reasons of nondisclosure of the data, the tobacco products industry (sic 21) is left out of the table. Employment totals and totals for the region, however,
include data for the industry.
2See table 1 for list of States in each region.
Source:
Special tabulation from Bureau of Labor Statistics Employment and Wage (es-202) program.
textile industry (sic 22) are located in the Atlantic
regions, where more than a third of import-sensi
tive industries are located. (See table 2.) Similarly,
a considerable share of employment in measuring
and controlling equipment (sic 38), lumber and
wood products (sic 24), and transportation equip
ment (sic 37) (especially aircraft) is located in the
export-oriented Pacific region. The largest share
of trade-sensitive employment is found in the
Lakes region, where 30 or more percent of em
ployment in the following industries are located:
primary metals (sic 33), fabricated metals (sic 34),
transportation equipment (sic 37), machinery (sic
35), and rubber and plastic products (sic 30).
Workers in import-sensitive industries are
more vulnerable than those in other industries to
job loss from a more open international trading
environment. Trade Adjustment Assistance is the
primary U.S. employment program serving work
ers displaced because of trade. It would be useful
to know the geographic distribution of both recipi
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ents of such assistance and displaced workers in
general. For example, examining the geographic
distribution of Trade Adjustment Assistance certi
fications relative to the geographic distribution of
displaced workers will give some indication of the
extent to which job losers are served by the pro
gram. Also, if the program is serving its target
population, one would expect to find a concentra
tion of Trade Adjustment Assistance recipients in
regions with a large share of import-sensitive in
dustries. For example, table 3 shows the number
and distribution of factory workers receiving
Trade Adjustment Assistance and the number and
distribution of displaced factory workers, by re
gion, from 1987 to 1992. The regional distribution
of factory workers receiving such assistance par
allels fairly closely (Pearson correlation coeffi
cient of .877) the regional distribution of employ
ment in import-sensitive manufacturing industries
given in table 1. In particular, the regions with the
highest and lowest distributions are the same in
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
7
Trade-Sensitive Employment
both cases. This result both suggests that the
Trade Adjustment Assistance program is well
targeted and, if certification is viewed as another
measure of import sensitivity, supports our find
ing that employment in import-sensitive indus
tries is geographically concentrated.
Not surprisingly, factory worker displacements
are distributed geographically in the same relative
proportions as the distribution of total manufactur
ing employment, a clear exception being the dis
proportionate share of displaced manufacturing
workers in New England. Examining the two per
cent distribution columns in table 3 reveals that
disproportionate trade-related displacements oc
curred in the Mid-Atlantic, Lakes, Deep South,
and Oil States regions. Each of these had a higher
share of Trade Adjustment Assistance certifica
tions than of displacements. Moreover, all of them
except the Lakes region had a higher share of certi
fications than of total manufacturing employment.
These findings indicate that trade-related job
losses were indeed geographically concentrated
during the period in question. Importantly, from a
labor market adjustment standpoint, the duration
of unemployment was longer in regions where
trade displacements were concentrated. Also, ac
cording to the January 1992 b l s Displaced Worker
Survey, the percentage of displaced manufactur
ing workers reemployed at the time of the survey
was lower in regions with a high concentration of
trade-related displacements.13
Table 3.
Factory workers receiving Trade Adjustment
Assistance and displaced factory workers, by region,
1987-92
Region1
Factory workers
receiving
Trade Adjustment
Assistance
Displaced
factory
workers2
Number3
Percent
distribution
Number
Percent
distribution
T o ta l..............................
314,916
100.0
1,955,000
100.0
New E ngland............................
M id-A tlantic..............................
South A tla n tic ..........................
Lakes .........................................
Deep S o u th ..............................
Heartland..................................
Oil S tates..................................
M o u n ta in ..................................
P a c ific .......................................
25,262
66,967
49,075
60,961
39,133
19,314
29,645
9,308
15,251
8.0
21.3
15.6
19.4
12.4
6.1
9.4
3.0
4.8
168,000
299,000
352,000
354,000
123,000
137,000
125,000
79,000
318,000
8.6
15.3
18.0
18.1
6.3
7.0
6.4
4.0
16.3
1 See table 1 for list of States in each region.
2 Persons with 3 or more years of tenure who lost or left a job between January 1987 and
January 1992 because of plant closings, slack work, or the abolishment of their positions or
shifts.
3 Administrative cumulative count of worker certifications under the Trade Adjustment
Assistance program from Jan. 1, 1987, to Dec. 7, 1992.
S ources: Special tabulation, Office of Trade Adjustment Assistance, Employment and
Training Administration; bls January 1992 Displaced Worker Supplement to Current
Population Survey.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June 1993
An examination of the distribution of Trade
Adjustment Assistance certifications by two-digit
sic manufacturing industries for each region pro
vides some insight into the disproportionate re
gional distribution of trade-related displacements.
The situation in the Mid-Atlantic and Lakes re
gions, for example, is due in large part to their gen
erally greater shares of employment in industries
sensitive to imports that are located there. The
situation in the Deep South and Oil States regions
is not as straightforward, because those regions do
not have a large share of import-sensitive indus
tries, although the share in the Deep South is dis
proportionate, with a large number of workers in
the apparel industry (sic 23). There was a large
concentration of job losses in that industry during
the 1987-92 period, and nearly 60 percent of the
Trade Adjustment Assistance certifications in the
region were in the apparel industry. In fact, based
on the number of certifications over the period, the
apparel industry in nearly every region was hit
hard by imports: 30 percent of all Trade Adjust
ment Assistance certifications in the manufactur
ing industry from 1987 to 1992 were in the apparel
industry. This figure was followed by 15 percent
in the transportation equipment industry (sic 37).
Trade-related displacements, denoted by the num
ber and share of Trade Adjustment Assistance cer
tifications, in these two industries in the Oil States
region accounted for that region’s disproportion
ate trade-related displacement. (See table 4.) Other
noteworthy concentrations of certifications— an
indication of where trade-related job losses oc
curred— were leather (sic 31) in the Heartland re
gion, lumber and wood products (sic 24) in the
Pacific region, machinery (sic 35) in the Mountain
and Pacific regions, transportation equipment in
the Lakes and Heartland regions, and apparel in
the two Atlantic regions.
North American Free Trade Agreement (n a f t a ).
The prospect of the signing of the North American
Free Trade Agreement has focused attention on
M exico’s trade pattern with the United States.
Currently, Mexico ranks third behind Canada and
Japan in trade volume with the United States. U.S.
imports from Mexico increased at an annual rate
of 12 percent from 1986 to 1991, while U.S. ex
ports to Mexico increased by 22 percent per year
over the same period.
Much attention has been directed toward the
employment effects of the proposed agreement
with Mexico.14 Which industries will gain jobs?
Which will lose jobs? Will there be adequate sup
port for the job losers? Will some regions benefit
or be hurt more than others? Because of the large
difference in income and wages between the two
countries, some have expressed concerns about
the possibility of a surge in U.S. imports from
Table 4
Percent distribution of Trade Adjustment Assistance certifications by two-digit sic manufacturing
industry, by region, cumulative from January 1,1992, to December 7,1992
Total
New
England
MidAtlantic
South
Atlantic
Lakes
N um b er.....................................
P e rc e n t.....................................
314,916
100.0
25,262
100.0
66,967
100.0
49,075
100.0
60,961
100.0
Food and kindred products . . . .
Tobacco products.....................
Textile mill p ro d u c ts .................
Apparel and other textile
products ..................................
Lumber and wood products,
except fu rn itu re ........................
Furniture and fix tu re s ...............
Paper and allied products.........
Printing and p u blishing.............
Chemicals and allied products .
Petroleum and coal products . .
Rubber and miscellaneous
plastics products.....................
.8
—
2.9
.3
—
7.3
.5
—
2.7
8.8
30.0
16.8
34.4
50.4
1.0
2.1
.6
.5
1.0
2.2
.4
.7
1.5
.2
Industry
SIC
Deep
South
Heartland
Oil
States
Mountain
Pacific
All manufacturing
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
Leather and leather products ..
Stone, clay, glass, and
concrete products...................
Primary metal indu stries...........
Fabricated metal products,
except machinery and
transportation equipment . . . .
Industrial machinery
and computer equipment . . . .
Electronic and electrical
equipment, except computer
equipm ent................................
Transportation equipm ent.........
Measuring and controlling
equipm ent................................
Miscellaneous manufactures ..
N ote :
.4
—
.2
29,645
100.0
—
—
—
—
—
—
.6
1.6
—
4.7
57.1
.1
1.5
—
—
—
—
.3
1.8
—
___
—
2.7
.2
—
3.0
1.1
.3
2.9
—
.6
.2
.2
.2
.8
.3
.7
.8
.2
3.8
4.9
4.3
6.3
4.8
2.5
7.2
16.0
7.4
7.6
3.2
5.8
1.4
2.7
1.7
2.1
1.3
4.1
2.6
.8
1.6
5.3
.6
1.6
4.6
8.3
3.6
2.4
11.4
8.5
11.8
10.8
.7
12.8
15.2
16.9
.8
12.4
5.3
2.3
1.9
4.2
4.3
2.2
3.6
—
19,314
100.0
39,133
100.0
9,308
100.0
11.7
—
.6
.1
15.4
.5
15,251
100.0
37.5
14.8
12.2
1.0
1.7
1.8
15.8
8.1
2.9
.3
4.2
—
—
.9
1.0
9.6
.8
1.8
1.2
—
25.6
2.1
.8
1.3
.2
.7
1.5
.9
—
3.3
1.1
2.6
.4
2.4
3.0
1.0
1.3
14.5
1.0
7.8
2.0
23.2
18.4
8.3
6.4
12.2
35.2
14.0
10.6
14.9
24.8
14.2
28.9
28.8
10.5
7.1
7.2
.3
1.3
3.3
.5
1.4
1.5
2.9
2.0
3.1
.3
3.0
2.0
2.6
2.7
.2
.1
—
See table 1 for list of States in each region. Dash indicates less than .05 percent or no observations.
S ource :
Special tabulation, Office of Trade Adjustment Assistance, Employment and Training Administration.
Mexico that are priced below U.S.-produced
goods, as well as a potent exodus of U.S. firms to
Mexico to take advantage of the lower wage base
there.
With regard to the concentration issue, there
are two major concerns. First, as noted before, the
proposed agreement itself could lead to greater
geographic concentrations of industry in each
country as the two economies integrate. Second, if
the industries that are adversely affected by the
agreement are geographically concentrated, the
adjustment process for the job losers could be
more difficult than if those industries are not geo
graphically concentrated.
Employing and expanding upon the methodol
ogy used by Bednarzik in an earlier Monthly La
bor Review article to identify trade-sensitive in
dustries,15 we developed a preliminary list of U.S.
manufacturing industries (at the four-digit sic
level) with a history of conducting trade with
Mexico from 1982 to 1987. We established four
criteria— two based on the level of trade and two
based on the growth o f trade— to determine which
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U.S. industries had a history of importing from or
exporting to Mexico. A broad measure of import
penetration considers the trend and level of U.S.
imports from Mexico, by industry, as a percentage
of new supply (domestic production plus imports),
and a narrow measure considers imports from
Mexico as a percentage of all U.S. imports. Ex
ports are examined in a similar fashion.16 The fol
lowing tabulation gives the average Gini coeffi
cient for those industries deemed import sensitive
or export sensitive with respect to U.S. trade with
Mexico from 1982 to 1987:
Total
Import Export
manufacturing sensitive sensitive
Number
of jo b s ............
Average Gini
index..............
Weighted Gini
index..............
19,111,000
539,900 720,400
.607
.619
.600
.543
.593
.511
Comparing the average and weighted Gini coeffi
cients of import-sensitive versus export-sensitive
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
9
Trade-Sensitive Employment
manufacturing industries pertaining to U.S. trade
with Mexico reveals that the import-sensitive in
dustries are slightly more concentrated. They are
also slightly more concentrated than manufactur
ing generally. Workers in geographically concen
trated import-sensitive industries could face a pro
longed search for a comparable job if they become
unemployed.
Conclusions and implications
There has been a tendency for similar economic
activities to cluster together geographically; this
article shows how that tendency is related to in
dustry characteristics. Geographic clustering is
most prevalent in the mining sector, less so, but
still significant, in the agriculture and manufac
turing industries, and not very evident in the ser
vices sector. Manufacturing industries that are
intensively involved in international trade, either
as importers or as exporters, are significantly
more geographically concentrated than m anu
facturing industries with less involvement in
trade. Geographic concentration is also posi
tively related to average establishment size and
negatively related to the overall number of es
tablishments in an industry.
Among the labor market implications of the
geographic concentration of trade-sensitive in
dustries is the prospect that a downturn in an in
dustry that is highly concentrated geographically
could weaken the local economy and the ability
of displaced workers to find alternative employ
ment. Conversely, trade agreements that open
markets favoring specific product lines are likely
to benefit the regions that manufacture those
products. Average Gini coefficients show that
both export- and import-sensitive industries are
geographically concentrated, export-sensitive
industries slightly more so. That import-sensi
tive industries are concentrated geographically is
supported by the regional distribution of Trade
Adjustment Assistance certifications. Unfortu
nately, from a labor market adjustment stand
point, job gains are not likely to be in the same
region as job losses. Concentrations of exportsensitive industries are in the Pacific region,
while im port-sensitive industries are concen
trated in the Atlantic regions. Industries that are
both import and export sensitive are in the Lakes
region. Historical trading patterns show that U.S.
industries trading with Mexico also tend to be
concentrated geographically, although not to the
extent of trade-sensitive industries generally. □
Footnotes
A cknowledgment : The authors thank Michael B. Buso, Of
fice of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, and Bar
bara P. Athey, Office of Technology and Survey Processing,
both of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, for the preparation of
data appearing in this article.
1Joseph Lewis, “The Localization of Industries,” Manu
factures: 1905 (Washington, Bureau of the Census, 1907).
2 See Robert C. Shelburne and Robert W. Bednarzik, The
Geographical Concentration of Employment and Its Implica
tions for Trade and Adjustment (Washington, Bureau of In
ternational Labor Affairs, 1992), originally presented at the
Southwestern Econom ics Association in San Antonio in
March 1992. In this paper, we included average Ginis for all
two-, three-, and four-digit sic industries. Geographic Gini
indexes are used by Paul Krugman, in Geography and Trade
(Cambridge, ma , mit Press, 1991).
3Unlike Krugman’s results, which were based on a data set
that was incomplete because of confidentiality concerns, the
results presented here are based on a complete data set. The
Bureau of Labor Statistics does not release data on industries
when it would be possible to determine firm-specific infor
mation from them. This can occur when there are only a few
firms in a given geographic area. The problem was avoided
by providing the Bureau with the requisite computer pro
grams and allowing its staff to compute the desired esti
mates. Firm-specific information cannot be derived from
Gini coefficients.
important in industries characterized by sophisticated and
rapidly changing technology. We divided the manufacturing
sector into three groups— industries characterized by new
products requiring significant inputs of research and develop
ment and human capital, industries that produce standardized
commodities with established technology, and industries that
are resource intensive— and calculated the Gini index for
each group. The results failed to reveal the presence of any
technological factor in geographic concentration among these
industries. (Their Gini indexes were similar.)
5 The variables for the ratio of imports to new supply and
exports to shipments have been calculated by the Industry
Statistics Division of the U.S. Dept, of Commerce; the most
recent data available are for 1987.
6 Krugman, Geography and Trade. Krugman makes this
assessment using several criteria; for instance, the manufac
turing production structures o f the United Kingdom, West
Germany, France, and Italy are more similar to each other
than are the production structures o f the four major U.S.
regions.
7 Philip Jones and John North, “Japanese Motor Industry
Transplants: The West European Dimension,” Economic Ge
ography, April 1991, pp. 105-23.
8David Greenaway and Robert Hine, “Intra-Industry Spe
cialization, Trade Expansion and Adjustment in the European
Economic Space,” Journal of Common Market Studies, D e
4
Michael Porter, The Competitive Advantage of Nationscember 1991.
(New York: The Free Press, 1990). As early as 1919, Alfred
9A theoretical discussion of this issue can be found in Paul
Marshall, in Industry and Trade (London, McMillan, 1919),
Krugman and Anthony Venables, “Integration and the Com
suggested that clustering was an attempt to reap technologi
petitiveness of Peripheral Industry,” in Christopher Bliss and
cal spillovers from other firms. This factor is likely to be most
Jorge Braga de Macedo, Unity with Diversity in the European
Monthly Labor Review
Digitized10
for FRASER
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June 1993
Economy: The Community’s Southern Frontier (Cambridge,
U.K., Cambridge University Press, 1990), pp. 56-75.
10The costs o f adjustment associated with the geographic
concentrating effects of the Single Market program have
been an important issue within the European Community.
See Harry Flam, “Products and 1992: Full Integration, Large
Gains?” Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 6, No. 4,
Fall 1992, pp. 7-30.
11Marie Howland and George E. Peterson, “Labor Market
Conditions and the Reemployment of Displaced Workers,”
Industrial and Labor Relations Review, October 1988, pp.
109-22.
12 “Robert W. Bednarzik, “An analysis of U.S. industries
sensitive to foreign trade, 1982—87,” Monthly Labor Review,
February 1993, pp. 15-31. Trade sensitivity considers the
trend as well as the level of activity over a 6-year period,
1982-87. Also, it is based on 1972 sic’s. That is, it does not
include any new four-digit sic industries that may have been
included in the trade-intensive group.
13We cannot be sure, however, whether the longer jobless
duration was a result of the geographic concentration of the
displacements or of the fact that the displacements were trade
related. The literature is clear that the duration of unemploy
ment is longer and postdisplacement wage losses are larger
for workers displaced by trade than for comparable unem
ployed groups. (See, for exam ple, Walter Corson, Paul
Decker, Phillip Gleason, and Walter Nicholson, Interna
tional Trade and Worker Dislocation: Evaluation of the
Trade Adjustment Assistance Program (Princeton, n j ,
Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., April 1993).
APPENDIX:
fects of a North American Free Trade Agreement: A Survey
of Issues and Estimated Employment Effects, Economic Dis
cussion Paper 40 (Bureau o f International Labor Affairs, July
1992).
15Bednarzik, “U.S. industries sensitive to foreign trade.”
16Specifically, import sensitivity was measured as the per
centage of total U.S. new supply, by industry, imported from
Mexico and as the percentage of total U.S. imports, by indus
try, imported from Mexico. The following thresholds were
established for the level and the growth of import activity
over the 1982-87 period: average share of shipments of 2
percent or more; average annual increase in share of ship
ments of 1 percent or more; average share of imports of 20
percent or more; and annual average increase in share of im
ports of 2 percent or more. Industries that reached or ex
ceeded two or more of these thresholds were deemed import
sensitive.
Export sensitivity was measured as the percentage of total
U.S. shipments, by industry, exported to Mexico and as the
percentage of total U.S. exports, by industry, exported to
Mexico. The following thresholds were established for the
level and the growth of export activity over the 1982-87 pe
riod: average share of shipments of 2 percent or more; aver
age annual increase in share of shipments o f 1 percent or
more; average share of exports of 20 percent or more; and
annual average increase in share of exports of 2 percent or
more. Industries that reached or exceeded two or more of
these thresholds were deemed export sensitive.
Deriving the Gini index
To estimate geographic concentration by industry, we
employ the technique of Paul Krugman and calculate
locational Gini coefficients. The Gini coefficient,
which has been used extensively in analyzing income
distributions, is a summary measure derived from the
Lorenz distribution. For each state i, we have data for
employment (£) in each sector j, which we define as
E . We define each State’s share of total U.S. employti
ment as
S.i = 1 iE J¡j £ 1* E ..‘j
j
and each State’s share of employment in each sector as
S, =W <r
For each sector, we take the ratio R.. = S../Si and then
rank the resulting values in ascending order. A continu
ous cumulation of S. and S. is maintained, with the totals
plotted after the figure for each State is added to the
running totals. This allows us to plot a Lorenz curve,
such as that shown in chart A -l, page 13, for each sec
tor. The vertical axis represents the cumulative share of
the sector (that is, the running total of S ), the horizontal
axis the cumulative share of total employment (that is,
the running total of S). A point such as B on the curve
signifies that only 20 percent of employment in the
given sector is located in States that account for 40 per
cent of total employment. Alternatively, we could say
that 80 percent of employment in this sector is located in
States that account for 60 percent of total employment.
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14For a review of many of the studies on nafta , see Greg
ory Schoepfle and Jorge Perez-Lopez, U.S. Employment Ef
If employment in a sector is located in each State
exactly in proportion to total employment in that State,
then the Lorenz curve will correspond to the 45-degree
diagonal line. That is, the State’s share of industry em
ployment is the same as its share of national employ
ment. The more geographically concentrated a sector
is, the more curved the Lorenz curve will be. Thus, the
size of the region between the diagonal line and the
Lorenz curve is a measure of the amount of geographic
concentration of a sector. The Gini coefficient is de
fined as the proportion of the area below the diagonal
that is between the diagonal and the Lorenz curve.
Hence, the Gini coefficient can vary from 0, when the
Lorenz curve coincides with the diagonal, to 1, when
all of the sector’s employment is in a small area.
For the geographic regions, States have been used,
although a smaller region would be more desirable. Us
ing States presents three additional problems. First, an
industry that is clustered on both sides of a State border
will have a lower Gini index than if it were concen
trated entirely within one of the States. Second, the fact
that States are of unequal sizes will bias the Gini meas
ure. For example, an industry concentrated in Califor
nia will appear less concentrated than if it were concen
trated in a similarly sized region in Wyoming. Finally,
because each State represents a significant portion of
total employment, the upper limit of the Gini index will
approach, but never reach, 1, even when employment is
all in a single State.
Table A -l lists four-digit average Gini indexes cal
culated for all two-digit sic industries.
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
11
Trade-Sensitive Employment
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Table A-1
Four-digit average Gini indexes for two-digit sic industries
SIC
Industry
Gini
sic
01
02
07
08
09
Agricultural c ro p s .......................................
Agricultural livestock..................................
Agricultural service s..................................
F o re s try ......................................................
Fishing, hunting, and tra p p in g .................
0.778
.678
.4031
.776
.762
47
48
49
Transportation services................................ 0 446
Comm unications...........................................
.313
Electric, gas, and sanitary services ...........
.579
10
12
13
14
15
16
17
Metal m inin g...............................................
Coal mining ...............................................
Oil and gas extraction................................
Nonmetallic m in e ra ls ................................
General building contractors ...................
Heavy construction.....................................
Special trade con tracto rs..........................
.944
.890
.833
.691
.2741
.305
.204
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
Wholesale trade: d u ra b le s ..........................
Wholesale trade: nondurables ...................
Building and garden materials ...................
General merchandise stores........................
Food sto re s.................................................
Auto dealers and gas stations.....................
Apparel s to re s .............................................
Furniture s to re s ...........................................
Eating and drinking places..........................
Miscellaneous re ta il....................................
20
21
22
23
24
Food and kindred products .....................
Tobacco products.......................................
Textile mill p ro d u c ts..................................
Apparel and other textile p ro d u cts...........
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture.....................................................
Furniture and fix tu re s ................................
Paper and allied products..........................
Printing and publishing..............................
Chemicals and allied p roducts.................
Petroleum and coal p ro d u c ts...................
.235
.313
.191
.204
267
.225
.184
.172
.0741
.249
.623
.904
.819
.635
60
61
62
63
64
65
67
Depository institu tions................................
Nondepository institu tions..........................
Security and commodity b ro k e rs ...............
Insurance c a rrie rs .......................................
Insurance a g e n ts .........................................
Real estate....................................................
Holding and investment o ffic e s .................
.507
.376
.644
.390
.110
.2831
.542
70
72
73
75
76
78
79
Personal services .......................................
Business s e rv ic e s .......................................
Auto repair and s e rv ic e s ............................
Miscellaneous repair s e rv ic e s ...................
Motion pictures ...........................................
Amusement and re cre a tio n ........................
374
.151’
.294
.227
.200
.443
.313
80
81
82
83
84
86
87
88
89
Health services ...........................................
Legal s e rv ic e s .............................................
Educational s e rv ic e s ..................................
Social services.............................................
Museums, gardens, and z o o s ...................
Membership organizations..........................
Engineering and management services . .
Private households .....................................
Services, n.e.c...............................................
.268
.181
.273
.204
.373
.341
.309
.290
.296
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
99
Executive and legislative government . . . .
Justice and s a fe ty .......................................
Taxation and monetary p o lic y ...................
Human resources .......................................
Government environmental and housing ..
Administration of economic programs . . . .
Security and international a ffa irs ...............
Nonclassified establishments ...................
.700
.465
.254
.462
.411
.469
.673
.678
25
26
27
28
29
30
.570
.537
.530
.396
.650
.518
37
38
39
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products ....................................................
Leather and leather products...................
Stone, clay, glass, and concrete products
Primary metal industries............................
Fabricated metal products, except
machinery and transportation equipment
Industrial machinery and computer
equipm ent..................................................
Electronic and electrical equipment,
except computer equipm ent...................
Transportation equipment ........................
Measuring and controlling equipment . . .
Miscellaneous m anufactures...................
.607
.700
.561
.599
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
Railroad transportation..............................
Local passenger tr a n s it............................
Trucking and w arehousing........................
U.S. Postal Service ..................................
Water transportation..................................
Air tra nspo rtatio n.......................................
Pipelines, not natural g a s ..........................
.837
.427
.370
.091
.686
.390
.736
31
32
33
34
35
36
.480
.707
.557
.638
.542
.613
Industry
1 Calculated at the three-digit level because not all States report data for this industry at the four-digit level.
Note:
n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified.
June 1993
Gini
C h a rt A - 1
. Lorenz Curve
S h a re of
S h a re o f
in d u s tr y
in d u s tr y
e m p lo y m e n t
e m p lo y m e n t
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
13
Recession swells count
of displaced workers
Like all recessionary periods, the weak economy
o f the early 1990’s increased the number
o f displaced workers; while a disproportionately
large share were in goods-producing industries,
displacements were much more widespread across
industries than was the case a decade earlier
Jennifer M. Gardner
Jennifer M. Gardner is an
economist in the Division
o f Labor Force Statistics,
Bureau o f Labor Statistics.
uring the mid- to late 1980’s, the United
States experienced 7 years of uninter
rupted economic growth, during which
roughly 20 million persons were added to the em
ployment rolls. Even during this booming period,
however, many workers were losing jobs, as busi
nesses failed or were forced to cut the size of their
work forces. But it is obviously during recessions,
such as the one that started in m id-1990, that the
problem of job loss becomes most acute.
Between January 1987 and January 1992, a pe
riod including the 1990-91 recession, the number
of workers who lost jobs due to plant closings,
company failures, or other curtailments in em
ployment totaled 5.6 million, according to the
Current Population Survey ( c p s ) 1. This compares
with 4.3 million during the 5 years ending in
January 1990, a period of sustained employment
growth.2 When the most recent data were col
lected in January 1992, it was found that nearly
two-thirds of the workers who had lost their jobs
during the preceding 5 years were once again
working.
Interest in workers who lose their jobs when
plants close or businesses severely cut back their
operations heightened in the early 1980’s, when
two back-to-back recessions (in 1980 and 1981—
82) displaced many workers from long-held jobs.
In January 1984, the U.S. Department of Labor’s
Employment and Training Administration spon
D
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June 1993
sored a supplement to the cps to measure the extent
of this problem and to see how the workers af
fected by displacements had adjusted.3 This spe
cial supplement has been conducted biennially
ever since, and is always retrospective over the
preceding 5 years. The most recent data were col
lected in January 1992, covering the 5-year period
beginning January 1987. While data were col
lected on all job displacements, regardless of the
worker’s length of service in the affected job, the
data used for this analysis are restricted to workers
with at least 3 years of tenure with their previous
employer. Displaced workers are those who lost or
left jobs due to plant or company closings or
moves, slack work, or the abolishment of their
positions or shifts. It should also be mentioned that
only workers aged 20 and older were questioned
about possible job losses.
Reasons for job loss
The most common reason for worker displace
ment was plant or company closings or moves.
(See table 1.) In the January 1984 and 1986 sur
veys, these shutdowns accounted for about half of
displacements; the share was slightly higher in the
subsequent three surveys. Nevertheless, the type
of displacement that grows at the fastest rate dur
ing the survey periods that include recessions is
that attributable to slack work (that is, insufficient
demand for a product or service). The proportion
of displaced workers who attributed their job loss
to the fact that their position or shift was abolished
increased slightly during the 1980’s and early
1990’s, but still accounted for less than one-fifth
of all job losses in January 1992.
T a b le 1 .
Displaced workers by reason for job loss, age, and
sex, January 1992
Age and sex
Total
displaced
(thousands)
Demographic characteristics
Eight of every ten workers identified in the Janu
ary 1992 survey as having been displaced over the
preceding 5 years were aged 25 to 54. The same
proportion of displaced workers were found in this
age group in the 1990 survey, but their share had
been trending upward since the early 1980’s, re
flecting the steadily rising share of baby-boomers
in this age group. (By 1990, that entire generation
fell within the 25-to-54 age group.) Although the
rate of displacement4 for workers in this group had
been declining during the 1980’s, it was found to
have increased, from 6.7 to 8.1 percent, between
the January 1990 and January 1992 surveys. The
overall displacement rate followed the same trend,
increasing to 7.9 percent for the most recent sur
vey from 6.4 percent in the prior survey. (See
tables 2 and 3.)
Both younger and older workers— that is, those
aged 20 to 24 and those 55 and older— also were
more likely to have been displaced during the 5
years preceding the January 1992 survey than in
the period covered by the January 1990 survey.
The displacement rate for the youngest workers
increased from 3.7 to 5.9 percent, but remained
well below the 7.9-percent figure posted in the
January 1984 survey. Among workers aged 55
and older, 7.9 percent were found to have perma
nently lost jobs in the January 1992 survey, up
from 6.5 percent in the 1990 study.
Among the race and ethnic groups, Hispanic
workers had the highest likelihood of displace
ment; 11.8 percent had lost jobs prior to the Janu
ary 1992 survey for the reasons cited above. This
was the highest rate of displacement ever regis
tered by this group since the surveys were begun
in 1984. For whites and blacks, in contrast, the
respective displacement rates of 7.9 and 8.8 per
cent found in the January 1992 survey, while
higher than those recorded for the 1990 survey
period, were not as high as those posted in the
January 1979-84 survey timespan.
Reflecting their predominance in such highdisplacement industries as construction and du
rable goods manufacturing, men were 1-1/2 times
more likely than women to have been displaced
sometime during the most recent survey period.
Over the past decade, women nevertheless have
accounted for a growing proportion of the dis
placed, reflecting both their expanding share of
the work force, as well as the fact that an increas
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Percent distribution by
reason for job loss
Plant or company
closed down
or moved
Slack
work
Position or
shift
abolishment
Total, 20 years and older . .
20 to 24 ye a rs .................
25 to 54 ye a rs.................
25 to 34 yea rs.............
35 to 44 yea rs.............
45 to 54 yea rs.............
55 years and o ld e r .........
55 to 64 ye a rs.............
65 years and older . . .
5,584
203
4,416
1,447
1,742
1,227
964
750
214
52.1
44.8
51.4
50.2
52.8
50.7
57.4
56.5
60.3
31.6
48.3
31.2
37.7
27.7
28.6
29.6
29.3
30.4
16.3
7.4
17.4
12.1
19.5
20.7
13.3
14.3
9.8
Men, 20 years and o ld e r.
Women, 20 years
and o ld e r........................
3,447
49.4
34.7
15.9
2,137
56.6
26.4
17.0
Note: Data refer to persons with tenure of 3 years or more who lost or left a job between
January 1987 and January 1992 because of plant or company closings or moves, slack work,
or the abolishment of their positions or shifts.
T a b le 2 .
Displaced workers by age, sex, race, Hispanic origin,
and employment status in January 1992
Age , sex, race,
and Hispanic origin
Total
displaced
(thousands)
Percent distribution
by employment status
Employed
Unemployed
Not in
the
labor force
TOTAL
Total, 20 years and older . .
20 to 24 ye a rs.................
25 to 54 ye a rs.................
25 to 34 yea rs.............
35 to 44 yea rs.............
45 to 54 yea rs.............
55 years and o ld e r .........
55 to 64 yea rs.............
65 years and older . ..
5,584
203
4,416
1,447
1,742
1,227
964
750
214
64.9
62.0
69.4
70.0
72.1
64.8
45.2
52.0
21.3
22.2
23.1
22.7
22.5
22.2
23.8
19.5
21.7
11.9
12.9
14.9
7.9
7.5
5.7
11.4
35.3
26.3
66.8
Men, 20 years and o ld e r.
Women, 20 years
and o lde r........................
3,447
66.6
24.5
8.9
2,137
62.2
18.6
19.2
4,828
3,003
1,825
65.7
67.6
62.7
21.2
23.3
17.8
13.0
9.1
19.2
626
356
270
58.7
58.9
58.5
28.6
33.4
22.2
12.7
7.7
19.3
511
323
188
60.4
64.6
53.0
27.4
27.2
27.7
12.3
8.2
19.3
White
Total, 20 years and older
Men ............................
W o m e n ........................
Black
Total, 20 years and older
Men ............................
W om e n........................
Hispanic origin
Total, 20 years and older
Men ............................
W om e n.......................
Note: Data refer to persons with tenure of 3 years or more who lost or left a job between
January 1987 and January 1992 because of plant or company closings or moves, slack work,
or the abolishment of their positions or shifts.
Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data
for the “other races” group are not presented, and Hispanics are included in both the white
and black population groups.
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
15
Displaced Workers
Table 3.
Displacement rates1 by age, sex, race, and Hispanic
origin, 1979-83,1985-89, and 1987-91
[In percent]
Age, sex, race, and
Hispanic origin
1979-83
1985-89
Total, 20 years and o ld e r ...............
20 to 24 y e a rs ..............................
25 to 54 y e a rs ..............................
25 to 34 y e a rs ..........................
35 to 44 y e a rs ..........................
45 to 54 y e a rs ..........................
55 years and o ld e r .....................
55 to 64 y e a rs ..........................
65 years and o ld e r .................
8.5
7.9
8.8
10.8
8.5
6.9
7.6
7.6
7.7
6.4
3.7
6.7
6.6
7.0
6.3
6.5
6.5
6.4
7.9
5.9
8.1
7.8
8.4
8.2
7.9
7.9
7.9
Men, 20 years and o ld e r.............
Women, 20 years and older . . . .
9.2
7.4
6.7
6.1
8.5
7.2
8.3
8.9
7.3
6.4
6.6
6.2
7.9
8.4
7.2
10.5
12.1
8.8
6.7
7.2
6.1
8.8
10.0
7.6
9.4
9.7
8.6
8.7
9.1
8.1
11.8
12.3
11.2
1987-91
White
Total, 20 years and o ld e r ...........
M e n ...........................................
Women .....................................
Black
Total, 20 years and o ld e r ...........
M e n ...........................................
W o m e n .....................................
Hispanic origin2
Total, 20 years and o ld e r ...........
M e n ...........................................
W o m e n ....................................
1 See text footnote 4 for an explanation of the displacement rate calculation.
2 Displacement rates for Hispanic-origin workers for 1979-83 are based on data for 198083; data for 1979 are not available.
Note: The displacement rates for the 1979-83 and 1985-89 survey periods may differ
slightly from previously published estimates due to updated job tenure data.
ing share of job loss has been occurring in the ser
vice-producing sector, in which the great majority
of women work.
Concentration of displacement
Like the earlier studies, the January 1992 survey
found the likelihood of displacement to be highest
for workers in goods-producing jobs. Also, there
were large increases from the prior survey period
in the rate of displacement among the three goodsproducing industries— mining, construction, and
manufacturing. (See tables 4 and 5.)
The displacement rate was very high for work
ers in mining— nearly one-third lost their jobs be
tween January 1987 and January 1992. In fact,
mining workers have had a higher likelihood of
displacement than any other industry/worker
group in each of the five surveys conducted since
January 1984. Construction workers were much
more likely to lose jobs between January 1987 and
January 1992 than during the period covered by
the prior survey. Their displacement rate in
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creased from 10.9 percent to 15.6 percent over the
two survey periods, but still did not reach the level
reported in the January 1984 survey covering the
recessions of the early 1980’s (19.2 percent).
While more than 1 in 8 manufacturing workers
were displaced during the 5 years prior to the
January 1992 survey, this displacement rate is
lower than those measured in the first two surveys,
conducted in January of 1984 and 1986. (Un
doubtedly, some of the workers who lost their jobs
in the most recent survey period were displaced
due to cutbacks in defense-related industries.5)
The decline in the risk of losing factory jobs in the
January 1992 survey period— resulting primarily
from overall restructuring and downsizing in
manufacturing since 1989, as well as the increase
in the incidence of displacement in other indus
tries— has led to a reduction in the proportion of
displaced workers who had lost manufacturing
jobs. In the January 1984 survey nearly one-half of
the displacements were reported by workers who
had lost such jobs. According to the January 1992
survey, this proportion had declined to only onethird. However, this estimate still represented
nearly 2 million workers.
The displacements found in the January 1992
survey were more widely distributed across in
dustries than those found in the first survey con
ducted in January 1984. During the period cov
ered by that first survey, 65 percent of all
workers displaced from private nonagricultural
wage and salary jobs had lost positions in goodsproducing industries. Nearly a decade later, the
January 1992 survey showed the proportion
having lost goods-producing jobs to be only half
of the total, as the service sector was more af
fected than in the past.
Among the service-producing industries,
wholesale and retail trade had the highest rate of
displacement, with nearly 1 out of every 10
workers losing jobs during the January 1992 sur
vey period. The likelihood of job loss was
slightly lower for those who worked in the fi
nance, insurance, and real estate industry. How
ever, major developments affecting this indus
try, including the failure of many savings and
loan institutions and the stock market crash of
October 1987, put these workers at a far greater
risk of job loss in the late 1980’s and early
1990’s than in earlier years.
W orkers in the services industry were the
least likely to have lost jobs. Their displacement
rate of 5.8 percent in the January 1992 survey
was much higher than that found in the prior
survey (4.4 percent), and was close to the rate
measured for the January 1984 survey period.
The displacement rate for the transportation and
public utilities industry, 7.5 percent, had edged
up from the January 1990 survey estimate. How-
ever, it still was lower than its high point posted
in the 1986 survey covering the January 198186 period, during which 1 in 10 workers had lost
jobs.
In terms of occupations, the greatest increase
in the risk of displacement between the January
1990 and January 1992 surveys was among ex
ecutives and managers, technicians, mechanics,
and construction trades workers. Still, blue-col
lar occupations had the highest proportion dis
placed.6 The gap between rates of white-collar
and blue-collar displacement has narrowed over
the past decade, however, reflecting the more
widespread nature of job loss; displacem ent
rates for the m ajor white-collar occupations
were higher in the January 1992 survey than in
the January 1984 study, while those for bluecollar workers were lower. The growing share of
displacem ents borne by white-collar workers
also reflects their steadily rising proportion of
total employment.
The reemployed
Nearly two-thirds of the workers displaced in the 5
years prior to January 1992 were working at the
time they were surveyed. Displaced workers 35 to
44 years old reported the highest proportion
reemployed among the various age groups; black
and Hispanic workers were less likely to be
working at a new job than were whites. The over
all reemployment rate— the proportion of dis
placed workers who had found a new job when
surveyed— had been trending upward during the
periods covered by the first four surveys, reaching
a high of 72.3 percent in the January 1990 study.
Many of those who were working when surveyed
in January 1992 had found jobs in the same in
dustry from which they had been displaced.
However, about half of the reemployed had taken
lower-paying jobs.
Full-time wage and salary workers. The vast
majority (91 percent) of the workers displaced
during the January 1992 survey period had been
working at full-time jobs, earning a wage or sal
ary. As shown in chart 1, just over half of these
workers reported being reemployed in new full
time wage and salary jobs; another third were ei
ther unemployed or had dropped out of the labor
force; and the remainder had found new jobs
working either part time, in a self-owned business,
or as an unpaid family worker.
Median weeks without work. The length of time
it takes a displaced worker to find a new job is a
critical measure of how well the labor market is
working. In the most recent survey, the median
time for a displaced worker who eventually found
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a new job to do so was 8.3 weeks. The same length
of time was reported in the January 1990 and 1988
surveys.7 (These weeks-without-work data apply
only to persons who had been displaced and had
worked since losing their jobs.)
In the most recent survey, displaced workers in
their late twenties and early thirties who had found
new jobs had the shortest spell of unemployment
(6.2 weeks), as shown below:
Median weeks without work
Age
Total
Total, 20 years
and o ld e r .................
25 to 54 years . . . .
25 to 34 years ..
35 to 44 years ..
45 to 54 years ..
55 years
and o ld e r.............
Men
Women
8.3
8.2
6.2
8.4
9.3
8.1
8.0
4.2
8.3
8.4
9.4
9.3
9.1
8.4
10.4
10.4
8.5
12.4
Workers aged 55 and older had the longest spell of
job search— 10.4 weeks— before finding new
work. The duration of men’s job search was found
Table 4.
Displaced workers by class of worker and industry
of lost job, 1979-83,1985-89, and 1987-91
Number of displaced
workers, 1987-91
(in thousands)
1979-83
1985-89
1987-91
5,584
100.0
100.0
100.0
Nonagricultural private
wage and salary w orkers. . . .
5,188
92.3
92.4
92.9
M in in g ..................................
Construction ........................
M anufacturing.....................
Durable go ods.................
Nondurable goods...........
154
501
1,925
1,243
682
2.9
7.9
48.8
32.9
15.9
3.1
7.2
37.6
24.4
13.2
2.8
9.0
34.5
22.3
12.2
337
257
6.6
5.5
6.3
4.6
6.0
4.6
80
1.1
1.7
1.4
Wholesale and retail trade .
Wholesale t r a d e .............
Retail tr a d e .....................
1,047
268
778
14.4
4.6
9.8
19.5
5.0
14.5
18.8
4.8
13.9
Finance, insurance, and
real e s ta te ..........................
Services ..............................
Professional services . . .
Other service industries .
395
827
382
445
1.8
9.9
3.7
6.2
5.9
12.9
5.7
7.1
7.1
14.8
6.8
8.0
73
161
2.0
4.9
1.3
2.7
1.3
2.9
49
.5
1.1
.9
Industry of lost job
Total, 20 years and older1 .
Transportation and public
u tilitie s ................................
Transportation.................
Communications and
other public utilities . . . .
Agricultural wage and
salary w orke rs........................
Government w orke rs...............
Self-employed and unpaid
family w o rke rs........................
Percent distribution
1 Includes a small number of persons who did not report industry or class of worker.
Note: Data refer to persons with 3 years of tenure or more who lost or left a job between
January 1979—84, January 1985—90, or January 1987—92 because of plant or company
closings or moves, slack work, or position or shift abolishment.
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
17
Displaced Workers
Chart 1. Percent distribution of displaced workers who lost full-time wage and salary jobs
between January 1987 and January 1992, by labor force status in January 1992
S e lf- e m p lo y e d o r u n p a id
U n e m p lo y e d
f a m ily w o r k e r s
o r n o t in
(5.3)
t h e la b o r f o r c e
(34.2)
E m p lo y e d In
p a r t- tim e jo b s
(7.4)
E m p lo y e d in
f u ll- tim e w a g e
a n d s a la r y jo b s
w ith e a r n in g s le s s
t h a n o n lo s t jo b
E m p lo y e d in
(25.7)
fu ll- tim e w a g e a n d
s a la r y jo b s w ith
e a r n in g s t h e s a m e a s
o r h ig h e r th a n th o s e
o n lo s t jo b
(27.4)
to be either slightly shorter than, or the same as,
that of women in prior surveys; in the January
1992 survey, the median for men, 8.1 weeks, was
considerably below the 9.4 weeks reported for
women.
Characteristics o f new jobs. Reflecting the slow
down o f the economy, the proportion of dis
placed workers who had found new jobs when
surveyed in January 1992 was considerably
lower across all the major industry groups than
was the case in the January 1990 survey. (See
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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table 6.) This was particularly true for workers
who had lost jobs in services, construction, and
durable goods manufacturing.
Reemployment rates for workers who lost jobs
in the services industry have typically been very
high; in fact, in the previous survey, about 8 in 10
had new jobs in January 1990. However, the rate
plummeted to 66 percent in the January 1992
survey.
In the construction industry, the proportion
reemployed declined 10 percentage points, to 61
percent, between the January 1990 and January
1992 surveys. The rate for durable goods manu
facturing, 62 percent, also declined substantially,
with the largest drops occurring in electrical and
electronic equipment, and in nonautomobile-re
lated transportation.
Despite this recent deterioration in prospects
of being rehired, the reemployment rates across
most of the m ajor industry groups were still con
siderably higher in January 1992 than they had
been after the recessions of the early 1980’s.
This is of particular interest because of the tim
ing of the recessions in each of the survey peri
ods and the rate of subsequent em ployment
growth. In the January 1984 survey, the endpoint
of the 1981-82 recession was slightly more than
a year before the survey date. The period follow
ing this downturn was characterized by rapid
em ploym ent growth, during which many dis
placed workers were able to find new jobs. In
contrast, the postrecessionary period im m edi
ately preceding the January 1992 survey did not
yield a substantial recovery in employment. The
higher reem ploym ent rate found in the 1992
survey thus is consistent with many other labor
market measures indicating that, over the offi
cial period of the most recent recession— July
1990 to March 1991— the downturn was consid
erably milder than that experienced a decade
earlier.
In fact, the only group of workers with a lower
probability of reemployment in January 1992 than
in January 1984 were those who had lost jobs in
the troubled finance, insurance, and real estate in
dustry: 67 percent had found jobs in the most re
cent period, compared with 79 percent in the ear
lier survey.
Switching industries. After displacement, the
transition to a new job is likely to be easiest
when reem ploym ent is in the same industry.
Many displaced workers, however, must enter
entirely new lines of work to obtain a new job.
Indeed, just over half of all displaced workers
who had lost private nonagricultural wage and
salary jobs, and who were reemployed in Janu
ary 1992, had found jobs in different major in
dustries.8 However, the incidence of industry
switching actually had been slightly higher in
the January 1988 and January 1990 surveys, and
had been higher still in the first two survey
periods, during which about 6 workers in 10
switched industries.
Reemployed women are slightly more likely to
switch industries than are their male counterparts.
When they change industries, women most often
switch from one service-producing industry to an
other— for example, from retail trade to services.
This probably reflects the predominance of wo
men in service-producing industries, as they
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Table 5.
Displacement rates1 by class of worker, industry, and
occupation of lost job, 1979-83,1985-89, and 1987-91
[In percent]
Characteristic
1979-83
1985-89
1987-91
8.5
6.4
7.9
Nonagricultural private wage
and salary w orkers.....................................
11.2
8.4
10.5
Mining .........................................
Construction.............................................
M anufacturing.........................................
Durable g o o d s .....................................
Nondurable g o o d s ..............................
Transportation and public u tilitie s .........
Wholesale and retail tra d e .....................
Finance, insurance, and real e s ta te ..
S ervices.......................................
26.6
19.2
16.7
18.4
14.0
8.8
8.4
2.9
5.6
22.7
10.9
11.3
12.1
10.2
6.4
8.4
6.4
4.4
29.7
15.6
13.4
14.3
12.1
7.5
9.9
9.3
5.8
Agricultural wage and salary workers . . . .
Government w o rk e rs ............................
Self-employed and unpaid family
workers .................................................
13.0
2.1
6.6
1.0
8.1
1.3
.4
.7
.6
4.4
4.4
5.7
5.9
3.1
5.8
3.1
8.0
3.5
6.6
7.3
7.9
6.1
6.1
6.4
7.5
8.5
7.2
5.7
4.3
3.1
4.6
5.9
3.6
1.2
4.1
7.5
4.7
3.2
5.2
12.7
(2)
(2)
7.9
6.1
6.8
11.2
9.1
11.2
(2)
16.9
10.8
11.2
13.4
12.4
19.8
13.5
15.3
11.3
8.6
8.9
16.9
2.6
9.1
2.4
10.7
3.1
Total, 20 years and o ld e r...............
Industry and class of worker
Occupation
Managerial and professional
specialty...........................................
Executive, administrative, and
m anagerial.............................................
Professional s p e c ia lty ............................
Technical, sales, and
administrative s u p p o rt..............................
Technicians and related s u p p o rt...........
Sales occupations..................................
Administrative support, including
c le ric a l...............................................
Service occupations.....................................
Protective services..................................
Other service occupations.....................
Precision production, craft,
and repair.................................................
Mechanics and re paire rs........................
Construction tra d e s ............................
Other precision production
occu p a tio n s...........................................
Operators, fabricators, and la b o re rs .........
Machine operators, assemblers, and
inspectors...............................................
Transportation and material moving
o ccu pation s...........................................
Handlers, equipment cleaners,
helpers, and labo rers............................
Farming, forestry, and fishing ...................
1 See text footnote 4 for an explanation of the displacement rate calculation.
2 Data not available.
Note: The displacement rates for the 1979-83 and 1985-89 survey periods may differ
slightly from previously published estimates due to updated job tenure data.
would be more likely than men to have held a ser
vice-type job to begin with, and to then find a new
job in the expanding service-producing sector.
Men, in contrast, are more likely to change from a
goods-producing industry, such as manufacturing,
to a service-producing job. So, although men have
a lower incidence of industry switching, they more
often make drastic job changes.
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
19
Displaced Workers
Survey date
Table 6.
Reemployment rates1 by Industry of lost job, 1979-83,
1985-89, and 1987-91
January January January
1992
1990
1984
[In percent]
Industry of lost job
1979-83
1985-89
1987-91
Total, 20 years and o ld e r.....................
60.1
72.3
64.9
59.8
60.4
55.0
58.5
58.2
45.7
62.0
62.3
72.9
77.0
70.7
70.8
71.6
69.4
68.1
75.2
65.2
72.1
60.7
63.5
62.2
60.3
68.4
69.5
48.2
62.6
62.9
62.1
70.7
71.9
61.8
82.2
53.5
58.9
60.4
57.8
Nondurable goods2 ............................
Food and kindred p ro d u c ts ...........
Apparel and other finished ...........
textile products..............................
Printing and publishing .................
Chemicals and allied products. . . .
59.1
52.5
69.6
68.8
66.0
65.4
63.0
58.0
64.0
66.0
73.4
(3)
63.3
67.4
71.1
Transportation and public u tilitie s .........
Transportation.....................................
Communications and other public
u tilitie s ................................................
57.9
58.8
72.0
70.4
65.3
65.8
(3)
(3)
63.8
Wholesale and retail tra d e .....................
Wholesale tra d e ..................................
Retail trade .........................................
61.4
69.6
57.6
73.4
70.5
74.2
68.3
68.3
68.4
Finance, insurance, and real estate. . . .
S ervices....................................................
Professional services..........................
Other service industries.....................
78.5
65.0
64.0
65.6
73.2
78.8
81.8
76.9
66.8
65.9
67.0
64.9
Nonagricultural private wage and
salary w o rk e rs ...........................................
Mining ......................................................
Construction.............................................
M a nufa cturing.........................................
Durable goods2 ..................................
Primary metal in d u s trie s ...............
Fabricated metal products.............
Machinery, except e le c tric a l.........
Electrical machinery, equipment,
and supplies ................................
Transportation e q uipm e nt.............
Autom obiles................................
Other transportation equipm ent.
1 Number of displaced workers who were reemployed at the time they were surveyed, as a
percent of the total number displaced in the industry.
2 Includes other industries not shown separately.
3 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.
Earnings. W orkers who find new jobs after
being displaced presumably suffer less hardship
than those who remain jobless or who drop out
of the labor force altogether. Yet, many of the
reemployed have to take jobs paying much less
than they had earned previously. In the January
1992 survey, nearly half of all workers who lost
full-time wage and salary jobs and were reem
ployed in such jobs reported a drop in earnings
on the new job. This share was slightly higher
than that found in the four previous surveys, in
large part because the proportion of reemployed
workers who had much lower earnings— at least
20 percent less than they had earned on the lost
job— was larger than in any of the prior surveys.
The following tabulation shows, for selected
surveys, the distribution of reemployed workers
by relationship of current earnings to those on
the lost job:
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irrent earnings:
20 percent or more
below .................
Below, but within
20 p e rc e n t.........
Equal to or above,
but within 20
percent ...............
20 percent or more
above .................
30.4
25.1
32.0
15.6
18.1
16.4
27.9
27.5
26.6
26.1
29.3
25.0
The median weekly earnings on the new job,
compared to those on the lost job, were found to be
lower for all the major industry groups in the Janu
ary 1992 survey. (See table 7.) While this is the
typical pattern for displaced workers, the percent
age declines in earnings in the January 1992 sur
vey were much larger than those in the January
1990 survey for most of the major industry
groups. In the most recent survey, reemployed
workers who had lost mining jobs suffered the
largest percentage decline in earnings. Sizable
drops also occurred for those who had lost jobs in
finance, insurance, and real estate; manufacturing;
transportation and public utilities; and services.
Unemployment insurance recipients
Many displaced workers receive unemployment
insurance benefits following their job loss to help
compensate for lost income. About 62 percent of
the displaced workers were found to have received
financial support in this form at some time during
the 5 years covered by the January 1992 survey.
The share receiving benefits was the highest (76
percent) among those who were unemployed at
the time of the survey.
More than 4 in 10 displaced workers who had
received unemployment insurance had exhausted
their benefits by the time they were surveyed in
January 1992. As shown in table 8, this proportion
was highest for workers who were not in the labor
force (those neither working nor looking for work)
when the survey was taken.
Health insurance coverage
Given the sharp rise in health care costs in recent
years, health insurance coverage has become one
of the most important nonwage benefits for U.S.
workers. Such coverage is often lost when a
worker is displaced from a job. And, even if the
worker is subsequently reemployed, coverage
may not always be regained.
About two-thirds of all displaced workers who
had had health insurance on their lost jobs were
covered by some group health insurance (their
own or family members’) in January 1992. (See
table 9.) This proportion had been increasing dur
ing the 1980’s, from 64 percent in the January
1984 survey to a high of 76 percent in the January
1990 study.
The decline in the share of previously covered
displaced workers who were still covered by some
health insurance when surveyed in 1992 may be
explained largely by the lower reemployment rate.
Also, the poor job market may have forced a
growing share of displaced workers to take jobs
with fewer benefits than they had enjoyed on their
previous jobs, including jobs that provide no
health insurance coverage.
Geographic distribution
The magnitude and timing of employment growth
and decline typically vary from one region to an
other throughout the United States. In the late
1980’s and early 1990’s, for example, the unem
ployment rates for the New England States rose
rapidly, while the rates changed little in the Mid
western States. Areas of slow growth or decline
often have relatively large shares of displaced
workers; indeed, in the January 1992 survey, the
New England States were found to have had a dis
proportionately large share of displacements.9
Among the three reasons for displacement—
plant or company closings or moves, slack work,
or position or shift abolishment— the first was
more often the cause of job loss in the Midwest
and South than in the Northeast or West.10 (See
Table 8.
Displaced workers by receipt
of unemployment benefits and
by employment status in
January 1992
Characteristic
Number
(thousands)
Percent
Total, 20 years and older ..
Received b e n e fits ...........
Exhausted benefits . . .
5,584
3,456
1,525
100.0
61.9
44.1
Employed ........................
Received benefits . . . .
Exhausted benefits .
3,626
2,078
848
100.0
57.3
40.8
U nem ploye d...................
Received benefits . . . .
Exhausted benefits .
1,240
945
385
100.0
76.2
40.7
Not in the labor f or ce. . . .
Received benefits . . . .
Exhausted benefits .
718
433
291
100.0
60.3
67.2
Note: Data refer to persons with tenure of 3 years or
more who lost or left a job between January 1987 and
January 1992 because of plant or company closings or
moves, slack work, or the abolishment of their positions or
shifts.
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Table 7.
Median weekly earnings of displaced workers on lost
job and present job by industry of lost job, January
1992
Industry of lost job
Total, 20 years and older. .
Earnings
on lost
job1
Earnings on
job held in
January 1992
Level
Percent
Change
$431
$369
$ -6 2
- 1 4 .4
Nonagricultural private wage
and salary workers ...............
432
368
-6 4
- 1 4 .8
Mining ................................
Construction..........................
M anufacturing.....................
Durable g o o d s .................
Nondurable g o o d s ...........
626
450
428
458
367
408
431
345
399
303
-2 1 8
-1 9
-8 3
-5 9
-6 4
-3 4 .8
- 4 .2
-1 9 .4
- 12.9
- 1 7 .4
Transportation and
public u tilitie s .....................
T ransportation.................
Communications and other
public u tilitie s .................
529
498
454
461
-7 5
-3 7
- 14.2
- 7 .4
685
438
-2 4 7
-3 6 .1
Wholesale and retail trade ..
Wholesale tra d e ...............
Retail tra d e ........................
351
430
327
327
413
307
-2 4
- 17
-2 0
- 6 .8
- 4 .0
-6 .1
Finance, insurance, and . ..
real estate ..........................
S ervices................................
Professional services . . . .
Other service industries ..
600
412
397
434
491
366
403
348
- 109
-4 6
6
-8 6
-1 8 .2
- 1 1 .2
1.5
-1 9 .8
1These earnings data are restricted to those displaced workers who were reemployed in
January 1992.
Note: Data refer to persons with tenure of 3 years or more who lost or left a job between
January 1987 and January 1992 because of plant or company closings or moves, slack
work, or abolishment of their positions or shifts.
table 10.) In contrast, the latter two regions had
larger proportions of displacements resulting from
slack work. Job losses due to position or shift
abolishment were found to have varied slightly
among the four regions of the country in the Janu
ary 1992 survey, but made up the highest propor
tion of displacements in the Midwest.
The chance of finding a new job was the great
est for workers who were displaced in the West
North Central States— about 8 in 10 were reem
ployed in January 1992. This group of States also
had a relatively low unerroloyment rate during the
last 2 years of the 1992 survey period. The two
lowest reemployment rates were found among
workers who had lost jobs in the New England and
Middle Atlantic States; only slightly more than
half had found new jobs when surveyed in January
1992, as the Northeast region was the first and
hardest hit by the 1990-91 recession.
The reemployment rate among workers who
had lost jobs in New England was lower in Janu
ary 1992 than in January 1984— 56 versus 66 per
cent—reflecting the severity of the recession in
that area of the country. Elsewhere, the proportion
of displaced workers who were reemployed was at
least as high as that recorded in the January 1984
survey.11
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
21
Displaced Workers
Table 9
Displaced workers by incidence of group health insurance coverage on lost
job and current coverage under any group plan,1January 1992
[Numbers in thousands]
Covered by a group health
insurance plan on lost job
Sex, race, and
employment status in
January 1992
Total
Total
Percent covered by any
group health insurance2
Yes
No
Not
covered
on lost
job3
Total, 20 years and o ld e r ...............
5,584
4,196
68.8
29.9
1,362
E m p lo y e d .....................................
U nem ployed................................
Not In the labor force...................
3,626
1,240
718
2,819
916
461
78.7
45.3
bb.3
20.5
51.9
43.4
793
320
249
Men, 20 years and o ld e r.............
Women, 20 years and older . . . .
3,447
2,137
2,741
1,456
67.7
70.7
30.9
27.9
693
669
4,828
3,003
1,825
3,613
2,397
1,217
70.9
69.3
74.2
27.7
29.3
24.6
1,193
598
596
626
356
270
480
273
207
53.5
54.6
52.2
45.2
44.7
45.9
142
79
63
511
323
188
347
239
109
52.4
54.4
48.6
44.1
42.3
47.7
162
82
80
White
Total, 20 years and older .............
Men .............................................
W o m e n .........................................
Black
Total, 20 years and older .............
Men .............................................
W o m e n .........................................
Hispanic origin
Total, 20 years and older .............
Men .............................................
W o m e n .........................................
1 Excludes health insurance coverage in the form of medicare and medicaid.
2 Percents will not sum to 100 because of a small number who did not know about current coverage.
3 Includes a small number who did not know about health insurance coverage on their lost job.
Note: Data refer to persons with tenure of 3 years or more who lost or left a job between January 1987 and January 1992
because of plant or company closings or moves, slack work, or abolishment of their positions or shifts.
Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the “other races’’ group are not
presented, and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups.
Table 10.
Regional distribution of displaced workers by reason for job loss and
employment status in January 1992
Percent distribution
Employment status
Reason for job loss
Census designation
Total
(thousands)
Plant or
company
closed or
moved
Slack
work
Position
or shift
abolished
Employed
Unem
ployed
Not in
the labor
force
Total United S ta te s .................
5,584
52.1
31.6
16.3
64.9
22.2
12.9
Northeast ..................................
New England ........................
Middle Atlantic ......................
1,349
463
886
45.8
43.2
47.2
37.5
38.0
37.2
16.7
18.8
15.6
56.5
56.4
56.5
29.1
33.0
27.0
14.5
10.8
16.5
M idw est.......................................
East North Central ...............
West North C e n tra l...............
1,284
913
371
56.2
54.9
59.3
24.9
27.9
17.5
18.9
17.2
23.2
66.2
60.6
80.1
20.8
25.4
9.4
13.0
14.0
10.5
S outh...........................................
South A tla n tic ........................
East South C e n tra l...............
West South C e n ta l...............
1,848
1,007
260
581
1,102
286
816
56.6
55.4
64.6
55.1
47.8
49.3
47.3
29.0
30.2
25.8
28.4
14.4
14.4
9.6
16.5
70.0
70.3
66.5
71.1
18.1
18.5
18.1
17.6
12.0
11.3
15.8
11.4
36.4
31.8
38.0
15.9
19.2
14.7
65.3
71.3
63.2
22.3
14.0
25.2
12.3
14.7
11.4
W e s t...........................................
M ountain................................
P ac ific .....................................
Note: Data refer to persons 20 years and older with tenure of 3 years or more who lost or left a job between January 1987
and January 1992 because of plant or company closings or moves, slack work, or position or shift abolishment.
For a listing of the States that compose the Census regions and divisions see text footnote 10.
22 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June 1993
T h e w e a k e c o n o m y of the early 1990’s increased
the number of displaced workers relative to levels
posted in the 1980’s. Between January 1987 and
January 1992, a total of 5.6 million workers with 3
or more years of tenure with the same employer
were displaced from their jobs. This was an in
crease of 1.3 million over the number found in the
preceding survey, which covered the 5 years prior
to January 1990. While a disproportionately large
share of displaced workers had lost jobs in the
goods-producing industries, job losses were much
more widespread across industries in the January
1992 survey than when the first survey of dis
placement was conducted in January 1984. And
by most measures, including reemployment rates,
earnings, and health insurance coverage, workers
displaced prior to the most recent survey were
worse off, on average, than those losing jobs dur
ing the expansionary years of the mid- to late
1980’s.
□
Footnotes
1 The Current Population Survey is a survey of about
60,000 households conducted monthly by the Bureau of the
Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics to collect demo
graphic, social, and economic information about the work
ing-age population.
2 These data relate to workers who have been displaced
from jobs at which they had worked for at least 3 years.
3 See Paul O. Flaim and Ellen Sehgal, “Displaced workers
o f 1979-83: how well have they fared?” Monthly Labor Re
view, June 1985, pp. 3-16, for a more detailed explanation of
the concepts and measurements of displaced workers.
4 Displacement rates were calculated by dividing the num
ber o f displaced workers in a specified worker group by a
tenure-adjusted estimate of employment in the same worker
group. Employment estimates for each year o f the survey pe
riod were adjusted to include only those workers with 3 years
o f tenure o f more; a 5-year average was then computed using
those employment estimates for the years covered by the
survey. The rates in this article may differ slightly from those
previously published due to updated job tenure data. D is
placement rates were used to make comparisons between
groups o f different sizes.
5 For a more detailed look at the effects of defense spend
ing cuts, see Norman C. Saunders, “Employment effects of
the rise and fall in defense spending,” Monthly Labor Review,
April 1993, pp. 3—10. See also Thomas Nardone and others,
“ 1992: job market in the doldrums,” Monthly Labor Review,
February 1993, pp. 3-14.
6 The Bureau o f Labor Statistics no longer routinely pub
lishes data using white- and blue-collar occupational classifi
cations. For the purposes of this article, two occupational
groups— managerial and professional specialty and techni
cal, sales, and administrative support— are combined to rep
resent white-collar occupations; precision production, craft,
and repair, and operators, fabricators, and laborers are
summed to represent blue-collar occupations.
7 In the first two displaced worker surveys, data on weeks
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
without work were collected from all workers. In the later sur
veys, the number of weeks without work was collected only
for those who had found a new job. Thus, only data for the
January 1988, 1990, and 1992 surveys are comparable.
8 For most of this analysis, major industry divisions were
used. More detailed industry levels were studied for manufac
turing (durable goods and nondurable goods) and services
(professional and other service industries).
9 A comparison was made between the percent of all dis
placed workers found in the January 1992 survey who had
lost a job in the New England States and the number em
ployed in that division as a percent of total employment in the
United States. To be consistent with the displaced worker
data, the employment estimates for each geographic division
were an average of the 5 years covered by the survey, 1987 to
1991.
10 The four census regions of the United States are North
east, South, Midwest, and West. Within the Northeast, the
New England division includes Connecticut, Maine, Massa
chusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; and
the Middle Atlantic division includes New Jersey, New York,
and Pennsylvania. Within the South, the South Atlantic divi
sion includes Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Geor
gia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and
West Virginia; the East South Central division includes Ala
bama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee; and the West
South Central division includes Arkansas, Louisiana, Okla
homa, and Texas. Within the Midwest, the East North Central
division includes Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wis
consin; and the West North Central division includes Iowa,
Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and
South Dakota. Within the West, the Mountain division in
cludes Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New
Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; and the Pacific division in
cludes Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington.
11 For more detailed analysis o f regional labor market con
ditions, see Mary C. Dzialo and others, “Atlantic and Pacific
coasts’ labor markets hit hard in early 1990’s,” Monthly La
bor Review, February 1993, pp. 32-39.
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
23
Productivity in
aircraft manufacturing
Owing in part to a strong performance in 1991,
productivity rose an average o f 3 2 percent
during the 1972-91 period; however, the average rate
of growth in the industry during the 1980’s was substantially lower
Alexander Kronemer
and
J. Edwin Henneberger
Alexander Kronemer and
J. Edwin Henneberger are
economists in the Office
of Productivity and
Technology, Bureau of
Labor Statistics.
ately, the news has not been good for air
craft manufacturers. Because of the finan
cial turmoil in the airline industry, produc
tion rates for new civilian aircraft have fallen in
the face of decreases in new orders and cancella
tions and postponements of orders already on the
books. The military sector is heading toward a po
tentially historic downturn that may significantly
depress demand in the long run. Plants are closing,
some companies are leaving the aircraft business
altogether, and others have gone bankrupt. Tens of
thousands of employees have lost their jobs, and
many thousands more are at risk.1 Even in inter
national trade, the usually good news is somewhat
moderated. Published analyses have been pointing
out that, while U.S. aircraft manufacturers main
tain a very strong trade balance, the percent of the
U.S. market share of free world production has
slipped steadily since the mid-1980’s, due to the
entrance of Airbus and other foreign competitors
into the market.2 Now, a new bls study shows that
the industry’s productivity performance has also
been mixed.3 As measured by output divided by
employee hours, productivity increased 3.2 per
cent per year over the 19-year period from 1972 to
1991. The performance is clouded, however, by
the fact that the long-term rate was made up of two
very different periods, 1973—79, when productiv
ity rose 3.8 percent annually, and 1979-90, when
it rose, on average, just 0.3 percent annually.
(These periods were selected because the years
L
24 Monthly Labor Review
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June 1993
1973, 1979, and 1990 were all peak years of busi
ness cycles, as determined by the National Bureau
of Economic Research.) The following are com
pound average annual rates of change for the air
craft industry from 1972 to 1991:
P roductivity
1 9 7 2 -9 1
1 9 7 3 -7 9
..
.
1 9 7 9 -9 0 .
1 9 9 0 -9 1
.
Output
Employee
hours
3 .2
4 .4
1 .2
3 .8
6 .1
2 .2
.3
1 .4
1 .2
1 6 .8
9 .1
-6 .6
Analysis indicates that the lower rate of pro
ductivity posted in the latter period was due
largely to an unexpected downswing in demand
in the early 1980’s, interacting with the quasifixed nature of labor in aircraft manufacturing,
meaning that labor is not easy to downsize in the
short term without incurring significant risk.4
Looking ahead, the certainty of declining de
mand in the near term has removed much of that
risk, so that productivity rates are expected to
rise, despite the possibility that output levels
may not. Indeed, in the last year for which data
are available, 1991, aircraft manufacturing pro
ductivity posted a 16.8-percent jump, which ex
ceeded the productivity performance of any
published bls industry for that year.
The aircraft productivity measure was de
rived by dividing an industry output index series
by a corresponding BLS-based employee hours
index series. The output series was developed
from value-of-shipments data reported by the
Bureau of the Census. Price changes were re
moved from the shipments data using price in
dexes that specifically reflect the price move
ments o f the industry’s products over tim e.5
Once the annual deflated values or constantdollar estim ates for the industry’s product
classes were obtained, each was indexed (refer
enced to a base year) and then m ultiplied by
employee hour weights to derive the overall in
dustry constant-dollar value-of-shipments index
series. Finally, the shipments series was adjusted
to reflect the net changes in inventories, in order
to arrive at a final industry output series.6
The reason that aircraft labor appears to be a
quasi-fixed factor of production when, normally,
labor in manufacturing industries is thought of as a
variable factor is embedded in the industry’s pro
duction processes. One of the ironies about the air
craft industry is that while it makes a high-tech
product, it does not rely heavily on high technol
ogy for aircraft assembly. As will be explained,
this characteristic is unavoidable, given the nature
of aircraft manufacturing, which creates several
disincentives to the acquisition of labor-saving
technology. In addition to the general absence of
such technology, the industry combines the quan
titative needs of a large manufacturing operation,
namely, a massive labor force for production, with
the qualitative requirements of a small handcraft
shop, which depends on the skill and experience
of its workers. The percent of the industry’s w ork
ers involved in craft and technical jobs is signifi
cantly higher than for manufacturing in general,
and maintaining enough qualified employees in
these positions is one of the industry’s chief
challenges.
W hen an aircraft m anufacturer hires new
workers— sometimes many thousands— it must
devote time and money to training them on the
numerous complexities involved in building an
aircraft and, in the case of the military sector, to
obtaining security clearances for some of them.
This can amount to a considerable investment.
Thus, when a downturn in business occurs, com
panies tend to be reluctant to reduce their work
force immediately. The result is that em ploy
ment in the industry takes on the characteristics
of a quasi-fixed factor in the short run. That is,
labor cannot easily be scaled down in the near
term without considerable risk, just as is true
with such commonly recognized “fixed factors”
as machinery or plant capacity. Therefore,
downward adjustments in the num ber of em
ployees and employee hours tend to come
slowly, making the natural swings in employee
hours lag in the downward direction.
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Industry structure
The U.S aircraft industry has four major sectors:
the civilian sector, which includes the manufacture
of large jet transports and smaller commercial air
craft, known as general-aviation aircraft (jet and
propeller-driven planes for business and personal
use); the military aircraft sector; a category of es
tablishments that modify, convert, and overhaul
used military and civilian aircraft; and a sector that
includes those companies which provide research
and development and other aerospace services.
Historically, the first two sectors have generally
accounted for more than 80 percent of the total in
dustry value of shipments.
The industry is characterized by huge capital
requirements. Also, in the case of military aircraft,
the Department of Defense rates prospective mili
tary contractors on the basis of whether they are
deemed most capable of meeting its exacting
standards, so that applicants lacking significant
track records are at a severe disadvantage.7 Com
bined, these create formidable barriers to new en
trants and promote a high degree of concentration
among existing companies. Accordingly, there are
only two U.S. manufacturers currently engaged in
the production of large commercial jet transports,
and while general aviation and the military sector
have more companies in them, they are dominated
by only a handful of major producers. In 1987, the
latest year for which data are available, the four
largest aircraft companies accounted for 72 per
cent of total industry shipments, the largest eight
92 percent. Indeed, 99 percent of the value of all
shipments in 1987 was accounted for by the top 20
companies in an industry of approximately 140
companies.8
This concentration does not ease competition
among the fewer firms, however. Competition in
the industry is very fierce, owing both to the bil
lions of dollars that often are at stake with an air
craft contract and to the fact that the industry has
relatively few customers. This is particularly true
in the military sector, where the U.S. Government
is the dominant customer, consuming about 80
percent of domestic military aircraft production.
Foreign military sales through the Department of
Defense and direct military exports from U.S. pro
ducers account for the remaining 20 percent of
production.9
Behind these relatively few dominant firms is a
vast web of subcontractors, both inside and outside
the industry, that supply 50 percent or more of the
individual components in most military and com
mercial airframes. Literally thousands of contrac
tors participate in major programs, with the air
craft manufacturer coordinating the supplies and
assembling the final product. Not only are small
parts such as rivets and spools of wire supplied,
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
25
Productivity in Aircraft Manufacturing
but also, entire sections of the aircraft and most of
its complicated avionics are often manufactured
by suppliers. This large supplier network (3,000
subcontractors for one airframe) contributes to
relatively long lead times required between the
placement of an order and its delivery. These long
lead times often create substantial backlogs that
can push delivery dates years into the future, con
tributing, as will be seen, to various production
problems and to burdensome swings in aircraft
demand that are characteristic of the industry.
Production methods
As mentioned earlier, although the industry as
sembles a high-tech product, its assembly pro
cess is fairly labor intensive, with relatively little
reliance on high-tech production techniques.
Several factors account for this. First, the indus
try assembles a complex and highly customized
product. Most commercial aircraft models can
be converted into at least three different types:
one for passenger service alone, one for a combi
nation of freight and passenger service, and one
for freight service alone. M oreover, airlines
usually request customized cabin and cockpit
configurations and individual paint schemes and
may choose different equipment, such as various
kinds of engines.10 This necessitates constant
adjustments and retooling on the shop floor,
which significantly limits the possibility for
substantial automation.
Second, the unit volume of production is very
low relative to most manufacturing industries. To
tal jet transport shipments averaged just 323 units
per year during the 1972-91 period. Military ship
ments averaged 1,246 units.11 Such a low volume
of production makes the automation of many
manufacturing processes prohibitively expensive.
Even in tedious and repetitive jobs, the justifica
tion for investing in a costly robot is often short
lived. An example from the early 1980’s is a robot
one plant considered purchasing to paint aircraft
wheel wells for one of its airframes. The plant had
only a wing-drilling robot in operation, but the ad
dition of this new robot seemed well justified. The
area where the wheel wells were to be painted was
cramped, and because it quickly became fogged
with paint, a human operator could work only for
short periods of time. But while the company was
contemplating introducing the device, demand for
the airframe slowed, from an already low eight per
month to only one or two, and justification for the
robot evaporated.12 These low unit volume levels
are a major disincentive to acquiring labor-saving
machinery.
Finally, the complexity of the product creates
further disincentives to the acquisition of laborsaving machinery. In other manufacturing indus
26 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June 1993
tries, engineering tolerances might allow fitting
errors of as much as one-eighth of an inch or more;
similarly, while a surface may require an attractive
application of paint, the need for an absolutely
consistent coat might be absent. But in a high-per
formance fighter aircraft, tolerance limits can ap
proach one one-thousandth of an inch, and sur
faces must be burnished or painted to perfection.
For the fabrication of airplane parts made of com
posite materials, each layer of the fabriclike ma
terial must be laid by hand in a precise pattern over
the last, or the structural strength of the part will be
compromised. Such demanding tolerances cannot
yet be duplicated by a machine without a huge ex
pense, which in most instances would not be cost
effective.13
Manufacturers are also cautious about the ex
pensive damage that could be caused by a mal
functioning machine. Presently, the entire fuse
lage of a completed commercial aircraft is
polished, first by laborers with power buffers who
work an area over and over and then by hand with
cheesecloth. This is another laborious process that
would clearly benefit from a robot. But the risk of
costly damage is too high. If a painting or welding
robot on an automobile assembly line malfunc
tions, the cost of damage done to even several ve
hicles is small relative to total production. But if a
robot punches a hole in a single aircraft fuselage,
the expense for rework and repair would be enor
mous, and even a few small accidents could
easily erase the benefit otherwise derived from
the machine.14
The consequence of these disincentives is that
there are only a few industrywide labor-saving
technologies currently in place. Wing-drilling/riveting machines are common in the industry, as are
conventional numeric control and direct numeric
control milling equipment for fabricating some
parts. Also, from plant to plant, there are “smaller”
technologies that perform various limited func
tions. For example, in one plant, a computer-op
erated machine shapes metal hydraulic tubing. In
another, a small robot fills empty connector holes
in wire harness terminals with plastic insulating
plugs. But overall, hand and power tools pre
dominate in an assembly process that requires
highly developed production skills from its work
force.
Although the plant size of a typical commercial
or military aircraft manufacturer is gigantic, the
assembly line is, for the most part, not matched by
similarly oversized machines. Instead, one sees
power drills, wrenches, flashlights, and screwdriv
ers. Workers stand on scaffolding and bunch
around, crouch under, and sit inside the aircraft
and its component parts at all stages along the sta
tionary assembly line. (Planes are typically moved
to new positions on the shop floor at night.) The
production process requires expertise in reading
blueprints, proficiency in the use of several dif
ferent tools, and the ability to anticipate and
solve various assembly problems to meet de
manding technical standards. Many employees
are involved in m anaging and inspecting the
work. For these personnel, well-developed tech
nical skills are essential. Such workers are
highly trained and experienced people who can
not easily be replaced.
In addition, the industry requires many more
technical nonproduction workers than are typical
for manufacturing in general. Experienced engi
neers in particular are key to firms whose product
must attract customers in the highly competitive
aircraft market. Like the production workers on
the shop floor, these nonproduction workers have
skills that are not easily replaced and whose loss
could damage a firm ’s capability of winning con
tracts in the future.
Employment characteristics
The reliance on a highly skilled work force is re
flected in the industry’s employment characteris
tics. Average hourly earnings of production work
ers in the aircraft industry were significantly
above the average of all manufacturing industries
over the period measured, ranging from 20 per
cent higher in 1972 to an estimated 40 percent
higher in 1991.15 These higher earnings support
the idea that the skill levels of the workers in this
industry are somewhat more advanced than in
manufacturing as a whole.
Data on occupations corroborates this idea
further. Although occupational data for the air
craft industry alone are not available, data on oc
cupations exist at a somewhat broader level of
aggregation, namely, the aircraft and parts
group.16 Precision production, craft, and repair
workers accounted for 29 percent of this group
in 1990, compared with 21 percent in all manu
facturing, while professional and technical
workers made up 26 percent of the group, in
contrast to total m anufacturing’s 10 percent.
Further, less skilled jobs, such as operators,
fabricators, and laborers, accounted for a sub
stantially lower proportion of total employment
in the aircraft and parts group, 18 percent, versus
the all-manufacturing average of 44 percent.
Total employment in the industry grew at a rate
of 1.2 percent from 1972 to 1991. In terms of num
bers of employees, this represented a rise from
287,200 to 357,300. Employment peaked in 1989
at 382,200 workers. The number of production
workers grew 0.3 percent over the period, while
the number of nonproduction workers increased at
an average annual rate of 1.9 percent. The propor
tion of nonproduction workers to total employ
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
ment moved from 49 percent in 1972 to 57 percent
in 1991.
Labor as a quasi-fixed factor
The reliance of the industry on technically skilled
employees for production has an impact on pro
ductivity at both ends of the industry’s demand
cycle, but especially during slumps. On the upside
of a cycle, less than optimal production levels are
initially experienced when the industry hires a
relatively new and inexperienced work force to
meet increased demand. Long training periods and
time on the shop floor are required for the acquisi
tion of the specific skills and knowledge necessary
to build the technically advanced aircraft in the
industry’s commercial and military inventories. A
similar result can occur when a company under
takes the assembly of a new airframe. Each air
frame assembly requires unique processes and
tooling, and workers need time to familiarize
themselves with these new techniques.17
This situation can be very burdensome to spe
cific plants or sectors of the industry. (It is often
the case in the aircraft industry that one sector,
such as civilian production, may be growing,
while another, such as military production, is in
contraction, complicating some industry gener
alizations.) Much has been written in recent
years on various production snags in the com
mercial sector, on shortcomings in quality that
have required costly rework and repair, and on
delivery delays caused by rapidly expanding
num bers of new hires in the late 1980’s.18 One
aircraft company doubled the number of workers
in its ranks,19 while another’s labor force in
creased 86 percent in 5 years.20 At the time, some
analysts even hinted that the production prob
lems brought on by this new work force might
torpedo the very recovery that had fueled the
massive hiring in the first place.21
These are among the reasons that aircraft
com panies are reluctant to scale down their
work forces significantly during a slump. And
besides the reduced efficiency resulting from
such downsizing, firms must contend with the
many assembly errors a novice work force is prone
to, which can be very costly for manufacturers in
terms of employee hours. For example, a seasoned
work force assembling an established model might
put only 10 percent of its total employee hours into
reworking mistakes or problems, whereas a newly
hired staff can expend as much as 60 percent of its
total hours in this nonadditive labor.22 (Even with
an experienced work force, reworking is often the
chief driver in employee-hour costs for a new
model.)23 Accordingly, a plant that scales down its
work force too quickly during a slump risks losing
skilled employees and may experience production
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
27
Productivity in Aircraft Manufacturing
slowdowns that, given the industry’s highly com
petitive environment, can adversely affect its
ability to win customers.24 In sum, aircraft manu
facturing is a long-term proposition. Particular
models of military and, especially, commercial
aircraft may be in production for many years, with
the life of the aircraft continuing a company’s in
volvement with a production program for still
more years or even decades. Thus, manufacturers
would be hurt, rather than helped, if they reacted
to short-term cycles.25
In addition, by immediately reacting to a soft
ening of demand by downsizing their work
forces, manufacturers risk the often considerable
investment of the time and money spent to train
new employees. Training periods can last as
long as 5 weeks for some jobs. In the case of a
company that is doubling its work force, this
represents a significant financial investment that
would probably be lost if workers were laid off
quickly and en masse, as they sometimes are in
other manufacturing industries.26
With regard to the military sector, there is the
additional investment of gaining security clear
ances for workers on certain programs. Security
clearances are difficult to obtain and require
manufacturers to undergo a laborious process in
getting them. Any number of factors can delay or
invalidate a worker’s clearance, making it hard for
manufacturers to maintain an adequate pool of
“cleared” employees. As a consequence, military
firms will move these employees around in the
short run, even into jobs not directly related to
manufacturing, in order to retain them. Even a lay
off of short duration often requires the company to
start the security clearance process over again
when the employee is called back. Thus, airframe
painters might be shifted to painting areas of the
plant, and skilled assemblers, while retaining their
high salaries, might be assigned to plant mainte
nance tasks. One military aircraft company reports
that it is very conservative in hiring maintenance
workers for this very reason: to have a function,
albeit a nonmanufacturing one, for its production
workers during short-term slowdowns.27
The result of all these factors is that labor in the
industry tends to be a quasi-fixed factor in the
short run, as costly to reduce as such “fixed fac
tors” of production as machinery and plant capac
ity.28 Like one of these fixed factors, skilled labor
becomes an investment that manufacturers can
adjust downward in the short term only at a con
siderable cost.29
The aircraft market
The tendency for adjustments to the aircraft labor
force to lag in the downward direction is exacer
bated by the nature of the industry’s market. The
28 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June 1993
aircraft market is extremely volatile. It responds
slowly to changes in the general economy and is
characterized by sudden and often unpredictable
swings in demand.30 In the military sector of the
industry, demand is shaped by the confluence of
world events, evolving military strategies, eco
nomic factors, and a changeable political climate.
In the jet transport sector, wide swings in demand
are built into the market, because of an imbalance
between passenger demand and available airplane
seats. Passenger demand grows at a certain rate,
while the number of available seats at any particu
lar time is fixed. Consequently, airlines faced with
too little capacity will order new planes, often
creating more available seats than the current pas
senger demand warrants. New orders then slow,
and the market tips in the other direction until the
volume of traffic catches up and airline capacity
once again is exceeded.31
In the commercial sector, this swing in demand
can be multiplied by the long lead times often re
quired for delivery of commercial aircraft. When
the sector as a whole enters a period during which
passenger demand either exceeds or is expected to
exceed capacity, a frenzy of buying can occur, as
individual companies fear being locked out by
their competitors.32 (For example, an airline order
ing a plane in 1990, in the midst of the last buying
frenzy, would have had to wait as long as 7 years
for delivery.) The result of a buying frenzy is that,
with all the airlines suddenly ordering new planes,
the skies become glutted with available seats—
especially if passenger growth falls short of esti
mates— and future aircraft output then suffers.
This is why, in the commercial market, a feast in
new demand is traditionally followed by famine,
which is what happened between 1979 and 1990.
Coupled with the quasi-fixed nature of labor in
aircraft manufacturing, the feast and famine cycle
helps explain why productivity growth averaged
only 0.3 percent during that period.
The 1979-90 period33
At the end of the 1970’s, demand for fuel-efficient
aircraft and published projections of airline-pas
senger growth rates of 6.6 percent a year started a
scramble for new aircraft that swelled manufac
turers’ order books. A then-record number of 516
aircraft were ordered in 1978.34 By 1979, when
output jumped 24.6 percent, production lines were
rolling, and 376 large transports were delivered, a
number that was up 135 units from the 241 deliv
ered the previous year.35 Projections remained op
timistic, and the commercial sector was gearing up
for a bright future. But a sluggish world economy
at the start of 1980 caused the growth in the num
ber of passengers to slow, and the skies suddenly
filled with excess capacity. An estimated equiva-
lent of 21 empty wide-body aircraft flew the At
lantic each day during the summer of 1980. The
next year, more than 20 completed aircraft were
delivered directly into storage because an immedi
ate need for their use no longer existed. In this
suddenly chilled economic environment, falling
fuel prices withered aircraft demand further by re
moving the stimulus for more fuel-efficient
planes, and airline deregulation brought on the ad
ditional burden of uncertainty. Anxious airlines
put unwanted aircraft for sale onto the world mar
ket and began canceling orders. After the delivery
of 387 large transports to customers in 1980, pro
duction fell every year through 1984, when only
185 new planes were delivered.
General aviation, another segment of the civil
ian sector, encountered similar unexpected prob
lems that sent it spiraling. Like those in the largetransport sector, manufacturers of general-avia
tion aircraft were optimistic about the near future
at the start of the 1980’s. In 1978, a record 17,817
general-aviation airplanes were produced. But a
series of product liability suits resulting from
crashes of general-aviation aircraft in the late
1970’s all but bankrupted the production of light,
piston-driven aircraft. The average cost of product
liability insurance rocketed upward, from roughly
$51 per plane in 1962 to $ 100,000 for each aircraft
in 1988. Part of this cost had to be passed on to the
individual consumers who purchase airplanes,
making the product too expensive for many cus
tomers and causing them to look to foreign manu
facturers. As a result, U.S. production rates plum
meted. From the 17,817 general-aviation aircraft
produced in 1978, production fell to 9,457 units in
1981. That year, imports of general-aviation air
craft exceeded exports for the first time, making
general aviation the only segment of the aerospace
industry with a trade deficit. The slide continued.
In 1988, when the general-aviation trade imbal
ance grew to $1 billion, only 1,143 units were
sold, and today, it is estimated that barely more
than 800 general-aviation aircraft are in produc
tion in U.S. plants. Foreign companies are liable
under U.S. tort law, but only for those planes sold
to the United States, and, because the foreign air
plane fleet is significantly newer than the U.S.produced fleet, insurance rates are usually much
lower for foreign manufacturers. (Manufacturers
are responsible for all of their aircraft in flight in
the United States; in the case of U.S. producers,
these include aircraft as old as 30 years.)
The downward pressures on the civilian sector
were evident in industry statistics starting in 1981,
when output fell 1.2 percent. The downturn con
tinued in 1982, with a drop of 10.2 percent, then in
1983, with a drop of 14.8 percent, and finally, in
1984, with a 4.9-percent decline. The military sec
tor fared much better during this period, but be
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
cause of the high cost of jet transports, changes in
commercial production rates have a greater impact
on industry output trends than do similar changes
in the military sector, so industry trends tend to be
led by the commercial sector.36
For most of the 1979-90 period, and especially
during the downturn in the early 1980’s, employee
hour movements characteristic of a quasi-fixed
factor of production are evident. The year that
starts the period, 1979, saw output rise 24.6 per
cent from the previous year. Employment rose
15.6 percent and employee hours increased 16.0
percent, leading to a productivity growth of 7.5
percent. In 1980, output grew again, by 2.2 per
cent, but employee hours grew more, making it the
first year in the period when productivity fell (-1.9
percent) and perhaps illustrating the initial in
crease in hours that can occur when the industry
brings in many new employees. (From 1978 to
1980, employment grew by 61,000.) When, in
1981, output took its first dip, employment and
hours also dropped, and productivity advanced 0.9
percent. But thereafter, the reductions in employ
ees and hours never kept pace with the declining
output. (See table 1.) When output fell 10.2 per
cent in 1982, employee hours shrank a smaller 7.5
percent. When the industry’s output fell a further
14.8 percent the next year, hours again fell, but by
a far lesser 4.9 percent, leading to a 10.4-percent
drop in productivity, the worst performance in air
craft manufacturing of any year in the study.
Manufacturers, remaining optimistic that an up
swing was soon coming, did not want to scale back
quickly on the large investment in new workers
that they had made only a few years earlier. Then,
in 1984, the number of new orders began to rise.
Because of the long lead times required, manu
facturers started to gear up for the future. So, even
though output for that year fell almost 5 percent,
employment and employee hours edged up, re
sulting in a 5.8-percent decline in productivity.
The next year, 1985, output jumped 18 percent,
employee hours rose 6.7 percent, and productivity
registered a 10.7-percent gain.
The earlier period, 1973 to 1979, showed simi
lar movements. Output fell 3.2 percent in 1975 and
6.0 percent in 1976. Like the downswing in the
1980’s, employee hours at first matched the drop
in output, shrinking 3.5 percent in 1975. The result
was a slight, 0.2-percent increase in productivity
that year. But during the following year, even
though output dropped 6.0 percent, orders were
beginning to pick up. Manufacturers could not af
ford to cut employment by amounts dictated by a
purely short-term analysis. Consequently, em
ployee hours dropped 4.2 percent, and productiv
ity suffered, slipping almost 2 percent. The next
year, 1977, output bounced back 7.2 percent, and
productivity grew nearly 11 percent.
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
29
Productivity in Aircraft Manufacturing
Overall, output fell seven times in aircraft
manufacturing during the period covered by the
study. In 5 of those years, productivity suffered,
either because employee hours fell by less than
output or, in the case of 1984, when manufac
turers were gearing up for the future, because
employee hours actually rose. By contrast, in the
total manufacturing sector, output fell four times
in the 1972-88 period (1988 is the last year for
which comparable data are available), and pro
ductivity registered gains in each case, as em
ployee hours always fell by a greater percentage
than output.
Outlook
On the surface, the early 1990’s appear to be mov
ing toward a repeat of the slow growth in produc
tivity during the 1980’s. Like the early 1980’s, the
early 1990’s were preceded by a burst in the num
ber of orders of jet transports and a swelling con
fidence about the future. And like the 1979-90 pe
riod, after significant investments in labor, the
early 1990’s have seen new orders wither and old
orders disappear in a wave of cancellations and
delivery delays, while the general assessment of
long-term commercial growth remains positive.
The recent scaling back of the military sector also
appears in some ways an echo of that earlier pe
riod. So, given the quasi-fixed nature of aircraft
labor, is the future likely to see another stretch of
poor productivity performance in aircraft manu
facturing? Evidence suggests that the answer is
no.
Table 1.
Productivity and related indexes for the aircraft
industry, 1972-91
[1982= 100]
Year
Outper per
employee
hour
Output
All
employee
hours
Production
worker
hours
Nonproduction
worker
hours
1972 .................
1973 .................
1974 .................
1975 .................
1976 .................
1977 .................
1978 .................
1979 .................
1980 .................
1 9 8 1 .................
69.3
83.1
84.8
85.0
83.5
92.5
96.9
104.2
102.2
103.1
61.7
77.4
81.1
78.5
73.8
79.1
88.6
110.4
112.8
111.4
89.0
93.1
95.6
92.3
88.4
85.5
91.4
106.0
110.4
108.1
95.4
100.3
103.8
98.1
92.0
88.1
95.3
118.6
122.7
116.5
83.7
87.0
88.7
87.5
85.4
83.3
88.1
95.5
100.2
101.1
1982 .................
1983 .................
1984 .................
1985 .................
1986 .................
1987 .................
1988 .................
1989 .................
1990 .................
1 9 9 1 .................
100.0
89.6
84.4
93.4
93.4
101.2
104.1
107.9
107.4
125.4
100.0
85.2
81.0
95.6
100.2
114.2
121.4
129.6
129.2
140.9
100.0
95.1
96.0
102.4
107.3
112.9
116.6
120.1
120.3
112.4
100.0
90.7
89.2
95.0
104.3
113.2
115.0
117.1
116.2
106.9
100.0
98.9
101.5
108.5
109.8
112.6
117.8
122.6
123.8
117.0
30 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June 1993
First, it is commonly assumed that the down
sizing of the military sector will be of a sustained
and substantial magnitude. With the breakup of
the Soviet Union, the military sector’s primary
preoccupation is with streamlining. The era of
large military buildups appears over. Business
survival in the decade ahead will be measured by
how successfully firms can build down.37 The
short-term risk in laying off employees is out
weighed by the near certainty of this downward
long-term trend. As a result, the lagging character
istics of aircraft labor in the downward direction
have not been observed recently in the military
sector. Starting in early 1990, when 55,000 em
ployees were released, manufacturers of military
aircraft continued shedding workers. Some com
panies were holding onto employees while one
particularly large contract was under competition.
But when it was awarded, the companies that lost
the contract immediately announced layoffs
amounting to several thousand workers.38 There is
now a general acceptance among military aircraft
manufacturers that the historically “cyclical de
fense-spending upturns” are over.39 As a result,
with many fixed assets being closed, the hesitation
to cut employees will be greatly reduced, and
whatever negative impact it had on past productiv
ity performance in the military sector should be
minimized.
Similarly, general-aviation productivity should
not suffer from any reluctance to reduce labor
ranks for the same reasons: manufacturers’ dimin
ished expectations for the future are relatively
certain. Product liability problems continue to
cripple piston-engine production. As a result, the
general-aviation product mix has shifted, and
more than 90 percent of the dollar value for U.S.manufactured fixed-wing aircraft is for turboprop
and turbofan business aircraft. In this area at least,
the improving economy might eventually lead to
an increase in demand as corporate fleets grow.40
But it is unlikely that this potential stimulus would
increase production rates significantly. In any
case, the impact on total industry productivity
would be negligible: today, general-aviation pro
duction has become so small a part of the industry,
that it affects industry productivity trends only
slightly.
So,
as was true in the 1980’s, it appears that the
future of productivity in the aircraft industry rests
primarily with what happens in the commercial
sector. One of the most worrisome factors in re
gard to aircraft labor’s tendency to be slow to ad
just downward is that commercial production is
facing a sharp dichotomy between prospects for
strong output growth in the long run and weak
ened demand in the near term.
There are different reasons for this situation.
First, many industry analysts predict that upwards
of 300 planes a year will be retired during the
1990’s because of their age or to meet noise re
strictions that go into effect by the year 2000. Cur
rently, this affects nearly one-half of the world’s
fleet of planes, with one-half of those used by U.S.
companies.
Second, demand is also expected to get a boost
from the growth in airline traffic from the Pacific
rim. Worldwide, the top three growth markets for
the 1990’s are Asian related, with an average pas
senger growth rate of 10.6 percent.41 This rate
should lead to a doubling of air travel by the year
2000 and a quadrupling 15 years later.42 One esti
mate has it that, by the year 2000,40 percent of all
airline passengers will fly on Asian carriers.43 It is
predicted that, taken together, the dual pressures
of the aging U.S. airline fleet and ever-growing
passenger traffic will require the production of
more than 11,000 new aircraft, most wide bodied,
over the next 20 years.44This is why, observed one
analyst early last year, the “world’s civil aircraft
manufacturers are keeping design teams and pro
duction lines busy, even in hard times.”45
This holding the line is possible, in part, be
cause commercial manufacturers are intent not to
repeat the mistake of expanding output so quickly.
Hence, despite the flood of new orders they re
ceived in the late 1980’s, they chose to allow
backlogs to grow, focusing on establishing an
efficient production rate that could carry them
through a potential future downswing.46
Nevertheless, manufacturers of jet transports,
like their counterparts in military and general avia
tion production, now realize that the near future
will likely be lean. A recent study47 suggests that it
will be close to the turn of the century before the
industry returns to its 1991 level of business and
that the industry will not bottom out until 1996.
Given this projection, jet transport manufacturers,
too, have shown less hesitation than in the past to
cut employees and trim employee hours.48 As a
result, the number of employees dropped 6 per
cent and employee hours dropped almost 7 per
cent in 1991, the second largest drop for both over
the period covered by the study. (The largest drop
occurred in 1982, in the midst of the industry’s re-
cession.) It appears that, with some of the uncer
tainty removed about the direction of aircraft de
mand in the next several years, labor may be tak
ing on the characteristics of a variable factor, at
least in the near term.
Because of this shift, with the entrance of some
computer-aided technology, the industry should
post strong productivity gains in the decade ahead.
Already, it has registered a 16.8-percent gain in
productivity in 1991. The diffusion of computeraided design technology, perhaps more descrip
tively called “paperless design,” may also affect
productivity gains. Given the fact that nearly a mil
lion separate sheets of blueprint paper accompany
the design and production of a conventional air
craft, this new application of computer-aided de
sign technology may revolutionize the way planes
are designed and initially constructed.49 First used
on a full scale in the design of the B -2 stealth
bomber, paperless design allowed manufacturers
to go directly from the computerized “drawing
board” to the first flyable plane, without all of the
many intervening models and mockups that would
have had to be made in the past. All but 3 percent
of the computer-aided manufactured parts fit per
fectly the first time, compared with the best ever
50 percent achieved by the same company using
conventional pen-and-paper methods. It is claimed
that there was a 6-to-l reduction in engineering
changes during the B -2 ’s design evolution, and
those changes were made 5 times faster and could
be inputted into both manual and computerized
numeric-control milling machines 40 percent
more efficiently.50 The technology is now being
adopted in the commercial sector, and if it lives up
to expectations, it will save the thousands of hours
of labor that go into the old pen-and-paper design
of new airframes and the constmction of wood and
metal life-size mockups.
The value of paperless design to production
later on in an airframe’s life may be less dra
matic.51 Nevertheless, the estimated savings of 60
percent of the engineering changes in an industry
with a high proportion of engineers and related
nonproduction workers will certainly contribute to
productivity gains.
□
Footnotes
1
See Jeffery Cole, “Boeing Gets N ew Demand fromJan. 27,1993, pp. F l, F3; and Jeff Cole, “Boeing Reduces Its
United Seeking Change in Delivery of Jetliners,” Aviation
Production o f All Jetliners,” The Wall Street Journal, Jan. 27,
Week & Space Technology, Feb. 11, 1993, p. A3; John D.
1993, pp. A3, A5.
Morrocco, “Aspin to Chart Defense Draw Down,” Aviation
2 See Standard and Poor’s Industry Surveys, “Aerospace
Week & Space Technology, Jan. 4, 1993, p. 28; Jeff Cole,
and Air Transportation: Basic Analysis,” July 25, 1992, p.
“ g p a Wins Pact on Order Cuts from Jet Firms,” The Wall
A15; and International Trade Administration, U.S. Depart
Street Journal, Jan. 25, 1993, pp. A 3, A5; Jeff Cole,
ment o f Commerce, 1993 U.S. Industrial Outlook (Wash
“McDonnell to Cut 10% of Work Force, Many at Its Com
ington, U.S. Government Printing Office, January 1993), pp.
mercial Aircraft Unit,” The Wall Street Journal, Jan. 25,
20-27.
1993, p. A5; Richard M. Weintraub, “B oeing, Pratt &
3The aircraft industry is designated by the Office of Man
Whitney Plan Huge Job Cutbacks,” The Washington Post,
agement and Budget as sic 3721 in the 1987 Standard In-
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
31
Productivity in Aircraft Manufacturing
dustrial Classification Manual. This industry comprises es
tablishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of com
pleted aircraft. Establishm ents engaged primarily in
manufacturing engines and other aircraft parts and auxiliary
equipment are classified into sic’s 3724 and 3728.
The average annual rates of change in the text are com
puted using the compound rate formula. These rates reflect
the average rates of growth between beginning and ending
years. For comparisons among periods, peak years in the
business cycle were chosen as the beginning and ending
years.
Extensions of the indexes will appear annually in the bls
bulletin, Productivity Measures for Selected Industries and
Government Services. A technical note describing the meth
ods used to develop the indexes is available from the
Bureau’s Office of Productivity and Technology, Division of
Industry Productivity and Technology Studies.
4 Walter Y. Oi, “Labor as a Quasi-Fixed Factor,” Journal
of Political Economy, December 1962, pp. 538-55.
5 The price indexes for the aircraft industry’s products
were developed from data from three different government
agencies. For years prior to 1987, the indexes were con
structed from data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bu
reau o f Economic Analysis, and Federal Aviation Admin
istration. For years since 1987, the indexes were derived from
information from the Bureau of Labor Statistics alone. D e
pending upon each agency’s objectives and the use to which
they envisioned that their data would be employed, different
m ethodologies were used to develop measures o f price
change. For example, there were differences in such price
defining characteristics as production-run size, production
rate, position on learning curve, and differential-cost struc
tures among producers.
6See appendix for a fuller discussion of the methodology.
''Standard and Poor’s Industry Surveys, “Aerospace and
Air Transportation: Basic Analysis,” July 25, 1992, p. A17.
81987 Census of Manufactures, Concentration Ratios in
Manufacturing, M C 87-S -6 (U.S. Department of Commerce,
Bureau of the Census, February 1992), pp. 6-39.
9International Trade Administration, 1993 U.S. Industrial
Outlook, pp. 20-29.
10 Bruce A. Smith, “Douglas Speeds M D -1 1 Production
with New Management System,” Aviation Week & Space
Technology, Sept. 9, 1991, p. 42.
11International Trade Administration, 1993 U.S. Industrial
Outlook, pp. 20-28.
12 Richard G. O ’Lone, “Boeing Approaches Robots Cau
tiously,” Aviation Week & Space Technology, Aug. 2, 1982,
p. 60.
L o s s ,” M aria S h a o , “ B o ein g : A B a ck lo g Strain s Its A ss e m b ly
L in e ,” and S tew art T o y and John T em p lem a n , “ A irbus: S till
in the R e d D e sp ite S u b sid ie s,” all in “ P lan em ak ers H a v e It S o
G o o d , I t’s B a d ,” Business Week, M a y 8 , 1 9 8 9 , pp. 3 4 - 3 6 ;
R o n a ld H e n k o ff, “ B u m p y F lig h t at M c D o n n e ll D o u g la s ,”
Fortune,
A u g . 2 8 , 1 9 8 9 , pp. 7 9 - 8 0 ; and B ru ce A . S m ith ,
“ D o u g la s G r a p p les w ith D e la y s in T h r ee T ra n sp o rt P r o
g ra m s,” Aviation Week & Space Technology, A pr. 10, 1 9 8 9 ,
pp. 8 8 - 8 9 .
19 E llis , “M c D o n n e ll D o u g la s ,” p. 3 4 .
20 S h a o , “ B o e in g ,” p. 3 6 .
21 E llis , “M c D o n n e ll D o u g la s ,” pp. 3 4 - 3 5 ; S h a o , “ B o e
in g ,” pp. 3 5 - 3 6 ; and T o y and T em p le m a n , “ A ir b u s,” p. 3 6 .
22 Industry so u rces.
23 R ich ard G . O ’L o n e , “ 7 7 7 R e v o lu tio n iz e s B o e in g A ir
craft D e v e lo p m e n t P r o c e ss ,”
nology, June
Aviation Week & Space Tech
3 , 1 9 9 1 , p. 35.
24 S e e J effery M . L en o ro v itz , “ A irb u s E x p e c ts to B o o s t
M ark et Share to 3 0 % ,” Aviation Week & Space Technology,
M ar. 19, 1 9 9 0 , p. 123; and L a w re n c e M . F ish er, “ B o e in g
C h a lle n g e d b y Its B a c k lo g ,” New York Times, D e c . 7 , 1 9 8 8 ,
p .D 5 .
25 B ru ce A . S m ith , “ B o e in g to R e ly o n P ro v en S tra teg ies
w h ile F a c in g P ro sp ect o f L o w er E a rn in g s,” Aviation Week &
Space Technology, M a y
2 5 , 1 9 9 2 , p. 6 5 .
26 O i, “L a b o r as Q u a s i-F ix e d ,” p. 5 4 2 .
27 Industry so u rces.
28 O i, “L abor as Q u a s i-F ix e d ,” pp. 5 3 8 - 4 5 .
29 V ir g in ia L o p e z , ed ., Productivity in the U.S. Aerospace
(W a sh in g to n , T h e A e ro sp a c e R esea rch
C enter, A e ro sp a c e In d u stries A ss o c ia tio n o f A m e r ica , In c.,
Industry: 1960-1978
D e c e m b e r 1 9 8 0 ), p. 3 6 .
30 S e e U .S . D ep a rtm en t o f C o m m e r c e, Internation al T rade
A d m in istra tio n , 1977 U.S. Industrial Outlook (W a sh in g to n ,
U .S . G o v ern m en t P rin tin g O ff ic e , 1 9 7 7 ), p. 184; and Stand
ard and Poor’s Industry Surveys, “A e ro s p a c e
and A ir T ran s
p orta tio n ,” D e c . 1, 1 9 8 3 , p. A 1 6 .
31 R a m irez, “ B o e in g ’s T im e s,” p. 4 0 .
32 R ic h a r d G . O ’L o n e , “ C o m m e r c ia l A ir fr a m e M a k e rs
T a k e C o n s e r v a t iv e A p p r o a c h ,” Aviation Week & Space
Technology,
M ar. 2 0 , 1 9 8 9 , pp. 1 9 7 - 9 9 .
33 U n le s s o th er w ise s p e c ifie d , the in fo rm a tio n in th is s e c
tio n w a s d eriv ed fro m th e chapter o n th e a ero sp a ce ind ustry
in th e ann ual U.S. Industrial Outlook, p u b lish e d b y th e U .S .
D ep a rtm en t o f C o m m e r c e, Internation al T rade A d m in istra
tio n (W a sh in g to n , U .S . G o v e r n m e n t P rin tin g O ff ic e , 1 9 8 0
13Industry source.
th rou gh 1 9 9 3 ed itio n s).
14O ’Lone, “Boeing Approaches,” p. 60.
34 A e ro s p a c e In d u stries A ss o c ia tio n , Net New Firm Orders
Booked for U.S. Civilian Jet Transport Aircraft, 1971-1981,
15 Current data on average hourly earnings for production
workers are not available for the aircraft industry (sic 3721).
Consequently, data for the aircraft and parts industry (sic
372) have been used for the 1991 estimate.
16 bls
Industry-Occupational Employment Matrix, 1990,
“Projected 2005 Alternatives,” pp. 160-69, 498-504; Out
look 1990-2005, Bulletin 2402 (Bureau of Labor Statistics,
May 1992); and unpublished data.
17Richard G. O ’Lone, “U.S. Manufacturers Expect Strong
Long-Range Demand,” Aviation Week & Space Technology,
Mar. 19, 1990, p. 105; and industry sources.
18 See Richard W. Stevenson, “Battling the Lethargy at
Douglas,” New York Times, July 22,1990, Section 3, pp. 1^-6;
“How Boeing Does It,” Business Week, July 9, 1990, p. 50;
Anthony Ramirez, “B oeing’s Happy, Harrowing Tim es,”
Fortune, July 17, 1989, pp. 40-48; “Boeing Sets Delivery
32 Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
P la n ,” New York Times, M a y 10, 1 9 8 9 , p. D 4 2 ; Ja m es E llis ,
“ M c D o n n e ll D o u g la s : A n O rder B o o m , but an O p era tin g
June 1993
u n p u b lish ed .
35 Aerospace
Facts & Figures, 1992—93
(W a s h in g to n ,
A e r o sp a c e In d u stries A ss o c ia tio n , 1 9 9 2 ), p. 3 2 .
36 Industry so u rces.
37 S e e John D . M o rro cco , “U n certa in U .S . M ilita ry N e e d s
H a m p er In d u stry R e str u c tu rin g ,”
Aviation Week & Space
Technology,
June 17, 1 9 9 1 , pp. 6 2 - 6 6 ; and “C h e n e y ’s 25%
F o rce R e d u c tio n P lan C o u ld Spur Further S p en d in g C u ts,”
Aviation Week & Space Technology,
Jun e 2 5 , 1 9 9 0 , pp. 2 4 2 5 ; s e e a ls o J a n ice C astro, “ B itin g th e B u lle ts ,” Time, A pr.
3 0 , 1 9 9 0 , pp. 6 9 - 7 1 ; and “V ic tim s o f P e a c e ,” The Economist,
June 10, 1 9 8 9 , pp. 6 1 - 6 2 .
38 “R e c e s s io n , M ilita ry R ed u c tio n s F o rce U .S . A e ro sp a c e
F irm s to C ut P a y r o lls,” Aviation Week & Space Technology,
M ar. 4 , 1 9 9 1 , pp. 5 2 - 5 5 .
39 A n th o n y L . V e lo c c i, Jr., “ S u rv iv a l S tra teg ie s fo r th e
1 9 9 0 s ,” Aviation Week & Space Technology, M a y 2 5 , 19 9 2 ,
p. 38.
40 Standard and Poor’s Industrial Surveys, “A e r o s p a c e
and A ir T ran sp ortation ,” June 2 5 , 1 9 9 2 , p. A 2 2 .
41 R ich ard G . O ’L o n e , “B o e in g E x p e cts W ar, E co n o m ic
D ip to H a v e M in im a l Im p act o n W orld T ransport M ark et,”
Aviation Week & Space Technology, M ar. 4 , 19 9 1 , p. 33.
42 A n th o n y L. V e lo c c i, Jr., “Industry M a y E ndu re a D e ca d e
o f H ard sh ip ,” Aviation Week & Space Technology, N o v . 2 3 ,
1 9 9 2 , p. 2 7 .
43P au l Proctor, “G r o w in g E c o n o m ie s, N e w A irports S to k e
P a c ific R im T ransport B o o m ,” Aviation Week & Space Tech
nology, June 17, 1 9 9 1 , pp. 1 1 7 -2 0 .
44 V e lo c c i, “ S u rv iv a l S tra teg ie s,” p. 38.
45 R ich ard G . O ’L o n e , “U .S . A irfram e O u tlo o k B righ t d e
sp ite G lo o m y 1991 R e su lts,” Aviation Week & Space Tech
nology, M ar. 16, 1 9 9 2 , p. 5 3 .
46 Sm ith, “B o ein g to R ely on Proven Strategies,” pp. 6 3 -6 6 .
APPENDIX:
49 See David Hughes, “Growing Use of cad/cam Work
stations Leading to Paperless Design Process,” Aviation Week
& Space Technology, Aug. 19, 1991, pp. 44-46; Bruce D.
Nordwall, “McDonnell Will Replace Workstations to Gain
Flexibility and Solid Models,” Aviation Week & Space Tech
nology, Aug. 19, 1991, pp. 49-50; and “Aerospace Manufac
turers Exploit Workstation Network Capabilities,” Aviation
Week & Space Technology, Aug. 19, 1991, pp. 47^48; and
Breck W. Henderson, “Workstation Performance Expands as
Technology Pushes Prices Lower,” Aviation Week & Space
Technology, Aug. 19, 1991, pp. 51-53; and “Smart Factories:
America’s Turn?” Business Week, May 8, 1989, pp. 142-48.
50“Computer System Design Reflects B - 2 ’s Complexity,”
Aviation Week & Space Technology, Nov. 28, 1988, pp. 2 6 27.
51“Plane Geometry,” Scientific American, March 1991, pp.
110- 11.
Measurement techniques and limitations
Indexes of output per employee hour measure changes
in the relation between the output of an industry and the
employee hours expended in producing that output. An
index of output per employee hour is derived by di
viding an index of output by an index of industry em
ployee hours.
The preferred output index for manufacturing in
dustries would be obtained from data on quantities of
the various goods produced by the industry, each
weighted (multiplied) by the employee hours required
to produce one unit of each good in some specified base
period. Thus, those goods which require more labor for
production are given more importance in the index.
In the absence of a comprehensive set of unit em
ployee hour weights, or equivalently, unit values, the
output index for the aircraft manufacturing industry
was developed using a deflated value technique. The
values of shipments of the various product classes were
adjusted for price changes by appropriate price indexes
from a variety of sources, including (1) Producer Price
Indexes from the Bureau of Labor Statistics; (2) in
dexes from the Price Change of Defense Purchases
program, a project of the Bureau of Economic Analy
sis; and (3) unpublished data from the Federal Aviation
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47Quoted in Velocci, “Industry May Endure,” p. 26.
48Cole, “Boeing Reduces Its Production,” pp. A3-A5; and
“Boeing Cuts Rates Again,” Aviation Week & Space Tech
nology, Nov. 30, 1992, p. 32.
Administration. These estimates of real or constant
dollars for product categories were then indexed and, in
turn, combined with employee hour weights to derive
the overall industry output measure. The result is a final
output index that is conceptually close to the preferred
output measure.
The annual output index series was than adjusted
(by linear interpolation) to the index levels of the
benchmark output series. This benchmark series in
corporates more comprehensive, but less frequently
collected, economic census data.
The employment and employee hours indexes used
to measure labor input were derived from data pub
lished by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Employees
and employee hours are each considered homogeneous
and additive and thus do not reflect changes in quali
tative aspects of labor, such as skill and experience.
The indexes of output per employee hour do not mea
sure any specific contributions, such as those of labor
or capital. Rather, they reflect the joint effect of such
factors as changes in technology, capital investment,
capacity utilization, plant design and layout, skill and
effort of the work force, managerial ability, and labormanagement relations.
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
33
Negotiated wage changes
in government, 1992
The smallest wage changes ever were recorded
for State and local government employees
as bargainers negotiated contracts in a sluggish economy,
amid budget deficits and declining revenues
Michael Cimini,
Joan Borum,
Eric Johnson,
and
John Lacombe
ublic sector negotiators faced a troubled
economic climate in 1992 that often dic
tated the bargaining outcome. As a result,
major collective bargaining settlements in State
and local government provided the smallest aver
age wage rate change since the Bureau of Labor
Statistics series began in 1984. In addition, the
changes were smaller, on average, than those
specified in the contracts being replaced.1
P
The economy
Michael Cimini, Joan
Borum, Eric Johnson, and
John Lacombe are econo
mists in the Division of
Developments in LaborManagement Relations,
Bureau o f Labor Statistics.
Record budget deficits and declining revenues
were among the lingering economic difficulties
from the 1990-91 recession that forced several
State and local government negotiators to try to
freeze salaries, require employees to pay a
greater share of health insurance, and consider
furlough days and layoffs to balance govern
ment budgets, which is a constitutional require
ment in many States and localities. To union
negotiators, job security, pay, and health insur
ance were among the most important bargaining
issues.
Because of these economic conditions, many
agreements negotiated in 1992 called for salary
freezes in the first part of the contract term, fol
lowed by subsequent pay raises, or included just
one pay raise over the contract term. In addition,
many agreements contained health care cost con
trol and cost-sharing arrangements, such as man
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June 1993
aged health-care programs, higher employee pre
mium payments, and higher deductibles and em
ployee copayments.
Wage changes in 1992 settlements
Major settlements (those covering 1,000 workers
or more) in 1992 provided changes in wage rates
that averaged an increase of 1.1 percent in the first
year and 2.1 percent annually over the term of the
contract. (See tables 1 and 2.) These were the low
est rates recorded since the series started in 1984.
(See table 3.) The Bureau of Labor Statistics
measure of rate changes under collective bargain
ing agreements excludes potential changes under
cost-of-living adjustments ( c o l a ’ s) and lump-sum
payments. The average change is the net effect of
decisions to increase, decrease, and not change
wages.
In addition, 1992 was the second consecutive
year in which current settlements provided wage
rate changes over the contract term that were con
siderably lower than in the agreements they re
placed. In most years from 1987 to 1990, the aver
age rate change under current settlements was
lower than under replaced contracts, but the differ
ence was never greater than 0.5 percentage point.
In 1991 and 1992, the difference was 2.3 percent
age points. The following tabulation shows the
average annual wage rate change (in percent) over
the contract term, 1987-92:
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
Current
settlements
Replaced
agreements
5.3
5.3
5.7
5.0
2.6
2.0
5.8
5.7
5.3
5.1
4.9
4.3
Settlements in State and local government in
1992 covered 45 percent, or 1.2 million, of the
2.7 million workers under all major collective
bargaining agreements in State and local gov
ernment. About 77 percent (918,000) of the
workers covered under 1992 settlements will
receive wage increases during the term of the
contract; 21 percent (247,200), typically educa
tion workers in local government, will not re
ceive a wage change; and 2 percent (27,100),
will experience wage cuts. This is in marked
contrast to the 1984-90 period, when wages
were increased for 94 percent to 99 percent of
workers under settlements and were cut for few,
if any, workers. The following shows the percent
of workers with wage rate changes over the
1984—92 period:
Increased
1984.........
1985 ..........
1986 ..........
1987 ..........
1988 ..........
1989 ..........
1990..........
1991..........
1992..........
94
99
98
96
99
99
99
77
77
Decreased Unchanged
0
0
0
0
*
0
0
0
2
6
1
2
4
1
1
1
23
21
Table 1.
Average (mean) rate changes 1 in wages and
compensation in State and local government collective
bargaining settlements, 1992
[In percent]
Firstyear
changes2
Measure
Annual change Number of
over life of
workers
contracts3
(thousands)
Wage changes
(settlements covering 1,000 workers
or more):
All State and local governm ent...........
State governm ent............................
Local governm ent............................
1.1
.5
1.7
2.1
2.0
2.1
1,192
556
636
Government function:
General government and
administration......................................
E duca tion.............................................
Primary and secondary...................
Colleges and universities...............
Protective se rvice s..............................
Health services....................................
Transportation ....................................
Other4 ...................................................
1.0
1.4
1.5
.6
.6
1.0
.6
2.1
2.2
1.8
1.8
1.6
2.3
2.4
2.4
3.0
433
478
409
69
94
107
63
18
Compensation changes
(settlements covering 5,000 workers
or more):
All State and local governm ent...........
State governm ent............................
Local governm ent............................
.6
.2
1.4
1.9
2.0
1.6
654
442
211
Government function:
General government and
administration5 ..................................
E duca tion.............................................
O th er5 .................................................
.5
.8
.4
2.1
1.4
2.2
304
198
152
1 Changes include net increases, decreases, and zero change; exclude lump-sum
payments and potential changes from cola clauses.
2Changes under settlements reached in the period and effective within 12 months of the
effective date of the contract.
3 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual
(compound) rate over life of contract.
4 Includes units in food services and construction.
5 Includes units in food services, protective services, transportation, and construction.
N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual employment items may not equal totals.
* Less than 0.5 percent.
Back-loaded contracts. One method negotia
tors use to contain labor costs in a m ultiyear
agreement is to delay all or most of a wage rate
increase until after the first contract year, or
“back-load” the agreement. Between 1986 and
1990, settlements in State and local government,
on average, provided roughly the same wage
rate increases in the first year as they did annu
ally over the life of the contract. In 1991, the
average annual change over the contract term
exceeded the average first-year change by 0.5
percentage point. In 1992, when back-loaded
agreements were more prevalent, the difference
between the change in the first year and over the
life was 1 percentage point.
Under 1992 settlements, 52 percent of work
ers were covered by back-loaded contracts, 11
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percent by front-loaded contracts, and the re
maining 37 percent by 1-year or multiyear con
tracts with the same rate of change in the first
year and annually over the contract term. Backloaded settlements averaged a wage rate in
crease of 0.5 percent for the first contract year
and 2.6 percent annually over the life of the con
tract. Front-loaded settlements called for wage
rate changes averaging an increase of 3.7 per
cent in the first year and 2.5 percent annually
over the contract term. Back-loaded agreements
were more prevalent in State government than in
local government, and more prevalent in trans
portation, protective services, and health ser
vices than in general administration or educa
tion. The following tabulation presents the
number and percent of workers under backloaded contracts in 1992:
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
35
Negotiated Wage Changes in Government
Number
Percent
All government.............
State government...............
Local governm ent.............
617,200
402,500
214,700
52
72
34
Transportation...................
Protective services.............
Health services...................
General administration . . .
Education..........................
66,800
73,600
77,500
271,100
175,800
88
79
72
63
37
Level of government and function. Local gov
ernment employed approximately 636,000, or 53
percent of the 1.2 million workers covered by
1992 settlements. Wage rate changes in local gov
ernment averaged a 2.1-percent annual increase
over the contract term, about the same as the 2.0
percent change in State government (556,000
workers). In most years since 1984, the average
change in wage rates over the contract term has
been higher in local government than in State gov
ernment. (See table 3.)
Settlements in education— primarily for teach
ers, but also for administrators and service em
Table 2
ployees— covered 40 percent (478,000) of the
workers under contracts negotiated in 1992. They
provided wage rate changes averaging an increase
of 1.8 percent a year over the contract term. Settle
ments in general administration covered 433,000
workers and called for a 2.2-percent average wage
rate increase; health services, 107,000 workers
and a 2.4-percent increase; and protective services,
94,000 workers and a 2.3-percent increase. Unlike
settlements reached before 1991, wage rate
changes in education were smaller than in the rest
of government in 1992, as illustrated below (data
are not available for 1984):
Percentage wage rate change in—
All government,
Education
except education
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
5.7
6.3
5.6
5.7
5.9
5.5
2.1
1.8
4.8
5.3
4.6
5.0
4.6
4.4
3.2
2.3
Averaqe first-year and over the life rate changes1 in wages in State and local
government collective bargaining settlements covering 1,000 workers or
more, 1992
Over the life of contract3
First year2
All
State and
local
government
State
government
Local
government
All
State and
local
government
1,192
556
636
1,192
556
636
100
64
(4)
34
19
100
90
(4)
10
2
100
41
(4)
55
35
100
21
100
19
100
22
4
77
62
81
75
73
51
12
7
16
13
6
19
2
1
(5)
1
3
2
2
0
3
1
1.1
0
.5
0
1.7
2.0
2.1
2.3
2.0
2.3
2.1
2.1
Median increase ...........
3.7
3.0
4.9
5.0
3.5
3.0
2.9
2.3
2.5
2.3
3.2
3.0
Median de crease...........
-5 .2
-3 .0
-.4
-.4
-5 .6
-3 .0
-6 .1
-4 .0
—
—
-6 .1
- 4 .0
Measure
Total number of workers
(in thousands) .....................
Percent of workers
under all settle m en ts...........
With no wage changes . ..
With wage decreases . . . .
With wage incre ases.........
Of less than 4 percent ..
Of 4 percent and less
than 6 p e rc e n t.............
Of 6 percent and less
than 8 p e rc e n t.............
Of 8 percent and m ore..
Changes (in percent):
Local
State
government government
1 Includes net increases, decreases, and zero change. Excludes lump-sum payments and potential changes from
cola
2 Chanqes under settlements reached in the period and effective within 12 months of the effective date of contract.
3 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual (compound) rate over the life of the
contract.
4 Data do not meet publication standards.
5 Less than 0.5 percent.
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N ote :
Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
June 1993
Table 3.
Average wage and compensation rate changes1 in State and local government settlements, 1984-92
[In percent]
Measure
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
Wage changes (1,000 workers or more)1
All State and local government:
First year2 ..............................................................
4.8
4.6
5.7
4.9
5.1
5.1
4.9
2.3
1.1
Annual over the life3 .............................................
5.1
5.4
5.7
5.1
5.3
5.1
5.0
2.8
2.1
State government
First year2 ..............................................................
Annual over the life3 .............................................
3.6
3.8
4.8
4.9
6.3
6.0
4.1
4.2
5.3
5.0
5.0
4.7
4.7
4.2
2.0
3.0
.5
2.0
Local government;
First year2 ..............................................................
Annual over the life3 .............................................
5.4
5.9
4.4
5.7
5.3
5.6
5.3
5.5
5.0
5.5
5.2
5.4
5.0
5.2
2.5
2.7
1.7
2.1
All State and local government:
First year2 ..............................................................
Annual over the life3 .............................................
5.2
5.4
4.2
5.1
6.2
6.0
4.9
4.8
5.4
5.3
5.1
4.9
5.1
5.1
1.8
2.9
.6
1.9
State government:
First year2 ..............................................................
Annual over the life3 .............................................
4.3
4.0
4.8
4.8
6.8
6.0
4.3
4.3
5.3
4.9
4.9
4.6
4.4
3.9
1.9
2.8
.2
2.0
Local government:
First y e a r2 ............................................................
Annual over the life3.............................................
6.0
6.6
3.7
5.5
5.6
6.0
5.4
5.1
5.5
5.8
5.6
5.5
5.4
5.8
1.6
2.9
1.2
1.5
Compensation changes
(5,000 workers or m o re)1
1 Changes include net increases, decreases, and zero change; excludes lump-sum payments and potential changes from cola clauses.
2 Changes under settlements reached in the period and effective within 12 months of the contract effective date.
3 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual (compound) rate over life of contract.
Duration. State and local government settle
ments negotiated in 1992 had a longer average du
ration than the agreements they replaced— 26.5
months compared with 26.1 months. (See table 5.)
The average duration also was longer in 1992 than
in most previous years because of the compara
tively large proportions of workers covered by
1992 agreements with a duration of 36 months or
longer. Forty-one percent of workers (493,000)
covered by settlements in 1992 were under such
contracts. Settlements with a duration of 3 years or
longer called for wage changes averaging an in
crease of 2.4 percent a year, compared with 1.8
percent a year for shorter term contracts. The
lower average wage change in shorter term con
tracts reflects, in part, the influence of settlements
in education.
Changes in compensation rates and costs
Wages are only part of the economic package that
may be affected by a settlement; benefits also may
change. A comparison of changes in compensa
tion (wages and benefits) in current settlements
with changes in replaced contracts and in settle
ments over time provides a more comprehensive
analysis than a comparison based on changes in
wages only. The data on compensation changes
relate to major collective bargaining settlements
covering 5,000 workers or more.
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Compensation rate changes. The average
change in compensation rates in 1992 settle
ments for 5,000 workers or more, which covered
55 percent of workers under all major settle
ments in 1992, was an increase of 0.6 percent in
the first year and 1.9 percent annually over the
contract term. (See table 6.) These were the
lowest compensation rate changes recorded
since the series began in 1984. (See table 3.) In
addition, the last time the parties bargained,
usually in 1990 or 1991, the settlements pro
vided higher changes in compensation rates—
4.8 percent in the first year and 4.4 percent annu
ally over the contract term.
Compensation rate changes in State govern
ment settlements in 1992 averaged an increase of
2.0 percent annually over the contract term, com
pared with 1.6 percent for local government settle
ments. This marks a departure from the past when
the average change in compensation rates over the
contract term typically has been higher in local
government than in State government. The change
in this pattern is due to two factors: a large propor
tion of State government workers was covered by
settlements with larger than average wage and
wage-related benefit increases, which pushed up
their annual average increase, and a large propor
tion of local government workers was covered by
settlements that froze or cut wages, which reduced
their annual average increase.
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
37
Negotiated Wage Changes in Government
Compensation cost changes. The measure of
change in compensation rates covers wages and
benefits, but excludes lump-sum payments, which
are not part of the ongoing rate. A second measure
of change in compensation, the change in com
pensation costs, is compiled for State and local
government settlements covering at least 5,000
workers. It includes lump-sum payments and ac
counts for the length of time that changes in wages
and benefits are in effect during the contract. Un
der settlements involving 5,000 or more workers,
the change in compensation cost over the contract
term averaged an annual increase of 0.9 percent.
(See table 7.) This was the lowest compensation
cost increase recorded since the Bureau began
measuring compensation cost changes in 1988.
The following shows the percent change in com
pensation costs, 1988-92:
State and local government
Total
State
Local
1988 .....................
3.7
1989 .....................
3.8
1990 .....................
4.2
1 9 9 1 ....................
2.1
1992 ................................. 9
3.4
3.2
2.6
2.4
.9
4.2
4.7
5.1
1.4
.8
Settlements in State government, which cov
ered 442,000 workers, averaged an increase of
0.9 percent a year, compared with 0.8 percent
under settlements in local government (211,000
workers). The relatively small average increases
reflected compensation cost freezes or decreases
for slightly more than one-fifth of State govern
ment workers and slightly more than onethird of local government workers under 1992
settlements.
Changes in employer costs for cash payments
to workers (including wages and lump-sum pay
ments) averaged an increase of 1.0 percent a
year over the life of the contract, and changes in
wage costs alone averaged an increase of 0.9
percent. (Typically, relatively few State and lo
cal governm ent workers are covered under
settlements with lump-sum provisions. About
138,000 State and local government workers
were covered by 1992 settlements that specified
lump-sum payments. Nearly two-thirds of these
workers were employed by New York State and
Iowa.) Changes in benefit costs averaged an in
crease of 0.7 percent a year over the contract
term. Following is the percentage change in
compensation costs, 1988-92:
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
Compensation . . . ,
3.7
3.8
4.2
2.1
0.9
Total cash
payments...........
Wages only ..
Benefits...............
3.8
3.7
3.5
3.9
3.8
3.3
4.0
4.0
4.4
1.4
1.4
2.2
1.0
.9
.7
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June 1993
Total wage rate changes
Workers under all major collective bargaining
agreements in the public sector may receive
changes in their wage rates from one or more pos
sible sources in any year: settlements that occurred
in the year, settlements negotiated in earlier years,
and cola clauses, (cola clauses call for changes in
wages based on a formula typically tied to changes
in the Consumer Price Index.)
For the 2.7 million workers under all major
contracts in effect in State and local government in
1992, the average change in wage rates was an in
crease of 1.9 percent— 0.8 percent from settle
ments reached in 1992, 1.1 percent from agree
ments reached earlier, and less than 0.05 percent
from cost-of-living adjustments. (See table 8.)
This was the lowest wage rate change under all
agreements since the series began in 1984 and re
flected a substantial decline from 1984-90, when
the annual wage rate change ranged from 4.6 per
cent to 5.7 percent. (See table 4.)
The average wage change in 1992 resulted
from substantial drops in wage changes brought
about by settlements negotiated in previous years
and very modest wage rate changes specified in
current settlements. The small contribution of cur
rent settlements reflects the relatively high per
centage of workers not receiving an increase in the
first year of their contracts in 1992, compared with
earlier years. Following is the percent of workers
not receiving a first-year wage increase:
Percent
1984 .................
1985 ...................
1986 ...................
1987 ...................
1988 ...................
1989 ...................
1990 .................
1991 .................
1992 .................
19
16
10
7
7
6
6
37
64
In addition, the contribution from settlements
reached in earlier years was only 1.1 percent, the
lowest rate since 1984, when the series was first
tabulated. (See table 4.) Because of the low preva
lence of cola provisions in State and local govern
ment agreements, the contribution from cola’s
was minimal in 1992 and in earlier years. (About
58,100 workers had cola reviews in 1992. Of
these, only 22,000 had cola increases, averaging
2.7 percent.)
Wage rate changes for workers in local govern
ment averaged an increase of 2.1 percent, com
pared with a 1.6-percent increase for workers in
State government. (Except for 1990, the average
wage rate change since 1987 for local government
employees has exceeded the average change for
State government employees.) The change for lo-
cal government employees was larger than for
State government workers in 1992. This primarily
reflected the effects of current settlements— a 1.1percent increase for local government employees,
compared with a 0.3-percent increase for State
government employees.
Several factors play a role in the size of the av
erage wage rate change. The proportion of work
ers receiving a wage increase and the size of the
increase push up the average wage rate change.
The proportion of workers with no change in
wages, and the proportion whose wages decrease,
coupled with the size of the decrease, moderate
the overall wage rate change.
Approximately 1.1 million workers, or 42 per
cent of the 2.7 million workers covered by major
contracts in State and local government, received
increases averaging 4.4 percent, the lowest level
since the data were first tabulated in 1984. (See
table 4.) (This measure reflects only contracts in
which the net effect of increases and decreases
from all sources is a wage rate increase.) About
Table 4.
1.5 million, or 57 percent of workers covered by
major contracts in State and local government, did
not receive a wage change in 1992. Wages de
creased for slightly more than 29,100 employ
ees— 1 percent of workers covered by major con
tracts.
As typically occurs, the average wage rate
change for local government workers was higher,
at 4.6 percent, than wage rate changes for State
government workers, at 4.0 percent.
Specific settlements
The preceding statistics summarize wage changes
in public sector collective bargaining contracts ne
gotiated in 1992. However, the data mask the
problems confronting the negotiators, as well as
the variety of solutions offered as they attempted
to compromise on contract terms in light of budget
deficits and declining revenues. The following
discussion of selected settlements in State and lo
cal governments highlights the negotiated wage
Average (mean) rate changes in State and local government collective bargaining settlements
covering 1,000 workers or more, 1984-92
[In percent]
Measure
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
5.0
5.7
5.5
4.9
4.7
5.1
4.6
2.6
1.9
1.9
3.1
(2)
4.1
1.6
(2)
2.4
3.0
(2)
2.7
2.2
(2)
2.3
2.4
(2)
2.5
2.6
(2)
2.0
2.6
(2)
.6
1.8
.1
.8
1.1
(2)
5.4
4.5
5.6
4.3
4.1
4.0
4.7
2.5
1.6
1.2
4.2
(2)
2.8
1.7
(2)
2.3
3.3
(2)
1.5
2.8
(2)
1.8
2.4
(2)
2.0
2.0
0.0
1.0
3.6
0.0
.3
1.9
.3
.3
1.2
(2)
4.7
6.5
5.4
5.3
5.1
5.9
4.6
2.6
2.1
2.3
2.4
(2)
4.9
1.6
(2)
2.5
2.9
(2)
3.5
1.9
(2)
2.6
2.4
(2)
2.8
3.0
(2)
2.6
1.9
.1
.8
1.8
(2)
1.1
1.0
(2)
6.6
6.8
6.0
5.7
5.6
6.1
5.5
4.8
4.4
6.6
6.6
1.4
6.9
5.6
1.7
6.7
5.0
1.0
6.0
4.9
1.2
6.2
5.0
1.4
6.3
5.3
1.5
6.3
4.8
1.8
3.7
4.5
2.1
4.4
4.3
2.8
State governm ent......................................................
Source of change:
Current settlements .........................................
Prior ag re e m e n ts.............................................
cola provisions.................................................
6.2
5.4
6.0
4.9
4.8
5.4
5.2
4.3
4.0
4.6
6.9
(2)
4.9
5.3
.7
6.8
4.7
.2
4.3
4.7
.8
5.2
4.4
(2)
5.0
4.7
.0
6.8
4.7
.0
2.0
3.9
2.2
6.2
3.6
3.6
Local governm ent......................................................
Source of change:
Current settlements .........................................
Prior ag re e m e n ts.............................................
cola provisions.................................................
7.0
7.7
6.0
6.3
6.2
6.4
5.7
5.2
4.6
7.7
6.3
1.4
8.1
5.8
2.0
6.7
5.4
1.4
6.9
5.2
1.3
6.8
5.5
1.4
7.3
5.7
1.5
6.2
4.8
1.8
4.8
5.2
1.7
4.2
5.0
2.3
Average wage change1
All State and local governm ent................................
Source of change:
Current settlements .........................................
Prior ag re e m e n t...............................................
cola provisions.................................................
State governm ent......................................................
Source of change:
Current se ttle m e n ts .........................................
Prior ag re e m e n ts.............................................
cola provisions.................................................
Local governm ent......................................................
Source of change:
Current se ttle m e n ts .........................................
Prior ag re e m e n ts.............................................
cola provisions.................................................
Average wage increase3:
All State and local governm ent................................
Source of change:
Current settlements .........................................
Prior ag re e m e n ts.............................................
cola p rovisions.................................................
1992
1 Changes include net increases, decreases, and zero change in work stoppages stemming from current settlements, agreements reached in prior years,
and cola clauses.
2 Value less than 0.05 percent.
3 Reflects only contracts in which the net effect of increases and decreases from all sources is a wage rate increase.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
39
Negotiated Wage Changes in Government
Table 5.
Average (mean) rate changes1 in wages under State and local government
collective bargaining settlements covering 1,000 workers or more by duration
of contract, 1992
Measure
Number of settlements . . . .
Number of workers
(in thousands).....................
Average duration
(m o n th s )............................
All
settle
ments
12
months
or fewer
More than
12 months
and fewer 24 months
than
24 months
More than
24 months
and fewer
than
36 months
36 months
More
than
36 months
324
113
48
57
19
64
23
1,192
344
114
182
61
263
230
26.5
Percent wage change in:
First contract y e a r...........
Second contract y e a r2 ..
Third contract y e a r3 . . . .
1.1
2.9
2.6
Average annual percent
wage change over
life of c o n tra c t...................
2.1
11.6
14.4
24.0
25.2
36.0
46.2
.8
1.3
.7
—
2.9
4.0
1.2
4.3
.9
4.5
2.4
.4
1.1
3.5
.8
1.7
3.5
2.6
2.5
2.3
—
—
1 Includes net Increases, decreases, and zero change. Excludes lump-sum payments and potential changes from
clauses.
2 Average is based only on settlements with a duration greater than 12 months.
3 Average is based only on settlements with a duration greater than 24 months.
terms and briefly explains important events affect
ing the negotiations.
California. The State approved 3-year contracts
calling for an 18-month salary freeze and the es
tablishment of a program designed to avoid man
datory unpaid furloughs over the term of the con
tract. Under the “personal leave bank” program,
State employees bank 1 day a month for 18
months and do not receive pay for these days
while the program is in effect. In addition, salaries
were increased 5 percent in January 1994, and 3
percent to 5 percent in January 1995; merit salary
adjustment language was retained; and the State’s
contributions to health care premiums were frozen
at current levels. The contracts covered 128,000
State employees in 21 different bargaining units.
(See Monthly Labor Review, January 1993, p. 31,
for additional details of the terms of the contract.)
Prior to this negotiated settlement, the State
had approved a fiscal year 1993 budget that im
posed contract provisions as part of an effort to
close a $ 10.7-billion spending gap without raising
taxes, ending a year-long impasse with its unions.
The unionized employees sued to halt the State’s
attempts to reduce pay and benefits; the court
ruled against the cuts, but upheld the State’s right
to adjust its contributions to health care without
obtaining legislative approval.
cola
sented by the American Federation of State,
County and Municipal Employees (afscme); and
4,700 nurses, represented by the Florida Nurses
Association (Ind.). The two unions and the State
agreed to 3-year contracts calling for a wage and
benefit freeze in the first year, and reopeners on
wages and benefits in the second and third years.
An additional 19,600 workers— 2,700 police
officers, 13,800 correction officers, and 3,200
graduate teaching assistants— were covered by
contracts which reopened in June for wage and
benefit negotiations. Their unions agreed to forgo
wage and benefit improvements in fiscal year
1992-93 (June 1992-June 1993).
The 1992 negotiations were conducted during a
particularly severe economic downturn in Florida.
In the fiscal year ended in June 1992, Florida had a
revenue shortfall of $641 million. The State cut
government expenditures by $533 million to meet
a constitutional amendment requiring a balanced
budget. Also, both State and local governments
were hard hit by declines in revenues from sales
tax and property tax because of severe drops in
tourism and values of residential property. Tax
bases also were strained by providing health ser
vices for a large population of older citizens and
general government services for an influx of new
residents and immigrants.
Massachusetts. About 40,000 State employees
Florida. Almost 75,000 employees were under represented primarily by the National Association
contracts that expired in June: 26,500 professional of Government Employees and afscme continued
employees, 25,000 clerical and administrative to work under a contract that expired in 1989. A
employees, 10,200 human service employees, and labor agreement reached in December 1990 was
8,000 operational service employees, all repre not funded by the Massachusetts legislature;
40 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June 1993
hence, the agreement was not implemented. The
incoming governor refused to honor the contract
because it had been negotiated during the term of
the previous governor. The unions then sued the
State to enforce funding of the contract; the court
decided for the State. At the end of 1992, the par
ties were still negotiating.
New York.
Members of the Civil Service Em
ployees Association, an affiliate of afscme, rati
fied a new 4-year agreement covering 110,000
State employees in administrative services, insti
tutional services, and operational services bar
gaining units. State employees had been without a
contract for 15 months— one of the longest im
passes in the parties’ bargaining history— and
without a negotiated wage increase since April
1990.
Because of the financial difficulties of the
State, negotiators agreed to a wage freeze in the
first 2 years (1991 and 1992) of the 4-year con
tract. The accord provided for:
• wage increases of 4 percent in April of 1993
and 1994, and 1.25 percent in October 1994;
• lump-sum payments in December 1993 and
September 1994 equal to the amount of
about one and a half days’ pay;
• a $5.2-million increase in the State’s annual
payment to the union’s drug, dental, and op
tical benefits fund; and
• tighter restrictions on the use of workers’
compensation; and the elimination of a
supplemental compensation payment pro
gram.
(See Monthly Labor Review, August 1992, p. 60,
for additional details of the terms of the contract.)
Court professional employees (3,700) and cor
rections officers (22,000) represented by afscme
agreed to essentially the same contract terms as
did the administrative, institutional, and opera
tional employees, except they will not receive
lump-sum payments. In addition, the correctional
officers resolved a controversial “lag payroll” is
sue when the State agreed to give back 5 days of
pay that previously had been withheld until work
ers ended employment with the State.
State university system professors (21,000)
represented by the United University Professions,
an American Federation of Teachers (aft) affili
ate, ratified a 4-year agreement retroactive to July
1991. The contract provided pay raises of 4 per
cent in July of 1993 and 1994, and 1.25 percent in
January 1995.
At the end of 1992, the State still was negotiat
ing with the Public Employees Federation for a
contract covering 53,000 professional and techni
cal employees. The dispute was sent to factfinding
following a failed attempt at mediation.
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Ohio. The State of Ohio and afscme signed a 25month agreement for about 35,000 administrative,
correctional, human services, mental health and
retardation, transportation department, and regula
tory employees. The accord came with the assis
tance of a factfinder, who decided some 50 major
and minor economic issues.
The contract provided for only one wage in
crease, 5 percent in July 1993, in exchange for the
retention of step and longevity increases, which
Table 6.
Average annual rate changes1 in compensation in
State and local government collective bargaining
settlements covering 5,000 workers or more, 1992
All State
and local
governm ent
State
governm ent
654
442
211
100
71
2
26
22
100
91
0
9
5
100
30
8
62
59
3
4
0
1
0
0
0
3
0
Wage change (in percent):
Mean ch a n g e .........................................
Median change.......................................
Mean increase.......................................
Median in c re a s e ..................................
.6
.0
2.7
2.8
.2
.0
2.4
.2
1.4
2.0
2.9
2.8
Mean d e crease....................................
Median decrease..................................
- 4 .9
- 4 .9
Measure
Total number of workers
(In tho usan ds)...........................................
First-year c h a n g e s 2
Percent of workers under
all settlem ents:....................................
With no wage changes.....................
With wage decreases.......................
With wage in c re a s e s .......................
Of less than 4 p e rc e n t...................
Of 4 percent and less than
6 percent .......................................
Of 6 percent and less than
8 percent .......................................
Of 8 percent and m o re ...................
Local
governm ent
—
- 4 .9
- 4 .9
100
23
2
75
6
100
22
0
78
0
100
24
8
68
18
60
73
33
7
1
4
0
14
3
Changes (in percent):
Mean ch a n g e .........................................
Median change.......................................
Mean in cre a se ..................................
Median increase................................
1.9
2.3
2.7
2.5
2.0
2.3
2.6
2.5
1.6
2.0
2.9
2.6
Mean decrease ................................
Median de cre a se ..............................
- 4 .9
- 4 .9
Annual changes averaged over
life of c o n tra c t3
Percent of workers under
all settlements ....................................
With no wage changes.....................
With wage decreases........................
With wage in c re a s e s ........................
Of less than 2 p e rc e n t.................
Of 2 percent and less than
4 p e rc e n t....................................
Of 4 percent and less than
6 percent ....................................
Of 6 percent and m o re .................
—
—
—
- 4 .9
- 4 .9
1 Changes include net increases, decreases, and zero change; exclude lump-sum
payments and potential changes from cola clauses.
2 Changes under settlements reached in the period and effective within 12 months of the
effective date of the contract.
3 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual
(compound) rate over life of contract.
N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Average
denotes mean, unless otherwise specified.
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
41
Negotiated Wage Changes in Government
Table 7.
Distribution of workers under State and local
government collective bargaining settlements
covering 5,000 workers or more, by annual (mean)
change1 in compensation costs over the life of the
contract2 and in the costs of components, 1992
All State
Local
government
Measure
Total workers (in thousands). . . .
Percent change in
compensation c o s t.....................
Percent of workers under
all settlements..............................
With no wage change .............
With wage decreases .............
With wage in c re a s e s...............
Of less than 2 p e rc e n t.........
Of 2 percent and m o re........
Percent change in cost of
components of compensation:
Cash payments to workers3 . . .
W a g e s ..................................
B e n e fits .....................................
654
State
government
442
211
.9
100
22
5
73
62
11
1.0
.9
.7
Local
government
.9
100
22
0
78
73
4
.9
.9
.7
.8
100
20
16
64
39
25
1.1
1.1
.7
1 Change include net increases, decreases, and zero change; exclude lump-sum
payments and potential changes from contingent pay provisions.
2 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual
(compound) rate over the life of contract.
3 Cash payments include wages and lump-sum payments.
N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual employment items may not equal totals.
the State had sought to eliminate. Other terms in
cluded enhanced job security, changes in the
health plan, increases in the State’s contributions
to health care premiums, a longer waiting period
before eligibility for disability benefits, and ex
panded sick leave eligibility to include caring for
family members living in the employee’s home.
Other terms were similar to the afscme agreement.
(See Monthly Labor Review, May 1992, p. 52, for
additional terms of the contract.)
A 23-month contract for about 4,000 health
care and social services employees represented by
the Service Employees International Union pro
vided one wage increase of 5 percent in July 1993.
Other contract terms were similar to the afscme
agreement.
Local governments. Following is an account of
highlights of bargaining activity in several local
governments.
Chicago. The Chicago Board of Education
and the American Federation of Teachers volun
tarily reopened their contract (which was sched
uled to expire in July 1993) and negotiated a salary
adjustment for 30,000 teachers. The board had re
quested the reopening in 1991 to renegotiate wage
increases scheduled for the 1991-92 school year
(in 1990, the parties had agreed to wage increases
of 7 percent in September of 1990, 1991, and
1992). As a result of the reopener, the teachers
(who already had received the 1990 increase) ac
Digitized for
42 FRASER
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June 1993
cepted a 3-percent increase retroactive to Decem
ber 1991 and deferred for 6 weeks the 7-percent
increase scheduled for September 1992. (See
Monthly Labor Review, May 1992, p. 52, for addi
tional details of the terms of the contract.)
The Chicago Board of Education and the Ser
vice Employees International Union did not settle
on a contract for 4,000 clerical and custodial em
ployees. The contract had expired December 31,
1991.
Chicago and afscme signed a 42-m onth
agreement for 7,000 white-collar employees.
Terms called for wage increases of 3 percent ret
roactive to January 1992,3 percent in January of
1993 and 1994, and 1.5 percent in January 1995;
enhancements in life insurance benefits; several
changes in health-care coverage, including costcontainment measures; and a program allowing
employees to pay for day-care expenses from
pretax income. (See Monthly Labor Review,
January 1993, p. 33, for additional details of the
terms of the contract.)
Also, the city did not reach agreements with six
other unions, representing nearly 27,000 employ
ees, whose contracts expired December 31, 1991.
The Fraternal Order of Police bargained for
10,300 police officers; the Fire Fighters, for 4,500
firefighters; the Service Employees, for 4,000
clerical and custodial workers; and three other
unions, for 7,500 blue-collar employees and
school crossing guards. The city and the Amal
gamated Transit Union began negotiations on a
contract that was to expire December 31,1992, for
10,000 Chicago Transit Authority employees.
Los Angeles County. The county and the
Service Employees negotiated new agreements
covering 27,000 clerical workers, supervisors, so
cial services workers, technical personnel, para
medics, artisans, and blue-collar employees. The
2-year contracts provided wage increases of 2 per
cent in July 1992 and August 1993, and froze
other economic and health care benefits during the
contract term.
The County began negotiations on a contract
that was to expire December 31, 1992, covering
1,550 firefighters represented by the Fire Fighters.
Also, under a wage reopener, the County started
negotiating wage terms for 2,200 deputy proba
tion officers represented by afscme.
Los Angeles County was hit hard by the eco
nomic downturn that affected California in 1992.
Also, the county’s economy, already reeling from
massive cuts in defense spending that created sig
nificant job losses in southern California, was
dealt an additional blow from the April riots. In
addition, the softening of the tourist and film in
dustries— two economic mainstays of the re
gion—contributed to the county’s economic
problems in 1992.
New York City. The city’s Metropolitan
Transportation Authority reached a 38-month
agreement with the Transport Workers Union for
some 32,000 workers. The contract provided:
• wage increases of 2 percent retroactive to
May 1991, 2.5 percent in September 1992,
and 2 percent in May 1993;
• a modified wage progression schedule for
new hires;
• contract language to apply cost savings from
the new progression schedule to health and
welfare coverage;
• health and welfare coverage at existing ben
efit levels; and
• an immediate cash payment by the Transpor
tation Authority of $5 million to the union’s
health and welfare fund so the fund could
meet current obligations.
(See Monthly Labor Review, August 1992, p. 60,
for additional details of the terms of the contract.)
New York City began negotiations with the
United Federation of Teachers, representing
86,100 public school employees who had worked
without a contract for more than a year. The union
was bargaining to gain salary parity with teachers
in other school districts in the metropolitan region.
In addition, the city and a coalition of public em
ployee unions bargained to replace expired con
tracts that cover approximately 200,000 clerical,
blue-collar, administrative, social service, skilled
trades, and institutional service employees. The
parties did not reach a settlement in 1992.
In 1991, when the majority of contract talks be
tween the city and its unions began, negotiators
faced budget deficits, declining tax revenues, lay
offs and furloughs, and cutbacks in city services.
The difficult economic conditions continued into
1992, affecting the pace and outcome of negotia
tions for some 320,000 city workers.
Philadelphia, p a , area. The city of Philiadelphia
and a f s c m e negotiated a settlement for 15,000
white- and blue-collar workers. The 4-year con
tract froze wages for 33 months; reduced paid sick
leave for new hires to 15 days (formerly, 20 days);
increased the city’s flexibility in contracting out
services; increased input by the city in the admin
istration of the union’s health plan; and reduced
“significantly” the city’s contributions to the
health care plan. (See Monthly Labor Review,
January 1993, p. 32, for additional details of the
terms of the contracts.)
Prior to the agreement, the financially
beleagured city had imposed on the AFSCME-represented workers a 4-year contract that attempted
to save $1.1 billion over 5 years by freezing wages
for the first 2 years, followed by wage increases of
2 percent in the third year and 4 percent in the
fourth; taking over the union-run health plan; and
cutting paid sick leave and holidays.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Less than an hour before a strike deadline, the
Philadelphia Teachers Federation, an a f t affiliate,
ratified a 2-year contract with the city for 13,000
teachers and 7,000 paraprofessional and other
nonprofessional workers. The contract called for a
16-month pay freeze, followed by a 3-percent
wage increase in January 1994; and provided $19
million over the contract term to maintain existing
health and welfare benefits.
The Southeastern Pennsylvania Transporta
tion Authority and the Transport Workers ap
proved an agreement covering 5,150 transit em
ployees. Terms included wage increases of 3.5
percent in July of 1993 and 1994, and in DecemTable8.
Average (mean) rate changes
in State and local government
collective bargaining
agreements covering 1,000
workers or more, 1992
[In percent]
Characteristic
Average Average
wage
wage
increase1 change2
All State and local government .
Source of wage change:
Current settlem ents...........
Prior agreem ents...............
cola provisions...................
4.4
1.9
4.5
4.3
2.7
.8
1.1
(3)
Government function:
General government
and adm inistration...............
Education................................
Primary and secondary4. ..
Colleges and universities5 .
Protective services.................
Health services .....................
Transportation........................
Other6.......................................
4.2
4.4
4.5
3.6
4.3
5.2
4.7
3.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
1.1
1.2
1.9
3.4
.7
4.0
1.6
6.2
3.6
3.6
.3
1.2
(3)
4.6
2.1
4.2
5.0
2.3
1.1
1.0
(3)
State government........................
Source of wage change:
Current settlem ents...........
Prior agreem ents...............
cola provisions...................
Local government .....................
Source of wage change:
Current settlem ents...........
Prior agreem ents...............
cola provisions...................
1 Reflects only contracts where the net effect of
increases and decreases from all sources is a wage rate
increase.
2 Includes net increases, decreases, and no change in
wages stemming from current settlements, agreements
reached in a prior period, and cola clauses. Because of
rounding and compounding, sums of individual items may
not equal totals.
3 Value less than 0.05 percent.
4 All are in local government except for one contract
covering Hawaii’s Board of Education and the State primary
and secondary school teachers.
5 All are in State government except for one contract
covering Los Angeles County and employees of Los
Angeles Community College.
6 Includes units in construction, libraries, and building
cleaning and maintenance services.
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
43
Negotiated Wage Changes in Government
ber 1994; a lump-sum payment of $500 in May
1992; a modified pension formula; and increases
in sick leave pay, disability pensions, and dental
benefits. (See Monthly Labor Review, July 1992,
p. 38, for additional details of the terms of the
contract.)
An additional 9,500 city employees— 2,500
represented by the Fire Fighters and 7,000 by the
Fraternal Order of Police— negotiated with the
city to replace contracts that expired June 30,
1992. After reaching an impasse, the parties sub
mitted the two disputes to arbitration.
□
Footnotes___________________________
1 Data on private industry settlements reached in 1992
were published in “Collective bargaining agreements in
1992 ,” Monthly Labor Review, May 1993, pp. 22-33.
Comparisons between major collective bargaining settle
ments for State and local government with those for private
industry should note differences in occupational mix, bar
gaining practices, and settlement characteristics. Profes
sional and other white-collar employees, for example, make
up a much larger proportion of the workers covered by gov
ernment than by private industry settlements. Lump-sum
payments and cost-of-livin g adjustment clauses, on the
other hand, are less common in government than private in
dustry settlements. Also, State and local government bar
gaining frequently excludes items such as pension benefits
and holidays that are prescribed by law; these items are
typical bargaining issues in private industry. (For a more de
tailed description of how occupational mix and industry ac
tivity affect the comparison, see Richard E. Schumann,
“State and local government pay increases outpace five-year
rise in private industry,” Monthly Labor Review, February
1987, pp. 18-20.)
W h a t ’ s in a n a m e ?
The first requirement for a resuscitation of industrial relations is a name
change. Although the term industrial relations has a long and honored history,
in recent years it has acquired an overly narrow and out-of-date meaning that is
an increasing handicap for the field. The most attractive replacement is em
ployment relations. The virtues of this term are that it continues to emphasize
the field’s emphasis on relations between employers and employees but at the
same time broadens the focus of the field from the industrial sector of the
economy to the totality of employment relations.
44
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
— Bruce E. Kaufman
The Origins and Evolution o f the Field of
Industrial Relations in the United States,
(Ithaca, ny, Cornell University, School of
Industrial Relations, ilr Press, 1993), p. 167.
June 1993
Research
summaries
Employer and occupational
tenure: 1991 update
Steven R. Maguire
Median tenure for workers in the same
occupation (occupational tenure) was
6.5 years in January 1991, according to
a supplement to the Current Population
Survey. Median tenure with the same
em ployer (em ployer tenure) was 4.5
years in January 1991. The greater oc
cupational tenure compared with em
ployer tenure implies that those in the
labor force are more willing, and per
haps more able, to switch employers
than occupations. However, these two
kinds of tenure are not strictly compa
rable because of measurement differ
ences. Employer tenure is the continu
ous num ber of years a person had
worked for his or her current employer.
Occupational tenure is the cumulative
number of years a person had worked
in his or her current occupation, re
gardless of number of employers, in
terruptions in employment, or time
spent in other occupations.
Although cum ulative occupational
tenure is inherently longer than con
tinuous em ployer tenure, they mirror
each other in most variables. Regard
less o f the measure used, tenure in
creased steadily with age. Generally,
men had more tenure than women;
whites, more than blacks and Hispanics; and college graduates, more than
individuals with less education. In ad
dition, self-employed individuals had
more tenure than wage and salary
workers, and full-tim e workers had
more than those on part-time schedules.
(See table 1.)
Steven R. Maguire is an economist, formerly in
the Office o f Employment Projections, Bureau of
Labor Statistics.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
F a c t o r s a f f e c t in g t e n u r e
Tenure, long or short, is a reflection of
labor force demographics, nature of
work, the economy in general, and to a
lesser degree, job satisfaction. Intu
itively, longer tenure would suggest high
worker satisfaction, a stable economy,
and a strong relationship between
worker and job. Conversely, shorter ten
ure would suggest low job satisfaction, a
volatile economy, or weak employee-job
relationships. More tangible factors in
fluencing tenure include age, gender, in
dustry or occupational growth, immigra
tion, educational attainment and training,
and compensation. The following dis
cussion examines these variables as they
affect both tenure with employer and
tenure in occupation.
Age. Median employer tenure ranged
from 1.2 years for workers aged 16-24 to
12.4 years for workers aged 55-64. Me
dian occupational tenure ranged from 2
years to 17.4 years for workers in these
age groups. Young workers have short
tenure because they have had little time
in the labor force and are more likely to
change jobs frequently. Most workers
tend to settle into career paths, however,
and the increase in tenure with age indi
cates an unwillingness or an inability to
switch jobs mid-career and perhaps lose
accrued benefits. Interestingly, median
employer tenure dips for workers age 65
and older, whereas median occupational
tenure continues to increase. The dif
ference may result from some workers
retiring from one organization, then
joining another organization without
changing occupations.
Employment trends. In general, for
workers in industries and occupations
with rapidly growing employment, me
dian tenure is low, whereas for those in
industries and occupations in which em
ployment is growing slowly or decreas
ing, median tenure is high. Industries
with declining employment, such as
manufacturing and mining, do not need
new workers to replace all employees
who resign or retire. In fact, workers
with the shortest employer tenure in a
declining industry generally are the first
to be laid off during a reduction of work
force, while the workers who are re
tained are likely to be the ones with the
greatest seniority. Consequently, the av
erage tenure of workers in declining in
dustries tends to be high. By contrast,
many new workers are added to the pay
rolls of industries with increasing em
ployment, such as business services and
health services, which tends to keep av
erage tenure low.
Two specific industries illustrate the
effect employment growth has on tenure:
computer and data processing, and blast
furnaces and basic steel products. The
median employer tenure was 2.9 years
for workers in computer and data pro
cessing services, compared with 12.5
years for workers in blast furnaces and
basic steel products. During the 1975-90
period, the intense demand for special
ized programming and software was be
hind the 12-percent annual employment
growth in the computer services indus
try, making it one of the fastest growing
industries in the U.S. economy. In con
trast, during the same period, employ
ment in the steel industry declined 4.5
percent annually, as foreign competition
forced firms to increase productivity by
investing in laborsaving technology and
closing inefficient plants.
Workers in occupations that have ex
perienced rapid employment growth or
declines also have tenure reflecting these
trends. In fact, workers with the greatest
average tenure generally are in occupa
tions that have experienced declining
employment, but are appealing enough
to encourage continued worker attach
ment— examples are farmers, locomo
tive operators, and barbers. At the same
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
45
Research Summaries
time, other occupations with strong
worker attachment have about average
or below average tenure because they are
relatively new and are growing fast—
computer systems analysts and parale
gals, for example.
Education and training. Tenure in
creases as the level of educational at
tainment increases. The more time and
resources a worker has invested in edu
cation for a specific occupation, the
less likely he or she is to switch to an
other field, because the change could
mean a loss of earnings and other ben
efits. W orkers who have made very
large investments in education, such as
physicians and lawyers, usually remain
in their occupations until retirement, al
though they may change employers.
Occupational attachment also tends to
be strong in skilled crafts that require
several years of on-the-job or appren
ticeship training, such as plumbers and
machinists.
Table 1.
Workers with 4 years of college or
more had much longer occupational and
employer tenure than those with less
than a high school education. For ex
ample, median occupational tenure for
college graduates was 7.9 years, com
pared with 5.2 years for workers with
less than a high school education. Work
ers with 1 to 3 years of college, however,
had slightly less occupational and em
ployer tenure than those with just a high
school diploma, probably because many
of the former were still attending college
and had part-time jobs for a short time.
Compensation and benefits. In general,
the greater the compensation, the longer
the employer or occupational tenure. Pay
increases encourage a worker to remain
with an employer. However, higher
wages are not always the reason for long
tenure— a low-paid worker who lacks
education and skills may stay with an
employer for job security and fringe ben
Employer and occupational tenure of employed persons by
selected characteristics, January 1991
C ategory
Total
em ployed
(thousands)
Median years o f tenure—
W ith em ployer
In occupation
Total .......................................
114,979
4.5
6.5
Age
16-24.......................................
25-34.......................................
35-44.......................................
45-54.......................................
55-64.......................................
65 and o ld e r ..........................
17,357
32,808
30,718
19,721
11,193
3,183
1.2
3.5
6.0
10.0
12.4
11.1
2.0
5.1
9.9
13.2
17.4
18.1
M e n .............................................
W hite.......................................
B la ck .......................................
Hispanic1................................
62,396
54,651
5,754
5,122
5.1
5.3
4.4
3.2
7.7
8.8
6.0
4.7
W o m e n .......................................
W hite.......................................
B la ck.......................................
H is p a n ic ................................
52,583
44,901
6,004
3,482
3.8
3.8
4.3
3.2
5.5
5.5
5.7
3.9
Class o f w orker
Self-employed........................
Wage and salary...................
13,101
101,879
8.0
4.1
12.1
5.9
16,065
3.2
5.2
45,348
4.6
6.4
25,358
4.0
5.9
28,208
5.4
7.9
Education
Less than 4
years of
high s c h o o l..........................
Four years of
high s c h o o l..........................
One to 3 years
of college..............................
Four years of
college or m o re ...................
1 People of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
46 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
efits. Nevertheless, among workers with
comparable levels of education and skill,
those with the greatest tenure usually
have the highest wages.
Part-time workers exemplify the ef
fect earnings have on employer tenure.
Some part-time jobs require minimal
training and skills, have low pay, and
provide little opportunity for advance
ment. Examples of occupations with
large numbers of part-timers are food
counter workers, cashiers, and stock
handlers and baggers. Because workers
in these occupations frequently are stu
dents and others who might want only
short-term employment and are not diffi
cult to replace when they resign, their
employers have little incentive to offer
higher pay and other benefits to retain
them. As a group, part-time workers had
median employer tenure of 2.4 years,
less than one-half the average for full
time workers.
Sex, race, and ethnicity. Men had
longer occupational and employer ten
ure than had women. Both men and
women had about the same tenure at
young ages, but the difference in
creased with age. At ages 25-34, for
example, median employer tenure was
between 3 years and 4 years for both
sexes; however, at ages 55-64, tenure
was 15.5 years for men, compared with
10.4 years for women. Men have been
in their jobs longer than have women
on average, because many women cur
rently in the labor force had interrupted
their careers for extended periods for
home and family responsibilities.
Median employer tenure was 3.2
years both for men and women of His
panic origin; 4.4 years for black men and
4.3 years for black women; and 5.3 years
for white men and 3.8 years for white
women. The pattern was similar for oc
cupational tenure.
Many Hispanics are recent immi
grants, whose potential for tenure with
American employers obviously is lower
than that of lifetime residents. Other rea
sons for the short tenure of Hispanic
workers are the comparatively young
age of their cohort and their dispropor
tionately large representation in lowpaying service occupations. While em
ployer tenure was the same for Hispanic
men and women, the men had higher
median occupational tenure than the
Text continues on page 52
June 1993
T a b le 2.
M e d ia n e m p l o y e r a n d o c c u p a t i o n a l t e n u r e b y d e t a i l e d o c c u p a t i o n , J a n u a r y 1 9 9 1
O ccupation1
Total
em ployed
(thousands)
Median years o f tenure—
W ith em ployer
In occupation
T o t a l............................................................................................
Executive, adm inistrative, and managerial o c c u p a tio n s ........
Officials and administrators, public ad m inistra tion.................
Administrators and officials, public adm inistration...........
Executives, officials, and managers except public
ad m inistra tion...........................................................................
Financial m a n a g e rs ............................................................
Personnel and labor relations m a n a g e rs..........................
Purchasing managers ........................................................
Managers, marketing, advertising, and public relations ..
Administrators, education and related fields ...................
Managers, medicine and h e a lth .........................................
Managers, properties and real estate................................
Managers and administrators n.e.c.....................................
Management-related occupations.............................................
Accountants and auditors....................................................
Underwriters.........................................................................
Other financial o ffic e rs ........................................................
Management analysts ........................................................
Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists .........
Buyers, wholesale and retail trade, except farm products
Purchasing agents and buyers n.e.c..................................
Construction in s p e c to rs ......................................................
Inspectors and compliance officers except construction .
Management-related occupations n.e.c.............................
114,979
14,829
554
516
4.5
6.3
11.4
11.4
6.5
8.3
9.0
9.0
10,354
519
126
99
528
545
197
476
7,742
3,921
1,452
107
710
216
369
227
244
53
205
317
6.5
5.7
6.2
11.4
5.3
10.4
8.5
4.7
6.5
5.3
5.0
4.7
6.1
4.7
4.9
5.1
6.9
5.9
8.3
4.4
8.8
8.1
6.4
9.5
6.1
8.6
10.2
7.0
9.2
6.9
8.1
5.0
8.0
6.6
5.2
5.6
5.5
6.1
8.9
6.1
Professional speciality occupations...........................................
Engineers, architects, and s u rv e y o rs .......................................
A rc h ite c t...............................................................................
E ngineers.............................................................................
Aerospace e n ginee rs..........................................................
Chemical e n g in e e rs ............................................................
Civil e n g in e e rs .....................................................................
Electrical and electronic engineers....................................
Industrial engineers ............................................................
Mechanical engineers ........................................................
Engineers n.e.c.....................................................................
Mathematical and computer s c ie n tis ts ....................................
Computer systems analysts and scientists .....................
Operations and systems researchers and
analysts .............................................................................
Natural scientists.........................................................................
Chemists except biochem ists.............................................
Geologists and geodesists.................................................
Biological and life s c ie n tis ts ...............................................
Medical scientists................................................................
Health diagnosing occupations.................................................
Physicians ...........................................................................
Dentists ...............................................................................
Veterinarians .......................................................................
Health assessment and treating occupations..........................
Registered nurses ..............................................................
P harm acists.........................................................................
Dietitians................................................................................
Therapists.............................................................................
Inhalation th e ra p is ts ......................................................
Physical th e ra p is ts ........................................................
Speech therapists..........................................................
Therapists n.e.c..............................................................
Physicians as s is ta n ts...................................................
15,999
1,967
136
1,799
95
72
284
524
161
305
277
974
720
5.7
6.8
4.8
7.1
7.2
6.4
7.4
8.9
7.2
7.7
4.6
4.6
4.0
9.7
9.8
9.6
9.9
10.4
12.6
13.2
10.3
6.9
9.2
7.5
6.6
6.7
195
441
127
60
75
51
828
559
136
66
2,334
1,692
182
72
325
79
94
53
67
62
6.4
5.9
5.7
7.3
5.7
5.1
7.8
6.5
13.7
10.2
4.9
5.2
5.8
2.9
3.2
4.3
3.1
3.9
3.3
4.6
5.7
10.4
7.6
12.3
11.0
8.8
11.7
10.7
15.1
14.0
10.2
10.6
12.7
10.3
7.7
8.5
7.7
9.7
5.3
5.7
Teachers, college and university...............................................
Health specialties teachers ...............................................
English teachers...................................................................
Postsecondary teachers, subject not specified ...............
Teachers except college and u n iv e rs ity ..................................
Teachers, prekindergarten and kindergarten...................
Teachers, elementary s c h o o l.............................................
Teachers, secondary school .............................................
Teachers, special education...............................................
Teachers n.e.c.......................................................................
773
50
62
262
4,230
452
1,592
1,392
267
528
6.0
11.4
5.8
3.8
7.2
3.5
8.4
9.5
6.3
4.8
11.3
15.1
11.0
5.7
11.0
6.6
12.0
14.1
10.6
6.6
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
47
Research Summaries
T a b le 2.
C o n t in u e d — M e d ia n e m p l o y e r a n d o c c u p a t i o n a l t e n u r e b y d e t a i l e d o c c u p a t i o n , J a n u a r y 1 9 9 1
O ccupation1
Total
em ployed
(thousands)
Median years o f tenure—
W ith em ployer
In occupation
Counselors, educational and v oca tional..................................
Librarians, archivists, and cu ra to rs ...........................................
Lib ra ria n s.............................................................................
Social scientists and urban planners.........................................
Econom ists...........................................................................
P sychologists.......................................................................
Social, recreation, and religious workers ................................
Social workers .....................................................................
Recreation workers ............................................................
C le rg y ....................................................................................
Religious workers n.e.c........................................................
Lawyers and judges ...................................................................
Lawyers ................................................................................
Writers, artists, entertainers, and athletes................................
A utho rs..................................................................................
Technical w riters...................................................................
D esigners.............................................................................
Musicians and c o m p o s e rs.................................................
Actors and d ire c to rs............................................................
Painters, sculptors, craft-artists, and artist printmakers ..
P hotographers.....................................................................
Artists, performers, and related workers n.e.c...................
Editors and re p o rte rs ..........................................................
Public relations specialists . ................................................
Announcers .........................................................................
Athletes.................................................................................
177
218
207
381
115
227
1,148
636
74
341
96
694
680
1,836
89
65
505
143
85
193
131
68
262
151
59
74
6.3
7.3
7.3
4.4
3.3
4.3
4.7
4.9
6.0
4.2
5.0
6.1
6.1
4.1
3.2
4.3
4.2
5.4
3.8
5.5
3.7
4.6
4.3
3.6
1.8
2.6
9.4
7.4
7.0
6.9
4.3
8.5
7.3
5.6
5.7
11.2
6.1
10.3
10.4
7.2
10.5
4.4
7.9
15.2
8.0
10.3
8.4
6.2
6.0
4.3
4.3
5.6
Technicians and related support occupations..........................
Health technologists and te ch n icia n s.......................................
Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians.............
Dental h y g ie n is ts ................................................................
Radiologic te ch n icia n s........................................................
Licensed practical nu rses....................................................
Health technologists and technicians n.e.c........................
Technologists and technicians except h e a lth ..........................
Engineering and related technologists and technicians ..
Electrical and electronic technicians............................
Engineering technicians n.e.c........................................
Drafting occupations......................................................
Surveying and mapping technicians............................
Science te ch n icia n s............................................................
Biological tech nicians....................................................
Chemical te c h n ic ia n s ....................................................
Science technicians n.e.c...............................................
Technicians except health, engineering, and science.............
Airplane pilots and navigators ...........................................
Computer program m ers......................................................
Paralegals.............................................................................
Technicians n.e.c..................................................................
3,844
1,384
331
75
149
450
333
2,459
962
334
235
299
71
234
52
101
82
1,263
116
584
190
292
4.3
4.0
5.4
3.3
3.2
4.2
3.5
4.4
4.5
6.0
6.1
3.3
3.5
4.6
3.9
6.1
3.7
4.3
4.5
4.0
4.4
4.2
7.2
8.3
7.5
10.6
10.1
10.5
5.1
6.7
7.1
7.4
6.7
7.8
6.7
5.2
4.0
6.8
4.1
6.7
12.2
6.2
6.6
5.5
Sales occupations...........................................................................
Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations.....................
Sales representatives, finance and business s e rv ic e s...........
Insurance sales occupations .............................................
Real estate sales occu pation s...........................................
Securities and financial services sales occupations.........
Advertising and related sales occupations........................
Sales occupations, other business services.....................
Sales representatives, commodities except retail
(including sales en ginee rs)......................................................
Sales representatives: mining, manufacturing,
and wholesale.....................................................................
Sales workers, retail and personal s e rv ic e s ............................
Sales workers, motor vehicles and bo a ts..........................
Sales workers, ap parel........................................................
Sales workers, s h o e s ..........................................................
Sales workers, furniture and home furnishings ...............
Sales workers, radio, television, hi-fi, and appliances . . .
Sales workers, hardware and building sup p lie s...............
Sales workers, p a rts ............................................................
Sales workers, other com m odities....................................
13,906
3,827
2,224
579
665
295
132
553
3.4
6.1
3.9
5.3
4.1
3.6
3.1
3.5
5.1
7.6
6.2
9.0
6.3
6.2
6.1
4.9
1,634
4.3
7.6
1,608
6,150
285
469
119
175
191
219
145
1,431
4.3
2.0
2.5
1.6
1.0
2.6
2.6
4.0
3.1
2.0
7.5
3.2
6.9
2.9
2.7
7.6
5.1
5.2
7.2
3.0
See footnotes at end of table.
Digitized 48
for FRASER
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June 1993
T a b le 2.
C o n t in u e d — M e d ia n e m p l o y e r a n d o c c u p a t i o n a l t e n u r e b y d e t a i l e d o c c u p a t i o n , J a n u a r y 1 9 9 1
O ccupation1
Total
em ployed
(thousands)
Median years of tenure—
W ith em ployer
In occupation
Sales counter c le rk s ............................................................
C ashie rs............................................... ................................
Street and door-to-door sales w orke rs..............................
News vendors.......................................................................
Sales-related occupations..........................................................
208
2,447
329
133
71
2.5
1.7
2.0
1.8
4.2
3.7
2.8
2.6
2.1
4.5
A dm inistrative s up port occupations, includ ing c le r ic a l.........
Supervisors, administrative support o ccu pation s...................
Supervisors, general o ffic e .................................................
Supervisors, financial records p ro c e s s in g ........................
Supervisors, distribution, scheduling, and adjusting
clerks ..................................................................................
Computer equipment operators ...............................................
Computer op erators............................................................
Secretaries, stenographers, and ty p is ts ..................................
S ecretaries...........................................................................
Typists ..................................................................................
Information c le rk s .......................................................................
Interviewers .........................................................................
Hotel clerks...........................................................................
Transportation ticket and reservation a g e n ts ...................
R eceptionists.......................................................................
Information clerks n.e.c........................................................
Records processing occupations except financial .................
Order c le r k s .........................................................................
Personnel clerks except payroll and timekeeping ...........
Library c le r k s .......................................................................
File c le rk s .............................................................................
Records c le rk s .....................................................................
Financial records processing occupations ..............................
Bookkeepers and accounting and auditing c le r k s ...........
Payroll and timekeeping clerks...........................................
Billing c le rk s .........................................................................
Cost and rate c le rk s ............................................................
Duplicating, mail, and other office machine o p e ra to rs ...........
Communications equipment op erators....................................
Telephone operators ..........................................................
Mail and message distributing occupations ............................
Postal clerks except mail carriers.......................................
Mail carriers, postal s e rv ic e ...............................................
Mail clerks except postal s e rv ic e .......................................
M e ssenge rs.........................................................................
Material recording, scheduling, and distribution clerks n.e.c. .
Dispatchers...........................................................................
Production coordinators......................................................
Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks ..............................
Stock and inventory c le rk s .................................................
Meter re aders.......................................................................
Weighers, measurers, and c h e c k e rs ................................
Expediters ...........................................................................
Adjusters and investigators........................................................
Insurance adjusters, examiners, and investigators .........
Investigators and adjusters except insurance .................
Eligibility clerks, social w e lfa re ...........................................
Bill and account c o lle c to rs .................................................
Miscellaneous administrative support occupations.................
General office clerks............................................................
Bank tellers...........................................................................
Data-entry ke y e rs................................................................
Statistical c le rk s ...................................................................
Teachers’ a id e s ...................................................................
Administrative support occupations n.e.c...........................
18,260
791
469
97
4.2
8.9
9.8
6.8
5.4
7.2
7.4
6.0
198
745
740
4,277
3,647
607
1,445
142
90
124
845
243
858
183
53
144
308
148
2,555
2,011
179
219
99
66
189
182
1,014
343
362
164
144
1,928
233
195
603
609
53
69
132
1,188
353
579
90
165
3,205
725
509
451
60
502
941
9.5
4.3
4.3
3.9
4.1
3.0
2.6
2.9
2.2
5.7
2.3
2.3
3.4
4.4
5.0
2.5
2.4
4.4
5.0
5.1
7.6
3.8
2.7
3.0
5.9
5.9
6.4
6.7
10.4
2.7
2.9
4.5
4.0
9.3
4.3
4.0
6.1
4.9
3.6
3.5
3.9
3.4
4.9
2.5
3.8
4.9
2.6
2.7
4.7
4.2
5.0
8.2
4.8
4.8
7.4
7.9
4.8
3.3
3.8
2.5
5.7
3.2
2.7
3.3
4.2
4.3
3.3
2.5
4.2
7.2
7.9
8.1
4.3
5.3
2.9
5.4
5.4
5.9
6.1
10.6
2.6
2.7
4.5
4.6
6.1
5.1
3.7
5.5
5.6
3.3
4.5
6.1
4.2
5.5
2.8
4.1
5.1
3.1
3.8
4.8
4.2
4.2
Private household occupations...................................................
Child-care workers, private ho u se h o ld ....................................
Private household cleaners and servants................................
737
305
389
2.7
1.4
3.5
3.8
2.5
5.0
14,868
2,048
182
65
69
2.9
4.9
14.1
20.3
15.1
4.5
6.1
12.9
15.0
12.9
Service workers except private household ..............................
Protective service occu pation s.................................................
Supervisors, protective service occupations............................
Supervisors, firefighting and fire prevention occupations .
Supervisors, police and detectives....................................
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
49
Research Summaries
T a b le 2 .
C o n t in u e d — M e d ia n e m p l o y e r a n d o c c u p a t i o n a l t e n u r e b y d e t a i l e d o c c u p a t i o n , J a n u a r y 1 9 9 1
O ccupation1
Total
em ployed
(thousands)
Median years of tenure—
W ith em ployer
In occupation
Firefighting and fire prevention occupations............................
Firefighting occupations......................................................
Police and detectives .................................................................
Police and detectives, public s e rv ic e ................................
Sheriffs, bailiffs, and other law enforcement officers . . . .
Correctional Institution o ffic e rs...........................................
Guards ......................................................................................
Guards and police except public s e rv ic e ..........................
Food preparation and service occupations..............................
Supervisors, food preparation and service occupations..
B a rte n d e rs .........................................................................
Waiters and waitresses ......................................................
Cooks except short order ......................................................
Short-order c o o k s ................................................................
Food counter, fountain, and related occupations.............
Kitchen workers, food p reparation.....................................
Waiters' and waitresses’ a s s is ta n ts..................................
Miscellaneous food preparation occupations...................
Health service occupations........................................................
Dental assistants ................................................................
Health aides except n u rsing...............................................
Nursing aides, orderlies, and a tte n d a n ts..........................
Cleaning and building service occupations except
private h o u s e h o ld .....................................................................
Supervisors, cleaning and building service w orkers........
Maids and house workers .................................................
Janitors and c le a n e rs ..........................................................
Personal service occupations....................................................
Supervisors, personal service o c c u p a tio n s.....................
Barbers..................................................................................
Hairdressers and cosm etologists.......................................
Attendants, amusement and recreation fa c ilitie s .............
Public transportation attendants.........................................
Welfare service a id e s ..........................................................
Child-care workers except private household...................
Personal service occupations n.e.c....................................
204
188
876
465
130
281
786
708
5,159
307
283
1,226
1,756
79
293
128
397
689
2,083
185
473
1,425
10.2
8.6
6.2
7.6
6.9
4.1
2.6
2.7
1.9
3.1
2.2
1.8
2.2
1.1
1.3
0.8
1.3
2.0
2.9
2.5
3.6
2.8
10.6
10.3
6.8
8.2
7.6
4.6
3.8
4.1
3.3
4.3
4.4
4.1
3.9
2.6
1.8
1.8
1.9
2.9
5.4
5.4
4.6
5.7
3,117
172
712
2,197
2,461
63
111
721
136
60
85
1,008
187
3.6
6.0
2.9
3.7
3.2
6.5
11.0
4.1
2.1
8.2
2.7
2.3
3.0
4.9
8.1
4.3
4.9
4.8
7.1
27.2
10.2
3.2
12.5
3.6
2.9
4.0
Farming, forestry, and fishing occupations..............................
Farm operators and m a nage rs..................................................
Farmers except horticultural...............................................
Managers, farms, except horticultural ..............................
Farm occupations except m anagerial.......................................
Farm w o rk e rs ...................................................................
Related agricultural occupations...............................................
Supervisors, related agricultural occupations...................
Groundskeepers and gardeners except fa rm ...................
Animal caretakers except fa rm ...........................................
Forestry and logging occupations.............................................
Timber cutting and logging occupations............................
2,876
1,210
1,037
145
825
741
705
58
514
120
100
68
6.9
18.8
20.2
8.9
3.3
3.1
3.5
6.3
3.1
4.6
3.5
3.5
10.7
20.6
21.8
11.6
5.9
5.9
5.1
9.0
4.3
6.3
10.3
11.5
Precision production, craft, and repair occupations...............
Mechanics and repairers..........................................................
Supervisors, mechanics and repairers..............................
Mechanics and repairers except supervisors...................
Vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics
and repairers.................................................................
Automobile m e chanics.................................................
Bus, truck, and stationary engine m echanics.............
Aircraft engine mechanics ...........................................
Small engine re p a ire rs .................................................
Automobile body and related repairers........................
Heavy equipment m echanics.......................................
Industrial machinery re p a ire rs ...........................................
Electrical and electronic equipment repairers...................
Electronic repairers, communication and
industrial e q u ip m e n t....................................................
Data processing equipment repairers..........................
Telephone line installers and repairers........................
Telephone installers and re paire rs..............................
Miscellaneous electrical and electronic
equipment re p a ire rs ....................................................
13,089
4,464
224
4,239
5.5
5.7
7.8
5.6
10.1
10.2
8.2
10.3
1,806
868
311
112
72
202
158
523
707
4.6
3.9
5.6
5.9
5.3
3.1
6.7
8.6
9.6
10.7
10.5
10.6
9.5
7.4
12.1
13.7
10.7
10.1
179
161
77
193
6.6
4.2
16.3
16.5
8.4
4.2
10.6
12.9
53
11.4
14.0
See footnotes at end of table
Monthly Labor Review
Digitized for50
FRASER
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June 1993
T a b le 2.
C o n t i n u e d — M e d ia n e m p l o y e r a n d o c c u p a t i o n a l t e n u r e b y d e t a i l e d o c c u p a t i o n , J a n u a r y 1 9 9 1
O ccupation1
Total
em ployed
(thousands)
Median years o f tenure—
W ith em ployer
In occupation
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration m echanics...
Miscellaneous mechanics and repairers ..........................
Office machine repairers...............................................
M illw rights.......................................................................
Specified mechanics and repairers n.e.c.....................
Not specified mechanics and repairers........................
Construction tra d e s .....................................................................
Supervisors, construction occupations..............................
Supervisors n.e.c............................................................
Construction trades except supervisors............................
Brickmasons and ston em a sons..................................
Carpet in s ta lle rs ............................................................
C a rp e n te rs .....................................................................
Drywall installers............................................................
E lectricians.....................................................................
Electrical power installers and repairers.....................
Painters, construction and maintenance.....................
Plumbers, pipefitters, and steam fitters........................
Concrete and terrazzo fin is h e rs ..................................
R oofers...........................................................................
Structural metal w orke rs...............................................
Construction trades n.e.c...............................................
Extractive occupations ..............................................................
Precision production occupations.............................................
Supervisors, production occupations................................
Precision metal working occupations................................
Tool and die m a ke rs......................................................
Machinists.......................................................................
Sheet metal w orke rs......................................................
Precision woodworking occupations ................................
Cabinet makers and bench carpenters........................
Precision textile, apparel, and furnishings
machine w orkers..............................................................
Dressmakers...................................................................
U pholsterers...................................................................
Precision workers, assorted m a te ria ls..............................
Optical goods workers .................................................
Dental laboratory and medical appliance technicians.
Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers.........
Precision food production occupations..............................
Butchers and meat c u tte rs ...........................................
Bakers.............................................................................
Precision inspectors, testers, and related w orke rs...........
Inspectors, testers, and g ra d e rs..................................
Plant and system o p e ra to rs...............................................
Water and sewage treatment plant operators.............
Stationary engineers......................................................
235
944
68
79
429
248
4,705
614
533
4,091
160
108
1,208
107
718
128
507
427
51
155
52
191
156
3,764
1,230
920
125
526
111
90
53
5.0
5.2
6.3
6.2
5.0
5.4
4.4
6.8
6.6
4.0
5.1
3.5
3.3
2.6
4.9
12.5
3.7
5.5
3.0
4.9
1.1
3.0
7.1
7.0
11.2
6.5
12.6
6.6
3.2
3.6
2.7
10.1
8.3
9.3
12.5
6.9
8.1
10.4
11.6
11.2
10.2
12.6
6.9
8.9
8.1
12.3
12.6
6.8
13.1
6.8
10.2
12.4
6.0
8.9
8.8
8.3
11.3
15.1
12.3
9.2
6.2
6.5
210
106
53
495
56
59
291
407
240
126
156
147
258
73
120
4.6
4.1
8.2
4.1
3.6
5.5
4.2
3.3
4.1
2.2
5.8
5.8
8.8
8.6
11.8
10.7
10.1
11.0
6.7
10.1
12.9
5.6
6.3
6.6
6.3
6.2
6.0
10.2
9.6
15.4
Machine operators, rssemblers, and inspectors.....................
Machine operators and tenders except pre cisio n ...................
Metalworking and plastic working machine operators . . .
Punching and stamping press machine operators . ..
Grinding, abrading, buffing, and polishing
machine operators ......................................................
Metal and plastic processing machine op erators.............
Molding and casting machine operators.....................
Woodworking machine operators................................
Sawing machine operators...........................................
Printing machine operators.................................................
Printing machine operators...........................................
Photoengravers and lithographers..............................
Typesetters and com positors.......................................
Textile, apparel, and furnishings machine operators . . . .
Winding and twisting machine o p e ra to rs ...................
Textile sewing machine operators ..............................
Pressing machine operators.........................................
Laundering and dry cleaning machine operators . . . .
Miscellaneous textile machine o p e ra to rs ...................
Machine operators, assorted materials ............................
Packaging and filling machine o p e ra to rs ...................
Mixing and blending machine operators.....................
7,668
5,079
417
123
5.0
5.0
8.1
7.2
5.7
5.7
7.2
4.9
115
164
113
130
78
500
352
50
64
1,199
82
644
94
228
59
2,654
435
61
7.3
4.3
4.2
4.3
3.5
5.6
6.4
3.6
5.5
4.2
11.7
4.2
2.5
4.2
4.4
5.1
3.4
4.0
10.2
5.0
4.9
4.6
3.7
8.3
8.6
7.0
8.1
6.1
10.0
6.8
3.2
5.5
4.4
5.1
3.6
4.7
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
51
Research Summaries
T a b le 2.
C o n t i n u e d — M e d ia n e m p l o y e r a n d o c c u p a t i o n a l t e n u r e b y d e t a i l e d o c c u p a t i o n , J a n u a r y 1 9 9 1
Total
em ployed
(thousands)
O ccupation1
Median years of tenure—
W ith em ployer
In occupation
Separating, filtering, and clarifying machine operators
Painting and paint spraying machine o p e ra to rs .........
Furnace, kiln, and oven operators except fo o d ...........
Slicing and cutting machine o p e ra to rs ........................
Photographic process machine operators .................
Miscellaneous machine operators n.e.c.......................
Machine operators, not s p e c ifie d ................................
Fabricators, assemblers, and handworking occupations . . . .
Welders and c u tte rs ............................................................
Assem blers...........................................................................
Miscellaneous hand working occupations ........................
Production inspectors, testers, samplers, and w eighers.........
Production inspectors, checkers, and exam iners.............
Production testers................................................................
Graders and sorters except agricultural............................
82
175
93
169
120
976
359
1,848
550
1,070
74
741
590
55
91
10.8
4.2
10.3
4.9
4.5
6.0
5.8
4.9
4.6
5.0
5.4
5.7
6.0
10.0
3.2
10.3
5.7
10.4
4.4
4.6
5.7
4.9
5.9
10.2
5.0
5.7
5.8
6.1
9.5
4.6
T ransportation and material m oving o c c u p a tio n s ...................
Motor vehicle operators..............................................................
Supervisors, motor vehicle operators................................
Truckdrivers, h e a v y ............................................................
Truckdrivers, lig h t................................................................
Driver-sales w orkers............................................................
Bus d riv e rs ...........................................................................
Taxi cab drivers and chauffeurs.........................................
Transportation occupations except motor veh icle...................
Rail transportation o c c u p a tio n s .........................................
Railroad conductors and ya rd m a s te rs ........................
Locomotive operating occupations..............................
Material moving equipment operators.......................................
Operating engineers............................................................
Crane and tower operators..................................................
Excavating and loading machine o p e ra to rs.....................
Grader, dozer, and scraper operators ..............................
Industrial truck and tractor equipment o p e ra to rs .............
Miscellaneous material moving equipment operators . ..
4,648
3,410
91
1,741
681
204
489
155
185
147
56
58
1,053
247
77
80
77
464
66
4.5
3.8
6.1
3.9
2.4
4.0
5.3
4.2
17.7
18.5
18.8
19.7
5.8
5.7
6.1
5.6
5.7
5.5
8.0
6.9
6.1
6.1
8.8
3.4
5.9
6.5
5.2
17.6
17.6
15.2
19.8
9.1
12.0
13.7
9.6
11.1
6.0
5.7
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers and la b o re rs .............
Helpers, construction and extractive occupations...................
Helpers, construction tra des...............................................
Construction la b o re rs ................................................................
Production helpers .....................................................................
Freight, stock, and material movers, h a n d ..............................
Stock handlers and baggers...............................................
Machine feeders and offbearers.........................................
Freight, stock, and material movers, hand, n.e.c..............
Garage- and service station-related occu pation s...................
Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners................................
Hand packers and packagers....................................................
Laborers except co n stru ctio n ....................................................
4,256
109
108
516
61
1,667
860
119
621
234
182
247
1,218
2.7
1.3
1.3
2.9
5.5
2.5
1.8
3.6
3.7
1.8
2.1
2.8
3.3
3.2
2.9
2.9
5.1
5.9
2.7
2.2
3.4
3.9
2.5
2.3
3.5
3.7
1 Includes only occupations with 50,000 or more workers.
2 n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified.
women. Although the reason for this dif
ference is not clear, it may result from
immigrants counting occupational ten
ure in the country of origin, where
women may have been less likely to
have worked outside the home.
Although white men had been with
their employers longer than black men at
every age, the differences were not great
— for example, among men aged 55-64,
median tenure was 15.1 years for blacks
and 15.6 years for whites. In contrast,
among women in the same age group,
the median was 13.9 years for blacks and
Digitized for
52FRASER
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
10.2 years for whites. Historically, con
tinuous employment has been more the
pattern for black women than for white
women.
Self-employed workers. Self-employed
persons had been in their jobs much
longer than other workers. Median occu
pational tenure for self-employed work
ers was 8.0 years; almost twice as long as
for wage and salary workers. Median ten
ure was very high in occupations in which
more than two-thirds of workers were
self-employed, such as dentists (15.1
years) and barbers (27.2 years). Contrib
uting to the longer occupational tenure of
self-employed workers is the age factor.
Before becoming self-employed, a per
son may have spent years in their occu
pation working for another employer.
After the initial stage of “learning the
business,” self-employed workers are
somewhat older than the typical labor
force participant.1 In addition, self-em
ployed workers have greater flexibility in
adjusting their work schedules to suit
their needs, and thus, are more likely than
others to work beyond age 65.
Text continues on page 36
June 1993
T a b le 3 .
M e d ia n e m p l o y e r a n d o c c u p a t i o n a l t e n u r e b y d e t a i l e d i n d u s t r y , J a n u a r y 1 9 9 1
In d u s try 1
Total
em ployed
(thousands)
Median years of tenure—
W ith em ployer
In occupation
............................................................................................
114,979
4.5
6.5
A gricultu re, forestry, and fis h e rie s .................................................
Agricultural production c ro p s ........................................................
Agricultural production livestock....................................................
Agricultural services except ho rticultural....................................
Horticultural s e rv ic e s .....................................................................
2,944
748
1,328
302
417
7.2
8.7
10.5
3.7
3.7
10.9
13.7
15.1
5.4
5.8
M ining
............................................................................................
Coal mining ....................................................................................
Crude petroleum and natural g a s .................................................
Nonmetallic mining and q u a rry in g ...............................................
76
147
417
112
6.3
9.8
5.5
8.3
10.1
10.4
10.2
10.3
Total
C o n s tru c tio n ........................................................................................
6,623
4.3
10.0
M a n u fa c tu rin g ......................................................................................
Manufacturing, nondurable g o o d s ...............................................
Food and kindred products ..........................................................
Meat p ro d u c ts .........................................................................
Dairy p ro d u cts.........................................................................
Canned and preserved fruits and ve g e ta b le s.....................
Grain mill products..................................................................
Bakery products.......................................................................
Sugar and confectionery products.........................................
Beverage industries................................................................
Miscellaneous food preparation and kindred p ro d u c ts ----Textile mill p ro d u c ts .......................................................................
Yarn, thread, and fabric m ills.................................................
Apparel and other finished textile p ro d u cts..........................
Apparel and accessories.................................................
Miscellaneous fabricated textile products .....................
Paper and allied p ro d u c ts ......................................................
Pulp, paper, and paperboard m ills.........................................
Miscellaneous paper and pulp p ro d u c ts ..............................
Paperboard containers and bo x e s..................................
Printing, publishing, and allied industries ............................
Newspaper publishing or publishing and p rin tin g .........
Printing and publishing except newspapers...................
Chemicals and allied products...............................................
Plastics and synthetic re s in s ...........................................
D ru g s ..................................................................................
Soaps and cosm etics........................................................
Industrial and miscellaneous chemicals..........................
Petroleum and coal products.................................................
Petroleum re fin in g ............................................................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products .....................
Other rubber products and plastic footwear
and b e ltin g .......................................................................
Miscellaneous plastic p ro d u c ts .......................................
Leather and leather products...........................................
Manufacturing, durable g o o d s ......................................................
Lumber and wood products except furniture........................
Sawmills, planing mills and m illw o rk ..............................
Miscellaneous wood p ro d u c ts .........................................
Furniture and fixtures..............................................................
Stone, clay, glass, and concrete products............................
Glass and glass products.................................................
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products........................
Miscellaneous nonmetal mineral stone products...........
20,811
8,652
1,814
441
178
198
180
224
127
247
203
717
494
1,028
874
154
751
334
186
230
1,829
558
1,270
1,372
164
301
184
608
189
157
719
5.8
5.3
4.8
3.3
5.4
5.4
6.2
6.9
5.4
4.9
3.9
6.5
7.4
4.6
4.3
6.5
8.4
10.5
6.1
7.8
4.2
4.2
4.3
6.2
4.5
4.5
5.4
9.0
8.9
9.4
5.3
6.9
6.2
5.5
3.5
4.3
5.9
6.8
8.0
5.5
6.8
5.0
6.5
6.2
6.5
6.5
7.1
8.0
8.7
6.0
10.2
5.8
5.1
6.1
7.8
7.5
5.4
5.5
9.7
7.5
8.5
5.5
146
487
162
12,158
685
400
135
611
552
167
177
133
5.8
4.4
3.9
6.4
4.2
4.6
2.7
4.8
7.0
7.8
5.8
10.3
5.8
4.8
5.1
7.4
5.3
5.9
2.9
5.4
8.6
7.9
10.6
8.6
Metal indu stries.......................................................................
Blast furnaces, steelworks, and rolling
and finishing m ills............................................................
Iron and steel fou ndrie s...................................................
Primary aluminum indu stries...........................................
Other primary metal industries.........................................
Cutlery, hand tools, and general h a rd w a re ...................
Fabricated structural metal p ro d u c ts..............................
Metal forgings and sta m p in g s .........................................
Miscellaneous fabricated metal products........................
Machinery except electrical....................................................
Farm machinery and e q u ip m e n t....................................
2,071
7.5
9.1
396
116
143
167
148
501
111
319
2,549
121
12.5
7.6
11.4
6.9
7.4
5.2
10.1
5.6
6.5
4.9
12.5
8.2
10.3
7.4
7.6
10.1
8.7
7.0
8.0
7.3
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
53
Research Summaries
T a b le 3 .
C o n t in u e d — M e d ia n e m p l o y e r a n d o c c u p a t i o n a l t e n u r e b y d e t a i l e d i n d u s t r y , J a n u a r y 1 9 9 1
Ind ustry1
Total
em ployed
(thousands)
Median years of tenure—
W ith em ployer
In occupation
Construction machines ....................................................
Metalworking m a c h in e ry .................................................
Electronic computing eq u ip m e n t.....................................
Machinery, except electrical, n.e.c...................................
Electrical machinery, equipment, and sup p lie s...................
Household ap pliance s......................................................
Radio, T.V., and communication e q u ip m e n t.................
Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies n.e.c. . .
Transportation e q uipm e nt......................................................
Motor vehicle and motor vehicle equipment .................
Aircraft and p a rts ..............................................................
Ship and boat building and r e p a ir ..................................
Guided missiles and space vehicles and p a r ts .............
Professional and photographic equipment and watches . . .
Scientific and controlling instruments..............................
Optical and health service sup p lie s................................
Photographic equipment and supplies............................
Toys and amusement and sporting goods ..........................
Miscellaneous manufacturing indu stries..............................
280
267
631
1,099
2,067
152
377
1,527
2,423
1,035
608
296
389
748
274
354
116
100
336
10.4
5.7
6.3
6.1
6.0
11.1
5.4
5.8
8.3
12.2
6.9
5.3
7.1
5.6
6.0
4.6
10.7
3.8
3.9
9.0
7.9
6.9
8.5
6.6
8.0
7.4
6.1
8.0
8.0
9.0
7.3
7.9
6.7
8.6
5.7
7.8
5.1
5.9
Transportation, com m unication, and other p u blic utilitie s . . . .
Transportation ...............................................................................
R ailro ads..................................................................................
Bus service and urban tra n s it...............................................
Trucking services.....................................................................
Warehousing and s to ra g e ......................................................
U.S. Postal S e rv ic e ................................................................
Water transportation............................................................
Air transportation ................................................................
Services incidental to transportation..................................
C om m unications.........................................................................
Radio and television broadcasting.....................................
Telephone (wire and radio).................................................
Telegraph and miscellaneous communication services . .
Utilities and sanitary s e rv ic e s ....................................................
Electric light and power ......................................................
Gas and steam supply s y s te m s .........................................
Electric and gas and other com binations..........................
Water supply and irrigation.................................................
Sanitary s e rv ic e s ................................................................
8,181
4,963
313
471
1,753
134
958
199
709
326
1,543
248
1,096
200
1,674
747
196
158
244
318
6.8
5.8
18.4
5.8
3.9
3.2
9.8
7.7
5.8
3.5
10.6
4.3
13.5
4.0
9.8
10.8
10.8
11.4
8.0
4.8
8.1
7.7
16.3
6.5
6.9
4.4
7.8
11.9
8.0
5.6
7.8
6.1
8.9
5.1
9.0
10.1
9.6
8.8
7.1
6.9
23,382
4,308
2,356
214
141
308
227
1,015
188
1,952
127
250
104
719
125
113
118
287
19,075
505
212
2,194
140
137
2,713
163
190
1,057
368
564
2.9
4.4
4.5
5.8
3.7
3.8
5.3
4.5
3.5
4.2
4.6
4.4
3.4
4.3
5.2
5.1
3.5
3.7
2.7
4.7
4.6
2.7
3.7
3.6
2.9
3.2
3.3
3.0
3.2
3.3
4.5
6.5
6.7
7.4
5.8
7.0
7.9
7.1
4.7
6.2
6.8
6.4
5.5
6.1
7.8
7.0
5.8
4.8
4.0
5.9
5.0
3.6
5.6
5.5
3.7
4.5
4.4
8.0
6.2
5.4
Wholesale and retail tr a d e ............................................................
Wholesale trade .........................................................................
Wholesale trade, durable goods.........................................
Motor vehicles and e q u ip m e n t.....................................
Lumber and construction m aterials..............................
Electrical goods ............................................................
Hardware, plumbing, and heating supplies.................
Machinery equipment and supplies ............................
Scrap and waste m a terials...........................................
Wholesale trade, nondurable goods..................................
Paper and paper products ...........................................
Drugs, chemicals, and allied p ro d u c ts ........................
Apparel, fabrics, and notions .......................................
Groceries and related products ..................................
Petroleum products........................................................
Alcoholic b e verag es......................................................
Farm su p p lie s................................................................
Miscellaneous wholesale nondurable goods .............
Retail tr a d e ..................................................................................
Lumber and building materials re ta ilin g ............................
Hardware s to re s ...................................................................
Department s to r e s ..............................................................
Variety s to re s .......................................................................
Miscellaneous general merchandise s to re s .....................
Grocery s to r e s .....................................................................
Retail b a k e rie s .....................................................................
Food stores n.e.c..................................................................
Motor vehicle d e a le rs ..........................................................
Auto and home supply s to re s.............................................
Gasoline service s ta tio n s ...................................................
See footnotes at end of table.
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T a b le 3 .
C o n t in u e d — M e d ia n e m p l o y e r a n d o c c u p a t i o n a l t e n u r e b y d e t a i l e d i n d u s t r y , J a n u a r y 1 9 9 1
Ind ustry1
Total
em ployed
(thousands)
Median years of tenure—
W ith em ployer
In occupation
Apparel, accessory stores except s h o e ............................
Shoe stores .........................................................................
Furniture and home furnishings sto re s..............................
Household appliance, T.V., and radio s to re s ...................
Eating and drinking p la c e s .................................................
Drug sto re s...........................................................................
Liquor stores.........................................................................
Sporting goods, bicycles, and hobby stores.....................
Book and stationery sto re s.................................................
Jewelry stores.......................................................................
Mail order houses................................................................
Direct selling establishm ents.............................................
Fuel and ice de a le rs............................................................
Retail flo rists.........................................................................
Miscellaneous retail s to re s .................................................
843
156
566
531
5,327
563
130
385
219
205
142
275
145
170
772
2.4
1.4
3.7
2.7
1.8
3.5
2.9
2.9
2.6
4.5
3.3
3.5
6.5
3.7
2.9
3.9
3.3
6.6
4.7
3.1
4.3
3.7
3.4
2.8
5.9
3.7
4.4
10.1
6.7
4.8
Finance, insurance, and real e s ta te .............................................
F in a n c e ........................................................................................
Banking ...............................................................................
Savings and loan associations...........................................
Credit agencies n.e.c............................................................
Security, commodity brokerage, investment companies .
Insurance ....................................................................................
Real e s ta te ..................................................................................
7,926
3,367
2,108
133
541
585
2,536
2,023
4.1
4.1
4.4
4.7
2.9
4.3
4.8
3.5
5.8
5.5
5.8
4.8
4.0
5.9
6.4
5.9
S e rv ic e s ............................................................................................
Business and repair services ...................................................
A d vertisin g...........................................................................
Services to dwellings and other buildings..........................
Commercial research, development,
and testing laboratories ....................................................
Personnel supply s e rv ic e s .................................................
Business management and consulting services...............
Computer and data processing s e rv ic e s ..........................
Detective and protective services.......................................
Business services n.e.c........................................................
Automotive services except re p a ir.....................................
Automotive repair sho ps......................................................
Electrical repair shops ........................................................
Miscellaneous repair services ...........................................
Personal s e rv ic e s .......................................................................
Private households..............................................................
Hotels and m otels................................................................
Lodging places except hotels and motels ........................
Laundry, cleaning, and garment services..........................
Beauty s h o p s .......................................................................
B a rb e rs h o p s .......................................................................
Miscellaneous personal s e rv ic e s .......................................
Entertainment and recreation s e rv ic e s ....................................
Theaters and motion pictures.............................................
Miscellaneous entertainment and recreation services . . .
38,737
7,193
280
761
4.1
3.1
3.4
3.1
6.7
5.6
8.1
4.5
273
583
584
831
442
1,431
347
1,023
119
517
4,603
930
1,361
441
509
778
107
334
1,358
442
855
4.4
1.1
3.5
2.9
2.2
2.8
2.7
3.9
7.4
5.4
3.1
2.4
2.7
2.7
3.3
3.9
10.7
3.2
3.6
3.8
3.4
5.9
3.8
5.6
5.6
4.0
4.5
3.3
10.5
10.3
9.2
4.9
3.6
4.1
3.6
5.0
9.6
27.3
4.8
5.6
6.7
4.9
Professional and related service s.............................................
Offices of physicians ..........................................................
Offices of dentists................................................................
Offices of chiropractors ......................................................
Hospitals...............................................................................
Nursing and personal care fa c ilitie s ..................................
Health services n.e.c............................................................
Legal services .....................................................................
Elementary and secondary s c h o o ls ..................................
Colleges and universities....................................................
L ib ra rie s ...............................................................................
Educational services n.e.c...................................................
Job training and vocational rehabilitation services...........
Child day care services ......................................................
Residential care facilities without nursing..........................
Social services n.e.c.............................................................
Religious organizations ......................................................
Membership organizations.................................................
Engineering, architectural and surveying services...........
Accounting, auditing, and bookkeeping s e rv ic e s.............
25,582
1,081
560
111
4,773
1,520
1,348
1,164
6,398
2,614
171
198
178
766
416
912
815
398
822
654
4.8
5.0
3.8
3.7
5.1
3.1
3.7
4.3
7.3
4.4
4.4
4.6
5.3
2.7
2.8
3.9
4.8
4.6
3.9
4.8
7.6
8.9
7.9
5.3
8.0
5.7
6.1
9.0
10.1
6.0
4.1
8.1
5.4
3.9
4.8
5.2
10.1
6.0
8.6
8.1
See footnotes at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
55
Research Summaries
Table 3.
Continued—Median employer and occupational tenure by detailed industry, January 1991
Total
employed
(thousands)
Industry1
Median years of tenure—
With employer
In occupation
Noncommercial education and scientific research...........
Miscellaneous professional and related services.............
130
238
5.4
4.9
9.4
10.5
Public adm inistration.....................................................................
Executive and legislative o ffic e s ...............................................
General government n.e.c...........................................................
Justice, public order and safety.................................................
Public finance, taxation, and monetary p o lic y ..........................
Administration of human resources programs ........................
Administration of environmental quality
and housing programs..............................................................
Administration of economic program s.......................................
National security and international a ffa irs ................................
5,609
160
581
2,060
396
706
7.3
5.5
6.1
6.1
7.8
10.3
7.7
6.6
9.3
7.2
6.8
7.4
295
602
808
8.6
9.0
9.0
7.9
8.2
10.0
1 Includes only industries with 100,000 or more workers.
2 n.e.c. = Not elsewhere classified.
Data interpretations
Comparing median occupational and
em ployer tenure provides useful in
sights into the behavior of workers in
differing industries and occupations.
W orker mobility can be inferred
through analysis of detailed occupations
and industries by median occupational
and em ployer tenure. For example,
when median employer tenure exceeds
median occupational tenure, the typical
worker may have changed occupations,
rather than employers. This may indi
cate that the worker has advanced to a
better occupation, moved up the career
ladder, or simply changed jobs within
the same organization. Conversely, if
median occupational tenure exceeds
median employer tenure, more common
than the former, the worker may have
worked for more than one employer
without changing occupations.
Representative of the two phenom
ena are firefighting and fire prevention
supervisors, who had median employer
tenure of 20.3 years and median occu
pational tenure of 15.0 years, and regis
tered nurses, who had median employer
tenure of 5.2 years and median occupa
tional tenure of 10.6 years. Firefighting
and fire prevention supervisors are re
stricted or limited as to type of em
ployer— alm ost all of them work for
municipal fire departments. Career ad
vancement in fire departments usually
occurs from within the organization, so
firefighters who become supervisors
usually already have many years of ten
ure with their em ployer before being
promoted, and continue to accumulate
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tenure until retirement because mobility
between different fire departments is
limited. By contrast, registered nurses
tend to find new employers more fre
quently. Moreover, recent demand for
nurses in the labor market has forced
hospitals and other organizations to
compete for their share of these workers
by increasing salaries and benefits, thus
contributing to movement between em
ployers. Table 2 presents median em
ployer tenure and median occupational
tenure for detailed occupations that had
50,000 or more workers in January
1991.
Just as the comparison between em
ployer and occupational tenure can be
interpreted for occupations, character
istics of some industries can be inferred.
Industries in which workers have more
employer tenure than occupational ten
ure usually are characterized by large
firms and large plants, which may mean
a greater variety of potential occupa
tions for employees. Employer tenure
was longer than occupational tenure in
several m anufacturing industries, in
cluding motor vehicles and equipment,
photographic equipment and supplies,
pulp and paper, and aluminum. Em
ployer tenure also was longer in tele
phone communications, railroads,
electric light and power, and the postal
service. In contrast, employer tenure
was com paratively low in the con
struction industry because fluctuations
in building activity result in workers,
such as carpenters and bricklayers, fre
quently changing employers. Table 3
presents median employer tenure and
median occupational tenure for detailed
industries that had 100,000 or more
workers in January 1991.
M e d ia n
em plo yer
and
o c c u p a t io n a l
is expected to lengthen gradu
ally as a result of an aging work force
and a slower increase in the labor force
participation of women.2 The median
age of all workers, which rose only
from 35.8 years to 36.6 years between
1975 and 1990, is projected to rise to
40.6 years in 2005, which means that
workers will have had the opportunity
to be in their jobs longer.
Over the past 15 years, the data
show that women had a rapid increase
in labor force participation; this move
ment into the labor market contributed
to lower average tenure because many
of those entering jobs had no previous
experience in their occupation and had
interruptions in their worklife (to attend
to family responsibilities, for example).
However, the labor force participation
rate for women, which increased from
46.3 percent in 1975 to 57.5 percent in
1990, is projected to rise slower over
the next 15 years to 63 percent in 2005,
thus the average tenure for women will
be less affected by the addition of new
workers.
□
tenure
Footnotes
'See George Silvestri, “Who Are the Self-em
ployed? Em ploym ent Profiles and Recent
Trends,” O c c u p a t i o n a l O u tlo o k Q u a r t e r l y ,
Spring 1991, pp. 26-36.
T or projections of the labor force by sex, see
Howard N Fullerton, Jr., “Labor force projec
tions: the baby-boom moves on,” M o n th ly L a b o r
R e v ie w , November 1991, pp. 31-45.
Lump-sum benefits
available from savings
and thrift plans
Michael Bucci
Vastly different lump-sum benefit
amounts were available to participants
in employer-sponsored savings and
thrift plans in 1991. The size of the ac
count balance depended on the length
of employee participation in the plan,
the level of contributions made to the
plan, and the rate of interest earned by
the p lan ’s assets. Such differences
could occur even if participants had
similar earnings during the entire pe
riod of plan participation.
This report presents the results of a
study of provisions of savings and thrift
plans included in the Bureau of Labor
Statistics 1991 Employee Benefits Sur
vey.1The survey designed a savings and
thrift model to use these provisions to
formulate estimates of the lump-sum
benefits that employees can expect to re
ceive upon retirement.2 The data pre
sented in this report were derived by ag
gregating provision data collected by the
survey and comparing those data to a se
ries of assumptions about worker salary
and service and investment results.3This
report also provides the results of
recalculations of previously published
lump-sum distribution estimates based
on the 1989 survey.4
With a constant 6-percent return on
plan assets and $35,000 final annual
earnings in 1991, the lump-sum benefit
available to a typical savings and thrift
plan participant ranges from $41,000 for
an employee with 10 years of plan par
ticipation to $98,000 for an employee
with 25 years of participation. The dif
ference in the final lump-sum benefit be
comes even more marked as the length
of plan participation increases beyond 25
years.
Retirement plans
Of the two basic types of pension
plans— defined benefit and defined conMichael Bucci is an economist in the Division of
Occupational Pay and Employee Benefit Levels,
Bureau o f Labor Statistics.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
tribution— defined benefit pension plans
are the more traditional. These plans in
clude specific formulas for determining
the employee’s benefit upon retirement.
The formulas are usually stated as a flat
dollar amount or a percentage of final
earnings multiplied by years of service.
In contrast, defined contribution plans
specify the level of the employer’s an
nual contribution to the plan rather than
the final benefit available to the em
ployee. The amount of the final benefit
depends on various factors, including to
tal plan contributions, investment earn
ings, and the length of plan participation.
The extent of coverage under the
more traditional defined benefit pension
plans has declined in recent years. In
1985, four-fifths of full-time employees
in medium and large private establish
ments participated in an employer-spon
sored defined benefit plan; by 1989, this
proportion had fallen to about twothirds, and, by 1991, to three-fifths.5
Unlike defined benefit plans, the inci
dence of defined contribution plan par
ticipation has remained relatively con
stant in recent years; nearly one-half of
full-time employees in medium and
large establishments participated in such
plans in 1989 and 1991.
Many types of defined contribution
plans are available, including profit shar
ing, money purchase pension, employee
stock-ownership, and savings and thrift
plans. Since the Employee Benefits Sur
vey began tabulating participation in de
fined contribution plans in 1985, savings
and thrift plans have been the most
prevalent: this was again the case in
1991, as three-tenths of full-time em
ployees participated in such plans.
Savings and thrift plans. Savings and
thrift plans permit employees to allot a
portion of their annual income to an indi
vidual plan account. In nearly all cases,
the employee’s contribution is made on a
pretax basis: the amount of income de
ferred is not subject to income taxes until
the time it is withdrawn. The amount of
the allowable contribution is restricted,
either by the employer or, in the case of
pretax deferrals, by the Internal Revenue
Service. A portion of the employee’s
contribution is matched by the employer,
based on a stated formula, and employer
and employee contributions are then in
vested.
Exhibit 1. ABC Company
savings and thrift plan
Eligibility requirement:
Age— 21 years
Service— 12 months
Employee contributions:
Minimum— 1 percent of earnings
Maximum— 15 percent of
earnings
Pretax status o f employee
contributions:
At option of the employee,
all contributions may be pretax
Employer matching formula:
Employee contributions up to 6
percent of earnings are matched
at the rate of 50 percent
Investment options:
Equity account
Money market fund
Company stock
Vesting schedule fo r employer
contributions:
Vesting
percentages
Length of service
20 percent
1 year ...........
40 percent
2 y e a r s .........
60 percent
3 y e a r s .........
80 percent
4 y e a r s .........
100 percent
5 y e a r s .........
Loans:
Allowed, with restrictions
Withdrawals:
Financial hardship reasons only
Distribution upon termination or
retirement:
Lump sum
Installments
The employee typically becomes
vested in the portion of the account con
tributed by the employer based on a length
of service schedule; employee contribu
tions are always fully vested.6 Provisions
for loans and withdrawals may be in
cluded in the savings and thrift plan. Dis
tribution of funds from the plan account
usually takes the form of a lump-sum
payment at retirement. Exhibit 1, above,
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
57
Research Summaries
Table 1
Average lump-sum benefit available at retirement to full-time participants in savings and thrift plans
by years of plan participation, selected final annual earnings levels, and selected rates of interest,
medium and large private establishments, 1991 and (revised) 1989
Interest rates
and annual
earnings
Years of participation
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1991
6 percent interest
$15,000 ............................
20,000 ..............................
25,000 ..............................
35,000 ..............................
45,000 ..............................
55,000 ..............................
$17,733
23,613
29,492
41,239
52,896
64,131
$26,259
34,969
43,679
61,081
78,385
95,260
$34,330
45,722
57,113
79,870
102,520
124,742
$42,256
56,280
70,315
98,343
126,255
153,731
$50,663
67,486
84,328
117,953
151,458
184,511
$60,214
80,231
100,256
140,254
180,108
219,529
$70,681
94,195
117,733
164,727
211,557
257,968
21,939
29,214
36,489
51,022
65,454
79,394
35,740
47,595
59,451
83,137
106,709
129,777
51,470
68,553
85,634
119,758
153,749
187,238
70,076
93,337
116,627
163,124
209,469
255,292
93,871
125,054
156,287
218,628
280,802
342,410
126,409
168,472
210,548
294,602
378,407
461,711
169,292
225,686
282,159
394,878
507,260
619,208
24,431
32,532
40,634
56,818
72,894
88,438
41,892
55,788
69,685
97,450
125,091
152,184
63,676
84,811
105,945
148,165
190,234
231,759
91,883
122,386
152,932
213,911
274,709
334,934
131,393
175,049
218,785
306,071
393,152
479,588
190,518
253,944
317,383
444,125
570,513
696,374
275,759
367,675
459,732
643,456
826,649
1,009,446
$17,450
23,212
28,952
40,372
51,697
62,754
$25,527
33,963
42,362
59,078
75,680
92,021
$33,306
44,316
55,282
77,101
98,792
120,225
$41,116
54,711
68,260
95,203
122,008
148,560
$49,764
66,244
82,628
115,257
147,744
179,972
$59,447
79,115
98,730
137,730
176,583
215,171
$69,822
92,947
116,028
161,858
207,565
252,985
21,535
28,645
35,729
49,823
63,806
77,486
34,616
46,058
57,449
80,120
102,652
124,890
49,782
66,243
82,638
115,260
147,713
179,877
68,127
90,659
113,120
157,776
202,241
246,431
92,604
123,242
153,786
214,535
275,082
335,335
125,564
167,128
208,599
291,039
373,258
455,160
168,000
223,704
279,354
389,731
499,985
609,830
23,950
31,858
39,737
55,412
70,967
86,199
40,506
53,896
67,226
93,757
120,132
146,196
61,513
81,854
102,115
142,428
182,546
222,359
89,331
118,880
148,339
206,902
265,236
323,284
129,972
172,981
215,862
301,146
386,182
470,901
189,844
252,698
315,427
440,112
564,515
688,557
274,128
365,067
455,960
636,131
816,217
995,759
10 percent interest
$15,000 ............................
20,000 ..............................
25,000 ..............................
35,000 ..............................
45,000 ..............................
55,000 ..............................
12 percent interest
$15,000 ............................
20,000 ..............................
25,000 ..............................
35,000 ..............................
45,000 ..............................
55,000 ..............................
1989 (revised)1
6 percent interest
$15,000 ............................
20,000 ..............................
25,000 ..............................
35,000 ..............................
45,000 ..............................
55,000 ..............................
10 percent interest
$15,000 ............................
20,000 ..............................
25,000 ..............................
35,000 ..............................
45,000 ..............................
55,000 ..............................
12 percent interest
$15,000 ............................
20,000 ..............................
25,000 ..............................
35,000 ..............................
45,000 ..............................
55,000 ..............................
1 Because of an error in the methodology used, data for 1989 were recalculated and may differ from previously published data in this series.
Note: Data assume that the employee contributes to the plan at the midpoint level and receives the corresponding employer-matching contribution. The
midpoint is derived by averaging the employee’s minimum and maximum allowable contributions to the plan.
presents vesting and other criteria for a hy
pothetical savings and thrift plan.
Lump sums at retirement
Because savings and thrift plans require
employers to specify an annual contribu
tion to the plan rather than specify the final
benefit, the lump-sum benefit depends on
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a variety of factors, including years of
plan participation, annual contribu
tions, and investment earnings. Table 1
shows the average lump sum benefit
available at retirement to full-time par
ticipants in savings and thrift plans
given various years of plan participa
tion, final annual earnings levels, and
rates of interest. The results are not sur-
prising. As the level of the participant’s
final annual earnings increases, the
amount of the lump sum benefit in
creases. Likewise, as a participant’s
length of service increases, so does the
value of his or her account. Similar re
sults are seen as returns on investments
increase.
The combination of these three vari-
T a b le 2.
Average funds in a savings and thrift plan account for an
individual with final year earnings of $35,000, by source and
selected interest rates, medium and large private
establishments, 1991 and (revised) 1989
Interest rate
and source
of funds
Years of participation
10
20
15
25
30
35
40
1991
6 percent interest
Lump-sum.....................
$41,239
$61,081
$79,870
$98,343
$117,953
$140,254
$164,727
Percent contributed by:
E m ploye e......................
Employer ......................
Accrued in te re s t...........
52
21
27
46
19
35
41
17
42
37
15
48
33
14
53
29
12
59
26
11
63
Lump-sum...................... $45,851
$71,142
$97,445 $125,851
$158,991
$200,373
$250,219
29
12
59
24
10
66
21
8
71
17
7
76
$83,137 $119,758 $163,124
$218,628
$294,602
$394,878
22
9
69
18
7
75
14
6
80
11
4
85
$97,450 $148,165 $213,911
$306,071
$444,125
$643,456
17
7
76
13
5
82
9
4
87
7
3
90
$66,848 $124,292 $206,157 $327,352
$521,491
8 percent interest
Percent contributed by:
E m ploye e......................
Employer ......................
Accrued in te re s t...........
47
19
34
39
16
45
34
14
52
10 percent interest
Lump-sum.....................
$51,022
Percent contributed by:
E m ploye e.....................
E m p lo y e r......................
Accrued in te re s t...........
42
17
41
34
12
54
27
11
62
12 percent interest
Lump-sum...................... $56,818
Percent contributed by:
E m ploye e.....................
Employer .....................
Accrued in te re s t...........
38
15
47
29
12
59
22
9
69
15 percent interest
Lump-sum.....................
Percent contributed by:
E m ploye e.....................
Employer .....................
Accrued in te re s t...........
$853,444 $1,400,202
32
13
55
23
9
68
16
7
77
11
5
84
7
3
90
5
2
93
3
1
96
Lump-sum.....................
$40,372
$59,078
$77,101
$95,203
$115,257
$137,730
$161,858
Percent contributed by:
E m ploye e.....................
Employer .....................
Accrued in te re s t...........
52
21
27
46
19
35
41
17
42
37
15
48
33
14
53
29
12
59
26
11
63
Lump-sum.....................
$44,831
$68,682
$93,917 $121,759
$155,649
$197,334
$246,435
Percent contributed by:
E m ploye e.....................
Employer .....................
Accrued in te re s t...........
47
19
34
40
16
44
29
12
59
24
10
66
20
8
72
17
7
76
$65,067 $119,305 $197,890 $316,787
$515,315
1989 (revised)1
6 percent interest
8 percent interest
34
14
52
15 percent interest
Lump s u m .....................
Percent contributed by:
E m ploye e.....................
Employer .....................
Accrued in te re s t...........
32
13
55
23
9
68
16
7
77
11
5
84
7
3
90
$849,278 $1,386,303
5
2
93
3
1
96
1 Because of an error in the methodology used, data for 1989 were recalculated and may differ from
previously published data in this series.
N ote : Data assume that the employee contributes to the plan at the midpoint level and
receives the corresponding employer-matching contribution.The midpoint is derived by averaging the
employee’s minimum and maximum allowable contributions to the plan.
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ables— the interest rate, an employee’s
salary, and the amount of time an em
ployee has participated in a plan— can
result in very different lump-sum pay
ments upon an employee’s retirement.
For example, lower paid employees with
lengthy participation in a plan can re
ceive benefits similar to those received
by more highly paid employees who
have not participated for such long peri
ods. (See table 1.) To illustrate this point:
two employees participate in a plan in
which the assets earn a constant 6-percent return during the period of plan par
ticipation. One employee retires with fi
nal annual earnings of $35,000 after 25
years of participation and receives a
lump-sum benefit of $98,343; the other
employee retires with final earnings of
$55,000 after 15 years of participation
and receives a lump-sum of $95,260.
O f the three variables, the interest
rate has the greatest effect on the
amount of the final lump sum benefit.
As the interest rate increases, the pro
portion of the final benefit that is de
rived from accrued interest becomes
more evident. (See table 2.) At an inter
est rate of 6 percent, the contributions
of an employee with annual earnings of
$35,000 make up 52 percent of the fund
balance at 10 years of participation; ac
crued interest accounts for 27 percent;
and the employer’s matching contribu
tions, 21 percent. However, at a 10-per
cent interest rate, the employee contribu
tion and accrued interest rate are
virtually the same, 42 percent and 41
percent. At an interest rate of 15 percent,
accrued interest makes up a majority of
the fund balance— even after just 10
years of plan participation.
□
Footnotes
1 T h e E m p lo y e e B en efits S u rv ey stu d ies the in
c id e n c e and ch a ra cteristics o f b e n e fits p ro v id ed
b y e m p lo y e r s in th e w o r k p la c e . T h ree sep arate
s u r v ey s are c o n d u cted : s m a ll p riv a te e sta b lis h
m en ts (1 - 9 9 e m p lo y e e s ) and State and lo c a l g o v
ern m en ts are s u r v ey e d in e v e n n u m b ered y ea rs
and larger p riv a te e sta b lish m e n ts (1 0 0 or m o re
e m p lo y e e s ) are s u rv ey ed in o d d n u m b ered y ears.
T h e data d is c u s se d in th is article are p u b lish ed in
grea ter d e ta il in E m p lo y e e B e n e f its in M e d iu m
a n d L a r g e P r iv a te E sta b lish m e n ts, 1 9 9 1 , B u lle tin
2 4 2 2 , (B u reau o f L abor S ta tistics, M a y 1 9 9 3 ).
2 T h e m o d el a lso is u se d to d eriv e the a v era g e
a llo w a b le annual e m p lo y e e and e m p lo y e r c o n tri
b u tio n s to s a v in g s and thrift p la n s. T h e se data are
p resen ted in E m p lo y e e B e n e fits in M e d iu m a n d
L a r g e P r iv a te E sta b lish m e n ts.
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
59
3 For a detailed description of the model, see
Michael Bucci, “Contributions to savings and
thrift plans,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , November
1990, pp. 28-36.
4 See Bucci, “Contributions to savings and
thrift plans.” Data on savings and thrift plans were
introduced in that article. An error in some of the
methodology used required tables 4 and 5 to be
revised. Revised data for 1989 are presented in
tables 1 and 2 o f this report. These revised tables
should be used in comparing 1989 and 1991 sur
vey results. This series on provisions in savings
and thrift plans will appear as a regular part of the
Bureau’s biennial survey of medium and large
private establishments.
establishments with at least 250 workers in the
m ining, construction, retail trade, and som e
manufacturing and transportation industries. Be
ginning in 1988, the scope of the survey was ex
panded to include all private sector estab
5 Some o f the observed decline between 1985 lishments employing more than 100 workers in
all industries.
and 1989 may be the result of a change in sur
vey scope. Before 1988, the bls survey of me
6 Vesting refers to the number of years o f plan par
dium and large private establishments excluded
ticipation required before an em ployee’s benefits
most o f the service industries and included only
become nonforfeitable.
A note on communications
The M onthly Labor Review welcomes communications that supplement,
challenge, or expand on research published in its pages. To be considered
for publication, communications should be factual and analytical, not po
lemical in tone. Communications should be addressed to the Editor-inChief, Monthly Labor Review, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department
o f Labor, Washington, DC 20212-0001.
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Major
agreements
expiring
next month
This list of collective bargaining agree
ments that expire in July is based on in
form ation collected by the B ureau’s
Office of Compensation and Working
Conditions. It includes agreements
covering 1,000 workers or more. Pri
vate industry is arranged in order of
Standard Industrial Classification. La
bor organizations listed are affiliated
with the afl-cio, except where noted as
independent (Ind.).
tion and Southern Illinois Builders Associa
tion, southern Illinois; Operating Engineers,
1,800 workers
Southern Illinois Contractors and Build
ers, southern Illinois; Laborers, 4,000 work
ers
Food and kindred products
Amalgamated Sugar Co., interstate; Grain
Millers, 1,500 workers
Bay Area Soft Drink Bottlers Associa
tion, California; Teamsters, 1,250 workers
E J. Brach & Sons, Inc., Chicago,
Teamsters, 2,200 workers
Private sector
il ;
Communications
gte mto , Inc., Marion, Ohio; Communi
cations Workers, 1,720 workers
Public utilities
Pennsylvania Electric Co., west central
Pennsylvania; Electrical Workers ( ibew),
1,938 workers
Wholesale and retail trade
Greater St. Louis Automotive Associa
tion, Inc., St. Louis, mo; Machinists, 1,700
workers
Services
Joseph E. Seagram and Sons—brewery
workers master agreement, Indiana, Ken
tucky, Maryland, Ohio, and Pennsylvania;
Distillery Workers, 1,000 workers
Alliance of Motion Picture and Televi
sion Producers, Los Angeles, ca ; Theatrical
Stage Employees, 17,000 workers
Construction
Primary metal industries
Air Conditioning Contractors of Ari
zona, statewide, except Tucson; Sheet
Metal Workers, 1,000 workers
Bethlehem Steel Corp., interstate; Steel
workers, 20,500 workers
San Francisco Maintenance Contractors
Association, San Francisco, ca ; Service
Employees, 2,700 workers
Mining
Cleveland Cliffs, Inc., Ishpeming,
Steelworkers, 1,800 workers
mi ;
Association of Mechanical Contractors,
Atlanta, ga ; Plumbers, 1,200 workers
Independent employers, southern Illi
nois; Carpenters, 3,700 workers
National Electrical Contractors Associa
tion, White Plains, n y ; Electrical Workers
( ibew), 1,650 workers
Northern California Dry wall Contractors
Association, Santa Clara and northern
California; Painters, 1,000 workers
Painting and Decorating Contractors of
America—central coast agreement, central
California; Painters, 1,500 workers
Pipeline Contractors Association, inter
state; Laborers, 8,000 workers
Pipeline Contractors Association, inter
state; Operating Engineers, 6,000 workers
Pipeline Contractors Association, inter
state; Teamsters, 3,000 workers
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Con
tractors Association, New York, ny; Sheet
Metal Workers, 3,000 workers
Southern Illinois Contractors Associa
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Inland Steel Co., Indiana Harbor Works,
interstate; Steelworkers, 11,000 workers
Public sector
National Steel Corp., interstate; Steel
workers, 7,000 workers
Education
Electrical and electronic equipment
Allen-Bradley Co., Milwaukee, wi; Elec
trical Workers (UE-Ind.), 1,800 workers
Leviton Manufacturing Co., Inc., New
York, n y ; Electrical Workers ( ibew), 1,000
workers
Transportation equipment
Pemco Aeroplex, Birmingham, al ; Auto
Workers, 1,350 workers
Transportation
Pacific Maritime Association, California,
Oregon, and Washington; Longshoremen
and Warehousemen, 8,683 workers
United Parcel Service, Illinois; Team
sters, 10,000 workers
United Parcel Service—master agree
ment, interstate; Teamsters, 140,000 workers
Cook County Community College
(faculty), Cook County, il; Cook County
College Teachers (aft ), 1,150 workers
Edmonds School District 15 (teachers
and related professionals), Edmonds, w a ;
Education (NEA-Ind.), 1,100 workers
Kansas City public schools (teachers),
Kansas City, ks; Education (NEA-Ind.),
1,600 workers
Lansing School District (teachers and
related personnel), Lansing, mi; Education
(NEA-Ind.), 1,500 workers
Manatee County public schools (teach
ers), Manatee County, fl ; Teachers ( aft),
1,700 workers
Protective services
San Jose (peace officers), San Jose, ca ;
San Jose Police Officers Association (Ind.),
1,050 workers
□
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
61
Developments
in industrial
relations
Four glassmakers settle
Negotiators for the Glass, Molders, Pot
tery, Plastics and Allied Workers Union
and four major glass manufacturers—
Owens-Brockway Packaging, Inc.; An
chor Glass Container Corp.; Ball Corp.;
and the Foster Forbes Division of Ameri
can National Can Co.— signed similar 3year collective bargaining agreements
covering about 26,000 production and
maintenance workers nationwide.
The pacts called for general wage in
creases of 35 cents retroactive to April 1,
1993, and 30 cents an hour on April 1,
1994 and 1995, as well as an additional
20- to 35-cent-an-hour skill adjustment
for some employees, including those in
maintenance crews. After the first general
wage increase takes effect, wage rates
would range from $10 to $20 per hour.
The parties also made several changes
in benefits. They increased the monthly
pension rate by $6 over the term of the
agreement, to $28 per year of credited ser
vice. They raised the companies’ pay
ments to retirees’ health care funds by 40
cents an hour worked in plants covered by
the contract, to 75 cents an hour. Weekly
sickness and accident benefits were in
creased by $20, to $230-$240, and life
insurance coverage by $3,000 over the
term, to $22,000-$24,000. The parties
also maintained active employees’ health
care benefit levels and continued the
employee copayment of $7 a month for
family coverage.
Accord reached at Jewel Food
Members of Local 881 of the United
Food and Commercial Workers ratified a
“Developments in Industrial Relations” is prepared
by Michael H. Cimini and Susan L. Behrmann of
the D iv isio n o f D ev elo p m en ts in LaborManagement Relations, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
and is based largely on information from secondary
sources.
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3-year collective bargaining agreement
covering 22,000 grocery clerks at 283
Jewel Food Stores in the Chicago, i l ,
metropolitan area. The major sticking
point in the dispute focused on health
care benefits for part-time workers, who
constitute about 80 percent of Jewel’s
work force.
The pact called for wage increases
ranging from 90 cents to $1.50 an hour
over the term of the contract. Senior
clerks and most department heads, for
example, would receive hourly wage in
creases of 30 cents retroactive to Sep
tember 27, 1992, 40 cents on October 3,
1993, and 50 cents on October 2, 1994.
Some department heads would receive
wage increases totaling $1.50 an hour
over the term.
Other terms retained full health care
coverage for full-time employees and
their dependents, as well as for part-time
employees who work at least 12 hours
per week; increased, from 21 to 23 hours
a week, the minimum hours that senior
employees must be scheduled in a week;
and increased holiday pay, based on the
number of hours an employee worked in
the week preceding the holiday.
Contract signed with Super Fresh
Super Fresh Food Markets, Inc. and Lo
cal 1776 of the United Food and Com
mercial Workers signed a 4-year con
tract that provides a first-year wage
freeze in exchange for enhanced job se
curity provisions. The pact covers 2,500
grocery employees in the Philadelphia
metropolitan area and in Allentown and
Bethlehem, p a .
Terms of the contract called for
hourly raises of 40 cents in the second
year and 45 cents in the third and fourth
years for department heads and full-time
and part-time employees at the top of
their wage progression. Base rates for
new hires were set at $5.25 an hour retro-
active to March 16, 1993 (advancing to
$9.50 after 48 months), and $5.50 an
hour effective April 1, 1995 (advancing
to $10.25 after 48 months). At the expi
ration of the previous contract, top rated
employees earned $13.80 an hour.
Negotiators enhanced several job se
curity provisions, including implement
ing division-wide seniority in layoffs,
store closings, or major reductions in
hours; restoring full-time status for 100
employees who were reduced to parttime status; and guaranteeing full-time
status for the contract term for all full
time employees with at least four years
of service.
The parties made several changes
in pensions. They increased full tim
ers’ monthly pension rates to $24 per
year of credited service for pre-1985
service, to $30 per year of credited
service for post-1985 service, and to
$40 for each year of future service.
Negotiators boosted monthly pension
rates to $16 for part-time workers for
past service and to $20 for future ser
vice. They also agreed to one-time
payments and perm anent increases
equal to 10 percent of the annual pay
ment to all disability retirees and all
other retirees 65 or older with 15 years
service and 5 percent of the annual re
imbursement for all disability retirees
and other retirees aged 65 or older
with 10 to 15 years of service.
Other terms called for a day-care
benefit of $6 daily, advancing to $10
in 1995, for employees with children
at approved day-care centers; m ain
tained current health care benefits with
no premium costs to employees and
maximum out-of-pocket expenses of
$2,000; increased annual wellness
benefits to $300 for single coverage
and $500 for family coverage; in
creased the reimbursement for educa
tional expenses, from $600 to $1,000 a
year, effective in 1995; and extended
educational expenses, up to $300 a
year, to bargaining unit em ployees’
unm arried dependents, retroactive to
January 1993.
Southern California Edison
Negotiators for Southern California
Edison and the International Brother
hood of Electrical Workers and the Util
ity Workers of America reached agree
ment on a 2-year contract covering
approximately 7,200 electrical and util
ity workers in the Los Angeles metro
politan area.
The contract calls for annual wage
increases of 3.25 percent; 10-cent-an
hour increases over the term of the con
tract in the leadworker differential (to
$1.10 an hour), the swing shift differen
tial (to 95 cents an hour), and the grave
yard shift differential (to $1.10 an hour);
and 50-cent increases over the term in
each of the meal allowances (to $6.50 for
breakfast, $7.25 for lunch, and $12.50
for dinner).
Negotiators made several changes in
job security provisions, agreeing to in
clude all previous periods of employ
ment when calculating an employee’s
company seniority after the employee
completes 1 year of re-employment. If
layoffs are called for, negotiators pro
vided up to 26 weeks of pay (3 weeks
pay for 3 years or less of seniority and 1
additional week for each full year’s ser
vice after 3 years) and health care cover
age for up to 3 months (1 month for em
ployees with less than 5 years of service
and 3 months for those with 5 or more
years of service), and coverage for an
additional 18 months under the health
continuation provisions of the Compre
hensive Omnibus Budget Reconciliation
Act of 1985.
Other terms established a compressed
work week, in which employees work
longer hours for 9 days in a 2-week pe
riod; provided uniforms for all garage
employees (the previous policy was 25
percent reimbursement for uniform
cleaning expenses); called for single
room accommodations for employees
entitled to lodging while on temporary
base assignment; extended to 1 year (for
merly 6 months) the time for which
transfer requests remain valid; and pro
vided rain wear to workers in certain
crews.
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Hotel agreement reached in Chicago
Members of locals 1 and 450 of the Hotel
Employees and Restaurant Employees
Union ratified a 5-year collective bar
gaining agreement covering about 8,500
waiters, waitresses, bartenders, house
keepers, cooks, and other employees
working in hotels in the Chicago, i l ,
metropolitan area. The Hotel Employers
Labor Relations Association represented
hotels involved in the negotiations.
The contract provided general wage
increases over the term of 80 cents an
hour for nontipped employees and 40
cents an hour for tipped employees; re
tained the 17-percent commission for
eligible employees; increased the time
period for new hires to reach the regular
rate, from 9 to 12 months; and estab
lished the minimum wage rate (currently
$4.35 an hour) as the rate for employees
attending employer meetings outside of
their regular work shift.
Negotiators made several changes in
benefit-related provisions. They in
creased employers’ contributions over
the term of the contract to the union’s
health and welfare trust fund by $ 109.17
per month (to $254.08) for each regular
and banquet employee and by nearly 64
cents an hour (to $ 1.47) for each extra, or
casual, employee. Employers also in
creased their contributions to the union’s
pension trust fund by $5.19 per month
(to $45.03) for each regular and banquet
employee and by 3 cents an hour (to 26
cents) for each extra employee, and to
the prepaid legal fund by $3.46 per
month (to $13.84) for each regular and
banquet employee and by 2 cents an hour
for each extra employee. In addition, the
parties retained the employer’s monthly
contribution of $13 for each employee
for the dental plan and agreed to an un
specified increase in the employee
copayment for dependent health care
benefits (formerly, $75 per month).
Other terms established a compre
hensive drug testing policy; changed
leaves of absence from “reasonable pe
riods” to a set maximum period of 1 year
or the employee’s length of service,
whichever is shorter; substituted Martin
Luther King, Jr.’s birthday holiday for
the Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial
Day holiday in April; permitted annual
wage reopeners if member hotels’ va
cancy rates average at least 72 percent in
the year; and required the union to bar
gain with financially troubled hotel
members seeking relief from providing
free meals to employees.
First contracts at Choctaw Maid
The Retail, Wholesale and Department
Store Union signed separate but similar
collective bargaining agreements cover
ing about 1,075 workers at Choctaw
M aid’s poultry processing plants in
Carthage and Pelahatchie, m s . The con
tracts— a 4-year accord for workers in
Carthage and a 3-year agreement for
workers in Pelahatchie— are the first ne
gotiated agreements since the union was
certified to represent the employees in
April and July of 1992.
The pacts provide a wage increase of
80 cents an hour over the term: 45 cents
an hour in the first year, 20 cents in the
second, and 15 cents in the third for em
ployees at the Pelahatchie plant; and 25
cents an hour in the first year, 20 cents in
the second, 15 cents in the third, and 20
cents in the fourth for employees at the
Carthage plant. After the first wage in
crease takes effect, the base wage rate at
the two plants would rise to $5.95 an
hour.
Negotiators reduced the share of
medical insurance premiums paid by
employees, from $33.65-$53.50 per
week for family coverage, with the rate
depending on the coverage level (basic,
intermediate, or high), to $6 per week for
basic coverage and $26.08 for high cov
erage. The contract also calls for a safe
and healthy workplace and establish
ment of a joint safety and health com
mittee. Other terms addressed typical is
sues, such as grievance and arbitration
procedures, paid vacation, reporting pay,
and health and welfare benefits.
Strike ends at Illinois hospital
The St. Joseph’s Medical Center in
Joliet, i l , and the Illinois Nurses Asso
ciation ended a 2-month strike, the long
est nurses job action ever in Illinois, with
agreement on their first contract, a 3-year
pact covering 600 nurses. The major
stumbling block to settlement involved
patient care issues.
The contract established a joint paMonthly Labor Review
June 1993
63
Developments in Industrial Relations
tient care committee to review patient
care and nursing practice issues. Seven
representatives of each side would join
the committee, which would be headed
by the hospital’s vice-president for nurs
ing services.
Other terms eliminated the practice of
“floating” staff assignments unrelated to
the employees’ ability, skills, and quali
fications; provided 3-percent annual
wage increases; extended nonexempt
employees’ health care and pension ben
efits to the nurses; and required 2 weeks
advance posting of nurses’ schedules,
with modifications only with “sufficient
notice.”
Worker-management panel formed
Secretary of Labor Robert B. Reich and
Secretary of Commerce Ronald H.
Brown announced the establishment of a
10-member commission to develop
methods to improve the productivity and
64 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June 1993
global competitiveness of the Amtiican
workplace. The commission will investi
gate worker-management relations and
recommend changes that may be needed
to improve productivity through in
creased worker-management coopera
tion and employee involvement in the
workplace.
The Commission is charged with re
porting to the two cabinet secretaries on
the following:
1. What, if any, new methods or institu
tions should be encouraged or required
to enhance workplace productivity
through labor-management cooperation
and employee participation?
2. What, if any, changes should be made
in the legal framework and practices of
collective bargaining to enhance coop
erative behavior, improve productivity,
and reduce conflict and delay?
3. What, if anything, should be done to
increase the extent to which workplace
problems are resolved directly by the
parties, rather than through recourse to
State and Federal courts and government
regulatory agencies?
The panel, which has a March 1994
deadline to report its findings, will be
headed by John T. Dunlop, Lamont
University Professor, emeritus, Harvard
University, and Secretary of Labor
(1975-76). Other commission members
include Paul A. Allaire, Xerox Corp.;
Douglas A. Fraser, Wayne State Univer
sity, and former President of the United
Auto Workers; Richard Freeman,
Harvard University; William Benjamin
Gould iv, Stanford University; Tom
Kochan, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology; Juanita Kreps, Duke Uni
versity, and Secretary of Commerce
(1977-79); Ray Marshall, University of
Texas, and Secretary of Labor (197781); William J. Usery, Bill Usery Asso
ciates, Inc., and Secretary of Labor
(1976-77); and Paula Voos, University
of Wisconsin.
□
Book
reviews
Immigrants, families, workers
Mass Immigration and the National In
terest. By Vernon M. Briggs, Jr. New
York, M.E. Sharpe, Inc., 1992. 275 pp.
$49.95, cloth; $19.95, paper.
Immigration Act o f1990: An Employer’s
Handbook. By Monte B. Lake. Wash
ington, d c , Employment Policy Founda
tion, 1992. 354 pp. $50, paper.
Our immigrant heritage began in an era
vastly different from our own: the un
populated frontier is no more, factories
are closing, unskilled jobs are fading
away. Yet the number of often lowskilled immigrants who are now coming
to the United States are breaking histori
cal records. How many should we ad
mit? Should Federal immigration policy
unite families or favor those with special
skills?
To answer these questions, Vernon
M. Briggs, Jr., in Mass Immigration and
the National Interest, draws on Federal
immigration legislation, its political
genesis and outcomes, as well as a brief
appraisal of research, and a projection of
a mismatch in future U.S. labor needs.
This is not his first foray into immigra
tion issues, nor is it the first time he has
demonstrated concern for low skilled
U.S. workers. Briggs presents a cogent
analysis of how we got where we are,
and argues that labor force needs should
govern U.S. immigration policy.
By the 1920’s, three successive
waves of mass immigration had created
“the w orld’s first m ulti-racial, -reli
gious and -ethnic society.” The third
wave swamped the rural labor force,
putting U.S. workers at risk. Because of
the Great Depression, it is impossible
to know if the numerical restrictions of
the National Origins Act of 1924 would
have im proved U.S. working condi
tions. Nevertheless, the law's adm is
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sions guidelines, which proscribed im
migrants not of West European origin,
ultim ately clashed with American
ideals.
Congress attempted to change ethnic
and racial selectivity with the Immigra
tion and Nationality Act of 1952. Re
strictions on Asian immigration were
eliminated, but quotas prescribed by the
law continued to favor immigrants from
European nations, and the level of im
migration remained low.
Amendments to the 1952 law, en
acted in 1965 and incorporating the val
ues of President Lyndon B. Johnson’s
Great Society programs, abolished se
lectively applied origin-based admis
sions. Ironically, Congress expected that
because most U.S. residents who spon
sored immigrants were of European ex
traction, family-based admissions would
continue to favor immigrants from Eu
rope. Instead, family reunification led to
multiplier effects and launched a fourth
wave of mass immigration dominated by
Hispanics and Asians.
Briggs argues that several reasons
help explain this unanticipated outcome:
legislation was drawn up hastily by the
congressional judiciary committees, and
attorneys adopt ad hoc principles replete
with Byzantine legal codes to regulate
immigrant admissions. For example,
politics guide refugee law, leaving in
limbo immigrants who are not fleeing
communist regimes. Gamesmanship un
derlies the unsuccessful effort by the
Immigration Reform and Control Act of
1986 to curb the employment of unau
thorized workers. Special interests suc
cessfully bartered for amnesty for illegal
residents, yet the law lacks teeth to deter
the average employer from hiring unau
thorized workers. In addition, the Immi
gration Act of 1990 gave a nod toward
skills-based admissions, but in reality
expanded the principal of “nepotistic”
family relations as the cornerstone of le
gal admission.
As a result, the number of immi
grants— admitted legally and illegally
with no regard to their skills— will con
tinue to mount. Briggs is concerned be
cause low-skilled workers are losing
ground as the service economy demands
more educated employees. Large num
bers of immigrants, particularly those
who are admitted solely because of fam
ily ties, will compete with the increas
ingly marginalized low-skilled work
force. Our concern might be alleviated
by most contemporary research that
finds little adverse effect of immigration
on U.S. workers. However, Briggs con
tends that the ahistorical method of
econometric research cannot address
what would have happened if, for ex
ample, black Americans did not have to
compete for jobs with the influx of immi
grants to the cities.
Briggs concludes by calling for
adoption of a policy that admits immi
grants on economic principles. For ex
ample, this would require policymakers
to reduce the number of immigrants and
to target those with skills that are con
sidered to be in the national interest. Un
fortunately, such policy synchronization
is difficult to achieve. We also might ask
what would happen if immigrants did
not benefit from the support of family
networks many of us take for granted.
To accomplish this complicated task,
Briggs would transfer responsibility
from the Immigration and Naturalization
Service to an agency that is responsible
for human resource development and la
bor law. The obvious choice is the U.S.
Department of Labor, which had this re
sponsibility before World War II.
This book provides a valuable over
view of the political and economic his
tory of immigration, and sharpens the
terms of the debate for those who are al
ready familiar with the subject. In depth
consideration of economic research and
workable policy choices will require fur
ther reading.
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
65
Book Reviews
In contrast, Immigration Act o f 1990:
An Employer’s Handbook by Monte B.
Lake guides the employer through the
arcane legal code by which immigrant
work permits are obtained. Two-thirds of
the book contain relevant sections from
the Federal Register, and provide ex
amples of the appropriate paperwork. Of
more general interest is Lake’s discus
sion of changes in the Act and its pilot
programs, including brief evaluations of
how these programs function, and their
levels of success.
— B. Lindsay Lowell
Immigration Policy and Research
Bureau of International Labor Affairs
U.S. Department of Labor
A practical guide to benchmarking
The Benchmarking Book. By Michael
Spendolini. New York, amacom, a divi
sion of the American Management As
sociation, 1992. 209 pp. $26.95.
Benchmarking is a cornerstone of Total
Quality Management (tqm), a manage
ment theory in which the goal of a cus
tomer-driven organization strives for
continuous improvement. In the 1970’s
manufacturing firms such as the Xerox
Corp. led the way in developing this plan
of evaluating and adopting “best prac
tices.” This approach has since spread
nationally beyond manufacturing to
firms in service industries and, more re
cently, to government and academia.
Defined simply, benchmarking is the
systematic process of recognizing the
“best” management practices and apply
ing it to an organization. As simple as
that sounds, the process may be compli
cated.
The idea behind benchmarking is not
new, although its applications were lim
ited before tqm. Manufacturing engi
neers and professionals in the field of
Digitized for66
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human resources use a form of
benchmarking regularly. Just as engi
neers in the electronics industry disas
semble samples of rivals’ products to
evaluate the competition, human re
sources professionals conduct wage and
benefit plan surveys routinely to mea
sure their compensation packages
against the labor market.
Corporations such as Xerox, where
author Michael Spendolini worked, ex
panded on this methodology by taking a
fresh look at all their internal processes.
These corporate officials extended the
approach to cover not only manufactur
ing but also administrative areas such as
customer service.
Firms committed to benchmarking
have evolved guidelines and benchmark
ing plans that specifically meet their
needs. Their search generally begins by
looking at their immediate competition
for new ideas, and for some this remains
the primary focus of their efforts.
Developing individual benchmarking
procedures has resulted in a myriad of
models with some yielding less than ex
pected results. In most cases, models
vary more in their details than in their
overall objectives. Recognizing this,
Spendolini has developed a generic
benchmarking plan.
For the book, Spendolini began with a
list of 54 companies that have successful
benchmarking plans in place, and nar
rowed his focus to 24 firms that were
successful with benchmarking. He spoke
with company representatives about
their key concepts and took note of the
pitfalls common during the process. In
essence, he took a benchmarking ap
proach to benchmarking.
Beginning with the need to define the
basic target of a benchmarking process,
his model is a generic, cross-industry,
five-step procedure designed to serve the
needs of any organization. The book is
well organized with each chapter outlin
ing one stage in the process. Beginning
with the first chapter that defines the
goals of benchmarking, the book takes
the reader through the identifying objec
tives, forming a benchmarking team,
collecting and analyzing data, and acting
on the results.
Spendolini includes discussions on
realistic approaches to problems of time
management and the struggle of intro
ducing the benchmarking concept to an
organization. He has even devoted a
chapter to the ethical and legal concerns
of measuring competitors’ practices,
particularly when operating coopera
tively. Each chapter is written clearly
and is well illustrated with appropriate
charts.
Unlike some books on this subject,
this is not the history of a single firm’s
experience with benchmarking. Nor
does it argue for the concept of bench
marking. It is instead a practical guide to
benchmarking for those interested in the
subject. As Spendolini outlines in his
preface, the book may be used as a guide
for the beginner in benchmarking and be
useful as a type of self-audit for the ex
perienced practitioner. Interestingly, to
tal Quality Management is not referred
to specifically in the book.
Not all management theories have
staying power. Concepts such as Zero
Based Budgeting and Management By
Objectives were once put forward as
models, but their popularity faded
slowly. Regardless of tqm’s future,
benchmarking as its own process will
probably outline tqm.
In an increasing competitive world,
recognizing and applying the best prac
tices available is the key to organiza
tional survival. Many of the best organi
zations recognize that they can survive
only by living on a continual learning
curve where practice must be updated
constantly using a process such as
benchmarking.
— Michael Wald
Economist, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
Atlanta regional office
m
n
Current
labor
statistics
m
i i i i i i i k
AAJ
H
k
HHtHIHIHHHIIIIHIk
Notes on Current Labor S t a tis tic s .....................67
Com parative indicators
1. Labor market indicators............................................................ 78
2. Annual and quarterly percent changes incompensation,
prices, and productivity ......................................................... 79
3. Alternative measures of wages and compensation
changes..................................................................................... 79
Labor force data
4. Employment status of the population,
data seasonally adjusted....................................................... 80
5. Selected employment indicators, data seasonally adjusted .. 81
6. Selected unemployment indicators, data seasonally adjusted 82
7. Unemployment rates by sex and age,
data seasonally adjusted......................................................... 83
8. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment,
data seasonally adjusted......................................................... 83
9. Duration of unemployment, data seasonally adjusted.............83
10. Unemployment rates by S ta te ...................................................84
11. Employment of workers by S ta te ............................................84
12. Employment of workers by industry,
data seasonally adjusted......................................................... 85
13. Average weekly hours by industry, data seasonally adjusted 86
14. Average hourly earnings by industry,
data seasonally adjusted......................................................... 86
15. Average hourly earnings by in d u stry ...................................... 87
16. Average weekly earnings by industry...................................... 88
17. Diffusion indexes of employment change,
data seasonally adjusted......................................................... 89
18. Annual data: Employment status of the populatio n.............90
19. Annual data: Employment levels by industry......................... 90
20. Annual data: Average hours and earnings levels
by industry...............................................................................91
Labor com pensation and collective
bargaining data
21. Employment Cost Index, compensation,
by occupation and industry group........................................ 92
22. Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries,
by occupation and industry group........................................ 94
23. Employment Cost Index, benefits, private industry
workers, by occupation and industry g ro u p ....................... 95
24. Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers,
by bargaining status, region, and area siz e ..........................96
25. Participants in employer-provided benefit plans................... 97
26. Specified compensation and wage adjustments from
contract settlements, and effective wage adjustments,
situations covering 1,000 workers or m ore..........................98
27. Average specified compensation and wage adjustments,
bargaining situations covering 1,000 workers or more . . . 98
28. Average effective wage adjustments, bargaining
situations covering 1,000 workers or m ore......................... 99
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k
Labor com pensation and
collective bargaining data— Continued
29. Specified compensation and wage adjustments, State
and local government bargaining situations covering
1,000 workers or m o r e ..........................................................99
30. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or m o re...............99
Price data
31. Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average, by expenditure
category and commodity and service g ro u p s......................100
32. Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average and local data,
all items................................................................................... 103
33. Annual data: Consumer Price Index, all items
and major g r o u p s .................................................................. 104
34. Producer Price Indexes by stage of processing......................105
35. Producer P rice In d exes by durability o f p r o d u c t ................... 105
36. Producer Price Indexes for the net output of major
industry groups...................................................................... 106
37. Annual data: Producer Price Indexes by stage of
processing............................................................................... 106
38. U.S. export price indexes by Standard International
Trade Classification..............................................................107
39. U.S. import price indexes by Standard International
Trade Classification..............................................................108
40. U.S. export price indexes by end-use category......................109
41. U.S. import price indexes by end-use category.....................109
42. U.S. export price indexes by Standard Industrial
C lassification.........................................................................109
43. U.S. import price indexes by Standard Industrial
Classification.........................................................................HO
Productivity data
44. Indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, and unit
costs, data seasonally adjusted...........................................110
45. Annual indexes of multifactor p roductivity........................I l l
46. Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation,
unit costs, and prices............................................................I l l
47. Annual indexes of output per hour for selected industries . 112
International com parisons data
48. Unemployment rates in nine countries,
data seasonally adjusted........................................................114
49. Annual data: Employment status of the civilian
working-age population, 10 countries ................................ 115
50. Annual indexes of productivity and related measures,
12 countries.............................................................................116
Injury and illness data
51. Annual data: Occupational injury and illness
incidence rates .............................................................117
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
67
Notes on Current Labor Statistics
This section of the Review presents the
principal statistical series collected and cal
culated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics:
series on labor force; employment; unem
ployment; collective bargaining settlements;
consumer, producer, and international prices;
productivity; international comparisons; and
injury and illness statistics. In the notes that
follow, the data in each group of tables are
briefly described; key definitions are given;
notes on the data are set forth; and sources of
additional information are cited.
Adjustments for price changes. Some
data— such as the “real” earnings shown in
table 14— are adjusted to eliminate the ef
fect of changes in price. These adjustments
are made by dividing current-dollar values
by the Consumer Price Index or the appro
priate component of the index, then multi
plying by 100. For example, given a current
hourly wage rate of $3 and a current price
index number of 150, where 1982 = 100, the
hourly rate expressed in 1982 dollars is $2
($3/150 x 100 = $2). The $2 (or any other
resulting values) are described as “real,”
“constant,” or “ 1982” dollars.
General notes
Additional information
The following notes apply to several tables
in this section:
Seasonal adjustment. Certain monthly
and quarterly data are adjusted to eliminate
the effect on the data of such factors as
climatic conditions, industry production
schedules, opening and closing of schools,
holiday buying periods, and vacation prac
tices, which might prevent short-term evalu
ation of the statistical series. Tables con
taining data that have been adjusted are
identified as “seasonally adjusted.” (All other
data are not seasonally adjusted.) Seasonal
effects are estimated on the basis of past
experience. When new seasonal factors are
computed each year, revisions may affect
seasonally adjusted data for several preced
ing years.
Seasonally adjusted data appear in tables
1-9, 12-14, 16-17, 44, and 48. Seasonally
adjusted labor force data in tables 1 and 4 9 were revised in the February 1993 issue of
the Review and reflect the experience through
1992. Seasonally adjusted establishment
survey data shown in tables 12-14 and 1617 were revised in the July 1992 Review and
reflect the experience through March 1992.
A brief explanation of the seasonal adjust
ment methodology appears in “Notes on the
data.”
Revisions in the productivity data in table
44 are usually introduced in the September
issue. Seasonally adjusted indexes and per
cent changes from month-to-month and
quarter-to-quarter are published for numer
ous Consumer and Producer Price Index
series. However, seasonally adjusted indexes
are not published for the U.S. average AllItems c p i . Only seasonally adjusted percent
changes are available for this series.
Data that supplement the tables in this sec
tion are published by the Bureau in a variety
of sources. News releases provide the latest
statistical information published by the Bu
reau; the major recurring releases are pub
lished according to the schedule appearing
on cover 3 of this issue. More information
about labor force, employment, and unem
ployment data and the household and es
tablishment surveys underlying the data
are available in Employment and Earnings,
a monthly publication of the Bureau. Addi
tional data from the household survey are
published in the data book, Labor Force
Symbols
n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified,
n.e.s. = not elsewhere specified,
p = preliminary. To increase the
timeliness of some series,
preliminary figures are issued
based on representative but
incomplete returns.
r = revised. Generally, this revision
reflects the availability of later
data but may also reflect other
adjustments.
Com parative Indicators
Tables (1-3)
Digitized for
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Statistics Derived From the Current Popu
lation Survey, Bulletin 2307. More national
data from the establishment survey appear
in the data book, Employment, Hours, and
Earnings, United States, and an annual
bulletin. More detailed information on em
ployee compensation and collective bar
gaining settlements is published in the
monthly periodical, Compensation and
Working Conditions. More detailed data on
consumer and producer prices are published
in the monthly periodicals, The c p i Detailed
Report, and Producer Price Indexes. De
tailed data on all of the series in this section
are provided in the Handbook of Labor Sta
tistics, which is published biennially by the
Bureau, b ls bulletins are issued covering
productivity, injury and illness, and other
data in this section. Finally, the Monthly
Labor Review carries analytical articles on
annual and longer term developments in
labor force, employment, and unemploy
ment; employee compensation and collec
tive bargaining; prices; productivity;
international comparisons; and injury and
illness data.
Comparative indicators tables provide an
overview and comparison of major b l s sta
tistical series. Consequently, although many
of the included series are available monthly,
all measures in these comparative tables are
presented quarterly and annually.
Labor market indicators include em
ployment measures from two major surveys
and information on rates of change in com
pensation provided by the Employment Cost
Index (ECi) program. The labor force partici
pation rate, the employment-to-population
ratio, and unemployment rates for major de
mographic groups based on the Current
Population (“household”) Survey are pre
sented, while measures of employment and
average weekly hours by major industry sec
tor are given using nonfarm payroll data. The
Employment Cost Index (compensation), by
major sector and by bargaining status, is
chosen from avariety of b ls compensation and
wage measures because it provides a com
prehensive measure of employer costs for
hiring labor, not just outlays for wages, and it
is not affected by employment shifts among
occupations and industries.
Data on changes in compensation,
prices, and productivity are presented in
table 2. Measures of rates of change of
compensation and wages from the Em
ployment Cost Index program are provided
for all civilian nonfarm workers (excluding
Federal and household workers) and for all
private nonfarm workers. Measures of
changes in consumer prices for all urban
consumers; producer prices by stage of
processing; overall prices by stage of pro
cessing; and overall export and import price
indexes are given. Measures of productivity
(output per hour of all persons) are provided
for major sectors.
A lte r n a tiv e
m e a s u re s o f w a g e a n d
which re
flect the overall trend in labor costs, are
summarized in table 3. Differences in con
cepts and scope, related to the specific pur
poses of the series, contribute to the variation
in changes among the individual measures.
c o m p e n s a tio n ra te s o f c h a n g e ,
Notes on the data
Definitions of each series and notes on the
data are contained in later sections of these
notes describing each set of data. For de
tailed descriptions of each data series, see
bl s Handbook of Methods, Bulletin 2414
(Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1992), as well as
the additional bulletins, articles, and other
publications noted in the separate sections
of the Review’s “Notes on Current Labor
Statistics.” Users may also wish to consult
Major Programs of the Bureau of Labor
Statistics, Report 793 (Bureau of Labor Sta
tistics, 1991).
Employment
and Unemployment Data
(Tables 1; 4-20)
Household survey data
Description of the series
E mployment data in this section are ob
tained from the Current Population Survey,
a program of personal interviews conducted
monthly by the Bureau of the Census for the
Bureau of Labor Statistics. The sample
consists of about 60,000 households selected
to represent the U.S. population 16 years of
age and older. Households are interviewed
on a rotating basis, so that three-fourths of
the sample is the same for any 2 consecutive
months.
Definitions
include (1) all those who
worked for pay any time during the week
which includes the 12th day of the month or
who worked unpaid for 15 hours or more in
a family-operated enterprise and (2) those
who were temporarily absent from their
regular jobs because of illness, vacation,
industrial dispute, or similar reasons. A per
son working at more than one job is counted
only in the job at which he or she worked the
greatest number of hours.
U n e m p lo y e d p e rs o n s are those who did
not work during the survey week, but were
available for work except for temporary
E m p lo y e d p e rs o n s
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illness and had looked for jobs within the
preceding 4 weeks. Persons who did not
look for work because they were on layoff
are also counted among the unemployed.
T h e u n e m p lo y m e n t r a te represents the
number unemployed as a percent of the
civilian labor force.
The c iv ilia n la b o r fo r c e consists of all
employed or unemployed persons in the
civilian noninstitutional population. Persons
n o t in th e la b o r fo r c e are those not classi
fied as employed or unemployed; this group
includes persons who are retired, those en
gaged in their own housework, those not
working while attending school, those un
able to work because of long-term illness,
those discouraged from seeking work be
cause of personal or job-market factors,
and those who are voluntarily idle. The
c iv ilia n n o n in s t it u t io n a l p o p u la tio n com
prises all persons 16 years of age and older
who are not inmates of penal or mental
institutions, sanitariums, or homes for the
aged, infirm, or needy. The c iv ilia n la b o r
fo r c e p a r t ic ip a t io n rate is the proportion of
the civilian noninstitutional population
that is in the labor force. The e m p lo y m e n tp o p u la t io n r a t i o is employment as a
percent of the civilian noninstitutional
population.
Notes on the data
From time to time, and especially after a
decennial census, adjustments are made in
the Current Population Survey figures to
correct for estimating errors during the intercensal years. These adjustments affect
the comparability of historical data. A de
scription of these adjustments and their ef
fect on the various data series appears in the
Explanatory Notes of Employment and
Earnings.
Labor force data in tables 1 and 4—9 are
seasonally adjusted based on the experience
through December 1992. Since January
1980, national labor force data have been
seasonally adjusted with a procedure called
x-11 arim a , which was developed at Statis
tics Canada as an extension of the standard
x-11 method previously used by b l s . A de
tailed description of the procedure appears
in the x-11 a r im a Seasonal Adjustment
Method, by Estela Bee Dagum (Statistics
Canada, Catalogue No. 12-564E, January
1983).
At the end of each calendar year, season
ally adjusted data for the previous 5 years
are revised, and projected seasonal adjust
ment factors are calculated for use during
the January-June period. In July, new sea
sonal adjustment factors, which incorporate
the experience through June, are produced
for the July-December period, but no revi
sions are made in the historical data.
Additional sources of information
For detailed explanations of the data, see
Handbook of Methods, Bulletin 2414
(Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1992), and for
additional data, Handbook of Labor Statis
tics, Bulletin 2340 (Bureau of Labor Statis
tics, 1989). Historical unadjusted data from
1948 to 1987 are available in Labor Force
bl s
Statistics Derivedfrom the Current Popula
tion Survey, Bulletin 2307 (Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1988). Historical seasonally ad
justed data are available from the Bureau of
Labor Statistics upon request.
A comprehensive discussion of the dif
ferences between household and establish
ment data on employment appears in Gloria
P. Green, “Comparing employment estimates
from household and payroll surveys,”
Monthly Labor Review, December 1969,
pp. 9-20.
Establishment survey data
Description of the series
in this
section are compiled from payroll records
reported monthly on a voluntary basis to the
Bureau of Labor Statistics and its cooperat
ing State agencies by more than 359,000
establishments representing all industries
except agriculture. Industries are classified
in accordance with the 1987 Standard In
dustrial Classification (sic) Manual. In most
industries, the sampling probabilities are
based on the size of the establishment; most
large establishments are therefore in the
sample. (An establishment is not necessarily
a firm; it may be a branch plant, for example,
or warehouse.) Self-employed persons and
others not on a regular civilian payroll are
outside the scope of the survey because they
are excluded from establishment records.
This largely accounts for the difference in
employment figures between the household
and establishment surveys.
E m pl o y m en t , h o u r s , a n d earnings data
Definitions
An e s ta b lis h m e n t is an economic unit which
produces goods or services (such as a factory
or store) at a single location and is engaged
in one type of economic activity.
E m p lo y e d p e rs o n s are all persons who
received pay (including holiday and sick
pay) for any part of the payroll period in
cluding the 12th day of the month. Persons
holding more than one job (about 5 per
cent of all persons in the labor force) are
counted in each establishment which re
ports them.
P r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s in manufacturing
include working supervisors and nonsuper-
Monthly Labor Review
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69
Current Labor Statistics
visory workers closely associated with pro
duction operations. Those workers men
tioned in tables 11-16 include production
workers in manufacturing and mining; con
struction workers in construction; and
nonsupervisory workers in the following
industries: transportation and public utili
ties; wholesale and retail trade; finance, in
surance, and real estate; and services. These
groups account for about four-fifths of the
total employment on private nonagricultural
payrolls.
E a r n in g s are the payments production or
nonsupervisory workers receive during the
survey period, including premium pay for
overtime or late-shift work, but excluding
irregular bonuses and other special pay
ments. R e a l e a r n in g s are earnings adjusted
to reflect the effects of changes in consumer
prices. The deflator for this series is derived
from the Consumer Price Index for Urban
Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (cpi-W).
H o u r s represent the average weekly
hours of production or nonsupervisory
workers for which pay was received, and are
different from standard or scheduled hours.
O v e r t im e h o u r s represent the portion of
average weekly hours which was in excess
of regular hours and for which overtime
premiums were paid.
T h e D iff u s io n In d e x represents the per
cent of industries in which employment was
rising over the indicated period, plus onehalf of the industries with unchanged em
ployment; 50 percent indicates an equal
balance between industries with increasing
and decreasing employment. In line with
Bureau practice, data for the 1-, 3-, and 6month spans are seasonally adjusted, while
those for the 12-month span are unadjusted.
Data are centered within the span. Table 17
provides an index on private nonfarm em
ployment based on 356 industries, and a
manufacturing index based on 139 indus
tries. These indexes are useful for measur
ing the dispersion of economic gains or
losses and are also economic indicators.
Notes on the data
Establishment survey data are annually ad
justed to comprehensive counts of employ
ment (called “benchmarks”). The latest
adjustment, which incorporated March 1991
benchmarks, was made with the release of
May 1992 data, published in the July 1992
issue of the Review. Coincident with the
benchmark adjustments, seasonally adjusted
data were revised to reflect the experience
through March 1992. Unadjusted data from
April 1991 forward and seasonally adjusted
data from January 1988 forward are subject
to revision in future benchmarks.
The bls also uses the x-11 arima meth
odology to seasonally adjust establishment
0
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June 1993
survey data. Beginning in June 1989, pro
jected seasonal adjustment factors are cal
culated and published twice a year. The
change makes the procedure used for the
establishment survey data more parallel to
that used in adjusting the household survey
data. Revisions of historical data are made
once a year coincident with the benchmark
revisions.
In the establishment survey, estimates for
the most recent 2 months are based on in
complete returns and are published as pre
liminary in the tables (12 to 17 mihe Review).
When all returns have been received, the
estimates are revised and published as “fi
nal” (prior to any benchmark revisions) in
the third month of their appearance. Thus,
December data are published as preliminary
in January and February and as final in
March. For the same reasons, quarterly es
tablishment data (table 1) are preliminary
for the first 2 months of publication and final
in the third month. Thus, fourth-quarter data
are published as preliminary in January and
February and as final in March.
determining the eligibility of an area for
benefits under Federal economic assistance
programs such as the Job Training Partner
ship Act and the Public Works and Eco
nomic Development Act. Insofar as possible,
the concepts and definitions underlying these
data are those used in the national estimates
obtained from the cps .
Notes on the data
Data refer to State of residence. Monthly
data for 11 States— California, Florida, Illi
nois, Massachusetts, Michigan, New York,
New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsyl
vania, and Texas—are obtained directly from
the cps , because the size of the sample is
large enough to meet bls standards of reli
ability. Data for the remaining 39 States and
the District of Columbia are derived using
standardized procedures established by b l s .
Once a year, estimates for the 11 States are
revised to new population controls. For the
remaining States and the District of Colum
bia, data are benchmarked to annual average
cps levels.
Additional sources of information
Additional sources of information
Detailed national data from the establish
ment survey are published monthly in the
bls periodical, Employment and Earnings.
Historically comparable unadjusted and
seasonally adjusted data are published in
Employment, Hours, and Earnings, United
States, 1909-90, Bulletin 2370 (Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1991) and an annual bulle
tin. For a detailed discussion of the method
ology of the survey, see bls Handbook of
Methods, Bulletin 2414 (Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1992). For additional data, see
Handbook of Labor Statistics, Bulletin
2340 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1989).
A comprehensive discussion of the dif
ferences between household and establish
ment data on employment appears in Gloria
P. Green, “Comparing employment esti
mates from household and payroll surveys,”
Monthly Labor Review, December 1969,
pp. 9-20.
Information on the concepts, definitions,
and technical procedures used to develop
labor force data for States and sub-State
areas as well as additional data on sub-States
are provided in the monthly Bureau of Labor
Statistics periodical, Employment and
Earnings, and the annual report, Geographic
Profile of Employment and Unemployment
(Bureau of Labor Statistics). See also
bls
Handbook of Methods, Bulletin 2414 (Bu
reau of Labor Statistics, 1992).
Compensation and Wage Data
(Tables 1-3; 21-30)
Unemployment data by State
C ompensation and wage data are gathered
by the Bureau from business establishments,
State and local governments, labor unions,
collective bargaining agreements on file with
the Bureau, and secondary sources.
Description of the series
Employment Cost Index
Data presented in this section are obtained
from two major sources—the Current Pop
ulation Survey (CPS) and the Local Area
Unemployment Statistics (laus ) program,
which is conducted in cooperation with
State employment security agencies.
Monthly estimates of the labor force, em
ployment, and unemployment for States and
sub-State areas are a key indicator of local
economic conditions, and form the basis for
Description of the series
The E m p lo y m e n t C o s t In d e x (eci> is a
quarterly measure of the rate of change in
compensation per hour worked and includes
wages, salaries, and employer costs of em
ployee benefits. It uses a fixed market basket
of labor— similar in concept to the Con
sumer Price Index’s fixed market basket of
goods and services—to measure change over
time in employer costs of employing labor.
Statistical series on total compensation
costs, on wages and salaries, and on benefit
costs are available for private nonfarm work
ers excluding proprietors, the self-employed,
and household workers. The total compensa
tion costs and wages and salaries series are
also available for State and local government
workers and for the civilian nonfarm economy,
which consists of private industry and State
and local government workers combined.
Federal workers are excluded.
The Employment Cost Index probability
sample consists of about 4,400 private non
farm establishments providing about 23,000
occupational observations and 1,000 State
and local government establishments provid
ing 6,000 occupational observations selected
to represent total employment in each sector.
On average, each reporting unit provides
wage and compensation information on five
well-specified occupations. Data are collected
each quarter for the pay period including the
12th day of March, June, September, and
December.
Beginning with June 1986 data, fixed em
ployment weights from the 1980 Census of
Population are used each quarter to calculate
the civilian and private indexes and the index
for State and local governments. (Prior to
June 1986, the employment weights are from
the 1970 Census of Population.) These fixed
weights, also used to derive all of the industry
and occupation series indexes, ensure that
changes in these indexes reflect only changes
in compensation, not employment shifts
among industries or occupations with differ
ent levels of wages and compensation. For
the bargaining status, region, and metropolitan/nonmetropolitan area series, however,
employment data by industry and occupation
are not available from the census. Instead, the
1980 employment weights are reallocated
within these series each quarter based on the
current sample. Therfore, these indexes are
not strictly comparable to those for the aggre
gate, industry, and occupation series.
D e fin it io n s
Total compensation costs include wages,
salaries, and the employer’s costs for em
ployee benefits.
Wages and salaries consist of earnings
before payroll deductions, including pro
duction bonuses, incentive earnings, com
missions, and cost-of-living adjustments.
Benefits include the cost to employers for
paid leave, supplemental pay (including non
production bonuses), insurance, retirement
and savings plans, and legally required ben
efits (such as Social Security, workers’
compensation, and unemployment insurance).
Excluded from wages and salaries and
employee benefits are such items as pay
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ment-in-kind, free room and board, and tips.
N o te s o n t h e d a t a
The Employment Cost Index for changes in
wages and salaries in the private nonfarm
economy was published beginning in 1975.
Changes in total compensation cost—wages
and salaries and benefits combined—were
published beginning in 1980. The series of
changes in wages and salaries and for total
compensation in the State and local govern
ment sector and in the civilian nonfarm
economy (excluding Federal employees)
were published beginning in 1981. Histori
cal indexes (June 1981=100) of the quarterly
rates of change are presented in the March
issue of the bls periodical Compensation
and Working Conditions.
A d d it io n a l s o u rc e s o f in fo r m a t io n
For a more detailed discussion of the Em
ployment Cost Index, see the bls Handbook
of Methods, Bulletin 2414 (Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1992); Employment Cost Indexes
andLevels, 1975-92, Bulletin 2413 (Bureau
of Labor Statistics, 1992); and the following
Monthly Labor Review articles: “Estimation
procedures for the Employment Cost In
dex,” May 1982; and “Introducing new
weights for the Employment Cost Index,”
June 1985.
Data on the eci are also available in bls
quarterly press releases issued in the month
following the reference months of March,
June, September, and December; and from
the Handbook of Labor Statistics, Bulletin
2340 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1989).
Employee Benefits Survey
D e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e s e rie s
Employee benefits data are obtained from
the Employee Benefits Survey, an annual
survey of the incidence and provisions of
selected benefits provided by employers.
The survey collects data from a sample of
approximately 6,000 private sector and State
and local government establishments. The
data are presented as a percentage of
employees who participate in a certain
benefit, or as an average benefit provision
(for example, the average number of paid
holidays provided to employees per year).
Selected data from the survey are presented
in table 25.
The survey covers paid leave benefits
such as lunch and rest periods, holidays and
vacations, and personal, funeral, jury duty,
military, parental, and sick leave; sickness
and accident, long-term disability, and life
insurance; medical, dental, and vision care
plans; defined benefit and defined contribution
plans; flexible benefits plans; reimbursement
accounts; and unpaid parental leave.
Also, data are tabulated on the incidence
of several other benefits, such as severance
pay, child-care assistance, wellness programs,
and employee assistance programs.
D e fin itio n s
Employer-provided benefits are benefits
that are financed either wholly or partly by
the employer. They may be sponsored by a
union or other third party, as long as there is
some employer financing. However, some
benefits that are fully paid for by the employee
also are included. For example, long-term
care insurance and postretirement life
insurance paid entirely by the employee are
included because the guarantee of insurability
and availability at group premium rates are
considered a benefit.
Participants are workers who are covered
by a benefit, whether or not they use that
benefit. If the benefit plan is financed wholly
by employers and requires employees to
complete a minimum length of service for
eligibility, the workers are considered
participants whether or not they have met the
requirement. If workers are required to
contribute towards the cost of a plan, they
are considered participants only if they elect
the plan and agree to make the required
contributions.
Defined benefit pension plans use
predetermined formulas to calculate a
retirement benefit, and obligate the employer
to provide those benefits. Benefits are
generally based on salary, years of service, or
both.
Defined contribution plans generally
specify the level of employer and employee
contributions to a plan, but not the formula
for determining eventual benefits. Instead,
individual accounts are set up for participants,
and benefits are based on amounts credited to
these accounts.
Tax-deferred savings plans are a type of
defined contribution plan that allow
participants to contribute a portion of their
salary to an employer-sponsored plan and
defer income taxes until withdrawal.
Flexible benefit plans allow employees
to choose among several benefits, such as life
insurance, medical care, and vacation days,
and among several levels of care within a
given benefit.
N o te s o n t h e d a t a
Surveys of employees in medium and large
establishments conducted over the 1979-86
period included establishments that employed
at least 50,100, or 250 workers, depending on
the industry (most service industries were
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
71
Current Labor Statistics
excluded). The survey conducted in 1987
covered only State and local governments
with 50 or more employees. The surveys
conducted in 1988 and 1989 included medium
and large establishments with 100 workers or
more in private industries. All surveys
conducted over the 1979-89 period excluded
establishments in Alaska and Hawaii, as well
as part-time employees.
Beginning in 1990, surveys of State and
local governments and small establishments
are conducted in even-numbered years and
surveys of medium and large establishments
are conducted in odd-numbered years. The
small establishment survey includes all private
nonfarm establishments with fewer than 100
workers, while the State and local government
survey includes all governments, regardless
of the number of workers. All three surveys'
include full- and part-time workers, and
workers in all 50 States and the District of
Columbia.
Additional sources of information
For detailed explanations of the data, see bls
Handbook o f Methods, Bulletin 2414
(Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1992).
The most recent data from the Employee
Benefits Survey appear in the following
Bureau of Labor Statistics bulletins:
Employee Benefits in Medium and Large
Firms; Employee Benefits in Small Private
Establishments; and Employee Benefits in
State and Local Governments. Additionally,
articles using data from the Employee
Benefits Survey are published periodically
in the Monthly Labor Review.
Collective bargaining settlements
Description of the series
C o lle c tiv e b a r g a in in g s e ttle m e n ts data
provide statistical measures of negotiated
adjustments (increases, decreases, and
freezes) in compensation (wage and benefit
costs) and wages alone, quarterly for private
industry and semiannually for State and local
government. Compensation measures cover
all collective bargaining situations involving
5,000 workers or more and wage measures
cover all situations involving 1,000 workers
or more. These data, covering private nonagricultural industries and State and local gov
ernments, are calculated using information
obtained from bargaining agreements on file
with the Bureau, parties to the agreements,
and secondary sources, such as newspaper
accounts. The data are not seasonally adjusted.
Settlement data are measured in terms of
future specified adjustments: those that will
occur within 12 months of the contract ef
fective date—first year—and all adjustments
that will occur over the life of the contract
Digitized 7for
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expressed as an average annual rate. Adjust
ments are worker weighted. Both first-year
and over-the-life measures exclude wage
changes that may occur under cost-of-living
clauses that are triggered by future move
ments in the Consumer Price Index.
E ffe c tiv e w a g e a d ju s tm e n ts measure all
adjustments occurring in the reference pe
riod, regardless of the settlement date. In
cluded are changes from settlements reached
during the period, changes deferred from
contracts negotiated in earlier periods, and
changes under cost-of-living adjustment
clauses. Each wage change is worker
weighted. The changes are prorated over all
workers under agreements during the refer
ence period yielding the average adjustment.
Definitions
W a g e r a te c h a n g e s are calculated by di
viding newly negotiated wages by the aver
age straight-time hourly wage rate plus shift
premium at the time the agreement is reached.
C o m p e n s a tio n ch a n g e s are calculated by
dividing the change in the value of the newly
negotiated wage and benefit package by ex
isting average hourly compensation, which
includes the cost of previously negotiated
benefits, legally required social insurance
programs, and average hourly earnings.
C o m p e n s a tio n c h a n g e s are calculated by
placing a value on the benefit portion of the
settlements at the time they are reached. The
cost estimates are based on the assumption
that conditions existing at the time of settle
ment (for example, methods of financing
pensions or composition of labor force) will
remain constant. The data, therefore, are
measures of negotiated changes and not of
total changes in employer cost.
C o n t r a c t d u r a t io n runs from the effec
tive date of the agreement to the expiration
date or first wage reopening date, if appli
cable. Average annual percent changes over
the contract term take account of the com
pounding of successive changes.
are prescribed by law, while these items are
typical bargaining issues in private industry.
Additional sources of information
For a more detailed discussion on the series,
see the
Handbook of Methods, Bulletin
2414 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1992).
Comprehensive data are published in press
releases issued quarterly (in January, April,
July, and October) for private industry, and
semiannually (in February and August) for
State and local government. Historical data
and additional detailed tabulations for the
prior calendar year appear in the March or
April issue of the bls periodical, Compen
b l s
sation and Working Conditions.
W ork stoppages
Description of the series
Data on work stoppages measure the num
ber and duration of major strikes or lockouts
(involving 1,000 workers or more) occur
ring during the month (or year), the number
of workers involved, and the amount of time
lost because of stoppage.
Data are largely from newspaper accounts
and cover only establishments directly in
volved in a stoppage. They do not measure
the indirect or secondary effect of stoppages
on other establishments whose employees
are idle owing to material shortages or lack
of service.
Definitions
The number of
strikes and lockouts involving 1,000 work
ers or more and lasting a full shift or longer.
W o r k e r s in v o lv e d : The number of
workers directly involved in the stoppage.
N u m b e r o f d a y s id le : The aggregate
number of workdays lost by workers in
volved in the stoppages.
N u m b e r o f s to p p a g e s :
D a y s o f id le n e s s as a p e r c e n t o f e s tim a
Aggregate workdays lost
as a percent of the aggregate number of
standard workdays in the period multiplied
by total employment in the period.
te d w o r k in g tim e :
Notes on the data
Comparisons of major collective bargaining
settlements for State and local government
with those for private industry should note
differences in occupational mix, bargaining
practices, and settlement characteristics.
Professional and white-collar employees,
for example, make up a much larger propor
tion of the workers covered by government
than by private industry settlements. Lump
sum payments and cost-of-living adjustments
(cola ) clauses, on the other hand, are rare in
government but common in private indus
try settlements. Also, State and local govern
ment bargaining frequently excludes items
such as pension benefits and holidays, that
Notes on the data
This series is not comparable with the one
terminated in 1981 that covered strikes in
volving six workers or more.
Additional sources of information
Data for each calendar year are reported in a
press release issued in the first quarter of
the following year. Monthly and historical
data appear in the bls periodical, Compen
sation and Working Conditions. Historical
bls
data appear in the Handbook of Labor Sta
tistics, Bulletin 2340 (Bureau of Labor Sta
tistics, 1989).
Other compensation data
Other bls data on pay and benefits, not in
cluded in the Current Labor Statistics sec
tion of the Monthly Labor Review, appear in
and consist of the following:
Occupational Compensation Surveys. The
Bureau restructured its Area Wage Survey
program to provide the data needed under
the Federal Employees Comparability Act
of 1990 (5 U.S.C. 5304). Implementation
of this act requires surveying pay rates for
nonfederal employees in various localities
across the country.
In place of studies of 90 metropolitan
areas (32 areas on an annual basis and two
groups of 29 areas in alternate years), the
new program is covering approximately 85
publishable areas during the period of
September 1991 through May 1993.
Detailed information is provided on
salary levels and distributions for the types
of private industry and State and local
government jobs published in the survey.
Although the definitions of the jobs
surveyed reflect the duties and responsi
bilities in private industry and State and
local government, they are designed to
match specific pay grades of Federal whiteand blue-collar employees under the General
Schedule pay systems. Accordingly, this
survey provides the legally required
information for comparing the pay of
salaried employees in the Federal civil
service with pay in private industry.
Bulletins titled Occupational Compen
sation Survey: Pay and Benefits, or
Occupational Compensation Survey: Pay
Only are issued throughout the year as the
surveys are completed.
urban consumers for a fixed market basket
of goods and services. The c p i is calculated
monthly for two population groups, one con
sisting only of urban households whose pri
mary source of income is derived from the
employment of wage earners and clerical
workers, and the other consisting of all urban
households. The wage earner index (C p i -W ) is
a continuation of the historic index that was
introduced well over a half-century ago for
use in wage negotiations. As new uses were
developed for the c p i in recent years, the need
for a broader and more representative index
became apparent. The all-urban consumer
index ( C P i-U ), introduced in 1978, is represen
tative of the 1982-84 buying habits of about
80 percent of the noninstitutional population
of the United States at that time, compared
with 32 percent represented in the c p i - w . In
addition to wage earners and clerical work
ers, the c p i - u covers professional, manage
rial, and technical workers, the self-employed,
short-term workers, the unemployed, retirees,
and others not in the labor force.
The c p i is based on prices of food, cloth
ing, shelter, fuel, drugs, transportation fares,
doctors’ and dentists’ fees, and other goods
and services that people buy for day-to-day
living. The quantity and quality of these
items are kept essentially unchanged be
tween major revisions so that only price
changes will be measured. All taxes directly
associated with the purchase and use of
items are included in the index.
Data collected from more than 19,000
retail establishments and 57,000 housing
units in 85 urban areas across the country are
used to develop the “U.S. city average.”
Separate estimates for 15 major urban cen
ters are presented in table 32. The areas
listed are as indicated in footnote 1 to the
table. The area indexes measure only the
average change in prices for each area since
the base period, and do not indicate differ
ences in the level of prices among cities.
Notes on the data
Price Data
Consumer Price Indexes
In January 1983, the Bureau changed the way
in which homeownership costs are measured
for the c p i - u . A rental equivalence method
replaced the asset-price approach to
homeownership costs for that series. In Janu
ary 1985, the same change was made in the
c p i - w . The central purpose of the change was
to separate shelter costs from the investment
component of homeownership so that the
index would reflect only the cost of shelter
services provided by owner-occupied homes.
An updated c p i - u and c p i -w were introduced
with release of the January 1987 data.
Description of the series
Additional sources of information
The Consumer Price Index (C P I) is a meas
ure of the average change in the prices paid by
For a discussion of the general method for
computing the c p i , see
Handbook of
(Tables 2; 31-43)
data are gathered by the Bureau of
Labor Statistics from retail and primary
markets in the United States. Price indexes
are given in relation to a base period
(1982=100 for many Producer Price In
dexes or 1982-84=100 for many Consumer
Price Indexes, unless otherwise noted).
P rice
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b l s
Methods, Bulletin 2414 (Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1992). The recent change in the
measurement of homeownership costs is
discussed in Robert Gillingham and Walter
Lane, “Changing the treatment of shelter
costs for homeowners in the c p i , ” Monthly
Labor Review, July 1982, pp. 9-14. An
overview of the recently introduced revised
c p i , reflecting 1982-84 expenditure patterns,
is contained in The Consumer Price Index:
1987Revision, Report 736 (Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1987).
Additional detailed c p i data and regular
analyses of consumer price changes are pro
vided in the
Detailed Report, a monthly
publication of the Bureau. Historical data
for the overall c p i and for selected groupings
may be found in the Handbook of Labor
Statistics, Bulletin 2340 (Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1989).
c p i
Producer Price Indexes
Description of the series
Producer Price Indexes
( p p i ) measure av
erage changes in prices received by domes
tic producers of commodities in all stages of
processing. The sample used for calculating
these indexes currently contains about 3,100
commodities and about 75,000 quotations
per month, selected to represent the move
ment of prices of all commodities produced
in the manufacturing; agriculture, forestry,
and fishing; mining; and gas and electricity
and public utilities sectors. The stage-ofprocessing structure of Producer Price In
dexes organizes products by class of buyer
and degree of fabrication (that is, finished
goods, intermediate goods, and crude mate
rials). The traditional commodity structure
of p p i organizes products by similarity of end
use or material composition. The industry
and product structure of p p i organizes data in
accordance with the Standard Industrial
Classification (Sic) and the product code ex
tension of the sic developed by the U.S. Bu
reau of the Census.
To the extent possible, prices used in
calculating Producer Price Indexes apply to
the first significant commercial transaction
in the United States from the production or
central marketing point. Price data are gen
erally collected monthly, primarily by mail
questionnaire. Most prices are obtained di
rectly from producing companies on a vol
untary and confidential basis. Prices
generally are reported for the Tuesday of the
week containing the 13th day of the month.
Since January 1987, price changes for the
various commodities have been averaged
together with implicit quantity weights rep
resenting their importance in the total net
selling value of all commodities as of 1982.
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
73
Current Labor Statistics
The detailed data are aggregated to obtain
indexes for stage-of-processing groupings,
commodity groupings, durability-of-product groupings, and a number of special com
posite groups. All Producer Price Index data
are subject to revision 4 months after original
publication.
N o te s o n t h e d a t a
Beginning with the January 1986 issue, the
Review is no longer presenting tables of
Producer Price Indexes for commodity
groupings or special composite groups.
However, these data will continue to be
presented in the Bureau’s monthly publica
tion, Producer Price Indexes.
The Bureau has completed the first major
stage of its comprehensive overhaul of the
theory, methods, and procedures used to
construct the Producer Price Indexes.
Changes include the replacement of judge
ment sampling with probability sampling
techniques; expansion to systematic cover
age of the net output of virtually all indus
tries in the mining and manufacturing sec
tors; a shift from a commodity to an industry
orientation; the exclusion of imports from,
and the inclusion of exports in, the survey
universe; and the respecification of com
modities priced to conform to Bureau of the
Census definitions. These and other changes
have been phased in gradually since 1978.
The result is a system of indexes that is
easier to use in conjunction with data on
wages, productivity, and employment and
other series that are organized in terms of the
Standard Industrial Classification and the
census product class designations.
A d d it io n a l s o u rc e s o f in fo r m a t io n
For a discussion of the methodology for
computing Producer Price Indexes, see bls
Handbook of Methods, Bulletin 2414 (Bu
reau of Labor Statistics, 1992).
Additional detailed data and analyses of
price changes are provided monthly in
Producer Price Indexes. Selected historical
data may be found in the Handbook of Labor
Statistics, Bulletin 2340 (Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1989).
International Price Indexes
D e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e s e r ie s
The b l s International Price Program
produces quarterly export and import price
indexes for nonmilitary goods traded be
tween the United States and the rest of the
world. The export price index provides a
measure of price change for all products sold
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by U.S. residents to foreign buyers. (“Resi
dents” is defined as in the national income
accounts; it includes corporations, busi
nesses, and individuals, but does not require
the organizations to be U.S. owned nor the
individuals to have U.S. citizenship.) The
import price index provides a measure of
price change for goods purchased from other
countries by U.S. residents. With publica
tion of an all-import index in February 1983
and an all-export index in February 1984, all
U.S. merchandise imports and exports now
are represented in these indexes. The refer
ence period for the indexes is 1985=100,
unless otherwise indicated.
The product universe for both the import
and export indexes includes raw materials,
agricultural products, semifinished manu
factures, and finished manufactures, in
cluding both capital and consumer goods.
Price data for these items are collected
quarterly by mail questionnaire. In nearly
all cases, the data are collected directly from
the exporter or importer, although in a few
cases, prices are obtained from other
sources.
To the extent possible, the data gathered
refer to prices at the U.S. border for ex
ports and at either the foreign border or the
U.S. border for imports. For nearly all
products, the prices refer to transactions
completed during the first 2 weeks of the
third month of each calendar quarter—
March, June, September, and December.
Survey respondents are asked to indicate
all discounts, allowances, and rebates ap
plicable to the reported prices, so that the
price used in the calculation of the indexes
is the actual price for which the product
was bought or sold.
In addition to general indexes of prices for
U.S. exports and imports, indexes are also
published for detailed product categories of
exports and imports. These categories are
defined by the four- and five-digit level of
detail of the Standard International Trade
Classification System (S iT C ). The calcula
tion of indexes by s i t c category facilitates
the comparison of U.S. price trends and
sector production with similar data for other
countries. Detailed indexes are also com
puted and published on a Standard Industrial
Classification basis (sic-based), as well as
by end-use class.
N o te s o n t h e d a t a
The export and import price indexes are
weighted indexes of the Laspeyres type. Price
relatives are assigned equal importance
within each weight category and are then
aggregated to the s i t c level. The values
assigned to each weight category are based
on trade value figures compiled by the Bu
reau of the Census. The trade weights cur-
rently used to compute both indexes relate to
1985.
Because a price index depends on the
same items being priced being from period
to period, it is necessary to recognize when a
product’s specifications or terms of transac
tion have been modified. For this reason, the
Bureau’s quarterly questionnaire requests
detailed descriptions of the physical and
functional characteristics of the products be
ing priced, as well as information on the
number of units bought or sold, discounts,
credit terms, packaging, class of buyer or
seller, and so forth. When there are changes
in either the specifications or terms of trans
action of a product, the dollar value of each
change is deleted from the total price change
to obtain the “pure” change. Once this value
is determined, a linking procedure is em
ployed which allows for the continued re
pricing of the item.
For the export price indexes, the preferred
pricing basis is f.a.s. (free alongside ship)
U.S. port of exportation. When firms report
export prices f.o.b. (free on board), produc
tion point information is collected which
enables the Bureau to calculate a shipment
cost to the port of exportation. An attempt is
made to collect two prices for imports. The
first is the import price f.o.b. at the foreign
port of exportation, which is consistent with
the basis for valuation of imports in the na
tional accounts. The second is the import
price c.i.f. (cost, insurance, and freight) at
the U.S. port of importation, which also in
cludes the other costs associated with bring
ing the product to the U.S. border. It does
not, however, include duty charges. For a
given product, only one price basis series is
used in the construction of an index.
Beginning in 1988, the Bureau also has
been publishing a series of indexes which
represent the price of U.S. exports and im
ports in foreign currency terms.
A d d it io n a l s o u rc e s o f in fo r m a t io n
For a discussion of the general method com
puting International Price Indexes, see
Handbook of Methods, Bulletin 2414 (Bu
reau of Labor Statistics, 1992).
Additional detailed data and analyses of
international price developments are pre
sented in the Bureau’s quarterly publica
tion, U.S. Import and Export Price Indexes
and in occasional Monthly Labor Review
articles prepared by bls analysts. Selected
historical data may be found in the Hand
book of Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2340
(Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1989). For fur
ther information on the foreign currency
indexes, see “ bls publishes average ex
change rate and foreign currency price in
dexes,” Monthly Labor Review, December
1987, pp. 47-49.
b l s
Productivity Data
(Tables 2: 44-47)
Business sector and major sectors
Description of the series
The productivity measures relate real physi
cal output to real input. As such, they en
compass a family of measures which include
single-factor input measures, such as output
per unit of labor input (output per hour) or
output per unit of capital input, as well as
measures of multifactor productivity (out
put per unit of combined labor and capital
inputs). The Bureau indexes show the change
in output relative to changes in the various
inputs. The measures cover the business,
nonfarm business, manufacturing, and
nonfinancial corporate sectors.
Corresponding indexes of hourly com
pensation, unit labor costs, unit nonlabor
payments, and prices are also provided.
computed by subtracting compensation of all
persons from current-dollar value of output
and dividing by output. U n it n o n la b o r costs
contain all the components of unit nonlabor
payments except unit profits.
Unit profits include corporate profits with
inventory valuation and capital consump
tion adjustments per unit of output.
Hours of all persons are the total hours at
work of payroll workers, self-employed per
sons, and unpaid family workers.
Capital services is the flow of services
from the capital stock used in production. It
is developed from measures of the net stock
of physical assets—equipment, structures,
land, and inventories— weighted by rental
prices for each type of asset.
Combined units of labor and capital inputs
are derived by combining changes in labor
and capital input with weights which repre
sent each component’s share of total output.
The indexes for capital services and com
bined units of labor and capital are based on
changing weights which are averages of the
shares in the current and preceding year (the
Tomquist index-number formula).
Definitions
Notes on the data
(labor
productivity) is the value of goods and ser
vices in constant prices produced per hour of
labor input. O u t p u t p e r u n it o f c a p ita l s e r
v ic e s (capital productivity) is the value of
goods and services in constant dollars pro
duced per unit of capital services input.
M u l t i f a c t o r p r o d u c t i v it y is the value of
goods and services in constant prices pro
duced per combined unit of labor and capital
inputs. Changes in this measure reflect
changes in a number of factors which affect
the production process, such as changes in
technology, shifts in the composition of the
labor force, changes in capacity utilization,
research and development, skill and effort
of the work force, management, and so forth.
Changes in the output per hour measures
reflect the impact of these factors as well as
the substitution of capital for labor.
C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r is the wages and
salaries of employees plus employers’ con
tributions for social insurance and private
benefit plans, and the wages, salaries, and
supplementary payments for the self-em
ployed (except for nonfinancial corpora
tions in which there are no self-employed)—
the sum divided by hours at work. R e a l
c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r is compensation per
hour deflated by the change in Consumer
Price Index for All Urban Consumers.
U n it la b o r costs are the labor compensa
tion costs expended in the production of a unit
of output and are derived by dividing com
pensation by output. U n it n o n la b o r p a y
m e n ts include profits, depreciation, interest,
and indirect taxes per unit of output. They are
The output measure for the business sector
is equal to constant-dollar gross national
product, but excludes the rental value of
owner-occupied dwellings, the rest-of-world
sector, the output of nonprofit institutions,
the output of paid employees of private
households, general government, and the
statistical discrepancy. Output of the non
farm business sector is equal to business
sector output less farming. The measures are
derived from data supplied by the U.S. De
partment of Commerce’s Bureau of Eco
nomic Analysis and the Federal Reserve
Board. Quarterly manufacturing output in
dexes are adjusted by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics to annual estimates of manufactur
ing output (gross product originating) from
the Bureau of Economic Analysis. Compen
sation and hours data are developed from
data of the Bureau of Labor Statistics and
the Bureau of Economic Analysis.
The productivity and associated cost
measures in tables 44-47 describe the rela
tionship between output in real terms and the
labor time and capital services involved in
its production. They show the changes from
period to period in the amount of goods and
services produced per unit of input.
Although these measures relate output to
hours and capital services, they do not mea
sure the contributions of labor, capital, or any
other specific factor of production. Rather,
they reflect the joint effect of many influ
ences, including changes in technology;
capital investment; level of output; utiliza
tion of capacity, energy, and materials; the
organization of production; managerial skill;
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e rs o n s
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and the characteristics and efforts of the work
force.
Additional sources of information
Descriptions of methodology underlying the
measurement of output per hour and multi
factor productivity are found in the
Handbook of Methods, Bulletin 2414 (Bu
reau of Labor Statistics, 1992). Historical
data are provided in Handbook of Labor
Statistics, Bulletin 2340 (Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1989).
b l s
Industry productivity m easures
Description of the series
The bls industry productivity data supple
ment the measures for the business economy
and major sectors with annual measures of
labor productivity for selected industries at
the three- and four-digit levels of the Stan
dard Industrial Classification system. The
industry measures differ in methodology
and data sources from the productivity mea
sures for the major sectors because the in
dustry measures are developed independently
of the National Income and Product Ac
counts framework used for the major sector
measures.
Definitions
Output per employee hour is derived by di
viding an index of industry output by an index
of aggregate hours of all employees. Output
indexes are based on quantifiable units of
products or services, or both, combined with
fixed-period weights. Whenever possible,
physical quantities are used as the unit of
measurement for output. If quantity data are
not available for a given industry, data on the
constant-dollar value of production are used.
The labor input series consist of the hours
of all employees (production and nonpro
duction workers), the hours of all persons
(paid employees, partners, proprietors, and
unpaid family workers), or the number of
employees, depending upon the industry.
Notes on the data
The industry measures are compiled from
data produced by the Bureau of Labor Sta
tistics, the Departments of Commerce, Inte
rior, and Agriculture, the Federal Reserve
Board, regulatory agences, trade associa
tions, and other sources.
For most industries, the productivity in
dexes refer to the output per hour of all
employees. For some transportation indus
tries, only indexes of output per employee are
prepared. For some trade and service indus
tries, indexes of output per hour of all persons
(including self-employed) are constructed.
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
75
Current Labor Statistics
A d d it io n a l s o u rc e s o f in f o r m a t io n
For a listing of available industry productiv
ity indexes and their components, see Pro
ductivity Measures for Selected Industries
and Government Services, Bulletin 2421
(Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1993). For addi
tional information about the methodology for
computing the industry productivity meas
ures, see the
Handbook of Methods, Bul
letin 2414 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1992).
b l s
International Comparisons
(Tables 48-50)
Labor force and unemployment
D e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e s e r ie s
Tables 48 and 49 present comparative mea
sures of the labor force, employment, and
unemployment— approximating U.S. con
cepts— for the United States, Canada, Aus
tralia, Japan, and several European countries.
The unemployment statistics (and, to a lesser
extent, employment statistics) published by
other industrial countries are not, in most
cases, comparable to U.S. unemployment
statistics. Therefore, the Bureau adjusts the
figures for selected countries, where neces
sary, for all known major definitional differ
ences. Although precise comparability may
not be achieved, these adjusted figures pro
vide a better basis for international compari
sons than the figures regularly published by
each country.
D e fin it iio n s
For the principal U.S. definitions of the
labor force, employment, and unemploy
ment, see the Notes section on Employ
ment and Unemployment Data: Household
Survey Data.
Japanese layoff practices are quite different
in nature from those in the United States;
therefore, strict application of the U.S. defi
nition has not been made on this point. For
further information, see Monthly Labor Re
view, December 1981, pp. 8-11.
The figures for one or more recent years
for France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands,
and the United Kingdom are calculated us
ing adjustment factors based on labor force
surveys for earlier years and are considered
preliminary. The recent-year measures for
these countries are, therefore, subject to
revision whenever data from more current
labor force surveys become available.
There are breaks in the data series for
Germany (1983), Italy (1986), the Nether
lands (1983), and Sweden (1987). For both
Germany and the Netherlands, the breaks
reflect the replacement of labor force survey
results tabulated by the national statistical
offices with those tabulated by the European
Community Statistical Office (E u r o s t a t ). The
Dutch figures for 1983 onward also reflect
the replacement of man-year employment
data with data from the Dutch Survey of
Employed Persons. The impact of the changes
was to lower the adjusted unemployment rate
by 0.3 percentage point for Germany and by
about 2 percentage points for the Netherlands.
For Italy, the break in series reflects more
accurate enumeration of time of last job
search. This resulted in a significant increase
in the number of people reported as seeking
work in the last 30 days. The impact was to
increase the Italian unemployment rates ap
proximating U.S. concepts by about 1 percent
age point.
Sweden introduced a new questionnaire.
Questions regarding current availability were
added and the period of active work-seeking
was reduced from 60 days to 4 weeks. These
changes result in lowering Sweden’s unem
ployment rate by 0.5 percentage point.
A d d it io n a l s o u rc e s o f in fo r m a t io n
N o te s o n t h e d a t a
The adjusted statistics have been adapted to
the age at which compulsory schooling ends
in each country, rather than to the U.S. stan
dard of 16 years of age and older. Therefore,
the adjusted statistics relate to the population
age 16 and older in France, Sweden, and from
1973 onward, the United Kingdom; 15 and
older in Canada, Australia, Japan, Germany,
the Netherlands, and prior to 1973, the United
Kingdom; and 14 and older in Italy. The
institutional population is included in the
denominator of the labor force participation
rates and employment-population ratios for
Japan and Germany; it is excluded for the
United States and the other countries.
In the U.S. labor force survey, persons on
layoff who are awaiting recall to their jobs
are classified as unemployed. European and
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June 1993
For further information, see International
Comparisons of Unemployment, Bulletin
1979 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1978),
Appendix B, and Supplements to Appendix
B. The statistics are also analyzed periodi
cally in the Monthly Labor Review. Addi
tional historical data, generally beginning
with 1959, are published in the Handbook of
Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2340 (Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1989) and are available in
statistical supplements to Bulletin 1979.
Manufacturing productivity
and labor costs
D e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e s e r ie s
Table 50 presents comparative measures of
manufacturing labor productivity, hourly
compensation costs, and unit labor costs for
the United States, Canada, Japan, and nine
European countries. These measures are
limited to trend comparisons—that is, inter
country series of changes over time—rather
than level comparisons because reliable in
ternational comparisons of the levels of
manufacturing output are unavailable.
D é b ilit io n s
Output is constant (value added), generally
taken from the national accounts of each
country. While the national accounting
methods for measuring real output differ
considerably among the 12 countries, the
use of different procedures does not, in it
self, connote lack of comparability—rather,
it reflects differences among countries in
the availability and reliability of underlying
data series.
Hours refer to all employed persons in
cluding the self-employed in the United
States and Canada; to all wage and salary
employees in the other countries. The U.S.
hours measure is hours paid; the hours mea
sures for the other countries are hours worked.
Compensation (labor cost) includes all
payments in cash or kind made directly to
employees plus employer expenditures for
legally required insurance programs and
contractual and private benefit plans. In ad
dition, for some countries, compensation is
adjusted for other significant taxes on pay
rolls or employment (or reduced to reflect
subsidies), even if they are not for the direct
benefit of workers, because such taxes are
regarded as labor costs. However, compen
sation does not include all items of labor
cost. The costs of recruitment, employee
training, and plant facilities and services—
such as cafeterias and medical clinics—are
not covered because data are not available
for most countries. Self-employed workers
are included in the U.S. and Canadian com
pensation figures by assuming that their
hourly compensation is equal to the average
for wage and salary employees.
N o te s o n t h e d a t a
For most of the countries, the measures refer
to total manufacturing as defined by the
International Standard Industrial Classifica
tion. However, the measures for France (be
ginning 1959), Italy (beginning 1970), and
the United Kingdom (beginning 1971), refer
to manufacturing and mining less energyrelated products and the figures for the Neth
erlands exclude petroleum refining from
1969 to 1976. For all countries, manufactur
ing includes the activities of government
enterprises.
The figures for one or more recent years
are generally based on current indicators of
manufacturing output, employment, hours,
and hourly compensation and are consid
ered preliminary until the national accounts
and other statistics used for the long-term
measures becomes available.
Additional sources of information
For additional information, see
Hand
book of Methods, Bulletin 2414 (Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1992), and periodic Monthly
Labor Review articles. Historical data are
provided in the Handbook of Labor Statis
tics, Bulletin 2340 (Bureau of Labor Statis
tics, 1989). The statistics are issued twice
per year—in a news release (generally in
June) and in a Monthly Labor Review
article.
b l s
Occupational Injury
and Illness Data
(Table 51)
Description of the series
The Annual Survey of Occupational Inju
ries and Illnesses is designed to collect data
on injuries and illnesses based on records
which employers in the following indus
tries maintain under the Occupational Safety
and Health Act of 1970: agriculture, for
estry, and fishing; oil and gas extraction;
construction; manufacturing; transportation
and public ulitities; wholesale and retail
trade; finance, insurance, and real estate;
and services. Excluded from the survey are
self-employed individuals, farmers with
fewer than 11 employees, employers regu
lated by other Federal safety and health
laws, and Federal, State, and local govern
ment agencies.
Because the survey is a Federal-State
cooperative program and the data must meet
the needs of participating State agencies, an
independent sample is selected for each State.
The sample is selected to represent all pri
vate industries in the States and territories.
The sample size for the survey is dependent
upon (1) the characteristics for which esti
mates are needed; (2) the industries for which
estimates are desired; (3) the characteristics
of the population being sampled; (4) the
target reliability of the estimates; and (5) the
survey design employed.
While there are many characteristics upon
which the sample design could be based, the
total recorded case incidence rate is used
because it is one of the most important
characteristics and the least variable; there
fore, it requires the smallest sample size.
The survey is based on stratified random
sampling with a Neyman allocation and a
ratio estimator. The characteristics used to
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
stratify the establishments are the Standard
Industrial Classification (Sic) code and size
of employment.
Definitions
R e c o rd a b le o c c u p a tio n a l in ju r ie s a n d i l l
nesses a re : (1) occupational deaths, regard
less of the time between injury and death, or
the length of the illness; or (2) nonfatal
occupational illnesses; or (3) nonfatal occu
pational injuries which involve one or more
of the following: loss of consciousness, re
striction of work or motion, transfer to anoth
er job, or medical treatment (other than
first aid).
O c c u p a tio n a l i n j u r y is any injury, such
as a cut, fracture, sprain, amputation, and so
forth, which results from a work accident or
from exposure involving a single incident in
the work environment.
O c c u p a t io n a l illn e s s is an abnormal
condition or disorder, other than one result
ing from an occupational injury, caused by
exposure to environmental factors associ
ated with employment. It includes acute and
chronic illnesses or disease which may be
caused by inhalation, absorption, ingestion,
or direct contact.
L o s t w o r k d a y cases are cases which in
volve days away from work, or days of
restricted work activity, or both.
L o s t w o r k d a y cases in v o lv in g r e s tr ic te d
are those cases which result in
restricted work activity only.
L o s t w o r k d a y s a w a y f r o m w o r k are the
number of workdays (consecutive or not) on
which the employee would have worked but
could not because of occupational injury or
illness.
w o r k a c t iv it y
L o s t w o r k d a y s — r e s tr ic te d w o r k a c t iv
are the number of workdays (consecutive
or not) on which, because of injury or ill
ness: (1) the employee was assigned to an
other job on a temporary basis; or (2) the
employee worked at a permanent job less
than full time; or (3) the employee worked at
a permanently assigned job but could not
perform all duties normally connected with
it.
ity
T h e n u m b e r o f days a w a y fro m w o rk
does
not include the day of injury or onset of
illness or any days on which the employee
would not have worked even though able to
work.
In c id e n c e ra te s represent the number of
injuries and/or illnesses or lost workdays per
100 full-time workers.
o r d a y s o f r e s tr ic te d w o r k a c t iv it y
Notes on the data
Estimates are made for industries and em
ployment-size classes and for severity clas
sification: fatalities, lost workday cases, and
nonfatal cases without lost workdays. Lost
workday cases are separated into those where
the employee would have worked but could
not and those in which work activity was
restricted. Estimates of the number of cases
and the number of days lost are made for
both categories.
Most of the estimates are in the form of
incidence rates, defined as the number of
injuries and illnesses, or lost workdays per
100 full-time employees. For this purpose,
200,000 employee hours represent 100 em
ployee years (2,000 hours per employee). A
few of the available measures are included
in the Handbook of Labor Statistics. Full
detail is presented in the annual bulletin,
Occupational Injuries and Illnesses in the
United States, by Industry.
Comparable data for individual States are
available from the bls Office of Safety,
Health, and Working Conditions.
Mining and railroad data are furnished to
bls by the Mine Safety and Health Adminstration and the Federal Railroad Adminis
tration, respectively, Data from these
organizations are included in bls and State
publications. Federal employees experience
is compiled and published by the Occupa
tional Safety and Health Administration.
Data on State and local government employ
ees are collected by about half of the States
and territories; these data are not compiled
nationally.
Additional sources of information
The Supplementary Data System provides
detailed information describing various
factors associated with work-related injuries
and illnesses. These data are obtained from
information reported by employers to State
workers’ compensation agencies. The Work
Injury Report program examines selected
types of accidents through an employee
survey which focuses on the circumstances
surrounding the injury. These data are
not included in the Handbook of Labor
Statis-tics but are available from the bls
Office of Safety, Health, and Working
Conditions.
The definitions of occupational injuries
and illnesses and lost workdays are from
Recordkeeping Requirements under the
Occupational Safety and Health Act of
1970. For additional data, see Occupational
Injuries and Illnesses in the United States,
by Industry, annual Bureau of Labor Statis
tics bulletin;
Handbook of Methods,
b l s
Bulletin 2414 (Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1992); Handbook of Labor Statistics Bulle
tin 2340 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1989),
pp. 411-14; annual reports in the Monthly
Labor Review, and annual U.S. Department
of Labor press releases.
□
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
77
Current Labor Statistics:
Comparative Indicators
1. Labor market indicators
1991
1993
1992
1991
Selected indicators
1992
II
IV
III
I
I
IV
III
II
E m p lo y m e n t d a ta
Employment status of the civilian noninstitutionalized population
(household survey):1
Labor force participation ra te ........................................................
Employment-population ra tio .........................................................
Unemployment ra te .............................................................
M e n ...............................................................................
16 to 24 years ..........................................................................
25 years and o v e r....................................................................
Women ........................................................................................
16 to 24 years ..........................................................................
25 years and o v e r....................................................................
Unemployment rate, 15 weeks and o ver....................................
66.0
61.6
6.7
7.0
14.3
5.7
6.3
12.4
5.1
1.9
66.3
61.4
7.4
7.8
15.3
6.4
6.9
13.0
5.7
2.6
66.2
61.7
6.7
7.1
14.4
5.7
6.3
12.2
5.1
1.8
65.9
61.5
6.7
7.2
14.7
5.7
6.2
12.3
5.0
1.9
66.0
61.4
7.0
7.2
14.7
5.9
6.7
13.2
5.3
2.2
66.1
61.3
7.3
7.7
15.4
6.3
6.7
12.4
5.6
2.5
66.4
61.4
7.5
7.9
15.6
6.5
6.9
13.0
5.7
2.6
66.4
61.4
7.5
7.9
15.3
6.5
7.1
13.4
5.8
2.8
66.2
61.4
7.3
7.6
14.7
6.3
6.9
12.9
5.8
2.8
66.0
61.4
7.0
7.3
14.5
5.9
6.7
13.1
5.4
2.5
Total .................................................................................................
Private se cto r...............................................................................
Goods-producing............................................................................
Manufacturing..............................................................................
Service-producing ..........................................................................
108,310
89,930
23,830
18,455
84,480
108,437
89,858
23,420
18,190
85,017
108,223
89,846
23,844
18,445
84,379
108,250
89,868
23,779
18,427
84,471
108,193
89,765
23,634
18,359
84,559
108,147
89,672
23,528
18,284
84,619
108,432
89,890
23,516
18,263
84,916
108,525
89,879
23,372
18,163
85,153
108,656
89,992
23,271
18,059
85,385
109,087
90,402
23,311
18,097
85,776
Average hours:
Private sector ................................................................................
Manufacturing ...........................................................................
Overtime..................................................................................
34.3
40.7
3.6
34.4
41.0
3.8
34.3
40.5
3.5
34.3
40.8
3.7
34.4
40.9
3.7
34.5
41.0
3.7
34.4
41.1
4.0
34.4
41.0
3.7
34.5
41.2
3.9
34.4
41.4
4.0
Percent change in the ECI, compensation:
All workers (excluding farm, household, and Federal workers) ......
Private industry workers ...............................................................
Goods-producing2 .....................................................................
Service-producing2 ...................................................................
State and local government workers...........................................
4.3
4.4
4.6
4.3
3.6
3.5
3.5
3.8
3.2
3.7
1.0
1.2
1.2
1.2
.2
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.7
.6
.6
.8
.5
.4
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.1
.7
.6
.7
.7
.7
.4
1.1
.8
.9
.7
1.9
.6
.7
.7
.7
.6
1.2
1.3
1.6
1.0
.6
Workers by bargaining status (private industry):
Union.............................................................................................
Nonunion ......................................................................................
4.6
4.3
4.3
3.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.0
.9
.6
1.8
1.1
.8
.6
1.1
.8
.6
.7
1.6
1.1
Employment, nonfarm (payroll data), in thousands:1
E m p lo y m e n t C o s t Index
1 Quarterly data seasonally adjusted.
2 Goods-producing industries include mining, construction, and manufacturing. Service-producing industries include all other private sector industries.
Digitized for
7 8FRASER
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June 1993
2.
Annual and quarterly percent changes in compensation, prices, and productivity
1991
1993
1992
1991
Selected measures
1992
II
III
IV
I
II
III
IV
I
Compensation data: 1, 2
Employment Cost Index-compensation (wages, salaries,
benefits):
Civilian nonfarm ...................................................................
Private nonfarm..................................................................
Employment Cost Index-wages and salaries
Civilian nonfarm ...................................................................
Private nonfarm ..................................................................
4.3
4.4
3.5
3.5
1.0
1.2
1.2
1.1
0.6
.6
1.2
1.3
0.6
.7
1.1
.8
0.6
.7
1.2
1.3
3.6
3.7
2.7
2.6
.8
1.0
1.0
.8
.5
.6
.8
.8
.5
.6
.8
.5
.5
.6
.8
.9
Consumer Price Index (All urban consumers): All item s......
3.1
2.9
.7
.9
.5
1.0
.6
.8
.4
1.2
Producer Price Index:
Finished goods.....................................................................
Finished consumer goods...................................................
Capital equipment ...............................................................
Intermediate materials, supplies, components ....................
Crude materials....................................................................
-.1
-.9
2.5
-2.6
-11.6
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.0
3.3
.8
.9
.2
.1
-1.4
-.4
-.4
-.2
.3
-1.8
.4
.1
1.4
-.8
-.3
.2
.1
.7
-.1
.2
1.4
1.8
.0
1.6
4.3
-.5
-.3
-.6
.3
.3
.4
.0
1.6
-.9
-1.5
.6
.7
.5
1.0
1.7
.3
.5
1.8
2.9
2.7
3.3
1.6
1.7
2.1
1.9
1.9
2.1
3.3
2.5
4.2
3.9
3.7
2.3
1.0
1.7
2.5
3.3
2.9
5.1
4.3
4.1
5.7
.1
-.1
Price data:1
Productivity data:3
Output per hour of all persons:
Business sector..................................................................
Nonfarm business sector ...................................................
Nonfinancial corporations 4 ................................................
1 Annual changes are December-to-December change. Quarterly changes
are calculated using the last month of each quarter. Compensation and price
data are not seasonally adjusted and the price data are not compounded.
2 Excludes Federal and private household workers.
3 Annual rates of change are computed by comparing annual averages.
3.
Quarterly percent changes reflect annual rates of change in quarterly in
dexes. The data are seasonally adjusted.
4 Output per hour of all employees.
- Data not available.
Alternative measures of wage and compensation changes
Quarterly average
Components
1991
IV
Average hourly compensation:1
All persons, business sector.........................................
All persons, nonfarm business sector..........................
Four quarters ended-
1992
I
II
III
IV
1993
1991
I
IV
1993
1992
I
II
IV
III
I
3.5
3.1
4.0
3.8
1.9
2.4
4.5
4.2
4.5
4.5
3.8
3.3
4.1
4.2
4.2
4.1
3.3
3.3
3.5
3.4
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.6
Employment Cost Index-compensation:
Civilian nonfarm 2 .................................................
Private nonfarm ..........................................
Union ................................................
Nonunion.................................................
State and local governments..................................................
.6
.6
.9
.6
.4
1.2
1.3
1.8
1.1
.7
.6
.7
.8
.6
.4
1.1
.8
1.1
.8
1.9
.6
.7
.6
.7
.6
1.2
1.3
1.6
1.1
.6
4.3
4.4
4.6
4.3
3.6
4.0
4.2
5.2
4.0
3.0
3.6
3.7
4.8
3.4
3.3
3.5
3.4
4.6
3.1
3.5
3.5
3.5
4.3
3.2
3.7
3.5
3.5
4.2
3.3
3.6
Employment Cost Index-wages and salaries:
Civilian nonfarm2 .........................................
Private nonfarm ..............................................
U nion...............................................
Nonunion.......................................................
State and local governments..........................................................
.5
.6
.8
.5
.4
.8
.8
.8
.8
.5
.5
.6
.9
.5
.4
.8
.5
.8
.5
1.5
.5
.6
.5
.6
.6
.8
.9
.7
.9
.5
3.6
3.7
3.6
3.7
3.5
3.2
3.4
3.4
3.3
2.9
2.9
3.0
3.5
2.9
3.0
2.7
2.7
3.4
2.5
2.7
2.7
2.6
3.1
2.5
3.0
2.7
2.7
3.0
2.6
3.0
Total effective wage adjustments3 ........................................................
From current settlements...................................................................
From prior settlements .......................................................
From cost-of-living provision.......................................................
.7
.3
.3
.1
.6
.1
.4
.1
1.0
.2
.7
.1
1.0
.3
.6
.1
.4
.2
.2
.1
.5
.1
.3
.1
3.6
1.1
1.9
.5
3.5
1.1
2.0
.4
3.4
.9
2.0
.4
3.2
.9
1.9
.4
3.1
.8
1.9
.4
2.9
.8
1.8
.4
Negotiated wage adjustments from settlements:3
First-year adjustments ..........................................................................
Annual rate over life of contract..........................................................
3.7
3.2
3.1
3.1
2.8
3.0
2.9
3.1
1.8
2.6
2.8
3.1
3.6
3.2
3.5
3.2
3.2
3.1
3.1
3.1
2.7
3.0
2.7
3.0
Negotiated wage and benefit adjustments from settlements:4
First-year adjustment............................................................................
Annual rate over life of contract...........................................................
3.6
2.9
2.7
3.5
3.6
3.6
3.3
3.0
1.4
2.7
3.1
3.1
4.1
3.4
4.0
3.4
3.6
3.2
3.5
3.2
3.0
3.1
3.0
3.1
Seasonally adjusted.
Excludes Federal and household workers.
Limited to major collective bargaining units of 1,000 workers or more. The
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
most recent data are preliminary.
4 Limited to major collective bargaining units of 5,000 workers or more. The
most recent data are preliminary.
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
79
Current Labor Statistics:
4.
Employment Data
Employment status of the population, by sex, age, race and Hispanic origin, monthly data seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
Annual average
1993
1992
Employment status
1991
1992
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
189,765
125,303
66.0
116,877
191,576
126,982
66.3
117,598
191,168
126,743
66.3
117,518
191,307
127,039
66.4
117,580
191,455
127,298
66.5
117,510
191,622
127,350
66.5
117,722
191,790
127,404
66.4
117,780
191,947
127,274
66.3
117,724
192,131
127,066
66.1
117,687
192,316
127,365
66.2
118,064
192,509
127,591
66.3
118,311
192,644
127,083
66.0
118,071
192,786
127,327
66.0
118,451
192,959
127,429
66.0
118,565
193,126
127,341
65.9
118,416
61.6
8,426
6.7
64,462
61.4
9,384
7.4
64,593
61.5
9,225
7.3
64,425
61.5
9,459
7.4
64,268
61.4
9,788
7.7
64,157
61.4
9,628
7.6
64,272
61.4
9,624
7.6
64,386
61.3
9,550
7.5
64,673
61.3
9,379
7.4
65,065
61.4
9,301
7.3
64,951
61.5
9,280
7.3
64,918
61.3
9,013
7.1
65,561
61.4
8,876
7.0
65,459
61.4
8,864
7.0
65,530
61.3
8,925
7.0
65,785
83,806
64,822
77.3
60,714
84,891
65,638
77.3
61,019
84,671
65,572
77.4
61,033
84,755
65,844
77.7
61,087
84,842
65,813
77.6
61,027
84,944
65,782
77.4
61,070
85,010
65,857
77.5
61,104
85,075
65,805
77.3
61,125
85,159
65,811
77.3
61,088
85,259
65,740
77.1
61,206
85,369
65,785
77.1
61,326
85,445
65,624
76.8
61,423
85,554
65,734
76.8
61,479
85,664
65,901
76.9
61,466
85,731
65,819
76.8
61,579
72.4
2,358
58,356
4,109
6.3
71.9
2,355
58,664
4,619
7.0
72.1
2,351
58,682
4,539
6.9
72.1
2,366
58,721
4,757
7.2
71.9
2,366
58,661
4,786
7.3
71.9
2,359
58,711
4,712
7.2
71.9
2,363
58,741
4,753
7.2
71.8
2,382
58,743
4,680
7.1
71.7
2,378
58,710
4,723
7.2
71.8
2,326
58,880
4,534
6.9
71.8
2,371
58,955
4,459
6.8
71.9
2,340
59,083
4,201
6.4
71.9
2,299
59,180
4,255
6.5
71.8
2,248
59,218
4,435
6.7
71.8
2,273
59,305
4,240
6.4
92,584
53,563
57.9
50,535
93,524
54,594
58.4
51,181
93,320
54,534
58.4
51,136
93,416
54,468
58.3
51,104
93,479
54,682
58.5
51,233
93,562
54,834
58.6
51,307
93,635
54,773
58.5
51,247
93,703
54,611
58.3
51,141
93,771
54,578
58.2
51,182
93,849
54,832
58.4
51,435
93,960
55,010
58.5
51,494
94,007
54,733
58.2
51,246
94,088
54,742
58.2
51,466
94,148
54,779
58.2
51,668
94,214
54,704
58.1
51,433
54.6
642
49,893
3,028
5.7
54.7
627
50,553
3,413
6.3
54.8
648
50,488
3,398
6.2
54.7
619
50,485
3,364
6.2
54.8
665
50,568
3,449
6.3
54.8
617
50,690
3,527
6.4
54.7
619
50,628
3,526
6.4
54.6
594
50,547
3,470
6.4
54.6
584
50,598
3,396
6.2
54.8
616
50,819
3,397
6.2
54.8
613
50,881
3,516
6.4
54.5
608
50,638
3,486
6.4
54.7
551
50,915
3,276
6.0
54.9
618
51,050
3,111
5.7
54.6
576
50,856
3,271
6.0
13,376
6,918
51.7
5,628
13,161
6,751
51.3
5,398
13,177
6,637
50.4
5,349
13,136
6,727
51.2
5,389
13,134
6,803
51.8
5,250
13,116
6,734
51.3
5,345
13,145
6,774
51.5
5,429
13,169
6,858
52.1
5,458
13,200
6,677
50.6
5,417
13,208
6,793
51.4
5,423
13,181
6,796
51.6
5,491
13,191
6,726
51.0
5,401
13,143
6,851
52.1
5,506
13,147
6,749
51.3
5,431
13,181
6,819
51.7
5,405
42.1
233
5,395
1,290
18.6
41.0
225
5,174
1,352
20.0
40.6
207
5,142
1,288
19.4
41.0
201
5,188
1,338
19.9
40.0
213
5,037
1,553
22.8
40.8
231
5,114
1,389
20.6
41.3
236
5,193
1,345
19.9
41.4
245
5,213
1,400
20.4
41.0
207
5,210
1,260
18.9
41.1
267
5,156
1,370
20.2
41.7
278
5,213
1,305
19.2
40.9
243
5,158
1,325
19.7
41.9
266
5,240
1,345
19.6
41.3
216
5,215
1,318
19.5
41.0
211
5,194
1,414
20.7
161,511
107,486
66.6
101,039
162,658
108,526
66.7
101,479
162,398
108,412
66.8
101,479
162,483
108,551
66.8
101,530
162,575
108,671
66.8
101,307
162,682
108,783
66.9
101,558
162,791
108,707
66.8
101,524
162,891
108,606
66.7
101,412
163,013
108,483
66.5
101,458
163,132
108,723
66.6
101,816
163,259
108,946
66.7
102,043
163,343
108,729
66.6
101,987
163,429
108,754
66.5
102,109
163,543
108,998
66.6
102,339
163,649
108,589
66.4
102,035
62.6
6,447
6.0
62.4
7,047
6.5
62.5
6,933
6.4
62.5
7,021
6.5
62.3
7,364
6.8
62.4
7,225
6.6
62.4
7,183
6.6
62.3
7,194
6.6
62.2
7,025
6.5
62.4
6,907
6.4
62.5
6,903
6.3
62.4
6,742
6.2
62.5
6,645
6.1
62.6
6,659
6.1
62.3
6,554
6.0
21,615
13,542
62.6
11,863
21,958
13,891
63.3
11,933
21,882
13,756
62.9
11,857
21,909
13,869
63.3
11,858
21,937
14,001
63.8
11,971
21,966
13,995
63.7
11,979
21,997
14,106
64.1
12,098
22,027
13,981
63.5
12,033
22,061
13,948
63.2
11,984
22,096
13,894
62.9
11,948
22,131
13,935
63.0
11,960
22,157
13,822
62.4
11,853
22,184
14,018
63.2
12,186
22,217
13,834
62.3
11,962
22,249
13,872
62.4
11,959
54.9
1,679
12.4
54.3
1,958
14.1
54.2
1,899
13.8
54.1
2,011
14.5
54.6
2,030
14.5
54.5
2,016
14.4
55.0
2,008
14.2
54.6
1,948
13.9
54.3
1,964
14.1
54.1
1,946
14.0
54.0
1,975
14.2
53.5
1,969
14.2
54.9
1,832
13.1
53.8
1,871
13.5
53.7
1,913
13.8
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional
population'....................................
Civilian labor fo rce .......................
Participation rate ..................
Employed ...................................
Employment-population
ratio2 ....................................
Unemployed...............................
Unemployment ra te ..............
Not in labor fo rc e ........................
M en, 20 y e a rs an d o v e r
Civilian noninstitutional
population1....................................
Civilian labor fo rce.......................
Participation rate ..................
Employed ...................................
Employment-population
ratio2 ....................................
Agriculture...............................
Nonagricultural industries.......
Unemployed...............................
Unemployment ra te ..............
W o m e n , 20 y e a rs ond o v e r
Civilian noninstitutional
population'....................................
Civilian labor force.......................
Participation rate ..................
Employed...................................
Employment-population
ratio2 ....................................
Agriculture...............................
Nonagricultural industries.......
Unemployed...............................
Unemployment ra te ..............
B o th s e x e s , 16 to 19 ye a rs
Civilian noninstitutional
population'....................................
Civilian labor fo rce .......................
Participation rate ..................
Employed...................................
Employment-population
ratio2 ....................................
Agriculture..............................
Nonagricultural industries.......
Unemployed...............................
Unemployment ra te ..............
W h ite
Civilian noninstitutional
population'....................................
Civilian labor fo rce.......................
Participation rate ..................
Employed...................................
Employment-population
ratio2 ....................................
Unemployed...............................
Unemployment ra te ..............
Black
Civilian noninstitutional
population'....................................
Civilian labor fo rce .......................
Participation rate ..................
Employed...................................
Employment-population
ratio2 ....................................
Unemployed...............................
Unemployment ra te ..............
See footnotes at end of table
0
Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June 1993
4.
Continued— Employment status of the population, by sex, age, race and Hispanic origin, monthly data seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
Annual average
1992
Employment status
1993
1991
1992
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
14,770
9,762
66.1
8,799
15,244
10,131
66.5
8,971
15,145
10,032
66.2
8,987
15,184
10,092
66.5
8,951
15,224
10,126
66.5
8,927
15,263
10,150
66.5
8,955
15,303
10,116
66.1
8,969
15,342
10,213
66.6
9,028
15,382
10,210
66.4
9,011
15,421
10,211
66.2
8,990
15,461
10,351
66.9
9,145
15,500
10,225
66.0
9,043
15,540
10,280
66.1
9,108
15,585
10,343
66.4
9,166
15,635
10,210
65.3
9,148
59.6
963
9.9
58.9
1,160
11.4
59.3
1,045
10.4
59.0
1,141
11.3
58.6
1,199
11.8
58.7
1,195
11.8
58.6
1,147
11.3
58.8
1,185
11.6
58.6
1,199
11.7
58.3
1,221
12.0
59.1
1,206
11.7
58.3
1,182
11.6
58.6
1,171
11.4
58.8
1,177
11.4
58.5
1,062
10.4
Hispanic origin
Civilian noninstitutional
population1 ................................
Civilian labor force.......................
Participation rate ..................
Employed ......................
Employment-population
ratio2 ..................................
Unemployed...................
Unemployment ra te ..............
The population figures are not seasonally adjusted.
Civilian employment as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population.
NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals
5.
because data for the “ other races” groups are not presented and Hispanics are included
in both the white and black population groups.
Selected employment indicators, monthly data seasonally adjusted
(In thousands)
Annual average
1993
1992
Selected categories
1991
1992
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
C H A R A C T E R IS T IC
Employed, 16 years and o ver......
M en..........................................
W om en....................................
Married men, spouse present ..
Married women, spouse
present...................................
Women who maintain families .
116,877
63,593
53,284
40,423
117,598
63,805
53,793
40,303
117,518
63,777
53,741
40,317
117,580
63,830
53,750
40,408
117,510
63,751
53,759
40,345
117,722
63,830
53,892
40,252
117,780
63,901
53,879
40,318
117,724
63,976
53,748
40,292
117,687
63,924
53,763
40,324
118,064
64,043
54,021
40,487
118,311
64,194
54,117
40,639
118,071
64,186
53,885
40,607
118,451
64,338
54,114
40,903
118,565
64,332
54,233
40,902
118,416
64,356
54,060
41,002
29,773
6,457
30,136
6,582
30,052
6,549
30,160
6,565
30,303
6,579
30,269
6,565
30,212
6,641
30,108
6,639
30,030
6,626
30,244
6,585
30,403
6,548
30,298
6,555
30,515
6,615
30,669
6,792
30,171
6,942
1,673
1,442
118
1,696
1,398
113
1,747
1,366
100
1,682
1,400
101
1,701
1,396
128
1,712
1,392
111
1,698
1,417
103
1,694
1,397
108
1,656
1,405
118
1,685
1,370
163
1,735
1,397
106
1,661
1,404
145
1,614
1,363
136
1,568
1,377
130
1,632
1,324
105
104,520
17,901
86,619
994
85,625
8,899
225
105,540
18,086
87,454
1,116
86,338
8,619
232
105,494
17,699
87,795
1,102
86,693
8,491
247
105,634
17,934
87,700
1,085
86,615
8,586
245
105,365
18,184
87,181
1,139
86,042
8,595
253
105,619
18,275
87,344
1,232
86,112
8,663
250
105,697
18,378
87,319
1,116
86,203
8,642
242
105,643
18,505
87,138
1,158
85,980
8,662
217
105,863
18,371
87,492
1,102
86,390
8,558
189
105,913
18,216
87,697
1,109
86,588
8,700
220
105,978
18,065
87,913
1,091
86,822
8,668
221
105,883
18,481
87,402
1,061
86,341
8,793
250
106,163
18,507
87,655
1,071
86,584
9,065
226
106,447
18,536
87,911
1,143
86,769
8,832
206
106,055
18,471
87,583
1,113
86,470
8,950
234
6,046
3,201
2,534
15,024
6,385
3,220
2,867
14,759
6,343
3,115
2,865
14,853
6,486
3,314
2,863
14,589
6,100
3,289
2,592
15,223
6,342
3,283
2,740
14,945
6,352
3,254
2,849
15,082
6,362
3,171
2,879
14,805
6,434
3,160
2,988
14,726
6,493
3,161
3,060
14,834
6,349
3,206
2,865
14,895
6,113
2,994
2,887
14,788
6,461
3,150
2,991
14,698
6,194
3,039
2,855
14,799
6,458
3,128
3,000
14,529
5,767
3,011
2,455
14,584
6,116
3,037
2,792
14,329
6,030
2,852
2,782
14,432
6,181
3,107
2,783
14,135
5,921
3,138
2,519
14,819
6,069
3,123
2,659
14,491
6,099
3,121
2,756
14,721
6,096
3,001
2,826
14,358
6,151
2,993
2,905
14,324
6,230
2,984
2,998
14,413
6,063
3,024
2,793
14,476
5,887
2,800
2,849
14,364
6,242
2,990
2,931
14,282
5,965
2,887
2,781
14,319
6,238
2,963
2,904
14,129
M A JO R IN D U S T R Y A N D C LASS
OF W ORKER
Agriculture:
Wage and salary workers.......
Self-employed workers............
Unpaid family w orkers.............
Nonagricultural industries:
Wage and salary workers .......
Government ..........................
Private industries...................
Private households.............
Other ...................................
Self-employed workers............
Unpaid family workers.............
PE R S O N S A T W O R K
P A R T T IM E 1
All industries:
Part time for economic reasons .
Slack work ...............................
Could only find part-time work
Voluntary part time .....................
Nonagricultural industries:
Part time for economic reasons .
Slack work ...............................
Could only find part-time work
Voluntary part time .....................
1 Excludes persons “ with a job but not at work” during the survey period for such reasons as vacation, illness, or industrial disputes.
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Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
81
Current Labor Statistics:
6.
Employment Data
Selected unemployment indicators, monthly data seasonally adjusted
(Unemployment rates)
Annual average
1992
1993
Selected categories
1991
1992
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
Total, all workers.............................................
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years................................
Men, 20 years and o v e r....................................
Women, 20 years and over................................
6.7
18.6
6.3
5.7
7.4
20.0
7.0
6.3
7.3
19.4
6.9
6.2
7.4
19.9
7.2
6.2
7.7
22.8
7.3
6.3
7.6
20.6
7.2
6.4
7.6
19.9
7.2
6.4
7.5
20.4
7.1
6.4
7.4
18.9
7.2
6.2
7.3
20.2
6.9
6.2
7.3
19.2
6.8
6.4
7.1
19.7
6.4
6.4
7.0
19.6
6.5
6.0
7.0
19.5
6.7
5.7
7.0
20.7
6.4
6.0
White, to ta l...............................................
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years.............................
Men, 16 to 19 ye a rs...................................
Women, 16 to 19 years..............................
Men, 20 years and over ..................................
Women, 20 years and over.............................
6.0
16.4
17.5
15.2
5.7
4.9
6.5
17.1
18.4
15.7
6.3
5.4
6.4
16.5
17.8
15.0
6.2
5.4
6.5
18.4
14.9
6.4
5.2
6.8
19.9
21.2
18.4
6.5
5.5
6.6
17.6
18.8
16.3
6.4
5.6
6.6
16.9
18.5
15.2
6.4
5.6
6.6
17.3
18.7
15.8
6.4
5.6
6.5
15.5
15.9
15.1
6.3
5.5
6.4
17.1
17.7
16.4
6.1
5.3
6.3
16.2
17.2
15.1
6.0
5.6
6.2
16.5
18.1
14.9
5.8
5.5
6.1
16.8
17.9
15.6
5.8
5.2
6.1
16.3
16.5
16.0
6.0
5.0
6.0
17.0
19.2
14.5
5.7
5.1
Black, total ......................................................
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years.............................
Men, 16 to 19 years ...................................
Women, 16 to 19 years..............................
Men, 20 years and over ..................................
Women, 20 years and o ver.............................
12.4
36.3
36.5
36.1
11.5
10.5
14.1
39.8
42.0
37.2
13.4
11.7
13.8
39.5
43.2
35.7
12.8
11.8
14.5
42.5
43.0
42.1
13.8
11.9
14.5
41.0
45.1
36.4
13.6
12.2
14.4
40.5
42.3
38.4
13.6
12.1
14.2
37.4
42.7
31.8
13.8
11.9
13.9
42.2
44.3
39.8
13.5
11.0
14.1
42.2
44.2
39.8
13.7
11.3
14.0
41.3
44.8
37.5
13.0
11.8
14.2
39.6
42.2
36.5
13.3
11.9
14.2
38.7
39.0
38.5
13.0
12.5
13.1
38.0
37.4
38.6
11.9
11.2
13.5
43.9
45.4
42.0
13.1
10.4
13.8
46.8
47.9
45.3
12.7
10.9
Hispanic origin, to ta l...........................................
9.9
11.4
10.4
11.3
11.8
11.8
11.3
11.6
11.7
12.0
11.7
11.6
11.4
11.4
10.4
Married men, spouse present............................
Married women, spouse present.......................
Women who maintain families...........................
Full-time w orkers................................................
Part-time workers ...............................................
Unemployed 15 weeks and over.......................
Labor force time lost1 ........................................
4.4
4.5
9.1
6.5
8.3
1.9
7.6
5.0
5.0
9.9
7.1
9.2
2.6
8.3
4.8
5.0
10.0
7.0
8.9
2.4
8.2
5.0
5.0
9.9
7.1
9.3
2.6
8.3
5.1
5.2
10.1
7.4
9.3
2.7
8.4
5.2
5.2
10.3
7.3
9.2
2.8
8.4
5.3
5.0
10.3
7.3
9.1
2.8
8.4
5.2
5.0
9.1
7.2
9.5
2.8
8.3
5.1
5.1
9.3
7.1
9.2
2.8
8.3
4.9
5.0
10.4
7.0
9.2
2.7
8.3
4.8
5.0
10.3
6.9
9.7
2.8
8.1
4.5
4.9
10.6
6.7
9.3
2.6
7.9
4.5
4.4
10.2
6.6
9.1
2.5
7.9
4.7
4.3
9.0
6.6
8.9
2.4
7.9
4.5
4.8
9.6
6.6
9.7
2.3
7.8
7.0
7.7
15.4
7.2
7.5
6.8
5.3
7.6
5.4
3.2
11.6
7.7
7.9
16.7
7.8
8.0
7.5
5.5
8.4
6.1
3.5
12.3
7.6
7.3
16.6
7.6
7.6
7.6
4.7
8.3
6.0
3.5
10.9
7.7
8.5
16.9
7.7
7.8
7.6
5.1
8.4
6.2
3.5
13.3
7.9
9.0
17.4
8.1
8.1
8.1
5.5
8.6
6.1
3.5
12.8
7.8
9.9
17.0
8.2
8.4
8.0
5.7
8.5
6.0
3.4
13.8
7.9
10.6
17.0
8.0
8.3
7.4
5.4
9.0
6.1
3.4
11.4
7.8
7.2
17.4
8.1
8.4
7.7
5.7
8.5
6.0
3.4
14.3
7.8
8.3
16.1
8.2
8.9
7.3
5.8
8.1
6.4
3.0
12.5
7.5
5.3
14.5
8.0
8.5
7.3
6.1
7.9
6.1
3.8
13.5
7.5
5.5
15.7
7.2
7.5
6.9
5.6
8.0
6.5
3.6
12.2
7.3
7.8
14.3
7.3
7.3
7.2
4.9
7.9
6.3
3.6
11.6
7.2
7.1
13.7
7.2
6.9
7.5
4.6
7.8
6.1
3.6
13.1
7.2
5.5
15.3
7.3
7.0
7.6
4.9
7.9
5.7
3.6
12.1
7.2
8.6
14.5
7.2
7.2
7.3
5.0
8.3
5.7
3.4
11.2
C H A R A C T E R IS T IC
16.7
IN D U S TR Y
Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers ....
Mining..................................................................
Construction .......................................................
Manufacturing ....................................................
Durable goods..................................................
Nondurable goo d s...........................................
Transportation and public utilities .....................
Wholesale and retail tra d e .................................
Finance and service industries..........................
Government workers ...............................................
Agricultural wage and salary workers .....................
1 Aggregate hours lost by the unemployed and persons on part time for economic reasons as a percent of potentially available labor force hours.
82
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June 1993
7.
Unemployment rates by sex and age, monthly data seasonally adjusted
(Civilian workers)
Annual
average
Sex and age
1991
Total, 16 years and o v e r........
16 to 24 years...............
16 to 19 years.....................
16 to 17 years ........................
18 to 19 years .......................
20 to 24 ye ars..................
25 years and over....................
25 to 54 years ............
55 years and o v e r.............
1992
Apr.
May
June
July
1993
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
6.7
13.4
18.6
20.9
17.2
10.8
5.4
5.7
3.9
7.4
14.2
20.0
23.0
18.1
11.3
6.1
6.3
4.8
7.3
13.8
19.4
22.5
17.4
11.0
6.0
6.2
4.7
7.4
14.3
19.9
23.6
17.9
11.6
6.1
6.3
4.8
7.7
15.1
22.8
26.4
20.6
11.2
6.3
6.5
5.2
7.6
14.5
20.6
23.6
18.7
11.6
6.2
6.4
5.3
7.6
14.3
19.9
21.5
18.5
11.5
6.2
6.4
5.2
7.5
14.4
20.4
23.8
18.3
11.4
6.2
6.4
5.0
7.4
13.6
18.9
22.1
16.8
11.0
6.2
6.4
4.9
7.3
14.1
20.2
23.8
17.9
11.1
6.0
6.3
4.7
7.3
13.9
19.2
21.8
17.8
11.3
6.0
6.3
4.6
7.1
14.0
19.7
24.0
16.2
11.1
5.8
6.0
4.5
7.0
14.0
19.6
21.3
18.3
11.2
5.6
5.8
4.3
7.0
13.6
19.5
24.3
16.4
10.6
5.7
5.9
4.2
7.0
14.0
20.7
22.9
19.4
10.6
5.7
5.9
4.1
55 years and over.......................
7.0
14.3
19.8
21.6
18.6
11.7
5.7
5.9
4.3
7.8
15.3
21.5
24.4
19.5
12.2
6.4
6.6
5.2
7.6
15.1
20.9
23.9
18.9
12.2
6.3
6.5
5.1
7.9
15.5
21.2
25.5
19.2
12.8
6.5
6.7
5.2
8.2
16.1
24.4
28.5
22.1
12.0
6.7
6.8
5.8
7.9
15.5
21.9
24.9
20.0
12.4
6.5
6.7
5.6
8.0
15.2
21.8
23.7
20.4
12.0
6.6
6.8
5.5
7.9
15.1
21.8
24.5
19.9
11.7
6.5
6.8
5.4
7.8
14.4
19.5
22.6
17.8
11.9
6.6
6.8
5.5
7.6
15.1
21.1
25.1
18.5
12.2
6.3
6.5
5.0
7.5
14.7
20.5
22.6
19.3
11.8
6.2
6.4
5.1
7.1
14.7
20.9
26.0
16.7
11.8
5.8
6.0
4.6
7.2
14.5
20.6
23.0
18.9
11.4
5.9
6.1
4.5
7.4
14.4
20.2
24.1
17.7
11.5
6.1
6.3
4.8
7.3
15.5
23.2
24.4
22.3
11.5
5.8
6.0
4.5
Women, 16 years and o ver............
16 to 24 years...................
16 to 19 ye a rs .........................
16 to 17 years ........................
18 to 19 years ...........................
20 to 24 years ..................
25 years and over.....................
25 to 54 years ......................
55 years and o v e r..................
6.3
12.4
17.4
20.1
15.8
9.8
5.1
5.4
3.4
6.9
13.0
18.5
21.4
16.5
10.2
5.7
6.0
4.2
6.9
12.3
17.7
21.0
15.8
9.7
5.7
6.0
4.0
6.9
12.9
18.4
21.5
16.6
10.2
5.7
5.8
4.3
7.1
13.9
21.0
24.1
18.8
10.3
5.8
6.0
4.5
7.1
13.5
19.2
22.2
17.3
10.7
5.8
6.0
4.9
7.1
13.2
17.7
19.2
16.3
10.9
5.8
6.0
4.8
7.0
13.6
18.8
23.0
16.5
11.1
5.8
6.0
4.5
6.9
12.7
18.2
21.6
15.8
10.0
5.7
5.9
4.3
6.9
12.9
19.1
22.4
17.2
9.8
5.7
5.9
7.0
13.0
17.7
21.0
16.2
10.6
5.8
6.2
3.9
7.0
13.1
18.5
21.7
15.6
10.4
5.8
6.0
4.3
6.7
13.4
18.6
19.4
17.6
10.8
5.3
5.5
4.0
6.4
12.7
18.8
24.6
15.0
9.7
5.1
5.4
3.4
6.6
12.4
18.0
21.2
16.1
9.6
5.4
5.7
3.7
Men, 16 years and o ve r.................
16 to 24 years ..............
16 to 19 years.........................
16 to 17 years...........................
18 to 19 years...............................
20 to 24 years.......................
25 years and o v e r................
8.
1992
43
Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, monthly data seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
Annual average
1992
Reason for unemployment
1991
Job losers .......................
On layoff.............................
Other job losers........................
Job leavers ..........................
Reentrants .............................
New entrants ..............................
1992
1993
Apr.
May
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
4,608
1,279
3,329
979
2,087
753
5,291
1,246
4,045
975
2,228
890
5,219
1,227
3,992
1,009
2,137
853
5,430
1,211
4,219
992
2,194
863
5,535
1,312
4,223
1,017
2,266
999
5,462
1,296
4,166
1,003
2,273
958
5,414
1,255
4,159
1,009
2,246
941
5,438
1,335
4,103
963
2,274
944
5,492
1,265
4,227
913
2,206
784
5,207
1,195
4,012
977
2,194
930
5,138
1,204
3,934
972
2,237
930
4,847
1,029
3,818
821
2,346
960
4,648
1,049
3,599
1,046
2,299
887
4,812
1,076
3,735
1,096
2,047
930
4,821
1,036
3,785
1,007
2,172
940
54.7
15.2
39.5
11.6
24.8
8.9
56.4
13.3
43.1
10.4
23.7
9.5
56.6
13.3
43.3
10.9
23.2
9.3
57.3
12.8
44.5
10.5
23.1
9.1
56.4
13.4
43.0
10.4
23.1
10.2
56.3
13.4
43.0
10.3
23.4
9.9
56.3
13.1
43.3
10.5
23.4
9.8
56.5
13.9
42.7
10.0
23.6
9.8
58.5
13.5
45.0
9.7
23.5
8.3
55.9
12.8
43.1
10.5
23.6
10.0
55.4
13.0
42.4
10.5
24.1
10.0
54.0
11.5
42.5
9.1
26.1
10.7
52.3
11.8
40.5
11.8
25.9
10.0
54.2
12.1
42.0
12.3
23.0
10.5
53.9
11.6
42.3
11.3
24.3
10.5
3.7
.8
1.7
.6
4.2
.8
1.8
.7
4.1
.8
1.7
.7
4.3
.8
1.7
.7
4.3
.8
1.8
.8
4.3
.8
1.8
.8
4.2
.8
1.8
.7
4.3
.8
1.8
.7
4.3
.7
1.7
.6
4.1
.8
1.7
.7
4.0
.8
1.8
.7
3.8
.6
1.8
.8
3.7
.8
1.8
.7
3.8
.9
1.6
.7
3.8
.8
1.7
.7
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
P E R C E N T O F U N E M P LO Y E D
Job losers..................................
On layo ff.................................
Other job losers......................
Job leavers.........................
Reentrants...........................
New entrants .........................
PERCENT OF
C IV IL IA N LA B O R FO RC E
Job losers ....................................
Job leavers ..........................
Reentrants ..............................
New entrants .................................
9.
Duration of unemployment, monthly data seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
Annual average
1993
1992
Weeks of unemployment
1991
1992
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
Less than 5 weeks ........................................
5 to 14 weeks .............................................
15 weeks and o ve r...........................................
15 to 26 weeks .............................................
27 weeks and o v e r......................................
3,380
2,724
2,323
1,225
1,098
3,270
2,760
3,354
1,424
1,930
3,269
2,706
3,072
1,303
1,769
3,362
2,663
3,349
1,405
1,944
3,512
2,783
3,432
1,363
2,069
3,373
2,776
3,547
1,459
2,088
3,289
2,846
3,547
1,502
2,045
3,281
2,847
3,522
1,427
2,095
3,192
2,666
3,564
1,475
2,089
3,120
2,835
3,446
1,438
2,008
3,042
2,688
3,605
1,540
2,065
3,272
2,481
3,317
1,407
1,910
3,232
2,487
3,143
1,236
1,907
3,102
2,566
3,073
1,259
1,814
3,355
2,496
2,926
1,276
1,650
Mean duration in weeks....................................
Median duration in weeks.................................
13.8
6.9
17.9
8.8
17.2
8.6
17.9
8.8
18.2
8.7
18.3
8.6
18.3
8.9
18.5
9.3
19.2
9.3
18.4
9.4
19.2
9.4
18.7
8.5
18.3
8.2
17.5
8.3
17.4
8.5
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
83
Current Labor Statistics:
10.
Employment Data
Unemployment rates by State, data not seasonally adjusted
Mar.
1992
Mar.
1993P
California...................................................
7.6
10.1
8.4
7.0
8.7
8.1
8.3
7.5
6.5
9.7
Delaware...................................................
District of Columbia..................................
Florida.......................................................
6.3
7.4
6.4
8.3
8.1
6.4
7.2
5.5
8.3
6.7
Hawaii.......................................................
Idaho.........................................................
Illinois........................................................
Indiana......................................................
6.3
3.5
7.7
8.2
6.3
6.5
4.7
8.4
8.6
5.5
M aine........................................................
5.4
3.6
7.0
6.9
8.5
5.1
5.0
6.9
7.1
9.6
State
State
New Jersey..............................................
North Carolina.........................................
North Dakota...........................................
O h io .........................................................
Oregon.....................................................
Pennsylvania ...........................................
Rhode Island...........................................
South Carolina........................................
U ta h .........................................................
Vermont ...................................................
Mississippi.................................................
7.4
10.0
10.0
6.3
8.1
56
6.2
7.6
7.1
5.8
6.9
6.7
Mar.
1992
Mar.
1993p
7.3
2.8
6.9
7.5
7.3
3.2
7.3
8.7
7.5
7.6
8.5
6.4
5.3
8.5
7.4
7.6
5.5
5.5
7.8
6.8
8.5
7.6
8.9
7.3
6.2
7.7
7.2
8.6
7.1
4.0
7.0
7.4
5.0
6.4
4.0
6.4
6.7
3.9
7.1
6.8
8.4
12.9
5.7
7.9
5.2
8.2
11.8
5.0
7.5
6.3
p = preliminary
NOTE: Some data in this table may differ from data published elsewhere because of the continual updating of the database.
11.
Employment of workers on nonfarm payrolls by State, data not seasonally adjusted
(In thousands)
State
Arkansas ......................................................
Mar. 1992
Feb. 1993
Mar. 1993p
1,654.0
238.1
1,512.4
950.7
12,173.8
1,685.5
237.9
1,545.3
968.3
11,935.8
1,689.8
241.1
1,555.9
975.4
11,973.3
State
New Mexico ................................................
District of Columbia.....................................
1,568.9
1,515.5
333 5
672.3
5,386.2
1.604.3
1.485.4
340.0
673.2
5,440.8
1.614.0
1.489.0
341.5
675.5
5,485.5
2,939.2
546.5
403.1
5,145.1
2,504.6
3,014.2
537.2
413 0
5,148.8
2,525.7
3,025.3
540.2
413.7
5,175.8
2,534.3
Oklahoma....................................................
Illinois ...........................................................
South Dakota..............................................
Louisiana......................................................
1,232.3
1,102.2
1.484.8
1.608.9
490.7
1.234.6
1.118.6
1,509.2
1,616.4
501.3
1.243.6
1,125.4
1,515.2
1.618.7
499.2
Utah ............................................................
Virginia.............................................. ..........
Minnesota....................................................
2.053.3
2.755.3
3,855.9
2,131.7
945.9
2,300.0
306.6
2,038.9
2,733.8
3.910.2
2.179.3
977.0
2,302.7
314.7
2.046.2
2.736.3
3,912.8
2,186.6
977.4
2,321.2
316.6
West Virginia...............................................
Wyoming......................................................
p = preliminary
NOTE: Some data in this table may differ from data published elsewhere because of the continual updating of the database.
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June 1993
Mar. 1993p
Mar. 1992
Feb. 1993
738.3
627.5
473.4
738.3
647.1
483.9
743.3
651.1
483.4
3,412.0
590.4
7,658.9
3,084.5
271.1
3,367.2
596.9
7,595.5
3,162.8
277.6
3,376.3
601.1
7,643.6
3,173.4
278.4
4,771.7
1,210.1
1,243.6
5,013.0
412.9
4,787.2
1,211.3
1,264.6
5,031.7
415.8
4,816.4
1,219.6
1,273.0
5,045.5
416.1
1,511.5
299.1
2,217.6
7,187.3
754.8
1,536.2
304.3
2,220.2
7,360.4
778.8
1,551.4
306.0
2,237.1
7,382.5
787.5
248.3
2,803.0
2,184.9
625.4
2,288.0
252.2
2,819.6
2,198.7
632.7
2,331.6
250.9
2,826.3
2,212.7
638.4
2,339.9
197.4
848.0
44.6
196.4
847.5
45.9
197.7
847.7
46.2
12.
Employment of workers on nonfarm payrolls by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted
(In thousands)
Annual average
1992
Industry
1993
1991
1992
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.p
Apr.p
108,310
89,930
108,437
89,858
108,377
89,835
108,496
89,950
108,423
89,885
108,594
89,988
108,485
89,803
108,497
89,847
108,571
89,948
108,646
89,961
108,752
90,067
108,865
90,201
109,203
90,511
109,194
90,494
109,313
90,601
G O O D S -P R O D U C IN G .......................
M in i n g .................................
23,830
691
23,420
635
23,530
646
23,548
641
23,470
634
23,459
633
23,362
626
23,296
620
23,270
623
23,280
622
23,263
619
23,267
616
23,374
605
23,293
607
23,214
603
C o n s tru c tio n .......................................
4,685
1,152
4,595
1,103
4,605
1,108
4,632
1,101
4,600
1,093
4,584
1,096
4,591
1,100
4,574
1,097
4,601
1,098
4,590
1,093
4,582
1,084
4,559
1,086
4,657
1,100
4,598
1,088
4,588
1,094
18,455
12,467
18,190
12,345
18,279
12,412
18,275
12,410
18,236
12,378
18,242
12,392
18,145
12,307
18,102
12,270
18,046
12,235
18,068
12,274
18,062
12,284
18,092
12,342
18,112
12,351
18,088
12,338
18,023
12,291
10,602
6,988
10,339
6,859
10,409
6,903
10,398
6,896
10,371
6,876
10,347
6,867
10,298
6,828
10,271
6,809
10,231
6,789
10,247
6,819
10,238
6,822
10,265
6,867
10,274
6,869
10,246
6,850
10,198
6,819
679
472
524
726
687
465
519
703
688
467
520
708
687
467
522
707
684
469
521
706
683
470
521
702
682
465
520
701
683
461
520
699
689
461
518
695
695
461
518
695
697
462
519
693
696
463
517
694
704
467
524
694
702
466
521
692
694
465
518
688
264
1,359
254
1,335
257
1,341
256
1,343
255
1,338
253
1,335
252
1,334
252
1,330
250
1,323
248
1,323
245
1,323
244
1,331
245
1,335
244
1,335
243
1,331
T O T A L .............................................
P R IV A T E S E C T O R ...........................
General building contractors......
M a n u fa c tu r in g ....................................
Production workers ....................
D u ra ble g o o d s ..............................
Production workers .....................
Lumber and wood products........
Furniture and fixtures...................
Stone, clay, and glass products ...
Primary metal industries ..............
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products......................................
Fabricated metal products...........
Industrial machinery and
equipment....................................
Electronic and other
electrical equipment....................
Transportation equipment............
Motor vehicles and equipment....
Instruments and related products
Miscellaneous manufacturing
industries.....................................
2,007
1,946
1,949
1,959
1,954
1,947
1,941
1,943
1,935
1,935
1,933
1,936
1,932
1,930
1,930
1,598
1,891
789
980
1,549
1,827
812
943
1,557
1,859
821
952
1,554
1,842
813
949
1,549
1,836
814
946
1,545
1,829
818
943
1,536
1,816
814
938
1,538
1,797
803
935
1,534
1,782
802
930
1,537
1,790
818
927
1,537
1,788
823
921
1,540
1,805
874
920
1,545
1,791
843
917
1,548
1,770
832
915
1,544
1,748
817
914
366
366
368
368
368
372
365
365
364
366
365
363
365
367
366
7,852
5,479
7,851
5,486
7,870
5,509
7,877
5,514
7,865
5,502
7,895
5,525
7,847
5,479
7,831
5,461
7,815
5,446
7,821
5,455
7,824
5,462
7,827
5,475
7,838
5,482
7,842
5,488
7,825
5,472
Food and kindred products.........
Tobacco products........................
Textile mill products.....................
Apparel and other textile
products......................................
Paper and allied products ...........
1,672
49
672
1,670
49
678
1,677
50
682
1,678
49
679
1,671
49
680
1,685
49
682
1,672
51
675
1,661
50
677
1,661
49
672
1,664
47
675
1,664
49
678
1,671
49
676
1,675
48
678
1,676
48
676
1,664
48
678
1,010
688
1,018
688
1,023
689
1,026
691
1,023
689
1,034
689
1,013
687
1,007
692
1,004
688
1,006
688
1,004
686
1,004
685
1,004
685
1,003
685
997
683
Printing and publishing.................
Chemicals and allied products.....
Petroleum and coal products.......
Rubber and mise, plastics
products......................................
Leather and leather products ......
1,541
1,072
159
1,521
1,071
155
1,521
1,072
157
1,522
1,073
156
1,520
1,073
155
1,522
1,070
154
1,521
1,072
153
1,523
1,069
152
1,520
1,069
152
1,518
1,069
152
1,520
1,068
151
1,515
1,068
152
1,520
1,065
152
1,520
1,066
151
1,519
1,067
151
864
125
879
123
876
123
880
123
883
122
884
126
880
123
877
123
877
123
880
122
883
121
887
120
891
120
896
121
898
120
S E R V IC E -P R O D U C IN G .....................
T ra n s p o rta tio n an d public
u t ilitie s ..................................................
84,480
85,017
84,847
84,948
84,953
85,135
85,123
85,201
85,301
85,366
85,489
85,598
85,829
85,901
86,099
5,772
3,512
5,742
3,520
5,746
3,523
5,745
3,522
5,745
3,524
5,742
3,524
5,729
3,514
5,738
3,520
5,731
3,516
5,732
3,517
5,742
3,531
5,763
3,550
5,771
3,560
5,770
3,559
5,768
3,560
2,260
2,222
2,223
2,223
2,221
2,218
2,215
2,218
2,215
2,215
2,211
2,213
2,211
2,211
2,208
W h o le s a le t r a d e ................................
6,069
5,983
5,993
5,993
5,988
5,972
5,964
5,957
5,969
5,976
5,970
5,995
6,002
6,009
6,008
R e tail t r a d e ..........................................
19,259
2,426
3,204
19,138
2,309
3,178
19,177
2,338
3,194
19,150
2,334
3,188
19,156
2,318
3,192
19,184
2,306
3,179
19,106
2,296
3,169
19,122
2,296
3,176
19,146
2,285
3,170
19,116
2,262
3,165
19,162
2,255
3,168
19,227
2,228
3,176
19,361
2,261
3,189
19,342
2,252
3,189
19,363
2,233
3,183
1,996
6,465
2,011
6,485
2,007
6,470
2,007
6,462
2,011
6,473
2,012
6,502
2,013
6,463
2,012
6,494
2,017
6,513
2,023
6,536
2,034
6,579
2,041
6,621
2,055
6,653
2,060
6,664
2,067
6,691
6,678
3,211
2,163
1,305
6,672
3,232
2,139
1,301
6,682
3,230
2,149
1,303
6,681
3,234
2,144
1,303
6,672
3,232
2,138
1,302
6,660
3,228
2,135
1,297
6,661
3,227
2,133
1,301
6,669
3,238
2,132
1,299
6,680
3,244
2,133
1,303
6,669
3,243
2,129
1,297
6,677
3,251
2,124
1,302
6,682
3,264
2,116
1,302
6,681
3,261
2,115
1,305
6,680
3,265
2,116
1,299
6,697
3,277
2,117
1,303
28,323
5,087
8,177
28,903
5,290
8,464
28,707
5,233
8,412
28,833
5,278
8,437
28,854
5,292
8,446
28,971
5,300
8,478
28,981
5,319
8,488
29,065
5,322
8,506
29,152
5,406
8,535
29,188
5,427
8,561
29,253
5,458
8,580
29,267
5,445
8,589
29,322
5,479
8,615
29,400
5,517
8,625
29,551
5,565
8,662
18,380
2,966
4,346
11,067
18,579
2,969
4,371
11,239
18,542
2,986
4,360
11,196
18,546
2,984
4,367
11,195
18,538
2,972
4,357
11,209
18,606
2,957
4,388
11,261
18,682
2,959
4,383
11,340
18,650
2,967
4,401
11,282
18,623
2,942
4,390
11,291
18,685
2,940
4,384
11,361
18,685
2,971
4,389
11,325
18,664
2,943
4,394
11,327
18,692
2,943
4,398
11,351
18,700
2,935
4,401
11,364
18,712
2,927
4,411
11,374
N o n d u ra b le g o o d s ............................
Production workers......................
Transportation..............................
Communications and public
utilities.........................................
General merchandise stores.......
Food stores..................................
Automotive dealers and service
stations.......................................
Eating and drinking places..........
Finance, Insurance , an d real
e s t a t e .....................................................
Finance ........................................
Insurance.....................................
Real estate...................................
S e r v ic e s .................................................
Business services........................
Health services............................
G o v e rn m e n t ........................................
Federal.........................................
S ta te .............................................
Local.............................................
= preliminary
NOTE: See notes on the data for a description of the most recent benchmark revision.
p
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
85
Current Labor Statistics:
Employment Data
13. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by industry, monthly
data seasonally adjusted
Annual
average
Industry
1991
P R IV A TE SE C TO R ....................................................
34.3
1993
1992
1992
34.4
Apr.
34.3
May
34.6
June
34.3
July
34.3
Aug.
34.6
Sept.
34.3
Oct.
34.5
Nov.
34.6
Dec.
34.3
Jan.
34.5
Mar.P
Feb.
Apr.p
34.4
34.3
34.4
43.9
M IN IN G ..................................................................................
44.4
44.0
44.2
44.3
43.4
43.7
44.4
43.8
44.0
44.3
43.7
44.3
43.8
43.4
M A N U F A C T U R IN G ..........................................................
40.7
3.6
41.0
3.8
41.1
3.9
41.3
4.1
41.0
3.8
41.0
3.8
41.0
3.7
40.9
3.5
41.1
3.8
41.2
3.9
41.2
3.9
41.4
4.0
41.5
4.2
41.2
3.9
41.5
4.3
Overtime hours...............................................
Lumber and wood products................................
Furniture and fixtures..........................................
Stone, clay, and glass products.........................
Primary metal industries.....................................
Blast furnaces and basic steel products.........
Fabricated metal products ..................................
41.1
3.5
40.0
38.9
41.7
42.2
42.7
41.2
41.5
3.7
40.6
39.7
42.2
43.0
43.5
41.6
41.5
3.8
40.6
40.0
42.4
43.2
44.0
41.3
41.9
4.1
40.8
40.0
42.5
43.6
44.1
41.9
41.5
3.8
40.1
39.8
42.3
43.2
43.8
41.6
41.6
3.8
40.8
40.1
42.5
43.1
43.8
41.9
41.6
3.7
40.5
39.4
42.3
43.1
43.9
41.6
41.2
3.4
40.3
39.2
42.5
42.7
42.4
41.1
41.6
3.8
40.7
39.7
42.4
42.8
42.8
41.7
41.8
3.9
40.9
40.1
42.3
43.0
43.1
41.8
41.8
3.9
40.4
39.9
42.1
43.4
43.6
41.8
42.0
4.1
40.5
40.2
42.2
43.7
44.0
42.0
42.2
4.4
41.0
40.4
42.5
44.0
44.6
42.2
41.9
4.1
40.4
40.1
42.1
43.8
44.5
41.8
42.2
4.6
40.6
40.2
42.5
44.2
44.7
42.0
Industrial machinery and equipment...................
Electronic and other electrical equipment .........
Transportation equipment....................................
Motor vehicles and equipment.........................
Instruments and related products.......................
Miscellaneous manufacturing..............................
41.7
40.7
41.9
42.3
41.0
39.6
42.2
41.2
41.8
42.4
41.1
39.9
42.1
41.0
41.8
43.2
40.9
39.9
42.6
41.5
42.2
43.1
41.4
40.0
42.2
41.1
41.9
42.6
41.2
40.0
42.1
41.3
41.5
42.5
41.1
40.1
42.2
41.2
42.2
42.9
41.2
39.7
42.0
41.0
40.9
41.0
41.0
39.5
42.5
41.3
41.5
41.5
41.3
40.0
42.8
41.6
41.8
42.3
41.3
40.0
42.6
41.5
42.4
43.5
41.1
39.8
42.9
41.7
42.6
43.7
41.4
39.8
42.9
41.9
42.8
44.4
40.9
39.9
42.8
41.5
42.8
44.5
41.1
39.7
43.2
42.0
42.8
44.7
41.5
40.4
N o n d u rab le g o o d s ........................................................
Overtime hours...............................................
Food and kindred products.................................
Textile mill products............................................
Apparel and other textile products.....................
Paper and allied products ...................................
40.2
3.7
40.6
40.6
37.0
43.3
40.4
3.8
40.6
41.1
37.2
43.6
40.6
4.1
40.7
41.4
37.2
44.0
40.5
4.1
40.5
41.4
37.3
43.8
40.4
3.9
40.3
41.3
37.2
43.7
40.3
3.8
40.3
41.0
37.2
43.5
40.3
3.8
40.5
40.8
37.2
43.5
40.5
3.8
40.8
41.8
37.4
43.9
40.4
3.9
40.9
40.8
37.4
43.4
40.5
3.9
40.8
41.1
37.6
43.4
40.5
3.9
40.6
41.5
37.4
43.4
40.7
3.9
40.6
41.8
37.6
43.5
40.7
4.1
40.8
41.9
37.6
43.8
40.3
3.8
40.5
40.0
37.2
43.4
40.6
4.0
40.6
42.0
37.1
43.6
Printing and publishing........................................
Chemicals and allied products............................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products.....
Leather and leather products.............................
37.7
42.9
41.1
37.5
38.1
43.1
41.7
38.0
38.0
43.1
42.3
38.0
38.2
43.4
41.9
38.2
38.1
43.2
41.8
38.0
38.0
43.1
41.6
38.4
38.0
43.1
41.7
37.9
38.1
42.9
41.5
37.8
38.2
42.8
41.5
38.4
38.1
42.9
41.8
39.2
38.0
42.9
41.9
38.6
38.2
43.0
42.2
39.5
38.1
43.0
42.2
39.6
38.1
42.9
41.9
39.0
38.5
42.9
41.8
39.0
T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D P U B LIC U T IL IT IE S .....
38.7
38.8
38.2
38.8
38.6
38.8
39.3
38.9
38.9
39.5
39.1
39.5
39.4
39.6
39.3
38.1
Overtime hours...............................................
D u ra ble g o o d s ................................................................
W H O L E S A L E T R A D E .....................................................
38.1
38.2
38.3
38.3
38.1
38.0
38.5
38.0
38.1
38.5
38.0
38.2
38.1
37.9
R E T A IL T R A D E ................................................................
28.6
28.8
28.6
28.8
28.6
28.5
28.9
28.9
28.9
29.0
28.7
28.8
28.8
28.2
28.7
32.3
32.4
32.3
32.4
32.4
S E R V IC E S ..........................................................................
32.4
32.5
32.4
32.6
32.4
32.4
32.7
32.1
32.5
32.6
p = preliminary
NOTE: See “ Notes on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark adjustment.
14. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by industry,
seasonally adjusted
Annual
average
Industry
1992
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.P
Q.
<
1991
P R IV A T E S E C TO R (In c u rre n t d o lla r s ) .................
1993
1992
$10.33 $10.59 $10.52 $10.56 $10.58 $10.58 $10.66 $10.63 $10.65 $10.71 $10.69 $10.73 $10.76 $10.79 $10.79
14.18
13.99
11.18
10.71
13.24
14.51
14.11
11.45
10.94
13.49
14.46
14.03
11.42
10.93
13.43
14.49
14.09
11.44
10.92
13.44
14.52
14.20
11.44
10.93
13.47
14.50
14.11
11.45
10.95
13.43
14.55
14.21
11.51
11.00
13.53
14.54
14.07
11.51
11.03
13.56
14.59
14.15
11.51
10.98
13.56
14.67
14.20
11.54
11.02
13.65
14.46
14.16
11.57
11.04
13.57
14.54
14.12
11.60
11.09
13.58
14.48
14.14
11.64
11.09
13.57
14.60
14.26
11.64
11.11
13.72
14.74
14.24
11.71
11.13
13.65
Wholesale trade.................................................... 11.15
Retail trade........................................................... 6.95
Finance, insurance, and real estate .................... 10.40
Services.................................................................. 10.22
11.40
7.14
10.82
10.54
11.29
7.09
10.68
10.46
11.37
7.12
10.76
10.49
11.38
7.11
10.76
10.53
11.38
7.14
10.76
10.53
11.51
7.16
10.96
10.61
11.44
7.18
10.84
10.59
11.48
7.18
10.92
10.61
11.53
7.19
11.09
10.68
11.47
7.20
11.00
10.66
11.59
7.22
11.10
10.73
11.59
7.25
11.11
10.74
11.60
7.25
11.13
10.76
11.68
7.26
11.14
10.73
7.45
7.43
7.41
7.43
7.43
7.41
7.45
7.42
7.40
7.43
7.40
7.40
7.40
7.40
Mining...................................................................
Construction.........................................................
Manufacturing ......................................................
Excluding overtime ............................................
Transportation and public utilities .......................
P R IV A T E S E C TO R (In co n s ta n t (19 8 2 ) do llars )
- Data not available.
p = preliminary
Digitized for 86
FRASER
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
-
NOTE: See “ Notes on the data” for a description of the most recent
benchmark revision.
June 1993
15.
Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by
Industry
An nual
ave rage
1991
1992
1992
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
1993
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.»
Apr.P
P R IV A T E S E C T O R ....................
$10.33 $10.59 $10.54 $10.55 $10.53 $10.53 $10.56 $10.66 $10.69 $10.73 $10.71 $10.78 $10.78 $10.80 $10.81
M IN IN G .....................
14.18
14.51
14.52
14.45
14.51
14.47
14.45
14.57
14.44
14.58
14.55
14.69
14.57
14.66
C O N S T R U C T IO N ..................
13.99
14.11
14.02
14.05
14.09
14.05
14.20
14.18
14.25
14.20
14.23
14.16
14.07
14.23
14.21
M A N U F A C T U R IN G .........................
11.18
11.45
11.41
11.44
11.45
11.46
11.44
11.53
11.49
11.54
11.63
11.61
11.61
11.63
11.71
D u ra ble g o o d s ........
Lumber and wood products......
Furniture and fixtures................
Stone, clay, and glass products....
Primary metal industries...............
Blast furnaces and basic steel products
Fabricated metal products ......
11.75
9.24
8.76
11.37
13.34
15.37
11.19
12.02
9.43
9.00
11.64
13.67
15.89
11.41
11.95
9.35
8.91
11.60
13.64
15.88
11.40
12.02
9.40
8.95
11.65
13.65
15.77
11.43
12.04
9.41
8.99
11.66
13.69
15.89
11.43
12.03
9.46
9.00
11.68
13.77
15.97
11.39
12.04
9.49
9.04
11.68
13.74
15.97
11.41
12.09
9.48
9.09
11.83
13.93
16.31
11.43
12.07
9.52
9.10
11.74
13.73
15.98
11.42
12.12
9.49
9.08
11.71
13.76
16.03
11.47
12.22
9.50
9.18
11.68
13.82
16.11
11.59
12.19
9.45
9.14
11.67
13.76
15.99
11.53
12.20
9.50
9.10
11.71
13.83
16.24
11.54
12.20
9.48
9.11
11.73
13.78
16.14
11.53
12.26
9.46
9.14
11.84
13.97
16.43
11.63
Industrial machinery and equipment .
Electronic and other electrical equipment
Transportation equipment..........
Motor vehicles and equipment........
Instruments and related products
Miscellaneous manufacturing...........
12.16
10.71
14.74
15.19
11.65
8.85
12.43
11.01
15.16
15.33
11.93
9.14
12.30
10.98
14.97
15.20
11.88
9.13
12.38
10.99
15.17
15.48
11.86
9.10
12.44
11.06
15.18
15.44
11.90
9.12
12.49
11.05
15.12
15.28
11.93
9.11
12.45
11.03
15.21
15.37
11.93
9.08
12.49
11.05
15.27
15.39
12.03
9.13
12.51
11.04
15.28
15.38
12.04
9.19
12.57
11.06
15.36
15.40
12.10
9.23
12.66
11.14
15.50
15.61
12.16
9.32
12.61
11.14
15.43
15.52
12.13
9.33
12.64
11.11
15.47
15.57
12.14
9.31
12 61
11.11
15.58
15 76
12.19
9.27
12 68
11.19
15.60
15 78
12.25
9.33
Food and kindred products........
Tobacco products..............
Textile mill products..........
Apparel and other textile products........
Paper and allied products.......
10.44
9.90
16.68
8.30
6.77
12.73
10.71
10.19
16.69
8.60
6.95
13.09
10.71
10.20
17.25
8.56
6.98
13.02
10.69
10.23
17.52
8.58
6.96
13.05
10.69
10.21
18.13
8.60
6.97
13.03
10.73
10.18
18.38
8.60
6.94
13.13
10.70
10.13
16.20
8.62
6.96
13.07
10.82
10.22
16.02
8.68
7.00
13.35
10.74
10.12
15.73
8.66
6.98
13.16
10.81
10.30
17.33
8.70
6.97
13.20
10.87
10.36
16.00
8.77
7.04
13.29
10.86
10.30
15.55
8.80
7.05
13.18
10.85
10.28
16.13
8.82
7.04
13.20
10.88
10.32
16.90
8.76
7 05
13.24
11.00
10.45
17.56
8.91
7 10
13.43
Printing and publishing...................
Chemicals and allied products..........
Petroleum and coal products......
Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products
Leather and leather products ..........
11.49
14.02
17.03
10.07
7.18
11.75
14.45
17.87
10.37
7.40
11.64
14.39
17.92
10.33
7.47
11.66
14.39
17.78
10.33
7.41
11.67
14.38
17.62
10.36
7.41
11.76
14.49
17.70
10.39
7.28
11.79
14.47
17.72
10.38
7.36
11.93
14.64
17.93
10.46
7.35
11.87
14.57
18.05
10.44
7.36
11.85
14.64
18.21
10.45
7.42
11.89
14.72
18.06
10.54
7.48
11.85
14.69
18.34
10.55
7.46
11.84
14.71
18.36
10.54
7.46
11.87
14.66
18 72
10.50
7.50
11 88
14.81
18 82
10.64
7.58
N o n d u ra b le g o o d s ............
14.80
T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D P U B LIC U T IL IT IE S
13.24
13.49
13.43
13.39
13.40
13.43
13.50
13.61
13.59
13.65
13.60
13.61
13.62
13.69
13.65
W H O LE S A LE T R A D E .......................
11.15
11.40
11.34
11.35
11.33
11.38
11.43
11.46
11.46
11.53
11.53
11.61
11.62
11.60
11.72
R E T A IL T R A D E ..............................
6.95
7.14
7.12
7.12
7.10
7.10
7.10
7.21
7.19
7.21
7.19
7.26
7.26
7.26
7.27
FIN A N C E , IN S U R A N C E , A N D R E A L E S TA T E .
10.40
10.82
10.75
10.76
10.70
10.73
10.84
10.84
10.91
11.06
11.04
11.14
11.20
11.17
11.20
S E R V IC E S ..............................
10.22
10.54
10.50
10.47
10.42
10.41
10.45
10.61
10.63
10.72
10.75
10.81
10.82
10.80
10.77
p = preliminary
NOTE: See “ Notes on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark revision.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
87
Current Labor Statistics:
16.
Employment Data
Average weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
1993
1992
Annual average
Industry
1991
1992
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.p
Apr.p
P R IV A T E S E CTO R
Current dollars................................................... $354.32 $364.30 $360.47 $362.92 $364.34 $364.34 $369.60 $365.64 $368.81 $371.26 $369.50 $366.52 $368.68 $367.20 $369.70
Seasonally adjusted.......................................
360.84 365.38 362.89 362.89 368.84 364.61 367.43 370.57 366.67 370.19 370.14 370.10 371.18
Constant (1982) dolla rs.................................... 255.64 255.47 254.39 255.58 255.68 255.14 258.10 254.62 255.94 257.28 256.06 253.12 253.91 252.20
“
M IN IN G .................................................................................
629.59
638.44
633.07
634.36
635.54
625.10
643.03
641.08
641.14
651.73
646.02
647.83
635.25
630.38
642.32
535.72
533.02
536.18
535.56
546.55
548.10
546.55
553.80
526.08
555.75
532.50
529.36
511.18
514.96
532.20
Current dollars....................................................
Constant (1982) dollars.....................................
455.03
328.30
469.45
329.21
460.96
325.31
470.18
331.11
471.74
331.05
466.42
326.62
470.18
328.34
472.73
329.20
474.54
329.31
480.06
332.68
487.30
337.70
477.17
329.54
477.17
328.63
475.67
326.70
478.94
D u ra ble g o o d s .................................................................
Lumber and wood products................................
Furniture and fixtures..........................................
Stone, clay, and glass products.........................
Primary metal industries.....................................
Blast furnaces and basic steel products.........
Fabricated metal products ..................................
482.93
369.60
340.76
474.13
562.95
656.30
461.03
498.83
382.86
357.30
491.21
587.81
691.22
474.66
489.95
377.74
347.49
488.36
581.06
687.60
465.12
501.23
385.40
354.42
497.46
591.05
690.73
477.77
503.27
383.93
358.70
499.05
595.52
700.75
478.92
495.64
384.08
357.30
498.74
593.49
702.68
470.41
499.66
389.09
360.70
501.07
590.82
701.08
474.66
496.90
382.04
358.15
508.69
601.78
724.16
468.63
504.53
389.37
364.91
505.99
589.02
687.14
479.64
510.25
386.24
364.11
498.85
595.81
695.70
484.03
520.57
387.60
377.30
491.73
605.32
708.84
494.89
508.32
376.11
363.77
478.47
599.94
701.96
480.80
508.74
382.85
360.36
484.79
601.61
712.94
481.22
508.74
381.10
361.67
485.62
598.05
708.55
478.50
510.02
381.24
363.77
498.46
609.09
724.56
480.32
Industrial machinery and equipment...................
Electronic and other electrical equipment .........
Transportation equipment....................................
Motor vehicles and equipment.........................
Instruments and related products.......................
Miscellaneous manufacturing..............................
507.07
435.90
617.61
642.54
477.65
350.46
524.55
453.61
633.69
649.99
490.32
364.69
511.68
444.69
615.27
629.28
482.33
359.72
523.67
452.79
641.69
673.38
486.26
362.18
526.21
456.78
643.63
673.18
491.47
364.80
520.83
448.63
621.43
640.23
481.97
358.02
521.66
452.23
637.30
656.30
487.94
362.29
518.34
450.84
626.07
637.15
490.82
359.72
531.68
457.06
641.76
655.19
496.05
372.20
540.51
465.63
646.66
652.96
504.57
375.66
553.24
475.68
666.50
680.60
511.94
376.53
540.97
464.54
649.60
662.70
500.97
367.60
540.99
462.18
652.83
672.62
497.74
367.75
539.71
459.95
662.15
690.29
501.01
368.02
540.17
462.15
653.64
678.54
502.25
371.33
N o n d u ra b le g o o d s .........................................................
419.69
401.94
652.19
336.98
250.49
551.21
432.68
413.71
644.23
353.46
258.54
570.72
425.19
404.94
655.50
343.26
250.58
561.16
430.81
412.27
669.26
354.35
258.91
567.68
432.95
411.46
716.14
359.48
261.38
569.41
430.27
409.24
700.28
350.88
256.78
568.53
434.42
416.34
633.42
356.87
260.30
567.24
441.46
424.13
619.97
360.22
256.90
591.41
437.12
416.94
605.61
356.79
263.15
575.09
442.13
426.42
656.81
361.05
264.16
579.48
446.76
427.87
633.60
365.71
266.11
588.75
438.74
415.09
600.23
363.44
262.97
573.33
436.17
411.20
601.65
362.50
262.59
571.56
435.20
411.77
606.71
346.02
260.85
569.32
441.10
415.91
621.62
367.09
257.73
581.52
433.17
601.46
751.02
447.68
622.80
782.71
436.50
620.21
779.52
439.58
620.21
791.21
439.96
621.22
768.23
443.35
618.72
768.18
451.56
619.32
769.05
460.50
635.38
785.33
454.62
622.14
808.64
456.23
633.91
817.63
460.14
643.26
792.83
449.12
631.67
808.79
448.74
629.59
806.00
453.43
627.45
814.32
453.82
635.35
839.37
413.88
269.25
432.43
281.20
426.63
274.90
432.83
282.32
436.16
287.51
427.03
280.28
431.81
281.89
435.14
277.10
435.35
283.36
438.90
290.12
446.90
292.47
443.10
290.94
441.63
290.94
436.80
288.75
444.75
291.83
T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D PU BLIC
U T IL IT IE S ..........................................................................
512.39
523.41
513.03
518.19
521.26
526.46
533.25
532.15
530.01
539.18
533.12
529.43
532.54
536.65
535.08
W H O L E S A L E T R A D E .....................................................
424.82
435.48
433.19
434.71
432.81
434.72
440.06
436.63
437.77
442.75
440.45
440.02
440.40
438.48
445.36
R E T A IL T R A D E ................................................................
198.77
205.63
203.63
204.34
205.90
208.03
210.16
209.09
206.35
206.93
209.95
203.28
204.73
201.83
207.20
FIN A N C E , IN S U R A N C E , A N D R E A L
E S TA T E ..............................................................................
371.28
387.36
383.78
383.06
380.92
381.99
393.49
384.82
388.40
400.37
394.13
397.70
399.84
396.54
398.72
S E R V IC E S ..........................................................................
331.13
342.55
339.15
339.23
338.65
340.41
344.85
341.64
344.41
349.47
347.23
347.00
349.49
348.84
347.87
C O N S T R U C T IO N ..............................................................
M A N U F A C T U R IN G
Food and kindred products.................................
Tobacco products................................................
Textile mill products............................................
Apparel and other textile products......................
Paper and allied products...................................
Printing and publishing........................................
Chemicals and allied products............................
Petroleum and coal products..............................
Rubber and miscellaneous
plastics products...............................................
Leather and leather products .............................
- Data not available.
p = preliminary
NOTE: See “ Notes on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark revision.
Monthly Labor Review
Digitized for 88
FRASER
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June 1993
17.
Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted
(In percent)
Time span
and year
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Private nonfarm payrolls, 356 industries
Over 1-month span:
1991 ..........................................
1992 ...............................................
1993 ..........................................
37.9
43.5
55.1
37.6
47.9
61.5
36.1
47.5
48.0
41.3
58.4
51.8
50.7
51.4
-
45.1
45.2
-
48.7
49.6
-
51.4
42.6
-
50.0
49.9
-
47.1
50.1
-
46.8
49.7
-
46.9
53.7
-
Over 3-month span:
1991 ....................................
1992 .............................................
1993 ......................................
31.3
44.8
62.4
28.7
44.1
59.3
31.7
53.2
55.9
38.3
-
41.0
54.4
-
45.6
47.6
-
48.0
41.6
-
51.4
44.4
-
48.5
44.1
-
46.3
48.2
-
44.4
51.8
-
42.7
55.2
-
Over 6-month span:
1991 ..........................................
1992 ........................................
1993 ............................................
27.9
47.8
57.3
29.2
50.6
-
28.2
49.7
-
33.0
51.1
-
38.9
47.3
-
44.0
49.3
-
47.2
42.8
-
46.3
42.0
-
46.9
46.2
-
46.1
47.6
-
44.0
57.2
-
43.4
56.7
-
Over 12-month span:
1991 ..................................................
1992 ..................................................
1993 ......................................................
27.4
49.2
“
28.5
44.1
-
28.1
45.2
-
29.9
43.8
-
32.2
44.9
-
33.4
45.6
-
35.7
47.6
-
39.0
54.5
-
42.8
51.7
-
46.3
50.0
54.9
47.6
_
47.8
-
-
_
Manufacturing payrolls, 139 industries
Over 1-month span:
1991 ...............................................
1992 .................................................
1993 ..............................................................
35.6
39.6
52.2
33.5
43.9
56.8
30.6
43.2
43.9
40.6
57.6
40.3
46.0
46.4
-
43.9
42.4
-
49.6
51.4
-
50.7
36.7
-
42.8
45.7
-
46.4
39.2
-
45.3
51.1
-
46.0
48.9
-
Over 3-month span:
1991 .............................................................
1992 .....................................................
1993 ..............................................................
23.4
37.8
56.8
21.6
36.3
55.4
21.6
48.9
45.0
32.4
49.3
36.3
50.4
43.5
46.4
52.2
35.6
49.6
36.7
46.4
31.7
42.4
40.6
42.1
43.2
37.4
52.2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Over 6-month span:
1991 ...............................................................
1992 .....................................................................
1993 ................................................................
17.3
41.4
50.7
20.5
43.2
-
21.9
41.4
-
25.9
47.8
-
34.9
41.7
-
40.6
42.4
-
45.3
29.9
-
44.6
30.9
-
45.3
33.1
-
39.9
35.3
-
36.0
49.3
-
36.0
50.4
-
Over 12-month span:
1991 .....................................................................
1992 ....................................................................
1993 .....................................................................
17.6
42.8
-
19.4
32.4
-
18.0
34.9
-
19.4
30.6
-
24.1
32.4
-
25.2
33.8
-
25.9
35.3
-
28.8
43.5
-
37.4
40.3
40.6
36.7
41.4
_
38.1
-
-
-
-
- Data not available.
NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus
one-half of the Industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent
indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
_
employment. Data for the 2 most recent months shown in each span are
preliminary. See the “ Definitions” in this section. See “ Notes on the data” for a
description of the most recent benchmark revision.
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
89
Current Labor Statistics:
18.
Employment Data
Annual data: Employment status of the population
(Numbers in thousands)
Employment status
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
Civilian noninstitutional population........................
Civilian labor force...............................................
Labor force participation
rate ...................................................................
176,383
113,544
178,206
115,461
180,587
117,834
182,753
119,865
184,613
121,669
186,393
123,869
188,049
124,787
189,765
125,303
191,576
64.4
64.8
65.3
65.6
65.9
66.5
66.4
66.0
66.3
Employment-population ra tio .......................
Agriculture...............................................
Nonagricultural industries........................
105,005
59.5
3,321
101,685
107,150
60.1
3,179
103,971
109,597
60.7
3,163
106,434
112,440
61.5
3,208
109,232
114,968
62.3
3,169
111,800
117,342
63.0
3,199
114,142
117,914
62.7
3,186
114,728
116,877
61.6
3,233
113,644
117,598
61.4
3,207
114,391
Unemployed..................................................
Unemployment ra te ....................................
Not in labor fo rc e ................................................
8,539
7.5
62,839
8,312
7.2
62,744
8,237
7.0
62,752
7,425
6.2
62,888
6,701
5.5
62,944
6,528
5.3
62,523
6,874
5.5
63,262
8,426
6.7
64,462
9,384
7.4
64,593
19.
Annual data: Employment levels by industry
(In thousands)
Industry
1984
1985
1987
1986
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
Total employment.....................................
Private sector.........................................
Goods-producing.................................
Mining........................ ....................
Construction ...................................
Manufacturing.................................
94,496
78,472
24,727
966
4,383
19,378
97,519
81,125
24,859
927
4,673
19,260
99,525
82,832
24,558
777
4,816
18,965
102,200
85,190
24,708
717
4,967
19,024
105,536
88,150
25,173
713
5,110
19,350
108,329
90,550
25,322
693
5,187
19,442
109,782
91,478
24,960
710
5,133
19,117
108,310
89,930
23,830
691
4,685
18,455
108,437
89,858
23,420
635
4,595
18,190
Service-producing................................
Transportation and public utilities ....
Wholesale tra d e .............................
Retail trade .....................................
Finance, insurance, and real estate
Services..........................................
69,769
5,159
5,574
16,526
5,689
20,797
72,660
5,238
5,736
17,336
5,955
21,999
74,967
5,255
5,774
17,909
6,283
23,053
77,492
5,372
5,865
18,462
6,547
24,235
80,363
5,527
6,055
19,077
6,649
25,669
83,007
5,644
6,221
19,549
6,695
27,120
84,822
5,808
6,200
19,677
6,729
28,103
84,480
5,772
6,069
19,259
6,678
28,323
85,017
5,742
5,983
19,138
6,672
28,903
Government...................................
Federal.....................................
State.........................................
Loca l.........................................
16,024
2,807
3,734
9,482
16,394
2,875
3,832
9,687
16,693
2,899
3,893
9,901
17,010
2,943
3,967
10,100
17,386
2,971
4,076
10,339
17,779
2,988
4,182
10,609
18,304
3,085
4,305
10,914
18,380
2,966
4,346
11,067
18,579
2,969
4,371
11,239
NOTE:
See “ Notes on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark revision.
Digitized for90
FRASER
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June 1993
20. Annual data: Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on nonfarm
payrolls, by industry
Industry
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
35.2
8.32
292.86
34.9
8.57
299.09
34.8
8.76
304.85
34.8
8.98
312.50
34.7
9.28
322.02
34.6
9.66
334.24
34.5
10.01
345.35
34.3
10.33
354.32
34.4
10.59
364.30
43.3
11.63
503.58
43.4
11.98
519.93
42.2
12.46
525.81
42.4
12.54
531.70
42.3
12.80
541.44
43.0
13.26
570.18
44.1
13.68
603.29
44.4
14.18
629.59
44.0
14.51
638.44
37.8
12.13
458.51
37.7
12.32
464.46
37.4
12.48
466.75
37.8
12.71
480.44
37.9
13.08
495.73
37.9
13.54
513.17
38.2
13.77
526.01
38.1
13.99
533.02
38.0
14.11
536.18
40.7
9.19
374.03
40.5
9.54
386.37
40.7
9.73
396.01
41.0
9.91
406.31
41.1
10.19
418.81
41.0
10.48
429.68
40.8
10.83
441.86
40.7
11.18
455.03
41.0
11.45
469.45
39.4
11.12
438.13
39.5
11.40
450.30
39.2
11.70
458.64
39.2
12.03
471.58
38.8
12.26
475.69
38.9
12.60
490.14
38.9
12.97
504.53
38.7
13.24
512.39
38.8
13.49
523.41
38.5
8.88
341.78
38.4
9.15
351.08
38.3
9.34
357.57
38.1
9.59
365.38
38.1
9.98
380.24
38.0
10.39
394.82
38.1
10.79
411.10
38.1
11.15
424.82
38.2
11.40
435.48
29.8
5.85
174.47
29.4
5.94
174.81
29.2
6.03
175.80
29.2
6.12
178.70
29.1
6.31
183.62
28.9
6.53
188.72
28.8
6.75
194.40
28.6
6.95
198.77
28.8
7.14
205.63
36.5
7.63
278.04
36.4
7.94
289.20
36.4
8.36
304.49
36.3
8.73
316.90
35.9
9.06
325.25
35.8
9.53
341.17
35.8
9.97
356.93
35.7
10.40
371.28
35.8
10.82
387.36
32.6
7.59
247.25
32.5
7.90
256.49
32.5
8.18
265.93
32.5
8.49
275.93
32.6
8.88
289.49
32.6
9.38
305.79
32.5
9.83
319.48
32.4
10.22
331.13
32.5
10.54
342.55
P rivate sec tor:
Average weekly hours...........................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)...............
Average weekly earnings (in dollars) ............
M ining:
Average weekly hours ..........................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)............
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)................
C o nstru ction:
Average weekly hours ...................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)...................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)...........................
M anufacturin g:
Average weekly hours ..........................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)..............
Average weekly earnings (in dollars).........................
T ra n s p o rta tio n an d public utilities:
Average weekly hours ........................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) ....................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars).................
W h o le s a le tra de:
Average weekly hours ....................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)................................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)......................
R e tail trade:
Average weekly hours .........................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)................................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars).............................
Finance, Insurance , and real estate:
Average weekly hours ........................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)................................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)..............................
Services:
Average weekly hours ............ .........................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) ................................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)...........................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
91
Current Labor Statistics:
Compensation & Industrial Relations
21. Employment Cost Index, compensation,' by occupation and industry group
(June 1989=100)
1993
1992
1991
Percent change
12
months
ended
nr
Series
Mar.
June
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
Mar. 1993
Civilian w o rk e rs 2 ......................................................
109.1
110.2
111.5
112.2
113.5
114.2
115.4
116.1
117.5
1.2
3.5
Workers, by occupational group:
White-collar w orkers...................................
Professional specialty and technical........
Executive, administrative, and managerial
Administrative support, including clerical .
Blue-collar workers......................................
Service occupations........... ........................
109.8
111.0
109.4
109.2
108.0
109.4
110.8
111.7
110.6
110.2
109.2
110.4
112.1
113.5
111.8
111.4
110.3
112.3
112.8
114.4
112.5
112.2
111.1
113.1
113.9
115.4
113.0
113.9
112.6
114.1
114.6
116.2
113.4
114.6
113.5
114.7
115.8
118.2
114.3
115.9
114.4
116.2
116.6
119.1
115.0
116.8
115.2
116.7
117.9
120.1
116.9
118.3
116.7
117.9
1.1
.8
1.7
1.3
1.3
1.0
3.5
4.1
3.5
3.9
3.6
3.3
Workers, by industry division:
Goods-producing..........................................
Manufacturing.......................................... ...
Service-producing .........................................
Services.....................................................
Health services.......................................
Hospitals...............................................
Educational services...............................
Public administration 3 ...............................
Nonmanufacturing........................................
108.6
108.6
109.5
111.5
112.6
112.2
112.3
110.8
109.4
109.9
110.0
110.4
112.0
113.2
112.9
112.4
110.9
110.3
111.0
111.2
111.8
113.8
115.0
114.7
114.9
112.2
111.7
111.9
112.2
112.4
114.6
116.1
115.9
115.4
112.6
112.3
113.5
114.0
113.5
115.5
117.5
117.3
115.7
114.0
113.3
114.3
114.7
114.2
116.3
118.4
118.1
116.1
114.6
114.1
115.3
115.7
115.4
118.2
120.2
119.8
118.9
115.8
115.3
116.2
116.5
116.2
119.2
121.3
121.0
119.7
116.3
116.0
118.0
118.6
117.2
120.1
122.3
122.0
120.1
117.6
117.1
1.5
1.8
.9
4.0
4.0
3.3
4.0
4.1
4.0
3.8
3.2
3.4
108.5
108.6
109.8
109.8
111.0
111.1
111.7
112.0
113.1
113.3
113.9
114.1
114.8
115.1
115.6
115.9
117.1
117.5
3.5
3.7
109.0
109.2
110.1
108.9
108.0
110.3
110.4
111.1
110.3
109.8
111.4
111.8
112.8
111.5
109.8
112.2
112.7
113.9
112.3
109.6
113.4
113.8
115.3
112.7
111.6
114.2
114.6
116.4
113.1
112.2
115.1
115.8
118.0
113.9
111.8
115.9
116.6
119.0
114.5
112.6
117.4
118.3
120.4
116.5
112.9
3.5
4.0
4.4
3.4
1.2
108.6
109.9
111.0
111.9
113.6
114.4
115.5
116.4
118.1
4.0
Blue-collar workers.........................................................
Precision production, craft, and repair occupations.....
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors.........
Transportation and material moving occupations.........
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers .
107.9
108.0
108.3
106.3
108.1
109.0
109.2
109.4
107.6
109.3
110.2
110.5
110.5
108.3
110.4
111.0
111.0
111.6
109.0
111.4
112.5
112.2
113.9
110.4
112.6
113.4
113.1
114.6
111.4
113.4
114.3
114.3
115.0
112.5
114.6
115.0
115.0
115.8
113.0
115.3
116.6
116.6
117.8
113.9
116.8
3.6
3.9
3.4
3.2
3.7
Service occupations......................................................
108.3
109.9
111.5
112.4
113.5
114.2
115.4
115.9
117.2
Production and nonsupervisory occupations4 ...............
108.4
109.6
110.8
111.5
113.0
113.8
114.8
115.5
116.9
Workers, by industry division:
Goods-producing.............................................................
Excluding sales occupations...................................
White-collar occupations...........................................
Excluding sales occupations...................................
Blue-collar occupations.............................................
Service occupations..................................................
Construction..................................................................
Manufacturing................................................................
White-collar occupations..........................................
Excluding sales occupations.................................
Blue-collar occupations...........................................
Service occupations ................................................
Durables......................................................................
Nondurables.................................................................
108.5
108.4
108.8
108.5
108.4
107.9
107.4
108.6
108.8
108.3
108.5
107.8
108.5
108.8
109.8
109.8
110.1
110.0
109.7
109.3
108.5
110.0
110.2
109.9
109.8
109.2
109.9
110.1
111.0
110.9
111.2
111.1
110.8
110.5
109.3
111.2
111.3
111.1
111.1
110.3
111.2
111.2
111.9
111.8
112.3
112.2
111.6
112.1
109.9
112.2
112.4
112.2
112.0
112.1
112.1
112.3
113.5
113.4
113.6
113.2
113.4
113.8
110.6
114.0
113.6
113.0
114.2
113.9
114.1
113.8
114.3
114.1
114.5
113.9
114.1
115.5
111.7
114.7
114.6
113.8
114.8
115.4
114.8
114.7
115.3
115.2
115.5
115.1
115.1
116.9
113.1
115.7
115.5
115.0
115.7
117.0
115.8
115.4
116.1
115.9
116.7
116.2
115.8
117.5
113.8
116.5
116.6
115.9
116.4
117.6
116.7
116.3
118.0
117.8
118.6
118.1
117.6
120.0
114.9
118.6
118.7
118.0
118.5
120.3
119.0
117.9
1.6
111.0
111.3
111.5
112.1
108.7
111.6
109.0
107.8
110.4
109.9
111.0
110.3
110.1
110.7
110.3
110.1
110.3
111.2
111.6
112.1
112.1
113.0
109.4
112.5
109.7
108.6
111.2
110.7
111.7
110.7
110.8
111.1
111.2
110.5
111.7
111.1
112.8
113.2
113.4
114.1
110.4
113.4
111.1
109.9
112.6
111.8
113.7
111.4
111.5
112.5
112.5
110.8
112.6
111.7
113.6
114.0
114.1
114.9
111.6
114.1
111.9
110.5
113.7
112.7
115.0
112.5
112.7
113.5
113.5
112.1
113.6
112.9
114.4
115.1
114.9
116.1
112.4
115.2
112.9
111.7
114.4
113.4
115.9
113.0
113.5
113.2
114.1
112.9
114.2
113.3
115.2
115.9
115.7
116.8
113.2
115.7
113.5
111.8
115.6
114.7
116.7
113.7
114.1
114.4
114.9
113.4
115.1
113.3
116.4
117.3
116.9
118.4
114.3
116.8
114.8
112.8
117.4
116.5
118.6
114.7
115.4
115.3
116.0
114.5
115.9
114.1
1.0
1.2
P rivate In d u stry w o r k e r s ..............................................................
Excluding sales occupations..........................................
Workers, by occupational group:
White-collar workers.......................................................
Excluding sales occupations......................................
Professional specialty and technical occupations........
Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations
Sales occupations.........................................................
Administrative support occupations, including
clerical............................ ............................................
Service-producing ..........................................................
Excluding sales occupations.................................
White-collar occupations............................................
Excluding sales occupations...................................
Blue-collar occupations..............................................
Service occupations...................................................
Transportation and public utilities.................................
Transportation..............................................................
Public utilities..............................................................
Communications.......................................................
Electric, gas, and sanitary services.........................
Wholesale and retail tra d e ..........................................
Excluding sales occupations..................................
Wholesale tra d e ........................................................
Excluding sales occupations................................
Retail tra d e ................................................................
Food stores...........................................................
General merchandise stores.................................
See footnotes at end of table.
Digitized for92
FRASER
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June 1993
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
108.5
108.7
109.1
109.5
106.6
108.4
106.0
105.2
107.0
106.0
108.3
107.4
107.7
107.8
108.2
107.3
107.5
108.3
109.8
109.9
110.4
110.6
107.6
109.9
107.7
106.8
108.8
108.0
109.8
109.2
109.1
109.6
109.6
109.0
109.3
110.1
.8
.8
.8
.3
1.1
.9
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
2.1
1.0
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
2.3
2.0
1.4
1.0
1.4
1.0
1.0
1.1
.9
1.6
1.6
1.6
.9
1.1
.8
1.0
1.0
4.0
3.9
4.4
4.3
3.7
5.4
3.9
4.0
4.5
4.4
3.8
5.6
4.3
3.6
3.2
3.6
3.1
3.8
3.5
3.0
3.3
2.6
4.3
4.2
4.3
3.0
3.5
2.5
3.1
3.3
2.9
2.1
21.
Continued—Employment Cost Index, compensation,1by occupation and industry group
(June 1989=100)
1991
1992
1993
Series
Mar.
June
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
Percent change
3
months
ended
12
months
ended
Mar. 1993
Finance, insurance, and real estate............
Excluding sales occupations..............................
Banking, savings and loan, and other
credit agencies.............................
Insurance .................................
Services.............................
Business services..................
Health services .............
Hospitals ..............................
Educational services ......................
Colleges and universities.............. .............
108.3
108.6
109.5
109.5
109.7
110.6
110.0
111.4
111.7
112.5
110.8
112.2
111.1
112.5
113.0
107.4
107.4
110.8
110.3
112.6
112.2
111.9
111.3
107.0
109.5
111.5
110.4
113.5
113.2
111.5
112.0
107.5
109.5
113.1
110.0
115.3
114.9
114.9
115.5
107.4
110.7
114.0
111.1
116.5
116.1
115.7
116.3
110.2
113.2
115.3
112.5
117.9
117.7
115.8
116.8
110.0
114.7
116.4
113.6
118.9
118.5
116.3
117.4
111.0
114.9
117.8
115.2
120.6
120.2
119.3
120.3
Nonmanufacturing ...............................
White-collar occupations.......................
Excluding sales occupations................................
Blue-collar occupations....................................
Service occupations ..........................
108.5
109.1
109.5
107.2
108.4
109.7
110.4
110.6
108.2
109.9
110.9
111.5
112.1
109.2
111.7
111.5
112.1
112.9
109.8
112.5
112.7
113.4
114.1
110.7
113.4
113.5
114.1
114.9
111.8
114.1
S ta te an d local g o v e rn m e n t w o r k e r s ................
112.6
114.9
1.2
1.7
0.8
2.1
115.2
118.9
115.9
121.8
121.6
120.0
120.8
114.6
114.3
120.1
116.5
123.0
122.7
120.5
121.5
2.9
-.8
1.0
.5
1.0
.9
.4
.6
4.0
1.0
4.2
3.6
4.3
4.2
4.1
4.0
114.4
114.9
116.0
112.8
115.2
115.1
115.7
116.9
113.4
115.7
116.3
117.0
118.5
114.6
116.8
1.0
1.1
1.4
1.1
1.0
3.2
3.2
3.9
3.5
3.0
111.3
111.4
111.8
112.0
113.9
114.4
115.2
115.7
117.9
118.6
119.3
.6
3.6
Workers, by occupational group:
White-collar workers.........................
Professional specialty and technical.......................
Executive, administrative, and managerial .................
Administrative support, including clerical....................
Blue-collar workers.................................
112.2
112.3
112.2
111.8
110.4
112.3
112.4
112.0
111.7
110.9
114.2
114.5
113.3
113.5
112.4
114.6
115.0
113.7
114.0
112.9
115.4
115.5
115.0
115.4
114.2
115.8
116.0
115.2
115.7
115.3
118.1
118.5
116.8
117.5
116.9
118.9
119.2
117.8
118.5
117.8
119.5
119.6
119.0
119.2
118.3
.5
.3
1.0
.6
.4
3.6
3.5
3.5
3.3
3.6
Workers, by industry division:
Services.................................
Services excluding schools6 .........................
Health services.............................
Hospitals.....................................
Educational services...........................
Schools.................................................
Elementary and secondary..................................
Colleges and universities......... ........................
Public administration3 ....................................
112.4
112.2
112.6
112.2
112.4
112.5
112.9
111.3
110.8
112.6
111.7
112.2
112.1
112.6
112.9
113.0
112.5
110.9
114.8
113.7
113.9
114.1
114.9
115.2
115.7
113.4
112.2
115.3
114.4
114.9
115.2
115.3
115.6
116.2
113.5
112.6
115.8
115.1
115.9
115.9
115.7
116.0
116.6
114.0
114.0
116.2
115.6
116.8
116.7
116.1
116.4
117.1
114.1
114.6
118.8
117.5
118.6
118.6
118.9
119.2
119.9
116.9
115.8
119.6
118.6
119.4
119.4
119.7
119.9
120.7
117.2
116.3
120.0
119.6
120.2
120.0
120.0
120.2
120.7
118.4
117.6
.3
.8
.7
.5
.3
.3
.0
1.0
1.1
3.6
3.9
3.7
3.5
3.7
3.6
3.5
3.9
3.2
1 Cost (cents per hour worked) measured in the Employment Cost Index
consists of wages, salaries, and employer cost of employee benefits.
2 Consist of private industry workers (excluding farm and household workers)
and State and local government (excluding Federal Government) workers.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3 Consist of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities.
4 This series has the same industry and occupational coverage as the Hourly
Earnings Index, which was discontinued in January 1989.
5 Includes, for example, library, social, and health services.
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
93
Current Labor Statistics:
22.
Compensation & Industrial Relations
Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group
(June 1989=100)
1993
1992
1991
Series
Mar.
June
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
Percent change
12
months
ended
3
months
ended
Mar. 993
Civilian w o rk e rs 1 ...................................................................................
108.0
108.9
110.0
110.6
111.5
112.1
113.0
113.6
114.5
0.8
2.7
Workers, by occupational group:
White-collar workers ...........................................................
Professional specialty and technical................................
Executive, administrative, and managerial......................
Administrative support, including clerical ........................
Blue-collar workers..............................................................
Service occupations............................................................
108.7
109.9
108.5
107.9
106.6
107.8
109.6
110.4
109.6
108.8
107.4
108.9
110.8
112.3
110.8
109.9
108.2
110.6
111.3
113.0
111.5
110.6
108.9
111.3
112.2
113.6
111.9
111.8
109.8
111.9
112.8
114.4
112.2
112.5
110.6
112.4
113.7
116.0
112.8
113.4
111.3
113.4
114.5
116.7
113.5
114.2
111.9
113.8
115.4
117.5
115.0
115.3
112.7
114.5
.8
.7
1.3
1.0
.7
.6
2.9
3.4
2.8
3.1
2.6
2.3
Workers, by industry division:
Goods-producing..................................................................
Manufacturing .....................................................................
Service-producing.................................................................
Services............................................................................
Health services ..............................................................
Hospitals .....................................................................
Educational services .....................................................
Public administration 2 .....................................................
Nonmanufacturing ...............................................................
107.0
107.4
108.4
110.2
111.1
110.8
111.1
109.1
108.1
108.0
108.4
109.3
110.7
111.8
111.5
111.1
109.5
109.0
108.8
109.3
110.6
112.4
113.4
113.1
113.6
110.6
110.2
109.7
110.3
111.0
113.0
114.5
114.3
114.0
110.9
110.7
110.7
111.5
111.8
113.7
115.4
115.2
114.1
111.9
111.5
111.4
112.2
112.4
114.3
116.2
115.7
114.4
112.4
112.0
112.2
112.9
113.3
115.9
117.7
117.1
116.9
113.1
113.0
112.9
113.7
114.0
116.7
118.6
118.0
117.5
113.6
113.6
113.8
114.7
114.8
117.4
119.5
118.9
117.9
114.4
114.4
.8
.9
.7
.6
.8
.8
.3
.7
.7
2.8
2.9
2.7
3.3
3.6
3.2
3.3
2.2
2.6
107.3
107.4
108.4
108.4
109.3
109.4
110.0
110.2
110.9
111.1
111.6
111.8
112.2
112.5
112.9
113.2
113.9
114.2
.9
.9
2.7
2.8
107.9
108.2
108.6
109.1
109.2
109.5
110.1
110.5
111.1
110.7
111.3
112.0
111.7
112.1
113.0
112.3
112.8
114.0
112.9
113.7
115.3
113.7
114.4
116.0
114.7
115.7
117.1
.9
1.1
.9
2.7
3.2
3.6
108.2
106.8
109.4
108.5
110.6
108.2
111.4
107.9
111.6
109.7
112.0
110.1
112.5
109.7
113.2
110.7
114.7
110.5
1.3
-.2
2.8
.7
107.6
108.6
109.6
110.4
111.6
112.4
113.2
114.0
115.2
1.1
3.2
110.4
111.1
111.6
112.5
.8
2.6
P rivate Industry w o r k e r s .............................................................
Excluding sales occupations.........................................
Workers, by occupational group:
White-collar workers......................................................
Excluding sales occupations.....................................
Professional specialty and technical occupations......
Executive, administrative, and managerial
occupations......................................................... ......
Sales occupations.......................................................
Administrative support occupations, including
clerical........................................................................
Blue-collar workers........................................................
Precision production, craft, and repair
occupations...............................................................
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors.......
Transportation and material moving occupations......
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and
laborers......................................................................
106.4
107.3
108.0
108.8
109.7
106.3
107.1
104.5
107.0
108.0
105.6
107.8
108.7
106.1
108.4
109.8
106.7
109.3
110.9
107.4
110.1
111.6
108.3
111.0
111.7
109.3
111.5
112.4
109.7
112.4
113.2
110.0
.8
.7
.3
2.8
2.1
2.4
107.3
108.5
109.2
109.9
110.6
111.3
112.1
112.6
113.6
.9
2.7
111.2
111.6
112.5
112.9
113.5
.5
2.1
Service occupations......................................................
106.9
108.3
109.8
110.6
Production and nonsupervisory occupations3 ...............
107.0
108.1
109.0
109.6
110.6
111.3
112.0
112.6
113.4
.7
2.5
Workers, by industry division:
Goods-producing.............................................................
Excluding sales occupations.....................................
White-collar occupations..............................................
Excluding sales occupations.....................................
Blue-collar occupations................................................
Service occupations.....................................................
107.0
106.9
107.4
107.2
106.8
106.0
108.0
107.9
108.5
108.5
107.6
106.7
108.7
108.7
109.5
109.5
108.3
107.8
109.7
109.7
110.4
110.5
109.2
109.4
110.7
110.5
111.7
111.3
110.1
110.1
111.4
111.2
112.5
112.0
110.7
111.0
112.1
112.0
113.2
112.9
111.4
112.2
112.8
112.6
114.2
113.7
111.9
113.1
113.8
113.5
115.4
114.9
112.8
113.9
.9
.8
1.1
1.1
.8
.7
2.8
2.7
3.3
3.2
2.5
3.5
Construction ...................................................................
105.1
105.9
106.3
106.8
107.2
107.9
108.7
108.9
109.5
.6
2.1
Manufacturing.................................................................
White-collar occupations..........................................
Excluding sales occupations..................................
Blue-collar occupations ............................................
Service occupations..................................................
107.4
107.6
107.2
107.3
105.8
107.3
107.6
108.4
108.8
108.6
108.2
106.5
108.3
108.6
109.3
109.8
109.7
109.0
107.7
109.2
109.4
110.3
110.7
110.7
110.0
109.3
110.2
110.6
111.5
111.9
111.4
111.1
110.1
111.2
111.8
112.2
112.9
112.2
111.7
111.0
111.8
112.8
112.9
113.6
113.0
112.4
112.3
112.7
113.2
113.7
114.6
114.0
113.1
113.4
113.4
114.3
114.7
116.0
115.3
113.9
114.3
114.4
115.5
.9
1.2
1.1
.7
.8
.9
1.0
2.9
3.7
3.5
2.5
3.8
2.9
3.3
107.5
107.7
108.1
108.5
105.6
107.0
108.7
108.7
109.3
109.5
106.5
108.4
109.7
110.C
110.3
110.9
107.3
110.C
110.2
110.7
110.7
111.6
107.8
110.7
111.1
111.5
111.7
112.4
108.7
111.3
111.7
112.2
112.2
113.1
109.7
111.7
112.3
113.0
112.8
114.0
110.3
112.6
113.0
113.7
113.6
114.7
111.C
112.6
113.9
114.8
114.5
116.0
111.9
113.5
.8
1.0
.8
1.1
.8
.5
2.5
3.0
2.5
3.2
2.9
2.0
105.4
104.3
106.S
106.E
107.C
106.6
105.5
108.C
107.6
108.6
107.7
106.6
109.C
108.E
109.6
108.4
107.C
110.C
109.6
110.5
109.7
108.3
111.4
110.6
112.2
110.6
109.2
112.4
111.'
113.C
111.2
109.6
113.C
112.2
114.2
111.6
109.6
114.1
113.5
114.6
112.6
110.6
115..Í
114.'
116.1
1.C
.6
1.1
1.1
1.2
2.9
2.C
3.6
3.5
3.'
Nondurables.................................................................
Service-producing...........................................................
Electric, gas, and sanitary services........................
See footnotes at end of table.
Digitized for 94
FRASER
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June 1993
22.Continued— Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group
(June 1989=100)
1992
1993
Percent change
3
months
ended
Series
Mar.
June
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
12
months
ended
Mar. 1993
Wholesale and retail trade.........
Excluding sales occupations..
Wholesale tra d e .......................
Excluding sales occupations
Retail trade...............................
Food stores...........................
General merchandise stores..
106.6
106.8
107.3
107.9
106.2
106.9
107.8
108.4
108.3
109.2
109.2
108.0
108.7
110.0
109.4
109.2
110.4
109.8
109.0
109.4
110.9
109.6
109.6
110.3
110.5
109.2
110.4
110.6
Finance, insurance, and real estate......
Excluding sales occupations..........
Banking, savings and loan, and other
credit agencies..................................
Insurance...........................
107.0
107.6
108.1
108.4
108.0
109.5
106.6
105.7
105.9
107.8
109.5
109.6
110.0
Services..............................
Business services.............
Health services.................
Hospitals.........................
Educational services..........
Colleges and universities
110.8
110.3
109.6
Nonmanufacturing......................
White-collar occupations........
Excluding sales occupations.
Blue-collar occupations..........
Service occupations ...............
107.3
108.0
108.5
105.5
107.1
111.1
111.1
111.2
111.4
112.5
112.7
110.6
112.3
111.7
111.9
113.3
111.3
112.9
111.7
108.4
110.4
109.5
110.6
108.2
109.9
106.4
107.5
106.3
108.6
108.2
111.2
112.2
110.2
111.5
108.9
113.5
113.2
113.0
113.7
110.0
114.6
114.4
113.7
114.2
108.4
109.2
109.4
106.3
108.4
109.3
110.2
110.7
107.1
110.0
109.5
111.9
111.6
109.7
S ta te an d local g o v e rn m e n t w o rk e rs .
Workers, by occupational group:
White-collar workers....................................
Professional specialty and technical........
Executive, administrative, and managerial.
Administrative support, including clerical...
Blue-collar workers.............................
Workers, by industry division:
Services ....................................
Services excluding schools4 ....
Health services.....................
Hospitals............................
Educational services...............
Schools.................................
Elementary and secondary
Colleges and universities ....
Public administration 2 ...............
111.0
111.5
110.6
109.4
109.1
111.3
111.4
111.1
110.7
111.3
111.2
111.6
110.2
109.1
109.9
110 .
111.4
111.5
109.3
110.9
112.3
112.6
113.5
114.1
0.6
111.8
113.0
113.6
113.9
114.7
112.6
114.6
112.4
.9
.4
.5
.7
.8
.5
2.8
3.2
2.2
2.9
3.0
3.3
1.2
108.2
109.9
108.3
110.2
109.3
112.0
.9
1.6
-.2
1.3
107.7
112.7
108.6
112.7
109.0
112.7
112.1
111.2
2.8
-1.3
3.6
.0
113.2
111.0
115.6
115.4
113.4
114.2
114.0
111.7
116.3
115.9
113.6
114.5
115.2
113.3
117.9
117.3
116.5
117.3
116.1
113.9
118.9
118.3
117.1
117.6
117.0
114.2
119.8
119.3
117.5
118.0
3.4
2.9
3.6
3.4
3.6
3.3
109.8
110.6
111.5
107.5
110.7
110.7
111.6
112.3
108.2
111.3
111.3
113.0
109.1
111.7
111.9
112.8
113.9
109.7
112.6
112.6
113.5
114.6
110.2
112.9
113.4
114.4
115.8
111.1
113.4
2.4
2.5
3.1
2.7
1.9
113.2
113.8
114.2
115.9
116.6
114.0
114.5
113.3
112.7
112.5
114.3
114.8
113.5
112.9
113.7
116.2
117.0
114.7
114.1
115.0
116.9
117.6
115.5
114.9
115.6
117.5
118.1
116.5
115.4
116.2
114.4
114.8
114.9
114.5
114.3
114.3
114.9
112.3
111.9
114.7
115.2
115.7
115.2
114.6
114.6
115.3
112.3
112.4
116.9
116.4
116.7
116.5
116.9
117.0
117.9
114.1
113.1
117.5
117.4
117.4
117.1
117.6
117.5
118.5
114.3
113.6
118.1
118.4
118.1
117.6
118.0
117.9
118.7
115.5
114.4
111.2
111.7
110.7
109.7
110.0
113.1
113.8
112.0
111.4
111.1
113.5
114.2
112.3
111.5
111.4
111.7
111.3
111.5
111.5
111.7
111.0
109.5
113.7
113.5
113.0
112.9
113.8
113.7
114.3
112.0
110.6
114.1
114.2
114.0
114.1
114.1
114.0
114.7
Consists of private industry workers (excluding farm and household workers)
and State and local government (excluding Federal Government) workers.
Consists of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities.
111.5
111.8
111.6
112.0
110.9
112.
112.1
111.8
113.7
3.0
3.1
3.1
2.8
2.4
3.3
3.2
3.1
2.8
2.7
3.2
3.1
3.3
2.8
2.2
3 This series has the same industry and occupational coverage as the Hourly
Earnings Index, which was discontinued in January 1989.
4 Includes, for example, library, social and health services.
23. Employment Cost Index, benefits, private industry workers by occupation and industry group
(June 1989 = 100)
1991
1992
1993
Series
Mar.
June
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
Percent change
3
months
ended
12
months
ended
Mar. 1993
P riv a te in d u stry w o rk e rs ..................
111.6
113.5
115.2
116.2
118.6
119.7
121.2
122.2
125.2
2.5
5.6
Workers, by occupational group:
White-collar workers .....................
Blue-collar workers...............
112.1
111.0
113.8
112.8
115.3
114.9
116.4
115.7
118.4
118.7
119.4
119.7
121.0
121.2
122.0
122.2
124.7
125.5
2.2
2.7
5.3
5.7
Workers, by industry group:
Goods-producing.............................
Service-producing..............................
Manufacturing .....................
Nonmanufacturing............................
111.9
111.4
111.2
111.9
113.9
113.0
113.3
113.5
115.8
114.6
115.3
115.1
116.7
115.7
116.1
116.2
119.7
117.7
119.3
118.2
120.6
118.8
120.1
119.4
122.3
120.4
121.5
121.0
123.4
121.2
122.6
122.0
127.3
123.4
126.8
124.2
3.2
1.8
3.4
1.8
6.3
4.8
6.3
5.1
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
95
Current Labor Statistics:
Compensation & Industrial Relations
24. Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers, by bargaining status, region, and area size
(June 1989=100)
Series
Mar.
June
Dec.
Sept.
Mar.
June
Percent change
1993
1992
Dec.
Sept.
12
months
ended
3
months
ended
Mar.
Mar. 1993
C O M P E N S A TIO N
W o rk e rs , by b arga ining s ta tu s 1
115.2
115.7
114.6
116.1
114.5
115.9
116.4
115.2
116.9
115.1
117.8
118.7
116.7
119.8
116.3
1.6
2.0
1.3
2.5
111.8
114.0
114.6
113.2
115.2
113.1
1.0
4.2
4.1
4.3
4.4
4.0
111.9
112.2
111.8
112.4
111.7
113.1
113.3
113.0
113.6
112.9
113.8
114.1
113.7
114.5
113.5
114.7
115.1
114.4
115.5
114.3
115.5
116.0
115.2
116.4
115.1
116.8
117.7
116.3
118.1
116.3
1.1
1.5
1.0
1.5
1.0
3.3
3.9
2.9
4.0
3.0
111.7
110.7
111.2
110.0
112.5
111.2
113.9
112.5
113.8
111.9
114.5
113.3
114.6
112.9
115.5
114.1
115.3
114.1
116.4
114.8
116.1
114.9
117.8
116.2
117.9
116.2
1.2
1.2
1.6
1.1
3.4
3.3
3.6
3.8
111.0
110.7
111.8
111.2
113.1
113.1
113.9
113.7
114.8
114.8
115.6
115.6
117.1
117.0
1.3
1.2
3.5
3.4
Union ...............................................................
Goods-producing..........................................
Service-producing.........................................
Manufacturing...............................................
Nonmanufacturing........................................
107.5
107.9
107.1
108.1
107.1
108.8
109.2
108.3
109.5
108.3
110.1
110.3
109.8
110.6
109.7
111.1
111.3
110.9
111.7
110.6
113.1
114.0
111.9
114.8
Nonunion.................................................
Goods-producing..................................
Service-producing.................................
Manufacturing......................................
Nonmanufacturing................................
108.8
108.8
108.8
108.8
108.8
110.1
110.1
110.1
110.2
110.1
111.2
111.3
111.2
111.5
111.2
109.4
108.4
108.5
107.5
110.6
109.8
109.7
108.9
108.5
108.4
109.8
109.9
W o rk e rs , by region 1
Northeast................................................
South ......................................................
Midwest (formerly North Central)..........
W est.......................................................
112.2
110.9
W o rk e rs , b y a re a s ize 1
Metropolitan areas....................................
Other areas...............................................
W A G E S A N D S A LA R IE S
W o rk e rs , b y barga ining statu s 1
Union ................................................................
Goods-producing...........................................
Service-producing..........................................
Manufacturing ................................................
Nonmanufacturing.........................................
106.2
106.2
106.1
106.7
105.8
107.1
107.1
107.0
107.5
106.7
108.0
107.7
108.4
108.3
107.9
108.9
108.7
109.2
109.4
108.6
109.8
109.6
110.1
110.4
109.4
110.8
110.2
111.5
110.9
110.7
111.7
111.1
112.5
111.7
111.7
112.3
111.7
113.1
112.5
112.2
113.1
112.2
114.2
113.2
113.0
.7
.4
1.0
.6
.7
3.0
2.4
3.7
2.5
3.3
Nonunion......................................................... .
Goods-producing..........................................
Service-producing.........................................
Manufacturing...............................................
Nonmanufacturing........................................
107.6
107.3
107.8
107.7
107.6
108.7
108.3
108.9
108.8
108.7
109.7
109.2
109.9
109.7
109.6
110.3
110.1
110.4
110.7
110.1
111.2
111.2
111.2
111.9
110.9
111.8
111.9
111.7
112.7
111.4
112.4
112.6
112.3
113.4
112.0
113.1
113.3
113.0
114.2
112.7
114.1
114.4
113.8
115.4
113.5
.9
1.0
.7
1.1
.7
2.6
2.9
2.3
3.1
2.3
108.3
107.4
106.9
106.4
109.4
108.5
107.7
107.6
110.3
109.2
108.9
108.6
110.9
109.6
109.9
109.4
111.7
113.0
113.7
112.7
112.5
110.2
112.2
111.5
111.3
111.1
114.6
113.6
113.5
113.6
.8
.8
.9
.7
2.6
2.5
2.5
3.1
107.3
107.2
108.4
108.4
109.3
109.0
110.1
109.4
110.9
110.7
111.6
111.2
112.3
112.0
113.9
113.5
.9
.6
2.7
2.5
W o rk e rs , b y reg io n 1
Northeast.........................................................
South ...............................................................
Midwest (formerly North Central)....................
W est.................................................................
W o rk e rs , b y a re a s iz e 1
Metropolitan areas...................................
Other areas..............................................
1 The indexes are calculated differently from those for the occupation and
industry groups. For a detailed description of the index calculation, see the
96 Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June 1993
110.8
110.7
112.0
111.8
112.2
Labor Review Technical
Employment Cost Index,” May 1982.
Monthly
Note,
112.8
112.9
112.8
“ Estimation
procedures
for
the
25.
Percent of full-time employees participating in employer-provided benefit plans, 1980-91
Small
private
establish
ments2
Medium and large private establishments'
Item
1980 1981
Tim e-off plana
Participants with:
Paid lunch time ..................................................
Average minutes per d a y ................................
Paid rest tim e .....................................................
Average minutes per d a y ................................
Paid funeral le a v e ...............................................
Average days per occurrence........................
Paid holidays ......................................................
Average days per y e a r....................................
Paid personal le a v e ...........................................
Average days per y e a r....................................
Paid vacations....................................................
Paid sick le a v e ...................................................
Unpaid maternity leave .....................................
Unpaid paternity leave .......................................
1982
1983
1984
9
25
76
25
99
10.0
24
3.8
99
67
11
25
74
25
*
99
9.8
25
3.7
100
67
9
26
73
26
-
-
**
-
97
97
96
97
60
99
-
62
99
50
37
37
58
99
53
43
46
62
99
61
52
27
49
-
27
51
-
96
96
96
96
96
69
72
64
72
64
72
66
40
41
43
54
50
51
84
84
55
98
56
98
50
43
-
10
10
75
“
99
99
10.1 10.2
20
23
100
99
62
65
-
75
-
-
1985
1989
1991
1990
1987
1990
10
26
71
26
84
3.3
97
9.2
22
3.1
97
68
8
30
67
26
80
3.3
92
10.2
21
3.3
96
67
8
37
48
27
47
2.9
84
9.5
11
2.8
88
47
4 17
34
4 58
29
56
3.7
81
10.9
38
2.7
72
97
11
36
56
29
63
3.7
74
13.6
39
2.9
67
95
“
33
16
37
18
37
26
17
8
57
30
51
33
96
95
90
92
83
69
93
93
56
67
99
68
61
66
70
99
70
66
76
79
98
80
74
75
80
97
97
96
81
80
98
97
96
79
83
98
97
94
76
78
98
87
86
82
79
99
99
98
33
36
36
$10.13 $11.93 $12.05
54
58
56
$32.51 $35.93 $38.33
43
$12.80
63
$41.40
44
$19.29
64
$60.07
47
$25.31
66
$72.10
51
$26.60
69
$96.97
42
$25.13
67
$109.34
96
96
92
94
94
64
85
88
74
64
73
13
62
72
10
59
76
8
49
71
7
42
71
6
44
78
1
19
67
1
55
67
1
45
45
47
48
48
42
45
40
19
31
27
49
51
52
49
46
43
45
26
14
21
84
82
82
80
76
63
63
59
20
93
90
58
97
52
45
-
64
97
51
54
55
-
63
97
47
54
56
-
67
97
41
57
61
7 53
64
98
35
57
62
7 60
59
98
26
55
62
45
62
97
22
64
63
48
55
98
7
56
54
48
54
95
7
58
49
31
92
90
33
100
18
9
89
88
16
100
8
9
"
26
33
36
41
44
17
28
45
“
“
2
5
5
12
9
23
10
36
1
8
5
5
5
31
-
-
10
27
72
26
88
3.2
99
10.0
25
3.7
100
70
1988
11
29
72
26
85
3.2
96
9.4
24
3.3
98
69
99
9.8
23
3.6
99
67
10
27
72
26
88
3.2
98
10.1
26
3.7
99
67
1986
State and local
governments’
-
Insurance plans
Participants in medical care p la n s.......................
Participants with coverage for:
Home health c a re ...........................................
Extended care facilities...................................
Mental health c a re ..........................................
Alcohol abuse treatm ent................................
Drug abuse treatment ....................................
Participants with employee contribution
required for:
Self coverage ..................................................
Average monthly contribution .....................
Family coverage...............................................
Average monthly contribution5 ....................
Participants in life insurance p la n s......................
Participants with:
Accidental death and dismemberment
insurance....................................................
Survivor income b e n e fits ................................
Retiree protection available............................
Participants in long-term disability insurance
p la n s.................................................................
Participants in sickness and accident insurance
p la n s .................................................................
R etirement plans
Participants in defined benefit pension plans*....
Participants with:
Normal retirement prior to age 6 5 .................
Early retirement a vailable...............................
Ad hoc pension increase in last 5 ye a rs......
Terminal earnings fo rm u la .............................
Benefit coordinated with Social Security......
Participants in defined contribution p la n s...........
Participants in plans with tax-deferred savings
arrangements ...................................................
97
58
98
-
26
46
-
-
53
45
-
“
35
38
$15.74 $25.53
71
65
$71.89 $117.59
Other benefits
Employees eligible for.
Flexible benefits plans .......................................
Reimbursement accou n ts..................................
“
“
~
' From 1979 to 1986, data were collected in private sector establishments
with a minimum employment varying from 50 to 250 employees, depending
upon industry. In addition, coverage in service industries was limited. Begin
ning in 1988, data were collected in all private sector establishments
employing 100 workers or more in all industries.
2 Includes private sector establishments with fewer than 100 workers.
1
In 1987, coverage excluded local governments employing fewer than 50
workers. In 1990, coverage included all State and local governments.
4 Data exclude college teachers.
5 Data for 1983 refer to the average monthly employee contribution for
dependent coverage, excluding the employee. Beginning in 1984, data refer
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
to the average monthly employee contribution for family coverage, which
includes the employee.
* Prior to 1985, data on participation in defined benefit pension plant
included a small percentage of workers participating in money purchase
pension plans.
Beginning in 1985, these workers were classified as
participating in defined contribution plans.
7 Includes employees who participated in Payroll-based Employee Stock
Ownership Plans. Beginning in 1987, these plans were no longer available.
NOTE: Dash indicates data were not collected in this year.
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
97
Current Labor Statistics:
Compensation & Industrial Relations
26. Specified compensation and wage rate changes from contract settlements, and wage rate changes under all
agreements, private industry collective bargaining agreements covering 1,000 workers or more (in percent)
Quarterly average
Annual average
Measure
1993
1992
1991
1991
II
III
IV
I
II
III
IV
I
C h an g es u n d er s ettlem en ts:
Total compensation 1 changes,2 settlements
covering 5,000 workers or more:
First year of contract...........................................
Annual average over life of contract...................
4.6
3.2
4.1
3.4
4.8
3.9
3.7
3.2
3.6
2.9
2.7
3.5
3.6
3.6
3.3
3.0
1.4
2.7
3.1
3.1
Wage changes, settlements covering 1,000
workers or more:
First year of contract...........................................
Annual average over life of contract...................
4.0
3.2
3.6
3.2
3.6
3.5
3.2
3.0
3.7
3.2
3.1
3.1
2.8
3.0
2.9
3.1
1.8
2.6
2.8
3.1
3.5
3.6
1.0
1.1
.7
.6
1.0
1.0
.4
.5
1.3
1.5
.7
1.1
1.9
.5
.4
.6
.1
.3
.7
.1
.3
.3
.1
.1
.4
.1
.2
.7
.1
.3
.6
.1
.2
.2
.1
.1
.3
.1
W a g e cha n g e s u n d er all a g ree m e n ts :
Average wage change 3 .........................................
Source:
Current settlements........................................
Prior settlements.............................................
COLA provisions.............................................
1 Compensation includes wages, salaries, and employers’ cost of employee
benefits when contract is negotiated.
2 Changes are the net result of Increases, decreases, and zero change in
compensation or wages.
3 Because of rounding, total may not equal sum of parts.
27. Average specified compensation and wage rate changes, private industry collective bargaining settlements
covering 1,000 workers or more during 4-quarter periods (in percent)
Average for four quarters endingMeasure
1991
II
1993
1992
III
IV
I
III
II
I
IV
Specified total compensation changes, settlements covering 5,000
workers or more, all industries:
First year of contract............................................................................
Annual average over life of contract....................................................
4.4
3.1
4.3
3.3
4.1
3.4
4.0
3.4
3.6
3.2
3.5
3.2
3.0
3.1
3.0
3.1
Specified wage changes, settlements covering 1,000 workers or
more:
All industries:
First year of contract .........................................................................
Contracts with COLA clauses.........................................................
Contracts without COLA clauses ....................................................
Annual average over life of contract.................................................
Contracts with COLA clauses.........................................................
Contracts without COLA clauses ...................................................
3.8
3.4
4.1
3.0
2.1
3.7
3.7
3.3
3.9
3.1
2.2
3.4
3.6
3.4
3.7
3.2
3.0
3.3
3.5
3.3
3.5
3.2
3.0
3.3
3.2
3.0
3.2
3.1
2.6
3.2
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
2.6
3.2
2.7
2.7
2.7
3.0
2.5
3.1
2.7
3.0
2.6
3.0
2.8
3.0
3.9
3.9
3.2
4.8
3.1
2.7
3.7
3.5
3.2
4.0
3.0
2.7
3.5
3.1
2.7
3.7
2.7
2.1
3.3
3.0
2.2
3.6
2.7
1.8
3.3
2.6
1.6
3.4
2.6
1.9
3.2
2.9
2.5
3.3
2.8
2.6
3.0
3.4
3.9
3.4
3.3
4.1
3.2
3.4
3.8
3.4
3.3
4.1
3.3
3.2
3.8
3.2
3.2
3.7
3.2
3.1
3.8
3.0
3.2
3.3
3.2
2.7
3.6
2.6
3.0
3.0
3.0
2.6
3.6
2.5
3.0
3.0
3.0
Manufacturing:
First year of contract .........................................................................
Contracts with COLA clauses.........................................................
Contracts without COLA clauses ....................................................
Annual average over life of contract.................................................
Contracts with COLA clauses.........................................................
Contracts without COLA clauses ....................................................
Nonmanufacturing:
First year of contract .........................................................................
Contracts with COLA clauses.........................................................
Contracts without COLA clauses ....................................................
Annual average over life of contract.................................................
Contracts with COLA clauses.........................................................
Contracts without COLA clauses ....................................................
Construction:
First year of contract.........................................................................
Contracts with COLA clauses.........................................................
Contracts without COLA clauses ...................................................
Annual average over life of contract.................................................
Contracts with COLA clauses.........................................................
Contracts without COLA clauses ...................................................
’ Data do not meet publication standards.
2 None of the settlements included COLA provisions.
Digitized for
98 FRASER
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June 1993
3.7
(1)
(1)
(’ )
(1)
2.1
(1)
(1)
2.7
(1)
(’ )
3.9
(1)
(’ )
3.6
(1)
(1)
3.7
(1)
(1)
3.4
(1)
(')
3.1
(2)
(2)
2.2
(2)
f2)
3.6
(2)
(2)
2.2
(2)
(2)
2.9
f2)
f2)
2.3
(2)
2.3
3.0
2.9
f2)
(2)
(2)
3.0
2.3
2.0
(1)
(1)
(')
<1)
2.7
(1)
(1)
(')
(1)
2.4
2.5
O
(1)
1.9
2.0
(1)
0
(1)
(1)
2.4
(1)
(’ )
28. Average wage rate changes, private industry collective bargaining agreements covering 1,000 workers
or more during 4-quarter periods (in percent)
Average for four quarters endingMeasure
Average wage change1 ...........................................................................
Source:
Current settlements.........................................................................
Prior settlements..............................................................................
COLA provisions..............................................................................
Average wage increase ..........................................................................
Source:
Current settlements.........................................................................
Prior settlements..............................................................................
COLA provisions..............................................................................
1993
1992
1991
III
IV
I
II
III
IV
I
3.5
3.6
3.5
3.4
3.2
3.1
2.9
1.1
1.8
.6
1.1
1.9
.5
1.1
2.0
.4
.9
2.0
.4
.9
1.9
.4
.8
1.9
.4
.8
1.8
.4
4.1
4.0
3.8
3.9
3.8
3.7
3.6
3.8
3.6
2.4
4.2
3.7
2.0
4.0
3.7
1.8
3.9
3.7
1.9
3.6
3.7
2.1
3.6
3.8
2.0
3.5
3.7
2.0
1 Because of rounding, total may not equal sum of parts.
29. Specified compensation and wage rate changes from contract settlements, and wage rate changes under all agreements,
State and local government collective bargaining agreements covering 1,000 workers or more (in percent)
A n n u a l a ve ra g e
M e a s u re
1990
1992
1991
C h a n g e s u n d e r s e ttle m e n ts :
T o ta l c o m p e n s a tio n 1 c h a n g e s , 2 s e ttle m e n ts c o v e r in g 5 ,0 0 0 w o rk e rs o r m o re :
F ir s t y e a r o f c o n t r a c t ......................................................................................................................
5.1
2.1
.6
A n n u a l a v e r a g e o v e r life o f c o n t r a c t .....................................................................................
5.1
2 .7
1 .9
W a g e c h a n g e s , s e ttle m e n ts c o v e r in g 1 ,0 0 0 w o rk e rs o r m o re :
F ir s t y e a r o f c o n t r a c t .................................................................................
4 .9
2 .6
1.1
A n n u a l a v e r a g e o v e r life o f c o n t r a c t ................................................
5 .0
2 .6
2.1
A v e r a g e w a g e c h a n g e 3 ........................
4 .6
1.0
1 .9
S o u rc e :
C u r r e n t s e t t l e m e n t s ..........................
2 .0
P rio r s e t t le m e n t s ................................
2 .6
.2
.7
1.1
.1
(4)
W a g e c h a n g e s u n d e r a ll a g r e e m e n ts :
n
C O L A p r o v is io n s ................................
1 C o m p e n s a tio n
in c lu d e s
w ages,
s a la rie s ,
b e n e fits w h e n c o n t r a c t is n e g o tia te d .
2 C h a n g e s a re t h e n e t re s u lt o f
30.
and
e m p lo y e r s ’
cost
of
.8
c o m p e n s a tio n o r w a g e s .
e m p lo y e e
3 B e c a u s e o f ro u n d in g , to ta l m a y n o t e q u a l s u m o f p a rts .
in c re a s e s ,
d e c re a s e s ,
and
z e ro
change
AL e s s th a n
in
0 .0 5 p e rc e n t.
Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more
Annual totals
1991
1993
1992
1992
Apr.
May
June
July
Sept.
Aug.
Nov.
Oct.
Jan.
Dec.
Apr.p
Mar.P
Feb.
Number of stoppages:
Beginning in period.....................
In effect during period................
40
45
Workers involved:
Beginning in period (in
thousands).................................
In effect during period (in
thousands).................................
392.0
363.8
15.2
9.6
242.6
3.8
56.8
16.2
14.5
.0
.0
220
50
122
130
412.0
388.0
34.7
23.5
258.7
11.5
63.8
80.0
23.5
7.0
2.6
236
76
215
210
4,583.6
3,988.6
414.5
321.8
741.2
157.0
213.9
578.4
280.6
98.6
48.2
564
1,394
1,129
1,123
.02
.01
.02
.01
.03
.01
.01
.02
.01
.01
.01
1
1
1
1
Days idle:
Number (in thousands)...............
Percent of estimated working
time1 ..........................................
35
41
4
9
6
11
6
12
1 Agricultural and government employees are included in the total employed and total
working time: private household, forestry, and fishery employees are excluded. An explanation of the measurement of idleness as a percentage of the total time worked is found
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1
5
3
6
8
14
5
9
0
3
0
2
2
3
1
3
2
7
4
7
in “ Total economy’ measure of strike idleness,” Monthly Labor Review, October 1968,
pp. 54-56.
p = preliminary.
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
99
Current Labor Statistics:
Price Data
31. Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: U.S. city
average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group
(1982-84=100, unless otherwise indicated)
Annual
average
Series
1992
1993
1991
1992
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
136.2
408.0
140.3
420.3
139.5
417.9
139.7
418.6
140.2
419.9
140.5
420.8
140.9
422.0
141.3
423.2
141.8
424.7
142.0
425.3
141.9
425.2
142.6
427.0
143.1
428.7
143.6
430.1
144.0
431.2
Food and beverages........................
Food...................................................
Food at h om e ............................
Cereals and bakery products.................................................
Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs................................................
Dairy products........................................
Fruits and vegetables................................
Other foods at home..............................
Sugar and sweets..................................
Fats and o ils .................................
Nonalcoholic beverages....................
Other prepared foods......................................
Food away from home ....................................
Alcoholic beverages.......................
136.8
136.3
135.8
145.8
132.6
125.1
155.8
127.3
129.3
131.7
114.1
137.1
137.9
142.8
138.7
137.9
136.8
151.5
130.9
128.5
155.4
128.8
133.1
129.8
114.3
140.1
140.7
147.3
138.8
138.1
137.4
150.6
130.3
127.4
162.0
128.6
133.0
129.6
114.4
139.5
140.2
147.2
138.3
137.4
136.2
150.7
130.0
127.0
155.1
128.9
132.9
130.4
114.5
140.0
140.4
147.4
138.3
137.4
136.1
151.6
130.2
127.8
151.9
129.2
133.3
130.2
115.0
140.1
140.7
147.5
138.1
137.2
135.7
152.4
130.1
128.3
149.4
128.7
133.8
129.9
113.9
139.8
140.8
147.7
138.8
138.0
136.9
153.1
130.8
129.2
153.7
129.1
133.8
129.5
114.1
140.8
141.0
147.6
139.3
138.5
137.4
152.6
131.5
129.7
155.5
129.0
133.7
129.9
114.2
140.4
141.2
148.0
139.2
138.3
137.2
152.8
131.5
130.1
153.7
129.2
133.7
129.9
114.1
140.9
141.3
148.2
139.1
138.3
137.0
152.7
131.8
129.4
154.0
128.2
133.0
128.5
112.4
140.6
141.5
148.2
139.5
138.7
137.5
153.3
132.1
129.1
156.2
128.3
132.1
128.4
112.3
141.2
141.6
148.1
140.5
139.8
139.1
153.4
133.5
129.5
160.9
129.4
133.1
130.2
113.5
142.1
142.0
148.7
140.7
139.9
139.1
154.9
133.2
128.8
159.4
130.3
133.3
130.7
115.1
142.7
142.2
149.1
140.9
140.1
139.4
154.6
134.5
128.8
159.1
130.2
132.8
130.2
114.8
143.0
142.4
149.4
141.4
140.6
140.0
155.4
135.6
128.0
160.8
129.9
133.2
130.2
114.2
142.8
142.7
149.7
Housing ..................................
Shelter ....................................
Renters’ costs (12/82 = 100)..................................................
Rent, residential..........................................
Other renters’ costs ...................................
Homeowners’ costs (12/82=100)......................
Owners’ equivalent rent (1 2/8 2=1 0 0 ).......................
Household insurance (12/82=100)......................
Maintenance and repairs....................................
Maintenance and repair services.................................
Maintenance and repair commodities...................................
Fuel and other utilities.........................................
Fuels ....................................................
Fuel oil, coal, and bottled g a s ...............................................
Gas (piped) and electricity ..............................................
Other utilities and public services............................................
Household furnishings and operations.......................................
Housefurnishings .................................................
Housekeeping supplies..................................
Housekeeping services......................................................
133.6
146.3
155.6
143.3
174.6
150.2
150.4
138.4
126.3
130.3
121.0
115.3
106.7
94.6
112.6
137.9
116.0
107.5
128.9
127.5
137.5
151.2
160.9
146.9
184.8
155.3
155.5
142.2
128.6
133.1
122.4
117.8
108.1
90.7
114.8
142.5
118.0
109.0
129.6
132.1
136.5
150.2
160.1
146.2
183.7
154.2
154.4
141.1
128.0
132.2
122.4
115.8
105.1
89.9
111.3
142.2
118.0
109.7
129.0
130.5
136.7
150.2
159.5
146.3
180.9
154.4
154.6
141.4
128.1
131.9
123.0
116.8
106.5
89.8
113.0
142.4
117.9
109.2
129.5
131.0
137.7
151.1
161.0
146.6
186.2
155.0
155.3
142.0
128.5
133.1
122.3
119.0
110.2
90.1
117.4
142.2
118.2
109.1
129.8
132.6
138.3
151.8
162.8
147.0
192.0
155.5
155.7
142.6
128.8
133.4
122.6
119.4
110.4
90.0
117.6
143.1
118.4
109.4
130.1
132.6
138.6
152.3
163.5
147.0
194.7
155.8
156.1
142.9
128.1
133.1
121.3
119.4
110.3
89.7
117.5
143.3
118.3
109.0
130.1
133.0
138.4
151.9
161.7
147.2
186.9
156.0
156.3
143.1
128.5
133.1
122.2
119.8
111.1
89.7
118.5
143.0
118.3
108.8
129.8
133.8
138.5
152.5
161.7
148.0
184.2
156.8
157.1
143.3
129.4
134.7
122.2
118.5
108.7
91.4
115.4
143.4
118.4
109.0
129.9
133.9
138.5
152.4
160.6
148.6
178.3
157.2
157.5
143.5
129.5
134.8
122.2
118.3
108.2
92.1
114.8
143.7
118.5
109.1
130.2
134.0
138.5
152.5
160.2
148.6
176.7
157.5
157.8
144.3
129.3
135.2
121.3
118.7
108.9
91.8
115.6
143.6
118.2
108.7
129.5
134.3
139.3
153.7
162.5
148.9
184.9
158.2
158.5
144.1
129.7
135.1
122.5
119.2
109.2
92.3
115.9
144.3
118.2
108.6
130.0
134.1
139.7
154.4
164.4
149.1
191.6
158.5
158.8
144.7
130.5
135.2
124.0
118.4
107.5
92.5
113.8
145.3
118.6
108.9
130.6
134.5
140.2
154.8
165.2
149.1
195.0
158.7
159.0
144.9
131.5
135.8
125.8
119.5
108.6
92.8
115.1
146.3
118.7
109.3
129.6
134.6
140.4
155.0
164.9
149.7
191.9
159.2
159.5
145.2
131.8
134.9
127.7
119.6
108.8
92.6
115.3
146.2
119.2
109.7
130.6
135.0
Apparel and upkeep.......................................................
Apparel commodities..................................................................
Men’s and boys’ apparel..........................................................
Women's and girls’ apparel .....................................................
Infants’ and toddlers' apparel...................................................
Footwear......................................................
Other apparel commodities......................................................
Apparel services...................................................................
128.7
126.4
124.2
127.6
128.9
120.9
137.7
142.9
131.9
129.4
126.5
130.4
129.3
125.0
142.6
147.9
133.3
131.1
127.8
133.1
131.3
125.6
141.5
146.7
133.1
130.9
127.5
132.6
130.3
126.0
142.8
146.8
131.0
128.4
126.2
128.2
129.6
125.4
142.7
148.6
129.2
126.5
124.2
125.1
128.3
124.4
144.2
148.5
130.2
127.6
124.1
127.5
128.8
124.9
143.9
148.6
133.3
130.8
126.8
132.6
130.1
126.3
143.6
148.8
135.0
132.7
128.8
135.1
130.6
127.1
144.3
149.3
134.5
132.1
128.8
134.3
131.9
126.0
142.7
149.7
131.4
128.7
127.1
129.1
130.7
125.1
138.9
149.7
129.7
126.8
124.2
125.7
127.9
124.4
145.7
149.7
133.4
130.9
126.5
133.1
127.0
125.2
145.2
150.2
136.2
133.9
128.7
138.4
125.9
126.3
144.6
150.6
136.9
134.5
129.0
138.6
126.5
127.1
148.3
150.8
Transportation .................................................................
Private transportation............................................................
New vehicles.............................................................................
New ca rs................................................................................
Used c a rs .................................................................................
Motor fu e l.................................................................................
Gasoline.................................................................................
Maintenance and repair....................................................
Other private transportation...................................................
Other private transportation commodities.............................
Other private transportation services....................................
Public transportation..................................................................
123.8
121.9
126.0
125.3
118.1
99.4
99.2
136.0
149.1
104.1
159.2
148.9
126.5
124.6
129.2
128.4
123.2
99.0
99.0
141.3
153.2
104.8
164.2
151.4
125.2
122.9
129.1
128.2
117.9
95.0
94.8
140.5
152.4
104.8
163.2
154.7
126.3
124.3
129.2
128.4
120.5
99.4
99.4
140.8
152.5
104.8
163.2
151.6
126.9
125.4
129.1
128.2
123.1
102.9
103.0
141.2
152.6
104.6
163.5
145.3
127.2
125.5
128.6
127.8
124.8
102.8
102.9
141.4
153.0
104.4
164.0
148.3
126.9
125.4
128.5
127.6
126.4
101.7
101.8
141.6
153.1
104.6
164.1
146.7
126.8
125.4
128.3
127.4
127.7
101.7
101.8
142.2
152.7
104.8
163.5
145.6
128.0
126.1
129.1
128.2
129.1
101.6
101.5
142.5
154.4
104.5
165.8
152.9
129.2
127.0
130.6
129.7
129.9
102.2
102.2
142.8
155.3
104.7
166.8
157.4
129.0
126.7
131.3
130.5
129.0
100.2
100.1
143.2
155.5
104.7
167.1
158.2
129.1
126.6
131.8
130.9
127.4
98.6
98.5
143.4
156.5
105.0
168.2
161.6
129.2
126.5
132.0
130.9
126.0
98.0
97.8
144.3
156.8
104.5
168.8
164.1
129.0
126.3
132.0
130.9
126.6
97.3
97.1
144.7
156.3
103.9
168.3
163.5
129.4
126.8
132.2
131.1
128.7
98.4
98.2
145.2
156.1
103.9
168.1
162.8
Medical c a re ..................................................................................
Medical care commodities..........................................................
Medical care services..................................................................
Professional services................................................................
Hospital and related services...................................................
177.0
176.8
177.1
165.7
196.1
190.1
188.1
190.5
175.8
214.0
188.1
187.9
188.1
174.1
210.3
188.7
187.6
188.9
174.7
211.4
189.4
188.0
189.7
175.4
212.3
190.7
188.6
191.1
176.3
214.6
191.5
188.9
192.2
177.1
216.2
192.3
189.5
192.9
177.7
217.1
193.3
189.8
194.2
178.4
219.4
194.3
190.4
195.2
179.1
221.0
194.7
191.1
195.6
179.4
221.4
196.4
191.8
197.5
180.7
224.2
198.0
193.2
199.1
181.7
227.0
198.6
193.9
199.7
182.3
227.4
199.4
193.7
200.7
183.0
229.1
Entertainment................................................................................
Entertainment commodities ........................................................
Entertainment services................................................................
138.4
128.6
150.6
142.3
131.3
155.9
142.0
131.4
155.2
142.0
131.2
155.3
142.0
131.3
155.3
142.4
131.6
155.7
142.6
131.6
156.2
143.2
131.3
157.7
143.5
131.6
158.0
143.7
132.2
157.8
143.8
131.9
158.3
144.3
132.8
158.4
144.5
132.9
158.7
144.8
133.1
159.0
145.3
133.2
159.9
Other goods and services.............................................................
Tobacco products.......................................................................
Personal care...............................................................................
Toilet goods and personal care appliances.............................
Personal care services .............................................................
Personal and educational expenses...........................................
School books and supplies......................................................
Personal and educational services..........................................
171.6
202.7
134.9
132.8
137.0
183.7
180.3
184.2
183.3
219.8
138.3
136.5
140.0
197.4
190.3
198.1
180.3
214.5
138.5
137.0
139.8
193.9
188.7
194.5
181.3
219.3
138.0
136.1
139.8
194.0
188.4
194.7
181.5
219.2
137.8
135.7
139.9
194.6
189.1
195.2
182.3
220.5
138.8
137.5
140.0
195.2
189.3
195.8
183.9
221.5
138.7
137.3
140.1
197.7
189.7
198.6
187.0
224.0
138.6
137.0
140.1
202.6
193.0
203.5
187.9
225.6
138.7
136.8
140.5
203.6
193.8
204.6
188.0
225.0
139.0
136.9
141.1
203.9
193.9
204.9
189.1
228.9
139.6
137.8
141.3
204.2
193.8
205.3
191.0
234.6
139.8
137.7
141.9
205.4
195.5
206.4
191.5
235.6
139.6
137.0
142.2
206.0
195.6
207.0
192.0
236.3
140.7
138.4
142.9
206.3
195.7
207.3
192.4
237.3
140.6
138.1
143.2
206.7
195.8
207.8
C O N S U M E R PR IC E IN D E X FO R A L L U R BA N C O NS UM ER S:
All ite m s............................
All items (1967=100) .........................
See footnotes at end of table.
100
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June 1993
31. Continued— Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: U.S. city
average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group
(1982-84=100, unless otherwise Indicated)
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
141.3
129.9
139.3
124.1
128.0
130.8
129.6
118.5
141.8
130.3
139.2
124.8
128.8
132.7
129.7
119.2
142.0
130.5
139.1
125.1
128.8
132.1
130.1
120.0
141.9
130.1
139.5
124.3
127.4
128.7
129.6
120.1
142.6
130.4
140.5
124.1
126.9
126.8
129.9
120.0
143.1
130.9
140.7
124.9
128.3
130.9
130.0
120.0
143.6
131.4
140.9
125.5
129.2
133.9
129.8
120.2
144.0
131.9
141.4
126.1
129.9
134.5
130.5
120.6
153.0
158.5
131.9
154.7
192.2
168.9
153.2
158.0
132.4
154.3
192.9
171.6
153.7
158.6
131.2
157.2
194.2
172.3
154.0
158.6
131.0
158.8
195.2
172.4
154.2
158.7
131.4
159.2
195.6
172.8
155.2
159.9
131.8
160.6
197.5
173.3
155.8
160.6
131.2
161.7
199.1
173.8
156.2
161.0
132.2
161.4
199.7
174.1
156.5
161.2
132.3
161.3
200.7
174.7
141.1
137.3
142.0
137.6
124.3
127.8
130.5
132.5
157.8
148.8
106.0
145.3
147.3
132.0
101.6
156.1
141.4
137.7
142.4
138.0
124.3
127.9
130.2
133.0
158.3
149.2
105.4
145.8
147.7
132.2
100.5
156.6
141.8
138.4
142.9
138.4
125.1
129.1
130.5
133.8
159.2
149.4
105.9
146.2
148.1
133.1
100.5
156.8
142.4
138.9
143.3
138.8
125.7
129.8
130.6
134.2
159.7
149.9
104.5
146.9
149.0
133.9
100.6
157.7
142.7
139.2
143.5
139.0
126.1
129.8
130.9
134.2
160.3
150.1
104.5
147.1
149.3
134.2
101.2
158.0
142.5
139.1
143.4
138.9
125.3
128.5
130.5
133.6
160.7
150.3
103.9
147.1
149.2
133.6
99.4
158.2
143.1
139.5
144.0
139.5
125.1
128.1
130.8
133.9
161.6
151.2
103.4
147.9
149.9
133.6
98.1
159.3
143.7
140.0
144.7
140.0
125.8
129.4
130.9
134.7
162.0
151.7
102.2
148.7
150.8
134.7
97.6
160.1
144.2
140.5
145.2
140.4
126.4
130.3
130.9
135.3
162.5
152.1
102.5
149.1
151.4
135.5
97.0
160.5
144.6
140.9
145.6
140.8
127.0
130.9
131.5
135.8
162.8
152.3
103.1
149.5
151.7
136.0
98.0
160.7
71.3
23.8
71.2
23.8
71.0
23.7
70.8
23.6
70.5
23.5
70.4
23.5
70.5
23.5
70.1
23.4
69.9
23.3
69.7
23.3
69.5
23.2
137.6
409.9
138.1
411.4
138.4
412.1
138.8
413.3
139.1
414.5
139.6
415.8
139.8
416.5
139.8
416.3
140.3
417.8
140.7
419.2
141.1
420.4
141.6
421.6
138.5
137.7
136.9
150.5
130.2
127.1
161.4
128.5
132.6
129.5
114.8
139.4
140.1
147.1
137.9
137.1
135.8
150.6
130.1
126.6
154.4
128.8
132.6
130.4
114.9
139.8
140.3
147.3
137.9
137.1
135.6
151.4
130.2
127.4
151.5
129.1
133.1
130.1
115.4
139.9
140.5
147.4
137.8
136.9
135.3
152.2
130.2
127.9
149.2
128.6
133.5
129.9
114.2
139.6
140.7
147.5
138.5
137.7
136.5
152.9
130.7
128.9
153.4
129.0
133.5
129.3
114.4
140.6
140.8
147.3
138.9
138.1
136.9
152.5
131.6
129.5
154.6
129.0
133.4
129.8
114.6
140.3
141.1
147.7
138.8
138.0
136.7
152.6
131.4
129.8
152.8
129.1
133.3
129.7
114.5
140.7
141.2
148.0
138.8
138.0
136.6
152.5
131.8
129.2
153.3
128.2
132.8
128.4
112.8
140.5
141.4
147.8
139.1
138.3
137.0
153.0
132.1
128.9
155.3
128.2
131.9
128.3
112.7
141.0
141.6
147.7
140.1
139.4
138.5
153.1
133.4
129.2
159.7
129.4
132.9
130.1
114.0
142.0
141.8
148.3
140.2
139.4
138.5
154.6
133.1
128.4
158.1
130.3
133.1
130.6
115.6
142.5
142.1
148.8
140.5
139.7
138.8
154.3
134.4
128.5
157.9
130.2
132.5
130.1
115.3
142.9
142.2
149.0
140.9
140.2
139.3
155.1
135.4
127.7
159.5
129.9
132.9
130.1
114.6
142.7
142.5
149.3
133.9
146.2
140.6
145.8
184.2
140.4
140.7
129.2
129.6
135.7
121.1
115.5
104.5
89.7
110.8
142.7
117.0
108.4
129.6
132.3
134.1
146.3
140.2
145.9
181.3
140.7
140.9
129.5
129.4
134.9
121.5
116.5
105.9
89.7
112.5
142.9
116.9
108.0
130.1
132.6
135.1
147.0
141.1
146.1
186.3
141.3
141.6
130.1
129.4
136.6
119.7
118.7
109.7
89.9
116.9
142.7
117.0
107.8
130.3
133.8
135.7
147.8
142.3
146.6
192.7
141.8
142.0
130.5
130.2
137.1
120.8
119.1
109.8
89.9
117.0
143.7
117.2
108.1
130.7
133.7
135.9
148.2
142.8
146.7
195.2
142.2
142.4
130.9
128.9
136.5
118.7
119.1
109.8
89.6
117.0
143.8
117.0
107.7
130.7
134.2
135.8
147.9
141.8
146.9
187.1
142.2
142.4
131.1
129.3
136.5
119.6
119.5
110.7
89.6
118.1
143.5
117.1
107.6
130.4
135.4
135.9
148.5
142.0
147.7
184.5
142.9
143.2
131.3
130.1
138.7
118.8
118.2
108.1
91.3
114.8
144.0
117.3
107.8
130.4
135.4
136.0
148.5
141.6
148.2
178.6
143.2
143.5
131.3
130.8
138.8
120.1
118.0
107.7
91.9
114.3
144.3
117.5
107.9
130.9
135.6
136.1
148.7
141.4
148.2
176.9
143.5
143.8
132.0
129.8
139.0
118.0
118.4
108.4
91.7
115.1
144.2
117.2
107.7
130.0
135.9
136.7
149.6
142.8
148.5
185.0
144.2
144.4
131.9
130.0
138.8
118.7
118.9
108:7
92.2
115.4
144.9
117.2
107.7
130.5
135.7
137.0
150.2
143.9
148.7
191.4
144.5
144.8
132.3
131.2
139.0
120.9
118.2
106.9
92.3
113.3
145.9
117.6
107.9
131.3
136.2
137.4
150.5
144.3
148.7
194.4
144.7
144.9
132.5
131.9
139.9
121.3
119.2
108.0
92.7
114.6
147.0
117.5
108.1
130.0
136.3
137.7
150.8
144.3
149.3
191.6
145.1
145.3
132.9
132.1
138.1
123.7
119.3
108.2
92.5
114.8
146.9
118.1
108.6
131.1
136.5
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
140.3
129.1
138.7
123.2
126.5
129.4
127.9
118.6
139.5
128.8
138.8
122.5
125.6
131.1
125.7
118.2
139.7
129.1
138.3
123.4
126.9
130.9
127.9
118.4
140.2
129.2
138.3
123.5
127.0
128.4
129.2
118.5
140.5
129.0
138.1
123.3
126.6
126.5
129.6
118.6
140.9
129.3
138.8
123.4
126.8
127.6
129.3
118.5
......
146.3
152.1
126.7
151.2
177.1
159.8
152.0
157.3
130.2
155.7
190.5
168.5
150.8
156.3
128.2
155.7
188.1
166.6
150.9
156.2
129.1
155.1
188.9
166.7
151.7
157.1
131.4
153.9
189.7
167.1
152.5
158.0
131.8
154.9
191.1
167.5
Special indexes:
All items less fo o d ..........................................................
All items less shelter......................................................
All items less homeowners’ costs (12/82=100)...........
All items less medical ca re .............................................
Commodities less fo o d ...................................................
Nondurables less food ...................................................
Nondurables less food and apparel ...............................
Nondurables....................................................................
Services less rent o f shelter (12/82 = 100)...................
Services less medical c a re ............. ...............................
Energy..............................................................................
All items less energy ......................................................
All items less food and energy ......................................
Commodities less food and energy................................
Energy commodities .......................................................
Services less energy....................................................... ..........
136.1
133.5
137.8
133.8
121.3
124.5
125.7
130.3
150.9
143.3
102.5
140.9
142.1
128.8
99.1
149.8
140.8
137.3
141.9
137.5
124.2
127.6
128.9
132.8
157.6
148.4
103.0
145.4
147.3
132.5
98.3
155.9
139.7
136.6
141.1
136.7
123.5
126.8
127.0
132.4
156.0
147.2
99.5
144.9
146.6
132.4
94.6
154.8
140.1
136.9
141.3
136.9
124.4
128.0
128.9
132.8
156.3
147.3
102.4
144.9
146.7
132.6
98.6
154.8
140.7
137.2
141.8
137.4
124.5
128.1
130.1
132.8
157.1
148.1
105.9
145.0
146.9
132.2
101.6
155.3
Purchasing power of the consumer dollar:
1982-84-$1.00...............................................................
1967 = $1.00.................................................................... ..........
73.4
24.5
71.3
23.8
71.7
23.9
71.6
23.9
All ite m s...............................................................................
All items (1967=100) .......................................................... ..........
134.3
399.9
138.2
411.5
137.3
408.9
Food and beverages .........................................................
Food................................................................................
Food at home ...............................................................
Cereals and bakery products....................................
Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs....................................
Dairy products............................................................
Fruits and vegetables.................................................
Other foods at home.................................................
Sugar and sweets...................................................
Fats and o ils ............................................................
Nonalcoholic beverages..........................................
Other prepared foods..............................................
Food away from home ................................................
Alcoholic beverages....................................................... ...........
136.5
136.0
135.5
145.6
132.7
124.8
155.6
127.2
129.2
131.5
114.4
137.0
137.8
142.6
138.3
137.5
136.4
151.3
130.8
128.2
154.8
128.8
132.8
129.7
114.6
140.0
140.6
147.0
Housing .............................................................................
Shelter ............................................................................
Renters’ costs (12/84 —100).....................................
Rent, residential........................................................
Other renters' costs .................................................
Homeowners’ costs (1 2 /8 4 -1 0 0 )..............................
Owners’ equivalent rent (1 2/8 4= 1 0 0 ).....................
Household insurance (1 2 /8 4 -1 0 0 ).........................
Maintenance and repairs.............................................
Maintenance and repair services .............................
Maintenance and repair commodities......................
Fuel and other utilities....................................................
Fuels ............................................................................
Fuel oil, coal, and bottled g a s ..................................
Gas (piped) and electricity .......................................
Other utilities and public services...............................
Household furnishings and operations..........................
Housefurnishings.........................................................
Housekeeping supplies................................................
Housekeeping services................................................
131.2
142.5
136.9
142.9
175.0
136.9
137.1
126.7
127.8
133.4
119.8
114.9
106.1
94.4
112.1
138.4
115.2
106.5
129.4
129.0
135.0
147.2
141.3
146.5
185.3
141.5
141.8
130.2
129.9
136.8
120.4
117.5
107.5
90.6
114.3
143.1
116.9
107.8
130.2
133.7
1991
1992
All ite m s.......................................................................
Commodities......................................................................
Food and beverages.......................................................
Commodities less food and beverages..........................
Nondurables less food and beverages .......................
Apparel commodities..................................................
Nondurables less food, beverages, and apparel ......
Durables........................................................................ ..........
136.2
126.6
136.8
120.4
123.5
126.4
124.8
116.0
Services..............................................................................
Rent of shelter (12/8 2=1 0 0 ).........................................
Household services less rent o f shelter (12/82=100)..
Transportation services...................................................
Medical care services.....................................................
Other services ................................................................. ..........
....
......
......
......
......
......
1993
1992
Annual
average
Series
Sept.
CONSUMER PRICE INDEX FOR URBAN WAGE EARNERS
AND CLERICAL WORKERS:
......
......
......
......
......
......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
101
Current Labor Statistics:
Price Data
31. Continued— Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: U.S. city
average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group
(1982-84=100, unless otherwise indicated)
Annual
average
Series
1993
1992
1991
1992
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
Apparel and upkeep...............................................................
Apparel commodities.............................................
Men’s and boys’ apparel..........................................................
Women’s and girls’ apparel.....................................................
Infants’ and toddlers’ apparel...................................................
Footwear..................................................................
Other apparel commodities......................................................
Apparel services..................................................................
127.4
125.2
123.1
126.0
131.3
121.4
133.7
142.2
130.7
128.3
125.6
128.9
131.6
125.4
140.4
147.6
132.1
129.9
126.8
131.5
133.3
125.9
139.5
146.5
131.8
129.6
126.5
130.8
132.6
126.5
140.2
146.5
129.8
127.3
125.1
126.6
131.8
125.6
141.2
148.2
128.1
125.5
123.3
123.8
130.2
124.8
142.5
148.1
129.5
127.0
123.5
127.0
130.8
125.3
141.7
148.2
132.1
129.8
125.9
131.1
132.8
126.5
141.5
148.5
133.8
131.5
128.0
133.4
133.5
127.5
142.1
148.9
133.4
131.1
128.2
132.7
134.6
126.6
141.0
149.3
130.4
127.8
126.4
127.6
133.1
125.6
137.3
149.2
128.4
125.8
123.8
123.8
130.8
124.7
143.7
149.1
132.0
129.5
126.1
130.5
129.6
125.8
144.3
149.7
134.8
132.5
127.7
136.5
128.3
126.5
143.7
150.2
135.2
132.9
128.0
136.3
128.3
127.3
146.9
150.4
Transportation .....................................................................
Private transportation..................................................................
New vehicles.............................................................................
New cars.................................................................................
Used c a rs .................................................................................
Motor fuel .................................................................................
Gasoline........................................................................
Maintenance and repair............................................................
Other private transportation.....................................................
Other private transportation commodities.............................
Other private transportation services.....................................
Public transportation...................................................................
123.1
121.7
126.2
125.1
118.1
99.6
99.4
136.4
146.4
103.5
156.6
146.6
125.8
124.4
129.6
128.1
123.6
99.0
99.0
141.8
149.9
104.2
160.9
150.0
124.1
122.4
129.5
127.9
118.1
95.1
94.9
141.1
149.5
104.1
160.3
152.8
125.5
124.1
129.5
128.1
120.9
99.5
99.6
141.4
149.5
104.2
160.3
150.3
126.5
125.3
129.4
127.9
123.5
102.9
103.1
141.7
149.5
104.0
160.3
145.0
126.7
125.4
129.0
127.5
125.3
102.7
102.9
141.9
149.7
103.8
160.7
147.3
126.5
125.3
128.9
127.3
126.9
101.6
101.7
142.1
149.6
104.1
160.5
146.2
126.5
125.4
128.7
127.2
128.2
101.6
101.8
142.8
149.1
104.2
159.8
145.2
127.5
126.1
129.6
128.0
129.7
101.5
101.5
143.2
150.8
104.0
162.0
151.4
128.5
127.0
130.9
129.5
130.5
102.0
102.1
143.5
151.6
104.1
163.1
154.9
128.2
126.6
131.7
130.1
129.7
99.9
99.9
143.9
151.9
104.0
163.5
155.5
128.0
126.3
132.1
130.6
128.0
98.4
98.2
144.1
152.8
104.4
164.5
158.0
128.0
126.1
132.4
130.5
126.6
97.7
97.6
145.0
153.0
103.8
164.9
160.8
127.8
125.9
132.4
130.5
127.2
97.1
96.9
145.4
152.4
103.2
164.3
160.6
128.4
126.6
132.6
130.7
129.4
98.4
98.2
146.0
152.1
103.2
164.0
159.5
Medical c a re ..........................................................................
Medical care commodities..........................................................
Medical care services.................................................................
Professional services................................................................
Hospital and related services..................................................
176.5
175.4
176.7
166.1
193.7
189.6
186.5
190.3
176.3
211.5
187.6
186.3
187.9
174.5
208.0
188.2
186.2
188.6
175.2
208.9
188.9
186.5
189.4
175.9
209.8
190.2
187.2
190.9
176.8
212.1
191.2
187.4
192.0
177.7
213.6
191.9
188.0
192.8
178.3
214.6
193.0
188.3
194.0
179.0
216.8
193.8
188.7
195.0
179.7
218.4
194.3
189.4
195.4
180.0
218.9
196.0
190.0
197.3
181.3
221.7
197.6
191.4
199.0
182.3
224.4
198.2
192.1
199.6
183.0
225.0
199.0
192.0
200.6
183.6
226.4
Entertainment ................................................................................
Entertainment commodities ........................................................
Entertainment services................................................................
136.9
128.0
150.4
140.8
130.7
155.7
140.5
130.8
155.0
140.5
130.6
155.2
140.5
130.8
155.0
141.0
131.3
155.4
141.2
131.2
156.0
141.6
130.9
157.5
141.9
131.1
157.9
142.2
131.7
157.6
142.2
131.5
158.1
142.7
132.3
158.0
142.8
132.3
158.4
143.1
132.5
158.6
143.5
132.7
159.5
Other goods and services .............................................................
Tobacco products .......................................................................
Personal care...............................................................................
Toilet goods and personal care appliances.............................
Personal care services.............................................................
Personal and educational expenses...........................................
School books and supplies......................................................
Personal and educational services..........................................
171.7
202.5
134.7
132.9
136.7
181.8
180.2
182.2
183.3
219.7
138.6
137.2
140.0
194.3
190.6
194.9
180.3
214.2
138.8
137.7
139.9
191.1
188.5
191.6
181.6
219.1
138.2
136.7
139.8
191.2
188.2
191.7
181.8
219.0
138.1
136.4
140.0
191.8
188.9
192.4
182.7
220.4
139.1
138.2
140.0
192.3
189.0
192.9
184.2
221.6
138.9
137.9
139.9
195.0
189.9
195.7
186.7
224.1
138.8
137.6
140.0
199.0
194.1
199.7
187.7
225.6
139.0
137.5
140.5
200.0
194.9
200.7
187.7
225.1
139.2
137.5
141.0
200.3
195.0
201.1
189.0
229.0
139.9
138.6
141.3
200.5
194.9
201.2
191.2
234.8
139.9
138.3
141.8
201.5
196.7
202.2
191.6
235.5
139.8
137.7
142.2
202.2
196.9
202.9
192.2
236.1
140.8
139.1
142.8
202.6
197.0
203.4
192.8
237.2
140.8
138.7
143.1
203.1
197.1
203.9
All ite m s............................................................................................
Commodities..................................................................................
Food and beverages...................................................................
Commodities less food and beverages......................................
Nondurables less food and beverages ...................................
Apparel commodities..............................................................
Nondurables less food, beverages, and apparel ..................
Durables....................................................................................
134.3
126.2
136.5
119.8
123.2
125.2
125.1
114.1
138.2
128.7
138.3
122.7
126.2
128.3
128.1
116.8
137.3
128.1
138.5
121.7
125.1
129.9
125.6
116.1
137.6
128.6
137.9
122.8
126.7
129.6
128.2
116.4
138.1
128.8
137.9
123.1
126.9
127.3
129.7
116.8
138.4
128.6
137.8
123.0
126.6
125.5
130.0
116.9
138.8
129.0
138.5
123.2
126.9
127.0
129.7
117.0
139.1
129.6
138.9
123.9
127.9
129.8
130.0
117.2
139.6
130.0
138.8
124.5
128.6
131.5
130.1
117.9
139.8
130.2
138.8
124.9
128.7
131.1
130.5
118.6
139.8
129.8
139.1
124.1
127.3
127.8
129.9
118.7
140.3
130.0
140.1
123.8
126.8
125.8
130.2
118.5
140.7
130.4
140.2
124.4
128.0
129.5
130.2
118.4
141.1
130.9
140.5
125.0
128.8
132.5
130.0
118.5
141.6
131.4
140.9
125.6
129.5
132.9
130.8
119.2
Services..........................................................................................
Rent of shelter (1 2 /8 4 -1 0 0 ).....................................................
Household services less rent of shelter (12/84=100)..............
Transportation services...............................................................
Medical care services.................................................................
Other services .............................................................................
144.6
137.0
116.6
149.8
176.7
157.8
150.0
141.6
119.7
154.3
190.3
166.1
148.8
140.7
117.9
154.2
187.9
164.3
149.0
140.7
118.7
153.9
188.6
164.4
149.8
141.4
120.8
153.1
189.4
164.8
150.5
142.1
121.2
153.7
190.9
165.1
150.9
142.5
121.3
153.4
192.0
166.5
151.1
142.2
121.8
153.1
192.8
168.8
151.6
142.8
120.5
155.5
194.0
169.5
151.9
142.9
120.4
156.7
195.0
169.7
152.1
143.0
120.8
157.2
195.4
169.9
153.0
143.9
121.2
158.2
197.3
170.4
153.5
144.5
120.6
159.2
199.0
170.9
153.9
144.8
121.6
158.9
199.6
171.3
154.1
145.0
121.6
158.7
200.6
171.9
Special indexes:
All items less food ......................................................................
All items less shelter ..................................................................
All items less homeowners' costs (12/84 = 100).......................
All items less medical care.........................................................
Commodities less fo o d ................................................................
Nondurables less food ................................................................
Nondurables less food and apparel ...........................................
Nondurables................................................................................
Services less rent of shelter (12/84 = 100)................................
Services less medical ca re .........................................................
Energy..........................................................................................
All items less energy..................................................................
All items less food and energy ...................................................
Commodities less food and energy............................................
Energy commodities ...................................................................
Services less energy...................................................................
133.8
132.3
126.7
132.2
120.7
124.2
125.9
130.1
135.3
141.7
102.2
138.9
139.6
127.3
99.4
148.2
138.2
135.9
130.3
135.7
123.7
127.4
129.0
132.5
141.0
146.5
102.6
143.2
144.7
131.2
98.5
154.0
137.1
135.0
129.5
134.8
122.7
126.3
126.9
132.0
139.6
145.3
99.1
142.6
143.9
130.9
94.9
153.0
137.6
135.5
129.8
135.2
123.8
127.8
129.1
132.5
139.9
145.5
102.1
142.7
144.1
131.2
98.9
153.1
138.2
135.9
130.3
135.6
124.1
128.0
130.5
132.7
140.7
146.3
105.7
142.8
144.3
130.9
102.0
153.5
138.6
136.0
130.5
135.9
124.0
127.8
130.8
132.4
141.3
146.9
105.6
143.1
144.7
130.8
101.9
154.2
138.9
136.4
130.9
136.2
124.1
128.0
130.5
132.9
141.7
147.3
105.0
143.6
145.1
131.3
100.8
154.7
139.3
137.0
131.3
136.6
124.8
129.0
130.8
133.6
142.4
147.5
105.5
144.0
145.5
132.1
100.8
154.8
139.8
137.4
131.7
137.0
125.4
129.6
130.9
133.9
142.7
147.9
104.2
144.6
146.4
132.9
100.9
155.7
140.1
137.7
131.9
137.2
125.8
129.7
131.2
134.0
143.2
148.1
104.2
144.9
146.7
133.2
101.4
156.1
140.0
137.6
131.8
137.2
125.0
128.4
130.7
133.4
143.5
148.4
103.5
144.9
146.6
132.7
99.5
156.3
140.3
137.9
132.2
137.6
124.7
128.0
131.0
133.7
144.3
149.2
102.8
145.6
147.2
132.6
98.1
157.2
140.9
138.4
132.6
138.0
125.4
129.1
131.1
134.3
144.6
149.5
101.7
146.2
148.0
133.5
97.5
158.0
141.3
138.8
133.1
138.4
125.9
129.9
130.9
134.9
145.0
149.9
101.9
146.7
148.5
134.3
97.0
158.3
141.7
139.3
133.5
138.8
126.5
130.5
131.7
135.4
145.3
150.1
102.6
147.0
148.8
134.8
98.1
158.5
Purchasing power of the consumer dollar:
1982-84-$1.00...........................................................................
1 967-$1.00.................................................................................
74.5
25.0
72.4
24.3
72.9
24.5
72.7
24.4
72.4
24.3
72.3
24.3
72.1
24.2
71.9
24.1
71.6
24.0
71.5
24.0
71.5
24.0
71.3
23.9
71.1
23.9
70.9
23.8
70.6
23.7
Digitized for
102FRASER
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June 1993
32.
Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average and available local area data: all items
(1982-84=100, unless otherwise indicated)
All Urban Consumers
Area1
U.S. city average...................
Pricing
sche
dule2
1992
Urban Wage Earners
1993
1993
1992
Apr.
May
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
Apr.
May
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
M
139.5
139.7
141.9
142.6
143.1
143.6
144.0
137.3
137.6
139.8
140.3
140.7
141.1
141.6
M
146.3
146.3
148.9
149.7
150.4
150.9
151.1
144.2
144.3
146.9
147.6
148.2
148.7
148.9
M
146.8
146.7
149.4
150.3
150.9
151.6
151.7
143.6
143.7
146.6
147.3
147.8
148.4
148.5
M
145.8
145.9
147.6
148.0
148.9
149.3
150.1
144.1
144.1
145.7
146.2
147.0
147.3
148.0
M
M
144.3
135.1
144.7
135.5
147.2
137.7
148.5
138.1
149.1
138.6
149.1
139.0
149.2
139.4
146.3
132.6
146.7
133.1
149.0
135.1
150.2
135.4
150.7
135.8
150.7
136.2
150.9
136.6
M
136.3
136.8
138.9
139.1
139.6
140.1
140.5
132.8
133.4
135.5
135.6
136.1
136.5
136.9
R e g io n an d a re a s ize3
Northeast urban......................
Size A - More than
1,200,000 .............................
Size B - 500,000 to
1,200,000 .............................
Size C - 50,000 to
500,000 ................................
North Central urban ...............
Size A - More than
1,200,000 .............................
Size B - 360,000 to
1,200,000 .............................
Size C - 50,000 to
360,000 ................................
Size D - Nonmetro
politan (less
than 50,0000 .......................
South urban............................
Size A - More than
1,200,000 .............................
Size B - 450,000 to
1,200,000 .............................
Size C - 50,000 to
450,000 ................................
Size D - Nonmetro
politan (less
than 50,000) ........................
West urban.............................
Size A - More than
1,250,000 .............................
Size C - 50,000 to
330,000 ................................
Size classes:
A (12/8 6=1 0 0 )....................
B ...........................................
C ..........................................
D ..........................................
M
133.8
133.9
136.3
137.3
137.3
137.3
137.7
131.0
131.2
133.1
134.1
134.0
134.1
134.6
M
136.4
136.9
139.2
139.3
140.1
140.4
140.7
134.5
135.0
137.1
137.2
138.0
138.2
138.6
M
M
130.3
135.9
130.4
136.2
132.8
137.9
133.0
138.4
133.6
139.1
134.7
139.7
134.8
140.2
129.7
134.5
129.9
135.0
132.2
136.8
132.3
137.2
132.7
137.6
133.8
138.3
133.9
138.8
M
136.1
136.5
138.0
138.9
139.8
140.4
140.8
134.6
135.1
136.6
137.2
138.0
138.5
138.8
M
137.4
137.7
139.8
139.9
140.3
141.6
141.9
134.2
134.6
136.8
136.8
136.9
138.2
138.6
M
135.1
135.7
137.2
137.8
138.1
138.6
139.3
134.9
135.7
137.4
137.9
138.1
138.5
139.3
M
M
134.1
141.3
134.0
141.4
136.4
143.9
136.4
144.7
136.7
145.2
137.0
145.2
137.7
145.7
134.2
139.0
134.2
139.2
136.7
141.5
136.6
142.2
136.8
142.7
137.0
142.7
137.8
143.2
M
143.2
143.5
145.8
146.7
147.2
147.2
147.7
139.3
139.7
141.8
142.6
143.1
143.0
143.5
M
138.7
137.9
142.1
142.7
143.1
143.8
144.2
137.1
136.5
140.2
140.8
141.3
141.8
142.4
M
M
M
M
126.8
138.8
137.7
134.8
127.0
138.9
138.1
134.8
129.0
141.1
140.4
137.1
129.7
141.5
140.9
137.3
130.3
141.9
141.5
137.7
130.6
142.5
141.8
138.3
130.9
143.0
142.3
138.7
126.0
136.7
137.3
134.3
126.3
136.9
137.8
134.4
128.3
138.9
140.0
136.8
128.8
139.3
140.5
137.0
129.3
139.5
141.0
137.3
129.7
140.1
141.3
137.8
130.0
140.6
141.8
138.3
M
139.8
140.5
142.9
143.2
143.6
144.1
144.7
135.4
136.2
138.5
138.9
139.1
139.5
140.3
S e le c te d local are a s
Chicago, IL-Northwestern IN ...
Los Angeles-Long
Beach, Anaheim, C A ...........
New York, NYNortheastern N J ....................
Philadelphia, PA-NJ................
San FranciscoOakland, C A ..........................
M
145.8
146.0
148.2
149.2
150.0
149.8
149.9
141.3
141.4
143.5
144.4
145.0
144.8
144.9
M
M
149.2
145.4
148.9
145.7
151.9
147.5
153.0
147.5
153.6
148.5
154.1
149.3
154.0
149.6
145.9
145.1
145.8
145.5
149.1
147.4
149.9
147.4
150.3
148.6
150.7
149.0
150.7
149.4
M
141.6
141.9
144.3
145.1
145.5
145.7
146.8
139.6
140.1
142.3
143.0
143.5
143.8
144.8
Baltimore, M D ........................
Boston, MA ............................
Cleveland, O H ........................
Miami, F L ................................
St. Louis, MO-IL......................
Washington, DC-MD-VA ........
1
1
1
1
1
1
_
-
139.5
147.5
136.1
133.7
134.0
143.2
_
-
_
_
-
-
-
141.8
153.8
131.8
137.1
135.5
146.2
_
-
Dallas-Ft. Worth, T X ...............
Detroit, M l...............................
Houston, TX ...........................
Pittsburgh, P A ........................
2
2
2
2
132.5
135.3
128.7
135.1
137.0
138.7
131.8
139.6
131.5
131.7
128.4
129.4
134.8
134.4
131.3
133.2
“
_
“
134.6
137.1
129.3
137.3
142.0
151.8
137.5
137.8
135.9
147.8
_
-
1 Area is the Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area (CMSA), ex
clusive of farms and military. Area definitions are those established by
the Office of Management and Budget in 1983, except for BostonLawrence-Salem, MA-NH Area (excludes Monroe County); and Milwau
kee, Wl Area (includes only the Milwaukee MSA). Definitions do not in
clude revisions made since 1983.
2 Foods, fuels, and several other items priced every month in all
areas; most other goods and services priced as indicated:.
M - Every month.
1 - January, March, May, July, September, and November.
2 - February, April, June, August, October, and December.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
_
135.4
138.3
131.7
139.2
142.6
153.9
138.8
139.2
136.1
148.5
_
-
138.9
146.8
129.6
131.6
133.6
141.6
_
-
_
"
141.3
151.0
130.8
135.9
135.4
145.6
134.1
133.1
129.2
131.4
“
-
_
_
_
136.3
134.6
131.3
133.6
3 Regions are defined as the four Census regions.
- Data not available.
NOTE: Local area CPI indexes are byproducts of the national CPI
program. Because each local index is a small subset of the national in
dex, it has a smaller sample size and is, therefore, subject to substan
tially more sampling and other measurement error than the national in
dex. As a result, local area indexes show greater volatility than the na
tional index, although their long-term trends are quite similar. Therefore,
the Bureau of Labor Statistics strongly urges users to consider adopting
the national average CPI for use in escalator clauses.
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
103
Current Labor Statistics:
Price Data
33. Annual data: Consumer Price Index, U.S. city average, all items and major groups
(1982-84 = 100)
Series
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
103.9
4.3
107.6
3.6
109.6
1.9
113.6
3.6
118.3
4.1
124.0
4.8
130.7
5.4
136.2
4.2
140.3
3.0
103.2
3.7
105.6
2.3
109.1
3.3
113.5
4.0
118.2
4.1
124.9
5.7
132.1
5.8
136.8
3.6
138.7
1.4
103.6
4.1
107.7
4.0
110.9
3.0
114.2
3.0
118.5
3.8
123.0
3.8
128.5
4.5
133.6
4.0
137.5
2.9
102.1
1.9
105.0
2.8
105.9
.9
110.6
4.4
115.4
4.3
118.6
2.8
124.1
4.6
128.7
3.7
131.9
2.5
103.7
4.4
106.4
2.6
102.3
-3.9
105.4
3.0
108.7
3.1
114.1
5.0
120.5
5.6
123.8
2.7
126.5
2.2
106.8
6.2
113.5
6.3
122.0
7.5
130.1
6.6
138.6
6.5
149.3
7.7
162.8
9.0
177.0
8.7
190.1
7.4
103.8
3.7
107.9
3.9
111.6
3.4
115.3
3.3
120.3
5.2 4.3
126.5
132.4
4.7
138.4
2.8 4.5
142.3
107.9
6.7
114.5
6.1
121.4
6.0
128.5
5.8
137.0
6.6
147.7
7.8
159.0
7.7
171.6
7.9
183.3
6.8
103.3
3.5
106.9
3.5
108.6
1.6
112.5
3.6
117.0
4.0
122.6
4.8
129.0
5.2
134.3
4.1
138.2
2.9
Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers:
All items:
Food and beverages:
Housing:
Apparel and upkeep:
Transportation:
Medical care:
Entertainment:
Other goods and servicesD
Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and
Clerical Workers:
All items:
Digitized 104
for FRASER
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June 1993
34.
Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing
(1982 = 100)
Annual average
1993
1992
Grouping
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
123.3
122.2
123.3
124.4
122.9
123.8
124.0
122.4
123.4
123.8
122.2
124.2
124.0
122.3
123.8
124.3
122.6
124.0
124.6
123.0
124.6
125.3
123.9
126.3
121.5
118.6
125.1
128.9
121.4
119.3
123.4
128.1
122.3
118.9
127.1
130.2
121.7
118.1
127.1
130.2
121.1
117.2
126.9
130.2
121.4
117.7
127.1
130.4
121.8
118.0
127.6
130.9
122.1
118.4
127.5
130.9
122.6
119.1
127.8
130.9
115.5
115.5
115.8
115.4
115.0
114.8
115.3
115.5
115.9
116.2
118.2
115.5
115.6
117.6
121.9
118.3
114.8
115.8
117.9
122.0
118.3
114.0
115.9
118.2
122.0
118.4
114.5
116.1
118.1
122.1
118.1
112.9
116.0
117.1
122.2
118.0
112.8
116.0
116.7
122.2
118.0
113.3
115.5
117.1
122.3
118.4
113.2
115.7
117.9
122.6
118.7
112.6
115.9
119.0
122.8
118.7
113.2
115.6
119.7
122.7
119.0
114.6
116.0
119.6
122.8
126.8
83.6
127.7
122.7
126.5
88.1
127.6
122.7
126.3
88.2
127.7
122.7
126.4
88.0
127.6
122.7
126.8
89.0
127.7
123.0
126.7
87.2
127.8
123.2
126.9
85.0
127.8
123.3
127.8
83.5
127.7
123.6
129.1
83.7
127.8
123.9
130.7
83.3
126.9
124.1
132.5
83.7
127.0
124.2
132.8
84.2
126.8
124.6
100.4
105.1
93.5
101.2
108.4
92.8
102.1
107.4
94.8
101.7
105.0
95.7
100.6
103.7
94.8
102.4
102.9
98.0
101.9
103.7
96.8
101.8
102.8
97.2
100.9
104.6
94.6
101.4
105.2
95.1
101.1
105.6
94.4
102.6
108.2
95.1
103.6
110.1
95.5
120.9
78.1
129.1
130.0
131.1
123.1
77.8
131.1
131.8
134.2
123.1
77.8
131.1
131.8
134.2
124.0
81.0
131.0
131.8
134.1
123.8
80.4
131.0
131.8
134.2
123.5
80.2
130.9
131.6
133.8
123.2
80.8
130.4
131.3
133.2
124.5
80.0
132.0
132.6
135.2
124.1
78.4
131.9
132.5
135.2
123.6
76.4
132.3
133.0
135.4
123.9
76.6
132.4
133.1
135.7
124.3
76.9
132.7
133.4
136.2
124.5
77.6
132.9
133.6
136.2
124.9
78.2
133.6
134.6
136.4
133.7
137.3
137.5
137.3
137.5
136.8
136.4
138.2
138.3
138.6
139.0
139.4
139.4
139.8
140.8
145.8
146.3
146.4
146.6
145.6
146.3
146.4
146.6
147.3
147.9
148.2
148.2
148.8
114.6
111.1
85.1
120.8
114.9
110.7
84.3
121.3
114.7
111.5
83.4
121.3
115.6
112.3
87.8
121.4
115.7
111.2
88.0
121.4
115.8
110.3
87.8
121.5
116.1
111.0
88.7
121.7
115.7
109.7
87.0
121.5
115.2
109.6
84.9
121.5
115.1
110.7
83.4
121.7
115.5
110.8
83.6
122.2
115.9
109.7
83.2
122.6
116.2
109.7
83.7
123.0
116.5
111.1
84.1
123.2
121.4
122.0
121.9
122.0
122.1
122.2
122.4
122.3
122.3
122.4
122.9
123.5
123.8
124.0
80.4
110.9
128.2
78.8
110.7
128.4
77.4
113.5
129.7
80.1
112.6
129.2
81.0
111.1
130.0
79.7
110.3
130.8
83.8
109.7
130.4
82.9
109.7
128.2
83.8
108.7
127.1
79.8
110.7
129.7
79.2
112.3
133.9
77.2
113.5
137.3
77.8
115.7
138.4
77.3
117.9
141.6
1991
1992
May
June
July
Aug.
121.7
120.5
124.1
123.2
121.7
123.3
123.2
121.7
123.1
123.9
122.6
123.1
123.7
122.4
122.8
123.6
122.2
123.4
118.7
115.0
123.9
126.7
120.8
117.3
125.7
129.1
120.9
117.5
125.6
129.0
122.1
119.5
125.2
128.9
122.0
119.2
125.4
128.8
114.4
114.7
114.5
115.4
118.1
115.3
116.7
117.2
121.0
117.9
113.9
115.4
117.2
122.0
117.9
114.8
115.0
117.3
122.0
Materials and components for
construction..............................................
Processed fuels and lubricants.................
Containers..................................................
Supplies.....................................................
124.5
85.3
128.1
121.4
126.5
84.5
127.7
122.7
Crude materials fo r further processing ...
Foodstuffs and feedstuffs .......................
Crude nonfood materials.........................
101.2
105.5
94.6
Finished goods ..........................................
Finished consumer goods ........................
Finished consumer foods........................
Finished consumer goods excluding
foods ......................................................
Nondurable goods less food ...............
Durable goods .....................................
Capital equipment......................................
Intermediate materials, supplies, and
com ponents...............................................
Materials and components for
manufacturing ..........................................
Materials for food manufacturing...........
Materials for nondurable manufacturing .
Materials for durable manufacturing.......
Components for manufacturing..............
Special groupings:
Finished goods, excluding fo o d s ..............
Finished energy goods..............................
Finished goods less energy ......................
Finished consumer goods less energy.....
Finished goods less food and energy.......
Finished consumer goods less food
and energy ...............................................
Consumer nondurable goods less food
and energy ...............................................
Intermediate materials less foods and
feeds ........................................................
Intermediate foods and fe e d s...................
Intermediate energy goods.......................
Intermediate goods less energy ...............
Intermediate materials less foods and
energy ......................................................
Crude energy materials.............................
Crude materials less energy......................
Crude nonfood materials less energy.......
35.
Sept.
Producer Price indexes, by durability of product
(1982 = 100)
1993
1992
Annual average
Grouping
1991
1992
May
June
July
Aug.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
124.1
113.5
125.0
113.1
124.8
112.6
125.1
112.2
125.5
112.5
126.1
112.5
126.3
113.1
126.6
113.8
Sept.
Total durable goods .....................................
Total nondurable goods...............................
122.9
111.7
124.4
112.0
124.4
112.0
124.3
113.3
124.3
113.1
124.4
112.7
Total manufactures......................................
Durable......................................................
Nondurable................................................
119.0
122.7
115.2
120.1
124.3
115.8
120.3
124.2
116.3
120.6
124.2
117.0
120.5
124.2
116.7
120.4
124.3
116.4
120.4
124.0
116.8
120.9
125.0
116.8
120.8
124.9
116.6
120.5
125.1
116.0
120.9
125.4
116.4
121.4
126.0
116.9
121.8
126.3
117.3
122.3
126.6
118.1
Total raw or slightly processed goods .......
Durable......................................................
Nondurable ................................................
104.4
132.2
103.0
103.8
128.0
102.5
103.1
130.2
101.7
105.5
129.1
104.2
105.6
130.4
104.3
105.1
131.6
103.8
106.4
129.2
105.2
105.2
125.7
104.1
104.1
123.4
103.0
103.9
125.4
102.8
104.2
129.9
102.9
103.4
131.9
102.0
104.2
129.9
102.8
104.6
127.6
103.4
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
105
Current Labor Statistics:
36.
Price Data
Producer price indexes for the net output of major industry groups
(December 1984=100, unless otherwise indicated)
SIC
In d u stry
Annual
average
1991
T o ta l m ining in d u s tr ie s .................................
Metal mining
.......................................................
=100) .................
Bituminous coal and lignite mining
(1 2/8 5= 1 0 0 )............................................
Oil and gas extraction (1 2/8 5= 1 0 0 ).........
Mining and quarrying of nonmetallic
minerals, except fuels ..............................
Anthracite mining (1 2 /8 5
Printing, publishing, and allied
industries...................................................
Chemicals and allied products....................
Petroleum refining and related products....
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products
Leather and leather products .....................
Stone, clay, glass, and concrete products ..
Primary metal industries .............................
Fabricated metal products, except
machinery and transportation
equipment .................................................
Machinery, except electrical.......................
Electrical and electronic machinery,
equipment, and supplies..........................
Transportation equipment...........................
Measuring and controlling instruments;
photographic, medical, optical goods;
watches, clocks........................................
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries
(1 2/8 5=1 0 0 )............................................
May
1992
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Nov.
Oct.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
76.S
78.4
75.1
78.B4
78.2
80.8
79.7
82.0
78.9
78.8
75.8
75.7
75.4
10
82.2
76.6
76.2
77.3
79.3
81.4
79.2
77.4
74.3
74.6
73.5
72.5
70.2
68.4
11
105.5
105.6
104.9
104.9
105.1
105.2
105.9
105.9
105.6
105.6
105.5
105.6
105.6
105.6
12
13
96.3
77.9
94.0
76.5
94.7
73.9
94.4
75.5
94.2
78.1
94.2
76.9
93.6
81.8
93.9
80.3
93.7
83.7
94.1
79.4
93.1
79.5
93.5
75.2
93.4
75.3
92.9
75.0
14
116.3
117.5
117.7
117.7
117.8
117.8
117.6
117.4
117.3
118.0
118.2
117.9
118.0
118.5
20
21
22
115.9
116.5
207.5
112.5
117.4
116.9
230.2
113.6
117.6
117.3
236.2
113.8
117.9
117.5
236.3
114.0
117.8
117.2
236.4
113.8
117.6
117.1
222.8
113.8
117.6
117.2
230.3
113.8
118.3
117.0
230.4
113.8
118.2
116.8
232.3
113.7
117.9
117.2
239.3
113.6
118.3
117.4
244.7
113.6
118.8
117.5
244.8
113.5
119.2
117.7
244.8
113.5
119.6
118.5
248.3
113.6
23
116.0
118.0
117.5
117.6
118.0
118.2
118.3
118.5
118.7
118.7
119.0
119.1
119.0
119.0
24
25
26
119.4
121.6
121.1
129.7
122.9
121.2
130.1
122.9
122.0
129.1
122.5
121.8
128.4
123.0
121.5
129.0
123.2
121.5
131.5
123.3
121.8
131.3
123.1
121.5
131.8
123.5
121.5
135.1
123.6
121.1
139.0
123.8
120.6
144.9
124.4
120.8
151.1
124.6
121.0
153.0
124.6
121.1
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
136.4
124.4
83.1
113.7
124.8
112.3
113.1
140.8
125.8
80.3
114.2
127.0
112.8
111.7
140.6
125.5
81.9
114.0
126.8
112.5
111.9
140.4
126.0
85.7
114.1
127.4
112.6
112.2
140.7
126.5
84.2
114.3
126.8
112.7
112.5
140.9
126.5
83.5
114.3
127.7
113.0
112.6
141.3
126.6
84.5
114.5
127.2
113.0
112.0
142.0
126.8
84.6
114.7
127.1
113.0
111.2
142.1
126.9
83.1
114.8
127.1
113.2
110.6
142.4
126.6
77.5
114.8
127.7
113.3
110.6
143.6
127.1
77.2
116.0
128.6
113.7
110.7
144.2
127.3
78.1
116.0
128.2
114.1
111.0
144.9
127.0
79.8
115.1
128.4
114.4
110.9
145.0
127.4
81.3
115.2
128.7
114.9
110.8
T o ta l m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s tr ie s ......................
Food and kindred products........................
Tobacco manufactures...............................
Textile mill products....................................
Apparel and other finished products
made from fabrics and similar
materials...................................................
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture....................................................
Furniture and fixtures..................................
Paper and allied products ..........................
1993
1992
34
116.6
117.2
117.2
117.1
117.2
117.3
117.3
117.5
117.5
117.6
117.6
117.6
117.8
117.9
35
116.4
116.7
116.9
116.7
116.5
116.6
116.6
116.5
116.6
116.7
116.9
117.1
116.9
116.8
36
37
110.1
119.8
110.8
123.0
110.8
122.7
110.8
122.6
110.8
122.7
110.8
122.3
110.8
120.5
110.9
124.8
111.0
124.8
111.1
124.7
111.2
124.9
111.6
125.5
111.6
125.6
111.8
125.7
38
116.8
118.7
118.3
118.5
118.6
118.8
118.9
119.4
119.7
119.7
119.9
120.6
120.7
120.8
39
117.5
119.6
119.4
119.5
119.6
119.8
120.1
120.3
120.0
120.0
120.7
120.7
120.7
121.1
46
96.1
96.4
96.4
96.5
96.6
96.6
96.6
96.5
96.5
96.5
96.5
96.5
96.5
96.5
S e rv ic e industries:
Pipelines, except natural gas (12/86=100)
37.
Annua! data: Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing
(1982=100)
Index
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
103.7
103.3
105.2
104.7
103.8
107.5
103.2
101.4
109.7
105.4
103.6
111.7
108.0
106.2
114.3
113.6
112.1
118.8
119.2
118.2
122.9
121.7
120.5
126.7
123.2
121.7
129.1
103.1
102.7
99.1
101.5
107.1
112.0
114.5
114.4
114.7
104.1
105.6
95.7
105.9
104.1
103.3
107.3
92.8
109.0
104.4
102.2
108.1
72.7
110.3
105.6
105.3
109.8
73.3
114.5
107.7
113.2
116.1
71.2
120.1
113.7
118.1
121.3
76.4
125.4
118.1
118.7
122.9
85.9
127.7
119.4
118.1
124.5
85.3
128.1
121.4
117.9
126.5
84.5
127.7
122.7
103.5
104.7
102.2
105.1
95.8
94.8
96.9
102.7
87.7
93.2
81.6
92.2
93.7
96.2
87.9
84.1
96.0
106.1
85.5
82.1
103.1
111.2
93.4
85.3
108.9
113.1
101.5
84.8
101.2
105.5
94.6
82.9
100.4
105.1
93.5
84.0
Finished goods:
Total ....................................................................
Consumer goods.............................................
Capital equipment ...........................................
In te rm e d ia te m aterials, sup plies, and
c o m po nents:
T o ta l....................................................................
Materials and components for
manufacturing.................................................
Materials and components for construction ....
Processed fuels and lubricants.......................
Containers.......................................................
Supplies...........................................................
C ru d e m a terials fo r fu rth e r processing:
Total ....................................................................
Foodstuffs and feedstuffs...............................
Nonfood materials except fuel .......................
Fuel ..................................................................
Monthly Labor Review
Digitized for106
FRASER
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June 1993
38.
U.S. export price indexes by Standard International Trade Classification
( 1 9 8 5 = 1 0 0 , u n le s s o th e r w is e in d ic a te d )
Category
F is h a n d c r u s t a c e a n s ..........................................................................................................
June
1991
S e p t.
D ec.
M a r.
June
1992
S e p t.
D ec.
M a r.
June
S e p t.
D ec.
1 1 5 .0
1 1 3 .3
1 1 4 .3
1 1 4 .9
115 .1
1 1 4 .7
1 1 4 .2
1 1 4 .4
1 1 4 .9
1 1 5 .3
1 1 5 .3
0
1 0 8 .8
1 0 2 .2
99.1
1 0 2 .4
105.1
104 .1
1 0 6 .6
1 1 0 .7
1 0 7 .3
1 0 4 .9
1 0 4 .3
01
1 2 3 .7
1 2 4 .3
1 2 8 .7
1 2 9 .3
1 2 8 .0
1 2 9 .6
1 2 5 .9
1 3 1 .7
1 3 3 .3
1 3 1 .4
1 3 4 .0
1 2 6 .9
1 2 9 .9
ALL COMMODITIES ............................................................................................
M e a t a n d m e a t p r e p a r a t i o n s ............................................................................................
1990
1974
S IT C
03
1 2 7 .5
1 2 6 .8
122 .1
1 1 3 .5
1 2 1 .7
1 3 1 .6
1 2 6 .5
1 2 3 .5
1 1 6 .9
G ra in a n d g ra in p r e p a r a t io n s ..........................................................................................
04
1 0 1 .8
9 0 .5
8 4 .3
8 6 .9
9 0 .8
9 0 .8
9 6 .3
1 0 2 .6
9 8 .2
9 2 .8
9 2 .0
V e g e ta b le s a n d f r u i t .............................................................................................................
05
1 1 5 .2
1 1 1 .5
1 1 0 .7
1 2 8 .5
1 3 7 .2
1 2 7 .8
1 1 8 .2
1 1 9 .8
1 1 3 .0
1 1 3 .8
1 1 6 .6
A n im a l fe e d s , e x c lu d in g u n m ille d c e r e a l s ................................................................
08
1 1 8 .4
1 2 0 .2
1 2 4 .9
1 2 5 .6
1 2 1 .2
1 2 7 .6
1 2 8 .5
1 2 3 .6
1 2 3 .9
1 2 7 .3
1 2 5 .9
M is c e lla n e o u s f o o d p r o d u c t s ..........................................................................................
09
1 1 0 .2
1 1 0 .0
1 1 1 .4
110.1
1 1 0 .8
1 1 0 .0
1 1 0 .2
1 0 9 .5
1 1 0 .5
1 1 1 .3
1 1 1 .6
Beverages and tobacco ....................................................................................
1
1 2 4 .5
1 2 5 .6
1 2 9 .0
1 3 1 .9
1 3 2 .6
1 3 3 .4
1 3 5 .8
1 3 6 .6
1 3 7 .6
1 3 8 .8
1 40.1
T o b a c c o a n d t o b a c c o p r o d u c t s .....................................................................................
12
1 2 4 .9
1 2 6 .0
1 2 9 .2
132.1
1 3 2 .8
1 3 3 .4
1 3 5 .9
1 3 6 .6
1 3 7 .7
1 3 9 .0
1 4 0 .3
Crude m aterials...................................................................................................
2
1 3 7 .3
1 3 7 .8
1 3 4 .5
1 3 4 .3
1 3 0 .3
1 2 5 .3
1 2 2 .4
1 2 4 .3
1 2 7 .6
1 2 8 .4
1 2 7 .7
R a w h id e s a n d s k i n s ............................................................................................................
21
1 6 2 .0
1 5 0 .0
1 4 2 .3
1 2 9 .5
1 2 5 .6
1 1 0 .4
1 2 3 .7
1 2 1 .4
1 2 4 .5
1 2 7 .5
1 3 3 .7
1 1 0 .4
1 1 7 .4
1 1 7 .2
1 1 8 .0
C r u d e r u b b e r ............................................................................................................................
23
1 1 5 .5
1 1 6 .4
1 1 9 .4
1 2 2 .7
1 2 0 .3
1 2 2 .8
1 2 0 .8
1 1 8 .7
1 1 7 .7
1 1 9 .6
1 1 9 .5
W o o d ............................................................................................................................................
24
1 7 9 .2
1 7 3 .9
1 6 8 .5
1 7 1 .4
1 7 1 .9
174.1
1 7 3 .7
1 8 4 .8
1 9 3 .4
2 1 0 .5
2 1 9 .5
1 3 7 .5
O i l s e e d s ......................................................................................................................................
P u lp a n d w a s te p a p e r .........................................................................................................
T e x tile f i b e r s .............................................................................................................................
M e ta l o r e s a n d m e ta l s c r a p .............................................................................................
22
1 6 8 .0
167.1
1 1 2 .9
1 11.1
1 0 6 .3
1 0 8 .2
1 1 1 .8
1 0 4 .7
1 0 4 .8
25
1 7 4 .3
1 6 2 .3
1 5 0 .8
1 3 7 .3
1 3 6 .6
1 3 8 .3
1 4 3 .7
1 4 6 .5
26
1 2 4 .5
1 2 2 .2
1 2 1 .5
1 2 6 .8
1 2 9 .7
1 1 8 .4
1 0 8 .0
1 0 3 .2
1 0 4 .3
9 9 .7
27
9 9 .7
1 0 0 .0
100.1
1 0 1 .0
1 0 0 .7
9 8 .2
9 8 .4
9 9 .3
9 9 .3
99 1
95 3
28
1 4 2 .6
1 5 0 .7
1 3 9 .4
1 3 7 .7
1 2 7 .2
1 2 4 .4
1 1 7 .5
1 2 2 .5
1 2 1 .5
1 2 2 .5
117 .1
99.1
Fuels and related p ro d u c ts .............................................................................
3
8 8 .7
1 0 3 .3
1 0 6 .5
9 1 .2
8 7 .5
8 7 .4
8 8 .4
8 0 .8
C o a l a n d c o k e ........................................................................................................................
C r u d e p e tr o le u m a n d p e tro le u m p r o d u c t s ...............................................................
32
9 7 .5
9 7 .9
9 8 .0
9 7 .7
96.1
96.1
9 6 .2
95.1
9 4 .3
9 3 .7
9 4 .3
33
1 0 8 .7
1 4 6 .0
1 4 9 .8
112.1
1 0 3 .7
1 0 3 .9
1 0 6 .0
8 9 .6
1 0 0 .0
1 0 3 .2
9 9 .4
8 4 .2
8 5 .3
8 4 .2
Fats and o ils .........................................................................................................
4
9 4 .6
9 0 .8
9 2 .9
8 9 .6
8 6 .2
8 6 .8
8 4 .3
84.1
87.1
8 7 .5
9 0 .8
A n im a l o ils a n d f a ts .............................................................................................................
41
8 4 .0
7 6 .6
8 9 .6
8 2 .8
8 0 .4
8 4 .4
8 2 .7
8 2.1
86.1
9 5 .0
9 7.1
F ix e d v e g e ta b le o ils a n d f a t s ..........................................................................................
42
1 0 1 .7
1 0 0 .4
9 4 .3
9 3 .9
8 9 .5
8 7 .2
8 3 .9
8 3 .9
8 6 .2
7 9 .5
8 4.1
1 1 5 .3
Chemicals and related p ro d u c ts ....................................................................
5
1 1 5 .5
119.1
1 2 4 .0
1 2 2 .6
118.1
1 1 6 .2
1 15.1
1 1 5 .4
115 .1
1 1 3 .5
O r g a n ic c h e m ic a l s .................................................................................................................
51
1 1 8 .6
1 2 5 .6
1 3 2 .7
1 2 7 .3
1 1 8 .2
1 1 1 .9
1 1 1 .9
1 1 1 .8
1 1 4 .4
116 .1
1 1 2 .7
D y e in g , ta n n in g , a n d c o lo r in g m a t e r ia l s ....................................................................
53
1 1 9 .7
1 2 0 .6
1 2 5 .5
1 2 7 .7
1 2 8 .8
1 2 9 .7
1 2 8 .5
1 2 9 .3
1 2 9 .4
1 3 2 .0
1 3 3 .2
M e d ic in a l a n d p h a r m a c e u tic a l p ro d u c ts ( 1 2 / 8 5 = 1 0 0 ) .....................................
54
1 1 0 .0
1 1 0 .2
1 1 0 .9
1 1 0 .6
1 1 0 .8
1 1 2 .6
1 1 2 .8
1 1 4 .0
1 1 4 .7
1 1 4 .7
1 1 4 .9
E s s e n tia l o ils , p o lis h , a n d c le a n in g p r e p a r a t io n s .................................................
55
1 2 6 .8
127.1
1 2 7 .5
1 2 7 .7
1 2 7 .9
1 2 8 .7
1 2 8 .3
1 3 0 .4
1 3 1 .2
1 2 9 .9
1 2 9 .8
1 0 7 .5
1 1 4 .5
1 0 8 .0
F e rtiliz e rs , m a n u fa c tu r e d ...................................................................................................
56
1 1 6 .2
1 1 1 .0
A r tific ia l re s in s , p la s tic s a n d c e llu lo s e ........................................................................
57
1 1 5 .8
1 2 1 .4
1 3 1 .2
1 2 6 .7
1 1 7 .6
1 1 6 .4
1 1 6 .5
1 1 4 .4
1 1 4 .9
1 1 5 .4
1 14 .1
C h e m ic a l m a te r ia ls a n d p ro d u c ts , n .e .s ......................................................................
58
1 1 3 .7
1 0 2 .8
1 1 5 .8
1 1 8 .4
1 2 0 .7
119.1
1 1 7 .9
1 1 7 .7
1 1 8 .5
1 1 8 .6
119 .1
1 1 9 .2
Intermediate manufactured p ro d u c ts ...........................................................
6
61
1 2 3 .0
1 2 6 .0
1 2 3 .6
1 2 5 .0
1 2 3 .4
1 2 2 .8
1 2 3 .7
1 2 2 .2
1 2 3 .3
118.1
1 2 2 .9
1 1 5 .9
1 2 2 .9
L e a th e r a n d fu r s k in s ............................................................................................................
1 1 5 .3
1 2 3 .5
1 1 3 .7
1 2 4 .0
1 1 2 .7
1 2 4 .5
1 1 4 .5
1 2 4 .3
1 1 3 .8
R u b b e r m a n u fa c tu r e s .........................................................................................................
62
1 1 4 .4
1 1 5 .6
1 1 8 .4
1 2 0 .5
1 2 1 .5
1 2 1 .8
1 2 2 .3
122.1
122.1
1 2 2 .9
1 2 3 .3
9 8 .8
9 9 .0
9 4 .8
8 9 .9
8 8.1
P a p e r a n d p a p e r b o a r d p r o d u c ts ...................................................................................
64
1 3 0 .3
131.1
1 3 1 .4
1 3 0 .8
1 3 0 .2
129.1
1 2 9 .4
1 29.1
1 2 8 .8
128 .1
1 2 7 .5
T e x t i l e s ........................................................................................................................................
N o n - m e ta llic m in e ra l m a n u fa c tu re s ( 9 / 8 5 = 1 0 0 ) .................................................
65
1 1 8 .3
1 1 8 .4
1 1 9 .5
1 2 2 .2
1 2 3 .7
123.1
1 2 3 .5
1 2 5 .3
1 2 5 .5
1 2 5 .9
1 2 6 .3
66
1 2 6 .9
1 2 6 .8
1 28.1
1 2 8 .9
1 2 8 .9
1 2 9 .0
1 30.1
1 3 0 .4
1 3 1 .8
1 3 2 .0
1 3 2 .3
Iro n a n d s t e e l ..........................................................................................................................
67
1 1 7 .4
117.1
1 1 7 .8
1 1 8 .9
1 19.1
1 1 9 .2
1 1 9 .2
1 1 8 .4
1 1 9 .2
1 1 9 .7
1 2 0 .0
N o n fe r r o u s m e t a l s ................................................................................................................
68
1 3 2 .6
1 3 5 .9
1 2 9 .5
1 2 3 .4
1 1 6 .5
1 1 5 .7
1 1 2 .6
1 1 4 .8
1 1 6 .3
1 1 6 .4
1 1 2 .6
M e ta l m a n u fa c tu r e s , n .e .s ..................................................................................................
69
117.1
1 1 7 .4
1 1 8 .3
1 1 9 .9
1 2 0 .5
1 2 0 .8
1 2 1 .3
1 2 1 .5
1 2 1 .6
1 2 2 .4
1 2 3 .4
Machinery and transport equipment, excluding military and
commercial a irc ra ft......................................................................................
7
110.1
1 1 0 .5
111.1
1 1 2 .8
1 1 3 .5
1 1 4 .0
1 1 4 .3
1 1 4 .8
1 1 5 .2
1 1 5 .4
1 1 5 .4
P o w e r g e n e r a tin g m a c h in e ry a n d e q u ip m e n t .........................................................
71
1 1 7 .2
1 1 7 .6
1 1 8 .5
1 2 1 .5
1 2 3 .0
1 2 3 .9
1 2 4 .6
1 2 6 .4
1 2 8 .7
1 2 8 .5
1 2 8 .9
M a c h in e r y s p e c ia liz e d f o r p a r tic u la r in d u s t r ie s ......................................................
72
1 1 3 .2
1 1 4 .2
1 1 5 .7
1 1 6 .8
1 1 7 .8
1 1 7 .9
1 1 8 .5
1 1 9 .5
1 2 0 .4
1 2 1 .0
1 2 1 .8
M e ta lw o r k in g m a c h in e r y ....................................................................................................
73
121.1
1 2 1 .2
1 2 4 .2
1 2 6 .7
1 2 9 .4
1 2 9 .7
1 3 0 .3
1 3 1 .9
1 3 2 .6
1 3 2 .6
1 3 2 .4
G e n e ra l in d u s tria l m a c h in e s a n d p a rts , n .e .s ...........................................................
74
1 1 8 .2
1 1 9 .0
1 1 9 .6
1 2 2 .2
1 2 2 .9
1 2 3 .8
1 2 3 .8
1 2 5 .6
1 2 5 .8
1 2 6 .3
1 2 7 .0
O ffic e m a c h in e s a n d a u t o m a tic d a ta p ro c e s s in g e q u ip m e n t .........................
T e le c o m m u n ic a tio n s , s o u n d re c o rd in g a n d re p ro d u c in g e q u ip m e n t ..........
75
9 4 .6
9 4 .5
9 3 .3
9 3 .5
9 2 .7
9 1 .6
9 0 .6
9 0 .0
8 9 .2
8 8 .5
8 7 .0
76
1 1 1 .2
1 1 1 .8
1 1 2 .4
115.1
1 1 8 .2
1 1 9 .9
1 2 1 .0
1 1 9 .4
1 2 0 .4
1 2 0 .8
1 2 0 .7
E le c tr ic a l m a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m e n t ...........................................................................
77
1 0 7 .5
1 0 7 .2
1 0 7 .5
1 0 7 .6
1 0 8 .2
110.1
1 1 0 .9
1 1 2 .2
1 1 1 .4
1 1 1 .9
1 1 1 .5
R o a d v e h ic le s a n d p a r ts ...................................................................................................
O th e r t r a n s p o r t e q u ip m e n t, e x c lu d in g m ilita ry a n d c o m m e rc ia l
78
1 1 1 .0
1 1 1 .5
1 1 2 .8
1 1 3 .7
114.1
1 1 4 .4
1 1 5 .2
1 1 5 .3
1 1 5 .9
1 16 .1
1 1 6 .7
a v i a t i o n ....................................................................................................................................
79
1 2 1 .3
1 2 2 .5
1 2 4 .2
1 3 3 .5
1 3 6 .5
1 3 7 .0
1 3 7 .0
1 3 5 .6
1 3 7 .3
1 3 8 .6
1 39 .1
Miscellaneous manufactured articles............................................................
8
1 1 6 .4
118.1
1 2 0 .0
1 2 1 .4
1 2 2 .4
1 2 2 .8
1 2 3 .5
1 2 4 .3
1 2 4 .8
1 2 5 .0
1 25 .1
F u rn itu r e a n d p a r t s ...............................................................................................................
P ro fe s s io n a l, s c ie n tific , a n d c o n tro llin g in s tru m e n ts a n d
82
1 2 2 .2
1 2 2 .0
1 2 4 .4
1 2 6 .6
1 2 7 .5
1 2 7 .6
1 2 7 .3
1 2 8 .6
1 2 8 .2
1 2 7 .7
1 2 8 .2
a p p a r a t u s ..................................................................... .........................................................
P h o to g r a p h ic a p p a r a tu s a n d s u p p lie s , o p tic a l g o o d s , w a tc h e s , a n d
87
1 2 4 .8
1 2 7 .6
1 3 0 .4
1 3 1 .9
1 3 3 .7
1 3 4 .0
1 3 5 .2
1 3 6 .6
1 3 7 .2
1 3 7 .0
1 3 7 .3
c l o c k s .......................................................................................................................................
88
9 7 .6
99.1
1 0 1 .6
1 0 2 .0
1 0 1 .8
1 0 1 .6
1 0 2 .6
1 0 2 .5
1 0 1 .5
1 0 2 .3
1 0 2 .9
M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu re d a rtic le s , n .e .s ..............................................................
89
1 1 2 .6
1 1 3 .3
114.1
116 .1
1 1 6 .3
1 1 7 .0
1 1 6 .8
1 1 7 .3
1 1 8 .4
1 1 9 .0
1 1 8 .7
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Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
107
Current Labor Statistics:
39.
Price Data
U.S. import price indexes by Standard International Trade Classification
( 1 9 8 5 = 1 0 0 , u n le s s o th e rw is e in d ic a te d )
Category
1991
1990
1974
S IT C
1992
D ec.
M a r.
June
S e p t.
D ec.
M a r.
June
S e p t.
D ec.
1 2 8 .8
1 2 4 .5
1 2 2 .4
1 2 2 .3
1 2 3 .5
1 23.1
1 2 5 .7
1 2 3 .8
1 3 5 .0
1 3 3 .7
1 3 2 .6
1 3 3 .5
1 3 1 .7
1 3 1 .3
1 3 2 .9
1 3 3 .7
1 2 4 .3
1 3 3 .4
Food and live anim als........................................................................................
0
1 1 6 .2
1 1 6 .2
116.1
1 1 4 .8
1 16.1
1 1 8 .3
1 1 1 .0
1 1 1 .8
1 1 1 .8
M e a t a n d m e a t p r e p a r a tio n s ........................................................................................
01
1 3 8 .9
1 3 9 .4
144.1
1 3 7 .8
1 3 3 .7
1 3 2 .3
1 2 9 .5
1 2 8 .6
1 2 6 .3
ALL COMMODITIES ............................................................................................
ALL COMMODITIES, EXCLUDING FU E LS ..................................................
D a iry p r o d u c ts a n d e g g s ...............................................................................................
02
1 3 7 .7
1 3 3 .5
1 3 1 .6
132 .1
1 3 3 .8
1 3 3 .7
1 3 3 .6
1 3 8 .8
1 3 1 .9
F is h a n d c r u s t a c e a n s .......................................................................................................
B a k e ry g o o d s , p a s ta p ro d u c ts , g ra in , a n d g ra in p r e p a r a tio n s ....................
03
1 3 7 .3
1 4 1 .9
1 4 0 .4
139 .1
1 3 9 .3
1 4 0 .7
1 4 0 .7
1 4 3 .0
1 3 9 .3
04
1 5 8 .8
1 5 7 .6
1 4 8 .2
1 4 7 .7
1 5 4 .5
1 5 3 .3
1 5 2 .6
1 6 2 .2
1 5 4 .9
F ru its a n d v e g e t a b le s .......................................................................................................
05
131 .1
1 2 7 .8
1 3 2 .4
1 3 3 .0
1 3 8 .5
1 5 6 .0
130.1
1 2 9 .6
1 2 6 .7
S u g a r, s u g a r p re p a ra tio n s , a n d h o n e y ....................................................................
06
1 1 8 .4
1 1 4 .0
1 1 3 .2
1 1 3 .4
1 1 3 .4
1 1 3 .2
1 1 1 .6
112 .1
1 0 8 .6
C o ffe e , te a , c o c o a .............................................................................................................
07
6 5 .7
6 5 .8
62.1
6 1 .7
6 1 .9
5 6 .6
5 1 .5
5 1 .3
6 0 .4
Beverages and tobacco ...................................................................................
1
1 3 2 .9
1 4 0 .5
1 4 2 .5
1 4 2 .3
1 4 4 .0
1 4 5 .4
1 4 5 .9
1 4 7 .4
1 4 5 .5
B e v e r a g e s ..............................................................................................................................
11
1 3 3 .8
1 4 2 .2
1 4 3 .8
143.1
1 4 4 .8
146.1
1 4 6 .8
1 4 8 .7
1 4 6 .3
Crude m aterials...................................................................................................
2
1 2 3 .9
1 2 3 .0
1 2 3 .9
1 1 9 .2
1 1 8 .8
1 2 3 .3
1 2 3 .8
1 2 5 .9
1 2 5 .2
C r u d e r u b b e r (in c lu d in g s y n th e tic a n d r e c la im e d ) .............................................
23
1 0 1 .8
1 0 3 .5
1 01.1
9 9 .8
9 9 .5
1 0 1 .7
1 0 3 .6
1 0 5 .3
1 0 6 .0
C o r k a n d w o o d ...................................................................................................................
24
1 0 6 .4
1 0 8 .5
1 2 1 .0
1 1 4 .9
1 1 7 .3
1 3 0 .0
1 3 1 .3
1 3 3 .0
1 3 6 .5
P u lp a n d w a s te p a p e r ......................................................................................................
25
1 6 6 .0
1 5 2 .6
141.1
1 2 6 .8
1 2 3 .6
1 2 7 .6
26
1 1 3 .7
1 0 5 .6
1 0 8 .7
1 0 7 .7
1 3 8 .6
~
1 3 1 .9
T e x tile f i b e r s .........................................................................................................................
C r u d e fe r tiliz e r s a n d c ru d e m in e ra ls ........................................................................
1 3 2 .7
-
27
9 8 .8
9 9 .6
9 8 .8
9 4 .6
8 9 .8
8 7 .9
87.1
8 7 .3
8 3 .1
M e t a llife r o u s o re s a n d m e ta l s c r a p ..........................................................................
28
1 5 3 .6
1 5 3 .5
1 4 8 .5
148.1
1 4 5 .3
147.1
1 4 4 .5
29
1 1 4 .9
1 2 0 .8
1 4 9 .2
117.1
1 4 9 .6
C r u d e a n im a l a n d v e g e ta b le m a te ria ls , n .e .s ........................................................
1 16.1
1 2 0 .3
1 2 1 .9
121 .1
1 2 2 .9
1 2 8 .0
-
-
-
Fuels and related pro d u cts............................................................................
3
1 0 8 .2
7 6 .6
7 2 .5
74.1
7 3 .7
6 6 .2
7 1 .5
33
1 1 1 .0
7 7 .3
7 3 .5
7 5 .3
7 4 .5
6 7 .0
7 5 .5
7 7 .0
7 6 .0
C r u d e p e tr o le u m a n d p e tro le u m p r o d u c t s ..............................................................
7 7 .2
72.1
Fats and o ils .........................................................................................................
4
9 5 .9
9 7 .9
9 7 .3
1 0 3 .8
1 2 0 .6
1 3 1 .6
1 2 8 .5
1 2 2 .3
1 1 9 .3
F ix e d v e g e ta b le o ils a n d fa ts ( 9 / 8 7 = 1 0 0 ) ..........................................................
42
9 7 .5
9 9 .4
9 8 .2
106 .1
1 2 4 .8
1 3 7 .0
1 3 3 .6
1 27.1
1 2 3 .4
Chemicals and related p ro d u cts....................................................................
5
1 2 3 .2
1 2 2 .9
1 2 0 .9
1 2 0 .3
1 2 0 .7
1 2 1 .4
122 .1
1 2 2 .9
1 2 2 .5
O r g a n ic c h e m i c a l s .............................................................................................................
51
1 2 1 .0
1 1 7 .7
1 1 4 .0
111.1
1 1 2 .2
112.1
1 1 1 .9
1 1 1 .5
In o r g a n ic c h e m ic a ls ...........................................................................................................
M e d ic in a l a n d p h a rm a c e u tic a l p r o d u c t s ................................................................
52
8 9 .0
8 9 .8
8 8 .6
8 6 .8
8 3 .9
8 4 .4
8 3 .2
8 2 .9
8 7 .7
54
1 5 8 .0
1 5 7 .3
1 5 4 .5
1 5 7 .3
1 6 3 .4
1 6 5 .0
1 6 5 .7
1 7 0 .4
1 7 0 .0
E s s e n tia l o ils a n d p e r f u m e s .........................................................................................
55
1 3 7 .3
1 3 5 .4
1 3 5 .3
1 3 9 .2
138 .1
1 4 1 .4
1 4 3 .0
1 4 3 .4
1 4 3 .2
1 3 8 .6
1 3 5 .6
1 4 3 .0
1 4 2 .4
1 3 6 .8
1 4 3 .5
A rtific ia l re s in s a n d p la s tic s a n d c e llu lo s e ............................................................
58
1 3 3 .4
1 3 6 .0
1 3 5 .9
1 3 5 .3
1 3 4 .0
1 3 4 .7
1 3 7 .2
1 3 6 .9
1 3 6 .3
C h e m ic a l m a te r ia ls a n d p ro d u c ts , n .e .s ...................................................................
59
1 3 9 .4
1 3 8 .6
136 .1
1 3 6 .5
1 3 9 .3
1 4 5 .3
1 50.1
1 56.1
153 .1
Intermediate manufactured p ro d u c ts ...........................................................
6
1 3 6 .4
1 3 4 .7
1 3 3 .5
1 3 3 .8
1 3 4 .4
1 3 4 .9
1 3 5 .9
1 3 3 .5
L e a th e r a n d fu r s k in s ........................................................................................................
R u b b e r m a n u fa c tu re s , n .e .s ...........................................................................................
61
1 4 6 .6
1 4 6 .3
1 4 2 .5
1 3 9 .6
1 4 0 .8
1 4 0 .9
62
117.1
1 1 6 .7
1 1 6 .5
116.1
1 1 7 .3
1 1 8 .3
1 1 8 .2
1 1 9 .8
1 1 9 .2
C o r k a n d w o o d m a n u f a c tu r e s ......................................................................................
63
1 4 2 .6
1 4 0 .6
1 4 1 .8
1 4 3 .5
1 4 4 .2
1 5 0 .4
1 5 5 .4
1 5 9 .0
1 5 4 .5
P a p e r a n d p a p e r b o a rd p r o d u c t s ................................................................................
64
1 2 2 .5
125.1
1 2 2 .0
1 1 9 .8
1 1 9 .2
1 1 5 .5
1 1 3 .7
1 1 4 .5
1 1 4 .4
T e x t i l e s ....................................................................................................................................
N o n m e ta llic m in e ra l m a n u fa c tu re s , n .e .s ................................................................
65
1 3 0 .5
1 3 2 .7
1 3 1 .3
1 3 3 .3
1 3 5 .4
1 3 6 .2
135 .1
1 3 8 .9
1 3 6 .7
66
1 6 2 .3
1 6 5 .2
1 6 5 .5
1 6 5 .7
1 6 7 .2
1 6 7 .7
1 6 9 .0
1 7 0 .6
1 6 9 .8
Iro n a n d s t e e l .......................................................................................................................
67
1 2 6 .2
1 2 5 .8
1 2 5 .4
1 2 4 .2
1 2 4 .6
1 2 3 .8
1 2 3 .3
1 2 1 .6
1 2 1 .7
1 1 8 .9
M a n u fa c tu r e d f e r t i liz e r s ...................................................................................................
56
1 3 7 .0
1 3 9 .7
-
137.1
1 0 9 .2
-
1 3 4 .4
-
N o n fe r r o u s m e t a l s .............................................................................................................
68
1 4 2 .3
1 3 9 .7
1 2 9 .3
1 2 4 .2
1 2 0 .5
1 2 5 .4
1 2 8 .7
1 2 8 .8
M e ta l m a n u f a c t u r e s ...........................................................................................................
69
1 3 7 .7
1 3 8 .8
1 3 7 .7
1 3 6 .9
1 3 8 .9
1 4 0 .0
1 4 0 .2
1 4 2 .8
1 4 0 .5
Machinery and transport equipment ...........................................................
7
1 3 4 .5
1 3 6 .0
1 3 3 .9
1 3 4 .0
1 3 6 .0
1 3 6 .4
1 3 6 .4
1 3 8 .0
1 3 6 .9
132.1
1 3 2 .4
M a c h in e r y (in c lu d in g S IT C 7 1 -7 7 ) .............................................................................
7hyb
1 3 3 .0
1 3 3 .6
1 3 0 .6
130.1
1 3 4 .7
1 3 2 .6
M a c h in e r y s p e c ia liz e d fo r p a r tic u la r I n d u s tr ie s ...................................................
72
1 7 1 .7
1 7 4 .4
1 6 6 .0
1 6 5 .6
1 7 0 .3
1 7 1 .9
1 7 2 .0
1 8 0 .7
1 7 4 .0
M e ta lw o r k in g m a c h in e r y .................................................................................................
73
1 5 6 .9
158.1
1 5 2 .5
1 5 2 .6
1 5 6 .9
1 5 7 .3
1 5 7 .6
1 6 1 .5
1 5 9 .4
G e n e ra l in d u s tria l m a c h in e ry a n d p a rts , n .e .s ......................................................
74
1 5 9 .0
1 3 2 .5
1 6 3 .5
1 6 5 .0
1 5 9 .2
1 6 3 .7
164.1
1 6 4 .2
1 69.1
1 6 6 .0
O f fic e m a c h in e s a n d a u to m a tic d a ta p ro c e s s in g e q u ip m e n t ......................
75
116.1
1 1 5 .0
1 1 2 .7
1 1 1 .4
1 1 1 .7
1 1 2 .0
1 1 0 .8
1 1 1 .2
1 1 0 .3
T e le c o m m u n ic a tio n s , s o u n d re c o rd in g a n d re p ro d u c in g a p p a r a t u s ........
76
1 1 0 .6
1 0 9 .4
1 0 8 .7
1 0 8 .0
1 0 8 .5
108.1
1 0 8 .0
108.1
1 0 8 .5
E le c tr ic a l m a c h in e ry a n d e q u ip m e n t ........................................................................
77
1 3 0 .8
1 3 2 .6
1 3 0 .2
1 2 9 .5
1 3 1 .5
1 3 1 .2
1 3 2 .2
1 3 3 .5
1 3 1 .4
R o a d v e h ic le s a n d p a r t s .................................................................................................
78
1 3 4 .9
1 3 7 .5
1 3 6 .3
1 37.1
1 3 9 .0
1 3 9 .3
1 3 9 .0
1 3 9 .9
1 4 0 .2
1 3 5 .9
1 36.1
1 3 4 .5
1 3 8 .4
1 4 0 .8
1 3 6 .6
138 .1
P lu m b in g , h e a tin g , a n d lig h tin g f i x t u r e s ..................................................................
81
1 4 5 .8
1 4 0 .7
1 4 0 .2
140.1
1 4 1 .9
1 4 3 .4
1 4 5 .2
1 4 7 .4
1 4 5 .7
F u rn itu r e a n d p a r t s ............................................................................................................
T ra v e l g o o d s , h a n d b a g s , a n d s im ila r g o o d s ( 6 / 8 5 = 1 0 0 ) ...........................
82
1 4 2 .6
1 4 2 .8
1 4 0 .3
1 3 9 .9
1 4 0 .9
1 4 1 .7
1 4 2 .6
1 4 4 .8
1 4 1 .4
83
1 2 1 .0
1 1 7 .7
1 1 2 .2
112.1
1 1 1 .9
1 1 1 .5
1 0 9 .2
84
1 2 1 .6
1 2 1 .5
1 1 4 .0
1 2 0 .7
111 .1
C l o t h i n g ...................................................................................................................................
1 2 1 .3
1 2 2 .0
1 2 3 .2
1 2 4 .3
1 2 4 .0
1 2 3 .9
F o o t w e a r .................................................................................................................................
P ro fe s s io n a l, s c ie n tific , a n d c o n tr o llin g in s tru m e n ts a n d
85
1 4 2 .6
1 4 2 .8
1 4 0 .3
1 3 9 .9
1 4 0 .9
1 4 1 .7
1 4 2 .6
1 4 4 .8
1 4 1 .4
a p p a r a tu s ............................................................................................................................
P h o to g r a p h ic a p p a r a tu s a n d s u p p lie s , o p tic a l g o o d s , w a tc h e s , a n d
87
1 5 8 .2
160.1
1 5 2 .5
1 5 1 .9
1 5 6 .2
1 5 6 .2
1 5 5 .9
1 6 5 .3
1 6 0 .7
c l o c k s ......................................................................................................................................
M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu re d a rtic le s , n .e .s ...........................................................
88
1 3 8 .6
1 3 9 .0
1 3 4 .7
1 35.1
1 3 8 .4
1 3 9 .3
1 3 8 .4
1 4 3 .3
141 .1
89
1 4 3 .5
1 4 3 .5
1 4 2 .8
143.1
1 4 6 .8
1 4 9 .5
1 4 8 .5
1 5 1 .5
1 5 0 .0
Miscellaneous manufactured articles............................................................
-
D a ta n o t a v a ila b le .
108 Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June 1993
8
1 3 4 .2
139 .1
40.
U.S. export price indexes by end-use category
(1 9 8 5 =
1 0 0 u n le s s o th e rw is e in d ic a te d )
Category
M a r.
F o o d s , fe e d s , a n d b e v e r a g e s ................................................
In d u s tr ia l s u p p lie s a n d m a t e r ia l s ..........................................
C a p ita l g o o d s ..................................................................................
June
S e p t.
D ec.
101 ,
1 0 4 .3
1 0 5 .7
1 2 3 .5
1 1 9 .9
1 1 6 .6
1 1 4 .3
111.8
1 1 3 .7
1 1 4 .6
1 15.1
1 0 4 .7
June
1 0 5 .9
S e p t.
D ec.
1 0 9 .7
1 0 7 .6
104.1
1 0 3 .7
1 1 3 .6
112.6
1 1 4 .0
1 1 5 .5
1 1 4 .3
1 1 5 .3
1 1 5 .9
1 1 6 .3
1 1 6 .4
1 1 6 .3
1 1 7 .8
A u to m o tiv e .......................................................................................
1 1 3 .4
1 1 4 .3
1 1 4 .9
115.1
1 1 6 .0
1 1 6 .5
1 1 6 .9
1 1 7 .2
C o n s u m e r g o o d s ..........................................................................
1 2 1 .4
1 2 2 .9
1 2 4 .3
125.1
126.1
1 2 6 .9
1 2 7 .5
1 1 8 .5
1 1 8 .8
1 1 9 .3
1 1 9 .6
1 2 0 .5
1 2 5 .2
1 2 1 .5
1 2 6 .2
1 2 7 .6
1 2 8 .6
129 .1
1 2 9 .8
C o n s u m e r n o n d u r a b le s , m a n u fa c tu re d , e x c e p t ru g s
116.1
1 1 7 .5
1 2 3 .5
118.1
C o n s u m e r d u r a b le s , m a n u fa c tu re d .................................
1 2 1 .7
1 2 3 .4
124.1
1 2 8 .3
A g r ic u ltu r a l ( 9 / 8 8 = 1 0 0 ) .........................................................
1 0 4 .4
1 0 6 .5
1 0 7 .9
1 0 5 .8
1 0 6 .2
1 0 8 .5
1 0 7 .6
1 0 5 .6
1 0 5 .7
A ll e x p o r ts , e x c lu d in g a g r ic u ltu ra l ( 9 / 8 8 = 1 0 0 ) .................
1 1 6 .9
1 1 6 .7
1 1 6 .0
1 1 5 .6
1 1 5 .8
1 1 5 .9
1 1 6 .6
1 17 .1
1 1 6 .7
41.
U.S. import price indexes by end-use category
(1 9 8 5 = 1 0 0 )
1990
1991
1992
Category
D e c.
M a r.
June
S e p t.
D ec.
M a r.
June
S e p t.
D ec.
A ll im p o rts , e x c lu d in g p e tro le u m ( 6 / 8 8 = 1 0 0 ) ..........................................................
1 3 2 .0
1 3 2 .9
131.1
1 3 0 .7
1 3 2 .3
133.1
F o o d s , fe e d s , a n d b e v e r a g e s .........................................................................................
1 1 6 .3
1 1 7 .4
1 1 7 .6
1 1 6 .9
1 1 9 .0
1 2 1 .4
In d u s tr ia l s u p p lie s a n d m a t e r ia l s ...................................................................................
1 1 8 .7
1 0 3 .8
1 0 0 .7
1 0 0 .3
9 9 .9
9 6 .9
P e tro le u m a n d p e tr o le u m p ro d u c ts , e x c lu d in g n a tu ra l g a s ..........................
1 1 0 .9
7 7 .2
7 3 .2
7 5 .0
7 4 .3
6 6 .7
7 6 .5
7 6 .9
71 6
In d u s tr ia l s u p p lie s a n d m a te ria ls , e x c lu d in g p e t r o le u m ..................................
1 2 5 .3
1 2 5 .6
1 2 3 .2
1 2 0 .9
1 2 0 .8
1 2 1 .6
1 2 2 .0
1 2 2 .8
1 2 1 .5
1 3 2 .7
1 3 4 .3
1 33 .1
1 1 5 .2
1 1 5 .4
1 1 4 .6
1 0 1 .6
1 0 2 .2
99 2
C a p ita l g o o d s , e x c e p t a u t o m o t iv e ................................................................................
1 3 9 .3
1 4 0 .3
1 3 6 .8
1 3 6 .5
1 3 9 .0
1 3 9 .4
1 3 9 .4
1 4 2 .3
1 4 0 .2
A u to m o tiv e v e h ic le s , p a r ts a n d e n g in e s ...................................................................
1 3 3 .3
1 3 5 .7
1 3 4 .4
1 3 5 .0
1 3 6 .9
137.1
1 3 6 .8
1 38 .1
1 3 7 .4
C o n s u m e r g o o d s e x c e p t a u t o m o t i v e ..........................................................................
1 3 5 .5
1 3 5 .6
1 3 4 .5
1 3 4 .9
1 3 6 .7
N o n d u r a b le s , m a n u f a c t u r e d .........................................................................................
1 3 5 .2
1 3 5 .2
134.1
1 3 4 .9
1 3 6 .4
1 3 7 .9
1 3 8 .9
1 4 1 .3
139 8
D u ra b le s , m a n u f a c t u r e d ..................................................................................................
1 3 2 .9
1 3 2 .5
1 3 1 .4
1 3 1 .4
1 3 3 .6
1 3 4 .9
1 3 5 .0
1 3 6 .0
1 3 5 .5
42.
138.1
1 3 8 .5
1 4 0 .3
139 5
U.S. export price indexes by Standard Industrial Classification 1
(1 9 8 5 = 1 0 0 )
1990
1991
Industry group
D e c.
M a r.
June
S e p t.
D ec.
S e p t.
D ec.
M a n u fa c tu rin g :
F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c t s ...............................................................
1 1 5 .3
1 1 3 .9
112.1
1 1 0 .3
1 1 3 .5
1 1 4 .5
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p ro d u c ts , e x c e p t f u r n i t u r e ..........................
1 1 5 .7
1 6 7 .4
169.1
1 6 8 .7
179.1
2 0 1 .5
122.1
1 6 5 .5
124.1
1 1 4 .2
1 8 6 .4
1 1 5 .6
1 6 2 .5
F u r n itu r e a n d f i x t u r e s ............................................................................
2 0 9 .9
1 2 4 .4
1 2 4 .4
1 2 4 .8
1 2 6 .4
1 2 6 .5
1 2 6 .3
1 2 6 .6
P a p e r a n d a llie d p ro d u c ts ..................................................................
1 2 8 .9
1 2 6 .5
1 2 3 .9
1 1 9 .4
1 1 8 .9
1 1 9 .8
1 2 1 .5
1 2 2 .7
C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s .........................................................
1 2 5 .5
1 1 8 .2
1 2 4 .6
120 .1
1 1 8 .2
1 1 7 .2
1 1 7 .3
1 1 7 .4
1 17.1
1 1 5 .2
P e tro le u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c t s ...........................................................
1 1 8 .5
8 8 .3
8 1 .3
8 1 .8
8 3 .8
7 0 .9
7 7 .8
P rim a ry m e ta l p ro d u c ts ...-....................................................................
8 1 .3
1 1 9 .7
7 8 .4
1 1 1 .6
1 1 0 .6
1 0 9 .9
1 0 9 .6
1 0 9 .6
M a c h in e ry , e x c e p t e le c tr ic a l .............................................................
110.0
1 0 7 .5
1 1 5 .5
1 0 8 .9
1 0 9 .2
109.1
1 0 8 .9
1 0 9 .5
1 0 9 .7
E le c tr ic a l m a c h in e r y ..............................................................................
T r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t ...................................................................
1 0 8 .2
1 0 9 .4
1 0 9 .0
1 1 0 .0
1 1 1 .0
1 1 3 .2
1 1 3 .8
1 1 3 .9
1 1 8 .5
1 1 3 .5
1 2 1 .9
1 2 3 .3
1 1 2 .5
1 2 3 .7
1 0 9 .6
1 1 3 .4
1 2 5 .5
1 2 6 .2
1 2 6 .5
1 2 6 .8
1 2 7 .6
1 2 9 .0
1 2 9 .2
1 2 4 .6
1 3 0 .4
1 2 4 .5
S c ie n tific in s tr u m e n ts ; o p tic a l g o o d s ; c l o c k s ...........................
1 3 1 .9
1 3 2 .3
1 3 2 .7
1 3 3 .3
S IC -b a s e d c la s s ific a tio n .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
109
Current Labor Statistics:
43.
Price Data and Productivity Data
U.S. import price indexes by Standard Industrial Classification 1
(1 9 8 5 = 1 0 0 )
1990
1991
Industry group
D ec.
M a r.
June
S e p t.
D e c.
S e p t.
D ec.
M a n u fa c tu rin g :
F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c t s ........................................................................
1 2 2 .6
1 2 3 .8
1 2 4 .4
1 2 3 .5
1 2 8 .0
1 2 6 .4
1 2 6 .5
T e x tile m ill p r o d u c ts .......................................................................................
1 4 6 .8
1 2 2 .9
1 4 8 .4
1 4 6 .4
1 4 8 .9
1 5 0 .2
152.1
1 5 0 .7
A p p a r e l a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts ...................................................................
1 5 4 .6
1 2 2 .2
1 5 1 .3
122 .1
1 2 1 .4
122.1
1 2 2 .8
1 2 4 .2
1 25.1
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p ro d u c ts , e x c e p t f u r n i t u r e ...................................
1 2 7 .5
1 2 8 .3
1 2 0 .0
1 2 0 .9
1 2 8 .7
1 2 5 .0
1 2 7 .0
1 3 6 .4
1 3 8 .9
1 4 0 .4
1 4 1 .5
F u r n itu r e a n d f ix tu r e s ....................................................................................
1 3 6 .6
1 3 7 .2
1 3 5 .5
1 3 5 .9
1 3 6 .7
1 3 7 .7
1 38.1
1 4 1 .0
1 2 8 .0
138 .1
P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts ..........................................................................
1 2 5 .8
126.1
1 2 1 .6
1 1 7 .4
1 1 3 .7
1 2 6 .7
1 2 4 .5
1 2 3 .8
1 2 4 .9
1 1 3 .5
1 2 4 .9
1 1 5 .3
1 2 4 .6
1 1 6 .2
1 2 4 .4
1 1 3 .9
C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ..................................................................
P e tr o le u m re fin in g a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ................................................
1 2 5 .5
1 2 5 .4
2 0 3 .5
1 4 8 .9
1 3 7 .9
1 3 8 .8
1 4 3 .2
1 2 5 .9
1 3 8 .3
1 4 2 .0
R u b b e r a n d m is c e lla n e o u s p la s tic s p ro d u c ts ...................................
1 2 7 .4
1 2 8 .9
1 3 3 .8
1 2 7 .7
1 2 7 .8
1 2 9 .7
1 3 1 .0
1 3 1 .7
1 3 4 .2
133 .1
L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p ro d u c ts ...................................................................
1 3 5 .6
1 3 5 .9
1 3 3 .9
1 3 3 .7
1 3 4 .4
135.1
1 3 6 .3
1 3 8 .3
1 3 5 .8
S to n e , c la y , g la s s , a n d c o n c r e te p r o d u c t s .........................................
1 5 7 .8
1 5 9 .3
1 5 8 .7
1 5 8 .5
1 6 0 .4
1 6 1 .4
1 6 5 .3
P rim a ry m e ta l p r o d u c t s .................................................................................
166 .1
1 2 6 .5
1 2 4 .7
1 2 0 .5
1 1 7 .5
1 1 6 .5
1 1 7 .6
1 1 7 .8
1 1 7 .3
F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c t s ..........................................................................
1 4 7 .4
1 1 4 .0
1 4 8 .6
1 4 7 .0
1 4 6 .5
1 4 8 .7
1 4 9 .4
1 4 9 .8
1 5 2 .3
M a c h in e ry , e x c e p t e l e c t r ic a l.......................................................................
1 50.1
1 4 9 .7
1 5 0 .5
1 4 5 .9
1 4 5 .6
1 4 8 .5
1 4 9 .2
1 4 8 .7
1 5 2 .9
1 4 9 .7
E le c tr ic a l m a c h in e r y a n d s u p p lie s ..........................................................
1 1 8 .6
1 1 9 .0
1 1 7 .2
1 1 6 .5
1 1 7 .7
1 1 7 .4
1 1 7 .8
1 1 8 .8
T r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t ............................................................................
1 1 7 .7
1 3 7 .7
1 4 0 .3
139.1
1 3 9 .9
1 6 3 .6
1 4 2 .5
1 4 3 .0
1 4 2 .8
1 4 4 .0
S c ie n tific in s tr u m e n ts ; o p tic a l g o o d s ; c l o c k s ....................................
1 4 4 .7
1 4 6 .5
1 4 7 .4
1 4 1 .3
1 4 1 .3
1 4 4 .9
1 4 6 .4
1 4 5 .9
1 5 2 .5
M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu re d c o m m o d itie s ........................................
1 4 9 .9
1 4 7 .6
1 4 7 .4
1 4 7 .7
1 4 7 .9
1 5 1 .4
1 5 4 .2
1 5 3 .3
1 5 4 .0
1 5 2 .4
S IC - b a s e d c la s s ific a tio n .
44.
Indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, and unit costs, quarterly data seasonally adjusted
(1 9 8 2 = 1 0 0 )
Q u a rte rly In d e x e s
1990
Ite m
II
III
1991
IV
I
II
1992
III
IV
I
II
III
IV
Business:
1 0 9 .8
1 0 9 .7
O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s .......................................
1 1 0 .2
1 1 2 .3
1 1 2 .6
1 1 3 .5
C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r .....................................................
1 3 8 .9
1 4 1 .0
1 4 2 .9
144.1
146.1
1 4 7 .5
1 4 8 .8
1 5 0 .3
1 0 3 .5
1 0 3 .4
103.1
1 0 3 .0
1 0 3 .9
1 0 4 .2
1 0 4 .3
1 0 4 .4
1 5 1 .0
104.1
1 5 2 .7
R e a l c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ..........................................
1 0 9 .3
1 0 9 .8
1 1 0 .3
1 0 4 .6
1 0 4 .9
U n it la b o r c o s ts ......................................................................
U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n ts ....................................................
1 2 6 .0
1 2 8 .4
1 3 0 .3
1 3 1 .8
133 .1
1 3 3 .7
1 3 3 .8
1 3 3 .8
134.1
1 3 4 .5
1 3 4 .4
1 4 0 .0
139.1
1 3 9 .5
1 4 1 .2
1 4 1 .8
1 4 7 .0
1 4 8 .9
1 4 7 .9
1 5 2 .4
1 3 0 .6
1 3 1 .9
1 3 3 .3
1 3 4 .9
1 3 6 .0
1 4 2 .8
1 3 6 .7
1 4 4 .3
Im p lic it p ric e d e fla to r ..........................................................
1 3 7 .3
1 3 8 .2
1 3 9 .0
1 3 8 .9
1 4 0 .3
O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ......................................
1 0 8 .6
108.1
108.1
1 0 7 .9
1 0 8 .4
1 0 8 .9
1 0 9 .6
1 1 0 .6
1 11.1
1 1 1 .8
113 .1
C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r .....................................................
1 3 7 .5
1 4 1 .6
1 4 3 .0
1 4 5 .0
1 4 6 .4
1 4 7 .5
1 4 8 .9
1 4 9 .8
1 5 1 .4
1 5 3 .0
1 0 4 .0
1 1 1 .2
1 1 4 .8
1 5 4 .3
Nonfarm business:
R e a l c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ..........................................
1 0 2 .5
1 3 9 .6
1 0 2 .4
1 0 2 .2
1 0 2 .2
1 03.1
1 0 3 .4
1 0 3 .4
1 0 3 .5
1 0 3 .3
1 0 3 .7
U n it la b o r c o s ts .....................................................................
1 2 6 .6
129.1
1 3 1 .0
1 3 2 .5
1 3 3 .8
1 3 4 .4
1 3 4 .6
1 3 4 .6
1 3 4 .9
1 3 5 .3
1 3 5 .2
U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n ts ....................................................
1 4 0 .4
1 3 9 .6
1 4 0 .6
1 4 2 .5
1 4 2 .6
1 4 4 .0
1 4 5 .9
1 4 8 .4
1 5 0 .6
1 4 9 .4
1 5 3 .8
I m p lic it p ric e d e fla to r ..........................................................
1 31.1
1 3 2 .5
134.1
1 3 5 .7
1 3 6 .6
1 3 7 .5
1 3 8 .3
139.1
1 3 9 .9
1 3 9 .9
1 4 1 .2
Nonfinancial corporations:
O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f a ll e m p lo y e e s ................................
1 1 2 .3
1 1 1 .9
1 1 2 .6
1 1 3 .0
1 1 3 .6
1 1 4 .2
1 1 5 .3
1 1 6 .0
1 1 6 .7
1 1 8 .2
-
C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r .....................................................
1 3 5 .6
1 3 7 .6
1 3 9 .6
1 4 0 .8
1 4 2 .7
1 4 4 .0
1 4 5 .2
1 4 5 .9
1 4 6 .6
1 4 7 .9
-
R e a l c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ..........................................
101.1
1 0 0 .9
1 0 0 .7
1 0 0 .7
1 0 1 .5
1 0 1 .7
1 0 1 .7
1 0 1 .4
101 .1
1 0 1 .3
-
T o ta l u n it c o s t s .......................................................................
119.1
1 2 1 .4
1 2 2 .7
1 2 3 .9
1 2 4 .7
1 2 5 .3
1 2 5 .0
1 2 4 .6
1 2 4 .4
1 2 4 .5
-
U n it la b o r c o s ts ..................................................................
1 2 0 .8
1 2 3 .0
1 2 4 .0
1 2 4 .6
1 2 5 .7
1 2 6 .2
1 2 5 .9
1 2 5 .7
1 2 5 .6
1 2 5 .2
U n it n o n la b o r c o s t s ..........................................................
1 1 4 .9
1 1 7 .4
1 1 9 .5
1 2 2 .2
122.1
123.1
1 2 2 .8
1 2 1 .7
1 2 1 .4
1 2 2 .8
-
U n it p r o f i t s .................................................................................
1 7 6 .7
1 4 9 .7
1 5 0 .7
1 5 5 .2
1 6 7 .7
1 7 9 .6
1 7 9 .3
_
1 2 8 .2
1 2 8 .3
1 2 8 .9
1 3 0 .3
1 3 2 .4
1 3 3 .5
-
1 2 2 .7
1 2 3 .6
1 2 5 .2
1 2 4 .4
1 5 1 .3
1 2 7 .7
1 5 4 .5
1 2 6 .5
1 5 7 .2
1 2 4 .9
1 2 5 .6
1 2 6 .5
1 2 6 .9
1 2 6 .9
1 2 7 .3
1 2 7 .8
1 2 7 .9
-
U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n ts ....................................................
Im p lic it p ric e d e fla to r ..........................................................
Manufacturing:
O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ......................................
1 2 4 .8
1 2 7 .2
1 2 7 .0
126.1
1 2 7 .5
1 2 9 .4
1 2 9 .7
1 2 9 .4
1 3 1 .0
1 3 2 .7
134.1
C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r .....................................................
1 3 3 .0
1 3 4 .6
1 3 6 .8
1 3 8 .5
1 4 0 .2
1 4 1 .3
1 4 2 .8
1 4 2 .0
143.1
1 4 4 .6
1 4 6 .5
R e a l c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ..........................................
9 9 .2
9 8 .7
9 8 .7
9 9 .0
9 9 .7
9 9 .8
100.1
9 8 .7
9 8 .7
9 9 .0
9 9 .6
U n it la b o r c o s ts .....................................................................
1 0 6 .6
1 0 5 .8
1 0 7 .7
1 0 9 .9
1 1 0 .0
1 0 9 .2
110.1
1 0 9 .8
1 0 9 .2
1 0 8 .9
1 0 9 .2
-
D a ta n o t a v a ila b le .
110 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June 1993
45.
Annual indexes of multifactor productivity and related measures, selected years
(1 9 8 2 = 1 0 0 )
Ite m
1960
1970
1973
1980
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Private business:
P ro d u c tiv ity :
O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ...................................
6 5.1
8 7 .0
1 1 3 .2
1 1 2 .8
O u tp u t p e r u n it o f c a p ita l s e r v ic e s ...........................
1 2 8 .5
1 2 2 .2
125.1
1 0 9 .3
1 0 6 .8
1 0 7 .2
1 0 6 .5
1 0 8 .0
1 1 0 .9
1 1 0 .5
1 0 8 .4
M u lt if a c to r p r o d u c t iv it y ....................................................
8 0 .2
9 6 .2
1 0 3 .0
102.1
1 0 5 .6
1 0 7 .3
1 0 8 .8
1 10.1
1 1 2 .8
1 1 2 .4
1 1 1 .4
O u t p u t .........................................................................................
52.1
7 5 .8
8 8 .0
1 0 1 .0
1 1 3 .2
1 1 8 .0
1 2 1 .6
1 2 6 .7
1 3 3 .5
1 3 6 .3
1 3 6 .6
9 4 .8
9 9 .2
105 .1
1 0 7 .3
1 0 9 .8
1 11.1
1 1 3 .6
In p u ts :
H o u r s o f a ll p e r s o n s .........................................................
8 0 .0
8 7 .2
9 2 .8
1 0 1 .9
1 0 7 .7
1 0 9 .9
1 1 0 .7
114.1
C a p ita l s e rv ic e s ..................................................................
4 0 .5
62.1
7 0 .4
9 2 .5
1 0 6 .0
110.1
1 1 4 .2
1 1 7 .4
1 2 0 .4
1 2 3 .3
1 2 6 .0
C o m b in e d u n its o f la b o r a n d c a p ita l I n p u t ...........
6 5 .0
7 8 .8
8 5 .5
9 9 .0
107.1
1 1 0 .0
1 1 1 .8
1 15.1
1 1 8 .4
1 2 1 .3
1 2 2 .6
C a p ita l p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ......................................
5 0 .6
7 1 .2
7 5 .8
9 0 .7
9 8 .5
100.1
103.1
1 0 2 .9
1 0 2 .4
1 0 2 .5
104.1
1 1 7 .5
1 2 0 .4
1 2 1 .0
Private nonfarm business:
P ro d u c tiv ity :
O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ...................................
6 9 .8
89.1
O u tp u t p e r u n it o f c a p ita l s e r v ic e s ...........................
135.1
1 2 6 .6
1 2 8 .9
1 1 0 .5
1 0 7 .0
1 0 6 .5
1 0 5 .7
1 0 7 .0
1 1 0 .0
1 0 9 .3
1 0 7 .0
M u lt if a c to r p r o d u c t iv it y ....................................................
8 4 .8
9 8 .5
1 0 4 .9
1 0 2 .8
1 0 5 .7
1 0 6 .6
1 0 7 .9
109.1
1 1 1 .9
1 1 1 .3
110 .1
1 3 4 .3
1 3 7 .0
1 3 7 .2
O u t p u t .........................................................................................
9 6 .6
9 9 .9
1 0 5 .2
1 0 6 .7
1 0 8 .9
1 1 0 .0
5 1 .9
7 6 .2
8 8 .6
1 0 1 .7
1 1 3 .8
1 1 8 .3
1 2 1 .8
1 2 7 .0
H o u r s o f a ll p e r s o n s .........................................................
7 4 .4
8 5 .5
9 1 .7
1 0 1 .8
1 0 8 .2
1 1 0 .9
1 1 1 .8
1 1 5 .5
1 1 2 .7
112 .1
1 1 1 .5
In p u ts :
119 .1
1 2 2 .2
1 23.1
C a p ita l s e rv ic e s ..................................................................
3 8 .4
6 0 .2
6 8 .7
9 2 .0
1 0 6 .4
1 1 1 .0
1 1 5 .2
1 1 8 .7
1 2 2 .0
1 2 5 .4
1 2 8 .3
C o m b in e d u n its o f la b o r a n d c a p ita l i n p u t ...........
6 1 .2
7 7 .4
8 4 .5
9 8 .9
1 0 7 .6
1 1 0 .9
1 1 2 .8
1 1 6 .4
1 2 0 .0
123.1
1 2 4 .6
C a p ita l p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ......................................
5 1 .6
7 0 .4
7 5 .0
9 0 .4
9 8 .4
100.1
1 0 3 .0
1 0 2 .7
1 0 2 .4
1 0 2 .6
1 0 4 .2
Manufacturing:
P ro d u c tiv ity :
O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ...................................
5 8 .4
7 7 .2
8 9 .4
O u t p u t p e r u n it o f c a p ita l s e r v ic e s ...........................
1 3 6 .6
1 2 8 .0
1 4 3 .4
1 1 3 .4
1 1 5 .7
1 1 7 .2
1 1 8 .9
1 2 4 .9
1 3 2 .9
1 3 2 .8
1 3 1 .3
M u lt if a c to r p r o d u c t iv it y ....................................................
7 2 .6
8 7 .5
1 0 0 .5
1 0 0 .5
1 1 1 .4
1 1 5 .4
1 1 9 .7
1 2 6 .0
1 3 2 .4
1 3 3 .2
1 35.1
O u t p u t .........................................................................................
1 3 4 .3
1 4 4 .6
1 4 6 .4
1 4 7 .0
9 6 .6
1 1 0 .0
1 1 4 .8
1 2 0 .0
5 5 .0
8 2 .3
1 0 0 .9
1 0 6 .2
1 1 8 .6
1 2 2 .8
1 2 6 .6
H o u r s o f a ll p e r s o n s .........................................................
9 4 .2
1 0 6 .5
1 1 2 .9
1 0 9 .9
1 0 7 .8
1 0 7 .0
1 0 5 .4
1 2 6 .4
132.1
1 3 3 .3
1 3 6 .6
In p u ts :
1 0 6 .2
1 0 9 .4
1 0 9 .8
1 0 7 .6
C a p ita l s e rv ic e s ..................................................................
4 0 .3
9 3 .6
1 0 2 .5
1 0 4 .8
1 0 6 .5
1 0 7 .5
1 0 8 .8
1 0 0 .5
1 0 5 .7
1 0 6 .4
1 0 6 .4
1 0 5 .7
1 0 6 .6
1 0 9 .2
1 1 0 .3
1 0 9 .9
1 1 2 .0
7 5 .8
6 4 .3
94.1
7 0 .4
C o m b in e d u n its o f la b o r a n d c a p ita l i n p u t s .........
C a p ita l p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s .......................................
4 2 .8
6 0 .3
6 2 .3
8 5 .2
95.1
9 8 .0
1 0 1 .0
1 0 1 .2
9 9 .4
1 0 0 .4
104.1
N O T E : P ro d u c tiv ity a n d o u tp u t in th is ta b le h a v e n o t b e e n re v is e d
f o r c o n s is t e n c y w ith th e D e c e m b e r 1991 c o m p re h e n s iv e re v is io n s to
46.
1 0 8 .8
th e N a tio n a l In c o m e a n d P ro d u c t A c c o u n ts ,
Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years
(1 9 8 2 = 100)
Ite m
I9 6 0
1970
1973
1981
1983
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
Business:
O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s .......................................
6 5 .5
8 6 .9
9 5 .0
9 9 .9
1 0 2 .2
106.1
1 0 8 .3
1 0 9 .4
1 1 0 .4
1 0 9 .5
1 0 9 .7
C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r .....................................................
21.1
3 6 .7
45.1
9 3 .0
1 0 3 .7
1 1 3 .0
1 1 8 .6
1 2 2 .7
1 2 8 .0
1 3 2 .3
1 3 9 .7
R e a l c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ..........................................
1 4 6 .6
6 8 .7
152 .1
9 1 .2
9 8 .0
9 8 .7
1 0 0 .5
1 0 1 .3
1 0 4 .4
1 0 4 .3
1 0 4 .4
1 0 3 .0
U n it la b o r c o s ts .....................................................................
1 0 3 .2
1 0 3 .9
104 6
4 2 .2
4 7 .5
93.1
1 0 1 .5
1 0 6 .5
1 0 9 .5
1 1 2 .2
U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n ts ....................................................
3 2 .2
3 3 .6
9 7 .5
1 0 7 .5
1 2 0 .9
122 .1
1 2 5 .6
1 1 6 .0
1 3 0 .7
1 3 6 .8
1 3 9 .3
1 4 2 .5
3 2 .6
4 2 .7
4 2 .4
52.1
Im p lic it p ric e d e f la t o r ..........................................................
149 1
4 9 .0
9 4 .5
1 0 3 .4
1 1 1 .2
1 1 3 .6
1 1 6 .6
1 2 0 .8
126 .1
1 3 1 .2
1 3 6 .2
1 39 .1
1 2 0 .9
1 2 7 .3
110.1
133 .1
113 3
134 2
Nonfarm business:
O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ......................................
6 9 .8
8 8 .5
9 6 .3
9 9 .9
1 0 9 .2
1 0 8 .2
1 0 8 .2
1 0 8 .7
2 2 .2
111 7
3 7 .0
4 5 .4
9 3 .0
1 0 3 .9
1 1 2 .6
1 0 7 .5
118 .1
1 0 8 .3
C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r .....................................................
122.1
1 2 7 .2
1 3 1 .3
1 3 8 .4
R e a l c o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r ..........................................
1 4 5 .4
7 2 .3
1 5 0 .8
9 2 .0
9 8 .6
47.1
9 8 .8
1 0 0 .7
1 0 1 .0
1 0 4 .0
1 0 3 .7
1 0 3 .7
U n it la b o r c o s ts .....................................................................
3 1 .8
4 1 .8
U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n ts ....................................................
3 3 .3
4 3 .0
I m p lic it p ric e d e f la t o r ..........................................................
3 2 .3
4 2 .2
1 0 2 .4
1 0 5 .4
93.1
1 0 1 .5
1 0 6 .8
1 0 9 .9
1 1 2 .8
1 1 6 .4
1 0 2 .2
1 2 1 .4
1 2 7 .9
1 0 3 .0
1 3 3 .8
135 0
4 9 .7
4 7 .9
9 6 .6
1 0 9 .2
1 2 1 .6
1 2 3 .3
1 2 6 .6
1 3 1 .9
1 3 7 .3
1 3 9 .9
1 4 3 .7
150 6
9 4 .2
1 0 4 .0
1 1 1 .6
1 1 4 .2
1 1 7 .2
1 2 1 .4
1 2 6 .5
1 3 1 .8
1 3 7 .0
1 4 0 .0
9 8 .7
1 0 3 .7
1 0 9 .0
1 1 0 .8
1 1 2 .9
1 1 0 .9
1 1 1 .9
1 0 2 .2
1 0 3 .7
Nonfinancial corporations:
O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f a ll e m p lo y e e s ................................
7 5 .2
9 0 .2
9 4 .9
C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r .....................................................
2 3 .6
4 6 .5
9 3 .5
1 0 3 .2
1 1 1 .8
1 1 6 .9
1 2 0 .5
1 2 5 .4
1 2 9 .6
1 3 6 .4
R e a l c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ..........................................
143.1
7 6 .9
3 8 .3
9 5 .4
101.1
9 9 .2
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .2
1 0 2 .9
1 0 2 .4
1 0 2 .3
1 0 0 .8
1 0 0 .7
T o ta l u n it c o s t s .......................................................................
1 0 1 .4
2 9 .5
4 0 .5
4 6 .5
9 3 .7
9 9 .5
1 0 3 .7
1 0 5 .9
1 0 7 .0
1 0 9 .8
1 1 5 .7
1 2 0 .4
1 2 4 .7
1 0 5 .2
1 0 7 .2
1 0 6 .3
1 1 3 .9
U n it la b o r c o s ts ..................................................................
3 1 .4
4 2 .5
4 9 .0
9 4 .7
9 9 .6
1 1 6 .8
1 2 1 .9
U n it n o n la b o r c o s t s ..........................................................
1 2 5 .6
2 4 .8
3 5 .5
4 0 .2
9 1 .3
9 9 .3
100.1
1 0 2 .4
1 0 2 .5
1 0 6 .4
1 1 2 .9
1 1 6 .7
U n it p r o f i t s ................................................................................
1 2 2 .6
75.1
6 9 .5
8 7 .9
1 2 0 .8
1 3 5 .9
168.1
1 5 0 .0
1 72.1
1 8 3 .5
1 6 8 .5
1 6 2 .7
1 5 2 .9
1 0 8 .8
111 .1
U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n ts ....................................................
3 4 .2
4 1 .9
4 9 .2
9 6 .8
1 0 6 .2
1 1 2 .9
1 1 1 .4
1 1 5 .6
1 2 0 .9
1 2 3 .3
1 2 5 .4
Im p lic it p ric e d e f la t o r ..........................................................
1 2 8 .3
3 2 .3
4 2 .3
49.1
9 5 .4
1 0 1 .8
1 0 7 .7
1 0 8 .6
1 1 1 .0
1 1 4 .3
1 1 9 .0
1 2 3 .0
1 2 6 .5
-
Manufacturing:
O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s .......................................
-
-
9 6 .4
1 0 2 .9
1 0 8 .0
1 1 7 .2
1 2 2 .0
1 2 2 .5
1 2 5 .7
C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r .....................................................
1 28.1
131 9
-
-
-
9 1 .4
1 0 2 .5
1 1 1 .0
1 1 5 .4
1 1 8 .0
1 2 2 .6
1 2 7 .3
1 3 3 .8
1 4 0 .6
R e a l c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ..........................................
1 44 .1
-
-
-
9 7 .0
9 9 .3
9 9 .5
1 0 1 .7
1 0 0 .2
1 0 0 .0
99.1
9 8 .8
9 9 .6
U n it la b o r c o s ts .....................................................................
99 1
-
-
-
9 4 .8
9 9 .6
1 0 2 .8
1 0 2 .5
1 0 0 .6
1 0 6 .4
1 0 9 .3
1 2 2 .8
1 3 3 .3
1 3 9 .0
1 5 1 .9
_
1 0 9 .8
115.1
1 0 0 .5
147.1
1 0 3 .9
9 4 .5
‘
'
"
9 4 .8
1 0 3 .4
1 0 7 .7
110.1
110 .1
1 1 2 .0
1 1 5 .7
-
U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n ts ....................................................
I m p lic it p ric e d e f la t o r ..........................................................
-
1 1 2 .6
-
-
D a ta n o t a v a ila b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
111
Current Labor Statistics: Productivity Data
47.
Annual indexes of output per hour for selected industries
(1982 = 100)
S IC
In d u s try
1973
1979
1 2 5 .0
1 2 5 .2
1983
1 4 0 .0
1984
1 7 2 .4
1985
1 8 7 .2
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1 95.1
2 4 5 .5
2 2 1 .1
1991
_
Iro n m in in g , u s a b le o re ................................................
1011
2 5 4 .5
2 4 4 .1
C o p p e r m in in g , re c o v e ra b le m e t a l ..........................
1021
7 3 .9
8 4 .6
1 1 2 .0
1 3 2 .5
1 6 3 .0
1 9 1 .5
1 7 4 .3
1 9 1 .2
1 8 7 .9
1 8 2 .2
1 7 5 .4
C o a l m i n i n g .........................................................................
C r u d e p e tr o le u m a n d n a tu ra l g a s ...........................
12
1 0 5 .3
83.1
1 1 4 .3
1 2 7 .0
1 2 9 .3
1 4 0 .3
1 5 1 .8
1 6 8 .4
1 7 7 .5
1 8 0 .4
1 8 6 .3
1311
2 2 3 .1
1 4 1 .7
9 9 .2
105.1
1 0 6 .9
1 1 6 .6
1 2 8 .0
1 2 9 .0
125.1
1 2 4 .0
1 2 5 .6
N o n m e ta llic m in e ra ls , e x c e p t f u e l s .........................
14
1 0 8 .9
1 1 4 .9
1 1 0 .0
1 1 7 .7
1 1 9 .9
1 2 0 .6
1 2 7 .6
1 3 0 .4
130.1
1 3 7 .9
1 3 2 .3
7 4 .2
8 7 .4
1 0 4 .2
1 0 7 .2
112 .1
1 0 9 .7
1 1 0 .7
1 1 1 .3
1 0 1 .2
1 0 0 .8
1 0 2 .6
-
M e a tp a c k in g p l a n t s .........................................................
2 01 1
S a u s a g e s a n d o th e r p re p a re d m e a t s ....................
2013
7 1 .5
9 8 .5
1 03.1
1 0 2 .6
1 0 1 .6
1 0 1 .5
1 0 5 .5
1 1 1 .3
1 0 4 .3
9 8 .2
P o u ltry d re s s in g a n d p r o c e s s in g ..............................
2015
6 1 .6
8 4 .5
1 0 4 .8
104 .1
1 0 6 .2
1 0 1 .6
1 0 8 .2
1 03.1
1 0 8 .3
1 1 4 .8
F lu id m i l k ..............................................................................
C a n n e d f r u its a n d v e g e t a b le s ...................................
2026
6 5 .3
8 5 .4
1 0 5 .3
1 0 9 .4
1 1 2 .8
1 1 7 .8
1 2 2 .4
1 2 7 .3
1 3 0 .6
1 3 1 .9
2033
8 6 .8
9 3 .9
1 0 5 .3
1 0 7 .5
1 1 4 .2
1 2 3 .2
1 2 5 .4
1 2 2 .8
1 1 4 .2
1 1 7 .5
-
F ro z e n fr u its a n d v e g e t a b le s .....................................
2037
8 2 .0
8 8 .5
1 0 1 .3
102 .1
98.1
1 0 3 .9
1 0 1 .9
9 9 .7
9 9 .8
9 6 .3
-
1 3 5 .3
F lo u r a n d o th e r g ra in m ill p r o d u c t s ........................
2 04 1
7 7 .4
9 3 .6
1 0 5 .2
1 0 8 .5
1 1 4 .8
1 1 6 .9
1 2 2 .6
1 2 6 .5
1 2 6 .0
133 .1
-
C e re a l b r e a k fa s t f o o d s .................................................
2043
8 4 .0
9 3 .2
1 0 4 .3
1 1 4 .7
1 1 9 .6
1 21.1
1 2 2 .4
1 2 0 .7
1 1 7 .4
1 2 4 .7
-
R ic e m illin g .........................................................................
2044
78.1
9 2 .4
9 8 .2
8 8 .5
97.1
1 0 5 .5
1 2 5 .9
1 0 5 .4
1 2 4 .2
1 3 4 .5
-
W e t c o r n m illin g ...............................................................
2046
41.1
76.1
1 13.1
1 3 8 .3
1 4 3 .9
1 58.1
1 7 0 .3
1 6 2 .4
168 .1
1 7 0 .5
-
P re p a re d fe e d s f o r a n im a ls a n d f o w l s ..................
2 0 4 7 ,4 8
6 5 .7
81.1
1 0 1 .8
1 0 6 .0
1 1 5 .0
1 1 2 .0
1 2 0 .2
1 2 2 .2
1 2 0 .7
1 2 4 .5
-
B a k e r y p r o d u c t s ...............................................................
2 0 5 1 ,5 2
9 0 .6
92.1
1 0 4 .0
1 0 4 .4
1 0 6 .4
1 1 2 .6
1 1 1 .4
1 0 3 .3
1 0 3 .0
1 0 4 .6
R a w a n d re fin e d c a n e s u g a r .....................................
2 0 6 1 ,6 2
1 0 6 .7
1 1 6 .0
1 1 2 .3
1 0 4 .7
118.1
1 1 7 .2
1 2 3 .0
1 2 1 .4
1 1 7 .9
1 1 8 .0
1 2 3 .2
B e e t s u g a r ..........................................................................
2063
1 0 5 .4
1 1 0 .3
9 9 .0
1 1 3 .3
104.1
1 1 4 .7
1 4 1 .9
1 3 5 .2
1 2 4 .6
1 2 9 .2
1 3 3 .8
1 0 4 .8
M a lt b e v e r a g e s ..................................................................
2082
6 0 .2
8 9 .6
1 0 8 .5
1 1 5 .3
1 1 0 .4
1 3 0 .7
1 4 3 .8
1 4 3 .2
1 4 2 .8
1 5 3 .0
1 52 .1
B o ttle d a n d c a n n e d s o ft d r in k s ................................
2086
6 9 .3
9 0 .6
1 0 6 .6
1 1 4 .7
1 1 9 .7
1 2 8 .6
1 4 0 .5
1 5 4 .2
1 6 7 .5
1 7 7 .8
1 8 6 .8
F re s h o r fr o z e n fis h a n d s e a f o o d ...........................
2092
9 3 .5
9 6 .3
9 0 .0
8 9 .7
88.1
9 1 .4
9 8 .4
9 8 .6
8 9 .8
8 6 .2
C ig a r e tte s , c h e w in g a n d s m o k in g t o b a c c o .........
2 1 1 1 ,3 1
8 9 .2
1 0 3 .0
1 0 3 .4
1 0 4 .8
1 0 7 .8
1 1 0 .5
116.1
1 2 3 .9
1 2 4 .7
1 3 1 .0
1 3 1 .5
-
C ig a rs ....................................................................................
2121
8 0 .3
9 1 .0
1 0 1 .7
1 2 9 .0
1 1 9 .3
1 2 3 .8
1 3 0 .5
1 3 6 .5
1 4 1 .6
1 3 8 .7
1 3 0 .0
C o tto n a n d s y n th e tic b ro a d w o v e n f a b r i c s ..........
2 2 1 1 ,2 1
68.1
8 9 .6
1 0 8 .6
1 07.1
1 11.1
1 1 9 .5
1 1 8 .2
1 1 5 .9
1 2 0 .5
1 2 5 .5
1 2 9 .6
H o s ie r y ..................................................................................
2 2 5 1 ,5 2
6 5 .2
9 4 .3
1 0 3 .0
1 0 3 .9
1 0 2 .4
1 0 3 .9
1 0 1 .2
1 0 8 .6
1 0 9 .5
1 0 6 .8
113 .1
Y a r n s p in n in g m i l l s ..........................................................
2281
7 2 .0
8 7 .8
1 0 8 .8
1 1 0 .3
1 1 4 .8
1 2 0 .6
1 3 1 .3
1 2 9 .3
1 3 5 .8
1 4 0 .5
1 4 8 .8
1 1 1 .6
1 1 2 .8
1 1 2 .5
1 1 5 .8
1 1 7 .9
1 1 5 .4
-
1 1 5 .8
1 2 8 .0
1 2 5 .4
1 2 8 .3
1 2 5 .7
1 2 5 .7
1 2 8 .3
1 1 6 .3
M e n ’ s a n d b o y s ' s u its a n d c o a t s .............................
2311
8 8 .4
1 0 1 .7
9 4 .8
1 0 1 .7
S a w m ills a n d p la n in g m ills , g e n e r a l ......................
2421
8 5 .7
9 0 .8
1 0 7 .4
111.1
1 02.1
M illw o r k .................................................................................
2431
1 1 8 .9
1 0 7 .2
1 0 4 .7
1 1 2 .2
1 1 0 .6
1 0 9 .5
1 10.1
W o o d k itc h e n c a b i n e t s ..................................................
2434
8 6 .7
9 5 .8
9 7 .9
9 7 .7
9 2 .3
8 9 .8
108.1
1 0 6 .3
9 8 .8
1 02.1
-
H a r d w o o d v e n e e r a n d p ly w o o d ...............................
2435
7 9 .2
9 6 .3
1 0 8 .5
1 0 2 .5
1 0 3 .0
1 0 6 .7
1 0 6 .6
1 3 0 .6
1 3 2 .7
1 3 2 .4
1 2 4 .3
-
S o ftw o o d v e n e e r a n d p ly w o o d ................................
2436
1 0 4 .2
1 2 1 .0
1 2 3 .8
1 3 1 .0
244
7 5 .7
-
7 6 .4
W o o d c o n t a i n e r s ..............................................................
7 4 .2
9 9 .9
1 0 2 .5
9 9 .2
9 8 .0
9 8 .2
1 0 1 .7
1 0 7 .4
1 1 0 .9
1 0 5 .8
1 0 7 .7
1 0 6 .9
1 1 4 .6
1 1 4 .8
1 1 6 .0
1 1 4 .2
1 1 2 .7
1 1 6 .8
1 0 4 .8
9 8 .9
1 0 7 .7
1 0 9 .8
1 09.1
1 0 8 .9
1 1 0 .3
1 0 7 .6
1 1 2 .2
1 0 6 .3
9 9 .6
1 0 5 .6
1 0 8 .2
1 2 0 .9
1 36 .1
-
W o o d h o u s e h o ld fu r n itu re ..........................................
2 5 1 1 ,1 7
1 0 5 .9
1 0 3 .6
U p h o ls te r e d h o u s e h o ld f u r n i t u r e ..............................
2512
7 8 .8
9 0 .7
M e ta l h o u s e h o ld f u r n i t u r e ...........................................
2514
8 7 .7
1 1 8 .7
1 1 5 .4
1 1 6 .0
1 15.1
1 1 9 .7
1 2 4 .8
M a t tr e s s e s a n d b e d s p r in g s ........................................
2515
8 4 .7
9 8 .4
101.1
9 9 .4
9 5 .9
1 0 0 .9
1 1 2 .5
1 1 7 .5
1 2 5 .8
1 2 9 .0
W o o d o ff ic e f u r n i t u r e .....................................................
2 52 1
8 6 .6
1 2 2 .8
104.1
1 0 6 .4
1 0 6 .8
1 0 3 .6
1 0 7 .8
102.1
1 0 1 .5
1 0 3 .3
1 2 8 .2
-
O ffic e fu r n itu re , e x c e p t w o o d ....................................
2522
8 4 .0
8 9 .7
1 0 4 .9
1 1 2 .5
1 1 0 .6
1 1 4 .4
1 1 2 .7
1 0 7 .9
1 1 1 .4
1 0 7 .7
-
P u lp , p a p e r , a n d p a p e r b o a rd m i l l s ..........................
2 6 1 1 ,2 1 ,3 1
8 2 .2
9 4 .7
1 0 7 .4
1 0 8 .7
1 1 0 .6
120.1
1 2 4 .0
1 2 6 .2
1 2 7 .0
1 2 7 .9
1 2 8 .3
8 3 .8
101.1
1 1 2 .2
1 1 4 .7
2653
7 7 .0
9 5 .5
1 0 1 .9
1 0 6 .3
1 0 9 .5
1 1 3 .0
1 1 0 .2
1 0 9 .6
1 0 7 .6
1 1 0 .4
1 1 1 .0
F o ld in g p a p e r b o a r d b o x e s ..........................................
2657
8 9 .0
1 0 0 .2
1 0 1 .3
1 0 0 .5
9 8 .4
1 0 1 .3
1 0 5 .2
1 0 5 .3
1 0 7 .0
1 1 0 .7
1 1 0 .0
P a p e r a n d p la s tic b a g s ................................................
2 6 7 3 ,7 4
9 8 .7
1 0 2 .8
1 0 8 .7
1 1 2 .4
1 1 4 .4
1 2 0 .6
1 1 9 .4
1 1 6 .6
1 1 2 .3
1 1 0 .4
-
A lk a lie s a n d c h lo r in e .....................................................
2812
1 0 1 .2
107 .1
1 2 8 .7
1 4 9 .7
1 5 4 .0
2 0 8 .2
2 0 4 .9
2 0 8 .2
1 9 1 .5
1 8 6 .0
_
In o r g a n ic p ig m e n ts .........................................................
2816
1 1 8 .5
1 0 8 .6
1 1 0 .8
1 3 1 .2
1 3 5 .3
1 4 1 .0
1 5 5 .4
158.1
165.1
1 5 7 .3
-
1 2 2 .0
1 4 1 .8
1 0 8 .9
1 2 3 .8
1 2 2 .2
1 2 4 .2
1 3 9 .8
1 2 9 .7
1 2 0 .0
1 2 2 .3
-
1 2 1 .2
C o r r u g a te d a n d s o lid fib e r b o x e s ...........................
In d u s tr ia l in o r g a n ic c h e m ic a ls , n o t
e ls e w h e r e c l a s s i f i e d .....................................................
2 8 1 9 p t.
S y n th e tic f i b e r s ..................................................................
2 8 2 3 ,2 4
7 6 .6
1 1 0 .7
1 2 0 .9
1 3 0 .8
1 4 0 .7
1 5 1 .7
1 5 8 .7
1 5 5 .2
1 5 0 .2
S o a p s a n d d e t e r g e n t s ...................................................
284 1
1 0 0 .0
1 0 3 .8
9 7 .4
1 0 2 .3
1 0 4 .3
1 0 6 .2
1 1 4 .4
1 1 7 .5
1 2 5 .8
1 4 8 .5
C o s m e tic s a n d o th e r to ile tr ie s .................................
2844
104.1
112.1
103.1
1 0 2 .3
1 0 5 .0
1 1 3 .8
1 1 8 .0
1 2 2 .9
1 1 9 .4
1 18.1
-
P a in ts a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts ..........................................
2 85 1
7 7 .3
9 8 .5
1 0 6 .5
1 1 3 .6
1 1 7 .3
1 1 8 .8
1 1 9 .6
1 2 3 .2
1 2 7 .3
1 3 2 .9
1 3 3 .7
1 0 3 .6
1 4 1 .4
-
1 5 5 .5
-
In d u s tr ia l o r g a n ic c h e m ic a ls , n o t
e ls e w h e r e c l a s s i f i e d .....................................................
2869
1 3 0 .2
1 2 0 .6
1 3 0 .6
129 .1
1 3 6 .5
1 5 0 .6
1 6 2 .5
1 5 8 .9
1 4 7 .6
N itr o g e n o u s f e r t i liz e r s ....................................................
2873
8 0 .7
9 6 .5
1 1 2 .0
1 3 3 .6
1 3 1 .4
1 1 7 .3
1 3 8 .0
1 4 0 .4
1 4 0 .8
1 4 8 .8
P h o s p h a tic fe r tiliz e r s .....................................................
2874
1 0 0 .8
1 0 7 .3
1 2 1 .9
1 3 6 .8
1 2 7 .0
1 1 6 .3
1 4 4 .8
1 3 3 .5
1 2 3 .7
1 4 9 .9
-
F e rtiliz e rs , m ix in g o n l y ...................................................
2875
1 0 5 .5
1 3 4 .2
115 .1
1 2 4 .2
1 2 8 .4
1 1 9 .7
1 2 7 .7
1 3 1 .2
1 4 1 .4
1 3 9 .0
-
e ls e w h e r e c l a s s if ie d ....................................................
2879
8 6 .7
1 0 4 .2
1 0 1 .9
1 1 5 .6
1 0 8 .7
1 0 9 .4
1 1 9 .2
1 2 9 .6
1 2 8 .7
1 2 5 .3
-
P e tro le u m r e f i n i n g ...........................................................
2 91 1
1 1 7 .9
1 1 9 .5
1 0 2 .7
1 1 6 .3
1 2 8 .8
1 4 2 .6
1 4 3 .4
1 5 1 .9
1 5 7 .8
1 5 7 .5
1 5 5 .4
T ir e s a n d in n e r t u b e s ....................................................
3 01 1
7 4 .2
8 3 .6
1 0 7 .6
1 1 7 .6
1 1 8 .9
1 2 4 .3
1 3 4 .9
1 4 0 .7
1 4 3 .4
1 46.1
1 4 7 .4
R u b b e r a n d p la s tic s h o s e a n d b e l t i n g ..................
3052
9 3 .9
9 6 .2
1 11.1
1 1 9 .2
1 1 4 .7
1 1 6 .4
113.1
1 2 1 .2
1 0 9 .2
1 15.1
-
308
8 5 .0
8 6 .0
9 7 .4
1 0 0 .4
1 0 2 .7
1 0 3 .7
1 17.1
1 1 4 .9
1 1 3 .6
1 1 7 .2
117 .1
A g r ic u ltu r a l c h e m ic a ls , n o t
M is c e lla n e o u s p la s tic p ro d u c ts , n o t
e ls e w h e r e c la s s if ie d ....................................................
F o o t w e a r ..............................................................................
314
9 7 .7
9 9 .3
1 0 1 .0
1 0 2 .8
1 0 0 .6
1 0 2 .8
1 0 1 .4
9 2 .9
9 0 .8
G la s s c o n t a i n e r s ..............................................................
3 22 1
8 7 .5
9 6 .8
9 9 .3
1 1 3 .0
1 0 8 .4
1 1 4 .3
116.1
1 1 7 .5
1 2 1 .8
1 3 0 .5
1 3 1 .3
C e m e n t, h y d r a u l i c ...........................................................
3 24 1
1 0 6 .0
1 0 2 .0
1 1 5 .2
133 .1
1 3 6 .2
1 4 3 .8
148.1
1 5 2 .7
1 6 3 .0
1 6 6 .2
1 4 9 .9
C la y c o n s tr u c tio n p r o d u c t s .........................................
3 2 5 1 ,5 3 ,5 9
8 7 .6
8 8 .5
9 7 .8
1 0 6 .9
1 09.1
1 1 0 .7
1 1 6 .0
1 2 1 .2
1 1 2 .3
1 1 6 .5
1 0 3 .4
C la y r e f r a c t o r i e s ...............................................................
3255
9 3 .6
1 1 0 .2
1 2 1 .5
1 1 5 .3
114.1
1 2 3 .3
1 2 4 .2
1 2 5 .8
1 2 0 .8
1 2 3 .0
C o n c r e te p r o d u c ts ..........................................................
3 2 7 1 ,7 2
1 0 1 .6
1 0 1 .7
1 0 7 .2
1 0 9 .3
1 1 0 .8
1 1 6 .8
1 1 3 .8
1 1 7 .8
1 2 3 .2
1 2 1 .9
131.1
R e a d y -m ix e d c o n c r e te ..................................................
3273
1 1 4 .3
1 1 0 .4
1 0 3 .7
1 0 6 .4
1 0 7 .7
1 1 0 .8
1 1 5 .5
1 1 5 .8
1 1 6 .7
1 15.1
1 1 8 .7
331
1 1 7 .3
9 2 .6
9 4 .2
1 3 0 .8
1 1 7 .6
1 2 8 .7
1 4 4 .3
1 5 3 .3
1 5 6 .3
1 6 7 .6
1 8 4 .8
1 7 9 .5
1 8 4 .8
1 7 7 .5
G ra y a n d d u c tile ir o n f o u n d r ie s ................................
332 1
1 0 0 .8
1 0 3 .3
1 0 4 .5
113.1
110.1
1 1 3 .2
1 1 4 .7
1 2 3 .5
1 1 8 .6
1 1 9 .0
1 1 0 .8
S te e l f o u n d r ie s .................................................................
3 3 2 4 ,2 5
1 1 4 .5
113.1
1 0 0 .9
111.1
1 0 7 .4
1 1 2 .8
1 0 8 .0
1 0 3 .5
104.1
1 0 3 .4
P rim a ry c o p p e r ..................................................................
3331
70.5
8 8 .2
1 0 6 .4
1 2 3 .7
1 5 8 .2
1 9 0 .3
2 1 4 .7
2 2 2 .8
2 0 7 .8
1 8 5 .2
1 8 9 .9
P rim a ry a lu m in u m .............................................................
3334
9 6 .6
9 6 .8
1 0 8 .5
1 2 1 .8
1 2 1 .8
1 3 0 .3
1 2 9 .6
1 3 2 .6
1 3 5 .8
138 .1
1 4 3 .6
C o p p e r ro llin g a n d d ra w in g ........................................
335 1
8 7 .9
9 2 .6
1 1 4 .5
1 21.1
1 1 5 .9
1 2 8 .0
1 2 8 .6
1 2 1 .3
1 2 0 .7
1 2 0 .0
A lu m in u m ro llin g a n d d r a w in g ...................................
3 3 5 3 ,5 4 ,5 5
9 4 .7
101.1
1 1 0 .9
1 1 6 .6
1 1 6 .4
1 2 5 .0
1 2 5 .7
1 2 4 .6
1 2 1 .7
1 1 8 .7
M e ta l c a n s ..........................................................................
3 41 1
6 8 .9
8 7 .5
1 0 1 .9
103.1
105.1
1 0 4 .8
1 0 7 .7
1 1 5 .4
1 1 7 .0
1 2 7 .8
S te e l .......................................................................................
1 2 4 .3
___________
S e e f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f ta b le .
Digitized for112
FRASER
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June 1993
9 5 .2
-
1 3 5 .5
47. Continued—Annual indexes of output per hour for selected industries
(1982 = 100)
1983
1984
S IC
1973
1979
c la s s if ie d ............................................................................
3423
1 0 9 .6
112.1
9 6 .4
H e a tin g e q u ip m e n t, e x c e p t e l e c t r i c ........................
3433
344 1
83.1
9 3 .6
9 0 .9
9 9 .5
9 8 .9
1 0 2 .0
1 0 6 .4
119.1
1 0 9 .0
1 1 7 .0
-
1 1 3 .4
1 0 2 .5
1 0 3 .4
1 0 8 .3
1 1 8 .3
1 1 8 .3
1 1 8 .8
118.1
1 1 2 .3
1 1 6 .3
-
1 0 3 .8
1 0 7 .0
1 1 0 .6
1 0 8 .3
1 1 0 .2
1 0 6 .2
_
In d u s try
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
H a n d a n d e d g e to o ls , n o t e ls e w h e re
F a b r ic a te d s tru c tu ra l m e t a l .........................................
9 8 .9
9 8 .7
1 0 3 .9
1 0 5 .4
1 0 6 .0
1 00.1
9 5 .8
9 6 .6
B o lts , n u ts , r iv e ts , a n d w a s h e r s ...............................
3452
9 7 .2
1 0 3 .6
1 1 2 .8
113.1
118.1
1 2 2 .3
1 3 3 .5
129.1
1 2 4 .0
1 2 4 .0
-
A u t o m o tiv e s t a m p i n g s ...................................................
3465
8 8 .7
9 6 .4
1 1 4 .6
1 1 9 .7
1 1 2 .6
1 1 4 .0
1 19.1
1 2 4 .4
1 2 4 .8
1 2 0 .0
-
M e ta l d o o rs , s a s h , a n d t r i m ........................................
3442
9 7 .8
1 0 7 .9
1 1 0 .4
M e ta l s t a m p in g s , n o t e ls e w h e re
c l a s s if ie d ............................................................................
3469
1 1 1 .7
1 1 3 .7
9 9 .7
106.1
100.1
1 0 6 .4
117.1
1 1 6 .9
1 1 4 .6
1 1 1 .5
-
V a lv e s a n d p ip e f i t t i n g s ................................................
3 4 9 1 ,9 2 ,9 4
1 0 2 .0
1 0 4 .0
1 0 2 .4
1 0 3 .9
1 0 3 .5
1 0 3 .2
1 0 9 .8
1 1 1 .8
1 1 1 .3
112.1
_
F a b r ic a te d p ip e a n d f i t t i n g s ........................................
8 8 .7
3498
123.1
1 0 0 .7
9 7 .2
1 0 9 .4
1 0 0 .7
1 0 1 .4
8 3 .2
8 2 .7
8 4 .6
e ls e w h e r e c la s s if ie d ....................................................
3519
1 1 1 .3
1 2 0 .0
106.1
122.1
1 2 5 .9
1 3 3 .4
1 3 4 .9
1 4 1 .9
1 4 9 .9
1 4 3 .6
1 3 3 .7
F a rm m a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m e n t ..............................
3523
1 0 3 .3
106.1
9 9 .4
1 1 3 .0
1 0 6 .7
1 0 3 .5
108.1
1 1 9 .2
1 3 0 .5
1 3 6 .6
1 4 6 .9
L a w n a n d g a r d e n e q u ip m e n t .....................................
3524
84.1
1 0 6 .3
1 0 3 .5
1 0 1 .7
1 0 4 .4
1 1 7 .9
1 2 7 .2
124.1
1 1 9 .4
1 2 1 .4
-
-
In te r n a l c o m b u s tio n e n g in e s , n o t
C o n s tr u c tio n m a c h in e r y ................................................
353 1
1 0 5 .6
1 1 2 .7
9 9 .5
1 1 6 .9
119.1
1 2 6 .3
123.1
1 3 2 .3
1 3 6 .3
1 4 0 .3
-
M in in g m a c h in e r y .............................................................
3532
1 1 9 .4
1 0 5 .0
1 0 0 .4
1 0 8 .7
112.1
115.1
1 2 0 .4
1 2 2 .8
1 3 0 .2
1 2 1 .2
1 2 9 .3
O il a n d g a s fie ld m a c h in e r y ........................................
3533
1 1 8 .7
1 1 3 .3
93.1
1 0 6 .9
1 0 3 .8
1 0 7 .0
1 1 3 .0
1 1 2 .2
1 1 8 .3
1 2 1 .4
-
M e ta l- c u ttin g m a c h in e to o ls .......................................
3 54 1
1 1 8 .3
1 1 5 .5
9 1 .7
1 0 6 .2
1 1 0 .5
1 1 2 .7
1 2 6 .7
1 1 9 .3
1 2 7 .0
1 2 9 .3
1 3 4 .2
M e ta l- fo r m in g m a c h in e t o o l s .....................................
3542
1 3 4 .2
1 1 6 .7
1 0 3 .4
1 1 0 .9
1 1 4 .5
1 1 5 .2
124.1
1 4 3 .9
1 3 9 .5
1 2 7 .3
1 1 1 .7
M a c h in e t o o l a c c e s s o r ie s ...........................................
3545
1 1 8 .7
1 1 3 .3
93.1
1 0 6 .9
1 0 3 .8
1 0 7 .0
1 1 3 .0
1 1 2 .2
1 1 8 .3
1 2 1 .4
-
P u m p s a n d p u m p in g e q u ip m e n t ..............................
3 5 6 1 ,9 4
1 0 1 .2
1 0 8 .8
106.1
1 1 4 .8
1 1 7 .5
1 2 9 .7
1 3 7 .6
1 3 3 .0
1 3 5 .5
-
1 1 0 .2
1 1 4 .5
1 2 2 .2
1 2 4 .5
118.1
1 1 0 .9
1 1 2 .5
1 1 0 .5
114.1
1 2 0 .5
1 2 5 .8
1 2 7 .8
1 3 1 .3
-
B a ll a n d r o lle r b e a r in g s ................................................
3562
1 2 3 .7
1 27.1
1 0 3 .6
1 1 4 .3
1 1 3 .4
A ir a n d g a s c o m p r e s s o r s .............................................
3563
1 0 4 .7
1 0 3 .9
1 0 3 .4
1 0 7 .9
R e fr ig e r a tio n a n d h e a tin g e q u ip m e n t ....................
3585
1 0 2 .8
101.1
1 0 0 .9
1 0 5 .5
1 0 3 .8
1 0 1 .6
1 0 5 .5
1 0 9 .0
1 1 1 .8
1 1 1 .7
C a r b u r e to r s , p is to n s , rin g s , a n d v a lv e s ................
3592
1 3 1 .0
1 0 2 .9
1 0 8 .3
1 1 9 .9
1 2 4 .0
1 2 0 .8
1 2 9 .3
142.1
1 5 4 .9
1 4 6 .9
-
T r a n s fo r m e r s , e x c e p t e le c tr o n ic ..............................
3612
9 7 .2
1 0 8 .8
9 9 .6
9 8 .2
9 9 .5
1 0 1 .3
1 0 3 .8
1 0 6 .9
1 0 9 .0
1 1 6 .7
1 2 0 .7
3613
1 0 0 .3
1 0 1 .5
1 0 8 .6
1 0 8 .4
1 1 2 .5
1 2 2 .5
1 2 2 .3
1 2 4 .5
-
M o to r s a n d g e n e r a t o r s ..................................................
3 62 1
9 8 .3
9 7 .0
101.1
1 0 3 .9
1 0 5 .6
1 0 6 .7
1 10.1
1 1 4 .5
1 1 3 .9
1 1 3 .0
1 1 4 .3
H o u s e h o ld c o o k in g e q u ip m e n t ..................................
363 1
7 5 .4
9 6 .6
1 0 4 .0
1 0 9 .8
1 0 9 .4
H o u s e h o ld r e fr ig e r a to rs a n d fre e z e rs ...................
3632
8 2 .3
9 6 .7
1 0 9 .4
1 0 9 .2
1 1 6 .9
1 1 3 .7
1 1 2 .4
1 1 5 .3
1 2 0 .3
1 2 0 .9
1 2 8 .6
H o u s e h o ld la u n d ry e q u ip m e n t ...................................
3633
8 3 .9
1 0 2 .6
1 0 6 .8
1 1 2 .4
1 1 3 .2
1 1 8 .4
1 2 2 .0
1 3 0 .0
1 2 2 .8
1 2 6 .6
1 2 5 .6
S w itc h g e a r a n d s w itc h b o a rd a p p a r a t u s ...............
1 0 4 .5
1 0 5 .7
1 2 3 .5
1 2 5 .5
1 2 8 .2
1 3 5 .4
1 3 0 .2
1 3 4 .6
H o u s e h o ld a p p lia n c e s , n o t e ls e w h e re
1 0 8 .4
1 1 0 .8
1 1 8 .8
1 2 0 .6
1 2 5 .2
1 3 8 .9
1 4 0 .0
1 3 6 .9
1 2 6 .7
1 3 7 .2
8 3 .2
97.1
1 1 4 .5
1 2 0 .8
1 1 5 .9
1 1 9 .3
1 3 1 .0
1 3 8 .4
1 4 9 .2
156.1
1 7 5 .3
1 0 2 .9
1 0 3 .8
1 0 5 .8
1 1 2 .5
1 1 8 .2
1 2 6 .0
1 2 2 .7
1 1 9 .0
1 1 7 .4
1 1 5 .4
1 1 2 .8
365 1
5 3 .7
7 2 .3
1 2 1 .3
1 4 8 .6
1 5 8 .8
1 7 9 .6
1 7 2 .9
1 9 1 .5
2 1 2 .6
2 3 1 .9
2 3 6 .2
M o t o r v e h ic le s a n d e q u ip m e n t .................................
371
8 8 .4
c l a s s if ie d ............................................................................
E le c tr ic l a m p s ....................................................................
L ig h tin g f ix tu r e s a n d e q u ip m e n t ...............................
H o u s e h o ld a u d io a n d v id e o e q u ip m e n t ...............
3639
364 1
3 6 4 5 ,4 6 ,4 7 ,4 8
90.1
1 0 0 .8
1 1 2 .7
1 1 8 .2
1 2 3 .4
123.1
1 3 3 .7
1 3 3 .3
1 3 2 .6
1 2 7 .0
In s tr u m e n ts t o m e a s u re e le c t r ic it y ..........................
3825
7 6 .2
8 4 .2
102.1
1 1 2 .2
1 0 9 .5
1 0 2 .6
1 1 1 .5
1 1 8 .8
1 2 1 .8
1 2 0 .4
-
P h o to g r a p h ic e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p p lie s .................
386 1
8 3 .5
1 1 1 .4
1 1 0 .9
1 1 4 .0
1 1 0 .7
119.1
1 2 2 .5
1 3 0 .0
139.1
134.1
-
R a ilr o a d t r a n s p o r ta tio n , re v e n u e t r a f f i c ................
4011
83.1
9 0 .4
1 2 2 .4
1 3 1 .9
1 3 9 .7
1 5 3 .8
1 7 8 .3
1 9 5 .3
2 0 7 .4
2 1 8 .1
2 3 6 .2
1 0 7 .4
9 9 .5
9 6 .4
9 2 .0
8 8 .3
8 7 .9
9 1 .9
9 9 .2
9 6 .2
-
-
8 9 .5
1 0 8 .0
1 2 1 .2
1 2 5 .2
1 2 0 .6
1 2 4 .6
1 2 8 .7
1 3 5 .7
1 4 0 .9
-
-
7 4 .5
1 0 9 .7
9 8 .5
1 1 4 .0
1 0 6 .5
1 1 4 .8
1 1 7 .9
1 1 8 .8
1 1 8 .5
1 2 1 .0
1 2 6 .9
1 1 8 .7
1 2 2 .5
1 2 4 .3
1 1 8 .3
1 2 2 .4
1 1 3 .7
1 2 1 .6
1 1 5 .3
1 1 7 .6
5 7 .7
8 5 .9
1 1 2 .4
1 1 0 .8
116.1
1 2 5 .0
1 2 8 .7
1 3 5 .5
1 4 1 .9
1 4 2 .4
1 5 0 .4
127 .1
B u s c a rrie rs , c la s s 1 .......................................................
4 1 1 1 ,1 3 ,1 4 p ts .
T ru c k in g , e x c e p t lo c a l ...................................................
4213
A ir tr a n s p o r t a t io n .............................................................
4 5 1 2 ,1 3 ,2 2 p ts .
4 6 1 2 ,1 3
P e tr o le u m p i p e l i n e s ........................................................
T e le p h o n e c o m m u n ic a t io n s ........................................
481
1 1 0 .4
1 1 9 .9
1 3 0 .0
E le c tr ic u tilitie s ..................................................................
4 9 1 ,4 9 3 p t.
9 8 .8
1 0 6 .6
1 0 1 .6
1 0 5 .5
1 0 4 .5
107.1
1 1 2 .4
1 1 7 .9
121.1
1 2 3 .8
G a s u t i l i t i e s .........................................................................
4 9 2 ,4 9 3 p t.
1 1 7 .3
1 1 6 .2
9 1 .2
9 4 .0
9 2 .4
8 3 .3
8 0 .9
8 5 .3
8 3 .7
7 6 .6
7 5 .6
1 0 7 .6
120 .1
1 1 8 .6
1 2 4 .3
1 3 0 .0
1 3 3 .2
1 3 0 .9
1 2 0 .9
1 4 1 .8
1 5 3 .9
1 0 9 .0
S c r a p a n d w a s te m a t e r ia l s .........................................
5093
H a rd w a re s t o r e s ...............................................................
525 1
9 8 .2
1 0 3 .3
1 0 2 .0
108.1
1 0 6 .2
1 1 5 .7
1 2 2 .8
1 1 8 .0
D e p a r tm e n t s t o r e s ..........................................................
531 1
7 7 .2
9 2 .9
1 0 6 .5
1 1 3 .0
1 1 5 .6
1 2 1 .3
1 2 4 .0
1 2 3 .6
1 2 0 .9
1 1 7 .9
1 2 4 .2
V a r ie ty s to r e s ....................................................................
533 1
1 0 6 .7
9 0 .6
1 0 5 .0
107.1
9 7 .6
8 0 .5
7 5 .6
74.1
87.1
1 0 2 .0
1 0 0 .7
G r o c e r y s t o r e s ...................................................................
541 1
1 0 3 .0
101.1
1 0 0 .6
1 0 1 .9
9 9 .9
9 8 .2
9 4 .7
9 3 .3
9 0 .6
8 9 .5
8 9 .6
R e ta il b a k e r ie s ...................................................................
546
1 2 1 .9
1 0 8 .9
1 0 0 .6
9 2 .4
8 4 .5
9 0 .7
9 7 .0
9 9 .8
101.1
1 0 5 .6
1 2 0 .0
N e w a n d u s e d c a r d e a le rs .........................................
551 1
9 5 .8
9 7 .3
1 0 9 .8
1 1 2 .2
1 1 2 .2
1 1 4 .5
1 1 2 .5
1 1 5 .5
1 1 6 .5
1 2 0 .4
120 .1
A u to a n d h o m e s u p p ly s t o r e s ...................................
553 1
8 4 .2
9 6 .3
1 0 9 .6
1 0 7 .8
1 1 2 .2
1 1 1 .7
1 1 7 .8
123.1
1 2 3 .0
1 2 6 .4
1 2 7 .2
G a s o lin e s e rv ic e s t a t io n s .............................................
554 1
7 7 .0
9 5 .9
1 0 9 .3
1 1 2 .9
1 2 1 .4
1 3 2 .2
1 2 9 .6
1 3 0 .7
1 3 0 .8
1 2 5 .2
1 2 4 .7
M e n ’ s a n d b o y s ’ c lo th in g s t o r e s ..............................
561 1
8 8 .7
93.1
1 0 2 .4
107.1
1 1 2 .3
115 .1
1 1 4 .4
1 1 5 .4
1 1 3 .3
1 1 0 .8
1 1 0 .4
W o m e n ’ s c lo th in g s to r e s .............................................
562 1
6 6 .3
8 1 .8
1 0 5 .6
1 0 9 .5
1 1 1 .5
1 1 9 .7
1 1 1 .4
1 0 9 .2
1 1 1 .6
114.1
1 1 5 .9
7 7 .6
7 7 .0
108.1
1 0 7 .9
9 0 .2
105.1
F a m ily c lo th in g s to r e s ...................................................
565 1
1 0 4 .7
1 0 4 .9
1 0 1 .3
1 0 2 .4
1 0 4 .3
1 0 2 .7
1 0 3 .6
S h o e s to r e s ........................................................................
566 1
9 1 .2
1 0 2 .5
9 8 .7
1 0 1 .9
1 0 9 .9
1 1 8 .7
1 1 2 .3
1 1 4 .7
1 1 9 .3
1 1 7 .7
1 1 7 .0
F u r n itu r e a n d h o m e fu rn is h in g s s t o r e s ...................
571
9 8 .6
1 0 7 .5
1 0 7 .2
1 1 7 .4
1 1 3 .9
1 2 2 .0
1 2 0 .5
1 1 9 .5
1 2 1 .7
1 2 4 .4
1 1 8 .4
H o u s e h o ld a p p lia n c e s t o r e s ............ ..........................
5722
8 9 .3
1 0 9 .2
1 0 7 .4
1 3 0 .5
1 4 2 .2
1 5 9 .2
1 4 9 .7
1 50.1
1 5 6 .9
1 5 8 .2
1 6 0 .2
573
6 8 .7
79.1
1 1 2 .2
1 1 2 .4
1 2 5 .6
132.1
1 4 0 .7
1 6 6 .4
1 6 5 .2
1 7 2 .2
1 7 6 .8
581
1 0 6 .7
R a d io , te le v is io n , a n d c o m p u te r
s t o r e s ..................................................................................
1 0 2 .6
9 9 .0
9 5 .3
9 8 .3
9 7 .0
9 7 .6
1 0 1 .0
D ru g a n d p ro p rie ta ry s t o r e s ........................................
5912
9 0 .0
9 6 .2
1 0 4 .0
1 0 2 .2
9 8 .9
9 8 .5
9 7 .5
9 9 .4
1 0 0 .2
1 0 1 .7
1 0 6 .5
L iq u o r s t o r e s .......................................................................
592 1
9 3 .3
8 9 .3
9 4 .7
9 2 .5
1 0 0 .7
9 2 .8
8 7 .3
8 5 .5
8 7 .6
9 0 .9
91.1
C o m m e rc ia l b a n k s ..........................................................
L a u n d ry , c le a n in g , a n d g a r m e n t s e r v ic e s ...........
602
1 0 2 .8
1 0 6 .6
1 0 8 .9
1 1 2 .0
1 1 7 .8
1 2 0 .0
1 2 4 .9
1 2 9 .3
1 2 7 .8
1 3 5 .7
-
721
1 0 8 .8
1 0 7 .8
9 9 .6
1 0 2 .0
9 8 .0
9 5 .4
9 4 .7
9 3 .6
9 5 .8
9 6 .6
-
B e a u ty s h o p s .....................................................................
7 23 1
9 3 .4
9 4 .9
1 0 9 .8
1 0 4 .3
1 0 1 .8
1 0 2 .7
1 0 6 .0
1 0 2 .6
1 0 9 .3
1 0 8 .7
-
A u to m o tiv e re p a ir s h o p s ..............................................
753
1 1 9 .3
1 1 4 .7
9 8 .0
100.1
1 0 8 .4
1 0 4 .8
1 0 8 .8
1 1 4 .6
1 1 7 .2
1 1 5 .7
-
E a tin g a n d d rin k in g p la c e s .........................................
-
9 2 .6
9 5 .6
96.1
D a ta n o t a v a ila b le .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
113
Current Labor Statistics:
International Comparisons Data
48. Unemployment rates, approximating U.S. concepts, in nine countries, quarterly data
seasonally adjusted
A n n u a l a ve ra g e
1991
1992
C o u n try
1991
1992
U n ite d S t a t e s ....................................................
6 .7
C a n a d a .................................................................
II
7 .4
III
IV
I
II
III
IV
6 .7
6 .7
7 .0
7 .3
7 .5
7 .5
7 .3
1 0 .3
1 0 .4
1 0 .3
1 0 .7
1 1 .3
1 1 .5
1 1 .4
1 1 .3
1 0 .3
-
A u s tra lia ..............................................................
9 .6
-
9 .5
9 .9
1 0 .4
1 0 .5
1 0 .7
1 0 .9
J a p a n ....................................................................
2.1
-
2.1
2 .2
2.1
2.1
2.1
2 .2
2 .3
F r a n c e ..................................................................
9 .6
-
9 .5
4 .4
9 .7
9 .9
1 0 .0
1 0 .2
1 0 .2
1 0 .4
4 .4
_5 .0
G e r m a n y .............................................................
4 .4
-
4 .4
4 .6
4 .8
I t a ly 1 .......................................................................
6 .9
-
7 .0
6 .7
6 .9
7 .0
6 .9
6 .9
S w e d e n ...............................................................
2 .6
-
2 .5
2 .8
3 .2
3 .7
5.1
5 .0
5 .2
U n ite d K in g d o m ..............................................
8 .8
"
8 .6
9 .2
9 .4
9 .6
9 .8
1 0 .2
1 0 .6
4 .4
1 Q u a rte rly r a te s a re f o r th e fir s t m o n th o f th e q u a rte r.
m e n t f a c to r s to c u rre n t p u b lis h e d d a ta a n d th e r e fo r e s h o u ld
-
b e v ie w e d a s le s s p re c is e in d ic a to rs o f u n e m p lo y m e n t u n d e r
U .S . c o n c e p ts th a n th e a n n u a l fig u re s .
D a ta n o t a v a ila b le .
NOTE:
U n ite d
Q u a rte rly fig u r e s
K in g d o m
Monthly Labor Review
Digitized for114
FRASER
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
fo r
a re c a lc u la te d
June 1993
F ra n c e ,
G e rm a n y ,
b y a p p ly in g
and
th e
a n n u a l a d ju s t
49.
Annual data: Employment status of the working-age population, approximating U.S. concepts, 10 countries
(N u m b e r s in th o u s a n d s )
E m p lo y m e n t s ta tu s a n d c o u n try
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
Civilian labor force
U n ite d S t a t e s ..............................................................................
1 0 8 ,6 7 0
1 1 0 ,2 0 4
1 1 1 ,5 5 0
1 1 3 ,5 4 4
1 15 ,4 6 1
1 1 7 ,8 3 4
1 1 9 ,8 6 5
1 2 1 ,6 6 9
1 2 3 ,8 6 9
1 2 4 ,7 8 7
1 2 5 ,3 0 3
C a n a d a ...........................................................................................
1 1 ,8 9 9
1 1 ,9 2 6
1 2 ,1 0 9
1 2 ,3 1 6
1 2 ,5 3 2
1 2 ,7 4 6
1 3 ,0 1 1
1 3 ,2 7 5
1 3 ,5 0 3
1 3 ,6 8 1
1 3 ,7 5 7
A u s t r a lia .........................................................................................
J a p a n ..............................................................................................
6 ,8 1 0
6 ,9 1 0
6 ,9 9 7
7 ,1 3 5
7 ,3 0 0
7 ,5 8 8
7 ,7 5 8
7 ,9 7 4
8 ,2 3 7
8 ,4 5 9
5 6 ,3 2 0
5 6 ,9 8 0
5 8 ,1 1 0
5 8 ,4 8 0
5 8 ,8 2 0
5 9 ,4 1 0
6 0 ,0 5 0
6 0 ,8 6 0
6 1 ,9 2 0
6 3 ,0 5 0
6 4 ,2 8 0
F r a n c e ............................................................................................
2 2 ,9 5 0
2 3 ,1 6 0
2 3 ,1 4 0
2 3 ,3 0 0
2 3 ,3 6 0
2 3 ,4 4 0
2 3 ,5 5 0
2 3 ,6 0 0
2 3 ,7 4 0
2 3 ,8 6 0
2 4 ,0 8 0
8 ,5 3 4
G e r m a n y ........................................................................................
2 7 ,5 4 0
2 7 ,7 1 0
2 7 ,6 7 0
2 7 ,8 0 0
2 8 ,0 2 0
2 8 ,2 4 0
2 8 ,3 9 0
2 8 ,6 1 0
2 8 ,8 4 0
2 9 ,4 4 0
2 9 ,8 2 0
Ita ly ..................................................................................................
2 1 ,3 2 0
2 1 ,4 1 0
2 1 ,5 9 0
2 1 ,6 7 0
2 1 ,8 0 0
2 2 ,2 9 0
2 2 ,3 5 0
2 2 ,6 6 0
2 2 ,5 3 0
2 2 ,6 6 0
2 2 ,9 4 0
N e t h e r la n d s ..................................................................................
6 ,0 9 0
6 ,1 5 0
6 ,1 2 0
6 ,2 0 0
6 ,2 5 0
6 ,3 7 0
6 ,5 0 0
6 ,5 3 0
6 ,6 1 0
6 ,7 8 0
6 ,8 7 0
S w e d e n ...........................................................................................
4 ,3 2 7
4 ,3 5 0
4 ,3 6 9
4 ,3 8 5
4 ,4 1 8
4 ,4 4 3
4 ,4 8 0
4 ,5 4 0
4 ,5 9 9
4 ,6 4 2
4 ,6 2 6
U n ite d K in g d o m .........................................................................
2 6 ,5 9 0
2 6 ,5 6 0
2 6 ,5 9 0
2 7 ,0 1 0
2 7 ,2 1 0
2 7 ,3 8 0
2 7 ,7 2 0
2 8 ,1 5 0
2 8 ,4 2 0
2 8 ,5 4 0
2 8 ,4 0 0
Participation rate1
U n ite d S t a t e s ..............................................................................
6 3 .9
6 4 .4
6 4 .8
6 5 .3
6 5 .6
6 5 .9
6 6 .5
6 6 .4
6 6 .0
C a n a d a ..........................................................................................
6 4 .8
64.1
6 4 .4
6 4 .8
6 5 .3
6 5 .7
6 6 .2
6 6 .7
6 7 .0
6 7 .0
6 6 .3
6 1 .9
6 1 .7
6 4 .0
6 1 .4
6 4 .0
6 1 .5
6 1 .6
6 2 .8
6 3 .0
6 3 .3
J a p a n ..............................................................................................
6 2 .6
6 2 .7
63.1
6 2 .7
6 2 .3
62.1
6 1 .9
6 1 .9
6 2 .2
6 2 .6
6 3 .2
F ra n c e ............................................................................................
57.1
57.1
5 6 .6
5 6 .6
5 6 .3
56.1
5 5 .9
5 5 .5
5 5 .3
5 5 .2
5 5 .3
A u s t r a lia .........................................................................................
5 4 .4
5 4 .7
6 4 .2
6 4 .7
6 4 .3
G e r m a n y ........................................................................................
5 4 .7
5 4 .6
5 4 .3
5 5 .0
55.1
5 5 .2
Ita ly ..................................................................................................
N e t h e r la n d s ..................................................................................
4 8 .3
4 7 .7
4 7 .5
4 7 .3
4 7 .2
4 7 .8
4 7 .6
4 7 .4
4 7 .3
4 7 .3
4 7 .7
5 6 .7
5 6 .6
5 5 .7
5 5 .7
5 5 .5
5 5 .9
5 6 .3
56.1
5 6 .3
5 6 .8
5 7 .6
5 4 .9
55.1
5 5 .5
S w e d e n ..........................................................................................
6 6 .8
6 6 .8
6 6 .7
6 6 .6
6 6 .9
6 7 .0
67.1
6 7 .6
6 8 .0
68.1
6 7 .6
U n ite d K in g d o m .........................................................................
6 2 .2
6 1 .9
6 1 .6
62.1
6 2 .2
6 2 .2
6 2 .6
6 3 .4
6 3 .8
6 3 .9
6 3 .6
U n ite d S t a t e s ..............................................................................
1 0 0 ,3 9 7
9 9 ,5 2 6
1 0 0 ,8 3 4
1 0 5 ,0 0 5
1 0 7 ,1 5 0
1 0 9 ,5 9 7
1 1 2 ,4 4 0
1 1 4 ,9 6 8
1 1 7 ,3 4 2
1 1 7 ,9 1 4
1 1 6 ,8 7 7
C a n a d a ..........................................................................................
1 1 ,0 0 1
1 0 ,6 1 8
1 0 ,6 7 5
1 0 ,9 3 2
1 1,221
1 1,5 31
1 1,8 61
1 2 ,2 4 5
1 2 ,4 8 6
1 2 ,5 7 2
A u s t r a lia .........................................................................................
6 ,4 1 6
6 ,4 1 5
6 ,3 0 0
6 ,4 9 4
6 ,6 9 7
6 ,9 7 4
7 ,1 2 9
7 ,3 9 8
7 ,7 2 8
7 ,8 7 2
7 ,7 1 3
J a p a n ..............................................................................................
5 5 ,0 6 0
5 5 ,6 2 0
5 6 ,5 5 0
5 6 ,8 7 0
5 7 ,2 6 0
5 7 ,7 4 0
5 8 ,3 2 0
5 9 ,3 1 0
6 0 ,5 0 0
6 1 ,7 1 0
6 2 ,9 2 0
F r a n c e ............................................................................................
2 1 ,2 0 0
2 1 ,2 4 0
2 1 ,1 7 0
2 0 ,9 8 0
2 0 ,9 2 0
2 0 ,9 5 0
2 1 ,0 2 0
2 1 ,1 9 0
2 1 ,4 6 0
2 1 ,6 8 0
2 1 ,7 8 0
Employed
1 2 ,3 4 0
G e r m a n y ........................................................................................
2 6 ,4 5 0
2 6 ,1 5 0
2 5 ,7 7 0
2 5 ,8 3 0
2 6 ,0 1 0
2 6 ,3 8 0
2 6 ,5 9 0
2 6 ,8 0 0
2 7 ,2 0 0
2 7 ,9 7 0
2 8 ,5 0 0
Ita ly ..................................................................................................
N e t h e r la n d s ..................................................................................
2 0 ,2 8 0
2 0 ,2 5 0
2 0 ,3 2 0
2 0 ,3 9 0
2 0 ,4 9 0
2 0 ,6 1 0
2 0 ,5 9 0
2 0 ,8 7 0
2 0 ,7 7 0
2 1 ,0 7 0
2 1 ,3 6 0
5 ,5 5 0
5 ,5 2 0
5 ,4 2 0
5 ,4 9 0
5 ,6 5 0
5 ,7 4 0
5 ,8 5 0
5 ,9 2 0
6 ,0 5 0
6 ,2 7 0
6 ,3 9 0
S w e d e n ..........................................................................................
4 ,2 1 9
4 ,2 1 3
4 ,2 1 8
4 ,2 4 9
4 ,2 9 3
4 ,3 2 6
4 ,3 9 6
4 ,4 6 7
4 ,5 3 8
4 ,5 7 2
4 ,5 0 4
U n ite d K in g d o m .........................................................................
2 3 ,8 0 0
2 3 ,5 6 0
2 3 ,4 5 0
2 3 ,8 3 0
2 4 ,1 5 0
2 4 ,3 0 0
2 4 ,8 6 0
2 5 ,7 3 0
2 6 ,3 9 0
2 6 ,5 8 0
2 5 ,9 1 0
6 1 .6
Employment-population ratio2
5 7 .8
5 7 .9
5 9 .5
60.1
6 0 .7
6 1 .5
6 2 .3
6 3 .0
6 2 .7
C a n a d a ..........................................................................................
5 9 .9
57.1
5 6 .8
5 7 .5
5 8 .5
5 9 .4
6 0 .4
6 1 .6
6 2 .0
6 1 .5
A u s t r a lia .........................................................................................
5 8 .4
5 7 .3
5 5 .3
5 6 .0
5 6 .5
5 7 .7
5 7 .9
5 8 .7
6 0 .2
6 0 .2
58.1
J a p a n ..............................................................................................
6 1 .2
6 1 .2
6 1 .4
6 1 .0
6 0 .6
6 0 .4
60.1
6 0 .4
6 0 .8
6 1 .3
6 1 .8
U n ite d S t a t e s ..............................................................................
5 9 .0
5 2 .8
5 2 .3
5 1 .8
5 1 .0
5 0 .4
5 0 .2
5 9 .5
4 9 .9
4 9 .8
5 0 .0
5 0 .2
5 0 .0
G e r m a n y ........................................................................................
5 2 .5
5 1 .6
5 0 .6
5 0 .5
5 0 .7
5 1 .3
5 1 .5
5 1 .6
5 2 .0
5 2 .3
5 3 .0
4 5 .9
4 5 .2
4 4 .7
4 4 .5
4 4 .4
4 4 .2
4 3 .8
4 3 .7
4 3 .6
F ra n c e ............................................................................................
4 4 .0
4 4 .4
Ita ly ..................................................................................................
N e t h e r la n d s ..................................................................................
5 1 .7
5 0 .8
4 9 .3
4 9 .3
50.1
5 0 .3
5 0 .7
5 0 .8
5 1 .5
5 2 .6
5 3 .5
S w e d e n ..........................................................................................
65.1
6 4 .7
6 4 .4
6 4 .5
6 5 .0
6 5 .2
6 5 .8
6 6 .5
67.1
6 7 .0
6 5 .8
U n ite d K in g d o m .........................................................................
5 5 .7
5 4 .9
5 4 .3
5 4 .8
5 5 .2
5 5 .2
5 6 .2
5 7 .9
5 9 .2
5 9 .5
5 8 .0
Unemployed
U n ite d S t a t e s ..............................................................................
8 ,2 7 3
1 0 ,6 7 8
1 0 ,7 1 7
8 ,5 3 9
8 ,3 1 2
8 ,2 3 7
7 ,4 2 5
6 ,7 0 1
6 ,5 2 8
6 ,8 7 4
8 ,4 2 6
C a n a d a ..........................................................................................
898
1 ,3 0 8
1 ,4 3 4
1 ,3 8 4
1,311
1 ,2 1 5
1 ,1 5 0
1 ,031
1 ,0 1 8
1 ,1 0 9
1 ,4 1 7
A u s t r a lia .........................................................................................
394
495
697
6 41
603
613
629
576
509
587
821
J a p a n ..............................................................................................
1 ,2 6 0
1 ,3 6 0
1 ,5 6 0
1 ,6 1 0
1 ,5 6 0
1 ,6 7 0
1 ,7 3 0
1 ,5 5 0
1 ,4 2 0
1 ,3 4 0
1 ,3 6 0
1 ,9 7 0
2 ,5 3 0
2 ,4 1 0
2 ,2 8 0
2 ,1 8 0
2 ,3 0 0
2 ,3 2 0
2 ,4 4 0
2 ,4 9 0
G e r m a n y ........................................................................................
1 ,0 9 0
1 ,5 6 0
1 ,9 0 0
1 ,9 7 0
2 ,0 1 0
1 ,8 6 0
1 ,8 0 0
1 ,8 1 0
1 ,6 4 0
1 ,4 7 0
1 ,3 2 0
Ita ly ..................................................................................................
N e t h e r la n d s ..................................................................................
1 ,0 4 0
1 ,1 6 0
1 ,2 7 0
1 ,2 8 0
1 ,6 8 0
1 ,7 6 0
1 ,7 9 0
1 ,7 6 0
1 ,5 9 0
1 ,5 8 0
540
630
700
710
1 ,3 1 0
600
630
650
610
560
510
480
F r a n c e ............................................................................................
1 ,7 5 0
1 ,9 2 0
S w e d e n ..........................................................................................
1 08
1 37
151
136
125
117
84
73
61
70
122
U n ite d K in g d o m .........................................................................
2 ,7 9 0
3 ,0 0 0
3 ,1 4 0
3 ,1 8 0
3 ,0 6 0
3 ,0 8 0
2 ,8 6 0
2 ,4 2 0
2 ,0 3 0
1 ,9 6 0
2 ,4 9 0
Unemployment rate
7 .6
9 .7
9 .6
7 .5
7 .2
5 .5
6 .7
C a n a d a ..........................................................................................
7 .5
1 1 .0
1 1 .8
1 1 .2
1 0 .5
9 .5
8 .8
7 .8
7 .5
8.1
1 0 .3
A u s t r a lia .........................................................................................
J a p a n ..............................................................................................
5 .8
7 .2
1 0 .0
9 .0
8 .3
8.1
8.1
7 .2
6 .2
6 .9
9 .6
2 .2
2 .4
U n ite d S t a t e s ..............................................................................
7 .0
6 .2
5 .5
5 .3
2 .7
2 .8
2 .6
2 .8
2 .9
2 .5
2 .3
2.1
2.1
F r a n c e ............................................................................................
7 .6
8 .3
8 .5
1 0.0
1 0 .4
1 0 .6
1 0 .7
1 0 .2
9 .6
9.1
9 .6
G e r m a n y ........................................................................................
4 .0
5 .6
6 .9
7.1
7 .2
6 .6
6 .3
6 .3
5 .7
5 .0
4 .4
Ita ly ..................................................................................................
4 .9
5 .4
5 .9
5 .9
6 .0
7 .5
7 .9
7 .9
7 .8
7 .0
6 .9
N e t h e r la n d s ..................................................................................
8 .9
1 0 .2
1 1 .4
1 1 .4
9 .6
9 .9
1 0.0
9 .3
8 .5
7 .5
7 .0
S w e d e n ..........................................................................................
2 .5
3.1
3 .5
3.1
2 .8
2 .6
1.9
1.6
1.3
1.5
2 .6
U n ite d K in g d o m .........................................................................
1 0 .5
1 1 .3
1 1 .8
1 1 .8
1 1 .2
1 1 .2
1 0 .3
8 .6
7.1
6 .9
8 .8
1 L a b o r fo r c e a s a p e r c e n t o f th e w o rk in g -a g e p o p u la tio n .
2 E m p lo y m e n t a s a p e r c e n t o f th e w o rk in g -a g e p o p u la tio n .
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NOTE:
S e e “ N o te s o n th e d a ta ” fo r in fo r m a tio n o n b re a k s in s e rie s fo r
G e rm a n y , Ita ly , th e N e th e rla n d s , a n d S w e d e n .
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
115
Current Labor Statistics:
50.
International Compararisons Data
Annual indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 12 countries
(1 9 8 2 = 1 0 0 )
1960
Ite m a n d c o u n try
1970
1973
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
Output per hour
9 4 .4
9 6 .4
C a n a d a ..........................................................................................
5 1 .6
7 6 .9
9 1 .9
9 9 .9
1 0 4 .8
1 0 0 .0
1 0 7 .3
1 1 6 .3
1 1 9 .8
1 1 7 .9
1 1 9 .0
1 1 9 .5
1 1 9 .0
120 .1
1 2 1 .7
J a p a n ..............................................................................................
1 8 .6
5 2 .0
66.1
92.1
9 5 .5
1 0 0 .0
1 0 1 .9
106.1
1 1 2 .0
1 1 0 .3
1 1 9 .5
1 2 6 .5
1 3 5 .2
1 4 4 .2
1 4 6 .5
2 4 .2
4 4 .3
1 3 7 .0
U n ite d S t a t e s ..............................................................................
5 7 .8
8 7 .5
9 4 .2
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 2 .9
1 1 0 .9
1 0 5 .6
1 1 5 .8
1 0 8 .0
1 1 7 .2
1 1 2 .6
1 1 8 .2
1 1 7 .2
1 2 2 .0
1 2 2 .5
1 2 5 .7
128.1
120.1
1 2 5 .2
1 3 1 .2
1 3 3 .9
D e n m a r k ........................................................................................
3 2 .4
5 7 .2
7 2 .7
9 8 .0
9 9 .6
1 0 0 .0
1 0 4 .9
1 0 4 .3
1 0 5 .0
9 8 .9
9 8 .4
102 .1
1 0 5 .6
1 0 6 .2
F ra n c e ............................................................................................
3 0 .7
5 8 .5
6 8 .7
9 0 .6
9 3 .4
1 0 0 .0
1 0 2 .5
1 0 4 .5
1 0 8 .8
1 1 0 .8
1 1 3 .0
1 2 1 .0
1 2 7 .9
1 2 9 .4
129 .1
G e r m a n y ........................................................................................
3 8 .6
6 7 .0
7 8 .5
9 8 .4
1 0 0 .5
1 0 0 .0
1 0 5 .3
1 0 8 .9
1 1 2 .9
1 1 3 .4
1 1 1 .5
1 1 5 .5
1 1 9 .0
1 2 2 .9
1 2 5 .4
B e l g iu m ..........................................................................................
6 5 .2
9 5 .5
9 7 .8
1 0 0 .0
1 0 5 .2
1 1 5 .7
1 0 9 .3
Ita ly ..................................................................................................
29.1
5 4 .6
1 2 2 .3
1 2 3 .7
1 2 7 .2
1 3 0 .5
1 35.1
1 4 0 .6
1 4 5 .2
N e t h e r la n d s ..................................................................................
5 2 .9
6 7 .3
9 3 .9
9 7 .5
1 0 0 .0
1 0 6 .6
1 1 5 .0
1 1 8 .7
119.1
1 1 8 .7
1 2 2 .3
1 2 6 .3
1 2 6 .6
1 2 8 .6
N o r w a y ..........................................................................................
2 6 .5
4 7 .8
7 4 .5
8 6 .4
9 6 .3
9 6 .5
1 0 0 .0
1 0 5 .2
1 1 2 .6
1 1 6 .0
1 1 4 .6
1 2 0 .4
1 1 9 .7
1 2 5 .9
1 2 9 .7
1 3 3 .5
S w e d e n ...........................................................................................
36.1
6 8 .9
8 0 .9
9 6 .2
9 5 .7
1 0 0 .0
1 0 6 .5
1 1 1 .7
1 1 2 .4
1 1 4 .3
1 1 5 .3
1 1 7 .3
1 2 0 .0
1 2 1 .0
1 2 2 .4
U n ite d K in g d o m .........................................................................
4 9 .4
7 0 .9
84.1
8 9 .9
9 4 .5
1 0 0 .0
1 0 8 .5
1 1 4 .0
1 1 8 .2
1 2 2 .9
1 3 0 .4
1 3 7 .5
1 4 3 .5
1 4 6 .0
1 4 9 .8
1 0 3 .8
1 0 5 .3
1 0 0 .0
1 0 4 .0
1 1 3 .8
1 1 5 .5
1 1 8 .8
1 2 4 .6
1 3 3 .4
1 3 4 .6
1 3 5 .0
1 3 1 .9
44.1
7 8 .5
1 0 0 .0
1 1 0 .7
1 1 4 .8
1 0 0 .0
1 0 6 .5
1 2 0 .2
1 2 7 .0
1 2 7 .9
134.1
1 4 0 .9
1 4 1 .2
1 3 4 .0
1 25 .1
Output
U n ite d S t a t e s ..............................................................................
C a n a d a ..........................................................................................
15.1
55.1
7 1 .8
9 1 .5
9 5 .7
1 0 0 .0
1 0 4 .3
1 6 5 .3
3 7 .8
7 0 .9
8 6 .9
9 6 .4
9 5 .8
1 0 0 .0
1 0 5 .6
1 1 3 .2
1 0 8 .4
1 6 0 .3
B e l g iu m ..........................................................................................
1 0 9 .6
1 0 8 .9
1 0 9 .0
1 1 4 .6
1 2 1 .9
1 2 6 .4
1 2 5 .9
D e n m a r k ........................................................................................
4 5 .4
7 5 .7
8 8 .5
1 0 1 .7
9 8 .4
1 0 0 .0
1 0 6 .7
1 1 1 .7
1 1 5 .3
1 1 5 .3
1 1 0 .6
1 1 2 .3
1 1 3 .6
1 1 3 .6
1 1 4 .5
F r a n c e ............................................................................................
35.1
7 2 .7
8 7 .0
1 0 0 .6
9 9 .0
1 0 0 .0
9 9 .9
9 8 .7
99.1
99.1
9 8 .9
1 0 4 .6
1 1 0 .5
1 1 2 .4
1 1 0 .4
1 0 4 .7
1 0 7 .3
1 1 0 .7
1 1 4 .2
J a p a n ..............................................................................................
1 2 1 .2
1 1 7 .9
1 2 6 .5
1 3 8 .2
1 4 9 .3
G e r m a n y ........................................................................................
5 0 .9
8 6 .9
9 6 .4
1 0 3 .6
1 0 0 .0
1 0 1 .3
1 0 4 .3
Ita ly ..................................................................................................
N e t h e r la n d s ..................................................................................
2 8 .0
5 8 .4
7 0 .7
103.1
101.1
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .8
1 0 5 .4
1 0 8 .9
1 1 1 .5
1 1 6 .3
1 2 5 .0
1 2 9 .7
1 3 1 .8
1 3 1 .3
4 2 .7
8 0 .3
9 1 .2
1 0 1 .5
1 0 1 .5
1 0 0 .0
1 0 1 .9
1 0 7 .9
111.1
1 1 3 .7
1 1 3 .9
118.1
1 2 3 .6
1 2 6 .5
1 2 8 .2
1 0 1 .7
1 0 9 .4
1 1 9 .3
1 2 2 .5
1 0 0 .7
1 0 0 .0
1 0 8 .8
1 1 0 .8
1 0 4 .7
1 0 3 .7
S w e d e n ..........................................................................................
5 1 .8
9 1 .0
9 8 .7
1 0 2 .3
9 9 .6
1 0 0 .0
1 0 5 .7
1 1 3 .7
1 1 5 .9
1 1 7 .2
120 .1
1 2 3 .0
1 25.1
1 2 2 .4
1 1 5 .9
U n ite d K in g d o m .........................................................................
8 2 .3
1 0 9 .8
1 2 1 .2
106.1
9 9 .8
1 0 0 .0
1 0 2 .9
1 0 6 .8
1 0 9 .6
111.1
1 1 6 .9
1 25.1
1 3 0 .4
1 2 9 .8
1 2 3 .0
N o r w a y ..........................................................................................
5 6 .0
8 8 .4
1 0 7 .9
1 0 1 .3
9 9 .3
1 0 5 .0
1 0 8 .8
1 0 5 .5
1 0 3 .8
Total hours
U n ite d S t a t e s ..............................................................................
9 4 .2
1 0 6 .5
1 1 2 .9
1 0 9 .9
1 0 9 .3
1 0 0 .0
1 0 1 .2
1 0 7 .8
C a n a d a ...........................................................................................
8 5 .5
102.1
1 0 8 .8
1 1 0 .8
1 0 9 .6
1 0 0 .0
9 9 .2
1 0 3 .3
1 0 6 .0
1 0 8 .5
1 1 2 .7
1 1 7 .9
1 1 8 .6
1 1 1 .5
1 0 2 .8
J a p a n ..............................................................................................
8 1 .2
1 0 5 .9
1 0 8 .6
9 9 .3
1 0 0 .2
1 0 0 .0
1 0 2 .4
1 0 6 .6
1 0 8 .2
1 0 6 .9
1 0 5 .8
1 0 9 .3
1 1 0 .4
111 .1
1 1 2 .9
1 5 9 .9
110.1
1 0 1 .7
1 0 6 .2
1 0 9 .4
1 0 9 .8
1 0 7 .4
1 0 3 .0
1 0 0 .0
9 5 .2
9 3 .6
9 3 .5
9 2 .2
9 0 .7
9 1 .5
9 3 .0
9 4 .4
9 1 .9
D e n m a r k ........................................................................................
1 4 0 .0
1 3 2 .3
1 2 1 .8
1 0 3 .7
9 8 .8
1 0 0 .0
1 0 1 .7
107.1
1 0 9 .8
1 1 6 .6
1 1 2 .4
1 1 0 .0
1 0 7 .6
1 0 6 .9
1 0 4 .7
1 1 4 .5
124.1
1 2 6 .7
1 1 1 .0
1 0 6 .0
1 0 0 .0
9 7 .4
9 4 .4
91.1
8 9 .4
8 7 .5
8 6 .4
8 6 .4
8 6 .9
8 5 .5
1 2 9 .7
1 5 0 .3
1 0 5 .4
F r a n c e ............................................................................................
B e l g iu m ..........................................................................................
1 5 6 .2
1 0 7 .0
G e r m a n y ........................................................................................
1 3 1 .9
1 0 0 .0
9 6 .2
9 5 .8
9 5 .6
9 6 .5
9 5 .8
9 5 .9
9 7.1
9 7 .7
Ita ly ..................................................................................................
N e t h e r la n d s ..................................................................................
9 6 .2
1 0 7 .0
1 0 8 .3
1 0 8 .0
1 0 3 .4
1 0 0 .0
9 5 .8
91.1
8 9 .0
90.1
9 1 .4
9 5 .8
9 6 .0
9 3 .7
9 0 .4
1 6 0 .9
1 5 2 .0
1 3 5 .6
1 2 2 .9
108.1
1 0 6 .3
104.1
1 0 0 .0
9 5 .6
9 3 .8
9 3 .6
9 5 .5
9 5 .9
9 6 .6
N o r w a y ..........................................................................................
S w e d e n ...........................................................................................
1 1 7 .3
1 1 8 .6
1 1 7 .3
1 0 5 .5
1 0 4 .3
1 0 0 .0
9 4 .3
9 3 .2
9 3 .8
9 4 .9
92.1
88.1
8 2 .5
8 0 .8
7 7 .7
1 4 3 .4
132.1
1 2 1 .9
1 0 6 .4
104.1
1 0 0 .0
9 9 .3
1 0 1 .7
103.1
1 0 2 .5
104.1
1 0 4 .9
1 0 4 .3
1 0 1 .2
9 4 .7
U n ite d K in g d o m .........................................................................
1 6 6 .6
1 5 4 .9
1 4 4 .0
118.1
1 0 5 .6
1 0 0 .0
9 4 .8
9 3 .7
9 2 .8
9 0 .4
8 9 .7
9 1 .0
9 0 .8
8 8 .9
8 2.1
1 1 1 .0
103.1
9 6 .2
9 7 .8
9 9 .9
9 9 .7
Compensation per hour
83.1
9 1 .4
1 0 2 .5
1 0 5 .7
1 2 2 .6
1 2 7 .3
1 3 3 .8
1 4 0 .6
C a n a d a ...........................................................................................
J a p a n ..............................................................................................
1 6 .4
2 8 .7
3 5 .9
7 8 .6
9 0 .4
1 0 0 .0
106.1
1 11.1
1 1 6 .8
1 2 1 .3
1 2 5 .0
1 3 0 .5
1 3 7 .4
1 4 6 .3
1 5 6 .0
6 .6
2 5 .0
4 0 .7
8 9 .0
9 5 .3
1 0 0 .0
1 0 2 .7
1 0 5 .8
110.1
1 1 5 .8
1 1 8 .6
1 2 0 .6
B e l g iu m ..........................................................................................
9.1
2 3 .2
3 5 .5
8 6 .3
9 5 .9
1 0 0 .0
1 0 6 .0
1 1 4 .8
1 2 1 .6
1 2 6 .3
1 2 8 .8
1 3 1 .2
138.1
1 4 6 .3
1 5 4 .6
D e n m a r k ........................................................................................
7 .7
2 2 .3
3 4 .5
8 3 .4
9 1 .9
1 0 0 .0
1 0 6 .9
1 1 3 .0
1 2 0 .6
123 .1
1 3 4 .6
1 3 9 .4
1 4 8 .3
1 56 .1
1 6 3 .0
1 1 0 .4
1 2 0 .0
U n ite d S t a t e s ..............................................................................
7 2 .8
1 1 8 .0
1 2 8 .2
1 3 8 .6
147 .1
F r a n c e ............................................................................................
7 .4
1 7 .8
2 5 .5
1 3 .5
3 4 .5
4 8 .2
8 9 .2
9 4 .9
1 0 0 .0
1 0 5 .0
1 1 0 .0
1 1 6 .3
1 2 1 .2
1 2 6 .9
1 3 1 .8
1 3 8 .2
1 4 8 .0
1 5 8 .3
Ita ly ..................................................................................................
N e t h e r la n d s ..................................................................................
3 .9
1 1 .6
1 7 .7
7 0 .2
8 4 .8
1 0 0 .0
1 1 7 .0
1 3 4 .3
1 5 0 .9
157 .1
1 6 6 .0
173.1
1 91.1
2 1 1 .9
2 3 2 .4
8 .9
2 7 .8
4 3 .4
1 1 1 .5
1 1 3 .9
1 1 6 .9
1 1 7 .5
118.1
1 2 2 .7
1 2 7 .6
N o r w a y ..........................................................................................
S w e d e n ..........................................................................................
9 .9
2 4 .6
3 5 .3
8 1 .2
9 0 .3
1 0 0 .0
1 1 0 .3
1 2 0 .9
1 3 2 .2
1 4 5 .0
1 6 5 .6
1 7 5 .7
1 8 3 .4
1 9 3 .4
2 0 2 .2
9 .3
2 4 .4
3 4 .3
8 4 .4
9 2 .9
1 0 0 .0
1 0 9 .7
1 1 9 .0
1 3 0 .5
1 4 1 .3
1 5 0 .8
1 6 0 .7
1 7 7 .4
1 9 3 .7
2 0 6 .9
U n ite d K in g d o m .........................................................................
7 .2
1 4 .9
2 2 .6
7 9 .8
9 1 .4
1 0 0 .0
1 0 6 .9
1 1 4 .6
1 2 4 .2
1 3 3 .7
1 4 2 .0
1 4 9 .8
1 6 2 .8
1 8 0 .9
1 97 .1
88.1
9 4 .8
1 0 0 .0
9 9 .6
100.1
1 0 2 .8
1 0 2 .5
1 0 0 .6
1 0 0 .5
1 0 3 .9
1 0 6 .4
C a n a d a ..........................................................................................
3 1 .9
3 7 .3
39.1
7 8 .7
8 6 .3
1 0 0 .0
9 8 .9
9 5 .5
9 7 .6
1 0 2 .9
1 0 5 .0
1 0 9 .2
1 1 5 .4
1 2 1 .8
1 2 8 .2
J a p a n ..............................................................................................
3 5 .3
4 8 .0
6 1 .6
9 6 .7
9 9 .8
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .8
9 9 .7
9 8 .4
1 0 4 .9
9 9 .2
9 5 .4
9 4 .8
9 6.1
1 0 0 .4
B e l g iu m ..........................................................................................
3 7 .7
1 0 1 .7
99.1
9 3 .5
1 0 0 .0
1 1 5 .4
G e r m a n y ........................................................................................
8 8 .5
8 4 .3
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 4 .5
1 0 6 .6
1 3 0 .4
1 3 6 .2
1 4 1 .4
147.1
1 5 3 .2
1 5 9 .3
1 6 6 .2
Unit labor costs: N a tio n a l c u rre n c y b a s is
U n ite d S t a t e s ..............................................................................
1 0 9 .8
5 2 .2
6 1 .3
9 8 .7
1 0 3 .8
1 0 6 .9
D e n m a r k ........................................................................................
2 3 .8
3 9 .0
4 7 .4
85.1
9 2 .2
1 0 0 .0
1 0 1 .9
1 0 8 .3
1 1 4 .9
1 2 4 .5
1 3 6 .8
1 3 6 .5
1 4 0 .4
1 4 6 .9
1 4 9 .0
F ra n c e ............................................................................................
2 4 .0
3 0 .4
37.1
8 0 .3
9 0 .3
1 0 0 .0
1 0 7 .6
1 1 4 .9
1 1 9 .9
1 2 2 .8
125.1
1 2 1 .6
1 1 9 .8
1 23 .1
1 2 8 .8
9 5 .6
1 0 7 .3
1 0 4 .8
1 0 5 .3
1 0 9 .2
1 1 2 .9
3 5 .0
5 1 .4
9 0 .6
9 4 .4
1 0 0 .0
9 9 .7
101.1
1 0 3 .0
1 0 6 .9
1 1 3 .8
1 14.1
116.1
1 2 0 .3
1 2 6 .3
Ita ly ..................................................................................................
1 3 .5
2 1 .3
27.1
7 3 .5
8 6 .8
1 0 0 .0
1 1 1 .2
116 .1
1 2 3 .4
127.1
1 3 0 .5
1 3 2 .6
1 4 1 .4
1 5 0 .7
1 6 0 .0
N e t h e r la n d s ..................................................................................
3 3 .4
5 2 .7
6 4 .5
9 4 .2
9 5 .9
1 0 0 .0
98.1
9 2 .7
9 3 .9
9 5 .7
9 8 .4
G e r m a n y ........................................................................................
6 1 .5
1 0 0 .0
96.1
9 3 .5
9 6 .9
9 9 .2
N o r w a y ..........................................................................................
2 0 .6
3 3 .0
4 0 .9
8 4 .3
9 3 .6
1 0 0 .0
1 0 4 .8
1 0 7 .4
1 1 4 .0
1 2 6 .5
1 3 7 .6
1 4 6 .7
1 4 5 .6
1 4 9 .2
1 5 1 .5
S w e d e n ..........................................................................................
2 5 .8
3 5 .4
4 2 .3
8 7 .8
97.1
1 0 0 .0
1 0 3 .0
1 0 6 .5
116 .1
1 2 3 .5
1 3 0 .7
137.1
1 4 7 .8
160 .1
1 6 9 .0
U n ite d K in g d o m .........................................................................
1 4 .6
2 1 .0
2 6 .9
8 8 .7
9 6 .8
1 0 0 .0
9 8 .6
1 0 0 .5
105 .1
1 0 8 .8
1 0 8 .9
1 0 8 .9
1 1 3 .5
1 2 3 .9
1 3 1 .6
1 0 2 .8
1 0 2 .5
1 0 0 .6
1 0 0 .5
1 0 3 .9
1 0 6 .4
1 0 9 .8
C a n a d a ..........................................................................................
4 0 .6
44.1
4 8 .2
83.1
8 8 .9
1 0 0 .0
9 9 .0
9 1 .0
8 8 .2
9 1 .4
9 7 .8
1 0 9 .5
1 2 0 .3
1 2 8 .8
1 38 .1
J a p a n ..............................................................................................
2 4 .4
3 3 .4
5 6 .6
1 0 6 .7
1 1 2 .6
1 0 0 .0
1 0 5 .7
1 0 4 .6
1 0 2 .7
Unit labor costs: U .S . d o lla r b a s is
88.1
U n ite d S t a t e s ..............................................................................
9 4 .8
1 0 0 .0
9 9 .6
100.1
1 7 0 .8
1 8 5 .3
171 .1
1 65 .1
1 8 5 .8
B e l g iu m ..........................................................................................
3 4 .6
4 8 .2
7 2 .3
1 5 4 .7
1 2 5 .8
1 0 0 .0
8 5 .6
7 8 .6
80.1
1 0 9 .5
1 3 1 .4
1 3 0 .5
1 2 2 .3
1 4 9 .6
1 5 1 .2
D e n m a r k ........................................................................................
2 8 .8
4 3 .4
6 5 .7
1 2 6 .2
1 0 7 .8
1 0 0 .0
9 2 .9
8 7 .3
9 0 .4
1 2 8 .3
1 5 5 .2
1 6 6 .7
1 6 9 .0
160.1
198 .1
1 9 4 .2
F ra n c e ............................................................................................
3 2 .2
3 6 .2
5 5 .0
1 2 5 .2
1 0 9 .2
1 0 0 .0
9 2 .9
8 6 .5
8 7 .8
1 1 6 .7
1 3 6 .9
1 3 4 .2
1 2 3 .6
1 4 8 .7
1 5 0 .0
G e r m a n y ........................................................................................
2 0 .4
3 4 .2
5 6 .4
1 2 1 .2
1 0 1 .7
1 0 0 .0
9 4 .8
8 6 .2
8 5 .0
1 1 9 .5
1 5 3 .7
1 5 7 .7
1 4 9 .9
1 8 0 .8
1 8 4 .6
Ita ly ..................................................................................................
2 9 .5
4 6 .0
63.1
1 1 6 .3
1 0 3 .2
1 0 0 .0
99.1
8 9 .5
8 7 .5
1 1 5 .4
1 3 6 .3
1 3 7 .9
1 3 9 .5
1 7 0 .2
1 7 4 .6
N e t h e r la n d s ..................................................................................
2 3 .7
3 8 .9
6 2 .0
1 2 6 .8
1 0 3 .0
1 0 0 .0
9 1 .8
7 7 .2
7 5 .6
1 0 4 .4
1 2 9 .8
1 2 9 .8
1 1 7 .7
1 42 .1
1 4 1 .6
1 3 6 .0
1 5 4 .0
1 5 0 .7
N o rw a y ..........................................................................................
1 8 .7
2 9 .8
4 6 .0
1 1 0 .2
1 0 5 .2
1 0 0 .0
9 2 .7
8 5 .0
8 5 .7
1 1 0 .4
1 3 1 .8
1 4 5 .2
S w e d e n ..........................................................................................
3 1 .3
4 2 .8
61.1
1 3 0 .5
1 2 0 .5
1 0 0 .0
8 4 .4
8 0 .9
8 4 .8
1 0 8 .9
1 2 9 .4
1 4 0 .3
1 4 3 .9
1 6 9 .9
1 7 5 .5
U n ite d K in g d o m .........................................................................
2 3 .4
2 8 .7
3 7 .7
118.1
112.1
1 0 0 .0
8 5 .5
7 6 .9
7 8 .0
9 1 .3
1 0 2 .2
1 1 1 .0
1 0 6 .3
1 2 6 .5
1 3 3 .0
-
D a ta n o t a v a ila b le .
Monthly Labor Review
Digitized for116
FRASER
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June 1993
51.
Occupational injury and illness incidence rates by industry,1 United States
In c id e n c e r a te s p e r 1 0 0 fu ll-tim e w o r k e r s 3
In d u s tr y a n d ty p e o f c a s e 2
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
19891
1990
1991
PRIVATE SECTOR4
T o ta l c a s e s ...............................................................................................................................
7 .6
8 .0
7 .9
7 .9
8 .3
8 .6
8 .6
8 .8
8 .4
L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s .............................................................................................................
3 .4
3 .7
3 .6
3 .6
3 .8
4 .0
4 .0
4.1
3 .9
L o s t w o r k d a y s .........................................................................................................................
5 8 .5
6 3 .4
6 4 .9
6 5 .8
6 9 .9
76.1
7 8 .7
8 4 .0
8 6 .5
1 0 .8
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing4
T o ta l c a s e s ...............................................................................................................................
1 1 .9
1 2 .0
1 1 .4
1 1 .2
1 1 .2
1 0 .9
1 0 .9
1 1 .6
L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s .............................................................................................................
6.1
6.1
5 .7
5 .6
5 .7
5 .6
5 .7
5 .9
5 .4
L o s t w o r k d a y s .........................................................................................................................
9 0 .8
9 0 .7
9 1 .3
9 3 .6
94.1
1 0 1 .8
1 0 0 .9
1 1 2 .2
1 0 8 .3
Mining
T o ta l c a s e s ...............................................................................................................................
8 .4
9 .7
L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s .............................................................................................................
4 .5
5 .3
4 .8
4.1
4 .9
5.1
4 .8
5 .0
4 .5
L o s t w o r k d a y s .........................................................................................................................
1 25.1
1 6 0 .2
1 4 5 .3
1 2 5 .9
1 4 4 .0
152 .1
1 3 7 .2
1 1 9 .5
1 2 9 .6
T o ta l c a s e s ................................................................................................................................
1 4 .8
1 5 .5
1 5 .2
1 5 .2
1 4 .7
1 4 .6
L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s .............................................................................................................
6 .3
6 .9
6 .8
6 .9
6 .8
6 .8
6 .8
6 .7
6.1
L o s t w o r k d a y s .........................................................................................................................
1 1 8 .2
128.1
1 2 8 .9
1 3 4 .5
1 3 5 .8
1 4 2 .2
1 4 3 .3
1 4 7 .9
148 .1
T o ta l c a s e s ...............................................................................................................................
1 4 .4
1 5 .4
1 5 .2
1 4 .9
L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s .............................................................................................................
6 .2
6 .9
6 .8
6 .6
6 .5
6 .4
6 .5
6 .4
5 .5
L o s t w o r k d a y s .........................................................................................................................
1 1 3 .0
1 2 1 .3
1 2 0 .4
1 2 2 .7
1 3 4 .0
1 3 2 .2
1 3 7 .3
1 3 7 .6
1 3 2 .0
T o ta l c a s e s ...............................................................................................................................
1 5 .4
1 4 .9
L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s .............................................................................................................
6 .2
6 .4
6 .3
6 .3
6 .4
7 .0
6 .5
6 .3
6 .0
L o s t w o r k d a y s .........................................................................................................................
1 2 2 .4
1 3 1 .7
1 2 7 .3
1 3 2 .9
139.1
1 6 2 .3
147.1
1 4 4 .6
1 60 .1
8 .4
7 .4
8 .5
8 .8
8 .5
8 .3
7 .4
Construction
1 4 .3
1 4 .2
1 3 .0
G e n e r a l b u ild in g c o n tra c to r s :
1 4 .2
1 4 .0
1 3 .9
1 3 .4
1 2 .0
H e a v y c o n s tr u c tio n , e x c e p t b u ild in g :
1 4 .5
1 4 .7
1 4 .5
15.1
1 3 .8
1 3 .8
1 2 .8
S p e c ia l t r a d e c o n tr a c to r s :
T o ta l c a s e s ...............................................................................................................................
1 4 .8
1 5 .8
1 5 .4
1 5 .6
1 5 .0
1 4 .7
1 4 .6
1 4 .7
1 3 .5
L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s .............................................................................................................
6 .4
7.1
7 .0
7 .2
7.1
7 .0
6 .9
6 .9
6 .3
L o s t w o r k d a y s .........................................................................................................................
1 1 9 .0
130.1
1 3 3 .3
1 4 0 .4
1 3 5 .7
141.1
1 4 4 .9
1 53.1
1 5 1 .3
T o ta l c a s e s ...............................................................................................................................
1 0 .0
1 0 .6
1 0 .4
1 0 .6
1 1 .9
13.1
L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s .............................................................................................................
4 .3
4 .7
4 .6
4 .7
5 .3
5 .7
5 .8
5 .8
5 .6
L o s t w o r k d a y s .........................................................................................................................
7 3 .5
7 7 .9
8 0 .2
8 5 .2
9 5 .5
1 0 7 .4
1 1 3 .0
1 2 0 .7
1 2 1 .5
14.1
Manufacturing
13.1
1 3 .2
1 2 .7
D u r a b le g o o d s :
T o ta l c a s e s ............................................................................................................................
1 0 .3
11.1
1 0 .9
1 1 .0
1 2 .5
1 4 .2
L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s .........................................................................................................
4 .3
4 .8
4 .7
4 .8
5 .4
5 .9
6 .0
6 .0
5 .7
L o s t w o r k d a y s ......................................................................................................................
7 3 .4
7 9 .9
8 2 .0
87.1
9 6 .8
111.1
1 1 6 .5
1 2 3 .3
1 2 2 .9
T o ta l c a s e s ............................................................................................................................
1 8 .3
1 9 .6
1 8 .5
1 8 .9
1 8 .9
1 9 .5
1 8 .4
18.1
1 6 .8
L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s .........................................................................................................
9 .2
9 .9
9 .3
9 .7
9 .6
1 0 .0
9 .4
8 .8
8 .3
L o s t w o r k d a y s .....................................................................................................................
F u rn itu r e a n d fix tu re s :
1 6 3 .5
1 7 2 .0
1 7 1 .4
1 7 7 .2
1 7 6 .5
189.1
1 7 7 .5
1 7 2 .5
1 7 2 .0
T o ta l c a s e s ............................................................................................................................
14.1
1 5 .3
1 5 .0
1 5 .2
1 5 .4
1 6 .6
16.1
1 6 .9
L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s .........................................................................................................
5 .7
6 .4
6 .3
6 .3
6 .7
7 .3
7 .2
7 .8
7 .2
L o s t w o r k d a y s .....................................................................................................................
8 3 .0
1 0 1 .5
1 0 0 .4
1 0 3 .0
1 0 3 .6
1 1 5 .7
1 2 4 .9
1 3 9 .2
1 3 1 .2
T o ta l c a s e s ............................................................................................................................
13.1
1 3 .6
1 3 .9
1 3 .6
1 4 .9
1 6 .0
1 5 .5
1 5 .4
L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s .........................................................................................................
6 .0
6 .6
6 .7
6 .5
7.1
7 .5
7 .4
7 .3
6 .8
L o s t w o r k d a y s .....................................................................................................................
1 1 2 .0
1 2 0 .8
1 2 7 .8
1 2 6 .0
1 3 5 .8
1 4 1 .0
1 4 9 .8
1 6 0 .5
1 5 6 .0
T o ta l c a s e s ............................................................................................................................
1 2 .4
1 3 .3
1 2 .6
1 3 .6
1 7 .0
1 9 .4
1 8 .7
L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s .........................................................................................................
5 .4
6.1
5 .7
6.1
7 .4
8 .2
8.1
8.1
7 .4
L o s t w o r k d a y s ......................................................................................................................
1 0 3 .4
1 1 5 .3
1 1 3 .8
1 2 5 .5
1 4 5 .8
1 6 1 .3
1 6 8 .3
1 8 0 .2
169 .1
T o ta l c a s e s ............................................................................................................................
15.1
16.1
1 6 .3
1 6 .0
1 7 .0
1 8 .8
L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s .........................................................................................................
6.1
6 .7
6 .9
6 .8
7 .2
8 .0
7 .9
7 .9
7.1
L o s t w o r k d a y s .....................................................................................................................
9 6 .5
1 0 4 .9
1 10.1
1 1 5 .5
1 2 1 .9
1 3 8 .8
1 4 7 .6
1 5 5 .7
1 4 6 .6
T o ta l c a s e s ............................................................................................................................
9 .8
1 0 .7
1 0 .8
1 0 .7
1 1 .3
12.1
12.1
1 2 .0
L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s .........................................................................................................
3 .6
4.1
4 .2
4 .2
4 .4
4 .7
4 .8
4 .7
4 .4
L o s t w o r k d a y s .....................................................................................................................
58.1
6 5 .8
6 9 .3
7 2 .0
7 2 .7
8 2 .8
8 6 .8
8 8 .9
8 6 .6
1 4 .2
1 3 .6
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p ro d u c ts :
1 5 .9
S to n e , c la y , a n d g la s s p ro d u c ts :
1 4 .8
P rim a ry m e ta l in d u s trie s :
1 9 .0
1 7 .7
F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p ro d u c ts :
1 8 .5
1 8 .7
1 7 .4
In d u s tr ia l m a c h in e ry a n d e q u ip m e n t:
1 1 .2
E le c tr o n ic a n d o th e r e le c tr ic a l e q u ip m e n t:
T o ta l c a s e s ............................................................................................................................
6 .3
6 .8
6 .4
6 .4
7 .2
8 .0
9.1
L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s .........................................................................................................
2 .6
2 .8
2 .7
2 .7
3.1
3 .3
3 .9
3 .8
3 .7
L o s t w o r k d a y s .....................................................................................................................
4 1 .4
4 5 .0
4 5 .7
4 9 .8
5 5 .9
6 4 .6
7 7 .5
7 9 .4
8 3 .0
1 3 .5
9.1
8 .6
T r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t:
T o ta l c a s e s ............................................................................................................................
8 .4
9 .3
9 .0
9 .6
L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s .........................................................................................................
3 .6
4 .2
3 .9
4.1
5 .7
6 .6
6 .8
6 .9
7 .0
L o s t w o r k d a y s .....................................................................................................................
6 4 .5
6 8 .8
7 1 .6
79.1
1 0 5 .7
1 3 4 .2
1 3 8 .6
1 5 3 .7
166 .1
1 7 .7
1 7 .7
1 7 .8
1 8 .3
In s tr u m e n ts a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts :
T o ta l c a s e s ............................................................................................................................
5 .2
5 .4
5 .2
L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s .........................................................................................................
2.1
2 .2
2 .2
2 .3
2 .4
2 .6
2 .5
2 .7
2 .7
L o s t w o r k d a y s .....................................................................................................................
3 5 .6
3 7 .5
3 7 .9
4 2 .2
4 3 .9
5 1 .5
5 5 .4
5 7 .8
6 4 .4
1 1 .3
5 .3
5 .8
6.1
5 .6
5 .9
6 .0
M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s trie s :
T o ta l c a s e s ............................................................................................................................
9 .9
1 0 .5
9 .7
1 0 .2
1 0 .7
1 1 .3
11.1
1 1 .3
L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s .........................................................................................................
4 .0
4 .3
4 .2
4 .3
4 .6
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.1
L o s t w o r k d a y s .....................................................................................................................
6 6 .3
7 0 .2
7 3 .2
7 0 .9
8 1 .5
9 1 .0
9 7 .6
113.1
1 0 4 .0
9 .6
9 .8
9 .6
1 0 .0
11.1
1 1 .4
1 1 .6
1 1 .7
1 1 .5
N o n d u r a b le g o o d s :
T o ta l c a s e s ............................................................................................................................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
June 1993
117
Current Labor Statistics:
51.
Injury and Illness Data
Continued— Occupational injury and illness incidence rates by industry,1 United States
In c id e n c e r a te s p e r 1 0 0 fu ll-tim e w o rk e rs 3
In d u s tr y a n d ty p e o f c a s e 2
1984
1983
1985
1986
1987
1988
19891
1990
1991
T o ta l w o r k d a y c a s e s ........................................................................................................
4 .3
4 .4
4 .4
4 .6
5.1
5 .4
5 .5
5 .6
5 .5
T o ta l w o r k d a y s ....................................................................................................................
7 3 .6
7 4 .9
7 7 .6
8 2 .3
9 3 .5
1 0 1 .7
1 0 7 .8
1 1 6 .9
1 1 9 .7
F o o d a n d k in d r e d p ro d u c ts :
1 6 .7
1 6 .7
1 6 .5
1 7 .7
T o ta l c a s e s ............................................................................................................................
L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s .........................................................................................................
1 6 .5
7 .9
8.1
8.1
8 .0
8 .6
9 .2
9 .3
9 .9
9 .9
L o s t w o r k d a y s ......................................................................................................................
1 3 1 .2
1 3 1 .6
1 3 8 .0
1 3 7 .8
1 5 3 .7
1 6 9 .7
1 8 .5
1 7 4 .7
1 8 .5
2 0 2 .6
2 0 7 .2
2 0 .0
1 9 .5
T o b a c c o p ro d u c ts :
6 .7
8 .6
T o ta l c a s e s ............................................................................................................................
L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s .........................................................................................................
6 .5
7 .7
7 .3
3 .0
2 .5
2 .5
2 .9
3 .4
3 .2
2 .8
4 2 .8
3 .2
5 1 .7
3 .0
L o s t w o r k d a y s ......................................................................................................................
5 1 .7
4 5 .6
4 6 .4
5 3 .0
9 .3
6 4 .2
8 .7
6 2 .3
7 .7
5 2 .0
6 .4
T e x tile m ill p ro d u c ts :
7 .4
T o ta l c a s e s ............................................................................................................................
8 .0
7 .5
7 .8
9 .0
9 .6
1 0 .3
9 .6
1 0 .0
L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s .........................................................................................................
2 .8
3 .0
3 .0
3.1
3 .6
4 .0
4 .2
4 .0
4 .4
L o s t w o r k d a y s ......................................................................................................................
5 1 .4
5 4 .0
5 7 .4
5 9 .3
6 5 .9
7 8 .8
8 1 .4
8 5.1
8 8 .3
A p p a r e l a n d o th e r te x tile p ro d u c ts :
6 .7
6 .4
T o ta l c a s e s ............................................................................................................................
6 .7
6 .7
7 .4
8.1
8 .6
8 .8
9 .2
L o s t w o rk d a y c a s e s .........................................................................................................
2 .4
2 .5
2 .6
2 .7
3.1
3 .5
3 .8
3 .9
4 .2
L o s t w o r k d a y s ......................................................................................................................
4 0 .6
4 0 .9
44.1
4 9 .4
5 9 .5
6 8 .2
8 0 .5
92.1
9 9 .9
P a p e r a n d a llie d p ro d u c ts :
1 0 .4
1 0 .2
1 0 .5
1 2 .8
T o ta l c a s e s ............................................................................................................................
L o s t w o rk d a y c a s e s .........................................................................................................
1 0 .0
4 .5
4 .7
4 .7
4 .7
5 .8
5 .9
5 .8
5 .5
5 .0
L o s t w o r k d a y s ......................................................................................................................
9 0 .3
9 3 .8
9 4 .6
9 9 .5
1 2 2 .3
1 2 4 .3
13.1
1 3 2 .9
1 2 .7
1 2 4 .8
12.1
1 2 2 .7
T o ta l c a s e s ............................................................................................................................
6 .6
6 .5
6 .3
6 .5
6 .7
6 .6
6 .9
6 .9
6 .7
L o s t w o rk d a y c a s e s .........................................................................................................
2 .9
3.1
4 4 .6
2 .9
4 9 .2
2 .9
L o s t w o r k d a y s ......................................................................................................................
C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p ro d u c ts :
2 .9
4 6 .0
5 0 .8
55.1
3 .2
5 9 .8
3 .3
6 3 .8
3 .3
6 9 .8
3 .2
7 4 .5
1 1 .2
P rin tin g a n d p u b lis h in g :
T o ta l c a s e s ............................................................................................................................
5 .5
6 .3
7 .0
7 .0
7 .0
6 .5
6 .4
2 .5
5 .3
2 .4
5.1
L o s t w o rk d a y c a s e s .........................................................................................................
2 .3
2 .7
3.1
3 .3
3 .2
3.1
L o s t w o r k d a y s ......................................................................................................................
4 2 .3
4 0 .8
3 8 .8
4 9 .4
5 8 .8
5 9 .0
6 3 .4
6 1 .6
3.1
6 2 .4
T o ta l c a s e s ............................................................................................................................
5 .5
5.1
7.1
7 .3
7 .0
6 .6
6 .6
6 .2
L o s t w o rk d a y c a s e s .........................................................................................................
2 .4
5.1
2 .4
2 .4
3 .2
3.1
3 .2
3 .3
3.1
2 .9
L o s t w o r k d a y s ......................................................................................................................
R u b b e r a n d m is c e lla n e o u s p la s tic s p ro d u c ts :
4 6 .8
5 3 .5
4 9 .9
6 7 .5
6 5 .9
6 8 .4
6 8.1
7 7 .3
6 8 .2
T o ta l c a s e s ............................................................................................................................
L o s t w o rk d a y c a s e s .........................................................................................................
1 3 .0
1 3 .6
1 3 .4
1 4 .0
1 5 .9
1 6 .3
1 6 .2
1 6 .2
15.1
6 .2
6 .4
6 .3
6 .6
7 .6
8.1
8 .0
7 .8
7 .2
L o s t w o r k d a y s ......................................................................................................................
1 0 1 .4
1 0 4 .3
1 0 7 .4
1 1 8 .2
1 3 0 .8
1 4 2 .9
1 4 7 .2
1 5 1 .3
1 5 0 .9
T o ta l c a s e s ............................................................................................................................
1 0 .0
1 0 .5
1 0 .3
1 0 .5
1 2 .4
1 1 .4
1 3 .6
12.1
1 2 .5
L o s t w o rk d a y c a s e s .........................................................................................................
4 .4
4 .7
4 .6
4 .8
5 .8
5 .6
6 .5
5 .9
5 .9
8 8 .3
8 3 .4
1 2 8 .2
1 3 0 .4
1 5 2 .3
1 4 0 .8
P e tro le u m a n d c o a l p ro d u c ts :
L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p ro d u c ts :
L o s t w o r k d a y s ......................................................................................................................
8 7 .3
9 4 .4
1 1 4 .5
Transportation and public utilities
T o ta l c a s e s ................................................................................................................................
L o s t w o rk d a y c a s e s .............................................................................................................
Lost
w o r k d a y s .......................................................................................................................
8 .8
8 .2
8 .6
8 .2
8 .4
8 .9
9 .2
9 .6
9 .3
4 .7
5 .2
5 .0
4 .8
4 .9
5.1
5 .3
5 .5
5 .4
9 4 .9
105.1
107.1
102.1
108.1
1 1 8 .6
1 2 1 .5
1 34.1
1 4 0 .0
Wholesale and retail trade
T o ta l c a s e s ...............................................................................................................................
7 .2
7 .4
7 .4
7 .7
7 .7
7 .8
L o s t w o rk d a y c a s e s .............................................................................................................
3.1
3 .3
3 .2
3 .3
3 .4
3 .5
3 .6
3 .5
3 .4
L o s t w o r k d a y s .........................................................................................................................
4 7 .8
5 0 .5
5 0 .7
5 4 .0
56.1
6 0 .9
6 3 .5
6 5 .6
7 2 .0
T o ta l c a s e s ................................................................................................................................
7 .0
7 .2
7 .2
7 .2
7 .4
7 .6
7 .7
7 .4
L o s t w o rk d a y c a s e s .............................................................................................................
3 .2
3 .5
3 .5
3 .6
3 .7
3 .8
4 .0
3 .7
3 .7
L o s t w o r k d a y s .........................................................................................................................
5 0 .6
5 5 .5
5 9 .8
6 2 .5
6 4 .0
6 9 .2
7 1 .9
7 1 .5
7 9 .2
8 .0
7 .9
7 .6
W h o le s a le tra d e :
7 .2
R e ta il tra d e :
T o ta l c a s e s ................................................................................................................................
7 .3
7 .5
7 .5
7 .8
7 .8
7 .9
L o s t w o rk d a y c a s e s .............................................................................................................
3 .0
3 .2
3.1
3 .2
3 .3
3 .4
3 .4
3 .4
3 .3
L o s t w o r k d a y s .........................................................................................................................
4 6 .7
4 8 .4
4 7 .0
5 0 .5
5 2 .9
5 7 .6
6 0 .0
6 3 .2
69.1
T o ta l c a s e s ...............................................................................................................................
2 .0
1.9
2 .0
2 .0
2 .0
2 .0
2 .0
2 .4
2 .4
L o s t w o rk d a y c a s e s .............................................................................................................
.9
.9
.9
.9
.9
.9
.9
1.1
1.1
L o s t w o r k d a y s .........................................................................................................................
1 2 .8
1 3 .6
1 5 .4
17.1
1 4 .3
1 7 .2
1 7 .6
2 7 .3
24.1
5.1
2 .4
5 .2
5 .4
5 .3
5 .5
5 .4
5 .5
6 .0
6 .2
L o s t w o rk d a y c a s e s .............................................................................................................
2 .5
2 .6
2 .5
2 .7
2 .6
2 .7
2 .8
2 .8
L o s t w o r k d a y s .........................................................................................................................
3 7 .0
41.1
4 5 .4
4 3 .0
4 5 .8
4 7 .7
5 1 .2
5 6 .4
6 0 .0
8.1
8.1
7 .7
Finance, insurance, and real estate
Services
T o ta l c a s e s ................................................................................................................................
1 D a ta
fo r
1989
and
subsequent
ye a rs
Industrial Classification Manual, 1 9 8 7 E d itio n .
a re
based
on
th e
Standard
F o r th is re a s o n , th e y a re n o t
( N /E H ) X 2 0 0 ,0 0 0 , w h e re :
N =
n u m b e r o f in ju rie s a n d illn e s s e s o r lo s t w o rk d a y s .
s tric tly c o m p a ra b le w ith d a ta f o r th e y e a r s 1 9 8 2 -8 8 , w h ic h w e re b a s e d o n th e
EH =
Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 1 9 7 2 E d itio n , 1 9 7 7 S u p p le m e n t.
2 0 0 ,0 0 0 =
2 T o ta l c a s e s in c lu d e fa ta litie s .
3 T h e in c id e n c e r a te s re p re s e n t th e n u m b e r o f in ju rie s a n d illn e s s e s o r lo s t
to ta l h o u rs w o rk e d b y a ll e m p lo y e e s d u r in g c a le n d a r y e a r.
b a s e f o r 1 0 0 fu ll-tim e e q u iv a le n t w o rk e rs (w o rk in g 4 0 h o u rs p e r
w e e k , 5 0 w e e k s p e r y e a r.)
4
E x c lu d e s fa r m s w ith f e w e r th a n 11 e m p lo y e e s s in c e 1 9 7 6 .
w o rk d a y s p e r 1 0 0 fu ll-tim e w o rk e rs a n d w e re c a lc u la te d a s:
Monthly Labor Review
Digitized for 118
FRASER
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June 1993
*U .S .
G . P . 0 . :1993-345-548:80003
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Schedule of release dates for
bls
statistical series
Series
Release
date
Period
covered
Release
date
Period
covered
Release
date
Period
covered
Employment situation
June 4
May
July 2
June
August 6
July
June 8
1st quarter
MLR table
number
1; 4-20
Productivity and costs:
Nonfarm business and manufacturing
2; 44-47
Nonfinancial corporations
August 10
2nd quarter
2; 44-47
Producer Price Indexes
June 11
May
July 13
June
August 12
July
2; 34-37
Consumer Price Indexes
June 15
May
July 14
June
August 13
July
2; 31-33
Real earnings
June 15
May
July 14
June
August 13
July
13-16
U.S. Import and Export Price Indexes
June 29
May
July 29
June
August 27
July
38-43
Employment Cost Indexes
July 27
2nd quarter
21-24
Major collective bargaining settlements
July 27
2nd quarter
26-29
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U.S. Departm eht of Labor
Bureau of Labor Statistics
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