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4p . Louis MOW HDOABOR BDilEW U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis In this issue: Earnings differences between men and women, a new analysis of hours at work, and b l s ’ role in the Current Population Survey. WI * U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Raymond J. Donovan, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Janet L. Norwood, C om m issioner The Monthly Labor Review is published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor. Communications on editorial matters should be addressed to the Editor-in-Chief, Monthly Labor Review, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, D.C. 20212. Phone: (202) 523-1327. Subscription price per year—$26 domestic: $32.50 foreign. Single copy $5, domestic; $6.25, foreign. Subscription prices and distribution policies for the Monthly Labor Review (ISSN 0098-1818) and other Government publications are set by the Government Printing Office, an agency of the U.S. Congress. Send correspondence on circulation and subscription matters (including address changes) to: Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C. 20402 Make checks payable to Superintendent of Documents. The Secretary of Labor has determined that the publication of this periodical is necessary in the transaction of the public business required by law of this Department. Use of funds for printing this periodical has been approved by the Director of the Office of Management and Budget through April 30, 1987. Second-class postage paid at Washington, D.C. and at additional mailing addresses. » « Regional Commissioners for Bureau of Labor Statistics Region I— Boston: Anthony J. Ferrara 1603 JFK Federal Building, Government Center, Boston, Mass. 02203 Phone: (617) 223-6761 Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Flampshlre Rhode Island Vermont Region II— New York: Samuel M. Ehrenhalt 1515 Broadway, Suite 3400, New York, N.Y. 10036 Phone: (212) 944-3121 New Jersey New York Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Region III— Philadelphia: Alvin I. Margulis 3535 Market Street P.O. Box 13309, Philadelphia, Pa. 19101 Phone: (215) 596-1154 Delaware District of Columbia Maryland Pennsylvania Virginia West Virginia Region IV— Atlanta: Donald M. Cruse 1371 Peachtree Street, N.E., Atlanta, Ga. 30367 Phone: (404) 881-4418 Alabama Florida Georgia Kentucky Mississippi North Carolina South Carolina Tennessee Region V—Chicago: William E. Rice 9th Floor, Federal Office Building, 230 S. Dearborn Street, Chicago, III. 60604 Phone: (312) 353-1880 Illinois Indiana Michigan Minnesota Ohio Wisconsin Region VI— Dallas: Bryan Richey Second Floor, 555 Griffin Square Building, Dallas, Tex. 75202 Phone: (214) 767-6971 Arkansas Louisiana New Mexico Oklahoma Texas June cover. Original pencil drawing by Richard L. Mathews of Carroll D. Wright, the first Commissioner of Labor Statistics. The legislation creating the Bureau of Labor Statistics was signed in June 1884. Cover design by Richard L. Mathews. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Regions VII and VIII— Kansas City: Elliott A. Browar 911 Walnut Street, Kansas City, Mo. 64106 Phone: (816) 374-2481 VII Iowa Kansas Missouri Nebraska VIII Colorado Montana North Dakota South Dakota Utah Wyoming Regions IX and X— San Francisco: Sam M. Hirabayashi 450 Golden Gate Avenue, Box 36017, San Francisco, Calif. 94102 Phone: (415) 556-4678 IX American Samoa Arizona California Guam Hawaii Nevada Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands X Alaska Idaho Oregon Washington ml/* MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW JUNE 1984 VOLUME 107, NUMBER 6 Henry Lowenstern, Editor-in-Chief Robert W. Fisher, Executive Editor Kent Kunze 3 New BLS survey measures ratio of hours worked to hours paid A productivity series which includes rest periods and training shows that hours at work accounted tor 93 percent of hours paid production and nonsupervisory workers in 1982 John E. Bregger 8 The Current Population Survey: a historical view and BLS’ role BLS assumed major responsibility for the CPS in 1959; despite various changes since then, the basic concepts of the survey have remained the same since 1940 Janice Shack-Marquez 15 Earl F. Mellor 17 Earnings differences by sex: an introductory note Investigating differences in weekly earnings of women and men Standardization of BLS weekly earnings data confirms some of the gap is explained by age, education, occupation, and hours worked Mark S. Sieling 29 Staffing patterns prominent in female-male earnings gap Earnings differences by sex are relatively small in narrowly defined jobs; however, relatively fewer women fill the higher levels of these positions IRRA PAPERS Clark Kerr 34 Industrial relations research: its postwar contributions Donald R. Williams 36 Young discouraged workers: racial differences explored A. C. Orr and J. A. Orr 39 Job cuts are only one means firms use to counter imports Bennett Harrison 41 Plant closures: efforts to cushion the blow Paula B. Voos 43 Does it pay to organize? estimating the cost to unions REPORTS Dave M. O’Neill 45 Comparing rates and proportions: they can be misleading Donald M. Fisk 47 Measuring productivity in State and local government Leslie A. Whitener 49 A statistical portrait of hired farmworkers https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis DEPARTMENTS 2 34 45 47 49 54 55 60 65 Labor month in review Conference papers Communications Productivity reports Research summaries Major agreements expiring next month Developments in industrial relations Book reviews Current labor statistics Labor M onth In Review UNEMPLOYMENT IN THE WEST. Joblessness in the United States and Europe generally hit its highest postwar levels during the recent worldwide reces sion. With the United States recovering and signs of recovery appearing in Europe, policymakers and economic analysts are increasingly turning their attention to the kind of unemploy ment—structural or cyclical—that per sists in the industrialized world, the causes of unemployment, and what policies are likely to alleviate it without fanning inflation fires. The Council on Foreign Relations recently solicited and published the views of four prominent analysts on unemployment issues in Western economies. Some excerpts follow: Marina v. N. Whitman, Vice President and Chief Economist of General Motors Corporation: In both Europe and the United States, the magnitude and per sistence of the unemployment problem have produced analytical confusion and policy vacillation. The confidence of policymakers in the effectiveness of traditional Keynesian countercyclical measures has been shaken. Policies of demand stimulus, which were, for the most part, an effective antidote to high unemployment during the 1950’s and 1960’s, fell into disfavor in the late 1970’s as spiraling inflation beset the global economy. The reluctance to employ more stimulative macroeconomic policies may reflect a widespread perception that our current unemployment problems are to a significant extent structural in origin. Although there is a wide range of opinion in both Europe and the United States regarding the relative importance of cyclical and structural factors in the per sistence of high unemployment, there is also general agreement that a significant part of the problem, particularly the universally sharp rise in unemployment since 1979, is cyclical in origin. Economic 2 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis growth alone cannot solve all of our employment problems. But economic ex pansion could, at a minimum, reverse much of the sharp rise in unemployment during the past four years. Growth is also the best solvent for structural rigidities. And it would be the most effective means to help fund pro grams that address specific structural problems, such as youth unemployment. Raymond Barre, former French Prime Minister, currently a Deputy in the Na tional Assembly: Both in Europe and the United States an important and, without doubt, a growing part o f unemployment is structural: the jobless cannot be absorbed into the labor market even in a period of high economic activity. My analysis suggests that both the United States and Europe will have to face some lasting difficulties with respect to unemployment. In both cases, the sharp slowing down of growth that has taken place since the first oil shock pro duced deleterious effects on the labor market. However, it seems that the dis equilibrium in the U.S. labor market is essentially due to the rapid growth of the work force and to the instability of employment, while in Europe it is due to the weakness in the capacity to create jobs and in the excessive rigidity of ad justment mechanisms in the labor market. James Tobin, Sterling Professor of Economics, Yale University: Un employment in the 24 nations of the Organization for Economic Coopera tion and Development (OECD) rose from 5.5 percent of the labor force in 1979 to 10 percent in 1983. The prospects of reducing unemploy ment to 1979 rates, let alone 1973 rates, are dismal for the remainder of the 1980’s. For the governments of the m ajor locomotives of the world economy—Canada, France, West Ger many, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States—significant reduc tion of unemployment is not a high joint or individual priority. The prevailing attitudes, among both governors and governed, are fatalism and complacency. Macroeconomic expansion is the key to progress against unemployment. It will not solve all the problems. The pathology of urban neighborhoods cannot be cured by monetary and fiscal policy. Macro policies and general prosperity will not restore the old high-wage jobs in smokestack industries in the American Midwest or the Ruhr. There is plenty of room and need for intelligent public policies to treat these difficult cases. But they will be hopeless unless general pros perity and growth are restored. Shirley Williams, a Professorial Fellow at the Policy Studies Institute, London: Perhaps the most serious—and the least tangible—consequence of mass unem ployment is the effect on the stand ing and reputation of the free world. The staggering economic achievement of the democracies in the three postwar decades nullified the appeal of communism in the West and attracted the new generation in the Soviet bloc itself. No war fought against a communist enemy in Vietnam, or Yemen, or Cuba has won the hearts and the minds of the people; but Western economic success, within the political context of democracy, managed to do that. Now that achievement is at risk. Unemployment in Western Europe is ex pected to continue at one in ten or one in eight for some years to come, even assuming the U.S. recovery is not slowed down. The full study, Unemployment and Growth in the Western Economies, edited by Andrew J. Pierre and with an introduction by Robert D. Hormats, is available from The Council on Foreign Relations, Inc., 58 East 68th Street, New York, New York 10021. □ A new BLS survey measures the ratio of hours worked to hours paid Hours at work accounted for about 93 percent o f the hours paid for production and nonsup ervisory workers in 1982, according to a new annual survey which includes only the time required to be on the job site thereby excluding paid holidays, sick leave, and vacations K ent K unze For many years the Bureau of Labor Statistics has been collecting data on the hours of production and nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments. These hours, reported in the Current Employment Statistics survey, meas ure hours paid and thus include paid holidays, sick leave, and vacations. In 1982, the Bureau of Labor Statistics began collecting data on hours at work of nonsupervisory and production workers in nonagricultural business establish ments. These hours include the time an employee is required to be on the job site or at the prescribed place of work and thus exclude holidays, sick leave, and vacations. However, in addition to the actual time the worker is engaged in productive activities, this definition includes short rest pe riods, coffee breaks, standby or ready time, downtime, portal-to-portal time (if paid), washup time (if paid), travel time from job site to job site within the working day, travel time away from home if it cuts across the working day, and paid training periods.1 In 1982, the most recent year for which data are available, hours at work accounted for about 93 percent of hours paid for production and nonsupervisory employees. The Hours at Work Survey measures the relationship between hours at work and hours paid in order to provide the Bureau with the necessary data to construct measures of labor input which more closely meet the conceptual reKent Kunze is 'an economist in the Office of Productivity and Technology, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Computation of tables was provided by the Bureau’s Division of Federal/State Monthly Surveys. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis quirements for productivity measurement: the actual flow of hours devoted to the production of output.2 This new T a b le 1. R a t io o f h o u r s a t w o r k t o h o u r s p a id , b y i n d u s t r y , 198 1 a n d 1 9 8 2 Industry 1981 1982 Change Nonagricultural business...................................... M in in g .............................................................. Construction .................................................... Manufacturing .................................................. Durable......................................................... Lumber and wood .................................... Furniture and fixtures ............................... Stone, clay, and glass ............................. Primary metals ........................................ Fabricated m etals...................................... Machinery (excluding electrical) .............. Electrical machinery ................................. Transportation equipment ........................ Instruments ............................................. Miscellaneous manufacturing ................... .924 .937 .978 912 .907 .935 .941 .906 .891 .919 .900 .906 .893 .907 927 .926 925 .982 .909 .905 929 .931 .903 .879 .912 .906 .899 .898 .904 .921 .002 -.0 1 2 .004 -.0 0 3 -.0 0 2 -.0 0 6 -.0 1 0 -.0 0 3 -.0 1 2 -.0 0 7 .006 -.0 0 7 .005 - .003 -.0 0 6 Nondurable .................................................. Food and kindred products ..................... Tobacco .................................................... Textile mills ............................................. Apparel .................................................... Paper ....................................................... Printing and publishing............................. Chemicals ................................................ Petroleum and coal products ................... Rubber and plastic products................. Leather .................................................... .920 .927 .892 .943 .948 .883 .905 .895 .899 .918 .931 .916 .924 .853 .937 .939 .890 .915 882 .892 .906 .930 -.0 0 4 -.0 0 3 -.0 3 9 -.0 0 6 -.0 0 9 .007 .010 -.0 1 3 -.0 0 7 -.0 1 2 -.001 Transportation....................................................... Communications .................................................. Electric, gas, and sanitary services ..................... Wholesale trade.................................................... Retail trade............................................................ Finance, insurance, and real estate ..................... Services................................................................ .875 .887 .876 .934 .947 .914 .920 .871 .883 .873 .936 .959 .905 .936 -.0 0 4 -.0 0 4 -.0 0 3 .002 .012 -.0 0 9 .016 3 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW June 1984 • Survey o f Hours Worked survey, therefore, represents another enhancement and ex pansion of bls ’s productivity measurement program. Major findings Based on the first survey years, the major findings are: • The overall change in the ratio of hours at work to hours paid from 1981 to 1982 was only 0.2 percent for pro duction and nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural business. • The overall hours at work to hours paid ratio increased from 1981 to 1982, with the increases largely concen trated outside the manufacturing sector. There were de creases in 20 of 29 industries. • There is a definite seasonal pattern in the hours at work to hours paid ratio; the ratio is largest in the first quarter of the year and smallest in the third. • Some industries have hours at work to hours paid ratios which are significantly different from the average. • There is an inverse relationship between establishment size (number of employees) and the hours at work to hours paid ratio. Data for the successive years are not sufficient for indi cating trends or cyclical behavior in the ratio of hours at work to hours paid. Nevertheless, the implications for the bls productivity measures in these years are important. The change in output per hour (labor productivity) for employees in nonfarm business during 1981-82 was 0.4 percent. This figure becomes 0.2 percent when adjusted for the change in the hours of work to hours paid ratio. The change in multifactor productivity for 1981-82 was - 1.9 percent in nonfarm business; when adjusted for the ratio it is - 2 .0 percent. Survey background The Bureau of Labor Statistics has long recognized the need for timely data on hours at work, which do not include paid leave time or holidays, in order to measure change in productivity. The appropriate measure of labor as a factor input for productivity measurement is the total hours which workers spend on the production of goods and services— hours worked. For this purpose, the hours of vacation, hol iday, or sick leave should not be included. At present, total hours of labor input are calculated by aggregating measures of employment and average weekly hours at the two-digit Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) industry level. These measures of employment and average weekly hours are derived from two monthly surveys, the Current Employment Statistics survey and the Current Pop ulation Survey. Both surveys collect data for the week (pay period) which includes the 12th of the month. Table 2. Ratio of hours at work to hours paid for production and nonsupervisory workers, by firm size and industry, 1981 and 1982 Size of firm (employees) 1981 Industry Fewer than 50 50-499 Nonagricultural business ...................................................................................... Mining .............................................................................................................. Construction....................................................................................................... Manufacturing.................................................................................................... Durable ......................................................................................................... Lumber and w o o d ...................................................................................... Furniture and fixtures................................................................................. Stone, clay, and g la s s ............................................................................... Primary m etals........................................................................................... Fabricated metals ...................................................................................... Machinery (excluding electrical)................................................................ Electrical machinery.................................................................................... Transportation equipment.......................................................................... Instruments................................................................................................ Miscellaneous manufacturing......................................................... ........... .944 972 .976 .943 .949 .959 .957 950 .945 .952 .946 .961 .919 .937 .940 Nondurable.................................................................................................... Food and kindred products........................................................................ Tobacco ..................................................................................................... Textile m ills ................................................................................................ Apparel....................................................................................................... Paper ......................................................................................................... Printing and publishing ............................................................................ Chemicals .................................................................................................. Petroleum and coal products..................................................................... Rubber and plastic products ..................................................................... Leather ................................................................. .................................... Transportation ....................................................................................................... Communications..................................................................................................... Electric, gas, and sanitary services........................................................................ Wholesale trade .................................................................................................... Retail trade ............................................................................................................ Finance, insurance, and real estate........................................................................ Services ................................................................................................................. 1No response. 4 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1982 500-2,499 More than 2,500 Fewer than 50 50-499 500-2,499 More than 2,500 .925 .928 .986 .925 .922 .928 .938 .904 924 .928 .906 .927 .930 915 ,930 .892 .910 (1) .893 .885 .911 .939 .882 .874 .890 .880 .877 .882 .891 .912 .866 .897 (1) .880 .878 (1) .942 .855 .866 .846 .861 .900 .880 903 .873 .952 .960 .978 .942 .943 .947 .950 .957 916 .945 .942 .940 .954 .935 .940 .926 .933 .983 .920 .917 .929 .935 .891 .909 .920 .917 .921 .920 .904 .917 .905 .873 .997 .893 .886 .882 .912 .881 .889 .878 889 .886 .875 893 .903 .863 .815 (1) .876 .876 .796 .932 .871 .829 .864 .875 .872 .894 .903 .868 .933 .955 .940 .982 .950 916 895 .924 .947 .955 .947 .927 .931 .913 .940 952 .892 .910 .908 .907 .917 934 .905 .908 .887 .946 .921 866 .911 .873 .891 902 912 .888 (1) .865 .908 .907 .864 .870 .891 .870 (1) .916 .940 .953 935 .956 .957 .938 932 .904 .960 .930 .947 .922 .928 .941 .948 .938 893 .911 .893 .900 .903 .931 .902 .908 .883 .924 927 879 .908 .872 .876 .898 .915 .873 .841 .796 .927 .937 .840 .876 .873 .810 .892 (1) .923 .928 .897 .940 .967 932 .919 .894 .901 889 .931 .920 .919 .927 .873 .846 .855 .878 .921 .879 .918 .794 .860 .860 .824 .896 .851 (1) .944 .948 .911 .940 .968 917 .952 .910 .899 .869 .931 .953 .896 .924 .852 .863 .865 925 .947 .897 .937 .781 869 .870 .865 .933 .920 .843 Table 3. Ratio of hours at work to hours paid and change in the ratio for production and nonsupervisory workers, by quarter and industry, 1981 and 1982 Industry 1982 1981 Change, 1981-82 1 II III IV I II III IV I II III IV Nonagricultural business................................. M in in g ......................................................... Construction ................................................ Manufacturing ............................................. Durable..................................................... Lumber and wood ............................... Furniture and fixtures .......................... Stone, clay, and glass ........................ Primary metals .................................... Fabricated m etals................................. Machinery (excluding electrical) ......... Electrical machinery ............................. Transportation equipment ................... Instruments ......................................... Miscellaneous manufacturing .............. Nondurable ............................................. Food and kindred products ................. Tobacco ................................................ Textile mills ......................................... Apparel ................................................ Paper .................................................. Printing and publishing........................ Chemicals ........................................... Petroleum and coal products .............. Rubber and plastics ............................. Leather ................................................ .934 .955 .983 .933 .928 959 .958 .916 .918 .935 .925 .929 .914 .927 .946 .941 .945 .951 .970 .971 .897 .923 .917 .917 .939 .960 .933 .946 .990 .915 .911 .928 .939 .914 .893 .913 .912 .920 .892 .915 .925 .921 .930 .857 938 .950 .884 .918 .898 .900 .908 .934 .915 .924 .980 .894 .888 .923 933 .901 .873 .921 .866 .866 .892 .875 .911 .903 .903 .895 .929 938 .876 .873 .883 .890 .908 .902 .919 .924 .959 .907 .902 .929 .939 .899 .885 .919 .889 .901 .888 .907 .927 .915 .928 .872 .933 .938 .873 .907 .886 .890 .920 .931 .941 .947 .989 .934 .929 .955 .957 .924 .906 .942 .936 .918 .915 .928 .949 .941 .940 .933 .967 .970 .921 .938 .907 905 .937 .959 .930 .919 .990 .912 .907 .931 .930 .899 .875 .904 .924 .900 .896 .918 .916 .920 .927 .832 .936 .956 .892 .924 .881 .901 .909 .928 .908 .904 .981 .888 .880 .914 .914 .881 .852 .893 .861 .872 .890 .867 .896 .900 .918 .844 .918 .920 .867 .901 .862 .884 .886 .907 .921 .923 .981 .900 .896 .928 .921 .894 .864 .908 .894 .892 .886 .894 920 .904 .905 .818 .929 .932 .878 .906 .877 .871 .888 .927 .007 -.0 0 8 .006 .001 .001 -.0 0 4 -.001 .008 -.0 1 2 .007 .011 -.011 .001 .001 .003 .000 -.0 0 5 -.0 1 8 -.0 0 3 -.001 .024 .015 -.0 1 0 -.0 1 2 -.0 0 2 -.001 -.0 0 3 -.0 2 7 0 -.0 0 3 -.0 0 4 .003 -.0 0 9 -.0 1 5 -.0 1 8 -.0 0 9 .012 .020 .004 .003 -.0 0 9 -.001 -.0 0 3 -.0 2 5 -.0 0 2 .006 .008 .006 -.0 1 7 .001 .001 -.0 0 6 -.0 0 7 -.0 2 0 .001 -.0 0 6 -.0 0 8 -.0 0 9 -.0 1 9 -.0 2 0 -.021 -.0 2 8 -.0 0 5 -.0 0 6 -.0 0 2 -.0 0 8 -.0 1 5 -.0 0 3 .015 -.051 -.011 -.0 1 8 -.0 0 9 .028 -.021 -.0 0 6 -.0 2 2 .005 .002 -.001 .022 -.0 0 7 -.0 0 6 -.001 -.0 1 8 -.0 0 5 -.021 -.011 .005 -.0 0 9 -.0 0 2 -.0 1 3 -.0 0 7 -.011 -.0 2 3 -.0 5 4 -.004 -.0 0 6 .005 -.001 -.0 0 9 -.0 1 9 -.0 3 2 -.0 0 4 Transportation.................................................. Communications ............................................. .900 .908 .888 .943 958 .919 .913 .895 .902 .891 .939 .950 .926 .933 .873 .875 .862 925 .931 .903 .920 .876 .889 .858 .929 .947 .899 .916 .861 .888 .893 .959 .974 .915 .947 .847 .885 .889 .944 .967 .910 .941 .839 .858 .860 .922 .951 .870 .915 .846 .864 .852 .931 .966 .901 .931 -.0 3 9 -.0 2 0 .005 .016 .016 -.0 0 4 .034 • -.0 4 8 -.0 1 7 -.0 0 2 -.0 0 5 -.0 1 7 -.0 1 6 .008 -.0 3 4 -.0 1 7 -.0 0 2 -.0 0 3 -.0 2 0 -.0 3 3 -.0 0 5 -.0 3 0 -.0 2 5 -.0 0 6 .002 -.0 1 9 .002 -.0 1 5 Wholesale trade................................................ Retail trade....................................................... Finance, insurance, and real estate ................. Services............................................................ Hours of employees covered by the Current Employment Statistics survey (which includes approximately 180,000 establishments) represent approximately 85 percent of the total hours used in the b l s measure of productivity in the business sector. These hours are hours paid, and because paid leave hours are not used in the actual production of output, a bias in the productivity growth rate can occur if there is a year-to-year divergence in the ratio of hours at work to hours paid.3 The remaining 15 percent of total hours in the private business sector which are not covered by the Current Em ployment Statistics survey (the farm sector, the selfemployed, and unpaid family workers) come from the Cur rent Population Survey data which are collected each month from approximately 65,000 households. In this survey, the number of hours “ worked” during the survey week is re quested for employed persons.4 Results Nonagricultural business. The ratio of hours at work to hours paid for nonagricultural business establishments changed from .924 in 1981 to .926 in 1982. These ratios imply that the average production or nonsupervisory worker gets 19.5 days of paid leave per year, or slightly less than 4 weeks if 5 working days per week are assumed. This is, coinci dentally, approximately equal to the number of national holidays (9) plus 10 days (two 5-day weeks) of paid leave.3 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Industry. The hours at work to hours paid ratios also vary considerably by industry and size of firm. (See table 1.) For example, construction workers had a ratio in 1982 of .982, which indicates less than 1 week of paid leave per year. (The highest ratio recorded for either year is .990 for the second quarter of 1981 in the construction industry.) In contrast, the hours at work to hours paid ratios for nonsu pervisory workers in the transportation (.871) and utilities (.873) industries represent more than 6 weeks of paid leave time. The variation of the hours at work to hours paid ratio was less within manufacturing than for all manufacturing industries. In 1982, the ratios within manufacturing ranged from .940 in apparel to .853 in tobacco. The average for all manufacturing (.909) was slightly less than 5 weeks of paid leave time. The year-to-year changes in manufacturing extend from the - .039 in tobacco to .010 in printing and publishing. While the change between 1981 and 1982 for the economy as a whole was positive (and small), the 1981-82 changes among the industries varied much more, ranging from - .039 in tobacco to .016 in services. Also, the change for the manufacturing sector was negative.6 While this was a min ute change ( —.003), 16 of the 20 industries in manufac turing experienced decreases in the ratio between 1981 and 1982.7 (The exceptions were machinery, transportation equipment, paper, and printing and publishing.) Outside of manufacturing, the hours at work to hours paid 5 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW June 1984 • Survey of Hours Worked ratio also fell in most industries (5 of 9). However, there were large increases in the ratio in both the retail trade (.012) and the service industries (.016), which together account for more than 48 percent of employment outside manufac turing and 38 percent of nonfarm business employment. Also, the service industry was 1 of only 3 industries to experience an increase in employment in 1982 (the other two were mining and finance, insurance, and real estate). The construction (.004) and the wholesale trade (.002) in dustries also had increases in the hours at work to hours paid ratio. Establishment size. Based on the survey results, there is also a clear inverse relation between firm size and the hours at work to hours paid ratio: employees of smaller firms receive less paid leave. (See table 2.) Furthermore, this relationship seems to hold for all industries. In 1982, 5 percent of the hours paid were paid leave in establishments with fewer than 50 employees; 7 percent of the hours paid were for leave hours in establishments having between 50 and 499 employees; 10 percent, for establishments with 500 to 2,500 employees; and 14 percent, for establishments with more than 2,500 employees. The pattern was the same in 1981. Seasonal change. Another source of variation in the hours at work to hours paid ratio is seasonal change. (See table 3.) In general, the first and second quarters have higher ratios than the third and fourth quarters with the third quarter usually posting the lowest ratio. This is expected, as there are more holidays in the third and fourth quarters than in the earlier quarters (6 of the 9 holidays are after July 1) and during the third quarter (July through September) the ma jority of workers take vacations. In first-quarter 1982, for the nonagricultural sector, the ratio was .944; in the second quarter, .930; in the third, .908; and in the fourth, .921. The pattern was more pronounced in 1982 than in 1981. This seasonal pattern was also apparent in the manufacturing sector and the separate industries. Productivity measures The magnitude of the change in the hours at work to hours paid ratio, while, it may be small when observed by itself, has an appreciable effect in relation to productivity growth. An annual change of 0.2 percentage point over several years would be a significant trend in relation to the currently measured annual rate of growth in productivity. Labor productivity (output per hour) increased at an annual rate of 2.4 percent from 1948 to 1983 in the business sector. --------- IOC ' Report o f the Task Force on Hours Worked (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1976). 1Trends in Multifactor Productivity, 1948-81 (Bureau of Labor Statis tics, 1983), pp. 31 and 66-68. 3Early studies by the Bureau of Labor Statistics using data from the 6 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 4. Percent change in output per hour for nonfarm and manufacturing employees from same quarter a year ago, adjusted for change in hours at work, 1981-82 Quarter I Industry III II IV Unad Unad Unad Unad Adjusted Adjusted Adjusted justed justed Adjusted justed justed Nonfarm business . . . . -0 .1 -0 .8 0.3 0.6 0.1 0.8 1.5 1.3 Manufacturing . 0.1 Durable . . . . -0 .3 Nondurable . 0.7 0.0 -0 .4 0.7 0.2 -0 .2 0.7 0.5 0.2 0.8 1.5 1.4 1.6 2.1 2.2 1.9 3.6 3.4 3.9 4.3 4.0 5.0 A 0.2-percentage-point adjustment to this rate of growth of output per hour is a difference of over 8 percent.8 Change in the hours at work to hours paid ratio inversely affects productivity growth rates based on hours paid: an increase in the ratio means that hours at work rose faster than hours paid so that (given no change in output) pro ductivity based on hours at work would increase more slowly. Conversely, a decrease in the ratio will cause the annual rate of growth of productivity to rise. The effects of a change in the hours at work to hours paid ratio are different for a labor versus a multifactor produc tivity measure.9 For the labor productivity measure (output per hour) the effect is equal to the percentage change in the ratio. For example, the 1981—82 change is 0.2 percentage point, so the annual rate of growth in output per hour for the nonfarm business sector would be 0.2 percentage point less then presently reported. In contrast, the effect on the rate of growth of multifactor productivity is smaller than the change in the hours at work to hours paid ratio because labor (hours) is only one of two factor inputs. The change in the multifactor productivity growth rate is equal to the product of labor’s share of income (about 65 percent) and the percentage change in the hours at work to hours paid ratio. From 1981 to 1982, this was about 0 .1 percentage point. Although sufficient data are not available to develop sea sonal factors for the hours at work to hours paid ratios, the changes from the same quarter a year ago can be measured. Table 4 shows both the presently published and adjusted output per hour measures for the same quarter a year ago for both manufacturing and nonfarm business. As indicated by the table, there are substantial adjustments in the output per hour measures when the changes in the hours at work to hours paid ratio are applied to the growth rates from the same quarter a year ago. 'THS--------now discontinued Survey of Employer Expenditure for Employee Com pensation showed that hours paid were increasing l percent faster annually than hours at work between 1967 and 1977. See Report o f the Task Force. 4Though the Current Population Survey (cps) hours are an hours ■‘worked'' concept, it has been noted that there is a great possibility of response error. because the respondent is frequently a nonworking member of the house hold. Consequently, the Current Employment Statistics survey and not the CPS is the primary source of hours for productivity measurement. See Report o f the Task Force, pp. 25-26. 7The decrease in the hours at work to hours paid ratio for manufacturing industries may indicate that employees who earn the least amount of paid leave are laid off first, while firms retain the senior employees who receive the most leave. This may also account for the rise in the hours at work to hours paid ratio in the service industry which experienced an increase in employment and therefore an increase in the proportion of employees with little seniority. 5These ratios are not, however, adjusted for the number of days worked in a normal week or the composition of part- and full-time employees. Hence, for persons who work more or less than 5 days a week on average, the number of days of leave time will vary accordingly. That is, a person who only works 2.5 days a week could still have the same hours at work to hours paid ratio, but would, on average, get only half as many paid leave days. *Considering that the annual growth rate of output per hour was only 0.9 percent between 1973 and 1983 in the business sector, the relative importance of the hours at work to hours paid adjustment may be even greater. ftEven though the 1981 response rate was relatively low. an analysis of the establishments, which reported for both years, suggests that the lindings of the first year are well within the acceptable range of possible error. ‘'For an explanation of the multifactor productivity measure, see Jerome A. Mark and William H. Waldorf. "Multifactor productivity: a new bls measure." Monthly Labor Review, December 1983. pp. 3-15. APPENDIX: Survey design The establishments included in the Hours at Work Survey are a stratified random sample of the Unemployment In surance reporting system: the ES-202 file. The file, which consists of approximately 4.5 million establishments, covers more than 95 percent of nonagricultural employment. Be tween 4,000 and 4,500 establishments are randomly selected for the survey. Sample stratification is by industry and num ber of employees at the establishment. The Hours at Work Survey is conducted annually by mail. T a b le A . H o u r s a t w o r k s u r v e y , u s a b le r e s p o n s e r a te b y in d u s t r y , 1 98 1 a n d 1 9 8 2 (In percent) Industry Nonagricultural business ............................. Mining ............................. Construction...................................... Manufacturing...................................... Durable ......................................... Lumber and w o o d .......................... Furniture and fixtures.............. Stone, clay, and g la s s ................. Primary m etals........................ Fabricated metals .......................... Machinery (excluding electrical)........................ Electrical machinery.................................... Transportation equipment.......................... Instruments..................... Miscellaneous manufacturing........................ Nondurable............................... Food products ................................. Tobacco ........................................ Textile m ills .......................... Apparel products .......................... Paper products............................... Printing and publishing .......................... Chemicals .......................... Petroleum and coal products.............. Rubber and plastic products . . . . Leather and leather goods............ Transportation ......................................... Communications............................... Electric, gas, and sanitary services................. Wholesale trade .................................... Retail trade .......................... Finance, insurance, and real estate . . Services........................ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1981 1982 48 36 36 53 57 56 64 51 64 59 61 50 62 50 51 80 76 80 83 85 88 86 90 87 85 83 80 77 87 84 49 47 54 54 42 62 41 53 38 46 52 80 79 76 88 74 83 78 79 74 88 82 44 19 59 33 31 34 36 77 55 78 79 76 72 71 There are three mailings (beginning in February of each year) with selected telephone followup. Using two ques tionnaires (one for manufacturing, mining, and construc tion. and one for all other industries), establishments are asked to record the total number of hours paid and the total number of hours at work for the previous year, by quarter, for all production and nonsupervisory workers. Ratios of hours at work to hours paid are calculated by quarter, es tablishment size, and industry (two-digit Standard Industrial Classification (sic) industries within manufacturing and one digit sic industries elsewhere). In the first year (which is referred to as the 1981 survey, the year for which the information was collected), the usable response rate was 48 percent for all industries. The rate was much higher for manufacturing industries (53 percent) than for nonmanufacturing (table A). The lowest response was in the communications industry (19 percent); the highest was in primary metals and furniture industries (64 percent). Following the first survey, a response analysis with fol lowup interviews was conducted for 150 establishments. This consisted of a personal interview, by Bureau of Labor Statistics personnel, with the establishment’s representative responsible for keeping the hours or payroll records. Ques tions asked concerned the nature and extent of the hours records. Information derived from this response analysis survey resulted in new questionnaires designed to aid re spondents in reporting the correct data. Also, new followup procedures for contacting respondents were implemented which helped to increase the number of respondents and improve the accuracy of the responses. Consequently, for the second year, the response rate was a remarkably high 80 percent tor all industries, and 83 percent for manufac turing. Again, the lowest response rate was in the com munications industry (55 percent). The highest response was in the stone, clay, and glass industry (90 percent). 7 The Current Population Survey: a historical perspective and BLS’ role assumed major responsibility for the CPS in 1959 and since then there have been increases in sample size, changes in and additions of questions, and refinements in the household survey s concept, but, in general, the basic concepts have remained the same since the survey’s beginnings in 1940 bls John E. B regger The Current Population Survey is probably the oldest con tinuous monthly sample survey of households in the world. Its roots go back to March 1940, when the Works Progress Administration, an independent agency established during the Great Depression of the 1930’s, initiated a small, house hold survey that would measure the level and change in the size of the labor force, employment, and unemployment. In the ensuing period, the survey has grown to its present size of 60,000 households, and more information is now collected. But the 44 years have seen few changes in the basic concepts used to measure employment and unem ployment, and a remarkably comparable set of historical data is available for public use. This article describes the history of the Current Population Survey, with particular emphasis on its development in the past quarter century, over which time the Bureau of Labor Statistics has had primary responsibility for the survey. The 1940-59 period During the Great Depression it became obvious to poli cymakers that accurate statistical information on unem ployment and related problems was unavailable. Estimates of employment existed through the survey of nonagricultural John E. Bregger is chief. Division of Employment and Unemployment Analysis, Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 8 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis establishments that had been conducted by bls since 1915, and counts of “ gainful workers" were obtained in the de cennial censuses. But throughout the worst years of the depression, no one knew how many unemployed persons there were, much less their characteristics. (Later, it was estimated that the jobless rate had been as high as 25 per cent.1) The problem of obtaining more accurate estimates of unemployment was first addressed with the 1937 Census of Unemployment, a postcard survey covering the entire country.2 This survey presented numerous problems, be cause no statistical controls were possible, such as for non response, but it whetted appetites for more data, leading to the first sample survey of the population in December 1939.3 The first 3 months of the survey were a testing period, and March 1940 is generally credited as the beginning date of what was then called the "Monthly Report of Unemploy ment." This date coincided with the 1940 census of pop ulation, which also, for the first time, asked questions on the labor force, employment, and unemployment based on a new activity concept. The activity concept refers to a person's labor market status being determined by what he or she was doing during a specified time (which has come to be a specific week). Prior to the 1937 postcard census, the labor force concept used was the “ gainful-worker" measure. This referred to persons who were reporting themselves as having an oc cupation from which they had earned money or a money equivalent, or in which they had assisted in the production of goods, regardless of whether they had worked or looked for work at the time of the census.4 Consideration of these responses was useful when interest was focused on broad measures of potential labor supply and available skills. However, it was not particularly useful as a measure of current labor force utilization, because it included not only currently employed persons but also some people who were either unemployed or not in the labor force. The activity concept solved this problem, and. beginning with the post card census and continuing in the Works Progress Admin istration-initiated survey, it was established that the population could be divided into employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force. Only the amount and type of detail collected and the degree of sophistication of the questions have changed since then, although there have been many changes in the survey and sample design. The conceptual framework has been revised only around the edges: There has been no change in the notions that employment means that one is working (more precisely, has a job), that unemployment requires that a job is being sought, and that absence of either activity means a person is not in the labor force. The Works Progress Administration retained responsi bility for the survey throughout 1940 and 1941, but as the agency began to be phased out of existence it became clear that the survey needed a permanent home. The Bureau of Labor Statistics, Census Bureau, and Social Security Ad ministration were all candidates, and in August 1942 the Bureau of the Budget (now the Office of Management and Budget) selected the Census Bureau.5 By October 1943, the Bureau of Census had thoroughly revised the sample, con verted it to a full probability basis, and expanded the number of primary sampling units. Within 2 years, the sample size was increased from about 8,000 to 23,000 housing units/1 The name was changed as well, to the "Monthly Report on the Labor Force," and still later (1948) it became known as the Current Population Survey ( c p s ). The Census Bureau continued to introduce improvements into the survey over the next 15 years, including further sample expansions, sampling refinements, and the notion of collecting special information once a year on an ad hocbasis through supplements. Among the changes were the use of the decennial censuses as the basis for revising the sampling frame and population controls and the introduction of the 4 -8 -4 rotation system for sample households (that is, a household is in the sample for 4 months, out for 8, and returns for 4 more months). By 1959, there were some 35,000 households covered monthly in 330 areas throughout the Nation. 1959— bls takes over In a memorandum dated November 19, 1958, issued by the Bureau of the Budget, then Secretaries Lewis Strauss of the Department of Commerce and James Mitchell of the Department of Labor agreed to a BLS-Census Bureau swap https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis of responsibilities. The b l s gave up its role in construction statistics, associated with contracts awarded, building per mits, housing starts, and construction activity series; the Census Bureau gave up the responsibility for the content, analysis, and publication of the "Monthly Report on the Labor Force." The memorandum indicated that “ the b l s will purchase from the Census Bureau the collection and tabulation services," assume "the budget responsibility for the employment and unemployment statistics portion,” and that the Census Bureau would retain responsibility for con ducting specific c p s supplements and issuing those reports.7 The effective date of this transfer of duties was July 1, 1959. Up to the time of the transfer, the employment and un employment statistics were issued under Current Population Reports series P-57, entitled "The Monthly Report on the Labor Force." Typically 16 pages, this report combined analysis and tabular material and was sold by the Census Bureau for 15 cents a copy. Summary statistics in advance of this report were issued jointly by the Departments of Commerce and Labor in a "Combined Employment and Unemployment Release" and included material not only from the c p s but also data on nonagricultural payroll em ployment (from b l s ) and State insured unemployment (from the then Bureau of Employment Security). After the trans fer, b l s continued the tradition of a combined release of data from these three programs with its own "Monthly Report on the Labor Force" and also began to include the household survey statistics in its monthly magazine Em ployment and Earnings. Indeed, it was undoubtedly the desire to centralize the control and analysis of data from separate sources-—but particularly the household and estab lishment surveys8— that led to the transfer of functions. As time passed, a number of changes occurred in the publication format and amount of detail derived from the c p s . For example, because c p s data were generally available earlier than the establishment data, they were issued in sum mary detail in a news release entitled "Summary Employ ment and Unemployment Figures." About a week later, the "Monthly Report on the Labor Force" was published, cov ered by another news release, "The Employment Situa tion." This second news release averaged about four pages, with summary text and one table of highlights, while the "Monthly Report on the Labor Force" grew to some 20 pages that included text, charts, data from both surveys, and explanatory material. In 1966, improvements in the processing of the estab lishment survey made it possible to release the two sets of data together, and "The Employment Situation" became the vehicle for this issuance. At the same time, the "Monthly Report on the Labor Force" was discontinued as a separate publication but was retained as part of Employment and Earnings, which was retitled Employment and Earnings and Monthly Report on the Labor Force. (In 1969, "Monthly Report on the Labor Force" was dropped from the title.) 9 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW June 1984 • History o f the CPS Along with the changes in the mode of issuance of these reports and releases came improvements in the detail pre sented. One important advance was in the area of seasonal adjustment of data series. In the 1950’s, the overall un employment rate had been the only statistic that was adjusted for seasonality. Therefore, all analysis was based on un adjusted data. Analyses in those days contained frequent references to weather conditions and also to labor force and other changes that typically occurred at the given time of year and whether a particular monthly movement was more or less than usual. The advent of computers gave rise to the possibility of extensive seasonal adjustment, which elimi nated much of this problem and clarified analytical inter pretations. It also facilitated a better understanding of cyclical movements, as economic comparisons could be made more easily between pairs of months for periods other than 1-year intervals. Changes since the takeover Growth in sample size. Since the transfer of functions between b l s and the Census, the number of surveyed house holds has been expanded on four occasions and reduced twice. The count remained at 35,000 occupied households from 1956 through the end of 1966. Then, households that had been used in a separate panel survey for testing ques tionnaire changes during 1964-66 were added to increase the count to 50,000.9 An important reason for increasing the sample size was to improve the reliability of data on detailed worker groups, such as that pertaining to race, sex, and age. The size was subsequently reduced slightly to 47,000 in the early 1970’s, as a result of a redesign of the sample following the 1970 census of population. However, certain sampling refinements resulted in increased data re liability; for example, area coverage was increased from 333 to 449 primary sampling units.10 Later in the 1970’s, demands for State and area data increased markedly, commensurate with expanded uses of subnational labor force data. A variety of legislative man dates, including the Comprehensive Employment and Train ing Act, required unemployment data for States and areas as a basis for distributing billions of dollars in revenue sharing monies. The Current Population Survey as consti tuted at that time was essentially a national sample designed to produce national data. Prior to 1976, subnational data deemed sufficiently reliable to warrant publication, even on an annual average basis, covered only 10 States. b l s solved this problem by expanding the number of sample households for the less-populated States; this was done in stages. In 1976, 9,000 additional households were sampled, with all of the expansion in 23 smaller States. Another 9,000 households were added to the survey in 1980, this time in 40 States. Initially, these 18,000 households were used to boost data reliability for State and sub-State estimation but subsequently were added to the national sam ple, also in stages. The national sample size thus became lt) https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 56,000 occupied households in 1978 and 65,000 in 1980. There was a final sample increase of 6,000 households in 1981, designed to improve the reliability of data for 30 specific metropolitan areas, 10 of their central cities, and the balance of State estimates for those States containing these areas. (This last increase was never used for national estimates.) In 1982, with the advent of Federal budget stringencies, it became necessary to cut back on some of these added households. After a careful review of the needs for State and local labor force estimates, b l s at that time decided that the final 6,000 addition plus half of the 1980 addition would have to be rescinded. Thus, a total of 11,000 surveyed households was eliminated, and the monthly sample size became the current figure of 60,000 occupied households, representing 629 areas in 1,148 counties and independent cities. Because the expansions had not materially improved the reliability of national estimates— in that they concen trated on the less-populated States— this reduction in house holds did not reduce national data reliability. Conceptual and other changes. As indicated earlier, the advent of monthly household survey enumeration in the labor force field brought with it the notion of activity as a basis for categorizing the population into discrete employ ment status groupings. This conceptual basis has been sus tained throughout the ensuing 44 years. There have been changes in the wording of some of the questions to improve understanding on the part of survey respondents and thus produce better results, refinements in the concept, and the addition of questions to elicit more information about the population, but the basic concepts have remained the same. Over time, the statistics that have generated the greatest interest have been the level and rate of unemployment. Unemployment is basically defined as being without a job, looking for one, and being currently available for work. Exhibit 1, the questionnaire currently used in the survey, shows how the unemployed are identified through questions 22 (yes), 22A. and 22E. Persons on layoff and those waiting to start a job within 30 days need not have looked for work to be counted as unemployed; they are identified in questions 21 and 21 A. Contrast this with the primary question (cor responding to question 22) asked in 1945: "Was . . . look ing for work last week?" Layoffs were not identified until 1947. Prior to 1945, interviewers did not even ask specific questions directly to respondents but were instructed to de termine if, for example, they had jobs or were seeking them. By 1947, the "last week” was dropped— it had been spec ified for all previous questions associated with jobholding— and the question became: "W as . . . looking for work?” In the early years, persons on a temporary layoff (less than 30 days) and those awaiting the start of a new job (also within 30 days) were included among the employed. But, following recommendations by a 1955 study commission,11 both groups were shifted into the unemployed category be Extract from Current Population Survey Interviewer Schedule 18. LIN E N U M B ER 19. What was . . . doing most o f LA ST W EEK - Did . . . have a job or Has . . . been looking for work work around the house? business from which he/she during the past 4 weeks? (N o te : I f farm o r business was temporarily absent or u n pa id w o rk .) J Keeping house O ^es Going to school or something else? / ^ No O (Go to 21) 20 A . H ow many hours did . . . work j With a job but not at work . . j O LA ST W EEK 88 at all jobs? Going to school......................S O 20B. IN T E R V IE W E R 49 O 3 5 -4 8 O Own illness.......... o o (Go to 20C) Placed or answered ads. O Nothing (S kip to 24) O New job to begin (Skip to O 22B a n d 22C2) Other (Specify in notes, e.g., within 30 days friends or relatives . . O (Under 3 0 days) W EEK for any reason O Indefinite layoff such as illness, holiday CETA, un ion o r pro f, register, e tc .). O O H ow many hours did . . . take off? What is the reason i f 20A reduced be low 35, o ff LA ST WEEK? . . . U S U A L L Y works correct 20B and f i l l 20C ; Yes............... otherwise, skip to 23.) (M ark the appropriate reason) N o ............... -~7- Self-employed 20E. Did . . . work any overtim e Slack w o r k ............................... O Material shortage....................... O Plant or machine repair............ O O O O Wanted temporary work O Other (Specify in notes) O Lost job........................... Quit j o b ......................... Left school.......... 22C . 1) H ow many weeks o o o / O necessary i f extra hours Holiday (Legal o r religious) . . . . O n o t already inclu de d and Labor d isp u te........................... O skip to 23.) On vacation............................... O Too busy w ith housework, school, personal bus., etc. .. Did not want full-tim e work. .. 3 3 or ^ for work? ^ ^ O O Full-time work week under 35 h o u rs ................... O Other reason (S pe cify) ............. O \ (S kip to 23 and enter jo b A B 8 8 8 C 3 3 °r °c 5 G ? B 5 G ? 8 00 3 up to 4 years ago . No O O C C U PA T IO N O O O D E O O F O G H O O J K O O O O L M ■ ■ ™ © 0 N i I P O O 2 8 3 3 3 Q O R O ar * * S 5 S T O O 6 6 6 U O ? V O W O 3 ? ? 8 S 8 9 9 9 Ref. O X Y Z o O O job......... Temporary illness . . . . jGoing to school........... f Other (Specify in notes) O O O O 22F. When did . . . last w ork at a full-tim e job or business lasting 2 consecutive weeks or more? W ithin last 12 months (Specify) .. (M o n th ) 3 3 5 G 5 6 4 up to 5 years ago. . 5 or more years aga . (S kip to 24C) Never worked............ ■ ™ Personal, fam ily ( Inel. pregnancy) or school. O Health............................................. O Retirement or old age................... O sI «? 0 0 25B. Is . . . paid by the hour Yes O No O O Temporary nonseasonal job completed.. . . Unsatisfactory work arrangements (Hours, pay, etc.) O ther.............................................. (Go to 25C) (Skip to 25D ) 25C . H o w much Dollars Cents earn 0 0 0 0 per hour? II 8 8 II 8 8 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 G G ? ? does . . . O O O 24C. D oes. . . want a regular job now, either fu ll-o r part-time? Yes.......................... Maybe - O ( it depends O I (G o to 24D ) (Specify in notes) N o .......................... Don't k n o w ........... O ( O | (S kip to 24 E) (A skß S D ) 24 D . W hat are the reasons . . . is n ot looking for work? (M ark each reason m entioned) 25 D . H ow much does . U S U A L L Y earn per week at this cj c) Part O Yes O t Already has a ■ ^ (S kip to 23) I I I pt q 22E. Is there any reason why . . . could not take a job LA ST WEEK? * fR Y O 0 ^ 0 0 0 jo b B EFOR E O | 0 0 0 ^ 22D . Has . . . been looking for full-tim e o r part-time work? h e ld last week) No j did . . . start looking was . . . laid off? O No (C orrect 20A and 20 B as Could find only part-time work O g g Full 0 w ork a t this job? at this job? Yes O Job terminated during week. . . O Own illness............................... j for work? 3) How many weeks ago 21C. Does . . . usually work How many extra hours d id . . . work? New job started during week . . O O has . . . been looking 2) H ow many weeks ago 35 hours or more a week Bad weather.............................. q q ?? LA ST WEEK? O / U SU A LLY 24B) Slack work or business conditions or at more than one job Yes 1 up to 2 years ago . . . 2 up to 3 years ago . Seasonal job completed................. O 2 1 B. Is . . . getting wages or salary for any o f the tim e O 2 or 6 (G o to 25A ) per week does . . . or q uit a job at that time (pause) HI n o t already deducted; No 1, 3, 4. 5, 7 or 8 ( S kip to 26) O 2 5 A . H ow many hours O \ | O f ) (Go to or was there some other reason? I O Other (S pecify) . . O (C o rre ct 20A i f lost tim e less than 3 5 hours regular job or business, either fu ll-o r for work? Was it because . . . lost What is the reason a week? number is: O on this job? 22B. W hy did . . . start looking [(S k ip ( t° \ 22C3) (30 days o r m ore o r no def. recall d a te ) ............... or slack work? \ . . . worked less than No First digit o f S E G M E N T 24B. W hy did . . . leave that job? Temporary layoff take any tim e o ff LA ST 3 5 hours LA ST WEEK? O employer directly • • • O Labor dispute.. . . 20D . Did . . . lose any tim e or Yes O ■ Bad weather........ (G o to 20D ) Yes O O pvt. employ, agency 0 (R o ta tio n num ber) 2 4 A . When did . . . last work fo r pay at a W ithin past 12 months pub. employ, agency O 25 . IN T E R V IE W E R C H E C K ITEM O 1 . 3 , 4 , 5 . 7 or 8 (S kip to 26) O 2 or 6 (G o to 2 4 A ) -------------------- / ---------------------- part-time? Checked with — (S kip to item 23) -------- / — 20C. Does . . . U S U A L L Y work 3 5 methods used; do n o t read list.) w ork LA ST WEEK? 5 5 G G (G o to 24) 4 weeks to find work? (M a rk a ll j (R o ta tio n num ber) First digit o f S E G M E N T number is: 22 A . W hat has . . . been doing in the last * On vacation.......... 1 -3 4 hours or more a week at this job? (G o to 22) 3 3 C H EC K IT E M O \ No 0 O No V . Unable to work (S kip to 24). .U Yes O 21 A. W hy was . . . absent from q q O Looking for w ork.................LK O Keeping house.......... ............H O y — Yes O on layoff LA ST WEEK? Working (S kip to 2 0 A ) . . . . WK Retired.................................... R O Other (Specify) .....................OT O 24. IN T E R V IE W E R C H E C K ITEM] 22. ( I f L K in 19, S k ip to 2 2 A .) LA ST W EEK , not counting operator in hh., ask about i Working ( 21. ( I f J in 19, skip to 21 A .) 20. Did . . . do any w ork at all . Exhibit 1. Couldn't find any work. Lacks nec. schooling, training, skills or experience. deductions? I I I Include any 8 8 8 overtim e pay, 3 3 3 °r °r *r commissions, Employers think too young or too old. 5 5 5 G G G ? ? ? or tips usually __ Other pers. handicap in finding job received. 8 8 8 Can't arrange child care................... 0 0 0 Family responsibilities..................... In school or other training............... O III health, physical disab ility............. O Other (Specify in n o te s ) .................. O 25E . On this job, is . . . a member of a labor union o r o f an O employee association similar to a union? S One to five years ago..................... O More than 5 years ago................... O Never worked full-time 2 wks. or more............ O Never worked at a ll....................... O (S K IP to 23. I f la y o ff entered in 21 A, enter jo b , eith er fu ll o r p a rt time, fro m w hich la id off. Else enter last fu ll tim e io b lasting 2 weeks o r m ore, o r "never w o rke d .") Yes O O Don't kn o w ....................................... No O 24E . Does . . . intend to look for work o f any kind in the next 12 months? (Skip to 26) (A sk 25 F ) 2 5 F . On this job, is . . . covered b y a union or employee association contract? O It depends (Specify in notes) Yes O No O Don't know........................ ( I f en try in 24B, describe jo b in 23, otherwise, skip to 26) __________ ( \ (Go to 26) 23. DESCRIPTION OF JOB OR BUSINESS 23 A . For whom did . . . work? (Name o f com pany, business, organization o r othe r em ployer.) 23E. Was this person 2 3 F . IN T E R V IE W E R An employee of PRIVATE Co, bus., or individual for wages, salary or comm. . . P O 23B . What kind o f business or industry is this? (F o r exam ple: T V a n d radio m fg., re ta il shoe store, State La bo r Dept., farm .) A FEDERAL government employee.......................... F O i / (Go to sells cars, operates p rin tin g press, finishes concrete.) ginning in 1957. (Historical data were revised back to 1947.) Many changes in the questionnaire occurred in 1967, resulting from recommendations made by the President’s Committee to Appraise Employment and Unemployment Statistics (often called the Gordon Committee after its chair, Professor Robert A. Gordon) in its 1962 report, Measuring Employment and Unemployment. 12 Changes affecting un- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis i A STATE government employee................................S O A LOCAL government employee............................... L O 23F> ! Self-empl. in OWN bus., prof, practice, or farm ■ i 23C. What kind o f work was . . . doing? (F o r exam ple: electrical engineer, stock clerk, typist, fa rm er.) 23D. What were . . .'s most important activities or duties at this job? (F o r exam ple: types, keeps account books, files, j I Yes.....................I O Is the business incorporated? \ ^ I N o ................... SE O Working WITHOUT PAY in fam. bus. or farm. . . .WP O NEVER WORKED.................................................NEV O C H EC K IT E M Entry (or NA) in item 20A t O / (G o to 25 } a t to p o f Entry (or NA) in item 21B O 1 koge) 1 A ll other cases O (S kip to 26) i 1 i i (S kip \ to 26 ) \ i employment counts included moving to a 4-week search period from the implied 1 week, the requirement of at least one specific search method (to avoid “ state of mind” sit uations), and the addition of an “ availability test” to insure that jobless individuals were searching for a current job as opposed to one in the future. At the same time, the minimum age for labor force eligibility was raised from 14 to 16 years 11 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW June 1984 • History of the CPS (not a Commission recommendation) in order to conform to age requirements regarding school attendance and work eligibility. In addition, those persons who volunteered that they would have looked for work except for the belief that there were no jobs available in their line of work or in the community were no longer counted as unemployed; this change was made in keeping with the specific search method requirement. Also, persons who had a job but were “ with a job but not at work” (such as on strike or vacation) and volunteered that they had looked for another job during their absence from their current job were switched from the un employed to the employed count. Neither of these last two changes was thought to have greatly affected survey re sults. 13 Note the emphasis on the word volunteered. One of the Gordon Committee’s tenets was that “ reliance on subjective attitudes and volunteered information should be mini mized.” 14 The changes that it recommended and that were instituted following a period of extensive testing by the b l s and Census Bureau during 1964-66 clarified several hitherto gray areas in the measurement of unemployment. Specifi cally, to be counted as unemployed, a person had to be; (1) without a job, (2) be available for one “ now” (excluding temporary illness), and (3) indicate one or more search methods used sometime in the prior 4 weeks. Thus, the use of activity as a basis for labor force classification was strengthened. While the Gordon Committee suggested the elimination of volunteered discouragement from the unemployed count, it also recommended that more information be obtained on the entire group of persons not in the labor force. The result was the series of questions now numbered 24. (See exhibit 1.) Labor force discouragement is identified primarily through questions 24C and 24D. Data on this important group have been collected regularly since 1967 and published on a quarterly basis. More recently, another presidential study group— the National Commission on Employment and Un employment Statistics, chaired by Professor Sar Levitan— examined closely the measurement of labor market dis couragement, among a number of other issues. Though ul timately concurring that discouraged workers should not be included among the unemployed, the Commission did rec ommend that several changes be made in their definition, foremost of which was a requirement of some previous job search, which it specified to be within the prior 6 months (but not, of course, within the last 4 weeks).15 This rec ommendation was accepted by Secretaries of Labor Ray Marshall and Raymond J. Donovan,16 but, owing to the lack of funding to carry out adequate testing, it has not as yet been introduced into the survey. Data and analytical advances As indicated, one of the reasons that the responsibility for the Current Population Survey was transferred to the b l s was to integrate the analytical functions. The Bureau 12 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis already had a well-respected journal, the Monthly Labor Review, which has served as the vehicle for much of the analysis of c p s data. Numerous articles by b l s staff covering various aspects of labor force behavior and trends have appeared in the Review, for example, a review of employ ment and unemployment developments is published an nually. 11 The range of topics drawing on c p s data has been extraordinarily diverse, reflecting the diversity of the survey itself. Thus, there have been articles on the employment situation of specific worker groups, for example, youth, the elderly, women, blacks, and Hispanics; on trends for spe cific economic sectors; agriculture, self-employment, and various occupational or industrial groups; and on worker characteristics such as educational attainment, job tenure, or moonlighting. The focus may be a snapshot of conditions at a specific time, a study of secular trends, or an analysis of cyclical developments. Techniques of analysis range from relatively simple, cross-sectional comparisons to more com plex quantitative procedures. Many of the articles, and par ticularly those based on c p s supplements, also have been reprinted as Special Labor Force Reports. Beginning with the first one issued in 1960 on the subject of educational attainment of workers,18 there have been 252 of these reports published (as of February 1984). In most cases, these re printed reports contain special tabular material that does not appear in the articles. Responsibility for c p s supplements has been shared by the b l s and the Census Bureau over the years. Indeed, the c p s has also been available for other agencies to purchase space for special inquiries, and the Departments of Agri culture and Health and Human Services have been frequent users of the survey, taking advantage of the fact that, al though it is primarily designed for the collection of em ployment and unemployment statistics, it is also a general population survey. At present, the Census Bureau uses the survey to obtain data on annual income of persons and families; educational attainment, fertility, birth expecta tions, and migration of the population; and school enroll ment of youth. The Bureau of Labor Statistics obtains data annually on the work experience of the population (in con junction with the income supplement), the status of schoolage youth and recent school graduates and dropouts, edu cational attainment of workers, and the marital and family status of workers. Through 1981. b l s also obtained annual supplemental information on multiple jobholders, work schedules, and absences from work. On a less frequent, sometimes even ad hoe basis, data have been obtained from BLS-sponsored supplements on job and occupational tenure, occupational mobility, work history and job search of the unemployed, and how workers got their jobs. Most recently, a special supplement was conducted in January 1984 on displaced workers. Much effort has gone into expanding the amount of sta tistical detail published— and also the amount available for special analyses or for users— principally in “ The Em- ployment Situation” news releases and in Employment and Earnings. In addition to this expansion of monthly detail, new data series have been added on a quarterly basis, cov ering such features as family status of workers, weekly earnings of individuals and families, Hispanics, veterans, metropolitan areas, poverty areas, and persons not in the labor force (including discouraged workers). For the con venience of users, b l s has provided additional published reports on a quarterly basis— for women, minorities, and workers’ earnings. Chartbooks have also been issued on an occasional basis.19 A major achievement has been the is suance of a two-volume historical databook.20 In order to clarify the survey, the data, and the concepts, b l s has pre pared a number of special technical reports, including How the Government Measures Unemployment ,21 which has been updated and reissued on several occasions. The data on weekly wage and salary earnings referred to earlier (see questions 25A-25D in exhibit 1) became a part of the monthly survey questionnaire in 1979, after having been previously collected through a c p s supplement. More recently, b l s has added survey questions eliciting infor mation on the union affiliation of employed persons (25E and 25F); publication of these data has not yet been initiated but will probably begin within a year. Another addition to the monthly questionnaire, not shown in the exhibit, asks persons who are 16 to 24 years old whether they are currently enrolled in school and, if so, whether they attend college or high school on a full- or part-time basis. This resulted from a recommendation by the National Commission on Employment and Unemployment Statistics,22 and, as with the union membership information, these data have not as yet been published. In both cases, however, b l s will begin publishing the data on a continuing basis as soon as the survey results have been carefully reviewed for accuracy and consistency. The future of c ps Between April 1984 and July 1985, an entirely new sam ple is being phased in, based on information and materials from the 1980 census of population. Redesigns are routine, in the sense that this process has occurred following every decennial census since the survey’s inception. However, the current redesign is not routine but, rather, has involved an extensive reexamination of the entire survey process. Per haps the biggest change is that, heretofore, the c p s has had a national sample design. But as previously discussed, the demands for subnational data that arose in the 1970’s needed to be accommodated. In the sampling design now being introduced, the national sample will be the combination of 51 individual samples— each State plus the District of Co lumbia. Further changes in the questionnaire are being contem plated, but implementation, if feasible, would first require testing and evaluation. Past experience, particularly with the introduction of the new questionnaire in 1967, has made https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis it clear that survey revisions cannot be made without ex tensive testing in a survey panel that is separate and distinct from the c p s . We have learned, for example, that changes in wording or in seemingly irrelevant areas can affect the important measures of employment and unemployment. Thus, the plan to revise the definition of discouragement cannot be put into place until after full testing. In addition to the discouragement measurement change, consideration is being given to two comparatively minor changes that can be expected to affect the composition of unemployment. One of the ways the unemployed are class ified is by their “ reason for unemployment” — that is, whether they lost their last job, left it, or entered the labor force. Within the job-loser category are persons on layoff (who expect recall to their former job) and persons who have permanently lost their job (other job losers). As was dis cussed by Robert W. Bednarzik in “ Layoff and permanent job losses: workers’ traits and cyclical patterns,” there is a strong suspicion that the extent of unemployment stemming from worker layoffs is overstated.22 Through a test con ducted by the b l s and the Census Bureau in 1982, it was learned that while the term “ on layoff,” as used in questions 21 and 21 A, is intended to refer to a job from which a person has been suspended with the expectation o f recall, the nonstatistical community— including some survey re spondents— interpret the word more broadly to mean that a job was lost, whether or not recall was anticipated,24 The concept of layoff that is meant to be measured with question 21 must be specified more precisely for the respondent, so that persons reporting themselves on layoff will fit the def inition intended in the survey. A rewording of the question would move some unemployed from the layoff to the other job-losers category, in which persons are searching for work, but only adequate testing could determine the extent of the change. Moreover, a few of those currently classified as being on layoff may not have sought work in the prior 4 weeks and, if so, would properly be classified as not in the labor force. The second possible candidate for change in the unem ployment area concerns “ persons expecting to start a new job within 30 days.'' As described earlier, this category was included among the employed prior to 1957 and then shifted into the unemployed beginning that year. Current thinking is that the concept need not exist at all. Once again, reporting depends upon volunteered responses, violating an important Gordon Committee dictum. If there were a specific ques tion— as the Canadian government discovered when it added one.to its own labor force survey22— there would be a much larger group than the 100,000 or so count we obtain on average. But most persons in this situation realize that they do not possess a job until they are in it. Preliminary research indicates that the bulk of the persons in this category report recent job search, in any case. Thus, eliminating the concept will also eliminate yet another volunteered response group in the survey as well as a jobseeking exception but probably 13 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW June 1984 • History of the CPS not affect the counts in any way. Because separate test panels can be quite expensive as well as difficult to institute, considerably more time will be necessary before imple mentation of this or the other two changes can be accom plished, if they can be carried out at all. A l l o f t h e s e e f f o r t s — the ongoing collection and anal ysis, data expansion, survey redesign, questionnaire testing, special supplement planning, and so forth— would not be possible without full cooperation between the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Census Bureau. This has been the case on a continuing basis from the first day that b l s entered the picture 25 years ago as the survey’s prime sponsor. A steering committee composed of b l s and Census represen tatives meets monthly to resolve problems and monitor prog ress. Working groups on specific issues come into existence as the need arises. But the key to its successful operation has been the almost daily contact between members of both Bureaus’ staffs. All recognize that the survey is important, and both agencies have historically geared their efforts to its continued accuracy and improvement. It is because of this joint commitment that the Current Population Survey has been sustained as a vitally important statistical vehicle for measuring the economic health of our Nation and its people. □ FOOTNOTES 'See Stanley Lebergott. "Labor Force. Employment, and Unemploy ment, 1929—39: Estimating Methods." Monthly Labor Review. July 1948. The Lebergott estimates were adopted as "official" and are published as such in bls and Census Bureau publications. Lebergott subsequently made estimates of unemployment back to 1900 in Manpower and Economic Growth (New York. McGraw Hill Book Co.. 1964). 2See Gertrude Bancroft, The American Labor Force (New York. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1958). p. 183. The census was conducted on Nov. 16, 1937, by the Bureau of the Census, with the cooperation of the Post Office Department. ■'See Lester R. Frankel and J. Stevens Stock. "On the Sample Survey of Unemployment," Journal of the American Statistical Association. March 1942, pp. 77-80. 4See Gertrude Bancroft. The American Labor Force, p. 156. Also see John D. Durand. The Labor Force in the United States. IS90-I960 (New York, Social Science Research Council. 1948). pp. 12-13. 5See A. Ross Eckler, The Bureau of the Census (New York. Prat'ger Publishers. 1972). pp. 70-71. 6See Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. The Current Population Survey: Design and Methodology. Technical Paper 40 (Wash ington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977), p. 2. 7Executive Office of the President. Bureau of the Budget. Memorandum for Secretary Strauss and Secretary Mitchell, subject: "Construction and Labor Force Statistics," Nov. 19. 1958. "The insured unemployment statistics are no longer published in Em ployment and Earnings, having been replaced by State and area estimates of labor force and unemployment. 9See Robert L. Stein. "New Definitions for Employment and Unem ployment," Employment and Earnings and Monthly Report on the Labor Force. February 1967. pp. 3-27. 1(1The Current Population Survey: Design and Methodology, p. 4. 11 See “ Interim Report of the Review of Concepts Subcommittee to the Committee on Labor Supply. Employment and Unemployment Statistics. Joint Economic Committee. 84th Cong.. 1st sess.. Nov. 7 and 8. 1955. p. 7. 12President's Committee to Appraise Employment and Unemployment Statistics, Measuring Employment and Unemployment (Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1962). 14 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 11 An indication of the impact of these changes appears in Robert L. Stein, "New Definitions for Employment and Unemployment.” 14Measuring Employment and Unemployment, p. 15. 15National Commission on Employment and Unemployment Statistics. Counting the Labor Force! Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office. Labor Day 1979). pp. 44-49. 56. For a summary of the Commission’s recommendations, see Robert L. Stein. "National Commission recom mends changes in labor force statistics." Monthly Labor Review. April 1980. pp. 11-21. 1,1See Interim Report of the Secretary of Labor on the Recommendations o f the National Commission on Employment and Unemployment Statistics. transmitted to the Congress on Mar. 3. 1980. and Final Report of the Secretary o f Labor on the Recommendations o f the National Commission on Employment and Unemployment Statistics, transmitted to the Congress on Oct. 26. 1981. 17See. for example. Eugene H. Becker and Norman Bowers. "E m ployment and unemployment improvements widespread in 1983." Monthly Labor Review. February 1984. '"Arnold Katz. "Educational Attainment of Workers. 1959." Special Labor Force Report No. I (reprinted from the February 1960 issue of the Monthly Labor Review). '‘'Two examples are Women at Work: A Chartbook. Bulletin 2168 (Washington. Bureau of Labor Statistics. April 1983) and Workers Without Jobs: A Chartbook on Unemployment. Bulletin 2174 (Washington. Bureau of Labor Statistics. July 1983). 2(1Labor Force Statistics Derived From the Current Population Survey: A Databook. Bulletin 2096. September 1982. 21 How the Government Measures Unemployment. Report 505 (Wash ington. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 1977). 22Counting the Labor Force, pp. 89-90. 27 Robert W. Bednarzik. "Layoffs and permanent job losses: workers’ traits and cyclical patterns." Monthly Labor Review. September 1983. p. II. 24Robert W. Bednarzik. "Layoffs and permanent job losses." 25 See "New Job to Start at a Future Date." The Labour Force (Statistics Canada. Cat. No. 71-001. March 1977). Earnings differences between men and women: an introductory note J anice S hack -M arquez On average, women earn less than two-thirds as much as men. Depending upon which median earnings data set is used, estimates range from 60 to 65 percent, a differential that has persisted at approximately the same level over several decades. Survey data on specific occupations in establishments show a smaller, but nevertheless persistent, gap as well. What accounts for this earnings gap? Three explanations have been proposed in the literature: (1) differences in the productive or labor market characteristics of men and women, (2) differences in the distribution of men and women among different jobs, and (3) discrimination in the labor market. Variations in characteristics Women may earn less than men because they bring to the labor market different productive capacities than men. For ex ample, they may not have invested as heavily in education and training to develop labor market skills and thus may be less productive in the labor market. Empirical studies exploring the productiveness hypothesis have generally been able to explain only a small propor tion—usually less than 20 percent—of the earnings differential by controlling for a variety of individual productive characteristics, such as education and age. They also control for personal characteristics such as marital status and race.1 Thus, a substantial proportion of the earnings gap between men and women remains unexplained. For purposes of explaining the gap, one problem with most data sets on individual earnings is the absence of work histories for individuals (or their actual labor force experience). It is well known that experience is positively related to earnings. Because of family responsibilities, many women interrupt their careers, and it is important to quantify the effect of interrup tions on earnings paths. Using data on actual years of labor force experience and on occupational and vocational training, Mary Corcoran and George Duncan were able to explain 44 percent of the earnings disparity between men and women, one of the highest proportions of any study.2 To the extent that the most ambitious studies using individual characteristics still leave a substantial earnings gap unexplained, there are certain ly other factors at work. Janice Shack-M arquez is an economist in the Office o f Research and Evaluation, Bureau o f Labor Statistics. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Differences in jobs held The earnings gap may also arise from the types of jobs men and women hold. A number of studies have supplemented data on individual characteristics with data on occupation, in dustry, and type of employer (for example, government versus private, or large versus small firm). These studies have been able to explain a substantially larger portion (as much as 88 percent) of the earnings gap than those using only individual characteristics.3 The explanatory power of such models increases with the level of detail used to describe jobs. In other words, studies us ing only information on broad occupational groups—such as laborers, professionals, and clerical workers—are less suc cessful in exploring the earnings gap than those using more detailed occupational classifications, such as physicians, nurses, bank managers, and tellers. However, there is usually a tradeoff involved in choosing a data source for analytic studies. Data sets on individuals most frequently use only broad occupational classifications. A few studies carried out within individual firms have been able to obtain data on very detailed occupational specifications. Typically, such studies have shown smaller earnings gaps within job categories, suggesting that wage difierentials for identical jobs in the same firm are negligible. However, results of these studies pertain only to single-firm settings. Discrimination in the labor market Most of the studies of the pay disparity between men and women have been motivated by a desire to quantify the effects of discrimination in the labor market on women’s earnings. For example, regression analysis has been used on data sets containing individual earnings records and the variables described above. These studies have asked what women would earn, on average, if they had the same education, training, and other productive characteristics as men.4 The earnings gap re maining (that is, the differential that is left “ unexplained” by education, experience, and so forth) has often been interpreted as a measure of discrimination. Using the residual as a measure of discrimination requires that a number of conditions be met. First, the regressions must control for all variables that are relevant. Alternatively, whatever variables are omitted from the equation must be distributed similarly for both men and women. Data sets are limited, however, and variables are never measured with ab- 15 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW June 1984 • Sex-Earnings Differences: Introduction solute precision. Thus, an unknown fraction of the residual really amounts to the effects of omitted productive characteristics and of errors of measurement. When occupational controls are added to the analysis, another problem arises. It is well known that occupational earn ings carry with them differentials that may be attributable to skill requirements, difficulty of entry into the occupation, and working conditions associated with a job (factors such as riskiness, dirtiness, unpleasantness, and so forth). Thus, oc cupational variables can, in part, be interpreted as controlling for some of these other factors that influence earnings but that usually cannot be controlled directly in the analysis. However, the introduction of occupational controls simply changes the question from one of earnings differences between men and women to the puzzle of differences in occupational employment patterns by sex. That is, if women’s earnings are lower than men’s because they are employed in lower paying jobs, occupational controls in themselves explain nothing. The question then becomes: Why are women in lower paying jobs? Labor market discrimination—that is, unequal access to high-paying occupations—may be only one answer. The ques tion goes beyond earnings differentials and also requires study of pre-labor market forces that can affect young men and women. For example, parents or schools may encourage young women to pursue educational programs different from those that young men pursue. Thus, differences in skill ac quisition or social conditioning may partly explain differences in the occupational distribution of men and women. To sum up, analysis of individual earnings data carries with it one set of problems. Not enough is known about the deter minants of individual earnings to be confident that all the labor market variables in which men and women may differ have been isolated. It is probably true that the inability to in clude all variables increases the estimated gap, leaving it larger than the true earnings gap, other things equal. Looking at earn ings by sex within narrowly defined occupations also has its limitations. Unequal pay for identical work is only part of the explanation for the pay disparity; the reasons why occupational employment patterns of men and women differ require indepen dent explanation. bls data on differentials The b l s publishes two types of data sets useful for examin ing male-female earnings differentials: one that provides substantial detail about individuals (the Current Population Survey), and another that provides substantial detail about jobs—occupational wage surveys. In the two articles that follow, Earl Mellor emphasizes individual characteristics using the Current Population Survey, while Mark Sieling focuses on differences in the jobs men and women hold using occupa tional wage data—in this case, the Survey of Professional, Administrative, Technical, and Clerical Pay. The Current Population Survey (CPS) is a national sample of the U.S. population. Data are collected from respondents who provide detailed information about members of their households, including sex, age, and education, as well as some general information about occupations and earnings. Mellor uses the weekly earnings (only recently available on a quarterly basis) of full-time wage and salary workers at the macro, or ag gregate, level to demonstrate that, on average, women earn ap proximately 65 percent as much as men. He employs standardiza tion techniques to examine characteristics of workers (age, years of schooling, major occupation, major industry, and hours work ed) one at a time, and estimates what women’s earnings would have been if their characteristics were distributed the same as men’s. In his analysis, occupation (at the two-digit Census Oc cupational Classification level) explains more of the gap (5 percen tage points) than any other characteristic. His findings are consis tent with earlier work by other analysts.5 Two important limitations of Mellor’s study are the use of c p s macrodata (or aggregate information) rather than microdata (or information from individual records), and the technique of standardization, which allows him to control for only one characteristic at a time. The c ps data also impose limitations on the type of study that can be conducted. For ex ample, the database includes only total years of education, not information on the type of education, which is important for studying occupational choice. (Years of education is not necessarily a good proxy for the amount and applicability of job-specific skills learned in school.) Perhaps m o re important ly, the c ps does not provide information on the work history of respondents, which is crucial in controlling for the labor force interruptions that characterize many women’s labor force experiences. On the positive side, however, the study em phasizes the importance of the types of jobs men and women hold in analyzing the earnings differential. Sieling uses a less comprehensive data set than the c ps to ex plore the pay gap. The b l s Survey of Professional, Ad ministrative, Technical, and Clerical Pay covers only whitecollar occupations in medium and large firms. The data are collected from the establishment, not from the employees. This data set, although quite specific, allows Sieling to look at very narrowly defined skill levels within occupations. He finds that the average pay of men in narrowly defined white-collar occupational skill levels generally exceeds earnings of their female counterparts, but the differences (0-16 percen tage points) are much smaller than those found in studies using data on less detailed occupations and skill levels. If one con siders only data from within the same establishment, women’s earnings are even closer to men’s, although some sizable dif ferences are found. However, the data are limited to whitecollar occupations in medium and large establishments, and the findings may not be broadly applicable to other occupa tions. T h e s e a r t ic l e s il l u s t r a t e two approaches to the analysis of earnings differentials. It is readily apparent that more research is necessary to separate the effects of differences in men’s and women’s human capital and of the distribution of the sexes across occupations in the measurement of the earn ings gap. □ ■FOOTNOTES’For a summary o f these studies, see Donald J. Treim an and Heidi H artm ann, eds., Women, W ork and Wages: E qual Pay For Jobs o f E qual Value (W ashington, National Academy Press, 1981). I. 2Mary Corcoran and George J. Duncan, “ W ork History, Labor Force Attachm ent, and Earnings Differences Between the Races and Sexes,” Journal o f H um an Resources, W inter 1979, pp. 3-20. 16 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3Treim an and H artm ann, Women, W ork and Wages. 4For a description o f this method o f estimating the earnings gap, controlling for both productive characteristics and occupational distributions by sex, see Ronald Oaxaca, “ M ale-Fem ale Wage Dif ferentials in Urban Labor M arkets,” International E conom ic Review, October 1973, pp. 693-709. 5See Treim an and H artm ann, Women, W ork and Wages. Investigating the differences in weekly earnings of women and men Studies report wide variances in the value offactors explaining the female-male earnings gap; standardization o f b l s weekly earnings data shows that some o f the gap is explained by age, education, occupation, and hours worked Earl F. M ellor Studies seeking to identify and rank the most important reasons for the earnings disparity between men and women have proliferated in recent years. Although the many compendiums of such studies frequently emphasize different viewpoints— of business, government, or academia— they have one aspect in common: each reports an astonishingly wide variance in the explanatory power of the factors used in the studies. For example, in a summary of 16 studies published by various analysts between 1964 and 1979, Cyn thia Lloyd and Beth Niemi show that the variables in these studies explained from little or none of the sex-earnings gap to as much as 71 percent.1 Such large differences arise mostly from the variables selected for analysis, the measure of earnings used (for example, hourly, annual), and the source of the data. In general, models employing only a small number of variables— for example, age, race, and educational attainment— explain far less of the earnings gap than those with many more variables, including occupa tional detail, hours worked, and several work experience items. This article looks at sex-earnings differences using a rel atively newer data series published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The information comes from the Current PopuEarl F. Mellor is an economist in the Division of Employment and Un employment Analysis, Office of Employment and Unemployment Statis tics, Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis lation Survey, conducted by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The monthly survey includes data on how much full-time wage and salary workers usually earn per week, by race, age, education, occupation, hours worked, and several other characteristics. (See box.) Most of the analysis is based on a statistical technique called standardization. This technique permits us to examine each characteristic at the macroeconomic level, and then to es timate what the earnings of women would be if, for each characteristic, the distribution of women had been the same as that for men, and all other characteristics remained un changed. In the most aggregate terms, median usual weekly earn ings of full-time workers were $309 in 1982. (See table 1.) With a median of $241. women earned 65 percent as much as men ($371). The following discussion illustrates how part of this 35-percent gap is explained through standard izations by age, education, occupation, industry, and hours of work. Also, discussed briefly is the possible effect of labor force interruptions on male-female earnings differ ences. Age, education account for small amount The age-earnings profile for women peaks at younger ages than for men. Median usual weekly earnings of women peak at $261 in the 25-to-34 age group; peak earnings of men are attained in the 35-to-44 category at a figure $67 higher 17 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW June 1984 • Weekly Earnings Differences by Sex than the median for men 25 to 34. (See table 1.) Among teenagers, the female-to-male earnings ratio for full-time workers was 87.6 percent— slightly higher than that for 20- to 24-year-olds, and considerably higher than that for other age groups. However, a large number of young workers have earnings at or near the prevailing minimum wage ($3.35 per hour in 1982, or $134 for a 40-hour work week). About one-third of the male teenagers and nearly half of the female teenagers earned under $150 a week in 1982. The sex-earnings ratio for workers 25 to 34 was 72 percent and was even lower for the groups comprising 35to 64-year-old workers. The age distribution of women who work full time is slightly different from that of men. The women tend to be a bit younger; nearly 20 percent were under 25. compared to 16 percent for men in 1982. However, age apparently does little to explain earnings differences between the sexes. The following shows the actual age distribution of women in 1982, their distribution if they had the same age profile as men, and median weekly earnings in both cases: RedistriActual 16 and over: T otal, (thousands) ................. Percent ...................................... 16 to 19 ................................ 20 to 24 ................................ 25 to 54 ................................ 25 to 34 ............................ 35 to 4 4 ............................ 45 to 54 ............................ 55 and over .......................... M edian e a r n i n g s ..................... huted 2e ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. 28.267 100.0 3.4 16.1 68.6 31.5 11 i 28.267 100.0 3.1 13.2 71.0 31.6 ~n ^ ............. ............. ............. 16.0 11.9 $241 16.9 12.7 $243 If women who work full time had an age distribution iden tical to that of men, and all other characteristics had re mained the same, the estimated median earnings (assuming the weekly earnings distribution for each age group did not change) would have been only $2 higher in 1982, and the sex-earnings ratio would have edged upward by 0.5 per centage point, from 65.0 to 65.5 percent. Differences in years of school completed also account for only a small amount of the earnings gap. If the distribution of years of school completed by employed women 25 and over had been the same as that for men, median earnings of women would have moved up by only $2 and the sexearnings ratio also would have been raised by only 0.5 percentage point. (Age 25 and over is used in looking at educational attainment because a large number of the pop ulation 16 to 24 are still in school.) Occupations play a larger role More of the earnings gap can be explained by the vari ations in the employment of women and men among oc cupations. Information by occupation is published from the CPS at three levels of detail. The least detailed in 1982 was the major group, or “ one-digit” level, with 1 1 categories.2 18 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Note on weekly earnings data The Bureau o f Labor Statistics has been collecting quarterly and annual average data on the usual w eekly earnings o f individuals and fam ilies by various dem o graphic characteristics since the lirst quarter o f 1979. T hese data have certain distinct advantages over other sources o f earnings inform ation. They are tim ely, in that quarterly reports with summary measures are issued about 1 m onth follow ing the close o f each quarter. The series can be tabulated by the exact num ber o f hours reported as usually worked; hence, there is no need to make assum ptions in order to estim ate hours worked as is the case with the various sources on annual earnings. O f greater significance is the large sam ple that can be ac cum ulated over the course o f a year. Even though the question on w eekly earnings is asked o f only one-quarter o f the m onthly C urrent Population Survey ( c p s ) sam ple o f som e 6 0,000 households each m onth, over the course o f a year there are about 180,000 unduplicated records o f the earnings for full-tim e w orkers. Such a data base perm its detailed annual average tabulations, including, for exam ple, the earnings of w orkers by sex for hundreds o f occupations. For additional details on the cps and the m erits and lim itations o f the data on w eekly earnings, see Earl F. M ellor. Technical D escription o f the Q uart erly D ata on Weekly E arnings fro m the C urrent P opu lation Survey, Bulletin 2113 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1982). The next level of detail (“ two-digit” ) had 40 occupational groups relevant to wage and salary workers. For example, professional and technical workers were divided into six groups and craftworkers into eight. The “ three-digit” level of detail had 422 occupational titles applicable to wage and salary workers. However, many of these titles had too few sample observations to permit the estimation of reliable earnings medians, especially separately for men and women. Among the 11 major occupational groups, there are large and longstanding differences between the sexes. Women remain underrepresented in some major groups and over represented in others.3 For example, in 1982, women ac counted for about 6 percent of all craftworkers and 78 percent of all clerical workers. However, an analysis of earnings on the basis of only the major occupational groups does little to explain the female-male earnings gap. If women were distributed among the 11 major groups the same as men (with earnings in each group unchanged), their median earnings would have risen by $6 to $247. The earnings ratio in 1982 thus would have been 66.6 percent, closing the female-male gap by very little (1.6 percentage points). Because there are both high- and low-paying jobs within major groups, it is important to know what jobs within each group are held by women. For example, among wage and salary workers, women actually are more likely than men to work in the professional and technical group (20 versus 17 percent) but are less likely to hold the higher paying jobs within this group. On one hand, they account for only 5 percent of the engineers, 23 percent of the lawyers, and 22 percent of the physicians employed as wage and salary workers.4 (See table 2.) On the other hand, women make up very large shares of the lower paying professional and technical jobs— 94 percent of the registered nurses, 70 per cent of the health technologists and technicians, 67 percent of teachers below the college level, and 65 percent of the social and recreation workers. Another example is salesworkers, a middle-paying cat egory in which women are somewhat underrepresented. About half the women in sales were sales clerks in retail trade, one of the lowest paying sales occupations. Only about onesixth of the men in sales worked in this category— more of them were sales representatives in wholesale trade. Large numbers of men were also employed as sales representatives in manufacturing; salesworkers, other than sales clerks, in retail trade;5 and as stock and bond sales agents— all rela tively high-paying sales jobs. As noted, the adjustment of the employment distribution of women to that of men yielded only a small (1.6 percentage point) increase in the sex-earnings ratio when major groups were used. However, the ratio moved up 5.1 percentage points to 70.1 percent when the redistribution method was applied to 40 two-digit occupations. In dollar terms, median earnings of women rose $19 to $260. The ratios would undoubtedly rise even higher if the very detailed three-digit occupations were redistributed. However, serious data con straints would complicate such an analysis, as there are many jobs on the list for which no, or very few, women (and, in some cases, men) were found in the c p s sample. Where the exercise can be applied on a more limited scale— for example, to the 13 categories of salesworkers— a marked narrowing is apparent. Overall, women in sales jobs earned only 55 percent as much as men in 1982; but, if women were distributed among the sales jobs in the same way as men, the ratio would jump 1 1 points to 66 percent. Even at the finest level of detail for which the c p s data are available, women earn less than men in almost all oc cupations for which comparisons can be made. For most jobs, full-time usual weekly earnings of women were 60 to 80 percent as much as those of men. For some (for example, nurses, secondary school teachers, cashiers, postal clerks), the ratio was 85 percent or more. It is important to note that the three-digit level of detail for occupations cannot take into consideration the wide range of full-time jobs which is found in each category. For ex ample, under physicians, there are 85 specialties6 (for ex ample, interns and neurological surgeons) for which data are not collected and would not be statistically reliable if they were. For each three-digit occupation, there are nu merous specialties with differences in skill levels, market demand for the jobs, and other variables not available from the c p s , but which affect the earnings of each. Obviously, earnings differences between men and women reflect these https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 1. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by selected characteristics, 1982 annual averages Median weekly earnings Characteristic Total Men Women Female-tomale ratio $309 317 247 242 $371 382 281 272 $241 244 223 207 65.0 63.9 79.4 76.1 214 167 226 319 359 350 336 257 231 177 246 364 431 428 409 299 194 155 205 261 260 254 246 210 84.0 87.6 83.3 71.7 60.3 59.3 60.1 70.2 335 248 230 268 354 308 356 444 420 403 298 262 327 424 381 422 525 503 257 189 176 197 273 238 279 351 326 63.8 63.4 67.2 60.2 64.4 62.5 66.1 66.9 64.8 230 318 300 400 411 305 374 355 429 435 213 247 241 311 304 69.8 66.0 67.9 72.5 69.9 Race and Hispanic origin 16 years and over .......................... W hite........................................... B la c k........................................... Hispanic...................................... Age 16 to 24 years ............................... 16 to 1 9 ...................................... 20 to 2 4 ...................................... 25 to 34 ......................................... 35 to 44 ......................................... 45 to 54 ......................................... 55 to 64 ......................................... 65 and over .................................... Years of school completed 25 years and over .......................... Less than 4 years of high school Elementary, 8 years or less . . . 1 to 3 years of high school . . . 4 years or more of high school . . 4 years of high s c h o o l............ 1 to 3 years of college............ 4 years or more of college . . . 5 years or more of college . . . Hours usually worked 35 to 39 hours ............................... 40 hours or more .......................... 40 hours .................................... 41 hours or m o re ........................ 60 hours or more ................... variables to some degree.7 Skill level. Some insight into sex-earnings differences by the skill level of a set of selected, narrowly defined occu pations is provided in the National Survey of Professional, Administrative, Technical, and Clerical Pay ( p a t c ) con ducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. An accompanying article reports that earnings of women in the March 1981 p a t c survey ranged from 74 to 101 percent of those of men, and, in all but two occupations, the ratio was under 90 percent. But, when the skill level (based on an examination of job duties and responsibilities) is taken into consideration, women earned at least 90 percent as much as men in almost every job and experience category.8 The p a t c data do not indicate the number of years workers remain at a given skill level, that is, how long it takes to be promoted to positions with greater duties and responsibilities. Distribution of earnings. The distributions from which the medians are calculated in the c p s cover a wide range of usual weekly earnings among workers in job groups for which there were a reasonably large number of sample ob servations. Regardless of the median value, there often were some workers earning under $200 or even under $100, and others earning hundreds of dollars above the median. For example, lawyers employed full time as wage and salary workers had median weekly earnings of $626. but nearly 10 percent reported earnings below $300, and roughly twice that percentage had earnings of $900 or more. Among retail 19 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW June 1984 • Weekly Earnings Differences by Sex T a b le 2 . W e e k ly e a r n in g s o f w a g e a n d s a la r y w o r k e r s w h o u s u a lly w o r k f u l l t im e in o c c u p a t i o n s e m p lo y in g 5 0 ,0 0 0 o r m o r e , b y s e x , 1982 a v e ra g e s [Numbers in thousands] Total Occupation Employed Men Weekly earnings1 Employed Women Weekly earnings1 Employed Weekly earnings1 Total2 ...................................................................................................... 70,546 $309 42,279 $371 28,267 $241 Professional, technical, and kindred w orkers................................................................... Accountants ......................................................................................................... Architects ........................................................................................................... Computer specialists............................................................................................... Computer programmers ................................................................................. Computer systems analysts..................................................................................... Computer specialists, n.e.c....................................................................................... 12,983 968 58 699 386 246 66 410 404 460 492 444 539 611 7,379 585 53 499 263 181 55 484 468 504 529 478 568 636 5,604 383 5 199 123 65 11 342 325 401 382 428 — Engineers .................................................................................................................. Aeronautical and astronautical engineers ..................................................................... Chemical engineers.................................................................................................... Civil engineers............................................................................................................. Electrical and electronic engineers .............................................................................. Industrial engineers ........................................................................................ Mechanical engineers ..................................................................................... Engineers, n.e.c................................................................................................... 1,471 73 64 187 382 237 239 220 586 628 629 558 599 550 584 592 1.391 71 58 184 366 208 231 207 592 632 641 561 607 566 588 596 80 2 6 3 16 29 9 12 479 _ _ _ _ _ _ — Foresters and conservationists ................................................................................... Lawyers and judges .................................................................................................... Lawyers .................................................................................................... Librarians, archivists, and curators ............................................................................ Librarians ................................................................................................................ Life and physical scientists.......................................................................................... Biological scientists................................................................................................. Chemists........................................................................................................... Operations and systems research analysts................................................................ 57 306 284 159 149 279 54 122 232 382 633 626 349 346 519 399 520 508 53 238 218 35 29 225 31 98 159 398 660 653 5 68 66 124 119 54 23 23 73 Personnel and labor relations workers ....................................................................... Physicians, dentists, and related practitioners ........................................................... Pharmacists......................................................................................................... Physicians, medical and osteopathic ....................................................................... Nurses, dietitians, and therapists........................................................... ..................... Dietitians.................................................................................................................. Registered nurses .................................................................................................... Therapists ................................................................................................................ Health technologists and technicians .......................................................................... Clinical laboratory, technologists and technicians.................................................... Radiologic technologists and technicians ................................................................ Health technologists and technicians, n.e.c............................................................... 390 358 113 217 1.215 55 952 207 499 211 82 163 430 507 501 526 357 295 365 333 316 326 325 293 196 279 85 169 123 6 56 62 153 53 29 66 530 530 517 564 358 Religious w orkers......................................................................................................... Clergy....................................................................................................................... Social scientists........................................................................................................... Economists ............................................................................................................. Psychologists........................................................................................................... Social and recreation w orkers.............................................................. Social workers .................................................................................................... Recreation workers ................................................................................................. Teachers, college and university ................................................................................. Teachers, except college and university.................................................................. Adult education teachers.......................................................................................... Elementary school teachers................................................................................. Prekindergarten and kindergarten teachers .............................................................. Secondary school teachers ..................................................................................... Teachers, except college and university, n.e.c................................................. 281 243 253 161 71 414 329 85 423 2.621 . 56 1,261 156 1.092 56 299 302 518 581 420 311 328 234 499 360 432 349 284 384 314 251 232 165 117 34 146 113 33 312 861 38 236 3 560 25 305 304 580 638 — 359 382 Engineering and science technicians............................................................................ Chemical technicians ................................................................................... Drafters.................................................................................................................... Electrical and electronic engineering technicians ...................................... Surveyors ................................................................................................................ Engineering and science technicians, n.e.c................................................................ Technicians, except health, engineering, and science........................................... Airplane pilots ......................................................................................................... Radio operators ...................................................................................................... Vocational and educational counselors ............................................... 1.022 92 278 292 58 242 171 56 56 142 379 384 365 400 336 380 411 588 296 402 843 69 232 256 58 184 132 54 28 72 394 400 379 411 336 404 465 600 Writers, artists, and entertainers ................................................................................. Designers ............................................................................................... Editors and reporters........................................................................................ Painters and sculptors ............................................................................................. Public relations specialists and publicity w riters....................................................... Writers, artists, and entertainers, n.e.c................................................ Research workers, not specified ................................................................................. 766 170 157 89 112 72 149 391 461 383 344 411 391 486 477 127 83 49 60 42 100 444 526 451 Managers and administrators, except farm ..................................................................... Bank officers and financial managers .......................................................................... Buyers, wholesale and retail trade .............................................................................. Credit and collection managers ................................................................................... 7.908 710 153 63 430 471 334 382 5,595 445 84 32 See footnotes at end of table. 20 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis _ _ 553 — 546 547 _ 363 348 365 369 — 362 — 528 413 _ 411 _ 411 — 194 80 28 47 1.092 49 897 145 346 158 53 97 31 11 88 44 38 268 216 52 110 1,760 18 1.025 153 532 31 502 492 340 338 378 _ 417 354 421 _ 357 366 328 298 317 299 257 _ 420 _ 291 307 203 415 338 339 283 357 178 23 46 36 0 58 40 2 28 69 307 314 550 _ 562 289 44 74 40 52 30 49 507 574 412 — 2.313 264 69 31 _ 459 — 308 _ 348 325 341 309 336 271 Table 2. Continued — Weekly earnings of wage and salary workers who usually work full time in occupations employing 50,000 or more, by sex, 1982 averages [Numbers in thousands] Total Occupation Employed Men Weekly earnings1 Employed Women Weekly earnings1 Employed Weekly earnings1 Health administrators ........................................................................................ Inspectors, except construction and public administration............................... Managers and superintendents, building ..................................................................... Office managers, n.e.c...................................................................................... Officials and administrators, public administration, n.e.c.................................. Officials of lodges, societies, and unions..................................................................... Purchasing agents and buyers, n.e.c......................................................... Restaurant, cafeteria, and bar managers .................................................................. 205 107 113 444 407 108 254 424 $461 420 285 337 463 479 421 274 104 94 54 124 296 79 166 237 $587 429 353 512 501 525 494 309 101 13 59 320 110 29 88 187 $394 Sales managers and department heads, retail tra d e .................................................... Sales managers, except retail trade ............................................................................ School administrators, college ......................................................... School administrators, elementary and secondary...................................................... Managers and administrators, n.e.c......................................................................... Salesworkers ............................................................................................... Advertising agents and salesworkers ......................................................................... Insurance agents, brokers, and underwriters ............................................. Real estate agents and brokers ......................................................................... Stock and bond sales agents ..................................................................... Sales representatives, manufacturing industries .......................... Sales representatives, wholesale trade ........................................... Sales clerks, retail trade......................................................... Salesworkers, except clerks, retail trade ......................................................... Salesworkers, services and construction .................................................. 321 342 119 269 3.699 3.643 103 444 202 150 338 795 1.020 376 181 302 566 505 517 463 317 344 357 339 549 462 409 188 298 346 193 302 78 181 2.979 386 585 547 566 518 227 2.416 52 297 91 116 278 691 420 333 122 383 449 419 435 642 512 426 239 310 408 128 40 41 87 720 1.227 51 147 111 34 59 104 600 43 59 13.845 453 128 1.321 720 262 71 243 248 199 235 244 176 345 260 225 2.997 32 16 116 112 76 26 62 347 Dispatchers and starters, vehicle.................................................................. Estimators and investigators, n.e.c............................................................ Expediters and production controllers......................................................... File c le rks............................................................................... Insurance adjusters, examiners, and investigators................................. Library attendants and assistants......................................................................... Mail carriers, post office ..................................................................... Mailhandlers, except post office ............................................................................ Messengers and office helpers ......................................................... 97 505 254 180 185 56 239 146 71 335 337 342 220 300 240 420 229 204 67 206 146 23 79 7 209 80 58 Office machine operators............................ Computer and peripheral equipment operators............................................. Keypunch operators....................................................................... Office machine operators, n.e.c.................................................... Payroll and timekeeping clerks .................................................. Postal clerks ....................................................................... 988 530 332 54 203 248 259 285 240 261 275 420 257 201 19 19 39 175 Receptionists..................................................................... Secretaries ..................................................................................... Secretaries, legal ........................................................... Secretaries, medical ..................................................................... Secretaries, n.e.c................................................................ Shipping and receiving clerks ........................................ Statistical clerks......................................................... Stock clerks and storekeepers.................................................... 442 3.086 151 65 2.870 464 323 439 207 243 285 247 241 258 271 287 9 22 1 0 22 358 67 282 Teachers aides, except school monitors ........................................... Telephone operators .............................................................. Ticket, station, and express agents ............................................... Typists.............................................................................. Miscellaneous clerical workers ......................................................... Not specified clerical workers .................................................. 145 237 133 691 927 340 164 269 434 227 247 245 9 16 72 22 173 68 Craft and kindred workers ................................................................ Bakers .......................................................................... Brlckmasons and stonemasons............................................. Bulldozer operators............................................................................ Cabinetmakers............................................................................ Carpenters ........................................................................................ Compositors and typesetters.............................................................. Crane, derrick, and hoist operators ...................................... 10.068 97 87 79 52 672 146 111 375 236 392 317 302 341 278 420 9.417 62 86 78 48 664 92 110 69 538 112 257 221 432 441 351 27 528 110 253 Clerical and kindred workers .................................................. Bank te lle rs.......................................................................... Billing clerks ................................................................ Bookkeepers ..................................................................... Cashiers.......................................................................................... Clerical supervisors, n.e.c............................................................................ Collectors, billing and account ....................................................................... Counter clerks, except food ........................................... Decorators and window dressers................................................................ Electricians ..................................................................... Electric power line and cable installers and repairers ..................... Excavating, grading, and road machine operators, except bulldozer .............. _ 330 196 474 _ 277 370 426 398 _ 383 _ 423 250 212 343 354 10.848 422 111 1.205 608 185 46 182 31 298 108 158 106 50 30 66 14 253 312 392 319 233 _ 338 312 212 286 284 292 315 308 167 252 236 198 233 240 172 313 213 289 294 217 257 236 209 731 329 312 35 164 73 242 253 237 433 3.084 150 65 2.849 106 255 157 206 243 285 247 241 221 256 241 136 221 62 670 754 272 162 267 387 227 239 236 247 341 334 421 651 35 1 1 3 9 54 1 434 441 351 42 10 1 4 _ _ _ 427 _ _ _ _ 274 341 322 _ _ 465 322 297 384 271 395 319 257 403 224 — See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 21 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW June 1984 • Weekly Earnings Differences bx Sex T a b le 2 . C o n t i n u e d — W e e k ly e a r n in g s o f w a g e a n d s a la r y w o r k e r s w h o u s u a lly w o r k f u l l t im e in o c c u p a t i o n s e m p lo y in g 5 0 ,0 0 0 o r m o r e , b y s e x , 1 9 8 2 a v e r a g e s [Numbers in thousands] Total Occupation Employed Men Weekly earnings1 Employed Women Weekly earnings1 Employed Weekly earnings1 Blue-collar worker supervisors, n.e.c................................................................ In s p e c to rs , n .e .c ........................................................................................................... Job and die setters, metal .......................................................................................... Machinists ......................................................................................................... 1.640 133 70 466 $422 408 358 371 1,448 117 68 451 $438 414 364 375 192 16 2 16 $263 _ _ Mechanics and repairers ............................................................................................. Airconditioning, heating, and refrigeration .............................................................. Aircraft ........................................................................................................... Automobile body repairers ................................................................................... Automobile mechanics ............................................................................................. Data processing machine repairers ....................................................................... Farm implement ................................................................................................. Heavy equipment mechanics, including diesel ......................................................... Household appliance accessory installers and mechanics........................................ Office machine ......................................................................................................... Radio and television................................................................................................. Miscellaneous mechanics and repairers ................................................................ Millwrights ......................................................................................................... Painters, construction and maintenance ..................................................................... Plumbers and pipe fitte rs ............................................................................................. Printing press operators............................................................................................... Roofers and slaters...................................................................................................... Sheetmetal workers and tinsmiths .............................................................................. Stationary engineers .................................................................................................... Structural metal workers ............................................................................................. Telephone installers and repairers ............................................................................... Telephone line installers and repairers ....................................................................... Tool and die makers .................................................................................................... 2.801 173 123 135 778 75 50 901 118 75 71 215 91 250 385 171 67 141 182 73 307 101 150 345 360 431 305 307 429 269 366 340 373 338 361 458 294 422 345 306 401 393 497 449 396 437 2,740 173 117 133 772 70 50 889 114 70 65 208 90 240 381 148 66 136 179 72 272 94 148 346 360 435 305 308 433 269 367 340 379 346 362 61 1 7 2 7 6 0 12 4 5 6 7 1 11 3 23 1 5 3 0 35 6 2 318 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Operatives, except transport............................................................................................. Assemblers.................................................................................................................. Checkers, examiners, and inspectors, manufacturing.................................................. Clothing ironers and pressers .......................................................................... Cutting operatives, n.e.c............................................................................. Drywall installers and lathers ...................................................................................... Filers, polishers, sanders, and buffers ....................................................................... Garage workers and gas station attendants ................................................................ Laundry and dry cleaning operatives, n.e.c................................................................... 8.291 1.016 699 87 188 55 109 190 119 252 246 284 169 232 355 234 184 178 4.998 460 326 22 128 55 78 179 35 311 319 360 249 356 256 186 — 3.294 556 372 65 60 0 32 11 84 198 220 235 156 186 _ Meat cutters and butchers, except manufacturing ...................................................... Meat cutters and butchers, manufacturing.................................................... Mine operatives, n.e.c................................................................................................... Mixing operatives......................................................................................................... Packers and wrappers, except meat and produce ....................................................... Painters, manufactured articles ................................................................................... Photographic process workers .............................................................................. 153 81 212 75 508 117 69 341 279 432 289 218 258 245 147 54 210 71 212 98 33 342 329 432 289 246 279 — 6 27 2 4 296 19 36 Precision machine operatives ...................................................................................... Grinding machine operatives ................................................................................... Lathe and milling machine operatives ..................................................................... Punch and stamping press operatives.......................................................................... Sawyers.................................................................................................... Sewers and stitchers.................................................................. Shoemaking machine operatives ................................................................................. Furnace tenders and stokers, except metal................................................................ 258 92 80 86 100 634 61 67 330 317 362 282 228 166 176 369 227 83 74 50 87 32 16 66 345 326 371 317 230 _ 372 31 8 6 35 13 602 45 2 Textile operatives ................................................................................................. Spinners, twisters, and w inders.............................................................................. Textile operatives, n.e.c.............................................................. Welders and flame cutters ................................................................ Machine operatives, miscellaneous specified .......................... Machine operatives, not specified ................................................................ Miscellaneous operatives ............................... Not specified operatives.................................... 251 90 107 561 1.098 284 549 151 213 220 204 345 288 252 248 300 93 28 49 531 809 191 374 97 232 _ _ 351 322 280 287 348 158 62 59 31 289 92 175 54 Transport equipment operatives ......................................................... Bus d riv e rs ........................................ Delivery and route workers.................................................. Forklift and tow motor operators .................................................... Taxicab drivers and chauffeurs ....................................................... Truck drivers......................................................... 2.638 168 438 312 90 1.519 323 332 307 301 240 330 2.506 123 411 284 85 1.495 328 370 316 307 244 331 133 46 27 28 6 24 237 Laborers, except farm .................................................. Construction laborers, except carpenters' helpers ....................................................... Freight and material handlers .................................................................. Garbage collectors ................................................ Gardeners and groundskeepers, except farm .................................... Stock handlers............................... Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners............................... Warehouse laborers, n.e.c................................. 3.092 611 594 61 372 495 127 253 243 254 270 233 209 222 205 275 2.757 595 533 60 356 357 108 235 248 253 274 232 210 237 203 282 335 17 61 1 16 138 19 18 205 See footnotes at end of table. 22 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 460 298 421 362 308 405 391 498 451 398 439 — — — __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ — — __ _ 167 _ _ _ 204 _ — __ _ _ _ 165 — 198 217 176 213 214 193 250 - 244 191 — Table 2. Continued — Weekly earnings of wage and salary workers who usually work full time in occupations employing 50,000 or more, by sex, 1982 averages [Numbers in thousands] Total Occupation Employed Men Weekly earnings’ Employed Women Weekly earnings’ Employed Weekly earnings’ Miscellaneous laborers ............................................................................................. Not specified laborers , ............................................................................................... 164 227 $284 241 145 207 $296 244 19 20 Service workers, except private household ..................................................................... Cleaning service workers ............................................................................................. Lodging quarters cleaners........................................................................................ Building interior cleaners, n.e.c.......................................................................... Janitors and sextons ........................................................................................ 7,011 1.624 105 515 1.003 207 211 142 192 229 3,518 1.104 6 234 864 246 231 — 217 234 3,493 520 100 281 140 $180 175 140 177 195 Food service workers ........................................................................ Bartenders...................................................................................... Waiter assistants.......................................................................... Cooks................... ....................................................................... Dishwashers .................................................. Food counter and fountain w orkers....................................................................... W aiters...................................................................................... Food service workers, n.e.c......................................... 1.960 175 72 724 105 98 531 256 168 196 140 180 140 145 158 169 796 87 62 386 81 25 83 71 192 224 140 205 141 _ 229 182 1.164 88 10 338 24 73 448 185 155 177 Health service workers .......................................................................... Dental assistants....................................................................................................... Health aides, except nursing .......................................................................... Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants ................................................................ Practical nurses .................................................................................................... 1.410 95 218 826 268 200 202 219 182 255 163 2 30 118 12 222 1.248 93 189 708 255 198 201 216 179 253 Personal service workers .......................................................................................... Attendants, recreation and amusement .............................................................. Child care workers .................................................................................................. Hairdressers and cosmetologists ............................................................................ Housekeepers....................................................................................................... Protective service workers .......................................................................................... Firefighters .................................................................................... Guards ......................................................................................................... Police and detectives ............................................................................................... Sheriffs and bailiffs ............................................................................................... 662 88 92 184 132 1.355 218 561 487 75 202 197 148 199 221 331 393 241 405 321 211 55 10 24 48 1.245 216 494 455 68 251 222 _ --- • _ 338 393 240 409 336 451 33 82 160 84 110 2 66 32 7 188 Private household w orkers..................................................................... Child care workers ...................................................................................................... Housekeepers .............................................................................................................. Cleaners and servants .................................................................................................. 301 125 60 111 111 82 128 127 10 1 2 6 _ — 291 124 58 105 111 83 127 128 Farm workers ................................................................................................ Farm laborers, wage workers ...................................................................................... 765 696 190 184 686 623 192 185 79 74 174 170 — — 211 — _ — 156 143 149 164 141 194 193 254 241 - ’ Excludes earnings from self employment, includes data for occupations not shown. Note: n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified. Dashes indicate earnings not shown where base is less than 50.000. sales clerks, with a median of $188. a small proportion (about 1 percent) reported earnings of $900 or more, but a much larger proportion (81 percent) had earnings under $300 and some (29 percent) were under $150. As shown in table 3, 1 of 3 full-time wage and salary female workers earned under $200 a week, compared to 1 of 8 men. For most of the major occupational groups, women were 2 to 5 times as likely as men to earn under $200. Only for the three lowest paying groups was the ratio at or below 2. At the upper end of the earnings distribution, men were at least twice as likely as women to earn $500 or more for each of the major groups. The data thus show that differences by sex are greater at the extremes of the earnings scale than a comparison of medians alone suggests. These large differences persist even among the detailed occupations. In each of the 10 lowest paying and the 10 highest paying occupations in which 50,000 or more of each sex were employed, women were far more likely than men to earn under $200 and far less https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis likely than men to earn $500 or more. However, among the lowest paying occupations, the proportion of women to that of men earning under $200 generally was lower than was the case among the higher paying occupations. This may reflect, as with teenagers, some effect of the minimum wage on large differences at the low end of the earnings spectrum. Another way to look at earnings differences is to find the top decile of women's earnings and ascertain how much a woman must earn to be among the highest 10 percent of women in an occupation, and then estimate the proportion of men who are earning at least that level. For most major occupational groups, about 40 percent of the men earn at least as much as the highest 10 percent of women workers. (See table 4.) Unfortunately, this type of analysis cannot be extended to the 10 lowest and highest paying of each of the detailed occupations because of the relatively few sample observa tions in the vicinity of the top decile boundary. (Observa tions tend to be clustered near average earnings values.) 23 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW June 1984 • Weekly Earnings Differences by Sex However, an examination of the seven three-digit occupa tions in table 4 in which at least 250,000 workers of each sex were employed in 1982 produced results similar to those for the major groups. Job and occupational tenure Questions on both job and occupational tenure were asked in a special cps supplement conducted in January 1983. Job Table 3. Median usual weekly earnings of women and men, and percent earning under $200 and $500 or more in major occupations and in selected low- and high-paying occupations, full-time workers, 1982 annual averages O c c u p a tio n M e d ia n usual w e e k ly e a r n in g s P e rc e n t u n d e r $ 2 0 0 P e rc e n t $ 5 0 0 o r m o re M en W om en M en W om en $309 12.7 32.7 26.7 6.0 410 3.4 8.8 47.8 15.6 430 317 248 3.2 11.8 13.0 16.2 45.8 30.3 51.3 32.6 16.5 14.9 7.5 2.4 375 7.0 28.4 23.9 7.7 252 16.7 50.7 10.1 1.0 323 243 14.4 32.3 35.3 47.5 16.6 5.9 6.8 1.5 111 207 190 (1) 31.9 53.8 90.7 61.7 62.0 (1) 7.8 1.6 0.3 0.8 — 158 36.1 77.5 6.0 — 169 176 60.6 52.7 75.1 66.3 2.8 5.4 0.5 0.2 180 47.4 76.3 0.3 2.8 182 184 188 43.2 57.8 34.5 65.1 63.5 71.0 2.5 1.0 8.8 _ 192 196 202 41.0 37.9 33.2 66.2 65.9 56.1 3.8 4.6 7.6 626 586 2.3 0.4 3.0 1.3 74.8 71.3 48.5 45.0 Industry 539 — 4.6 66.9 35.4 519 518 4.0 1.8 11.1 2.3 59.1 61.8 31.5 35.2 517 0.6 20.7 65.2 28.7 2.7 61.6 28.8 Data from a bls survey of business establishments illus trate the extent to which employed women are concentrated in lower paying industries and underrepresented in the higher paying ones.12 In a ranking of 52 industries (from the July 1982 establishment survey), the apparel and other textile industries ranked first in female employment (82 percent) but ranked 50th in average hourly earnings. Conversely, the bituminous coal and lignite mining industry ranked 52nd in percentage of women employees (5 percent) but first in average hourly earnings. Current Population Survey data amplify the above find ings, showing that women are less likely than men to be employed in mining, durable goods manufacturing, trans- M a jo r o c c u p a tio n g ro u p s T o ta l................. Professional and technical w orke rs................... Managers and administrators, except farm ............ Salesworkers .............. Clerical workers ......... Craft and kindred w orke rs................... Operatives, except transport ................. Transport equipment operatives .............. Nonfarm laborers . . . . Private household workers ................. Other service workers . Farm workers ............ L o w e s t p a y in g o c c u p a tio n s 2 W aiters........................ Food service workers, n.e.c.......................... Cashiers ..................... Cooks, except private household .............. Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants . . . . Farm laborers.............. Sales clerks, retail trade Building interior cleaners, n.e.c.......................... Bartenders................... Personal service workers 0.1 1.2 _ _ 3.1 H ig h e s t p a y in g o c c u p a tio n s 2 Lawyers ..................... Engineers ................... Computer systems analysts................... Life and physical scientists ................. Social scientists ......... School administrators, elementary and secondary .............. Operations and systems researchers and analysts................... Physicians, dentists, and related practitioners . Teachers, college and university................. Bank officers and financial managers................. 508 1.3 507 1.8 7.5 55.2 37.5 499 2.6 6.4 56.1 32.7 471 0.7 7.6 63.6 18.2 'Percent not shown where the base is under 50,000 workers. 2Oc6upations in which at least 50,000 of each sex are employed. Note: Dashes indicate zero or rounds to zero. 24 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis tenure differs from occupational tenure in that it refers to the time spent with the current employer, while the latter refers to the number of years in the same occupation without regard to the number of employers. Job tenure results showed that men had been with their current employer an average of 5.1 years, compared to 3.3 years for women. Men in each 10-year age group 35 years and over also had more seniority with their employer than did women. Up to about the mid-30’s, job tenure does not differ significantly by sex.9 In a study of the effect of occupational tenure on the male-female earnings gap, Nancy Rytina found that the combination of potential work experience (age minus years of schooling minus 6), tenure in the same three-digit oc cupation, marital status, part- versus full-time employment, residence, and major occupation and industry group ac counted for 25 percent of the wage difference between the sexes.10 However, occupational tenure alone accounted for 4 percent of the gap. The cps contains no information about the work history of an individual which may encompass several jobs of dif ferent but closely related titles and several employers. Clearly, differences in skills and other aspects of career development accumulated over the worklife may have more impact on current earnings than the length of time spent working in the current occupational field or for the current employer. Several studies of work history have analyzed other mea sures of education, training, work history, and labor force attachment— most of which are not available from the cps— to explain wage differences by race and sex. For example, in an analysis of work history and other data, Mary Corcoran and Greg Duncan explained 44 percent of the hourly wage gap between white men and women. Tenure with the current employer prior to the present position, combined with the number of years of training completed in the present po sition, explained 23 percent of the gap. Although post training job tenure in the present position contributed to higher wages, it did not explain any of the wage gap between the sexes. An additional 8 percent of the gap was associated with the number of years of worklife that were at full-time jobs.11 portation and public utilities, and the Federal Government— groups in which women’s earnings are relatively high. A redistribution of female employment to that of male em ployment among an all-inclusive list of 15 private industry groups and the three levels of government would raise the 1982 sex-earnings ratio 1.0 percentage point, or $4. How ever, if the standardization exercise is done on a more de tailed list of 46 industry groups in the private sector and 14 groups among government, the median usual weekly earn ings of women would rise by $11, narrowing the sexearnings ratio by 2.9 percentage points. Hours worked To facilitate comparisons among groups, analysis in this article is restricted to full-time workers— those who usually work 35 hours or more per week. Even so, full-time earnings vary widely, depending on whether the worker is at the low or high end of the hours range. For example, full-time workers putting in fewer than 40 hours had median earnings of $230 per week in 1982. For those working 40 hours, the median was $300, while those usually working 41 hours or more averaged $400 a week. The fact that men work more hours explains some of the differential in weekly earnings. Among full-time workers, 24 percent of the men, compared to 10 percent of the women, usually worked more than 40 hours per week in 1982. Thus, men could be expected to earn more per week even if both sexes earned the same hourly rate. If the distribution of hours worked by women were the same as that of men, with women’s earnings in each category of hours worked unchanged, median usual weekly earnings of women in 1982 would have been $253, or 68.2 percent of those of men, instead of $241 or 65 percent. In other words, the $12 increase would represent 9.2 percent of the earnings gap between the sexes, or 3.2 percentage points. Because some people may associate working more than 40 hours a week with the receipt of overtime pay, men may be expected to earn more per week than women as a result of such premium pay. However, the data indicate that pre mium pay for overtime work may not be a contributing factor to the $12 disparity attributed to differences in hours usually worked. In fact, the opposite may be the case. May 1978 is the latest date for which c p s data on both weekly earnings and the receipt of premium pay for working more than 40 hours are available. Among workers who put in 41 hours or more during the survey reference week, more than two-thirds of those who usually worked 41 hours or more did not receive a premium rate for their long work weeks. 13 Among those usually working 35 to 40 hours, only about one-third did not receive premium pay. For both groups, those who did receive premium pay usually earned less per week than those not paid a higher overtime rate. This was true for both men and women. An explanation for this apparent paradox is that higher paying jobs often are salaried, demand more weekly hours, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis and are not covered by either collective bargaining agree ments or the overtime provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act. The data show that among those working 41 hours or more during the reference week who usually worked 41 or more hours, professional-technical workers and managersadministrators accounted for 14 percent of the population receiving premium pay, but 55 percent of the population not paid higher rates. The numbers suggest that the effect on women’s earnings as a result of their working fewer hours than men is brought about more because women are less likely to hold higher paying jobs which demand long workweeks than the fact that they are less likely to work overtime and receive pre mium pay. In support of this explanation is the fact that, for workers putting in 41 hours or more a week in May 1978, women were somewhat more likely than men (45 versus 42 percent) to receive premium pay. Labor force interruptions The role labor force interruptions play in sex-earnings differences has been analyzed using data which are not available in the c p s . In 1974, Jacob Mincer and Solomon Polachek used data from the 1967 National Longitudinal Survey of Work Experience to suggest that because of de preciation and a shorter overall payoff period, workers who expect to interrupt their careers will have lower investments Table 4. Top decile earnings of men and women, and percent of men earning as much as the highest paid decile of women for major occupational groups and for selected occupations, full-time workers, 1982 annual averages O c c u p a tio n L o w e r b o u n d a ry of to p d e c ile P e rc e n t o f m e n e a r n in g a t le a s t a s m u c h a s w o m e n 's to p d e c ile M en W om en $688 $437 37 848 561 37 '900 + 790 571 616 502 568 440 386 470 338 40 40 42 29 43 569 448 (2) 469 315 445 355 197 295 285 24 25 (2) 38 14 776 637 482 477 532 567 290 362 39 18 37 40 358 243 34 540 380 45 '900 + 597 46 M a jo r o c c u p a tio n g ro u p s Total ........................ Professional and technical workers............................. Managers and administrators, except farm ..................... Salesworkers........................ Clerical workers ................... Craft and kindred workers . . Operatives, except transport . Transport equipment operatives ........................ Nonfarm laborers ................. Private household workers . . Other service workers ......... Farm workers ..................... S e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s 3 Accountants ........................ Secondary school teachers . . Sales clerks, retail trade . . . . Assemblers.......................... Cooks, except private household ' . ..................... Checkers, examiners, and inspectors ........................ Bank officers and financial managers ........................ 'Earnings of $900 or more. Decile boundaries are estimated using linear interpolation of $50- and $100-wide intervals. Since the $900 + interval is open-ended, the boundary cannot be estimated. 2Decile boundary and percent not estimated where base is under 50,000. Occupations in which at least 250,000 of each sex are employed. 25 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW June 1984 • Weekly Earnings Differences by Sex in human capital than those who expect no interruptions.14 In 1981, Polachek showed that if the cost of withdrawing from the labor force varied among occupations and lifetime labor force participation differs among individuals, an in dividual will choose occupations which result in the smallest atrophy penalty (depreciation and forgone appreciation) in his or her lifetime.15 Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, Mary Corcoran, Greg Duncan, and Michael Ponza found that even though women earned relatively lower wages when they returned to work than they had prior to dropping out of the labor force, they experienced a subsequent rapid wage growth (a rebound) such that the net long-term loss from dropping out is small.16 In addition, they found that depre ciation does not differ significantly between “ male” and “ female” jobs, confirming research by Paula England, who, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey, found that neither the depreciation rate nor returns to work ex perience were correlated with the percent female in the current occupation.17 They also showed that there is enough mobility between “ men’s” and “ women’s” jobs to suggest that “ the use of current occupation as a proxy for occu pational history is inappropriate and may provide misleading information about whether job choice is conditioned by ex pectations about future work or whether experience garnered in ‘female’ jobs results in lower wage growth and less de preciation than experience garnered in ‘male’ jobs.” A recap and related issues R e d is trib u te d by: A g e ......................................... Y e ars o f sc h o o l (ag e 25 a n d o v e r) ...................... O c c u p a tio n ......................... In d u stry ................................ H o u rs w o rk e d .................. F e m a le -m a le ra tio , m e d ia n w eekly e a rn in g s, 1982 P e r c e n ta g e p o in t c h a n g e 6 5 .0 — 6 5 .5 0 .5 6 4 .3 70.1 6 7 .9 6 8 .2 0 .5 5.1 2 .9 3 .2 Although differences in age, years of school completed, industry, occupation, and hours worked each account for a relatively small part of the earnings gap between women and men, it would be inappropriate to accumulate these 26 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Median weekly earnings D a te F e m a le to -m a le ra tio T o ta l M en W om en $109 121 130 138 144 159 $ 78 86 94 100 106 116 124 137 145 156 166 62.4 60.6 62.3 61.7 63.1 61.7 169 185 196 211 226 $125 142 151 162 168 188 204 221 233 252 271 1979: I .................................... II ................................. I l l ................................. I V ................................. Annual average ............ 238 242 243 252 244 290 295 298 309 298 182 183 187 192 186 62.8 62.0 62.8 62.1 62.4 1980: I .................................... II .................................. I l l ................................. I V ................................. Annual average ............ 260 261 266 277 266 315 317 321 334 322 200 200 205 211 204 63.5 63.1 63.9 63.2 63.4 1981: I .................................... II .................................. I l l ................................. I V ................................. Annual average ............ 283 284 287 300 289 342 343 345 360 347 220 221 224 232 224 64.3 64.4 64.9 64.4 64.6 304 308 307 316 309 363 370 371 379 371 238 240 240 248 241 65.6 64.9 64.7 65.4 65.0 319 320 320 327 322 385 383 388 393 387 252 253 251 260 254 65.5 66.1 64.7 66.2 65.6 May:1 1967 .................................. 1969 ................................. 1970 .................................. 1971.................................. 1972 .................................. 1973 .................................. 1974 ................................. 1975 ................................. 1976 ................................. 1977 ................................. 1978 ................................. 1982: I .................................... II ................................. I l l ................................. I V ............................. Theories such as human capital theory, dual labor mar kets, and comparable worth all encompass factors that have a bearing on earnings differences between men and women. As discussed, studies focusing on these theories show a great diversity of views and reveal an exceedingly wide variance in the explanatory power of their investigations.18 Using data from a relatively new b l s earnings series pub lished quarterly, I examined separately certain aspects of employment, and estimated how much the sex-earnings ratio would change if women were distributed, in employment more like men. The following summarizes my findings: A c t u a l ......................................... Table 5. Median usual weekly earnings of men and women, full-time wage and salary workers, May 1967-78, and quarterly and annual averages, 1979-83 Annual average ............ 1983: I .................................... II ............................. I l l ................................. I V ............................. Annual average ............ 60.8 62.0 62.2 61.9 61.3 1Data for 1967-78 are not strictly comparable to those for later years. Note: Data are not seasonally adjusted. Earnings data were not collected in 1968. reductions. They may explain more or less than their sum depending on their interaction. Clearly, there is an over lapping of the individual parts. For example, a redistribution of women among occupations to close the 5.1-percentagepoint gap due to occupational differences may also reduce some of the differences in both industry and hours worked as well as any from job or occupational tenure. Although statistical techniques have been applied to various human capital variables (education, on-the-job training, and so forth) using individual c p s records, they cannot establish precisely to what extent the differences in occupations are based on human capital factors alone, as opposed to differences caused by individual selections between higher and lower paying jobs— voluntarily or otherwise— and differences resulting from discrimination in hiring, advancement, and pay scales on the part of employers. The c p s contains no questions on the last factors. Moreover, many components of human capital are not available from either the c p s or other sample survey data; indeed, some may be virtually impossible to measure. If an occupation pays little simply because women con stitute a large share of the total employed, one may expect the earnings of men employed in these occupations to be lower than those in which men predominate. A simple regression equation shows a weak inverse, but not statis tically significant, relationship. The share of women in an occupation was associated with only 1.4 percent of the var iance in men’s earnings.19Thus, this regression alone cannot suggest that employers pay less for certain jobs simply be cause women predominate in them. A regression of women’s median earnings on the percent employed in a specific occupation (done on 112 occupational titles with 50,000 women or more) does show a significant inverse relationship. The slope of the estimated regression line indicates that for each increase of 10 percent in the proportion of women in the occupation, median usual weekly earnings in 1982 would fall by $13. The equation accounted for about 19 percent of the variance in women’s earnings among these occupations.20 The relationship shows a cor relation with, but not a cause for, women earning less than men. Recent trends The overall median weekly earnings ratio of women to men employed full time did not change much between 1973 and 1978, fluctuating mostly between 61 and 62 percent. (See table 5.) Among specific age groups, changes were mixed. The ratio of the medians rose for teenagers and for workers 25 to 34 years and fell for those 45 to 54 and 55 to 64. Apparent changes for the remaining groups were not statistically significant. The overall ratio of female-to-male earnings did change significantly between 1979 and 1982. For workers 25 and over, the sex-earnings ratio rose from 61 to 64 percent, and it rose even after race and years of school completed were taken into consideration. Among whites age 25 and over, women gained relative to men for the educational groups with less than 4 years of college. Although the earnings of women with 4 years or more of college did not advance relative to men, they continued to have a higher sex-earnings ratio (67 percent) than those completing fewer years of school. Among blacks 25 and over, there were apparent gains in the earnings ratio for all educational groups between 1979 and 1982. However, because of their smaller sample size, only gains for those completing 4 years of high school or less are statistically significant.21 One possible explanation of the recent rise in the femaleto-male earnings ratio could be that there has been a changed mix of occupations. That is, proportionately more women than men may have moved into higher paying jobs. The data, however, do not confirm this. If both women and men age 16 and over in 1982 were distributed among either the major or the two-digit occupational groups as their coun terparts were in 1979, with earnings distributions within each occupational group the same as they were in 1982, the ratio of female-to-male earnings would have been 64.9 per cent— not significantly different from the actual ratio. Another factor which could affect the earnings ratio is change in the economic situation, particularly if the un employment rate and hours worked by men are more, sen sitive to overall fluctuations than those of women. In such a case, the sex-earnings ratio would have risen as a result of recent recessions if more men than women lost higher paying jobs or had their hours reduced. □ FOOTNOTES 'Cynthia B. Lloyd and Beth T. Niemi, The Economics of Sex Differ entials (New York, Columbia University Press. 1979). The table beginning on page 232 summarizes the results of these studies, most of which use multiple regression analysis. 2There were actually 12 such categories in the classification system used for the 1972-82 period, but there are so few farmers and farm managers employed as wage and salary workers that they are combined with the farm laborers and supervisors category. 3See Janet L. Norwood, The Female-Male Earnings Gap: A Review of Employment and Earnings Issues, Report 673 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982), pp. 2 and 8; and Carol Boyd Leon, “ Occupation winners and losers: who they were during 1972-80,“ Monthly Labor Review, June 1982, pp. 18—28. 4 Because these proportions exclude the self-employed and unpaid family workers, they differ from those published in the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ monthly publication, Employment and Earnings, which generally have as a universe all employed persons. 5Salesworkers in retail trade, excluding clerks, include such job cate gories as automobile salesworkers, estimators, comparison and investi gative shoppers, and various sales consultants. See U.S. Bureau of the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Census, 1970 Census of Population, Classified Index o f Industries and Occupations (Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1971). hSee Classified Index, pp. 0 -7 and 0 -8 for a list of these specialties. 7See Michael Finn. “ The Earnings Gap: Discrimination or Economic Choices.” a paper presented to the Conference on Comparable Worth, sponsored by The Eagle Forum Education and Legal Defense Fund, held in Washington, D.C.. October 1983. sThe job titles covered are accountant, auditor, attorney, chemist, di rector of personnel, job analyst, buyer, engineering technician, drafter, computer operator, photographer, accounting clerk, messenger, and pur chasing assistant. yU.S. Department of Labor. USDL News. 84-86. Mar. 1. 1984. "’Nancy F. Rytina. "Tenure as a factor in the male-female earnings gap.” Monthly Labor Review, April 1982. pp. 32-34. "M ary Corcoran and Greg J. Duncan. “ Work Flistory. Labor Force Attachment, and Earnings Differences Between the Races and Sexes.” Journal o f Human Resources. Winter 1979, pp. 3-20. 12The Female-Male Earnings Gap, pp. 2 and 7. U.S. Department of Labor. Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished 27 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW June 1984 • Weekly Earnings Differences by Sex data from the May 1978 Current Population Survey. l4Jacob Mincer and Solomon Polachek, "Family Investments in Human Capital: Earnings of Women,” Journal o f Political Economy. March/April 1974, pp. S76-S108. 15Solomon Polachek, "Occupational Self-Selection: A Human Capital Approach to Sex Differences in Occupational Structure,” The Review of Economics and Statistics, February 1981. pp. 60-69. 16Mary Corcoran, Greg J. Duncan, and Michael Ponza. "Work Ex perience, Job Segregation, and Wages.” a paper prepared in 1982 for the National Academy of Science Conference on Job Segregation by Sex. Much of the discussion in this section is drawn from this paper. 17Paula England, "The Failure of Human Capital Theory to Explain Occupational Sex Segregation.” Journal of Human Resources. Summer 1982, pp. 358-70. lsFor an example of two compendiums espousing different viewpoints on comparable worth, see Donald J. Treiman and Heidi I. Hartman, eds.. Women, Work, and Wages: Equal Pay for Jobs o f Equal Value (Wash ington, National Academy Press. 1981): and E. Robert Livernash. ed.. Comparable Worth: Issues and Alternatives (Washington. The Equal Em ployment Advisory Council. 1980). l9The regression equation for the earnings of men is: Em = $398.3 - 0.57 P„ (30.02) (-1 .5 5 ) where is the usual weekly earning of men, and P, is the percent of workers in each occupation who are women (numbers in parentheses are T-statistics.) The slope term is not significant at the 0.1 level, and the Rsquare is only 0.014. 2l,The regression equation for the earnings of women is: E, = $333.9 - 1.28 P, (21.04) (-5 .1 1 ) where E, is the usual weekly earnings of women, and P, is the percent of workers in each occupation who are women. The slope term is significant at better than the 0.1 level, and the /^-square is 0.192. The universe of occupations is those in which 50.000 women or more were employed, either at the three-digit level of detail or the first lower level of detail having 50,000 or more female employees. -'S ee Earl F. Mellor. Technical Description o f The Quarterly Data on Weekly Earnings from the Current Population Survey. Bulletin 2113 (Bu reau of Labor Statistics. 1982). for information pertaining to the merits and limitations of the earnings data from the CPS. A contemporary social problem The logic of paying housewives for keeping the work force in good condition is not likely to appeal to either employers or to husbands. And certainly there are many hurdles to overcome. But, who knows, by the 21 st century employers may be contributing to a fund to pay for the services supplied to their workers by wives in the home as routinely as they con tribute to social security funds, or unemployment accounts. It may be simply a matter of getting used to the idea. Such a system would require conceptualizing housewives as part of the labor force and counting their contribution to the gross national product. It would constitute a major shrinkage of the segment of social life for which the societal model was relevant. With what “ unanticipated consequences," we cannot yet say. But if such a system were inaugurated, it would entitle employers to impose standards of performance, the implementation of which would no doubt be rejected by most housewives. — J e s s ie B e r n a r d in 28 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis P h y l l is “ Between Two Worlds: The Housewife,” L. S t e w a r t and M u r ia l G. C a n t o r , eds.. Varieties o f Work (Beverly Hills, Calif., Sage Publications, Inc., 1982), p. 89. Staffing patterns prominent in female-male earnings gap Earnings differences are relatively small between women and men in narrowly-defined jobs; however, relatively fewer women fill the higher levels of these jobs M a r k S . S ie l in g In congressional testimony. Commissioner of Labor Statis tics Janet L. Norwood summed up findings on pay differ ences between women and men by saying: “ Women in general earn less than men today and much of the difference is because the jobs that women hold are generally paid at lower rates than the jobs held by men.” 1 One need only look at the office setting to understand the strength of this statement: women hold nearly 8 of 10 traditionally lower paid clerical jobs, but fewer than 3 of 10 of the higher paying managerial and administrative positions. Such staff ing patterns bring to mind the barriers to women’s entry and promotion in higher paying occupations, and the pay differences between the traditionally female-dominated and male-dominated jobs. This article discusses another aspect of gender pay differences: How are women and men paid in jobs they hold in common— to what extent does equal pay prevail for equal work? Data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics 1981 national survey of professional, administrative, technical, and cler ical pay ( p a t c survey), which covers white-collar employ ees in medium and large establishments, show that: • Average pay of men in narrowly defined white-collar occupational skill levels generally exceeded earnings of their female counterparts, but the difference was smaller than other broader-based measurements indicate. Mark S. Sieling is an economist in the Division of Occupational Pay and Employee Benefit Levels, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Martin Personick, a project director in the same division, assisted in the preparation of this article. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis • Women’s earnings were closer to men's when viewed within individual establishments. • Sizable female-male pay differentials existed within some establishments, but they were not consistently in men’s favor. These findings corroborate other research emphasizing the effect of occupational staffing patterns on female-male Table 1. Salary levels of women as a percent of the salaries of men, and women’s share of total employment in selected occupations, 1981 Femalemale pay ratio1 Female share of total employment Professional: Accountant ......................................................... Auditor................................................................ A ttorney.............................................................. Chemist .............................................................. 83 86 78 75 23 22 15 14 Administrative: Director of personnel........................................... Job ana lyst......................................................... Buyer ................................................................... 87 79 80 13 62 20 Technical: Engineering technician........................................ D rafte r................................................................ Computer operator ............................................. Photographer....................................................... 85 82 92 80 8 13 34 7 Clerical: Accounting clerk ................................................ Messenger ......................................................... Purchasing assistant........................................... 82 101 74 92 46 85 Occupation 'includes data only for workers identified by sex. 29 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW June 1984 • Staffing Patterns and Gender Pay Gap T a b le 2 . F e m a le - m a le p a y a n d e m p lo y m e n t r a t io s , 1981 Average monthly salary^ Femalemale pay relationship2 Female share of total employment I ........................................... II ......................................... I I I ......................................... I V ......................................... V ........................................ $1,377 1.679 1.962 2.402 2.928 99 98 96 95 90 46 34 19 11 5 I ................................................ I I ................................................ III ............................................. IV ............................................. 1.364 1.651 2.033 2.456 98 97 92 90 36 27 21 8 Occupational work level Professional: Accountant Accountant Accountant Accountant Accountant Auditor Auditor Auditor Auditor Attorney Attorney Attorney Attorney I ............................................. II ............................................. III ........................................... IV ........................................... 1.873 2.338 3.031 3.738 103 99 95 94 28 24 13 9 Chemist Chemist Chemist Chemist I ................................................ II ............................................. I I I ............................................. I V ............................................. 1.508 1.757 2.120 2.567 96 94 93 92 38 29 15 10 Administrative: Buyer I .................................................. Buyer I I .................................................. Buyer III ................................................ 1.350 1.689 2.100 96 95 92 52 23 9 Director of personnel I .......................... Director of personnel I I .......................... Director of personnel III ........................ 2.321 2.933 3.574 101 94 90 21 10 7 Job Job Job Job I ........................................ II ........................................ I I I ........................................ IV ........................................ 1.412 1.525 1.900 2.393 87 92 90 94 75 85 66 29 Technical: Engineering technician I ........................ Engineering technician I I ........................ Engineering technician III ..................... 1.137 1.307 1.527 97 98 97 24 17 9 923 1,075 1.301 1.611 103 101 96 94 34 26 18 8 I ............................... II ............................ I I I ............................. I V ............................. V ............................ 906 1.049 1.220 1.475 1.733 99 102 97 97 92 37 49 35 24 17 Photographer I I ...................................... Photographer III .................................... 1.425 1.704 96 106 5 94 IV ............................... 798 953 1.121 1.407 89 84 95 94 91 82 Purchasing assistant I .......................... Purchasing assistant II ....................... 1.002 1.278 93 87 95 84 Messenger............................................. 783 101 46 analyst analyst analyst analyst Drafter Drafter Drafter Drafter I ................................................ I I ................................................ III ............................................. IV ............................................. Computer Computer Computer Computer Computer operator operator operator operator operator Clerical: Accounting Accounting Accounting Accounting clerk clerk clerk clerk I ................................. I I ............................. III ........................... 89 6 ’ Includes data for workers not identified by sex. includes data only for workers identified by sex. pay differentials; that is, for the jobs and types of estab lishments studied, overall disparities in earnings between women and men appear to be more the result of differences in occupational employment and in advancements within individual occupations than of pay differences within nar rowly defined job categories. Moreover, these staffing pat terns have changed dramatically over the last decade. Chart 1 traces the employment of women during the 1970’s 30 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis in four relatively high-paying professional occupations cov ered by the p a t c survey. Given the influence of seniority on progression within occupations, growth in women's em ployment in the experienced work levels has not been as noticeable as at the entry level. For example, in 1981, 46 percent of entry-level accountants were women, up from 14 percent in 1970; at the experienced level (III), the corre sponding figures were 19 percent in 1981 and 4 percent in 1970. (Note, however, that the rate of increase in women’s employment was, in fact, greater at the experienced level.) Growth in the employment of women in the professions reflects the increased number of women who have college or advanced degrees and have combined work with family responsibilities. In 1970-71, about 110.000 more bache lor’s degrees were conferred on men than on women; in 1980-81, this gap narrowed to about 4,600.2 Married women ages 25 to 34 triggered much of the increased labor force participation of women. Moreover, 70 percent of married women with college degrees were either employed or look ing for work in 1981; 10 years earlier, the ratio was 50 p e rc e n t.2 The p a t c survey Findings from the p a t c survey, despite certain limitations noted below, provide an opportunity to analyze female-male occupational earnings differences. They provide the kind of detail that separates entry-level, experienced, and seniorlevel positions within an occupation to control for differ ences in skill levels, duties, responsibilities, and other jobrelated factors which help identify “ equal work.” 4 Also, the survey obtains data from a sample of establishments, thereby permitting analysis of occupational pay relationships both within individual establishments and among establish ments. Because the survey was not designed to compare earnings of women and men, it does not collect information on the reasons for female-male pay differences. The p a t c survey was primarily designed to permit com parisons of occupational pay rates in the private sector with those of the Federal Government.5 b l s conducts the survey, but the occupations and coverage specifications, such as establishment size and the private sector industries to be included, are determined by the President's Pay Agent— a tripartite entity consisting of the Secretary of Labor and the Directors of the Office of Management and Budget and the Office of Personnel Management. The March 1981 p a t c survey covered 96 work levels in 23 occupations.6 The industrial coverage and minimum size establishment were as follows: manufacturing, 100 or 250 employees; transportation, communications, electric, gas, and sanitary services, 100 or 250 employees; mining and construction, 250 employees; wholesale trade, 100 em ployees; retail trade, 250 employees; finance, insurance, and real estate, 100 employees; and selected services, 50 or 100 employees. Chart 1. Women’s share of entry level and fully qualified level of employment in selected professional occupations, 1970-81 Percent Percent NOTE: Entry level (I) employees are recent college graduates; fully qualified (level III) employees are experienced nonsupervisory staff. The relatively small group of occupations surveyed, therefore, are not representative of all occupations, and the medium to large size establishments sampled do not statis tically represent those employing under 100 workers or those in industries not covered, such as health and educational services. Information on occupational earnings of women and men working in establishments smaller than those cov ered by the p a t c survey is included in b l s area wage surveys and industry wage surveys.7 Each occupational work level represents the type of duties and responsibilities in private industry that are comparable with those of Federal white-collar employees performing https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis the same level of work. The information on occupational pay relationships between women and men, however, is limited by two factors: many of the jobs surveyed are over whelmingly populated by either women or men and collec tion of earnings data by sex is becoming increasingly difficult as such identification of individual workers is often absent from payroll records. Because of these factors, this analysis of female-male earnings differences was restricted to p a t c work levels (l) having data identifiable by sex for at least 80 percent of the workers;8 (2) having each sex account for at least 5 percent of the workers; and (3) having a minimum of 50 establishments provide pay data for both men and 31 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW June 1984 • Staffing Patterns and Gender Pay Gap women when pay comparisons were made within establish ments. The analysis followed a sequential approach that provided some indication of the relative importance of staffing pat terns and pay factors in explaining the overall pay differ ences between women and men.9 Average earnings of women and men were compared in a given occupation (for example, accountant); within a narrowly defined skill level of an oc cupation (for example, entry-level accountant); and within establishments, again using narrowly defined skill levels of an occupation. Earnings differences Table 1 presents findings on female-male earnings dif ferences for 14 of the 23 p a t c survey occupations. In only one occupation, messenger, did women average more than men. The lowest pay ratios were for purchasing assistants and chemists— where women averaged 74 and 75 percent of their male counterparts’ pay. For other occupations, fe male-male pay relationships ranged from 78 to 92 percent. The data show no correlation between women's share of total employment and female-male pay ratios within oc cupations. For example, messenger, the occupation with the highest sex earnings ratio, and purchasing assistant, the occupation with the lowest, both ranked among the four highest occupations with respect to female employment.10 When comparisons are limited to work levels within oc cupations, relative earnings of women move closer to those of men: 43 of 48 female-male pay ratios reach 90 percent or more. (See table 2.) Thus, the greater earnings disparity shown in table 1 largely reflects an uneven distribution of men and women among the work levels of the occupation— that is, different staffing patterns. For example, a higher percentage of women than men are classifed below the ex perienced level (111) of the four professional occupations surveyed. The following tabulation shows the percent of women and men in both entry and developmental level occupations in 1981: A c c o u n t a n ts ............................... A t t o r n e y s .................................... A u d i t o r s ...................................... C h e m i s t s ...................................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ................................ W om en 59 60 60 47 M en 28 30 40 I6 Table 2 also shows the share of female employment in each work level. Consistently, the share for women was smallest at the highest levels of the occupation and, except for two occupations, was largest at the lowest levels. Sa laries, of course, increased progressively from bottom to top. The data in tables 1 and 2, however, are influenced by the distribution of women and men among establishments with differing pay scales. Table 3 eliminates these disparities by focusing on wage relationships within individual estab lishments with both women and men in the same occupa 32 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis tional work level.11 It displays the range of female-male pay ratios developed for such establishments, the frequency with which these ratios are at or near 100, and the ten dency— particularly in professional and administrative jobs— for the percentage of establishments with low pay ratios to increase at the higher levels of an occupation. For example, among entry-level accountants (I), women averaged less than 85 percent of men’s pay in 2 percent of the 260 es tablishments employing both women and men in the job. At the senior accountant level (V), 13 percent of 75 estab lishments had female-male pay ratios under 85. At the upper extreme, 7 percent of the establishments reported entry-level female accountants averaging at least 110 percent of their male counterparts; at the senior accountant level. 4 percent of the establishments had ratios of 110 or higher. Table 3. Average salary relationship of women and men employed in the same job and establishment, selected occupational work levels, 1981 Occupational work level Professional: Accountant Accountant Accountant Accountant Accountant Percent of establishments with average Number female-male oav ratio of— of Ub 9U 9b 1UU 10b 110 establishto to to to and ments Under to 85 89 94 99 104 109 over I ........................ II ..................... I I I ..................... I V ..................... V ..................... 260 338 417 220 75 2 5 10 11 13 5 8 12 11 21 16 17 19 24 25 30 27 25 25 23 29 26 16 16 9 11 12 11 7 4 7 6 6 6 4 Auditor I ............................. Auditor I I ............................. Auditor III .......................... 58 91 104 _ 3 10 3 10 14 10 19 13 34 29 35 29 19 13 12 12 10 10 9 5 Attorney II .......................... Attorney III ........................ 67 68 9 9 4 12 25 24 18 22 22 22 12 7 9 4 Chemist Chemist Chemist Chemist I ............................. II .......................... I I I .......................... I V .......................... 51 92 93 71 5 6 8 10 4 11 18 27 22 19 20 27 29 33 28 22 26 17 20 8 9 6 3 6 4 6 3 Administrative: Buyer I ............................... Buyer I I ............................... Buyer III ............................. 104 264 183 8 10 14 14 12 17 13 22 29 20 26 19 27 17 14 8 6 3 11 7 4 Technical: Engineering technician I . . . Engineering technician II . . . Engineering technician III . , 71 139 143 4 3 5 4 7 8 8 11 12 30 32 38 25 31 27 17 10 8 11 6 3 Drafter II ............................. Drafter III .......................... Drafter IV .......................... 178 233 192 3 4 3 3 6 8 15 16 15 28 33 28 33 24 35 10 11 8 8 6 4 Computer Computer Computer Computer I ............ II ......... I I I ......... I V ......... 93 178 403 243 1 1 4 5 1 5 6 8 18 12 13 17 22 24 28 29 35 31 29 25 11 11 10 9 12 16 10 6 I .............. I I .............. III ............ IV ............ 95 322 319 212 5 5 5 4 6 3 5 7 11 10 14 13 18 29 23 26 22 25 29 30 23 15 12 13 15 14 11 7 Messenger.......................... 204 3 6 12 25 30 9 13 operator operator operator operator Clerical: Accounting Accounting Accounting Accounting clerk clerk clerk clerk _ Note: This table is limited to establishments employing both women and men in the same occupational work level. For each establishment and work level studied, mean salaries were computed separately tor women and for men. The mean for women was then expressed as a percent of the corresponding mean for men. Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. An earlier b l s study, based on area wage survey results, also found considerable diversity among establishments with respect to female-male pay differences, but the extent of these differences varied by industry division and geographic region.12 (The p a t c survey sample is not designed to permit analysis of industrial and regional differences.) Range-of-rate pay systems partly explain why women and men may have different earnings, even when they work in the same establishment and in the same narrowly defined jobs. Such pay systems typically establish minimum and maximum pay rates for a company job and provide for periodic wage increases within this range based on an em ployee’s length of service or job performance, or both.12 Employees in entry and developmental levels of professional jobs normally advance to higher work levels before pro- -------to o 'Statement before the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service. Subcommittee on Human Resources. Civil Service, and Compensation and Employee Benefits. U.S. House of Representatives. Sept. 16. 1982. Sub sequently. this formed the basis for The Female-Male Earnings Gap: A Review o f Employment and Earnings Issues, Report 673 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982). 2See Digest o f Education Statistics (Washington. National Center for Education Statistics, 1983). ’See Educational Attainment o f Workers, March 19HI, Bulletin 2159 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1983). 4 See National Survey o f Professional, Administrative. Technical, and Clerical Pay, March I9SI, Bulletin 2808 (Bureau of Labor Statistics. 1981), pp. 36-71. for descriptions of occupations surveyed. Several of the occupations in the p a t c survey have exclusions that help narrow their definitions. For example, the accountant definition does not cover workers whose principal or sole duties are designing or improving accounting sys tems or other nonoperating staff work, such as budget or financial analysis. In addition, workers without college degrees are almost always excluded from the professional jobs studied. 75 U.S.C.5301 (a) (3). The role of the p a t c survey in the pay-setting process is described in George L. Steliuto, “ Federal pay comparability: facts to temper the debate." Monthly Labor Review. June 1979. pp. 1828. work levels are identified by Roman numerals, the higher the numeral the greater the duties and responsibilities. The number of work levels varies by occupation, ranging from I for messenger to 8 for chemist and engineer. For professional occupations, the first two levels are entry and developmental positions; the next two arc for experienced workers; and higher levels generally are for supervisory or managerial positions. 7For a list of these surveys, see Directory of Occupational Wage Surveys, 1974-79, Report 609 (Bureau of Labor Statistics. 1980). Area wage survey findings are analyzed in John E. Buckley. “ Pay differences between men and women in the same jobs,” Monthly Labor Review, November 1971. pp. 36-39. Occupational earnings data by sex are also available from the household-based Current Population Survey, although without the detailed job definitions used in establishment-based occupational wage surveys. For an analysis of c p s data, see Nancy Rytina. “ Earnings of men and women: a look at specific occupations,” Monthly Labor Review, April 1982. pp. 25-31. 6 patc https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis gressing very far into their rate ranges. This pattern changes abruptly at the experienced levels, as opportunities for pro motion diminish. Those who are not promoted progress through the rate range of their current job level, increasing the variation of earnings among incumbents.14 Because women tend to have less seniority than men in experienced work levels, they also tend to have lower pay levels when pay is related to years of service. Tables 2 and 3 illustrate this point by generally showing smaller female-male pay dif ferences in lower work levels where seniority distinctions between men and women are less significant. More detailed consideration of this point is not possible here because the p a t c survey does not collect information on workers’ sen iority.15 Other explanations for female-male pay differences also are beyond the scope of this analysis. )TES--------*The 1981 PATC survey reports salary data for nearly 1.8 million em ployees. about nine-tenths of whom were identified by sex. Those identified by sex were divided about evenly between men and women. ’’Many studies employ multiple regression techniques in efforts to ac count for earnings differences between men and women. These analyses, often based on data collected in the Current Population Survey, use as explanatory variables such personal characteristics of workers as job tenure and educational attainment. A broadly defined occupational variable, along with such worker characteristics, is at times included in a wage regression. Nevertheless, except as modified by merit or length-of-service adjustments under rate-range systems, pay rates typically are set for individual jobs, rather than for the workers filling them. Worker characteristic variables thus may function in regression models both as proxies for occupation and as measures of productivity or skill differences among incumbents within a job. For a review of this research, see Women, Work, and Wages: Equal Pay fo r Jobs of Equal Value (Washington. National Academy of Sciences. 1981). See also Wesley Mellow. “ Employer Size. Unionism, and W ages.” in supplement to Vol. VI of Research in Labor Economics (Greenwich. Conn.. JAI Press. 1983). "'For the 14 occupations, the coefficient of correlation between femalemale pay relatives and female share of total employment was only —0.07. which clearly is not statistically significant. 11 As in other b i s wage surveys, the p a t c job descriptions are usually more generalized than those of individual establishments. l2See Buckley. “ Pay differences." ” In the 1968 -70 period— the latest time for which data are available— approximately two-thirds of the office workers in metropolitan areas were paid under range-of-rate plans. See John Howell Cox. “ Time and incentive pay practices in urban areas.” Monthly Labor Review. December 1971, p. 54. 14In some instances, a p a t c survey occupational work level includes more than one company job title, for example, technicians and supervisors in an establishment that meet the survey job description for accountant IV. If rate ranges differ for company jobs matched to the same p a t c work level, this adds to the potential for earnings variation. 15 For a general discussion of seniority differences between men and women, see Job Tenure and Occupational Change, I 9 S I , Bulletin 2162 (Bureau of Labor Statistics. 1983). 33 Conference Papers The following excerpts are adapted from papers presented at the Thirty-Sixth Annual Meeting of the Industrial Rela tions Research Association, December 1983, in San Fran cisco. The full text of thepapers appears in the copyrighted ir r a publication, Proceedings o f the Thirty-Sixth Annual Meet ings, available from i r r a . University of Wisconsin, Social Science Building, Madison, Wis. 53706. Industrial relations research: its postwar contributions C l a r k K h rr This first contribution of an applied and specialized field of study, such as industrial relations, is to provide a running description of and commentary upon current developments. This is the role of the analytical historian of contemporary events or, more modestly, of the high-level journalist de scribing and explaining what is happening more or less as it happens. This is a very important role. It keeps other scholars informed of developments for the sake of their teaching and research. It contributes facts and understanding to practitioners and to policymakers in the field. It adds to the quality of public perceptions of developments both di rectly and indirectly. It provides historians of the future with a rich store of information and analyses. Industrial relations research in the United States has played this role since World War II most effectively. A large volume of articles and books has examined all aspects of the field quite adequately and generally quite impartially. There is no need for any inter ested person to be ignorant of any important, and even many unimportant, developments. An impressive layer of records has been compiled for current and future use. Yet some criticisms may be advanced. Reflecting back Clark Kerr, former president of the University of California, is a professor at the Institute of Industrial Relations, Berkeley. The title of his full irra paper is “ A Perspective on Industrial Relations Research—Thirty-Six Years Later.” https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis on the literature as published and reviewed in the leading journals and at the annual meetings of the Industrial Rela tions Research Association, one cannot miss seeing the rise and fall of interest in certain subjects— in the operation of unions at one time, in manpower planning at another time, in discrimination in the labor market at still another time, and so forth. These waves of interests are both understand able and regrettable. They reflect the current issues before society, but they deny constant attention to some long-term developments. Attention has focused now here, now there; and when picked up again in an old area by a new generation of scholars they seem often to make no connection with what was seen and thought the last time around. Related to this faddish nature of attention is the observation that so many subjects are treated in so many articles (particularly by econometricians) with little historical depth or little hor izontal comparison to other similar contemporary devel opments— little self-contained compartments unrelated to time or to place; little dots of data analysis not located vertically or horizontally on the great map of social expe rience. May I also suggest, looking at this body of literature over many years as an observer and occasional participant, that much of it. and perhaps even more of it than in earlier times, seems to be written to prove a point of view, mostly either neoclassical or Marxist, or to demonstrate mastery of a technique, like econometrics, than to give fresh and fully rounded illumination to the subject matter. Policy formation A second contribution is to be useful in policy formation. Industrial relations research and commentary has had one. but only one, spectacular success. This was the contribution of the Wisconsin School to two related but separable de velopments. One was to the introduction of the welfare state to the United States. Members of the Wisconsin School contributed many of the ideas, in their American formula tion, and many of the persons who actually implemented these ideas. The other was to the official acceptance and even encouragement of the trade union movement in the United States. This may yet prove to be even more important than the former. For it may turn out to be the first step toward a new form of capitalism and even of political gov ernance in the United States by establishing part of the framework for the tripartite corporation state, as has de veloped, for example, in Austria, Sweden, and Germany; although this evolution now seems to have been set back temporarily at least. These two contributions together con stitute certainly one of and perhaps even the greatest of all contributions of American social scientists to national pol icy. Industrial relations research, however, made no major contribution to the other great revolution of recent times in American economic behavior— the Keynesian revolution, except for John T. Dunlop’s important but relatively minor correction of Keynes. It might have done so. but it largely has not. One of the failures of the macroeconomy theory of the Keynesians has been that it has not been grounded in adequate microeconomy theory, including the behavior of labor markets. For Keynes, inflation would only com mence as bottlenecks began to appear as full employment was approached. He did not contemplate the possibility of stagflation, and it had, of course, not yet evidenced itself when he wrote The General Theory. His followers, how ever, facing the fact of stagflation, have not had an adequate microeconomy theory to explain it or to suggest solutions, although this is beginning to change. In the interim, industrial relations research, very broadly interpreted, has made contributions to some less significant new policies. It has helped to elucidate the contribution of education to skill and of skill to productivity and thus en couraged the heavy investment in education, particularly in the 1960’s. It has helped to indicate the degree of discrim ination by race and by sex in labor markets and thus en couraged policies of affirmative action. It has helped to search out and to extend good practices in improving the quality of working life. It has sought out and encouraged better management practices toward workers, as, for ex ample, it did early on in the "human relations in industry" and in the theory " v ” versus theory " x " analyses of man agement approaches. These are not inconsiderable contri butions. The big policy issue is now stagflation, the equivalent of the Great Depression of the 1930’s as a challenge waiting a solution. Here the study of industrial relations can make a very great contribution both in understanding this phe nomenon and in solving the policy puzzle of how full em ployment and stable prices can coexist. The Phillips curve once looked like both an adequate explanation and an ac ceptable cure by showing the tradeoff between inflation and unemployment, but the tradeoff now both explains less and cures less but at more cost. Industrial relations research can contribute part of the explanation as it discovers and explains the realities of labor markets, particularly of internal labor markets, and of wage-setting policies by firms, unions and governments; and possibly part of the cure as it studies the intricacies of incomes policies and their attendant social conditions and arrangements, and as it studies the means for increasing labor productivity. In these ways less inflation https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis and more employment can possibly be made more com patible. Here we are, however, dealing at the microeconomy level and no big solution, as with Keynes at the macro economy level, is possible. The relationship to theory The third potential contribution of an applied and spe cialized field is to theory. Such a field can (1) test the explanatory power of an existing theory against actual prac tice, can (2) contribute better assumptions to modify an old theory or create a new theory, and can (3) bring to light new problems to be explained. It can also (4) extend an old theory into explanations of further corners of practice. In dustrial relations research has only been clearly successful in the last of these contributions as the neoclassical labor economists have applied their system of analysis, particu larly to a deeper understanding of the supply of labor. In dustrial relations research has long sought to alert theorists to the inherent nature and the changing natures of labor markets, but few of the theorists have really listened— John R. Hicks and Arthur Okun are prominent among those who have. Now stagflation is forcing them to listen as mass unemployment made them listen to new explanations during the Great Depression. I should likl to draw a few lessons from this short review: • Theorists like to hear what they want to hear. • Only in extremis will they listen to what they do not want to hear and particularly from scholars in applied fields. • Interdisciplinary barriers are easier to raise than to lower. Only in biology are the old vertical barriers being torn down among fields, but only as new barriers are being built horizontally by levels of complexity of organisms. It is easier to prove once more or to extend into new areas of exploration an old theory, whether neoclassical or Marxist, than to create a new theory or even new explanations below the level of a general theory. • Curiosity about historical antecedents before the current event and about comparative experiences beyond the immediate event under study does not seem to flourish in the current ambience of scholarship. Both Karl Marx and Joseph Schumpeter are at least temporarily out of style, as are Adam Smith and Alfred Marshall— all of them were concerned with philosophical issues, with historical changes, with the political and sociological conditions surrounding economic life. • Policy advice can only be effective when policies are about to be made anyway because of the force of cir cumstances. Policy advice is of no value outside this context no matter how intrinsically good the advice may be. 35 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW June 1984 • Conference Papers • The “ pure” knowledge of the mathematical economist and what might be called the “ bounded” knowledge of the econometrician (bounded by a limitation to only such evidence as is quantifiable) are both more in demand and easier to supply than the “ realistic” knowledge of the person who contacts reality at first hand in all its complexities, such as the researcher in industrial rela tions. These half-dozen lessons were not so clear 36 years ago to those of us who started the Industrial Relations Research Association. In retrospect. I think I am glad they were not. but I am not sure— we might have been too discouraged by contemplating them; however, we might have been much more sophisticated in our efforts. In any event, always in the midst of less than perfect knowledge, each new gen eration of industrial relations scholars must answer for itself what problems are most worth solving, what methods are most likely to be most effective, and what efforts are most worth making. □ Young discouraged workers: racial differences explored Donald R. W il l ia m s The “ discouraged worker” effect, defined to be the ob served decline in labor force participation rates associated with increases in unemployment rates, is frequently an im portant topic for discussion in both academic, and political circles. One reason for concern is that the effect seems to differ across demographic groups. The labor force partici pation of women and teenagers, for instance, is often found to be more responsive to changes in employment opportun ities than is the participation of white prime-aged males.1 This can lead to differentials in the accumulation of human capital through on-the-job training, and the understatement of “ unemployment” during periods of loose labor markets. A recent study has shown that, among the male teenage group, significant differences also exist by race. The par ticipation rate declines with rising unemployment for both whites and blacks, but the magnitude of the response differs by a factor of up to 5 to 1, with black youth exhibiting the “ stronger” response.2 To expand on these findings, a timeseries analysis of Current Population Survey gross change data for the 1972-82 period was conducted.3 The objectives of the analysis were to estimate the degree to which the rates of flow by individuals among labor force states respond to changes in employment opportunities, and to identify which of these flows contribute most to the racial difference in the discouraged worker response. Donald R. Williams is an assistant professor of economics at Kent State University, Kent, Ohio. 36 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The gross flow approach By definition, an individual can occupy one of three states at any time: employment (£), unemployment (£/), or non participation in the labor force (N ). Over time, he or she makes transitions between those states and contributes to flows into and out of the labor force that determine the levels of and changes in labor force participation rates. The probability of making such a transition in a specified time interval is simply the number of people who make the tran sition, divided by the total number of people in the original state. Letting A(/ be the probability of making a transition from state / to state /', we can express the six possible transition probabilities as \ EU, \ EN, \ UE, \ UN, \ NE, and h-N U- The importance of these flow probabilities or “ transition rates” lies in the fact that they determine the numbers of people in each of the states E, U, and N at a point in time and, hence, the labor force participation rate. That rela tionship can be expressed fairly simply.4 As a result, changes in participation rates across demographic groups can be linked to changes or differences in transition probabilities. In general, the labor force participation rate for a demo graphic group will vary directly with \ NE, XNU, and \ UE, and inversely with À£iV, \ UN, and \ EU. Determinants of transition rates Each of the transition probabilities is determined by fac tors falling into two broad categories: those that affect the levels and frequencies of wage offers made by firms, and those that affect the “ value” for workers of nonmarket activity (leisure). The demand for a firm's product and the (perceived) productivity of a worker are examples of the former. Unemployment insurance, schooling, and marital or parental status are examples of the latter. Some factors fall into both categories.'' Expectations about the effects of these factors on tran sition rates are not always clear, but under standard as sumptions one may postulate three hypotheses:6 ( I ) Those factors that decrease the levels of wage offers by firms should increase the probability of making the U-to-N transition because the returns to job search have declined. Likewise, because employed workers will be less likely to quit work to search for another job and unemployed workers will be less likely to accept a job, the E-to-N, E-to-U. and U-to-E rates should decline. Individuals not in the labor force will also see lower returns, so that N-to-U and N-lo-E transition rates should also be lower. (2) Those factors that decrease the probability or fre quency of wage offers are hypothesized to have a two fold effect. First, given a level of job search intensity, expected returns to search are lower. That, however, could increase the returns to greater intensity of search. (3) Assuming that the first effect dominates, we should predict the same effects on transition rates as in hy pothesis (1): higher \ UN and lower \ HU, XUE, \ NU, and ANE. Factors that increase the value of nonmarket activity should decrease the rate of flow out of nonparticipation and increase the rates of flow into it. Factors that at the same time lower the costs of job search (or sub sidize search) will have an ambiguous effect with re gard to the N-to-U and U-to-N transitions, but can be expected to decrease the U-to-E transition rate. The level of aggregate demand can affect the various transition rates through each of the channels above. First, a decline in aggregate demand can depress the levels of wage offers made by firms, leading to the effects described in hypothesis (1) above. In the extreme, however, wage offers fall to zero through firing or layoff, in which case not all of the predictions in hypothesis (1) will hold. In particular, an increase in firings or layoffs should boost the E-to-N and E-to-U transition rates. Second, a decline in aggregate demand should also reduce the probability or fre quency of given wage offers, and thus have the effects described in hypothesis (2). Third, a decline in demand can bring about the unemployment of a spouse or parent, which can lead to decreases in the value of a worker's nonmarket activity and corresponding increases in transitions from N to U and E. The effects of changes in aggregate demand therefore depend on the relative magnitudes of the responses described above. In addition to developments in aggregate demand, the effects of four other variables are also estimated for analysis. The variables are: the minimum wage, the level of female labor force activity, the level of Aid to Families with Dependent Children ( afdc ) payments, and the existence of the Youth Employment and Demonstrations Projects Act. The minimum wage variable can be used to test two of the above hypotheses. To the extent that the minimum acts as a proxy for wages offered by firms to teenagers, a rising minimum can be thought of as rising wages, inducing par ticipation. On the other hand, to the extent that it lowers demand for teenage labor, it diminishes the probability of a teenager receiving a job offer, which can reduce flows into the participation states and increase flows out ot them. The female labor force activity variable is included to account for this latter effect. If teenagers and women are close substitutes in production then, given a level ot ag gregate labor demand, the increased labor force participation of women should decrease the probability of job offers to youth, and the predictions in hypothesis (2) above should result.7 However, the increased labor supply of women can also have the effects described in hypothesis (3), to the extent that the working women are also teenagers’ mothers. The afdc variable is included to account for its effects on the value of nonmarket time. The direct effect ot afdc https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis payments is to increase household income or wealth. Any nonmarket income is seen to increase the value ot one’s nonmarket activities, and so should decrease flows into and increase flows out of labor force participation. Because afdc can be seen as reducing or subsidizing the costs of job search, it could lower the U-to-E transition rate.8 The Youth Employment and Demonstrations Project Act of 1977 served to create more than 200,000 jobs for inner city youth, and so should have boosted the frequency of job offers, particularly for black youth. The overall effect of the program should, therefore, be to increase flows into the labor force after implementation in September 1977, and decrease flows out of it. Empirical analysis The effects of the variables above on transition rates were estimated from the following equation:9 l o g ( \ y ) , = $ 0 + P / log (RELMIN), + (32 (WOMEN), + (3i log (AFDC), (1) + (3^ (YEDPA), + (35 log (UPRIME), + (36 (time), + T (month dummies) + U, where r e l m i n is defined to be the basic Federal minimum wage, relative to the nominal average hourly wage for pro duction and nonsupervisory workers; w o m e n is the female percentage of the total labor force; a e d c is the nominal average monthly afdc payment, relative to nominal average hourly wages; and YEDPA is the Youth Employment and Demonstrations Projects variable, taking the value 0 for months before September 1977. and 1 thereafter.10 The proxy variable for the level of aggregate demand is the prime-age male unemployment rate. UPRIME. The de pendent variable. (A,,),, is defined as the number of people who moved from state / to state j in month t, divided by the number of people in state i in month t - 1. Results of the regression, presented in tabular form in the full paper, were derived from two specifications of equation (1). The first, a regression of lo g (A,-,), on u p r im e and t im e alone showed that decreases in the level of aggregate de mand (increases in UPRIME) are associated with decreases in flows into employment, increases in flows from employ ment to unemployment, and decreases in flows from em ployment to nonparticipation. This latter effect may be indicative of the propensity for quits to decline as demand falls. The propensity for the N-to-U transition rate to in crease as aggregate demand falls may indicate a strong “ added worker" effect among male teens. The most perplexing result of this analysis was the tendency, as u p r im e rises, for the U-to-N transition rate to decline for white males. This is interesting because the U-to-N transition is the one most commonly associated with notions of “ discourage ment." In a 1980 study, Ralph Smith and Jean Vanski found a similar result using a different measure of demand, clearly 37 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW June 1984 • Conference Papers suggesting that standard behavioral notions of discourage ment may be inappropriate.11 Racial differences existed for many of the effects, in addition to the U-Xo-N difference. The decline in the tran sition rate from nonparticipation to employment seemed much larger for blacks. And though teens of both races become more likely to make the out-of-the-labor-force to unemployment transition, the response was much less (and statistically insignificant) for blacks. Estimates using the full specification of equation (1) in dicate that these results are confirmed after taking account of the effects on transition rates of the other variables. A major difference is that the sign of the coefficient on UPRlME in the U-Xo-N regression changes from positive to negative, with blacks and whites exhibiting the same type of response, although the magnitude of the response is much larger for whites. Of particular interest is the effect of the influx of women on the male teens' transition rates. An increase in the labor market activity of women is associated with a decrease in flows into employment and an increase in the flow from unemployment to out-of-the-labor-force, particularly for black youth. To the extent that the increased participation of women has been primarily among whites, these results suggest a significant degree of substitution of white women for black teens over the sample period. They could also suggest a significant degree of racial preference on the part of em ployers. Note that we must be careful when interpreting the results from the full specification of the equation, because w o m e n . a e d c , and r e l m in all probably have some cyclic components. One might wrongly attribute to those variables some of the effects that should instead be attributed to UPRlME. Differences in participation responses Each of the racial differences in the impacts of changes in UPRlME contributes to racial differences in the discouraged worker effect. As UPRlME increases. Àv/. decreases more for blacks than for whites, \ NU increases more for whites than for blacks, and \ UN decreases more for whites than for blacks. Each of these effects depressed the labor force par ticipation rate more for blacks than for whites. The relative importance of the effects can be ascertained by estimating the change in the 1972-81 average participation rate for each race in response to a 1-percent change in a periodaverage transition rate. Results of this analysis show, for example, that a 1-percent increase in the E-Xo-N transition rate causes a .2907-percent decrease in the participation rate for blacks and a .2695-percent decrease in the participation rate for whites. Overall, the estimates indicate that given changes in transition rates have greater effects on partici pation rates for blacks than for whites, for all types of transitions. This is especially true for the EU, UE, UN, and NU transitions. The analysis also suggests that the most important sources of the racial differences in the participation rate response to 38 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis a change in UPRlME are in the U-Xo-N and N-Xo-E transitions. A 1-percent increase in UPRlME lowers the labor force par ticipation rate for blacks by .02 percent through the U-XoN transition rate and by .09 percent through the N-Xo-E rate. For whites, a 1-percent increase in UPRlME leads to an in crease in the participation rate of .002 percent through the U-Xo-N rate, and decreases it by only .05 percent through N-Xo-E. I n s u m , the differential discouraged worker effect exhibited by black and white male teenagers seems to be the result of racial differences in the magnitudes of the responses to changes in aggregate demand of the nonparticipation-toemployment, unemployment-to-nonparticipation, and nonparticipation-to-unemployment transition rates. The reasons tor these differential responses remain unclear; yet, iden tification of those reasons could answer many important policy questions: Are the differences behavioral? As un employment rates rise, does the N-Xo-E transition rate de cline more for blacks than for whites because whites and blacks place different values on nonmarket time? Or, does the frequency of wage offers decline faster for blacks than tor white due, say, to racial discrimination? These and other questions beg further research on this important labor force phenomenon. --------- EOOTNOTES--------1For evidence of these effects by sex and ace. see Alfred Telia. "The Relation of Labor Force to Employment." Industrial and Labor Relations Review. April 1964. pp. 454-69; Alfred Telia. "Labor Force Sensitivity to Employment by Age and Sex. Industrial Relations. February 1965. pp. 69-83; Thomas Dernberg and Kenneth Strand. "Hidden Unem ployment 1953-1962: A Quantitative Analysis by Age and Sc x ." American Economic Review. March 1966. pp. 71-95: Jacob Mincer. "Labor Force Participation and Unemployment; A Review of Recent Evidence." in Rob ert A. Gordon and Margaret S. Gordon, eds.. Prosperity and Unemploy ment {Hew York. Wiley Press. 1966): William G. Bowen and T. Aldrich Finegan. "Labor Force Participation and Unemployment." in Arthur M. Ross. ed.. Employment Policy am! the Labor Market (Berkeley. University of California Press. 1965): William G. Bowen and T. Aldrich Finegan. The Economics of Labor Eorce Participation (Princeton. N.J.. Princeton University Press. 1969); and George L. Perry. "Potential Output and Productivity." Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. Vol 1 1977 pp. 11-47. ' In Racial Differences in Male Teenage Labor Force Participation." Ph.Ddiss. (in progress). Donald R. Williams linds that a I-percent increase in their own age/race-specilic unemployment rates caused .11- and .02percent declines in the labor force participation rates for black and white teens, respectively, over the 1972-82 period. A 1-percent increase in the prime-age male unemployment rate (the variable used in this analysis) is associated w ith participation rate declines of . I I percent for blacks and .08 percent lor whites. During the last recession, when the prime-aged male rate went from 5.0 percent in May of 1981 to 7.9 percent in June of 1982 (a 58-percent increase), the black teenage participation rate declined from 43.8 to 36.5 percent, a drop of 16.6 percent, or more than 75.000 workers. Data are from unpublished ‘’gross change" tabulations from the Current Population Survey for the January 1972-December 1981 period (Bureau of Labor Statistics). For a description of gross change data, see U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Gross blow Data from the Current Population Survey (Washington. 1982). Also presented there arc descriptions of the biases inherent in the data. The data used in this paper are the raw data and so are subject to those biases, although the biases should not affect the interpretation of our results. 4See Stephen Marston, “ Employment Instability and High Unemploy ment Rates,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. Vol. 1. 1976. pp. 169-203; and Williams, “ Racial Differences." for discussions of the exact relationships between labor force participation rates and transition rates. 5For example, a decline in aggregate demand may decrease the levels of pay being offered to workers or increase probabilities of layoff, and at the same time decrease the value of a worker's home time due to the unemployment of a spouse. See Shelly J. Lundberg. "Unemployment and Household Labor Supply," Ph.D. diss.. Northwestern University. 1981. ftI discuss these relationships in general in chapter 4 of Williams. "Racial Differences." 7For evidence regarding the elasticity of substitution of women for teenagers, see James H. Grant and Daniel S. Hamcrmesh. “ Labor Market Competition Among Youth. White Women, and Others." Review of Eco nomics and Statistics, August 1981. pp. 354-60. s Michael Wachter and Choongsoo Kim argue that as minimum wage programs expand, often other government programs (such as m i x ) are expanded. These programs can have effects which offset those of the minimum wage. See "Time Series Changes in Youth Joblessness." in Richard B. Freeman and David Wise. eds.. The Yontli Labor Market Problem (Chicago. University of Chicago Press. 1982). Charles Betsey and Bruce Dunson present results indicating that the biases which result from estimating minimum wage effects without controlling for changes in these other programs can be substantial. See "Federal Minimum Wage Laws and the Employment of Minority Youth." American Economic Re view, May 1981. pp. 379-84. Therefore, another reason that we want to include a f d c payments is to better estimate the effects of the minimum wage. 9Empirical analyses similar to the one conducted here have been done for all race/sex groups, but only through 1976. See Stephen Marston. "Employment Instability"; Ronald G. Ehrenberg. "The Demographic Structure of Unemployment Rates and Labor Market Transition Probabil ities,” mimeo (Ithaca, N.Y.. Cornell University, July 1979); and Ralph E. Smith and Jean E. Vanski, "The Volatility of the Teenage Labor Market: Labor Force Entry, Exit, and Unemployment Flows." in Youth Unem ployment: Its Measurement and Meaning (Washington. U.S. Department of Labor, 1980). ll)The jobs were created in the summer of 1977. so this variable does not really measure the "direct" impact of y k d r a on labor market transi tions. Instead, it simply divides the sample into "pre-" and " p o s t - v i a x ’A " periods. 11 See Smith and Vanski. "The Volatility of the Teenage Labor Market." Job cuts are only one means firms use to counter imports A nn C. O rr and James A. O rr The Trade Adjustment Assistance program, established in 1962 and greatly expanded in 1974, was designed to reduce the cost of adjustment to workers displaced due to import competition and to make adjustment more palatable through the provision of employment services and income mainte nance during their period of unemployment.1 Alternatively, tariffs, quotas, and other explicit forms of protection have as their objective the protection of employment in an inAnn C. Orr is a consultant to the World Bank and the Bureau of the Census, and James A. Orr is an assistant professor of economics at Man hattan College. The title of their full ir r a paper is "Employment Adjust ments in Import-Sensitive Manufacturing Industries, 1960-1980.” https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis dustry and thus the prevention of adjustment costs, causing trade policy to be described as a "protect vs. adjust” option for the economy. Overlooked is the role of intra-industry adjustments in the form of factor mobility and declines in earnings of work ers remaining employed in the industry. Reductions in wages and compensation can, under certain conditions, substitute for reductions in employment as a means of reducing labor costs. Wage reductions are, of course, not options for all firms. To the extent that the workers’ training and experience determine productivity, a wage decline not linked to a de cline in productivity will simply cause the workers to move to another firm or industry. Should labor productivity in crease, however, as a result of, for example, greater capital investment or more efficient utilization, room exists for varying wage rates to reduce labor costs. We used several criteria to identify a sample of industries that have experienced relatively strong import competition. Generally, an industry was considered import-sensitive for purposes of this analysis if the import-penetration rate was high and rising over the past decade, or employment in the industry is highly protected by the existing tariff' structure. Secular increases in import penetration rates suggest that imports are likely to be permanent features of a market, rather than the result of short-term movements in exchange rates or general demand conditions. Tariff-sensitive em ployment indicates the combination of a high tariff' rate, high import elasticity of demand, and labor-intensive pro duction technologies. Based on the import penetration study of Gregory K. Schoepffe2 and the estimates of employment opportunity declines resulting from the Tokyo Round tariff' reductions in Thomas Bayard and James Orr,2 we selected 25 3-digit sic manufacturing industries as import-sensitive over the period 1960-1980.4 The industries generally met both criteria. Employment in these industries exceeded 6 million workers, or 30 percent of all manufacturing em ployment. An industry was considered to have experienced a decline in employment if there was a reduction of 10 percent or more in the average annual number of workers employed from the industry’s pre-1978 peak employment level to 1978. (See table 1.) An industry was considered to have experienced a wage adjustment if there was a decline of 5 percent or more in its relative wage, that is, the wage of the industry expressed as a percentage of the average manufacturing wage. This form of the industry’s wage was used to control for both the effects of inflation and manufacturing sector-wide effects on wages. Regional employment redistribution was measured over the 1972-80 period. It was considered to have occurred if there was both a decline of at least 5,000 workers in an industry in at least two States and a corresponding increase in employment in at least two States of the same amount. The magnitude of the change in the total employment in the 39 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW June 1984 • Conference Papers Table 1. Adjustment characteristics of 25 import-sensitive industries [Employment in thousands] SIC code Industry Manufacturing ................................................ Peak year Relative wages in— Peak year 1978 Peak year Level of employment in— Peak year 1978 Significant regional distribution — — 1979 21.000 20,476 Yes 0.73 0.75 0.76 0.73 0.71 0.79 0.76 0.68 0.72 0.73 0.71 0.64 0.64 0.74 0.71 0.65 1960 1978 1960 1969 1973 1973 1973 1973 245 125 57 32 267 95 66 159 150 125 23 26 240 78 62 139 No No No No Yes No Yes No — 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 Broadwoven fabric mills, cotton .................................... Broadwoven fabric mills, manmade fiber and s i lk ......... Broadwoven fabric mills, wool ...................................... Narrow fabric mills ....................................................... Knitting mills ................................................................ Dyeing and finishing textiles........................................... Floor covering mills ....................................................... Yarn and thread m ills .................................................... 1969 1969 1966 1960 1970 1967 1970 1969 23 Apparel .......................................................................... 1968 0.73 0.63 1973 1,438 1,333 Yes 224 Wooden containers ....................................................... 1975 0.69 0.66 1973 47 43 Yes 302 314 Rubber and plastics footwear........................................ Nonrubber footw ear....................................................... 1972 1968 0.73 0.72 0.61 0.60 1973 1960 30 245 23 160 Yes No 326 Pottery and related products ........................................ 1963 0.93 0.84 1973 48 46 No 331 Blast furnaces and basic steel products ........................ 1982 1.57 1.52 1965 660 570 No 354 355 Metalworking machinery ................................................ Special industry machinery ........................................... 1970 1972 1.22 1.06 1.13 1.04 1980 1980 370 210 350 200 No No 363 364 365 366 367 Household appliances.................................................... Electric lighting and wiring equipment .......................... Radio and TV sets ......................................................... Communication equipment............................................. Electric components and accessories............................ 1961 1965 1960 1982 1961 1.08 0.93 0.91 1.13 0.86 0.93 0.88 0.86 1.09 0.79 1973 1979 1966 1982 1982 198 225 165 560 550 184 220 120 490 450 Yes Yes No No Yes 371 Motor vehicles and equipment ...................................... 1977 1.38 1.37 1978 1.000 1,000 No 0.70 1969 35 30 No 0.77 0.70 1978 1974 65 135 65 122 Yes Yes 387 Watches, clocks and p arts............................................. 1960 0.87 391 394 Jewelry .......................................................................... Toys and sporting goods................................................ 1970 1970 0.92 0.77 industry was not used in constructing the regional adjust ment measure. Relative wage declines most common Despite the prevalent notion that employment declines are the predominant means of adjustment in import-sensitive industries, only three of the 12 industries which experienced employment declines used employment decline as the sole means of adjustment. A majority (16) of industries used at least two adjustment measures. Relative wage declines were the most common form of adjustment, occurring in 15 in dustries. Regional redistribution of employment occurred in 10 industries and was accompanied in almost every case by relative wage decline. This complementarity between the regional redistribution of employment and declines in rel ative wages appears in all types of industries and suggests a much broader impact of imports on domestic employment than that suggested by observing only aggregate industry employment levels. The textile industries provide evidence on the variations in the process of adjustment within broad categories of in dustries. The broadwoven fabric mills, cotton, and yarn and thread mills industries experienced only employment de clines. No adjustments occurred in either relative wages or in the regional distribution of employment. Several char 40 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis acteristics of these industries, however, limited the adjust ment options which firms in the industries could pursue. By 1970, employment in these industries was already concen trated in the South, and wage rates averaged only 70 percent of manufacturing wages. By contrast, the knitting mills and floor covering mills industries, although relatively small, experienced both declines in relative wages and a regional redistribution of employment from States in the Northeast to the South. Furthermore, since 1965 both industries have experienced increases in productivity at least as large as that in the manufacturing sector. In the case of floor covering mills, labor productivity growth was much larger. Employment losses in the apparel industry, the largest industry and least geographically concentrated in the sam ple, were not large in the aggregate. There was, however, a decline in relative wages beginning in 1968 and a signif icant redistribution of employment away from the Northeast States toward States in the South and West, particularly California, where employment increased by more than 25,000 between 1972 and 1978. Again, labor productivity growth in the industry kept pace with that of the manufacturing sector throughout the period. The footwear industries both experienced declines in em ployment as well as in relative wages. Rubber footwear also experienced a regional redistribution of its employment while nonrubber footwear, although concentrated in the Northeast, did not. Employment declines in the latter also preceded declines in relative wages, an exception to the pattern ob served in many industries. As a group, manufacturers of household appliances, elec tric lighting equipment, radio and television sets, commu nication equipment, and electronic components tended to adjust in a similar pattern. Actual employment declines oc curred only in the radio and t v industry, which also ex perienced a sustained decline in its relative wage beginning in 1960. The remaining industries experienced no employ ment decline but did, with the exception of communication equipment, experience declines in relative wages beginning in the early to mid-1960's and a regional redistribution of employment. By the end of the 1970’s, relative wages in all five of these industries had recovered and were, in fact, increasing. California and Massachusetts had the strongest gains in employment in these industries, while Ohio, Illi nois, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey had major employment losses. 4The list contains many of the industries generally considered to be trade-sensitive. The 3-digit sic industry was selected because of the desire to disaggregate the industry as much as possible while still having adequate time series data on employment, wages, and the regional distribution of employment. Gregory Schoepfle. and Thomas Bayard and James Orr both worked at the 4-digit input-output level of analysis. If one of their industries satisfied our criteria, we included the associated 3-digit sic industry in our sample. Plant closures: efforts to cushion the blow B l n n l t t H a r r is o n 1Walter Corson, Walter Nicholson, David Richardson, and Andrea Vayda. Survey o f Trade Adjustment Assistance Recipients (Princeton. N.J., Math ematical Research Institute Inc., 1979). In sharp contrast to the European situation, only about one in five workers in the United States is covered by collective bargaining agreements. Moreover, of those workers who do belong to unions, only a small proportion have contracts containing language providing more than token advance notification of shutdowns. Of all collective bargaining agreements in force in 1980 and covering more than 1,000 employees, only 15 percent contained language requiring either advance notice of a closure or relocation, or explicitly authorized union participation in the procedure. Of the con tracts containing such language, 3 of 4 were in manufac turing, so service sector workers (the fastest growing segment of the economy) were especially poorly protected. And of those agreements reporting (to the Bureau of Labor Statis tics) on length of the prenotification period, more than half provided less than 3 months' notice, while only 14 percent called for prenotification of 6 months or more.1 Advocates of national legislation requiring firms to give workers ad vance notification of closure regularly point to these data as evidence that “ voluntary" (including collectively bar gained) arrangements have been insufficient in their cov erage to adequately provide the protection they feel is needed. That vulnerability has been enhanced by a U.S. Supreme Court decision in June 1981. in First National Maintenance Carp. v. n l r b . The Court ruled 7 to 2 that a company may close a plant without bargaining with its union, provided that the shutdown is “ partial" (one of several plants or units in a multiunit company, but not the entire firm) and “ purely for economic reasons" (as opposed to, for example, an antiunion animus). In their decision, the justices overturned a number of lower court (and previous Supreme Court) rulings that unions always had a right to be informed in advance, if only so they might (said the lower courts) choose to negotiate a new contract that could conceivably change the “ economic reasons’’ for the closure.2 2Gregory K. Schoepfle, “ Imports and domestic employment: identifying affected industries,’’ Monthly Labor Review. August 1982. pp. 13-26. ’Thomas Bayard and James Orr. Trade and Employment Effects of Tariff Reductions Agreed to in the Tokyo Round o f the Multilateral Trade Ne gotiations (Washington, U.S. Department of Labor. Bureau of Interna tional Affairs, April 1980). Bennett Harrison is a professor of Political Economy and Planning, De partment of Urban Studies and Planning. Massachusetts Institute of Tech nology. The title of his full ir r a paper is. “ Comparing European and American Experience with Plant Closing Laws.” Restructuring indicated The pattern of adjustment in this group of industries sug gests that a successful restructuring occurred. By the end of the 1970’s, relative wages in all five of these industries had recovered and were, in fact, increasing above the pre vious peak level. Labor productivity growth in this group of industries, with the exception of electric lighting equip ment, far exceeded that of the manufacturing sector as a whole in the 1970’s. Particularly strong growth in labor productivity was observed in two of these industries (radiot v sets and electronic components) in which such growth began in the mid-1960’s. Despite this strong growth, these industries experienced declining relative wages throughout the 1960’s and until the late 1970’s, which suggests that their adjustment was based largely on labor cost reductions. The automobile and steel industries, two of the largest in the sample, were anomalies in their patterns of adjustment. The former did not adjust in any of the three dimensions over the period studied. Labor productivity growth kept pace with that of the manufacturing sector, while relative wages increased. The steel industry was the only industry in the sample which experienced a decline in employment, a de cline in labor productivity, and an increase in relative wages. --------- FOOTNOTES--------- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 41 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW June 1984 • Conference Papers Voluntary plant closure practices In recent years, the managements of some companies have met with the “ workers’ representatives” to discuss outplacement or retraining and to plan for the redeployment of the displaced employees (although almost never to re consider the decision to close), have negotiated such benefits for the displaced workers as severance pay, continuation of health benefits, and transfer rights to jobs elsewhere in the parent company’s organization. A small body of bestpractice case material is gradually emerging on the ideas and experiences of these managers and their consultants at such companies as Ford, the Brown and Williamson To bacco Co., Goodyear Tire and Rubber, and other firms.3 Moreover, it is widely believed among human resource professionals that wherever union- or government-initiated programs to plan for the rapid redeployment of workers who have been displaced by a closure have been successful (the leading examples over the last 2 years being the programs of the Illinois a f l - c i o and the State of California's Eco nomic Adjustment Team), that outcome is due primarily to the active involvement and support of the private firms un dergoing shutdown. Nevertheless, many American labor, government, and community activists ask why this country's work force should have to depend upon voluntary “ statesmanlike” behavior by managers. If some firms can undertake to give advance notice, and to join with workers and government to plan redeployment of displaced labor, then (it is said) that just proves that all firms can do it— and therefore should be required to do it. This seems to have been precisely the argument that most effectively swayed the provincial and national governments of Canada, most of which now have mandatory advance notice laws on their statute books.4 Advocates of plant closing legislation in the United States are as concerned with normalizing and standardizing the practice of shutdown as they are with achieving a greater measure of social justice. And especially in American po litical practice, “ normalizing” and “ standardizing” means legislating. State and local legislation By late 1983, plant closing legislation had been passed or was being considered in 17 States and 2 cities. Maine has had a modest law on its books since 1971. In 1983, the Wisconsin legislature repealed its 1975 law and substituted another which will go into effect in 1984, replacing pro visions for mandatory notification with voluntary guidelines combined with incentives in the form of "positive adjust ment” assistance. Also in 1983, Connecticut passed a law requiring a modest continuation of the health benefits of certain eligible workers displaced by plant closures. Phil adelphia passed a law in 1982 mandating a 60-day preno tification period; a recent evaluation of its immediate after effects notes that a number of large service firms (in petro 42 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis leum distribution, communications, and insurance) have moved into the city since the passage of the law.5 In July 1983, the city council of Pittsburgh passed a 3- to 9-month advance notice bill over the veto of the mayor, only to have it disallowed in August by two local judges. The city council is now appealing. Fourteen other States and Connecticut are currently debating advance notification and positive adjust ment legislation, including California, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minne sota, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island. Over the decade, since plant closing legislation became a subject of political discourse in this country, several central issues have emerged. Around some of these, positions have long since hardened, and little compromise seems likely in the foreseeable future between advocates and opponents. Other issues seem much more open. Prenotification. Although the principle of mandatory ad vance notice is currently in retreat in some places (for ex ample, the new Wisconsin statute), it remains the essential core of the plant closing demand. Indeed, the North Amer ican business community itself seems rather divided on both the feasibility and the desirability of prenotification of com pany decisions to shut down, relocate, or permanently lay off significant numbers of workers. Thus, for example, rep resentatives of Levi Strauss & C o.. which closed eight plants during 1982-83, testified at congressional hearings that they endorsed a national plant closing bill, if only to head off the “ chaos” which would result with the passage of separate State laws (Levi Strauss operates in 19 States).6 Earlier, in May 1980, a survey of executives in 105 Fortune 500 com panies elicited the rather remarkable finding that 3 of 5 executives thought a prenotification period of at least 3 months was quite feasible, while “ over a third of the re spondents considered 6 months to a year to be the ideal period.” 7 One of the more common fears of the negative conse quences of prenotification requirements is the concern that, once they are given their notice, workers will slow down on the job, commit sabotage, or simply leave to take new employment elsewhere. One way or another, it is feared, advance notice will wreak havoc with plant productivity. Because there are already prenotification laws on its statute books, Canada is a useful place to look for evidence on this question. And while much more research is needed, prelim inary inquiries indicate that executives of individual private corporations and officials of the Canadian Manufacturing Association have, from personal experience, found such fears to be unjustified.8 Consultation comparisons. In Europe, consultations be tween managers and works councils— certainly over the outplacement of employees, and sometimes over the deci sion to close itself— form an important part of the plant closing dispute resolution process. This is, of course, grounded in the real political power of the labor movement in those co u n trie s. (A lthough jo in t labor-m anagem ent committees of various kinds are an object of experimentation in a number of places, American practice clearly eschews European-style consultations. In this country, “ rights” tend to get spelled out in detail, and almost every disagreement ends up in court. And those rights almost entirely concern the arrangements for separation. Keeping the plant open, especially under alternative forms of ownership, is simply not a central subject of discussion in the typical American (or, for that matter, Canadian) closure. Severance. In private discussions, employers often indi cate that they can “ live with” prenotification, but that man datory severance pay is simply unacceptable, threatening, as it might, to eliminate the cost advantages of relocating the operations. From the point of view of local labor and community leaders, mandatory severance also has its con tradictory aspects. The oldest and the youngest workers in the plant tend to show the greatest interest in “ taking the money and running” — the former because they have little chance of finding other employment, and the latter because they have the best chances. It seems typically to be the middle-aged workers who most resent the shutdown, who are the most likely to organize resistance, and who are at the same time most prepared to make wage or benefit concessions in order to keep the plant open (or to facilitate a worker buyout). The problem is inherent in the contra diction between the indivisible nature of the plant closing decision (“ open” or “ close” ), with its collective impli cations (“ everyone stays” or “ everyone goes” ), and the individual consumerist nature of the severance remedy. Health benefits. In a society with neither universal national health insurance for people of working age nor easilyavailable, inexpensive, and reliable private individual health insurance, it should be no surprise that American workers are increasingly concerned with protecting their claims on their group health insurance policies made available through their present employers. This seems to be an issue which crosses all the usual age, race, and gender boundaries. □ severance pay, 6-month continuation of life and medical insurance, transfer rights to the Macon plant for 325 of the 3,000 Louisville workers, moving expense assistance for this group, and counseling, job placement assistance, and company-financed retraining for the rest. The company even prevailed on the Governor of Kentucky to obtain a waiver of State law that would have prevented those laid off from drawing both severance pay and un employment insurance simultaneously. (See Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison, The Deindustrialization o f America. New York, Basic Books, 1982). Of course, this was all done to effect an orderly, trouble-free con solidation. And it is true that continuation of the production activities in Louisville (let alone adaptive reuse of the plant) was never open to dis cussion. The relationship between the parties was undoubtedly more pa ternalistic than collaborative. Notwithstanding all of this, such an orderly transition— triggered by advance notification of the impending closure— seems to me to be precisely what many planners in Europe would like their own legislation to achieve. 4 For the purposes of this paper. I have been able to conduct only a cursory examination of Canadian plant closing laws and practices. Six of the ten provinces— Ontario. Quebec. New Brunswick. Nova Scotia, New foundland. and Manitoba— do have mandatory advance notification laws (although there are also long lists of authorized exceptions where notice is not required, such as— in the Nova Scotia statute— when closure is due to “ circumstances beyond the control of the employer"). There is also a national law. covering about 400.000 employees in certain specific sectors including transport, banking. Federal Crown Corporations, and so forth. Prenotification under federal law varies from 8 to 16 weeks. See footnote 7. pp. 133-34). At both federal and provincial levels, modest sanctions are usually pre scribed for noncompliance, typically involving entitling workers to sue for the backpay that would have been earned had the plant stayed open for the duration of the requisite notification period (the toughest sanctions, at least on paper, are in Newfoundland, where failure to give notice means that the employer may not close the plant.) The notice period varies from one province to another and according to the number of employees in the plant at the time of the announcement. Thus, for example, in Ontario and Newfoundland the managers of a plant with 50 to 199 employees must give 8 weeks' notice: 200 to 499 employees require 12 weeks; and work forces in excess of 500 must be given 16 weeks' prenotification. Most provincial laws, as well as the national regulation require that, when viable firms close a particular plant, severance pay must be provided to all em ployees (whether or not they are covered by any collective bargaining agreement) according to the general formula of 1 week’s severance pay for each year of service up to some maximum (usually 26 weeks). While there are a variety of labor-management and tripartite “ positive adjust ment“ programs subsidized by the government, there does not seem to be anything resembling the right of “ consultation “ as practiced intranationally in Europe and sought internationally through the Vredeiing Directive. ''James A. Craft. “ Plant Closing Legislation." Working Paper No. 550 (Graduate School of Management. University of Pittsburgh. 1983). hDaily Labor Report. July 12. 1983. pp. A -4. A -5. 7Morris L. Sweet. Industrial Location Policy fo r Economic Revitali zation: National and International Perspectives (New York. Praeger Pub lishers. 1981). p. 148. s Based on Conference Board of Canada (1983). and on interviews with Canadian business officials conducted by the staff of the Massachusetts Commission on the Future of Mature Industries. --------- FOOTNOTES--------'M ajor Collective Bargaining Agreements: Plunt Movement. Interplant Transfer, and Relocation Allowances. Bulletin 1425-20 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1981), pp. 8-10. 2Joseph Cipparone, “ Advance Notice of Plant Closings: Toward Na tional Legislation,“ University of Michigan Journal o f Law Reform. Winter 1981; and John D. Feerick. “ Plant Closures and Duty to Bargain." New York: Law Review, March 1981. 3Robert B. McKersie and William McKersie. Plant Closings: What Can be Learned From Best Practice (Washington. U.S. Department of Labor. Labor Management Services Administration, 1982). Brown and Williamson Tobacco Co. in many ways represents the state of the art. In one series of closures in Louisville, Ky. in 1980, involving a consolidation of operations at the firm's Macon, Ga. site. Brown and Williamson provided its workers and their unions with advance notification. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Does it pay to organize? estimating the cost to unions P a u l a B. V o o s In recent years, the total membership of U.S. labor orga nizations has been shrinking. Between 1978 and 1980, there was a drop in worldwide membership of about 355,000 members to approximately 23,883,000. During this same 43 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW June 1984 • Conference Papers period, U.S. membership fell by 391,000 members to 22,366,000.1These recent developments occurred in a longrun context of absolute union growth, but a decreasing per cent organized, especially in the private sector. This study explores several issues in union growth and examines new data on the size of organizing programs. First, was a decrease in the union commitment to growth partially responsible for the secular decline in the percent of workers organized in the private sector, as some re searchers have contended?2 Second, did a larger expenditure on organizing enable a union to win bargaining rights for more employees in National Labor Relations Board repre sentation elections, and if so, what was the cost to the union of each new member? Third, how did that estimated mar ginal cost compare to the marginal benefit existing union members receive from organizing; that is, is organizing justifiable in strictly economic terms or is social idealism a necessary rationale for these programs? And, finally, how much additional money would U.S. labor organizations need to spend annually to arrest the long-run decline in the percent organized? To answer these questions, estimates of nonlocal organ izing program expenditures were made from the financial statements of the following 27 unions: Auto Workers ( u a w ). Brewery Workers, Carpenters, Chemical Workers, Clothing Workers, Communications Workers, Electrical Workers ( i b e w ) , Furniture Workers, Glass and Ceramic Workers, Ladies’ Garment Workers, Longshoremen and Warehouse men, Machinists, Maintenance of Way Employees. Marine and Shipbuilding Workers, Meat Cutters, Newspaper Guild, Office and Professional Employees, Packinghouse Workers ( u p w a ), Painters, Railway and Airline Clerks, Rubber Workers, Service Employees, Steelworkers, Teamsters, Textile Workers ( t w u a ). Upholsterers, and Woodworkers. The trend in inflation-adjusted organizing expenditures was inferred from a subsample of 20 unions which grew at the same rate as all U.S. unions for the period 1953-74. A second subsample of 25 unions which utilized n l r b rep resentation procedures was used to generate marginal cost estimates between 1964 and 1977. Organizing expenditures increased in real terms between 1953 and 1974, using either the Consumer Price Index or the gross national product ( g n p ) deflator to define constant dollars. Nonlocal organizing expenditures for the subsample of 20 unions rose from $24.4 million to $43.6 million (1967 c p i dollars) between 1953 and 1974, an annual real growth Paula B. Voos is an assistant professor o f economics and industrial relations at the University of W isconsin, Madison. The title o f her full paper is “ Labor Organizing Program s, 1954-77” (Ph.D . dissertation, D epartm ent o f Economics, Harvard University, 1982). 44 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis rate of 2.8 percent. Insofar as the union commitment to growth can be defined as the aggregate amount of real re sources allocated to organizing, it is obvious that a decrease in commitment was not responsible for the decline in the percent organized over this period. Unions which mounted larger organizing programs be tween 1964 and 1977 won bargaining rights for more work ers in n l r b representation elections, controlling for the number of potential members, the characteristics of the contested unit, and macroeconomic factors. The regressions estab lishing this relationship were used to estimate the cost of recruiting an additional union member. Estimates were ad justed to reflect the facts that unions do not manage to negotiate collective bargaining agreements in a significant minority of units won in n l r b elections, and that a minority of employees covered by collective bargaining agreements do not become union members. With these adjustments, the marginal cost of each additional union member ranged from $580 to $ 1,568 (1980 dollars). The lower figure was derived from a “ fixed effects” model controlling for many measured aspects of the union’s environment and for unmeasured char acteristics of each union; the higher figure was derived from models which controlled for neither. Previous econometric estimates of the extent to which wages increase when a greater percent of an industry is organized were utilized to derive estimates of the marginal benefit going to existing union members from organizing an additional person/ In 19 of 20 major manufacturing industries, the discounted present value of this benefit ex ceeds the highest estimate of the marginal cost of organizing. Thus, while organizing programs are effective in the unionization of additional persons, the cost is substantial. However, the cost of not organizing in terms of the benefits forgone by existing union members is even higher. Between 1953 and 1978, the proportion of workers who were mem bers of labor organizations declined by about 0.3 percentage points per year. Had unions moved to arrest the decline in 1978 by expanding organizing programs, the cost would have ranged from $163 million to $442 million (1980 dollars). Q --------- FOOTNOTES--------'See Directory of U.S. Labor Organizations, 1982-83 Edition (Wash ington. The Bureau of National Affairs. Inc.. 1982). -Richard N. Block. '"Union Organizing and the Allocation of Union Resources," Industrial and Labor Relations Review. October 1980. pp. 101-13: and Richard A. Lester. As Unions Mature: An Analysis o f the Evolution of American Unionism (Princeton. N.J.. Princeton University Press. 1958). ’Richard B. Freeman and James L. Medoff. "The Impact of the Percent Organized on Union and Nonunion W ages." The Review of Economics and Statistics. November 1981. pp. 561-72. Communications Comparing rates and proportions: they can be misleading D a v e M . O ’ N e il l We are all familiar with proportions that measure very im portant socioeconomic magnitudes. Unemployment rates, poverty rates, and mortality rates are three of the most widely used. The unemployment rate is an indicator of a group’s difficulties in finding a job; the poverty rate is one measure of the adequacy of a group’s income; and the mor tality rate is an indicator of a group’s ability to deal with disease and other life-threatening hazards. To compare groups on these magnitudes, the ratio of their rates is almost always used. Thus, the ratio of the unem ployment rate of blacks to that of whites is watched to detect changes in their relative difficulty in finding a job. Similarly, changes in the ratios of poverty rates and mortality rates are used to measure relative changes in the economic and health status of groups. However, these ratios can lead to wrong conclusions about changes in the relative status of groups. (See a discussion of the “ incremental ratio’’ in Curtis Gil roy’s “ Black and white unemployment; the dynamics of the differential,” Monthly Labor Review, February 1974.) The correct approach is to observe the ratio of the com plements of each of the well-known rates as well. That is, the ratios of employment rates, of “ nonpoverty” rates, and of survivor rates should also be used. Changes in these ratios will sometimes indicate the same change in the relative position of the groups as the ratios of the well-known rates. However, they will often move in the opposite direction. Proportions and rates as means The three well-known rates are used so often that it is easy to forget that a rate or proportion is a special kind of mean. It is a measure of the level (and dispersion) of a certain kind of frequency distribution— one in which each individual either has one value of the characteristic or an other. Each value is usually nonnumeric (for example, un employed, employed; dies, lives; poor, not poor). The relative Dave M. O ’Neill is assistant division chief for socioeconomic studies. Center for Demographic Studies, U.S. Bureau of the Census. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis frequency in one of the categories (p) of the characteristic is used to summarize the distribution. No information is added by (1 - p) if the group’s (p) is only being compared with itself at different places or times. In these situations, if (p) goes up, (1 - p ) must go down. However, when the ratio of the (p)s of two groups is being compared over time, the information provided by changes in the ratio of the (1 —p)s can be different from that shown by the ratio of the (p)s. The only reliable ap proach is to examine the behavior of both of these ratios. Changes in the two ratios of rates may indicate the same change in relative status between the two groups. However, it is also possible for the two ratios to indicate opposite changes in relative status. Thus, during almost every reces sion since World War II, the ratio of black to white un employment rates fell, and the ratio of black to white employment rates also fell. This happens because blacks start out with a significantly higher level for their unem ployment rate and a lower level for their employment rate than do whites. Therefore, somewhat higher percentagepoint increases in unemployment for blacks (which tend to happen during recessions) represent a smaller percentage increase for the black unemployment rate but, simulta neously, a greater percentage decrease in their employment rate. Which way does relative status move in this situation? Do blacks become relatively worse off or better off in reces sions? A precise answer would require assigning values (dollars, utility) to the employment and unemployment cat egories. Then, the unemployment and employment rates could be combined using the values as weights to derive employment status indices for each group. The behavior of the ratio of these indices would give the correct change in the relative status of the two groups. In the absence of these indices, what can be concluded when the two ratios of rates show opposite changes? A conservative approach is to say that the direction of change in relative status cannot be determined. In effect, there may have been a change in relative status, but it is too small to detect with available data. Cases in point Some important trends in relative status by sex and race have probably been misunderstood because only the ratios 45 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW June 1984 • Communication of the (p)s were used to compare the groups. Two such examples which we will examine are infant mortality by race and poverty by sex. Table 1 shows data on infant death rates (p), and infant survival rates (1 - p) by race during 1940-82. If one com pares the last two table columns, it becomes clear that the ratio o f the death rates and the ratio of the survival rates give opposite answers to the question— what happened to the relative chances of black infants surviving versus white infants? The ratio of death rates (black to white) shows the situation worsening for blacks, while the ratio of survival rates shows their relative situation improving. Because blacks started from a higher death rate level, a significantly larger absolute decline in their mortality rate amounted to a smaller relative decline than whites experienced. And because their survival rate started from a lower level than whites, it must have increased by a greater percentage. As noted, without data to combine (p) and (1 - p) for each group, we can only conclude that there was no significant change in relative status. Table 2 shows data on poverty rates and nonpoverty rates for families, by the sex of the family head. 1959-82. As with infant death rates, use of the ratio of the poverty rates (p) instead of the nonpoverty rates (1 - p) gives opposite Table 1. Infant mortality and survival rates by race, selected years, 1940-82 Mortality rates1 Survival rates2 Year 1940 1950 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 ................. ................. ................. ................. ................. ................. ................. ................. ................. Ratio of blacks to whites Black White Black White Mortality rates Survival rates 72.9 43.9 44.3 41.7 32.6 26.2 21.0 20.0 19.3 43.2 26.8 22.9 21.5 17.8 14.2 11.1 10.5 9.9 927.1 956.1 955.7 958.3 967.4 973.8 979.0 980.0 980.7 956.8 973.2 977.1 978.5 982.2 985.8 988.9 989.5 990.1 1.69 1.64 1.93 1.94 1.83 1.84 1.89 1.90 1.95 969 .982 .978 .979 .985 .988 .990 .990 .991 Table 2. Poverty and “nonpoverty” rates of family heads by type of family, selected years, 1959-82 Year 1959 1960 1965 1970 1975 1979 1980 1981 1982 ................. ................. ................. ................. ................. ................. ................. ................. ................. Female head, no husband present Heads of all other families Ratio of female head to other heads Poverty rate Non poverty rate Poverty rate Non poverty rate Poverty rate Non poverty rate 42.6 42.4 38.4 32.5 32.5 30.4 32.7 34.6 36.3 57.4 57.6 61.6 67.5 67.5 69.6 67.3 65.4 63.7 15.8 15.4 11.1 7.2 6.2 5.5 6.3 7.0 7.9 84.2 84.6 88.9 92.8 93.8 94.5 93.7 93.0 92.1 2.69 2.75 3.45 4.51 5.24 5.53 5.19 4.94 4.60 .68 .68 .69 .73 .72 .73 .72 .70 .69 Source: C o n s u m e r In co m e . C u rre n t P o p u la tio n R e p o rts, Series P -60, No. 68 (Bu reau of the Census. 1969); C o n s u m e r In co m e . C u rre n t P o p u la tio n R e p o rts , Series P60. No. 95 (Bureau of the Census. 1974): and C o n s u m e r In co m e , C u rre n t P o p u la tio n R e p o rts, Series P-60. No. 140 (Bureau of the Census. 1983). answers. According to the ratio of poverty rates, families maintained by women lost ground steadily relative to fam ilies maintained by men during the period. But the trend in the ratio of nonpoverty rates, at least until the beginning of the sharp recession after 1979. leads to the opposite con clusion. Most discussion of poverty policy has focused on the ratio of the poverty rates. However, as we have said, a proper assessment requires that the trend in both (p) and (1 —p) be examined. And this leads to the conclusion that between 1959 and 1979 the poverty status families main tained by women did not decline relative to those maintained by men. Poverty rates by sex. infant death rates by race, and unemployment by race are only three of a large class of situations. Many educational attainment comparisons use measures such as "the proportion with a certain level of attainment or more." which raise the same issues when used to compare the relative progress of groups. The health area abounds with further examples. 'Deaths per 1.000 live births. 20ne thousand live births minus the mortality rate. S ource: Data for 1940—81 : V ita l S ta tis tic s o f the U S . (U.S. National Center for Health Statistics, 1982): data for 1982: The W id e n in g Gap. The In cid e n ce a n d D is trib u tio n o f In fa n t M o rta lity a n d L o w B irth W e ig h t in the U .S ., 1 9 7 8 -1 9 8 2 (Washington. Food Re search and Action Center, Jan. 5. 1984). 46 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis In summary , one should always keep in mind that a pro portion or rate is a mean of a special kind of frequency distribution, and one must take special care to use the ratios of both the (p)s and (1 —p)s for comparing groups. Productivity Reports Measuring productivity in State and local government Donald M. F isk State and local governments, which employ about 13 million persons, are the largest single group of establishments for which productivity indexes are not routinely calculated. The Joint Economic Committee of the Congress, the National Academy of Sciences, the General Accounting Office, and others have suggested additional research into the possibility of measuring State and local government productivity, and in response the Bureau of Labor Statistics has conducted an initial examination into the feasibility of calculating selected productivity indexes. The results suggest that, while con ceptual and data problems are difficult to resolve, it is fea sible to calculate productivity indexes for many State and local government services. The b l s study reviewed research, literature, and surveys, interviewed State and local officials, examined national data which would be useful in calculating productivity indexes, summarized the results of the investigation, and outlined a strategy for further work in the area. The study focused on ways that national labor productivity trends might be cal culated on a routine basis, much as they are calculated tor private-sector industry trends. The conclusions should also be useful for governments interested in calculating their own productivity. Defining and measuring outputs A number of researchers have discussed the contusion surrounding the basic concepts and procedures used to mea sure government productivity. The major problem is in the definition and measurement of outputs, which alternatively focus on operational activities, organization or direct out puts, or program consequences. Each of these three general types of measures is important. However, the most com mon, at least nationally, is the second type, the direct output or technical efficiency measure. It is this type of measure which is most often computed for the private sector and the Donald M. Fisk is an economist in the Office ot Productivity and Tech nology, Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis one with which this study was primarily concerned. Selection of the proper measure of output requires a service-by-service and product-by-product approach. When a government provides a single service, as in the case of some of the special districts— solid waste disposal and drinking water are examples— the output can be simply a count of the units of service. However, most governments produce heterogeneous services, and it is often difficult to even iden tify the basic services. Furthermore, most services are com posed of a number of different subservices or products which also are difficult to identify. In addition, each service may involve quality and other changes. Data to calculate aggregate national. State, and local gov ernment output indexes are generally lacking. The Federal Government collects some data, particularly in those areas where it has shared responsibilities, such as unemployment insurance and drinking water. Some data are collected by national associations and public interest groups. But, more often than not, national statistics are simply unavailable on State and local government output. In many cases, individ ual governments do not collect such statistics. Labor most useful measure of input The most frequently used measure of input is labor. Con stituting more than half of all State and local government operating expenditures, labor is important for public policy considerations, is easy to calculate compared with other factors of production, and is the most accessible of State and local government factor inputs. The preferred labor measure is labor hours. However, no national statistics are available for labor hours of State and local governments; few governments even collect such data. A measure often used as a proxy for the number of hours is the number of full-time-equivalent employees, and many State, county, and municipal governments maintain such statistics. Most governments also have statistics on the num ber of employees, a measure widely used in the private sector. However, none of the sources of national statistics is entirely satisfactory for computing individual service in dexes. The primary data sources are not divided sufficiently to compute labor indexes for individual government ser vices; others do not collect full-time-equivalent employee statistics, and some contain major errors. Construction of 47 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW June 1984 • Productivity Reports valid labor indexes, either aggregate or individual, requires detailed comparison and adjustment of data. Seven State and local services were selected for detailed examination from the dozens provided by government. The more important government services, such as education, police, and firefighting, are not included because of con ceptual or data problems. For three services— electric power. State alcoholic bev erage stores, and unemployment insurance— illustrative in dexes were calculated. For two services— sanitation and drinking water— productivity was not calculated because national data are lacking. For the remaining two services— transit and the Employment Service— productivity indexes were not calculated because of unresolved conceptual and data issues; additional research is being conducted in these two areas. These seven services illustrate the problems and oppor tunities that occur in computing State and local government productivity indexes. The problems are substantial and in clude both conceptual and data issues. However, the diffi culties may not be a n y worse for c a l c u l a t i n g State a n d local government productivity than for calculating service indus try productivity in the private sector. Both sectors produce many of the same services. There are literally dozens of such services, ranging from electric power to alcoholic beverage sales, from hospitals to em ployment counseling. Not every government service has its 48 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis private sector counterpart, but most do. Most of the past discussion on calculating government productivity has been entangled in questions of effective ness, consequences, outcome, and impact. Productivity analysis in these areas has become entrapped in externalities. As long as the discussion is restricted to direct outputs, the solutions are at least as tractable as in the private sector. This is not to say that productivity can be computed for every State and local government service. Thorny problems exist in calculating State and local government productivity, just as in the private sector. However, it should be possible to compute labor productivity for many State, county, and municipal services. Development of these indexes must proceed service by service. After the development of individual service in dexes, it should be possible to construct aggregate indexes for functional or service groupings, such as the social in surance programs, utilities, and transportation. By using the building block approach, individual indexes and groups of indexes might be combined into appropriate functions such as public works and public safety. Eventually, it may be possible to develop a national productivity index for State and local government, but this is probably many years away. A comprehensive report. Measuring Productivity in State and Local Government, BLS Bulletin 2166, January 1984, is available from the Superintendent of Documents, Wash ington, 20402 for $3.75. Q Research Summaries A statistical portrait of hired farmworkers L e s l ie A. W h it e n e r Farm labor data from the decennial censuses have been used in research on occupational trends, labor force stratification, occupational segregation and inequality, and labor market structure.1 However, certain limitations should be consid ered when using these data. Census occupational codes are determined from the primary work activity of the respondent in the week prior to completing the census questionnaire, generally the last week of March. Because of the seasonal nature of agriculture, many farmworkers are excluded from the farm labor categories listed in the decennial census if they were not working on farms in March. These exclusions suggest a significant undercounting in the number of farm workers and indicate some caution in the use of census farm labor data. Census data are useful for comparing occupational groups because data on a large number of occupations are collected simultaneously. However, problems arise when these data are used to describe work activities which are characterized by seasonality and a high degree of labor turnover. As noted, agricultural work is particularly susceptible to this problem. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Hired Farm Working Force Survey, only about one-third of the hired farmworkers who worked sometime during 1981 were employed during March. Instead, they were more likely to have worked during the months of June. July, and August. This suggests the census may be missing as many as twothirds of the Nation’s hired farmworkers. This study uses data from the 1981 Hired Farm Working Force Survey to evaluate the usefulness of census data for farm labor research. The analysis focuses on two groups of workers: (1) those who did hired farmwork during March and most closely represent the hired farmworker population as measured by the census and (2) those who were em ployed at other times of the year and were therefore excluded from the census farm labor categories.2 This report examines Leslie A. Whitener is a sociologist in the Economic Research Service. U.S. Department of Agriculture. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis no 01 a a a o the composition of each group of workers and investigates differences in socioeconomic characteristics between the two groups. Concepts and measurement The biennial Hired Farm Working Force Survey is con ducted for the Economic Research Service of the U.S. De partment of Agriculture by the Bureau of the Census as a supplementary part of the December Current Population Survey.2 Data from this survey indicate that there were 2.5 million persons 14 years of age and over who did farmwork for cash wages or salary at some time during 1981, even if only for 1 day. For purposes of comparability with decennial census data, however, population coverage was changed to include only those workers 16 years of age and over. Ap proximately 282,000 persons 14 to 15 years old (11 percent of the total) were excluded from the analysis. Although data from the Hired Farm Working Force Sur vey are collected biennially and were not available for the 1980 census year, the 1979 and 1981 survey data show that the basic employment and demographic characteristics did not change significantly, suggesting that information for 1981 closely approximates 1980 data. Hired farmwork, as defined in this survey, includes work done on the farm for cash wages or salary in connection with the production, harvesting, and delivery of agricultural commodities, as well as farm management if done for cash wages. Exchange work, work done by unpaid family mem bers, customwork. nonfarmwork done on a farm, or work done exclusively for "pay in kind" are not included. Exhibit 1 lists the agricultural-related occupations reported in the 1980 census. The data from the Hired Farm Working Force Survey most closely approximate the hired segment of those census categories of managers, supervisors, farmworkers, and nursery workers shown in exhibit 1. The 1980 census shows there were 792,000 wage and salary workers in the five agricultural occupations listed in exhibit 1. In comparison, the Hired Farm Working Force Survey of 1981 reports there were about 818,000 persons who did hired farmwork in March. These two numbers were not significantly different. This suggests that Hired Farm Working Force Survey data on workers in March approx imate the hired farmworker population measured by the MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW June 1984 • Research Summary Exhibit 1. Farming, forestry, and fishing occupations reported in the 1980 decennial census C ensus code Farm operators and managers 473 474 4751 4761 Farmers, except horticultural Horticultural specialty farmers Managers, farms, except horticultural Managers, horticultural specialty farms Other agricultural and related occupations 4771 4791 483 4841 485 486 487 488 489 Farm occupations, except managerial Supervisors, farmworkers Farmworkers Marine life cultivation workers Nursery workers Related agricultural occupations Supervisors, related agricultural occupations Groundskeepers and gardeners, except farm Animal caretakers, except farm Graders and sorters, agricultural products Inspectors, agricultural products Forestry and logging occupations 494 495 496 Supervisors, forestry and logging workers Forestry workers, except logging Timber cutting and logging occupations Fishers, hunters, and trappers 497 498 499 Captains and other officers, fishing vessels Fishers Hunters and trappers 'Indicates categories which most closely match the definition of hired farmworker used in this article. Unpaid family workers are not included in these categories. Some graders and sorters (488) would be included if this kind of work was done on the farm. Source: Census of Population and Housing, 1980: Public-use microdata samples technical documentation (U.S. Bureau of the Census. February 1983). keeping house, or were otherwise not in the labor force most of the year. In 1981, farmworkers employed on farms in March re ceived mean earnings of $6,979 from all sources of earnings with over $6,000 from farmwork alone (table 2). Nine of 10 workers received at least half of their total earnings from farmwork. Most of these workers had no other job. Only one-iourth did any nonfarm work during the year, and they worked an average of 101 days at their nonfarm jobs. The largest proportions were nonfarm laborers or craft workers. Demographic composition. Workers were generally 20 to 45, with an average age ot 34 (table 3). They were likely to be household heads and were probably largely responsible tor their tamilies' support. The majority were male (89 percent) and married (58 percent), and had an average family size of four. Only 1 of 4 lived on farms. Economic and educational status. In general, hired farm workers are one of the more economically and educationally disadvantaged groups. They have few labor market skills, little education, and limited opportunity for employment in higher skilled, better paying jobs.4 The data on workers employed in March support these conclusions. In 1981, workers received about $7,000 from all sources (mostly from farmwork) compared with over $13,000 received by all U.S. nonagricultural private sector production workers.5 census, and are useful for examining the strengths and weak nesses of farm labor data from the decennial census. Farmworkers employed in March What are the characteristics of hired farmworkers who work in March? Who are those workers not included in the census because they work in other months? How do these two groups of workers differ in terms of demographic and economic characteristics? Agricultural dependence. In general, hired farmworkers employed in March appear to be strongly attached to farmwork as an occupation. About 75 percent of these workers performed farmwork in at least 9 other months during the year and more than one-half did farmwork in all 12 months of 1981. In general, these workers did more than just a few days of work each month. Only 5 percent were casual work ers with less than 25 days of farmwork during the year and 22 percent were seasonal workers with 25 to 149 days. The remaining three-fourths were regular or year-round workers who performed 150 days or more of farmwork in 1981 (table 1). On balance, these workers averaged 218 days of farmwork during the year. More than 70 percent of the workers who responded to a survey question concerning their principal activity during the year cited hired farmwork as their major job, while the remainder indicated they were engaged primarily in other farmwork, nonfarmwork, were unemployed, attending school. 50 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 1. Employment characteristics of farmworkers in March and other months, 1981 Worker characteristic Number of workers ........................ Total workers 2.210.000 Workers employed in March Workers employed in other months 818.000 1.392,000 Percent Proportion of earnings from farm work.......................... 0-24 percent................................. 25-49 ............................... 50-99 ............................... 1 0 0 ......................................... 100 22 8 12 58 100 6 5 13 76 100 '32 '9 12 '47 Duration of farmwork: Fewer than 25 days . . : . . . 25-149 ..................... 150-249 ................................. 250 and over ........................ 37 34 12 17 5 22 26 47 ' 55 '41 '4 '0 Principal employment status during year: In labor force: Hired farmwork............................. Other farmwork2 ................... Nonfarmwork............................. Unemployed............................... 32 4 19 4 71 4 9 2 '9 4 '25 15 Not in labor force: Keeping house .......................... Attending s ch oo l................... Other ............................... 9 26 6 3 9 2 '12 '37 '8 'Differences between March and other workers are significant at the 95-percent con fidence level. includes operating a farm or unpaid family labor. Source: Hired Farm Working Force Survey of 1981 (U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service). Table 2. Average days worked and earnings received by farmworkers in March and other months, 1981 Worker characteristic Number of workers ........................ Total workers 2.210.000 Workers employed in March Workers employed in other months 818.000 1.392.000 Average dollars Total earnings......................................... Farm earnings.................................... Nonfarm earnings1 ................................. 4.756 2.925 4,308 6.979 6.080 3.697 23.449 21.071 24.473 Average days Days of farmwork ...................................... Days of nonfarm work1 ............................. 105 130 218 101 239 2138 'Based on 939,000 persons (199,000 in March; 740.000 in other months) who did both farm and nonfarm work. differences between March and other workers are significant at the 95-percent con fidence level. Source: Hired Farm Working Force Survey of 1981 (U.S. Department of Agriculture. Economic Research Service). However, earnings data should not be used alone to define the economic well-being of farmworkers. Family income and family size must also be considered. A modified version of the 1981 official Federal poverty criteria6 showed that about 31 percent of farmworkers employed in March were in low-income families. Among minority workers, low in come was even more widespread. Hispanic and black and other workers made up about 17 percent each of all hired farmworkers employed in March.7 Yet, over 40 percent of both the Hispanic and black and other groups were in lowincome families, compared with only 25 percent of the white workers. Homeownership is also an indicator of economic status. Less than one-half of the workers employed in March 1981 owned or were buying their own home or lived with a family that did. The remainder were renting or living in a domicile that did not require cash rent. The low economic status of those farmworkers who were employed in March compared to other U.S. workers is prob ably a result of a strong dependence on relatively low ag ricultural earnings, and limited skills and opportunities for higher paying nonfarm jobs. Low levels of education may contribute to these workers’ dependence on low-wage jobs. In 1981, farmworkers 25 years of age and over had com pleted a median of 10.3 years of school, but there were differences by race or ethnic group. Hispanic workers had a median of 5.9 years of schooling; blacks and others had completed a median of 8.2 years; and whites had a median educational level of 12.2 years. Farmworkers employed in other months Agricultural dependence. Unlike the workers who did farmwork in March, farmworkers employed in other months tended to be seasonal workers with a relatively weak at tachment to hired farmwork. More than half were casual workers doing less than 25 days of farmwork; 41 percent https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis were seasonal workers doing 25 to 149 days. On average, these workers completed 39 days of farmwork in 1981. More than half of these workers were not in the labor force most of the year and the majority of these were stu dents. Twenty-five percent cited nonfarm work as their ma jor activity and relied on farmwork for supplemental earnings. Less than 10 percent cited hired farmwork as their major activity during the year. Workers employed in the other months were dependent on agriculture for their earnings. About 60 percent received at least half or more of their total earnings from farmwork. Generally, this was because a large proportion of these workers were out of the labor force most of the year and had no other source of earnings. Demographic composition. In contrast to workers em ployed in March, those performing farmwork in the other months were younger and tended to be single and not the household head. A large proportion were students and home makers and they were likely to be white, female, and living in nontarm places. The majority (61 percent) owned their own home or lived with a family that did. Table 3. Demographic characteristics of farmworkers in March and other months, 1981 Worker characteristic Number of workers Total workers Workers employed in March Workers employed in other months 818.000 1.392,000 ...................................... 2.210.000 ............................................. 100 100 100 ....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... over ............................................. 28 20 23 11 8 10 12 21 27 17 12 11 '38 20 220 '7 '6 9 Race or ethnic group: W hite....................................................... Hispanic..................................................... Black and other ......................................... 72 14 14 66 17 17 '76 11 13 Sex: Male ......................................................... Female.................................................. 78 22 89 11 171 '29 Household status: Head .......................................................... Spouse ....................................................... Other .......................................................... 48 9 43 65 5 30 '37 112 151 Residence: Farm .............................................. Nonfarm..................................................... 17 83 24 76 '13 '87 Homeownership: Own or buying hom e................................. Renting ................................................ Other ....................................................... 56 29 15 46 27 27 '61 30 '9 Percent Total Age: 16-19 20-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55 and 'Differences between workers employed in March and those employed in other months are significant at the 95-percent confidence level. differences between workers employed in March and those employed in other months are significant at the 90-percent confidence level. Source: Hired Farm Working Force Survey of 1981 (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service). 51 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW June 1984 • Research Summary Economic and educational status. Workers employed in the other months generally did farmwork on a casual or seasonal basis. They worked fewer days at farmwork than those working in March and received lower farm earnings. In 1981, their farm earnings averaged $1,071 compared to $6,080 for those employed in March. Their earnings from nonfarm work were higher than those working in March, but their overall earnings were lower. They were probably not largely responsible for their own or their families’ sup port. Their average family income was $16,259. slightly above that of those who did farmwork in March ($14,329). However, both groups were considerably below the U.S. average for all families ($25.838).8 Based on family size and income data, almost a third of the workers who were employed at other times of the year were living in lowincome families. This proportion was similar to those who worked in March. Workers in other months who were 25 years of age and over had completed more years of schooling (median of 11.8 years) than those who worked in March (median of 10.3 years). However, both groups had less education than the total population 25 years and older (median of 12.5 years).9 Summary and implications The decennial census information has some clear advan tages over other sources of farm labor data. The census is the only complete enumeration of the national labor force, including categories for farm labor. It offers geographic detail not available in other data sources and' provides a variety of information for all States, counties, and other areas within States, and various categorizations of place of residence. Census farm labor data also offer the advantage of historical comparability, at least at the broadest classi fication level, and efforts are being made to describe and improve the comparability at more detailed occupational levels.10 Finally, census counts are invaluable for examining characteristics of different occupational categories. How ever, there are serious limitations which must be considered in using census farm labor information. Census occupational data are generally used under the assumption that workers are employed in the same occu pation on a year-round basis. This implies that the basic characteristics of workers in an occupational group would be similar regardless of the month of data collection. How ever, these assumptions cannot be extended to all hired farmworkers. Data on those working in March generally describe those farmworkers who are committed to and eco nomically dependent on hired farmwork for most of the year. Yet, almost one-third of these workers cited nonfarmwork or not in the labor force as their primary activity during the year. These workers would not identify farmwork as an occupation. Although almost 9 percent of those who worked in the other months cited hired farmwork as their major activity, census counts do not include them in the farm labor 52 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis categories. Thus, census data, which focus on those workers who are attached to a particular work activity on a yearround basis, do not perfectly measure farmworkers from this perspective. Also, census tallies are often used to describe an occu pational category in terms of the total labor force involved in that particular activity. Census data are useful for iden tifying the numbers and characteristics of physicians or economists, for example, because in all probability, the data vary little from month to month. However, because of the seasonality in agriculture and the high turnover of farm workers, census data collected in March could exclude as many as two-thirds of all hired farmworkers. Also, the so cioeconomic characteristics of workers employed in March differ considerably from those of workers employed in other months. Thus, census data are not useful for examining farm laborers from a total labor force perspective. The Hired Farm Working Force data for March workers, used as a proxy for census data, characterize hired farm workers as a group of workers who are economically de pendent on agriculture The majority are white, male, and the household heads. They are most likely to live in nonfarm areas and generally do not own their own homes. These workers often have low levels of education and they are highly dependent on their farmwork in terms of days worked and earnings received. Most have no other source of earn ings. However, if workers employed in March are combined with those working in the other months, these generalities would change, and in some cases, patterns would be re versed. With the combination of the two groups, the average worker becomes younger and more educated. He or she is less likely to be white and less likely to be a household head. The employment and economic variables are affected even more. Workers employed in March report higher farm earnings than those working in the other months. When the two groups are combined, overall averages for farm earn ings, as well as for total earnings and days of farmwork, decrease to reflect the influx of the more seasonal workers. Thus, an employment concept based on census data obtained in March and a labor force supply concept which includes all persons doing hired farmwork during the year provide two significantly different descriptions of U.S. farmworkers. These findings suggest that research using census farm labor data would have different study results if the data were modified to include all workers. For example, in an earlier article. Dixie Sommers used 1970 census data to rank oc cupations, including farm laborer, by median earnings, and to examine the effects of age, education, and full-year em ployment on earnings of men and women." If Sommers had used data for all hired farmworkers in her study of occupational rankings, the median earnings of farmworkers would still be ranked toward the bottom of the occupational list, although there might be slight shifts with other lowpaying occupations. However, Sommers also examined the effects of age, education, and duration of employment on the median earnings of the occupational groups. Had she included all farmworkers in her analysis, the effects of the variables on median earnings could have significantly changed her results because all farmworkers are younger, have more years of education, and spend less time doing farmwork than farmworkers reported by the census. Research findings on historical occupational trends could also be affected. While the number of hired farmworkers has been relatively stable during the 1970’s, this stability has not been evident in all segments of the farmwork force. Between 1970 and 1981, the number of regular and yearround workers who worked 150 days or more showed a significant increase of 47 percent. This trend should be reflected in the analysis of 1970-80 census data. However, the increase was partially offset by declines in the numbers of casual and seasonal workers performing less than 75 days of farmwork. This pattern would not be visible in the census data. Because the characteristics and employment patterns of all segments of the hired farmwork force do not change consistently, historical analysis based on census data may obscure important patterns and trends relating to hired farm workers. Thus, farm labor data from the decennial census require careful use and explicit caveats as to which group is being measured and what implications this has for farm labor research. Census data, improperly used, could lead us to believe that farmworkers are a relatively established yearround work force that is strongly attached to agriculture in terms of days worked and earnings received. This is clearly not the case. Q] --------- FOOTNOTES--------1 See Constance Bogh DiCesare. "Changes in the occupational structure of U.S. jobs," Monthly Labor Review. March 1975. pp. 24-34: Curtis L. Gilroy. "Investment in human capital and black-white unemployment." Monthly Labor Review. July 1975. pp. 13-21: David L. Rogers and Willis J. Goudy, "Community Structure and Occupational Segregation. I960 and https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1970," Rural Sociology. Summer 1981. pp. 263-81; Wendy Wolf and Neil Fligstein. "Sex and Authority in the Workplace: The Causes of Sexual Inequality," American Sociological Review. April 1979, pp. 235-52. 2Depending on the time of completion of the census form, an individual could be reporting his or her occupation based on work activity during a week in March or in April. However, because census forms are to be returned by April 1. this study uses March as the month most often reported by respondents. A comparison of data from the Hired Farm Working Force Survey for March and April indicates that the numbers and characteristics of farmworkers in these months did not vary significantly. 3For additional information on survey design and reliability of estimates, see Susan L. Pollack and William R. Jackson. Jr.. The Hired Farm Working Force o f 19X1 (U.S. Department of Agriculture. Economic Research Ser vice, 1983); and The Current Population Survey— Design and Methodology (U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1978). Paper No. 40. 4See Ray Marshall. Rural Workers in Rural Labor Markets (Salt Lake City. Utah. Olympus Publishing. 1974): and Leslie Whitener Smith and Robert Coltrane. Hired Farmworkers: Background and Trends for the Eighties (U.S. Department of Agriculture. Economic Research Service. 1981). 5 Based on average weekly earnings from Employment and Earnings. January 1983 (Bureau of Labor Statistics). '’This low-income measure was based on the following family size and income criteria. Families with annual incomes at or below these thresholds were considered to be economically disadvantaged for purposes of this study. Family size 1 ............................................................................ 2 ............................................................................. 3 ............................................................................. 4 ............................................................................ 5 -6 ........................................................................ 7 ............................................................................. Family income $ 4.999 5.999 7.499 9.999 11.999 14.999 7Race or ethnic data are classified into three mutually exclusive groups based on a self-identification question. The groups are white. Hispanic, and black and other. sMoney Income o f Households. Families and Persons in the United States. Series P-60. No. 138 (U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1983). ''Unpublished data from the March 1981 Current Population Survey (U.S. Bureau of the Census). i0The 1980 census adopted a new occupational classification scheme which greatly affects historical comparability for many occupations. How ever. efforts are underway to standardize occupational data for previous census years based on 1980 classification codes. See Charles Nam and others. "Historial Comparability of Occupation Statistics: Report of a Project." Proceedings of the American Statistical Association. 1982. 11See "Occupational rankings for men and women by earnings." Monthly Labor Review. August 1974. pp. 34-51. 53 M ajor Agreements Expiring Next M onth This list of selected collective bargaining agreements expiring in July is based on contracts on file in the Bureau’s Office of Wages and Industrial Relations. The list includes agreements covering 1,000 workers or more. Employer and location Industry Labor organization1 Industries. Inc.. Amcar Division (In terstate)............................................... Transportation equipment .......... Steelworkers ................................ Amalgamated Sugar Co. (Idaho and Oregon) .................................................... Associated General Contractors of America. Inc.: Mobile Chapter (Alabama and Florida) Construction ................................ Building and Construction Trades Council: Teamsters find.) act Association of Master Painters and Decorators of the Citv of New York. Inc. (New York) Number of w orkers 2.000 ■> ()()() 1 100 7.000 4.500 5.000 Employees Food Employers Council. Inc. and Independent Retail Operators (California) Food Employers. Inc. (Oregon) ............................................................................ Great Northern Paper Co. (Millinocket. Me.) ................................................... Greater St. Louis Automotive Association and 1 other (Missouri and Illinois) Retail trade .................................. Retail trade .................................. Food and Commercial Workers . . Food and Commercial Workers . . 65.000 4.200 Retail trade ........................ .. M achinists..................................... 1 6S0 1 600 2.000 Transportation equipment .......... M achinists..................................... 1.400 Hammermill Paper Co. (Kaukauna. W is .) ........................................................... International Harvester Co.. Solar Turbines. Inc. (C alifo rn ia)........................ 1 ">5() Joseph E. Seagram and Sons. Inc. and 1 other (Interstate) ............................. 1 100 1 400 Missouri River Basin agreement (In terstate)-...................................................... 1 400 Meijer. Inc. (M ich ig an )........................................................................................... Retail trade .................................. Food and Commercial Workers. . Pacific Maritime Association (In terstate)............................................................. Water transportation.................... Longshoremen and Warehousemen <Ind. ) Schenley Distillers. Inc. (Interstate) ..................................................................... Southern Illinois Contractors Association (Illin o is)............................................ Food products ............................. Construction ................................ Distillers' Workers ...................... Laborers ..................................... 'Affiliated with AFL-CIO except where noted as independent (Ind.l. -industry area (group of companies signing same contract). 54 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 9.000 10.050 1.000 2.000 Developments in Industrial Relations Lynn Williams to head Steelworkers After a bitter 4-month campaign, Lynn Williams was elected to head the United Steelworkers until March 1, 1986, but there was a possibility that the vote outcome would be challenged by Frank McKee, the other aspirant. Even if the issue is dropped when the official vote count is reported to the union’s executive board in June, it is possible that lin gering bitterness between the two camps could hinder the union’s efforts to reverse the recent substantial decline in membership. During the campaign to fill the remaining 2 years of the term of Lloyd McBride who died in November 1983. fol lowers of both candidates contended that their man had the qualities and experience required to lead the union out of its difficulties. Williams, the 59-year-old secretary and act ing president, pressed his belief that the union must coop erate more closely with the industry in seeking political and legislative solutions to problems such as the increasing in cursions of foreign producers. McKee, the 63-year-old treasurer— who will retain that post— contended that his 20 years’ experience as a mill hand had given him a better understanding of the problems of steelworkers, and that Williams could not properly represent the interests of do mestic steelworkers because he is a Canadian. Williams received 193,686 votes, of which 51.610 were cast by Canadian members. McKee received 135.823 votes. 3,758 were by Canadian members. McKee charged voting irregularities, contending that ballots were improperly dis tributed to Canadian members. However, his assertion was rejected by a Campaign Conduct Administrative Committee established under the union’s constitution and headed by former Secretary of Labor W. Willard Wirtz. James W. English, the associate counsel of the union and a neutral official in charge of giving advice on election conduct, also found no evidence of misconduct. Williams joined the union in 1947, held positions in the Canadian Labour Congress and the Steelworkers’ Canadian organization, including a stint as a district director, and was elected secretary of the international in 1977, when McBride and McKee also entered office. He was supported by 1. W. “ Developments in Industrial Relations” is prepared by George Ruben of the Division of Developments in Labor-Management Relations, Bureau of Labor Statistics, and is largely based on information from secondary sources. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Abel, the union’s only living ex-president. Williams is the fourth person to head the union, and is the second Canadian heading an a f l - c io affiliate, joining Kenneth J. Brown of the Graphic Communications International Union. Airline industry update Reflecting continuing economic difficulties in the air trans portation industry, union and management representatives continue to negotiate contracts reducing labor costs. In re turn. some settlements provide for adoption of plans giving employees shares of company stock. (See Monthly Labor Review, January 1984, pp. 36-37, and February 1984, pp. 64-65. for previous cost-reduction settlements in the air transportation industry.) Frontier Airlines, which in 1983 suffered its first full-year loss since 1971. negotiated cost-reduction contracts with several unions that established “ two-tier" pay systems. The accord with the Air Line Employees Association, covering 2.600 customer service and clerical employees, cut the pay of new hires by 35 percent, compared with an 11-percent cut for those already on the payroll. Other terms for all employees represented by the unions included a reduction in holiday, vacation, and other benefits; adoption of a profitsharing plan; and adoption of split work schedules under which some employees are on duty for 4 hours, off for 4 hours, and then work another 4 hours. Cockpit crew mem bers. represented by the Air Line Pilots Association, agreed to a 35-percent cut in pay for new hires and 8.1 percent for incumbents, plus elimination of plans to restore a 3.5-per cent pay cut in September that had been negotiated in 1983. Terms of a contract for employees represented by the As sociation of Flight Attendants were not released pending the outcome of a ratification vote, and bargaining was contin uing with the Machinists union, which has vowed to resist steep cuts in compensation and adoption of a two-tier pay system. Trans World Airlines asked the Independent Federation of Flight Attendants for an early start of negotiations on a contract to succeed one scheduled to expire July 31. The company said that it would seek “ significant” cuts in com pensation and permanent changes in work rules from 4,600 workers. In response, union president Arthur Teolis said, “ We will make reasonable concessions provided we get 55 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW June 1984 • Developments in Industrial Relations certain protections,” including job security guarantees and stabilization of work schedules. At United Airlines, 8,500 members of the Association of Flight Attendants were covered by a 37-month agreement that provided for one pay increase of 6 percent, effective on October 1, 1984. For an attendant with 12 years of service, the increase will raise pay to $2,072 a month, from $1,955, for 65 hours of work. During their first 5 years of employment, new employees will be paid about 25 percent less than current pay scales. Beginning with the sixth year of service, however, they will move into the appropriate step of the regular 14-year pay progression schedule for current employees. At the time of the settlement, United also was bargaining with the Machinists union for 14,000 mechanics and with the Air Line Pilots Association for 4,800 cockpit crew members. BraniiF Airways resumed operations on March 1,22 months after it had filed for protection from creditors under the Federal Bankruptcy Act. The major factors in the rebirth were an infusion of money from the Hyatt Corp., the new principal owner, and new 5-year labor contracts calling for 30- to 40-percent cuts in compensation and some changes in work rules to increase efficiency. The carrier, which was the 8th largest in the Nation, now has 2,250 employees, down from a peak of about 9,000. Virtually all of the current employees were with Braniff at the time of shutdown. All of the agreements, negotiated at various times in 1983, limit paid vacations to 3 weeks a year and limit the carrier’s health insurance contribution to $100 a month, with em ployees paying the balance (scheduled to rise to $132 over the 5-year period). A pension plan has not been established but Braniff said it will continue to provide sick leave and airline travel passes, is planning to establish a profit-sharing plan, and is considering a stock-option plan. • The 380 pilots, represented by the Air Line Pilots As sociation, are guaranteed 65 flight hours a month at $43.01 an hour in the first year, rising, in steps, to $56.84 in the fifth year. • The mechanics’ agreement, which was subject to a legal dispute regarding its validity, provided for an initial rate of $9.50 an hour and a final-year rate of $11. compared with the current industry average of nearly $17. The 340 mechanics are represented by the Machinists union. • The 675 clerical, office, fleet, and passenger service em ployees represented by the Teamsters start at $7 an hour and rise to $8.14 over the term. Their contract is the only one that provides for automatic cost-of-living pay ad justments, ranging from 3 to 8 percent a year. • The 525 employees represented by the Association of Flight Attendants also will be guaranteed 65 hours a month, starting at $17.70 an hour and rising to $18.79 in the final year. Before the shutdown, most of the attendants were earning the $26.30-an-hour top rate payable after 13 years of service. 56 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis nlrb says operations transfer not negotiable Organized labor, which has been adversely affected by several recent National Labor Relations Board decisions, suffered another blow when the Board held that an employer is generally not required to bargain with unions regarding transfer of operations to another location. The ruling in volved United Technologies Corp.’s Otis Elevator Corp. subsidiary in Mahwah, N.J., and Auto Workers Local 989. The case arose in 1977 when United Technologies decided to merge its elevator research and development operations in Mahwah with a larger operation in East Hartford, Conn. This resulted in a March 1981 ruling by the Board validating the union’s complaint that Otis had engaged in an unfair labor practice by refusing to bargain on the move. But 3 months later, in First National Maintenance Corp. v. n l r b , the Supreme Court ruled that an employer could close part of a business for economic reasons without first bargaining with employees over the decision. In reversing its Otis de cision to follow the Court’s ruling, the Board extended employers’ rights by permitting them to make unilateral decisions on such matters as subcontracting work or selling or relocating a plant. In its finding, the Board said employers are not required to bargain on any “ decisions which affect the scope, direction or nature of the business.” Continuing, the Board said that Otis was not required to bargain on the decision to move because it “ clearly turned upon a fun damental change in the nature and direction of the business” that resulted because Otis’ technology was dated and its product was not competitive. The Board did hold that bar gaining is required on decisions that “ turn upon a reduction of labor costs.” United Auto Workers' attorney Stephen Schlossberg said the decision has serious ramifications because it “ strikes at the heart of bargaining” and that, given the chance, the union “ could have really done something” about the threat ened transfer. He was referring to the possibility that the union would have accepted contractual changes that would have improved Otis' competitive position. The union said it would appeal, because the decision “ threatens to unleash a new wave of plant closings, job lessness and community misery as companies are released from any obligations to bargain with their workers before transferring or subcontracting work, or even to supply any information relative to the move.” Management officials applauded the decision because it extends the Supreme Court’s decision to relieve employers of the obligation to bargain with unions on business matters that are unrelated to labor costs. Another case centering on the right of employers to trans fer operations occurred earlier in 1984 (see Monthly Labor Review, March 1984, p. 57). In this case, which involved the Milwaukee Spring Co., the Board held that the em ployer’s plan to transfer work from a union plant to a non union plant was based on management’s effort to escape labor costs of the union contract and therefore was a required bargaining issue. However, the Board permitted the com pany to shift the work because the contract did not contain a work preservation clause and Milwaukee Spring bargained on the move in good faith, even though the negotiations ended in an impasse. Arbitration not equal to judicial factfinding The Supreme Court held that a discharged police officer could seek redress in court, even though he had fully utilized the grievance procedure in his union’s contract, culminating in an arbitrator’s ruling that the discharge was warranted. The case, McDonald v. City o f West Branch, Mich., arose in 1976 when officer McDonald asked a Federal District Court to assess damages against the chief of police and other West Branch officials under Section 1983 of the Civil Rights Acts of 1871, claiming they had discharged him for exer cising his First Amendment rights of freedom of speech, freedom of association, and freedom to petition the gov ernment for redress of grievances. Specifically, he con tended the action had been taken in reprisal for his activities as a steward for his bargaining representative, a local of the United Steelworkers. The city maintained officer McDonald had been discharged for allegedly participating in a sexual assault on a minor. The District Court judge allowed McDonald to proceed with the action and a jury awarded him an $8,000 judgment against the police chief. However, on appeal, the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals overturned the decision, finding that the First Amendment claim was an unwarranted attempt to litigate a matter that had already been decided by the arbitrator. In its decision, written by Justice Brennan, the Supreme Court recognized that while Title 28 use 1738 provides that the “judicial proceedings’’ of any court in the United States must be given full credence by all other courts within the United States, it did not apply to the case at hand because arbitration is not a “ judicial proceeding.’’ Continuing, the Court said that arbitration is well suited to resolving con tractual disputes, but is not an adequate substitute for a judicial proceeding in protecting the rights that Section 1983 is designed to safeguard. The Court explained that an ar bitrator may not have the expertise to resolve complex legal questions that may arise in Section 1983 actions, or the authority to enforce Section 1983; that a union's usual ex clusive control over prosecuting grievances may result in an employee’s loss of an opportunity to be compensated for any constitutional deprivation because it was not in the union’s best interest to press the grievance vigorously; and that arbitration factfinding is not equivalent to judicial fact finding. The Supreme Court remanded the case to the Circuit Court of Appeals. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ‘Factory surveys’ legal, Supreme Court finds It is constitutional for Federal agents to conduct “ factory surveys” to enforce immigation laws, the Supreme Court has ruled. The case, Immigration and Naturalization Service [ i n s ] et al. v. Herman Delgato et al., arose in 1977 when ins conducted such surveys at three garment plants in Cal ifornia. At two of the plants, the ins acted under authority of search warrants issued in response to ins assertions that numerous illegal aliens were employed in the plants. The survey at the third plant was conducted with the employer’s consent. During each survey, which lasted from 1 to 2 hours, some agents were stationed near the exits, while other agents moved systematically through the factory approaching em ployees and, after identifying themselves, asking from one to three questions relating to their citizenship. If an em ployee gave a credible reply that he or she was a U.S. citizen or produced immigration papers, the agent moved to another employee. During the survey, employees continued with their work and were free to walk around within the factory. The surveys resulted in the arrests of 164 of the 590 workers. Four of the employees who were questioned— two Amer ican citizens and two legally resident aliens—joined with the Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union in a suit to halt such surveys, contending that they violated the illegal search and seizure prohibitions of the Fourth Amendment to the Con stitution. The Federal District Court ruled in favor of the i n s , but the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that the surveys were an unreasonable seizure of all the employees and that the ins could not question employees without hav ing information that particular employees were illegal al iens. In the majority opinion, written by Justice Rehnquist, the Supreme Court held that the factory surveys did not result in the seizure off the entire work force and the individual questioning of the employees who initiated the case did not amount to a detention or seizure under the Fourth Amend ment. Justice Rehnquist said that a "consensual encounter” between a police officer and a citizen could be transformed into a violation of the Fourth Amendment if, in view of all the circumstances surrounding the incident, a reasonable person would have believed that he was not free to leave. According to the Court, this did not occur during the surveys because employees were free to move about in the normal course of their duties, and the ins agents were stationed at the exits to insure that all employees were questioned, not to prevent them from leaving. Finally, the Court said that because there was no seizure of the entire work force, the respondents could litigate only what happened to them, which, based on their own descrip tion of their encounters with the agents, were “ classic con sensual encounters,” rather than violations of the Fourth Amendment. In a concurring opinion. Justice Powell said that factory 57 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW June 1984 • Developments in Industrial Relations surveys were reasonable under the Fourth Amendment even if they resulted in seizures of some of the individuals ques tioned by the agents. He said that the minimal intrusion on personal privacy was justified because it is outweighed by the greater benefit accruing to the public in apprehending illegal aliens. Justice Brennan, also writing for Justice Marshall, dis sented, saying that the majority decision was marked by a “ studied air of unreality.” Brennan said that the interro gations of individual employees were, in fact, illegal sei zures within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment. He wrote, ” . . . it is beyond cavil that the manner in which in s agents conducted these surveys demonstrated a ‘show of authority’ of sufficient size and force to overbear the will of any reasonable person. Faced with such tactics, a rea sonable person could not help but feel compelled to stop and provide answers to the ins agents' questions. The Court's efforts to avoid this conclusion are rooted more in fantasy than in the record of this case.” Flight Attendants union chartered by afl - cio The 21,000-member Association of Flight Attendants be came the 96th member union of the a f l - c i o when the Federation’s Executive Council granted it a charter. Pre viously, the Flight Attendants were an autonomous affiliate of an a f l - c i o affiliate, the Air Line Pilots. The move for a separate charter was strongly supported by Air Line Pilots President Henry A. Duffy, as well as by a f l - c i o President Lane Kirkland and Vice President Joyce Miller, who is president of the Coalition of Labor Union Women. The new affiliate is headed by President Linda A. Puchala, Secretary-Treasurer Pamela Casey, and Vice President Su san Bianchi Sand, making it the first a f l - c i o union whose top officers are all women. Puchala said that the Associa tion’s new status as an autonomous chartered union will give it recognition as “ the national flight attendants union” that will be a major boost to organizing activities. Currently, the union represents cabin crews on 14 airlines. was to have been paid during the preceding contract but was postponed to the first month of the 1982 contract. Although the current contract was negotiated in advance of the expiration date of the prior contract, there are no indications that the parties will bargain early under an option to reopen the current trucking contract after April 1, 1984, if they “ agree that the financial status of the industry has either substantially increased or decreased compared to the date of the ratification of this agreement. ’’ Even if the parties did bargain early, getting the contract approved could be a problem for union leaders, in view of the members’ rejection of an earlier proposal that was backed by union leaders. That proposal could have led to the recall of some laid-off workers at reduced compensation levels. (See Monthly La bor Review, November 1983, p. 73.) Hawaiian hotel employees get new contract A 3-year accord between the Council of Hawaii Hotels and the Hotel and Restaurant Employees union provided for pay increases of 4 percent in the first and second years and 5 percent in the third year. The contract covers more than 8,000 employees of 15 hotels. It also provides for a 34cent-an-hour increase in the employers’ financing of health and welfare benefits over the contract term, bringing the total to 98 cents, and a 6-cent increase in their financing of pensions, bringing the total to 38 cents. A management official said that the new financing levels are “ set” amounts, which was a major objective of the hotels. Previously, the employers were required to provide whatever financing was necessary to maintain benefit levels, which had resulted in an 80-percent rise in their benefit costs over the last 5 years. In another change beneficial to management, new em ployees will be paid 80 percent of scale for the first 60 days of employment. Previously, new employees were paid 10 cents an hour under scale for the first 30 days of employ ment. Also, employees working “ short shifts” will now be paid at straight-time rates plus a 10-percent premium. Pre viously, the premium for these employees ranged from 10 to 25 percent. Truckers’ pay increase diverted About 200,000 Teamsters’ members in the trucking in dustry did not receive a scheduled 35-cent-an-hour auto matic annual cost-of-living pay increase as a result of a decision by a committee consisting of officials of the union and employer associations. Instead, the money will be used to maintain the existing level of health and welfare and pension benefits, as permitted in the parties’ 1982 settle ment. (Sez Monthly Labor Review, April 1982, p. 64.) A similar diversion occurred with the 33-cent cost-ofliving pay increase that had been scheduled for April 1983. Thus, the only wage increase during the 38-month term of the trucking agreement was 47 cents (in April 1982) of a scheduled 72-cent cost-of-living adjustment. That increase 58 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Steelworkers’ local adopt jobsharing plan Members of Steelworkers Local 1211 have adopted a plan under which employed members at Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.’s Aliquippa, Pa., steel mill will share jobs with other members on layoff from the plant. Under the plan, the 200 jobs in the general labor pool will be shared by the current employees holding the jobs and 225 workers recalled from layoff. Expectations are that each of the 425 employees will work 60 percent of the time and be on layoff 40 percent of the time. While on layoff, they will be eligible for supple mental unemployment benefits. During the recession which ended late in 1982, a number of firms adopted worksharing to aid employees financially and to help them retain their skills in anticipation of an economic recovery. The plans were particularly popular in Arizona, California, and Oregon, the only States which (at the beginning of 1983) permitted job-sharers to draw State unemployment benefits for idle periods. Subsequently, such provisions were enacted in Florida, Illinois, and Washing ton. Elsewhere in the industry, Armco, Inc., agreed to a trial plan suggested by employees for boosting output of steel slabs at its Middletown, Ohio, mill. Armco had announced that it would be necessary to import the slabs because of an unscheduled shutdown of its largest blast furnace to reline its interior. The plan calls for employees to make an all-out effort to attain peak output at each step of the steelmaking process. If the target production levels— which have never been met for a sustained period— are not attained, the plan would be terminated and Armco would purchase the slabs overseas. The slabs, which are rolled into sheet metal, are not avail able from domestic mills because of intense demand for sheet metal, particularly from automobile manufacturers. Employees at the mill are represented by Armco Em ployees Independent Federation, Inc. ‘Cooperative approach’ to lead safety standards In a departure from the contentious relationship that some times occurs when Federal job safety and health standards are developed or applied, the Department of Labor's Oc cupational Safety and Health Administration, (o s h a ), Asarco Inc., and the United Steelworkers union worked out agree ments designed to limit worker exposure to lead in three smelters and a refinery. The agreements gives Asarco extra time to comply with the various exposure limits of the lead standard o s h a issued in 1983 in return for adoption of a system of technical controls and workplace practices which will demonstrate that the company is striving to attain the standard. The controls and practices include improving ven tilation, enclosing some processes or workspaces, improv ing the method of cleanup, increasing the frequency of cleanup, providing filtered air for certain rooms and mobile equipment, periodically inspecting worksites, and conduct ing research to develop or locate more effective controls. An o s h a official called the cooperative approach “ very effective in solving compliance problems in the workplace.” https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis A Steelworkers’ official also lauded the settlement, saying that it precludes lengthy delays that sometimes result from employer efforts to win variances from standards. The agreements are for 2 Vi to 4Vi years. They incorporate some of the control approaches the parties worked out in 1983 to comply with the arsenic standard, o s h a will retain authority to inspect the facilities in response to serious ac cidents and exposure complaints. Prior to the termination of the agreements, the parties will negotiate renewal agree ments incorporating the latest exposure controls. The smelters are in El Paso, Tex.; East Helena, Mont.; and Glover, Mo. The refinery is in Omaha, Neb. Black public employees win $15 million award In a ruling which could result in back pay of more than $15 million, a U.S. district judge held that the State of Illinois and Cook County had discriminated against black welfare workers by paying them less than white workers performing the same duties. The State, County and Munic ipal Employees union, which initiated the class action suit in 1973, said the award could.affect more than 1,000 current and former employees in the county. In the suit, the union contended that blacks had been generally assigned as case trainees and case aides, while whites were case workers and paid $150 to $200 more per month. The discrimination ended in 1975 when the State took over the county welfare department. About $4 million of the award is to be paid by the county and the balance by the State. The union calculates that individual payments could be as much as $40,000. Hair product company charged with sex bias A U.S. district judge decided that Johnson Products Co. had discriminated against female sales employees in hiring, pay, and promotions, and fired them if they complained to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commision. The at torney who filed the class action suit said that more than 100 women could collect damages from Johnson Products, which makes hair care products, and is one of the largest black-owned businesses in the country. The attorney also indicated that negotiations were underway with the company on the amount of damages. Johnson Products did not in dicate whether it will appeal the finding. CH 59 Book Reviews Keeping informed Handbook o f Wage and Salary Administration. 2d ed. Ed ited by Milton L. Rock. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1983. 800 pp. $59.95. The value of a reference work such as the Handbook of Wage and Salary Administration can be recognized by com paring pay plans in today’s factories and offices with those generally used half a century ago. Wages and salaries of individual workers were usually set on an informal personal basis, and relatively little thought was given to the idea of an equitable overall pay structure. Worker performance greatly influences current-day earnings, but, at least in larger firms, it now commonly does so within a framework emphasizing pay progression within specified rate ranges for formally defined and evaluated jobs. In addition, employee compensation no longer consists just of pay rates; it typically includes a host of so-called “ fringe benefits” — such as paid sick leave, holidays, and vacations; overtime, shift differentials, and other forms of premium pay; and various health, insurance, and retirement benefits. Many of these pay supplements have resulted from actions of employers alone or of unions and management through collective bargaining; others, however, stem from legal enactments, for example, social security, unemploy ment insurance, and workers’ compensation. Administrators of present-day compensation plans have a complex task. Equitable pay relationships must be main tained among a company’s jobs and, at the same time, wage and salary rates must be competitive with those paid by other employers. Furthermore, appropriate incentives must exist to stimulate a high level of worker performance. Also, job hierarchies should provide an opportunity for employee growth and advancement. To accomplish these goals, compensation specialists must know the techniques for designing, describing, and evalu ating jobs; establishing wage and salary structures; planning and budgeting for merit increases; and appraising and re warding performance of individual employees. Compen sation plan administrators must also be familiar with the availability and use of wage, salary, and benefit surveys; the details of individual fringe benefits and the creation of a benefit package; and the various laws affecting employee 60 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis compensation, such as the Fair Labor Standards Act, the Social Security Act, the Equal Pay Act of 1963, and the Employee Retirement Income Security Act. This second edition of the Handbook of Wage and Salary Administration is an encyclopedic review of these topics. Its 800 pages contain 66 chapters, ranging from 2 to 24 pages in length. Authors of the individual chapters include corporate compensation specialists, consultants, academic experts, and government officials. Chapter titles range from “ Acquiring Competitive Information from Surveys: AbbottLanger Directory of Pay Survey Reports” to “ Evaluating an Executive Compensation Program.” Reflecting common practice, separate chapters are devoted to establishing pay structures for hourly, clerical, and exempt and managerial employees. Two chapters deal with an equal employment opportunity issue currently receiving widespread atten tion— the concept of comparable worth, or equal pay for jobs of equal value. Nevertheless, the book does not span the full gamut of topics pertaining to employee pay. It is concerned essentially with methods for establishing pay structures within com panies and for adjusting wages and salaries of individual employees. General wage increases granted by employers alone or through collective bargaining receive only inci dental mention. Within its scope, however, the book is a useful source of pertinent information, presenting concise statements of current approaches to issues in wage and salary administration. — V i c t o r J. S h e i f e r O ffice o f W ag e s an d In d u strial R e la tio n s B u reau o f L a b o r S ta tistic s Book notes Données Sociales. 5th ed. Paris, France, Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques, 1984. 592 pp.; English abstracts, 12 pp. 160 F.; $19.75. The English abstract of this new edition of Données So ciales (Social Data], published by France’s National Insti tute of Statistics and Economic Studies, notes that the work provides an informative review of statistical data on France and seeks to serve as a tool for decision-makers, teachers, and research workers. It also provides “ a description of French society taken as a whole and seen from the point of view of individuals, and an analysis of the ways in which the state or other institutions intervene to resolve social problems— unemployment, poverty, old age.” The study covers the population and social groups; the labor force; industrial relations; the socialization of re sources; urbanization; consumption; health; socialization of the family; services; and new tools for occupational analysis. Each of the chapters is preceded by an introduction which links and summarizes the different articles. Copies of this publication are available from l’observa toire économique de Paris, Tour gamma A 195, rue de bercy, 75 582 Paris Cedex 12 (France). Part-Time Employment in America. Edited by Diane Rothberg. McLean, Va., Association of Part-Time Professionals, 1984. 83 pp. $21.95, paper. Available from APTP, P.O. Box 3419, Alexandria, Va. 22302. This publication is the outcome of the first national con ference on part-time employment. The viewpoints repre sented by the conference speakers draw from a range of experts and provide an up-to-date look at part-time issues of concern to employers, workers, and public policy offi cials. In their remarks, the speakers point out that the growth in part-time positions reflects complex demographic, in dustrial, and managerial changes, for example, preferences of married women and older workers for reduced work schedules, the movement from a goods-producing to a services-producing economy, and pressures from the market place for productivity and cost effectiveness. White Collar Workers in Transition: The Boom Years, 19401970. By Mark McColloch. Westport, Conn., Green wood Press, 1983. 193 pp., bibliography. (Contribu tions in Labor History, 15.) $29.95. By the late 1950’s, white-collar workers outnumbered production workers for the first time. This rapid growth has caused a good deal of speculation about the changing nature of white-collar work, white-collar workers, and their rela tionship to other groups in the workplace. Mark McColloch describes and analyzes changes in the work process, the composition of the labor force, and the collective awareness of three specific occupations— whitecollar banking, public welfare, and electrical manufacturing workers. The period from 1940 to 1970 was one of sharp change in these occupations. The impact of automation is examined as well as changes in the safety and working conditions of the labor force. Changes in pay and fringe benefits and hours of work are also discussed. This is a timely and interesting book and is particularly https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis applicable to courses in labor history, labor relations, eco nomics, and sociology, and should appeal to anyone inter ested in the changing workplace. Determinants o f Female Reentrant Unemployment. By Ethel B. Jones. Kalamazoo, Mich., The W. E. Upjohn In stitute for Employment Research, 1983. 74 pp. $6.95, paper. In this study, the author focuses on two questions; To what extent do women undergo a spell of unemployment upon reentry into the labor force? What factors determine whether or not a woman undergoes a spell of unemployment upon reentering the labor force? The empirical data for this study are from two samples of reentrants that were con structed from the National Longitudinal Survey for 1972. The sample of young women included those 20 to 28 years of age and the sample of mature women included persons 35 to 49 years of age. The author reports that approximately 1 of every 3 women actually undergoes a spell of unemployment upon reentr ance. Five of every 10 young women and 4 of every 10 mature women experienced some type of unemployment during 1972. The determinants considered included edu cation, certification in a profession or trade, years of work experience, marital status, a young child or the number of young children at home, migration, the potential market wage, husband’s income, race, a self-reported health lim itation, the area’s unemployment rate, and an indicator of prior intentions to seek work. Labor Force Statistics, 1970-1981. Paris, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Depart ment of Economics and Statistics, 1983. 477 pp. $24, o e c d Publications and Information Center, Washing ton 20006. This 19th edition of the Labor Force Statistics Yearbook contains historical time series of the evolution of the pop ulation and labor force for the 24 Member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. The Yearbook is divided into three parts. Part I contains general tables referring to the main aggregates from 1968 to 1981. Graphs covering a 20-year period beginning in 1962 show the evolution of some major labor force com ponents. Part II contains data by country covering 197081. Part III contains a time series for participation rates and unemployment rates by age and sex for 14 Member countries covering the period 1970 to 1982. Facts and Figures on Government Finance. 22d biennial ed. Washington, Tax Foundation, Inc., 1983. 364 pp. $20, paper. In this new edition, the Tax Foundation presents a com prehensive statistical portrait of the fiscal operations of Fed eral, State, and local governments. Key areas of the economy 61 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW June 1984 • Book Reviews and government not covered before are documented. Topics covered for the first time include: How governments raise and spend each dollar of public funds; how foreign gov ernments raise their tax revenues compared with the United States; capital outlays of the Federal Government; Federal expenditures in each State by type of spending, total amount spent, and per capita spending; and the Federal tax burden borne by residents of each State by type of tax. Tax Foundation, Inc., is a nonprofit, nonpartisan research and public education organization founded in 1937 to mon itor tax and fiscal activities at all levels of government. O v e r se a s B u sin e s s E c o n o m ic R es e a r c h S ta tistic s, B u re a u o f E c o n o m ic A n a ly s is R e g io n a l P ro jectio n s: V ol. 1, M e th o d o lo g y, C o n c e p ts a n d S ta te D a ta (S to ck N o. 0 0 3 - 0 1 0 - 0 0 0 9 0 2, $6); V ol. 2, E c o n o m ic A r e a s (S to ck N o. 0 0 3 - 0 1 0 - 0 0 0 9 1 1, $ 7 ); V ol. 3, s m s a ’ s (S to ck N o. 0 0 3 - 0 1 0 - 0 0 0 9 2 - 9 , $8); V ol. 4 , N e w E n g la n d (S to ck N o. 0 0 3 - 0 1 0 - 0 0 0 9 3 - 7 , $ 4 .5 0 ); V ol. 5 , M id e a s t (S to c k N o. 0 0 3 - 0 1 0 - 0 0 0 9 4 - 5 , $ 5 ), V o l. 6 , G r e a t L a k e s (S to ck N o. 0 0 3 - 0 1 0 - 0 0 0 9 5 - 3 , $ 6 ); V o l. 7 , P la in s (S to c k N o . 0 0 3 - 0 1 0 - 0 0 0 9 6 - 1 , $ 5 .5 0 ); V ol. 8, S o u th e a st (S to c k N o. 0 0 3 - 0 1 0 - 0 0 0 9 7 - 0 , $ 7 ); V ol. 9 , S o u th w e s t (S to c k N o. 0 0 3 - 0 1 0 - 0 0 0 9 8 - 8 , $ 5 ); V ol. 10, R o c k y M o u n ta in s (S to ck N o. 0 0 3 - 0 1 0 - 0 0 0 9 9 - 6 , $ 4 ,7 5 ); V ol. 11, F a r W est (S to c k N o. 0 0 3 - 0 1 0 - 0 0 1 0 0 - 3 , $5). Health and safety Publications received Economic growth and development A c k le y , G a rd n e r, “ T h e E c o n o m ic O u tlo o k and E c o n o m ic P o l i c y , ” E c o n o m ic O u tlo o k u s a , W in te r 1984, pp. 1 0 -1 1 . H o o v e r, K ev in D ., “ T w o T y p e s o f M o n e ta r is m ,” T h e J o u r n a l o f E c o n o m ic L ite r a tu r e , M arch 1984, pp. 5 8 - 7 6 . H y m a n s, S au l H ., Jo a n P. C ra ry , E. P h ilip H o w rc y . " T h e U .S . E c o n o m ic O u tlo o k fo r 1 9 8 4 ,” E c o n o m ic O u tlo o k u s a . W in te r 1984, p p . 3 - 1 0 . L ie b o w itz , S. J. an d J. P. P a lm e r, “ A sse ssin g the R elativ e Im p acts o f E co n o m ic s J o u r n a ls ,” T he J o u r n a l o f E c o n o m ic L ite r a tu re , M a rch 1984, pp. 7 7 - 8 8 . S trin e r, H e rb ert E ., R e g a in in g the L e a d : P o lic ie s f o r E c o n o m ic G ro w th . N ew Y ork, P raeger P ublishers, 1984, 205 pp. $ 2 2 .9 5 . W a c h te l, H o w ard M ., L a b o r a n d th e E c o n o m y . O rla n d o . F la ., A c a d e m ic P re ss, In c ., 1984, 538 pp. “ W o m e n in D e v e lo p m e n t— N ew dac [D e v elo p m en t A ssistan c e C o m m itte e ] G u id in g P rin c ip le s ,” T he o e c d O b s e r v e r. J a n u a ry 1984. p p . 2 2 - 2 3 . Economic and social statistics A rria g a , E d u a rd o E ., “ M e a su rin g an d E x p la in in g the C h a n g e in L ife E x p e c ta n c ie s ,” D e m o g r a p h y , F e b ru a ry 1984. pp. 8 3 9 6. D e v ille , J .-C . an d E. M a lin v a u d . “ D ata A n a ly sis in O fficial S o c io e c o n o m ic S ta tis tic s ,” J o u r n a l o f the R o y a l S ta tistic a l S o c ie ty , V o l. 146, Pt. 4 , 1983. pp. 3 3 5 - 6 1 . U .S . B u re au o f th e C e n su s, A p p r o a c h e s to D e v e lo p in g Q u e s tio n n a ire s. E d ite d by T h e re sa J. D e M a io . W a s h in g to n , 1983, 164 p p . (S ta tistica l P o licy W o rk in g P a p e r, 10.) U .S . D e p a rtm e n t o f A g ric u ltu re , E c o n o m ic In d ic a to rs o f the F a rm S e c to r: S ta te In c o m e a n d B a la n c e S h e e t S ta tistic s, 1982. W a s h in g to n , U .S . D e p a rtm e n t o f A g ric u ltu re . N atio n al E c o n o m ic s D iv isio n , E c o n o m ic R e se arc h S e rv ic e , 1984, 194 pp. (P u b lic a tio n ecifs 2 - 4 . ) A v a ila b le from the S u p e rin te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts, W ash in g to n 2 0 4 0 2 . U .S . D e p a rtm e n t o f C o m m e rc e , B u reau o f E c o n o m ic A n a ly sis. T h e fo llo w in g O v e rse a s B u sin e ss E c o n o m ic R esearch S ta tis tic s R e g io n a l R e p o rts re la te to im p o rt-e x p o rt b u sin e ss and e c o n o m ic o p p o rtu n itie s fo r U .S . b u sin e sse s o n a reg io n al b a sis. T h e s e re p o rts sh o u ld be o rd e re d fro m the S u p e rin d en d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts, U .S . G o v e rn m e n t P rin tin g O ffice , W a s h in g to n , D .C . 2 0 4 0 2 . P a y m e n t m ay be m ad e by c h e c k , m o n ey o rd e r, d o c u m e n ts d e p o sit a cc o u n t n u m b e r, o r visa o r M a ste r C a rd a cc o u n t n u m b e r (fu rn ish in g the e x p ira tio n d a te ). 1980 62 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis B ro w n , L. Ja c k so n an d Jack R e id . “ E q u ilib riu m and D ise q u ili briu m in M a rk ets fo r G e n era l P ra c titio n e rs: N ew E v id e n ce C o n c e rn in g G e o g ra p h ic D istrib u tio n o f P h y s ic ia n s ,” A d v a n ce s in H e a lth E c o n o m ic s a n d H e a lth S e r v ic e s R e s e a r c h , V ol. 4 , 1983, pp. 3 0 5 - 3 3 . U .S . D e p a rtm e n t o f H ealth an d H um an S e rv ic e s. D iffu sio n a n d the C h a n g in g G e o g ra p h ic D istrib u tio n o f P rim a ry C a re P h y sic ia n s . R o c k v ille . M d ., U .S . D e p a rtm e n t o f H ealth an d H u m an S e rv ic e s, P u b lic H ealth S e rv ice . H ealth R e so u rc es an d S e rv ic e s A d m in is tra tio n . 1983, 52 pp. ( dhhs P u b lic a tio n , hrs - p- o d - 8 4 - 1 .) Industrial relations A a ro n , B e n ja m in , “ F u tu re T re n d s in In d u strial R e la tio n s L a w ,” In d u s tr ia l R e la tio n s , W in te r 1984, pp. 5 2 - 5 7 . A m e ric an E n te rp rise In stitu te fo r P u b lic P o licy R e se a rc h . F i n a n c in g R u r a l E le c tr ific a tio n . W a s h in g to n , 1984, 51 p p . (aei L e g isla tiv e A n a ly sis, 3 7 , 9 8 th C o n g .. 2d se ss .) ------- P r o p o sa ls to D e re g u la te D e p o sito ry In stitu tio n s. W a s h in g to n , 1984. 66 pp. ( aei L e g isla tiv e A n a ly sis. 4 0 , 9 8 th C o n g ., 2d se s s .) ------- R e v ie w : 1983 S e ssio n o f th e C o n g re ss. W a s h in g to n , 1984, 42 pp. (aei L eg isla tiv e A n a ly sis. 3 8 . 9 8 th C o n g ., 1st. se s s .) A s h e n fe lte r, O rle y and D av id E. B lo o m . “ M o d e ls o f A rb itra to r B eh av io r: T h e o ry an d E v id e n c e .” T h e A m e ric a n E c o n o m ic R e v ie w , M arch 1984, pp. 1 1 1 -2 4 . B rin t, S te v en G . an d M artin H. D o d d . P r o fe s sio n a l W o rk ers a n d U n io n iza tio n : A D a ta H a n d b o o k . W a s h in g to n . D e p a rtm e n t fo r P ro fe ssio n a l E m p lo y e e s , ael- ci o . 1984, 92 pp . $ 1 1 , p a p er. D a y a l, S a h a b , “ U n io n ize d P ro fe ss io n a ls and B a rg ain in g P rio rities: A n E x p lo ra to ry S tu d y o f U n iv e rsity P r o f e s s o r s ,” J o u r n a l o f C o lle c tiv e N e g o tia tio n s in th e P u b lic S e c to r , V ol. 13, N o . 1, 1984. pp. 5 5 - 6 6 . D ic k e n s , W illia m T . an d Jo n a th a n S. L e o n a rd , A c c o u n tin g f o r th e D e c lin e in U nion M e m b e r sh ip . C a m b rid g e , M a s s ., N a tio n a l B u reau o f E co n o m ic R e se a rc h , In c ., 1984, 31 p p. (nber W o rk in g P a p e r S e rie s , 1275.) $ 1 .5 0 . G a rb a rin o , Jo s e p h W ., “ U n io n ism W ith o u t U n io n s: T h e N ew In d u strial R e la tio n s ? ” In d u s tr ia l R e la tio n s , W in te r 1984, pp. 4 0 -5 1 . K o c h a n , T h o m a s A ., R o b e rt B. M c K e rsie , P e te r C a p p e lli, “ S tra teg ic C h o ic e and In d u strial R e la tio n s T h e o r y ,” In d u stria l R e la tio n s , W in te r 1984, p p . 1 6 -3 9 . L e o n a rd , A rth u r S ., “ S p e c ific P e rfo rm a n c e o f C o lle c tiv e B a r gain in g A g re e m e n ts ,” F o rd h a m L a w R ev ie w , N o v em b er 1983, pp . 1 9 3 -2 1 8 . M o s e r, C h ris tin a a n d H a rry E. R a n d le s, “ O p tio n s w ith in the E d u c a tio n a l B a rg a in in g P r o c e s s ,” J o u r n a l o f C o lle c tiv e N e g o tia tio n s in th e P u b lic S e c to r , V ol. 13, N o. 1, 1984, pp. 3 9 -5 3 . S c h a c h te r, H in d y L a u e r, “ T h e R e la tio n s B e tw ee n S u p e rv iso r and R a n k -a n d -F ile U n io n s D u rin g C o n tra c t N e g o tia tio n s: A C ase S tu d y A n a ly s is ,” J o u r n a l o f C o lle c tiv e N e g o tia tio n s in the P u b lic S e c to r , V o l. 13, N o. 1, 1984, pp. 1 5 -2 8 . S n id e rm a n , M a rk S. an d D an iel A . L ittm a n , “ C o lle c tiv e B a r g a in in g an d D is in f la tio n ,” E c o n o m ic C o m m e n ta ry , F ed eral R e se rv e B a n k o f C le v e la n d , F eb . 13, 1984, 4 pp. S tra u ss, G e o rg e , “ In d u strial R elatio n s: T im e o f C h a n g e ,” In d u s tria l R e la tio n s , W in te r 1984, pp. 1 -1 5 . International economics C o o p e r, R ic h a rd N ., “ W h y C o u n te rtra d e ? ” A c r o s s the B o a rd , M a rc h 1984, p p . 3 6 - 4 1 . D o h n e r, R o b e rt S ., “ E x p o rt P ric in g , F le x ib le E x ch a n g e R ates, a n d D iv e rg e n c e in the P rices o f T ra d e d G o o d s ,” J o u r n a l o f I n te r n a tio n a l E c o n o m ic s, F e b ru a ry 1984, pp. 7 9 - 1 0 1 . D u c k , N ig e l W ., “ P ric es, O u tp u t an d the B alan ce o f P a y m en ts in an O p e n E c o n o m y w ith R atio n al E x p e c ta tio n s ,” J o u rn a l o f In te r n a tio n a l E c o n o m ic s , F e b ru a ry 1984. pp . 5 9 - 7 7 . E n d e rw ic k , P e te r a n d P e te r J. B u c k le y , “ In d u strial R e la tio n s P ra c tic e s in B ritain : A C o m p a ra tiv e A n a ly sis o f F o re ig n - and D o m e stic a lly -O w n e d F ir m s ,” L a b o u r a n d S o c ie ty , O c to b e r D e c e m b e r 1 983, pp. 3 1 5 - 3 2 . F a irla m b , D a v id , “ T h e W o r ld ’s H o ttest N ew C u r r e n c y ,” D u n ’s B u s in e s s M o n th , A pril 1984, b e g in n in g on p. 84. C o h e n , Y in o n an d Je ffrey P fe ffer, “ E m p lo y m e n t P ra c tice s in the D ual E c o n o m y ,” In d u stria l R e la tio n s , W in te r 1 984, pp. 5 8 -7 2 . G in ig e r, S e y m o u r, A n g e lo D isp e n z ie ri, Jo s e p h E is e n b e rg , “ O ld e r W o rk e rs in S p e e d and S k ill J o b s ,” A g in g a n d W o rk, V o l. 7 , N o . 1, 1984, pp . 7 - 1 2 . H o lz e r, H arry J ., B la c k Y outh N o n e m p lo y m e n t: D u ra tio n a n d J o b S e a rc h . C a m b rid g e , M a s s ., N a tio n a l B u reau o f E co n o m ic R e se a rc h , In c ., 1984, 66 pp. ( nber W o rk in g P a p e r S e rie s , 12 7 6 .) $ 1 .5 0 . L e o n a rd , Jo n a th a n S ., E m p lo y m e n t a n d O c c u p a tio n a l A d v a n c e U n d e r A ffirm a tiv e A c tio n . C a m b rid g e , M a s s ., N a tio n a l B u reau of E co n o m ic R e se a rc h , In c ., 1984, 30 p p . ( nber W o rk ing P a p e r S e rie s , 1270.) $ 1 .5 0 . ------- T h e In te r a c tio n o f R e s id e n tia l S e g re g a tio n a n d E m p lo y m e n t D is c rim in a tio n . C a m b rid g e , M a s s ., N a tio n a l B u reau o f E c o n o m ic R e se a rc h , In c ., 1984. ( nber W o rk in g P a p e r S e rie s , 1 274.) $ 1 .5 0 . M in d e , T h e o d o re A ., N e w J e r s e y ’s H ig h T e c h n o lo g y E c o n o m y : A P ro file o f R e c e n t D e v e lo p m e n ts a n d C o m p a r a tiv e P e r fo r m a n c e . T re n to n , N ew Je rse y D e p a rtm e n t o f C o m m e rc e and E c o n o m ic D e v e lo p m e n t, O ffice o f E c o n o m ic R e se a rc h , 1983, 51 pp. O rio l, W illia m E ., “ W o rk and R e tire m e n t: V isib le Issu es at U .N . W o rld A s se m b ly on A g in g ,” A g in g a n d W o rk , V o l. 7 , N o . 1, 1984. pp . 1 3 -2 0 . S im o n e , V in c en t J ., “ U n e m p lo y m e n t and Its E ffect on W estern E u ro p e ’s W o rk F o r c e ,” A g in g a n d W o rk, V ol. 7 , N o . 1, 1984, pp . 3 7 - 4 5 . G re en e , Ja m es, “ T h e N ew T rad in g S tra ta g e m s ,” A cro ss the B o a rd , M a rc h 1 9 8 4 , p p . 2 8 - 3 5 . Management and organization theory K ra v is, Irv in g B ., “ C o m p a ra tiv e S tu d ies o f N atio n al In co m es and P r ic e s ,” T h e J o u r n a l o f E c o n o m ic L ite r a tu r e , M a rch 1984, pp. 1 -3 9 . B ra d fo rd , D av id L. an d A llan R. C o h e n , M a n a g in g f o r E x c e lle n c e : T h e G u id e to D e v e lo p in g H ig h P e r fo r m a n c e in C o n te m p o ra ry O r g a n iz a tio n s. N ew Y o rk , Jo h n W ile y & S o n s , In c ., 1984, 301 pp. $ 1 8 .9 5 . M a rris, R o b in , “ C o m p a rin g the In c o m e s o f N atio n s: A C ritiq u e o f th e In te rn a tio n a l C o m p a riso n P r o je c t,” T he J o u r n a l o f E c o n o m ic L i t e r a tu r e ," M a rch 1984, pp. 4 0 - 5 7 . P h ip p s, A . J . , “ A u s tra lia n U n e m p lo y m e n t: S om e E v id e n ce from In d u stry L a b o u r D e m an d F u n c tio n s ,” A u stra lia n E c o n o m ic P a p e r s , D e c e m b e r 1983, pp. 3 3 - 4 4 . S e n d e r, H e n rie tte , “ T h e W e a k e r D o llar: W h at It M ean s fo r the E c o n o m y ,” D u n ’s B u sin e s s M o n th , A pril 1984, b e g in n in g o n p. 7 2. “ T e c h n o lo g ic a l In n o v a tio n : K ey to P ro g re ss in L ess- In d u strialise d C o u n tr ie s ,” T h e o e c d O b s e r v e r, Ja n u a ry 1984, pp. 7 - 1 0 . W a llis , W . A lle n , “ T h e S tru g g le to D ism a n tle T rad e B a rrie rs ,” T h e A m e r ic a n J o u r n a l o f E c o n o m ic s a n d S o c io lo g y , Ja n u a ry 1984, pp. 8 9 -9 0 . Labor and economic history E in h o m , R o b in L ., “ In d u strial R e la tio n s in the P ro g re ssiv e Era: T h e U n ited S ta te s an d G re at B r ita in ,” S o c ia l S e rv ic e R e v ie w , M a rc h 1984, p p . 9 8 - 1 1 6 . F ie ld , A le x a n d e r J . , “ A s se t E x c h a n g e s a n d the T ra n s a c tio n s D e m a n d fo r M o n e y , 1 9 1 9 - 2 9 ,” T h e A m e ric a n E c o n o m ic R e v ie w , M a rch 1984, pp . 4 3 - 5 9 . Labor force A ro n o w itz , S ta n le y , W o rk in g C la ss H e ro . N ew Y o rk , T h e P ilg rim P re ss , 1 9 8 3 , 2 2 9 pp . $ 1 8 .9 5 . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis F o rish a -K o v a c h , B a rb ara , T h e F le x ib le O r g a n iz a tio n : A U n iq u e N e w S y ste m f o r O r g a n iz a tio n a l E ffe c tiv e n e s s a n d S u c c e ss. E n g le w o o d C liffs, N .J ., P re n tic e -H a ll, I n c ., 1984, 159 p p. $ 1 6 .9 5 , c lo th ; $ 7 .9 5 , p a p er. N u k i, T a k a o , “ T h e E ffect o f M ic ro -E le c tro m c s o n the Ja p a n ese S ty le o f M a n a g e m e n t,” L a b o u r a n d S o c ie ty , O c to b e r - D e c e m b e r 1983, pp. 3 9 3 - 4 0 0 . S z a fra n , R o b e rt F ., U n iv e r sitie s a n d W o m en F a c u lty : W hy S o m e O r g a n iz a tio n s D isc rim in a te M o re T h a n O th e rs. N ew Y o rk , P ra e g e r P u b lish e rs, 1984. 146 p p ., b ib lio g ra p h y . $ 2 2 .9 5 . Monetary and fiscal policy E is n e r, R o b e rt an d P aul J. P ie p er, “ A N ew V iew o f th e F ed eral D eb t an d B u d g e t D e f ic its ,” T h e A m e r ic a n E c o n o m ic R e v ie w , M a rch 1984, p p . 1 1 -2 9 . H e rsh m a n , A rle n e , “ A T o u g h Y e a r fo r the S to c k M a r k e t,” D u n ’s B u s in e s s M o n th , A pril 1984, pp. 3 0 - 3 4 . T ax F o u n d a tio n , In c ., F a c ts a n d F ig u r e s o n G o v e r n m e n t F in a n c e . 2 2 d b ie n n ia l e d . W a s h in g to n , 1983, 3 6 4 pp . $ 2 0 , p a p er. W e s tfa ll, D a v id , E v e ry W o m a n 's G u id e to F in a n c ia l P la n n in g . N ew Y o rk , B asic B o o k s, I n c ., P u b lish e rs, 1984, 3 0 6 p p. $ 1 6 .9 5 . Productivity and technological change B a rd h a n , P ra n a b a n d K en K le tz e r, “ D y n a m ic E ffects o f P ro te ctio n 63 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW June 1984 • Book Reviews o n P r o d u c tiv ity ,’’ J o u r n a l o f In te r n a tio n a l E c o n o m ic s , F e b ru a ry 1984, p p . 4 5 - 5 7 . o f P u b lic P o lic ie s ,” A g in g a n d W o rk, V ol. 7, N o. 1, 1984 pp. 2 1 -3 4 . H u lte n , C h a rle s R . an d R o b e rt M . S c h w a b , “ R e g io n a l P ro d u c tiv ity G ro w th in U .S . M a n u fac tu rin g : 1 9 5 1 - 7 8 ,” T he A m e r ica n E c o n o m ic R e v ie w , M a rch 1984, pp . 1 5 2 -6 2 . “ D e v e lo p m e n ts an d T ren d s in S ocial S e c u rity , 1 9 8 1 -1 9 8 3 : A n O v e rv ie w o f M a jo r T ren d s and I s s u e s ,” In te r n a tio n a l S o c ia l S e c u r ity R e v ie w , N o . 4 , 1983, pp. 4 3 1 - 5 0 8 . N o g u c h i, T a s u k u , “ H ig h T e c h n o lo g y and In d u strial S tra te g ies in J a p a n ,” L a b o u r a n d S o c ie ty , O c to b e r - D e c e m b e r 1983, pp. 3 8 3 -9 2 . F ish e r, P a u l, “ F in a n c in g th e F ed eral R ep u b lic o f G e rm a n y ’s O ld A g e S u rv iv o rs an d D isa b ility P r o g r a m ,” A g in g a n d W o rk, V ol. 7 , N o . 1, 1984, p p . 4 7 - 6 4 . U .S . B u re au o f L a b o r S ta tistic s , M e a su rin g P ro d u c tiv ity in S ta te a n d L o c a l G o v e r n m e n t. W a s h in g to n , 1983, 96 p p ., b ib li o g rap h y . (B u lletin 2 1 6 6 .) S tock N o. 0 2 9 - 0 0 1 - 0 2 7 9 4 - 0 . $ 3 .7 5 , S u p e rin te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts, W a sh in g to n 2 0 4 0 2 . H am erm esh , D aniel S. and Jam es Jo h an n es, F o o d S ta m p s a s M o n e y a n d In c o m e . C a m b rid g e , M a s s ., N atio n al B u reau o f E c o n o m ic R e se a rc h , In c ., 1983, 20 pp. (nber W o rk in g P a p e r S e rie s , 12 3 1 .) $ 1 .5 0 . Social institutions and social change K a g a n , A rth u r B ., “ A lte rn a tiv e s to P e n sio n P lan T e r m in a tio n ,” P e n s io n W o rld , M arch 1984, b e g in n in g o n p. 37. B u ru d , S a n d ra L ., P a m ela R. A s c h b a c h e r, Ja c q u e ly n M c C ro sk e y , E m p lo y e r -S u p p o r te d C h ild -C a r e : In v e stin g in H u m a n R e so u r c e s. D o v e r, M a s s ., A u b u rn H o u se P u b lish in g C o ., 1984, 3 6 2 p p ., b ib lio g ra p h y . $ 2 4 .9 5 , clo th ; $ 1 5 , p ap er. K o tlik o ff, L a u re n c e J. an d D aniel E. S m ith , P e n s io n s in th e A m e r ica n E c o n o m y . C a m b rid g e , M a s s ., T h e N atio n al B u reau o f E c o n o m ic R e se a rc h . 1983, 4 4 9 pp . $ 5 0 , the U n iv e rsity o f C h ic a g o P re ss, C h ic a g o , 111., D u n c a n , G re g J. a n d o th e rs . Y ea rs o f P o v e r ty , Y ea rs o f P le n ty: T h e C h a n g in g E c o n o m ic F o rtu n e s o f A m e ric a n W o rkers a n d F a m ilie s . A n n A rb o r, T h e U n iv e rsity o f M ic h ig a n , S u rv ey R e se arc h C e n te r. In stitu te fo r S ocial R e se arc h , 1984, 184 pp. $24. L e a v itt, T h o m a s D ., E a rly R e tir e m e n t In c e n tiv e P ro g ra m s. W a l th a m , M a s s ., B ra n d eis U n iv e rsity , T h e P o licy C e n te r o n A g ing, 1983, 25 p p . $ 4 , p ap er. M itc h e ll, A rn o ld , T h e N in e A m e ric a n L ife s ty le s : W ho W e A re a n d W h e re W e A r e G o in g . N ew Y o rk , M a c m illa n P u b lish in g C o ., 1 9 8 3 , 3 2 0 p p . $ 1 9 .9 5 . Wages and compensation B o rja s , G e o rg e J . , “ R a ce , T u rn o v e r, and M ale E a r n in g s ,” I n d u s tr ia l R e la tio n s , W in te r 1984, pp. 7 3 - 8 9 . K n o c h , R o b e rt H ., “ C o m p a ra b le W o rth — a F o rce o r a F iz z le ? ” P e n s io n W o rld , M a rch 1984, b e g in n in g on p. 29. R e im e rs , C o rd e lia W ., “ S o u rc e s o f the F am ily In co m e D iffer e n tia ls A m o n g H isp a n ic s , B lac k s, and W h ite N o n -H isp an i c s , ” A m e ric a n J o u r n a l o f S o c io lo g y , Ja n u a ry 1984, pp. 8 8 9 -9 0 3 . L ip s k y , M ic h a e l, “ B u re au c ratic D ise n title m e n t in S o cial W elfare P r o g r a m s ,” S o c ia l S e rv ic e R e v ie w , M arch 1984, pp. 3 - 2 7 . S a n g e r, M ary B ry n a , “ G e n e ra tin g E m p lo y m e n t fo r afdc [A id to F a m ilie s w ith D e p e n d e n t C h ild re n ] M o th e r s ,” S o c ia l S e rv ic e R e v ie w , M a rch 1984, pp. 2 8 - 4 8 . “ S o cial E x p en d itu re: E ro sio n o r E v o lu tio n ? ” T h e Ja n u a ry 1984, pp. 3 - 6 . oecd O b s e r v e r, S p rin g e r, P h ilip B ., “ H ealth C are C o v e ra g e o f S u rv iv o r F a m ilies w ith C h ild re n : D e te rm in a n ts and C o n s e q u e n c e s ,” S o c ia l S e c u rity B u lle tin , F e b ru a ry 1984, pp. 3 - 1 6 . “ T h e R o le o f S o cial S e c u rity In stitu tio n s in th e D e v e lo p m e n t o f S o cial S e rv ice s: R e ce n t T ren d s an d C u rre n t I s s u e s ,” I n te r n a tio n a l S o c ia l S e c u r in ' R e v ie w , N o. 4 , 1983, pp. 5 0 9 - 2 8 . Worker training and development U .S . B u re au o f L a b o r S ta tistic s , In d u stry W age S u rv e y : N o n fe r ro u s M e ta l M a n u fa c tu rin g In d u strie s, F e b r u a ry 1981. W a s h in g to n , 1 983, 72 pp. (B u lle tin 2 1 6 7 .) S to ck N o. 0 2 9 - 0 0 1 0 2 7 9 1 - 3 . $ 1 , S u p e rin te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts, W a sh in g to n 20402. B rig g s, V ern o n M ., J r ., B rian R u n g e lin g , L ew is H. S m ith , P u b lic S e rv ic e E m p lo y m e n t in th e R u ra l S o u th . A u s tin , T e x ., U n i v e rsity o f T e x a s, B u reau o f B u sin e ss R e se a rc h , 1984, 144 p p . $ 8 , p a p er. Welfare programs and social insurance D e u tsc h A rn o ld R ., H o w to H o ld Y o u r J o b : G a in in g S k ills a n d B e c o m in g P r o m o ta b le in D iffic u lt T im e s. E n g le w o o d C lilfs, N .J ., P re n tic e -H a ll, In c ., 1984. 182 pp. $ 1 5 .9 5 , c lo th ; $ 7 .95^ p a p er. B a b ic , A n n e L ., “ F le x ib le R e tire m e n t: A n In tern a tio n a l S urv ey 64 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Current Labor Statistics Notes on Current Labor Statistics Schedule of release dates for major BLS statistical series Employment data from household survey. Definitions and 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. notes Employment status of the noninstitutional population. 16 years and over, selected years. 1950-83 ....................... Employment status of the population, including Armed Forces in the United States, by sex, seasonally adjusted . . . . Employment status of the civilian population, by sex. age, race, and Hispanic origin, seasonally adjusted ........ Selected employment indicators, seasonally ad ju sted ............................................................................................................... Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally ad ju sted .......................................................................................................... U n em p lo y m en t rates, by sex and ag e, seasonally adjusted .................................................................................................................... U n em p lo y ed p erso n s, by reason fo r un em ploym ent, seasonally a d j u s t e d ............................................................................. Duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted....................................................................................................................... Employment, hours, and earnings data from establishment surveys. Definitions and notes 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. Employment by industry, selected years. 1950-83 .............................................................................................................. Employment by State .................................................................................................................................................................... Employment by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted ................................................... Hours and earnings, by industry division, selected years, 1950-83 ..................................................................................... Weekly hours, by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted ............................................... Hourly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group ............................................................................... Hourly Earnings Index, by industry division ........................................................................................................................... Weekly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group ............................................................................... Indexes of diffusion: industries in which employment increased............................................................................................ 67 67 68 69 70 70 71 71 71 72 73 73 74 75 76 77 77 78 78 Unemployment insurance data. Definitions 18. Unemployment insurance and employment service operations Price data. Definitions and notes 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. Consumer Price Index, 1967-83 ................................................................................................................................................. Consumer Price Index, U.S. city average, general summary andselected ite m s ................................................................... Consumer Price Index, cross-classification of region and population size c la s s ................................................................... Consumer Price Index, selected areas ........................................................................................................................................ Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing ..................................................................................... Producer Price Indexes, by commodity groupings ................................................................................................................... Producer Price Indexes, by special commodity groupings ...................................................................................................... Producer Price Indexes, by durability of product ..................................................................................................................... Producer Price Indexes for the output of selected SIC industries ......................................................................................... Productivity data. Definitions and notes 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. Annual indexes of multifactor productivity and related measures, selected years. 1948-82 ............................................. Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years. 1950-83 ........................ Annual changes in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices. 1972-83 ................................................. Quarterly indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted ............................ Percent change from preceding quarter and year in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and p ric e s............. Wage and compensation data. Definitions and notes 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. Employment Cost Index, by occupation and industry group .................................................................................................. Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group .............................................................. Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers, by bargaining status, region, and area size .................................... Wage and compensation change, major collective bargaining settlements. 1978 to d a te ................................................... Effective wage adjustments in collective bargaining units covering 1.000 workers or more. 1978 to date ................... Work stoppage data. Definition 38. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Work stoppages involving 1.000 workers or more. 1947 to date 80 81 81 87 88 89 90 92 92 93 94 95 95 96 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 102 103 103 NOTES ON CURRENT LABOR STATISTICS T h is se c tio n o f th e R e v ie w p re sen ts the p rin cip al sta tistica l scries quarter to quarter are published for numerous Consumer and Producer Price Index series. However, seasonally adjusted indexes arc not published for the U.S. average. All Items CPI. Only seasonally adjusted percent changes are available for this series. Adjustments for price changes. Some data are adjusted to eliminate the effect of changes in price. These ad justments are made by dividing current dollar values by the Consumer Price Index or the appropriate component of the index, then multiplying by 100. For example, given a current hourly wage rate of $3 and a current price index number of 150, where 1967 = 100, the hourly rate expressed in 1967 dollars is $2 ($3/150 x 100 = $2). The resulting values are described as “ real,” “ constant,” or “ 1967” dollars. c o lle c te d a n d c a lc u la te d by the B u reau o f L a b o r S ta tistic s. A b rie f in tro d u c tio n to e a c h g ro u p o f tab le s p ro v id e s d e fin itio n s , n o tes on th e d a ta , so u rc e s , an d o th e r m aterial u su a lly fo u n d in fo o tn o te s. R e a d e rs w h o n e ed ad d itio n al in fo rm a tio n are in v ited to c o n su lt th e B L S re g io n a l o ffices listed on the in sid e fro n t c o v e r o f this issu e o f th e R e v ie w . S o m e g e n era l n o tes a p p lic a b le to sev eral series are g iv en b e lo w . Seasonal adjustment. Certain monthly and quarterly data are adjusted to eliminate the effect of such factors as climatic conditions, industry pro duction schedules, opening and closing of schools, holiday buying periods, and vacation practices, which might otherwise mask short-term movements of the statistical series. Tables containing these data are identified as “ sea sonally adjusted." Seasonal effects are estimated on the basis of past experience. When new seasonal factors are computed each year, revisions may affect seasonally adjusted data for several preceding years. Seasonally adjusted labor force data in tables 3-8 were revised in the February 1984 issue of the Review, to reflect experience through 1983. Beginning in January 1980. the BLS introduced two major modifications in the seasonal adjustment methodology for labor force data. First, the data are being seasonally adjusted with a new procedure called X-1 I/ AR1MA, which was developed at Statistics Canada as an extension of the standard X-l 1 method. A detailed description of the procedure appears in The X- l I AR1MA Seasonal Adjustment Method by Estela Bee Dagurn (Statistics Canada Catalogue No. 12-564E. February 1980). The second change is that seasonal factors are now being calculated for use during the first 6 months of the year, rather than for the entire year, and then are calculated at mid-year for the July-December period. Revisions of historical data continue to be made only at the end of each calendar year. Annual revision of the seasonally adjusted payroll data shown in tables 11. 13. and 15 were made in July 1983 using the X-l I ARIMA seasonal adjustment methodology. New seasonal factors for productivity data in tables 29 and 30 are usually introduced in the September issue. Seasonally adjusted indexes and percent changes from month to month and from Availability of information. Data that supplement the tables in this section are published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in a variety of sources. Press releases provide the latest statistical information published by the Bureau; the major recurring releases are published according to the schedule given below. More information from household and establishment surveys is provided in Employment and Earnings, a monthly publication of the Bureau. Comparable household information is published in a two-volume data book—Labor Force Statistics Derived From the Current Population Survey, Bulletin 2096. Comparable establishment information appears in two data books-Employment and Earnings, United States, and Employ ment and Earnings, States and Areas, and their annual supplements. More detailed information on wages and other aspects of collective bargaining appears in the monthly periodical. Current Wage Developments. More detailed price information is published each month in the periodicals, the CPI Detailed Report and Producer Prices and Price Indexes. Symbols p = preliminary. To improve the timeliness of some series, pre liminary figures are issued based on representative but in complete returns. r = revised. Generally, this revision reflects the availability of later data but may also reflect other adjustments, n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified. Schedule of release dates for BLS statistical series S e r ie s R e le a s e P e r io d R e le a s e P e r io d R e le a s e P e r io d M L R ta b le d a te co v e re d d a te c o v e re d d a te c o v e re d num ber Employment situation ................................... June 1 May July 6 June August 3 July 1-11 Producer Price Index .......................... June 15 May July 13 June August 10 July 23-27 Consumer Price Index................................... June 22 May July 24 June August 22 July 19-22 Real earnings.......................... June 22 May July 24 June August 22 July 12-16 August 27 2nd quarter 29-32 Productivity and costs: Nonfinancial corporations.......................... Nonfarm business and manufacturing . . . July 31 Major collective bargaining settlements . . . . July 27 Employment Cost In d e x .......................... July 31 66 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 36 37 2nd quarter 33-35 EMPLOYMENT DATA FROM THE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY E m p l o y m e n t d a t a in th is se c tio n are o b ta in e d fro m the C u rre n t P o p u la tio n S u rv e y , a p ro g ra m o f p e rso n al in te rv iew s co n d u cted m o n th ly by th e B u re au o f the C e n su s fo r the B u reau o f L ab o r S ta tistic s . T h e sa m p le c o n sists o f ab o u t 6 0 .0 0 0 h o u se h o ld s selected to re p re s e n t th e U .S p o p u la tio n 16 y ears o f age and o ld er. H o u s e h o ld s are in te rv ie w e d on a ro ta tin g b a sis, so th at th re e -fo u rth s o f th e sa m p le is th e sa m e fo r an y 2 c o n se c u tiv e m o n th s. Definitions Employed persons include (1) all civilians who worked for pay any time during the week which includes the 12th day of the month or who worked unpaid for 15 hours or more in a family-operated enterprise and (2) those who were temporarily absent from their regular jobs because of illness, vacation, industrial dispute, or similar reasons. Members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States are also included in the em ployed total. A person working at more than one job is counted only in the job at which he or she worked the greatest number of hours. Unemployed persons are those who did not work during the survey week, but were available for work except for temporary illness and had looked for jobs within the preceding 4 weeks. Persons who did not look for work because they were on layoff or waiting to start new jobs within the next 30 days are also counted among the unemployed. The overall unemployment rate represents the number unemployed as a percent of the labor force, including the resident Armed Forces. The unemployment 1. rate for all civilian workers represents the number unemployed as a percent of the civilian labor force. The labor force consists of all employed or unemployed civilians plus members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States. Persons not in the labor force are those not classified as employed or unemployed: this group includes persons who are retired, those engaged in their own housework, those not working while attending school, those unable to work because of long-term illness, those discouraged from seeking work because of personal or job market factors, and those who are voluntarily idle. The noninstitutional population comprises all persons 16 years of age and older who are not inmates of penal or mental institutions, sani tariums, or homes for the aged, infirm, or needy, and members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States. The labor force participation rate is the proportion of the noninstitutional population that is in the labor force. The employment-population ratio is total employment (including the resident Armed Forces) as a percent of the noninstitutional population. Notes on the data From time to time, and especially after a decennial census, adjustments are made in the Current Population Survey figures to correct for estimating errors during the preceding years. These adjustments affect the compara bility of historical data presented in table 1. A description of these ad justments and their effect on the various data series appear in the Explanatory Notes of Employment and Earnings. Data in tables 2 -8 are seasonally adjusted, based on the seasonal ex perience through December 1983. Employment status of the noninstitutional population, 16 years and over, selected years, 1950-83 [Numbers in thousands] L a b o r fo rc e U n e m p lo y e d E m p lo y e d N o n in s t i Year p o p u la tio n N o t in C iv ilia n t u t io n a l P e rc e n t of N um ber p o p u la tio n P e rc e n t of R e s id e n t P e rc e n t ol N o n a g r i- A rm e d T o ta l p o p u la t io n F o rce s T o ta l A g r ic u ltu re N um ber c u ltu ra l la b o r to rc e la b o r fo rc e in d u s t r ie s 1950 1955 1960 ............... ............... ............... 106,164 111,747 119,106 63,377 67,087 71,489 59.7 60.0 60.0 60,087 64,234 67,639 56.6 57.5 56.8 1.169 2.064 1.861 58,918 62,170 65,778 7,160 6.450 5.458 51,758 55,722 60.318 3,288 2,852 3,852 5.2 43 5.4 42.787 44.660 46.617 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... 128,459 130,180 132,092 134,281 136,573 76.401 77,892 79,565 80,990 82,972 59.5 59.8 60.2 60.3 60.8 73,034 75.017 76,590 78,173 80,140 56.9 57.6 58.0 58.2 58.7 1,946 2.122 2,218 2,253 2.238 71,088 72,895 74.372 75,920 77,902 4,361 3.979 3,844 3,817 3.606 66.726 68,915 70,527 72.103 74,296 3,366 2.875 2.975 2,817 2.832 4.4 3.7 3.7 3.5 3.4 52,058 52.288 52,527 53,291 53.602 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... 139,203 142,189 145,939 148,870 151,841 84,889 86,355 88,847 91,203 93,670 61.0 60.7 60.9 61.3 61.7 80,796 81,340 83,966 86,838 88.515 58.0 57.2 57.5 58.3 58.3 2.118 1,973 1.813 1.774 1,721 78.678 79,367 82,153 85,064 86.794 3.463 3,394 3,484 3.470 3,515 75.215 75,972 78,669 81.594 83,279 4,093 5,016 4.882 4,355 5,156 4.8 5.8 5.5 4.8 5.5 54.315 55,834 57,091 57,667 58,171 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... 154,831 157,818 160,689 153,541 166,460 95.453 97,826 100,665 103,882 106,559 61.6 62.0 62.6 63.5 64.0 87,524 90,420 93,673 97,679 100,421 56.5 57.3 58.3 59.7 60.3 1.678 1.668 1,656 1,631 1.597 85,845 88,752 92.017 96,048 98,824 3,408 3,331 3,283 3,387 3,347 82,438 85.421 88,734 92,661 95.477 7,929 7,406 6,991 6,202 6,137 8.3 7.6 6.9 6.0 5.8 59,377 59,991 60.025 59,659 59,900 1980 1981 1982 1983 ............... ............... ............... ............... 169,349 171,775 173,939 175,891 108,544 110,315 111,872 113,226 64.1 65.2 64.3 64.4 100,907 102.042 101,194 102,510 59.6 59.4 58.2 58.3 1,604 1,645 1.668 1,676 99.303 100,397 99,526 100,834 3,364 3,368 3,401 3,383 95,938 97,030 96.125 97,450 7,637 8,273 10,578 10,717 7.0 7.5 9.5 9.5 60,806 61,460 62,067 62,665 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 67 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW June 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Household Data 2. Employment status of the population, including Armed Forces in the United States, by sex, seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] A n n u al av e ra g e 1983 1984 E m p lo y m e n t s ta tu s a n d s e x 1982 1983 A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. M ar. A p r. TOTAL Noninstitutlonal population1' 2 ....................... Labor force2 ............................................... Participation rate3 .......................... Total employed2 Employment-population rate4 . . . . Resident Armed Forces1 ..................... Civilian employed................................ Agriculture ...................................... Nonagricultural industries............... Unemployed............................................ Unemployment rate5 ....................... Not in labor force ...................................... 173,939 111,872 64.3 101,194 58.2 1,668 99,526 3,401 96,125 10,678 9.5 62,067 175,891 113,226 64.4 102,510 58.3 1,676 100,834 3,383 97,450 10,717 9.5 62,665 175,465 112,646 64.2 101,277 57.7 1.671 99,606 3,392 96,214 11.369 10.1 62.819 175,622 112,619 64.1 101,431 57.8 1,669 99,762 3,374 96,388 11,188 9.9 63,003 175,793 113,573 64.6 102,411 58.3 1,668 100,743 3,479 97,264 11,162 9.8 62,220 175,970 113,489 64.5 102,889 58.5 1,664 101,225 3,499 97,726 10,600 9.3 62,481 176,122 113,799 64.6 103,166 58.6 1,682 101,484 3,449 98,035 10,633 9.3 62,323 176,297 113,924 64.6 103,571 58.7 1,695 101,876 3,308 98,568 10,353 9.1 62,373 176,474 113,561 64.3 103,665 58.7 1,695 101,970 3,240 98,730 9,896 8.7 62,913 176,636 113,720 64.4 104,291 59.0 1,685 102,606 3,257 99,349 9.429 8.3 62,916 176,809 113,824 64.4 104,629 59.2 1,688 102,941 3,356 99,585 9,195 8.1 62,985 177,219 113,901 64.3 104,876 59.2 1,686 103,190 3,271 99,918 9,026 7.9 63,318 177,363 114,377 64.5 105,576 59.5 1,684 103,892 3,395 100,496 8,801 7.7 62,986 177,510 114,598 64.6 105,826 59.6 1,686 104,140 3,281 100,859 8,772 7.7 62,912 177,662 114.938 64.7 106,095 59.7 1.693 104,402 3,393 101,009 8,843 7.7 62,724 83,052 63,979 77.0 57,800 69.6 1,527 56,271 6,179 9.7 84,064 64,580 76.8 58.320 69.4 1,533 56,787 6,260 9.7 83,856 64,311 76.7 57,589 68.7 1,530 56,059 6,722 10.5 83,931 64,348 76.7 57,744 68.8 1,528 56,216 6,604 10.3 84.014 64,778 77.1 58,369 69.5 1,525 56,844 6,409 9.9 84,099 64,840 77.1 58,592 69.7 1,521 57,071 6,248 9.6 84,173 64,807 77.0 58,607 69.6 1,538 57,069 6,200 9.6 84,261 64,877 77.0 58,828 69.8 1,549 57,279 6,049 9.3 84,344 64,709 76.7 58,950 69.9 1,543 57,407 5,759 8.9 84,423 64,846 76.8 59,389 70.3 1,534 57,855 5,457 8.4 84,506 64,838 76.7 59,580 70.5 1,537 58,043 5,258 8.1 84,745 64,930 76.6 59,781 70.5 1,542 58,239 5,149 7.9 84,811 65,093 76.8 60,147 70.9 1,540 58,607 4,946 7.6 84,880 65,156 76.8 60,290 71.0 1,542 58,748 4,867 7.5 84,953 65,212 76.8 60,293 71.0 1,548 58,745 4,919 7.5 90,887 47,894 52.7 43.395 47.7 139 43.256 4,499 9.4 91,827 48,646 53.0 44,190 48.1 143 44,047 4,457 9.2 91,609 48,335 52.8 43,688 47.7 141 43,547 4,647 9.6 91,691 48,271 52.6 43,687 47.6 141 43,546 4,584 9.5 91,779 48,795 53.2 44,042 48.0 143 43,899 4,753 9.7 91,871 48,649 53.0 44,297 48.2 143 44,154 4,352 8.9 91,949 48,992 53.3 44,559 48.5 144 44,415 4,433 9.0 92,036 49.047 53.3 44,743 48.6 146 44,597 4,304 8.8 92,129 48,852 53.0 44,715 48.5 152 44,563 4,137 8.5 92,214 48,874 53.0 44,902 48.7 151 44,751 3,972 8.1 92,302 48,986 53.1 45,049 48.8 151 44,898 3,937 8.0 92,474 48,971 53.0 45,094 48.8 144 44,950 3,876 7.9 92,552 49,283 53.2 45,429 49.1 144 45,285 3,855 7.8 92,630 49,442 53.4 45,536 49.2 144 45,392 3.905 7.9 92,709 49,725 53.6 45.802 49.4 145 45,657 3,924 7.9 M e n , 1 6 y e a rs an d o ver Noninstitutlonal population1'2 ....................... Labor force2 ............................................... Participation rate3 .......................... Total employed2 ...................................... Employment-population rate4 . . . . Resident Armed Forces1 .................... Civilian employed................................ Unemployed............................................ Unemployment rate5 ....................... W o m e n , 1 6 y e a rs an d o ver Noninstitutlonal population1'2 ....................... Labor force2 ............................................... Participation rate3 .......................... Total employed2 ...................................... Employment-population rate4 . . . . Resident Armed Forces1 .................... Civilian employed................................ Unemployed............................................ Unemployment rate5 ....................... 1The population and Armed Forces figures are not adjusted tor seasonal variation. includes members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States. 3Labor force as a percent of the nonlnstitutional population. 68 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 4Total employed as a percent of the noninstitutlonal population. Unemployment as a percent of the labor force (Including the resident Armed Forces). 3. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] 1984 1983 A n n u al av erag e E m p lo y m e n t s ta tu s 1982 1983 A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. D ec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population1 .............. Civilian labor fo rc e ...................................... Participation r a te ............................. Employed ............................................... Employment-population ratio2 . . . . Unemployed............................................ Unemployment rate ....................... Not in labor force ...................................... 172,271 110,204 64.0 99,526 57.8 10,678 9.7 62,067 174,215 111,550 64.0 100,834 57.9 10,717 9.6 62,665 173,794 110,975 63.9 99,606 57.3 11,369 10.2 62,819 173,953 110,950 63.8 99,762 57.3 11,188 10.1 63,003 174,125 111,905 64.3 100,743 57.9 11,162 10.0 62,220 174,306 111,825 64.2 101,225 58.1 10,600 9.5 62,481 174,440 112,117 64.3 101,484 58.2 10,633 9.5 62,323 174,602 112,229 64.3 101,876 58.3 10,353 9.2 62,373 174,779 111,866 64.0 101.970 58.3 9,896 8.8 62,913 174,951 112,035 64.0 102,606 58.6 9,429 8.4 62,916 175,121 112,136 64.0 102,941 58.8 9,195 8.2 62,985 175,533 112,215 63.9 103,190 58.8 9,026 8.0 63,318 175,679 112,693 64.1 103,892 59.1 8,801 7.8 62,986 175,824 112,912 64.2 104,140 59.2 8,772 7.8 62,912 175,969 113,245 64.4 104,402 59.3 8,843 7.8 62,724 73,644 57,980 78.7 52,891 71.8 2,422 50,469 5,089 8.8 74,872 58,744 78.5 53,4897 71.4 2,429 51,058 5,257 8.9 74,611 58,512 78.4 52,830 70.8 2,421 50,409 5,682 9.7 74,712 58,546 78.4 52,963 70.9 2,440 50,523 5,583 9.5 74,814 58,844 78.7 53,492 71.5 2,497 50,995 5,352 9.1 74,927 58,982 78.7 53.765 71.8 2,521 51,244 5,217 8.8 75,012 58,954 78.6 53,804 71.7 2,475 51,329 5.150 8.7 75,115 59,012 78.6 53,947 71.8 2,431 51,516 5,065 8.6 75,216 58,949 78.4 54,140 72.0 2,376 51,764 4,809 8.2 75,327 59,053 78.4 54,457 72.3 2,336 52,121 4,596 7.8 75,433 59,050 78.3 54,658 72.5 2,374 52,284 4,392 7.4 75,692 59,299 78.3 54,999 72.7 2,356 52,643 4,300 7.3 75,786 59,394 78.4 55,266 72.9 2,409 52,857 4,128 7.0 75,880 59,388 78.3 55,368 73.0 2,364 53,004 4,020 6.8 75,973 59,480 78.3 55,385 72.9 2,453 52,932 4,095 6.9 82.864 43,699 52.7 40,086 48.4 601 39,485 3,613 8.3 84,069 44,636 53.1 41,004 48.8 620 40,384 3,632 8.1 83,794 44,311 52.9 40,531 48.4 621 39,910 3,780 8.5 83,899 44,331 52.8 40,583 48.4 605 39,978 3,748 8.5 84,008 44,684 53.2 40,847 48.6 634 40,213 3,837 8.6 84,122 44,647 53.1 41,123 48.9 613 40,510 3,524 7.9 84,224 44,896 53.3 41,298 49.0 627 40,671 3,598 8.0 84,333 45,062 53.4 41,550 49.3 581 40,969 3,512 7.8 84,443 44,936 53.2 41,570 49.2 597 40,973 3,366 7.5 84,553 44,953 53.2 41,738 49.4 638 41,100 3,215 7.2 84,666 45,024 53.2 41,843 49.4 653 41,190 3,181 7.1 84,860 44,981 53.0 41,798 49.3 625 41,174 3,182 7.1 84,962 45,258 53.3 42,138 49.6 640 41,498 3,120 6.9 85,064 45,459 53.4 42,315 49.7 574 41,741 3,144 6.9 85,168 45,703 53.7 42,517 49.9 619 41,898 3,186 7.0 15,763 8,526 54.1 6,549 41.5 378 6,171 1,977 23.2 15,274 8,171 53.5 6,342 41.5 334 6,008 1,829 22.4 15.389 8,152 53.0 6,245 40.6 350 5,895 1,907 23.4 15,342 8,073 52.6 6,216 40.5 329 5,887 1,857 23.0 15,303 8,377 54.7 6,404 41.8 348 6,056 1,973 23.6 15,257 8,196 53.7 6,337 41.5 365 5,972 1,859 22.7 15,204 8,267 54,4 6,382 42.0 347 6,035 1,885 22.8 15,154 8,155 53.8 6,379 42.1 296 6,083 1,776 21.8 15,120 7,981 52.8 6,260 41.4 267 5,993 1,721 21.6 15,072 8,029 53.3 6,411 42.5 283 6,128 1,618 20.2 15,022 8,062 53.7 6,440 42.9 329 6,111 1,622 20.1 14,981 7,935 53.0 6,392 42.7 290 6,102 1,543 19.4 14,931 8,041 53.9 6,488 43.5 346 6,142 1,553 19.3 14,880 8,065 54.2 6,457 43.4 343 6,114 1,608 19.9 14,828 8,062 54.4 6,500 43.8 321 6,179 1,562 29.4 149,441 96,143 64.3 87,903 58.8 8,241 8.6 150,805 97,021 64.3 88,893 58.9 8,128 8.4 150,518 96,450 64.1 87,854 58.4 8,596 8.9 150,671 96,472 64.0 88,004 58.4 8,468 8.8 150,810 97,235 64.5 88,836 58.9 8,399 8.6 150,959 97,255 64.4 89,260 59.1 7,995 8.2 151,003 97,498 64.6 89,503 59.3 7,995 8.2 151,021 97,507 64.6 89,693 59.4 7,814 8.0 151,175 97,339 64.4 89,851 59.4 7,488 7.7 151,324 97,559 64.5 90,430 59.8 7,129 7.3 151,484 97,724 64.5 90,779 59.9 6,945 7.1 151,939 97,813 64.4 91,044 59.9 6,768 6.9 152,079 98,167 64.6 91,544 60.2 6,623 6.7 152,285 98,424 64.6 91,845 60.3 6,580 6.7 152,178 98,495 64.7 91,933 60.4 6,562 6.7 18,584 11,331 61.0 9,189 49.4 2,142 18.9 18,925 11,647 61.5 9,375 49.5 2,272 19.5 18,851 11,651 61.8 9,245 49.0 2,406 20,7 18,880 11,645 61.7 9,277 49.1 2,368 20.3 18,911 11,718 62.0 9,339 49.4 2,379 20.3 18,942 11,741 62.0 9,443 49.9 2,298 19.6 18,966 11,724 61.8 9,408 49.6 2,316 19.8 18,994 11.720 61.7 9,504 50.0 2,216 18.9 19,026 11,565 60.8 9,449 49,7 2,116 18.3 19,057 11,623 61.0 9,563 50.2 2,060 17.7 19,086 11,650 61.0 9,582 50.2 2,068 17.8 19,196 11,660 60.7 9,707 50.6 1,953 16.7 19,222 11,881 61.8 9,958 51.8 1,923 16.2 19,248 11,867 61.7 9,896 51.4 1,972 16.6 19,274 11,934 61.9 9,923 51.5 2,011 16.8 9,400 5.983 63.6 5,158 54.9 825 13.8 12,771 8,119 63.6 6,995 54.8 1,124 13.8 9,665 6,161 63.7 5,259 54.4 902 14.6 9,747 6,139 63.0 5,284 54.2 855 13.9 9,738 6,202 63.7 5,336 54.8 866 14.0 9,640 6,090 63.2 5,339 55.4 751 12.3 9,690 6,145 63.4 5,350 55.2 795 12.9 9,700 6,202 63.9 5,392 55.6 810 13.1 9,745 6,165 63.3 5,398 55.4 767 12.4 9,677 6,232 64.4 5,463 56.5 769 12.3 9,735 6,267 64.4 5,540 56.9 727 11.6 9,778 6,336 64.8 5,627 57.6 708 11.2 9,906 6,292 63.5 5,652 57.1 639 10.2 10,080 6,484 64.3 5,751 57.1 733 11.3 10,072 6.378 63.3 5,643 56.0 735 11.5 M e n . 2 0 y e a rs an d o ver Civilian noninstitutional population1 .............. Civilian labor fo rc e ...................................... Participation r a te ............................. Employed ............................................... Employment-population ratio2 . . . . Agriculture............................................ Nonagricultural industries ................. Unemployed............................................ Unemployment rate ....................... W o m e n . 2 0 y e a rs an d o v er Civilian noninstitutional population1 ............... Civilian labor fo rc e ...................................... Participation ra te ............................. Employed ............................................... Employment-population ratio2 . . . . Agriculture............................................ Nonagricultural industries .................. Unemployed............................................ Unemployment rate ....................... B o th s e x e s , 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s Civilian noninstitutional population1 .............. Civilian labor fo rc e ...................................... Participation ra te ............................. Employed ............................................... Employment-population ratio2 . . . . Agriculture............................................ Nonagricultural industries .................. Unemployed............................................ Unemployment rate ....................... W h it e Civilian noninstitutional population1 ............... Civilian labor fo rc e ...................................... Participation r a te ............................. Employed ............................................... Employment-population ratio2 . . . . Unemployed............................................ Unemployment rate ....................... B la c k Civilian noninstitutional population1 ............... Civilian labor fo rc e ...................................... Participation ra te ............................. Employed ............................................... Employment-population ratio2 . . . . Unemployed............................................ Unemployment rate ....................... H is p a n ic o r ig in Civilian noninstitutional population1 ............... Civilian labor fo rc e ...................................... Participation r a te ............................. Employed ............................................... Employment-population ratio2 . . . . Unemployed............................................ Unemployment rate ....................... 1The population figures are not seasonally adjusted. 2Civilian employment as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" groups are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 69 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW June 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Household Data 4. Selected employment indicators, seasonally adjusted [In thousands] 1983 A n n u al av e ra g e 1984 S e le c t e d c a t e g o r ie s 1982 1983 99,526 56,271 43,256 38,074 24,053 5,099 100,834 56,787 44,047 37,967 24,603 5,091 99,606 56,059 43,547 37,602 24,361 4,969 Agriculture: Wage and salary workers ................................ Self-employed workers ................................... Unpaid family workers...................................... 1,505 1,636 261 1,579 1,565 240 Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary workers ................................ Government............................................... Private industries...................................... Private households .......................... Other .................................................. Self-employed workers ................................... Unpaid family workers...................................... 88.462 15,562 72,945 1,207 71,738 7,262 401 90,552 72,245 5,852 2,169 3,683 12,455 A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. D ec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. 99.762 56,216 43,546 37,616 24,304 4,991 100,743 56,844 43,899 37,911 24,416 5,029 101,225 57,071 44,154 38,254 24,618 5,071 101.484 57,069 44,415 38,281 24,905 5,096 101,876 57,279 44,597 38,232 24,921 5,124 101,970 57,407 44,563 38.240 24,953 5,172 102,606 57.855 44,751 38,388 25.057 5,236 102.941 58.043 44,898 38,494 25,140 5,254 103.190 58,239 44,950 38,682 24,947 5,293 103,892 58,607 45,285 38,911 25,212 5,346 104.140 58,748 45,392 38,927 25,239 5,444 104,402 58,745 45,657 39,062 25,457 5,491 1,578 1.595 219 1,588 1,558 233 1,624 1,591 252 1,631 1,573 251 1,628 1,564 240 1,572 1,515 236 1,505 1,527 227 1,481 1,556 224 1,512 1,572 265 1,443 1,613 233 1,560 1.609 232 1,515 1,580 198 1,661 1,534 207 89,500 15,537 73,963 1,247 72.716 7,575 376 88,390 15,524 72,866 1,221 71,645 7.504 354 88,584 15,530 73,054 1,238 71,816 7,448 345 89,345 15.514 73.831 1,295 72,536 7,510 352 89,687 15,593 74,094 1,276 72,818 7,595 322 90,032 15,671 74.361 1,270 73,091 7,641 375 90,743 15,560 75,183 1,279 73,904 7,656 380 90,617 15,578 75,039 1,278 73,761 7.695 405 91,094 15,585 75.509 1,216 74,293 7,800 474 91,422 15,481 75,941 1.241 74.700 7.734 450 91,641 15.535 76,106 1,197 74,909 7,936 364 92,379 15,822 76,557 1,219 75,339 7,849 330 92,819 15,813 77,006 1,155 75,851 7,755 326 92,931 15,784 77,147 1,296 75,851 7,834 338 92,038 73,624 5,997 1,826 4,171 12,417 92,233 73,567 6,077 1,888 4,189 12.589 91,070 72,949 5,965 1.748 4,217 12,156 90,913 73,071 5,886 1,777 4.109 11.956 92,126 73,844 5,700 1,781 3.919 12,582 91,953 73,499 5,866 1,742 4,124 12,588 93,322 74,666 6,027 1,771 4,256 12,629 93,273 75,047 5,724 1.617 4,107 12.502 93,834 75,398 5,848 1,719 4.129 12,588 94,173 75,802 5,712 1.672 4,040 12.659 94,707 76,237 5,943 1,771 4,172 12,527 95,067 76,715 5,808 1,611 4,197 12,545 94.982 77,004 5,463 1.472 3,991 12,515 96,918 78,276 5,593 1,530 4,063 13,049 C H A R A C T E R IS T IC Civilian employed, 16 years and over .................... M e n .................................................................... W om en............................................................. Married men, spouse present.......................... Married women, spouse present.................... Women who maintain families ....................... M A J O R IN D U S T R Y A N D C L A S S O F W O R K E R PERSONS AT W O RK1 Nonagricultural industries......................................... Full-time schedules ......................................... Part time for economic reasons....................... Usually work full time ............................. Usually work part tim e ............................. Part time for noneconomic reasons................. 1 Excludes persons "with a job but not at work” during the survey period for such reasons as vacation, illness, or industrial disputes. 5. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted [Unemployment rates] 1983 A n n u al av e ra g e 1QRA S e le c t e d c a te g o r ie s 1982 1983 Total, all civilian workers......................................... Both sexes. 16 to 19 y e a rs ............................. Men. 20 years and o v e r................................... Women, 20 years and o v e r ............................. 9.7 23.2 8.8 8.3 White, to ta l............................................... Both sexes, 16 to 19 years .................... Men. 16 to 19 years ....................... Women. 16 to 19 years ................. Men, 20 years and o v e r .......................... Women, 20 years and over ................. A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. M ar. A p r. 9.6 22.4 8.9 8.1 10.2 23.4 9.7 8.5 10.1 23.0 9.5 8.5 10.0 23.6 9.1 8.6 9.5 22.7 8.8 7.9 9.5 22.8 8.7 8.0 9.2 21.8 8.6 7.8 8.8 21.6 8.2 7.5 8.4 20.2 7.8 7.2 8.2 20.1 7.4 7.1 8.0 19.4 7.3 7.1 7.8 19.3 7.0 6.9 7.8 19.9 6.8 6.9 7.8 19.4 6.9 7.0 8.6 20.4 21.7 19.0 7.8 7.3 8.4 19.3 20.2 18.3 7.9 6.9 8.9 20.3 21.4 19.1 8.5 7.3 8.8 19.9 20.4 19.4 8.4 7.2 8.6 20.1 20.4 19.7 7.9 7.4 8.2 19.4 20.3 18.4 7.7 6.8 8.2 19.5 20.7 18.2 7.7 6.7 8.0 18.2 18.9 17.4 7.7 6.6 7.7 18.5 19.8 16.9 7.3 6.3 7.3 17.2 17.6 16.6 6.9 6.0 7.1 17.0 17.5 16.5 6.7 5.9 6.9 16.2 17.8 14.5 6.3 6.0 6.7 16.5 16.4 16.7 6.1 5.8 6.7 17.1 17.3 16.8 5.8 5.9 6.7 16.2 16.6 15.7 5.9 6.0 Black, to t a l......................................... Both sexes, 16 to 19 years .................... Men, 16 to 19 years ....................... Women, 16 to 19 years ................. Men, 20 years and o v e r .......................... Women, 20 years and over .................... 18.9 48.0 48.9 47.1 17.8 15.4 19.5 48.5 48.8 48.2 18.1 16.5 20.7 49.1 48.6 49 6 20.0 16.9 20.3 48.4 52.1 44.1 19.5 17.0 20.3 49 8 50.7 48.7 18.9 16.9 19.6 48.4 48.3 48.4 18.6 16.2 19.8 51.4 53.7 48.8 18.2 16.4 18.9 51.1 52.7 49.2 16.9 16.1 18.3 48.7 45.6 52.2 16.3 15.9 17.7 47.3 44.9 50 0 15.6 15.6 17.8 49.0 46.4 51.9 15.1 15.9 16.7 47.9 47.1 48.8 14.8 14.3 16.2 43.5 46.7 39.9 14.1 14.4 16.6 46.7 44.4 49.6 15.4 13.5 16.8 44.8 42.8 47.1 16.0 13.4 C H A R A C T E R IS T IC Hispanic origin, total......................................... 13.8 13.8 14.6 13.9 14.0 12.3 12.9 13.1 12.4 12.3 11.6 11.2 10.2 11.3 11.5 Married men, spouse present.................. Married women, spouse present . . . . Women who maintain families .................... 6.5 7.4 11.7 6.5 7.0 12.2 7.1 7.4 13.0 7.0 74 12.7 6.7 7.6 12.5 6.2 7.0 11.8 6.3 6.9 11.8 6.1 6.8 12.0 5.7 6.3 11.4 5.5 6.0 10.5 5.2 6.1 10.9 5.0 6.0 10.7 4.9 5.9 11.0 4.7 5.8 11.0 4.7 5.8 10.5 Full-time workers...................................... Part-time workers ................................ Unemployed 15 weeks and over .................... Labor force time lost1 ................................ 9.6 10.5 3.2 11.0 9.5 10.4 3.8 10.9 10.2 10.5 4,0 11.5 10.0 10.9 4.1 11.5 9.7 11.8 4.0 11.1 9.4 10.2 3.9 10.7 9.3 10.2 3.6 10.7 9.1 10.1 3.5 10.5 8.7 10.0 3.3 10.0 8.2 9.8 3.1 9.7 8.0 9.8 3.0 9.4 7.8 9.2 2.9 9.2 7.5 9.3 2.6 8.9 7.5 9.2 2.5 8.8 7.6 9.1 25 8.9 10.1 13.4 20.0 12.3 13.3 10.8 6.8 10.0 6.9 4.9 14.7 9.9 17.0 18.4 11.2 12.1 10.0 7.4 10.0 7.2 5.3 16.0 10.5 20.3 20.0 12.5 13.7 10.8 7.7 10.4 7.3 5.8 16.8 10.4 20.8 20.0 12.3 13.5 10.6 7.3 10.2 7.5 5.6 16.8 10.1 17.9 18.4 11.6 12.5 10.2 7.8 10.2 7.2 5.1 16.5 9.7 16.6 18.0 10.7 11.4 9.7 7.3 9.8 7.3 5.4 15.0 9.8 14.9 17.9 11.2 11.7 10.5 7.7 9.8 7.2 5.1 15.1 9.4 16.9 18.1 10.2 10.9 9.3 7.4 9.5 7.0 5.0 16.5 9.0 12.1 15.8 9.6 10.2 8.7 7.2 98 6.9 5.1 16.2 8.6 12.8 15.6 8.9 9.0 8.7 6.7 9.1 6.7 4.9 15.7 8.3 12.4 16.3 8.3 8.3 8.2 6.5 8.8 6.6 5.0 15.6 7.9 10.9 15.0 8.4 8.0 8.9 5.1 8.4 6.3 5.0 15.5 7.8 12.2 15.1 7.5 7.3 7.8 5.9 8.3 6.3 4.5 14.0 7.6 11.2 13.3 7.5 7.8 7.2 5.0 8.3 6.4 4.4 14.6 7.7 10.3 14.3 7.7 7.5 8.0 5.4 8.7 61 4.4 12.2 IN D U S T R Y Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers . . Mining . . . . Construction .......................... Manufacturing ..................... Durable goods ......................................... Nondurable goods ................................... Transportation and public utilities.................... Wholesale and retail trade............................. Finance and service industries ....................... Government workers . . . . Agricultural wage and salary workers .................... 1Aggregate hours lost by the unemployed and persons on part time for economic reasons as a percent of potentially available labor force hours. 70 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 6. Unemployment rates by sex and age, seasonally adjusted [Civilian workers] 1984 1983 A n n u al av erag e Sex and age S e p t. O c t. Nov. D ec. Jan. Feb. M ar. A p r. 9.5 17.2 22.8 24.8 21.6 14.4 7.3 7.8 5.1 9.2 16.5 21.8 24.0 20.5 13.8 7.2 7.7 5.2 8.8 16.3 21.6 24.0 20.3 13.6 6.8 7.2 5.0 8.4 15.4 20.2 21.9 19.3 13.0 6.5 6.9 4.9 8.2 14.9 20.1 22.9 18.8 12.2 6.4 6.8 4.9 8.0 14.8 19.4 21.9 17.6 12.5 6.2 6.5 4.7 7.8 14.2 19.3 22.1 17.5 11.6 6.1 6.4 4.3 7.8 14.4 19.9 23.1 18.1 11.6 5.9 6.3 4.3 7.8 14.6 19.4 22.3 17.5 12.2 6.0 6.3 4.2 9.9 18.4 23.8 27.3 21.2 15.8 7.6 8.1 5.5 9.8 18.6 24.3 26.0 23.2 15.7 7.5 8.0 5.4 9.6 17.6 22.8 23.9 22.2 15.0 7.5 8.0 5.6 9.1 17.3 22.5 24.3 21.6 14.7 7.0 7.4 5.4 8.6 15.9 20.2 22.0 19.6 13.8 6.8 7.1 5.4 8.3 15.6 20.4 23.3 18.9 13.3 6.5 6.7 5.4 8.1 15.6 20.8 21.6 19.6 13.1 6.2 6.6 4.8 7.8 14.6 19.7 21.6 18.1 12.1 6.1 6.4 4.5 7.7 14.6 20.0 23.0 18.2 11.9 5.9 6.1 4.6 7.7 15.0 19.7 23.7 17.3 12.7 5.9 6.2 4.4 9.0 15.0 21.5 22.6 20.5 11.7 7.1 7.6 5.1 9.1 15.7 21.1 23.4 19.9 12.8 7.0 7.5 4.7 8.8 15.2 20.6 24.0 18.5 12.5 6.9 7.3 4.5 8.5 15.1 20.5 23.6 18.8 12.3 6.5 7.0 4.4 8.2 14.7 20.1 21.8 19.0 12.0 6.2 6.6 4.1 8.1 14.0 19.8 22.5 18.7 11.0 6.3 6.8 4.3 7.9 13.9 18.0 22.2 15.4 11.7 6.2 6.5 4.5 7.8 13.7 18.9 22.6 16.9 11.0 6.1 6.5 4.0 7.9 14.2 19.8 23.1 18.1 11.3 6.0 6.5 3.9 7.9 14.1 19.0 20.8 17.8 11.6 6.0 6.4 3.9 1982 1983 A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug 25 years and over ............... ............................. 25 to 54 years............................................... 55 years and over ......................................... 9.7 17.8 23.2 24.9 22.1 14.9 7.4 7.9 5.0 9.6 17.2 22.4 24.5 21.1 14.5 7.5 8.0 5.3 10.2 18.1 23.4 25.8 21.9 15.4 8.0 8.5 5.5 10.1 18.0 23.0 25.6 21.3 15.5 7.9 8.5 5.3 10.0 17.6 23.6 25.6 22.3 14.5 7.9 8.3 5.5 9.5 16.8 22.7 25.1 20.8 13.9 7.4 7.9 5.3 Men, 16 years and o v e r................................... 16 to 24 years ............................................... 16 to 19 years ......................................... 16 to 17 y ea rs ...................................... 18 to 19 y ea rs ...................................... 20 to 24 years ......................................... 25 years and over ......................................... 25 to 54 years . . ............................. 55 years and over ................................ 9.9 19.1 24.4 26.4 23.1 16.4 7.5 8.0 5.1 9.9 18.4 23.3 25.2 22.2 15.9 7.8 8.2 5.6 10.7 19.5 24.4 26.9 22.9 17.0 8.4 8.9 6.1 10.5 19.5 23.9 26.7 22.3 17.3 8.2 8.8 5.8 10.1 18.6 24.0 26.0 22.8 15.9 7.9 8.4 5.5 Women, 16 years and o v e r ............................. 9.4 16.2 21.9 23.2 21.0 13.2 7.3 7,7 4.8 9.2 15.8 21.3 23.7 19.9 12.9 7.2 7.7 4.7 9.6 16.6 22.3 24.7 20.7 13.6 7.5 8.0 4.6 9.5 16.3 22.0 24.4 20.2 13.4 7.5 8.1 4.7 9.8 16.4 23.1 25.2 21.7 12.9 7.8 8.1 5.5 Total, 16 years and over ......................................... 16 to 24 years ..................................................... 16 to 19 y e a rs .................................................. 16 to 17 years............................................... 18 to 19 years............................................... 16 to 17 y ea rs ...................................... 18 to 19 y ea rs ...................................... 20 to 24 years ......................................... 25 years and over ......................................... 25 to 54 y e a rs ...................................... 55 years and over ................................ 7. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] 1983 A n n u al av erag e 1984 R e a s o n f o r u n e m p lo y m e n t Job losers ................................................................. On layoff ........................................................... Other job losers ............................................... Job leavers................................................................. Reentrants................................................................. New entrants.............................................................. 1982 1983 A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. D ec. Jan. Feb. M ar. A p r. 6.258 2,127 4.141 840 2.384 1.185 6,258 1.780 4,478 830 2.412 1,216 6.767 1.979 4.788 816 2.491 1.251 6.753 1.958 4.795 808 2.404 1,246 6.525 1.841 4.684 799 2,436 1.412 6.235 1.735 4,500 752 2.415 1.229 6.133 1.660 4.473 799 2.479 1,214 5.938 1.562 4.376 858 2.362 1.234 5,601 1.392 4.209 866 2.322 1.127 5.226 1.321 3.905 868 2,250 1.154 5.017 1.283 3.734 855 2,246 1.150 4.825 1.238 3.588 809 2.192 1.175 4.737 1,272 3.465 772 2.153 1,092 4.614 1.254 3.360 756 2,208 1.213 4.527 1.108 3.419 781 2.308 1.216 100.0 58.7 19.9 38.8 7.9 22.3 11.1 100.0 58.4 16.6 41.8 7.7 22.5 11.3 100.0 59.8 17.5 42.3 72 22.0 11.0 100.0 60.2 17.5 42.8 7.2 21.4 11.1 100.0 58.4 16.5 41.9 7.2 21.8 12.6 100.0 58.6 16.3 42.3 7.1 22.7 11.6 100.0 57.7 15.6 42.1 7.5 23.3 11.4 100.0 57.1 15.0 42.1 8.3 22.7 11.9 100.0 56 5 14.0 42.4 8.7 23.4 11.4 100.0 55.0 13.9 41.1 9.1 23.7 12.1 100.0 54.1 13.8 40.3 9.2 24.2 12.4 100.0 53.6 13.7 39.9 9.0 24.4 13.1 100.0 54.1 14.5 39.6 8.8 24.6 12.5 100.0 52.5 14 3 38.2 8.6 25.1 13.8 100.0 51.3 12.5 38.7 8.8 26.1 13.8 5.7 .8 2.2 1.1 5.6 .7 2.2 1.1 6.1 .7 2.2 1.1 6.1 .7 2.2 1.1 5.8 7 2.2 1.3 5.6 .7 2.2 1.1 5.5 .7 2.2 1.1 5.3 .8 2.1 1.1 5.0 8 2.1 1.0 4.7 .8 2.0 1.0 4.5 .8 2.0 1.0 4.3 .7 2.0 1.0 4.2 .7 1.9 1.0 4.1 .7 2.0 1.1 4.0 .7 2.0 1.1 P E R C E N T D IS T R IB U T IO N Total unemployed..................................................... Job losers ................................................................. On layoff ........................................................... Other job losers ............................................... Job leavers................................................................. Reentrants................................................................. New entrants.............................................................. PERCENT OF C IV IL IA N LAB O R FO RC E Job losers ................................................................. Job leavers................................................................. Reentrants................................................................. New entrants.............................................................. 8. Duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] 1984 1983 A n n u al av e ra g e W e e k s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t Less than 5 weeks ..................................................... 5 to 14 w eeks........................................................... 15 weeks and over .................................................. 15 to 26 weeks.................................................. 27 weeks and over ............................................ Median duration in weeks......................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1982 1983 A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. D ec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. 3.883 3.311 3,485 1,708 1.776 15.6 8.7 3.570 2,937 4.210 1,652 2,559 20.0 10.1 3,595 3,139 4.396 1,691 2.705 19.2 10.8 3.568 3,012 4,510 1.774 2,736 20.2 11.9 3,630 2.950 4,486 1.593 2,893 21.4 10.8 3.529 2.841 4,398 1,794 2,604 21.3 10.1 3,633 2,951 4.078 1.597 2,481 19.9 9.4 3.740 2.784 3,889 1,383 2.506 20.2 9.4 3,504 2.725 3,655 1.372 2,283 20.1 9.5 3,328 2.616 3,527 1,337 2,190 20.2 9.4 3,382 2,504 3.369 1,284 2,085 19.6 9.0 3,233 2.556 3,201 1.166 2,035 20.5 9.2 3,359 2.484 2,984 1,173 1,810 18.8 8.3 3,386 2,539 2,873 1,114 1,759 18.8 8.3 3,438 2.493 2,855 1.111 1,744 18.5 8.1 71 EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS DATA FROM ESTABLISHMENT SURVEYS E mployment , hours , and earnings data in this, se c tio n are c o m p ile d fro m p a y ro ll re c o rd s re p o rte d m o n th ly on a v o lu n ta ry basis to th e B u re au o f L a b o r S ta tistic s an d its c o o p e ra tin g S tate ag en c ie s b y 1 8 9 ,0 0 0 e sta b lis h m e n ts re p re se n tin g all in d u strie s e x c e p t a g ric u ltu re . In m o st in d u strie s, th e sa m p lin g p ro b a b ilitie s are b ased o n th e size o f th e e s ta b lish m e n t; m o st larg e e sta b lish m e n ts are th e re fo re in th e s a m p le . (A n e sta b lish m e n t is n ot n e c e ssa rily a firm ; it m ay be a b ra n ch p la n t, fo r e x a m p le , o r w a re h o u s e .) S elf- in manufacturing (the only sector for which overtime data are available) and the effects of changes and seasonal factors in the proportion of workers in high-wage and low-wage industries. Hours represent the average weekly hours of production or nonsuper visory workers for which pay was received and are different from standard or scheduled hours. Overtime hours represent the portion of gross average weekly hours which were in excess of regular hours and for which overtime premiums were paid. e m p lo y e d p e rso n s an d o th e rs not on a re g u la r c iv ilia n p a y ro ll are o u ts id e th e sc o p e o f the su rv e y b e ca u se th ey are e x c lu d e d fro m e s ta b lis h m e n t re c o rd s. T h is larg e ly a c c o u n ts fo r the d iffere n ce in e m p lo y m e n t fig u re s b e tw ee n the h o u se h o ld and e s ta b lish m e n t su r v e y s. Definitions Employed persons are all persons who received pay (including holiday and sick pay) for any part of the payroll period including the 12th of the month. Persons holding more than one job (about 5 percent of all persons in the labor force) are counted in each establishment which reports them. Production workers in manufacturing include blue-collar worker su pervisors and all nonsupervisory workers closely associated with produc tion operations. Those workers mentioned in tables 12-16 include production workers in manufacturing and mining; construction workers in construc tion; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; in wholesale and retail trade; in finance, insurance, and real estate; and in services industries. These groups account for about four-fifths of the total employment on private nonagricultural payrolls. Earnings are the payments production or nonsupervisory workers re ceive during the survey period, including premium pay for overtime or late-shift work but excluding irregular bonuses and other special payments. Real earnings are earnings adjusted to reflect the effects of changes in consumer prices. The deflator for this series is derived from the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W). The Hourly Earnings Index is calculated from average hourly earnings data adjusted to exclude the effects of two types of changes that are unrelated to underlying wage-rate developments: fluctuations in overtime premiums 72 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The Diffusion Index, introduced in table 17 of the May 1983 issue, represents the percent of 186 nonagricultural industries in which employ ment was rising over the indicated period. One-half of the industries with unchanged employment are counted as rising. In line with Bureau practice, data for the 3-, 6-, and 9-month spans are seasonally adjusted, while that for the 12-month span is unadjusted. The diffusion index is useful for measuring the dispersion of economic gains or losses and is also an eco nomic indicator. Notes on the data Establishment data collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics are pe riodically adjusted to com prehensive counts of employment (called “ benchmarks” ). The latest complete adjustment was made with the release of May 1983 data, published in the July 1983 issue of the Review. Con sequently, data published in the Review prior to that issue are not necessarily comparable to current data. Unadjusted data have been revised back to April 1981; seasonally adjusted data have been revised back to January 1978. Unadjusted data from April 1982 forward, and seasonally adjusted data from January 1979 forward are subject to revision in future bench marks. Earlier comparable unadjusted and seasonally adjusted data are published in a Supplement to Employment and Earnings (unadjusted data from April 1977 through February 1983 and seasonally adjusted data from January 1974 through February 1983) and in Employment and Earnings. United States, 1909-78. BLS Bulletin 1312-11 (for prior periods). A comprehensive discussion of the differences between household and establishment data on employment appears in Gloria P. Green, “ Com paring employment estimates from household and payroll surveys.” Monthly Labor Review, December 1969, pp. 9-20. See also BLS Handbook o f Methods, Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau of Labor Statistics. 1982). 9. Employment by industry, selected years, 1950-83 [Nonagricultural payroll data, in thousands] G o o d s - p r o d u c in g S e r v ic e -p r o d u c in g T ra n s p o r P riv a te Year W h o le s a le a n d r e t a il tra d e C o n s tru c s e c to r T o ta l M a n u fa c M in in g T o ta l tio n p u b lic in s u r a n c e , W h o le and tu rin g G o v e rn m e n t F in a n c e , t a t io n T o ta l T o ta l s a le R e t a il tra d e tra d e u t ilitie s S e r v ic e s an d real T o ta l F e d e ra l S ta te an d lo c a l e s ta te 1950 ................................ 1955 ................................ I9601 .............................. 1964 ................................ 1965 ................................ 45,197 50,641 54,189 58,283 60,765 39,170 43,727 45,836 48,686 50,589 18,506 20,513 20,434 21,005 21,926 901 792 712 634 632 2,364 2,839 2,926 3,097 3,232 15,241 16,882 16,796 17,274 18,062 26,691 30,128 33,755 37,278 38,839 4.034 4,141 4,004 3,951 4,036 9,386 10.535 11,391 12,160 12,716 2,635 2,926 3,143 3,337 3,466 6,751 7,610 8,248 8,823 9,250 1,888 2,298 2,629 2,911 2,977 5,357 6,240 7,378 8,660 9,036 6,026 6,914 8,353 9,596 10,074 1,928 2,187 2,270 2,348 2,378 4,098 4,727 6,083 7,248 7,696 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 63,901 65,803 67,897 70,384 70,880 53,116 54,413 56,058 58,189 58,325 23,158 23,308 23,737 24,361 23,578 627 613 606 619 623 3,317 3,248 3,350 3,575 3,588 19,214 19,447 19,781 20,167 19,367 40,743 42,495 44,160 46,023 47,302 4,158 4,268 4,318 4,442 4,515 13,245 13,606 14,099 14.706 15,040 3,597 3,689 3,779 3,907 3,993 9,648 9,917 10,320 10,798 11,047 3,058 3,185 3,337 3,512 3,645 9,498 10,045 10,567 11,169 11,548 10,784 11,391 11,839 12,195 12,554 2,564 2,719 2,737 2,758 2,731 8,220 8,672 9,102 9,437 9,823 1 9 7 1 ................................ 1972 ................................ 1973 ................................ 1974 ................................ 1975 ................................ 71,214 73,675 76,790 78.265 76,945 58,331 60,341 63,058 64,095 62,259 22,935 23,668 24,893 24,794 22,600 609 628 642 697 752 3,704 3,889 4,097 4,020 3,525 18,623 19,151 20,154 20,077 18,323 48,278 50,007 51,897 53,471 54,345 4,476 4,541 4,656 4,725 4,542 15,352 15,949 16,607 16,987 17,060 ' 4,001 4,113 4,277 4,433 4,415 11,351 11,836 12,329 12,554 12,645 3,772 3,908 4,045 4,148 4,165 11,797 12,276 12,857 13,441 13,892 12,881 13,334 13,732 14,170 14,686 2,696 2,684 2,663 2,724 2,748 10,185 10,649 11,068 11,446 11,937 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 79,382 82,471 86,697 89,823 90,406 64,511 67,344 71,026 73,876 74,166 23,352 24,346 25,585 26,461 25,658 779 813 851 958 1,027 3,576 3,851 4,229 4,463 4,346 18,997 19,582 20,505 21,040 20,285 56,030 58,125 61,113 63,363 64,748 4,582 4,713 4,923 5,136 5,146 17,755 18,516 19.542 20,192 20,310 4,546 4,708 4,969 5,204 5,275 13,209 13,808 14,573 14,989 15,035 4,271 4,467 4,724 4,975 5,180 14,551 15,303 16,252 17,112 17,890 14,871 15,127 15,672 15,947 16,241 2,733 2,727 2,753 2,773 2,866 12,138 12,399 12,919 13,147 13,375 1 9 8 1 ................................ 1982 ................................ 1983 ................................ 91,156 89,596 89,978 75,126 73,793 74,234 25,497 23,907 23,646 1,139 1,143 1,021 4,188 3,911 3,947 20,170 18,853 18,678 65,659 65,689 66,332 5,165 5,081 4.941 20,547 20,401 20,513 5,358 5,280 5,232 15,189 15,122 15,281 5,298 5,340 5,454 18,619 19,064 19,680 16,031 15,803 15,744 2,772 2,739 2,752 13,259 13,064 12,992 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1Data include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in 1959. 10. Employment by State [Nonagricultural payroll data, in thousands] State Mar. 1983 Feb. 1984 Mar. 1984P State Mar. 1983 Feb. 1984 Mar. 1984P Alabama........................................................ Alaska ........................................................... Arizona ........................................................ Arkansas .................................................. . California ..................................................... 1,294.4 197.4 1,050.6 721.2 9.775.9 1,330.2 202.1 1.120.4 758.4 10,108.9 1,334.0 205.3 1,132.6 765.0 10,185.0 Montana....................................................... Nebraska .................................................... Nevada ....................................................... New Hampshire............................................ New Jersey................................................. 266.2 598.4 391.1 390.0 3,061.4 266.5 606.4 413.6 413.8 3,170.0 269.1 609.6 416.4 415.7 3,190.8 Delaware 1.336.6 1,447.4 263.7 589.5 4,085.5 1,346.4 1 457.8 266.6 591.9 4,109.5 North Carolina Florida........................................................... 1,303.9 1,412.2 258.3 588.4 3,856.2 O hio............................................................. 468 7 7,172.9 2,354.0 241.5 3,995.3 485.1 7,296.8 2,449.3 244.2 4,095.2 487.9 7,350.0 2,464.5 245.2 4,119.8 Georgia ........................................................ Hawaii........................................................... Idaho ........................................................... Illinois........................................................... Ind.ana ........................................................ 2,219.2 406.6 307.8 4,458.7 1,972.3 2,318.2 405.7 318.4 4,479.3 2,011.4 2,343.4 407.0 320.3 4,500.3 2,024.0 Oklahoma.................................................... Oregon ....................................................... Pennsylvania .............................................. Rhode Is la n d ............................................... South Carolina ............................................ 1,164.6 940.1 4,432.1 384.1 1,160.1 1,168.4 972.2 4,506.8 396.2 1,202.6 1,175.9 980.0 4,538.8 399.1 1,213.8 Io w a .............................................................. 1,011.5 907.0 1,132.8 1,551.7 402.7 1,016.0 924 0 1,158.9 1,562.5 411.6 1,020.4 928 8 1,165.5 1,566.9 414,0 South Dakota.............................................. Kentucky ..................................................... louisiana ..................................................... M a in e ........................................................... Texas .......................................................... U ta h ............................................................. Vermont....................................................... 225.6 1,681.2 6,127.0 554.1 202.3 230.0 1.760.6 6.262.6 579.0 205.8 231.8 1.772.0 6.287.0 583.1 206.3 Maryland ..................................................... Massachusetts ............................................ Michigan ..................................................... Minnesota ..................................................... Mississippi .................................................. Missouri........................................................ 1,672.5 2,621.4 3,129.6 1,658.3 775.7 1,889.6 1.699.9 2,664.6 3,240.5 1,725.7 795.4 1,908.2 1.720.1 2.688.1 3,252.3 1.738.1 799.4 1,925.5 Virginia ....................................................... Washington.................................................. West Virginia............................................... Wisconsin.................................................... Wyoming .................................................... 2,139.6 1,544.1 566.7 1,804.2 198.5 2,224.1 1,589.1 581.9 1,851.1 197.9 2,240.4 1,605.1 584.3 1,859.0 197.5 Virgin Islands.............................................. 36.1 35.6 35.7 ..................................................... ............................................ p = preliminary. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 73 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW June 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data 11. Employment by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted [Nonagricultural payroll data, in thousands] A n n u al av e ra g e 1983 1984 In d u s t r y d iv is io n a n d g r o u p 1982 TOTAL P R IV A T E S E C T O R G O O D S -P R O D U C IN G M in in g .......................................................................................................................... 1983 A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. D ec. Jan. Feb. M a r .P A p r .P 89,596 89,978 89,101 89.421 89.844 90.152 89.735 90.851 91.087 91,355 91,599 91,930 92,357 92,506 92,913 73,793 74,234 73,377 73.677 74.123 74.472 74,074 74.990 75,312 75,579 75,829 76.188 76,584 76.750 77,156 23,907 23,646 23,159 23.347 23,518 23.724 23.830 23.935 24.168 24,311 24,415 24,617 24,784 24,783 24,966 1,143 1.021 997 994 1.003 1.017 1.023 1.026 1,044 1,045 1.047 1.051 1,052 1,053 1,061 3.911 3.947 3.786 3.860 3.933 3,974 4.014 4.038 4.060 4,094 4,088 4,177 4,233 4,170 4.244 ......................................... 18.853 12,790 18.678 12.696 18,376 12,435 18.493 12.531 18.582 12,615 18,733 12,756 18,793 12,803 18.871 12.859 19,064 13,043 19.172 13,147 19,280 13,230 19,389 13,322 19,499 13,402 19,560 13,451 19,661 13,546 ......................................... 11,100 7.35C 10.932 7.246 10,689 7,035 10.788 7.115 10,844 7.169 10.961 7.278 11,022 7.329 11.081 7,378 11.235 7,522 11,320 7,601 11,406 7,665 11,477 7,725 11,572 7,801 11,621 7,838 11,683 7,894 Lumber and wood products ............................. Furniture and fixtures......................................... Stone, clay, and glass products ....................... Primary metal industries ................................... Fabricated metal products................................... 603 433 578 922 1.435 677 451 575 839 1,396 651 440 565 820 1,369 662 446 570 828 1.379 679 450 573 830 1.384 688 459 577 839 1.391 699 457 582 840 1,410 703 459 585 849 1.411 712 465 590 867 1.430 714 470 590 871 1,438 715 473 589 881 1,449 717 477 593 872 1,458 719 483 602 878 1,464 726 486 603 876 1,471 730 485 603 882 1,474 Machinery, except electrical ............................. Electric and electronic equipment .................... Transportation equipment................................... 2,267 2,016 1.744 2,088 2,045 1,785 2,031 1,999 1,743 2.064 2.010 1,757 2.066 2.030 1.762 2.094 2.047 1,794 2.109 2.043 1.807 2,115 2.082 1,801 2,131 2.107 1,848 2,158 2,128 1,862 2,172 2,146 1.887 2,187 2,165 1,909 2,203 2,191 1,928 2,216 2,211 1,925 2,237 2,221 1,941 Instruments and related products .................... Miscellaneous manufacturing............................. 716 386 694 382 690 381 689 383 687 383 687 385 692 383 696 380 699 386 701 388 701 393 706 393 707 397 710 397 710 400 Production workers......................................... 7.753 5.440 7,747 5.450 7.705 5,400 7.738 5.416 7.772 5.446 7.771 5,478 7,790 5,474 7,829 5.481 7,852 5.521 7,874 5,546 7,912 5,565 7,912 5,597 7,927 5,601 7,939 5,613 7,978 5,652 Food and kindred products................................ Tobacco manufactures ...................................... Textile mill products............................................ Apparel and other textile products.................... Paper and allied products................................... 1.638 68 750 1.164 662 1.630 65 744 1,169 659 1,633 66 733 1.149 654 1.632 66 736 1,153 656 1.643 65 745 1.159 657 1.638 65 746 1.180 658 1,627 62 752 1.175 659 1.630 63 753 1.177 662 1,628 64 759 1,191 665 1,633 61 758 1,199 666 1,632 62 759 1,206 670 1,642 61 766 1.210 671 1,639 61 764 1,213 674 1,637 62 766 1,217 673 1,656 64 764 1,222 673 Printing and publishing...................................... Chemicals and allied products .......................... Petroleum and coal products............................. Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products . . Leather and leather products............................. 1.269 1.079 201 701 221 1.283 1.059 196 727 216 1,274 1.058 199 707 214 1,276 1.058 198 716 214 1.281 1.056 198 721 213 1,284 1,059 197 732 213 1,289 1,056 195 739 217 1.290 1.060 195 742 218 1.297 1,061 193 753 218 1,301 1,061 193 762 218 1,303 1,064 192 769 217 1.310 1,065 192 777 218 1,313 1,065 192 788 218 1,317 1,065 191 795 216 1,329 1,069 192 795 214 65,689 66.332 65.942 66.074 66.326 66.428 65,905 66,916 66.919 67,044 67,184 67,313 67,573 67,723 67,947 5.081 4.941 4.988 4,993 4.992 4,984 4.341 5.031 5,019 5,019 5,015 5,057 5,063 5,073 5,085 C o n s tr u c tio n M a n u f a c t u r in g Production workers D u ra b le g o o d s Production workers N o n d u r a b le g o o d s S E R V IC E -P R O D U C IN G T r a n s p o r t a tio n a n d p u b lic u t ilitie s 20,401 20.513 20.329 20.356 20.494 20.529 20.580 20.612 20,666 20,718 20,781 20,860 20,918 20 975 20 990 5.280 5.232 5,180 5.197 5.222 5,229 5.249 5.274 5,287 5,291 5,313 5,343 5,363 5,382 5,395 15,122 15,281 15,149 15.159 15.272 15,300 15.331 15,338 15.379 15,427 15,468 15,517 15,555 15,593 15,595 5.340 5.454 5,423 5.435 5,451 5.465 5.488 5.499 5,503 5,515 5,525 5,553 5,570 5,580 5.599 S e r v ic e s 19.064 19,680 19,478 19.546 19,668 19.770 19.835 19,913 19.956 20,016 20,093 20,101 20,249 20,339 20,516 G o v e rn m e n t 15.803 2,739 13.064 15,744 2,752 12.992 15,724 2,749 12,975 15.744 2,756 12,988 15.721 2.742 12.979 15,680 2,738 12,942 15.661 2.733 12.928 15.861 2.773 13.083 15,775 2,764 13,011 15,776 2,763 13,013 15,770 2,768 13,002 15,742 2,762 12,980 15,773 2,760 13,013 15,756 2,761 12,995 15,757 2,765 12,992 W h o le s a le tra d e R e ta il tra d e F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a t e Federal................................................................ State and local..................................................... p preliminary. 74 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NOTE: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. 12. Hours and earnings, by industry division, selected years, 1950-83 [G ro s s a v e r a g e s , p r o d u c tio n o r n o n s u p e r v is o r y w o r k e r s o n n o n a g r ic u ltu r a l p a y r o lls ] A v e ra g e A v e ra g e A v e ra g e A v e ra g e A v e ra g e A v e ra g e A v e ra g e A v e ra g e w e e k ly w e e k ly h o u r ly w e e k ly w e e k ly h o u r ly w e e k ly w e e k ly h o u r ly w e e k ly w e e k ly h o u r ly e a r n in g s h o u rs e a r n in g s e a r n in g s h o u rs e a r n in g s e a r n in g s h o u rs e a r n in g s e a r n in g s h o u rs e a r n in g s Year A v e ra g e P r iv a t e s e c t o r A v e ra g e M in in g A v e ra g e C o n s t r u c tio n A v e ra g e M a n u f a c t u r in g 1950 ..................... 1955 ..................... I9601 .................. 1964 ..................... 1965 ..................... $53.13 67.72 80.67 91 33 95.45 39 8 39.6 38 6 38.7 38 8 $1.34 1.71 2.09 2.36 2.46 $67.16 89.54 105.04 117.74 123.52 37.9 40.7 40.4 41.9 42.3 51.77 2.20 2.60 2.81 2 92 569 68 90.90 112.57 132.06 138.38 37.4 37.1 36.7 37.2 37.4 $1 86 2 45 3 07 3 55 3.70 $58.32 75.30 89.72 102 97 107.53 40.5 40.7 39.7 40.7 41.2 $1.44 1.85 2.26 2.53 2.61 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 ..................... 98.82 101 84 107.73 114.61 119.83 38.6 38.0 37.8 37.7 37.1 2.56 2.68 2 85 3.04 3.23 130 24 135.89 142.71 154.80 164.40 42.7 42.6 42.6 43.0 42.7 3.05 3.19 3.35 3.60 3.85 146 26 154.95 164.49 181.54 195.45 37.6 37.7 37.3 37.9 37.3 3.89 4.11 4.41 4.79 5.24 112.19 114.49 122.51 129.51 133.33 41.4 40.6 40.7 40.6 39.8 2.71 2.82 3.01 3.19 3.35 1 9 7 1 ..................... 1972 ..................... 1973 .................... 1974 .................... 1975 .................... 127.31 136 90 145.39 154.76 163.53 36.9 37.0 36 9 36.5 36 1 3.45 3 70 3.94 4.24 4.53 172.14 189.14 201.40 219.14 249.31 42.4 42.6 42.4 41.9 41.9 4 06 4.44 4.75 5.23 5.95 211.67 221.19 235.89 249.25 266.08 37.2 36.5 36.8 36.6 36.4 5.69 6.06 6.41 6.81 7.31 142 44 154.71 166.46 176.80 190.79 39 9 40.5 40.7 40.0 39.5 3.57 3.82 4.09 4.42 4.83 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... 175 45 189.00 203.70 219.91 235.10 36.1 36.0 35.8 35.7 35.3 4 86 5.25 5.69 6.16 6.66 273.90 301.20 332.88 365.07 397.06 42.4 43.4 43.4 43.0 43.3 6.46 694 7.67 8.49 9.17 283.73 295.65 318.69 342.99 367.78 36.8 36.5 36.8 37.0 37.0 7.71 8.10 8.66 9.27 9.94 209.32 228.90 249.27 269.34 288.62 40.1 40.3 40.4 40.2 39.7 5.22 5.68 6.17 6.70 7.27 1 9 8 1 ..................... 1982 .................... 1983 .................... 255.20 266.92 280.35 35.2 34 8 35 0 7.25 7.67 8.01 439.75 459.23 480.25 43 7 42.6 42.5 10 04 10.78 11.30 299.26 426.45 441.86 36.9 36.7 37.1 10.82 11.62 11.91 318.00 330.65 354.48 39 8 38.9 40.1 7.99 8 50 8.84 ..................... ..................... .................... T r a n s p o r t a t io n a n d p u b lic 1950 .................... 1955 ..................... I9601 .................. 1964 .................... 1965 .................... F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d W h o le s a l e a n d r e t a il t r a d e u t il it ie s S e r v ic e s r e a l e s ta te $118.78 125.14 41.1 41.3 $2.89 3 03 544.55 55.16 66.01 74.66 76.91 .................... .................... .................... ..................... ..................... 128.13 130 82 138.85 147.74 155.93 412 40.5 40.6 40.7 40.5 3.11 3.23 3.42 3.63 3.85 79.39 82.35 87.00 91.39 96.02 37.1 36.6 36.1 35.7 35.3 2.14 2.25 2.41 2.56 2.72 92.13 95.72 101.75 108.70 112.67 37.3 37.1 37.0 37.1 36.7 2.47 2.58 2.75 2.93 3.07 77.04 80.38 83 97 90.57 96.66 35.5 35.1 34.7 34.7 34.4 2.17 2.29 2.42 2.61 2.81 1 9 7 1 ..................... 1972 ..................... 1973 ..................... 1974 ..................... 1975 ..................... 168.82 187.86 203.31 217.48 233.44 40.1 40.4 40.5 40.2 39 7 4.21 4.65 5 02 5.41 5.88 101.09 106.45 111.76 119.02 126 45 35.1 34.9 34.6 34.2 33.9 2.88 3.05 3.23 3.48 3.73 117.85 122 98 129.20 137.61 148.19 36.6 36.6 36,6 36.5 36.5 3.22 3.36 3.53 3.77 4.06 103.06 110.85 117.29 126.00 134.67 33.9 33.9 33.8 33.6 33.5 3.04 3.27 3 47 3.75 4.02 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... 256.71 278.90 302.80 325.58 351.25 39.8 39.9 40.0 39 9 39.6 6.45 6.99 7.57 8.16 8.87 133.79 142.52 153.64 164 96 176.46 33.7 33.3 32.9 32.6 32.2 3.97 4 28 4.67 5.06 5.48 155.43 165.26 178.00 190.77 209.60 36.4 36.4 36.4 36.2 36.2 4.27 4.54 4.89 5.27 5.79 143.52 153.45 163.67 175.27 190.71 33.3 33.0 32.8 32.7 32.6 4.31 4 65 4.99 5.36 5.85 1 9 8 1 ..................... 1982 ..................... 1983 ..................... 382.18 401.70 421.59 39.4 39.0 39.0 9.70 10.30 10.81 190.62 198.10 207 03 32.2 31.9 31.9 5.92 6.21 6.49 229.05 245.44 264.26 36.3 36.2 36.2 6.31 6.78 7.30 208 97 224.94 237.40 32.6 32 6 32.7 6.41 690 7.26 1966 1967 1966 1969 1970 40.5 39.4 38.6 37.9 37.7 $1.10 1.40 1.71 1.97 2.04 550.52 63.92 75.14 85.79 88.91 37.7 37 6 37 2 37.3 37.2 $1 34 1.70 2 02 2.30 2.39 570.03 73.60 36.1 35.9 $1.94 2.05 ’ Data include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in 1959. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 75 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW June 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data 13. Weekly hours, by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted [Gross averages, production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls] A n n u al a v e ra g e 1983 1984 In d u s t r y d iv is io n a n d g r o u p 1982 1983 A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. M a r .P A p r .P ............................................................................... 34.8 35.0 34.9 35.1 35.1 35.0 35.0 35.2 35.3 35.2 35.3 35.5 35.4 35.2 35.6 M A N U F A C T U R I N G ............................................................................................... 38.9 2.3 40.1 3.0 40.1 2.9 40.0 2.7 40.1 2.9 40.2 3.0 40.3 3.1 40.8 3.3 40.6 3.3 40.6 3.4 40.5 3.4 41.0 3.5 41.0 3.6 40.6 3,4 41.2 3.7 Overtime h ours......................................... 39.3 2.2 40.7 3.0 40.5 2.8 40.4 2.6 40.6 2.8 40.8 3.0 40.8 3.1 41.5 3.4 41.2 3.4 41.2 3.5 41.1 3.5 41.8 3.7 41.7 3.7 41.2 3.6 41.9 3.9 Lumber and wood products............................. Furniture and fixtures ...................................... Stone, clay, and glass products .................... Primary metal industries................................... Fabricated metal products................................ 38.0 37.2 40.0 38.6 39.2 40.0 39.4 41.4 40.5 40.6 40.0 39.3 41.0 39.9 40.5 39.8 39.2 41.2 40.3 40.4 40.0 39.6 41.6 40.3 40.5 39.9 39.7 41.7 40.8 40.7 40.2 39.7 41.7 40.9 40.9 40.5 40.1 42.1 41.2 41.6 40.3 39.8 41.7 41.7 41.2 39.7 39.7 41.7 41.6 41.4 39.7 40.1 41.6 41.8 41.4 40.8 40 2 23.3 41.9 41.8 40.4 39.7 42.6 42.0 41.9 39.9 39.1 41.7 41.7 41.1 40.5 40.0 42.5 42.0 41.9 Machinery, except electrical . ....................... Electric and electronic equipment.................... Transportation equipment................................ Instruments and related products.................... 39.7 39.3 40.5 39.8 40.5 40.5 42.1 40.4 40.2 40.4 42.3 40.5 40.0 40,3 41.6 40.4 40.4 40.5 41.9 40.1 40.7 40.8 42.0 40.7 40.7 40.7 41.8 40.4 41.2 41.1 43.5 41.0 41.3 41.1 42.5 40.7 41.3 41.1 42.5 40.6 41.4 40.9 41.9 40.7 41.8 41.4 43.4 41.4 41.9 41.3 43.2 41.3 41.5 40.7 42.9 41.0 42.4 41.3 43.6 42.0 Overtime hours......................................... 38.4 2.5 39.4 3.0 39.5 3.0 39.4 2.9 39.6 3.0 39.5 3.0 39.5 3.1 39.9 3.1 39.7 3.1 39.7 3.1 39.7 3.2 40.0 3.2 40.0 3.3 39.7 3.2 40.2 3.4 Food and kindred products ............................. Textile mill products......................................... Apparel and other textile products .................. Paper and allied products................................ 39.4 37.5 34.7 41.8 39.5 40.4 36.2 42.6 39.6 40.6 36.2 42.4 39.4 40.4 36.1 42.7 39.8 40.7 36.1 42.8 39.4 40.7 35.8 42.9 39.6 40.9 36.2 42.9 39.9 41.3 36.8 43.3 39.7 40.7 36.5 43.2 39.5 40.7 36.4 43.0 39.6 40.7 36.5 43.0 39.6 41.1 37.3 43.2 39.8 40.9 37.1 43.3 39.7 40.5 36.6 42.8 40.2 41.3 37.2 43.2 Printing and publishing ................................... Chemicals and allied products.......................... Petroleum and coal products.......................... Leather and leather products .......................... 37.1 40.9 43.9 35.6 37.6 41.6 43.9 36.8 37.7 41.5 43.5 37.0 37.4 41.6 43.6 36.8 37 6 41.9 43.8 36.8 37.7 41.8 43.7 37.4 37.5 41.6 43.5 37.2 37.8 41.7 43.2 37.7 38.0 41.7 43.5 37.5 37.9 41.8 43.6 37.2 37.6 41.9 44.5 37.0 37.9 42.2 45.1 37.3 37.9 42.2 44.6 37.1 37.8 41.8 44.3 36.5 38.4 41.9 42.8 37.6 P R IV A T E S E C T O R Overtime hours......................................... D u ra b le g o o d s ............................................................................................... N o n d u r a b le g o o d s .................................................................................... T R A N S P O R T A T I O N A N D P U B L I C U T I L I T I E S ..................... 39 0 39.0 38.8 38.9 38.9 38 9 39.3 39.4 39.4 39.2 39.4 39.5 39.2 39.1 39.3 W H O L E S A L E A N D R E T A IL T R A D E 31.9 31.9 31.7 31.9 32.0 31.9 31.8 31.8 32.1 32.0 32.4 32.2 32.1 32.0 32.2 W HO LESALE TRADE 38 4 38.6 38.5 38.6 38.7 38.6 38.5 38.7 38.7 38.7 38.7 38.8 38.7 38.6 39.0 R E T A IL T R A D E 29.9 29.8 29.6 29.9 29.9 29.8 29.7 29.7 30.0 30.0 30.4 30.1 30.0 29.9 30.1 S E R V IC E S 32.6 32.7 32.7 32.9 32.7 32.6 32.7 32.8 32.9 32.7 32.6 32.8 32.7 32.7 32.9 .................................................................................... p = preliminary. 76 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NOTE: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. 14. Hourly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group [Gross averages, production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls] A n n u al av erag e 1983 1984 In d u s t r y d iv is io n a n d g r o u p 1982 1983 A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. D ec. Jan. Feb. M a r .P A p r .P $7.67 $8.01 (1) (1) $7.94 7.95 $7.97 7.97 $7.97 8.00 $8.00 8.03 $7.94 7.98 $8.11 8.08 $8.15 8.13 $8.16 8.13 $8.16 8.16 $8.26 8.23 $8.24 8.23 $8.24 8.25 $8.29 8.30 M IN IN G 10.78 11.30 11.28 11.20 11.25 11.29 11.28 11.35 11.35 11.43 11.44 11.56 11.51 11.63 11.63 C O N S T R U C T IO N 11.62 11.91 11.90 11.80 11.74 11.78 11.84 12.03 12.04 11.89 12.01 12.07 11.98 11.97 11.92 8.50 8.84 8.77 8.78 8.81 8.86 8.79 8.90 8.92 8.99 9.06 9.09 9.08 9.11 9.13 Lumber and wood products.................... Furniture and fixtures................................ Stone, clay, and glass products.............. Primary metal industries.......................... Fabricated metal products....................... 9.06 7.46 6.31 8.86 11.33 8.78 9.40 7.79 6.62 9.28 11.33 9.14 9.31 7.74 6.51 9.16 11.25 9.07 9.34 7.78 6.52 9.20 11.28 9.08 9.37 7.85 6.60 9.28 11.23 9.11 9.40 7.82 6.65 9.34 11.37 9.10 9.34 7.83 6.67 9.31 11.28 9.12 9.48 7.88 6.73 9.43 11.33 9.21 9.49 7.87 6.71 9.39 11.28 9.22 9.56 7.80 6.72 9.41 11.31 9.27 9.63 7.80 6.77 9.41 11.35 9.38 9.66 7.88 6.76 9.43 11.37 9.34 9.66 7.89 6.74 9.39 11.49 9.34 9.68 7.86 6.76 9.41 11.43 9.34 9.70 7.93 6.76 9.52 11.49 9.36 Machinery, except electrical.................... Electric and electronic equipment............ Transportation equipment ....................... Instruments and related products............ Miscellaneous manufacturing ................. 9.29 8.21 11.12 8.10 6.43 9.63 8.67 11.68 8.54 6.82 9.48 8.60 11.53 8.46 6.76 9.59 8.60 11.52 8.48 6.82 9.63 8.63 11.63 8.48 6.81 9.65 8.69 11.62 8.57 6.82 9.61 8.64 11.53 8.53 6.81 9.71 8.75 11.80 8.61 6.85 9.74 8.73 11.88 8.60 6.85 9.81 8.78 12.02 8.62 6.86 9.91 8.86 12.06 8.70 6.97 9.92 8.89 12.08 8.74 7.03 9.94 8.87 12.02 8.72 6.99 9.95 8.90 12.14 8.76 6.99 9.97 8.91 12.12 8.82 6.98 7.73 7.89 9.78 5.83 5.20 9.32 8.07 8.17 10.32 6.18 5.37 9.93 8.03 8.20 10.61 6.14 5.35 9.72 8.03 8.18 10.74 6.14 5.33 9.81 8.04 8.17 10.91 6.16 5.36 9.91 8.11 8.17 10.84 6.17 5.35 10.06 8.05 8.12 10.24 6.19 5.35 10.02 8.11 8.14 9.90 6.23 5.39 10.11 8.11 8.13 9.67 6.24 5.43 10.10 8.18 8.23 10.74 6.26 5.45 10.19 8.24 8.33 10.18 6.31 5.46 10.23 8.27 8.38 10.74 6.40 5.51 10.22 8.24 8.34 11.09 6.41 5.46 10.21 8.26 8.37 11.21 6.43 5.47 10.25 8.28 8.41 11.39 6.44 5.48 10.30 8.75 9.96 12.46 9.12 10.59 13.28 9.03 10.43 13.27 9.05 10.50 13.17 9.06 10.52 13.17 9.10 10.58 13.20 9.14 10.61 13.16 9.25 10.69 13.36 9.24 10.78 13.36 9.27 10.86 13.44 9.31 10.89 13.57 9.28 10.90 13.47 9.32 10.89 13.43 9.31 10.92 13.44 9.30 10.98 13.35 7.65 5.32 8.02 5.53 7.95 5.52 7.97 5.51 7.96 5.49 8.06 5.52 8.03 5.50 8.08 5.56 8.12 5.55 8.10 5.56 8.18 5.60 8.20 5.67 8.20 5.66 8.22 5.67 8.27 5.68 10.30 10.81 10.72 10.74 10.73 10.86 10.68 10.90 10.93 11.01 10.98 11.05 10.99 10.99 11.01 6.21 6.49 6.45 6.46 6.46 6.48 6.47 6.54 6.57 6.58 6.55 6.70 6.70 6.70 6.73 8.02 8.41 8.34 8.36 8.35 8.42 8.41 8.48 8.54 8.54 8.60 8.69 8.66 8.67 8.78 5.47 5.73 5.69 5.71 5.71 5.72 5.71 5.77 5.78 5.81 5.77 5.89 5.89 5.89 5.90 6.78 7.30 7.23 7.31 7.26 7.30 7.25 7.33 7.45 7.39 7.43 7.55 7.54 7.54 7.54 6.90 7.26 7.20 7.23 7.20 7.18 7.18 7.31 7.39 7.41 7.44 7.54 7.51 7.50 7.56 P R IV A T E S E C T O R Seasonally adjusted................................... M A N U F A C T U R IN G D u ra b le g o o d s N o n d u r a b le g o o d s Food and kindred products .................... Tobacco manufactures............................. Textile mill products ................................ Apparel and other textile products............ Paper and allied products ....................... Printing and publishing............................. Chemicals and allied products................. Petroleum and coal products ................. Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products................................... Leather and leather products .................. T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D P U B L IC U T IL IT IE S W HO LESALE AND R E T A IL T R A D E W HO LESALE TRADE .................................................................................... R E T A IL T R A D E F IN A N C E , IN S U R A N C E , A N D REAL ESTATE S E R V IC E S 1Not available. p = preliminary. 15. NOTE: See “ Notes on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. Hourly Earnings Index, for production workers on private nonagricultural payrolls, by industry [1977 = 100] N o t s e a s o n a lly a d ju s t e d S e a s o n a lly a d ju s t e d P erce n t P erce n t change In d u s t r y P R IV A T E S E C T O R ( in c u r r e n t d o ll a r s ) Mining ........................................................ Construction............................................... Manufacturing............................................ Transportation and public utilities ............ Wholesale and retail trade ....................... Finance, insurance, and real estate............ Services ..................................................... P R IV A T E S E C T O R ( in c o n s ta n t d o ll a r s ) Feb. M a r. A p r. fro m : A p r. D ec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. fro m : 1983 1984 1984P 1984P A p r. 1 9 8 3 1983 1983 1984 1984 1984P 1984P M a r. 1 9 8 4 to to A p r. 1 9 8 4 A p r. 1 9 8 4 154.0 158.6 158.7 159.5 3.6 154.0 157.6 158.3 158.2 158.8 159.6 0.5 165.7 144.3 157.1 155.5 150.9 157.4 154.2 171.0 145.2 161.1 160.0 155.7 164.3 160.4 172.5 145.2 161.4 159.9 155.7 164.3 160.2 172.7 145.0 162.0 160.2 157.0 164.9 161.8 4.2 .5 3.2 3.1 4.1 4.8 5.0 (1) 145.9 157.0 155.9 150.5 (1) 145.2 160.1 158.9 154.8 I1) 146.2 160.7 160.0 155.2 (') 146.1 161.1 159.3 155.2 (1) 146.5 161.7 160.8 155.5 (1) 146.7 162.0 160.7 156.6 (1) .1 .2 -.1 .7 (1) 154.0 (1) 159.2 (1) 159.8 (1) 159.2 (1) 159.5 (1) 161.7 (1) 1.4 94.7 94.9 94.9 (2) (2) 94.7 94.7 94.7 94.6 94.9 1This series is not seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component is small relative to the trendcycle, irregular components, or both, and consequently cannot be separated with sufficient precision. 2Not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis change A p r. (2) (2) p = preliminary, NOTE: See “ Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. 77 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW June 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data 16. Weekly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group [Gross averages, production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls] 1983 A n n u a l a v e ra g e 1984 In d u s tr y d iv is io n a n d g ro u p 1982 1983 A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. D ec. Jan. Feb. M a r .P A p r .P $266.92 $280.35 (1) 167.87 <1> 171.15 $275.52 277.46 169.55 $278.15 279.75 170.33 $280.54 280 80 171.37 $283.20 281.05 172.37 $281.08 279.30 170.35 $286.28 284.42 172.77 $287.70 286.99 173.31 $286.42 286.18 172.44 $289.68 288.05 174.40 $289.10 292.17 173.32 $289.22 291.34 173.08 $289.22 290.40 173.08 $293.47 295.48 P R IV A T E S E C T O R Current dollars.................................................. Seasonally adjusted...................................... Constant (1977) dollars................................... <1) M IN IN G 459.23 480.25 469.25 472.64 478.13 475.31 481.66 489.19 490.32 490.35 497.64 501.70 494.93 497.76 $497 76 C O N S T R U C T IO N 426.45 441.86 436.73 441.32 444.95 450.00 449.92 455.94 449.09 431.61 441.97 438.14 443.26 439.30 449.38 330.65 207.96 354.48 216.41 349.05 214.80 350.32 214.53 355.04 216.88 354.40 215.70 353.36 214.16 363.12 219.14 363.04 218.70 366.79 220.82 373.27 224.73 369.05 221.25 369.56 221.16 370.78 221.89 373.42 Lumber and wood products ............................. Furniture and fixtures......................................... Stone, clay, and glass products ....................... Primary metal industries ................................... Fabricated metal products................................... 356.06 283.48 234.73 354.40 344.18 344.18 382.58 311.60 260.83 384.19 458.87 371.08 375.19 308.05 253.89 374.64 451.13 364.61 377.34 312.76 254.28 380.88 452.33 366.83 382.30 320.28 263.34 390.69 454.82 371.69 379.76 313.58 258.69 391.35 460.49 365.82 380.14 319.46 267 47 391.95 457.97 372.10 392.47 320.72 271.22 399.83 469.06 381.29 391.94 318.74 271.08 395.32 464.74 380.79 396.74 308.88 269.47 395 22 470.50 385.63 404.46 310.44 277.57 394.28 478.97 396.77 398.96 310.47 263.64 385.69 476.40 386.68 399.92 313.23 263.53 389.69 482.58 387.61 400.75 312.83 266.34 390.52 480.06 385.74 $404.49 319.58 268.37 403.65 484,88 389.38 Machinery except electrical................................ Electric and electronic equipment .................... Transportation equipment................................... Instruments and related products .................... Miscellaneous manufacturing............................. 368.81 322.65 450.36 322.38 247.56 390.02 351.14 491.73 345.02 266.66 379.20 344.86 484.26 339.25 263.64 382.64 345.72 482.69 341.74 264.62 388.09 350.38 491.95 340.90 264.91 386.97 350.21 484.55 344.51 264.62 387.28 349.92 475.04 343.76 266.27 399.08 358.75 505.04 353.01 270.58 400.31 358.80 506.09 350.02 272.63 408 10 363.49 515.66 353.42 273.71 422.17 370.35 522.20 360.18 279.50 414.66 366.27 518.23 359.21 273.47 416.49 364.56 515.66 359.26 276.80 416.91 364.90 522.02 360.91 276.11 419.74 365.31 524.80 366.91 278.50 296.83 310.87 369.68 218.63 180.44 389.58 317.96 322.72 385.97 249 67 194.39 423.02 313.97 318.98 395.75 246.83 192.07 410.18 315.58 321.47 401.68 248.67 192.41 415.94 319.19 325.17 420.04 253.18 196.18 425.14 319.53 322.72 398.91 248.03 193.14 429.56 319.59 324.80 386.05 254.41 195.81 428.86 325.21 328.86 380.16 257.92 198.35 439.79 323.59 323.57 370.36 256.46 199.82 436.32 327.20 327.55 431.75 256 66 200.02 440.21 330.42 332.37 384.80 258.71 199 65 448.07 326.67 330.17 409.19 257.92 198.91 440.48 326.30 326.93 402.57 260.25 200.38 438.01 327.10 328.94 414.77 261.06 200.75 437.68 330.37 332 20 433.96 263.40 202.21 442.90 324.63 407.36 546.99 342.91 440.54 582.99 337.72 432.85 581.23 337.57 435.75 575.73 338.84 440.79 579.48 341.25 440.13 584.76 344.58 439.25 572.46 351.50 447.91 591.85 351.12 449.53 585.17 353.19 457.21 590.02 357.50 461.74 602.99 348.00 457.80 594.03 350.43 457.38 584.21 353.78 456.46 584.64 354.33 460.06 575.39 302.94 189.39 330.42 203.50 326.75 201.48 327.57 204.42 328.75 207.52 329.65 207.00 330.84 206.25 338.55 208.50 340.23 206.46 340.20 207.39 347.65 208.88 344.40 208.09 344.40 208.29 342.77 205.25 348.99 210.73 M A N U F A C T U R IN G Current dollars.................................................. Constant (1977) dollars................................... D u r a b le g o o d s N o n d u r a b le g o o d s Food and kindred products................................ Tobacco manufactures ...................................... Textile mill products............................................ Apparel and other textile products.................... Paper and allied products................................... Printing and publishing...................................... Chemicals and allied products .......................... Petroleum and coal products............................. Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products............................................ Leather and leather products............................. <1) T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D P U B L IC U T IL IT IE S 401.70 421.59 413.79 415.64 419.54 425.71 421.86 429.46 430.64 432.69 435.91 432.06 428.61 428.61 430.49 W H O L E S A L E A N D R E T A IL T R A D E 198.10 207.03 203.18 205.43 207.37 210.60 209.63 209.28 210.24 209.90 214.19 211.72 211.05 212.39 215.36 W H O LE S A LE TR A D E 307.97 324.63 319.42 321.86 323.15 326.70 325.47 328.18 331.35 331.35 335.40 335.43 332.54 333.80 340.66 R E T A IL T R A D E 163.55 170.75 167.29 169.59 171.87 175.03 174.16 172.52 172.82 173.14 177.72 173.17 173.17 173.76 176.41 F IN A N C E . IN S U R A N C E . A N O R E A L E S T A T E 245.44 264.26 261.00 265.35 262.09 264.99 261.73 263.88 270.44 266 78 268.97 276.33 273.70 273.70 275.96 S E R V IC E S 224.94 237.40 234.72 236.42 236.88 237.66 237.66 239.04 242.39 241.57 242.54 245.80 244.83 244.50 247.97 1Not available. p --- preliminary. 17. NOTE: See “ Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. Indexes of diffusion: industries in which employment increased [In percent] T im e Year span Jan. - Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. D ec. 45.4 45.7 72.0 36.0 62.4 P66.9 39.0 69.1 P68.5 47.6 71.0 32.8 64.5 38.4 68.5 37.1 68.0 34.1 60.8 29.3 70.7 32.0 64.5 42.2 64.0 — — — — — — — 32.5 76.1 33.6 77.2 27.2 73.9 27.2 79.6 26.1 79.6 25.5 74.2 24.7 72.0 40.6 75.0 35.8 P80.9 Over 1-month span 1982 1983 1984 .... ... .... Over 3-month span 1982 1983 . . .... 25.3 79.3 28.8 P80.1 32.0 P79.0 34.1 75 8 Over 6-month span 1982 1983 1984 .... .... .... 20.2 50.5 P81.5 23.7 63.2 25.3 73.4 29.8 76.3 26.1 79.3 26.1 83.6 23.4 82.5 19.1 80.4 21.2 82.0 26.1 84.1 26.6 83.1 — — — — — — — — — — — Over 12-month span 1982 1983 .... ... 22.0 48 9 20.7 58.3 18.0 62.6 19.4 73.4 18.3 76.1 20.7 81.2 20.7 84.4 22.8 88.4 24.2 P85.8 31.5 P87.4 37.6 44.1 p 28.5 56.5 66.9 " preliminary. NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment rising. (Half of the unchanged components 78 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis - “ are counted as rising.) Data are centered within the spans. See the “ Definitions" in this section. See "Notes on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE DATA N a t i o n a l u n e m p l o y m e n t i n s u r a n c e d a t a are compiled monthly by the Employment and Training Administration of the U.S. De partment of Labor from monthly reports of unemployment insur ance activity prepared by State agencies. Railroad unemployment insurance data are prepared by the U.S. Railroad Retirement Board. persons in unemployment insurance programs to indicate they are out of work and wish to begin receiving compensation. A claimant who continued to be unemployed a full week is then counted in the insured unemployment figure. The rate of insured unemployment expresses the number of in sured unemployed as a percent of the average insured employment in a 12-month period. Definitions Average weekly seasonally adjusted insured unemployment data are computed by BLS’ Weekly Seasonal Adjustment program. This procedure incorporated the X-l 1 Variant of the Census Method II Seasonal Adjust ment program. Data for all programs represent an unduplicated count of insured un employment under State programs, Unemployment Compensation for ExServicemen, and Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees, and the Railroad Insurance Act. An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker at the beginning of his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no application is required for subsequent periods in the same year. Number of payments are payments made in 14-day registration periods. The average amount of benefit payment is an average for all compensable periods, not adjusted for recovery of overpayments or settlement of underpayments. However, total benefits paid have been adjusted. Under both State and Federal unemployment insurance programs for civilian employees, insured workers must report the completion of at least 1 week of unemployment before they are defined as unemployed. Persons not covered by unemployment insurance (about 10 percent of the labor force) and those who have exhausted or not yet earned benefit rights are excluded from the scope of the survey. Initial claims are notices filed by 18. Unemployment insurance and employment service operations [All items except average benefits amounts are in thousands] 1983 M a r. All programs: Insured unemployment.......................... State unemployment insurance program:' Initial claims2 ......................................... Insured unemployment (average weekly volume)................................... Rate of insured unemployment............... Weeks of unemployment compensated... Average weekly benefit amount for total unemployment .................... Total benefits paid ................................ A p r. 5,134 M ay 4,642 June 3,947 J u ly 3,481 1984 Sept. Aug. 3,275 2,917 O c t. 2,580 Nov. 2,478 D ec. 2,620 Jan. 2,915 Feb. 3,374 M a r .P 3,174 2,958 2,075 1,874 1,666 1,740 1,804 1.668 1,381 1,522 1,757 2,105 2,356 1,551 1,459 4,401 5.0 '19,539 3,906 4.5 14,986 3,361 3.9 13,133 3,063 3.5 12,819 3,049 3.5 10,959 2,766 3.2 11,305 2,449 2.8 9,383 2,358 2.7 8.417 2,508 2.9 9,301 2,805 3.3 10,168 3,249 3.8 '12,232 3,056 3.6 11,639 2,843 3.3 11,731 '$125.56 $124.85 $124.49 $123.44 $121.42 $121.36 $123.00 $122.19 $121,59 $122.61 '$123.60 $124.19 $125.83 $2,370,746 $1,816,539 $1,587,888 $1,549,758 $1,298,189 $1,337,442 $1,104,362 $1,002,141 $1,099,862 $1,203,605 '$1,457,983 $1,401,099 $1,430,563 State unemployment insurance program:' (Seasonally adjusted data) Initial claims2 ......................................... 2,148 1,952 1,993 1,836 1,723 1,841 1,664 1,656 1,717 1,620 1,606 1,591 1,582 w e e k ly v o l u m e ) ..................................................... 3,884 4 .5 3,538 4.1 3,301 38 3,303 3.8 3,026 3.5 3,088 3.6 2,617 3.1 2,677 3.1 2,721 3.2 2,486 2.9 2,416 2.8 2,505 R a te o f in s u re d u n e m p l o y m e n t ...................... 3,774 4.3 18 15 14 16 16 19 17 16 15 14 15 13 14 26 108 $13,855 27 106 $13,519 28 107 $14,074 28 116 $15,121 27 113 $14,815 27 112 '$14,532 24 96 $12,583 $ 1 2 ,1 1 2 In s u r e d u n e m p lo y m e n t (a v e ra g e 2 .9 U n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a t io n f o r e x s e r v ic e m e n : 3 In itia l c l a i m s ' .............................................................. In s u r e d u n e m p lo y m e n t (a v e ra g e 34 w e e k ly v o l u m e ) ..................................................... ................................................. 30 26 156 117 104 $ 1 9 ,5 8 8 $ 1 4 ,7 7 6 $ 1 3 ,1 1 1 W e e k s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a t e d T o t a l b e n e f it s p a id 25 107 $ 1 3 ,5 8 8 25 94 $12,118 22 92 U n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a t io n f o r F e d e ra l c iv ilia n e m p lo y e e s : 4 In it ia l c l a i m s ................................................................... 11 10 9 13 12 11 11 15 13 13 16 10 9 31 26 22 21 22 94 $10,760 22 83 $9,522 25 88 $10,144 27 110 $12,415 29 119 $13,888 32 133 '$15,588 31 129 $14,988 $ 1 4 ,8 3 2 In s u r e d u n e m p lo y m e n t ( a v e r a g e 146 109 93 90 $ 1 6 ,8 7 1 $ 1 2 ,4 2 2 $ 1 0 ,6 0 3 $ 1 0 ,2 7 2 23 85 $9,640 8 e9 4 C31 55 14 9 7 8 8 10 4 3 65 79 c 70 49 49 92 $199 87 $17,551 46 107 $214.21 $21,789 41 103 $214.77 $20,239 48 92 $211.41 $19,531 40 92 $212.36 $19,536 43 95 $213.71 $19,870 51 121 $210.73 $23,866 49 104 $209 56 41 $208 96 $ 2 3 ,2 2 8 $ 2 0 ,1 1 2 w e e k ly v o lu m e ) W e e k s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a t e d T o t a l b e n e f it s p a id 28 123 R a ilr o a d u n e m p lo y m e n t in s u ra n c e : A p p l i c a t i o n s ................................................................... In s u r e d u n e m p lo y m e n t (a v e ra g e w e e k ly v o l u m e ) ..................................................... 169 N u m b e r o f p a y m e n ts 172 183 123 A v e r a g e a m o u n t o f b e n e f it p a y m e n t $213 44 $203 87 $ 2 1 5 15 $ 2 0 3 54 T o t a l b e n e f it s p a id $ 3 6 ,2 4 3 c $ 2 4 .7 8 3 c$ 2 0 , 6 2 2 $ 1 4 ,9 8 4 ................................................. 99 E m p lo y m e n t s e r v ic e : 5 N e w a p p lic a t io n s a n d re n e w a ls 8 .3 8 1 1 1 ,9 8 7 N o n f a r m p la c e m e n t s 1 .1 8 4 1 ,9 2 1 ............................................ ' i n i t i a l c la im s a n d S t a te in s u re d u n e m p lo y m e n t in c lu d e d a t a u n d e r t h e p r o flr a m f o r 93,775 9677 Cumulative total for fiscal year (October 1-September 30). Data computed quarterly. NOTE: Data for Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands Included. Dashes Indicate data not ig a r c a n e w o r x e r s E x c l u d e s tr a n s it io n c la im s u n d e r S t a te p r o g r a m s . E x c l u d e s d a t a o n c la im s a n d p a y m e n ts m a d e jo in t ly w it h o t h e r p r o g r a m s ^ E x c lu d e s d a t a o r c la im s a n d p a y m e n ts m a d e jo in t ly w it h S t a te p r o g r a m s https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Puerto Rican 15,595 3,012 a v a ila b le . c corrected. r = revised. p = preliminary 79 PRICE DATA P rice data are gathered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from retail and primary markets in the United States. Price indexes are given in relation to a base period (1967 = 100, unless otherwise noted). Definitions The Consumer Price Index is a monthly statistical measure of the average change in prices in a fixed market basket of goods and services. Effective with the January 1978 index, the Bureau of Labor Statistics began pub lishing CPI’s for two groups of the population. It introduced a CPI for All Urban Consumers, covering 80 percent of the total noninstitutional pop ulation, and revised the CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, covering about half the new index population. The All Urban Consumers index covers in addition to wage earners and clerical workers, professional, managerial, and technical workers, the self-employed, short-term workers, the unemployed, retirees, and others not in the labor force. The CPI is based on prices of food, clothing, shelter, fuel, drugs, transportation fares, doctors’ and dentists’ fees, and other goods and ser vices that people buy for day-to-day living. The quantity and quality of these items is kept essentially unchanged between major revisions so that only price changes will be measured. Data are collected from more than 24,000 retail establishments and 24,000 tenants in 85 urban areas across the country. All taxes directly associated with the purchase and use of items are included in the index. Because the CPI’s are based on the ex penditures of two population groups in 1972-73, they may not accurately reflect the experience of individual families and single persons with dif ferent buying habits. Though the CPI is often called the "Cost-of-Living Index,” it measures only price change, which is just one of several important factors atfecting living costs. Area indexes do not measure differences in the level of prices among cities. They only measure the average change in prices for each area since the base period. Producer Price Indexes measure average changes in prices received in primary markets of the United States by producers of commodities in all stages of processing. The sample used for calculating these indexes contains about 2,800 commodities and about 10,000 quotations per month selected to represent the movement of prices of all commodities produced in the manufacturing, agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining, gas and electricity, and public utilities sectors. The universe includes all commodities produced or imported for sale in commercial transactions in primary markets in the United States. Producer Price Indexes can be organized by stage of processing or by commodity. The stage of processing structure organizes products by degree of fabrication (that is, finished goods, intermediate or semifinished goods, and crude materials). The commodity structure organizes products by sim ilarity of end-use or material composition. 80 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis To the extent possible, prices used in calculating Producer Price Indexes apply to the first significant commercial transaction in the United States, from the production or central marketing point. Price data are generally collected monthly, primarily by mail questionnaire. Most prices are ob tained directly from producing companies on a voluntary and confidential basis. Prices generally are reported for the Tuesday of the week containing the 13th day of the month. In calculating Producer Price Indexes, price changes for the various commodities are averaged together with implicit quantity weights repre senting their importance in the total net selling value of all commodities as of 1972. The detailed data are aggregated to obtain indexes for stage of processing groupings, commodity groupings, durability of product groupings, and a number of special composite groupings. Price indexes for the output of selected SIC industries measure av erage price changes in commodities produced by particular industries, as defined in the Standard Industrial Classification Manual 1972 (Washing ton, U.S. Office of Management and Budget, 1972). These indexes are derived from several price series, combined to match the economic activity of the specified industry and weighted by the value of shipments in the industry. They use data from comprehensive industrial censuses conducted by the U.S. Bureau of the Census and the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Notes on the data Regional CPI’s cross classified by population size were introduced in the May 1978 Review. These indexes enable users in local areas for which an index is not published to get a better approximation of the CPI for their area by using the appropriate population size class measure for their region. The cross-classified indexes are published bimonthly. (See table 20.) For details concerning the 1978 revision of the CPI, see The Consumer Price Index: Concepts and Content Over the Years, Report 517, revised edition (Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 1978). As of January 1976, the Producer Price Index incorporated a revised weighting structure reflecting 1972 values of shipments. Additional data and analyses of price changes are provided in the CPI Detailed Report and Producer Prices and Price Indexes, both monthly publications of the Bureau. For a discussion of the general method of computing producer, and industry price indexes, see BLS Handbook o f Methods, Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 7. For consumer prices, see BLS Handbook o f Methods fo r Surveys and Studies (1976), chapter 13. See also John F. Early, "Improving the measurement of producer price change,” Monthly Labor Review, April 1978. For industry prices, see also Bennett R. Moss, "Industry and Sector Price Indexes,” Monthly Labor Review, August 1965. 19. Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, annual averages and clTanges, 1967- 33 [1967 = 1001 H o u s in g P e rc e n t P e rc e n t In d e x change P erce n t P erce n t In d e x In d e x a n d s e r v ic e s In d e x change P e rc e n t P e rc e n t P erce n t P erce n t In d e x change change change E n te r ta n m e n t M e d ic a l c a re T r a n s p o rta tio n upkeep b e v e ra g e s Year In d e x O th e r g o o d s A p p a re l an d Food and A ll It e m s In d e x In d e x change change ch ange .................. 100 0 104.2 109.8 116.3 4.2 5.4 5.9 100.0 103.6 108.8 114.7 3.6 5.0 5.4 100.0 104.0 110.4 118.2 4.0 6.2 7.1 100.0 105.4 111.5 116.1 5.4 5.8 4.1 100.0 103.2 107.2 112.7 3.2 3.9 5.1 100.0 106.1 113.4 120.6 6.1 6.9 6.3 100.0 105.7 111.0 116.7 5.7 5.0 5.1 100.0 105.2 110.4 115.8 5.2 4.9 5.8 4.3 3.3 6.2 11.0 9.1 118.3 123.2 139.5 158.7 172.1 3.1 4.1 13.2 13.8 8.4 123.4 128.1 133.7 148.8 164.5 4.4 3.8 4,4 11.3 10.6 119.8 122.3 126.8 136.2 142.3 3.3 2.1 3.7 7.4 4.5 118.6 119.9 123.8 137.7 150.6 5.2 1.1 3.3 11.2 9.4 128.4 132.5 137.7 150.5 168.6 6.5 3.2 3.9 9.3 12.0 122.9 126.5 130.0 139.8 152.2 5.3 2.9 2.8 7.5 8.9 122.4 127.5 132.5 142.0 153.9 4.8 4.2 3.9 7.2 8.4 .................. 121.3 125.3 133.1 147 7 161.2 1980 .................. 170 5 181 5 195.3 217.7 247.0 5.8 6.5 7.6 11.5 13.5 177.4 188.0 206.2 228.7 248.7 3.1 8.0 9.7 10.9 8.7 174.6 186.5 202.6 227.5 263.2 6.1 6.8 8.6 12.3 15.7 147.6 154.2 159.5 166.4 177.4 3.7 4.5 3.4 4.3 6.6 165.5 177.2 185.8 212.8 250.5 9.9 7.1 4.9 14.5 17.7 184.7 202.4 219.4 240.1 287.2 9.5 9.6 8.4 9.4 11.3 159.8 167.7 176.2 187.6 203.7 5.0 4.9 5.1 6.5 8.5 162.7 172.2 183.2 196.3 213.6 5.7 5.8 6.4 7.2 8.8 1982 1983 .................. .................. 272.3 288.6 297.4 10.2 6.0 3.0 267.8 278.5 284.7 7.7 4.0 2.2 293.2 314.7 322.0 11.4 7.3 2.3 186.6 190.9 195.6 5.2 2.3 2.5 281.3 293.1 300.0 12.3 4.2 2.4 295.1 326.9 355.1 10.4 10.8 8.6 219.0 232.4 242.4 7.5 6.1 4.3 233.3 257.0 286.3 9.2 10.2 11.4 1970 1972 1975 1978 20. Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers and revised CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, U.S. city average— general summary and groups, subgroups, and selected items [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C le r ic a l W o r k e r s A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e rs M a r. O c t. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. 1984 1983 1984 1983 G e n e ra l s u m m a ry M a r. M a r. O c t. Nov. Dec Jan. Feb. M a r. 293.4 302 6 303.1 303.5 305.2 306.6 307.3 293.0 301.3 301.4 301.5 302.7 303.3 303.3 Other goods and services............................................................................... 283.2 318.6 194.5 287.4 352.3 244.6 281.9 285.7 326.8 200.7 305.0 362.9 249.1 296.8 285.3 327.0 200.7 306.3 364.9 249.5 298.1 286.5 327.4 199.3 306.3 366.2 249.5 298.6 291.6 329.2 196.4 306.0 369.5 249.9 300.5 294.2 331.0 196.2 305.8 373.2 251.5 301.5 294.3 331.5 198.8 306.9 374.5 251.7 302.1 283.5 319.2 194.0 288.6 350.0 240.8 280.0 285.9 325.2 199.8 306.9 360.9 245.4 294.1 285.6 324.5 199.7 308.2 362.9 245.7 295.5 286.8 324.2 198.1 308.2 364.3 245.8 295.9 291.9 324.7 195.3 307.9 367.5 246.2 298.1 294.4 324.2 195.4 307.7 371.3 247.7 299.2 294.5 322.9 198.0 308.9 372.6 248.0 299.7 Commodities less food and beverages.................................................. Nondurables less food and beverages.............................................. Durables.............................................................................................. 266.7 254.3 263.4 247.4 275.0 265.8 275.2 258.7 275.2 266.3 274.5 261.0 275.5 266.0 273.5 261.8 276.8 265.2 272.3 261.4 278.3 266.0 274.0 260.9 278.7 266.6 274.2 262.2 268.4 257.4 265.0 249.7 276.1 267.3 277.4 257.7 276.2 267.5 276.6 258.7 276.3 267.1 275.4 258.9 277.3 266.4 274.2 258.4 278.0 266.2 276.0 256.9 278.1 266.4 276.1 257.1 339.4 233.6 101.6 299.8 382.2 272.9 350.2 240.4 104.8 307.8 392.9 285 2 351.0 241.3 104.2 310.1 395.0 286.5 351.6 242.0 104.1 310.8 396.3 287.2 353 9 242.9 105.1 314.1 400.2 288.0 355.3 243.6 105.7 314.4 404.4 289.1 356.5 244.8 105.8 315.4 405.3 290.4 338.5 233.1 348.1 239.8 348.2 240.7 348.4 241.3 349.8 242.3 350.1 242.9 349.9 244.1 296.7 379.0 270.6 303.9 390.2 282.2 306.0 392 3 283.6 306.9 393.8 284.3 310.3 397.5 285.0 310.6 401.8 286.1 311.6 402.7 287.6 292.4 100.3 303.2 103.5 303.9 103.6 304.0 103.7 304.8 104.3 305.9 104.8 306.8 105.1 292.4 302.1 302.3 302.1 302.3 302.4 302.4 252.4 258.9 296.5 274.4 101.3 332.7 268.4 272 6 399.9 388.3 285.6 282.6 239.1 333.1 263.6 270.2 310.2 281.7 104.5 343.3 268.5 265.6 425.1 418.2 293.4 291.8 247.6 343.3 264.1 269.5 309.3 281.1 104.7 344.1 267.7 265.3 419.9 414.4 294.4 293.2 248.9 344.9 263.8 268.5 308.6 281.2 104.8 344.5 269.7 265.5 418.0 411.8 295.0 293.6 249.0 345.5 263.0 267.4 308.6 283.2 105.7 346.6 277.2 274.6 416.7 409.9 297.0 294.6 248.3 348.1 263 8 269.1 311.2 285.3 106.3 347.8 280.7 280.8 420.2 414.5 298.2 295.5 248.5 349.5 264.4 269.3 310.3 285.5 106.5 349.0 279.9 279.7 418.1 410.7 299.2 296.7 249.9 350.7 279.7 255.4 260.6 297.4 275.3 288.1 265.1 272.3 311.9 282.7 288.3 264.9 271.5 310.9 282.1 288.5 264.9 270.4 310.1 282.2 290.0 264.2 269.4 310.0 284.1 290.9 264.1 271.1 312.4 286.3 291.3 264.3 271.3 311.6 286.4 332.0 267.6 274.0 399.8 388.7 284.4 281.6 240.0 331.9 341.3 267.4 266.7 425.8 419.6 291.3 289.5 247.1 340.8 341.3 266.7 266.4 420.8 415.8 291.8 290.3 247.8 341,6 341.3 268.7 266.6 418.7 412.9 292.1 290.3 247.7 341.8 342.6 276.0 275.8 417.0 410.7 293.5 290.7 247.2 343.4 342.4 279.4 282.1 420.2 414.7 293.8 290.4 246.6 343.6 342.1 278,6 281.3 418.2 411,3 294.0 290.7 247.2 343.3 SO.341 $0,330 $0,330 $0,329 $0,328 $0,326 $0,325 $0,341 $0,332 $0,332 $0,332 $0,330 $0,330 $0,330 A l l i t e m s .............................................................................................................................................................................................. Rent, residential ..................................................................................... Household services less rent of shelter (12/82 - 100) ....................... Other services ........................................................................................ S p e c ia l In d e x e s : Nondurables less food and apparel................................................................ Services less rent of shelter (12/82 = 100) ................................................. Domestically produced farm food s................................................................ Commodities less food and energy....................................................... Services less energy............................................................................... Purchasing power of the consumer dollar, 1967 = $1 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ................................ 81 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW June 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices 20. Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average [1967 = 100 u n le ss o th e rw is e specified] A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e r s FOOD AND BEVERAGES U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C le r ic a l W o r k e r s 1984 1983 G e n e ra l s u m m a ry 1983 1984 M a r, O c t. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. M a r. M ar. O c t. Nov. Dec Jan. Feb. M a r. 283.2 285.7 285.3 286.5 291.6 294.2 294.3 283.5 285.9 285.6 286.8 291.9 294.4 294.5 Food 290.5 292.9 292.5 293.9 299.4 302.1 302.2 290.7 292.9 292.6 294.0 299.4 302.1 302.1 Food at home ................................................................................................ Cereals and bakery products ................................................................ Cereals and cereal products (12/77 = 100) ................................ Flour and prepared flour mixes (12/77 = 1 0 0 ).................... Cereal (12/77 = 100) .......................................................... Rice, pasta, and cornmeal (12/77 = 100) .......................... Bakery products (12/77 = 1 0 0 ).................................................... White bre ad ............................................................................ Other breads (12/77 = 1 0 0 ).................................................. Fresh biscuits, rolls, and muffins (12/77 = 100) .............. Fresh cakes and cupcakes (12/77 = 100) .......................... Cookies (12/77 = 100) ....................................................... Crackers, bread, and cracker products (12/77 = 100) . . , Fresh sweetrolls, coffeecake, and donuts (12/77 = 100) . . Frozen and refrigerated bakery products and fresh pies, tarts, and turnovers (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............... 281.9 289.8 155.0 139.4 171.3 146.0 152.8 252.0 149.0 152.0 153.8 155.1 146.0 154,2 282.3 294.0 158.1 141,4 177.6 145.5 154.8 254.4 149.8 154.4 156.2 156.0 147.7 155.8 281.4 295.7 157.9 140.8 177.3 146.1 156.0 257.0 151.9 155.7 157.9 157.6 147.8 156.8 283.0 297.1 158.2 140.1 178.0 146.8 156.9 257.4 152.0 157.8 159.7 159.2 148.1 157.7 290.2 299.8 159.3 143.0 178.6 146.7 158.4 259.1 153.7 157.9 161.5 161.1 151.2 159.7 293.6 300.3 160.3 143.4 180.4 147.2 158.5 257.3 153.9 158.7 160.4 162.6 152.3 160.4 293.1 301.5 161.9 144.6 182.3 148.8 158.8 258.9 153.0 158.8 160.0 162.9 153.9 160.5 281.2 288.5 155.8 139.9 173.5 147.0 151.6 247.8 151.1 148.0 152.1 156.0 147.3 156.9 281.3 292.6 158.8 141.9 179.8 146.6 153.5 250.0 151.8 150.6 154.5 156.8 149.1 158.5 280.5 294.3 158.6 141.3 179.4 147.2 154.8 252.7 154.1 151.7 156.2 158.4 149.2 159.6 282.1 295.7 158.9 140.4 180.1 148.0 155.7 253.2 154.1 153.7 157.9 159.9 149.6 160.4 289.1 298.3 160.0 143.3 180.8 147.9 157.1 254.8 155.8 153.9 159.5 161.9 152.6 162.4 292.4 298.9 161.0 143.8 182.5 148.4 157.2 253.0 156.0 154.7 158.6 163.4 153.6 163.2 291.9 300.0 162.6 145.1 184.4 150.0 157.5 254.6 155.2 154.9 158.1 163.7 155.2 163.3 156.2 161.9 160.6 161.5 163.3 163.9 163.8 149.4 154.9 154.0 154.9 156.5 157.1 157.0 Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ............................................................. Meats, poultry, and f i s h ................................................................ Meats ..................................................................................... Beef and v e a l...................................................................... Ground beef other than canned ...................................... Chuck roast ................................................................... Round r o a s t................................................................... Round s te a k ................................................................... Sirloin s te a k ................................................................... Other beef and veal (12/77 = 100) ............................. P ork..................................................................................... Bacon ............................................................................ Chops ............................................................................ Ham other than canned (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ....................... Sausage ......................................................................... Canned h a m ................................................................... Other pork (12/77 = 100) ............................................ Other meats ...................................................................... Frankfurters ................................................................... Bologna, liverwurst, and salami (12/77 = 100) . . . . Other lunchmeats (12/77 = 100) ................................ Lamb and organ meats (12/77 = 100) ....................... Poultry..................................................................................... Fresh whole chicken....................................................... Fresh and frozen chicken parts (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............ Other poultry (12/77 = 1 0 0 )......................................... Fish and seafood ................................................................... Canned fish and seafood ............................................... Fresh and frozen fish and seafood (12/77 = 100) . . . Eggs................................................................................................ 264.2 271.4 272.8 272.8 263.6 284.8 239.9 257.9 262.8 164.4 271.1 288.7 246.4 125.6 336.9 277.3 148.1 269.7 270.8 155.2 139.0 138.2 193.7 190.7 126.6 126.6 380.1 138.3 148.6 175.0 257.1 261.9 260.4 266.2 250.9 265.8 234.4 251.5 268.4 164.0 246.4 262.5 227.2 111.6 307.4 251.9 134.4 262.2 260.8 152.8 135.2 133.7 199.6 199.1 132.2 126.0 374.1 133.5 147.8 200.1 256.6 260.8 258.6 265.7 251.6 266.2 235.3 250.0 265.3 163.2 241.1 253.7 222.3 109.1 305.0 248.0 131.5 262.6 259.7 152.8 135.8 134.6 201.7 207.6 134,1 120.6 374.9 132.6 148.8 208.2 259.3 261.8 258.3 266.0 251.3 266.9 231.3 249.9 262.7 164.7 240.3 253.0 219.0 111.8 303.4 246.5 129.9 261.3 259.0 150.4 134.7 136.1 209.8 219.4 139.4 122.3 376.4 132.5 149,9 234.0 268.9 269.8 266.4 274.9 256.9 282.8 246.2 256.2 265.7 169.7 250.8 259.0 236.5 113.0 311.0 252.4 139.7 262.5 260.0 150.6 135.2 137.6 217.5 228.7 144.7 125.4 383.4 133.1 153.7 266.5 273.0 273.9 270.0 280.9 261.1 293.1 253.5 264.5 274.6 172.3 250.6 267.9 230.7 109.8 320.0 251.1 139.3 265.0 263.5 152.4 136.2 138.2 225.5 235.9 152.2 128.5 386.2 132.9 155.5 270.3 269.6 272.6 268.8 279.9 260.9 286.6 251.2 261.6 278.7 172.2 248.6 258.9 229.6 112.2 315.2 251.5 137.8 265.1 264.2 153.1 136.3 137.2 223.2 232.6 150.7 127.9 385.3 132.1 155.4 237,2 264.0 271.1 272.4 273.5 264.7 293.0 242.8 257.1 264.5 163.0 270.4 293.1 244,7 122.4 337.0 282.2 147.3 269.3 270.1 155.1 137.0 140.9 191.6 188.4 125.1 125.6 378.9 137.8 148.3 175.8 256.6 261.4 260.0 266.7 252.1 273.1 237.2 250.9 270.1 162.6 246.0 266.4 225.6 108.8 308.4 257.7 133.9 262.0 259.7 152.8 133.3 136.8 197.6 196.7 130.5 125.5 372.0 132.9 147.1 201.0 256.1 260.2 258.1 266.1 252.5 274.0 238.1 248.6 266.9 161.8 240.7 256.8 220.3 106.4 305.9 254.3 131.1 262.4 258.8 152.8 133.9 137.8 199.7 205.1 132.1 120.3 373.4 132.1 148.5 209.3 258.6 261.0 257.7 266.4 251.7 275.2 233.9 248.0 264.1 163.5 239.8 256.4 217.5 108.8 304.2 252.0 129.3 260.7 257.5 150.2 132.8 139.3 207.8 216.7 137.2 122.1 374.9 132.0 149.5 235.3 268.3 269.1 265.8 275.4 257.7 291.6 250.0 253.0 266.0 168.5 250.1 262.4 234.5 110.0 312.2 257.5 138.9 262.0 258.9 150.4 133.2 140.9 215.4 226.1 142.5 124.9 382.4 132.6 153.7 268.1 272.4 273.2 269.4 281.6 261.9 302.0 257.3 264.0 276.5 170.8 250.1 271.6 228.7 107.0 321.1 255.7 138.7 264.4 262.0 152.3 134.2 141.6 223.5 233.4 150.2 127.9 384.6 132.4 155.2 271.8 269.0 272.0 268.3 280.8 262.1 295.8 254.5 261.3 280.9 171.0 248.0 262.7 227.8 109.1 315.6 256.3 137.1 264.6 263.0 152.9 134.3 140.5 221.2 229.8 148.7 127.6 383.9 131.7 155.2 238.7 Dairy products........................................................................................ Fresh milk and cream (12/77 = 1 00 )............................................ Fresh whole milk ................................................................... Other fresh milk and cream (12/77 = 1 0 0 ).......................... Processed dairy products ............................................................. Butter ..................................................................................... Cheese (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .......................................................... Ice cream and related products (12/77 = 1 0 0 ).................... Other dairy products (12/77 = 100) ................................... 249.6 136.8 223.4 137.7 147.2 253.5 145.5 150.7 143.9 250.1 135.9 221.9 136.6 149,2 256.2 146.7 154.9 145.2 250.2 135.9 222.1 136.4 149.3 254.8 146.8 155.3 145.7 249.9 135.9 222.3 136.2 148.8 254.1 146.4 154.0 146.0 250.8 136.4 222.7 137.3 149.3 254.7 147.0 154.8 146.1 250.9 136.6 223.3 137.0 149.3 253.4 146.8 155.6 146.2 250.8 136.5 222.9 137.3 149.2 254.4 146.3 155.3 146.9 248.9 136.3 222.6 137.1 147.4 256.1 145.8 149.8 144.6 249.2 135.2 220.9 136.0 149.4 258.7 147.0 154.0 145.8 249.3 135.3 221.2 135.8 149.5 257.4 147.1 154.2 146.1 249.0 135.3 221.4 135.6 149.0 256.6 146.7 153.0 146.5 249.8 135.8 221,7 136.7 149.6 257.1 147.3 153.8 146.7 250.1 136.0 222.3 136.4 149.5 255.9 147.1 154.4 146.7 249.8 135.8 221.9 136.7 149.4 256.9 146.6 154.3 147.4 Fruits and vegetables ............................................................................ Fresh fruits and vegetables .......................................................... Fresh fruits ............................................................................ Apples ............................................................................ Bananas ......................................................................... Oranges ......................................................................... Other fresh fruits (12/77 = 1 0 0 )................................... Fresh vegetables ................................................................... Potatoes ......................................................................... Lettuce............................................... ........................ Tomatoes ...................................................................... Other fresh vegetables (12/77 = 1 0 0 ).......................... 286.9 288.6 282.8 249.3 257.1 299.1 154.4 294.0 241.1 247.9 352.2 175.8 296.7 304.9 304.4 271.8 272.8 299.0 171.1 305.5 316.9 360.4 241.9 163.0 288.9 288.7 279.5 265.9 233.1 307.8 148.5 297.4 305.0 329.8 243.0 163.0 292.6 294.2 270.4 270.0 230.0 283.4 143.0 316.6 317.6 371.8 222.2 177.2 311.0 327.8 289.6 277.0 244.3 301.3 156.9 363.6 342.3 328.3 285.6 226.1 321.0 342.8 296.0 287.9 263.2 303.0 158.2 386.6 359.6 278.5 332.8 252.1 323.2 344.3 300.5 298.6 264.1 309.6 159.1 385.4 363.5 290.5 318.5 249.4 282.9 383.0 272.5 249.6 254.6 272.7 149.0 292.5 236.1 246.6 358.1 174.9 292.7 298.9 293.4 273.8 270.3 271.3 164.7 303.9 311.7 360.9 246.8 161.7 285.1 283.4 269.3 267.3 230.7 279.3 142.9 296.2 300.1 330.0 246.9 162.3 289.3 289.8 261.1 270.8 227.8 257.5 137.8 315.7 314.3 375.0 224.7 176.1 307.3 322.5 279.5 277.6 242.4 275.1 151.1 361.4 337.5 329.8 290.4 224.0 317.2 337.4 286.2 289.3 260.7 276.2 152.6 383.8 353.2 280.2 337.6 249.7 319.4 339.0 290.8 298.7 262.2 284.2 153.4 382.7 357.7 292.6 322.7 247.0 Processed fruits and vegetables..................................................... Processed fruits (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................ Frozen fruit and fruit juices (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ................. Fruit juices other than frozen (12/77 = 100) .............. Canned and dried fruits (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ....................... 287.6 151.3 145.0 156.6 151.0 290.3 150.6 142.1 155.1 152.9 291.6 151.2 143.3 155.5 153.2 293.3 152.0 143.6 155.7 155.0 295.1 152.3 144.7 155.7 155.0 299.9 156.8 154.9 158.4 156.8 302.8 159.5 159.4 160.8 158.3 285.3 151.0 144.1 155.6 151.5 288.2 150.3 141.3 154.0 153.4 289.5 150.8 142.6 154.6 153.5 291.2 151.6 142.9 154.8 155.1 292.9 151.9 143.9 154.7 155.3 297.4 156.3 154.0 157.3 157.1 300.2 159.0 158.6 159.7 158.5 82 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 20. Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e r s G e n e ra l s u m m a ry 1983 U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C l e r ic a l W o r k e r s 1984 1983 1984 M a r. O c t. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. M a r. M a r. O c t. Nov. D ec Jan. Fruits and vegetables— Continued Processed vegetables (12/77 ^ 1 0 0 ) ................................... Frozen vegetables (12/77 100) ................................ Cut corn and canned beans except lima (12/77 = 100) Other canned and dried vegetables (12/77 = 100) . . . . Other foods at hom e............................................................................... Sugar and sweets ......................................................................... Candy and chewing gum (12/77 = 100) Sugar and artificial sweeteners (12/77 = 1 0 0 ).................... Other sweets (12/77 = 1 0 0 ).................................................. Fats and oils (12/77 = 100) ....................................................... Margarine............................................................................... Nondairy substitutes and peanut butter (12/77 = 100) . . . Other fats, oils, and salad dressings (12/77 = 1 0 0 )............ Nonalcoholic beverages ................................................................ Cola drinks, excluding diet cola ............................................ Carbonated drinks, including diet cola (12/77 = 100) . . . . Roasted coffee......................................................................... Freeze dried and instant coffee............................................... Other noncarbonated drinks (12/77 = 100) ....................... Other prepared foods...................................................................... Canned and packaged soup (12/77 = 1 0 0 ).......................... Frozen prepared foods (12/77 = 100) ................................ Snacks (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................................... Seasonings, olives, pickles, and relish (12/77 = 100) . . . Other condiments (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ......................................... Miscellaneous prepared foods (12/77 = 100) .................... Other canned and packaged prepared foods (12/77 = 100) . 137.7 149.7 138 9 131.1 339.1 372.8 150.3 166.9 153.4 258.4 255.8 151.4 130.4 432.7 314.1 146.7 363.2 349.2 141.1 276.0 140.0 153.1 157.9 161.6 154.9 151.7 146.8 141.1 150.6 142.4 135.7 342.7 375.5 151.8 169.3 152.2 271.1 264.6 151.6 140.7 436.4 317.2 150.8 352.8 350.2 141.9 276.8 141.3 154.7 159.0 159.6 156.0 151.8 146.2 141.8 151.8 143.2 136.0 343.4 376.0 152 0 170.4 151.7 275.4 268.9 151.8 143.8 435.2 315.7 149.4 355.4 352.4 141.8 277.9 142.0 156 4 158.6 160.7 155 4 152.8 147.0 142 8 151.5 145.8 136.8 343.6 377.7 152.8 171.1 152.3 278.2 273.7 151.4 145.4 433.7 314.3 148.8 354.2 351.2 141,8 278.2 142.8 155.5 158.9 160.6 155.5 153.3 148.0 144.2 153.3 145.9 138.7 346.6 380.0 154.0 170.9 153.9 279.7 278.2 152.2 145.4 439.1 319.9 149.1 359.2 353.7 143.8 279.9 142.6 157.2 159.5 161.6 156.6 154.3 149.1 144.6 154.2 146.2 138.8 348.4 381.2 154.5 171.8 154.0 281.1 280.5 153.9 145.5 441.8 318.3 152.6 364.3 357 2 144.5 281.4 143.2 156.8 162.8 162.3 156.6 154.6 149.7 144.9 153.5 148.2 138.8 349.7 384.8 156.0 172.5 156.5 280.7 280.1 153.7 145.2 443.5 319.1 153.2 367.6 359.8 144.9 282.1 143.6 156.0 163.3 162.9 156.6 155.0 151.6 136 6 151.3 136.4 129.7 339.9 372.5 150.3 168.3 151.0 258.4 254.5 149.7 131.0 434.5 311.5 144.5 357.9 348.8 141.3 277.5 141.9 152.2 160.1 160.4 156.7 151.9 148.0 140.0 152.0 140.0 134.2 343.5 375 3 151.6 170.8 150.1 271.2 262.6 149.8 141.5 438.4 314.7 148.7 347.6 349.3 142.2 278.2 143.2 153.7 160.8 158.7 157.9 152.0 147.4 140.7 153.4 140.8 134.5 344.2 375.7 151.8 171.7 149.5 275.5 267.1 150.1 144.5 437.3 313.2 147.5 350.2 351.6 142.1 279.4 143.9 155.7 160.7 159.9 157.2 153.0 148.2 141.6 153.2 143.2 135.3 344.4 377.6 152.7 172.4 150.0 278.2 271.7 149.6 146.1 435.7 311.6 146.9 349.0 350.5 142.2 279.7 144.6 154.5 161.0 159.5 157.4 153.5 149.2 143.0 154.9 143.3 137.1 347.4 379.7 153.9 172.0 151.8 279.5 276.4 150.4 145.9 441.1 317.2 147.0 353.9 353.1 144.2 281.5 144.4 156.5 161.6 160.5 158.4 154.5 150.4 143.3 155.8 143.7 137.1 349.1 380.7 154.3 173.0 151.7 280.9 278.8 151.9 146.1. 443.5 315.8 150.3 358.9 356.5 144.8 283.0 145.2 156.1 164.9 161.4 158.4 154 8 150.9 143.6 155.2 145.5 137.1 350.2 384.5 155.9 '173.7 154.2 280.2 278.1 151.8 145.6 444.9 316.1 150.7 362.0 359.1 145.2 283.7 145.5 155.1 165.4 161.9 158.4 155.1 152.8 Food away from home .................................................................................. lunch (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................................ Dinner (12/77 = 1 0 0 )............................................................................ Other meals and snacks (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................... 316.5 153 7 152 0 156.0 323.9 156.7 155.5 160.7 324.8 157.1 156.2 160.8 325.5 157.5 156.5 161.0 327.2 158.0 157.6 162.0 328.5 158.5 158.1 162.9 329.8 159.0 158.9 163.4 319.7 155.3 153.7 156.5 327.2 158.3 157.2 161.2 328.0 158.7 157.9 161.2 328.7 159.0 158.3 161.4 330.4 159.5 159.3 162.5 331.7 160.1 159.9 163.4 333.0 160.6 160.8 163.9 A lc o h o lic b e v e r a g e s 215.1 218.9 218 6 218.1 219.0 219.9 220.7 217.3 221.8 221.5 221.2 222.0 223.0 223.8 Alcoholic beverages at home (12/77 = 100) ............ ............................. Beer and ale ........................................................................................... Wh'Skey........................................................................................ Wine .............................................................................................. Other alcoholic beverages (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................ Alcoholic beverages away from home (12/77 = 100) ............................. 139.1 219.8 151.3 239.1 121.5 145.7 141.4 226.1 153.5 237.1 122.3 148.7 140.9 225.9 152.9 234.8 121.5 149.9 140.4 225.5 152.4 232.1 121.4 150.4 140.8 225.7 153.5 233.2 121.7 151.6 141.5 227.7 153.2 232.4 122.8 152.0 142.0 228.7 153.6 233.6 122 8 152.6 140.6 218.6 151.9 246.8 121.2 146.9 143.4 225.3 154.0 245.5 122.2 149.8 143.0 225.2 153.4 242.3 121.5 150.9 142.6 224.8 152.9 239.9 121.3 151.5 142.8 224.9 153.7 241.0 121.6 153.0 143.6 226.8 153.5 239.8 122.6 153.2 144.1 227.8 153.8 241.5 122.8 153.9 H O U S IN G 319.2 325.2 324.5 324.2 324.7 324.2 322.9 318.6 326.8 327.0 327.4 329.2 331.0 331.5 ............................................................................................................................................. 339.3 349.8 351.1 351 8 353.2 354.0 355.5 Renters’ c o sts ........................................................................................... Rent, residential .................................................................... Other renters’ costs ......................................................................... Homeowners’ c o s ts ........................................................... Owners’ equivalent r e n t ......................................................................... Household insurance........................................................ Maintenance and repairs ................................................................... Maintenance and repair services ........................................................ Maintenance and repair commodities..................................................... 101.4 233.6 340.6 100.9 100.8 101.5 339.9 376.7 257.7 104.8 240.4 362.0 103.9 103.8 105.5 351.1 397.2 259.5 105.0 241.3 359.8 104.3 104.2 106.1 353.4 398.5 262 3 105.1 242.0 356.1 104.5 104.5 106.1 354.7 400.8 262.6 105.7 242.9 361.7 104.9 104.8 106.6 356.7 402.4 264.6 106.0 243.6 362.5 105.1 105.1 107.1 353.5 400.9 260.4 106.5 244.8 364.5 105.6 105.5 107.1 355.3 405.9 259.3 S h e lte r (C P I-U ) Feb. M a r. S h e l t e r ( C P I - W ) .............................................................................................................. 341.1 347.6 347.1 346.6 346.1 343.7 342.0 Rent, residential.................................................................................. 233.1 239.8 240.7 241.3 242.3 242.9 244.1 Other renters' costs ......................................................................... Lodging while out of town.............................................................. Tenants' insurance (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................................ 339.0 353.1 152.6 359.3 374.2 158.6 357.3 370.9 159.4 352.9 363.9 159.4 359.1 374.0 160.4 360.9 377.9 161.1 363.0 381.3 161.1 Homeownership..................................................... Home purchase ..................................................................................... Financing, taxes, and insurance.............................................................. Property insurance......................................................................... Property taxes ............................................................................... Contracted mortgage interest c o s ts ............................................... Mortgage interest rates........................................................ Maintenance and repairs.................................................................... Maintenance and repair services............................................... 379.9 298.9 491.8 419.2 231.7 625.7 207.5 337.5 376.6 385.9 301.3 500.6 437.4 239.1 634.7 208.8 348.1 392.5 384.9 300.0 499.2 438.0 239.6 632.2 208.6 349.1 393.3 384.1 298.9 497.6 437.2 240.7 629.4 208.7 351.0 395.6 382.9 298.0 494.8 438.3 242.7 624.1 207.6 353.0 397.6 379.4 294.4 490.5 439.3 243.2 617.2 207.7 351.9 396.8 376.6 292.5 484.8 439.9 244.1 607.9 205.4 353.8 400.3 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 83 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW June 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices 20. Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e rs M a r. O c t. U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C le r ic a l W o r k e r s 1984 1983 G e n e ra l s u m m a ry Nov. D ec. Jan. Feb. 1983 M a r. Homeownership— Continued Maintenance and repair commodities.................................................... Paint and wallpaper, supplies, tools, and equipment (12/77 = 1 0 0 ).................................................. Lumber, awnings, glass, and masonry (12/77 = 1 0 0 )............ Plumbing, electrical, heating, and cooling Miscellaneous supplies and equipment (12/77 = 1 0 0 )............ 1984 M a r. O c t. Nov. Dec Jan. Feb. M a r. 254.2 254.7 255.9 257.0 259.0 257.4 256.3 146.0 124.1 145.7 124.2 147.3 123.8 149.1 123.7 150.8 125.2 147.6 125.6 147.3 124.3 137.5 142.4 141.3 141.9 139.1 144.0 138.4 143.7 139.9 143.1 139.4 144.3 138.6 144.0 F u e l a n d o t h e r u t i l i t i e s ................................................................................................................................................... 363.8 374.4 371.3 370.6 376.0 383.0 380.1 365.2 375.7 372.8 372.0 377.3 384.2 381.3 F u e ls ............................................................................................................... Fuel oil, coal, and bottled gas................................................................ Fuel oil ........................................................................................... Other fuels (6/78 = 100) .................... ........................................ Gas (piped) and electricity...................................................................... Electricity........................................................................................ Utility (piped) gas ......................................................................... Other utilities and public services ................................................................ Telephone services.................................................................................. Local charges (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ....................................................... Interstate toll calls (12/77 = 100) ............................................... Intrastate toll calls (12/77 = 100) ............................................... Water and sewerage maintenance.......................................................... 459.7 625.3 636.4 185.9 418.0 321.2 568.3 211.4 172.1 140.3 121.8 116.3 345.6 474.4 624.7 632.6 191.0 435.6 339.2 582.4 215.8 174.1 142.2 121.5 119.0 361.7 468.1 623.9 631.5 191.4 428.2 331.8 576.3 217.3 175.4 143.8 121.5 119.8 363.6 467.4 623.9 631.5 191.4 427.5 329.8 578.2 216.5 174.3 142.2 121.4 119.7 364.3 470.4 642.8 652.7 193.6 427.3 332.8 571.1 224.6 183.3 154.3 121.4 122.1 367.4 479.6 688.6 705.0 197.4 429.0 334.2 573.6 228.0 186.8 159.0 122.4 122.1 369.0 475.2 660.0 671.6 196.4 429.5 335.8 571.4 227.4 185.9 157.7 122.4 122.0 369.5 459.5 627.3 637.9 187.0 417.5 320.7 565.9 212.2 172.5 140.6 122.2 116.2 349.0 474.0 627.2 635.1 191.9 434.5 338.8 578.3 216.9 174.7 142.8 121.9 119.1 366.2 467.8 626.4 633.9 192.4 427.5 330.8 574.0 218.4 176.0 144.4 121.9 119.8 367.8 467.2 626.4 633.9 192.3 426.7 329.0 575.7 217.4 174.7 142.6 121.9 119.8 368.5 469.9 645.1 654.9 194.4 426.2 331.9 568.1 225.7 183.9 154.8 121.9 122.2 371.7 479.1 691.4 707.6 198.1 427.9 333.3 570.1 229.2 187.5 159.6 122.8 122.1 373.2 474.7 662.4 673.9 197.1 428.4 335.1 567.9 228.5 186.6 158.4 122.8 122.0 373.9 H o u s e h o ld fu r n is h in g s a n d o p e ra tio n s 237.6 239.4 239 9 240.5 240.4 240.4 241.2 234.6 236.2 236.7 237.3 237.3 237.4 238.0 Housefurnishings ........................................................................................... Textile housefurnishings......................................................................... Household linens (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .................................................. Curtains, drapes, slipcovers, and sewing materials (12/77 = 100) .......................................................... Furniture and bedding..................................................................................... Bedroom furniture (12/77 = 100) ............................................... Sofas (12/77 = 100) ................................................................... Living room chairs and tables (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................. Other furniture (12/77 = 100) .................................................... Appliances including TV and sound equipment ................................... Television and sound equipment ................................................. Television ............................................................................... Sound equipment (12/77 = 100) ......................................... Household appliances ................................................................... Refrigerators and home freezers............................................ Laundry equipment................................................................ Other household appliances (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ....................... Stoves, dishwashers, vacuums, and sewing machines (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................... Office machines, small electric appliances, and air conditioners (12/77 = 100) ................................... Other household equipment (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ......................................... Floor and window coverings, infants', laundry, cleaning, and outdoor equipment (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .................... Clocks, lamps, and decor items (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .......................... Tableware, serving pieces, and nonelectric kitchenware (12/77 = 1 0 0 )........................................................ Lawn equipment, power tools, and other hardware (12/77 = 100) .......................................................... 197.1 230.3 136.7 198.0 228.8 136.0 198.4 229.6 135.7 198.8 230.3 135.6 197.9 227.6 133.0 197.6 232.0 137.4 198.3 236.1 140.1 195.3 234.8 137.9 196,0 232.0 137.0 196.4 233.0 136.4 196.9 233.1 136.2 196.3 230.9 134.1 196.0 235.5 138.5 196.7 240.0 141.2 150.9 215.8 148.9 118.3 122.0 139.7 151.9 106.9 101.2 113.1 187.7 193.3 142.5 124.6 149.6 219.8 152.9 118.8 125.4 141.2 151.2 104.9 99.1 111.0 190.3 194.0 142.7 127.0 151.1 220.1 152.6 119.8 125.6 141.4 151.0 105.0 98.8 111,6 189.2 193.0 144.1 125.9 152.0 221.3 154.9 120.2 124.4 142.3 150.9 104.8 99.0 111,0 189.4 , 195.8 144.4 125.5 151.3 219.5 154.4 119.4 124.8 139.2 151.0 104.9 98.8 111.3 189.5 196.5 145.7 125.2 152.3 216.7 148.7 118.5 124.5 139.7 151.1 104.5 98.1 111.2 190.7 196.2 145.9 126.4 154.6 218.4 149.1 119.8 124.5 142.1 150.5 103.6 97.9 109.7 191.0 197.2 147.4 126.2 156.2 213.2 146.0 118.9 122.6 136.0 151.7 105.9 99.9 111.9 188.0 198.9 142.9 122.7 153.6 216.6 149.0 119.2 126.5 137.2 151.7 103.9 97.8 110.0 190.5 200.0 144.1 125.2 155.6 217.1 149.5 120.0 126.6 137.1 151.6 104.1 97.4 110.7 190.1 198.9 145.2 124.6 156.1 218.3 151.3 120.3 125.7 138.2 151.7 103.9 97.6 110.1 190.5 201.7 145.1 124.2 155.5 216.7 151.1 119.2 125.9 135.4 151.9 104.0 97.5 110.5 190.7 202.1 146.6 123.6 156.6 213.7 145.3 118.3 125.7 135.9 152.2 103.5 96.7 110.2 192.1 201.9 147.1 125.3 159.5 215.3 145.9 119.7 125.7 137.9 151.9 102.5 96.5 108.6 192.8 203.1 148.6 125.2 124.2 125.9 125.8 124.5 123.3 127.2 127.1 122.4 124.1 124.6 123.5 122.3 126.4 126.4 125.2 140.7 128.3 141,3 126.2 142.1 126.6 142.3 127.2 142.1 126.1 141.7 125.8 141.6 122.9 138.6 126.4 138.9 124.6 139.7 124.9 140.1 125.2 140.0 124.0 139.5 123.8 139.2 143.0 133.9 146.5 134.0 147.3 135.5 146.6 134.1 145.5 130.9 145.9 132.0 145.4 132.8 135.0 129.2 138.2 129.3 138.8 131.0 138.4 129.6 137.5 126.6 137.6 128.1 137.0 128.5 146.4 145.6 146.2 147.4 149.6 148.2 148.2 142.6 141.7 142.4 143.6 145.5 144.1 144.2 135.5 135.9 136.6 137.2 136.9 136.1 135.3 140.9 141.2 141.8 142.4 142.2 141.0 140.1 Housekeeping supplies .................................................................................. Soaps and detergents............................................................................ Other laundry and cleaning products (12/77 = 100) .......................... Cleansing and toilet tissue, paper towels and napkins (12/77 = 100) Stationery, stationery supplies, and gift wrap (12/77 = 100) ............ Miscellaneous household products (12/77 = 100) ............................. Lawn and garden supplies (12/77 = 1 0 0 )............................................ 295.4 292.3 149.5 149.3 139.3 154.4 145.0 296.6 295.2 151.6 147.8 139.5 155.9 144.1 297.0 296.7 151.5 148.2 140.9 155.5 143.0 298.6 295.9 152.7 148.6 141.7 156.6 145.4 299.4 296.3 153.6 149.2 141.7 157.4 145.0 300.0 296.5 154.5 148.8 141.7 158.3 145.2 300.6 296.1 153.7 149.3 141.7 159.5 146.6 292.2 288.1 148.3 149.1 142.3 149.2 138.5 293.6 291.1 150.5 148.0 142.6 150.4 137.2 293.9 292.7 150.2 148.3 144.0 150.0 136.0 295.3 291.8 151.5 148.6 144.7 151.1 138.3 296.3 292.2 152.3 149.4 144.8 152.0 138.0 296.9 292.3 153.2 149.0 145.0 152.8 138.3 297.1 291.7 152.4 149.4 144.7 154.0 138.9 Housekeeping services .................................................................................. Postage.................................................................................................... Moving, storage, freight, household laundry, and drycleaning services (12/77 = 1 0 0 ).................................................. Appliance and furniture repair (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ...................................... 316.4 337.5 321.6 337.5 322.3 337.5 322.8 337.5 324.1 337.5 324.8 337.5 326.1 337.5 316.1 337.5 321.7 337.5 322.3 337.5 322.9 337.5 324.4 337.5 325.3 337.5 326.0 337.5 160.6 141.5 167.1 145.8 168.1 146.2 168.4 147.1 171.0 147,5 171.7 148.3 171.7 148.8 160.7 139.8 167.3 144.0 168.2 144.3 168.5 145.2 171.1 145.6 171.9 146.5 172.0 146.9 APPAREL AND UPKEEP 194.5 200.7 200.7 199.3 196.4 196.2 198.8 194.0 199.8 199.7 198.1 195.3 195.4 198.0 A p p a r e l c o m m o d i t i e s ......................................................................................................................................................... 182.8 188.7 188.6 186.9 183.6 183.2 185.9 182.9 188.4 188.2 186.3 183.1 183.0 185.8 Apparel commodities less footwear....................................................... Men's and boys ..................................................................................... Men s (12/77 = 100) ................................................................... Suits, sport coats, and jackets (12.77 100) ................. Coats and rackets................................................................... Furnishings and special clothing (12 77 1 0 0 ) ................. 178.9 186.7 117,1 109.1 100.0 141.4 185.4 192.1 120.8 113,7 105.7 145.7 185.2 193.0 121.6 114.8 105.5 147.3 183.4 191.8 120.9 112.9 104.4 147.8 179.8 189.7 119.3 110.8 101.7 145.9 179.3 187.9 118,1 107.6 98.1 145.2 182.3 189.9 119.4 110.6 98.1 146.1 178.9 187.0 117.6 102.1 102.2 137.6 185.0 192.5 121.4 106.9 108.9 141.9 184.5 193.4 122.2 107.7 108.8 143.6 182.5 192.1 121.5 105.8 107.6 144.1 178.9 190.2 119.8 104.0 104.3 141.9 178.9 188.7 118.9 101.2 101.3 141.2 181.9 190.5 120.1 104.1 101.4 142.1 84 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 20. Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e rs U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C le r ic a l W o r k e r s 1984 1983 G e n e ra l s u m m a ry 1984 1983 M a r. O c t. Nov. D ec. Jan. Feb. M ar. M ar. O c t. Nov. Dec Jan. Feb. M a r. Men's— Continued Shirts (12/77 = 1 0 0 )............................................................. Dungarees, jeans, and trousers (12/77 = 100) ................. Boys' (12/77 = 100) ................................................................... Coats, jackets, sweaters, and shirts (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ........... Furnishings (12/77 = 100) ................................................. Suits, trousers, sport coats, and jackets (12/77 = 100) . , Women's and girls' ............................................................................... Women’s (12/77 = 100) ............................................................. Coats and jackets................................................................... Dresses ................................................................................. Separates and sportswear (12/77 = 100) .......................... Underwear, nightwear, and hosiery (12/77 = 100) ............ Suits (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................. Girls’ (12/77 = 1 0 0 )...................................................................... Coats, jackets, dresses, and suits (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .............. Separates and sportswear (12/77 = 100) .......................... Underwear, nightwear, hosiery, and accessories (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .............................................. Infants' and toddlers' ............................................................................ Other apparel commodities ................................................................... Sewing materials and notions (12/77 = 100) ............................. Jewelry and luggage (12/77 = 100) ........................................... 121.7 111.5 123.2 115.5 134.0 124.9 160.0 106.2 170.1 158.5 98.5 131.0 83.7 107.6 98.4 105.6 125.1 113.1 125.4 120.9 136.2 124.7 168.6 112.3 175.9 173.8 103.9 135.6 89.9 111.4 105.8 106.8 125 2 113.9 125.2 119.9 137.6 124.4 167.0 110.9 173.3 171.9 102.0 136.1 85.7 111.8 106.2 107.6 125.7 112.9 123.9 118.8 137.0 122.7 164.9 109.5 170.3 172.0 98.9 136.5 81.7 110.2 101.8 106.7 125.7 111.4 124.0 118.8 136.2 123.3 158.8 105.4 162.8 164.1 94.5 134.8 75.2 106.6 98.1 102.6 125.7 112.1 123.1 118.4 136.2 121.6 159.0 105.6 162.9 166.5 93.0 135.5 75.2 106.4 98.9 102.2 127.0 112.4 124.1 119.7 137.9 122.1 163.3 108.7 167.2 175.9 92.5 136.8 85.0 108.0 100.6 103.9 124.4 117.4 121.4 116.4 129.6 122.3 162.8 108.4 178.4 144.4 99.2 130.7 104.7 108.0 97.6 107.5 127.8 119.1 123.9 122.7 131.9 121.8 170.4 114.0 181.2 158.9 104.2 135.3 112.6 110.4 103.1 107.4 127.8 120.1 123.8 122.1 133.3 121.6 168.6 112.4 177.4 158.0 102.4 135.7 105.8 110.8 103.3 108.3 128.5 118.8 122.4 120.6 132.9 120.0 166.0 110.8 174.8 157.1 99.4 136.2 100.2 108.8 98.8 106.3 128.9 117.1 122.7 121.1 132.1 120.6 160.0 106.8 166.9 150.5 94.7 134.4 93.9 104.8 95.1 101.4 128.8 117.8 121.7 120.7 131.9 119.0 160.7 107.2 166.9 153.7 93.3 135.2 95.0 105.6 96.6 102.7 130.0 118.3 122.8 122.0 133.4 119.6 165.3 110.5 172.8 162.9 93.0 136.5 106.4 107.4 98.3 104.6 126.4 280.1 213.4 120.4 145.4 129.0 289.0 215.5 120.4 147.4 128.7 288.7 216.6 118.6 149.2 130.5 282.7 215.6 121.4 147.0 128.0 283.6 215.5 119.8 147.6 126.3 286.2 216.1 122.4 147.0 128.0 288.0 217.2 120.8 148.8 125.6 291.1 201.9 118.4 136.1 127.6 299.9 204.0 118.5 138.0 127.5 298.1 205.2 116.8 140.0 129.1 292.1 204.2 119.3 137.8 126.5 292.4 203.7 117.7 138.1 125.2 297.0 204.4 121.1 137.2 126.9 298.6 205.3 119.7 138.7 Footwear......................................................................................................... Men's (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................................ Boys' and girls' (12/77 = 1 0 0 )............................................................. Women's (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ...................................................................... 206.6 133.2 131.1 125.5 208.6 135.0 131.1 127.1 209.1 135.8 131.8 126.7 207.9 134.7 132.9 125.2 206.7 134.4 132.6 123.7 206.4 135.0 131,4 123.5 207.7 135.2 131.2 125.5 206.1 134.8 133.2 121.1 208.1 136.9 133.2 122.6 209.1 137.6 134.0 122.9 208.3 136.6 135.2 121.7 207.3 136.4 135.0 120.3 207.0 136.9 133.9 120.3 208.3 137.1 133.8 122.3 A p p a r e l s e r v ic e s ................................................................................................................................................................... 286.7 294.6 296.2 297.0 298.3 299.7 300.8 284.9 292.6 294.3 295.0 296.1 297.6 298.8 Laundry and drycleaning other than coin operated (12/77 = 100) ............ Other apparel services (12/77 = 1 0 0 ).......................................................... 170.8 150.4 176.0 153.8 177.0 154.5 177.7 154.5 179.0 154.2 180.2 154.4 180.7 155.3 169.3 151.4 174.3 154.9 175.4 155.6 176.0 155.6 177.3 155.4 178.5 155.5 179.1 156.5 T R A N S P O R T A T IO N 287.4 305.7 306.3 306.3 306.0 305.8 306.9 288.6 306.9 308 2 308.2 307.9 307.7 308.9 P - i v a t e .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 282.7 300.4 301.7 301.8 300 9 300.8 301.9 285.0 303.6 304.9 305.0 304.1 303.9 305.2 New c ars ......................................................................................................... Used cars ...................................................................................................... Gasoline ......................................................................................................... Automobile maintenance and repair ............................................................. Body work (12/77 = 100) ................................................................... Automobile drive train, brake, and miscellaneous mechanical repair (12/77 = 100) .................................................... Maintenance and servicing (12/77 = 1 0 0 )............................................ Power plant repair (12/77 = 100) ....................................................... Other private transportation............................................................................ Other private transportation commodities ............................................ Motor oil, coolant, and other products (12/77 = 100) ............... Automobile parts and equipment (12/77 = 100) ....................... T ire s ....................................................................................... Other parts and equipment (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .......................... Other private transportation services.................................................... Automobile insurance ................................................................... Automobile finance charges (12/77 = 100) ................................ Automobile rental, registration, and other fees (12/77 = 100) . . State registration ................................................................... Drivers' licenses (12/77 = 1 0 0 )............................................ Vehicle inspection (12/77 = 1 0 0 )......................................... Other vehicle-related fees (12/77 = 1 0 0 )............................. 201.2 309.3 348.6 326.6 163.6 204.3 350.4 382.4 333.5 169.0 206.2 356.1 378.1 335.2 169.5 207.0 357.6 375.2 335.4 169.6 207.2 357.3 370.3 336.1 170.2 207.2 357.2 368.8 337 4 170.3 207.2 362.2 368.6 338.3 170.7 200.9 309.3 350.3 327.4 162.5 203.8 350.4 384.3 334.1 167.8 205.7 356.1 380.1 335 6 168.2 206.5 357.6 377.0 335.9 168.3 206.7 357.3 372.1 336.6 168.9 206.7 357.2 370.7 338.1 169.0 206.7 362.2 370.5 339.0 169.3 156.3 150.9 156.2 259.2 213.3 154.8 135.5 188.1 133.9 273.9 297.0 161.9 141.1 186.6 133.9 129.2 157.0 161.9 152.5 159.1 263.3 208.1 152.7 131.9 181.7 133.0 280.5 309.4 157.2 147.1 195.4 154.0 139.8 160.2 163.4 152.7 160.2 265.6 209.2 152.9 132.7 183.1 133.0 283.1 312.8 159.1 147.3 195.4 154.5 139.8 160.5 163.6 152.8 160.1 266.8 208.4 153.3 132.4 182 7 132.9 284.8 315.0 160.0 147.5 195.6 154.5 139 8 160.7 163.8 152.9 160.9 267.6 203.3 153.3 128.3 175.7 132.1 287.2 318.8 160.1 148.9 195.1 158.0 139.2 163.5 164.4 153.5 161.8 267.7 202.8 153.8 127 8 174.2 132.0 287.5 319.8 159.3 149.1 195.1 158.0 139.2 163.9 165.1 153.9 162.1 268.3 201.3 152.5 126.9 171.8 133.2 288.7 322.3 159.2 149.1 195.5 158.0 139.2 163.5 160.3 150.3 155.6 260.5 215.8 153.8 137,4 191.7 133.8 274.8 296.3 161.0 141.9 186.3 134.1 130.5 165.1 165.7 151.7 158.5 264.4 210.7 152.2 133.8 185.4 132.8 281.1 308.8 156.8 148.2 195.2 154.4 140.5 167.6 167.2 151.9 159,5 266.6 211.7 151.7 134.6 187.0 132.9 283.7 312.1 158.7 148.3 195.2 154.8 140.5 167.7 167.4 152.0 159.5 267.9 211.4 152.3 134.3 186.5 132.7 285.4 314.3 159.7 148.6 195.4 154.8 140.5 167.9 167.6 152.0 160.4 268.4 205.6 152.2 130.0 178.5 131.9 287.6 318.0 159.6 149.8 195.0 158.3 139 9 170.4 168.4 152.8 161.2 268.5 205.2 152.7 129.6 177.9 131.8 287.7 318.9 158.7 150.1 195.0 158.3 139.9 171.1 169.1 153.1 161.6 269.1 203.5 152 3 128.5 175.1 132.7 289.0 321.5 158.7 150.1 195.4 158.3 139.9 170.7 P u b lic ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 354.5 368.2 370.3 369.0 378.2 377.4 377.4 347.3 358.5 359.9 359.0 371.1 370.1 370.2 Airline fa r e ...................................................................................................... Intercity bus fare .......................................................................................... Intracity mass tra n s it..................................................................................... Taxi fare ......................................................................................................... Intercity train f a r e .......................................................................................... 402 9 389.4 320.1 300.8 351.9 426.6 417.7 324.8 303.1 365.4 431.6 416.0 324.3 304.7 364.8 428 5 405.5 324.5 307.6 370.7 430.3 425.3 342.8 308.2 373.7 429.5 428.2 341.4 308.3 373.5 429.0 427.6 342.0 308.5 373.4 398.9 392.0 319.0 310.4 352.3 422.5 417.6 323.0 312.2 366.1 427.2 416.9 322.5 313.5 365.6 424.4 402.6 322.7 316.7 371.3 426.4 423.9 342.8 317.2 374.0 425.5 427.1 341.3 317.5 373.8 424.9 426.8 341.8 317.7 373.7 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 352.3 362.9 364.9 366.2 369 5 373.2 374.5 350.0 360.9 362.9 364.3 367.5 371.3 372.6 M e d i c a l c a r e c o m m o d i t i e s ......................................................................................................................................... 218.6 227.5 228.9 229 9 231.2 232 9 235.0 219.0 227.8 229.1 230.1 231.5 233.2 235.3 Prescription drugs.......................................................................................... Anti-infective drugs (12/77 = 1 0 0 )....................................................... Tranquilizers and sedatives (12/77 = 100) ......................................... Circulatories and diuretics (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................ Hormones, diabetic drugs, biologicals, and prescription medical supplies (12/77 = 1 0 0 )................................... 208.7 153.8 171.4 151.2 218.6 158.6 182.8 158.1 220.8 159.1 186.9 159.9 222.3 161.2 188.4 160.6 223.7 161.4 190.1 161.5 226.4 163.4 193.0 164.7 228.2 163.9 195.5 164.7 209.9 155.8 171.2 151.0 219.9 160.8 182.6 157.9 222.1 161.5 186.7 159.7 223.1 163.5 188.3 160.3 225.0 164.2 190.0 161.1 227.9 165.8 192.9 164.4 229.7 166.3 195.4 164.3 192.4 201.9 204.0 205 0 205.8 207.2 209.7 194.2 204.0 206.1 207.1 207.9 209.4 211.9 M E D IC A L C A R E https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 85 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW June 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices 20. Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e r s G e n e ra l s u m m a ry 1983 U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C le r ic a l W o r k e r s 1984 M a r. O c t. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. 1983 M a r. M a r. 1984 O c t. Nov. Dec Jan. Feb. M a r. Prescription drugs— Continued Pam and symptom control drugs (12 77 1 0 0 ) ................................ Supplements, cough and cold preparations, and respiratory agents (12/77 1 0 0 ) ..................................................... 170.0 178.7 180.5 181.1 182.1 183.8 185.5 171.7 180 6 182.4 183.0 184.2 185.9 187.7 157.8 164.2 164.7 165.7 167.1 169.8 171.4 158.1 164.5 165.1 166.2 167.4 170.4 172.0 Nonprescription drugs and medical supplies (12 77 1 0 0 )....................... Eyeglasses (12 77 ■ 100) ................................................................... Internal and respiratory over-the-counter d ru g s ................................... Nonprescription medical equipment and supplies (12,77 100) . . . 152.3 134.9 245.5 148.0 157.5 137.3 256.1 151.8 157.9 137.8 256.4 152.7 158.3 137.7 257.5 152.6 159.2 137.9 259.4 153.4 159.6 138.0 260.1 154.6 161.2 138.4 263.1 155.8 153.1 133.7 246.8 149.4 158.3 136.2 257.4 153.0 158.8 136.6 257.7 154.1 159.1 136.5 258.8 154.0 160.1 136.8 260.6 155.0 160.6 137.0 261.4 155.7 162.1 137.3 264 4 157.5 M e d ic a l c a r e s e r v ic e s ............................................................................................ 382.2 392.9 395.0 396.3 400.0 404.4 405 3 379.0 390.2 392 3 393 8 397.5 401.8 402.7 Professional services ..................................................................................... Physicians' services............................................................................... Dental services........................................................................................ Other professional services (12/77 -- 100) ......................................... 316.7 346.4 294.6 151.6 329.7 358.5 310.7 155.4 331.7 360.5 312.9 155.9 332.9 362.0 314.0 156.2 335.9 366.0 316.0 157.4 339.8 370.4 319.8 158.7 341.1 372.2 321.1 158.8 316 9 349.8 292 3 148.3 330.1 362.3 308.5 151.8 332.0 364.3 310.7 152 5 333.3 365.9 311.8 152.7 336.3 369.9 313.9 153.8 340.3 374 4 317 8 155.0 341.6 376.1 319.0 155.0 Other medical care services................................................................ Hospital and other medical services (12/77 1 0 0 )............................. Hospital r o o m ..................................................................................... Other hospital and medical care services (12 77 100) .............. 461.4 189.5 606.2 185.6 469 3 199 4 638.0 195.1 471.5 201.0 641.9 197.1 473.0 202.2 643.5 198.8 477.9 204.3 650.2 200.9 482.5 2064 657.9 202.7 482.8 207.0 659.4 203.3 457.1 187.8 598.8 184.3 465.6 197.3 630.2 193.3 467 9 199.0 633.9 195.4 469 5 200.1 635.9 197.0 474.1 202 1 641.9 199.1 479.0 204.4 650.4 201.0 479.3 204.9 651.7 201.5 E N T E R T A IN M E N T 244.6 249.1 249.5 249.5 249.9 251.5 251.7 240.8 245.4 245.7 245.8 246.2 247.7 248.0 E n t e r t a in m e n t c o m m o d it ie s 246.8 249 3 249.0 248.7 248.9 250.7 250.6 240.8 243.7 243.4 243.1 243.6 245.3 245.3 Reading materials (12/77 100) ........................................................ Newspapers ........................................................................................... Magazines, periodicals, and books (12 77 = 100)............................. 159.3 299.6 167.1 163 4 306.9 171.7 162 9 307.7 170 2 162.3 308.2 168.6 160.7 308.6 165.0 164.1 310.2 171.2 162.4 311.8 166.6 158 7 299.8 167 3 162 8 307.0 172.0 162.3 307.8 170.4 161.8 308 3 168.7 160.3 308.6 164.9 163.4 310.4 171.3 161.9 312.0 166.5 Sporting goods and equipment (12 77 1 0 0 ) ................................... Sport vehicles (12 77 100) ............................................................. Indoor and warm weather sport equipment (12 77 1 00 )................. Bicycles..................................................................................... Other sporting goods and equipment (12 77 1 0 0 ) .......................... 134.2 137.3 120.8 197.0 131.6 134.5 137.3 118.6 199 9 134.0 134.7 137.3 118.1 198.6 134.5 135 0 138.5 117.4 198.2 134.8 136.1 139.8 117.8 200.1 135.2 135.9 139.5 117.4 201.5 134.6 136.1 139 9 117.1 201 5 134 0 127.2 126 4 118.4 198.0 131.5 128.6 128.2 116.4 200.7 133.8 128.7 128.5 116.0 199.3 134.4 129.1 129 2 115.3 199.0 134.7 130.1 130.5 115.8 200.9 134.6 130.3 130.7 115.3 202 4 134.2 130.0 130.4 115.1 202.5 133.8 Toys, hobbies, and other entertainment (12 77 100) ............................. Toys, hobbies, and music equipment (12 77 1 0 0 ).......................... Photographic supplies and equipment (12 77 100) ....................... Pet supplies and expenses (12 77 1 0 0 )......................................... 138.6 137.6 131.6 145.6 139 3 137.3 131 9 148.5 139.1 136.7 131.7 148.8 138.8 136.6 130.2 148.9 139.3 137.0 130.1 150.1 139 8 137.3 131.9 149.9 140.5 138.6 132 6 149.7 137.3 133.7 132.8 146.5 138.1 133.5 133.0 149.6 137.8 132 8 132.7 149.9 137.6 132.9 131.2 150.1 138.2 133.4 131.2 151.1 138.7 133.8 133.0 150.9 139 5 135.2 133.8 150.8 E n t e r t a in m e n t s e r v ic e s 241.9 249 2 250 5 251.1 251.8 253.1 253.8 242.1 249 7 251.0 251.7 252.1 253.2 253.9 Fees for participant sports (12 77 1 00 ).................................................. Admissions (12 77 1 0 0 )..................................................... Other entertainment services (12 77 100) ...................................... 150 9 140.1 131.0 155.6 145.8 132 6 156.4 146.6 133.3 156.9 147.2 133.0 157.8 147.3 132.9 158 6 148.3 133.4 158.5 148.9 134.5 152 2 139.1 131.8 156 9 144.8 133.6 157.7 145.6 134,4 158.1 146.3 134.0 158 8 146.2 133.9 159.2 147.2 134.4 159.2 147,8 135.7 299.2 299.7 O T H E R G O O D S A N D S E R V IC E S 281.9 296 8 298 1 298.6 300.5 301.5 302.1 280.0 294.1 295.5 295.9 298.1 T o b a c c o p ro d u c ts 283 3 299.0 299.9 299.9 304.3 305 4 305.6 282 7 298 8 299.7 299 6 304 0 305.1 305.2 Cigarettes ................................................................... Other tobacco products and smoking accessories (12 77 290 4 148.6 307.4 151 4 308.2 152.7 308.0 153.9 312.8 154.9 313.8 156.1 313.8 157.0 289 3 148.5 306.5 151.4 307.3 152.7 307.0 153.9 311.8 154.9 312.7 156.0 312.8 157.0 1 0 0 ).............. P e rs o n a l c are 257 8 263.3 265 6 266.3 266 9 267.9 267.8 255 8 261.5 263 7 264.4 265.0 266.1 265.7 Toilet goods and personal care appliances................................... Products for the hair, hairpieces, and wigs (12 77 100) , . . Dental and shaving products (12 77 100) . . . Cosmetics, bath and nail preparations, manicure and eye makeup implements (12 77 100 )............................. Other toilet goods and small personal care appliances (1277 100) . . . 257.1 148.5 160.4 263.0 152.7 163.1 265.7 154.5 166 7 266.3 154.0 167.3 266.8 154.3 167.8 267.9 154.7 168.1 265.9 154.1 164.6 257.8 147.8 158.9 263.9 151.9 161.2 266.6 153.6 165.1 267.1 153.1 165.6 267.5 153.2 166.0 268.7 153.8 166.3 266.6 153.3 162.9 146 0 144.9 147.7 148.9 150.5 149.8 150.7 150.0 151.0 150.6 152.4 150.0 151.8 146.7 150.5 148.5 148.9 154.1 150.1 154.1 151.1 154.4 151.1 154.8 151.7 156.2 1508 155.4 Personal care services ................................ Beauty parlor services for women ................. Haircuts and other barber shop services for men (12 77 259.5 262.4 143.7 264 6 267.5 146 8 266.6 269.8 147.5 267.4 270.7 147.8 268.1 271 2 148.4 269.0 272.3 148.7 270.4 273.4 149.9 254.3 255.5 142.6 259 6 260.7 145.6 261.4 262.9 146.3 262.1 203.7 146.7 263.0 264.5 147.2 264.0 265.7 147.5 265 3 266.6 148.6 P e r s o n a l a n d e d u c a t io n a l e x p e n s e s 323 9 350.9 351 3 352 1 353.5 354.4 356.4 325.7 352.4 352.9 353.7 355.4 356.4 359.2 Schoolbooks and supplies ................. Personal and educational services . Tuition and other school fees . . . College tuition (12/77 = 100) . , Elementary and high school tuition (12/77 Personal expenses (12/77 = 100) 292.3 331.5 167.4 167.0 168.8 181.2 308.5 360.6 182 9 182.7 183.9 193.4 308.8 361.0 182.9 182.7 183.9 194.6 308 9 361.9 182.9 182.8 183 9 196.8 314.4 362.7 183.0 182.9 183.9 198.6 317.2 363.3 183.2 183.0 183.9 199.6 317.1 365.7 184.3 184.5 183.9 201.2 296.3 333.2 167.9 167.1 169.8 181.1 312.9 362.0 183.3 182.6 184.9 193.9 313.0 352.9 183 3 182.6 184.9 195 2 313.0 363.6 183.3 182.7 184.9 197.3 318.8 364.5 183.4 182.7 184.9 199.1 321.7 365.2 183.5 182.9 184.9 200.2 321.6 368.6 185.2 185.4 184.9 202.1 346.7 411.8 330 4 357 9 379.5 419.7 341.8 369.7 375.5 419.8 339.4 370.4 372.5 419.4 338.5 372.0 367 9 418.4 343.6 373.9 366.0 415.7 345.5 373.8 366.5 412.6 345.5 376.1 100) 100) .................... S p e c i a l in d e x e s : Gasoline, motor oil. coolant, and other products Insurance and finance.................. Utilities and public transportation . Housekeeping and home maintenance services 86 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 345.2 377 8 373.7 370 9 366.3 365.1 364.7 331.1 356.0 343.0 363.4 340.7 364 2 339.8 364.9 344.6 366.4 346.6 366.9 346.5 368.7 21. Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Cross classification of region and population size class by expenditure category and commodity and service group [December 1977 = 100] C a te g o ry a n d g ro u p (3 8 5 ,0 0 0 -1 .2 5 0 1984 1983 O c t. Dec. S iz e c la s s C S iz e c la s s D (7 5 ,0 0 0 -3 8 5 ,0 0 0 ) ( 7 5 , 0 0 0 o r le s s ) S iz e c la s s B S iz e c la s s A (1 . 2 5 m illio n o r m o re ) Feb. 1984 1983 O c t. m illio n ) D ec. 1984 1983 Feb. O c t. j 1984 1983 D ec. Feb. O c t. j D ec. Feb. N o rth e a s t E X P E N D IT U R E C A T E G O R Y All Items ................................................................................................................................. Food and beverages ...................................................................................................... Housing........................................................................................................................... Apparel and upkeep ...................................................................................................... Transportation ............................................................................................................... Medical care .................................................................................................................. Entertainment.................................................................................................................. Other goods and services ............................................................................................. 156.5 148.2 160.5 125.5 165 8 166.5 145.8 166.9 157.2 148.8 161.7 122.7 166.5 168.3 145.9 167.9 159.5 152.4 164.3 121.1 168.4 171.8 146.6 169.1 163.1 147.3 171.4 130.0 173.4 167.3 142.8 167.1 163.7 146.7 172.6 129.5 174.2 170.7 140.3 167.7 165.9 151.8 176.9 124.0 172.6 175.1 140.3 168.7 167.1 150.7 178.4 132.3 172.0 171.4 146.2 170.5 168.3 151.9 179.5 133.0 172.9 174.2 149.0 172.3 170.5 155.0 183.7 128.7 173.2 176.5 149.9 173.5 161.6 146.6 166.3 131.9 171.9 172.6 153.0 171.3 162.3 147.6 166.4 134.1 172.5 177.5 152.3 171.8 164.9 152.4 170.1 132.6 172.2 181.1 152.4 173.6 151.2 153.0 163.2 151.4 152.9 164.4 153.6 154.0 166.9 157.4 162.1 171.8 157.1 162.0 173.6 159.3 162.5 175.8 156.4 158.9 184.2 157.0 159.2 186.3 159.1 160.7 188.6 154.7 158.3 171.9 155.5 159.0 172.7 158.6 161.1 174.4 C O M M O D IT Y A N D S E R V IC E G R O U P Commodities........................................................................................................................... Commodities less food and beverages ......................................................................... Services.................................................................................................................................... N o r th C e n t r a l R e g io n E X P E N D IT U R E C A T E G O R Y All items ................................................................................................................................. Food and beverages ...................................................................................................... Housing........................................................................................................................... Apparel and upkeep ...................................................................................................... Transportation ............................................................................................................... Medical care .................................................................................................................. Entertainment.................................................................................................................. Other goods and services ............................................................................................. 167.3 144.6 185.6 122.3 168.8 169.8 144.3 162.9 167.6 145.2 185.8 120.3 168.9 172.4 144.2 163.8 168.7 149.4 186.2 116.7 168.6 176.2 144.6 165.9 162.6 142.8 170.3 131.8 170.1 173.1 134.7 175.8 163.6 143.8 171.5 131.2 171.6 173.9 133.6 177.4 165.2 148.0 173.4 126.6 170.9 176.9 135.7 177.4 161.1 144.8 167.8 131.6 171.8 167.6 149.9 161.1 161.6 144.7 169.0 132.3 172.1 168.0 148.4 161.7 162.5 148.6 169.9 129.0 171.1 170.2 148.3 163.0 162.1 153.2 165.9 129.2 169.4 175.5 138.9 172.4 162.8 152.9 167.0 127.5 170.8 177.6 139.1 172.3 163.7 155.9 167.0 123.0 170.0 183.2 144.2 175.0 155.6 161.2 184.6 155.6 160.9 185.2 156.8 160.0 186.3 153.7 158.4 176.9 154.2 158.7 178.6 155.7 158.6 180.4 152.7 156.5 174.7 152.6 156.3 176.2 153.6 155.7 176.8 153.0 153.0 176.5 152.9 153.0 178.3 153.8 152.7 179.3 C O M M O D IT Y A N D S E R V IC E G R O U P Commodities........................................................................................................................... Commodities less food and beverages ......................................................................... Services.................................................................................................................................... S o u th E X P E N D IT U R E C A T E G O R Y All Items ................................................................................................................................. Food and beverages ...................................................................................................... Housing........................................................................................................................... Apparel and upkeep ...................................................................................................... Transportation ............................................................................................................... Medical care .................................................................................................................. Entertainment.................................................................................................................. Other goods and services .............................................................................................. 163.3 151.4 169.6 130.7 171.1 171.7 143.4 166.2 163.5 151.9 169.3 130.5 171.5 173.6 142.9 166.6 165.7 156.3 172.4 129.9 171.0 176.2 142.9 169.6 164.9 150.5 171.0 129.0 174.2 172.4 153.7 168.5 164.9 149.8 170.9 128.7 174.4 174.0 154.6 169.1 166.9 154.8 172.0 129.6 174.1 177.0 157.7 171.5 163.5 148.3 169.6 126.5 172.4 182.3 148.1 166.2 163.7 148.5 169.4 126.7 172.5 182.7 150.0 167.5 165.3 153.2 170.7 124.8 171.8 186.7 151.4 169.5 165.1 151.4 173.9 116.3 170.4 187.8 148.6 164.0 165.7 152.3 174.6 116.0 170.2 189.9 147.5 167.3 166.6 157.5 174.2 110.9 170.2 193.3 148.5 167.9 155.5 157.3 174.1 155.9 157.7 174.0 157.9 158.1 176.5 157.2 160.1 176.6 156.9 160.1 176.9 159.2 160.7 178.4 154.8 157.9 177.1 154.8 157.8 177.5 156.5 157.7 178.4 155.4 157.1 179.6 155.6 157.1 180.8 159.9 156.1 181.2 C O M M O D IT Y A N D S E R V IC E G R O U P Commodities........................................................................................................................... Commodities less food and beverages ......................................................................... Services.................................................................................................................................... W est E X P E N D IT U R E C A T E G O R Y All Items ................................................................................................................................. Food and beverages ...................................................................................................... Housing........................................................................................................................... Apparel and upkeep ...................................................................................................... Transportation ............................................................................................................... Medical care .................................................................................................................. Entertainment.................................................................................................................. Other goods and services ............................................................................................. 163.5 151.9 170.0 122.8 172.0 177.4 141.3 168.0 164.0 152.7 169.4 122.7 174.2 178.0 142.6 168.8 165.7 155.8 171.7 123.8 172.9 181.2 144.3 171.1 163.8 153.6 168.1 127.6 174.3 175.6 146.8 168.4 164.0 154.4 167.2 127.9 175.3 176.5 147.5 170.0 165.3 158.4 168.4 124.9 175.0 178.2 148.1 171.3 155.9 149.4 154.2 125.0 169.9 180.6 147.4 164.6 156.3 150.2 153.9 123.4 171.1 180.9 148.8 166.2 157.6 153.7 154.6 123.8 170.5 184.5 151.8 166.8 163.9 154.9 164.9 146.2 169.8 179.0 160.6 175.3 164.0 156.0 164.4 144.4 171.1 178.9 161.2 174.5 164.8 160.3 165.2 141.2 168.6 183.8 161.4 175.3 152.4 152.7 177.8 153.5 153.9 177.8 154.1 152.9 180.6 155.7 156.8 174.9 156.3 157.2 174.7 157.3 156.2 176.2 153.4 155.0 159.1 154.3 156.0 158.8 155.3 155.3 160.4 153.8 153.4 178.6 154.3 153.6 178.3 154.6 151.5 179.9 C O M M O D IT Y A N D S E R V IC E G R O U P Commodities........................................................................................................................... Commodities less food and beverages ......................................................................... Services.................................................................................................................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 87 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW June 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices 22. Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average, and selected areas [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e r s U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C le r ic a l W o r k e r s 1984 1983 A re a 1 1983 1984 M a r. O c t. Nov. D ec. Jan. Feb. M a r. M a r. O c t. Nov. Dec Jan. Feb. M a r. U.S. city average2 ...................................................................... 293.4 302.6 303.1 303.5 305.2 306.6 307.3 293.0 301.3 301.4 301.5 302.7 303.3 303.3 Anchorage, Alaska (10/67 = 100) ............................................ Atlanta, Ga..................................................................................... Baltimore, Mb................................................................................ Bostor. Mass................................................................................. Buffalo, N.Y................................................................................... 261.0 274.4 253.9 310.4 302.0 295.0 285.1 Chicago, III.-Northwestern Ind...................................................... Cincinnati, Ohio-Ky.-Ind................................................................ Cleveland, O hio............................................................................ Dallas-Ft. Worth, Tex..................................................................... Denver-Boulder, Colo.................................................................... 293.7 307.6 305.4 320.0 291.4 307.6 344.7 326.8 Detroit, Mich.................................................................................. 292.4 298.2 304.1 289.8 298.9 287.1 276.4 324.3 303.3 297.0 300.7 289.6 285.9 322.4 303.9 299 0 165.6 316.8 159.7 311.0 299.9 293.0 280.3 280.6 296.7 285.5 298.0 302.7 349.8 283.0 293.2 315.4 310.2 305.1 290.8 294.6 Honolulu, H aw aii......................................................................... Houston, Tex................................................................................. Kansas City, Mo.-Kansas .......................................................... Los Angeles-Long Beach, Anaheim, Calif..................................... 270.4 304.4 292.8 286.6 302.3 303.9 316.8 159.0 305.0 Philadelphia, Pa.-N.J..................................................................... Pittsburgh, Pa................................................................................ Portland, Oreg.-Wash.................................................................... St. Louis, Mo.-Ill........................................................................... San Diego, Calif............................................................................. 283.0 284.7 293.2 327.5 San Francisco-Oakland, Calif......................................................... Seattle Everett. Wash.................................................................... Washington, D.C.-Md.-Va............................................................. 297.8 289.3 283.5 278.9 303.9 299.9 300.1 296.5 278.4 320.7 303.0 297.7 291.2 313.7 291.7 317.5 294.3 291.8 314.3 88 297.3 291.0 294.4 319.6 299.0 296.4 315.5 311.1 303.4 294.5 301.3 297.8 288.2 317.9 300.0 299.9 164.9 328.9 294.2 304.7 294.8 312.5 288.2 294.3 302.6 296.0 313.8 318.2 317.7 341.7 307.9 304.7 302.9 297.9 284.3 323.5 296.6 299.0 297.9 165.9 327.5 289.6 299.3 323 7 290.2 293.2 296.7 166.3 335.3 318.6 290.5 298.5 299.6 289.9 294.0 298.8 292.2 297.3 326.6 289.5 296.8 329.6 306.1 299.0 302.7 296.9 336.0 301.8 287.3 290.9 307.2 298.2 285.9 298.3 313.4 314.9 313.5 301.4 used for New York and Chicago. 2Average of 85 cities. 294.2 338.4 312.7 288.7 265.9 309.6 303 8 294.4 285.6 295.7 316.0 317.6 314.7 311.7 307.3 309.5 298.6 1The areas listed include not only the central city but the entire portion of the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area, as defined for the 1970 Census of Population, except that the Standard Consolidated Area is https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 299.1 280.7 323.6 306.4 300.2 295.1 300.9 346.6 293.9 299.6 342.3 305.7 303.1 165.0 314.0 164.0 312.5 293.9 288.5 301.3 264.0 309.7 302.4 292.5 286.8 331.1 322.7 343.0 339.8 316.8 292.9 305.0 264.0 306.3 290.5 305.2 318.4 330.7 317.6 332.5 318.5 329.6 309.3 307.6 296.6 288.2 288.5 Miami, Fla. (11/77 = 100) ....................................................... Milwaukee, WIs............................................................................. Minneapolls-St. Paul, Minn.-Wis.................................................. New York, N.Y.-Northeastern N.J................................................ Northeast, Pa. (Scranton) . : .................................................... 271.5 307.3 304.7 294.0 308.7 299.4 308.1 299.9 308.2 23. Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing [1967 = 100] Annual C o m m o d it y g r o u p in g 1983 1984 av erag e 1983 A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. D e c .1 Jan. Feb. M ar. A p r. F IN IS H E D G O O D S Finished go o d s ............................................................................ 285.2 283.1 284.2 285.0 285.7 286.1 285.1 287.6 286.8 r287.2 289.4 290.6 291.7 291.4 Finished consumer goods ................................................. Finished consumer foods .............................................. Crude ............................................................................ Processed ................................................................... Nondurable goods less fo o d s ......................................... Durable goods ................................................................ Consumer nondurable goods less food and energy . . . Capital equipment................................................................ 284.6 261.8 259.5 259.9 335.3 233.1 231.4 287.3 282.3 262.9 265.8 260.5 328.7 232.2 230.1 286.2 283.6 262.6 267.2 260.1 332.0 232.9 230.3 286.5 284.6 261.2 251.2 260.0 335.7 233.1 230.7 286.7 285.2 260.7 247.1 259.8 337.7 233.4 232.0 287.2 285.7 260.7 259.9 258.7 338.6 233.8 232.7 287.7 285.1 263.0 267.4 260.5 338.6 229.2 233.0 285.1 287.0 263.7 287.3 259.5 338.1 235.3 233.6 289.9 285.9 261.9 270.4 259.0 336.8 235.4 234.1 r290.0 r286.3 r264.3 r266.0 r262.0 r335.2 r235.9 r234.0 290.4 288.8 272.2 309.2 266.7 335.0 235.9 235.8 291.5 290.1 274.7 315.9 268.9 335.9 236.2 236.1 292.5 291.4 277.0 332.5 269.8 337.0 236.6 237.2 292.7 290.6 275.0 307.9 269.9 336.7 236.7 237.6 294.1 Intermediate materials, supplies, and components.................... 312.4 308.7 309.7 311.3 312.8 314.0 315.5 315.6 315.5 r315.7 316.6 317.4 319.5 320.2 Materials and components for manufacturing.................... 293.3 291.0 291.9 292.4 294.1 294.7 296.7 296.4 296.5 r297.6 298.6 299.5 301.7 302.6 Materials for food manufacturing................................... Materials for nondurable manufacturing ....................... Materials for durable manufacturing ............................. Components for manufacturing...................................... 258.4 279.9 319.3 280.3 255.1 277.3 316.6 278.9 257.0 277.7 318.4 279.4 257.0 277.7 319.0 280.3 257.4 279.7 320.9 281.6 260.5 281.1 320.9 281.5 269.4 282.7 323.1 281.8 263.5 283.3 322.3 282.6 260.0 284.6 321.6 283.0 r262.9 r285.7 r322.8 r283.5 268.3 287.0 322.9 284.0 267.9 286.9 325.2 284.9 269.2 290.2 328.3 285.2 271.3 291.4 329.0 285.9 IN T E R M E D IA T E M A T E R IA L S Materials and components for construction....................... 301.7 300.9 301.2 302.4 302.9 303.7 303.1 303.6 303.9 r304.9 305.4 307.5 309.2 310.1 Processed fuels and lubricants........................................... Manufacturing industries................................................. Nonmanufacturing industries ......................................... 566.8 481.9 641.1 543.3 460.4 615.9 547.8 462.9 622.2 562.0 475.9 637.5 567.9 480.9 644.1 572.0 485.1 648.0 573.4 487.2 648.8 574.2 490.5 647.2 568.1 484.9 640.6 r561.7 r478.8 r634.0 562.4 482.8 631.5 561.7 478.3 634.5 568.4 484.2 641.8 564.2 482.7 635.1 Containers............................................................................ 286.6 284.8 285.8 285.9 286.1 286.3 287.1 288.1 289.3 r289.9 291.5 293.2 295.5 298.4 Supplies............................................................................... Manufacturing industries................................................. Nonmanufacturing industries ......................................... Feeds ............................................................................ Other supplies............................................................. 277.0 269.9 280.9 225.5 292.7 275.5 268.6 279.3 219.8 291.9 275.6 268.9 279.3 218.1 292.2 275.6 269.8 278.8 213.4 292.5 276.2 270.1 279.6 216.2 291.9 277.9 270.5 282.0 230.7 293.0 280.2 270.8 285 3 249.6 293.4 280.6 271.8 285.3 246.7 294.0 281.6 272.2 286.7 251.0 294.8 r281.6 r273.3 r286.1 r243.9 r295.5 282.5 274.0 287.1 244.5 296.5 282.2 275.9 285.7 227.8 298.0 283.1 276.2 286.9 232.3 298.6 284.1 277.7 287.7 233.5 299.3 Crude materials for further processing ...................................... 323.6 325.8 325.8 323.3 320.6 327.1 328.5 324.8 324.0 r327.5 333.7 332.8 339.4 340.1 Foodstuffs and feedstuffs.................................................... 252.3 256.8 256.5 252.1 248.4 256.4 257.2 253.7 251.8 r256.0 264.2 260 7 270.7 270.4 C R U D E M A T E R IA L S Nonfood materials................................................................ 477.2 474.6 475.4 476.8 476.2 479.6 482.5 478.2 479.4 r481.6 483.6 488.2 487.9 490.4 Nonfood materials except fu e l......................................... Manufacturing industries ............................................ Construction................................................................ 372.0 381.6 271.1 367.0 376.1 270.0 369.0 378.3 270.3 370.5 379.9 271.3 371.6 381.6 270.9 375.6 385.7 271.0 378.1 388.3 272.5 377.1 387.4 270.5 377.7 387.9 272.1 r379.1 r389.4 r272.7 380.3 390.5 273.9 385.5 395.5 280.2 388.1 399.1 276.8 389.0 399.8 278.2 Crude fu e l......................................................................... Manufacturing industries ............................................ Nonmanufacturing Industries...................................... 931.5 1,094.8 816.2 941.6 1,107.6 824.0 935.9 1,100.9 819.1 936.7 1,102.3 819.4 927.8 1,090.4 813.0 926.9 1,088.9 812.5 931.0 1,093.9 816.1 910.9 1,067.1 801.1 915.3 1,071.8 805.3 r921.1 r1,079.0 r810.1 927.0 1,087.7 813.7 927.4 1,087.5 814.6 911.5 1,066.1 803.2 922.2 1,081.1 810.3 Finished goods excluding foo d s ................................................. Finished consumer goods excluding foods ....................... Finished consumer goods less energy................................ 290.9 291.3 249.9 287.7 287.3 249.5 289.3 289.4 249.7 290.8 291.6 249.4 291.8 292.6 249.9 292.5 293.5 250.2 290.3 291.4 249.7 293.4 293.9 252.1 293.0 293.2 251.7 292.6 292.5 r252.6 292.9 292.5 256.0 293.6 293.1 257.1 294.3 293.9 258.4 294.6 293.7 257.9 Intermediate materials less foods and feeds ............................. Intermediate materials less energy...................................... 317.2 295.1 313.6 293.2 314.6 293.9 316.4 294.4 318.0 295.6 318.7 296.5 319.5 298.1 320.0 298.2 319.9 298.5 r320.2 r299.4 320.9 300.3 322.1 301.2 324.2 303.0 324.8 304.1 Intermediate foods and feeds .................................................... 247.8 243.6 244.4 242.8 244.0 250.9 263.2 258.2 257.4 r256.9 260.7 254.9 257.3 259.1 Crude materials less agricultural products ................................ Crude materials less energy ............................................... 538.4 246.5 536.1 248.6 536.2 249.0 537.5 246.2 536.8 243.9 540.0 251.2 542.9 252.5 538.8 249.6 540.3 248.3 r543 2 r252.0 546.6 258.5 552.1 257.4 550.4 265.8 553.3 266.0 S P E C IA L G R O U P IN G S 1Data for December 1983 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis r = revised. 89 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW June 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices 24. Producer Price Indexes, by commodity groupings [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] 1983 A nnual C o m m o d ity g ro u p a n d s u b g ro u p Code A p r. M ay 303.1 321.6 300.6 318.9 301.5 319.9 253.9 315.8 254.7 312.4 1983 A ll c o m m o d itie s ......................................................................................................................................... A ll c o m m o d itie s ( 1 9 5 7 - 5 9 F a rm = 100) .................................................................................... p ro d u c ts a n d p ro c e s s e d fo o d s a n d fe e d s In d u s t r ia l c o m m o d i ti e s FARM 1984 a v e ra g e June O c t. Nov. D e c .1 Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. 305.3 323.9 306.0 324.7 305.5 324.1 '306.1 r324.8 308.1 326.9 308.8 327.6 311.1 330.1 311.4 330.4 255.5 317.3 259.1 317.1 257.5 318.5 256.0 318.3 r257.9 318.4 264.4 319.2 263.5 320.4 268.3 321.9 267.9 322.5 244.3 258.2 236.7 240.7 214.5 230.4 278.7 177.2 227.3 282.5 253.5 270.4 251.8 242.2 221.4 240.7 281.7 189.5 262.8 285.7 256.4 276.0 258.0 231.5 242.2 238.7 284.4 200.1 297.8 287.3 255.2 308.1 253.7 229.4 208.5 234.5 284.1 251.0 275.2 257.5 220.5 238.5 243.6 283.2 254.0 r276.1 243.6 238.2 241.2 244.1 281.4 (2) 288.8 283.7 (2) 287.6 283.5 (2) 282.2 276.9 263.3 290.4 245.5 250.7 252.6 229.3 279.1 282.4 287.3 280.2 261.5 311.5 235.3 251.9 251.3 232.7 275.7 280.7 265.4 278.9 267.4 307.0 250.9 260.8 258.4 250.3 274.2 235.8 281.4 278.6 265.4 262.8 262.1 260.8 240.8 252.3 272.7 264.4 282.1 281.0 J u ly Aug. 302.4 320.8 303.2 321.7 304.7 323.3 254.7 313.6 252.5 315.3 251.5 316.5 250.4 260.1 242.2 258.0 186.9 223.8 279.8 185.1 227.3 281.0 247.4 264.4 241.5 251.7 199.3 229.7 278.6 169.3 213.3 284.4 S e p t. PRO DU CTS AND PRO CESSED FOODS A N D FEEDS 01 01-1 01-2 01-3 01-4 01-5 01-6 01-7 01-8 01-9 Farm products.................................................................................. Fresh and dried fruits and vegetables......................................... Grains.......................................................................................... Livestock .................................................................................... Live poultry.................................................................................. Plant and animal fibers ............................................................. Fluid m ilk .................................................................................... Eggs............................................................................................. Hay, hayseeds, and oilseeds .................................................... Other farm products................................................................... 248.2 261.7 240.4 243.1 206.5 227.0 282.0 <2) 246.8 282.1 250.5 266.6 243.8 260.6 170.8 213.6 280.8 170.0 226.3 279.2 02 02-1 02-2 02-3 02-4 02-5 02-6 02-7 02-8 02-9 Processed foods and feeds............................................................. Cereal and bakery products....................................................... Meats, poultry, and fis h ............................................................. Dairy products ............................................................................ Processed fruits and vegetables.................................................. Sugar and confectionery............................................................. Beverages and beverage materials ............................................ Fats and oils ............................................................................... Miscellaneous processed fo o d s ................................................. Prepared animal fe e d s ................................................................ 256.0 260.9 249.4 250.6 277.1 292.8 263.6 239.6 254.4 228.5 256.0 258.8 259.1 251.0 273.7 287.4 263.0 214.6 249.9 222.8 256.1 259.1 257.8 250.9 275.3 289.9 263.6 220.0 249.9 221.3 254.3 260.3 250.2 250.4 277.1 296.0 263.0 219.3 251.5 217.1 254.4 261.4 247.3 250.4 277.1 296.4 263.7 222.2 255.0 220.0 255.5 262.8 243.2 250.4 278.3 298.9 263.9 245.6 252.7 233.0 259.6 263.6 242.9 250.6 278.6 300.2 264.3 303.5 258.4 249.3 257.8 264.6 237.0 251.3 281.1 298.0 265.2 281.7 262.1 248.6 257.6 265.2 234.7 251.4 280.9 297.7 266.3 274.5 264.8 252.1 r259.0 r265.1 r242.3 r248.9 r282.9 '297.5 266.5 271.7 r266.2 '245.6 263.9 266.1 256.9 248.5 285.3 299.0 268.4 278.7 266.7 246.0 263.5 267.0 255.6 248.6 291.8 300.6 270.0 269.1 275.3 231.1 267.8 267.9 267.7 249.0 293.2 299.3 270.2 282.5 274.7 235.3 268.2 268.2 265.3 249.2 295.6 301.8 271.6 290.9 276.0 236.3 03 03-1 03-2 03-3 03-4 03-81 03-82 Textile products and apparel.......................................................... Synthetic fibers (12/75 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................. Processed yarns and threads (12/75 = 100) .......................... Gray fabrics (12/75 = 1 0 0 )....................................................... Finished fabrics (12/75 = 1 0 0 )................................................. Apparel ....................................................................................... Textile housefurnishings............................................................. 204.9 156.8 138.3 146.9 123.1 197.1 235.6 203.5 153.8 136.0 145.8 123.1 195.8 234.2 204.3 155.6 137.4 146.2 122.8 196.5 237.6 204.7 155.9 137.6 145.8 122.5 197.9 235.2 205.3 158.3 138.5 146.1 122.4 198.4 234.8 206.0 157.5 140.2 146.7 123.6 198.7 234.5 206.2 158.0 140.3 147.3 123.4 198.7 235.3 207.0 160.5 141.3 149.4 123.8 198.8 234.5 207.7 159.3 141,7 151.4 124.4 199.4 234.4 '207.8 '158.1 '142.9 '152.0 '124.8 '199.0 '235.3 208.0 159.2 142.3 152.8 125.0 198.7 236.6 209.3 161.5 144.0 152.8 126.3 199.8 236.2 209.9 161.2 143.8 152.9 127.1 200.7 237.1 209.6 166.6 143.7 153.0 126.6 200.3 238.0 04 04-2 04-3 04-4 Hides, skins, leather, and related products................................... Leather ....................................................................................... Footwear .................................................................................... Other leather and related products ........................................... 271.4 330.8 250.1 253.7 267.4 320.5 250.0 251.0 269.4 326.6 248.7 251.7 271.2 335.9 249.9 251.7 272.3 337.9 249.9 253.5 274.7 343.4 250.9 253.7 274.4 339.4 251.6 253.5 273.7 336.6 251.3 253.5 277.0 340.5 257.3 255.8 '277.3 '344.1 '250.3 '255.6 280.1 346.4 251.7 258.9 283.2 361.3 251.6 259.1 287.0 372.6 253.3 260.9 287.4 381.7 251.8 261.6 05 05-1 05-2 05-3 05-4 05-61 05-7 Fuels and related products and power............................................ C o a l............................................................................................. Coke............................................................................................. 665.9 536.8 447.8 1,147.9 418.0 681.5 686.4 651.9 644.8 535.2 538.0 438.4 447.3 1,156.1 1,156.7 409.2 412.2 678.0 678.0 645.9 659.3 665.5 534.1 438.4 1,155.1 419.4 677.9 684.2 668.7 671.7 534.8 536.6 453.9 431.6 1,148.9 1,145.9 426.4 427.2 675.7 675.1 688.7 694.9 672.3 537.9 453.9 1,147.0 427.9 675.7 695.3 669.5 663.7 '658.0 538.2 542.3 '543.9 453.1 453.8 '415.4 1,128.4 1,122.0 '1,120.4 423.6 418.7 '417.3 675.7 675.8 '674.4 695.3 688.2 '678.3 655.8 541.0 418.3 1,126.8 420.9 676.0 669.7 656.7 543.4 418.3 1,123.8 424.4 676.0 670.1 06 06-1 06-21 06-22 06-3 06-4 06-5 06-6 06-7 Chemicals and allied products....................................................... Industrial chemicals6 ................................................................... Prepared paint Paint materials............................................................................ Drugs and pharmaceuticals ....................................................... Fats and oils, inedible................................................................ Agricultural chemicals and chemical products .......................... Plastic resins and materials....................................................... 292.9 342.9 264.7 305.6 226.2 283.7 280.7 290.2 273.7 291.3 338.7 264.7 299.8 225.1 278.3 282.8 285.4 274.7 291.1 338.8 264.7 300.2 225.2 287.1 282.4 288.0 272.0 290.8 338.5 264.7 299.5 225.2 276.9 280.6 289.1 272.4 293.7 347.0 265.2 300.5 227.6 260.9 278.1 291.3 274,2 294.4 347.6 265.4 305.7 227.3 278.1 277.1 293.7 274.2 295.9 345.6 264.5 316.2 227.4 329.0 276.0 302.6 274.3 295.5 344.9 264.2 316.9 229.3 318.6 276.4 299.1 274.4 296.4 346.2 264.5 316.5 231.0 321.6 280.4 297.9 273.8 '297.7 '349.2 264.9 315.5 '230.9 '318.8 '281.9 '301.5 '273.6 298.5 347.7 265.7 316.3 233.3 334.4 279.2 304.2 275.9 296.7 338.0 266.9 313.9 234.4 348.9 287.1 305.0 273.7 300.8 346.0 267.6 317.3 237.5 362.4 289.6 306.6 275.7 301.8 345.1 267.3 327.6 239.9 382.1 288.3 308.6 277.1 07 07-1 07-11 07-12 07-13 07-2 Rubber plastic products ................................................................ Rubber and rubber products....................................................... Crude rubber ............................................................................... Tires and tubes............................................................................ Miscellaneous rubber products .................................................. Plastic products (6/78 = 100) .................................................. 243.4 266.6 280.9 245.4 286.0 135.3 243.0 267.0 281.3 246.5 285.7 134.6 243.2 267.0 280.6 246.3 286.0 134.8 243.1 265.6 280.2 243.7 285.9 135.5 243.4 265.2 283.2 242.4 285.7 136.0 243.7 265.1 284.6 242.8 284.5 136.4 243.2 263.9 284.4 242.5 281.6 136.6 244.4 264.8 284.3 242.6 283.8 137.4 243.6 264.3 282.7 242.4 283.5 136.7 '243.8 '264.6 '282.2 '242.3 '284.6 '136.8 244.1 265.6 282.9 242.9 286.2 136.7 245.4 266.6 282.8 243.0 288.7 137.6 246.1 265.9 282.0 242.3 287.9 138.8 246.5 266.7 282.5 243.2 288.8 138.8 08 08-1 08-2 08-3 08-4 Lumber and wood products .......................................................... Lum ber....................................................................................... Millwork....................................................................................... Plywood....................................................................................... Other wood products................................................................... 307.3 353.1 302.3 244.1 230.6 307.2 354.2 302.8 239.4 230.8 308.0 358.6 299.0 241.1 231.1 314.8 372.8 294.9 255.5 229.6 314.6 373.1 296.3 252.5 229.7 313.9 366.6 306.6 246.2 229.3 305.6 346.6 305.9 242.2 229.4 305.6 344.7 307.4 246.6 229.6 304.9 342.8 307.9 244.6 229.8 '308.7 '351.3 '308.5 '247.2 '230.6 309.2 353.2 308 5 248.3 229.8 315.6 365.4 308.5 249.5 230.7 316.0 369.2 309.7 248.7 232.0 315.4 369.6 307.7 244.0 233.3 IN D U S T R IA L C O M M O D IT IE S Electric power ............................................................................ Crude petroleum4 ...................................................................... Petroleum products, refined5 .................................................... See footnotes at end of table. 90 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 659.6 656.5 546.0 543.0 434.4 429.5 1,096.4 1,115.2 427.1 431.9 674.3 676.0 667.3 680.7 24. Continued— Producer Price Indexes, by commodity groupings [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] 1983 Annual Code C o m m o d it y g r o u p a n d s u b g r o u p 1984 a verag e 1983 A p r. M ay June J u ly A ug. S e p t. 298.8 271.1 346.4 <2) 280.9 250.1 264.7 252 1 299.9 273.1 34.4 194.4 286.0 254.0 265.0 252 8 O c t. Nov. D e c .1 Jan. Feb. Mar. A p r. 303.6 277.4 356.7 215.0 288.5 259.4 267.9 254 7 '304.0 '277.4 '355.5 211.5 '289.3 '260.9 268.0 r?5n 4 307.6 280.0 364.4 211.5 294.3 262.2 269.4 310.5 283.3 371.5 229.3 296.6 269.3 271.6 312.7 286.4 376.0 242.9 299.2 273.6 274.1 315.3 290.1 392.5 258 8 300.6 275.4 277.7 I N D U S T R IA L C O M M O D IT IE S — C o n t in u e d 09 09-1 09-11 09-12 09-13 09-14 09-15 09-2 Pulp, paper, and allied products.................................................... Pulp, paper.and products.excluding building paper and board Woodpuip..................................................................................... Wastepaoer.................................................................................. Paper ........................................................................................... Paperboard .................................................................................. Converted paper and paperboard products................................ Building paper and board .......................................................... 297.7 271.0 346 6 295.4 268.5 342.5 296.0 268.7 343.2 297.0 269.2 344.9 <2) 281.9 250.5 265.4 250.0 <2) 278.5 248.1 264.2 247.0 (2) 279.0 248.7 264.1 249 3 (2) 279.5 249.4 264.5 255 7 297 8 270 2 345.8 183 3 279 2 249 7 264.1 256 2 10 10-1 10-17 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8 Metals and metal products.......................................................... Iron and steel............................................................................... Steel mill products...................................................................... Nonferrous m e tals ...................................................................... Metal containers ................................................................... Hardware..................................................................................... Plumbing fixtures and brass fittings ......................................... Heating equipment...................................................................... Fabricated structural metal products ......................................... Miscellaneous metal products.................................................... 307 1 343.3 352 6 276 0 335 2 290 0 289.1 243.4 303.3 283.8 304 6 341.5 349.7 271.8 331.9 288 6 287.7 242.3 302.5 280.7 306 1 340.9 349.8 277.7 337.1 288.5 289.1 242.7 302.1 280.8 306 3 341.3 350.1 275.7 337 4 291.5 290.8 243.0 302.0 283.4 307 3 342.1 350.8 278.4 336.5 292.1 290 4 244.9 302.2 283.7 308 2 343.2 351.7 279.8 336.6 292.2 290.2 245.1 303.0 284.0 310 7 810 0 348.1 358.1 282.0 338.5 292.5 292.4 246 6 304.3 284.3 348.5 358.7 279.3 338.3 292.7 292.7 245.3 304.2 289.0 349.5 359.5 276.6 338.2 293.1 294.1 245.5 305.3 289.5 '350.9 '360.0 '278.2 '340.3 '293.5 '294.0 '245.7 '306.0 '289.6 354.1 362.8 276.1 344.5 292.5 293.9 247.3 306.5 289.9 356.3 363.5 279.5 344.9 292.9 296.9 248.4 306 9 290.7 356.1 363.6 286.1 345.6 293.2 299 9 248.8 308.5 291.7 356.5 364.3 289.0 345.5 293.6 301.4 250.3 309.3 292.7 11 11-1 11-2 11-3 11 4 11-6 11-7 11-9 Machinery and equipment ............................................................. Agricultural machinery and equipment ...................................... Construction machinery and equipment...................................... Metalworking machinery and equipment ................................... General purpose machinery and equipment ............................. Special industry machinery and equipment................................ Electrical machinery and equipment............................................ Miscellaneous machinery .......................................................... 286 4 326.3 351.9 326.2 368.2 337.1 240.0 274.5 285.4 323.9 350.9 326.2 308.2 334.5 238.4 274.2 286.0 326.4 352.3 326.7 308.4 335.8 238.5 275.3 286 2 326.4 352.5 327.0 308.4 336.7 238.8 275.0 287.4 327.1 352.8 326.6 308.5 338.0 241.7 275.2 287.4 327.3 352.9 326.5 307.9 339.0 241.7 275.3 287.9 287.6 328.5 328.0 353.5 353.6 326.6 327.0 308.1 307.8 339.8 ■ 340.6 242.9 242.6 274.5 273.3 288.0 328.6 353.9 327 3 308.6 341.0 242 8 273.7 288 8 '330.1 '353.6 '328.7 '309.8 '342.0 '243.8 '273.9 289.6 330.9 354.3 328.3 310 3 341.0 244.6 276.3 290.4 331.1 355.9 330.4 310.7 343.3 245.5 275.5 291.2 332.7 355.8 330.2 311.7 345.0 246.5 276.0 292.4 335.5 357.6 332.4 313.1 347.1 247.3 276.2 12 12-1 12-2 12-3 12-4 12-5 12-6 Furniture and household durables.................................................. Household furniture ................................................................... Commercial furniture................................................................ Floor coverings...................................................................... Household appliances ................................................................ Home electronic equipment.................................................. Other household durable goods............................................... 213.9 234.7 286.5 185 0 206.8 86.2 312.5 212.8 231.8 286.2 182.2 206.3 86 6 312.0 213 6 234.4 285.9 182.1 207.5 86.4 312.7 214.0 235.0 286 9 181.4 207.5 86 5 314.3 214.8 235 4 287.5 186.6 207.8 85.9 314.8 214.9 236.3 286.5 188.9 207.7 85.5 313.9 215.4 236.6 287.3 189.5 208.0 85 8 314.5 215.3 236.9 287.4 189.5 207.6 85 8 314.0 215.7 237.4 289.9 189.3 208.0 85.1 315.1 '215.7 '237.2 '289.5 '189.4 '208.5 '84.5 '315.2 216.3 238.2 290.8 189.0 209.4 84.3 315.9 216.9 239.2 293.9 187.7 210.6 84.4 315.2 217.4 240.0 296.4 187.5 210.8 84.3 315.0 217.9 240.7 297.5 187.4 210.7 84.1 317.9 13 13-11 13-2 13-3 13-4 13-5 13-6 13-7 13-8 13-9 Nonmetallic mineral products ............................................ Flat g la s s ..................................................................................... Concrete ingredients................................................................... Concrete products ...................................................................... Structural clay products, excluding refractories .................... Refractories................................................................. Asphalt roofing..................................................... Gypsum products ..................................................... Glass containers ......................................................................... Other nonmetallic minerals ......................................... 325.3 229.7 314.0 301.8 277.6 341.6 383 0 284.9 352.6 480.1 324.1 229.7 312.8 301.0 275.7 338.2 384.0 271.9 353 5 478.7 324.1 229.7 313.7 301.1 277.6 338.2 380.0 275.7 351.8 478.5 324.5 229 7 314.2 301.6 281.5 336.8 379.6 273.8 351.8 479.5 325.1 229.8 314.0 302 3 282.4 338.2 385.3 276 0 351.6 479.7 326.3 229.7 316.4 302.7 282.4 339 4 383.4 289.3 351.3 481.9 327.2 229.5 317.2 303.5 282.4 340.2 387.2 297.8 351.1 482.5 328 0 229.6 316.7 303.3 283.5 344.7 387.9 312 8 350.2 483.2 328 9 230.1 314.8 304.1 284.1 353.3 387.8 315.1 350.4 487.4 '328.9 '229.9 '314.6 '304.2 '284.2 '353.3 '384.2 '322.6 '350.4 '486.8 328.8 229.5 312.9 305.6 283.7 355.0 381.4 328.5 351.0 485.4 332.3 230.0 321.3 306.4 283.0 357.0 390.4 339.4 350.9 486.8 14 14-1 14-4 Transportation equipment (12/68 = 1 0 0 )................................ Motor vehicles and equipment..................................................... Railroad equipment...................................................................... 256.7 256.8 352.5 255.6 255.9 350.0 255.8 256.2 350.4 256.1 256.7 350.1 256.2 256.6 351.3 256.8 256.8 351.0 250.4 249.1 350.7 260.6 260.6 348.6 260.5 260.5 348.6 260.7 '260.6 '350.5 261.7 261.0 359.2 262.3 261.2 359.2 262.4 261.3 359.7 262.9 ::á .8 3F1.2 15 15-1 15-2 15-3 15-4 15-5 15-9 Miscellaneous products................................................................ Toys, sporting goods, small arms, ammunition....................... Tobacco products ...................................................................... Notions........................................................................................ Photographic equipment and supplies ...................................... Mobile homes (12/74 = 1 0 0 )......................................... Other miscellaneous products..................................................... 289.5 225.2 365.3 280.1 215.8 163.2 351.5 287.4 226.3 354.1 280.3 216.6 162.3 350.3 287.1 226.0 353.8 280.3 216 6 162.4 349 2 288.0 225 9 352.1 280.3 216.5 163.1 353.4 291.5 224 3 373.4 280 3 216.5 163.5 353.7 292.0 224.5 376.7 279.7 216.6 163.7 352.9 291.4 224.8 376.9 279.7 216.6 164.3 349.6 291.7 225.9 376.8 279.7 216.8 164.8 349.2 291.7 225.2 377.0 279 6 216.8 165.0 349.3 '292.8 '225.3 '377.1 280.1 '216.8 '165.1 '353.2 295.3 228.0 389.4 281.4 295.0 228.4 390.3 282.2 218.2 162.8 350.2 295.0 228.2 390.3 282.2 213.3 162.7 354.0 294.5 226.6 390.4 283.0 213.9 164.0 351.5 1Data for December 1983 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents. All data are subiect to revision 4 months after original publication. ^Not available. 3Prices for natural gas are lagged 1 month. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 302.2 275.2 347.4 216.2 287.2 257.3 266.5 254 7 <2) 162.4 350.2 333.6 229.7 325.8 306.3 283.6 362.1 383.7 339.5 351.7 490.3 335.6 229.5 323.8 308.8 284.3 362 9 394.2 353 1 358.4 490.8 4 Includes only domestic production, 5Most prices for refined petroleum products are lagged 1 month. 6Some prices for industrial chemicals are lagged 1 month. r = revised. 91 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW June 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices 25. Producer Price Indexes, for special commodity groupings [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] 1983 A nnual C o m m o d it y g r o u p in g A p r. M ay Aug. S e p t. 306.7 257.5 258.8 303.8 258.2 259.5 304.8 258.2 259.6 306.0 256.6 257.9 307.1 256.2 257.7 308.0 257.1 257.6 308.3 260.7 260.9 Industrial commodities less fu e ls ............................................... Selected textile mill products (Dec. 1975 = 1 0 0 ) .................... Hosery ........................................................................................ Underwear and nightwear .......................................................... Chemicals and allied products, including synthetic rubber and fibers and yarns................................................................ 279.2 138.1 144.7 223.7 277.6 137.4 144.5 223.4 278.2 137.7 144.5 223.5 278.7 137.4 144.5 222.7 279.8 143.0 144.5 223.3 280.4 139.0 145.6 223.5 283.5 281.8 Pharmaceutical preparations....................................................... Steel mill products, including fabricated wire products ............ Finished steel mill products, excluding fabricated wire products .................................................................................. Finished steel mill products, including fabricated wire oroducts .................................................................................. 224.8 321.6 351.0 223.3 320.8 348.4 281.6 281.5 284.6 223.5 324.3 348.5 223.6 338.8 348.7 226.3 338.1 349.3 351.4 348.4 348.5 348.8 Special metals and metal products ............................................ Fabricated metal products.......................................................... Copper and copper products....................................................... Machinery and motive products.................................................. Machinery and equipment, except electrical ............................. 349.7 347.0 347.1 292.5 294.2 196.6 279.8 313.6 290.7 292.2 200.9 278.7 312.9 291.7 292.6 206.7 279.2 313.8 Agricultural machinery, including tractors ................................ Metalworking machinery............................................................. Total tractors............................................................................... Agricultural machinery and equipment less parts....................... 341.5 357.1 369.9 330.0 338.2 356.3 366.1 327.1 Farm and garden tractors less parts ......................................... Agricultural machinery, excluding tractors less parts .............. Construction materials................................................................ 347.5 336.9 297.7 342.2 335.2 296.1 1983 A ll c o m m o d i t i e s — le s s f a r m A ll fo o d s p ro d u c ts ......................................................................................................................................................... P ro c e s s e d fo o d s .............................................................................................................................. June Nov. D e c .1 Jan. Feb. M ar. A p r. 309.2 260.5 258.6 309.1 258.0 258.0 309.4 r260.2 r260.4 310.8 268.3 266.2 311.8 270.3 267.1 313.7 273.5 271.9 314.2 271.6 272.1 280.0 139.1 145.6 224.5 281.8 139.4 145.6 224.7 282.2 139.8 145.6 224.6 r282.9 r140.1 145.6 r225.4 284.0 140.3 145.8 227.0 285.2 141.1 147.2 229.8 286.6 141.5 147.4 229.5 287.5 141.3 147.4 229.8 285.0 285.6 285.6 286.3 r287.4 288.0 286.4 289.9 290.6 226.0 331,5 350.1 227.1 316.5 355.9 229.4 316.7 356.4 231.3 314.7 357.4 231.8 r321.4 r357 8 234.1 323.0 360.4 235.8 331.7 361.0 238.7 334.0 361.2 241.6 332.8 361.8 349.4 350.3 357.1 357.8 358.6 r359.2 362.1 363.1 363.2 363.5 347.4 347.9 348.7 354.8 355.4 356.4 r356.9 359.5 360.4 360.6 360.9 292.0 294.0 201.3 279.4 313.9 292.6 294.2 201.6 280.1 314.2 293.5 294.7 201.2 280.4 314.2 291.5 295.5 198.2 277.7 314.3 296.4 297.2 190.7 282.2 314.1 296.3 297.9 182.6 282.4 314.6 r297.0 r298.4 r185 0 283.0 315.3 297.7 299.1 182.1 283.9 316.1 298 8 299.7 185.2 284.6 316.8 300.1 300.9 194.0 285.1 317.5 301.0 301.7 199.8 286.0 318.9 341.7 358.0 370.5 330.1 341.8 357.8 370.6 330.2 342.7 357.8 370.7 331.0 342.8 357.5 370.0 331.2 344.0 357.1 372.5 332.6 343.6 357.6 372.6 331.8 344.0 358.2 373.1 332.2 r346.4 r359.3 373.8 r334.2 346.7 359.8 374.0 334.8 347.1 362.6 374.5 335.2 349.2 362.0 376.1 337.2 352.9 363.2 384.3 340.4 348.8 336.2 296.8 348.8 336.4 298.6 348.8 338.0 310.6 347.5 339.2 299.8 350.6 338.9 299.9 350.7 338.2 300.4 350.9 338.7 300.4 r352.0 r342.2 r301.3 352.2 342.5 302.3 352.9 342.7 304.8 355.2 344.6 306.4 362.1 345.7 306.8 O c t. Nov. D e c .1 Jan. Feb. M ar. A p r. 1Data for December 1983 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication. 26. 1984 av e ra g e J u ly O c t. r = revised. Producer Price Indexes, by durability of product [1967 = 100] 1984 1983 A nnual C o m m o d it y g r o u p in g av e ra g e 1983 A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. Total durable goods ................................................................... Total nondurable goods ............................................................. 286.7 315.8 285.3 312.4 286.0 313.5 286.7 314.5 287.4 315.4 287.8 317.8 286.8 319.7 289.2 319.1 289.3 318.1 r290 1 r318.4 290.7 321.6 292.2 321.7 293.2 325.0 294.0 324.9 Total manufactures...................................................................... Durable ............................................................................... Nondurable ......................................................................... 295.7 287.3 304.4 292.7 286.0 299.7 293.7 286.7 301.0 295.0 287.3 303.1 296.1 288.0 304.5 296.9 288.3 305.9 297.2 287.2 307.8 298.5 289.6 307.7 298.4 289.8 307.4 r298.8 r290.5 307.5 300.0 291.1 309.4 301.0 292.4 310.0 302.7 293.3 312.5 303.0 294.1 312.3 Total raw or slightly processed goods ...................................... Durable ................................................................... Nondurable ......................................................................... 339.9 249.6 345.5 340.4 244.1 346.5 340.9 246.1 346.8 339.0 249.4 344.6 338.3 249.9 343.7 343.8 256.8 349.1 345.9 260.7 351.0 343.6 259.8 348.6 340.6 258.5 345.6 r341.8 r263.3 r346.5 348.9 267.7 353.8 348.2 275.4 352.4 353.7 279.2 358.0 354.1 280.2 358.4 1Data for December 1983 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis r = revised. 27. Producer Price Indexes for the output of selected SIC industries [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] 1972 1983 A nnual In d u s try d e s c rip tio n S IC code 1984 av e ra g e 1983 A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. D e c .1 Jan. Feb. 177.1 269.7 921.7 164.3 177.1 272.9 922.1 164.3 177.1 268.7 921.8 164.3 177.1 254.1 924.2 164.3 177.1 237.5 916.6 164.3 177.1 231.2 915.8 1364.3 177.1 243.3 920.0 164.3 177.1 283.3 907.2 171.7 177.1 287.5 909.4 172.9 177.1 277.0 r909.4 172.9 177.1 275.8 915.1 172.9 177.1 245.4 913.8 172.9 177.1 250 0 903.5 174.1 177.1 267.9 910.1 174.1 M a r. A p r. M IN IN G 1011 1092 1311 1455 Iron ores (12/75 = 1 0 0 )............................................ Mercury ores (12/75 = 100) ................................... Crude petroleum and natural gas ............................. Kaolin and ball clay (6/76 = 1 0 0 )............................. 2021 2044 2067 2074 2083 Creamery butter.......................................................... Rice milling ................................................................ Chewing g u m ............................................................. Cottonseed oil m ills.................................................... Malt ............................................................................ 275.8 193.4 326.8 204.5 234.1 275.6 188.9 326.1 186.8 232.6 275.6 191.3 326.1 186.2 232.6 275.6 194.5 327.2 179.2 232.6 275.6 193.7 327.2 192.4 232.6 276.1 198.1 327.3 220.6 232.6 278.4 201.1 327.3 262.9 232.6 278.1 196.7 327.3 253.5 232.6 278.1 199.6 327.5 233.1 241.6 269.5 199.6 327.5 223.3 241.6 267.3 199.6 327.9 229.2 241.6 267.6 198.1 328.1 201.2 241.6 268.4 198.1 328.3 212.2 241.6 268.4 198.1 328.8 222.4 241.6 2091 2098 2251 2261 2262 Canned and cured seafoods (12/73 = 100) ........... Macaroni and spaghetti.............................................. Women's hosiery, except socks (12/75 = 100) . . . Finishing plants, cotton (6/76 = 100) .............. Finishing plants, synthetics, silk (6/76 = 100) . . . . 174.0 256.8 122.5 135.3 126.6 177.7 255.5 122.7 139.8 127.2 175.7 255.5 122.7 138.0 126.9 173.4 255.5 122.7 132.9 125.9 173.7 255.5 122.7 132.8 125.1 169.4 255.5 122.9 133.8 127.2 169.8 255.5 122.9 133.5 125.8 170.2 258.6 122.9 132.8 127.2 169.2 261.9 122.9 138.4 127.4 r169.7 261.9 r122.9 r139.4 r127.9 169.0 261.9 123.1 138.5 128.8 168.8 261.9 123.2 141.2 129.7 168.5 261.9 123.2 145.2 129.9 166.7 261.9 123.2 140.0 129.4 2284 2298 2361 2381 2394 Thread mills (6/76 = 1 0 0 )......................................... Cordage and twine (12/77 = 100) .......................... Children's dresses and blouses (12/77 = 100) . . . . Fabric dress and work gloves ................................... Canvas and related products (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............ 164.9 139.3 116.6 293.3 147.2 165.7 137.6 115.5 291.0 146.2 165.7 137.6 115.5 291.7 146.2 165.7 137.6 117.0 291.7 146.2 165.7 137.6 117.0 296.3 146.2 165.7 137.6 117.0 296.3 146.2 166.1 139.0 117.0 296.3 146.2 166.1 139.0 117.0 296.3 147.8 166.1 138.9 117.0 296.3 147.8 166.1 139.0 117.0 297.6 r147.8 166.1 139.1 118.2 295.2 151.3 166.2 139.3 117.8 299.1 151.2 166.2 139.3 117.8 302.3 151.2 168.1 139.3 118.5 304.8 151.3 2448 2521 2654 2655 2911 Wood pallets and skids (12/75 = 1 0 0 ) .................... Wood office furniture.................................................. Sanitary food containers ............................................ Fiber cans, drums, and similar products (12/75 = 100) Petroleum refining (6/76 = 100) ............................. 149.2 281.6 266.6 186.5 254.1 146.9 282.5 265.2 185.6 240.6 148.5 282.5 265.2 185.6 246.0 149.5 282.5 265.2 185.9 254.0 150.9 283.5 267.1 187.7 255.4 151.3 283.6 267.1 187.7 257.2 151.0 283.6 267.8 187.7 256.8 151.5 283.6 269.0 187.8 257.1 151.9 283.6 269.0 189.5 253.5 153.6 r283.6 r269.0 r189.6 r249.7 154.0 286.3 270.6 189.6 245.5 155.9 290.3 274.9 189.7 246.9 157.8 290.3 280.0 191.4 250.1 161.6 290.3 282.2 193.1 245.5 2952 3251 3253 3255 3259 Asphalt felts and coating (12/75 = 100) ................. Brick and structural clay t i l e ...................................... Ceramic wall and floor tile (12/75 = 100) .............. Clay refractories.......................................................... Structural clay products, n.e.c..................................... 166.5 332.6 145.1 356.1 230.4 166.9 332.2 140.7 352.2 232.7 165.1 333.8 142.4 352.2 234.7 164.9 334.6 149.6 349.4 234.7 167.4 336.4 149.6 352.1 234.8 166.4 336.4 149.6 354.4 234.9 168.0 336.4 149.6 355.9 234.9 168.4 338.4 149.6 364.3 235.1 168.6 339.7 149.6 366.6 235.0 M67.0 r339.9 r149.6 r366.5 r235.0 165.9 341.3 146.8 369.3 235.6 169.9 341.0 146.8 369.7 232.6 166.9 342.2 146.8 371.4 232.9 171.3 343.7 146.8 373.5 232.8 3261 3263 3269 3274 3297 Vitreous plumbing fixtures......................................... Fine earthenware food utensils................................... Pottery products, n.e.c. (12/75 = 100) ................. Lime (12/75 = 100) .................................................. Nonclay refractories (12/74 = 1 0 0 ).......................... 278.1 365.8 186.2 185.8 205.3 275.3 365.7 186.6 187.8 203.8 276.1 365.9 186.6 185.2 203.6 276.9 366.5 186.6 186.2 203.6 277.0 366.5 186.6 187.1 203.7 277.0 366.5 186.6 187 6 203.8 281.3 366.5 186.6 186.3 203.8 283.7 366.5 186.6 185.9 203.9 284.5 368.5 189.9 182.4 212.8 285.4 r368.5 r189.9 r182.5 r212.8 285.6 375 9 188.7 183.0 213.1 287.0 381.4 189.3 184.6 215.4 290.1 373.3 189.1 184.2 220.6 290.4 375.4 189.1 184.2 220.2 3482 3623 3648 3671 3942 Small arms ammunition (12/75 = 1 00 ).................... Welding apparatus, electric (12/72 = 1 0 0 ).............. Lighting equipment, n.e.c. (12/75 = 1 0 0 ) .............. Electron tubes, receiving type ................................... Dolls (12/75 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................. 182.5 241.9 172.8 435.4 137.4 181.6 243.3 172.6 432.1 137.7 181.6 243.1 172.6 432.1 137.7 181.6 242 3 173.1 432.2 137.7 181.6 243.5 173.4 432.5 137.7 181.6 243.5 173.4 432.5 137.7 181.6 243.6 173.5 432.8 137.7 181.6 243.9 173.7 432.9 137.7 181.6 243.9 173.9 432 9 137.7 r181.6 r244.7 172.6 469.8 r137.7 196.6 241.0 173.5 490.4 137.2 196.6 241.7 173.5 490.7 137.4 196.6 242.2 184.8 490.9 137.4 196.6 243.7 184.9 490.8 131.3 3944 3955 3995 3996 Games, toys, and children’s vehicles....................... Carbon paper and inked ribbons (12/75 = 100) . . . Burial caskets (6/76 = 1 0 0 )...................................... Hard surface floor coverings (12/75 = 1 0 0 ) ............ 237.3 139.2 153.5 161.3 242.2 139 2 152.1 159.7 242.2 139.2 152.1 159.6 242.2 139.2 152.1 159.6 236.1 139.2 155.4 162.2 236.2 139.2 155.4 163.4 236.3 139.2 155.4 163 5 236.4 139.3 156.0 165.5 236.2 139.3 156.0 163.5 r236.2 139 3 156.0 163.5 235.4 144.3 156.0 165 2 236.5 149.0 157.2 165.2 235.9 149.1 157.3 165 2 235.5 149.1 158.8 166.3 M A N U F A C T U R IN G 1Data for December 1983 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis r = revised. 93 PRODUCTIVITY DATA P roductivity data are c o m p iled by the B u reau o f L a b o r S ta tistics fro m e s ta b lis h m e n t d a ta and fro m m ea su re s o f c o m p e n sa tio n and o u tp u t su p p lie d by the U .S . D e p artm en t o f C o m m e rc e and the F e d e ral R e se rv e B o ard . Definitions Output is the constant dollar gross product produced by the particular sector. Output per hour of all persons (labor productivity) measures the value of goods and services in constant prices produced per hour of labor. Output per unit of capital services (capital productivity) measures the value of goods and services in constant dollars per unit of capital services input. Multifactor productivity measures the output per unit of combined labor and capital input. The traditional measure of output per hour reflects changes in capital per hour and a combination of other factors— such as. changes in technology, shifts in the composition of the labor force, changes in capacity utilization, research and development, skill and efforts of the work force, management, and so forth. The multifactor productivity meas ure differs from the familiar b l s measure of output per hour of all persons in that it excludes the effects of the substitution of capital for labor. Compensation per hour includes wages and salaries of employees plus employers’ contributions for social insurance and private benefit plans. The data also include an estimate of wages, salaries, and supplementary payments for the self-employed, except for nonfinancial corporations, in which there are no self-employed. Real compensation per hour is com pensation per hour adjusted by the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers. Unit labor costs measure the labor compensation costs required to produce a unit of output and is derived by dividing compensation by output. Unit nonlabor payments include profits, depreciation, interest, and in direct taxes per unit of output. They are computed by subtracting com pensation of all persons from current dollar gross product and dividing by output. Unit nonlabor costs contain all the components of unit nonlabor payments except unit profits. Unit profits include corporate profits and the value of inventory adjustments per unit of output. The implicit price deflator is the price index for the gross product of the sector reported. It is derived by dividing the current dollar gross product by the constant dollar figures. Hours of all persons measures the labor input of payroll workers, selfemployed persons, and unpaid family workers. Output per all employee 94 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis hour describes labor productivity in nonfinancial corporations where there are no self-employed. The capital services input index used in the mul tifactor productivity computation is developed by Bi.s from measures of the net stock of physical assets— equipment, structures, land, and inven tories— weighted by rental prices for each type of asset. Combined units of labor and capital input are computed by combining changes in labor and capital inputs with weights which represent each component's share of total output. The indexes for capital services and combined units of labor and capital are based on changing weights which are averages of the shares in the current and preceding year (the’Tornquist index-number formula).' Notes on the data In the business sector and the nonfarm business sector, the output meas ure employed in the computation of output per hour is constructed from Gross Domestic Product rather than Gross National Product. Multifactor productivity measures (table 28) for the private business and private non farm business sectors differ from the business and nonfarm business sector measures used in the traditional labor productivity indexes (tables 29-32) in that they exclude the activities of government enterprises. There is no difference in the sector definition for manufacturing. Output measures for the business sectors are derived from data supplied by the Bureau of Economic Analysis. U.S. Department of Commerce, and the Federal Reserve Board. Quarterly manufacturing output indexes are adjusted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics to annual estimates of output (gross product originating) from the Bureau of Economic Analysis. Com pensation and hours data are from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Bureau of Economic Analysis. The productivity and associated cost measures in the tables describe the relationship between output in real terms and the labor time and capital services involved in its production. They show the changes from period to period in the amount of goods and services produced per unit of input. Although these measures relate output to hours and capital services, they do not measure the contributions of labor, capital, or any other specific factor of production. Rather, they reflect the joint effect of many influences, including changes in technology; capital investment; level of output; uti lization of capacity, energy, and materials; the organization of production; managerial skill; and the characteristics and efforts of the work force. For a more complete description of the methodology underlying the multifactor productivity measures, see Bulletin 2178, "Trends in Multifactor Produc tivity, 1948-81” (September 1983). 28. Annual indexes of multifactor productivity and related measures, selected years, 1948-82 [1977 = 100] Ite m 1948 1950 1960 1970 1973 1974 1975 1976 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 45.3 99.0 60.0 36.8 49.7 98.6 63.6 39.5 64.8 98.5 75.4 53.3 86.1 98.5 90.2 78.3 94.7 103.0 97.5 91.8 92.4 96.5 93.8 89.9 94.5 92.0 93.6 88.0 97.6 96.1 97.1 93.7 100.6 101.8 101.0 105.5 99.3 100.3 99.7 107.9 98.8 95.5 97.7 106.4 101.2 95.8 99.3 109.8 101.1 90.9 97.5 106.6 81.3 37.2 61.3 45.7 , 79.5 40.1 62.1 50.4 82.2 54.1 70.7 65.8 90.9 79.4 86.8 87.4 96.9 89.1 94.1 92.0 97.2 93.1 95.8 95.8 93.1 95.7 94.0 102.8 95.9 97.5 96.5 101.6 104.9 103.6 104.4 98.8 108.6 107.5 108.2 99.0 107.7 111.4 108.9 103.4 108.4 114.6 110.5 105.7 105.4 117.3 109.4 111.3 51.2 97.9 64.6 35.6 55.6 98.2 68,1 38.3 67.9 98.4 77.6 52.3 86.8 98.6 90.6 77.8 95.3 103.2 97.9 91.7 92.9 96.5 94.1 89.7 94.7 91.7 93.6 87.6 97.8 96.1 97.2 93.6 100.6 101.9 101.1 105.7 99.0 100.1 99.4 108.0 98.3 95.2 97.3 106.4 100.2 95.0 98.4 109.3 100.2 90.1 96.6 106.2 69.6 36.4 55.2 52.3 69.0 39.0 56.3 56.6 77.0 53.2 67.4 69.0 89.7 78,9 85.9 88.0 96.2 88.8 93.6 92.3 96.6 93.0 95.4 96.3 92.5 95.6 93.6 103.4 95.7 97.4 96.3 101.8 105.1 103.7 104.6 98.7 109.0 107.9 108.6 99.0 108.2 111.7 109.4 103.2 109.0 115.1 111.0 105.5 106.0 118.0 110.0 111.2 45.1 93.9 56.1 35.8 49.4 94.5 59.9 38.6 60.0 88.0 67.0 50.7 79.1 91.8 82.3 77.0 93.0 108.2 96.8 95.9 90.8 99.6 93.0 91.9 93.4 89.4 92.2 85.4 97.5 96.1 97.1 93.6 100.8 101.5 101.0 105.3 101.5 99.5 101.0 108.2 101.7 90.7 98.7 103.5 105.3 90.2 101.2 106.5 106.5 82.7 99.9 99.1 79.4 38.1 63.8 48.0 78.2 40.9 64.6 52.3 84.4 57.5 75.6 68.2 97.3 83.9 93.6 86.2 103.2 88.6 99.1 85.9 101.2 92.2 98.8 91.1 91.4 95.5 92.6 104.4 95.9 97.4 96.4 101.5 104.5 103.8 104.3 99.3 106.6 108.8 107.2 102.1 101.8 114.1 104.8 112.1 101.2 118.0 105.2 116.7 93.0 119.9 99.2 128.8 P R IV A T E B U S IN E S S S E C T O R Productivity: Output per hour of all persons.......................... Output per unit of capital services.................... Multifactor productivity...................................... Output....................................................................... Inputs: Hours of all persons . .......................................... Capital services .................................................. Combined units of labor and capital input . . . . Capital per hour of all persons ............................. P R IV A T E N O N F A R M B U S IN E S S S E C T O R Productivity: Output per hour of all persons.......................... Output per unit of capital services.................... Multifactor productivity ...................................... Output................................................................. Inputs: Hours of all persons......................................... Capital services .................................................. Combined units of labor and capital input . . . . Capital per hour of all persons ............................. M A N U F A C T U R IN G Productivity: Output per hour of all persons.......................... Output per unit of capital services.................... Multifactor productivity...................................... Output....................................................................... Inputs: Hours of all persons............................................ Capital services .................................................. Combined units of labor and capital input . . . . Capital per hour of all persons ............................. 29. Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years, 1950-83 [1977 = 100] Ite m Business sector: Output per hour of all persons.......................... Compensation per h o u r...................................... Real compensation per hour ............................. Unit labor c o s ts ................................... Unit nonlabor payments...................................... Implicit price deflator......................................... Nonfarm business sector: Output per hour of all persons.......................... Compensation per h o u r....................... Real compensation per hour ........................ Unit labor c o s ts ...................................... Unit nonlabor payments................................... Implicit price deflator......................................... Nonfinancial corporations: Output per hour of all persons.......................... Compensation per h o u r................................ Real compensation per hour ............................. Unit labor c o s ts ...................................... Unit nonlabor payments................................ Implicit price deflator......................................... Manufacturing: Output per hour of all persons.......................... Compensation per h o u r................................... Real compensation per hour ............................. Unit labor c o s ts ...................................... Unit nonlabor payments...................................... Implicit price deflator................................ 1Not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1976 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 50,4 20.0 50.5 39.8 43.4 41 0 58.3 26.4 59.6 45.2 47.6 46.0 65.2 33.9 69.5 52.1 50.6 51.6 78.3 41.7 80.1 53.3 57.6 54.7 86.2 58.2 90.8 67.5 63.2 66.0 94.5 85.5 96.3 90.5 90.4 90.4 97.6 92.9 98.9 95.1 94.0 94,7 100.6 108.6 100.9 108.0 106.7 107.5 99.4 118.7 99.1 119.5 112.8 117.2 98.9 131.2 96.5 132.7 119.0 128.1 101.3 143.9 95.9 142.1 136.2 140.1 101.2 '55.1 P/.4 153.3 136.9 147.7 103.9 '163.0 99.2 r156.9 r146 1 M53.2 56.3 21.8 55.0 38.8 42.7 40.1 62.7 28.3 64.0 45.1 47.8 46.0 68.3 35.7 73.0 52.3 50.4 51.6 80.5 42.8 82.2 53.2 58.0 54.8 86.8 58.7 91.5 67.6 63.8 66.3 94.7 86.0 96.8 90.8 88.5 90.0 97.8 93.0 99.0 95.1 93.5 94.6 100.6 108.6 100.9 108.0 105.3 107.1 99.1 118.4 98.9 119.5 110.4 116.5 98.4 130.7 96.1 132.8 118.5 128.1 100.3 143.5 95.6 143.0 135.0 140.4 100.2 154.7 97.1 154.4 137.0 148.6 103.4 163.4 99.4 '157.9 '146.6 154.2 <1) <1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) <1) 68.0 37.0 75.8 54.4 54.6 54.5 81.9 43.9 84.3 53.5 60.8 56.1 87.4 59.4 92.7 68.0 63.1 66.3 95.5 86.1 96.9 90.2 90.8 90.4 98.2 92.9 98.9 94.6 95.0 94.7 100.9 108.5 100.7 107.5 104.2 106.4 100.7 118.7 99.1 117.8 106.9 114.1 99.8 130.9 96.3 131.2 117.4 126.4 102.3 143.6 95.7 140.3 134.4 138.3 102.8 154.8 97.2 150.6 137.6 146.1 '106.2 '162.2 98.7 '152.8 '148.8 151.4 49.4 21.5 54.0 43.4 54.3 46.6 56.4 28.8 65.1 51.0 58.5 53.2 60.0 36.7 75.1 61.1 61.1 61.1 74.5 42.8 82.3 57.5 69.3 61.0 79.1 57.6 89.8 72.7 65.0 70.5 93.4 85,4 96.2 91.5 87.3 90.3 97.5 92.3 98.3 94.6 93.7 94.4 100.8 108.3 100.6 107.4 102.5 106.0 101.5 118.8 99.2 117.0 99.9 112.0 101.7 132.7 97.6 130.5 97.7 120.9 105.3 145.8 97.2 138.5 110.2 130.2 106.5 158.2 99.3 148.5 109.2 137.0 '113.1 '166.7 '101.4 '147.4 P(1) P(1) r = revised. p = preliminary. 95 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW June 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Productivity 30. Annual changes in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, 1972-83 A n n u a l ra te Year of change It e m 1974 1973 Business sector: Output per hour of all persons ............... Compensation per h o u r .......................... Real compensation per hour ................. Unit labor costs ...................................... Unit nonlabor payments.......................... Implicit price deflator ............................. Nonfarm business sector: Output per hour of all persons ............... Compensation per h o u r .......................... Real compensation per hour ................. Unit labor costs ...................................... Unit nonlabor payments.......................... Implicit price deflator ............................. Nonfinancial corporations: Output per hour of all employees............ Compensation per h o u r .......................... Real compensation per hour ................. Unit labor costs ...................................... Unit nonlabor payments.......................... Implicit price deflator ............................. Manufacturing: Output per hour of all persons ............... Compensation per h o u r .......................... Real compensation per hour ................. Unit labor costs ...................................... Unit nonlabor payments.......................... Implicit price deflator ............................. 1975 1976 1977 1978 1980 1981 1982 1983 1 9 5 0 -8 3 1 9 7 2 -8 3 2.6 8.0 1.6 5.3 5.9 5.5 -2 .4 9.4 -1 .4 12.1 4.4 9.5 2.2 9.6 0.5 7.3 15.1 9.8 3.3 8.6 2.6 5.1 4.0 4.7 2.4 7.7 1.2 5.1 6.4 5.6 0.6 8.6 0.9 8.0 6.7 7.5 -1 .2 9.4 - 1 .7 10.7 5.8 9.0 - 0 .5 10.5 -2 .6 11.1 5.5 9.2 2.4 9.7 -0 .6 7.1 14.4 9.4 -0 .1 7.7 1.5 7.9 0.5 5.4 r2.7 r5.1 1.9 r2.4 r6.7 r3.7 2.2 6.6 2.1 r4.2 3.7 4.1 1.1 8.6 0.3 7 .6 6.8 7.2 2.4 7.6 1.3 5.0 1.3 3.8 - 2 .5 9.4 -1 .4 12.2 5.9 10.2 2.0 9.6 0.4 7.5 16.7 10.3 3.2 8.1 2.2 4.8 5.7 5.1 2.2 7.5 1.0 5.2 6.9 5.7 0.6 8.6 0.9 8.0 5.3 7.1 -1 .5 9.0 - 2 .0 10.7 4.8 8.8 -0 .7 10.4 -2 .8 11.1 7.4 10.0 1.9 9.8 - 0 .6 7.7 13.9 9.6 -0 .1 7.8 1.6 7.9 1.4 5.8 r3.2 5.6 2.3 r2.3 7 .0 3.8 1 .9 6.3 1.8 4.3 3.8 4.2 1.0 8.6 0.3 7 .4 r6.9 7.3 2.4 7.5 1.2 4.9 1.5 3.8 -3 .7 9.4 -1 .5 13.6 7.1 11.4 2.9 9.6 0.4 6.5 20.1 10.9 2.9 7.9 2.0 4.9 4.6 4.8 1.8 7.6 1.1 5.7 5.3 5.6 0.9 8.5 0.7 7.5 4.2 6.4 -0 .2 9.4 -1 .7 9.6 2.6 7.2 - 0 .9 10.3 - 2 .8 11.3 9.8 10.8 2.5 9.7 - 0 .6 7.0 14.5 9.4 0.5 7.8 r1.5 7.3 2.4 5.7 r3.3 r4.8 7 .5 r1.4 r8.1 3.6 <1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 1.1 8.4 0.2 7.2 7.1 7.2 5.4 7.2 0.9 1.7 - 3 .3 0.3 -2 .4 10.6 -0 .3 13.3 - 1 .8 9.0 r2.9 11.9 2.5 8.8 25.9 13.1 4.4 8.0 2.1 3.4 7.4 4.6 2.5 8.3 1.8 5.7 6.7 6.0 0.8 8.3 0.6 7.4 2.5 6.0 0.7 9.7 -1 .4 9.0 - 2 .6 5.7 0.2 11.7 -1 .6 11.5 -2 .2 7.9 3.5 9.9 -0 .4 6.1 12.8 7.7 1.2 8.5 2.2 7.2 - 0 .9 5.2 r6.2 r5.4 r2.1 - 0 .8 2.5 6.4 1.9 3.8 2.2 3.4 2.3 r9.2 0.8 6.6 4.1 6.5 1Not available. 31. 1979 (1) (1) r = revised. Quarterly indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted [1977 = 100] Q u a rte r ly in d e x e s Annual av e ra g e Ite m Business sector: Output per hour of all persons ....................... Compensation per hour ................................... Real compensation per hour............................. Unit labor costs.................................................. Unit nonlabor payments ................................... Implicit price deflator......................................... Nonfarm business sector: Output per hour of all persons ....................... Compensation per hour ................................... Real compensation per hour............................. Unit labor costs.................................................. Unit nonlabor payments ................................... Implicit price deflator......................................... Nonfinancial corporations: Output per hour of all employees.................... Compensation per hour ................................... Real compensation per h our............................. Total unit costs.................................................. Unit labor costs......................................... Unit nonlabor costs................................... Unit profits ........................................................ Implicit price deflator......................................... Manufacturing: Output per hour of all persons ....................... Compensation per hour ................................... Real compensation per hour............................. Unit labor costs.................................................. 1Not available. 96 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1981 III 1982 IV 1 II 1983 III IV I II 1984P 1982 1983 III 101.2 155.1 97.4 153.3 136.9 147.7 r103.9 r163.0 99.2 7 56.9 746,1 753.2 102.3 145.5 95.6 142.3 139.9 141.5 101.2 148.2 95.8 146.4 140.2 144.3 101.1 151.6 97.1 149.9 137.0 145.5 100.7 754.0 97.3 152.9 137.0 147.5 101.1 156.5 97.2 154.7 136.3 148.5 101.9 758.6 98.1 155.6 137,4 149.4 702.4 7 60.6 r99.3 156.9 740.9 151.5 103.9 762.0 r99.1 156.0 145.7 152.5 104.2 7 63.5 99.0 156.9 147.6 153.8 705.3 766.2 r99.5 757.9 749.9 7 55.2 106.0 168.6 99.8 159.1 151.6 156.5 100.2 154.7 97.1 154.4 137.0 148.6 103.4 163.4 99.4 757.9 746.6 154.2 101.1 145.1 95.3 143.5 138.3 141.8 99.9 147.7 95.5 147.8 139.5 145.0 100.0 151.3 96.9 151.3 136.4 146.4 99.9 153.5 97.0 153.6 137.7 148.3 700.5 156.1 97.0 155.4 136.5 149.1 700.7 158.3 97.9 157.1 137.2 150.5 701.6 760.8 r99.4 158.3 140.7 152.4 703.4 762.6 r99.4 157.2 745.8 153.4 104.0 764.1 r99.3 157.8 148.3 154.7 7 04.7 765.9 r99.3 758.4 751.3 156.1 105.3 168.3 99.6 159.8 151.6 157.0 102.8 154.8 97.2 153.5 150.6 161.8 88.9 146.1 706.2 762.2 98.7 755.2 752.8 762.1 722.1 151.4 103.0 145.0 95.2 143.6 140.7 151.9 108.6 139.6 102.2 147.8 95.5 147.7 144.6 156.6 104.2 142.7 102.4 151.7 97.1 150.9 148.1 158.9 90.8 144,0 102.3 153.7 97.1 153.1 150.2 161.2 90.3 145.9 703.3 156.1 96.9 153.8 151.1 161.3 91.2 146.6 103.4 158.1 97.8 156.3 152.9 165.9 83.0 147.9 704.2 760.3 r99.1 156.7 153.9 164.7 96.1 149.7 705.8 761.4 r98.7 155.3 152.5 163.1 115.0 150.7 706.9 762.6 r98.5 154.5 152.1 161.2 131.5 151.8 P107.8 P164.5 P98.5 P154.4 P152.6 P159.6 P143.6 P153.2 (1> (1> <1> (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 106.5 158.2 99.3 148.5 713.1 766.7 701.4 747.4 106.1 147.0 96.6 138.5 104.4 150.5 97.2 144.1 105.1 755.2 99.4 147.6 7 05.4 757.2 99.3 149.1 107.8 159.6 99.1 148.1 708.0 761.2 r99.7 149.3 7 09.9 765.1 702.1 150.2 712.3 766.0 701.5 147.8 715.6 7 67.1 701.2 144.5 716.7 768.7 701.1 144.5 117.5 171.4 101.4 145.9 IV I 32. Percent change from preceding quarter and year in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted at annual rate Q u a rte r ly p e rc e n t c h a n g e a t a n n u a l ra te III 1982 Business sector: Output per hour of all persons.................. Compensation per hour............................. Real compensation per h o u r .................... Unit labor costs......................................... Unit nonlabor payments .......................... Implicit price deflator................................ Nonfarm business sector: Output per hour of all persons................. Compensation per hour............................. Real compensation per h o u r .................... Unit labor costs......................................... Unit nonlabor payments .......................... Implicit price deflator................................ Nonflnancial corporations: Output per hour of all employees ............ Compensation per hour............................. Real compensation per h o u r.................... Total units costs ...................................... Unit labor costs ................................... Unit nonlabor costs ............................. Unit profits ............................................... Implicit price deflator................................ Manufacturing: Output per hour of all persons................. Compensation per hour............................. Real compensation per h o u r .................... Unit labor costs......................................... 1Not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis IV 1982 11983 I11983 P e rc e n t c h a n g e fro m III 1982 IV 1983 IV 1981 11982 I11982 s a m e q u a rte r a y e a r ag o III 1982 IV 1982 to to to to to to to to to to to to IV 1982 11983 II 1983 III 1983 IV 1983 I 1984P IV 1982 11983 I11983 III 1983 IV 1983 11984P '3.2 r5.6 r4.0 2.3 3.2 2.6 r1.9 r5.2 '4.9 3.3 r10.6 5.5 5.9 3.5 -0 .8 -2 .2 14.4 2.8 1.2 3.6 0.6 2.3 5.4 3.3 r4.2 r6.9 '2.3 r2.5 r6.2 r3.7 2.9 6.0 1.0 3.0 4.6 3.5 0.7 7 .0 r2.4 6.3 -2 .0 3.5 1.3 r6.0 r2.3 4.7 2.8 4.1 r3.1 r5.2 1.9 2.1 r6.4 3.4 '3.0 4.5 '1.8 1.4 8.3 3.6 '3.3 4.8 '1.4 '1.5 '9.1 '3.8 3.5 5.0 0.5 1.4 7.6 3.3 r1.2 r5.6 r4.0 4.4 r2.1 3.7 r3.5 '6.6 r6.3 3.0 10.6 5.3 7.1 r4.4 0.0 -2 .6 r15.1 2.7 2.3 3.8 -0 .3 1.5 7.3 3.3 '2.7 r4.3 r -0 .1 r1.6 r8.3 3.7 2.6 6.1 1.0 3.4 0.7 2.5 0.8 7.1 '2.5 6.3 - 1 .6 3.7 1.7 r6.3 r2.6 4.6 3.1 4.1 r3.5 '5.9 '2.5 2.3 5.9 3.4 '3.5 '5.1 2.5 1.5 '8.7 3.7 '3.9 4.8 '1.4 '0.8 '10.3 3.7 3.7 4.6 0.2 1.0 2.7 3.0 r0.4 r5.2 '3.6 6.7 4.8 11.9 -3 1 .4 3.6 r3.2 r5.7 '5.4 1.0 2.5 -2 .8 79.9 5.1 r6.6 2.9 -1 .4 -3 .5 -3 .4 -3 .8 104.7 2.5 4.2 3.0 -1 .1 -2 .1 -1 .1 -4 .7 71.0 3.1 P3.4 P4.6 P0.2 PO.2 P1.2 P4.0 P42.4 P3.5 (1) (1) (1> (1) (1) <1) (1) (1) r1.1 '6.9 2.4 5.8 5.7 6.0 -2 0 .3 3.6 '1.7 '5.7 r2.0 3.8 3.9 3.7 5.8 4.0 r3.5 '5.0 '1.7 1.4 1.5 1.2 27.3 3.3 '3.6 '4.2 '1.6 0.4 0.6 -0 .1 44.2 3.6 P4.3 P4.1 P0.7 P -1 .2 P -0 .2 P -3 .8 P73.1 P3.6 (1) <1) <1) (1) (1) (1) (1> (1) '0.7 r4.0 r2.4 r7.4 r10.0 r9.7 2.5 r9.1 2.1 -2 .2 -6 .4 12.2 -2 .7 1.4 -8 .4 r4.0 4.0 -0 .4 -0 .2 2.5 6.3 1.3 3.7 3.5 7.3 2.7 - 3 .6 r4.6 '6.4 r2.7 1.8 '6.6 '5.6 '2.2 -0 .9 7 .2 '4.7 '2.0 '8.1 '4.7 '1.3 -3 .2 6.9 3.8 -0 .7 -2 .9 3.3 -2.4 11983 r = revised. p = preliminary. 97 WAGE AND COMPENSATION DATA D a t a f o r t h e e m p l o y m e n t c o s t i n d e x are re p o rte d to the B u reau o f L a b o r S ta tistic s by a sa m p le o f 2 ,0 0 0 p riv ate n o n fa rm e s ta b lis h m e n ts an d 7 5 0 S ta te a n d local g o v e rn m e n t u n its se lec te d to re p re se n t to tal e m p lo y m e n t in th o se se c to rs. O n a v e ra g e , eac h re p o rtin g u n it p ro v id e s w ag e an d c o m p e n sa tio n in fo rm a tio n on fiv e w e ll-s p e c ifie d o c c u p a tio n s. Data on negotiated wage and benefit changes are o b ta in e d fro m c o n tra c ts o n file at the B u re a u , d irec t c o n ta c t w ith th e p a rtie s , and s e c o n d a ry so u rc es. Definitions The Employment Cost Index (ECI) is a quarterly measure of the average change in the cost of employing labor. The rate of total compensation, which comprises wages, salaries, and employer costs for employee ben efits. is collected for workers performing specified tasks. Employment in each occupation is held constant over time for all series produced in the ECI, except those by region, bargaining status, and area. As a consequence, only changes in compensation are measured. Industry and occupational employment data from the 1970 Census of Population are used in deriving constant weights for the ECI. While holding total industry and occupational employment fixed, in the estimation of indexes by region, bargaining status, and area, the employment in those measures is allowed to vary over time in accord with changes in the sample. The rate of change (in percent) is available for wages and salaries, as well as for total compensation. Data are collected for the pay period including the 12th day of the survey months of March, June, September, and December. The statistics are neither an nualized nor adjusted for seasonal influence. Wages and salaries consist of earnings before payroll deductions, ex cluding premium pay for overtime, work on weekends and holidays, and shift differentials. Production bonuses, incentive earnings, commissions, and cost-of-living adjustments are included; nonproduction bonuses are included with other supplemental pay items in the benefits category; and payments-in-kind, free room and board, and tips are excluded. B en efits include supplemental pay, insurance, retirement and savings plans, and hours-related and legally required benefits. Data on negotiated wage changes apply to private nonfarm industry collective bargaining agreements covering 1.000 workers or more. Data on compensation changes apply only to those agreements covering 5.000 workers or more. First-year wage or compensation changes refer to average negotiated changes for workers covered by settlements reached in the period 98 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis and implemented within the first 12 months after the effective date of the agreement. Changes over the life o f the agreement refer to all adjustments specified in the contract, expressed as an average annual rate. These meas ures exclude wage changes that may occur under cost-of-living adjustment clauses, that are triggered by movements in the Consumer Price Index. Wage-rate changes are expressed as a percent of straight-time hourly earn ings; compensation changes are expressed as a percent of total wages and benefits. Effective wage adjustments reflect all negotiated changes implemented in the reference period, regardless of the settlement date. They include changes from settlements reached during the period, changes deferred from contracts negotiated in an earlier period, and cost-of-living adjustments. The data also reflect contracts providing for no wage adjustment in the period. Effective adjustments and each of their components are prorated over all workers in bargaining units with at least 1,000 workers. Notes on the data The Employment Cost Index data series began in the fourth quarter of 1975, with the quarterly percent change in wages and salaries in the private nonfarm sector. Data on employer costs for employee benefits were in cluded in 1980, to produce a measure of the percent change in employers’ cost for employees’ total compensation. State and local government units were added to the ECI coverage in 1981, providing a measure of total compensation change in the civilian nonfarm economy. Data for the broad white-collar, blue-collar, and service worker groups, and the manufacturing, nonmanufacturing, and service industry groups are presented in the ECI. Additional occupation and industry detail are pro vided for the wages and salaries component of total compensation in the private nonfarm sector. For State and local government units, additional industry detail is shown for both total compensation and its wages and salaries component. Historical indexes (June 1981 = 100) of the quarterly rates of changes presented in the ECI are also available. For a more detailed discussion of the ECI, see chapter 11. “ The Em ployment Cost Index,” of the BLS H a n d b o o k o f M e th o d s (Bulletin 2134I ). and the M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w articles; “ Employment Cost Index: a measure of change in the ‘price of labor.” ’ July 1975; “ How benefits will be incorporated into the Employment Cost Index,” January 1978; and "The Employment Cost Index: recent trends and expansion.” May 1982. Additional data for the ECI and other measures of wage and compen sation changes appear in C u r r e n t W a g e D e v e lo p m e n ts , a monthly publi cation of the Bureau. 33. Employment Cost Index, by occupation and industry group [June 1981 = 100] P erce n t ch an g e 1982 S e r ie s M a rc h June 1983 S e p t. D ec. M a rc h June 1984 S e p t. D ec. M a rc h 3 m o n th s 1 2 m o n th s ended ended M a rc h 1 9 8 4 106.3 107.5 110.1 111.4 113.2 114.5 116.5 117.8 119.8 1.7 5.8 Workers, by occupational group White-collar workers......................................................................... Blue-collar workers ......................................................................... Service workers ............................................................................... Workers, by industry division Manufacturing .................................................................................. Nonmanufacturing............................................................................ Servces ........................................................................................ Public administration2 ................................................................ 106.5 105.7 107.2 107.7 107.1 108.3 110.7 109.2 110.8 111.9 110.5 112.4 113.7 112.3 114.3 114.9 113.6 115.1 117.6 114.8 116.7 118.9 115.8 119.1 120.9 117.7 122.0 1.7 1.6 2.4 6.3 4.8 6.7 106 0 106.4 108.2 108.1 107.2 107.7 109.2 109.1 109.3 110.5 113.5 112.8 110.4 111.8 115.0 113.6 112.5 113.5 116.6 116.2 113.5 114.9 117.1 117.0 115.0 117.2 121.1 119.8 116.0 118.6 122.6 121.4 117.9 120.7 125.0 122.9 1.6 1.8 2.0 1.2 4.8 6.3 7.2 5.8 P r i v a t e in d u s t r y w o r k e r s 105.8 107.2 109.3 110.7 112.6 113.9 115.6 117.0 119.0 1.7 5.7 105.8 105.6 106.7 107.2 107.0 107.9 109.5 109.0 109.6 110.8 110.3 111.8 112.8 112.1 113.8 114.2 113.5 114.6 116.5 114.6 115.1 117.9 115.7 117.9 119.9 117.5 121.5 1.7 1.6 3.1 6.3 4.8 6.8 106.0 105.7 107.2 107.1 109 3 109 3 110.4 110.8 112.5 112 6 113.5 114.2 115.0 116.0 116.0 117.5 117.9 119.6 1.6 1.8 4.8 6.2 C iv ilia n w o r k e r s 1 ......................................................................................................................................................... Workers, by occupational group White-collar workers ................................................................... Blue-collar workers ...................................................................... Service workers....................... .................................................... Workers, by industry division Manufacturing............................................................................... Nonmanufacturing......................................................................... S t a t e a n d l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t w o r k e r s .......................................................................................... Workers, by occupational group White-collar workers ................................................................... Blue-collar workers ...................................................................... Workers, by industry division Services ........................................................................................ Schools..................................................................................... Elementary and secondary .................... ............................. Hospitals and other services3 .................................................. Public administration2 ................................................................ 'Excludes farm, household, and Federal workers. ^Consists of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 108.8 109 3 114.3 115.1 116.5 117.1 120.8 122.0 123.9 1.6 6.4 109.1 108.2 109.5 108.9 114.9 112.7 115.8 113.0 117.0 114.9 117.5 115.8 121.5 118.0 122.6 119.2 124.5 121.9 1.5 2.3 6.4 6.1 109.0 108.9 109.3 109.5 108.1 109 4 109.1 109.5 110.3 109.1 114.9 114.8 115.6 115.3 112.8 115.9 115.8 116.6 116.0 113.6 116.8 116.6 117.2 117.5 116.2 117.4 116.9 117.4 118.8 117.0 121.7 121.9 123.3 121.1 119.8 122.6 122.6 123.9 122.6 121.4 124.5 124.5 125.4 124.4 122.9 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.5 1.2 6.6 6.8 7.0 5.9 5.8 3lncludes, for example, library, social, and health services. 99 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW June 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Wage and Compensation Data 34. Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group [June 1981 = 100] P erce n t ch an g e 1983 1982 S e r ie s 1984 M arch June S e p t. D ec. M arch June S e p t. D ec. M arch 3 m o n th s 1 2 m o n th s ended ended M a rc h 1 9 8 4 ......................................................................................................................................................... 106.3 107.3 109.7 110.9 112.2 113.4 115.3 116.5 117.9 1.2 5.1 Workers, by occupational group White-collar workers......................................................................... Blue-collar workers ......................................................................... Service workers ............................................................................... 106.7 105.5 106.8 107.6 106.7 107.9 110.4 108.6 110.1 111.4 109.8 111.8 113.0 110.8 113.2 114.2 112.0 113.9 116.7 113.1 115.1 117.9 114.0 117.4 119.3 115.3 120.0 1.2 1.1 2.2 5.6 4.1 6.0 Workers, by industry division Manufacturing .................................................................................. Nonmanufacturing............................................................................ Services ........................................................................................ Public administration2 ................................................................ 105.9 106.5 108.6 107.5 107.0 107.5 109.5 108.4 108.8 110.1 113.2 111.9 109.8 111.3 114.4 112.6 111.0 112.7 115.8 114.6 112.0 114.0 116.3 115.4 113.3 116.1 120.1 118.2 114.5 117.4 121.3 119.4 115.7 118.9 123.3 120.4 1.0 1.3 1.6 .8 4.2 5.5 6.5 5.1 C iv ilia n w o r k e r s 1 P r i v a t e i n d u s t r y w o r k e r s .............................................................................................................................. Workers, by occupational group White-collar workers ................................................................... Professional and technical w orkers......................................... Managers and administrators .................................................. Salesworkers............................................................................ Clerical workers......................................................................... Blue-collar w orkers...................................................................... Craft and kindred w orkers....................................................... Operatives, except transport.................................................... Transport equipment operatives............................................... Nonfarm laborers...................................................................... Service workers............................................................................ Workers, by industry division Manufacturing............................................................................... Durables..................................................................................... Nondurables ............................................................................ Nonmanufacturing......................................................................... Construction ............................................................................ Transportation and public utilities............................................ Wholesale and retail tr a d e ....................................................... Wholesale trade ................................................................... Retail trade............................................................................ Finance, insurance, and real estate ......................................... Services..................................................................................... S ta te a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t w o rk e rs Workers, by occupational group White-collar workers ................................................................... Blue-collar w orkers...................................................................... Workers, by industry division Services ........................................................................................ Schools..................................................................................... Elementary and secondary ............................................... Hospitals and other services3 .................................................. Public administration2 ................................................................ Excludes farm, household, and Federal workers. Consists of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities. 100 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 105.9 107.1 109.0 110.3 111.6 112.9 114.5 115.8 117.2 1.2 5.0 106.2 108.0 105.8 102.2 107.0 105.4 106.2 105.4 103.2 104.1 106.7 107.3 109.4 107.2 101.8 108.3 106.6 107.6 106.6 104.1 105.1 107.9 109.4 111.8 108.5 104.5 110.3 108.5 109.6 108.3 106.0 106.5 109.3 110.6 112.9 109.3 106.2 111.6 109.7 111.2 109.3 106.9 107.8 111.4 112.2 114.8 112.0 105.7 113.4 110.7 112.2 110.0 108.0 109.0 112.9 113.6 115.9 114.0 107.1 114.6 111.9 113.4 111.1 110.3 109.8 113.5 115.9 119.9 114.8 108.4 116.7 112.9 114.3 112.3 110.7 110.8 113.7 117.2 120.4 115.7 111.2 118 3 113.9 115.4 113.6 110.2 112.1 116.5 118.5 122.2 118.0 110.2 119.8 115.1 116.5 114.9 111.7 112.9 119.8 1.1 1.5 2.0 -.9 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.4 .7 2.8 5.6 6.4 5.4 4.3 5.6 4.0 3.8 4.5 3.4 3.6 6.1 105.9 106.3 105.3 105.9 105.9 105.7 103.9 106.3 103.0 103.7 108.8 107.0 107.4 106.3 107.1 107.3 106.9 105.8 108.9 104.5 102.4 110.0 108.8 109.0 108.5 109.1 109.1 109.5 106.5 109.0 105.5 106.1 112.5 109.8 110.3 109.1 110.5 109.7 111.1 107.2 109.8 106.1 109.0 114.3 111.0 111.1 110.9 112.0 110.4 112.9 108.5 111.8 107.2 110.6 116.0 112.0 111.8 112.3 113.4 112.1 114.7 110.8 114.1 109.4 111.1 116.6 113.3 112.9 113.9 115.2 112.2 115.7 111.5 115.7 109.9 113.5 120.4 114.5 114.4 114.6 116.5 112.9 116.8 112.3 116.5 110.6 116.9 121.9 115.7 115.7 115.8 118.0 113.3 118.5 114.3 118.2 112.8 116.1 124.2 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.3 .4 1.5 1.8 1.5 2.0 -.7 1.9 4.2 4.1 4.4 5.4 2.6 5.0 5.3 5.7 5.2 5.0 7.1 108.2 108.7 113.5 114.0 115.1 115.7 119.2 120.0 121.6 1.3 5.6 108.5 107.5 108.9 107.9 114.2 111.5 114.6 112.0 115.6 113.3 116.1 114.3 119.8 116.4 120.6 116.9 122.2 119.1 1.3 1.9 5.7 5.1 108.4 108.3 108.7 108.8 107.5 108.8 108.5 108.8 109.5 108.4 114.2 114.2 114.9 114.3 111.9 114.6 114.5 115.1 114.9 112.6 115.5 115.2 115.6 116.5 114.6 115.9 115.4 115.8 117.7 115.4 119.8 119.9 121.1 119.7 118.2 120.6 120.6 121.7 120.6 119.4 122.2 122.2 122.9 121.9 120.4 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.1 .8 5.8 6.1 6.3 4.6 5.1 includes, for example, library, social, and health services. 35. Employment Cost Index, private industry workers, by bargaining status, region, and area size [June 1981 = 100] P erce n t ch an g e 1982 S e r ie s 1983 1984 3 m o n th s 1 2 m o n th s ended ended M a rc h June S e p t. Dec. M a rc h June S e p t. D ec. M a rc h Workers, by bargaining status1 Union .................................................................................................... Manufacturing .................................................................................. Nonmanufacturing............................................................................ 106.5 106.3 106.8 108.4 108.0 108.7 110.6 110.3 111.0 112.3 111.8 112.8 114.5 114.0 114.9 116.0 114.8 117.1 117.8 116.3 119.2 118.8 117.2 120.4 120.6 119.3 121.9 1.5 1.8 1.2 5.3 4.6 6.1 Nonunion .............................................................................................. Manufacturing .................................................................................. Nonmanufacturing............................................................................ 105.3 105.7 105.2 106.5 106.6 106.4 108.5 108.4 108.6 109.7 109.2 109.9 111.5 111.2 111.6 112.8 112.3 113.0 114.4 113.8 114.7 115.9 114.9 116.4 118.0 116.6 118.6 1.8 1.5 1.9 5.8 4.9 6.3 111.7 110.6 108.6 112.9 112.6 112.5 110 9 115 4 114.3 113.5 112.5 116 6 116.0 115 6 113 9 118 0 117 117 114 120 118 119 117 121 9 7 2 0 12 22 22 8 56 64 57 4.9 M a rc h 1 9 8 4 C O M P E N S A T IO N Workers, by region1 Workers, by area size1 Metropolitan areas ............................................................................... Otner areas ........................................................................................... 5 1 7 0 105.7 106.2 107.2 107.0 109.4 108.6 110.9 109.1 112.9 110.8 114.2 112.3 116.0 113.4 117.4 114.5 119.4 116.7 1.7 1.9 5.8 5.3 Workers, by bargaining status1 Union .................................................................................................... Manufacturing .................................................................................. Nonmanufacturing............................................................................ 106.5 105.9 107.0 108.1 107.3 108.8 110.3 109.5 111.1 111.8 110.8 112.7 112.9 111.4 114.3 114.2 112.3 116.0 116.0 113.7 118.3 116.9 114.8 118.9 118.1 116,1 120.1 1.0 1.1 1.0 4.6 4.2 5.1 Nonunion .............................................................................................. Manufacturing .................................................................................. Nonmanufacturing............................................................................ 105.6 105.9 105.5 106.5 106.7 106.4 108.3 108.2 108.3 109.5 109.1 109.6 110.9 110.7 111.0 112.2 111.8 112.4 113.7 113.0 114.0 115.2 114.2 115.6 116.7 115.4 117.2 1.3 1.1 1.4 5.2 4.2 5.6 Workers, by region1 Northeast .............................................................................................. South .................................................................................................... North Central ........................................................................................ W e s t....................................................................................................... 106.1 105.7 104.7 107.9 106.7 107.4 106.1 108.6 109.7 108.8 107.6 110.7 111.5 109.8 108.6 112.0 112.0 111.4 110.1 114.1 113.6 112.5 111.5 114.9 115.3 114.3 112.8 116.5 116.6 115.7 113.6 118.5 117.4 117.9 115.5 118.8 .7 1.9 1.7 .3 4.8 5.8 4.9 4.1 Workers by area size1 Metropolitan areas ............................................................................... Other areas ........................................................................................... 105.9 106.0 107.1 106.8 109.1 108.3 110.5 108.8 111.9 110.1 113.2 111.4 114.9 112.3 116.2 113.4 117.6 115.1 1.2 1.5 5.1 4.5 W A G E S A N D S A L A R IE S 1The indexes are calculated differently from those for the occupation and industry groups. For a detailed description of the index calculation, see BLS Handbook o f M ethods. Bulletin 1910. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 101 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW June 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Wage and Compensation Data 36. Wage and compensation change, major collective bargaining settlements, 1979 to date [In percent] Q u a r t e r ly a v e r a g e M e a s u re 1982 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1983 1 II III IV 1 1984P II I II IV 1 Total compensation changes, covering 5,000 workers or more, all industries: First year of contract .................... Annual rate over life of contract. . . 9.0 6.6 10.4 7.1 10.2 8.3 3.2 2.8 3.4 3.0 1.9 1.2 2.6 2.1 6.2 4.7 3.3 4.8 -1 .6 1.4 4.4 3.6 5.0 4.3 4.9 3.1 5.3 5.0 First year of contract .................... Annual rate over life of contract. . . 7.4 6.0 9.5 7.1 9.8 7.9 3.8 3.6 2.6 2.8 3.0 2.8 3.4 3.2 5.4 4.5 3.8 4.8 -1 .2 2.2 2.7 2.8 3.7 3.6 4.2 2.8 3.0 3.4 Manufacturing: First year of contract .................... Annual rate over life of contract. . . 6.9 5.4 7.4 5.4 7.2 6.1 2.8 2.6 0.4 2.1 2.5 2.7 1.8 1.7 5.1 3.9 4.1 4.5 -3 .4 .9 1.3 1.7 3.4 3.5 2.9 3.1 3.1 2.7 Nonmanufacturing (excluding construction): First year of contract .................... Annual rate over life of contract. . . 7.6 6.2 9.5 6.6 9.8 7.3 4.3 4.1 5.0 3.7 2.7 2.1 6.6 6.1 5.5 4.8 3.6 5.2 3.3 5.3 5.9 5.2 5.8 4.3 4.8 2.7 4.3 4.9 Construction: First year of contract .................... Annual rate over life of contract. . . 8.8 8.3 13.6 11.5 13 5 11.3 6.5 6.3 1.5 2.4 8.6 8.2 6.2 6.3 6.3 5.9 3.4 2.9 .7 2.4 1.7 2.1 1.5 2.9 1.1 2.6 -5 .4 - 4 .2 Wage rate changes covering at least 1,000 workers, all industries: p = preliminary. 37. Effective wage adjustments in collective bargaining units covering 1,000 workers or more, 1979 to date Y e a r a n d q u a r te r Year M e a s u re 1982 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1 II 1983 I II IV 1 II 1984P I II IV ' Average percent adjustment (including no change): All industries...................................................................... Manufacturing ............................................................. Nonmanufacturing ........................................................ 9.1 9.6 8.8 9.9 10.2 9.7 9.5 9.4 9.5 6.8 5.2 7.9 4.0 2.7 4.8 1.0 .9 1.1 2.0 1.0 2.7 2.4 1.7 2.9 1.3 1.5 1.2 0.3 -.5 .9 1.3 1.1 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 .9 1.2 0.9 1.2 .7 From settlements reached in p e rio d ................................ Deferred from settlements reached in earlier period . . . . From cost-of-living clauses............................................... 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.6 3.5 2.8 2.5 3.8 3.2 1.7 3.6 1.4 8 2.5 .6 .2 .6 .3 .4 1.4 .2 .5 1.3 .6 .6 .4 .3 -.2 .4 .1 .3 1.0 .1 .2 .8 .2 .6 .3 .2 .1 .4 .4 8.648 7,852 6 530 2,878 3 423 3,760 3.441 2,875 3,061 3,025 2,887 2,926 Total number of workers receiving wage change From settlements reached in period ...................................................................... Deferred from settlements reached In earlier period............................................... From cost-of-living clauses............................................... Number of workers receiving no adjustments (in thousands) .............................................................. — — 2,270 1,907 2,327 204 511 620 825 448 561 599 996 272 — — — — 6,267 4,593 4,846 3,830 3,260 2,327 1.001 1,920 1,594 1,568 2.400 2,251 860 1,970 812 1,938 1.405 1,299 1,317 1,218 669 1.290 1,049 1,640 — — 145 483 1,187 5,457 4,912 4,575 4,895 4,842 4,656 4,693 4,830 4,791 1The total number of workers who received adiustments does not equal the sum ot workers that received each type of adjustment, because some workers received more than one type of adjustment during the period. 102 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis p - preliminary. WORK STOPPAGE DATA W ork stoppages in clu d e all k n o w n strik es o r lo ck o u ts in v o lv in g 1 ,0 0 0 E stim a te s o f d a y s idle as a p e rc e n t o f e stim a te d w o rk in g tim e w o rk e rs o r m o re an d lastin g a full sh ift o r lo n g er. D ata are m e a su re o n ly the im p a c t o f la rg e r strik e s ( 1 ,0 0 0 w o rk e rs o r m o re). b a se d la rg e ly o n n e w s p a p e r a c c o u n ts an d c o v e r all w o rk e rs idle F o rm e rly , th e s e e s tim a te s m e a su re d the im p a c t o f strik es in v o lv in g o n e sh ift o r m o re in e sta b lis h m e n ts d ire c tly in v o lv e d in a sto p p a g e. 6 w o rk e rs o r m o re; th at is, th e im p a c t o f v irtu a lly a ll strik es. D ue T h e y d o n o t m e a su re th e in d ire ct o r s e c o n d a ry effect on o th er to b u d g e t strin g e n c ie s , c o lle c tio n o f d a ta on strik e s in v o lv in g fe w er e s ta b lis h m e n ts w h o s e e m p lo y e e s are idle o w in g to m ate ria l o r th an 1 ,0 0 0 w o rk e rs w as d isc o n tin u e d w ith th e D e c e m b e r 1981 se rv ic e s h o rta g e s . d a ta . 38. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more, 1947 to date N u m b e r o f s to p p a g e s Month and year In e f fe c t m o n th o r y e a r d u r in g m o n th B e g i n n i n g in In e f f e c t m o n th o r y e a r d u r in g m o n t h (in th o u s a n d s ) 1947 1948 1949 1950 D a y s id le W o r k e r s in v o lv e d B e g i n n i n g in N um ber ( in th o u s a n d s ) (in th o u s a n d s ) P e rc e n t of e s t im a t e d w o r k in g t im e ................................................................................................. ................................................................................................. ................................................................................................. ................................................................................................. 270 245 262 424 1 629 1 435 2 537 1 698 25.720 26.127 43.420 30.390 195 1 .................................................................................................. 1952 ................................................................................................. 1953 .................................................................................................. 1954 ................................................................................................. 1955 ................................................................................................. 415 470 437 265 363 1 462 2 746 1 623 1 075 2 055 15.070 48,820 18,130 16.630 21,180 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 ................................................................................................. .................................................................................................. ................................................................................................. ................................................................................................. ................................................................................................. 287 279 332 245 222 1 370 887 1 587 1 381 896 26,840 10.340 17,900 60,850 13,260 1 9 6 1 ................................................................................................. 1962 ................................................................................................. 1963 ............................................................................................ 1964 ................................................................................................. 1965 ................................................................................................. 195 211 181 246 268 1 031 793 512 1 183 999 10.140 11,760 10,020 16.220 15.140 .07 .08 .07 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 ................................................................................................. ................................................................................................. ................................................................................................. ................................................................................................. ................................................................................................. 321 381 392 412 381 1 300 2 192 1 855 1 576 2 468 16,000 31,320 35,567 29,397 52,761 .10 1 9 7 1 ................................................................................................. 1972 ................................................................................................. 1973 ............................................................................................ 1974 ................................................................................................. 1975 ................................................................................................. 298 250 317 424 235 2 516 975 1 400 1 796 965 35,538 16,764 16,260 31,809 17,563 .19 09 .08 16 .09 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 ................................................................................................. ................................................................................................. ................................................................................................. ...................................................................................... ................................................................................................. 231 298 219 235 187 1 519 1 212 1 006 1 021 795 23,962 21,258 23,774 20,409 20,844 .12 1 9 8 1 ................................................................................................. 1982 ................................................................................................. 1983 ................................................................................................. 145 96 81 729 656 909 16,908 9.061 17,461 .07 .04 .08 1983 January ....................................................................... February....................................................................... M a rc h ....................................................................... 1 5 5 2 3 7 10 9 1.6 14.0 10.5 2.8 38.0 50.4 54.9 52.4 794.8 844.4 1,131.5 789.5 .04 .05 .05 .04 1984“ January ....................................................................... February ....................................................................... M a rc h .......................................................................... 5 2 2 5 11 12 9 11 27.8 8.7 3.0 24.9 41,9 37.2 14,6 34.5 506.2 365.5 284.2 641.4 .03 A p r il............................................................................. A p r il ............................................................................ .22 .38 .26 .12 .38 .14 .13 .16 .20 .07 .13 .43 .09 .11 .10 .18 .20 .16 .29 10 .11 .09 .09 .02 .01 .03 p = preliminary. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 103 Published by b ls in April SALES PUBLICATIONS BLS Bulletins BLS H andbook of Methods: The Consum er Price Index, Volume II. Bulletin 2134-2, 38 pp., $2 (GPO Stock No. 029-001-02795-8). Describes the history and construction of the Consum er Price Index. Em ploym ent, H ours, and Earnings, States and Areas, 1939-82, Volume I: A labam a—Nevada; Volume II: New HampshireW yoming. Bulletin 1370-17, 947 pp., $11 (GPO Stock No. 029-001-02800-8). The 18th reference volume grouping together establishment data on employment, hours, and earnings for States and areas and the first one released in two volumes. Employment data relate to the nonfarm sector o f the economy and exclude the Armed Forces, proprietors, the self-employed, domestic workers in private homes, and unpaid family workers. H ours and earnings for m anufacturing and mining relate to pro duction workers; for construction, to construction workers; and for the remaining nonagricultural components, to nonsupervisory workers. This is the first reference volume to contain employment data for Athens, Georgia; Sharon and State Col lege, Pennsylvania; and Brownsville—Harlingen—San Benito, B ry a n — C o lle g e S t a ti o n , K ille e n — T e m p le , L a r e d o , McAllen—P h arr—Edinburg, Texarkana, and Tyler, Texas. Area Wage Survey Bulletins regular tables and technical notes. 154 pp., $5 ($34 per year). FREE PUBLICATIONS Area Wage Survey Summaries Brem erton—Shelton, W ash., January 1984. 6 pp. Clarksville—Hopkinsville, T enn.—Ky., March 1984. 3 pp. Columbus, G a.—A la., March 1984. 6 pp. El Paso—Alam ogordo—Las Cruces, Tex.—N. M ex., March 1984. 3 pp. Savannah, G a., March 1984. 6 pp. BLS Reports Jobs and Prices in a Recovering Economy. Report 704. 10 pp. A speech by BLS Commissioner Norwood before the Com mittee of the Budget, United States Senate, February 28, 1984. Discusses the recession o f 1981-82, the recovery, the impact o f changes in the economy on families, the inflation slowdown, and ex perim ental Consum er Price Indexes. Reprints Robust growth and the strong dollar set pattern for 1983 import and export prices. From the April 1984 M onthly Labor Review. Regional Office Publications New England Labor and the Economy at the Year-end 1983. Regional Report Number 84-1 (Boston), 39 pp. These bulletins cover office, professional, technical, m aintenance, custodial, and material movement occupations in m ajor m etropolitan areas. The annual series o f 70 is available by subscription for $88 per year. Individual area bulletins are also available separately. The following were published in April: OTHER DATA SERVICES D avenport—Rock Island—Moline, Iowa—Illinois, M etropolitan Area, February 1984. Bulletin 3025-7, 28 pp., $3.25 (GPO Stock No. 029-001-90274-3). M ajor BLS news releases are available electronically at release time. Huntsville, Alabam a, M etropolitan Area, February 1984. Bulletin 3025-6, 28 pp. $3.25 (GPO Stock No. 029-001-90275-5). Newark, New Jersey, M etropolitan Area, January 1984. Bulletin 3025-5, 40 pp., $3.75 (GPO Stock No. 029-001-90272-7). Sacram ento, California, M etropolitan Area, December 1983. B u lle tin 3020-71, 41 p p ., $3.75 (GPO S to c k N o . 029-001-90269-7). Electronic News Services Mailgram Consum er price index data summary by mailgram within 24 hours o f the CPI release. Provides unadjusted and seasonally adjusted U.S. City Average data for All Urban Consum ers (CPI-U) and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical W orkers (CPI-W). (NTISUB/158). $125 in contiguous United States. Telephone Summary Periodicals CPI Detailed Report. February issue provides a comprehensive report on price movements for the m onth, inform ation on the changes in the frequency o f publication for local area CPI’s which is to begin in 1987, plus statistical tables, charts, and technical notes. 107 pp., $5 ($28 per year). C urrent Wage Developments. March issue includes employee wage and benefit changes and work stoppages in February; m ajor agreements expiring in April; State and local government collec tive bargaining settlements for 1983; the Employment Cost In dex for December 1983; and statistics on com pensation changes. 47 pp., $4.50 ($23 per year). Employm ent and Earnings. April issue covers employment and unemploym ent developments in M arch, seasonally adjusted household data for the first quarter, plus regular statistical tables on national, State, and area employment, unemploym ent, hours, and earnings. 176 pp., $6 ($39 per year). Producer Prices and Price Indexes. February issues include a com prehensive report on price movements for the m onth, plus https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis A recorded summary of principal CPI, PPI, and Employment Situation numbers is available 24 hours a day on (202) 523-9658. To order: Sales publications— Order from BLS regional offices (see inside front cover), or the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern ment Printing Office, W ashington, D .C. 20402. Order by title and GPO stock num ber. Subscriptions available only from the Superintendent o f Documents. Orders can be charged to a deposit account number or checks can be made payable to the Superintend ent o f Documents. Visa and M asterCard are also accepted. Include card num ber and expiration date. Mailgram service—Available from the National Technical Infor m ation Service, U.S. D epartm ent o f Commerce, 5285 P ort Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22151. Free publications—Available from the Bureau o f Labor Statistics, U.S. D epartm ent o f Labor, W ashington, D.C. 20212 or from any BLS regional office. Request regional office publications from the issuing office. Free publications are available while supplies last. The New Handbook of Labor Statistics Bulletin 2175 Makes available in one 447-page volume historical data (through 1982 in most cases) on the major statistical series produced by the Bureau of Labor Statistics Contains 147 tables with data on: I n Labor force characteristics Employment and unemployment Provides technical notes for each major group of tables Hours and earnings Includes related series from other foreign countries Wage and benefit changes Productivity and unit labor costs Prices and living conditions Unions and industrial relations Occupational injuries and illnesses Foreign labor statistics The BLS regional office nearest you will expedite your order. 1603 John F. Kennedy Federal Bldg. Boston, Mass. 02203 Suite 3400 1515 Broadway New York, N.Y. 10036 P.O. Box 13309 Philadelphia, Pa. 19101 Suite 540 1371 Peachtree S t, N.E Atlanta. Ga 30367 Room 221 555 Griffin Sq Bldg Dallas. Tex 75202 9th Floor 230 South Dearborn St Chicago. Ill 60604 911 Walnut St. Kansas City. 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