Full text of Monthly Labor Review : June 1967, Vol. 90, No. 6

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Monthly
Labor
Review
JUNE

1967

VOL.

90

KALAMAZOO
JU N IG 19G7
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V i\ f
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NO.

The San Francisco Nurses
Living Costs and Wage Policy
Economic Effects of FLSA Changes
Terminations of Pension Plans

UNITED STATES DEPARTM ENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS


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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
W. Willard Wirtz , Secretary

BUREAU OF LABOR STA TISTICS
A rthur M . R
R

obert

J. M

o ss,

y ers,

Commissioner of Labor Statistics
Deputy Commissioner

Regional Offices and Directors
N EW E N G L A N D R E G IO N
Wendell D . MacD onald
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G overnm ent C enter
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>

M onthly Labor R eview
►
m

U N I T E D S T A T E S D E P A R T M E N T OF L A B O R

L a w r e n c e R. K

l e in

•

B U R E A U OF L A B O R S T A T I S T I C S

, E d ito r - in - C h ie f

J a c k F. S t r ic k l a n d , E x e c u t i v e E d i t o r

I

CONTENTS

Articles

B
■

1■
■

I
I1
■
H

39
48
55

1
1
1B
H

1
1
1

B

Living Costs, Wages, and Wage Policy
The San Francisco Bay Area 1966 Nurses’ Negotiations
Wage Changes Under 1966 Major Agreements
Economic Effects of the 1966 Changes in the FLSA
Terminations of Pension Plans: 11 Years’ Experience
Special Labor Force Reports
Occupational Mobility of Employed Workers
Educational Attainment of Workers, March 1966
Wages and Supplementary Benefits in Metropolitan Areas
Earnings of Hospital Nurses, July 1966
Earnings in Wool Yarn and Broadwoven Fabric Mills, 1966
Departments

111

63
65
69
80


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This Issue in Brief
The Labor Month in Review
Foreign Labor Briefs
Significant Decisions in Labor Cases
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Major Agreements Expiring in June and July
Developments in Industrial Relations
Book Reviews and Notes
Current Labor Statistics and Technical Note

June 1967 • Vol. 90 • No. 6

This Issue in Brief. . .

found to be the most pronounced demographic
associated with occupational mobility. Men showed
higher mobility rates than women and variations
in mobility rates of men among occupations showed
a marked direct relationship to occupational dif­
ferences in unemployment rates.

attempt to keep money
wage increases on a level comparable to changes
in productivity. In Living Costs Wages and
Wage Policy (p. 1), H. M. Douty points out that
“general movements in productivity or employ­
ment have little influence, for the most part, on
particular wage decisions.” Rising prices, how­
ever, act as a highly explicit factor. The decen­
tralization of wage-determining decisions and the
evidence on the behavior of wages in the postwar
period indicate that “. . . wage (or income) lags
will, other things being equal, help bring the
present comparatively mild inflationary episode to
an end.*’

A relative growth in employment in some of the
manufacturing industries which pay higher wages,
an increase in the size of major settlements, wide­
spread wage increases by nonunion firms, and an
increase in social security taxes combined to make
average hourly earnings and hourly labor costs in­
crease more rapidly in 1966 than in other recent
years. In reporting on Wage Changes Under 1966
Major Agreements (p. 13), Joseph E. Talbot Jr.
indicates that the 1966 average wage increase was
held down by the substantial number of contracts
concluded in earlier years which contained no
provisions for wage adjustments in 1966.

the levels of education acquired by
members of the labor force in Educational Attain­
ment of Workers March 1966, p. 39, Harvey
Hamel reports that only 32 percent of the women
who had not completed high school were in the
labor force compared with 52 percent of the col­
lege graduates and 68 percent of the women with
advanced or professional degrees.

I n h is report on Terminations of Pension Plans:
11 Years'1Experience (p. 26), Emerson Beier sum­
marizes a study conducted by the Bureau with the
cooperation of the Internal Revenue Service. Of
the qualified retirement plans terminated during
the period, 53 percent were pension plans, and
most of them were young and small in size. Not
all accrued pension rights were lost; some rights
were preserved by fund accumulations or transfers
of accrued pension credits to other plans.

N ational wage policies

,

,

D iscussing

,

who are engaged in paid employment
work to keep their wage and salary levels at rates
comparable with those of their male counterparts.
In nursing, however, women outnumber men, and
wage comparisons on the basis of sex cannot serve
as useful guidelines. George L. Stelluto's report on
Earnings of Hospital Nurses July 1966 (p. 55),
quotes average weekly salaries for nurses ranging
from $154 for director of nursing to $58 for nurs­
ing aids. Attempts by nurses of the San Francisco
Bay area to improve their wages, caseloads, and
general working conditions are chronicled by Max
D. Ivossoris in The San Francisco Bay Area 1966
Nurses'1Negotiations (p. 8).
W omen

,

T he magnitude and direction of occupational
mobility were determined and the role of demo­
graphic, social, and economic factors on this mo­
bility were studied in Occupational Mobility of
Employed Workers, by Samuel Saben. Age was
ii


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in the series dealing with the
1966 FLSA amendments considers the wage and
employment changes expected to result from the
operation of the recent changes in the Federal
minimum wage. In Economic Effects of the 1966
Changes in the FLSA (p. 21), by Jack I. Karlin,
studies of hospitals, nursing homes, laundries, and
retail trade provide data for evaluating the effects
of the amendments in specific industries, while a
study of low-wage areas affords an opportunity to
study the implications for other industries.
T h e fin a l article

I n iiis summary report on Wages and Supple­
mentary Benefits in Metropolitan Areas (p. 48),
Kenneth R. Hoffman writes that wage increases
were larger in 1965—
66 than in either the 1963—
64
or the 1964-65 period and that average pay levels
in 1965-66 were highest in public utilities and
manufacturing.

The Labor Month
in Review
Collective Bargaining
on the Farm
I n the midst of spring bargaining by railroad,
trucking, meatpacking, and other seasoned labor
and management negotiators, came the debut of
two parties from a new quarter, agriculture. After
months of negotiations followed by arbitration of
some issues, the United Farm Workers Organiz­
ing Committee and Di Giorgio Fruit Corp. signed
a contract that became effective on April 3. The
agreement is expected to cover some 3,000 field
workers, irrigators, and tractor drivers at the
Sierra Vista and Borrego Springs ranches and all
nonsupervisory workers at Di Giorgio Farms at
the peak season.
The contract is strikingly similar to many
agreements in industry with a longer history of
collective bargaining. The union won a union
shop; there is a no-strike-no-lockout clause, with
its concomitant of arbitration; and there is a pro­
vision prohibiting discrimination on account of
race, creed, color, religion, or national origin.

Union Security. The Di Giorgio contract fea­
tures a hiring hall.
(a) Whenever employees are needed by the employer
to perform any work covered by this agreement, the
employer shall notify the union in w riting stating
the number of employees needed, the type of work
to be performed, the starting date of the work, and
the approxim ate duration of the job or jobs.
(b) Upon receipt of such notice, the union shall
immediately use its best efforts to furnish the re­
quested employees. If the union does not furnish such
employees w ithin 72 hours, or on the date of the
beginning of the work (whichever date is la ter),
the employer shall be free to procure needed em­
ployees not furnished by the union from any other
source. The employer shall, in such event, notify the
union in w riting w ithin 48 hours of the names and
addresses of all employees so hired by the employer.


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Other union security measures also reflect pat­
terns originated in nonagricultural industries. On
the union shop and dues deduction:
(a) Employees w ithin the bargaining unit who are
members of the union or who have authorized the
union in w riting to represent them shall m aintain
such membership during the term of this agreement.
All employees hired after Jan u ary 23, 1967, shall not
later than the 10th day following commencement
of their employment, become and remain members
of the union in good standing.
(b) All employees w ithin the bargaining unit who
are not members of the union, shall as a condition
of continued employment after Jan u ary 23, 1967
pay to th e union each month a service charge as a
contribution tow ard the adm inistration of this agree­
ment. The service charge shall be in an amount
equal to the union’s regular initiation fee and monthly
dues.
(c) The employer agrees to deduct said initiation
fees, dues, and service charges and rem it the moneys
to the union not later than the 15th day of the fol­
lowing month. Vacation pay is subject to such
deduction.
(d) The union shall provide the employer with
w ritten authorization forms authorizing the above
deductions, and the employer shall use its best ef­
forts, in cooperation w ith the union, to assure th a t
employees w ithin the bargaining unit execute such
authorizations. Said authorizations shall be valid
for the term of this agreement. The employer shall
not be required to make any deductions from the
wages of employees who have not executed au th o r­
izations, but deliberate refusal to execute such an
authorization shall be reason for discharge, as above
provided.
(e) The employer agrees to furnish the union in
writing, the names of employees, addresses, social se­
curity numbers, and type of job classifications on a
quarterly basis.

Within certain limits, the employer is permitted
to subcontract.
(a) The parties understand and agree th a t the
hazards of agriculture are such th a t subcontracting
by the employer is necessary and proper, but also
understand and agree th a t the employer should not
subcontract to the detrim ent of union. They con­
sequently agree th at the employer shall have the right
to subcontract as it has in the past, viz, for crop
dusting, barley planting and harvesting, potato h a r­
vesting, plumbing, electrical work, and the like. The
foregoing are examples only and are not intended
as lim itations on the employer’s right to subcontract.
On the other hand, the employer shall not utilize the
services of any labor contractor to supply field or
packing house personnel w ithin the union jurisdici ii

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JUNE 1967

IV

tion unless the employer first requests the union to
supply such personnel and the union is unable to do
so w ithin 72 hours of such requests.

Section 11 proscribes boycotts, as well as strikes
and lockouts, and requires any allegation of viola­
tions to be arbitrated. “Refusal to cross a legiti­
mate and bona fide picket line shall not be deemed
a violation of this agreement.”
The grievance procedure is specific:
Grievance Procedure, (a) The parties to this agree­
ment agree th a t as to all differences, m isunderstand­
ings, or disputes which arise between the employer
and the union out of the interpretation or applica­
tion of this agreement, including but not limited
to discharges and wages, an earnest effort shall be
made to settle same immediately, as follow s:
(b) F irs t step : W ithin 24 hours of notice from one
party to the other, the m atter shall be taken up be­
tween the immediate supervisor, representing the
company, and the union steward, and they shall use
their best good faith efforts to resolve the grievance.
(c) Second step: In the event they are unable to
adjust the dispute w ithin 1 workday, the m atter shall
then be taken up by an official of the union and the
branch personnel m anager of the employer.
(d) T hird step: If there be no settlem ent between
the above-mentioned parties w ithin 2 workdays, the
m atter shall be taken up by the employer’s district
or local personnel m anager and a district officer
of the union.
(e) Fourth step: In the event th a t these parties
cannot resolve the dispute w ithin 5 working days, the
m atter shall be submitted to an im partial arb itrato r
for a decision which shall be final and binding on all
parties.
V

$

«i*

$

*i

(h) Failure to file the grievance w ithin 30 days
from the date th a t such grievance came to the notice
of the moving party shall constitute a w aiver of said
grievance, provided, however, th a t a grievance on a
discharge shall be filed w ithin 5 days from the date
th a t it comes to the attention of the union, and fail­
ure to file such a grievance w ithin 5 days shall con­
stitute a w aiver thereof.
(i) Union security or hiring disputes: Disputes
arising between the union and the employer under
recognition, union security, or hiring shall be taken
up directly by the district personnel m anager and
the district union officer and shall proceed immedi­
ately to arbitration if said persons cannot resolve the
dispute w ithin 5 days.

Seniority protection is as follows:
(a) When filling vacancies or making promotions,
transfers, reclassifications, or demotions, the em­
ployer will give preference to employees w ith the
greatest length of continuous service, provided th a t
qualifications and ability are equal.


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(b) Seasonal layoffs shall not constitute a break
in th e continuity of service. Layoffs and reemploy­
ment afte r layoffs shall be on the basis of continuous
service.

Wages and Fringe Benefits. The parties ne­
gotiated most of the contract but some issues had
to be arbitrated—the hiring hall, new job classifi­
cations, vacations, holidays, unemployment insur­
ance, and wages, among others.
Hourly employees received a 25-cent-an-hour
wage increase effective April 3, 1967, and piece
rates were adjusted to reflect the same increase.
The basic minimum hourly rate is now $1.65.
Wages are to rise 5 cents an hour on April 3, 1968.
Vacations, (a) Employees who work a to tal of 1,600
hours in either the calendar year preceding the vaca­
tion or 12 months immediately preceding the vacation
a t Sierra Vista Ranch or Borrego Springs Ranch or
Di Giorgio Farm s or a t all such locations, shall re­
ceive 1 week of paid vacation per year. Such vaca­
tion pay to be equal to 1/52 of the employee’s earn­
ings for the 12 months preceding the vacation.
(b) Employees who have worked such total of 1,600
hours a t either Sierra Vista Ranch or Borrego Springs
Ranch or Di Giorgio Farm s or a t all such locations
in each year (calendar year or 12 months immediately
preceding annual vacation) of 3 consecutive years
shall receive 2 weeks’ paid vacation, such vacation
pay to be equal to 2/52 of the employee’s earnings
for the 12 months preceding the vacation.
Holidays, (a) Time worked on holidays herein­
after enum erated shall be a t one and one-half times
the regular rate of pay for work performed.
(b) The following days shall be the holidays
referred to in (a ) above:
New Year’s Day
Good F riday
F ourth of July
Labor Day
Thanksgiving Day
Christm as Day

Hi Giorgio contracted to put $25,000 into a
jointly administered fund for health-welfare and
pension benefits and agreed to pay 5 cents an hour
per employee to the fund, retroactive to January
1, 1967.
The contract runs for 3 years, with a reopener
on wages, hours, and certain other economic bene­
fits after 2 years. Should no agreement be reached
when the contract is reopened, unresolved eco­
nomic issues must go to arbitration, a provision
that is rarely found in collective bargaining con­
tracts.

Living Costs, Wages, and Wage Policy
Rising Prices, Income Lags,
and the Problem
of National Wage Policy
H. M. D outy*

a r t ic l e discusses, at least in a preliminary
way, some aspects of the question of wage adjust­
ments during periods of rising prices in relation to
national wage policy.
Present national wage policy in the United
States, as defined at a later point, is the formal
statement of one element in a strategy for the
maintenance of price level stability. Stability in
the price level is important in relation to social
equity, notably with reference to groups in the
population whose incomes are relatively inflexi­
ble. I t is important also for the prevention of
structural distortions in output and employment
that may require subsequent correction, and for
the maintenance or improvement of cost competi­
tiveness in foreign markets. Price level stability,
therefore, must rank high as an objective of na­
tional economic policy.
The problem of the compatability of a stable
price level with relatively full employment and
economic growth—two other key economic objec­
tives—has led to the elaboration of policies to
restrain the growth of money incomes. Pressure
on the price level can arise either from excess
demand—the classic source of inflation—or from
rising costs. On the cost side, the principal ingredi­
ents are wage or price determinations that -reflect
the exercise of market power by trade unions or
business firms.
Concern with cost inflation developed after
World War II.1The possibility of its development
reflects a conjuncture of circumstances: The

T h is


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Keynesian revolution in economic thought; an in­
creasingly elaborate national effort, flowing in the
United States from the Employment Act of 1946,
to achieve and maintain high-level employment;
the growth of strong unions in strategic sectors
of the economy; and the existence of administered
rather than competitive pricing in a number of
important industries.2
The Nature of Wage Policy

As applied to the United States, the term “na­
tional wage policy” is taken to mean an explicit
effort, through means ranging from persuasion to
administrative action, to confine money wage in­
creases, on the average, to a level consistent with
changes in output per man-hour in the national
economy. The term “wage increases” should be
♦Senior Research Consultant, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1
At the height of the steep rise of prices following World War I,
an important symposium on inflation contained no reference
whatever to wage behavior or to administered prices. See Henry
Rogers Seager, editor, “Inflation and High P rices: Causes and
Remedies,” Proceedings, Academy of Political Science, June 1920.
In a similar symposium after World War II, the late Professor
Sumner H. Slichter, in a paper entitled “Wages and Prices,”
suggested that “the community may endeavor to make wages the
subject of a national policy.” See John A. Krout, editor, “Prices,
Wages and Inflation.” Proceedings, Academy of Political Science,
April 1947. Martin Bronfenbrenner and F. D. Holzman, “Survey
of Inflation Theory,” American Economic Review, September
1963, pp. 593—661, have presented an excellent review of the
various strands of thought about inflation, with emphasis upon
the period since World War II.
2
An earlier article attempted to describe the mechanism of
cost inflation, the development of wage policy in the United
States, and some factors affecting its implementation. See “Some
Problems of Wage Policy,” M onthly Labor Review, July 1962,
p p .733-741.

1

2

understood to include increased employer expendi­
tures on fringe benefits, and hence to be equivalent
to changes in labor compensation.
The central criterion for wage adjustment is
thus the anticipated “sustainable” trend in pro­
ductivity, to which past productivity experience
over some relevant period in the economy as a
whole provides a guide. Exceptions to the general
policy (e.g., to take account of the labor force
problems of particular firms or industries) may
be recognized. This is the essence of the guideposts for noninflationary wage behavior stated in
the annual reports of the Council of Economic
Advisers for the years 1962-66,3 and restated in
the 1967 report in light of the rise in consumer
prices that began in the second half of 1965.4 In
general, the same concept underlies the wage side
of European “incomes policies,” although these
reflect many adaptations to national conditions
and problems.5
National productivity is significant for wage
policy (not, as we shall see, for the actual process
of wage determination) in that it defines the limits
within which money wages can advance, on the
average, without increasing labor costs. If the
annual rate of increase in output per man-hour is,
say, 3 percent, then the level of wages can increase
to that extent without exerting pressure on cost
and price levels for the output of the economy as
a whole. The prices of individual commodities or
services will rise or decline, depending largely,
insofar as costs are concerned, upon productivity
3 For example, see Economic Report of the President and Annual
Report of the Council of Economic Advisers, January 1966, pp.
88-93, excerpted in M onthly Labor Review, March 1966, pp.
278-281.
4 Ibid., January 1967, pp. 119-132, excerpted in M onthly
Labor Review, March 1967, pp. 47—49.
5 For a thoughtful appraisal of wage-price or incomes policies
in the United States and selected European countries, see David
C. Smith, Incomes Policies: Some Foreign Experiences and Their
Relevance for Canada (Ottawa, Queen’s Printer, 1966).
8
A critical assumption is that industries experiencing relatively
high rates of productivity increase and declining unit labor costs
will reduce prices. This is the basic postulate of the guideposts
for noninflationary price behavior. In competitive industries,
market forces will tend to produce this result; in administered
price industries, at least in the short run, appropriate down­
ward adjustments may not occur.
7 For an analysis of bargaining units in the larger labormanagement contract situations, see Major Union Contracts in
the United States (BLS Bulletin 1353, 1961).
8 This is true even for negotiated changes in periods of high
economic activity. For example, see BLS release, “Major Collec­
tive Bargaining Agreements Negotiated During 1966” (Febru­
ary 3, 1967).


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JU N E 1967

experience in individual industries, but the gen­
eral level of prices will remain stable.6
If the level of consumer prices remains stable,
an increase in the money wage level correspond­
ing to the average gain in output per man-hour
will be identical with an increase in the level of
real wages. Moreover, the relative share of wages
in national income will remain unchanged. On
the other hand, if the price level is increasing,
wage adjustments corresponding with national
productivity gains will not be fully reflected in
real wages; indeed, real wages may actually
decline, depending upon the magnitude of the
price advances. There will tend to be, in these
circumstances, a shift toward profits in the dis­
tribution of income.
Wage Determination

The process of wage determination in the United
States is highly decentralized. The wages and
salaries of more than two-thirds of the nonagricultural labor force are arrived at through
employer personnel action. Moreover, collective
bargaining within the unionized sector is itself
relatively decentralized, as compared, for example,
with Great Britain or Sweden.7
Particular attention does tend to focus on the
outcome of collective bargaining negotiations. One
reason is that these are usually more visible than
the results of managerial wage decisions, especially
in industries dominated by a few large firms or
where bargaining takes place with employer associ­
ations representing significant segments of indus­
try employment. A second reason is that most
unions possess some measure of market power,
which adds an extra dimension to the wage-setting
process. Third, wage determinations arrived at
through collective bargaining tend, to some extent,
to set the tone for wage decisions more generally.
The change in the level of wages that occurs over
a period of time, conventionally a year, reflects
the outcome of tens of thousands of decisions
reached unilaterally by management or through
collective bargaining. In any dynamic economy,
these decisions will vary considerably in magni­
tude.8 Whether they average out to correspond
with an average annual rate of productivity in­
crease computed for some past period depends
largely upon a complex of factors operating in the

LIVING COSTS, WAGES, AND WAGE POLICY

labor market or, more accurately, in the numerous
submarkets where wage determination for most
types of employees actually occurs.
Most wage decisions are not in fact related in
any explicit way to the secular rate of productiv­
ity growth. What this rate tells us is the extent to
which the consumption of goods and services or
leisure, or some combination of these, can be in­
creased. How productivity gains are actually dis­
tributed as between labor and property income,
or among different groups of workers within the
labor force, is a function of money wage and price
determination. Productivity increase underlies
some of the forces that are important in money
wage decisions (e.g., it is an important source of
expanding demand for labor, taking the economy
as a whole), but other factors are also important.
These include the condition of the labor market (as
indicated, for example, by unemployment rates) ;
price movements (as measured by appropriate in­
dexes) ; levels and rates of change in profits (as
indicative of the state of the product market) ;
and institutional factors, of which trade unionism
and employer organizations are most noteworthy.
Indeed, as Hildebrand strongly emphasizes,
general movements in productivity or employment
have little influence, for the most part, on par­
ticular wage decisions. “Because our system of
collective bargaining is so decentralized,” he
writes, “it is much more responsive to economic
factors local to the bargaining zone—profit pros­
pects of the employers and employment-unemploy­
ment in the particular industry or trade. The ex­
ception here is overall movements of the cost of
living, which, unlike the national unemployment
rate or the trend advance in general labor produc­
tivity, have real and understandable significance
to union members everywhere.” 9
Over extended periods of time, of course, change
in the general level of real wages (including fringe
benefits) will tend to conform to changes in out­
put per man-hour in the economy. This will occur
under quite diverse conditions. Thus, Long esti­
mates that both money and real wages in manufac­
turing increased about 50 percent from 1860 to
1890.10 This period, like our own, began with a
war inflation, but then was marked, unlike the
period after World War II, by a long secular de­
cline in the level of prices. Within the period, the
rise in real wages was very uneven.


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3
The rise has also been uneven during the years
since World War II. To use manufacturing again
as an example: The level of real hourly earnings
increased by about 51 percent between 1946 and
1966, or at an average annual rate (compounded)
of 2.1 percent.11 But as the accompanying table
shows, the year-to-year variations were substan­
tial. Real hourly earnings fell during the inflation
that followed the end of the war, rose sharply in
the recession of 1948-T9, showed practically no
gain during the Korean inflation, and forged
ahead between 1951 and 1953 and again between
1954 and 1956. Thereafter, the only large year-toyear gain was registered between 1958 and 1959.
Real hourly earnings increased moderately but
consistently during the first half of the 1960’s, but
these gains were interrupted by the higher rate of
change in the level of consumer prices beginning
in the latter half of 1965. As a rough generaliza­
tion, real hourly earnings during the postwar years
have risen sharply in recession periods. These
gains have been held and moderately extended
during subsequent expansions.
The table also shows estimates of year-to-year
percentage changes in money and real compensa­
tion per employee man-hour for the private non­
farm economy. These estimates relate to all classes
of employees—not to wage earners alone—and in­
clude, in addition to money wages and salaries, em­
ployer contributions to social insurance and to
private welfare and pension plans. They are af­
fected, more than would be the case with a single
sector, by shifts in the industrial and occupational
composition of the labor force. Despite these and
other differences, the year-to-year changes in com­
pensation correspond, in a broad way, with the
9 George H. Hildebrand, “Wage Policy and Business Activity,”
Proceedings, Industrial Relations Research Association, 1958,
p. 176.
10 Clarence D. Long, Wages and Earnings in the United States,
1860-1890 (Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, 1960),
pp. 61ff. Decennial estimates of output per man-hour for the
private economy show an increase of 50.5 percent from 1860 to
1890. See J. Frederic Dewhurst and Associates, America’s Needs
and Resources (New York, Twentieth Century Fund, 1955), table
14.
11 This is an understatement of the rise in real labor compensa­
tion in manufacturing during this period, since the rate of in­
crease in fringe benefit expenditures was more rapid than the
increase in money earnings. A rough estimate suggests that the
average annual rise in real hourly labor compensation was in
the neighborhood of 2.9 percent between 1946 and 1962. During
the same period, output per man-hour in the private economy,
using primarily establishment man-hour estimates, increased at
an average annual rate of 3.2 percent; the rate of increase for
the nonfarm sector was 2.6 percent.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JUNE 1967

4
changes in the average hourly earnings of factory
workers.
Living Costs and W ages

Although not strictly a cost-of-living index, the
Consumer Price Index is highly serviceable and
widely used for this purpose.12 It measures the
average change in the price of a comprehensive
bundle of goods and services consumed by urban
manual and clerical workers and their families,
with weights derived from average annual ex­
penditures per consumer unit.
Like any general index, the CPI is, in a sense,
an abstraction. A change in costs for an equivalent
level of living for any given family from one
period to another will rarely correspond with the
change in the index. There are three principal rea­
sons. One is that consumption patterns differ sub­
stantially among family units, due to differences
in composition, age, income, taste, and other
characteristics. A second is that a given change
(at least in part) may relate to index components
(e.g., home financing charges) the prices of which
are fixed over long periods for many families. The
third is that substitution of goods or services
yielding roughly equivalent satisfaction may be
Y e a r -to -Y e a r
P ercentage
C hanges
in
A verage
H o u r l y E a r n in g s in
M a n u f a c t u r in g , A v e r a g e
C o m p e n s a t io n p e r E m p l o y e e M a n - H o u r i n t h e
P r iv a t e N o n f a r m E c o n o m y , a n d C o n s u m e r P r ic e s
Average hourly
earnings,
m anufacturing 1
Period
M oney
1945-46___________
1946-47-,_________
1947-48___________
1948-49___________
1949-50___________
1950-51___________
1951-52___________
1952-53___________
1953-54___________
1954-55___________
1955-56___________
1956-57___________
1957-58___________
1958-59___________
1959-60___________
1960-61___________
1961-62___________
1962-63___________
1963-64___________
1964-65___________
1965-66___________

5.9
13.0
9.0
3.8
4.3
8.3
5.8
5.5
2.3
4.5
4.8
5.4
2.9
3.8
3.2
2.7
3.0
2.9
2.8
3.1
3.8

Real
- 2 .3
- 1 .2
1.1
4.8
3.3
.4
3.4
4.8
1.8
4.8
3.3
1.6
.1
3.0
1.6
1.5
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.4
.8

Average compensa­
tion per employee
m an-hour, private
nonfarm economy 2
M oney

12.7
8.8
3.1
5.4
8.9
5.6
5.5
3.4
3.6
5.9
5.8
3.6
4.4
4.0
3.0
3.9
3.4
4.8
3.2
5.6

C on­
sum er
Price
Index

Real

- 1 .5
1.0
4.1
4.5
.8
3.4
4.6
3.0
4.0
4.3
2.3
.8
3.6
2.3
2.0
2.8
2.2
3.4
1.5
2.5

8.5
14.4
7.7
- 1 .0
1.0
8.0
2.2
.8
.4
- .3
1.5
3.5
2.8
.8
1.6
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.7
2.9

1 Includes premium payments for overtime and other unusual hours of
work; excludes employer expenditures for welfare and pension benefits;
since based on hours paid for, excludes effect (in terms of hours worked)
of payments for vacations, holidays, and other paid leave.
2 Based on employee compensation data from Office of Business Economics,
U.S. Department of Commerce, and man-hours data from Bureau of Labor
Statistics.


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possible for at least some of those that have
changed in price.
These considerations suggest that the effect of
small changes in the index (say a monthly increase
of one-tenth of an index point) differs widely
among consumer units and is not felt in a general
way by the working population. If this is the case,
little wage pressure will be generated, except where
adjustments under escalator clauses are tied to
small changes in the CPI.13 The main sources of
wage pressure, when price changes are small, must
be sought in the behavior of other “explanatory
variables,” such as the unemployment rate and
profits.
It is when the upward movement of prices quick­
ens, and extends substantially throughout the
whole range of consumer goods and services, that
wages begin to respond directly to price movement.
Recent experience is instructive. On the basis of
annual averages, the CPI crept up at a rate of
about 1.3 percent yearly between 1960 and 1965,
with more than half of the increase, over the period
as a whole, accounted for by services. Between
1965 and 1966, the increase in the index was almost
3 percent. Moreover, the advance extended to most
of its components. The prices of food consumed
at home, which are especially critical in terms of
housewife reaction, rose by 5 percent. The rise
in the prices of services, paced by medical care,
financial services, and taxes, accelerated.
Rising prices as a highly explicit factor in wage
determination were clearly evident by the middle
of 1966. This was dramatized by the dispute in­
volving five major airlines, where the final settle­
ment in August provided for three 5-percent wage
increases, the first retroactive to January 1, 1966.
Other contract changes included provision for two
semiannual cost-of-living adjustments, with a
ceiling on each adjustment.14 This was followed
by settlements in the electrical manufacturing in­
dustry providing generally for wage increases of
4 percent for the first contract year and 3 percent
in each of the second and third years, plus improve­
ments in various fringe benefits and escalator
clauses providing upper limits to adjustments.15
12 The Consumer Price Index: H istory and Techniques (BLS
Bulletin 1517, 1966).
13 Small changes in the CPI, when cumulated over a period of
time, undoubtedly play a role in the collective bargaining nego­
tiations that occur at intervals of a year or longer.
14 M onthly Labor Review, September 1966, pp. 1006—1007.
is ibid., November 1966, pp. 1276-1277; December 1966, pp.
1395-1396.

LIVING COS]TS, WAGES, AND WAGE POLICY

Agreements reached in a variety of key negotia­
tions in 1966 provided a median package (wages
plus benefits) increase of 4.1 percent, compared
with 3.3 percent in 1965.16
The upsurge in prices reinforced other factors
exerting pressure on the wage level. In particular,
the labor market tightened as the national unem­
ployment rate (seasonally adjusted) dipped below
4 percent in early 1966, and hovered at or slightly
below that figure throughout the year. Profits,
although not expanding during 1966, were at a
high level. By the end of the year, what had begun
as a demand-induced price rise, growing out of
the Viet Nam war and a high level of domestic
investment, appeared to be easing into a wageprice spiral.
Living Costs and Wage Policy

For 1966, the Council of Economic Advisers had
specifically recommended “that the general guidepost for wages of 3.2 percent a year be con­
tinued.” 17This figure reflected the long-term trend
in productivity, independent of cyclical swings.18
By the end of the year, it appeared clear that this
figure could not be sustained in many bargaining
situations. In its 1967 report, however, the Council
did not suggest a higher figure. I t observed that
“the recent rise in living costs makes it unlikely
that most collective bargaining settlements in 1967
will fully conform to the trend increase in produc­
tivity. But [the Council] sees no useful purpose
to be served by suggesting some higher standard
for wage increases, even on a temporary basis.” 19
The Council also stated that although “it can
be expected that many wage settlements in 1967
16 See BLS release of February 3, 1967, cited in footnote 8.
For nonunion manufacturing establishments, where data are
available on general wage increases, the proportion of workers
receiving such increases rose substantially during the first half
of 1966 as compared with either 1964 or 1965. The size of the
median increase also rose. See “Wage Developments in Manu­
facturing, First 6 Months, 1966,” (BLS Summary Report, 1967).
17 Council of Economic Advisers, Annual Report, January 1966
p. 92.
18 A specific trend productivity figure was first introduced into
the Council’s report in 1964. It was based upon the annual
average percentage change in output per man-hour during the
latest 5 years. This worked out to 3.2 percent. This method of
calculation, with the same result, was used in the 1965 report.
The method was changed in the 1966 report (see pp. 91-93) on
both technical and policy grounds.
19 Annual Report, January 1967, p. 128.
-° At the beginning of 1967, an estimated 3 million workers
were covered by formal cost-of-living escalator arrangements of
one type or another.
21
There may also be lags on the price side, particularly in
administered price industries.


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5
will exceed the trend increase in productivity, it is
obvious that if, on the average, they should exceed
it by the amount of the recent increase in living
costs, price stability could never be restored.” It
urged wage restraint, which it defined to mean
“wage advances which are substantially less than
the productivity trend plus the recent rise in con­
sumer prices.”
As suggested in the preceding section, the 1966
rise in prices was of sufficient magnitude in itself
to generate strong wage pressures. Wherever pos­
sible, labor will attempt to secure, in real terms,
the annual gain in living standards which conforms
to the expectations that have been built up during
the postwar period. One ingredient in these ex­
pectations, indeed, has been the formulation of a
productivity-based wage policy, which has logic
only on the assumption of a stable, or at most,
gently rising price level. If one could contemplate
employment and growth policy within the frame­
work of a falling price level, the prescription for
wage policy would obviously be quite different.
As a practical matter, convergence of a wageprice spiral in a moderate demand inflation is
likely to occur because of income lags that are, in
a sense, built into the system. Groups on fixed (or
relatively fixed) incomes may not participate ac­
tively in the inflationary process at all—e.g., social
security annuitants whose annuities may be ad­
justed to reflect increased living costs, but typically
only after a substantial lag. The larger the size of
such groups, the smaller and slower will tend to be
the price rise. Wage and salary lags are more im­
portant because of the income magnitudes in­
volved. For organized workers, these lags occur
because collective bargaining rarely takes place
more often than once a year; for workers on long­
term contracts, wage increases (in the absence of
escalator or reopening clauses) are determined for
1 year or more in advance.20 The wage lag
usually—not always—is greater for the much
larger number of unorganized workers in private
industry and for the almost 11 million government
employees, whose salaries typically depend upon
legislative processes.21 The existence of these lags
surely helps to explain why real wages, on the
average, failed to advance either during the in­
flationary years immediately following World
War II or during the Korean emergency. They
help to explain also why these inflationary episodes
came to an end.

6

It is only in hyperinflations (e.g., Germany
after World World I) that wage-change to pricechange lags tend to disappear. In this sense, the
Council of Economic Advisers is clearly correct in
pointing out that “if all unions—and other groups
in society—were to succeed in tying compensation
to consumer prices, the arrangement would become
a vast engine of inflation, which, once it began to
roll, would continue to gain speed.” 22 The exist­
ence of income lags provides an opportunity for
inflationary price rises to slow down and come to
a halt, through turns of the spiral of diminishing
intensity. At the end, the level of costs and prices
will be higher than at the beginning, and some dis­
tortions in the structure of output may have to be
corrected. But a new price plateau will have been
reached from which gains in real compensation
can be resumed for broad segments of wage and
salaried workers.
There is another aspect of the question that can
be considered briefly. Even if the spiral is initiated
from the side of demand, there are circumstances
in which it may not be appropriate for workers
to attempt fully to reflect the price rise in wages.
The Council of Economic Advisers in its 1967 re­
port (p. 129) pointed to one such circumstance;
namely, the fact that a portion of the increase in
consumer prices during 1966 (estimated at 0.2
percentage point) was caused by indirect taxes
reflected in the CPI. This represented, in effect, a
transfer of income to public use; the incidence of
these taxes presumably should be borne by the
community as a whole. Actually, one could argue
that part of the recent rise in prices, to the extent
that it reflects a method of financing the Viet Nam
conflict, is in effect also a tax, diverting resources
from civilian to military use. At a future time,
some resources (manpower, capital equipment)
now needed for military purposes will be released
for civilian production, and will provide the basis
for enhanced gains in real income.23
In a stimulating address before the National
Industrial Conference Board on October 6, 1966,
Gardner Ackley, chairman of the Council of
Economic Advisers, pointed to another set of cir­
cumstances under which, he argued, price increases
should not be fully escalated into wage increases.
These circumstances involve income redistribu­


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JU N E 1967

tion—in the case of the 1965-66 price rise, to farm­
ers and relatively low-wage employees in service
industries. Thus, Mr. Ackley observed, the “recent
increases in food prices have swelled the incomes
of farmers. But the achievement of higher farm in­
comes has long been an express goal of public
policy. . . . Likewise, the rise in service prices
has been associated with a relative gain in the in­
comes of our lowest paid workers—surely an ob­
jective of every group in our society.”
I t is difficult to know how far this argument
should be carried in this instance. Not all farmers
are poor. The service industries differ widely in
terms of wage levels. Moreover, only about half of
the rise in the services component of the CPI
during 1966 was related to the output of labor-in­
tensive industries. Wages in some manufacturing
industries, and in trade, are relatively low. In any
event, inflation is an uncertain and inefficient way
of achieving policy goals in income distribution.
Perhaps a better case could be made for the absorp­
tion by relatively high-wage workers or relatively
high-profit industries of the price effects of delib­
erate efforts to alter the national wage structure
(through, for example, minimum wage legislation
or collective bargaining) to the advantage of lowpaid workers.
Conclusion

The relevance and effect of national wage (and
price) policy as embodied in the guideposts re­
mains a matter of debate.24 I t seems unlikely, how­
ever, that governmental concern with wage and
price behavior, given the commitment to full em­
ployment, will diminish. On the wage side, with
which this article is concerned, the aim of policy
is to contain increases in labor compensation to
levels that can be sustained within a framework of
stable costs and prices. The problem is essentially
control of the use of market power in wage deter­
mination. There is some reason to believe that the
22 Annual Report, January 1967, p. 129.
23 To cite another example that has more relevance for some
countries than for the United S tates: An increase in the price
level occasioned by an increase in the prices of imported raw
materials should presumably be borne by the community as a
whole.
24 An excellent discussion from various points of view will be
found in George P. Shultz and Robert Z. Aliber, editors, Guide­
lines: Inform al Controls and the Market Place (Chicago ; Univer­
sity of Chicago Press, 1966).

LIVING COSTS, WAGES, AND WAGE POLICY

guideposts had a moderating effect on wage in­
creases during 1962-65.25
Within limits, education and persuasion, which
have been used basically in implementing the
guideposts, can have an influence on economic be­
havior.26 Chairman Ackley has testified:
B ut the understanding of the basic arithm etic of
cost-price-productivity relationships has improved.
Labor leaders may not set out to get guidepost settle­
ments. But they are more aw are than before of the
fact th a t excessive wage increases can raise costs—
and therefore prices—and thus hu rt rath e r than help
labor and the economy in the long run. Business­
men may not care for the p articular guidepost rules.
B ut many more of them recognize th a t there is a
public interest in how they set prices, and th a t they
have some responsibility for avoiding inflation. This
has created a general reluctance to raise prices even
when the m arket would take higher prices and when
some element of costs may have increased.27

In the larger nonunion sector, where organized
labor market power is absent, above-average wage
advances in particular industries or employments
presumably reflect bottlenecks to labor supply.
These bottlenecks can be attacked through a va­
riety of devices to channel additional workers to
shortage employments.
When rising prices result from excess demand,
however generated, a dilemma is presented for
wage policy. For rising prices affect the real value
of wage increases, and the price rise itself, if of

7
sufficient magnitude, becomes a powerful factor in
wage determination. But wage advances that re­
flect the trend increase in productivity plus the in­
crease in living costs have the effect of building
higher prices permanently into the cost structure,
and of giving a twist to the spiral. If one could
visualize this process as general, and in a sense in­
stantaneous, there would be no end to the price rise.
A major inhibiting factor is the immensely com­
plex and highly decentralized process of wage de­
termination in the United States, and particularly
the lags that are built into the system. The be­
havior of wages in the immediate postwar years
and during Korea, when demand-induced price
rises were much sharper than during 1965-66,
strongly suggests that wage (or income) lags will,
other things being equal, help bring the present
comparatively mild inflationary episode to an end.
Then, for broad sections of the working popula­
tion, the historic rise in real compensation can
resume.
25 See Robert M. Solow, “The Wage-Price Issue and the Guideposts,” in Frederick H. Harbison and Joseph D. Mooney, editors,
Critical Issues in Employm ent Policy (Princeton, N.J., Princeton
University, 1966), pp. 57-73. Solow draws on the work of George
L. Perry, Unemployment Money Wage Rates, and Inflation (Cam­
bridge, Mass., M.I.T. Press, 1966).
26 J. T. Romans, “Moral Suasion As An Instrument of Economic
Policy,” American Economic Review, December 1966, pp 12201225.
27 House of Representatives, Committee on Government Opera­
tions, Forty-First Report, Strengthening Wage-Price Guideposts
(Washington, 1966), p. 4.

In theory, economics and politics are perhaps not so far apart—both are
concerned with human action, with the art of survival, with the pursuit of
happiness; in fact, economics was long known as political economy. At the
very least, this means that those in political life should keep in mind how we
achieved our economic legacy, and those in economic life should keep in mind
how we achieved our political legacy.


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—Robert C. Tyson.

The San Francisco
Bay Area 1966
Nurses’ Negotiations
Max D. K ossoris*

“ F l o r e n c e N i g h t i n g a l e all of a sudden is sound­
ing like Samuel Gompers,” a reporter commented
recently in describing the new militancy of hospital
nurses in 1966. The comment is particularly apt
for the San Francisco Bay Area, where nurses
walked the picket lines, passed out hand bills pro­
testing their salaries and working conditions,
and—when that did not work—resorted to mass
resignations. A conservative group of women de­
cided that the techniques of trade unionism could
achieve objectives beyond the reach of traditional
professional behavior.

Discontent on the Wards

Low salaries and poor working conditions were
the main causes asserted for this unrest and sudden
upheaval, although dissatisfaction had apparently
been smoldering for years. In the Bay Area, the
median monthly salary in early 1966 of over 3,000
registered nurses in 63 hospitals was $505. The
salary range of the middle 50 percent of the group
was between $476 and $560.1 For the same period
(November 1965-February 1966) production
workers in Bay Area factories averaged a little
over $125 a week, or over $500 a month. Nurses in
one of the area’s hospitals were aware that while
their salaries ranged from $425 to $485 a month,
the hospital’s gardener was paid $572.
Low salaries, however, accounted for only part
of the nurses’ frustrations. They complained of
being overloaded because hospitals were inade­
quately staffed and contended that a serious
shortage of nurses caused inadequate patient care.
Previous negotiations with the hospitals had
established performance committees to permit
8

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nurses to discuss grievances, problems, or sugges­
tions with hospital administrators, but results had
moved too slowly to satisfy their hopes. Standards
of patient care had suffered under the strains of
inadequate staffing. Only the basic essentials of
patient care were possible in many instances, and
nurses testified that frequently they were told to
“forget the theory.”
As result of the unrest, turnover of nurses in
hospitals ran high. One Bay Area hospital sus­
tained a turnover of over 60 percent in the course
of 15 months—and its administrator claimed the
situation in other hospitals was even worse. Data
collected by the California Nurses Association
(CNA) showed a weighted turnover rate for reg­
istered nurses in the Bay Area in 1961 as 59.8,
rising to 65.6 in 1962, and dropping slowly to 55.4
in 1965. The turnover rate of nurses exceeded that
of any of the other hospital occupational groups
surveyed, but turnover in hospital occupations ran
high generally.2 The overall rate was 40.2 percent
in 1961, reached a peak of 51.1 percent in 1963,
and dropped to 43.3 percent in 1965.
Many nurses withdrew from the practice of
nursing and efforts to rehire them were not suc­
cessful. CNA estimated the number of registered
nurses in California on June 30, 1965 to be nearly
119,000. But only 56,000 were in actual practice
in the State. Of these, only 40,000 were working
full time. An estimate by the Public Health Serv­
ice placed the number of active UN’s in California
in 1962 at 52,151, with 34,175 inactive.3
The Evolution of Bargaining

The nurses’ swing to collective bargaining in­
volved an attempt to think in economic terms;
it also implied a substantial revision of their
philosophy. Most young women who train for
nursing are highly motivated when they enter
»Director, Western Region, Bureau of Labor Statistics. This
article is based on briefs and testimony submitted by the parties
to a special factfinding panel, and on interviews with CNA and
management spokesmen.
1 Basic B rief (San Francisco, California Nurses Association,
March 17, 1966). For the same period, nurses in private hospitals
in the United States averaged about $4,700 a year, or less than
$400 a month.
2 CNA Exhibit 73. Eight hospitals cooperated in this survey.
The other occupations surveyed included dietary, laundry, and
housekeeping workers, and laboratory and X-ray technicians.
3 “Nursing Personnel,” Health Manpower Source Booh, Section
2 (U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare), Janu­
ary 1966.

NURSES’ NEGOTIATIONS IN TH E SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA

training. They generally accept the ideal that
financial rewards are secondary. They are proud
of being “professionals.” In the past, their duty
to sick patients has prevented them from strik­
ing—whether for economic or any other goals.
CNA had followed for nearly two decades a
course articulated in 1948 by the late Paul St.
Sure, then the legal counsel for the Association.
In discussing the meaning of an economic se­
curity program, he emphasized the need for col­
lective bargaining by nurses. The members of the
State association should authorize it to repre­
sent them. Then the association should find out
what its members desired in a program of eco­
nomic security. Next, the State association “should
endeavor to bargain with the local hospital em­
ployers. Announce at the beginning that you do
not intend to strike.”
. . . Next, point out th a t the State association is the
proper professional organization to represent grad­
uate nurses. Having accomplished these preliminaries,
ask w hether they are willing to bargain w ith you.
If they say yes, go to work w ith the bargaining
process; if they say no, go to the public w ith your
story.
. . . as a practical weapon above all, the State as­
sociation has the power to say to a hospital man­
agement th a t has refused to bargain w ith it: We
will not strike but, unless you are prepared to recog­
nize and deal w ith us, we have no choice except to
w ithdraw from the field as representative of the
nurses. We shall go back to rugged individualism or
it may be the nurses will turn to some other type of
organization—perhaps an organization th a t will
believe in striking. The hospitals do not desire these
other types of representation and you do not desire
them.4

By the summer of 1966, the CNA had endorsed
informational picketing by the nurses at some of
the Bay Area hospitals. It had also encouraged
nurses to resign en masse if CNA’s collective bar­
gaining demands were not met. Finally it took an
unprecedented step and repealed its no strike
pledge.
4 The American Journal of Nursing, Vol. 48, Nov. 11, 1948,
pp. 692-3.
5 By August 1966, CNA had 12 contracts covering 31 facilities.
At present, CNA has 20 contracts covering 66 facilities.
0
Economic Report of the President Transm itted to the Con­
gress, January 1966, together with the Annual Report of the
Council of Economic Advisors, p. 102.


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9

Despite this display of militancy, CNA appar­
ently accepted its role reluctantly. It appears to
have been forced into its position by a militant
rank and file. Giving up a long-held philosophy
of the proper behavior for a professional organiza­
tion came hard, and the leadership was by no
means certain that the new point of view repre­
sented the thinking of a majority of its member­
ship, particularly that of older nurses.
Before the middle 1940’s CNA had only rec­
ommended rates for general hospital nurses. In
1946, it entered the field of collective bargaining
at the urging of several hospitals because a trade
union had organized some hospitals in the Oakland
area. By 1956, CNA had obtained 10 contracts with
27 hospitals in the Bay Area.
In 1956, CNA’s direction was modified. It con­
centrated on establishing amicable relations with
hospitals.5 One result was a series of joint state­
ments to clarify the confusion about nurses’ rates
of pay. Another was to reestablish liaison with the
Hospital Council of Southern California. A liaison
committee was established 4 years ago, and has dis­
cussed such items as patient care and salaries, but it
has not engaged in collective bargaining. This
southern hospital group depends on a management
consultant firm to review and recommend salaries
and fringe benefits.
Until mid-1966, CNA tried hard to live up to its
concept of what a professional organization should
be. But it had not reckoned on the, significant
changes that had taken place among its members
over the last 10 years. About 10 percent of today’s
younger nurses are products of college programs
which combine a liberal education with nurse train­
ing, and the proportion of such nurses is steadily
increasing. Furthermore, substantial changes in
medical practice and procedures have forced phy­
sicians to depend more on the independent think­
ing of the nurse. She needs to know much more
than she did even as little as 10 years ago. These
changes unquestionably have influenced the nurses’
readiness to assert their professional maturity.
Medicare and Medicaid are increasing the level
of health expectation in the country, as is our ris­
ing standard of living. The cost of illness for all
health and medical care services has risen from
$13 billion in 1950 to $40 billion in 1965.6

10
The 1966 Negotiations

The nurses first asserted their militancy in January 1966, when CNA submitted for approval to
its members in East Bay hospitals a contract nego­
tiated with the Associated Hospitals group. The
salary increase amounted to between $20 and $30 a
month—one of the largest increases in years. In
earlier years CNA-negotiated contracts usually
had been accepted without much furor, but this
time the contract passed with the slightest possible
majority—126 to 124. Nurses at a San Francisco
hospital accepted the same contract almost as
reluctantly.
At about the same time, a group of nurses in a
hospital in Amaliejo, unhappy with the failure of
CNA to resolve its difficulties, called on the busi­
ness agent of a local teamster’s union for help.
Whether the nurses’ group really intended to
tie up with the teamsters local or whether it intend­
ed to push CNA into more militant action is a moot
question. The nurses did make clear that if CNA
could not resolve their problems and also get a
substantial salary increase, they would try some
other way.
The management of the Vallejo hospital had
offered a 3-year contract and the same $20 to $30
increase which nurses in other East Bay hospitals
had accepted. The nurses then asked CNA’s sup­
port for informational picketing to advise the
public of their grievances. Although this request
meant a substantial deviation from its earlier atti­
tude toward collective bargaining techniques, CNA
endorsed the move. The unusual tactics resulted
in widespread publicity in the press and on radio
and television and received considerable editorial
endorsement.
Informational picketing soon spread to other
hospitals. There is some evidence that, at this
point, the nurses might have settled for a monthly
increase of $50. But the hospital management
stood its ground.
Dissatisfaction spread quickly to nurses in other
hospitals. Meetings attended by hundreds of
nurses enthusiastically endorsed revised salary
proposals prepared jointly by CNA and the chair­
men of the professional performance committees
of various hospitals. At one hospital after another,
nurses threatened mass resignations, and in a num­
ber of them such resignations were turned in.


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JUNE 1967

Despite this turmoil, the East Bay Associated
Hospitals group did not meet with CNA for nearly
6 months. CNA presented 36 proposals covering
salaries, fringe benefits, and working conditions.
Then the San Francisco Affiliated Hospitals group
agreed to negotiate.
On July 6, a representative of the California
State Conciliation Service brought together for the
first time the representatives of all Bay Area hos­
pitals and the CNA representatives for negotia­
tions. The hospitals confined their talk to salaries
and not in specific terms. When CNA negotiators
submitted an ultimatum: To decide the salary issue
immediately or face mass resignations, the em­
ployers terminated the discussion.
In the meantime, one hospital, faced with a mass
walkout, offered salary increases ranging from
$100 to $180 a month. This broke the ice. Another
hospital followed with the same terms. Nurses
who had already walked out returned to work on
the promise that their hospital would meet any­
thing better resulting from the Bay Area wide
negotiations.
The next negotiating session on July 15 got
nowhere. On July 20, the nurses decided that they
would turn in resignations at about 33 hospitals
and clinics in the Bay Area.
In the meantime, the hospitals unilaterally put
into effect a $500-$570 salary scale, up from about
$430-$500.
On August 2, the negotiators agreed on a fact­
finding panel. The Secretaries of Labor and
Health, Education, and Welfare would each be
asked to name a member and the Governor of
California would name a third. The panel was to
make advisory recommendations before Decem­
ber 1, 1966 and the parties would advise the panel
and each other of their decisions by December 15,
1966.
A stormy membership meeting followed on the
very next day. Many of the nurses resented the
factfinding technique. Reflecting the attitude of
its membership, CNA took the unprecedented step
of eliminating the “no strike” pledge from its
policy.
There were no similar upheavals in southern
California. Hospitals there unilaterally jumped
their salaries from $420-$510 per month to $550$650, from $50 to $80 above the new scale in the
Bay Area.

NURSES’ NEGOTIATIONS IN T H E SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA

The Factfinding Panel

Public hearings were conducted by the factfind­
ing panel7 for 8 days beginning October 13,
at San Francisco. The nurses were represented
through CNA and the various hospital groups
through their attorneys.8
In the earlier Memorandum of Understanding
of August 2, the parties had listed the items to be
evaluated by the panel.
Generally, the issues fell into three broad cate­
gories: (1) proposals for salary increases, includ­
ing differentials, classification system, etc.; (2)
fringe proposals which would give the nurses more
time off; and (3) fringe proposals which would
increase compensation. Twenty-six cost items in­
cluded, to name the most important, the amount of
retroactive salaries from July 17 to December 13,
1966 (during which the unilateral salary increase
was in effect) ; salary increases on January 1,1967
and again on January 1, 1968; differentials for
supervisory staff; tenure; promotion; education
premium; holidays and weekends worked; shift
differentials; education and professional leaves;
sick leave, holidays and vacations; and life and
dental insurance.
Twelve “noncost” items were to be settled
through local negotiations under each hospital con­
tract or group contract, and were not to be sub­
mitted to the panel. The most important of these
demands appeared to have been: Mandatory mem­
bership in CNA within 90 days after initial
employment; monthly meetings of hospital man­
agement with a professional performance com­
mittee in each hospital to discuss improvements
in patient care and professional performance; inservice training and evaluation programs; joint
preparation of job descriptions, no dismissals
except for just cause; retirement and health plans;
and no discrimination.
A proposal accepted by both parties for immedi­
ate action requires hospitals to provide protection
7 The factfinding panel was composed of the Reverend Leo C.
Brown, S.J., Professor of Economics at St. Louis University, as
Chairman; Professor Howard E. Durham, College of San Mateo
and former regional director of the Federal Mediation and Con­
ciliation Service; and Mr. Adolph M. Koven, attorney and
arbitrator.
8 The hospital group included Associated Hospitals for the East
Bay, with 8 hospitals; Independent Hospitals of the East Bay,
with 2 hospitals; Affiliated Hospitals of San Francisco, with 11
hospitals; Voluntary Hospitals of San Francisco, with 4 hos­
pitals ; and the Kaiser Medical Care Entities, with 9 hospitals
and 15 clinics.


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11

for evening and night nurses when leaving or
entering hospital premises at shift changes.
The case for the nurses rested on unfavorable
salary comparisons with other occupational
groups in the Bay Area and on the testimony of
nurse educators and physicians, all stressing the
greatly stepped-up role in today’s hospitals. The
California Medical Association gave only luke­
warm support, but the support of various County
Medical Associations was strong.
The Panel Findings

On October 21, the factfinding panel reported.
On the question of salaries, the panel concluded
that despite the interim adjustment in July 1966,
another substantial increase was justified. The
recommended monthly pay for the first year of
duty was: $525 a month retroactive to July 17,
1966; $550 on November 24,1966; $575 on January
1, 1967; and $600 on April 1, 1967. The top range
in the last step is $700. Finding itself not qualified
to make specific recommendations on the classifi­
cation system, the panel referred the issue back to
the parties for negotiation.
The panel instructed the parties to inform it of
their progress periodically. Negotiations on this
subject are to conclude no later than October 1,
1967.
The panel recommended 8 paid annual holidays
inasmuch as many of the hospitals already gave
this many days, although most others provided
7. CNA had asked for 2 additional holidays. When
nurses are required to work on one of the scheduled
holidays pay is to be at time and a half, in addition
to the customary compensatory day off at regular
pay.
On shift differentials, the recommendation was
an increase of 9 percent of the first year rate (i.e.
$600) after April 1, 1967 for the second, and 6
percent for the third (night) shift. The higher
differential for the second shift was predicated
on CNA’s argument that the shift deprived the
nurse of “the social hours.”
The panel did not recommend automatic ap­
proval of leaves for professional activities but
suggested that such leave be granted if the staffing
needs of the hospital permitted.
The request for dental insurance, a costly new
fringe benefit was denied—unless such benefits

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JU N E 1967

12

were granted to the Hospital Institutional Work­
ers Union through a collective agreement with Bay
Area hospitals. In that case, hospitals would be
obliged to discuss the matter with CNA prior to
January 1, 1968.
The agreement between the parties was to be ret­
roactive to July 17, 1966 and run through Decem­
ber 13, 1968, but with a basic salary reopening on
January 1,1968. The same date is to be effective for
negotiated settlements of classification and related
matters.
On all other CNA requests the panel was silent.
Management accepted the panel’s recommenda­
tions and the nurses ratified the new agreement on
October 27, by a vote of 2,323 to 44.
Related Developments

Closely associated with these significant changes
in hospital salaries were a number of increases at
about the same time in other areas.
The initial increase of better than $100 a month
for nurses in the Bay Area had been preceded by
the $130 raise in Los Angeles.9 In Portland, Oreg.,
the raise came to $75. The initial increase in Seattle
was only $15, but it was later upped to $60. In
Reno, Nev., the raise was 18 percent, and in Santa
Cruz, Calif., it was 25 percent. (The Bay Area
increase is estimated at about 40 percent.)
In late December, 10 major San Francisco hos­
pitals granted raises from $37 to $100 a month to
nonprofessional employees affiliated with the
Building Service Employees Union—despite the
fact that their contract did not expire until Novem­
ber 1,1968. Soon after this, the Kaiser Foundation
agreed to similar pay increases for about 2,000
workers (not RN’s) in its Northern California
hospitals.
Other hospital professional workers insisted on
preserving “established differentials.” The new
agreement between the Associated Hospitals of
the East Bay and the East Bay Association of
X-Ray Technicians—which, incidentally, has
voted to affiliate with the International Longshore­
men’s and Warehousemen’s Union—calls for in­


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creases up to $160 a month. Senior technicians will
receive pay increases in three installments, to reach
$680 by November 1,1967.10
Comments

I interviewed a number of outstanding Bay
Area hospital administrators to determine (1) the
reasons for earlier negotiating positions of hospi­
tals and (2) what hospitals were doing or planned
to do about better staff utilization to minimize
costs and rates.
One of the touchy questions related to the reason
for the nurses’ low salary structure despite the
nurse shortage. There was no clear answer. The
best assessment the administrators could offer was
that the treatment of nurses had remained tradi­
tional, despite substantial changes in the nursing
function. As long as the nurses accepted that treat­
ment, there was no pressure to change it.
Some of the hospital administrators interviewed
were sympathetic to the nurses’ demands. The rea­
sons they had not taken any action themselves
were that nurses were quiescent, and other matters
demanded attention. Some of them blamed the
nurses themselves for accepting the status quo for
so long.
Another question applied to the utilization of
the nurses’ time. If nurses were in short supply,
why not use those available strictly for nursing
duties and leave the more menial tasks to lesser
skilled and more abundantly available hands?
Several surveys by a consulting group indicated
that nonnursing duties took up as much as 45 per­
cent of the nurses’ time.11 Some Bay Area hospitals
already are moving in this direction, but the trend
is slow. The likelihood is that the trend will not
be accelerated unless the public reacts strongly
to further increases in hospital rates.
9 The Southern California hospitals voluntarily raised their
salaries on April 1, 1967 to $598-$693.
10 San Francisco city and county nurses voted to accept salaries
ranging from $690 to $805 per month effective April 1, 1967.
11 Data from a discussion with the Commission for Administra­
tive Services in Hospitals.

Wage Changes
Under 1966
Major Agreements
J oseph E. T albot, J r .*

A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s and hourly labor costs
both rose more rapidly in 1966 than during earlier
years. A number of factors contributed; among
them were: The increase in social security taxes,
widespread increases by nonunion firms, and the
relative growth in employment in some of the
high-wage manufacturing industries, such as ord­
nance manufacture. One important cause for the
acceleration is summarized in this article.1 I t was
an increase in the size of major settlements.

Size and Tim ing

Wage increases in the settlements concluded in
1966 were larger, on the average, than those in
immediately preceding years. They were still well
below those negotiated in the mid-1950’s, when
comparable levels of unemployment were last re­
ported. (See chart.) Their effect was dampened
by the fact that most major collective bargaining
contracts did not expire in 1966 but rather pro­
vided for deferred wage increases, which went
*Of the Division of Wage Economics.
1 This summary covers major collective bargaining agreements,
defined as agreements affecting 1,000 workers or more. Included
are not only agreements affecting plants that individually employ
1,000 workers or more, but multiplant or multifirm agreements
affecting a total of at least 1,000 workers or more, even though
each individual unit is smaller. There are approximately 10 mil­
lion workers covered by such agreements (excluding government).
Prior summaries excluded the service and finance industries and
construction, in addition to government, and coverage was limited
to slightly more than 8 million workers. Where the averages
(medians) are not affected by addition of the new industries,
comparisons are made between 1966 data for the new coverage
and those for earlier years based on more restricted coverage.
2 Two types of estimates of the cost of wage and benefit changes
are presented. One disregards the actual timing of the changes
and essentially measures the increase in costs by the end of the
contract period, The second weighs the increases by the length
of time during the contract period in which each change remains
in effect. Both estimates reduce the changes to an annual rate.
2)60-937 O— 67-

-2


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

into effect during the year. In contrast to 1966,
contracts covering a relatively large proportion of
all workers accounted for by major collective bar­
gaining agreements will be subject to renegotiation
or reopening in 1967. Among these are workers in
the automobile, farm equipment, rubber, trucking,
and meatpacking industries. In addition, some con­
tracts in the telephone and railroad industries
where the round of bargaining began in late 1966
are subject to renegotiation or reopening in 1967.
Wage increases negotiated in 1966 accelerated less
than the CPI. The rapid advance in prices, how­
ever, led to some increase in the prevalence of
escalator clauses, and resulted in substantial in­
creases in cost-of-living allowances for the mi­
nority of workers subject to escalation.
Price increases also led to decisions to concen­
trate a larger proportion of the total wage increase
into the first year of the agreement ; this emphasis
on first-year changes was also evident in 1965.
Benefit changes continued to be important, and
the estimated cost of wage and benefit changes
combined was slightly higher—in percentage
terms—than was the increase in wages alone.
Contracts negotiated in earlier years, when
settlements were smaller, covered more workers
than were affected by the 1966 settlements. There
was consequently less upsurge in the average size
of all wage increases effective in the year in major
situations than in negotiated increases. For all
workers encompassed by major collective bargain­
ing situations, the average change was essentially
the same in 1965 and 1966, although the average in
both years exceeded any year since 1960 ; the 1966
average was held down because a substantial num­
ber under contracts reached earlier, including
most workers in basic steel, received no wage ad­
justment during the year.
The Appraisal of Settlem ents

Several measures of changes in wages and bene­
fits are presented here. They include three meas­
ures that directly reflect the current economic
conditions (all of them are based on contracts
negotiated in 1966) : (1) Wage increases going into
effect during the first year of the contract; (2)
Wage increases going into effect at any time during
the life of the contract, averaged over its life; (3)
The estimated annual rate of change in wage and
benefit costs over the life of the contract.2Although
13

14
all three measures are likely to change in the same
direction, one may change at a different rate from
the others, depending in part on the rapidity of
changes in consumer prices and other factors af­
fecting workers’ take-home pay and the amount of
unemployment. When prices are rising rapidly,
there may be a shift in emphasis from benefits to
wage increases and to relatively large first-year
wage increases at the expense of increases in sub­
sequent years. Clouding of the business outlook,
relative price stability, or large amounts of over­
time may reduce emphasis on immediate wage in­
creases. When unemployment is high, bargaining
is likely to emphasize income and job security.
Another measure includes all changes going into
effect during the year, regardless of when they
were negotiated. Still another measure shows only
the total changes going into effect in those situa­
tions in which negotiations occurred during the
year. I t also takes into account any cost-of-living
escalator or deferred increases effective in these
same situations.
Each of these measures has its shortcomings and
strengths in assessing collective bargaining activ­
ity, depending on the purpose to which the analy­
sis is put.
Wage settlements were concluded during 1966
for 3.4 million workers—a third of all those cov­
ered by major collective bargaining agreements.
During much of the year, the size of wage and
benefit increases did not differ markedly from
those in 1965. During the fourth quarter, however,
in part because of the rate of increase in the CPI
during the year, a number of key settlements pro­
vided substantially larger increases than the 1965
pattern. The CPI increase during 1966 (3.3 per­
cent) also led to adoption of escalator clauses in
some agreements.
Changes in benefits were also widespread. Health
and welfare plans, paid vacations, pensions, and
holidays were the provisions most frequently
changed.
During 1966, BLS estimated the package cost
(wages and benefits combined) of settlements af­
fecting 5,000 workers or more. These key con­
tracts 3affected approximately half of the workers
accounted for by all major settlements.
Assuming equal spacing of changes over the life
of the contract, the median annual package in­


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JUNE 1967

crease for these workers was 4.1 percent a year.
(Increases in wages resulting from possible costof-living escalator adjustments were omitted from
these estimates, except for that part of the escala­
tor increase guaranteed in the electrical industry
contracts.) For the more limited number of key
contracts that were priced in 1965, the average
annual rate of increase in wages and benefits was
3.3 percent.4
Of the workers affected by these key settlements
in 1966, a majority (over 60 percent) were em­
ployed where pacts were expected to increase the
combined cost of wages and benefits by 31/) but
less than 4^/2 percent (with about 35 percent be­
tween 4 and 4 ^ percent). An additional 20 per­
cent were employed where wage and benefit
expenditures were increased by more than 4% per­
cent and the remaining 20 percent were accounted
for by increases of less than 3\'2 percent (with 15
percent between 3 and 3y2 percent).
Separate estimates for the construction industry
indicate that the package increases averaged 6.6
percent a year.5 The package settlements in con­
struction were the same on the average as those
negotiated in 1965.
Many settlements, especially those concluded
toward the end of the year, provided for relatively
large increases in their early months. Conse­
quently, the median annual rate of increase in
wage and benefit costs was higher—4.5 percent—
when actual timing was considered than it was
when equal timing of changes was assumed.
A higher proportion of the workers covered by
1966 settlements received wage increases effective
in the first contract year than in any year since
1956. All but 31,000 of the 3.4 million workers—
or slightly less than 1 percent—received first-year
wage increases.
Since practically every settlement provided a
first-year wage increase, the median change in
wage rates was the same for all workers affected
3
Excluding construction, finance, insurance, real estate, and
government.
* The package estimates that were made in 1965 covered most
of the settlements affecting 10,000 workers or more and covered
about 40 percent of the workers affected by all major settlements
concluded during the year.
5 The median increase is the same for all industries, whether
or not construction is included. Although the increases in con­
struction were almost all larger than those in other industries
this fact did not change the median, since the number of work­
ers affected by construction settlements was relatively small.

15

WAGE CHANGES UNDER 19ß6 MAJOR AGREEMENTS

Negotiated Wage Rate Adjustments1 and the Unemployment Rate, 1954-66

UNEM PLO YM ENT

RATE

(P e rc e n t)

2
(Inverted S c a le )

Cyy

f a yAi ;::v<a > A

^

W A G E A D J U S T M E N T S (P e rc e n t) 2 J
8

5.4 ^

5 .4

-

IIM

3.1 &

■

1954

1955

1956

1957

1958

1959

NOTE: The b la ck bars re p re se n t the median firs t contract year wage adjustment.

1960

1961

3.0

1962

1963

1964

1965

1Ô66

The w h ite in se rt bars fo r 1963 through 1966 represent the total percentage increase

d u rin g the life of each coniract, converted to an annual rate.
_1J Median adjustm ents include no wage changes, decreases in wages, and increases in wages, but exclude the cost of fringe benefits.

2J
ZJ
A/
bj

Percent of average ho u rly earnings, adjusted to exclude the effect of prem ium pay fo r o ve rtim e work.
Estimated.
Includes the addition o f c o n stru ctio n , services, and the finance industry.
Based on c o m p a ra b le industries for prior years.

by settlements as for those actually receiving in­
creases—1.8 percent. First-year wage changes were
substantially higher than those negotiated in
1965.6 (See tables 1 and 2.)
Total increases in wTage rates to go into effect
over the life of the contracts negotiated in 1966
averaged 3.9 percent a year. ComparaJble increases
in 1965 were 3.3 percent and in 1964 3.0 percent.

Despite the emphasis on wage increases to keep
up with prices, wages and benefits in key contracts
advanced slightly faster than wages alone. (In
1965, wages and benefits in key contracts increased
at about the same rate as wages alone.) In both
years, union wage scale changes in the construc­
tion industry were smaller proportionately than
wage and benefit changes combined.

0
T h e m e d ia n w a g e in c re a s e in 1965 w a s 3 .9 p e rc e n t. F o r s e ttle ­
m e n ts in th e sa m e g ro u p o f in d u s tr ie s a s w e re s tu d ie d in 1965,
th e m e d ia n w a s 4 .5 p e rc e n t in 1 9 66. A s lig h tly h ig h e r p ro p o r tio n
o f w o rk e rs a ife c te d by s e ttle m e n ts re c e iv e d no firs t-y e a r w a g e in ­
c re a s e in 1 965 th a n in 1966. C o n se q u e n tly , th e m e d ia n a d j u s t ­
m e n t— th e a v e r a g e f o r a ll w o rk e rs a ife c te d by s e ttle m e n ts — w a s
s lig h tly le ss th a n th e m e d ia n in c re a se .

Key Settlem ents


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The average first-year wage increase was sub­
stantially influenced by negotiations concluded in
the fourth quarter of 1966. About 1 million work-

16

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1967

ers were affected by major settlements during these
months. Settlements reached by a large part of the
telephone industry, including Western Electric,
with the Communications Workers, provided gen­
eral wage increases ranging from $3.50 to $8 a
week, reduced eligibility for 4 weeks’ vacation,
and increased the proportion of the companies’
payment to both the pension and health and wel­
fare funds. These 3-year agreements also provided
for wage reopenings after 18 months.
Three-year contracts were also negotiated late
in the year in the electrical equipment industry.
General Electric Co. (GE) and Westinghouse
Electric Corp. settled with various unions on con­
tracts providing increases of 4 percent in the first

T able

1.

F ir s t - Y e a r C h a n g e s in

year, with additional 3-percent increases becom­
ing effective in October of both 1967 and 1968;
skilled trades also received additional wage ad­
justments ranging from 1 to 10 cents an hour.
Cost-of-living clauses were reestablished at both
GE and Westinghouse—previous escalator clauses
had been discontinued in 1960. Other provisions
included an additional paid holiday, a contribu­
tory savings and security program, improvements
in vacation eligibility and in pension and health
and welfare benefits.7
Another important settlement was incorporated
in a 1 6 ^2 -month contract reached on November 2
7 For full details of the settlement term,, see M onthly Labor
Review, November 1966, pp. 1276-77.

W a g e R a t e s N e g o t ia t e d in M a jo r C o l l e c t iv e
C o n c l u d e d D u r i n g 1966 1

B a r g a in in g S e t t l e m e n t s

Percent of production and related workers in—

Type and amount of wage action
All industries
studied

Excluding
newly added
industries 2

Manufacturing

Nonmanufac­
turing, excluding
newly added
industries 2

Nonmanu­
facturing

Total___________________________ ______ ________________

100

100

100

100

No change___ _ ______ _ ____ _ _____________________________
Decreases__ __________________________ . _______________ _ . .
Increases________________ __________________________________

1

1

1

1

99

99

99

99

2
2
7
21
20
30
5
5
7

2
2
7
23
20
34
4
3
4

1
3
12
23
22
24
6
4
3

3
1
3
19
18
34
5
6
10

100
(3)
100

In p e r c e n t4

Under 1 percent_________________________ ____________________
1 and under 2_________________________________ _______________
2 and under 3 . . . _ ___ ____________ _________________________
3 and under 4___ _ . _______ ______
_______
4 and under 5_________________ ________________ __________
5 and under 6 _____________ _________________ ______________
6 and under 7______________________ _________________________
7 and under 8 _______
___
_____________________________
8 percent and over___ _____________________ ______________ _ _
Not specified or not computed 6_ _ _____ ______ _ __
_______

(3)

3
(3)

2
24
18
46
1
2
6

(3)

I n c e n ts

Under 3 cents____ _________________________________ _______
3 and under 5________ _______ _ _________ __ _ ______________
5 and under 7___ ___
_____________ ____________
_______
7 and under 9__________________________________ ____________
9 and under 11______ _ _ ___ __________ _ _ _______ _ ___ __
11 and under 13_______ _______________ _________________
13 and under 15_________________________________
15 and under 17___ __________________ __________ _
17 and under 19_ ______ ___ _
__ ______ _
19 cents and over_________ _______________ _ ______ _ _ _
Not specified or not computed 6_______________________ _______

1
1
5
8
18
17
17
8
6
18
(3)

2
1
4
10
21
19
20
9
6
8

1
2
6
14
32
21
8
6
2
8

(!)

(3)

3
1
2
6
8
18
33
11
10
8

2
1
5
4
7
14
23
9
8
26
(3)

Approximate number of workers (in thousands)., _ _
_________
Median adjustm ent:6
In percent ____________
______________ ______________
In cents________ ____________ ___ _______________
__
Median increase:7
In percent_______________________________ _____
In cents__ ___________________________________

3,391

2,664

1,396

1,994

1,268

4.8
12.7

' 4.5
12.4

4.2
10.2

5.0
14.5

5.0
13.9

4.8
12.8

4.5
12.4

4.2
10.3

5.0
14.6

5.0
13.9

1
T his table presents changes in wage rates negotiated during 1966 and
effective w ith in 12 m onths from the tim e of negotiations. T h e changes were
converted from cents into percentage term s or from percentage term s into
cents on the basis of estim ated average hourly earnings (excluding prem ium
pay for overtim e), and the am ounts are the average change for all workers
covered b y settlem ents.
T he table excludes: Wage changes decided u pon in earlier years; cost-ofliving escalator adjustm ents; wage changes scheduled to go into effect in
future contract years; settlem ents in government; instances in which contract
reopening privileges were not exercised; and the value of changes in supple­
m entary benefits.

2 Construction, services, finance, insurance and real estate.
3 Less th a n 0.5 percent.
4 Percent of estim ated average hourly earnings, excluding overtime.
5 Insufficient inform ation to compute am ount of increase.
6 Including workers affected b y settlem ents th a t did not change wage
rates.
7 Lim ited to workers affected b y settlem ents th a t increased wage rates.


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N ote : Because of rounding, sum s of individual item s m ay not equal
totals.

17

WAGE CHANGES UNDER 1966 MAJOR AGREEMENTS

Table 2. Summary of Wage-Rate Change in Major Collective Bargaining Situations, 1963-66
Average (median) in—

Type of measure

1966 1

1964

1965

1966 2

1963

Percent
Wage rate changes negotiated during the year:
A djustm ents effective in first contract y e a r .. __ _ --------------- --------All wage rate changes effective during entire life of contract, averaged
over length of contract (per y e a r)3_____ .
---------- ------------Increases effective during year regardless of date of negotiation____ _
1 Including construction, services, finance, insurance, and real estate.
2 Excluding construction, services, finance, insurance, and real estate.
3Lim ited to contracts affecting 10,000 workers or more for years prior to

by the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen with
Class I railroads, which provided 96,000 members
with a 5-percent wage increase retroactive to
August 1 2 . Vacations were improved to provide 3
weeks’ after 10 instead of 15 years. Later in the
month, the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen
and Enginemen agreed to a similar settlement for
27,000 members.
West Coast lumber workers were to receive wage
increases in each year of a 3-year contract; in addi­
tion, shift differentials and company payments to
pension and health and welfare funds were in­
creased and a seventh paid holiday was added.
Under a reopening provision, the Pacific Coast
Association of Pulp and Paper Manufacturers and
the Association of Western Pulp and Paper Work­
ers (Inch) agreed 'to a wage increase as well as
liberalized vacations and pensions. Wage increases
ranging from 9 to 261/4 cents in February 1966 and
13 to 31 cents in February 1967, as well as im­
provements in pensions, vacations, and holidays
were provided in a 3-year agreement reached early
in the year by Hawaiian sugar plantation com­
panies and the International Longshoremen’s and
Warehousemen’s Union (Inch).
In the textile industry, settlements between New
England textile mills and the Textile Workers
Union provided wage increases in each year of
the 3-year contract as well as benefit changes. Uni­
lateral wage increases effective in 1966 were an­
nounced by southern textile mills, most of which
do not have union agreements and, hence, are not
included in this summary. A number of apparel
settlements were reached during the year, with
wage increases generally ranging between 21/4 and
61/2 percent.


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4.8

4.5

3.8

3.2

3.0

3.9
4.0

3.9
3.9

3.3
3.5

3.0
3.2

2.5
3.4

1966; 1966 inform ation was based on all contracts affecting 1,000 workers or
more.

Transport, Mining, and Government

One of the most publicized settlements that oc­
curred early in the year provided increases of 4
percent in January 1966 and again in January 1967
as Avell as a 7-percent increase on July 1, 1967, for
employees of the New York City Transit Author­
ity and the Manhattan and Bronx Surface Tran­
sit Operating Authority. The contracts, negotiated
by the Transport Workers Union and the Amalga­
mated Transit Union, each added a paid holiday,
while the Transit Authority settlement improved
pensions, including the addition of a pension bene­
fit for survivors of employees eligible for retire­
ment who had elected to continue working. The
Manhattan-Bronx settlement increased sickness
and accident benefits.
A wage increase as well as a fourth week of paid
vacation after 20 years' service, an eighth holiday,
and improved health and welfare benefits were pro­
vided in a settlement between the Railway Express
Agency and the Railway and Steamship Clerks. A
5 -year agreement concluded in early July between
the Pacific Maritime Association and the Long­
shoremen's and Warehousemen's I nion (Inch)
provided wage increases in the first year averaging
561/4 cents an hour—50 cents for the first 6 hours
and 75 cents for the last 2 hours of a guaranteed
8 -hour day. Additional increases of 20 cents for
each of the first 6 hours in the day and 30 cents
for the last 2 hours were scheduled to go into effect
in June of both 1969 and 1970. Vacation pay and
pension and hospital benefits were improved, and
employers agreed to increase their contributions to
the Mechanization-Modernization Fund to $6.9
million a year, from $5 million.

18
On August 19, the Machinists ratified an agree­
ment with five airlines,8 ending a 43-day strike
which had led Congress to consider passing legis­
lation to send the strikers back to their jobs. Wages
were increased 5 percent, retroactive to January 1,
1966, with additional 5-percent increases to be­
come effective both January 1, 1967, and May 1,
1968. A cost-of-living escalator clause was estab­
lished, with adjustments to be made on both
January 1, 1968, and September 1, 1968. Other
benefits that were improved included holidays and
vacations, and the companies began to contribute
5 cents an hour for dependent insurance coverage.0
American Airlines and the Transport Workers,
representing 10,000 ground service employees,
agreed to a 32-month contract on September 29.
It provided wage increases averaging 5 percent ef­
fective on May 1, 1966, May 1, 1967, and Novem­
ber 1, 1967, and a wage reopener on May 1, 1968.
An eighth paid holiday was provided, and holiday
premium pay was improved. Other important
gains included improvements in vacations, pen­
sions, and health and welfare benefits.
Settlements were reached by the United Mine
Workers (Ind.) in both the bituminous and
anthracite industries. In April, the union agreed
with the Bituminous Coal Operators Association
(BCOA) and then with the Southern Coal Pro­
ducers Association on a $l-a-day wage increase
for all workers, with an additional 32 cents daily
for continuous mining machine operators and in­
side electricians and mechanics, who make up
about 12 percent of the work force. Some inde­
pendent companies, including Peabody Coal Co.,
accepted the terms of the BCOA settlement after
having agreed earlier to a contract which differed
on wages and some other items. Shift differentials
were raised, an eighth paid holiday was added,
and holiday pay and computation of vacation pay
were improved.
The settlement reached at the end of August
with the Anthracite Operators’ Wage Negotiat­
ing Committee was for 2y2 years and provided
an increase of 10 cents to hourly paid miners and
70 cents a day to contract miners effective Septem­
ber 1; a fourth and fifth holiday were added;
and vacation pay was improved.
In addition to the settlements in the telephone
industry which were reached during the final
quarter of the year, agreements reached at the
beginning of the year (ending the 1965-66 round

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1967

of wage reopeners) provided increases ranging in
most cases from $2 to $5 a week, depending on
location and job classification.
With bargaining in the construction industry
largely on a local basis, there are a substantial
number of major negotiations in the spring of
every year. The median first-year wage increase
negotiated in the construction industry in 1966
was 5 percent—higher than the 4.5 percent ad­
vance in 1965. In contrast to increases provided in
contracts in most other industries, construction
settlements tended to provide higher wage in­
creases in subsequent years than in the first con­
tract year.10 Increases averaged over the life of
the contract showed an annual median wage in­
crease of 5.6 percent in 1966 ancl 5.2 percent in
1965. Expenditures on wages and benefits com­
bined increased at a rate of 6.6 percent during both
1965 and 1966.
Although not within the scope of the survey,
a major development during 1966 was legislation
providing a 3.2-percent wage and fringe increase
for 1.8 million Federal Classified and Postal em­
ployees. On July 13, President Johnson also signed
a bill giving members of the Armed Forces a 3.2percent pay raise. The bill for Classified and Postal
Workers signed by the President on July 19, pro­
vided a 2.9-percent pay raise retroactive to the
first July payroll except for employees in the
highest three grades, whose increases averaged
about 1.5 percent. Employees were given the op­
tion of retiring on full annuities at age 55 after
30 years of service, and at age 60 after 20 years.
The maximum rate for white-collar workers’ over­
time was increased, and the Government’s contri­
butions to the high option health benefits program
were increased. A 25-percent differential for Sun­
day work was established and uniform allowances
were improved. The House also agreed to a Senate
amendment giving a 10-percent increase to 330,000 widows and widowers of employees who
retired before enactment of legislation in 1962.
8 E a s te r n , N a tio n a l, N o rth w e s t, TW A , a n d U n ite d .
0 E x c e p t a t E a s te r n , w h ic h p re v io u s ly p a id th e fu ll c o st.
10 T h e B u re a u of L a b o r S ta tis tic s a lso c o lle c ts q u a r te r ly in f o r ­
m a tio n o n a p p ro x im a te ly 700 w a g e s c a le s in th e b u ild in g co n ­
s tr u c tio n in d u s tr y . T h is in fo r m a tio n in d ic a te d a v e ra g e scales
in c re a s e d 4 .6 p e rc e n t d u rin g th e y e a r. I n c o n tr a s t to th e co n ­
s tr u c tio n d a ta s u m m a riz e d in th is a rtic le , w h ic h c o v ered only
m a jo r c o lle c tiv e b a r g a in in g s itu a tio n s in w h ic h w a g e p ro v is io n s
of c o n tr a c ts w e re re o p e n e d o r re n e g o tia te d d u r in g th e y e a r, th is
in fo r m a tio n r e la te s to a ll c h a n g e s in u n io n sc a le s in sev e n m a jo r
b u ild in g tr a d e s in 100 c itie s, w h e th e r o r n o t w a g es w e re re n e g o ti­
a te d d u rin g th e p e rio d .

19

WAGE CHANGES UNDER 1966 MAJOR AGREEMENTS

Supplem entary Benefits

Extensive benefit changes were made during
1966; they were large enough that expenditures
on wages and benefits combined increased at a
slightly higher rate in key bargaining situations
than did wages alone.
Supplementary benefits were liberalized (or es­
tablished) in contracts covering four-fifths of the
workers employed where wage settlements were
concluded. As shown in table 3, health and welfare
plans were most frequently improved, followed
by vacations, pensions, and holidays, in that order.
Contracts for nearly 2.1 million workers changed
at least one type of health and welfare benefit.
Hospital or medical-surgical insurance, or both,
were changed for 1.3 million workers; 1.2 million
were affected by life insurance improvements; and
sickness and accident benefit improvements af­
fected nearly 280,000 workers. Major medical cov­
erage was established or improved for about
315,000 workers. Employers assumed a greater pro­
portion of the cost of hospital-medical-surgical
benefits for 625,000 workers, and employers as­
sumed more of the cost of life and sickness and ac­
cident insurance for 100,000 workers.
Pension plans were improved or established for
more than 1.7 million workers. The most frequent
changes were increased normal retirement benefits,
affecting nearly 1.2 million workers; improve­
ments or the introduction of early or disability re­
tirement or both for 365,000; an increase in the

Table 3. Changes

in Supplementary Practices

proportion of payments made by employers to a
pension fund, in settlements affecting nearly 500,000 workers; and establishment or liberalization of
vesting, in settlements for about 200,000 workers.
Paid vacations were liberalized by settlements
affecting about 1.8 million workers. The agree­
ment in the bituminous coal industry (covering
about 80,000 workers) provided 2 weeks of annual
vacation pay to be computed at 10 times the em­
ployee’s daily rate, instead of the previous flat
$225 payment. A reduction in the number of years
required for 4 weeks’ vacation affected 575,000
workers, while a cut in the number of years re­
quired for 3 weeks’ vacation applied to 300,000. A
fifth week of vacation was established for nearly
150,000 workers, and a fourth week was initiated
in contracts covering 180,000. A variety of other
changes were also provided.
Holidays were improved for about 965,000
workers, with 275,000 receiving an eighth paid
holiday; 385,000 workers at least a ninth paid hol­
iday, and about 150,000 a seventh paid holiday.
Increased premium pay for holiday work affected
about 85,000 workers.
Changes Effective in 1966

The pay of approximately 4.9 million workers
rose as a result of contracts that were negotiated
in earlier years. Almost all of these received de­
ferred increases or deferred increases plus cost-ofliving escalator adjustments. A small number

Negotiated in Major Collective Bargaining Settlements,
1963-1966
Percent of production and related workers in —

Supplem entary benefit
1966 1
T otal establishing or liberalizing 1 supplem entary benefit or more________
Shift differentials_
_____
P aid vacations___
Paid holidays__
Prem ium p ay ____ _
.
, ______
Pensions
H ealth and welfare p la n s..
.
Supplem ental unem ploym ent benefits
.
_ .
. . . ____
Severance p a y .
__ __
J u ry d u t y . . .
...
Paid funeral leave_________
______
P aid sick leav e__ ___
O ther practices________
T o tal n o t changing an y supplem entary p ractice__ .
--------Reducing supplem entary practices
All workers in situations in w hich bargaining over wage rates was con­
cluded during year—
P e rc e n t...
____
N um ber (in th o u san d s)....................... .

! Including construction, services, finance, insurance, and real estate.
2 Excluding construction, services, finance, insurance, and real estate.
3Less th an 0.1 of 1 percent.


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80.3
10.0
51.2
28.5
3.5
50.5
61.2
1.2
8.3
9.8
11.2
8.8
11.4
19.7

1966 2
83.2
12.0
56.3
34.5
3.6
54.5
62.6
1.1
8.0
12.0
13.7
9.3
13.4
16.8

1964

1965
80.1
5.8
56.8
35.1
6.5
57.0
62.7
7.3
9.6
13.1
12.2
8.0
24.2
19.9

1963
85.7
9.1
67.8
44.9
16.2
67.8
62.1
17.8
25.4
18.1
20.7
3.6
21.3
14.3

87.4
5.9
43.4
14.7
2.9
37.2
72.8
4.2
8.4
3.5
8.7
3.4
27.8
12.4
2

100.0
4,305

100.0
3,370

(3)
100.0
3,391

100.0
2,664

100.0
3,590

N o t e : because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal
totals.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JUNE 1967

20

received escalator increases only. Most deferred
increases were in the automobile industry, or in
automotive parts, aerospace, farm equipment,
trucking, meatpacking, Atlantic-Gulf Coast long­
shore, railroads, rubber and construction. Alto­
gether, the workers whose pay was raised during
the year either as a result of current negotiations
or earlier settlements accounted for 83 percent of
the 10 million workers under all major collective
bargaining agreements. Comparable figures were
89 percent in 1965 and 77 percent in 1964.
Of the 1.7 million workers whose wages were
not raised, a majority—1,350,000, including more
than 450,000 workers in basic steel—were covered
by agreements negotiated before 1966 and extend­
ing beyond that year which did not provide in­
creases during 1966. Another 31,000 w o rk e rs w ere
affected by 1966 settlements that did not change
wages and 200,000 were employed where wage barbaining was not completed by the end of the year.
Because of these workers who did not receive a
wage increase during the year, the median adjust­
ment in wage rates effective during the period, was
3.6 percent. The larger number of workers who
were covered by contracts negotiated earlier and
who received no increase reduced the average ad­
justment for all workers effective in 1966 to 1965
levels. It was higher than the average effective in
any year from 1961 to 1964.

Cost-of-living Escalation

At the end of 1966, the wages of 2.2 million
workers under major collective bargaining agree­
ments were subject to automatic escalation with
changes in the BLS Consumer Price Index. This
was an increase of more than 200,000 over 1965.
Of those covered by provisions for escalation,
1.3 million workers were under contract clauses
calling for quarterly revisions (including workers
in the automobile, aerospace, and farm equipment
industries); nearly 110,000 were under semi­
annual review (including 80,000 meatpacking
employees) ; contracts covering 500,000 had pro­
visions for annual adjustments (including 425,000
employees in the trucking industry who diverted
their 3-cent adjustment to health and welfare) ;
7,000 received monthly adjustments. Escalator
clauses for approximately 250,000 employees pro­
vided for no adjustment until a subsequent year.
The most common 1966 escalator increases were
11 cents, applicable to most workers in the auto­
mobile, auto parts, and farm and construction
equipment industries, compared with 4 cents for
these workers in 1965. Aerospace escalator clauses
provided 10-cent increases for most workers com­
pared with 3- or 4-cent adjustments in 1965. Meat­
packing workers gained 8 cents in 1966, compared
with 4 cents a year earlier.

The more advantageously the capital and labor of a country are applied, the
greater must be the amount of production, and the more rapid must be the
increase of capital. If it advances more rapidly than population, the demand
for labor will always be such as to secure to the laborer nearly as large a share
of the proceeds of it as if he worked on his own account; because, if he could
obtain more by doing so, he would not fail to embrace the first opportunity.
The division of produce is therefore regulated by the supply of labor in the
market; and the quantity and quality of commodities assigned to the use of
the whole body of laborers, will depend upon the relation which exists between
the demand and the supply.


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H. C. Carey, “Essay on the R ate of Wages,” 1835.

Economic Effects
of the 1966
Changes in the FLSA
J a c k I. K

a r l in

*

E ditor’s N ote.— The

following article is the last
of three dealing with the Fair Labor Stand­
ards Amendments of 1966. Earlier articles
appeared in the March and April issues.

T h e Fair Labor Standards Amendments of 1 9 6 6
come close to eliminating “labor conditions detri­
mental to the maintenance of the minimum stand­
ard of living necessary for health, efficiency, and
general well-being of workers,” declared to be the
goal of the act in 1 9 3 8 . The amendments extend
protection to an additional 9 .1 million employees,
bringing total coverage to 4 1 .4 million—3 9 million
in private industry and 2 .4 million in government.
Of equal importance, especially for the low-wage
worker seeking an escape from poverty, was the
enactment of a new wage floor of $ 1 .6 0 an hour.
The primary beneficiaries of the 1 9 6 6 amend­
ments are the estimated 4 .7 million covered em­
ployees who were being paid less than the new
statutory minimum wage rates and were required,
effective February 1, 1 9 6 7 , to be given increases
totaling $ 1 .1 billion a year. The $ 1 .4 0 minimum,
the first of a two-step increase to raise the level to
$ 1 .6 0 by 1 9 6 8 , was the basis for 8 0 percent of the
raises. Almost 3 .7 million employees—one-ninth of
the 3 2 .3 million covered prior to the 1 9 6 6 amend­
ments—were earning less than $ 1 .4 0 an hour. In ­
come derived from raising their wages to $ 1 .4 0 an
hour on February 1, 1 9 6 7 , amounts to $ 8 0 0 million
on an annual basis, an increase in the annual wage
bill of 0 .5 percent.
The 9 5 3 ,0 0 0 employees who were directly af­
fected by the $1 minimum for newly covered
workers account for a tenth of the 9 .1 million
newly covered employees. Raising their earnings


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to $1 an hour injects $304 million more into the
annual income stream, adding 0.8 percent to the
yearly payroll of all newly covered employees.
Of the 3.6 million employees newly covered by
the 1961 amendments, nearly a fifth were earning
less than the $1 Federal minimum made applicable
to them on the effective date. Additional annual in­
come benefits for these workers totaled $200 mil­
lion and boosted their annual wage bill by 1.5
percent.
Studies recently made in hospitals, nursing
homes, laundries, and retail trade provide in­
formation on the wage implications of the 1966
amendments for newly covered workers. These
four industries employ almost half of the newly
covered employees and about three-tenths of those
earning less than $1 an hour.
The study of retail trade also provides a meas­
ure for evaluating the impact of the $1.40 an hour
minimum for previously covered workers in this
industry. Implications of the $1.40 minimum for
previously covered workers in industries other
than retail trade can be examined in the study of
low-wage areas. The significance of these data is
delineated by comparison with findings in a series
of studies designed to evaluate the effects of the
1961 amendments.1
H ospitals

A comprehensive survey of private proprietary
and nonprofit hospitals and hospitals operated by
State and local (county and municipal) govern­
ments shows that the $1 minimum wage will have
little effect on the wages of nonsupervisory em­
ployees.2 Nationwide, only 4 percent of the 1.8
million nonsupervisory employees (including
nurses) were paid less than $1 an hour in July
1966, the reference date for the survey. When reg­
istered nurses, who account for 14 percent of hos­
pital employment, were excluded from (lie data
only 5 percent of the remaining employees earned
less than $1 an hour. Small proportions of ein*Of th e Office of R esearch an d L egislative A nalysis, W age and
H our and P ublic C o n tracts Divisions.

1 Minimum Wage and Maximum Hours Standards Under the
Fair Lahor Standards A ct, The 1966 Amendments (J a n u a ry
1967), an d Minimum Wage and Maximum Hours Standards Un­
der the Fair Lahor Standards Act, A n E valuation and Appraisal
( J a n u a ry 1966) (U.S. D ep artm en t of L abor, W age an d H our and
P ublic C o n tracts D ivisions).
2 Op. Cit., Minimum Wage and Maximum Hours Standards Un­

der the Fair Lahor Standards Act, The 1966 Amendments.
21

MONITHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1967

22

ployees earning less than $1 an hour were found in
government and nongovernment hospitals.
Four-fifths of the 78,200 employees who earned
less than $1 an hour were located in the South,
although such workers represented only 14 percent
of the hospital nonsupervisory work force in the
region. Hospitals located in nonmetropolitan areas
of the United States employed 65 percent of the
employees earning less than $1 an hour. Never­
theless, they accounted for only 10 percent of
hospital workers in nonmetropolitan areas.
Raising the wages of all hospital employees who
earned less than $1 an hour in July 1966 to the $1
an hour statutory minimum required an estimated
increase of 0.4 percent in the Nation’s hourly wage
bill. The increase in the South was 1.8 percent.
Focusing on the wage changes at the hospital
level revealed that 72 percent of the work force
were employed in hospitals in which all workers
Avere earning at least $1 an hour in July 1966. An
additional 17 percent were in hospitals in which
the required increase in the hourly wage bill was
less than 1 percent. Two-thirds of the employees
in the South were in hospitals in which the re­
quired wage bill increases fell below the 1-percent
level. Nevertheless, southern hospitals in which
the required hourly wage bill increases were 5 per­
cent or more employed 1 out of every 6 hospital
employees in the region.
P e r c e n t o f n o n s u p e r v is o r y
e m p lo y e e s
H o u r l y iv a g e b ill in c r e a s e

T o ta l... _ _ . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _
N one____________ ___ ______ _____ _
U nder 1 percent_______
______
1 and u n d er 2 percent _ ____________ __ .
2 and under 5 percent
_
_ ____
5 and u n d er 10 percent ____
_ _
10 percent or m ore________________ ___

U n ite d S ta te s

100
72
17
3
3
3
2

S o u th

100
35
32
6
11
9
7

Nursing Homes

A nationwide study of nursing homes and re­
lated facilities revealed that almost three-tenths of
the 227,000 nonsupervisory workers were earning
less than $1 an hour in April 1965.3 Even allowing
3 Nursing Homes and Related Facilities, A Study to Evaluate
the Feasibility of Extending M inimum Wage and Overtime Pro­
tection Under the Fair Labor Standards A ct (U .S . D e p a r tm e n t
o f L a b o r, W ag e a n d H o u r a n d P u b lic C o n tra c ts D iv isio n s, J a n u a r y
1 9 6 6 ).

4 Laundry and Cleaning Services, A Study to Determine the
Implications of Applying the Minimum Wage and Maximum
Hours Standards of the Fair Labor Standards A ct (U .S . D e p a r t­
m e n t o f L a b o r, W ag e a n d H o u r a n d P u b lic C o n tr a c ts D iv isio n s,
J a n u a r y 1 9 6 7 ).


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for an increase in earnings since the time of the
survey, it is apparent that the $1 minimum wage
will substantially affect earnings of employees of
nursing homes.
More than half of the 65,000 nursing home
workers who earned less than $1 an hour in April
1965 were in the South and three-eighths were in
the North Central region. Workers paid such low
earnings accounted for almost seven-tenths of the
nursing home employment in the South and a
third in the North Central region, but fewer than
a tenth in the Northeast and West.
It is estimated that to raise the wages of work­
ers who were paid less than $1 in April 1965 to
that level required an increase of 6 percent na­
tionally in the industry’s hourly wage bill. The
required increase in the South was four times as
high as the nationwide wage bill increase.
Laundry and Cleaning Services

A nationwide study of the industry in the sum­
mer of 1966 indicated that, for the most part, the
effects of the $1 an hour minimum wage would be
confined to the South.4 Although 13 percent of the
laundry workers in the United States were earning
less than $1 an hour, all but a tenth of these 52,000
workers were employed in the South. Almost all
of the remaining workers with such earnings were
in the North Central region.
A third of the southern workers received less
than $1 an hour, compared with fewer than 4 per­
cent of the workers in any of the other regions. The
proportion of southern employees in metropolitan
areas who were paid less than $1 an hour was sub­
stantial, although it was smaller than in non­
metropolitan areas, 29 and 44 percent, respectively.
The hourly wage bill increase required to raise
the wages of all employees paid less than $1 an
hour to that amount was 1.9 percent. The com­
parable increase for southern laundries was esti­
mated at 6.1 percent.
Despite the relatively large wage bill increase
for southern laundries as a whole, almost threefifths of the laundry workers in the South were
employed in establishments in which the increase
was estimated at less than 5 percent of the wage
bill. Moreover, a third of the southern laundry
workers were in establishments in which all em­
ployees earned at least $1 an hour in the summer

ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF ,THE FLSA CHANGES

23

of 1966. The relative ease of adjustment to the $1
minimum wage on a nationwide basis is evidenced
by the fact that 7 out of 10 laundry workers were
in establishments in which all workers earned at
least $1 an hour, as indicated below.

T a b l e 1. C o v e r e d N o n s u p e r v i s o r y E m p l o y e e s in
R e t a il T r a d e E a r n in g L e s s T h a n
an H our
P r io r t o t h e E f f e c t i v e D a t e s o f t h e
and
A m e n d m e n t s , b y R e g io n o r L in e o f B u s in e s s

$1

1961

Region or line of business
Percent of nonsuperdsory
employees

Hourly wage bill increase
Total... _ __ ___ _ _ ____ ___
N o n e ...____ _ _ _ _ _ ______ _ _
Under 2 percent___
... ____
2 and under 5 percent _ __ ______
5 and under 10 percent _ ___ _ _______
10 and under 20 percent__________ ___
20 percent or more_________ _ __ ___

United States
100
70
9
5
5
7

4

South
100
32
13
12
13
18
12

Retail Trade

The $1 minimum wage will have little effect on
the earnings of the nearly 1 million workers in re­
tail trade (excluding eating and drinking places) 5
newly covered in 1967.<; Only 2 percent of them
earned less than $1 an hour in June 1966.7 Al­
though 66 percent of the 21,200 employees who
earned less than $1 an hour were employed in the
South, they accounted for only 5 percent of the
southern work force. The proportion of workers
earning less than $1 an hour was 5 percent or less
in all of the lines of business for which data were
available separately. The proportions of employees
paid less than the $1 minimum in June 1966 who
were in activities covered by the 1966 amendments
were smaller than the proportions earning less
than that amount in June 1961 in those categories
of retail trade covered by the 1961 amendments.
(See table 1.)
To raise the wages of employees in newly covered
establishments to the $l-an-hour level required an
increase in the Aveekly wage bill of 0.2 percent.
The corresponding wage bill increase in the South
amounted to 0.5 percent. Nationwide, retail estab­
lishments which had no employees paid less than
$1 an hour employed 79 percent of all newly
covered employees. As shown in the following
tabulation, an additional 14 percent of retail em5 Retail Trade, A Study to Measure the Effects of the Minimum
Wage and Maximum Hours Standards of the Fair Labor Stand­
ards A ct (U.S. D ep artm en t of L abor, W age and H our and Public
C o n tracts D ivisions, J a n u a ry 1967).
0 Includes estab lish m en ts w ith an n u al sales of $250,000 or
m ore t h a t a re p a r t of en terp rises w ith an n u al sales of $500,000
b u t less th a n $1 m illion, as w ell as m otor vehicle and farm
equipm ent d ealers w ith an n u a l sales of $1 m illion or more who
w ere exem pt p rio r to th e 1966 am endm ents.
7 E xcludes food service w orkers in dep artm en t, variety, and
d ru g stores.


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1966

Percent earning less th a n
$1 an hour in June of—
1966 1

U nited States.

19612
2

9

1

N ortheast____
S outh_______
N orth Central.
West________

5
2

General m erchandise_______________________
D epartm ent___________________________
(3)
Limited-price v ariety____________ _____ _
(»)
Food____________________ _______ __________
Gasoline service stations____________________________
A pparel and accessories____________________
F urniture and appliance____________ ____ _
D rug---------------------------------------- ---------------Motor vehicle and farm equipm ent dealers___
Miscellaneous______________ ____ __________

1
1

11

5
37

8
6

5
2

1

3

9

5
10

2
1

1 Includes establishm ents w ith annual sales of $250,000 or more th a t are
p a rt of enterprises w ith annual sales of $500,000 b u t less th a n $1 million,
as well as m otor vehicle and farm equipm ent dealers w ith annual sales of
$1 m illion or more who were exem pt prior to the 1966 am endm ents. Excludes
food service workers in departm ent, variety and drug stores.
2 Includes establishm ents w ith annual sales of $250,000 or more th a t are
p a rt of enterprises w ith annual sales of $1 m illion or more, and gasoline
service stations w ith annual sales of $250,000 or more. Excludes food service
workers in departm ent, variety and drug stores.
3 D ata not available.
N ote : Dashes indicate no workers.
S ource : Retail Trade, A Study to Measure the Effects of the M inim um Wage
and Maximum Hours Standards of the Fair Labor Standards Act (U.S. D ep art­
m ent of Labor, Wage and H our and Public C ontracts Divisions, January
1967).

ployees were in establishments where the $1 mini­
mum required an increase of less than 1 percent.
Weekly wage bill increase

Percent of nonsuperdsory
_______employees

T o tal_________________________________
N one______________________________________
U nder 1 percent____________________
1 and u nder 2 percent-----------------------------------2 and under 5 percent-----------------------------------5 and under 10 percent----------------------------------10 percent or m ore__________________________

100
70
H
3
2
1
(')

i Less than 0.5 percent.

Of the 81,400 newly covered food service
workers employed in covered department, variety,
and drug stores, 12 percent earned less than $1 an
hour in June 1966. Virtually all of these workers
were employed in establishments where other
workers have been covered since 1961 and have
been required to be paid at least $1.25 an hour
since September 3, 1965.
In the larger retail enterprises where employees
were brought under the minimum wage by the
1961 amendments, the 1966 amendments estab­
lished a $1.40 minimum. About one-fourth of the
3 million previously covered retail employees were

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1967

24

Table 2. Previously Covered Nonsupervisory Em­
ployees in Retail Trade 1 Earning Less Than
$1.25 an Hour and Percent Change in Employ­
ment, by Line of Business, United States and
South
South

U nited States
Percent
earning less
th a n $1.25
an hour

Line of business

June
1961

June
1965

Per­
cent
change
in em ­
ploy­
m ent,
June
1961-66

Percent
earning less
th a n $1.25
an hour
June
1961

June
1965

Per­
cent
change
in em­
ploy­
m ent,
June
1961-66

..

31

12

23

49

25

25

G eneral m erch an d ise.. . .
D ep artm en t_________
Lim ited-price v a rie ty ...
F o o d ...
_ _ ______ __
Gasoline service stations___
A pparel and accessories___
F u rn itu re and appliance___
D ru g ------------------------------Miscellaneous____________

43
35
78
20
34
34
18
38
15

14
11
35
9
12
16
4
20
5

34
41
3
15
67
-1
11
32
8

56
49
89
41
(2)
63
38
59
33

28
22
55
23
(2)
36
10
31
11

32
41
-8
8

All retail trade __

(2)

9
7
60
68

1 See footnote 2, table 1.
2 D a ta no t available.
S ource : Retail Trade, A Study to Measure the Effects of the M inim um Wage
and M aximum Hours Standards of the Fair Labor Standards Act (U.S. D epart­
m en t of Labor, Wage and H our and P ublic Contracts Divisions, January
1967).

earning less than $1.40 an hour in June 1966 and
half of them were concentrated at or just above
the $1.25 Federal minimum prevailing at the time
of the survey. Variations in the proportions paid
less than $1.40 an hour were apparent: From 37
percent in nonmetropolitan areas to 24 percent in
metropolitan areas of the United States; from
40 percent in the South to 11 percent in the West;
and from 57 percent in limited-price variety stores
to 17 percent in furniture stores.
On the basis of data for June 1966, a 1.4-percent
increase in the weekly wage bill of previously
covered retail trade was required to raise the earn­
ings of employees to the $1.40-an-hour standard.
The overall figures, however, conceal the fact that
nearly 3 out of 5 workers were employed in stores
where the new $1.40 minimum required an increase
of less than 1 percent in the total wage bill. As
indicated below, an increase of at least 5 percent
in the wage bill was required by stores employing
only 10 percent of tire work force.
Weekly wage bill increase

Total--------------------------None_______________________________________
U nder 1 percent____________________________
1 and un d er 2 percent________________________
2 and u n d er 5 percent________________________
5 and un d er 10 percent_____________________
10 percent or m ore___________________________


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employees

100

Before coverage was extended to retail trade in
1961, 3 out of 10 workers in large retail enter­
prises earned less than $1.25 an hour. Among the
different lines of business, proportions of workers
with such earnings ranged from 15 to 78 per­
cent. (See table 2.) Three months prior to the
effective date of the $1.25 minimum (September
1965), the proportions were smaller—1 out of 8
in retail trade as a whole and about 1 out of 3 in
variety stores.
Employment growth in the covered segment of
retail trade over the 5-year period of adjustment
to the standards established by the 1961 amend­
ments provides information on the overall em­
ployment effects of minimum wage coverage.
Employment in June 1966 was about a fourth
greater than in 1961, with successive gains recorded
after each increase in the minimum wage. In
fact, the largest annual employment increase oc­
curred during the period when $1.25 became the
minimum wage. Employment rose somewhat more
in the South where the minimum wage impact was
greater than in the rest of the country.
Although employment changes varied widely
among the separate lines of business, the larger
increases occurred in several lines where the wages
of a substantial part of the work force had to
be raised to bring them up to the statutory $1.25
level. It should also be noted that the overall
employment increase in the covered segment was
more than twice that in the noncoverecl segment
of retail trade between 1961 and 1966.
Low-Wage Areas

Several areas of the South and the North Cen­
tral region were selected for study because of the
prevalence of relatively low wages. Data indicate
that in June 1965 about one-thircl of the employees
in previously covered industries 8 in nonmetropolitan areas of the South were earning less than
$1.40 an hour. Proportions with comparable earn­
ings in the other low-wage areas were smaller—19
percent in small metropolitan areas of the South
(with populations ranging between 100,000 and

23
34
14
19
9
1

8 Includes those in d u strie s except re ta il tra d e , w hich generally
were covered by th e FLSA p rio r to th e 1966 am endm ents (m an u ­
fa ctu rin g , m ining, com m unications, u tilitie s, w holesale trade,
finance an d insurance, m iscellaneous services an d m ost of
tr a n s p o r ta tio n ) .

ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF TH E FLSA CHANGES

150,000) and 15 percent in nonmetropolitan areas
of tlie North Central region. When allowance is
made for the timelag between the survey date and
the effective date of the minimum, the magnitude
of these proportions is not markedly different
from those existing prior to the introduction of
the $1.15 minimum wage in September 1961.
Percent earning less than
Area

$1.15 an hour in
October 1960

$140 an hour in
June 1965

Nonmetropolitan areas, South______
Nonmetropolitan areas, North Central.
Small metropolitan areas, South_____

30
11
112

34
15
19

1 Data relate to June 1961.

Comparisons of employment levels between
1960 and 1965 (the life span of the 1961 amend­
ments) showed increases of 21 percent in south­

ern nonmetropolitan areas, 14 percent in non­
metropolitan areas of the North Central region,
and 16 percent in small southern metropolitan
areas. In 25 of 34 individual areas where data were
available separately employment went u p ; in an­
other 5, employment declined by less than 3
percent.
Comprehensive studies of the effects of the 1961
amendments failed to disclose any adverse effects
on the economy as a whole. These findings rein­
forced conclusions reached in earlier studies of the
effects of raising the minimum wage standard.
Industry readily adjusted to three previous in­
creases in the minimum wage and there is every
reason to believe that the current adjustment will
be accomplished smoothly and successfully with­
out any curtailment of employment opportunities.

As it is exchange or potentiality of exchange or relevance to exchange that
makes things commodities, one would think that economists would be in­
terested in knowledge itself as a commodity. It is certainly something which
is bought and sold. It is a little hard to put a price on it because of the diffi­
culties of measuring the quantity of the commodity itself. We can put prices
on the printed page, the hour's lecture, the newspaper, the tip sheet, or the
newsletter and even perhaps on the golf course or the cocktail hour. The
absence of any unit of knowledge itself, however, and perhaps the intrinsic
heterogeneity of its substance, makes it very difficult to think of a price of
knowledge as such, and indeed has probably contributed to a certain resistance
which we feel to thinking of knowledge as a commodity. One longs, indeed,
for a unit of knowledge, which perhaps might be called a “wit,” analogous
to the “bit” as used in information theory; but up to now at any rate no such
practical unit has emerged.


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—Kenneth E. Boulding, American Economic Review,
May 1966.

Terminations
of Pension Plans:
11 Years’ Experience
E merson H. B eier *

A l t h o u g h p e n s i o n p l a n s are initiated as per­
manent programs, they are subject to discontinu­
ance, as is the existence of the sponsoring company.
The recent ending of a few large plans, coupled
with a widespread assumption that terminations
lead to a considerable loss of earned pensions, has
kindled interest in data on terminations. With the
cooperation of the Internal Revenue Service, the
Bureau of Labor Statistics has studied the causes
and effects of termination and the characteristics
of plans closed out between 1955 and 1965.
Of 8,100 qualified retirement plans terminated
during the years 1955-65, over half were pension
plans,1 as the following tabulation shows:
Terminated qualified retirement plans,
1955-65

Plans le mulcted
Type of plan
T o ta l _ _ _
_ _ _ -____
P e n s io n _________ _ .. ____
P ro fit-sh a rin g ____
_ _
____
S tock b o n u s .
.
____
T h r i f t________________________ ____

Estimated number of
plan participants
(in thousands)

Number

Percent

Number

8,069
4,259
3,655
29
126

100.0
52.7
45.3
.4
1.6

475
225
242
4
4

Percent
100.0
47.4
50.9
.8
8

The remainder were profit-sharing, stock bonus,
and thrift plans, and are not involved in the
present inquiry.
*Of the Division of Industrial and Labor Relations, Bureau of
Labor Statistics.
1 The number of terminations included in this study differs
significantly from that reported in quarterly IRS releases. This
study relied on IRS termination records (Form 517T) ; the
quarterly releases report the number of determination letters
issued.
2 This estimate does not account for employees who lost their
jobs and, unless vested, their pension rights in a business decline
preceding termination.

26

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Data abstracted from the termination record
files of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) show
that terminating plans tended to be young and
small in size. More than half were no more than 6
years old, and two-thirds covered fewer than 25
employees. Although a variety of circumstances
may lead to termination, the most frequent reasons
given were company and plan mergers, financial
difficulties, and business dissolution.
These 4,300 plans covered approximately 225,000 employees at the time of termination. Thus,
on the average, about 20,000 workers a year were
affected—about one-tenth of 1 percent of total pen­
sion plan coverage.2 All accrued pension rights
were not lost, however. Some rights were undoubt­
edly preserved by fund accumulations or, in many
instances, by the transfer of accrued pension
credits to other plans. Only a continuance of cov­
erage in another plan, however, assures partici­
pants of benefits for future employment.
Frequency of Terminations

A marked upward trend in the frequency of pen­
sion plan terminations is evident from the data
shown in the table. The increase is a reflection more
of the spread of private pension plans than of any
significant change in the rate of plan termination,
which has consistently remained around 1 percent
of active plans.
The rise in the number of terminations did not
follow a smooth path—experience fluctuated in a
manner that, in part, reflects the influence of
changing business conditions. For example, the
greatest rise in the number of pension terminations
occurred in 1961, a year of relatively low economic
activity; the number fell during the following year
of general recovery. The relationship, however,
is by no means perfect. In 1963, a relatively good
business year, not only did terminations rise, but
much of the increase was attributed to financial
difficulties.
Although changes in general economic condi­
tions and in the economic characteristics of firms
with pension plans influence the rate of plan ter­
mination, there is little reason to expect a radical
change in the rate in the coming decade. The
termination rate, as previously mentioned, was
largely unaffected by the moderate economic down­
turns of the 1955-65 period. Similar experience is

TERMINATIONS OF PENSION PLANS

27

likely in the future, unless subsequent downturns
are much more severe. Changes in the character­
istics of firms with pension plans reflect divergent
influences that, at least in part, are offsetting. As
existing firms and plans mature, they become more
stable, thus reducing the chance of termination.
On the other hand, new plans are spreading into
less stable industries and marginal firms where
the chance of termination is greater. As new plans
account for a declining proportion of the total, it
is quite possible that the termination rate may
decline.
Age and Size Differences

The median age of plans terminated during the
1955-65 period was 6 years. Three out of ten ter­
minations involved plans that were no more than
6 years old. About a fourth were more than 10
years old. The older ones were, on the average, sub­
stantially larger than the newer terminating plans.
Thus, half the participants were in plans that had
been in existence for 9 years or longer.
Mortality among young plans is attributable
both to a tendency for plans (and businesses) to
be less stable during their early years, and to dif­

Selected Characteristics
Plans
Characteristic

of

Terminated Qualified Pension Plans, 1955-65

Participants

Num­ Percent
ber

Number Percent
(in thou­
sands)

Y ea r of T ermination

All plans______ _______

100.0

225

100.0

220
231
276
329
372
351
524
484
548
492
432

5.2
5.4
6.5
7.7
8.7
8.2
12.3
11.4
12.9
11.6
10.1

8
10
16
27
20
18
32
21
24
31
18

3.6
4.4
7.1
12.0
8.9
8.0
14.2
9.3
10.7
13.8
8.0

All plans_________________

4,259

100.0

225

100.0

1 year or less__________________
2 years______________________
3 years__________ ________
4 years__________________
5 years________ _________
6 years__________________
7 years___________________
8 years_________ __________
9 years_____________________
10 years___ ____ __________
11 years_________________
12 years____________________
13 years.___ __________________
14 years...........................................
15 years and over______________
Unknown________________

284
468
495
380
339
286
278
211
168
193
164
152
126
108
478
129

6.7
11.0
11.6
8.9
8.0
6.7
6.5
5.0
3.9
4.5
3.9
3.6
3.0
2.5
11.2
3.0

13
12
19
8
13
14
16
17
16
12
12
12
10
8
36
7

5.8
5.3
8.4
3.6
5.8
6.2
7.1
7.6
7.1
5.3
5.3
5.3
4.4
3.6
16.0
3.1

1965

............"

____________

A ge of P lan at T ermination

N ote

Plans
Characteristic

All plans__________________

Num­ Percent
ber

Number
(in thou­
sands)

Per­
cent

4,259

100.0

225

100.0

1,891
1,093
499
367
253
90
42
24

44.4
25.7
11.7
8.6
5.9
2.1
1.0
.6

9
17
18
26
40
31
29
55

4.0
7.6
8.0
11.6
17.8
13.8
12.9
24.4

All plans__________________

4,259

100.0

225

100.0

Merger or sale __________________
Coverage continued___________
Coverage not continued________
Effect on coverage unknown ___
Financial difficulties______________
Business dissolved_______________
Change to profit sharing __________
By agreement with union _________
Employee lack of interest _________
Transfer to another plan__________
Few employees eligible____________
Other_________________________

1,276
511
406
359
1,087
771
214
180
125
175
111
320

30.0
12.0
9.5
8.4
25.5
18.1
5.0
4.2
2.9
4.1
2.6
7.5

73
34
19
20
38
43
14
11
8
11
7
20

32.4
15.1
8.4
8.9
16.9
19.1
6.2
4.9
3.6
4.9
3.1
8.9

Under 10_______________________
10-24__________________________
25-49__________________________
50-99__________________________
100-249_________________________
250-499____________ ____________
500-999_________________________
1,000 and over _________________

R eason for T ermination

: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.


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Participants

N um ber of P articipants

4,259

1955 ___________
1956 ______ ____
1957 ________
1958 ________ .
1959 ______
1960 .....
1961..............
1962 ___ ____
1963 ..............
1964 ___

ferences between new and old plans that are not
directly related to age. The spread of pension plans
into industries and enterprises where higher
mortality is to be expected may have already af­
fected the termination rate.
Some terminated plans were large, but most of
them covered relatively few employees. About 90
percent had fewer than 100 participants and 45
percent had fewer than 10. The median plan had
only 13 members. Coverage of the median plan
dropped from more than 15 employees during the
late fifties to around 10 employees during the mid­
sixties.
The high proportion of small plans among all
pension plans largely accounts for their high pro­
portion among terminating plans. Similarly, the
decline in the median size of terminating plans
may reflect simply a reduction in the average size
of new plans. However, since a higher incidence
of financial difficulty or organizational change—
company merger, sale, or dissolution—is likely
among small firms, a higher rate of pension plan
termination might be expected. This is why multi­
employer plans or any device to pool pension plans
among small employers offer promise of stability
to employees.

28

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JUNE 1967

Reasons for Termination

Financial difficulties were frequently cited as the
primary reason for terminating a plan. Other rea­
sons, such as company and plan mergers or the
sale of individual plants, were also prevalent.3
Financial difficulty was given as the reason for 1
out of 4 terminations, and business dissolution for
1 out of 5. Mergers and sales, which are difficult
to separate, accounted for 3 out of 10. In at least
a third of these terminations by merger or sale,
pension coverage of employees was not continued.
The frequency of these several reasons for ter­
minating a plan tends to vary from year to year
(chart 1). Some reflect adverse business conditions,
others may not. Financial difficulty and business
dissolution accounted for a larger part of the an­
nual totals when the level of general economic
activity was relatively low and business conditions
less favorable. It is interesting to note that the role
played by business dissolution, the final step, con­
forms quite closely with that for financial difficulty
if adjustment for a 1-year lag is made. Changes in
the role of mergers and sales, on the other hand,
Chart 1.

Pension Plan Terminations, by Reason,
1955-65

were not closely related to general business
activity. Rather, experience followed a relatively
consistent upward trend. In 1961, for example,
merger or sale was cited more often than in the
preceding year, but represented a smaller part of
the total. The remaining reasons, which were far
less prevalent, did not show either a definite up­
ward trend or fluctuations related to general
economic conditions.
The reasons for plan termination tend to differ
significantly with plan size (chart 2), and to a
lesser extent with age. Financial difficulty is most
frequently cited in terminations involving small
plans; organization change—business dissolution,
sale or merger—are more prominent among the
larger plans. Financial difficulty accounted for a
third of the terminations affecting less than 50
employees, a fifth of those with 50 to 100 employ­
ees, and a lesser proportion among larger plans.
Mergers and sales tended to increase with plan
size, accounting for a fourth of the terminations
involving fewer than 10 workers, and about a
third among large plans. Business dissolution fol­
lowed a similar pattern. Experience among the
less prevalent reasons revealed either no pattern or
one that is easily explained. Lack of interest and
few eligible employees, for instance, were reasons
offered mainly by small plans.
Extent of Benefit Losses

NUMBER OF PLA N S
REASON FOR TERMINATION:
_ __

■

■


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BUSINESS DISSOLVED

Most pension plans do not, at any one point in
time, have sufficient resources to fully discharge all
of their liabilities. While benefits earned after the
inception of a plan are funded as they accrue, a
substantial unfunded liability usually is created
when a plan is established by giving participants
either full or partial credit for earlier service. Ad­
ditional unfunded liability may, and usually does,
arise because of subsequent, liberalizing plan
amendments. Under both circumstances, immed­
iate full funding of these liabilities is not practi­
cable, not only because IRS rules discourage fund­
ing at the rapid rate that would be required, but
also for reasons of prudent management of a com­
pany's financial resources. Although some em3
On 1RS forms, a single reason is cited for each termination.
Since the various reasons are not necessarily mutually exclusive,
some distortion of their relative importance is unavoidable.
Financial difficulties, for example, may be a contributory factor
leading to the sale, merger, or dissolution of a company.

TERMINATIONS OF PENSION PLANS

ployers choose to contribute only enough funds
to pay interest on these liabilities, most employers
systematically fund them over a period of years.
The assets of a terminating plan may also prove
to be inadequate to satisfy all of its obligations
because of investment losses, failure of the em­
ployer to make contributions, or adverse actuarial
errors resulting from an overly optimistic projec­
tion of a plan’s income or an understatement of its
liabilities.
Pension plans, with few exceptions, limit an
employer's financial obligations to the amount of
his contributions, i.e., any deficit in the plan's
finances is not chargeable against company assets
in case of default. The participants, consequently,
must assume the burden of any asset deficiency
upon termination, unless their pension credits are
transferred to another plan. Available resources
are allocated among the participants as specified
in the plan or as agreed to at the time of termina­
tion. Priority orders are frequently set up to favor
the older and long-service members, although pro
rata allocations are sometimes made to all
participants.
A case in point is the Studebaker plan termina­
tion. When the Studebaker plant in South Bend,
Inch, was closed and the pension plan terminated,
workers with at least 10 years of service and age
60 or over—i.e., those retired or eligible to retire—
lost no benefits. Workers with 10 years of service
or more and between ages 40 and 59—those with
vested rights to benefits—received 15 percent of
the value of their accrued benefits. The rest of the
participants—those without vested rights—re­
ceived nothing.
Aside from such well-publicized cases, only the
most fragmentary data are available on the extent
of participant losses of expected benefits through
plan terminations. IRS termination records do
not contain the information needed to determine
the frequency and magnitude of accrued benefit
1 Liabilities as reported under the Disclosure Act are gen­
erally greater than the value of accrued benefits and still
greater than the value of vested benefits. Although reported
liabilities are determined by a variety of actuarial methods,
nearly all methods level out the sharply rising cost of promised
benefits by estimating liabilities during a plan’s early years at a
level well above the average cost of providing those benefits. The
difference is usually so great that it is only partly offset by the
accrued liability owing to credits given for service before the
introduction of the plan. See Frank L. Griffin, Jr., “Pension Se­
curity and Funding Regulation,” Proceedings, Conference of
Actuaries in Public Practice, 196J/-65, p. 135.
2,60-937 0 —67—


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29
Chart 2.

Reasons for Pension Plan Terminations, by
Size of Plan, 1955-65

PERCENT

40

U nder
10
S IZ E

10 and
under 2 5

OF PLAN

2 5 and
1 0 0 and
under 100
over

(N u m b e r of w o rk e rs )

REASON FOR TE RMINATION:
m

BUSINESS

DISSOLVED

n

FINANCIAL DIFFICULTIES

L w . | ME RG E R OR SALE
I---------1 OTHE R

losses. In an effort to obtain some information,
reports filed under the Welfare and Pension Plans
Disclosure Act were examined for a group of 99
terminated plans, each with 100 participants or
more. Due to one deficiency or another, rough
estimates of the extent of potential participant
losses could be made for only 26 of the plans.
By comparing assets to liabilities, it was evident
that in 10 of the 26 plans some participant losses
were incurred. These 10 plans had slightly over
10,000 members, including 8,500 reported by Stude­
baker. The assets of these plans, as a group, aver­
aged about one-lialf of their reported liabilities,
but benefit losses probably averaged less than this
fraction suggests.4 Six other plans, with 2,400
members, also reported insufficient assets to fund
their accrued liabilities; however, there were no
apparent losses since the participants were trans­
ferred to other plans. The remaining 10 plans,
with 2,300 members, appeared to be fully or almost
fully funded; if any losses occurred in these in-

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JUNE 1967

30
stances they were probably nominal. These 26
plans may have been more thoroughly funded
than the typical terminating plan because they
were older and, consequently, had a longer oppor­
tunity to improve their funding positions.
The general lack of pertinent financial infor­
mation frustrates any effort to determine the value
of benefits lost through the plan terminations in­
cluded in this study. Some reasonable inferences
as to the magnitude of loss in typical cases can be
drawn, however, by assuming hypothetical, but
more or less traditional, funding patterns. Fund­
ing practices largely determine the relation 'be­
tween plan resources and accrued benefit obliga­
tions, especially during the early years in the life
of a plan when asset appreciation usually is minor
and liberalizing amendments are least likely.
Employers generally adopt one of several ac­
tuarial methods that eliminate abrupt fluctuations
and sharp increases in the amount of yearly con­
tributions.5 The more customary methods will, on
the average, fund between 20 and 40 percent of a
plan’s accrued benefit obligations by the end of
its fifth year of operation.0 Between 45 and 65
percent of the accrued benefits will be funded by
the end of the 10th year, if there have been no
maj or plan amendments or changes in asset values
during the intervening years. Even if these occur,
funding experience is likely to fall within this
range because amendments and changes in asset


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values tend to offset each other. Their net influence
becomes less predictable with advancing age;
hence, it is not practicable to suggest a meaningful
range of ratios for older plans.
Translated into benefit losses, these funding
patterns suggest that, unless coverage is continued
through the transfer of credits to another plan,
workers stand to lose between 60 and 80 percent of
their total accrued benefits if their plan terminates
in its fifth year. Most of this loss, however, is at­
tributable to service prior to the inception of the
plan. At 10 years, the total loss will range between
35 and 55 percent, assuming the net effect of plan
amendments and changes in asset values is rather
modest. (In all cases, a system of priority may
allocate the loss among participants from none to
100 percent.)
Actuarial conjectures such as these may be of
limited value for many purposes. Reasonably ac­
curate estimates of the magnitude of benefit losses
cannot be obtained from any government reporting
system now in operation. Unless such reporting
systems are changed, only a special survey program
can produce more reliable data.
5 The system an employer selects may provide for substantially
lower contributions once the liabilities for service before incep­
tion of the plan have been funded, e.g., 20 or 30 years. However,
such reductions are seldom realized because of periodic plan
amendments.
0 Griffin, ibid.

The objective of management is stewardship, including stewardship of
human assets. The basic compensation objective is to maximize the long-run
return on expenditure of wage and salary dollars. Not all wage and salary
expenditures should be viewed as costs; some are investments in human capital.
Human assets should not be priceless in economic terms ; they should be placed
on the balance sheet where they belong.
—H. G. Heneman, Jr.

Two Special Labor Force Reports

Occupational Mobility
of Employed Workers
S amuel S aben *
T h e e a s e with which a person can move from one
occupation to another is an important factor in
finding solutions to such problems as unemploy­
ment, job training needs, and economic growth.
Published studies of occupational mobility, how­
ever, have by and large been theoretical sociolog­
ical or economic monographs. Only a few empirical
studies—usually limited in geographic and occu­
pational scope—have been published and only
once before, in the year following the end of World
War II, was an attempt made to study occupa­
tional shifts from data of a national sample.
A recent BLS study found that about 5y2
million of the almost TO million Americans em­
ployed in January 1966 were working in an occu­
pation different from the one they were in January
1965 (table 1). Sixty percent of those who changed
occupations were under 35 years of age, and, gen­
erally, the rates were higher for men than for
women. Comparisons by color showed the mobility
rates to be higher for Negro 1 men than for white
men, but no significant difference between white
and Negro women.
The survey data also showed that shifts from
blue-collar to white-collar occupations were rela­
tively uncommon. There was, however, consider­
able movement from blue-collar work to the service
occupations. Most persons who changed occupa­
tions in 1965 also changed their employer or their
industry, and often changed both.
Although there was no significant difference in
the rate of occupational movement between full­
time and part-time women workers, the rates for
men varied considerably, with full-time workers
changing occupations much less frequently than
part-time workers.
The current report provides information on oc­
cupational mobility of persons 18 years of age and


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over between January 1965 and January 1966, a
period of improving employment opportunities
with the unemployment rate dropping from 4.8
percent to 3.9 percent (seasonally adjusted). The
report examines the extent of occupational mobil­
ity and the direction of the shifts, and assesses the
role of demographic, social, and economic factors
in this movement.
For this study, persons were classified as occu­
pation changers if they were employed both at the
time of the survey and a year earlier, but in dif­
ferent occupations.2
Demographic Factors

Analysis of the data from the 1966 survey
showed marked relationships between mobility
rates and certain demographic and social factors.
Age. The outstanding demographic factor asso­
ciated with occupational mobility is the age of the
worker. As age increases, occupational mobility
rates decline—regardless of sex or color (table 2).
*Of the Division of Labor Force Studies, Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
1 The tables in this report refer to “the nonwhite” population,
of whom 92 percent are Negroes. The data thus overwhelmingly
pertain to Negroes and will be used in this article to describe
the experience of Negroes.
2 This study is based primarily on information derived from
supplementary questions in the January 1966 monthly survey of
the labor force conducted for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by
the Bureau of the Census through its Current Population Survey.
Data in this report relate to persons 18 years of age and over
in the civilian noninstitutional population in the week of Janu­
ary 9-15, 1966.
All those who were employed in January 1966 were asked if
they were “doing the same kind of work a year ago (in January
1965).” Persons who indicated they were working in January
1965 but were not doing the same kind of work were asked
what kind of work they were doing and the business or industry
in which they were employed. The occupations were classified
according to the system of 296 occupation categories identified
by 3-digit number or single letter codes in i960 Census of Popu­
lation, Alphabetical Index of Occupations ancl Industries (Wash­
ington, U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1960).
Because the period covered by the survey is from January
1965 to 1 year later, it may be considered tantamount to the
calendar year 1965 and is so referred to in this article.
Since the estimates resulting from this survey are based on a
sample, they may differ from the figure that would have been
obtained from a complete census. The sampling variability may
be relatively large in cases where the numbers are small. There­
fore, small estimates or small differences between estimates or
percents based upon them should be used and interpreted with
caution.
31

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1967

32
T able

1.

1965

O ccu pa tion al M obility B etw een J a n u a r y
and J a n u a r y
and C olor , J a n u a r y

1966

1966 of

E mployed P e r so n s ,

by

A ge , S e x ,

[Percent distribution]
Women

Men
Age and color

Total employed
in January 1966
Num­
ber

Percent

Total employed
in January 1966

Status in January 1965
Same
occupa­
tion

Different
occupa­
tion

Not
working

Num­
ber

Percent

Status in January 1965
,_3
Same
occupa­
tion

Different
occupa­
tion

Not
working

44,357

100.0

84.9

9.3

5.8

24,179

100.0

77.9

5.8

16.4

1,618
18 and 19 years___
____________
20 to 24 years... _ ___ . ___ _ ------------- 4,393
9,484
25 to 34 years______ ..
............. .
35 to 44 years_____ _______ _ . . -------- 10, 721
9, 778
45 to 54 years... _______ _ _ _ _ ______
55 to 64 years_____
______
_______ 6,453
1,910
65 years and over. . . . . . . .
--------

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

38.2
57.9
82.5
90.9
93.1
93.7
92.0

17.7
23.1
13.2
7.3
5.1
3.7
2.6

44.1
19.0
4.3
1.8
1.8
2.6
5.4

1,396
3,167
4,193
5,419
5, 511
3, 551
942

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

31.7
62.6
73.8
80.8
86.5
92.5
91.4

13.0
10.9
6.9
4.6
4.2
2.3
1.6

55.3
26.5
19.3
14.6
9.3
5.2
7.0

White, 18 years and over_____ ___ _ _ .. 40, 054

100.0

85.3

9.1

5.6

21,124

100.0

77.7

5.7

16.6

4,303

100.0

80.8

11.4

7.8

3, 055

100.0

79.4

6.1

14.5

Total, 18 years and over-----------

Nonwhite, 18 years and over. ____

About GOpercent of all persons who were in a dif­
ferent occupation in January 1966 than in January
1965 were under 35 years of age. This age group,
however, made up only about 35 percent of the
total of employed persons in January 1966 (chart
1). The inverse relationship betAveen mobility and
age is a familiar pattern in other studies.'5
Much of the occupational change among younger
Avorkers is probably voluntary and fostered by such
elements as “job-shopping,” casual occupational
attachment Avhile in school, and tenuous liometoAvn ties. Among older Avorkers, mobility is im­
paired by such factors as strong occupational ties,
job seniority rights, age discrimination in hiring,
higher incomes that reduce incentives to mcwe,
and the fear of change, and the job shifts that do
occur’in this age group are largely involuntary.
Sex and Marital Status. Both the determination
and the interpretation of sex differentials in occu­
pational mobility have been vexing questions. FeAv
surveys have been made of the occupational mobil­
ity of Avomen, and in these it Avas difficult to
ascertain to Avhat extent differential rates Avere
related to sex or to some other characteristic.4 The
bulk of the evidence, hoAveA^er, points to greater
mobility for men. The data from the January
1966 survey, in agreem ent Avitli m ost other studies,
indicate that men, both Avliite and noiiAArhite,
changed occupations more frequently than did
Avomen (chart 2).
This report, as has been indicated, is limited
to the occupational mobility of persons employed


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both in January 1966 and January 1965. If per­
sons avIio Avere not Avorking a year earlier (either
unemployed or not in the labor force) are included,
then 22 percent of the Avomen and 15 percent of
the men had entered a different occupation during
the year. Occupation changers accounted for
nearly half the Avorkers avIio Avere not employed
at their January 1966 occupation a year earlier,
as slioAvn in the tabulation beloAv:
Percent
Persons who entered their January 196G
occupation during the preceding year

Total___ ____ _____________
Occupation changers______________
Not working in January 1965 ______

Both sexes

Men

Women

100.0

100.0

100.0

45.7
54.3

61.4
38.6

26.0
74.0

A m ong Avorkers neAv to an occupation in J a n u ­
ary 1966, men more frequently Avere occupation
changers Avhile Avomen more often had not been
Avorking a year earlier.
M arital status had a more marked relationship
Avith occupational m obility rates o f men than of
Avomen. Married men had loAver rates than single
men, but am ong Avomen the rates varied little
Avitli m arital status.

Color. The data from this survey indicate a higher
occupational mobility rate for Negro men than
3
“Geographic Mobility and Employment Status, March
1962—March 1963,” M onthly Labor Review, August 1964, pp.
S73-8S1. See also “Job Mobility in 1961,” M onthly Labor Review,
August 1963, pp. 897-906.
4
See Herbert S. Parnes, Research on Labor Mobility (New York,
Social Science Research Council, 1954), Bulletin No. 65, pp.
109-116, for a detailed discussion of the inconclusive evidence
of earlier studies of differences by sex in mobility rates.

OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY OF EMPLOYED WORKERS

for white men, thus supporting Parnes’ findings
of a decade earlier.5 The difference in the rates
for white and Negro women is inconclusive.
Educational Attainment. Occupational change
occurs least among persons who have completed
4 years or more of college.0 The college graduate
is likely to start his work career in an occupation
for which he was trained; although he may gradu­
ally assume more responsibilities and additional
duties, he nominally remains in the same occupa­
tion. As other studies have shown, although per­
sons with considerable educational attainment are
likely to have high geographic mobility rates, their
occupational changes are few.
At the other end of the educational scale, per­
sons with 8 years or less of education also have a
low occupational mobility rate. This relationship
can be explained by the fact that many poorly
educated workers are also older persons, who are
less likely than younger workers to shift
occupations.
Anatomy of Occupational Shifts

Workers change occupations for a variety of
reasons. Many persons who lose one job obtain
the next one in a different occupation. Others
change because of a higher earnings potential,
better working conditions, or a promotion. The
extent to which workers changed occupations dur­
ing 1965 varied widely by occupation for each sex
(table o). Occupational mobility rates, among
men, were highest for nonfarm laborers, clerical
workers, operatives, and service workers. For
women, high rates were also found in clerical and
service occupations, as well as in the sales classi­
fications. These three groups employ the greatest
number of women workers. The highest occupa­
tional mobility rate among women was for crafts­
men, but relatively few women are in this
occupation.
3 Ibid., pp. 116-118.
0
There are somewhat contradictory findings on the relation­
ships between education and occupational mobility. See, for
instance, Leonard P. Adams and Robert L. Aronson, Workers and
Industrial Change, (Ithaca, N.Y., Cornell University, 1957), p.
134; Melvin M. Tumin and Arnold S. Feldman, “Theory and
Measurement of Occupational Mobility,” American Sociological
Review, June 1957, pp. 281-288; and Lloyd G. Reynolds, The
Structure of Labor M arkets (New York, Harper, 1951), pp. 80-81.


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Age. Although occupational mobility varied in­
versely with age among all occupational groups,
the pattern varied from occupation to occupation.
Reflecting the need for extensive educational
preparation, movement into professional, techni­
cal, and kindred jobs was infrequent before the
age of 20. It also dropped oft' sharply for older
Chart 1. Occupational M o b ility and Age, January
1966

MONlTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JUNE 1967

34

Table 2. Occupational Mobility Rates 1 Between
January 1965 and January 1966 of Employed
Persons by Age, Sex, and Color, January 1966
Aye

All persons

White

Non white

Men Worn- Men Worn- Men Worncn
on
en
Total, 18 years and over. _. 9.9
18 and 19 years---- ... . . . ---- 31.7
20 to 24 years__
- - - - - - - - 28.5
25 to 34 years___ - --- - -- - 13.8
35 to 44 years..
... _ . ----- 7.4
45 to 54 years.. _. ... . . ... 5.2
55 to 64 years_______________ 3.8
65 years and over------------------ 2.7

6.9 9.6
29.0 31.8
14.9 28.4
8.5 13.5
5.3 7.2
4.7 5.1
2.4 3.8
1.8 2.7

6.8 12.4
28.3 (2)
14.4 29.2
8.3 16.8
5.5 9.5
4.8 6.6
2.6 3. i
1.6 3. 5

7. 1
(-0
19. 0
9.7
4.3
3.8
1.2
(-’)

1Proportion of persons employed in both January 1965 and January 1966
who had a different occupation in January 1966.
2 Rate not shown where base is less than 100,090.

men (beginning at the age of 55). Entry by men
and women into the nonfarm managerial, official,
and proprietor field was heavy between the ages
of 25 and 44 years, but rare before age 20 and
infrequent between 20 and 25; these occupations,
of course, require education, experience, and to
some extent funds. Possibly because of demanding
physical requirements, saleswork attracted rela­
tively few persons after the age of 54. Older men
and women often moved into service jobs, many
of which have no great demand for skills and
frequently are less arduous physically than other
unskilled work. For many of these older workers
the change may have been the beginning of semiretirement.
Most of the occupational shifters in the clerical
field were under 25 years of age. The proportion
below this age was small among craftsmen, fore­
men, and kindred workers, since it requires several
years to learn these skills. On the other hand, a
large proportion of the occupational shifts among

Table 3. Occupational Mobility Rates 1 Between
January 1965 and January 1966 of Employed
Persons by Occupation and Sex, January 1966
Occupation in January 1966
Total, 18 years and over
__ _ _ _ ___ __
Professional, technical, and kindred workersFarmers and farm managers__ ____
Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm___ _
Clerical and kindred workers________
_______
Sales workers_______ _____ __________
Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers ___________
Operatives and kindred workers ________________ ..
Private household workers
. _______
Service workers3 __ _
_ ______ _
____
Farm laborers and foremen.. __ _ . . . ____ _
Laborers, except farm and mine
__ ..

Men
9.9
6.4
1.9
7.4
14.0
8.5
8.7
12.9
(2)
11.7
8.6
17.3

Women
6.9
3.6
1.7
6.0
8.4
8.1
10.8
7.0
4.0
8.0
4.5
(2)

1Proportion of persons employed in both January 1965 and January 1966
who had a different occupation in January 1966.
2 Rate not shown where base is less than 100,000.
3 Rate for men includes a few private household workers.


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male operatives were made by young persons.
Among nonfarm laborers, who have little if any
skill, a high proportion of the shifters were
teenagers.
Sex. Men and women who changed their occupa­
tions during 1965 moved into and within the vari­
ous broad occupational groups with differing
frequencies. For example, one-fourtli of the men
and one-sixtli of the women who had changed
occupations were operatives at the time of the
survey. On the other hand, two-fifths of the women,
but only one-tenth of the men, were in clerical jobs
in January 1966. The distribution of occupation
changers in their new jobs roughly parallels the
January 1966 distribution of employment for men
and women.
Nearly half the men and women who changed
occupations in 1965 came from occupations re­
quiring little or no skill (operatives, service work­
ers, and farm and nonfarm laborers). Because of
the basic differences in the occupational distribu­
tion of men and women, the sources of male and
female occupation changers differed. More than
1 out of 4 of the men who changed their occupa­
tion in 1965 had been operatives at the beginning
of the year (table 4). Furthermore, approximately
one-third of the men avIio were lionfarm laborers,
operatives, or craftsmen and about one-fourth of
the service and clerical workers had been opera­
tives in January 1965. In contrast, almost twofifths of the women who changed occupations
during 1965 had been clerical workers at the
beginning of the year.
Many persons changed occupations within a
broad occupational group—overall, about onefourth of the men and half the women. Idle propor­
tions were even greater in certain occupations.
Among men who changed their occupation, onethird of the operatives and of the professional and
technical workers had been in the same broad field
in January 1965. Three-fifths of the women occu­
pation changers in the clerical and service (includ­
ing private household workers) groups had also
been in the same occupation group a year before
the survey.
There was comparatively little shifting from
blue-collar (craftsmen, operatives, and nonfarm
laborers) to white-collar (professional, manage­
rial, clerical, and sales workers) occupations, but

35

OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY OF EMPLOYED WORKERS

men did so to a greater extent than women. About
12 percent of the men who changed occupations
and held white-collar jobs in 1966 had been bluecollar workers a year earlier; for women the com­
parable proportion was 5 percent. Most of these
changes were presumably voluntary, since they
meant an improvement in status and probably in
earnings, too.
On the other hand, there was considerable move­
ment among men from blue-collar work to the
service field. Over half the male service workers
who changed occupations had been blue-collar
workers in January 1965. In many cases these
changes may have been involuntary as a result of
declining, or at best stable, employment oppor­
tunities within the occupation.
White-collar workers who changed occupations
tended to come from the white-collar field. Onethird of the professional and technical workers
had been working in a different occupation, but in
the same broad occupation group; the same pro­
portion came from other white-collar jobs. About
half of the managers and 40 percent of the sales
workers who had changed occupations also had
previously been employed in other white-collar
occupations.
Color. As a result of the shifts that took place in
1965, some variations on the basis of color are
evident in the occupational distribution of the oc­
cupation changers. The proportions of both white
and Negro men in farm jobs showed a marked de­
cline during the year, reflecting the decreasing im­
portance of the, agricultural sector as a source of
fications, and an increasing proportion of Negroes
in blue-collar jobs—and there largely at the lowest
level, as laborers. Among white women who
changed their occupation, a greater percentage
were in white-collar jobs and a smaller proportion
in service jobs. Although there was a relative de­
crease in the number of Negro women in blue-col­
lar (primarily operative) occupations, there was
no increase in the number of white-collar workers.
7 Lowell E. Gallaway, “Interindustry Labor Mobility Among
Men, 1957-60,’’ Social Security Bulletin, September 1966, pp.
10-22 : “The Negroes in the United States— Their Economic and
Social S i t u a t i o n BLS Bulletin No. 1151, June 1966, pp. 25-29 ;
and A. P. Garbin and John A. Ballweg, “Intra-Plant Mobility of
Negro and White Workers,” The American Journal of Sociology,
November 1965, pp. 315-319.


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Chart 2. Rates of Occupational M o b ility, by Sex and
Color, January 1965-January 1966

PERCENT

The findings of this survey would seem to sub­
stantiate the conclusions of other recent studies
that many Negro occupational changes are aimless
and involuntary. These studies show that (1) in
intraplant occupational changes, few Negroes
move upward in the skill-grouping of occupations;
(2) when Negroes do move to higher paid occupa­
tions, they tend to enter in the least skilled cate­
gories at the lowest earnings levels; and (3) that
there is even a tendency for mobile Negro workers
to move to lower earnings levels, particularly
Negro men 25 to 34 years old, when the propensity
to change occupations is high.7
Economic Factors

In addition to the analysis of social and demo­
graphic characteristics described above, certain
elements of the work situation were studied to
assess their relationship to occupational mobility.
Change of Employers. It is not surprising to find
that a change of occupations generally occurs at
the same time as a change of employers. Promotion
opportunities within a firm are usually limited to

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1967

36
openings in the same or at least closely related oc­
cupations. The worker who seeks to change his oc­
cupation usually must seek elsewhere. Further­
more, the involuntarily mobile will frequently take
any job available, regardless of occupation. Hence,
4 out of 5 of the workers who changed occupations
in 1965 also changed employers (table 5). A further
relationship, evident only among men, existed
among employer changing, occupation shifting,
and age. Almost all 18 and 19 year old men who
changed occupations also switched employers; the
proportion was lower—6 out of T—for men in
their early twenties, and declined even further for
older groups.
The relationship between employer and occupa­
tional mobility varied considerably among the
several occupational groups. Male occupation
changers who were laborers or service workers in
January 1966 had a relatively high rate of em­
ployer shift over the year. But men who remained
in these occupations also changed employers to a
greater extent than workers in other occupations.
Professional, technical, and kindred workers had
relatively low rates in both occupational mobility
and employer changing. Men who had shifted to or
within clerical work also had a relatively low rate
of employer change, despite a high frequency of
occupational mobility—often changing their oc­
cupation while with the same employer (getting
a promotion such as from an operative to a clerical
job). Women in service or clerical occupations had
high occupational mobility rates, but the employer

mobility rates varied widely. The highest em­
ployer changing rate—97 percent—avrs found
among women service workers, and the loAvest
among clerical workers.
The same demographic factors associated Avith
occupational mobility Averc also related to em­
ployer changing. As previously indicated, Negro
men had a higher occupational mobility rate than
did Avhite men. And about 90 percent of Negro men
avIio changed occupations also changed employ­
ers during the year, compared Avith 80 percent of
their Avhite counterparts. Among young men (un­
der 25) aa'I io changed occupations, 88 percent also
changed their employers, compared Avith less than
80 percent of the men 25 or older.
Further indication of the association betAveen
employer changing and occupation changing is
shoAvn by the fact that only 10 percent of the men
and 4 percent of the Avomen avIio changed their oc­
cupation had been Avith their 1966 employer for
more than 5 years. In contrast, three-fifths of the
men and almost half the Avomen avIio had not
changed their occupations had Avorked for more
than 5 years for their current employer.

Full- and Part-Time Employment Status. It
Avould be expected that part-time Avorkers Avould
be more mobile occupationally, since this group
includes a large percentage of younger Avorkers,
Negroes, and the less skilled. And a rather pro­
nounced difference in occupational mobility did
manifest itself, betAveen those aa4 io at the time of

Table 4. Major Occupation Group in January 1966 of Men Who Changed Their Occupations During 1965
by Major Occupation Group in January 1965
[Percent distribution]
Occupation in January 1905

O ccupation in Jan u ary I960

T otal, 18 years a n d over____
Professional, technical, and kindred
w orkers
Fnrm ers and farm managors
M anagers, officials, and proprietors,
except f a r m ___ _
Sales workers
Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred
w orkers________________________
O peratives and kindred w orkers___
Service workers, including private
household______________________

Profes­
sional . Farm ers
and
Total techni­
em­ cal, and
farm
ployed kindred
m an­
agers
workers

M anagors,
officials,
and pro­
prietors,
except
farm

Cleri­
Crafts­
Service
men,
O pera­ P rivate
cal and
house­ workers,
tives
Sales
fore­
kin­
except
hold
men,
and
dred
workers
kindred workers privatew ork­
and
household
kindred workers
ers
workers
0.1

7.0

Farm
laborers
and
foremen

Laborers,
except
farm
and
m ine

2. 9

10.5

100.0

0.8

2.9

8.2

9.2

7.0

10.8

27.9

100. 0

3‘>. 8

.0

1G 9

13.1

3.8

14.0

8. 7

4.9

5. 2

100.0
100 0
100 0

13. 9
0 9
0 8

3.2

8. 7
10 1
23.4

8. 7
97 o

3 4

8 3

25.1
8 0
13 2

18.7
9 2
13 2

13.9
23. 8
14.6

5.3
5.0
7.3

5.4
0.8

100. 0
100. 0

2.8

2. 1
2.8

0.7
5. G

G. 5
.5.7

4.3
4.0

24.0
17.4

33. 8
35.9

100. 0

2.5

4.7

5. G

0.9

4.0

1.0

3.8

3.3

5.7

1.7

(>)

1. 1

1 9

1.8
2.9

12.0
16. 4

17.1

3. 7

13. 7

11.4

12.1

9.3

.3

5.2
8.3

12.5

29.3 _________

13.1

38.0

(i)

Laborers, except farm and m ine___

100.0

1 Percent no t shown where base is less th an 100,000.


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.7

OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY OF EMPLOYED WORKERS

5.

T able
E m ployer C h a n g in g R a tes 1 by W h eth er
O ccupation W as C hanged B etw een J a n u a r y
and J anuary
b y S e x and O ccu pa tion , J an ­
uary

1966

1965

1966,

O ccupation in Jan u ary 1960

T otal, 18 years and over__ _______
Professional, technical, and kindred
w orkers______________ _____________
F anners and farm m anagers......................
Managers, officials, and proprietors,
______ __ __
except farm ______
Clerical and kindred w orkers______ _ __
Sales w o rk ers.. __________ _________
Craftsm en, foremen and kindred workers.
O peratives and kindred w o rk e rs.. . . . .
P riv ate household w orkers______ ____
Service workers, except private household____________ _________________
F a rm laborers and foremen____________
Laborers, except farm and m in e_______

Different
occupation
th a n in Jan ­
uary 1966

Same occupa­
tion as in
Jan u ary 1906

Men

Men

Wom­
en

Wom­
en

81.5

87.6

11.4

12.2

05.0

0
0

12.0
2.0

12.5
1.8

0

5.2
11.5
10.2
5.0
10.4
20.0

0

79.2
72.1
93.6
78.3
84.3

88.4

7.7
6.3
13.2
12.3
12.5

0

0

0

89.1

97.3

0

0
0

13.4
27.8
18.1

90.0

82.0
0
0

16.7
6.5
0

1 Proportion of persons employed in both Jan u ary 1965 and Jan u ary 1966
who w orked for a different employer in Jan u ary 1966.
2 R ate not shown where base is less th a n 100,000.

the survey usually worked full time (35 or more
hours a week) and those who worked part time.
Men who usually worked part time had a higher
occupational mobility rate (13 percent) than full­
time workers (10 percent). For women, however,
the occupational mobility rate was the same (7
percent) for both full-time and part-time workers,
but this overall rate concealed considerable vari­
ation among occupations.
Industry. Most persons—7 out of 10 of the men
and three-quarters of the women—who changed
occupations between January 1965 and January
1966 also changed the industry s in which they were
working (chart 3). Although the survey does not
show whether the industrial and occupational
changes were simultaneous, it may be inferred that
they were associated.9
Furthermore, the more highly mobile an occupa­
tion, the more prevalent was interindustry chang­
ing. In genera], white-collar occupation changers
8 Industries are classified according to the system of 149 in­
dustry categories identified by 3-digit number or single letter
codes in 1960 Census of Population, Alphabetical Index of Occu­
pations and Industries, op. cit.
0
This inference is strengthened by the findings of various other
studies. See, for instance, Parnes, op. cit., pp. 73-70 and 79-SO,
and Adams and Aronson, op. cit., pp. 147-149.
10 Industrial and Occupational Sh ifts of Employed Workers:
August 1945 to August 1946, Current Population Reports, Labor
Force, Series P-50, No. 1 (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1947).
11 A coefficient of rank correlation of occupational mobility rates
for men for 10 broad occupational groups of + .6 3 is significant
at the 5 percent level. A coefficient of + .5 3 for women is not
significant.


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37
made industry shifts less frequently than did their
blue-collar or service worker counterparts. And
within the broad occupational groups, the greater
the degree of skill, the less frequent was industry
change.
Mobility, 1946 and 1966

As pointed out at the beginning of this article,
a previous survey of occupational mobility using
a national sample was made two decades ago,10cov­
ering persons age 14 and over, employed in both
August 1945 (just before V -J Day) and August
1946.
Occupational mobility rates for broad occupa­
tional groups by sex were developed as part of
this study. The occupational composition of the
groups differ slightly in concept from the current
classifications, and age coverage starts at 14 rather
than 18. Furthermore, unlike the present study, the
rates applied only to movements from and to major
groups; movements within a group, sizable in
some instances judging by current data, were ex­
cluded. Despite these differences, it is possible to
make some comparisons between the two surveys
by computing 1965 mobility rates among broad
occupational groups, i.e., excluding shifts to occu­
pations in the same broad group.
The earlier survey occurred in a period of re­
conversion to a peacetime economy, and, as might
be expected, occupational mobility rates were much
higher—about iy 2 times larger for men and twice
as high for women. However, although the mag­
nitudes varied, the relative ranking of the rates
by occupation show some similarities, particularly
for men.11 In both periods, men who shifted to non­
farm laboring jobs had the highest mobility rates,
while the lowest rates prevailed for entry into
farming and professional, technical, and kindred
fields.
Unemployment and Earnings

Simple linear correlation, multiple correlation,
and partial correlation were used to examine the
variation of occupational mobility rates for broad
occupational groups of men for the period January
1965 to January 1966, with 1965 annual average
unemployment rates and median annual earnings
of all workers by occupation of longest job. Regard­
less of the measure of covariation used, the results

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1967

38
Chart 3. A Great M ajority of Men and Women Who
Changed Their Occupation Between January 1965
and 1966 A lso Changed Either Their Employer or
Their Industry, or Both

PERCENT

that occupations with high unemployment rates
should have the most entrants from other occu­
pations. These occupations, however, are those
requiring the least in skills, training, and educa­
tion and, furthermore, most of the occupation
changers entering these occupations came from
similar callings.
There are various reasons for the lack of rela­
tionship between earnings and occupational
mobility. Occupations with the highest incomes
require heavy investments in education (profes­
sional, technical, and kindred workers), money
(managers and proprietors), or training (crafts­
men, foremen, and kindred workers) ; relatively
few persons working in other occupations can
meet the requirements for these jobs. In those
occupations where skills are more likely to be in­
terchangeable, differences in earnings are not very
great. And in those instances where skills and
available jobs do not match, the skills are usually
those requiring long training, so that even the
lure of higher earnings is unlikely to quickly
increase the number of applicants.
The Important Aspects

EMPLOYER
CHANGE

IN D USTRY
CHANGE

were similar (see below)—that is, occupational
mobility rates varied directly and markedly with
unemployment rates, and occupational mobility
rates had little relationship to earnings.
Upon consideration, these results make senseIt must be remembered that the occupational
mobility rates are entrance rates for men who
changed occupations during the year, i.e., the
base consisted of the number in the occupation in
January 1966. At first glance, it seems strange

In retrospect, two aspects of occupational
mobility are of prime importance. First, in a grow­
ing economy with rapid technological develop­
ments and its concomitant changes in the demands
for skills, there is a need for a smooth shift from
declining occupations to expanding ones. Second,
in a free society one of the measures of opportu­
nity is the absence of barriers to upward mobility
for qualified persons.
The first of the above aspects, it seems, is beingsolved with greater facility than the other. Cer­
tainly the volume of occupational movement helps
satisfy changing requirements for skills. There is
much movement within broad occupational groups
and fairly high intergroup mobility in the lower
levels of blue-collar workers. But the evidence in­
dicates that the movement from blue- to whitecollar occupations is still limited.
Results of regression analysis

Variable
U nem ploym ent rate (U )___________________________
Median annual earnings (E )________________________
U nem ploym ent rate and m edian annual earnings_____
U nem ploym ent rate (earnings held co n stan t)________
Median annual earnings (unem ploym ent held co nstant).
N O T E : N um bers in italics are statistically significant.


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Type of
correlation
sim ple—
sim ple__
m u ltip le.
p a rtia l—
p a rtia l. . .

Least squares regression
equation (mobility rate=)
4.75+1.44U-------------------11.06—.000285E--------------—0.95+1.91U+.00087E-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Proportion of
variation explain- Coefficient
ed (percent) of correlation
64
T . 80
2
- . 16
76 _______ 87
78 ____ + .8 8
40 ____ + .63

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF WORKERS

Educational Attainment
of Workers, March 1966
H arvey R. H amel *
are m a n y reasons for the continued em­
phasis on keeping young people in school for as
long as possible and improving educational and
training opportunities for poorly educated adult
workers. One of them is to better prepare individ­
uals to find and hold good jobs. Most of the new
job opportunities that are being created in our
economy are characterized by high educational
and skill requirements. In addition, there is a
rising demand in most existing occupations for
Avorkers with more education and training. Large
numbers of comparatively well educated young
people are entering the labor force, resulting in
the continuation of the long-term trend of rising
levels of education for the American worker.
In addition to a discussion of trends, this article
analyzes the relationship between levels of school­
ing and unemployment, and the association of ed­
ucation Avitli employment, occupation, and income.
The data are based primarily on information from
supplementary questions to the March 1966
monthly survey of the labor force, conducted for
the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the Bureau of
the . Census through its Current Population
Survey.1

T here

Education and Unemployment

One of the important findings of the latest sur­
vey on the educational attainment of the labor
force is the substantial over-the-year decline in un­
employment among high school dropouts (persons
who have completed 1 to 3 years of high school).
The sharp drop (to 5.3 from 7.4 percent) indicates
a different pattern from the previous year's decline
in unemployment (table 1).
U ntil March 1965, dropouts had not shared
significantly in the general decline in unemploy­
ment from the high levels of 1961. Since th at time,
the appearance of labor shortages in selected areas
and occupations could have been a factor resulting
in greater employment opportunities for many
poorly educated m arginal Avorkers.


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39

Reductions in unemployment rates before 1965
had been concentrated among the least educated
Avorkers (those Avith 8 years or less of formal
schooling) and among high school graduates.
Workers at these leArels of educational attainment
continued to benefit from the current improvement
in jobless levels,2 but the high school dropouts also
shared in the benefits. In the event of an economic
doAvnturn, hoAvever, the young, unskilled dropouts
AA’ould be among the first to lose their jobs.
The 1965-66 decline in unemployment rates
among 18 to 24 year-old high school dropouts (to
11.6 from 17.3 percent) Avas particularly note­
worthy because these young men and Avomen have
had persistently high unemployment rates during
the economic upturn in the past feAv years. A l­
though the year-to-year pattern of decline in un­
employment rates between March of 1962 and 1966
Avas markedly different among Avorkers avIi o had
completed various leATls of schooling, the overall
4-year decline Avas about the same (35 percent) for
Avorkers in each level of educational attainment.
The pattern of unemployment decline among
Negro Avorkers also changed in the year ended in
March 1966.3 Between 1962 and 1965, there Avas a
greater reduction in unemployment rates among
Negro than Avhite Avorkers a t every level of educa*O f th e D iv is io n o f L a b o r F o rc e S tu d ie s , B u re a u of L a b o r

Statistics.
1
The data relate to the civilian noninstitutional population IS
years old and over (unless otherwise specified) in the calendar
week ending March 12, 1966. Data for 1959 and earlier years
exclude Alaska and Hawaii. Previous survey findings were pub­
lished in the M onthly Labor Review, February 1960, pp. 113-122,
May 1963, pp. 504-515, May 1965, pp. 517-527, and March 1966,
pp. 250-257. These reports were reprinted with additional tabular
material and explanatory notes as Special Labor Force Reports
Nos. 1, 30, 53, and 65. Reprints of all articles in the series are
available while the supply lasts upon request to the Bureau or
any of its regional offices.
The results of earlier surveys on this subject were published
by the Bureau of the Census in its Current Population Reports,
Series P-50, Nos. 14, 49, and 78. Data on the educational attain­
ment of the population in 1959, 1962, 1964, 1965 and 1966
appeared in Current Population Reports, Series P-20, Nos. 99,
121, 138, and 15S.
3
Differential rates of decline in unemployment by educational
level are the subject of an article by Professor Einar Hardin,
“Labor Demand and Workers’ Education” which appeared in tin*
May 1967 issue of the M onthly Labor Review. Hardin’s analysis
suggests that a continued expansion in aggregate demand will
bring about further reductions in the overall unemployment rate
by continued substitution of less' educated for more educated
workers, provided of course that adequate training facilities and
opportunities are made available.
3
Data for nonwhites will be used to describe the experience of
Negroes, who constituted about 92 percent of all nonwhites 18
years old and over, in the United States.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEAV, JUNE 1967

40

tAvice those of Avhite Avorkers at each level of school­
ing, w it h one exception—those Avith an elementary
school education or less. Moreover, among men Avho
had completed 4 years or more of high school the
unemployment rate for Negro men Avas nearly
three times th at of Avhite men (5.7 A7ersus 2.0
percent).

tion, except high school dropouts. Between March
1965 and 1966, however, the decline in the unem­
ployment rate was as great among Negro dropouts
as among white dropouts, although the reduction
was less for Negroes than for whites in both
the group with a grade school education and those
who had graduated from high school (chart 1).
Despite the recent decrease, the unemployment
rate for Negro high school dropouts Avas still
higher than for those with only an elementary
school education. Persons in the latter category
tend to be m ature Avorkers Avho completed their for­
mal education 10 years or more ago and have since
acquired the skills and experience needed to obtain
relatively stable jobs. Dropouts, on the other hand,
tend to be young; they have recently entered the
labor force and are searching for acceptable em­
ployment armed with few, if any, skills, and with
little or no Avork experience. Even among Negro
high school graduates, the unemployment rate Avas
not significantly different from that of Avorkers
with only a grade school education.
Although Avhite and Negro Avorkers at each level
of educational attainm ent shared in the overall im­
provement in unemployment rates, Negro Avorkers'
unemployment rates in M arch 1966 Avere at least
T able

1.

U n em plo y m en t of P erso n s

18

Education and the Worker
In addition to the close relationship betAveen
education and unemployment, there are also asso­
ciations betAveen educational attainment and par­
ticipation in the Avork force, occupation, prevalence
of part-time Avork, and length of unemployment.
Labor force participation rates generally tend
to be higher for persons with more education. The
only exceptions are men in the central Avorking
ages, Avho traditionally have high labor force p a r­
ticipation rates regardless of level of school com­
pleted. In March 1966, only 32 percent of the
Avomen Avho had not completed their h ig h school
education Avere in the labor force, compared with
52 percent of the college graduates and 68 percent
of those w ith advanced or professional degrees.
College educated Avomen are more likely to be in

Y e a r s O ld a n d O v e r , b y C o l o r a n d Y e a r s o f S c h o o l C o m p l e t e d , M a rc h

1962, 1964, 1965,

1966

and

[N um bers in thousands]
March 1966

March 1965
*

March 1964

M arch 1962

Percent change in num ber from—

Years of school com pleted and color
N um - R ate
ber

N um - Rato N um - Rato N um - R ate
ber
ber
ber

1965 to
1966

1964 to
1965

1962 to
1964

A ll C lasses
T o tal unem ployed---------------------------

2,646

3.7

3,368

4.7

3,861

5.5

4,049

6.0

-2 1 .4

-1 2 .8

- 4 .6

E lem entary: 8 years or less 1-------------------H ighschool: 1 to 3 y e ars------------------------4 years or m o re___________
4 years_______ ____ —
College: 1 year or m o re.

793
718
1,137
812
325

5.0
5.3
2.7
3.1
2.0

980
1,006
1,382
1,024
358

5.9
7.4
3.4
4.1
2.3

1,305
973
1,584
1,147
437

7.6
7.3
4.0
4.8
2.9

1,462
1,087
1,500
1,122
378

8.0
8.3
4.1
5.1
2.6

-1 9 .1
-2 8 .6
-1 7 .7
-2 0 .7
- 9 .2

-2 4 .9
+ 3 .4
-1 2 .8
-1 0 .7
-1 8 .1

-1 0 .7
-1 0 .5
+ 5.6
+ 2.2
+15.6

2,084

3.3

2,702

4.3

3,092

5.0

3,138

5.2

-2 2 .9

-1 2 .6

- 1 .5

7.1
7.2
3.7
4.6
2.4

-2 0 .8
-2 8 .7
-2 0 .5
-2 2 .3
-1 5 .9

-2 4 .7
+ 1.1
-1 1 .1
-1 1 .1
-1 1 .2

- 5 .0
-1 0 .4
+ 7.4
+ 5.2
+13.6

AVhite
T otal unem ployed------------------- -----Elem entary: 8 years or less 1---- ------ -------H ighschool: 1 to 3 y ears--------- --------------4 years or m o re__________
4 years..................................
College: 1 year or more _
N onwhite
T otal unem ployed-------------------------E lem entary: 8 years or less 1-------------------H ighschool: 1 to 3 y ears________________
4 years or m o re____________
4 years_________________
College: 1 year or m o re.
1

Includes persons reporting no school years completed.


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1,063
819
1,256
926
330

1,010
734
1,349
974
375

7.2
6.4
3.7
4.3
2.6

8.5

769

10.0

911

12.1

-1 5 .6

-1 3 .4

-1 5 .6

7.4
13.5
6.2
8.2
2.4

295
239
235
173
62

9.4
12.5
8.8
10.1
6.5

399
268
244
196
48

11.7
15.3
10.3
12.4
6.1

-1 3 .2
-2 8 .4
+ .5
-1 2 .0
+80.0

-2 5 .8
+10.5
-2 2 .1
- 8 .7
-5 9 .7

-2 6 .1
-1 0 .8
- 3 .7
-1 1 .7
+29.2

4.7
4.5
2.4
2.8
1.8

761
742
1,199
866
333

5.6
6.4
3.2
3.7
2.3

562

7.0

666

190
189
184
139
45

6.3
9.7
6.1
7.0
4.3

219
264
183
158
25

603
529
953
673
280

41

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF WORKERS

Chart 1. Unemployment Rates of Persons 18 Years Old and Over, by Color and Years of
School Completed, March 1962, 1964, 1965, and 19661

PERCENT

1962

196419651966

E le m e n ta ry : 8 y e a r s or less

1962

1964 19651966

H ig h S c h o o l: 1 to 3 y e a rs

1 Data for 19G3 are not available.

the labor force because there are more job opportunies open to them and they are presumably at­
tracted by the better and more remunerative job
openings. Also, women with college or advanced
degrees are likely to want to apply their college
training after the considerable investment in time
and money spent to obtain it. This pattern of labor
force participation for women generally prevailed
regardless of age, color, or marital status. Educa­
tional attainment, however, is not the only de­
terminant of labor force participation of women.
Other factors include age, job opportunities, the
presence and age of children, an individual’s de­
sire to work outside the home, and amount of
husband’s income.
Worker rates for women at most levels of edu­
cation have continued to increase in the 1960’s. For
the younger women (under 35 years old), the
steady decline in birth rates has contributed to the


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increase, just as the increase has contributed to the
decline in the birth rate.
At each level of educational attainment, greater
proportions of Negro than white women were in
the labor force. Sixty-two percent of the Negro
but only 46 percent of the white women with at
least a high school education were working or
looking for work in March 1966. The Negro women
are more likely to be heads of families, and married
Negro women more often must work either to sup­
plement the relatively low earnings of their
husbands or to provide family income when the
husband is unemployed.
About 96 percent of the men in the central age
groups (25 to 54 years old) were in the labor force,
and their participation rates varied little by edu­
cational attainment. Labor force participation
rates for older men were consistently higher in the
upper levels of schooling. The more important

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JUNE 1967

42
findings for men in this age group, however, are
recent changes in worker rates.
Labor force participation rates for men 65 years
old and over have been declining steadily during
the entire postwar period, with the exception of
men with graduate or professional degrees. Until
1965, the decline in worker rates for men 55 to 64
years old was concentrated among the less edu­
cated; the most recent data, however, appear to
indicate a similar decline among college-educated
men. Apparently the proliferation of private pen­
sion plans, the liberalization of social security
provisions, and other factors have been responsible
for the declining worker rates of men 55 to 64
years old at all levels of education.
The labor force participation rates of white and
Negro men are generally similar within the same
age and education categories. The only deviation
occurred among those with 8 years or less of
schooling; the rate for Negroes in this group was
about 10 percentage points higher than that for
the whites. This results because a much larger
proportion of white than Negro men with that
much education are older and, hence, less likely
to be in the labor force. There was little difference
in worker rates between whites and Negroes in
each age group.

average levels of schooling are higher, have expe­
rienced rapid growth during this period.
These employment trends are expected to con­
tinue in the next decade. The most rapid increases
in job opportunities will occur in occupations re­
quiring the most schooling, e.g., professional and
technical, while (with the exception of service
workers) workers in occupations with the lowest
levels of educational attainment will be compet­
ing for jobs which are increasing at a slower rate
or even declining (chart 2). Increases between
1952 and 1966 in the proportions of high school
graduates among women workers in each occupa­
tion group were not as sharp as among men.
Chart 2. Projected Increase in Employment, 1965-75,
and M edian Years of School Completed, March
1966, by M ajor Occupation Group

Projected increase

M e d ia n y e a rs of

in e m p l o y m e n t

school com pleted,
March 1966

1965-75
PERCENT
5 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 10

O

O

k in d re d

and

officials |

p ro p rie to rs ,

except

Percent of employed men who
have completed 4 years or
more of high school
October

All occupations........................................
Professional and managerial workers.............
Clerical and sales workers.......................... .
Craftsmen, foremen and kindred workers__
Operatives and kindred workers...................
Service workers 2............................................
Laborers, except farm and mine....................
Farm workers.................................................

1952 i
40.1
71.1
65.8
34.0
24.3
27.3
16.6
20.7

March

Change,

1966
1952-66
56.8
16.7
84.1
13.0
74.7
8.9
48.7
14.7
39.5
15.2
44.3
17.0
28.4
11.8
29.2
8.5

1 Excludes persons not reporting years of school completed.
2Includes private household workers.

The rate of gain was highest among service and
blue-collar workers—occupations in which aver­
age educational attainment is lowest. With the ex­
ception of service workers, employment levels in
these occupations have risen only slightly since
1952. The other major occupation groups, in which


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and

w orkers

fa rm

C lerical

The long-term educational upgrading of em­
ployed persons in the 1950’s and 1960’s is evident
in all major occupational groups:

YEARS
8 12 16 2 0

Professional,
technical,

M anagers,

Education and Occupation

4

kindred

Sales

and

w orkers

w o rk e rs

C ra fts m e n ,
fo re m e n
kindred

and

w orkers

O p e ra tiv e s

and

k in d re d

w o rk e rs

S ervice

w orkers,

in c lu d in g

private

h o u s e h o ld

L a b o re rs ,
fa rm

Farm

and

except
m ine

w o rk e rs _ 3 /

1 A 3.0-percent decline in employment is projected for nonfarm
laborers.
2 An 18.9-percent decline in employment is projected for farm
workers.
8 Includes farmers and farm managers, farm laborers, and
foremen.

43

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF WORKERS

The gain in educational attainment was greater
for Negro than for white workers during the
1960’s. In spite of the increase in March 1966, the

proportion of employed Negro men and women
having only an elementary school education was
twice the proportion for white men and women

Table 2. Employed Persons 18 Years Old and Over, by Sex, Color, Occupation Group, and Years of School
C o m p l e t e d , M a r c h 1959 a n d 1966
[Percent distribution!
T otal employed

White-collar
occupations 1

Blue-collar
occupations 2

Service
occupations 3

Farm
occupations 4

Sex, color, and years of school completed
1959 3

1966

1959 6

1966

16,941

2,391

2,034

2,439

3,462

100.0
30.0
26.1
43.9

100.0
37.4
26.9
35.7

100.0
30.2
22.7
47.1

100.0
50.3
23.2
36.4

100.0
53.5
14.6
31.9

100.0
57.5
15.8
26.8

453

2, 642

2,150

645

495

288

499

100.0
46.7
26.6
26.7

100.0
64.3
22.0
13.8

100.0
39.8
26.0
34.1

100.0
45.6
23.8
30.7

100.0
84.0
9.0
6.9

100.0
79.7
11.8
8.4

1966

1959 3

1966

1959«

1966

40,456

37, 230

17,103

14, 793

18, 523

100.0
22.3
18.5
59.2

100.0
29.7
19.9
50.4

100.0
8.3
10.3
81.4

100.0
13.0
12.4
74.7

4, 314

3,597

739

1959 3

White Men
Total:

N um ber (in thousands)

______

____ -

Percent
- ______- - ______ - -- - ___ _____
E lem entary: 8 years or less6. _____
_____ - - __
- - _____
H igh school: 1 to 3 years _______ - _______
4 years or m ore____ . . . ______
_
- - _____
N onwhite M e n
Total:

N um ber (in thousands)____________ - - __ _______

- ___

100.0
42.2
23.6
34.1

100.0
58.3
19.7
22.1

100.0
12.0
16.6
71.3

100.0
19.9
12.8
67.3

. .

21,425

17, 539

13,511

10,764

3, 765

3,004

3, 718

3,212

431

559

Percent
______
_____
- __ -_____
__ _
_ ___
Elem entary: 8 years or less6
_______
______
____
H igh school: 1 to 3 years .
4 years or more
____ __ __ __ ___
__

100.0
15.4
17.2
67.4

100.0
21.2
17.9
60.9

100.0
4.9
11.3
83.8

100.0
7.9
12.2
79.8

100.0
35.4
29.8
34.8

100.0
41.5
30.3
28.2

100.0
30.8
25.6
43.6

100.0
41.3
25.6
33.0

100.0
38.5
19.5
42.0

100.0
52.6
15.9
31.6

54

84

Percent
____
- _____ - _
- E lem entary: 8 years or le s s 6 ____
__
_ _ _ _ _ _ ______
H igh school: 1 to 3 years _
4 years or more .
________ --- --

_____
____

White Wom en
Total:

N um ber (in thousands)__________________

N onwhite W omen
Total:

N um ber fin thousands)

Percent
E lem entary: 8 years nr less ®
H igh school:

_____

______

3,132

2,426

793

431

535

358

1,750

1, 553

___

---

100.0
32.6
23.5
43.9

100.0
47.3
22.1
30.6

100.0
3.3
10.3
86.4

100.0
13.2
9.5
77.2

100.0
31.2
30.1
38.7

100.0
44.7
29.6
25.7

100.0
45.1
27.4
27.4

100.0
55.2
24.5
20.3

________

Whitecollar
occupa­
tions 1

Blue- Service F arm
collar occupa­ occupa­
occupa­ tions 3 tions 4
tions 2

White Men
T otal..

100.0

Elem entary: 8 years or le s s 6
___ . . . . .
H igh school: 1 to 3 years.
_____
.4 years or m ore___________
____ ____ - _ _.

E lem entary: 8 years or less 6. _ ______
__ ______________
H igh school: 1 to 3 years
. . . ___
___
4 years or more __ ____
.
__________ ___

45.8

E lem entary: 8 years or less 6 .............................
H igh school: 1 to 3 years______ _____
4 years or more
_____
____

. . . ___ _

E lem entary: 8 years or less 6 ___ . .
H igh school: 1 to 3 years.
. ____
4 years or m o re___________

. ..

.. ..

__


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39.8

Blue- Service F arm
collar occupa­ occupa­
occupa­ tions 3 tions 4
tions 2
45.4

5.5

9.3

7.5
6.4
4.0

18.0
7.4
4.9

17.4
24.8
58.9

57.1
61.4
32.2

15.0

6.7

100.0

12.5

59.6

13.8

14.2

14.1
16.5
14.9

13.3
2.6
1.4

100.0
100.0
100.0

4.2
8.3
38.7

64.7
68.3
37.9

10.6
17.1
19.6

20.5
6.4
3.8

17.4

2.0

100.0

61.3

17.1

18.4

3.2
7.9
2.8
1.6

8.0
7.3
4.7

100.0

17.1

61.2

100.0
100.0
100.0

4.9
12.1
35.8

67.7
68.9
47.9

100.0

63.1

17.6

5.0
2.3
1.3

100.0
100.0
100.0

22.9
42.0
80.5

33.5
29.0
7.9

35.7
26.2
10.0

55.9

1.7

100.0

17.7

14.6

64.2

3.5

77.4
65.1
34.9

3.6
1.9
.2

100.0
100.0
100.0

5.0
7.6
44.6

13.8
19.4
12.3

75.1
70.9
42.6

6.1
2.0
.5

100.0
100.0
100.0

20.1
41.5
78.4

40.2
30.5
9.1

34.7
25.8
11.2

100.0

25.3

17.1

100.0
100.0
100.0

2.5
11.1
49.8

16.4
21.8
15.1

1 Includes professional, technical, managerial, clerical, and sales workers.
2 Includes craftsmen, foremen, operatives, and laborers, except farm and
mine.
3 Includes p riv ate household workers.

100.0

Whitecollar
occupa­
tions 1

100.0
100.0
100.0

61.7
64.5
33.9

N onwhite W omen
T o ta l.

6.0

T otal
em­
ployed

14.5
4.8
3.2

15.7
23.5
58.1

White Wom en
T o ta l..

5.9

100.0
100.0
100.0

N onwhite M e n
T o ta l..

42.3

(7)

March 1959 5

March 1966
T otal
em­
ployed

(7)

4 Includes fanners and farm managers, foremen, and laborers.
5 Excludes persons not reporting years of school completed,
6 Includes persons reporting no school years completed.
7 Percent not shown w here base is less th a n 100,000.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JUNE 1967

44

Table 3. Median Income of Persons 14 Years Old
and Over, by Color, Sex, and Educational Attain­
ment, 1958 and 1965
Years of school completed
Color, sex, and year

E lem entary school
Less th an 8 years
8 years

H igh school
1 to 3
years

College—
1 year or
more
4 years

Me n
$1,905

$3,214

$3, 594

$4, 548

$5, 702

2,381
25.0

3, 704
15.2

4,100
14.1

5, 828
28.1

7,068
24.0

W hite:

1958______________
1965______________
Percent change 1958-65

$2,076
2, 571
23.8

$3, 276
3,912
19.4

$3, 774
4,365
15.7

$4, 654
5,976
28.4

$5,810
7, 257
24.9

N onw hite:

$1, 447
1,988
37.4

$2,328
2, 619
12.5

$2,224
2, 804
26.1

$2,994
3,784
26.4

$3,679
4,892
33.0

$711

$909

$867

$2,036

$2, 429

2,338
14.8

3,047
25.4

Total:

1958______________

1965_______________
P ercent change 1958-65..

1958
------ -1965__________
Percent change 1958-65
Wom en

T otal:

1958______________

1965______________
Percent change 1958-65.

908
27.7

1,173
29.0

1,167
34.6

White:

1958______________
1965______________
Percent change 1958-65 . . . .

$765
909
18.8

$924
1,211
31.1

$927
1,238
33.5

$2, 095
2,425
15.8

$2,394
2,999
25.3

N onw hite:

$633
824
24.3

$863
1,252
45.1

$839
1,018
21.3

$1,330
1,944
46.2

$2,365
3, 530
49.3

1958. __ . . .
1965__________
Percent change 1958-65.

Source : C u r r e n t P o p u l a t i o n R e p o r t s , I n c o m e o f F a m i l i e s a n d P e r s o n s i n
t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s (U.S. B ureau of the Census), Series P-60, No. 33 and u n ­
published Census data.

(table 2). Among white men the rise in the level
of schooling since 1959 was fairly evenly distri­
buted in all broad occupation groups, with a
slightly higher gain among service workers. Bluecollar workers had the sharpest rise in educational
attainment among employed Negro men.
The increase in the proportion of employed
Negro women with 4 years or more of high school
was about twice that for white women. Among
white women, the increase was sharpest among
farm workers (who represent only 2 percent of
the employed) and service workers. For Negro
women, significant increases in the proportion with
a high school diploma occurred among all major
occupation groups, with the largest rise among
blue-collar employees.
Despite some improvement in the kinds of jobs
held by the Negro worker there was still a wide
disparity in the occupational distributions of em­
ployed Negroes and whites in 1966. Only 36 per­
cent of the Negro versus 58 percent of the white
men with at least a high school diploma worked
at white-collar jobs (professional, managerial,


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clerical and sales). A similar disparity prevailed
even among the high school dropouts—59 percent
of the Negro men but only 37 percent of the white
men were semiskilled or unskilled workers. Occu­
pational differences between white and Negro
women workers were also large—of those with at
least a high school education, 78 percent of the
whites but only 50 percent of the Negroes were
white-collar workers.
The very high unemployment rates of Negro
men, even among the more educated, and the occu­
pational differential between whites and Negroes
combine to indicate that there are factors other
than relatively low levels of educational attain­
ment which contribute to the job hunting prob­
lems of Negro men. Continued increases in the edu­
cational levels of Negro workers are essential to
keep pace with the economy’s demand for more
educated workers and to prevent a widening of the
Negro-white differential. Such increases alone,
however, will not improve the job situation of
Negro workers relative to that of white workers.
Educational upgrading for Negroes will be effec­
tive only when it is accompanied by the opening
of job opportunities commensurate with each indi­
vidual’s level of education and ability.
Employment and Earnings

There appears to be a direct relationship between
educational attainment and the utilization of
workers, as evidenced by data on the incidence of
part-time work and extended unemployment. Em­
ployed persons with full-time jobs had more years
of schooling than those with part-time jobs, and
the level of education was higher for workers un­
employed for only a short period than for those
with prolonged unemployment.
E m p lo y e d

M e d ia n y e a r s o f sch o o l
c o m p le te d , M a rc h 1966

F u lltim e ______________________________
P a rt tim e for economic re a so n s:1
U sually work full tim e _____________________
Usually work p art tim e___ _______________

12.3
9.9
10.0

U n e m p lo y e d

l to 4 w eeks.................- ................... ............. _................
5 to 14 w eeks______________________________________
15 to 26 w eeks_____________________________________
27 weeks or m ore________________________ _____ _

11.7
11.4
10.4
10.2

1 Includes persons who w orked less th a n 35 hours during the survey week
because of slack work, m aterial shortages, inability to find full-time work,
and other similar reasons.

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF WORKERS

45

Chart 3. Proportion of Workers 18 to 64 Years Old Who Had Completed 4 Years of High
School or More, by Sex and Color, Selected Years, 1940 to 1966

PERCENT

100

90

V /A

ALL PERSONS

H

W H ITE

R

|

|N E G R O

80
MEN

W OM EN

70

1940

1952

1964

1965

1966

Reasons for these variations include the preval­
ance of part-time work among blue-collar workers
whose educational attainment is lower than aver­
age ; the large proportion of the short-term unem­
ployed who are young persons changing jobs or
looking for better positions; and the large propor­
tion of these young workers who are high school
graduates.
Workers with more schooling not only tend to
hold jobs with higher status and to be employed
more steadily than persons who do not have as
4
The estimated lifetime earnings of men display a similar re­
lationship with years of school completed. See Herman P. Miller,
“Education: An Advantage for a Lifetime,” O c cu p a tio n a l O u t­
look Q u a rte rly , December 1963, pp. 1-4. More recent data appear
in S ta t is tic a l A b s tr a c t o f th e U n ite d S ta te s : 1966 (U.S. Bureau
of the Census), p. 116, table 158.
260-937 o — 67-


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1940 1952

1964

1965

1966

much schooling, but they also tend to have higher
incomes. In 1965, the median income of men and
women 14 years old and over who had attended
college was three times as great as that for workers
with less than an eighth grade education4 (table
3). Moreover, for men, the rise in income between
1958 and 1965 was generally sharper among the
better educated than the less educated workers.
The median income of high school graduates and
college trained men increased by at least twice the
dollar amount as did the income of men with lesser
amounts of education. The average income of men
who had had some college training rose about
$1,400 between 1958 and 1965 compared with only
$500 for those who had not completed high school.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1967

46

of white men between 1958 and 1965 at most levels
of education. White women had higher average
incomes than Negro women at each level of educa­
tion except for college-educated workers; in this
group, greater proportions of Negro than white
women probably are workers with earnings, and
they may have worked more weeks at full-time
jobs because they are more firmly attached to the
labor force.
These data confirm the advantaged position of
the more educated worker. He is more likely to be
in the work force to begin with, more likely to be
working in a desirable occupation earning a higher
income, and he is less subject to loss of working
time through unemployment or reduction in hours
of work. This demand for more highly educated
workers will grow as new, more complicated, and
more specialized jobs appear in our economy.

Comparison of incomes of women is blurred by
the fact that many of them do not work at all and
of those who do, significant numbers work only
part of the year or only part time. In spite of this
limitation, women who had attended college not
only had an average income much greater than
that of women who did not have as much school­
ing, but the increase in their income over the 7year period ($600) was at least twice that for
women with lesser amounts of education.
Negro men averaged less income than white men
at each level of education, and the gap widened
with additional years of schooling. In 1965, Negro
men who had attended college (including those
who were graduates) averaged $4,892, about $1,100
less than the average income of white men who
were high school graduates. However, the average
income of Negro men rose more sharply than that

T a ble 4.

E d u c a tio na l A tta in m en t

op the

C iv il ia n L abor F orce 18 Y e a r s O ld
S elected Y e a r s , 1952-66

and

Ov er ,

by

C olor

Se x ,

W omer

Men

B oth sexes

and

Years of school completed and year
Total

White N onw hite

Total

White | N onw hite
1

T otal

White N onw hite

Percent of civilian labor force completing specified years of sch o o l1
E lem entary—8 years or le ss :2
March 1966
__ _ __ _ _ _
_ _
—
March 1965
___
- __
March 1964
_ __
_____
_ _ _ _ ___
March 1962
__ __ _
--- —
March 1959______________________________________________________
March 1957------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- --------October 1952
___
__ _ - ____ _ ------High school—4 years or more:
March 1966
_
March 1965
- ___
-- __
March 1964
_ _ ____
_
______
__
____
__ _ - March 1962
March 1959______________________________________________________
March 1957______________________________________________________
October 1952
_
___
___
----College—4 years or more:
March 1966
March 1965
March 1964
March 1962
March 1959
Maruh 10*7
October 1952

______
_ __
___ -___
___
__
____
__
______
_____ _ ___ _
______

______

______

24.6
25.7
26.9
29.6
33.2

22.6
23.9
24.8
27.2
30.4

42.2
41.8
44.7
50.5
58.1

17.8
19.0
20.2
21.8
24.9

15.6
17.1
18.1
19.5
21.7

31.8
31.6
35.1
37.6
47.1

34.9

37.9
37.6
40.8
45.2
53.8
57.6
66.5

41.2

38.7

69.5

31.0

26.5

62.3

58.9
57.5
56.2
53.8
49.8

61.5
60.0
58.9
56.6
52.6

37.8
37.5
34.6
31.5
25.0

56.1
54.9
53.7
50.8
46.6

58.7
57.3
56.2
53.5
49.4

33.5
33.8
30.8
27.3
21.7

63.9
62. 3
61.0
59. 4
55.9

66.9
65.2
64.2
62.7
59.8

43.8
42.7
39.7
37.6
29.9

43.3

46.1

17.4

39.9

42.1

15.1

50.6

55.1

20.4

11.8
11.6
11.1
11.0
9.7
9.1
8.0

12.5
12.2
11.8
11.8
10.3
9.8
8.6

5.8
7.0
5.8
4.8
4.0
3.5
2.6

12.8
12,4
12.1
11.7
10.5

13.7
13.1
12.7
12.6
11.2

5.1
6.4
6.0
3.6
3.6

9.9
10.0
9. 5
9.5
8.0

10.4
10.3
10.1
10.0
8.6

6.9
7.8
5.2
6.7
4.7

8.1

8.6

1.9

7.7

8.3

3.6

12.3
12.3
12.3
12.2
12.2
12.1
12.0

12.4
12.3
12.3
12.3
12.2
12.2
12.1

11.2
11.1
10.8
10.5
9.4
8.9
8.1

22.2
23.3
24.5
27.0
30.5

20.2
21.6
22.6
24.7
27.7

37.9

Median years of school completed
March 1966
March 1965
March 1964
March 1962
March 1959
March 1957
October 1952

___-

____
____
__
.
__
_ __
__
..............
....
__
_______

1Excludes persons completing 1 to 3 years of high school.
2 Includes persons reporting no school years completed.


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___
..............
-- ___

12.2
12.2
12.2
12.1
12.0
11.6
10.9

12.3
12.3
12.2
12.2
12.1
12.1
11.4

10.5
10.5
10.1
9.6
8.7
8.4
7.6

12.2
12.2
12.1
12.0
11.5
11.1
10.4

12.3
12.2
12.2
12.1
11.9
11.5
10.8

10.0
10.0
9.7
9.0
8.3
8.0
7.2

Source : U.S. Bureau of the Census, “Current Population Reports,

iries P-50, Nos. 49 and 78 for 1952 and 1957 data, respectively: Special Labor
Dree Reports Nos. 1, 30, 53, and 65 for 1959, 1962, 1964 and 1965 data,

47

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF WORKERS

Trends

The long-term improvement in the educational
attainment of American workers since 1940 con­
tinued in 1966 for men and women in every age
group. One of the most significant developments
during this period was the doubling in the propor­
tion of 18 to 64 year-old working men who had
completed 4 years of high school or more (chart
3). The percentage increase was not nearly as high
for women workers; however, the proportion of
high school graduates in 1940 was already higher
among women than men.
In March 1966, women workers still maintained
a lead over working men (although it had sharply
diminished since 1940) with respect to the propor­
tion who had had at least a high school education.
Until 1964, the educational gap between men and
women workers had been undergoing a long-term
narrowing, that is, the educational attainment of
men was approaching that of women (table 4).
Now, however, it appears that this trend hasdiminished significantly or even stopped. In three
successive surveys, the difference between the pro­
portions of women and men workers 18 years old
and over with 4 years or more of high school has
not decreased, but has leveled at 7 to 8 percentage
points. Before 1964, greater numbers of less edu­
cated women than of college-educated women
were coming into the labor force; in recent years
this trend also seems to have slowed.
One indication of the change is the sharp in­
crease in labor force participation rates of better
educated young married women:
L a b o r fo rc e p a r tic ip a tio n r a te s o f
m a r r ie d w o m e n , h u s b a n d p r e s e n t,
1 8 t o S i y e a r s o ld
M a r c h o f—

Elementary:
8 years or less------------------------High school:
1 to 3 years---------------------------4 years---------------------------------College:
1 to 3 years---------------------------4 years or more............ ............

1959

1962

1966

24.3

23. 3

25.8

26.7
30.8

28. 0
30.4

28. 5
35.8

29.3
36.9

30.9
44.6

36. 5
47.8

Although the worker rates for the less educated
women did not change significantly, the recent
surge of college-educated young women entering
the labor force has enabled the educational gains
of all women workers to keep pace with those of
their male counterparts.


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The proportion of the work force 18 years old
and over that has attained a college or advanced
degree also increased significantly, rising to 12 per­
cent in March 1966 from 8 percent in October 1952.
The percentage was higher and over the period the
increase in the proportion was sharper for men
than for women workers.
This article has shown that the educational at­
tainment of American workers varies with age.
The continuing trend toward a more highly edu­
cated work force results primarily from the en­
trance into the labor force of the better educated
young persons and the exiting of older persons
who averaged fewer years of school. In March
1966, twice the proportion of 18 to 24 year-old
workers as of those over 64 years old had com­
pleted at least a high school education (74 and 37
percent, respectively). Yet it should be noted that
since 1952 the proportion of the work force with
that level of education increased as much for the
older workers as for the younger—17 percentage
points—reflecting the greater decline in labor
force participation of older less educated workers.
In spite of rapidly rising educational levels, there
are still 8 million workers 18 years old and over
who have completed less than 8 years of schooling.
Trends in educational attainment since 1952
indicate that there has been a sharper rise in the
average level of schooling of Negro than white
workers. Between 1952 and 1966, the average level
of schooling of Negro women workers had risen
3 years compared with only 1.3 years for white
women workers. The gain for Negro working men
was double that for white men. But these gains for
Negro workers should not obscure the fact that
the average level of educational attainment of
Negro men in 1966 was 1 year less than the level
achieved by white men in 1952. Moreover, the
proportion of Negro workers with limited amounts
of schooling remained very large; 32 percent of
the Negro women and 42 percent of the Negro men
had not gone beyond elementary school. For white
workers, the proportions were 16 and 23 percent,
respectively.
The current survey shows that even among
young men and women workers 20 to 24 years old,
all of whom attended school in the recent years of
rising school enrollment rates, 81 percent of the
whites but only 58 percent of the Negroes had
completed 4 years or more of high school.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1967

48

Wages and Supplementary
Benefits in Metropolitan Areas
of the 1960’s was a period during
which wage increases generally diminished in each
successive year. However, according to the latest
annual Bureau of Labor Statistics survey of na­
tionwide occupational pay levels in metropolitan
areas, wage increases between February 1965 and
February 1966 were larger for each occupational
group studied than they were during the previous
2 years.
Among the six industry divisions included in the
survey, the highest average pay levels were found
in public utilities, followed by those in manufac­
turing. Detroit reported the highest earnings for
office workers and Manchester, N.H., the lowest.
For all occupational groups studied, however,
earnings were generally highest in the West and
lowest in the South.
Almost all manufacturing plant and office work­
ers received paid holidays, paid vacations, and
some form of health, insurance, or pension plan.
Changes over the years since 1959-60, the date of
the Bureau’s first nationwide study of supple­
mental benefits, usually took the form of more
liberal benefits rather than the establishment of
plans. Such liberalization usually involved the
addition of paid holidays or longer vacations after
shorter service. The most striking movement, how­
ever, continued to be the increased coverage of
workers under catastrophe (extended medical) in­
surance.
T he

f ir s t

h a l f

Scope of Survey

Areawide surveys were conducted in 84 Stand­
ard Metropolitan Statistical Areas between July
1965 and June 1966. Data collected in these areas
were projected to represent all 221 metropolitan
areas of the United States excluding Alaska and
Hawaii, as defined by the Bureau of the Budget
through March 1965.1 February serves as the
average month of reference for the period to which
the individual area data pertain.
Approximately 12,800 establishments employing
almost 9 million workers were included in the
Bureau’s sample to represent 69,500 establishments
employing 19 million workers within scope of the
study in all metropolitan areas. The survey cov­
ered establishments employing 50 workers or more,

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except in 12 of the largest areas where the mini­
mum establishment size was 100 employees in
manufacturing, public utilities, and retail trade.
The following tabulation presents the number of
nonsupervisory plant and office workers within
scope of the survey by industry division and eco­
nomic region:
Plant

w orkers

1

O f f ic e w o r k e r s

1

3,481,400
11,997,500
All industries and regions-------Industry division:
1,307,200
7.395.900
Manufacturing-----------------------Transportation, communication,
434,600
1.155.000
and other public utilities--------289,900
542,100
Wholesale trade----------------------287,000
2,067, 700
Retail trade_________________
946,300
2 64,800
Finance, insurance, and real estate216.400
772,000
Services_____________________
Region:
1,187,500
3,688,400
Northeast___________________
636,700
2.646.900
South______________________
1,058,800
3,990,200
North Central________________
589.400
1.672.000
West_______________________
1 Plant workers include working foremen and all nonsupervisory workers
(including leadmen and trainees) engaged in nonoffice functions. Office
workers include working supervisors and nonsupervisory workers performing
clerical or related functions.
2 Real estate only. A separate plant worker employment concept was
not applicable to banks and insurance companies.

Rising Trends in Wages

Average earnings of office and plant workers in
the Nation’s metropolitan areas rose more from
February 1965 to February 1966 than in other re­
cent years. The 8.2-percent increase in average
salaries of office clerical workers was last exceeded
during the year ending February 1962. (See
table 1.)
The increases of 3.7 percent for skilled mainte­
nance workers and 3.8 percent for industrial nurses,
during the year ending February 1966, were the
largest for these occupational groups since Feb­
ruary 1961, when BLS began measuring occupa­
tional wage trends on a national basis. Average
hourly earnings of unskilled plant workers rose 3.1
percent, a rate about equal to the average rise for
this group over the preceding 4 years but higher
than the 1964-65 increase.
Regionally,2comparisons to year-earlier rates of
increase disclose a rather consistent pattern of
1 A more comprehensive analysis of the study will be presented
in a forthcoming BLS bulletin, W ages an d R e la te d B e n e fits ;
P a r t I I : M e tr o p o lita n A re a s, U n ite d S ta te s and R eg io n a l S u m ­
m a rie s, 1 9 6 5 -6 6 . The February 1965-Februairy 1966 wage trend

data were collected in 80 of these areas and were projected to
represent 212 metropolitan areas of the United States, including
Alaska and Hawaii, as defined by the Bureau of the Budget
through 1961.
The areas surveyed in this study are those listed in table 3.
2 For definition of regions used in this study, see footnote 3,
table 1.

WAGES AND BENEFITS IN METROPOLITAN AREAS

higher increases in the current year for all groups
except unskilled plant workers.
An analysis of the divergence between the esti­
mates for all industries combined and those for
manufacturing3 shows that, generally, the larger
wage increases occurred in nonmanufacturing in­
dustries. Further analysis of published occupa­
tional averages by industry for February 1961
through February 1966 demonstrates that wages
have risen most rapidly in the relatively low-pay­
ing services industry group.
Percent increases over the period of February
1961 to February 1966 are shown in the following
tabulation:
I n d u s tr y a n d o c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p

All industries:
Office clerical (men and wom­
en) __________ ______ - _
Industrial nurses (men and
women), ______ ___ -----Skilled maintenance (men)___
Unskilled plant (men)____ _
Manufacturing:
Office clerical (men and wom­
en)--- ----------- ----- -----Industrial nurses (men and
women)_______ _ ______
Skilled maintenance (men)___
Unskilled plant (men)______

N o r th
C e n tr a l

U n ite d
S ta te s

N o r th ­
east

15.9

16.2

17.5

14.2

17.0

17.2
15.5
16.8

18.2
15.8
16.9

15.1
15.7
17.6

16.2
14.9
15.9

19.6
16.4
18.3

15.0

15.2

15.2

13.9

17.1

16.7
14.5
15.4

18.0
14.8
15.3

14.3
14.3
17.6

15.6
14.4
14.7

19.5
15.0
15.7

S o u th

W est

Over the 5-year period, wages for 3 of the 4 occupational groups studied increased most in the
West and least in the North Central region. The
largest increase for office clerical workers and the
smallest increase for industrial nurses were in the
South.
Occupational Wages

Average weekly salaries of office clerical work­
ers ranged from $121.50 for men class A
tabulating-machine operators to $61.50 for women
class C file clerks (table 2). The highest paid
women office workers were a relatively small num­
ber of class A tabulating-machine operators, aver­
aging $112.50, and the lowest average for men was
the $68.50 earned by office boys.
On a nationwide and regional basis, all-industry
averages for men exceeded those for women in
each of the office clerical jobs for which data were
published. However, nationally within industry
divisions, office girls employed in manufacturing
and women tabulating-machine operators (class
C) in wholesale trade earned salaries equal to or
slightly higher than those of their male
counterparts.

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49
It should not be assumed that differences in av­
erage pay levels for men and women reflect differ­
ences in pay treatment of the sexes within
individual establishments. Industries and estab­
lishments differ in pay levels and job staffing, and
thus contribute differently to the estimates for
each job (and sex). Differences may even occur
within establishments because of varying lengths
of service or differences in specific duties within
the same generalized survey job description.
Average weekly earnings for men and women in
the 19 most important office jobs combined in the
major industry groups compared with averages
for the combined industries as follows: Public
utilities, 109 percent ; manufacturing, 105 percent ;
wholesale trade, 101 percent; services, 99 percent;
finance, 91 percent; and retail trade, 90 percent.
Regional all-industries averages compared with
averages for the United States provide the follow­
ing relatives: West, 108 percent; North Central,
101 percent; Northeast, 99 percent; and South,
94 percent.
The arrays of industries and regions from
highest to lowest have not changed since 1961, with
changes in relatives amounting to 2 points or less.
Among industries, relative wage levels have in­
creased in public utilities, retail trade, and serv­
ices, and decreased in manufacturing. Among
regions, relative levels have increased in the South
and West, and decreased in the North Central
region.
Men class A draftsmen averaged $159.50 in Feb­
ruary 1966, the first period for which national
estimates for the revised drafting job descriptions
were available. Regional differences in averages
were smaller for the more skilled than for the less
skilled drafting occupations.
Nationally, women industrial nurses averaged
$113 weekly. Regional averages for the North­
east ($111.50), South ($109.50), and the North
Central region ($113) were substantially below
the average for the West ($122.50).
Among the skilled maintenance occupations
studied, tool- and diemakers averaged the highest
pay—$3.61 an hour. Averages for electricians,
machine-tool operators (toolroom), machinists,
millwrights, pipefitters, and sheet-metal workers
were all within a range of $3.44 to $3.47. Auto
3 Employees of nonmanufacturing firms accounted for about
three-fifths of the office clerical, nearly half of the unskilled
plant, and about a fifth of the skilled' maintenance workers in­
cluded in this measurement of wage trends.

50

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1967

Table 1. Percent Increase in Average Earnings 1 of Selected Occupational Groups in All Metropolitan
Areas,2 for Selected Periods
M anufacturing

All industries
Period and region3

Office
clerical
(men and
women)

Industrial
nurses
(man and
women)

3.2
3.3
3.7
2.9
3.3

3.8
4.2
3.7
3.8
3.2

2.8
2.7
3.2
2.4
3.1

Skilled
m ainte­
nance
(men)

U nskilled
plant
(men)

Office
clerical
(men and
women)

Industrial
nurses
(men and
women)

3.7
4.0
3.8
3.5
3.4

3.1
2.7
3.0
3.7
2.8

3.0
3.2
3.1
2.8
3.0

3.9
4.4
3.7
3.6
3.2

3.6
3.9
3.5
3.6
3.0

3.1
2.9
3.4
3.3
1.7

2.5
2.8
1.7
2.1
3.7

2.4
2.7
2.6
2.1
2.4

2.9
3.5
3.2
2.2
3.6

2.5
2.3
3.1
2.1
2.9

2.3
2.7
1.3
2.1
3.3

2.2
2.5
2.4
2.0
1.9

2.6
2.8
3.5
2.0
3 *

2.8
3.0
2.9
2.5
3.0

2.8
2.5
2.4
3.2
3.3

2.7
2.4
2.3
2.8
3.7

3.1
3.1
3.4
3.0
3.2

2.7
2.7
2.0
2.6
3.6

2.8
2.3
2.4
3.0
3.8

2.6
2.3
2.2
2.7
3.8

2.9
2.9
3.2
2.7
3.7

2.9
2.8
3.2
2.5
3.4

3.3
3.6
3.2
2.8
4.4

2.7
2.6
2.6
2.7
2.7

3.3
3.6
2.3
3.2
4.1

2.8
2.8
2.9
2.5
3.3

3.3
3.6
3.0
2.8
4.5

2.5
2.3
2.4
2.6
2.7

2.8
2.7
2.1
2.9
3.3

3.3
3.4
3.4
3.1
3.3

3.6
4.0
3.3
3.3
3.6

3.1
3.2
3.4
2.9
3.3

3.2
3.1
4.5
2.8
3.3

3.2
3.3
3.2
3.1
3.2

3.4
3.8
3.2
3.2
3.3

2.9
3.1
3.1
2.8
2.8

3.2
3.2
4.2
3.0
2.6

Skilled
m ainte­
nance
(men)

Unskilled
plant
(men)

F ebruary 1965 to F ebruary 19664
U nited S ta te s ... ________________
. . . _________
. . _________________
N o rth east__________
S outh_________ _
_ _ __ . _ ______ _ __ _
N o rth C entral_______________________ .
_______ _____________
West_____________
F ebruary 1964 to F ebruary 1965 4
U nited S ta te s ...
________________________
______
N o rth east_____ _
... .
. . ________________
S o u th_______ . . .
. . . . . . . . . ___ __
N o rth C entral_____________
__
_______
West_________ ___________________________
F ebruary 1963 to F ebruary 1964 4
U nited S tates________________
____________ . . .
. . . . .
N o rth east___
S o u th __________________________________________
N o rth C entral_______________ ____
_ _ _
West______________________________ _____ ________
F ebruary 1962 to F ebruary 1963 4
U nited States_____
_____________________________
N o rth e a st.
_________________________________
S o u th _____ ________________________ ____ _ .

North Central____________________________ _
West___ _______________________
_ _
F ebruary 1961 to F ebruary 19624

United States _____________ . . . .. . _ _ ____
Northeast_______ _ . ____________________
South____
_ ._ ______________________
_________________________
North Central..
West___ ___________________________ . _.

1Earnings of office clerical workers and industrial nurses relate to regular
straight-time salaries that are paid for standard workweeks. Earnings of
skilled maintenance and unskilled plant workers relate to hourly earnings
excluding premium pay for overtime and work on weekends, holidays, and
late shifts.
2 Data for the February 1963 to February 1964 and succeeding increases
relate to all 212 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas in the United States
as established by the Bureau of the Budget through 1961. Data for earlier
comparisons relate to 188 areas as established through 1959.
3 The regions are defined as follows: N o r t h e a s t —Connecticut, Maine, Mas­
sachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode

Island, and Vermont; S o u t h — Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of
Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi,
North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia,
and West Virginia; N o r t h C e n t r a l —Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan,
Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and
Wisconsin; and W e s t— Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho,
Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
Data for the 188 areas exclude Alaska and Hawaii.
4 Average months of reference. Individual area surveys were conducted
during the period July of one year through June of the next year.

mechanics, carpenters, mechanics, and painters
ranged from $3.23 to $3.27 an hour.
Skilled maintenance workers employed in eight
representative trades received earnings that were
above the national average by 5 percent in the West
and 3 percent in the North Central region, and
below the average by 4 percent in the South and
3 percent in the Northeast.
Among the custodial and material movement
jobs, material handling laborers averaged $2.44
an hour, with industry averages ranging from
$1.95 in services to $2.89 in public utilities. By
region, averages ranged from $1.93 in the South
to $2.81 in the West. Men janitors, numerically
the most important custodial occupation studied,
averaged $2.04, with industry averages ranging

from $1.64 in retail trade to $2.28 in manufactur­
ing; regional averages ranged from $1.60 in the
South to $2.24 in the West. Computing combined
averages for these two occupations provided the
following relative pay levels for unskilled labor:


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P e r c e n t o f n a tio n a l a ll-in d u s tr ie s p a y
le v e ls f o r u n s k ille d la b o r

By industry division:1
Manufacturing____________________________
Public utilities____________________________
Wholesale trade_____________
Retail trade________________
Services___________________
By region:
Northeast________________________________
South_____________________
North Central____________________________
W est....___________________________

94
86
83
79

1Data for finance do not meet publication criteria for separate presentation.
These data, however, are included in regional estimates.

WAGES AND BENEFITS IN METROPOLITAN AREAS

51

Table 2. Average Earnings 1 for Selected Occupations in Metropolitan Areas,
Region,2February 1966 3

by Industry Division and

Industry division
Sex and occupation

Region 2

All
indus­ Manu­ All non- Public Whole­
tries factur­ manu- utili­
sale
Retail
Fi­
Service North­ South North West
factur- ties 4 trade trade nance 5
ing
east
Central
ing

Office Clerical
Men
Clerks:
Accounting, class A__ _______ . . . ___ ______
Accounting, class B__ _ __
_______
Order. _______________ _ _ ______ __ ...
Payroll. ________________ _____ _
Office h o y s . ___ ___________________________
Tabulating-machine operators:
Class A____________________ ___________
Class B. _ ____ _ __ __________ _ ____
Class C ... _______
_ ______

$120.00 $124.50 $115.50 $121. 50 $116.50 $108. 00 $106.50 $115.50 $118. 50 $117. 00 $123. 00 $120. 50
97. 00 100. 00 95.00 105. 50 98.00 81.00 82. 50 83.00 95. 00 94. 50 99. 50 102. 50
108. 50 114. 50 105.00
106. 00 94. 50
107.00 95. 00 113.00 117. 50
113.00 114.50 110.50 113. 50 110. 00
110. 00 111. 00 108. 50 115. 50 120 00
68.50 70.00 67.50 78.00 67.50 64.00 64.00 67.50 68. ÖÖ 64.50 69. 50
75.00
121. 50 125. 00 117. 50 129. 50
103. 00 106. 50 100.50 110.50
83. 00 89.50 80.00 90.00

123. 50
103. 00
81. 00

115. 00
95. 50
78.00

110.50 123.00
96.00 103. 50
77. 00

92.00
76. 50

86.50
70.50

83.50
68. 00

91.00
82.00

93.50
76.00

82. 50
69.00

93. 60
75.00

97. 50
80.00

105.00 100. 50
84. 50 80.50
100. 00 85.00
83.00 70. 50
70. 50 62. 50
83. 50
98.00 93.50
100. 00 81.00

91.50
72. 00
77. 50
62.50
56. 50
69. 00
80.00
77.00

91.50 101.50
71.50 78.50
78.00 86. 50
64. 50 66.00
59.50 60.00
74. 00
91.00 87. 50
75.00 84. 50

99.00
78.00
85.00
69. 00
63.00
79.00
86.00
84.50

95.50 101.60
75.00 79.00
84. 00 85.00
65.00 68. 60
58.50 59.00
73. 50 79.00
83.50 92. 00
75. 50 85.00

105. 50
87.00
87.00
73.50
65. 50
92.50
101.50
93.00

99. 50
83.00
72. 50
90. 50
101.00

91.00
77.00
65. 00
81.50
97.00

85.00
72.00
62.00
74. 50
87.00

82. 50
70.00
60. 50
74. 50
86. 50

92.00
77.00
67. 00
84.00
96.00

88. 50
75. 50
66.00
83.00
93. 50

86.00
72.00
61.00
79.50
94. 50

90. 00
78.50
65. 00
84.00
97. 50

99.00
87.50
71.00
90.50
102. 00

99.50
95.00

94.00
83. 00

80.00
66.00

85.00
76.00

90.00
63.00

92.50
79.00

87. 50
63.00

95.50
73. 50

97.50
79.00

90. 50
75.50

91.50
81.00

91. 50

105. 00
88.50
73.50

110.00
90. 00
77. 50

86. 50
75. 00

117.00
98.00
79.00

101. 50
83.00

87.50
77.50

86. 00
71.50

79.00
68. 50

77.50
65. 50

83.50
70.50

78.00
64. 50

86.00
70. 50

88.00
78.00

162. 50 159. 50 157. 50 160. 50
141.00 135. 50 128. 00 134. 50
10$. 50 107. 50 100 00 107. 50
82.00 83. 50 81. 00 87.50

158. 50
138 50
110 50
98.00

111. 50 109. 50

113.00

122. 50

3.39
3. 56
2.74
3. 54

3.41
3.65
2.81
3.53

118.00
99.00
79.00

118. 50 123.50
97.00 105. 50
79. 50 86.50

128.50
113.50
97.00

Women
Bookkeeping-machine operators:
Class A____________ . .. _________ _ . . 91.50 95.00 89.00
Class B__ ___ _ ... ... _________ ... .
74. 50 80.50 72.00
Clerks:
Accounting, class A .
______ ____ 100. 50 104. 50 97. 50
Accounting, class B____ ___ _______ ____ .. 79.00 83.00 77.00
File, class A__________
________ . . . . . . 85.00 92.00 82. 00
File, class B . . _ _ ______
69.00 75.00 67.00
File, class C _ ..
_ ... _____ . . . .
61.50 68.00 60.00
Order.. _ _ . . . . ___ _ _____ _ ..
80.00 82. 50 77. 50
Payroll__________
__________ _ . . .. 89.50 90.00 89.00
Comptometer operators_______ _ ________ _
84.00 90.50 81.00
Keypunch operators:
Class A. . . . . . . . _________________ ____ 90.50 92. 50 89.00
Class B___ . . . ____________ _. ______
77.50 82. 50 75.00
. . . ___ __ _______ 65.50 71.00 64.00
Office Girls....... . . . . .
Stenographers, general____________________ _ _. 83. 50 87.00 81.00
Stenographers, senior_________
__________ _. 96. 50 100. 00 93.00
Switchboard operators:
Class A_________________________________
93.50 97.00 90. 50
Class B________________
__________ _ 74.00 87.50 72.00
Tabulating-machine operators:
Class A ._ _ _ _____ _ __ ... _ ... _ _______ 112. 50 115. 50 110.00
Class B._ _______ ______ __ _ _ _ ___
93. 50 101. 50 90. 50
Class C_________________________________
78.00 85.50 76.00
Typists:
Class A_____________________________ _ . 84. 50 88.00 81.50
Class B__
_ _____
_ __ ___ _
70.50 75.50 68. 50
Professional and Technical
Men
Draftsmen:
Class A___ _
_ ....
Class B. ._
. . . .
Class C__
___ ... _ _ ... ____
Draftsmen-tracers___ ______ ________ _ ____

97. 50
88. 00

159. 50 158. 50 163. 00 162. 50 176 00
134. 50 133. 00 138. 50 135. 50 123 60
106. 50 106.00 108.00 110 00 97.50
85. 50 86.50 83. 50 89. 00

88. 50
71.00

Women
Nurses, industrial (registered)_______ _________

113.00

113.00

3. 27
3.47
2. 67
3. 45

3.26
3. 45
2.70
3. 45

98. 50 109. 50

111. 50 119. 00

Maintenance and T oolroom 6
Carpenters___ . _ _ _____ . _____ ... ___ ...
Electricians____ _ ... _______ ________ ______
Helpers, trades___ _ ______________ _______ ...
Machine tool operators (toolroom)_____
Machinists.. _ _____
_ _________
Mechanics, automotive__
......... _
Mechanics__
__
Millwrights________
_ ___ ____
Painters... _ ___ _ _ _________
Pipefitters..______ _ ... ____ _ _ _ _ _ __
Sheet-metal workers___________ . . .
Tool- and diemakers________ ___ __________ _ _

3. 45
3.23
3. 24
3. 44
3.25
3. 47
3.44
3. 61

3. 29
3.58
2. 58

3.03
3.67
2.65

3.24
2.32

3. 66
3.53
2.20

3. 45
3.18
3. 24
3.43
3. 28
3.47
3. 45
3. 61

3. 51
3. 26
3.35

3. 50
3. 29
3.69

3 17
3.05

3. 07
3.14

3. 20
3.51
3.24

3. 23
3.43

2.52
2.28
2.03
2.38
2. 51

1.77
1.84
1.69
2.52
2.47
2.98
2.76

2.26
1.91
2.89
2. 69
3.19
2.90

3. 51

3.39
3.50
2.47

3.14
3.45
2.39
3. 61
3. 07
3.00

3.33

2. 91
3. 70

3.16
3.31
2.63
3. 24

3.18
3.38
2.59
3.25

3.36
3. 21
3 17
3.37
3. 07
3. 29
3.34
3. 41

3.37
2 93
3 09
3! 40
3 17
3. 58
3.44
3.40

2.02
2.08
1.85
2.48
2. 51
3.11
2. 70

1.88
1.60
1.33
1.93
1. 98
2.36
2.26

3. 54
3 33
3 36
3! 46
3 44
3. 51
3.4 9
3.73

3. 60
3 58
3 41
3. 54
3 42
3. 56
3. 50
3. 73

C ustodial and Material M ovem ent 6

Guards and watchmen__ _ ______ ... ______ _
Janitors__
. _ _ _ ... _ ___ ___ ___ ____
Janitors, women__________________ ___ _____
Laborers, material handling___
_ . . _.
Order fillers—.
_
Truckdrivers. _____ ________ _____ _______ .
Truckers, power (forklift)_____ . . . .
. ____

2.12

2.04
1.74
2. 44
2.48
2.95
2.69

2.88
2. 68

1 Earnings of office clerical, and professional and technical workers relate
to regular straight-time salaries that are paid for standard workweeks. Earn­
ings of maintenance and toolroom, and custodial and material movement
workers relate to hourly earnings excluding premium pay for overtime and
work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts.
2 For definition of regions, see footnote 3, table 1.


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1.94
1. 61
2. 26
2.44
2. 74

2. 66

1.64
1.40

2. 20

2. 53
2. 62
2.77

1.92
1.65

1.78
1. 74
1.95
2. 48

2.27

2.22
1. 77
2. 62

2. 66
3.12
2. 80

2. 40
2.24
1.97
2.81
2.80
3.24
2.97

3 Average month of reference. Data were collected during the period July
1965 through June 1966.
4Transportation, communication, and other public utilities.
5 Finance, insurance, and real estate.
6Data limited to men workers unless otherwise indicated.

52

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JUNE 1967

Area Differences in Wages

Wage levels differed widely among the 83 metro­
politan areas surveyed,4 with average rates for un­
skilled plant workers in the highest pay area being
almost double those in the lowest pay area. The
maximum interarea wage spread for office clerical
workers and skilled maintenance workers
amounted to 39 and 57 percent, respectively. ( See
table 3.)
Nearly all of the areas with above average pay
levels had large numbers of workers in what are
T a ble

3.

R ela tiv e P ay L e v els

in

83 M etr o po lita n

generally considered high-wage industries. These
include transportation equipment (automobiles or
aircraft), petroleum refining, chemicals, steel, and
rubber. On the other hand, areas with large con­
centrations of workers in textiles, apparel, foot­
wear, or the lower wage food industries tended to
record below average pay levels.
National pay levels for each of the three job
groups were, for the most part, highest in large
4
Excludes the Midland and Odessa areas, which were not sur­
veyed early enough to be included in this analysis.

A reas
F ebruary

for

1966

S elec ted J ob G r o u ps , M arch

1965 T hrough

[221-area pay levels for each occupational groups=100]
Area

All metropolitan areas____ ________

Office
clerical
100

Skilled
main­
tenance

Unskilled
plant

100

100

N ortheast

Areas with 1,000,000 population or more:
Boston__________ ___________ ____
Buflalo___ ___ _____________ ____ _
Newark and Jersey City____________
New York________________________
Paterson-Clifton-Passaic.____ ______
Philadelphia......................... ........ ........
Pittsburgh_______________________
Areas with 250,000 but less than 1,000,000
population:
Albany-Schnectady-Troy............ ..........
Allentown-B ethlehem-E aston________
New Haven.___ _________________
Providence-Pawtucket_____________
Trenton_________________________
Worcester_________ ______ ____ ____
York______________ ______ ______
Areas with less than 250,000 population:
Lawrence-Haverhill________________
Manchester___ ___________________
Portland........... ........................... .........
Scranton____ ___ _________________
Waterbury__ ___ _________________

95
101
101
104
101
96
103

95
101
102
102
98
99
102

93
110
108
108
103
103
108

98
105
99

96
92
90

98
90
92

88
86

94
105
91
85
98
96

86

86

96

88

91
82
84
85
99

88

91
80

98
97
93
98
103

95
98
91
99
98

78
95
78
77

112
92
105
89
87
92
83
89
96
88
92
93

103
99
104

96
80
104
75
81
79

94
90
96
83

91

82
89
90

86

93
97

South

Areas with 1,000,000 population or more:
Atlanta_____________________ ____
Baltimore_____ __________________
Dallas__________ ____ _____ ______
Houston_________ ___________ ___
Washington________ ___ ___________
Areas with 250,000 but less than 1,000,000
population:
Beaumont-Port Arthur.___ _________
Birmingham______________________
Charleston, W. V a..____ ___________
Charlotte________________________
Chattanooga___________ ___ ______
Fort Worth_______________________
Greenville______ _____ ___________
Jacksonville____ __________________
Louisville________________________
Memphis________ ______ ____ ____
Miami_________________ ____ _____
New Orleans_________________ ____
Norfolk-Portsmouth and Newport
N ews—Hampton________________
Oklahoma City____________________
Richmond.._______ ______________
San Antonio.......... ............ ............ ....... .
Areas with less than 250,000 population:
Jackson__________________________
Little Rock-North Little Rock.......... .
Lubbock____________ ______ _____
Midland and Odessa_______________
Raleigh_______________ __________
Savannah________________________
1 Surveyed after February 1966.


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86

95
72
87
103
92
87
97

86

83
85
(>)

86

98

86

66

71
99
76
72
72

95

80
79
78
64

83

67
70

(>)

68

(>)
98

67
77

Area

Office
clerical

Skilled Unskilled
main­
plant
tenance

N orth C entral

Areas with 1,000,000 or more population:
Chicago__ _________________ ...
Cincinnati__
_ _ _ _____ _______
Cleveland_______________________ .
Detroit... _ _ ___________ _____
Kansas C ity...
. .. ------ . . .
Milwaukee_____ .. . __ . ______ .
Minneapolis-St. Paul..
.
. .
St. Louis___ . _______
__ . ..
Areas with 250,000 but less than 1,000,000
population:
Akron_________ ____ ___ ________
Canton_____ ____ _____ ____ ____
Columbus_________ . . . ___ _ _____
Davenport-Rock Island-Moline______
Dayton.. _ _ . ------------ -------------Des Moines.._ . .. ... _ __________ _
Indianapolis_____
...
-----Omaha________ .
. . ..
South Bend___ ________________ ..
Toledo__ _ _ ____________________
Wichita . . .
_
Youngstown-Warren____ ______ _
Areas with less than 250,000 population:
Green Bay . ____ ______
Muskegon-Muskegon Heights.. ____ _
Rockford... _ . ____ _ . _______ ..
Sioux Falls..
______
Waterloo. ______ _____________ _ .

105
98
104
114
98
100
93
98

108
98
102
109
104
106
103
104

106
103
109
118
100
109
109
104

104
96
95
103
104
88

97
94
96
101
98
102

104
95
100
106
103
102
103
98
100
102
94
105

126
105
96
112
107
102
101
99
113
109
99
110

98
93

94
91

106

103

108
110
98
99
113

111
106
110
105

106
107
113

114
116
125
119

96
98
96
100
96
107
111
98

99
102
104
99
103
109
106

98
104
96
111
93
98
114
109

West

Areas with 1,000,000 population or more:
Los Angeles-Long Beach. _
____
San Diego ______
... __ _____
San Francisco-0 akland_____________
Seattle-Everett
Areas with 250,000 but less than 1,000,000
population:
Albuquerque
Denver___ .
Phoenix__ _
__ __
....
Portland...
____
Salt Lake City. ____
____
San Bernardino-Riverside-Ontario ..
San Jose..
Spokane
Areas with less than 250,000 population:
Boise City
__ _____

91

102

53

WAGES AND BEN EFITS IN METROPOLITAN AREAS

metropolitan areas and lowest in small, as shown
below.
Percent of areas with pay relatives of 100 or more
Office
clerical

Area population

1,000,000 or more_________________
250,000-999,999_______
Less than 250,000.........

Skilled
maintenance

58
26
7

Unskilled
plant

61
44
11

75
35
25

In large areas, interregional comparisons of rel­
atives revealed that pay levels were highest in the
West and lowest in the South for each of the job
groups. In the medium-size area group, the North
Central region had the highest pay median for un­
skilled plant workers, and shared the highest posi­
tion with the other nonsouthern regions for office
clerical workers; for skilled maintenance work­
ers, the West held a slight advantage over the
North Central region. The South had the lowest
pay levels for 2 of the 3 groups, and the Northeast
had the lowest for skilled maintenance workers.
Median relatives of areas with populations of less
than one-quarter million were found to be highest
in the North Central region and lowest in the
Northeast and South.5
Supplem entary Benefits

Almost all office workers and all but 5 percent
of the plant workers in metropolitan areas were
eligible for paid holidays. Of those receiving paid
holidays, the average number of days was 8.0 for
office workers and 7.3 for plant workers. The pro­
portion of workers receiving paid holidays has
not changed since 1960, the earliest period for
which national estimates are available. However,
as illustrated below, the average number of days
received has generally increased, with plant work­
ers receiving the larger increase.

All areas_____ ________
Industry division
Manufacturing___ _.
_ ___
Public utilities_____
___
Wholesale trade-- _ _____ _
Retail trade___
Finance__________
_ ___
Services_______ _ _ ________
Region
Northeast___________________
South______________________
North Central. -_ _____ _ . .
West_______________________

Plant workers

Office workers

1960

1960

1966

1966

6.9

7.3

7.8

8.0

7.1
7.5
7.1
6.0

7.6
7.9
7.4
6.3

5.9

6.4

7.4
7.8
7.4
6.6
8.9
7.4

8.0
8.1
7.6
6.7
8.7
7.4

7.0
6.0
6.7
6.9

8.0
6.3
7.3
7.4

9.0
6.7
7.0
7.5

9.3
6.7
7.4
7.8

For plant workers, the industry and regional
average increases ranged from three-tenths to six
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

tenths of a day. For office workers, the largest
increase was in manufacturing, where the average
number of days increased from 7.4 to 8.0 days.
The decline of two-tenths of a day in finance is
attributable to sampling variability, and to some
banks, at the time when other working conditions
were improving, decreasing the number of paid
holidays given.
Almost all employees in metropolitan areas were
eligible for paid vacations in 1960. In the subse­
quent 6 years, changes in paid vacation provisions
were generally in the form of shorter service re­
quirements for specified vacation periods, or longer
vacations after qualifying lengths of service. The
following tabulation illustrates the trend observed
in paid vacation provisions during this period:
Vacation pay and length of service
1 week or more after:
6 months_____ __ _____
lyear-. __ „ ______ ...
2 weeks or more after:
6 months___ _________ ___
1 year____ _____________
2 years ______ 3 years______ _ _________
5 years________ _________
3 weeks or more after:
10 years__________________
15 years_______ _ _ _
20 years___ ___ ___ _ _
25years. _____ ___________
4 weeks or more after:
15 years-. _. _________ 20 years___________ .
25 years_________ _ _ _

Plant workers

Office workers

1960

1960

1966

1966

17
98

18
98

61
99

61
99

1
21
40
60
94

1
22
45
71
94

6
76
90
95
99

6
78
92

27
74
75
76

52
78
81
81

38
82
84
85

2
9
22

7
31
49

3
13
33

98

99
66
87

89
89

9
39

61

There has been almost no change in the propor­
tion of workers receiving 1 week of vacation or in
the length-of-service requirement for that benefit.
Little change has been noted in the proportion of
workers receiving 2 weeks, although a significant
proportion of the plant employees are eligible for
this provision after shorter lengths of service.
Provisions for 4 weeks of vacation have ad­
vanced from the exception to the commonplace
during the past 6 years. In 1960, only 22 percent
of the plant and 33 percent of the office employees
were eligible for 4 weeks of vacation after 25 years
of service; by 1966, the coverage had increased to
49 percent for plant workers and 61 percent for
office workers. Provisions for 4-week vacations
have become so widespread that more workers were
eligible for it after 20 years of service in 1966 than
5
Data for skilled maintenance workers in the lone western area
studied in this population-size group do not meet publication
criteria, so the West was not included in this comparison.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1967

54
were eligible for 4 weeks after 25 years in 1960.
Concurrent with the increase in 4-week vacation
plans has been an easing in the service requirements
for 3 weeks of vacation. Twenty-seven percent of
the plant and 38 percent of the office workers were
eligible for 3 weeks after 10 years of service in
1960; the comparable estimates for 1966 were 52
and 66 percent.
In 1966, over 90 percent of the plant and office
workers in scope of this survey were covered by
life, hospitalization, and surgical insurance plans
for which their employers paid at least part of the
cost. (See table 4.)
Although there has been little change since 1960
in the proportion of workers covered by at least
one health, insurance, or pension plan, the trend
has been t o w a r d c o v e r a g e o f workers by more
plans. In 1960, the probability of plant or office
workers being covered by life, hospitalization,
surgical, and medical insurance simultaneously
was about 4 of 10; by 1966, that probability for
plant workers had increased to 6 of 10, and for
office workers, to almost T of 10. Had catastrophe
(major medical) insurance 6 been included in this
package, the relative increase in probability would
have shown even greater gains, because coverage
under catastrophe insurance had doubled for
8 Designed to protect employees when sickness or injury in­
volves expenses beyond the normal coverage of hospitalization,
medical, and surgical plans.
7 See M onthly Labor Review, February 1966, pp. 164-169.

Table 4. Percent of Plant and Office Workers in
Establishments With Health, Insurance, and
Pension Plans, by Type of Plan, 1960 and 1966
Plant workers

Type of plan

1960
Insurance plans:
Life__________________________
Accidental death and dismemberment- -..
. ..
Hospitalization.
_______ ...
Surgical.. ________________ . .
Medical__________
Catastrophe. ______________ .
Sickness and accident insurance or sick
leave, or both1___________________
Sickness and accident insurance__
Sick leave:
Full pay no waiting period. _ _ _
Partial pay or waiting period. . . __
Retirement pension plans..
No health, insurance, or pension plans...

1966

1960

1966

89

92

92

96

55
86
84
59
20

60
93
92
75
40

53
83
82
61
42

59
93
93
82
73

80
65

80
63

81
43

79
41

14
10
66
4

17
12
73
3

59
8
76
1

56
9
82

1

1The apparent decline in the prevalence of sickness and accident insurance
and sick leave can be attributed to sampling variability and, in the case of
sick leave for office workers, to a réévaluation of policies in some establish­
ments regarding the formality of the plans.

plant workers and increased about three-fourths
for office workers over the 6-year period.
There have been only minor changes in the pro­
portion of workers covered by paid sick leave since
1965, when a special study of such leave provi­
sions was conducted.7 Kesults of a current study
of profit-sharing plans and their relationship to
retirement pension plans will be presented in a
forthcoming Monthly Labor Review article.
— K enneth J . H

o ffm a n n

Division of Occupational Pay

. . . At a rough estimate, half the families living in American cities today
have moved there since the end of World War II. The qualitative impact of
this migration is probably even more significant than the quantitative. Year
by year, this migration increased the city’s competence for unskilled work—
and just as steadily diminished its attractions for skilled and professional
workers.


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Office workers

—Stanley Lebergott.

55

EARNINGS IN HOSPITALS

Earnings of Hospital
Nurses, July 1966
weekly salaries in July
1966 of full-time employees in seven selected nurs­
ing occupations in hospitals (other than Federal
Government) ranged from $154 for directors of
nursing to $58 for nursing aids, according to a
Bureau of Labor Statistics survey.1 Salaries of
general duty registered nurses averaged $100.50,
compared with $72.50 for licensed practical nurses.
The combined employment of the seven occupa­
tions was about 620,000, or nearly three-tenths of
the total employment in hospitals within scope of
the survey. Seven-eighths of the nursing aids and
virtually all of the employees in the other six occu­
pations were women.
Salaries usually averaged highest in the West
and lowest in the South and, within each region,
higher in State and local government hospitals
than in private (nongovernmental) hospitals.
They also varied by type of hospital and among
the 21 large metropolitan areas for which data are
reported separately.
A verage straight -t im e

Salaries in July 1966

Weekly salaries of general duty nurses averaged
$110.50 in the West, $101 in the Northeast, $100 in
the North Central region, and $90.50 in the South
(table 1). Average salaries for each of the seven
nursing occupations studied were lowest in the
South and usually highest in the West. The extent
of these differences, however, was proportionately
greater for licensed practical nurses and nursing
aids than for the registered professional nursing
occupations. Salaries of general duty nurses, for
example, averaged 22 percent more in the West
than in the South, whereas the corresponding dif­
ferences for licensed practical nurses and nursing
aids were 33 percent and 47 percent, respectively.
Within each region, average salaries for most
occupations were higher in government hospitals
than in private hospitals. Pay differences favoring
State and local government employees were great­
est in the Northeast for licensed practical nurses
and nursing aids (25 and 35 percent, respectively)
and in the West for directors of nursing and nurs­
ing instructors (22 and 26 percent, respectively).


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In the North Central region, government hospitals
provided higher salaries, on the average, except
for directors of nursing and general duty nurses.
Southern averages by proprietorship group dif­
fered by 2 percent or less in 5 of the 7 jobs.
Within each hospital proprietorship group, oc­
cupational averages were generally higher in
metropolitan areas with populations of 1 million
or more than in less populous areas. As indicated
below, this relationship also held when compari­
sons were directed to hospital employment-size
categories:
Average weekly earnings for women general
duty nurses, July 1966
Metropolitan areas
with population of—

Private hospitals. . _____
Less than 500 em­
ployees___________
500 employees or moreState and local govern­
ment hospitals__ _
Less than 500 em­
ployees___________
500 employees or more.

Nonmetropolitan areas

1 million
or more

Less than
1 million

$107.00

$97.00

$90. 50

106.00
107. 00

95. 50
98.00

89. 50
95.00

116. 50

103. 00

92.00

112.00
117. 50

99.00
104. 50

89.00
105. 50

Short-term general hospitals2 accounted for
more than nine-tenths of the employees in private
hospitals and for nearly seven-eighths of those in
local government (city, county, city-county, etc.)
hospitals. Nearly three-fourths of the workers in
1 This article is based on a comprehensive survey of earnings
and supplementary benefits in hospitals, conducted by the Bureau
of Labor Statistics in July 1966. The survey covered both shortand long-term proprietary (operated for profit), nonprofit, and
State and local government hospitals throughout the Nation
(excluding Alaska and Hawaii). Excluded from the survey were:
Federal Government hospitals ; sanitoria, rest homes, convalescent
homes, and curative baths or spas ; and institutions which did
not admit any persons for the expressed purpose of providing
medical, psychiatric, or surgical care.
Earnings information excludes premium pay for overtime and
for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts, as well as the
value of room, board, or other perquisites, if any, provided in
addition to cash salaries.
A more comprehensive account of the survey will be presented
in a forthcoming BLS bulletin, Industry Wage Survey: Hospitals,
July 1966, which will provide earnings data for a number of
occupations selected from four major employment categories
(registered professional nurses, other professional and technical
employees, office clerical, and other nonprofessional employees)
and information on the incidence of certain establishment prac­
tices and supplementary wage benefits. The bulletin will also
include a description of the various pay systems used in Federal
Government hospitals.
Individual releases were issued earlier for 21 areas surveyed
separately. Copies of these releases are available from the Bureau
of Labor Statistics, Washington, D.C. 20212, or any of its re­
gional offices.
2 Those having an average patient stay of less than 30 days
and providing a variety of hospital services rather than specializ­
ing in a particular field.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JUNE 1967

56

higher than those recorded in New York City and
San Francisco-Oakland. The interarea spread in
average earnings was proportionately greater for
nursing aids than for the other occupations. Where
comparison was possible, average earnings of em­
ployees in State and local government hospitals

State government hospitals, on the other hand,
were employed in long-term psychiatric institu­
tions.
Among the 21 areas surveyed separately, occupa­
tional averages were usually lowest in Atlanta or
Dallas and highest in San Francisco-Oakland and
New York City (table 2).3 There were some not­
able exceptions to this pattern. For example, gen­
eral duty nurses in Philadelphia averaged about
5 percent less than those in Dallas, and the average
for licensed practical nurses in Detroit was slightly

3 Interarea comparisons in average earnings, as well as the
later discussion on increases in pay levels among regions and
areas between the Bureau’s mid-1963 and July 1966 hospital
surveys, should be viewed in light of the substantial wage-change
activity that took place after July 1966. These wage changes are
briefly discussed at the end of the article.

Table 1. Number and Average Straight-Time Weekly Earnings 1of Employees in Selected Nursing Occupa­
tions in Private and State and Local Government Hospitals, United States and Regions,2July 1966
Northeast

United States4
Occupation 3and hospital proprietorship

North Central

South

West

Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average
weekly
of em­
weekly
weekly
of em­
weekly
of em­
weekly
of em­
of em­
ployees earnings ployees earnings ployees earnings ployees earnings ployees earnings

A ll H ospitals—A ll A reas

_ _____
Directors of nursing__
Private hospitals _
.
_
. __
State and local government hospitals
Supervisors of nurses
_
_
___
Private hospitals
........
....
State, and loe.al government hospitals.
Head nurses _
__
______
__
Private hospitals ....
.......
State and loeal government hospitals. __ _
General duty nurses (registered) _ ___ _____
Private hospitals
_ __
State and loeal government hospitals._ _ _ __
Nursing instructors
__
_ __ _____
Private hospitals __
__
--State and loeal government hospitals.. __ _ _
Licensed practical nurses. _ _ _
__
_
___
Private hospitals _ _ _ _
___ __
State and local government hospitals.
__
Nursing aids
__ _
- -- _ ____
Private hospitals
____
.. ____
State and loeal government hospitals _ _

4,835
3,122
1,713
17,166
10, 213
6, 953
45, 111
28, 542
16, 569
145, 841
109,400
36,441
9,600
L 592
2,008
113, 624
75, 772
37,852
283,123
195,915
87, 208

$154. 00
152. 50
156. 50
129. 00
123. 50
136. 50
113. 50
110.00
119.00
100. 50
100. 00
102. 50
123. 50
122.00
128. 50
72. 50
71.00
74. 50
58.00
56.00
62.50

1,064
824
240
6, 559
3, 893
2, 666
15,456
9,572
5,884
41,668
35,803
5,865
3,672
3,169
503
27,179
19, 783
7, 396
64, 604
47, 601
17,003

$171. 00
166. 50
187. 50
135. 00
126. 00
147. 50
118. 00
112. 50
126. 50
101.00
99. 50
109. 50
128. 50
127. 50
136.00
80.00
75.00
93. 50
65.50
60.00
81.00

1,561
893
668
3, 754
2,058
1,696
11,342
6,960
4, 382
30,452
19, 347
11,105
2,107
1,423
684
40,963
22,887
18, 076
79,120
48,826
30, 294

$135. 00
131. 50
140. 50
113. 50
112. 50
115. 00
100. 00
98.00
104.00
90. 50
91.00
90.00
111.00
110.00
112.00
61.50
62.00
60. 50
47.00
46. 50
47.00

1,458
853
605
4,133
2,509
1, 624
12,142
' 8,197
3, 945
42, 642
32, 656
9, 986
3,066
2, 422
644
30, 235
22,803
7,432
95,394
71, 283
24, 111

$153. 00
156.00
149.00
127.00
124.00
131.50
113. 50
112. 50
115.50
100. 00
100.00
99.00
123.00
121.00
131. 50
75.50
73. 50
82.50
57.00
56.00
60.50

752
552
200
2, 720
1,753
967
6,171
3,813
2, 358
31, 079
21,594
9, 485
755
578
177
15,247
10, 299
4, 948
44, 005
28,205
15,800

$171.00
161. 50
196. 50
138. ÖU
130. 50
153. 50
126. 50
121.50
134. 50
110. 50
107. 50
117. 50
135. 50
128.00
161. 50
81.50
79. 00
86. 00
69. 00
66. 50
76. 00

2,063
1,752
311
10, 083
7,599
2,484
27, 623
21,897
5,726
100,828
84,808
16,020
7,554
6,765
789
73,267
57,250
16, 017
174, 793
139,500
35,293

168. 50
165.00
188. 00
132. 50
129.00
143.00
116.00
114.00
124. 50
103. 50
102. 50
108.00
123.00
123.00
125. 50
75.00
73. 50
79. 50
61.00
58. 50
71.00

520
483
37
3,980
2,957
1,023
9,343
7, 500
1,843
31,878
28,157
3, 721
2,891
2,750
141
19, 917
15,928
3,989
47,261
36,193
11,068

183.00
182.00
197.00
138. 00
132.00
156.00
120. 50
116. 50
135. 50
104.00
102. 50
114. 50
128. 50
128. 50
123. 50
80.50
77.00
94. 50
67. 50
62.00
87.00

514
427
87
2,167
1,516
651
6,585
5, 012
1,573
18, 394
14,339
4,055
1,592
1,249
343
22, 271
15,850
6,421
42, 514
32, 515
9,999

143.50
138.50
170.00
118.00
116.00
122. 50
102. 50
101.00
108.00
93.50
93. 50
94.00
111.00
110. 50
113.00
64.00
64.00
64.00
49.00
48.50
50.50

576
476
100
2, 211
1,734
477
7,401
6,143
1,258
27, 559
23,810
3, 749
2, 458
2, 220
238
19,849
16, 903
2,946
55,813
48,115
7,698

169.00
166. 50
182. 50
132.00
131.00
137.00
117.00
116.00
121. 50
103.00
102. 50
106.00
122. 50
121. 50
130.00
76.00
75.00
82.50
60.00
58. 50
68.00

453
366
87
1,725
1,392
333
4,294
3, 242
1,052
22,997
18, 502
4, 495
613
546
67
11, 230
8, 569
2,661
29, 205
22, 677
6,528

178. 50
171. 50
209. 00
137.50
134. 00
153. 50
126.00
123.50
133. 50
110. 50
108. 50
117. 50
133.00
128.00
175. 50
83.50
80. 50
91. 50
71.00
68. 50
80. 50

Short -T erm H ospitals—Metropolitan A reas 5

Directors of nursing _
__
Private hospitals . . .
State and local government hospitals.
__
___
Supervisors of nurses __ _ __
Private hospitals .. _
.. _
State and loeal government hospitals.
Head nurses
__
.
____
Private hospitals ____
__
...
State and loeal government hospitals. _ __
General duty nurses (registered^ _
_ _______
Private hospitals
. _
_ .
State and local government hospitals. . ____
Nursing instructors . . .
__
...
Private hospitals. __. . . ..
-State and local government hospitals___ ..
Licensed practical nurses . . .
_.
Private hospitals
. .
..._..
State and local government hospitals. _____
Nursing aids
____ ___ . _ ._ . _______
Private hospitals___ _
State and local government hospitals.

1Weekly earnings relate to standard salaries paid for standard work sched­
ules and exclude extra pay for work on late shifts, and the value of room,
board, or other perquisites, if any, provided in addition to cash salaries.
Average weekly earnings are rounded to the nearest half dollar. Average
weekly hours corresponding to the average weekly earnings presented in this
table were nearly always 39.5 or 40.0.
2The regions used in this survey were: Northeast—Connecticut, Maine,
Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania,
Rhode Island, and Vermont; South—Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District
of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi,
North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee. Texas, Virginia,
and West Virginia; North Central—Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan,
Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and


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Wisconsin; and West—Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana,
Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
3Data are presented for full-time employees, i.e., those hired to work the
regular schedule. All occupational information excludes part-time employees,
members of religious orders, and students. Seven-eighths of the nursing aids
and virtually all of the employees in the other occupations included in the
table were women.
4 Excludes Alaska and Hawaii.
5 Short-term hospitals, for purposes of the survey, were those with an av­
erage patient stay of less than 30 days. Metropolitan areas refer to Standard
Metropolitan Statistical Areas as defined by the U.S. Bureau of the Budget
through March 1965.

EARNINGS IN HOSPITALS

57

Table 2. Number and Average Straight-Time Weekly Earnings 1of Women in Selected Nursing Occupations 2
in Private and State and Local Government Hospitals, 21 Selected Areas,3July 1966
Directors of
nursing
Area3

Supervisors
of nurses

Head nurses

General duty
nurses
(registered)

Nursing
instructors

Licensed
practical
nurses

Nursing aids

Num­ Aver­ Num­ Aver­ Num­ Aver­ Num­ Aver­ Num­ Aver­ Num­ Aver­ Num­ Aver­
ber of age ber of age ber of age ber of age ber of age ber of age ber of age
em­ weekly em­ weekly em­ weekly em­ weekly em- weekly em­ weekly em­ weekly
ploy­ earn­ ploy­ earn­ ploy­ earn­ ploy­ earn­ ploy- earn­ ploy­ earn­ ploy­ earn­
ees
ings
ees
ings
ees
ings
ees
ings
ees
ings
ees
ings
ees
ings

A ll H ospitals

Atlanta, Ga_. _ ...
Baltimore, Md__ _
Boston, Mass__ ____
Buffalo, N.Y__ ___ _
Chicago, 111___ ... .
Cincinnati, Ohio-Ky.-Ind
Cleveland, Ohio.. ____
Dallas, Tex ..
Denver, Colo____
Detroit, Mich... .
Los Angeles-Long Beach and AnaheimSanta Ana-Garden Grove, Calif.
Memphis, Tenn.-Ark . .
Miami, Fla____ ____
Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn
New York City, New York
Philadelphia, Pa.-N.J. . .
Portland, Oreg.-Wash . _
St. Louis, Mo.-Ill__
San Francisco-Oakland, Calif
Seattle-Everett, Wash...
Washington, D.C -M d-V a... .

14
27
75
20
115
20
45
40
28
70

$163. 50
169.00
181.00
179. 00
181.00
170. 50
171.50
135. 50
172. 50
195.00

208
17
17
28
119
94
17
29
36
31
21

180. 50
618 142. 00 1,327 134. 00 6, 520 116.00
157.00
88 123. 50
163 105. 00
536 97.00
386 11.5 BO Q63 Q7 no
149. 50
82 119 50
182.00
133 138.00
494 118! 50 2, 221 104.00
210. 00 1, 558 159. 50 3,089 136. 50 7,817 121. 50
168. 50
476 128.50 1,178 109. 50 3,187 94. 50
163. 00
84 122.00
192 113. 50
756 104. 50
167. 00
138 130. 00
476 113. 50 1,582 101. 00
202. 00
283 151. 50
690 137. 50 3,900 120.00
179. 50
102 136. 00
255 125. 00 1 447 109 50
197.00
163 134.'00
322 122. 00 1,973 103. 50

130 157. 00 3, 463
50 109. 00
793

88. 50 10,904
67.00 i;009

75. 50
51.50

121
350
439
42
145
108

78. 50
92.50
71.00
78. 50
73. 50
94.00

83! 50 1,743

72.50
78. 50
56.50
69. 50
57.50
85.00
67 on
6 L 00

13
58
15
103
12
37
13
59

180. 50
174. 00
163. 00
180.00
174. 00
175. 50
168. 50
197. 00

117. 00
120. 00
120. 00
123. 00
119.00
123.00
119. 00
126. 50

1,133
3, 282
805
5,088
805
1,800
1,216
2,177

100. 50
105. 00
102. 00
110. 50
102. 00
106. 50
99. 50
119. 50

139
455
58
458
102
105
69
103

125. 50
129. 50
126. 00
134.00
119. 00
131. 50
122. 50
143. 50

927
1,167
709
2,174
756
1,602
448
2, 522

76.50
82.00
76.50
83.00
79.50
77.00
76.00
93.00

2,195
2,910
1, 587
8,436
1,282
2,890
1,241
6,143

58. 50
66.50
64. 50
63. 50
58. 50
59.00
62.00
62.00

171
107
74
21
30
29

182.00
531 137. 50 1,065 130. 50
210.00 1,424 160. 00 2,951 136. 50
170. 50
313 127. 50
969 110.00
168. 50
100 128. 50
417 112. 50
201.00
216 151. 50
612 137.00
178.00
86 134.00
235 125. 00

5,862
7, 490
3, 018
1,511
3, 589
1,379

114. 50
121. 50
94.50
101.00
119. 50
109. 50

123
336
415
132
105

155. 00
155.00
126. 50
116.00
153.00

3,106
6,844
2, 217
1,244
1,622
659

88. 50
93.00
71.00
73.00
92. 50
77.50

8,054
14,300
3, 540
4, 025
2, 209
638

73.50
79.00
56.00
57. 50
85.00
67.00

74
226
483
106
523
60
166
59
87
324

$114. 50
180 $103. 00
698
138.00
479 118. 50 1,259
133.00 1,198 118.00 3,424
147. 00
561 127. 50
982
140.00 1, 452 123.00 5,435
133.00
283 116. 00
805
139. 50
560 122. 50 1,854
242 102. 50
117.00
391
134. 00
397 121.50 1,844
148. 50
889 128. 00 2,317

$94.00
100. 50
105. 50
104. 50
111.00
102.00
106. 50
99. 50
99. 50
120. 00

85
165
486
72
472
102
113
45
129
107

$106. 00
126. 50
129. 50
133. 50
134.00
119.00
132. 50
111.50
135. 00
144. 00

282 $66.00 1,053
1,321 80.50 2,638
1,562 85.00 3,656
838 80. 50 1,691
2,692 84.00 9, 093
795 79. 50 1,396
1,698 77.00 3! 176
930 65.00 1,148
494 75. 50 1,709
2,989 95. 50 6! 421

122. 00
155. 00
127. 50
124. 00
116. 50
153. 50

1,076
6,987
2,407
509
1,463
2,059
73Q
67 129. 50
882

2,136
14, 792
3! 727
915
4, 605
2,938

$51.00
58. 00
68.00
66.00
64.00
59.00
59.00
50.00
65.00
62. 50

Short -T erm H ospitals 4

Baltimore, Md___
Boston, Mass. .
Buffalo, N .Y .. _____
Chicago, in_____ ... ___
Cincinnati, Ohio-Ky.-Ind
Cleveland, Ohio
___
Denver, Colo. ___ . . .
Detroit, Mich__
Los Angeles-Long Beach and AnaheimSanta Ana-Garden Grove, Calif
New York Citv, N.Y..
Philadelphia, Pa.-N.J_
St. Louis, Mo.-Ill... __ _
San Francisco-Oakland, Calif.
Seattle-Everett, Wash____ ...

173
363
64
466
52
148
81
256

377
136. 50
854
131. 50
316
139. 50
139.00 1,327
136.00
222
139. 50
526
135. 00
219
149. 50
779

1 Earnings relate to standard salaries that are paid for standard work
schedules and exclude extra pay for work on late shifts, as well as the value of
room, board, or other perquisites, if any, provided in addition to cash pay­
ments. Average weekly earnings are rounded to the nearest half dollar.
2 See footnote 3, table 1.
3 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas as defined by the U.S. Bureau
of the Budget through March 1965, exceptNew York City (the five boroughs).

were usually higher than those of employees in
private hospitals in the same occupation and area.
Earnings of individual employees in the same
occupation, hospital proprietorship group, and
area were often widely dispersed, even when ex­
tremes in the earnings arrays are disregarded.
Hospital pay rate systems quite generally pro­
vided a range of salaries, with a series of salary
4 For an account of the Bureau’s 1963 survey of occupational
earnings in hospitals, see M onthly Labor Review, May 1964, pp.
552-555. The 1963 survey was limited to short-term private and
State and local government hospitals with 100 employees or more
and located in metropolitan areas. Increases in average earnings
were computed without eliminating data for hospitals with
fewer than 100 employees from the current survey estimates,
since these hospitals accounted for only about 3 percent of the
employment in both private and government hospitals.


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4 See footnote 5, table 1. Short-term hospitals accounted for all or nearly
all of the hospital employees in Atlanta, Dallas, Memphis, Miami, Minneapolis-St. Paul, Portland, and Washington, D.C.
N o t e : Dashes indicate no d ata reported or d ata th a t do not m eet publica­
tion criteria.

steps, and leugth-of-service or merit review on a
periodic basis usually provided the basis for in­
dividual advancement within ranges. Thus, even
where hospitals had the same rate ranges for a
specified occupation, dispersion would be noted in
individual rates for incumbents.
Changes Since 1963

Comparison of information developed by the
Bureau’s mid-1963 survey of short-term hospitals
in metropolitan areas4 with data for a similar
group of hospitals in July 1966 survey indicates
that during the 3-year period increases in average
salaries amounted to 20 percent for general duty

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JUNE 1967

58
nurses, 16 percent for licensed practical nurses,
and 14 percent for nursing aids. As indicated in
the following tabulation, the increases were pro­
portionately greater in the Northeast and the
South than in the other two regions and within
each region varied by occupation and hospital
proprietorship group:
Percent increase in average weekly
salaries between 1963 and 1966

United States_____ ___
. ..
Private hospitals---------------State and local government
p itals..----- -- -------------Northeast___________________
Private hospitals______ —
State and local government
pitals_____ ____ _____
___
South_______________
Private hospitals________ State and local government
pitals.. ______________
North Central_______________
Private hospitals__________
State and local government
pitals-------------------------West_______________________
Private hospitals_____ ___
State and local government
---------------pitals----

General
duty
nurses

Licensed
practical
nurses

Nursing
aids

20
20

16
17

14
15

19
22
21

15
18
19

14
15
18

24
21
21

14
19
17

14
21
20

21
16
16

20
14
16

23
12
11

13
18
18

11
14
15

7
12
13

19

14

14

hos-

hos-

hos-

hos-

hos-

The increase between 1963 and 1966 for general
duty nurses was double those recorded for indus­
trial nurses and for employees in entry and devel­
opment professional levels, including engineering,
chemistry, legal, and accounting work.5
Increases in occupational pay levels varied sub­
stantially among the 15 areas surveyed separately
in both 1963 and 1966,6 ranging from about 10
to 30 percent for women general duty nurses and
licensed practical nurses and from 10 to 40 per­
cent for women nursing aids. Median-city increases
for the three jobs were 20, 18, and 16 percent, re­
spectively. Largest increases in average salaries
for the three jobs were recorded in Atlanta and
Memphis, two of the comparatively low-paid areas.
5Summary Release: Wage Trends for Occupational Groups in
Metropolitan Areas, 1965-66, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics,
September 1966; and N a tio n a l S u rv e y o f P ro fe ssio n a l, A d m in is ­
tr a tiv e , T ech n ica l, an d C lerica l P a y , February-March 1966,
(BLS Bulletin 1535, 1966).
6Separate information was not developed in 1963 for Denver,
Detroit, Miami, St. Louis, Seattle, and Washington, D.C.
7Release dated Sunday, November 13, 1966, U.S. Department
of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service.
8O c cu p a tio n a l O u tlo o k Q u a rte rly , February 1967, p. 5.


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The percentage rise amounted to about 30 percent
for general duty nurses and licensed practical
nurses in both areas; increases for nursing aids
were 34 percent in Atlanta and 39 percent in Mem­
phis. Buffalo recorded the lowest increases in av­
erage weekly salaries between 1963 and 1966. Av­
erage weekly hours in the area, however, were
down by about 2 hours for general duty nurses and
licensed practical nurses and 1 hour for nursing
aids.
Many hospitals throughout the country granted
general wage increases during the last half of 1966
that are not reflected in the survey data. Such
increases were reported by a majority of the hospi­
tals in 11 of the 21 selected areas; the exceptions
were Atlanta, Baltimore, Buffalo, Cincinnati,
Cleveland, Dallas, Denver, Memphis, Phila­
delphia, and Washington, D.C. The extent of
these increases varied considerably by area, in­
dividual hospitals within areas, and occupations.
In several instances, however, the amount of the
increase during the last half of 1966 exceeded the
entire increase between mid-1963 and July 1966.
This unusual wage-change activity undoubtedly
results, at least in part, from the acute shortage
of trained nursing personnel. A comprehensive
study of health manpower supply and needs in
the Nation’s hospitals conducted by the U.S. De­
partment of Health, Education and Welfare dur­
ing the spring of 1966 7 revealed significant short­
ages in all categories of professional and technical
personnel. Registered professional nurses were
highest on the urgently needed list, followed by
nursing aids and licensed practical nurses. Ac­
cording to preliminary estimates, “Total needs to
give optimum care” in 1966 would have required
an additional 83,000 registered professional nurses,
49,000 nursing aids, and 43,000 licensed practical
nurses. BLS estimates of manpower needs in se­
lected health occupations,8 throughout the econ­
omy, indicate that employment requirements for
1975 will exceed 1966 employment levels by ap­
proximately 40 percent for professional nurses,
55 percent for aids (orderlies and attendants),
and 70 percent for licensed practical nurses.
—-G eorge L. S telluto
Division of Occupational Pay

EARNINGS IN YARN AND FABRIC MILLS

Earnings in Wool Yarn and
Broadwoven Fabric Mills, 1966
S t r a i g h t - t i m e e a r n i n g s of production and re­
lated workers in wool yarn and broadwoven fabric
mills averaged $1.90 an hour in November 1966,
according to a survey conducted by the Bureau of
Labor Statistics.1 Approximately 2 percent of the
41,765 workers covered by the survey earned less
than $1.40 an hour 2 and about 16 percent earned
less than $1.60; 6 percent earned $2.50 or more.
Earnings of workers varied by sex, location, size
and type of mill, type of product, size of com­
munity, labor-management contract status, and oc­
cupation.
Paid vacations, as well as various types of health
and insurance benefits, were provided by estab­
lishments employing nine-tenths of the workers
or more. Mills having collective bargaining
agreements covering a majority of their workers
accounted for less than a tenth of the workers in
the Southeast, about half in New England and the
Great Lakes region, and nearly seven-tenths in the
Middle Atlantic region. The major unions in the
industry are the Textile Workers Union of Amer­
ica and the United Textile Workers of America.

Earnings

Workers in the Southeast3 accounted for slight­
ly more than two-fifths of the industry’s work
1The survey covered mills employing 20 workers or more, pri­
marily engaged in manufacturing yarn and broadwoven fabrics
(12 inches or more in width), wholly or chiefly by weight of
wool, mohair, or similar animal fibers.
Earnings information developed by the survey excludes pre­
mium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and
late shifts.
A more comprehensive account of the study will be presented
in a forthcoming BLS bulletin. The bulletin will also include
a summary of information on wages and selected supplementary
practices in wool dyeing and finishing establishments (including
shrinking and sponging plants) and in scouring and combing
plants.
An advance release providing national and regional tabulations
was issued early in February 1967. Separate releases were also
issued for the Southeast region; Maine, Massachusetts, New
Hampshire, North Carolina and Virginia, Rhode Island, and the
Philadelphia—Camden area. These releases are available upon
request to the Bureau or its regional oflices.
2The Federal minimum wage for workers in manufacturing
establishments engaged in interstate commerce was $1.25 an hour
at the time of the survey; it was raised to $1.40, effective
Feb. 1, 1967.
3For definitions of regions used in this study, see table foot­
note 2.
4For an account of the earlier survey, see M onthly Labor Re­
view, May 1963, pp. 533-535.


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59

force and averaged $1.82 an hour; in comparison,
nearly two-fifths of the workers were employed in
New England where average hourly earnings were
$1.92. (See table.) Earnings in these two re­
gions were, respectively, 21 and 12 percent more
in November 1966 than in June 1962 when a sim­
ilar survey was conducted.4 Workers in the Mid­
dle Atlantic region averaged $2.20 an hour and in
the Great Lakes region, $1.77 an hour. The
number and average straight-time hourly earnings
of workers in the several States and the Philadelphia-Camden area which were studied separately
are provided below:
Number of
production
workers
Maine_____ ___ _ __________ ________
Massachusetts..- ____ _____ _________
New Hampshire____
____
North Carolina-Virginia_________ ________
Rhodelsland____ ______ ________
Philadelphia-Camden_____ . __ ________

4,037
4,068
3,456
7,297
3,561
1,502

Average
hourly
earnings
$1. 74
2.02
1.93
1.83
1.98
2.06

Nationwide, workers in integrated mills (those
having both spinning and weaving operations)
averaged $1.96 an hour, compared with $1.91 for
workers in weaving mills, and $1.76 for those in
yam (spinning) mills. In New England, the only
region where such comparisons can be made, the
corresponding averages were $1.95, $1.92, and
$1.83. Although the lack of skilled weaving oper­
ations in yarn mills contributes to the relatively
low earnings level for this type of mill, yam mill
workers also tended to have lower pay in com­
parisons at the occupational level.
Average earnings among fabric mills (weaving
and integrated mills) varied by predominant class
of fabric. In each of the regions permitting com­
parisons, earnings of workers in mills primarily
engaged in manufacturing apparel and blanketing
fabrics averaged less than those of workers in mills
manufacturing other types of fabrics.
In the New England and Middle Atlantic
regions, workers in metropolitan areas averaged
somewhat more than workers in smaller communi­
ties; in the Southeast, however, averages were
nearly identical and in the Great Lakes region,
this relationship was reversed. Workers in estab­
lishments employing 250 workers or more aver­
aged more than those in smaller mills—the differ­
ences amounting to 7 cents in New England, 14
cents in the Southeast, and 41 cents in the Middle
Atlantic region.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JUNE 1967

60

Number and Average Straight-Time Hourly Earnings 1of Production Workers in Wool Yarn and Broadwoven
Fabric Mills by Selected Characteristics, United States and Selected Regions,2 November 1966
United States 3
Characteristic

Num­
ber

Earn­
ings 1

New England
Num­
ber

Earn­
ings 1

Middle Atlantic
Number

Earnings 1

Southeast4
Number

Earnings 4

Great Lakes
Number

Earnings 1

A ll Mills

All production workers.
Men____ ________
Women_____ ____

41,765
23,800
17,965

$1.90 16,407
1.97 9,918
1.81 6,489

$1.92
1.97
1.84

3,664
2,332
1,332

$2.20
2.30
2.04

18,409
9,811
8,598

$1.82
1.88
1.75

1,735
761
974

$1.77
1.90
1.67

Size of C ommunity

13,161
28,604

2.00
1.85

5,316
11,091

1.97
1.90

3,268
396

2.24
1.89

2,747
15, 662

1.81
1.82

889
846

1.72
1.82

17,857
23,908

1.86 10,289
1.93 6,118

1.89
1.96

1,939
1 725

2.01
2.42

3,358
15,051

1.70
1.84

1,475

1.75

13,223
28,542

2.04
1.83

7,446
8,961

2.00

2,475
1,189

2.30
2.01

16,833

1.81

873
862

1.89
1.65

12,984
7, 536
5,448
2,661
2,012
26,120
18, 704

1.76
1.81
1.70
1.91
1.97
1.96
1.98

3,749
1,751
1,998
2,322
1,673
10,336
9,700

1.83
1.82
1.83
1.92
1.99
1.95
1.95

1,414
1,227

1.9.6
2.00

7,020
4 350
2,670

1.70
1.75
1.61

801

1.71

593

1.65

2 172
2 172

2.36
2.36

934
934

1.82
1.82

25,365
3,416

1.92
2.24

12,186
472

1.94
2. 05

550
1 700

2.07
2.45

432
502

1.63
1.98

1,176
499
361
346
557
1,234
2, 779
1,909
1,670

1.85
1.93
1.74
2.01
2.45
1.85
1.92
2.32
1.76

547
259
86
139
302
594
1,240
950
594

1.83
1.99
1.67
1.87
2.43
1.81
1.99
2.32
1.76

182
68
38
76
59
57
244
209
248

2.09
2.13
1.99
2.36
2.89
1.88
2.13
2.69
1.86

1.66
1.75
1.75
2.01
2.40
1.72
1.77
1.90
1.64

871
509

1.73
1.78

209
232

1.73
1.78

164
34

1.81
1.89

Worsted occupations:
Doffers, spinning frame (203 men and 124 women)______
Loom fixers (ail men)____________________________
Menders, cloth (all women)_______________________
Pin drafter operators (124 men and 273 women)________
Spinners, frame (94 men and 1,110 women)___________
Weavers (633 men and 165 women)__________________
Winders 8 (16 men and 1,496 women)________________
Cone and tube, automatic (3 men and 341 women) . . .
Cone and tube, high speed nonautomatic (3 men and
882 women)_______________________________

327
348
1,084
397
1,204
798
1,512
344

1.77
2.50
1.78
1.74
1.77
2.25

1.75
2.46
1.84
1.82

1.80

90
114
334
113
480
253
460
103

885

1.64

215

1.76

Woolen and worsted occupations:
Battery hands (105 men and 173 women)____________
Janitors (256 men and 27 women)__________________
Machinists, maintenance (all men)_________________
Truckers, hand (including bobbin boys) (1,025 men and
72 women)----- -----------------------------------------------

278
283
128

1.71
1.63
2.43

216
56
33

1.70
1.73
2.32

26

1,097

1.70

365

1.75

74

Metropolitan areas 5__
Nonmetropolitan areas.
Size of E stablishment

20-249 workers____
250 workers or more.
L abor -Management C ontracts

Mills with—
Majority of workers covered______
None or minority of workers covered.

1.85

T ype of Mill and P roduct

Yarn mill_______
Woolen yam__
Worsted yarn. _
Weaving mill_____
Worsted fabrics.
Integrated mill___
Woolen fabrics.
P redominant C lass of F abric 6

Apparel fabrics and blanketing.
Other nonapparel fabrics_____
Selected O ccupations 7

Woolen occupations:
Card finishers (1,058 men and 118 women)____________
Card strippers (all men)--------------------------------------Doffers, spinning frame (332 men and 29 women)______
Fuller tenders (all men)__________________________
Loom fixers (all men)------------------------------------------Menders, cloth (11 men and 1,223 women)____________
Spinners, frame (591 men and 2,188 women)__________
Weavers (1,370 men and 539 women)..------ ---------------Winders 8 (116 men and 1,554 women)_______________
Cone and tube, high speed, nonautomatic (18 men
and 853 women)___________________________
Filling, automatic (64 men and 445 women)_______

1.68

1Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
2The regions used in this study are: New England—Connecticut, Maine,
Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; Middle At­
lantic—New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; Southeast—Alabama,
Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee,
and Virginia; Great Lakes—Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and
Wisconsin.
3Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. Alaska
and Hawaii were not included in the study.
4Data are not presented separately for integrated mills and for occupa­
tions associated with weaving operations since information was obtained from
too few of the large mills having such operations. Employment and earn-


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600

1.73

54
29
30
25
25
97
129
106
147

407
143

1.71
1.69

81
37

1.61
1.72

224

1.80

256
634

1.74
1.73

955

1.67

623

1.60

1.88

178
69

1.55
2.35

11

1.70

2.00

598

1.62

1.86

2.39
1.74
1.75

339
126
199

1.79
1.76
1.74

1,052

1.79

ings estimates for those occupations are, however, included in the data for
all production workers.
.
,
,
, ,

5 The term “metropolitan areas” as used in this study refers to the Standard
Metropolitan Statistical Areas as defined by the U.S. Bureau of the Budget
through March 1965.
0 Includes data for weaving and integrated mills only.
7The forthcoming bulletin will provide information for occupations in
addition to those shown above.
8Includes data for workers in classifications in addition to those shown
separately.
N o t e : Dashes indicate no data reported or data th a t do not m eet publica­
tion criteria.

EARNINGS IN YARN AND FABRIC MILLS

61

The wage advantage of workers in mills with
labor-management contracts over workers in mills
not having such contracts amounted to 15 cents
an hour in New England, 29 cents in the Middle
Atlantic region, and 24 cents in the Great Lakes
region. As previously indicated, less than onetenth of the workers in the Southeast were in union
mills.
Nearly three-fifths of the workers in wool yarn
and broadwoven fabric mills were men; they aver­
aged $1.97 an hour, compared with $1.81 for
women. Differences in average pay levels for men
and women may be the result of several factors,
including variation in the distribution of the sexes
among establishments and jobs with disparate pay
levels.
Earnings of almost all workers were between
$1.40 and $3.00 an hour, with the middle half of
the workers’ earnings between $1.67 and $2.08.
However, the distribution of workers within spe­
cified earnings classes varied considerably by re­
gion, as indicated below:
Percent of workers with specified straight-time
hourly earnings in—
New
Middle
United
States 1 England Atlantic
$1.25 and under $1.40___

2.1

1.3

$1.40 and under $1.50___
$1.50 and under $1.60___

3.8
9.9

5.0
7.0

$1.60 and under $1.80___
$1.80 and under $2.00___
$2.00 and under $2.20___
$2.20 and under $2.40___
$2.40 and under $2.60___
$2.60 and over. _ _

28.9
24.5
13.3
8.4
5.1
3.9

100.0

Total__________
Number of
workers.

41, 765

Southeast

Great
Lakes

1.9

17.3

0.4
4.6

3.3
13.4

13.8

25.4
28.7
14.1
9.1
5.7
3.6

11.5
17.9
24.3

37.5
23.4
9.1
7.2
3.2

100.0

100.0

16,407

12.2
10.2

19.0

3,664

1.0
100.0
18,409

6.1
22.5
18.6

11.0
4.5
3.3
3.1

100.0
1,735

1Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately.
N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100.

The occupational classifications for which earn­
ings data are presented in the accompanying table
accounted for slightly more than two-fifths of the
production workers within scope of the survey.
Among these, average earnings ranged from $1.63
an hour for janitors to $2.45 for loom fixers in
5 For purposes of this study, percentage payments were con­
verted to an equivalent time basis.

260-937


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woolen operations and $2.50 in worsted operations.
Two numerically important occupations in the pro­
duction of woolens, frame spinners and weavers,
averaged $1.92 and $2.32, respectively. In wor­
sted operations, frame spinners averaged $1.77 and
weavers, $2.25 an hour. Spinners and weavers
were frequently paid on an incentive basis.
Slightly more than one-fourth of all production
workers were paid incentive rates, usually under
individual piece rate systems.
Establishm ent Practices

Work schedules of 40 hours a week were in effect
in mills employing seven-tenths of the production
workers in New England and the Great Lakes re­
gions and about two-thirds in the Middle Atlantic
region. In the Southeast, work schedules of 40
and 48 hours were equally prevalent and together
accounted for nine-tenths of the workers. Nearly
all mills in the scope of the survey had provisions
for late-shift wmrk, and about half of the produc­
tion workers were employed on late shifts in No­
vember 1966. Most workers on the second shift
in New England mills received premium pay—
usually 4 cents above the day-shift rate; in the
Southeast, about one-fourth of the second-shift
workers received premium pay, usually 5 cents an
hour. In both of these regions, most of the work­
ers on third or other late shifts received premium
pay, typically 7 cents an hour in New England and
5 cents in the Southeast.
Paid holidays were provided by establishments
employing almost nine-tenths of the production
workers. Typical provisions were 6 paid holidays
in New England and 7 or 8 days in the Middle
Atlantic region; in the Southeast, about half of
the workers were in mills providing 2 days a year
while provisions for 5 days or more applied to a
fourth of the workers.
Paid vacations (after qualifying periods of
service) were provided to production workers by
nearly all of the mills studied. Vacation pay­
ments for slightly more than half of the produc­
tion workers were based on a stipulated percentage
of the employee’s annual earnings.5 Typical vaca­
tion provisions were 1 week’s pay after 1 year of
service and 2 weeks’ after 5 years or more. Nearly

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JUNE 1967

62
a fifth of the workers were in mills providing at
least 3 weeks’ after 15 years or more of service.
More than nine-tenths of the production workers
were in establishments that paid at least part of
the cost of life, hospitalization, and surgical insur­
ance. Accidental death and dismemberment in­
surance, sickness and accident insurance, and medi­
cal insurance were provided to at least three-fifths
and catastrophe insurance to a fifth of the workers.
Except for catastrophe insurance, all plans were
for the most part wholly financed by the employer.
0 Pay to employees permanently separated from work through
no fault of their own.


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Pension plans (other than social security) which
afford regular payments to workers on retirement
were provided by mills employing two-fifths of the
production workers. Plans providing lump-sum
payments upon retirement applied to less than a
tenth.
Mills with provisions for severance pay 6 em­
ployed less than a tenth of the work force. For­
mal plans providing pay for funeral leave applied
to a fifth of the workers, and provisions for jury
duty pay applied to nearly three-tenths.
— E dward J. C aramela
Division of Occupational Pay

In science, good work habits, especially of the obsessional sort, are most
desirable and necessary. These may be almost the opposite of the creative
attitude. . . . I have even gone so far as to say that science is a social institu­
tion which makes it possible for uncreative people to create and discover and
innovate, just as I could also say that science is a social institution which
makes it possible for an unintelligent man to do intelligent things.
—A. H. Maslow, “The Need for Creative People.”

Foreign Labor Briefs*

taining to the labor and social planning fields,
publicize labor laws, and represent similar foreign
organizations by acting as their correspondents in
Guatemala.
Israel — U n em p lo ym en t

Argentina — W age P o lic y

A new law to be effective until December 31,
1968, imposed a total wage freeze on Government
employees whose adjusted wage agreements had
been signed prior to December 31, 1966. Wage in­
crease limitations for nongovernmental workers
were tied to a scale based on the expiration date
of collective agreeements: 24 percent (expiration
date, March 31, 1968), 22 percent (April-May),
17 percent (June-July), 12 percent (August-September), and 8 percent (October-November).
Ceylon —L a n d A r m y

The Government is forming a semimilitary or­
ganization for educated youths. Eecruits will be
given basic military training and employed in land
clearing, road building, and cultivation of food
crops. They will receive food, shelter, uniforms,
and 2 rupees ($0.42) a day. The purpose of the
“Land Army” is reportedly to cope with the polit­
ical and economic problems of food shortages and
500,000 unemployed persons. The project is sched­
uled to begin with a pilot program of 5,000 and to
reach a strength of 15,000 in its first year of oper­
ation. By mid-March 1967, the “Land Army”
had received 125,000 applications.
Guatemala —L a b o r A sso cia tio n

The first professional Guatemalan society in the
labor and industrial relations field—the Guate­
malan Association of Labor Law—has received
Government recognition. Most of the association’s
present members are lawyers with experience in
labor law. The objectives of the association are to
maintain close relations with and provide any
necessary cooperation on matters related to labor
law with the Guatemalan Bar Association, strive
for more uniform judicial interpretations of labor
laws, cooperate with Government agencies and
officials in the study of laws and regulations per♦Prepared in the Office of Foreign Labor and Trade, Bureau
of Labor Statistics, on the basis of material available in early
April.


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After many years of economic boom, Israel is
experiencing a recession and heavy unemployment.
The number of jobseekers registered at Govern­
ment employment exchanges was reported as
38.000 in the last quarter of 1966 (including about
19.000 employed in relief work). According to the
Manpower Survey of the Central Bureau of Sta­
tistics, however, the total number of unemployed
was approximately 99,000, or 10.3 percent of the
labor force. Unemployment was expected to in­
crease by another 10,000 and to reach its peak in
mid-1967, when the citrus-picking season and the
school year end and large numbers of men are
released from Army services. A major cause of
the recession was a drop in immigration which
reduced demand for housing and other goods and
services. Other factors included further deteriora­
tion in the trade balance and completion of several
large development projects.
The Government has announced unemployment
relief payments to begin April 1, 1967, and public
works projects, including expansion of Ashdod
Harbor, to start in the fall of 1967. The budget for
FY 1967-68 provides for unemployment relief and
for stimulation of economic development and
exports.
Japan —T e x tile W orkers

Textile goods imported from Korea have in some
cases displaced Japanese production and employ­
ment, and the Japanese Federation of Textile
Workers’ Unions (Zensen Domei) and the Korean
National Textile Workers’ Union (KNTWU) are
now considering ways of ameliorating the problem.
They have agreed to regular union-to-union ex­
change of persons and information, and other ap­
propriate actions designed “to promote orderly
trade between the two countries on . . . the prin­
ciple of reciprocity and equality of trade” ; pro­
grams of research on working conditions, prices,
and so forth, in the Japanese and Korean textile
industries; cooperative financing of these meas­
ures, particularly the exchange of persons; and
exploration of the possible conduct of training
63

64
classes by the KNTWU with support (“financial
or otherwise”) from international organizations.
South Viet Nam —A llo w a n ces

The Ministry of Labor substantially increased
family allowances for Vietnamese workers retro­
active to February 1. Under the new regulations,
a typical manual worker in the Saigon area who
has a wife and four children will receive a total
family allowance of 851.76 Vietnamese piasters
(VNP) a month (the equivalent of $7.22 in U.S.
currency), an increase of VNP 266.76 ($2.26).
The new regulations reduce to two the maxi­
mum amounts of basic wages on which the
monthly family allowances are calculated—VNP
2,184 ($18.58) in the Southern Region (including
Saigon) and VNP 2,548 ($21.60) in the Central
Region. The new maximum will not be applied to
supervisory personnel already benefiting from
the older, higher maximum.
The percentages of the basic wage rate (up to
the eligible maximum) received by a worker as a
monthly family allowance remain the same as
under previous regulations: 15 percent for the
wife, 6 percent for each of the first five children,
and 3 percent for all other children, normally up
to age 16 and with some minor exceptions up to 21.
According to official statistics, 49,821 families
receive family allowances. Many firms, however,
do not file reports on the number of their workers
receiving allowances, and it is estimated that per­
haps as many as 100,000 families actually benefit.
Switzerland —F oreign W orkers

A further reduction of foreign labor quotas was
decreed by the Federal Council on February 10,
1967, in pursuance of its policy, in force since 1963,
to curtail the growth of the alien labor force. Swiss
firms must reduce the number of their “controlled”
foreign employees (aliens residing and working
in the country on the basis of annual permits) by
an additional 2 percent not later than July 31,
1967. The Federal Council reserves the right to
decree a further reduction of the quota for the
period from October 15,1967, to January 31,1968,
if the annual August foreign labor census shows
an unsatisfactory result.
Individual enterprises may raise their total for­
eign and domestic work force up to 110 percent

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JUNE 1967

of its present level by hiring Swiss nationals, for­
eigners with permanent resident status (who are
no longer subject to control), and border crossers.
(The ceilings placed on the total—domestic and
foreign—work force of firms will be lifted as of
the end of 1967.) Enterprises are no longer re­
quired to reduce their employment of seasonal
workers. Exceptions to the rules limiting employ­
ment of foreigners may be granted in less devel­
oped cantons (States of the Swiss confederation)
to facilitate industrialization.
Swiss manufacturers had argued against any
reduction in the foreign labor force for this year,
maintaining that a breathing spell was needed
after the 10-percent cut effected in the past 2 years.
The trade unions, on the other hand, had suggested
a reduction of from 3 to 5 percent.
U.K .—P rices a n d Incom e P o lic y

A White Paper issued on March 22 set forth
policy for the 12 months following the present
period of “severe restraint” scheduled to end on
June 30, 1967. The “nil norm” (guidepost) for
wage increases, in force since the beginning of the
wage standstill on July 20, 1966, would continue
but the prestandstill criteria for increases in ex­
ceptional situations would be restored. Under these
criteria, wage increases would be allowed where
there are increases in productivity ; where there is
a need to keep workers or attract them to a par­
ticular industry in the “national interest” ; where
wages are too low to maintain a reasonable stand­
ard of living ; and where it is necessary in the na­
tional interest to bring wages up to the level paid
for comparable work elsewhere. At least a year
must elapse between wage increases. Pay increases
for added experience, increased responsibility, and
special effort would be allowed in the new policy.
Cost of living as a sole criterion for a wage rise
was excluded.
The White Paper also spelled out the specific
situations which would justify price increases
but said that a rigid form of price control would
be against the interests of economic efficiency. The
importance of price reductions received greater
emphasis than before, and the paper stated that
any apparently excessive growth in profits and
dividends would be referred to the Prices and In ­
comes Board.

Significant Decisions
in Labor Cases*

Labor Relations
W ork P re se rv a tio n A g reem en t. The Supreme
Court held 1that a carpenters’ union did not violate
the secondary boycott provisions of the Labor
Management Relations Act by entering into and
enforcing a collective bargaining agreement pro­
viding that its members will not handle pre­
fabricated doors at a construction site, where the
purpose was to preserve jobs traditionally per­
formed by the jobsite carpenters.
A general contractor had agreed with the Car­
penters’ International to be bound by collective
bargaining agreements of local unions in areas
where he had jobs. The local contract in question
provided (in rule 17) that no union member would
handle doors that had been fitted before delivery
to the jobsite. Fitting of doors in that area had
traditionally been done by jobsite carpenters.
When the general contractor purchased prefitted
doors, the carpenters refused to install them and
he was forced to revert to the customary procedure.
The supplier and the National Woodwork Manu­
facturers Association filed unfair labor practice
charges against the union, alleging that rule 17
violated the hot-cargo ban of the act’s section 8(e),
and that by enforcing it the union had violated
section 8(b) (4) (B).
The National Labor Relations Board dismissed
the charges, holding that the purpose of rule 17 was
to protect the work customarily done by union
members. The refusal to handle doors was a justi­
fied primary activity, it said. The circuit court
reversed, finding that rule 17 was prohibited by
section 8(e).
Upon a lengthy review of legislative history of
sections 8(e) and 8(b)(4)(B ), and of pertinent
judicial decisions, Justice Brennan, writing for a
majority of five, concluded that Congress only in­
tended to proscribe actions aimed at secondary ob­
jectives, that is, designed to disrupt normal


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relations between neutral and primary employers
as a means of satisfying demands upon the latter.
The Court rejected the Association’s contention
that a different conclusion was called for under the
decision in the Allen Bradley case,2 where a local
union’s attempt to force contractors by agreement
to use only electrical equipment manufactured
locally was found unlawful. The Court pointed
out that in Allen Bradley, the boycott “was carried
on not as a shield to preserve the jobs of the
[local’s] members . . . but as a sword, to reach
out and monopolize all the manufacturing job
tasks for [the union’s] members,” hence it was a
secondary activity that was in violation of anti­
trust laws. In the present instance, the Court said,
the boycott wTas used as a shield “carried solely to
preserve the members’ jobs.”
The Court pointed to the section 8(e) provisos,
exempting construction and apparel industries
from hot-cargo prohibition, as further evidence
that “primary work preservation agreements were
not to be within the ban of section 8(e).” The Court
went on to say that silence of the sponsors of 8(e)
on this issue was additional indication that Con­
gress had no intent to prohibit agreements directed
toward work preservation.
Citing Fibreboard,3 where it held that the sub­
contracting of maintenance.work was a manda­
tory subject of bargaining, the Court said that it
had thus “implicitly recognized the legitimacy of
work preservation clauses like that involved here.”
“It would be incongruous,” it continued, “to inter­
pret 8(e) to invalidate clauses over which the
parties may be mandated to bargain and which
have been successfully incorporated through col­
lective bargaining in many of this Nation’s major
labor agreements.”
The Court further reasoned that in view of the
rights guaranteed unions under sections 7 and 13
of the LMRA (the rights to bargain collectively
»Prepared in the U.S. Department of Labor, Office of the So­
licitor. The cases covered in this article represent a selection of
the significant decisions believed to be of special interest. No
attempt has been made to reflect all recent judicial and admin­
istrative developments in the field of labor law or to indicate the
effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in which contrary
results may be reached based upon local statutory provisions,
the existence of local precedents, or a different approach by the
courts to the issue presented.
1 National Woodwork Manufacturers Association v. NLRB (U.S.
Sup. Ct., Apr. 17, 1967).
2Allen Bradley v. Local 8, Electrical Workers, 325 U.S. 797.
3 Fibreboard Paper Products Corp. v. Labor Board, 379 U.S.
203 ; see M onthly Labor Review, February 1965, p. 191.

(55

66
and to strike), the pressures brought by employees
on their employer for the purpose of bettering
their terms or conditions of employment should be
upheld, unless there is a clear congressional intent
to the contrary.
As for the Association’s contention that contrac­
tual “will not handle” clauses were invalid for
economic and technological reasons, the Court held
that such arguments should be directed to Con­
gress, not to the courts. Congress alone must decide
whether “réévaluation of the basic content of col­
lective bargaining” is in order, the Court held.
In conclusion, the Court ruled that, with regard
to will not handle contractual clauses, such as rule
17 here involved, “ [t]he touchstone is whether the
agreement or its maintenance is addressed to the
labor relations of the contracting employer vis-avis his own employees.” In this case it was, the
Court held.
Justice Stewart, writing for the four dissenting
members of the Court, fully disagreed with the
majority’s reading of the legislative history of
sections 8(e) and 8(b)(4)(B ). He said: “The
Court undertakes a protracted review of legisla­
tive and decisional history . . . to show that the
clear words of the statute should be disregarded in
these cases. But . . . the relevant history fully
confirms that Congress meant what it said. . . .”
He also thought that the majority “created the
sword and shield distinction out of thin air,” as
in Allen Bradley the union was not trying to ex­
tend its reach to capture new jobs but to recover
those lost during the depression. He also took issue
with the majority’s interpretation of the Fibreboard decision, stressing the distinction between
the subcontracting of maintenance work and the
purchase of a product by a company, a decision
that “has traditionally been regarded as one within
management’s discretion. . . . [T]he Court is
simply substituting its own concepts of desirable
labor policy for the scheme enacted by Congress,”
he concluded.
A r b itr a tio n . A Federal district court ruled4 that

a company failed to receive a fair hearing when an
arbitrator, who had not informed the parties that
he intended to enforce evidentiary rules, refused
to hear relevant evidence because it was offered as
rebuttal when it properly should have been pre­
sented as part of the company’s principal case.


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JUNE 1967

The company discharged an employee because
she had allegedly been involved in a rock throw­
ing incident at the plant during a strike. The case
proceeded to arbitration, where the company at­
tempted to prove the employee’s involvement in
the incident through the testimony of a police
officer who claimed to have witnessed the misdeed.
However, the company presented this offer of
proof as part of its rebuttal rather than during
the presentation of its principal case. In the inter­
est of an orderly proceeding, the arbitrator sus­
tained the union’s objection on the basis that the
evidence should have been introduced when the
company was presenting its case, not in rebuttal.
The company asked the court to vacate the
award.
The court admitted that, traditionally arbitra­
tion proceedings are quite informal and the arbi­
trators are not bound by either the rules of judicial
procedure or those established by the American
Arbitration Association (AAA), although the
parties should be so informed if any rules are to
be observed. Of concern to the court, however,
were “the rights of the respective parties who are
presenting their sides, not the niceties of the rule
of evidence with respect to rebuttal. . . . This, the
court believes, should be true particularly where
there was no announcement that the rules of evi­
dence . . . would apply.”
“Findings of the arbitrator,” the court contin­
ued, “as to the facts or his interpretation of the
law are not to be questioned by the court, and
obvious error in either is not grounds for vacating
the award if there has not been refusal to hear
pertinent and material evidence and the hearing
has been fair.” 5 The court noted that in this case
no rules of evidence were announced by the arbi­
trator prior to the hearing, nor were any set forth
in the collective bargaining agreement; and that
not only is “conformity to legal rules of evidence
not necessary” but the “arbitrator [should be]
interested in getting all the relevant facts he can;
his principal objective is to render a viable de­
cision, and any information that adds to his
knowledge of the total situation will almost always
be admitted.” The failure to consider the testimony
* H arvey Alum inum , Inc. v. United Steelworkers (DCCD Cali­
fornia, Jan. 3, 1967).
5
See the Supreme Court rulings in the United Steelworkers
trilogy, M onthly Labor Review, August 1960, pp. 853-856.

DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES

of the company’s witness “appears to have denied
to the petitioner a fair “hearing,” the court said.
The court also raised an important issue in
labor-management relations, namely, the question
of confidence that employers and unions must have
in arbitral proceedings if they are to conclude
agreements providing for arbitration. Although
the AAA rules are not binding, the court noted,
they do establish what the parties concluding such
an agreement expect—and have the right to as­
sume—in the way of an opportunity “of present­
ing all of their material evidence, and that an
arbitrator, before closing the hearing, will inquire
of all parties whether they have any further proof
to offer or witnesses to be heard,” something the
arbitrator in this case failed to do.
The court concluded that the company had not
received a fair hearing and vacated the award.
Racial Discrimination

A Federal district court ruled 6that an employee
does not have to exhaust remedies of a collective
bargaining agreement before bringing a suit for
alleged discrimination in employment under Title
V II of the Civil Rights Act of 1961, but that the
action must follow conciliation efforts by the
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
(EEOC).
A railroad employee sued the union and the rail­
road, under Title V II of the act, charging racial
discrimination in terms and conditions of his em­
ployment. The railroad and the union sought to
have the court dismiss the case because the em­
ployee had not pursued the remedies available
under the collective bargaining agreement or be­
fore the National Railroad Adjustment Board
(NRAB), failed to institute his suit within 90
days of the filing of his charge with the EEOC
as provided by Title VII, and took the court action
prior to any conciliation efforts by the EEOC.
The court denied the railroad’s and union’s first
two claims. It held that an employee may bring
action under Title V II without first exhausting
the remedies of the collective bargaining agree­
ment or before the NRAB. As for the timeliness of
8 Dent v. St. Louis-San Francisco Railway Go. (DC-ND Ala­
bama, Mar. 10, 1967).
7 George C. Cypress v. Newport News Hospital Association
(C.A. 4, Mar. 9, 1967).


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6Y
the suit, the court pointed out that Title V II pro­
vides 60 days for conciliation by the EEOC and an
additional 30-day period for filing the suit if such
is necessary. However, the court held that the 60day requirement should be viewed as “directory
rather than . . . mandatory,” hence not absolutely
binding the Commission to complete its efforts
within that period. The suit is timely, the court
said, if filed within 30 days after the EEOC has
concluded its conciliation efforts, even if those ef­
forts took more than 60 days.
The court, however, dismissed the case on the
third ground. Reasoning from the legislative his­
tory of Title VII, it determined that “Congress
intended that conciliation be preferred to coercion
and that the conciliation step would be a prerequi­
site” to the institution of a private suit. The em­
ployee’s argument that EEOC’s heavy caseload
often made it extremely difficult for it to undertake
conciliation efforts within a reasonable time did
not dissuade the court. Rather, the court held,
“[T]he view that a statutory requirement may be
disregarded because of the caseload of an adminis­
trative agency” is unacceptable.
In another case of racial significance—a suit by
Negro physicians who complained of discrimina­
tory denial of staff privileges at a federally as­
sisted hospital because of their race—a U.S. court
of appeals reversed a district court’s holding that
the physicians must prove they were denied the
privileges for reasons of race alone. The appeals
court held 7 that where there is a history of racial
discrimination and the physicians demonstrate
that they meet all objective qualifications, the hos­
pital must produce evidence to show that the denial
of privileges is for a just cause and to dispel the
reasonable inference of racial discrimination. Vin­
dication of the applicant’s constitutional rights
must not depend upon searching examination of
his “life and professional competence” under con­
ditions of secrecy and waiver of immunity to all
concerned, the court held.
A Negro physician’s application for staff privi­
leges at a hospital with segregated facilities and
services for white and Negro patients was rejected
despite the fact that, as the court found and the
hospital did not deny, the physician had met all
the objective qualifications. The hospital contended
that the denial “was for just and good cause” but
offered no substantiating reasons. In fact, the de-

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JUNE 1967

68

nial was based on a secret ballot vote of the all
white membership of the hospital staff.
In ordering the hospital to cease its racially dis­
criminatory practices, the court cited related facts
as the basis of the order. It noted that there were
no Negro physicians on the staff of the hospital;
that two Negro physicians possessing “outstanding
qualification” were denied privileges by the secret
ballot vote of an all white medical staff; and that
the hospital pursued other discriminatory prac­
tices, such as assigning patients to rooms on a basis
of race. Under these circumstances, the court con­
cluded, the hospital must come forward and prove
that its denial of privileges was made on valid
nonracial grounds.
To the district court’s contention that, if the
Negro physician “seeks to attack the integrity” of


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the hospital staff by claiming that he was rejected
because of his race, his “life and professional com­
petence must become an ‘open book,’ ” the appeals
court responded by citing the conditions under
which the lower court had permitted the Negro to
request another hearing. These included a release
of immunity in favor of all concerned as to state­
ments made or investigations conducted in this
case, and the conditions that there be no sworn
testimony, and that hearings be conducted behind
closed doors without the assistance of attorneys.
Branding these requirements a “procedure lacking
even the rudiments of due process,” the court of
appeals said, “We unequivocally reject the notion
that Negro applicants are to be subjected to such
procedure before their Fourteenth Amendment
rights can be vindicated.”

We can be satisfied if men and women get a chance at good careers, depend­
ing only on their achievements. To me this means very simply that somebody
decides to give them that chance. Whether the administrator is prejudiced or
not in other matters will not be of much moment, as long as he makes decisions
about people which have the effect of basing promotion, pay, jobs, assignments,
and other economic opportunities on what a person does, not on who he is.
—Charles A. Dailey, “Prejudice and Decision-Making.”
Personnel Adm inistration, September 1966.

Chronology of
Recent Labor Events

April 12
signed a Congressional resolution to delay
until May 3 a threatened nationwide strike by six rail­
road shop craft unions deadlocked in contract negotia­
tions. He also appointed a special panel to help the
parties to reach a settlem ent w ithin th a t time, but sub­
sequent attem pts to reach a settlem ent failed. The unions
had previously rejected the term s proposed by an emer­
gency board. (See p. 73 this issue.)
T h e P r e s id e n t

April 17

April 1,1967
United Farm W orkers Organizing Committee won
a 1%-year battle for its biggest farm labor representa­
tion in California when the Di Giorgio F ru it Corp. ac­
cepted the term s of a 3-year contract for its 2,600 to 3,000
employees a t three different properties. ( See pp. III-IV of
this issue.)
The

April 5
T h e e x e c u t iv e board of the United Auto W orkers proposed
a 7-year, $87-million organizing drive to be conducted by
the AFL-CIO and directed prim arily a t agricultural
workers, the “working poor,” and white-collar workers.
The program is the first of a series of “policy recommenda­
tions” to the federation by the UAW, promised in the wake
of W alter R euther’s recent resignation from the AFL-CIO
Executive Council in disagreement over m atters of policy
and leadership. (See MLR, April 1967, pp. 69-70.) L ater
in the month, a special UAW convention in D etroit author­
ized Mr. R euther to w ithdraw the union from member­
ship if he found it necessary.

April 10
A 13- d ay s t r i k e of new scasters and announcers against
three m ajor television and radio networks—ABC, NBC,
and CBS—came to an end when the National Board of
the Television and Radio A rtists approved, subject to
membership ratification, an agreement guaranteeing a
$300 minimum weekly salary, retroactive to last Novem­
ber 16, plus 25 percent of the “appearance fee” (100 per­
cent after the weekly guarantee is reached). (See p. 77
this issue.)

T h e U.S. S u p r e m e C o u r t upheld construction carpenters’
refusal to handle prefabricated doors where the refusal
was intended to protect jobs th at were traditionally done
by on-kite carpenters. Despite th e statutory prohibitions
on hot-cargo and secondary boycott actions, the court
agreed w ith the National Labor Relations Board’s hold­
ing th a t the actions of the unions involved were defensive
in character. The case was National Woodwork M anufac­
turers Association v. N.L.R.B. (See p. 65 this issue.)

April 21
G overnor N e l s o n A. R o c k e f e l l e r of New York signed
into law a new act prohibiting strikes by public employees.
Unlike the Condon-Wadlin Act it replaced, the law does
not require autom atic dismissal of strik ers from employ­
ment, but it calls for stiff monetary fines and other penal­
ties for striking unions and certain types of punishment
(ranging from a reprim and to outright dismissal) for
individual workers. The statute, to become effective next
September 1, also extends the organization and bargain­
ing right to all public employees, and establishes a Public
Employment Relations Board to resolve representation
disputes and assist in collective bargaining. ( See p. 79 this
issue.)

April 24
G overnor R ic h a r d J. H u g h e s of New Jersey signed into
a law a measure to raise unemployment compensation
benefits from $50 to a maximum of $62 a week and, for
the first time, to provide benefits for workers who had
been on strike for a t least 6 weeks. The law goes into
effect next Jan u ary 1.

April 11
Firestone, Uni­
royal (form erly U.S. Rubber Co.), Goodrich, and General
Tire currently engaged in, or soon to commence, contract
negotiations w ith the United Rubber W orkers—
disclosed a m utual aid agreement to provide financial
assistance to any of them should it be hit by a strike.
The pact allows each company to negotiate separately.
Ten days later, Firestone, Goodrich, and Uniroyal were
struck as the union’s contract expired.
F iv e

b ig

ru bber

c o m p a n ie s —Goodyear,


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

April 26
P u b l ic s c h o o l t e a c h e r s of Washington, D.C., elected the
Washington Teachers Union, a local of the American
Federation of Teachers, as their representative in con­
tract negotiations with the Board of Education. The re­
sult was 3,540 votes for the AFT local and 2,119 for the
D istrict of Columbia Education Association (plus 74 votes
for no affiliation). Nearly 85 percent of the eligible teach­
ers cast their ballots.

69

Major Agreements Expiring in June and July
E ditor ’s N ote .— A s a service to its readers, the M onthly Labor Review will publish

each month a list of collective bargaining agreements ending during the fol­
lowing month. (To adjust to this schedule, listing for 2 m onths are carried m
this issue.) The listing will include almost all agreements covering 1,000
workers or more.
„
Copies of Major Collective Bargaining Agreement Expirations, covering
the entire year, are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics,
U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, D.C., or to any of the Bureau’s re­
gional offlces.
U n io n 1

In d u str y

C o m p a n y a n d lo c a tio n

N um b er
of
w o rk ers

(June 1967)

Iron Workers.

1,700

Mine Workers, District 50 (Ind.)...... .......... .
Mine Workers, District 50 (Ind.)-------------Steelworkers.2_______________________
Auto Workers________________________
Steelworkers.2_______________________
Steelworkers.2_______________________
Steelworkers.2_______________________
Craft Unions Joint Negotiating Committee.
Rubber Workers_____________________
Brewery Workers_____________________
Laborers___________________________
Iron Workers________________________
Building Service Employees------------------

1,550
1,150
1,400

Construction...

Laborers.

1,000

Construction...

Carpenters.

1,250

Allip.rl Building Metal Industries (Greater New York area)------------------ Fabricated metal
products.
Allied Chemical Corp., Solvay Process Division (Solvay and Tully, N.'Y.). Chemicals_____
Allied Chemical Corp., National Aniline Division (Buflalo, N.Y.)........... Chemicals_____
American Metal Climax, Inc., U.S. Metals Refining Co. (Carteret, N.J.)_. Primary metals..
American Seating Co. (Grand Rapids, Mich.)------------------- -------------- Furniture_____
American Smelting and Refining Co. (Perth Amboy, N J.)----------------- Primary metals..
Anaconda Co. (Butte, Mont.)____________________ ____ _________ Mining________
Anaconda Co. (Great Falls, Mont.)---------------------------------------------- Primary metals..
Anaconda Co. (Anaconda, Butte, and Great Falls, Mont.)------------------ Primary metals..
Armstrong Rubber Co. (Interstate)---------------------------------------------- Rubber_______
Associated Brewers (Baltimore, Md.)-------------------------------------------- Food products.._
Associated General Contractors of America, Inc. (Atlanta, Ga., area)----- Construction___
Associated General Contractors of (Northern) New Jersey........................ Construction----Associated Hospitals of East Bay, Inc. (California)--------------------------- Hospitals______
Building Trades Employers Association of Central New York, Inc.
(Onondaga County, N.Y.).
Building Trades Employers Association of Central New York, Inc.
(Onondaga County, N.Y.).
Boeing Co., Military Airplane Division (Wichita, Kans.)--------------------

Transportation
equipment.
Boeing Co. (Utah and Washington)------------------ --------------------------- Transportation
equipment.
Cessna Aircraft Co. (Wichita, Kans.)------------------------ --------- ---------- Transportation
equipment.
Container Corp. of America (Interstate)-------------------------------- -------- Paper...............
Contractors’ Assn, of Westchester County, Inc. (Westchester and Putnam Construction.
Counties, N.Y.).
Utilities.
East Ohio Gas Co. (Ohio)
Farrel Co., Inc. (Ansonia and Derby, Conn.)..

Marshall Field & Co. (Chicago, 111.)------------Franklin Association of Chicago (Chicago, 111.)
Franklin Association of Chicago (Chicago, 111.)
General Electric Co., Atomic Products Division, Hanford Atomic Prod­
ucts Operation (Richland, Wash.).
General Tire & Rubber Co., Industrial Products Division (Wabash,
Ind.).
Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. (New York, N.Y., area)-----------------Great Northern Paper Co. (Millinocket, Maine)------------------------------Honeywell, Inc., Brown Instrument Division (Philadelphia, Pa.)
Hudson Pulp and Paper Corp.3 (Augusta, Maine)-------------------

Wichita Engineering Association (Ind.)
Seattle Professional Engineering Employees
Association (Ind.).
Machinists______________________________
Papermakers and Paperworkers; and Operating
Engineers.
Laborers---------- -------- ----------------------------

1,100
1,100

1,900
1,000
1,000

3.000
1,500
3.000
1,200
1,200

1,000

10,150
2,850
2,500
1,600

Building Service Employees.

2,650

Steelworkers____________

1,000

Building Service Employees
Bookbinders____________

1,000

Machinery, except
electrical.
Retail trade_____
Printing and
publishing.
Printing and
publishing.

Typographical Union--------

?..one

Chemicals...

Hanford Atomic Metal Trades Council.

3.500

Rubber___

Rubber W. rkers

Retail trade.
Paper_____

Teamsters (Ind.)________________________
Papermakers and Paperworkers; and 5 other
AFL-CIO unions.

Controlling instru- Electrical Workers (IUE)..
ments.
Paper___________ Pulp and Sulphite Workers

I-A 4 Chevrolet dealers (Chicago, 111.)____________________________ Retail trade.
I-A 4 General sales agreement (Los Angeles, Calif.)--------------------------- Retail trade.
I-A 4 Independent manufacturers of dolls and stuffed toys (New York, Toys_____
N.Y.).
Inspiration Consolidated Copper Co. (Inspiration, Ariz.)------------------- Mining____

1.000

1,10'’
1,100
2,000

1,850
1,300
1,000

Machinists__
Retail Clerks.
Toy Workers..

2,000

1,700

Steelworkers 2.

1,050

Kelly-Springfield Tire Co. (Cumberland, Md.)------Kennecott Copper Corp. (Arthur and Magna, Utah)
Kennecott Copper Corp. (Garfield, Utah)-----------Kennecott Copper Corp. (Bingham Canyon, Utah).
Kimberly-Clark Corp. (Niagara Falls, N.Y.)_____

Rubber______
Primary metals.
Primary metals
Mining______
Paper_______

Rubber Workers------------------Steelworkers 2---------------------Steelworkers----------------------Steelworkers2______________
Mine Workers, District 50 (Ind.)

1,800
1,300

Labor Negotiating Committees of the Chicago Area Employers

Fabricated metal
products.
Retail trade____
Utilities_______
Utilities_______
Retail trade____

Boilermakers----------------

1,650

Meatcutters____________
Electrical Workers (IBEW).
Electrical Workers (IBEW).
Teamsters (Ind.)____ ___

1,800
2,800
1,500

Carpenters_____________
Building Service Employees
Textile Workers Union------

2,000

Loblaw, Inc. (Upstate New York)----------------------------------Long Island Lighting Co----- ---------------------------- ----------Long Island Lighting Co., clerical employees______________
Lumber and Mill Employers Association (Alameda, Calif.)----Manufacturing Woodworkers Association (New York, N.Y.)---------Michigan Consolidated Gas Co. (Michigan)-----------------------------Midland Ross Corp., Industrial Rayon Division (Paynesville, Ohio)
See footnotes at end of table.

70

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Lumber.
Utilities
Textiles.

1,000
1,000

1,400

1,000
2,000

1,800

MAJOR AGREEMENTS

71

C om p a n y a n d lo c a tio n

I n d u str y

U n io n 1

N um b er
of
w orkers

( Tune 1967)

N a tio n a l A ssn, of D o ll M an u factu rers, In c . (N ew Y o rk , N . Y .) _______ .
N a tio n a l E lec tric a l C o n tra c to rs A ssociation, In c ., P u g e t S o u n d C h a p te r
(S eattle, W ash., area).
N a tio n a l T e a Co. (I n te r s ta te )_________ ____ ________ _________________
N ew Y o rk S h ip b u ild in g C o rp . (C a m d e n , N .J .j _____

T o y s . . . __________
C o n s tru c tio n _______

T o y W o r k e r s ... _______
E lectrical W orkers (IB E W )........
T e a m ste rs ( I n d .)__________
B o ilerm a k ers________

1.300
3,100

N ew Y o rk S ta te E l e c t r i c * G as C orp. (N ew Y o r k ) ...........

R e ta il tr a d e ________
T r a n s p o rta tio n
e q u ip m e n t.
U tilitie s ___________

E lectrical W orkers ( I B E W ) . . .

3,400

P h e lp s D o dge C o rp . (A rizo n a)................................
P u b lic Service E lec tric a n d G as Co. (N ew J e rs e y ).................................' " Z

P r im a r y m e ta ls ____
U tilitie s ___________

S teelw o rk ers 2______ ____
P lu m b e rs a n d P ip e fitte rs ____

1.700
1.700

R ad io C o rp . of A m erica (I n te r s ta te )............. ............... ........................................... .
R ad io C o rp . of A m erica, R C A V icto r H o m e In s tru m e n ts D iv is io n
(M onticello, In d .).
R ad io C o rp . of A m erica (H a rriso n a n d W oodbridge, N J . ) ..............................

E lectrical p ro d u c ts ..
E lectrical p r o d u c ts ..

E lectrical W orkers (IB E W )
C a rp e n te rs ____________

E le c tric a l p ro d u c ts ..

R aw ls B ros. C o n tra c to rs , In c ., Jac k so n v ille S h ip y a rd s (Jacksonville,
F la .).

T ra n s p o rta tio n
e q u ip m e n t.

R a d io C o m m u n ic a tio n s A ssem b lers U n io n , In c .
(In d .).
In d e p e n d e n t W orkers U n io n of F lo rid a ( I n d . ) . . .

3,000

Sherw in-W illiam s Co. (C hicago, 111)...................
S p e rry R a n d C o rp ., S p e rry G yroscope D iv isio n (G re a t N e ck ,

C h em ica ls_____ . . .
C o n tro llin g
in s tru m e n ts .
C o n tro llin g in stru m e n ts.
C h e m ic a ls_______
P rim a r y m e ta ls ____
T o y s _______________
T o b acco m a n u factu res.

O il, C h em ica l a n d A to m ic W orkers
E lectrical W orkers ( I U E ) .

1,050
4,600

N.Y.jl---

S p e rry R a n d C o rp ., S p e rry G yroscope D iv isio n , professional, tech n ical,
a n d salaried w o rk ers (G re a t N eck , N .Y .).
S te rlin g D ru g , In c ., W in th ro p L ab o ra to ries (R en sselaer, N .Y . ) ____
S to c k h a m V alves & F ittin g s , In c . (B irm in g h am , A la .)___________________
S tu ffed T o y M an u fac tu re rs A ssociation, In c . (N ew Y o rk , N .Y .) _________
J n o . H . S w is h e r * Son, In c . (Jack so n v ille, F l a .) _________________________

10,000
1.300

17,550
1,000

4,500

E le c tric a l W orkers ( U E ) . .

1,000

C h em ica l W orkers .
S tee lw o rk ers_______
T o y W orkers. . .
C ig a r M a k e rs___________

1,100
1,000
2,000

E lectrical W orkers (IB E W )
E lectrical W orkers (IB E W )

2,300
1,100

1,250

U n io n E le c tric C o. (M issouri, Illin o is, a n d Io w a )________________________
U n io n E le c tric C o., office, clerical, sales, a n d te c h n ica l jo b classifications
(M issouri, Illin o is, a n d Io w a ).
U n io n E lec tric C o., pow er p la n t e m ployees (M issouri, Illinois, a n d Iow a) —
U n ite d P a rc e l Service (N o rth e rn C alifo rn ia )_____________________________

U t i l i t i e s . . . . . _ . . . O p e ra tin g E n g in e e rs ..
T r u c k in g _______
_ T e a m s te rs ( I n d . ) . . ____

1,200

W holesale B ak e rs G ro u p (C a lifo rn ia )____________________________________
W isconsin E lec tric P o w e r C o. (W isconsin)_________________________ 11.111

F o o d p r o d u c t s .. . .
U tilitie s ____ _ . . .

2,000
1,000

U tilitie s ___. . . . .
U tilitie s . ____ . . .

T e a m s te rs ( I n d . ) . . .
E le c tric a l W orkers (IB E W )

1,000

J u ly 1967
A n a c o n d a A m e ric a n B ra ss C o. (K en o sh a, W is.)__________________
A n a co n d a C o. (A n aco n d a, M o n t.)__________________
A sso ciatio n of K n itte d F a b ric s M an u factu rers, In c . (N ew Y o rk , N . Ÿ . ) -

P r im a r y m e ta ls . _. _ S teelw o rk ers_____ _ . .
P r im a ry m e ta ls ____ S te e lw o rk e rs ..
T e x tile s ____________ L a d ie s’ G a rm e n t W orkers

1,500
1,350

B elle C ity M alleable Ir o n C o. a n d R ac in e Steel C astin g s C o. (R a cin e,
W is.).

P r im a r y m e ta ls ____

1,000

C ro w n Z ellerb ach C o rp . (B ogalusa, L a .) ____ _____________________

P a p e r . . . _ _ . . . _.

P a p e rm a k e rs a n d P a p e rw o rk e rs

1,300

D ia m o n d A lk a li C o. (P ain e sv ille , O h io )........... ........... ......... ...................

C h em icals__________

M ine W orkers, D is tric t 50 (In d .)

1,650

E a to n Y a le & T o w n e , In c ., A xle D iv isio n (C le v e lan d , O h io )______

T ra n s p o rta tio n
e q u ip m e n t.

M echanics E d u c a tio n a l S o c ie ty ____

1,950

F a irc h ild H ille r C o rp . (F arm in g d a le, N .Y . ) ____ ____________ ___________

T r a n s p o rta tio n
e q u ip m e n t.
C o n s tr u c tio n ____ _.

M a c h in is ts ________

_ ...

1,900

P a in te rs a n d P a p e rh a n g ers

2,800

M iscellaneous
p lastics.

E lec tric a l W orkers ( I U E ) ___

1,750

G ra p h ic A rts A ssociation of M ichigan, In c . (D e tro it, M ich., a re a ).

P r in tin g an d
p u b lish in g .

B o o k b in d e rs______ _ __

1,200

1-A 4 B e d d in g I n d u s tr y A g reem en t (Los A ngeles, C alif)
1-A 4 C o m m ercial J o b P r in tin g E m p lo y ers (Los A ngeles, C a’l if .) ..

F u r n itu r e . _______
P r in tin g a n d
p u b lish in g .
R e ta il tra d e
T ru c k in g ___ _____
T ru c k in g _______
C o n stru c tio n . _ . . .

U p h o ls te r e r s ... . ______
T y p o g rap h ica l U n io n ..
_____

1,200

R etail, W holesale a n d D e p a r tm e n t S tore U n io n .
T e a m s te rs (I n d .)_____
T e a m sters ( I n d .) ___ _____
B o ile rm a k e rs.. _ . . . . .
...

1,200

K n itte d A ccessories G ro u p , In c . (N e w Y o rk , N .Y .) ____ _______________ _

T e x tile s .. .

L a d ie s ’ G a rm e n t W orkers

1,000

L acled e G as Co. (S t. L o u is, M o.)________ ___________ ____ ______________

U tilitie s ._______ . . .

O il, C h em ical a n d A to m ic W orkers

1.450

F lo o r C o v erin g A ssociation of S o u th e rn C alif., In c .; F lo o r C ov erin g C o n ­
tra c to rs A ssociation, In c .; H a rb o r F lo o r C o v erin g I n s titu te , In c .; a n d
San G a b rie l V alley F lo o r C o v erin g A ssociation, In c . (S o u th ern C ali­
fo rn ia).
F o rm ic a C o rp . (C in c in n a ti a n d E v a n d a le , O h io )____________ ___________

1-A
1-A
1-A
1-A

4 M ajo r shoe ch ain stores (N ew Y o rk )_____________________________
4 M ilk T a n k H a u l A g reem en t, Zone 3 (In te rsta te )
.
-----4 M ilk T a n k H a u l A g reem en t, Zone 2 (N ew Y o rk a n d N e w J e r s e y ).
4 M issouri R iv e r B a s in E m p lo y e rs ( I n te r s ta te ) ____________________

___

A u to W orkers________

1,000

1,100

2.500
6.500
2,000

M o n tg o m ery W ard & C o., In c . (9 ag reem en ts in v ario u s lo catio n s)...............

R e ta il tr a d e ____

T e a m s te rs ( I n d . ) . . ______

16,100

P e n n F r u it C o., sto re o p eratio n s (P h ila d e lp h ia , P a ) _____________________
P h ila d e lp h ia F o o d S tore E m p lo y ers L a b o r C o u n cil (P e n n s y lv a n ia , N e w
J ersey , a n d D elaw are).

R e ta il tr a d e ___ _.
R e ta il tr a d e .. . . .

T e a m s te rs ( I n d .)___
R e ta il C le rk s. . . .
____

2,150
15.000

T u n g -S o l E lec tric , In c . (W eatherly a n d H azleto n , P a .) ___________________

E lec tric a l p r o d u c ts ..

E lec tric a l W orkers (I B E W ) ..

1.450

U n io n C a rb id e C o rp ., C hem icals D iv isio n (S o u th C h arlesto n , W. V a.)
U n ite d K n itw e a r M an u factu rers L eague, In c . (N ew Y o rk , N .Y . area)
U ta h - I d a h o S u g ar Co. (Id ah o , U ta h , a n d S o u th D a k o ta)

C h em icals____ . . .
T e x tile s. _____ . . .
F o o d p r o d u c ts _____

M ac h in is ts ____ . . . ____
L a d ie s’ G a rm e n t W orkers
G ra in M illers_______ . . . . _.

2,200

1 U n io n s affiliated w ith A F L -C IO except w h ere n o te d as in d e p e n d e n t
( I n d .).
2 F o rm e rly M ine, M ill a n d S m elter W orkers (In d .).


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3 In fo rm a tio n is from n e w sp ap er acc o u n t of se ttle m e n t.
4 I n d u s tr y area (g roup of co m p an ies signing sam e c o n tra c t).

10.000
1,600

Developments in
Industrial Relations*
s t r i k e s , s t r i k e t h r e a t s , and govern­
ment intervention highlighted labor developments
in April. A 3-day national trucking tieup, the first
on such a scale, ended on April 12, with tentative
agreement on a 3-year contract and the cessation of
a lockout of Teamsters by the 1,500-member Truck­
ing Employers, Inc. (T EI). After 137,000 mem­
bers of six shopcraft unions voted to strike against
the major railroads on April 12, Congress acted on
a request by President Johnson to add 20 days to
the 60-day strike moratorium imposed by the Kail­
way Labor Act. Meanwhile, 18,000 Conductors and
Brakemen reached an agreement with 66 railroads
on health and welfare issues, while negotiations
on wages continued. A 10-day restraining order
issued by a Federal Judge had barred a strike prior
to the settlement.
Intervention under the Taft-Hartley Act halted
a brief strike by nearly 5,000 Auto Workers at
Avco Corporation’s Lycoming Division in Strat­
ford, Conn. Acting on President Johnson’s request,
a Federal Judge issued an injunction providing
for an 80-day “cooling-off” period in the dispute.
The 18,000-member American Federation of
Television and Radio Artists (AFTRA) struck
the Nation’s major television and radio networks
for 2 weeks in April. The walkout involved de­
mands by about 100 newsmen for improvements in
base pay and related provisions.
Another strike involved 50,000 Rubber Workers
and 3 major tire and rubber manufacturers,1 fol­
lowing expiration of the previous 2-year contracts.

L o o k o u ts,

♦Prepared in the Division of Wage Economics, Bureau of Labor
Statistics, on the basis of published material available in late
April.
1 Firestone Tire and Rubber Co., B. F. Goodrich Co., and Uni­
royal, Inc. The Rubber Workers’ agreement with the General
Tire and Rubber Co. was scheduled to expire on May 15, while
the agreement with Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co. was extended
on a day-to-day basis.
2 1966 and 1967 data are preliminary. See table E, p. 132 of
this issue for further details.
3 These carriers employ about half of the 450,000 Teamsters
subject to the national agreement.

72

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The strike began on April 21 and was still in
progress at the end of the month.
In California, a 3-year agreement capped efforts
by the AFL-CIO’s United Farm Workers’ Or­
ganizing Committee to win a contract at the
Di Giorgio Corp. The agreement was the largest
to date in the State’s grape-producing industry.
New York State replaced its Condon-Wadlin
Act with a new law governing State employees—a
legislative development that could influence other
States’ handling of public-employee disputes.
Idleness caused by strikes in March amounted to
1,490,000 man days or 0.12 percent of the esti­
mated total working time, compared with 0.11
percent in March 1966 and 0.16 percent in March
1965.2
Transportation

A tentative 3-year national master freight agree­
ment was reached on April 12 by the International
Brotherhood of Teamsters and Trucking Em­
ployers, Inc. (T E I), representing 1,500 of the Na­
tion’s trucking companies.3 The settlement was
preceded by a nationwide lockout—the first in the
industry—by carriers employing 200,000 Team­
sters. T E I had initiated the “defensive shutdown”
on April 8, after scattered strikes.
Terms of the settlement were valued in the press
at approximately 60y2 cents an hour over 3 years—
48 cents in wages and over 12 cents to improve such
supplementary benefits as holidays, vacations,
pensions, and health and welfare. The wage in­
crease included an 11-cent cost-of-living adjust­
ment due on the last day of the previous contract.
The cost-of-living escalator clause with two annual
reviews was continued, but with maximum in­
creases of 5 cents in each review. The wage in­
creases were 23 cents in the first year, 12 cents in
the second, and 13 cents in the third year of the
contract.
On April 27, the 80-man executive policy com­
mittee of T E I gave its final approval to the accord.
Teamster members voted on the pact, but an of­
ficial announcement of the outcome had not been
made by the end of the month. Press reports, how­
ever, forecast acceptance by a narrow margin.
The outcome was clouded by separate negotia­
tions between employers and Chicago area
Teamsters and members of an independent

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

Chicago truckdrivers union who were holding out
for terms more favorable than those specified in
the national agreement. Scattered strikes by the
Chicago drivers had led to a lockout by the city’s
trucking employers, which was still in progress at
the end of April. The Teamsters claimed that the
national settlement included an oral understand­
ing that superior terms achieved in Chicago would
be incorporated in the national agreement. The
union further maintained that its membership
ratification vote was predicated on the inclusion
of this “most-favored-Nation” agreement. TEI,
however, denied the existence of this understand in g.
After expiration of the Railway Labor Act’s
60-day cooling off period,4 a congressional resolu­
tion banned for 20 days, a nationwide strike set
for April 12 by 137,000 members of the six railroad
shop craft unions.5 On January 28, President
Johnson had appointed a 3-man presidential emer­
gency board 6 to avert a strike originally set for
February 13. Recommendations of the Board for a
2-year contract with a 5-percent wage increase in
the first year and a wage reopener in the second
plus an escrow fund to reduce job inequities were
accepted by the railroads but rejected by the
unions. The unions wanted a 2-year contract with
wage increases of 7 percent in the first year and
5 percent in the second, plus 15 cents an hour in
each year for skilled journeymen.
Another nationwide rail strike was averted when
66 railroads agreed to continue paying premiums
for health and welfare insurance for 18,000 mem­
bers of the independent Order of Railway Con­
ductors and Brakemen. While the parties were
negotiating on wages, the railroads notified the
union that health and welfare contributions of $23
‘ The 60-day moratorium ended on March 28, but the parties
had agreed to extend it another 15 days to April 12.
6 The unions were M achinists; Sheet Metal Workers ; Firemen
and O ilers; Boilermakers; Electrical Workers (IBEW) ; and the
Railway Carmen.
6Members of the board were David Ginsburg, Washington,
D.C., attorney; John W. McConnell, president of the University
of New Hampshire; and Frank J. Dugan, dean of the Graduate
School of Law, Georgetown University.
7The Travelers Insurance Company, which has the health and
welfare policy on railroad employees, had stated that the $23 a
month premium was not enough to pay for the benefits. Report­
edly, if the railroads did not raise the premium by an additional
$4.90 a month by March 31, the insurance coverage for employees
would have been ended by the insurance company.
8The union had sought to increase pay for all drivers to 50
percent of fares, rather than 45 percent during the first 6 months
of employment and 48 percent thereafter.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

73

a month7 would cease at midnight on March 31
if the wage and vacation offer was not accepted.
The railroads had offered a 16%-month contract
with a 5-percent wage increase retroactive to Au­
gust 12, 1966, and 3 weeks of vacation after 10
instead of 15 years of service. The union then
threatened to strike when the payments stopped.
At the request of the Alabama, Tennessee, and
Northern Railroad Co. and on behalf of the Car­
riers, Judge Richard B. Austin of Chicago issued
a temporary restraining order on March 30 against
the strike; the injunction was to last until April 11.
On April 3, however, the carriers agreed to resume
the health and welfare payments “for such bene­
fits as may be obtained for that amount.” The union
then agreed to continue bargaining, and the parties
asked Judge Austin to dissolve the restraining or­
der. Negotiations on health and welfare continued
separately from wage talks.
Agreement was reached in late March, between
the Switchmen’s Union and 26 Class I Railroads,
and the 16%-month contract covering 8,000 work­
ers was ratified in early April. The pact provided
a 5-percent wage increase retroactive to August 12,
1966. Other terms included improved vacations and
increased carrier contributions for health and wel­
fare, as well as the establishment of $2,000 life
insurance for switchmen retiring after April 1.
About 3,200 full- and part-time taxicab drivers
in Philadelphia were affected by a 2-year contract
negotiated in mid-April between Teamster Local
156 and the Yellow Cab Co. The contract, which
provided no wage increases,8improved supplemen­
tary benefits. Normal pensions (at age 65 after 20
years of service) were increased to $100 a month
(from $90) and were made available at age 62 to
employees with 25 years of service or at age 65 to
20-year employees retiring between the ages 60 and
65. The years of service required for disability
pensions were reduced to 20, from 30. Vacation
bonuses were increased $25 for all employees with
1 year of service, resulting in payments ranging
from $45 to $105.
The Standard Oil Co. of California reached
agreement with the Seafarers International on
April 3. The 2-year contract covered 3,200 em­
ployees, primarily field employees engaged in
laying and maintaining pipelines. Wages were in­
creased by 14 cents an hour retroactive to February
1, and by 4 percent in 1968. Other terms in-

74
eluded wage inequity adjustments; increased shift
differentials; increased company contributions to
medical-hospital insurance for dependents; pro­
visions for reopening negotiations 30 days after
contract acceptance on hospital-medical-dental
benefits; and the establishment of a program to
train employees for higher paying jobs.
The Electrical Workers (IBEW ) and the Bell
Telephone Co., of Pennsylvania, reached a 3-year
agreement, on March 23. The contract provided
wage increases ranging from $3.50 to $5.50 a week
for 7,800 traffic department employees throughout
the State and followed the Bell System pattern on
vacations, pensions, life insurance, health insur­
ance, and provision for wage bargaining after 18
months. The settlement was preceded by a 1-week
strike.
M etalworking

At a hearing on April 25, Judge William H.
Timbers issued an injunction under the TaftHartley Act barring a strike by 4,800 Auto Work­
ers at Avco Corp’s Lycoming Division in Strat­
ford, Conn. A temporary 10-day restraining order
previously issued by Judge Timbers halted a 2-day
strike at the plant. President Johnson had asked
for the injunction to provide for an 80-day cool­
ing off period under the Act “to remove a peril to
the national safety.” The struck plant produces
helicopter engines needed in Viet Nam. The walk­
out was sparked by failure to reach agreement on
a new contract to replace the one that expired on
April 15. Among the issues in dispute were wages,
a cost-of-living escalator clause, pensions, and
SUB benefits. The company denied a union charge
that it was planning to move its Stratford facility
to Charleston, S.C.
On April 10, agreement on 3-year contracts
ended a 2-month strike by 4,000 Auto Workers
and 200 Machinists at Fafnir Bearing Co.’s plant
in New Britain and Newington, Conn. The con­
tracts provided immediate wage increases of 10
and 13 cents for incentive and nonincentive em­
ployees, respectively, increases of 11 and 16 cents
in 1968, and 12 and 16 cents in 1969, revisions in
seniority rights (one of the chief issues in the
strike), and improvements in pensions and other
benefits. The company makes commercial and pre­
cision ball bearings.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1967

A strike which had lasted nearly 5 months ended
in late March when the AutoWorkers agreed with
Allis Chalmers on a 4-year contract for 1,300
workers in Pittsburgh, Pa., and 175 in Gadsden,
Ala. The agreement provided wage increases of 4
percent in the first year, and 3 percent in each of
the last 3 years. Skilled workers received an ad­
ditional 5-cent adjustment and a cost-of-living
escalator clause was added, with 5-cent limits on
increases during the first 3 years and a 6-cent
limit for the fourth year. Other terms included 2
additional holidays (bringing the total to 9)
and improvements in sick leave and vacation pro­
visions, including a $25 a week bonus for each week
of paid vacation. Insurance benefits were liberal­
ized and a provision was included to incorporate
any improvements in pensions and SUB benefits
negotiated at Allis Chalmers’ farm implement and
construction equipment plants.
Workers who had been steadily employed at
the plants between November 1964 and November
1966 would receive “special” payments of $500,
with prorated payments to those who were em­
ployed for only part of the period. The payments
were reimbursements for the 2-year wage freeze
the union had agreed to in order to aid plant mod­
ernization efforts. The Pittsburgh plant produces
electrical transformers while the Gadsden plant
manufactures regulators. The union had sought
a 1-year agreement whose expiration would co­
incide with other Allis-Chalmers locations, while
the company had offered a 3-year contract expiring
at the same time as those of the major electrical
manufacturers. The 4-year agreement was ex­
pected to bring a common expiration date for all
Allis-Chalmers contracts by 1970.
Some 1,500 foundry workers in Northern Cali­
fornia were affected by a 3-year contract between
the California Metal Trades Association and the
Molders. A 14-cent-an-hour wage increase was
effective March 1, with 11- to 15-cent-an-hour wage
increases in both the second and third years. The
Friday after Thanksgiving was added as a ninth
paid holiday, and the employers agreed to increase
their insurance contributions by 3 cents an hour.
A 17-day strike ended on March 19 when 2,500
Marine and Shipbuilding Workers accepted a 3year contract with the Alabama Drydock and
Shipbuilding Co. in Mobile, Ala. The contract pro­
vided a 7-cent hourly-wage increase retroactive

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

to March 2, 9 cents in March 1968, and 10 cents in
March 1969. Pay for work on holidays was in­
creased; 2,y2 instead of 2 weeks of paid vacation
were provided after 10 years of service, and the va­
cation was increased to 4 from 3y2 weeks after 25
years. The company’s pension contribution was
raised to 8 cents (from 5 cents) an hour; its share
of medical costs was increased to 60 percent (from
50); and the duration of sickness and accident
benefits ($50 a week) was increased to 26 weeks,
from 13.
Another shipbuilding strike by the Boiler­
makers against three facilities of Norfolk Ship­
building & Drydock Co. of Norfolk, Va., ended
after 11 days with agreement on a 3-year con­
tract on March 27. Covering 1,500 of a total of
2,000 workers, the agreement provided an immedi­
ate 6y2-percent wage increase and 3-percent in­
creases in both the second and third years. The
local union president said that the wage increases
plus improvements in supplementary benefits, in­
cluding an additional paid holiday and improved
insurance provisions, would total about 48 cents.
Bargaining under a reopening provision, Wag­
ner Electric Corp.9 of St. Louis and the Electrical
Workers (IUE) on April 2, agreed to a 3-year
contract that replaced one scheduled to expire
April 1, 1969. Wages were increased 38 to 47 cents
over the 3 years, with average increases of 17y2
cents effective April 3 and 12 cents effective in
both 1968 and 1969. Details of the improvements in
supplementary benefits were not reported. Holi­
days, vacations and pensions were not subject to
bargaining as they were covered by a separate 4year contract negotiated in 1965.
Agriculture and Food

In the California farming industry, a 1%-year
dispute was ended on April 1 when the Di Giorgio
Corp. and the AFL-CIO’s United Farm Workers
Organizing Committee agreed to a 3-year contract
covering more than 2,700 workers. A result of both
negotiation and arbitration, the agreement was the
largest with a major winegrower since the AFLCIO began its attempt to organize California farm
9 Wagner was in process of merging with Studebaker Corp.,
subject to final approval by stockholders at shareholders’ meet­
ings on May 10.
10See pages III and IV of this issue.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

75
workers in September 1965. (The Teamsters are
also currently seeking bargaining rights among
the 380,000 workers.)10 Terms included increases
in wages and minimum rates, paid vacations, the
establishment of a company-financed health and
welfare plan, and other benefits.
The arbitrators denied a “successor clause”
sought by the union. The clause would have bound
purchasers of any Di Giorgio lands to terms of
the contract and would have held Di Giorgio liable
if successors did not comply. The company was
reported to be selling some land to comply with
acreage limitations of the Federal Irrigation Act.
A 3-year contract covering more than 40,000
cannery workers throughout California was nego­
tiated by the Teamsters and the California Proc­
essors and Growers, Inc. Katified in mid-April,
the contract provided average hourly pay increases
of 12.5 cents, 11 cents and 13 cents effective on
March 1 of 1967, 1968, and 1969, respectively. The
night shift differential was increased to 10 cents
an hour from 5 cents and a 25-cent hourly pre­
mium was established for Saturday and Sunday
work.
Other terms included 4 weeks of paid vacation
after 15 instead of 20 years; a 25-cent (instead of
20) employer contribution to the pension fund,
effective March 1, 1969; major medical coverage
for regular employees; hospital-medical coverage
for dependents of seasonal workers; and 1 year of
health and welfare coverage for laid-off employees
for each year of service up to 10.
More than 4,000 members of the Oil, Chemical
and Atomic Workers employed at Corn Products
Co. plants at Argo and Pekin, 111.; North Kansas
City, Mo.; and Corpus Christi, Tex., received an
across-the-board wage increase of 13 cents an hour.
Five cents of the increase was retroactive to Jan­
uary 29,1967, with the other 8 cents to be effective
July 2, 1967. There were also increases up to 15
cents an hour for employees in 9 classifications,
and the average increase for all employees covered
by the contract was 18.532 cents an hour.
Following the lead of Armour and Co. and Wil­
son & Co., Inc., Oscar Mayer & Co., signed a 3year contract with the Meat Cutters on April 11.
The agreement covered more than 4,000 employees
at its Madison, Wis. and Davenport, Iowa plants.
The old contract was to expire August 31, 1967.

76
Terms of the new agreement, which was retroac­
tive to March 13, were reportedly similar to the
earlier settlements.11
Apparel and T extiles

February settlements under contract reopening
provisions resulted in 3-percent wage increases and
higher minimums retroactive to February 1 for
9,000 apparel workers in Philadelphia and 2,000
in Southern New Jersey. Three-year agreements
negotiated in January 1966 by the Ladies’ Garment
Workers with the Philadelphia Apparel Produc­
ers Association, the Fashion Apparel Manufac­
turers Association, and independent companies had
provided for negotiations on wages and minimum
rates if the cost of living increased and the Federal
minimum wage was raised. New minimums ranged
from $1.60 (instead of $1.50) an hour for floor
workers to $3.14 (instead of $3) for cutters. Mini­
mums were to be renegotiated in February 1968
when the Federal minimum wage was to increase,
and a reopener on wages was provided if the cost
of living increases above the December 1966 level.
(One agreement stipulated that an automatic wage
increase would be given if the cost of living in­
creases by 2 percent.)
Two southern textile manufacturers announced
general wage increases in March. About 1,000 em­
ployees of Opp and Micolas Mills in Opp, Ala.
received a 10-cent-an-hour wage increase (aver­
aging 5 percent) on February 1, and 300 employees
of South Carolina Cotton Mills in Orangeburg,
S.C. received a 5-percent increase retroactive to
January 30. The latter firm also participated in
the 1966 round of wage increases in the southern
textile industry. Earlier in 1967, Alamo Indus­
tries, Inc., had announced a 5-percent general wage
increase for 500 production workers in its Spartan­
burg, S.C., olefin fiber mill.12
Other M anufacturing

Local 1 of the Amalgamated Lithographers
representing 9,300 workers in New York City, an­
nounced on March 1 that a new contract had been
negotiated 14 months prior to the April 30, 1968,
expiration of their existing contract with the
Metropolitan Lithographers Association. Sched­
uled to expire in May 1970, the new pact raised
to $8 a week the $4 wage increase previously sched­


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JUNE 1967

uled for May 1,1967, and provided $7 increases on
May 1 of 1968 and 1969.
Edward Swayduck, president of the local, said
that the parties had agreed to early bargaining
because of the rise in the cost of living and because
of new technological developments which have
been accepted by the union.
In Denver, Colo., the Rubber Workers and the
Samsonite Corp. signed a 3-year contract cover­
ing 3,000 workers on March 13. Retroactive to the
March 1 termination date of the previous agree­
ment, the contract provided general wage increases
totaling 22 cents an hour, additional adjustments
for cleanup and inventory work during the annual
yearend shut down, and automatic wage progres­
sion increases every 6 months for all classifications.
Other terms included liberalized holiday and
vacation benefits; improved jury and pregnancy
leave; establishment of four hours reporting pay
and 2 hours call-back pay; 'and revisions in the
piece-work system, including a reduction in the
rate trial period to 30 from 90 days and provision
for earnings guarantees to workers when they are
unable to perform incentive work.
The Xerox Corp. of Rochester, N.Y. and Local
14A of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of
America, representing some 2,800 employees,
signed a 3-year agreement in March. The contract
was retroactive to March 20, and provided an im­
mediate 5-percent increase in wages and additional
5-percent increases in March of 1968 and 1969.
Shift differentials were increased and some skilled
tradesmen received further pay adjustments. Two
additional paid holidays were provided, one effec­
tive in 1967 and the other in 1969. An extended
disability plan and provisions for up to 6 days a
year of paid occasional absence were established.
Improvements were made in the vacation plan,
sickness and accident coverage, hospitalization and
major medical coverage, and the maximum life
insurance was raised to $25,000 from $15,000.
The Bata Shoe Co. of Belcamp, Md., in midApril announced a 15-cent pay increase for its
2,100 employees, with 5 cents effective immediately
and the balance in two steps by January 1969.
Hospitalization benefits were also improved effec­
tive April 10. The announcement was made shortly
11See M onthly Labor Review, May 1967, p. 61.
12See M onthly Labor Review, May 1967, p. 63.

77

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

after the United States Fourth Circuit Court of
Appeals had overturned an NLRB certification of
the United Shoeworkers as bargaining representa­
tive on the ground there were irregularities in an
April 1965 representation election. The union was
certified in July 1965, but the parties never nego­
tiated a contract. A union spokesman said the
court ruling would be appealed.
Services and Trade

Agreement with three major broadcasting net­
works 13 on April 10 ended a 2-week strike by the
American Federation of Television and Radio
Artists. The dispute had involved about 100 local
newscasters and announcers of network-owned sta­
tions in New York City, Chicago, and Los An­
geles, and had idled about 18,000 AFTRA mem­
bers as well as workers in related unions who
backed the strike. The 3-year pact increased base
weekly salaries of newscasters to $300, from $250,
plus $75 for each day worked in excess of 5 a week.
Previously there was no overtime pay requirement.
The newscasters also gained a “talent fee” provi­
sion under which they were to receive 25-percent
of payments made by sponsors each time the news­
caster’s picture or voice was broadcast. After the
“talent fee” payments to the newscaster exceed
$300, he was to receive the full amount of addi­
tional payments.14
Announcers, whose base weekly salary was $195,
received $10 salary increases retroactive to No­
vember 16, 1966, $5 in the second contract year,
and $10 in the third.
Members of the Hotel and Restaurant Em­
ployees ratified their first contract with the Horn
and Hardart Baking Co. in Philadelphia, Pa., on
April 5. In a March representation election, the
union had gained bargaining rights for 2,700 em­
ployees of the company, which operates cafeterias,
automats, and retail stores. The 3-year pact was
valued by the union at 25 to 30 cents; it included
an immediate 5-cent-an-hour wage increase for
waitresses, along with 4 cents in October 1968.
Seven-cent increases became effective for other
classifications on the same dates. Other terms in­
cluded sixth and seventh paid holidays; 3 weeks
of paid vacation after 10 instead of 15 years and 4
weeks after 20 instead of 25 years; establishment
of a pension plan providing monthly benefits after
25 years of service equal to 1 week’s salary; life
2,60-937 O—67—!—6


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

insurance equivalent to the employee’s annual sal­
ary ; and a health and welfare plan providing hos­
pital insurance, free eyeglasses, and sick benefits
for up to 13 weeks.
Construction

A 7-week walkout of 13,000 workers that had
affected installation, repair, and maintenance of
elevators throughout the Nation ended on March
23 when the International Union of Elevator Con­
structors reached agreement with the National
Electrical Manufacturers Institute, Inc. Some
firms, had resumed operations earlier, after agree­
ing to interim 6-percent wage increases to be effec­
tive until the national settlement.
Under the 5-year agreement, wage rates and
fringe benefits will be determined each year by
averaging the rates and benefits for the four high­
est building trades and crafts in each city.
The Builders Association of Chicago on April
20 announced settlements with the Laborers and
with the Cement Masons costing $1.07 and $1.05,
rfespectively, over 3 years. A total of 16,500 work­
ers were affected.
F or the Laborers, wage scales were to be raised
30 cents an hour on June 1, 1967, 32y2 cents on
June 1, 1968, and 30 cents on June 1, 1969. In ad­
dition, the employers agreed to increase their pen­
sion fund contributions by 5 cents an hour on June
1, 1967, and by 5 cents on June 1,1969. On June 1,
1968, another 4!/2 cents was to be allocated to pen­
sion or welfare funding.
The allocation of the Cement Masons package
between wages and benefi funds was reportedly
similar to that for the Laborers.
In the Eastern Massachusetts road building in­
dustry, the Operating Engineers and the New
England Road Builders Association in mid-March
agreed on a 3-year contract. Employees in some
intermediate classifications and all those in the
lowest rated jobs, such as oilers and apprentices,
received 85 cents in wages—20 cents on March 1,
1967, 10 cents on September 1, 1967, 20 cents on
March 1, 1968, 10 cents on September 1,1968, and
25 cents on March 1, 1969. All other workers re­
ceived $1.20 in wage increases—20, 15, 25, 20, and
40 cents on the corresponding dates. Effective
13 American Broadcasting Co., Columbia Broadcasting System,
and the National Broadcasting Co.
31These payments are distinct from sponsor payments to the
networks for the purchase of broadcast time.

■78
March 1, 1969, employer payments into both the
health and welfare and the pension funds were
increased by 5 cents, bringing the total payments
to 27.5 and 30 cents, respectively.
This settlement was similar to an earlier one the
Operating Engineers had negotiated with the
Building Trades Employer’s Association for
building construction in the same area. Together,
the agreements cover a total of 4,000 workers.
In Wisconsin, the Carpenters and the Madison
Employers Council signed a 3-year, $1.10-an-hour
package agreement for 2,400 workers. A 25-cent
wage increase effective April 1, brought the scale
to $4.50. The March settlement also allocated part
of the package for welfare and pension programs.
On April 3, the Associated General Contractors,
Connecticut Chapter, and the New England Road
Builders Association agreed to a 5-year, $2.40-anhour package settlement with the Operating Engi­
neers, ending a 3-day strike. The contract covered
4,000 building and heavy-highway construction
workers throughout the State. Wage scales were
increased by 15 cents an hour effective immediately
and by 15, 20, 25, 25, 25, 25, 20, 25 and 20 cents at
succeeding 6-months intervals, with the last in­
crease effective on October 1, 1971. The employer
contribution to the health and welfare fund was
increased to 20 cents (from 15); an additional 5
cents was to be contributed to either the pension
fund or the health and welfare fund beginning
April 1, 1968; and 15 cents an hour was allocated
for establishing a SUB fund, beginning October 1,
1967.
About 2,000 commercial plumbers and steamfitters in the Baton Rouge, La., area were affected
by an April settlement between the Plumbers
Union and the Industrial Contractors Association
and the Associated Mechanical Contractors. The
2-year agreement included wage increases of 40
cents an hour effective in April, 20 cents on Oc­
tober 1, 1967 and 20 cents on April 1, 1968. The
1 2 1/2 -cent employer contribution to the pension
fund was increased to l7y2 cents immediately, to
20 cents on April 1, 1968, and to 22i/£> cents on Oc­
tober 1, 1968. The package totaled 90 cents.
Government

New York City policemen and firemen as well
as clerical employees received pay increases. On


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JUNE 1967

April 7, the policemen and firemen ratified 27month contracts that provided a $500-a-year salary
increase retroactive to July 1, 1966 and a $400-ayear increase effective July 1, 1967. The 24,000
policemen were represented by the Patrolmen’s
Benevolent Association and the 10,500 firemen by
the Uniformed Firemen’s Association. Among the
reported terms were an extra $100 annually in
longevity pay after 10 years of service and an ad­
ditional $100 after 20 years; assumption of an in­
creased portion of pension costs by the city, retro­
active to January 1; and an additional day off a
year, effective after termination of the contract.
Prior to the settlement, base pay for employees
with 3 years of service was $8,483.
At the time of settlement policemen were pre­
paring to picket City Hall and the firemen were
taking a strike vote; they had already begun a
slowdown by refusing to perform nonemergency
duties.
In mid-March, Mayor John Y. Lindsay ap­
proved a personnel order which implemented
salary increases for city clerical workers resulting
from a December 1966 settlement with the State,
County, and Municipal Employees. Retroactive to
July 1, 1966, annual salaries were increased by
$225 to $375, with an additional $150 or $200 for
employees with 1 year’s service in their job and
$75 or $100 for those with 6 months in their job.
Matching general and length of service increases
will become effective July 1,1967. Employees with
1 year in a job on July 1,1968, will receive $175 to
$350 and those with 6 months will receive $90 to
$175. For some jobs, the first and second increases
were made effective 6 months earlier.
Members of the Fraternal Order of Police and
the Cleveland Firefighters Union accepted a $760a-year salary increase offered by the city on March
2. Length of service increases were also provided,
ranging from $60 a year for men with 5 years of
service to $360 a year for 25-year men. About
3,300 workers were affected. The $760 was equiva­
lent to 10.7 percent of base salary for uniformed
firemen and policemen.
On March 22, the West Virginia State Road
Commission announced a 10-percent wage increase
effective April 1 for its 3,850 hourly employees.
Prior to the increase, hourly rates ranged from
$1.50 to $2.20.

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

State Legislation

On April 21, Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller
signed into law a substitute for New York State’s
controversial 20-year-old Condon-Wadlin Act, The
new law had been passed by the State legislature
on April 2, with the revised penalties for strikes
by public employees slated to go into effect on Sep­
tember 1, 1967. Emphasis under the new law was
shifted from penalizing individual government
employees for striking to penalizing the unions
involved. The punishment for a strike by a public
employee union would be a fine of $10,000 or 1
week’s dues, whichever is less, for every day the
union stays on strike.
The Condon-Wadlin Act made any public em­
ployee violating the strike ban subject to dis­
missal. If rehired, he was to remain on probation
for 5 years and was barred from pay increases for
3 years. This provision was replaced by a “flexible”
system of nonmandatory penalties against indi­
vidual strikers, ranging from reprimand to dis15Rights previously enjoyed by New York City employees.
16New York City employees would be exempt from the Board’s
jurisdiction, since the city already had similar machinery.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

79
missal. Under the revised law, a striking public
union can be deprived of its dues-checkoff privi­
leges for a maximum of 18 months.
The new law also guaranteed union organizing
and collective bargaining rights to all 600,000 em­
ployees in state, county, and municipal govern­
ments in New York.15 It established a State Public
Employment Relations Board to resolve repre­
sentation disputes and provide mediation and
factfinding assistance in disputes between public
employers and their employees.16
Penalties under the new law were to be imposed
by various procedures. The fines against unions
would be determined by the courts following a
successful suit by a State or local government, or
a citizen, proving that the union was responsible
for the strike. The courts or the new State Board
would decide on the dues checkoff penalty, and
the civil service board in the struck locality would
hold hearings on penalties against individuals.
Nebraska’s first minimum wage law was signed
in early March by Governor Norbert Tiemann.
The $1 an hour minimum w’as expected to affect
up to 28,000 wmrkers not already covered by the
Federal minimum.

Book Reviews
and Notes
Forward Look

The American Economy to 1975. By Clopper
Almon, Jr. New York, Harper & Row, Pub­
lishers, Inc., 1966. 169 pp. $9.50.
Projections 1970. Washington, U.S. Department
of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1966.
155 pp. (BLS Bulletin 1536.) $1, Superin­
tendent of Documents, Washington.
It would be difficult to exaggerate the impor­
tance of the two volumes under review. They
represent the culmination of years of effort to pro­
vide highly detailed long-range forecasts of the
American economy. The results will be of interest
not only to economists and public officials; they
can be used by those who must regularly cope with
the uncertainties of the market place.
To put the matter succinctly, Almon’s book is
superb. Almon earlier demonstrated his ability to
write abstruse papers for only the cognoscenti of
econometrics. The lucid prose of the'present vol­
ume, therefore, is all the more impressive. The
book was not written exclusively for professional
economists. Anyone familiar with the funda­
mentals of elementary statistics can follow
Almon’s presentation, and occasional use of math­
ematics can be skipped without loss of continuity.
“It would have been easy,” Almon notes, “to have
embedded the whole discussion in a fearful array
of formulas designed to make it look ‘sophisti­
cated.’ But the subject is too serious for such play.”
In the opening chapter Almon defines consistent
forecasting, discusses its uses in business planning,
and describes the steps involved in making a con­
sistent forecast. Later chapters cover consumer de­
mand, capital investment, exports and imports.
One chapter is devoted to the input-output model
and the projection of technical coefficients. An­
other deals with projections of the labor force,
productivity, and employment. There is a brief
mathematical appendix which describes how the
forecasts are generated. The forecasts themselves
80

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

are given in an 18-page master table. For those
who like capsule summaries, an excellent one is
provided.
The forecasts are obtained from a dynamic
model by the iterative solution of a system of equa­
tions. Projected output is determined by a matrix
of technical coefficients, a matrix of capital require­
ments per unit of output, and a vector of final
demands. Labor productivity in each sector is pro­
jected independently, and future employment is
derived from the projections of output and pro­
ductivity. Almon has calculated output-employ­
ment elasticities which can be used to adjust output
patterns if the projected level of employment is
raised or lowered slightly.
Like any forecast, this one is based on a set of
assumptions. One of these is that by 1975 there
will be a relaxation of world tensions and a reduc­
tion in defense spending. If this does not happen,
the forecasts will not be fully realized. But if there
is reason to change this assumption, new projec­
tions can be made quite easily. The time-consuming
labor of setting up the model will not have to be
repeated. It will only be necessary to change the
“bill of goods,” and new projections can be derived
in a matter of minutes. Similarly, if there are com­
pelling reasons for changing certain coefficients,
the necessary adjustments can be made with a min­
imum of effort.
It is impossible to summarize the projections in
the brief space allotted for a review. In general,
however, Almon’s forecast should be reassuring
to the business community and to public policy­
makers. Although employment is expected to
decline in a number of industries, because of con­
tinued gains in productivity, total output and em­
ployment will rise substantially. Output is ex­
pected to drop in only two sectors—ordinance and
aircraft—and this follows from the détente
assumption.
Almon does not pretend that he has said the
last word about consistent forecasting. In a short
final chapter he discusses deficiencies in existing
data, and possible modifications in the model.
There is a particular need, in his view, for im­
proved projections of investment and capital coef­
ficients which play a critical role in dynamic
models.
The second publication under review, Projec­
tions 1970, is the first major report of the Inter­
agency Growth Study Project which involves the

81

BOOK REVIEW S AND NOTES

Departments of Labor and Commerce, the Bureau
of the Budget, and the Council of Economic Ad­
visers. Although other matters are discussed—
including some methodological issues—the report
consists primarily of (1) a highly detailed discus­
sion of the components of final demand, and the
projection of these components to 1970, followed
by (2) projections of direct and indirect employ­
ment per billion dollars of delivery to final de­
mand, and a set of total civilian employment pro­
jections by interindustry sector.
In the final demand section there are four sets of
projections. Two are “basic'’ projections, one as­
suming 3-percent and the other 4-percent unem­
ployment in 1970. Two additional variants of the
4-percent unemployment projections are given. A
set of “high durables” projections assume contin­
uation of above-average spending on consumer
durables and fixed (nonresidential) investment.
And a set of “high services” projections assume
below-average spending on consumer durables and
fixed investment with offsetting increases in pri­
vate, State, and local spending on medical and edu­
cational services. Altering the assumptions has an
uneven impact on the sectoral projections. Some
industries will be significantly affected by the real­
ization of one or the other of the alternatives. In
other cases, it will matter relatively little whether
we have a high durables or a high services econ­
omy in 1970.
There is one set of projected interindustry em­
ployment relationships associated with the final
demand projections of the basic 4-percent unem­
ployment model. The complete details are given
for 82 sectors, and there is a condensed table which
shows the distribution of indirect employment per
billion dollars of delivery to final demand by nine
major industry groups. In the latter, manufactur­
ing is further subdivided into durables and non­
durables. There is also a set of projections of
total civilian employment by interindustry sector
with separate projections for eacli of the final de­
mand models.
It is conventional for reviewers, when favorably
impressed, to conclude with a list of superlatives.
Readers of such reviews are frequently justified in
applying at least a modest discount rate to the
praise. In the present case, however, it is true that
the volumes reviewed represent major contribu­
tions to the literature of economics. They report
the results of pioneering analytical efforts. And

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they provide a badly needed bridge between aca­
demic and government research centers, and the
board rooms or offices where business decisions are
made.
— W il l ia m H. M ie r n y k
Director, Regional Research Institute
West Virginia University

Scholars Against the Establishm ent

Challenges to Collective Bargaining—The Amer­
ican Assembly. Edited by Lloyd Ulman.
Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, Inc.,
1967.192 pp. $4.95.
The American Assembly has faithfully adhered
to its purposes of presenting a topic intended “to
support discussion. . . . and to evoke considera­
tion by the general public.” The supporting series
of papers, all prepared by recognized authorities in
the field of labor-management relations, illus­
trates that scholarship when employed against the
complacency toward and the acceptance of estab­
lished doctrines or institutions can be very stimu­
lating reading.
Arnold R. Weber grapples with the problem
of accommodating local needs in collective bar­
gaining without undermining its essential market
and power components; Jack Steiber indicates
how bargaining structure must be changed in the
public sector and discusses the impact of these
changes on private sector bargaining. These writ­
ers are succeeded by Ray Marshall who, in his
topic of minority group training and employment,
emphasizes that such pressure-packed issues of
preferential treatment, testing, and seniority can­
not be faced solely within the traditional bargain­
ing structure but must be faced up to by outside
organizations. Robert Tilove further expands the
influence of bargaining subjects by tracing the im­
pact of pension, health, and welfare programs on
the cost and organization of medical care, in which
both employers and unions jointly act as an orga­
nizing force for all consumers of these services.
Benjamin Aaron chides the lawmakers for su­
perimposing upon a national labor policy of “free"
collective bargaining such a comprehensive and
bewildering array of restrictive legislation. He
goes on to chart the inconsistencies, overlaps, and
gaps in our present labor laws. Melvin Rothbaum
concludes that our wage and price policy should
emphasize order rather than absolute price stabil-

82

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JUNE 1967

ity and argues convincingly for greater participa­
tion by interested groups in the development of
such a program.
A. H. Raskin foresees an expansionist role for
government in labor-management relations,
grounded in increasing public irritation over crip­
pling strikes and inflationary settlements. John
Dunlop counters that much of the criticism of col­
lective bargaining stems, in part, from a public
misconception of its purposes and from the new
purposes and new standards of performance which
are presently demanded from a process not orig­
inally instituted for their attainment.
The papers have been skillfully edited by Lloyd
Ulman, who in a scholarly introduction has criti­
cally analyzed these issues in their historical
context.
—J o h n R. A bersold
Professor of In dustrial Relations
W harton School of Finance and Commerce

H istory Lesson

The First New Deal. By Raymond Moley with
Eliot A. Rosen. New York, Harcourt, Brace &
World, Inc. 1966. 577 pp. $12.50.
All of a sudden the “New Economics” was with
us in the mid-1960’s. This new awareness came
about because of the public myth that the country
was operating under a free enterprise system. Ray
Moley was an important individual at that signifi­
cant point in time 30 years ago when the funda­
mental nature of the economy began to be changed.
He was basic to the new policy determination and
implementation.
In the preface Moley emphasizes that he intends
to present his “story,” rather than a comprehensive
history of the 1933-35 period. By page 89, however,
the author and his associate clearly have given in
to their instincts by referring to themselves as his­
torians and offering historical analysis. Here is
one of the major failings of the book—straight re­
porting—of happenings begins to be mixed with
analysis. This is done many times, by rushing to
conclusions, arriving at fallacious conclusions, or
arguing against another author’s viewpoint for no
apparent reason.
The only time Professor Moley is totally correct
is in perceiving of and reacting to F.D.R.’s change
of course in 1935 and 1936. Roosevelt’s 1932 cam­
paign philosophically was quite similar to the
Hoover administration. There was a difference,

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though, and it was enough to boost Roosevelt into
the presidency. His relatively conservative posi­
tion continued until the next campaign. As Moley
sees it, the basic 1933 objective was to raise the
confidence of the people. He obviously missed the
point that confidence was raised through the activ­
ities of the government. And, as he saw the ac­
tivities of the government continuing into other
fields, he held to his convictions and got out. His
book shows this to have happened at a time when
John Keynes was becoming influential, as Moley
himself saw.
Moley is credited with forming and leading
F.D.R.’s original “Brain Trust,” a group of
talented individuals who acted as an advisory team
to the President. For all this accreditation, The
First Nera Deal reveals serious flaws in judgment
of individual situations. For example, he says,
“Men of stature realize that membership in the
Cabinet is a transitory and empty honor, if
prominence in the press can be called honor.” It
is difficult to accept this statement as a generality
without even considering the numerous individuals
who have taken stature into Cabinet jobs and
emerged with even more stature.
The heavy documentation and extensive research
which went into the book relied on Mr. Moley’s
diaries and files along with research findings from
other collections, files, libraries, and so on.
The section dealing with the London Economic
Conference is well done and helps elucidate that
infamous episode. Other sections, too, are com­
mendable, but these are mostly restricted to
Moley’s presentation of situations and not analysis.
—E

dward

D. U n g er

E conomic Development A dm inistration

Summaries of Recent Books
The Front-Line Managers Problem-Solver. By
James Menzies Black and Virginia Todd
Black. Netv York, McGraw-Hill Book Co.,
1967. 292 pp. $7.95.
This is a companion volume to the authors’
Front-Line Management and, like that manual,
offers a direct, low-key approach to human rela­
tions and industrial relations problems. Each
“How To” chapter sets up one specific problem
often faced by a supervisor and offers concrete,
down-to-earth suggestions for coping with the
situation. The difficulties discussed cover every

BOOK REVIEW S AND NOTES

variety of managerial headache, from choosing
subordinates, eliminating backbiting, helping the
alcoholic employee, organizing for plant fire pro­
tection, handling grievances, and cutting overtime
costs, to preparing and delivering a speech. Each
chapter ends with a checklist of recommended ac­
tions and attitudes.
Proceedings of New York University Nineteenth
Annual Conference on Labor. Edited by
Thomas G. S. Christensen. Washington,
Bureau of National Affairs, 1967. xii, 444 pp.
$14.50.
As in previous years, the choice of topics for the
annual conference of New York University Insti­
tute of Labor Relations was based upon issues
with present and future implications which would
lend themselves to multilateral consideration.
One session was devoted to questions which
have assumed new importance and are concerned
basically with the duty to bargain collectively.
Among papers in this group were “The Duty to
Bargain in the absence of Certification” and
“Mandatory Bargaining Issues and Demands for
Information.”
The timely subject of labor relations in public
and nonprofit employment was discussed. Atten­
tion was centered on school and municipal employ­
ment, Federal Employment, and hospitals and
other nonprofit organizations. Recent and pro­
posed legislation has brought new problems to the
field of labor and personnel relations. Some of the
vital areas involved were treated by papers on
Medicare and its effect on privately bargained
plans, pension plan funding, the first year of Title
V II of the Civil Rights Act, and the Equal Pay
Act.
The conference also probed measures to expedite
and improve grievance and arbitration procedures
and examined varied and complex problems of
collective bargaining in business reorganizations.

,

Politics Economics, and the Public: Policy Out­
comes in the American States. By Thomas R.
Dye, Chicago, Rand McNally & Co., 1966.
(American Politics Research Series.) 314 pp.
State political systems vary in their expendi­
tures on education, welfare, highways, taxation,
and the regulation of public morality. In this
study, these variations and the factors causing the


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

83
variations are positioned in a model for analyzing
policy outcomes. Relationships between socio­
economic variables, characteristics of the political
system, and policy outcomes in the 50 States are
studied in an attempt to determine whether
political systems affect policy outcomes when
socioeconomic variables are controlled. Variations
in expenditures on education are found to be close­
ly related to differences in wealth, and level of
economic development is more directly associated
with welfare benefits than with health care bene­
fits. The study ends with a qualification of the find­
ings and some reflections on policy research.
Democratic Socialism—A Short Survey. By Giles
Radice. New York, Frederick A. Praeger,
Inc., 1966. 164 pp., bibliography. (American
edition.) $4.
Mr. Radice’s treatise on modern socialism is but
a very brief survey of a very broad subject—the
origin and development of socialism in the 19th
century, its differentation into revolutionary and
evolutionary movements, its participation in gov­
ernment, and its goals and means. But the book
is more than a mere historical review: It is an argu­
ment for the principles of present-day socialism,
democratic and independent of Marxian ties, a
statement of position as well as of tasks ahead of
the movement.
Democracy is emphasized in this work as a
pillar of modern society, and revolution is re­
jected in favor of lawful action as a means toward
the end. “A Socialist,” says the author, “is a per­
son who believes in equality and freedom, and in
the conscious, directed organization of political,
economic, and social machinery to change society
in accordance with these ideals.”
Control of the economy (but not State owner­
ship), social services and redistributive taxation,
democratic government, the role of trade unions
and cooperatives in society—these and other is­
sues provide the basic components of the program
of democratic socialism discussed by Mr. Radice.
The problems engendered by affluence and techno­
logical progress of Western countries, the difficul­
ties of international relations particularly the
questions of peace and disarmament), and the
building of new societies in the underdeveloped
parts of the world receive the author’s full atten­
tion as the areas of challenge to socialism today.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JUNE 1967

84

Other Recent Publications
Education and Training

(

Higher Education Amendments of 1966 P.L. 89752). {In Health, Education, and Welfare
Indicators, U.S. Department of Health, Edu­
cation, and Welfare, Washington, February
1967, pp. 7-14. 45 cents, Superintendent of
Documents, Washington.)
A Look Ahead in Education. By Felix Morley.
{In Nation’s Business, Washington, April
1967, pp. 27-28.)

Community Health Impact of the Space Industry.
By H. A. Tyroler, M.D. {In Archives of En­
vironmental Health, Chicago, February 1967,
pp. 246-257. $1.25.)
The Effect of Health and Safety Legislation on
Occupational Medicine. By Irving R. Tabershaw, M.D. {In Journal of Occupational
Medicine, New York, March 1967, pp. 111114. $1.50, Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc.,
Hoeber Medical Division, New York.)

Computers in Higher Education. Report of the
President’s Science Advisory Committee.
Washington, 1967. vi, 79 pp. 30 cents, Super­
intendent of Documents, Washington.

Management's Role in Mental Health: A Program
for Mental Illness in Industry. By S. C.
Franco, M.D. {In Journal of Occupational
Medicine, New York, March 1967, pp. 91-95.
$1.50, Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc., Hoeber
Medical Division, New York.)

Vocational Agriculture Enrollment and Farm
Employment Opportunities. By James D.
Cowhig and Calvin L. Beale. {In Southwest­
ern Social Science Quarterly, Austin, Tex.,
March 1967, pp. 413-423.)

The Effect of Medicare on Retiree Health Insur­
ance. By David A. Weeks. {In Conference
Board Record, National Industrial Confer­
ence Board, New York, January 1967, pp.
13-24.)

What Do Employers Think About On-the-Job
Training? By Edward Koziara and Karen
Koziara. {In Management of Personnel Quar­
terly, University of Michigan, Bureau of In ­
dustrial Relations, Ann Arbor, Winter 1967,
pp. 22-25.)

Industrial Relations

Video-Sonic Instructional Techniques for Train­
ing Personnel. By Walton N. Hershfield. {In
Personnel Journal, Swarthmore, Pa., Febru­
ary 1967, pp. 109-111. 75 cents.)

,

,

Careers Counseling and the Curriculum. By
Harold L. Wilensky. {In Journal of Human
Resources: Education, Manpower, and Wel­
fare Policies, University of Wisconsin Press,
Madison, Wis., Winter 1967, pp. 19-40. $2.)
H ealth and Safety

Selected Family Characteristics and Health Meas­
ures Reported in the Health Intervieio Sur­
vey. Washington, U.S. Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare, Public Health Serv­
ice, 1967. 26 pp. (Vital and Health Statistics
Analytical Studies; PHS Publication No.
1000-Series 3, No. 7.) 25 cents, Superintend­
ent of Documents, Washington.


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,

Preemption Predictability and Progress in Labor
Law. By Clarence M. Updegraff. Iowa City,
University of Iowa, College of Business Ad­
ministration, Center for Labor and Manage­
ment, 1967. 46 pp. (Monograph Series, 5.)

,

The Idea of Industrial Democracy in America
1915-1935. By Milton Derber. {In Labor His­
tory, Tamiment Institute, New York, Winter
1967, pp. 3-29. $2.)

Bargaining Gains: Reviere and Preview. By
Rudolph Oswald and Ralph D. Scott, {In
American Federationist, AFL-CIO, Wash­
ington, March 1967, pp. 12-17.)
Symposium on Productivity Bargaining. {In
British Journal of Industrial Relations, Lon­
don School of Economics and Political Sci­
ence, London, March 1967, pp. 1-62. $2.80.)
The Application of iLP re-Activity' in the Avoid­
ance of Crisis Bargaining. By Matthew- A.
Kelly. {In Labor Law Journal, Chicago, Jan­
uary 1967, pp. 47-56. $1.35.)

BOOK REVIEW S AND NOTES

Collective Bargaining in an Altered Environment.
(In Labor Gazette, Canada Department of
Labor, Ottawa, March 1967, pp. 171-172,182.
50 cents, Queen’s Printer, Ottawa.)
Rumbles From the Rank and File. By A. H.
Raskin. (In Challenge: The Magazine of
Economic Affairs, New York, March-April
1967, pp. 28-30,46. $1.)
Outstanding Books on Industrial Relations, 1966.
Princeton, N.J., Princeton University, Indus­
trial Relations Section, March 1967. 4 pp.
(Selected References 134.) 40 cents.
Some Problems icith Section 10 (jj). By Paul A.
Brinker. (In Labor Law Journal, Chicago,
March 1967, pp. 145-148. $1.35.)
Labor Relations Legislation in 1966 \JJanadal\. (In
Labor Gazette, Canada Department of Labor,
Ottawa, February 1967, pp. 99-109. 50 cents,
Queen’s Printer, Ottawa.)
The Strike Insurance Plan of the Railroad Indus­
try. By Vernon M. Briggs, Jr. (In Industrial
Relations: A Journal of Economy & Society,
University of California, Institute of Indus­
trial Relations, Berkeley, February 1967, pp.
205-212. $1.50.)
New Perspectives on Management's Reserved
Rights. By Paul Prasow and Edward Peters.
(In Labor Law’ Journal, Chicago, January
1967, pp. 3-14. $1.35.)
Labor Force

Making Sense of Federal Manpower Policy. By
Sar A. Levitan and Garth L. Mangum. Joint
publication of the Institute of Labor and In ­
dustrial Relations, University of Michigan—
Wayne State University and the National
Manpower Policy Task Force, 1967. 42 pp.
(Policy Papers in Human Resources and In ­
dustrial Relations, 2.) $1.25, Publications Of­
fice, Institute of Labor and Industrial Rela­
tions, Ann Arbor, Mich.
Study of Migratory Labor. Report of the Commit­
tee on Rules and Administration to accom­
pany S. Res. 44. Washington, U.S. Senate,
1967. 7 pp. (S. Rept. 51, 90th Cong., 1st sess.)


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85
The Migratory, Farm Labor Problem in the United
States. 1967 report of the Committee on Labor
and Public Welfare, U.S. Senate, prepared by
Subcommittee on Migratory Labor pursuant
to S. Res. 188. Washington, 1967. 73 pp. (S.
Rept. 71,90th Cong., 1st sess.)
Geographic Labor Mobility in the United States:
Recent Findings. (In Social Security Bulletin,
U.S. Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare, Social Security Administration,
Washington, March 1967, pp. 14-20, 55. 25
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Wash­
ington.)
Employment for the Handicapped: A Guide for
the Disabled, Their Families, and Their
Counselors. By Julietta K. Arthur. Nashville,
Tenn., Abingdon Press, 1967. 272 pp. $5.95.
Freedom of Employment and Maintenance of
Public Services: A Study of Obligatory Serv­
ice for Dentists in Norway. By Jon Rud. (In
International Labor Review’, Geneva, January-February 1967, pp. 78-95. 60 cents.
Distributed in United States by Washington
Branch of ILO.)
A Study of the Re-employment and Unemploy­
ment Experiences of Scientists and Engineers
Laid Off From 62 Aerospace and Electronics
Firms in the San Francisco Bay Area During
1963-65. By R. P. Loomba (for Office of
Manpower Policy, Evaluation, and Research,
U.S. Department of Labor). San Jose, Calif.,
San Jose State College, Center for Interdis­
ciplinary Studies, 1967. 137 pp., bibliography.
Scientists in Organizations: Productive Climates
for Research and Development. By Donald C.
Pelz and Frank M. Andrews. New York, John
Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1966. 318 pp., bibli­
ography. $10.
The Service Economy. (In OECD Observer, Or­
ganization for Economic Cooperation and
Development, Paris, February 1967, pp. 3-5.
50 cents. Distributed in United States by
OECD Publications Center, Washington.)
Farm Labor: Shortage or Surplus? By Lamar B.
Jones. (In SoutliAvestern Social Science Quar­
terly, Austin, Tex., March 1967, pp. 401-412.)

86

The Neio Nonprofessional. By Frank Riessman
and others. {In American Child, New York,
Winter 1967, entire issue. 50 cents.)
The Health Manpo wer Gap: A High Hurdle. By
Neal H. Rosenthal. {In Occupational Outlook
Quarterly, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau
of Labor Statistics, Washington, February
1967, pp. 1-5. 35 cents, Superintendent of
Documents, Washington.)
Job Enlargement—In the Shop; In the Manage­
ment Function. By Paul A. Stewart. Iowa
City, University of Iowa, College of Business
Administration, Center for Labor and Man­
agement, 1967. 64 pp., bibliography. (Mono­
graph Series, 3.)
Labor Organizations

Organizational Problems of Government Em­
ployee Unions. By Harry A. Donoian. {In
Labor Law Journal, Chicago, March 1967,
pp. 137-144. $1.35.)
Attitude of Retail Workers Toward Union Or­
ganization. By Irving Brotslaw. {In Labor
Law Journal, Chicago, March 1967, pp. 149171. $1.35.)
Union Discipline and Public Revieic. By Steven
Wechsler. {In Industrial and Labor Relations
Forum, Cornell University, New York State
School of Industrial and Labor Relations,
Ithaca, N.Y., February 1967, pp. 229-251,
bibliography.)
Responsible Self-Government in British Trade
Unions. By R. W. Rideout. (/ n British Jour­
nal of Industrial Relations, London School of
Economics and Political Science, London,
March 1967, pp. 74-86. $2.80.)
Personnel Administration

Performance Appraisal—A New Look. By Edgar
F. Huse. {In Personnel Administration,
Washington, March-April 1967, pp. 3-5,
16-18. $1.25.)
Changing Patterns of Leadership. By John Paul
Jones. {In Personnel, American Management

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1967

Association, New York, March-April 1967,
pp. 8-15. $1.75 ; $1.25 to AMA members.)
The Supervisor’s Role in Counseling. By M. E.
Knowles. {In Training and Development
Journal, American Society for Training and
Development, Madison, Wis., April 1967, pp.
50-54. $1.75.)
Ten Ways to Beat the Executive Shortage. {In
Business Management, Greenwich, Conn.,
February 1967, pp. 32-42. $1.)
Productivity and Technological Change

The Future of Automatic Data Processing. By
Isaac D. Nehama. {In Perspectives in Defense
Management, Industrial College of the Armed
Forces, Washington, February 1967, pp.
19-25.)
Automation and the Personnel Manager. By Julius
Rezler. {In Advanced Management Journal,
Society for Advancement of Management,
New York, January 1967, pp. 76-81. $2.50; $2
to Society members.)
Computers Serving You. By Alan Adams. {In
IUD Agenda, Industrial Union Department,
AFL-CIO, Washington, March 1967, pp.
25-30. 35 cents.)
The Computer: Engine of the Eighties. By James
H. Binger. {In Advanced Management Jour­
nal, Society for Advancement of Management,
New York, January 1967, pp. 21-27. $2.50; $2
to Society members.)
A Systems Approach to Adjustments of Technical
Change. By Solomon Barkin. {In Labor Law
Journal, Chicago, January 1967, pp. 29-38.
$1.35.)
Social Security

The Statutory Language of Labor Dispute Dis­
qualification in State Employment Security
Laics. By Williard A. Lewis. {In Political
Science Quarterly, Academy of Political Sci­
ence, New York, March 1967, pp. 72-87. $2.)
The Two Functions of Public Welfare: Income
Maintenance and Social Services. By Davis
McEntire and Joanne Haworth. (In Social

87

BOOK REVIEW S AND NOTES

Work, Albany, N.Y., January 1967, pp. 22-31.
$1.75.)

dustrial Relations, 1967. 29 pp. (Reprint 294;
from Three Banks Review, December 1966.)

A Symposium: Negative Income Tax Proposals.
By Christopher Green and Robert Lampman,
George Hildebrand, Earl Rolph. (In Indus­
trial Relations: A Journal of Economy &
Society, University of California, Institute
of Industrial Relations, Berkeley, February
1967, pp. 121-165. $1.50.)

A Fair Day’s Pay. By Billy E. Goetz. (In Ad­
vanced Management Journal, Society for
Advancement of Management, New York,
January 1967, pp. 46-50. $2.50; $2 to Society
members.)

The Guaranteed Minimum Income: Social Work''s
Challenge and Opportunity. By Alan D.
Wade. (In Social Work, Albany, N.Y., Janu­
ary 1967, pp. 94-101. $1.75.)

Wage Chronology: Firestone Tire and Rubber Co.
and B. F. Goodrich Co. (Akron Plants),
1937-66. Washington, U.S. Department of
Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1967. 36
pp. (Bulletin 1484.) 30 cents, Superintendent
of Documents, Washington.

Benefits Under the RUIA in 1965-66—Parts I and
II. (In Monthly Review, U.S. Railroad Re­
tirement Board, Chicago, January 1967, pp.
2-5, 9 and February 1967, pp. 6-9.)

Area Wage Survey: The St. Louis, Mo.-III.. Met­
ropolitan Area, October 1966. Washington,
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1967. 35 pp. (Bulletin 1530-27.) 30
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Wash­
ington. Other recent bulletins in this series
include the metropolitan areas of Fort Worth,
Tex.; Youngstown-Warren, Ohio; Baltimore,
Md.; Miami, F la.; Denver, Colo.; Salt Lake
City, Utah; Trenton, N .J.; Philadelphia, P a N.J. (Bulletins 1530-28 through 1530-35.)
Various prices and pages.

Unemployment Insurance Coverage for Farm­
workers. By Robert C. Goodwin. (In Unem­
ployment Insurance Review, U.S. Department
of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security,
Washington, January 1967, pp. 1-10. 30 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.)

Wage Chronology: International Paper Company,
Southern Kraft Division, 1937-67. Washing­
ton, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1967. 23 pp. (Bulletin 1534.)
25 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.

The Goal of Full Employment. By Robert Theo­
bald. (In The New Republic, Washington,
March 11,1967, pp. 15-18. 35 cents.)
Guaranteed Annual Incomes. By Leon H. Keyser­
ling. (In The New Republic, Washington,
March 18, 1967, pp. 20-23. 35 cents.)

Wages and Hours

Differentials in Hourly Earnings by Region and
City Size, 1959. By Victor R. Fuchs. New
York, National Bureau of Economic Re­
search, 1967. 50 pp. (Occasional Paper 101.)
$1, Columbia University Press, New York.
Wage Inequity and Job Performance: An Experi­
mental Study. By I. R. Andrews. (In Journal
of Applied Psychology, Washington, Feb­
ruary 1967, pp. 39-45. $2.)

Employee Earnings and Hours in Retail Trade,
June 1965. By Joseph Iv. Cocco and Harry A.
Donoian. Washington, U.S. Department of
Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1967. 89
pp. (Bulletin 1501.) 50 cents, Superintendent
of Documents, Washington.
Labor Costs in tlte Common Market. By Arthur
D. Butler. (In Industrial Relations: A Jour­
nal of Economy & Society, University of
California, Institute of Industrial Relations,
Berkeley, February 1967, pp. 166-183. $1.50.)
M iscellaneous

Guideposts and Norms: Contrasts in U.S. and
U.K. Wage Policy. By D. J. Robertson. Berke­
ley, University of California, Institute of In
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Report of the [Congressional] Joint Economic
Committee on the January 1967 Economic

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1967

88

Report of the President Together With State­
ment of Committee Agreement, Minority and
Other Views. Washington, 1967. 107 pp. (S.
Kept, 73,90th Cong., 1st sess.) 35 cents, Super­
intendent of Documents, Washington.
Annual Report of the U.S. Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare for 1966. Washing­
ton, 1967. x, 262 pp. 75 cents, Superintendent
of Documents, Washington.
Microeconomic Analysis. By Cliff Lloyd. Homewood, 111., Richard D. Irwin, Inc., 1967. 273
pp. (Irwin Series in Economics) $10.50.
Industrial Skills. By W. Douglas Seymour. New
York, Pitman Publishing Corp., 1966. 401 pp.,
bibliography. $10.
The Changing Duties of Today:s Foreman. By
Alton Johnson, Gerald E. Kahler, Richard
B. Peterson. (In Management of Personnel
Quarterly, University of Michigan, Bureau
of Industrial Relations, Ann Arbor, Winter
1967, pp. 42-45.)
Production: Management and Manufacturing
Systems. By Thomas R. Hoffman. Belmont,
Calif., Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc., 1967.
355 pp. $12.65.
Hiring Costs: Some Survey Findings. By John
G. Myers. (In Conference Board Record, Na­
tional Industrial Conference Board, New
York, January 1967. pp. 33-42.)
Peasantry in Revolution. By Mehmet Beqiraj.
Ithaca, N.Y., Cornell University, Center for
International Studies, 1966. 119 pp. (Cornell
Research Papers in International Studies, 5.)
$2.50.


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Housing Construction Policies and Teclinigues in
the United States. By Peter Blake. (In OECD
Observer, Organization for Economic Coop­
eration and Development, Paris, February
1967, pp. 15-18, 30-33. 50 cents. Distributed
in United States by OECD Publications Cen­
ter, Washington.)
Seminar on Manpower Policy and Program:
Challenges in Sustaining Prosperity. By
Arthur M. Okun. Washington, U.S. Depart­
ment of Labor, Office of Manpower Policy,
Evaluation, and Research, 1967. 33 pp.
Publications of the U.S. Department of Labor—
Subject Listing 1961 to June 1966. Washing­
ton, U.S. Department of Labor, Office of In ­
formation, Publications, and Reports, 1967.
71 pp.
Annual Bibliography of Periodical Articles on
American Labor History, 1965. By Michael
Brook. (In Labor History, Tamiment Insti­
tute, New York, Winter 1967, pp. 71-86. $2.)
Principal Federal Statistical Programs. Reprint
from Special Analyses, Budget of the United
States, Fiscal Year 1968. (In Statistical Re­
porter, Bureau of the Budget, Office of Sta­
tistical Standards, Washington, February
1967, pp. 133-138.)
Japan s Labor Statistics. Tokyo, Japan Institute
of Labor, 1967. 178 pp. ¥1,500.
Yearbook of Labor Statistics. Geneva, Interna­
tional Labor Office, 1966. xxiii, 769 pp. In
English, French, and Spanish. $10, paper­
back.

Current Labor Statistics
TABLES

A.—Labor Force and Employment
91 A -l.
91 A-2.
92 A-3.
92 A-4.
93 A-5.
93 A-6.
94 A-9.
99 A-10.
103 A -ll.
103 A -l 2.
104 A -l 3.

Summary employment and unemployment estimates, by age and sex, seasonally adjusted
Seasonally adjusted rates of unemployment
Rates of unem ployment, by age and sex, seasonally adjusted
Employed persons, by age and sex, seasonally adjusted
Unemployed persons, by duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted
Full- and part-tim e status of the civilian labor force, not seasonally adjusted
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected groups, seasonally adjusted
Production workers in m anufacturing industries, by m ajor industry group, seasonally adjusted
Unemployment insurance and em ployment service program operations

B.—
105

B -l.

C.—]
C. —Earnings and Hours
108
120

C -l.
C-2.

121
121

C-3.
C-4.

122
124

C-5.
C-6.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers, by industry
Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production or nonproduction workers on private nonagri­
cultural payrolls in current and 1957-59 dollars 1
Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries
Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing, by m ajor in d u stry
group
Average weekly overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry
Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction activities

D.—
D. —Consumer and Wholesale Prices
125

D -l.

12G

D-2.

127
128
130
131

D -3.
D-4.
D-5.
D-6.

Consumer Price Index-—-U.S. city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers, all items,
groups, subgroups, and special groups of items
Consumer Price Index—U.S. city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers, selected groups,
subgroups, and special groups of items, seasonally adjusted
Consumer Price Index-—-U.S. and selected areas for urban wage earners and clerical workers
Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings
Indexes of wholesale prices, by stage of processing and durability of product

E.—
132

E - l.

1 Tables A 7 and A-8 appear quarterly in the February, May, A ugust, and Novem ber issues of the Review.
N ote : W ith the exceptions noted, the statistical series here from th e Bureau of Labor Statistics are described in B L S Handbook of Methods for Surveys
and Studies (BLS B ulletin 1458,1966).


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89

A Technical Note on Current Statistical Series

Hours and Earnings
for Nonagricultural Industries
I n recent years, the Bureau of Labor Statistics lias expanded its monthly
payroll survey to provide a more inclusive measure of hours and earnings.
Estimates of hours and earnings are now available for all production or nonsupervisory workers in private nonagricultural establishments. (See table
C-l.) The new data cover more than 44 million workers and relate to the hours
and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers in mining, construction,
manufacturing, trade, finance, insurance, and real estate (separate estimates
for these industries have been published for many years) and transportation
and public utilities, and services. Data for the Government division are
excluded from the estimates.
Hours and earnings series for some of the industries within the transporta­
tion and public utilities and services divisions have been published for a num­
ber of years. In early 1964, collection of payroll and man-hour data began for
most of the remaining unpublished industries. Increases in sample coverage
were gradually effected in those segments where the need was greatest. There
are currently two industry groups in the service division for which payroll
and man-hour information are not collected and one group which provides
payroll data only. These groups are made up of the nonprofit institutions and
organizations, which include private hospitals, private schools, and churches
as the largest components. Secondary sources were used to derive hours and
earnings for these industries. The most generally used sources were Employ­
ment and Wages, published by the Bureau of Employment Security, and
County Business Patterns, by the Bureau of the Census. The Hospital Guide,
Part II, a publication of the American Hospital Association, provided a basis
for the trend of earnings in hospitals, while special studies by the National
Council of Churches afforded a base for estimating earnings for certain cate­
gories of employees in churches. Comparisons with similar types of activities
in other industries supplied an additional check for reasonableness of the
averages derived. As a result, the estimates of hours and earnings in this group
of industries are reliable both as to level and trend. Except for these three
industries, which account for only 10 percent of the total being estimated, the
seven division hours and earnings series have been developed from data
collected monthly from a sample of establishments in all nonagricultural
activities throughout the country. At present this sample includes approxi­
mately 150,000 reporting units.
Current estimates of hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory
workers on private nonagricultural payrolls will be shown each month in
table C -l of this report. A detailed description of the series appears in the May
issue of Employment and Earnings.

90

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A.—LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT

91

A.—Labor Force and Employment
T able A -l.

Summary employment and unemployment estimates, by age and sex, seasonally adjusted
[In thousands]
1967

A nnual
average

1966

E m ploym ent status, age, and sex
Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

M ar.

1966

1965

80,189
76,740
73,910
3,890
70,020
2,830

79,959
76,523
73,747
3,855
69,892
2,776

80,443
77,025
74,137
3,890
70,247

80, 473
77, 087
74,255
4, 015
70,240
2,832

80,154
76,764
73,893
4, Oil
69,882
2,871

79,934
76,612
73,897
3,892
70, 005
2,715

79,360
76,081
73,199
3,779
69, 420
2,882

79,268
76, 039
73,195
3,886
69,309
2,844

79,247
76, 069
73,141
3,935
69,206
2,928

78,905 78,767 78,194 78,349 78,091
75,770 75,668 75,149 75,341 75,117
72,846 72,730 72,253 72,542 72,266
3,926 3,981 3,902 4,199 4,113
,749 68,351
68,920
,343 68,153
2,924 2,938 2,896 2,799 2,851

78. 893
75,770
72,895
3,979
68,915
2,875

77,178
74, 455
71, 088
4,361
66,726
3,366

48,033
45,140
44,092
2,870
41,222
1,048

47,921
45,047
44,010
2,795
41,215
1,037

48,081
45,222
44,236
2,875
41,361
986

48,591
45,239
44,227
2,861
41,366

47,842
44,987
43,898
2,884
41, 014
1,089

47, 604
44,797
43,711
2,807
40,904
1,086

47, 493
44,723
43,654
2,800
40,854
1,069

47, 465
44,736
43,655
2,875
40,780
1,081

47, 506
44,822
43,688
2,852
40,836
1,134

47,370
44,723
43, 577
2,846
40,731
1,146

47,437
44,787
43,667
2,894
40,773
1,119

47,115
44,857
43, 422
3,174
40, 246
1,435

C ivilian labor force.
25,023 24,862 25,071 25,221 25,139 25,145 24,884 24,938 24, 504 24,321 24,193 24, 081 24, 019 23,942 24, 427
Em ployed___________________ 24,002 23,834 24,057 24,128 24,167 24,278 23, 891 23,994 23, 556 23,422 23,271 23,142 23,139 23,070 23,507
684
712
A griculture___________ ___
628
636
645
652
690
631
735
675
625
702
729
663
593
N onagricultural industries.. 23,377 23,206 23,421 23, 426 23, 438 23,615 23, 298 23,349 22,904 22,738 22,581 22,511 22, 427 22,335 22,832
944
922
939
880
872
919
Unem ployed ________________
1,028 1,014 1, 093
972
948
899
867
993

23,687
22,630
748
21,882
1,056

July

June

M ay

Apr.

T otal
T otal labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . .
C ivilian labor force____________ ..
E m p lo y ed .__________________
A griculture____
_____
N onagricultural industries..
U nem ployed__________ ______

2,888

68

68

M e n , 20 Y ears and O ver
T otal labor force_________ ____ . . .
C ivilian labor force.. ____________
E m ployed _______________ .
A griculture _____________
N onagricultural industries..
U nem ployed___________ . . . .

1,012

47,376
44,759
43,615
2,854
40,761
1,144

47,278 47, 404
44,707 44,811
43,624 43,731
3, 035
40,736 40,696
1,083 1,080

2,888

47,297
44,769
43,617
2,974
40,643
1,152

W o m en , 20 Y ears and O ver

1,021

B oth Se x e s , 16-19 Y ears

6

C ivilian labor force_______________
, 577
Em ployed____ _______________ 5,816
A griculture_______________
395
N onagricultural industries.. 5,421
761
U nem ployed_________________

6,614
5,903
432
5,471
711

6,732
5,844
379
5,465

888

T able A-2.

6,627
5,900
452
5,448
727

6,638
5,828
398
5, 430
810

6,670
5,908
422
5,486
762

6

, 474
5,654
386
5,268
820

6,365
5,546
366
5,180
819

6,743

5,897
431
5,466
846

6,726
5,847
396
5,451
879

6,716
5, 844
437
5, 407
872

6,361
5,487
383
5,104
874

6,511
5,672
452
5,220
839

6,406
5,579
404
5,175
827

6

,557
5,721
410
5,310
836

5,910
5,036
439
4, 598
874

Seasonally adjusted rates of unemployment
[In thousands]
A nnual
average

1966

1967
Selected unem ploym ent rates
Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

M ar.

1966

3.7
2.2
4.3
11.0

3.7
2.4
3.9
12.2

3.5
2.4
3.4
11.4

3.8
2.4
4.0
12.7

3.7
2.4
3.8
12.9

3.8
2.5
3.9
12.5

3.9
2.6
3.7
13.1

3.9
2.6
3.8
13.0

3.9
2.4
3.9
13.7

3.7
2.4
3.7
12.9

3.8
2.6
3.6
12.9

3.8
2.5
3.8
12.7

4.5
3.2
4.5
14.8

3.3
7.1

3.3
6.6

3.3
7. 6

3.1
6.9

3.4
7.4

3.2
7.2

3.3
8.0

3.4
7.5

3.4
7.5

3.5
7.4

3.3
7.1

3.3
7.3

3.3
7.3

4.1
8.1

1.6
3.0
4.1
3.4
4.0

1.7
3.1
4.2
3.5
4.1

1.7
3.3
4.3
3.5
4.1

1.7
3.4
4.3
3.4
3.8

1.9
3.4
4.1
3.5
4.1

1.9
3.4
4.1
3.6
4.2

2.0
3.4
4.5
3.7
4.2

2.0
3.4
4.5
3.5
4.5

1.9
3.7
4.3
3.7
4.7

1.8
3.4
4.3
3.7
4.3

1.8
3.3
4.1
3.4
4.1

1.9
3.3
4.2
3.5
4.1

1.9
3.4
4.3
3.5
4.2

2.4
3.5
5.3
4.3
5.0

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

3.7
2.3
4.1
11.6

3.6
2.3
4.1
10.7

3.7
2.2
4.0
13.2

W hite w orkers.. . . . . .
N on w hite w orkers.. ______

3.3
7.3

3.1
7.4

M arried m en___________ _
____
Full-tim e workers____________ . . .
Blue-collar w orkers____
. _ ._
Experienced wage and salary workers.
Labor force tim e lo s t 1__________ _

1.9
3.3
4.6
3.4
4.0

1.7
3.1
4.2
3.4
4.1

T o tal (all civilian w orkers)___
M en, 20 years and over_______
W omen, 20 years and over_____
B oth sexes, 16-19 years______

Jan.

1 M an-hours lost b y the unem ployed and persons on p art tim e for economic reasons as a percent of potentially available labor force m an-hours.

Beginning in the March issue, the 1965 and 1966 statistics on the labor force were revised to
take account of the lower age limit change from 14 to 16 years of age. The 1967 data reflect all
the definitional changes which became effective in January 1967. (See the February 1967 E m ­
p l o y m e n t a n d Earnings a n d M o n th ly R e port on th e Labor Force, Vol. 13, No. 8.) Although
these data are not strictly comparable with those published prior to January 1967, they may be
treated by most users as continuing the previous series.


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1965

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JUNE 1967

92
T able A-3.

Rates of unemployment, by age and sex, seasonally adjusted
[In thousands]
A nnual
average

1966

1967
Age and sex
Apr.
T otal, 16 years and over_________
_ ----16 to 19 years_______
16 and 17 y e a rs... ________
18 and 19 years___________
20 to 24 years________________
25 years and over___ _ ____
25 to 54 years____________
55 years and over____ ____
Males, 16 years and over--------16 to 19 years__________ _ ---16 and 17 years___________
18 and 19 years___ ______
20 to 24 years________________
25 years and over----- -- --------25 to 54 years_____
___
55 years and o v e r.. . . . .
Females, 16 years and over____ „
16 to 19 years________ . . ----16 and 17 years_______ . . .
18 and 19 y e a rs... ----------20 to 24 years___
. .. ..
25 years and over------------------25 to 54 years____ _______
55 years and over--------. . .

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

Ju ly

June

M ay

Apr.

M ar.

1966

1965

3.7

3.6

3.7

3.7

3.7

3.5

3.8

3.7

3.8

3.9

3.9

3.9

3.7

3.8

3.8

4.5

11.6
14.8
10.9
5.1
2.6
2.7
2.5
3.0
11.8
16.8
10.8
4.0
2.1
2.0
2.6
4.9
11.3
12.0
11.0
6.6
3.6
3.9
2.4

10.7
12.0
9.8
5.4
2.6
2.6
2.5
2.9
10.1
11.3
9.0
4.2
2.1
2.0
2.4
4.9
11.6
13.1
10.7
6.9
3.6
3.9
2.8

13.2
16.4
11.0
5.2
2.5
2.6
2.2
3.0
12.6
14.8
10.3
3.6
2.0
1.9
2.2
5.1
13.9
18.7
11.7
7.3
3.5
3.7
2.1

11.0
13.1
9.5
5.6
2.6
2.6
2.9
2.9
11.1
13.9
8.8
4.2
2.0
1.8
2.8
5.0
10.8
11.9
10.2
7.4
3.8
4.0
3.3

12.2
13.8
10.8
5.6
2.6
2.5
2.5
3.2
12.2
13.8
10.8
5.3
2.1
2.0
2.3
4.7
12.2
13.7
10.7
6.1
3.5
3.6
3.0

11.4
12.9
10.6
5.0
2.5
2.5
2.4
3.0
10.5
11.5
9.7
4.9
2.2
2.1
2.4
4.4
12.6
14.9
11.5
5.2
3.1
3.4
2.3

12.7
14.7
11.4
5.4
2.6
2.7
2.5
3.1
11.7
14.1
9.9
4.3
2.1
2.1
2.1
5.0
13.9
15.7
13.0
6.9
3.5
3.8
3.1

12.9
14.8
11.2
5.2
2.6
2.6
2.5
3.1
12.3
14.1
10.2
4.3
2.2
2.1
2.6
4.8
13.6
15.8
12.2
6.5
3.3
3.6
2.3

12.5
14.2
11.3
5.4
2.7
2.7
2.6
3.2
10.9
12.5
9.7
4.7
2.3
2.2
2.7
5.0
14.6
16.8
13.0
6.4
3.4
3.7
2.3

13.1
14.9
11.9
4.7
2.8
2.7
2.7
3.3
11.7
13.3
10.5
3.7
2.5
2.2
3.0
4.9
14.9
17.3
13.5
6.1
3.3
3.6
2.3

13.0
15.0
11.9
5.6
2.6
2.7
2.5
3.3
11.8
13.5
10.9
4.8
2.3
2.2
2.8
5.0
14.5
17.2
13.0
6.5
3.3
3.6
2.1

13.7
16.8
11.8
5.4
2.5
2.6
3.0
3.2
12.6
15.8
10.6
4.8
2.1
1.9
3.3
5.1
15.2
18.3
13.1
6.3
3.4
3.9
2.5

12.9
15.2
11.5
5.2
2.5
2.5
2.5
3.1
11.3
13.0
10.1
4.4
2.2
2.0
2.8
4.8
14.9
18.7
13.1
6.3
3.2
3.5
2.0

12.9
15.9
10.8
5.3
2.6
2.6
2.7
3.3
12.0
14.7
9.9
5.0
2.3
2.1
2.8
4.7
14.1
17.9
11.7
5.8
3.3
3.5
2.4

12.7
14.8
11.3
5.3
2.6
2.6
2.6
3.2
11.7
13.7
10.2
4.6
2.2
2.1
2.7
4.8
14.1
16.6
12. 6
6.3
3.3
3.6
2.4

14.8
16.5
13.5
6.7
3.2
3.2
3.2
4.0
14.1
16.1
12.4
6.3
2.8
2.7
3.3
5.5
15.7
17.2
14.8
7.3
4.0
4.3
2.8

T able A-4.

Employed persons, by age and sex, seasonally adjusted
[In thousands]
A nnual
average

1966

1967
Age and sex
A pr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

A pr.

M ar.

1966

1965

73,910
5,816
2,346
3,470
8,418
59,650
46,295
13,360

73,747
5,903
2,478
3,465
8,348
59,516
46,391
13,224

74,137
5,844
2,399
3,495
,355
60,000
46,616
13,450

74,255
5,900
2,389
3,516
8,228
60,125
46,742
13,468

73,893
5,828
2,427
3,487
8,126
59,886
46,541
13,405

73,897
5,908
2,362
3, 537
8,062
59,925
46,399
13,544

73,199
5,654
2,233
3, 386
7,977
59,593
46,146
13,332

73,195
5,546
2,229
3, 304
7,916
59,761
46,119
13,417

73,141
5,897
2,311
3, 587
7,937
59,294
45,845
13, 394

72,846
5,847
2,277
3, 568
7,937
59, 056
45,739
13,243

72,730
5,844
2,264
3,543
7,993
58,875
45,698
13,249

72,253
5,487
2,135
3, 319
7,994
58,789
45,719
13, 079

72,542
5,672
2,230
3,440
7,971
58,870
45,713
13,144

72,266
5,579
2,204
3,409
7,907
58,797
45,721
13,132

72,895
5,721
2,269
3,452
7,963
59,212
45,944
13,268

71, 088
5,036
2,074
2,962
7,702
58,351
45,318
13, 033

47,273 47,358 47,475 47, 533 47,116 47, Oil 46,824 46,769 47, 036 46,917 46,960 46,736 47, 016 46,859 46,919
3,176 3,348 3,239 3, 306 3,218 3, 300 3,170 3,114 3,348 3,340 3, 345 3,112 3,285 3,242 3,252
1,351 1,512 1,444 1,453 1,463 1,451 1,369 1,347 1,405 1,399 1,406 1,288 1,389 1,367 1,390
1,825 1,854 1,852 1,867 1,802 1,858 1,790 1,778 1,934 1,930 1,910 1,789 1,891 1,883 1,862
4,771 4,762 4,812 4,721 4,588 4, 594 4,586 4,570 4,592 4, 575 4,607 4,599 4,615 4,640 4,599
39,306 39,276 39,474 39,493 39,259 39, 098 39, 085 39, 090 39, 087 39, 0C2 39, 005 39, 025 39, 099 39, 004 39,069
30,558 30,645 30,697 30,776 30,519 30, 331 30, 313 30, 302 30,311 30,264 30, 313 30,390 30,426 30,417 30, 378
, 731 8,605 8,639 8,618 8,691
, 738 8,715
, 767
, 805 8,741 8,748
8,717 8,670 8,777 8,758

46, 340
2,918
1,284
1,634
4,583
38,839
30,240
, 599

26,637 26,389 26,662 26,722 26,777 26,886 26, 375 26,426 26,105 25,929 25, 770 25,517 25,526 25,407 25, 976
2,640 2,555 2,605 2, 594 2,610 2,608 2,484 2,432 2,549 2, 507 2,499 2,375 2,387 2, 337 2,469
879
841
837
864
882
906
878
858
847
964
911
955
936
966
995
1,645 1,611 1,643 1,649 1,685 1,679 1,596 1,526 1,653 1,638 1,633 1,530 1,549 1,526 1,590
3,647 3, 586 3, 543 3,507 3, 538 3,468 3, 391 3,346 3,345 3, 362 3,386 3, 395 3,356 3,267 3,364
20,344 20,240 20,526 20,632 20,627 20,827 20,508 20,671 20, 207 20, 054 19,870 19,764 19, 771 19, 793 20,143
15,737 15,746 15,919 15,966 16, 022 16, 068 15,833 15,817 15, 534 15,475 15, 385 15, 329 15,287 15, 304 15,566
4, 643 4,554 4,673 4,710 4,638 4,739 4, 591 4,669 4,656 4,528 4,518 4,474 4,505 4,514 4,577

24, 748
2,118
790
1,328
3,119
19,512
15, 078
4,434

T otal
16 years and o v e r________________
16 to 19 years------- ---------------16 and 17 y e a rs...
__ _
18 and 19 y e ars.. .
. ..
20 to 24 y e a r s ------- -------------25 years and over ------ ------25 to 54 years____________
55 years and o v e r_______ .

8

M ale
16 years and over ----------------- _.
16 to 19 years____ ____ ____
16 and 17 years_____ ____
18 and 19 years___________
20 to 24 years____ - . . . _____
25 years and over
. . . ____
25 to 54 years_____ _____
55 years and o v e r________

8

8

8

8

8

F emale
16 years and over _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
16 to 19 years. . . . ------------16 and 17 y e a r s ___
18 and 19 years . . .
_. .
20 to 24 years____ _________
25 years and over . _____________
25 to 54 years__ ____ . ..
55 years and over _.
. .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

A.—LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT

T able A-5.

93

Unemployed persons, by duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted
[In thousands]
1967

1966

A nnual
average

D uration of unem ploym ent

Less th a n 5 w e e k s _______
5 to 14 weeks___________ . . .
15 weeks a nd o v e r... . . . .
15 to 26 weeks____ _ . _
27 weeks and over______ . .
15 weeks and over as a percent of
civilian labor force. _ _____ ____

T able A-6.

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

M ar.

1966

1965

1,468
900
436
251
185

1,408
986
560
354
206

1,678
771
439
249
190

1,542
787
485
282
203

1,562
760
496
269
227

1,397
789
484
287
197

1,493
900
517
293
224

1,523
831
493
291
202

1,576
891
462
254
208

1,592
882
446
228
218

1,653
816
486
263
223

1,604
854
538
262
276

1,536
667
590
333
257

1,494
796
583
316
267

1,535
804
536
245
241

1,628
983
755
404
351

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.7

.6

.6

.6

.6

.7

.8

.8

.7

1.0

Full- and part-time status of the civilian labor force, not seasonally adjusted
[In thousands]
1967

Full- and part-tim e em ploym ent status
April

March

1966

February

January

December

N ovember

A nnual average
October

1966

1965

F ull T ime
C ivilian labor force_____
.. . ..
Em ployed:
Full-tim e schedules 1 . . . . .
.. _
P a rt tim e for economic reasons_____
U nem ployed, looking for full-time w ork.
U nem ploym ent ra te .. ________ . ______

65, 640

65,425

65,445

65, 610

66, 205

66, 312

66,400

66,943

66,145

61,447
2,079
2,114
3.2

60,916
2,209
2,300
3.5

60,793
2,283
2,369
3.6

60,953
2,195
2,462
3.8

62, 285
1,875
2,045
3.1

62, 713
1,632
1,967
3.0

62,878
1,638
1,884
2.8

62, 734
1,894
2,315
3.5

61,144
2,209
2,792
4.2

P art T ime
C ivilian labor force. . . .
Em ployed (voluntary p art tim e)1___ . .
U nem ployed, looking for part-tim e w ork.
U nem ploym ent rate.
. ________ _____

10,471
9,920
551
5.3

10,088
9,433
655
6.5

10,246
9,432
814
7.9

9, 710
9,013
697
7.2

10, 047
9,439
608
6.1

10, 261
9,650
611
6.0

9,809
9,228
581
5.9

8,830
8,270
560
6.3

8, 310
7,735
575
6.9

1 Em ployed persons w ith a job b u t no t a t work are distributed proportionately
among the full- and part-tim e employed categories.
2 6 0 -9 3 7 0 - 6 7 - 7


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JUNE 1967

94

T able

A-9.

Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
[ I n th o u s a n d s ]
1966

1967

A nnual
average

In d u stry
Apr.
T o tal employees________________________

M ar.s

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

Ju ly

June

M ay

Apr.

1966

1965

65,028 64,604 64,286 64,334 65,904 65,389 65,190 64, 867 64,484 64, 274 64,563 63,465 62,928 63,864 60,770
649
645
630
628
645
590
632
637
609
614
628
631
609
625
88.6
87.7
85.3
84.4
87.3
87.8
85.9
83.6
85.5
85.7
85.9
86.1
87.5
86.7
26.4
26.4
25.8
26.4
25.5
25.7
24.6
25.7
25.3
26.0
26.0
25.8
26.5
26.1
33.2
33.0
31.9
32.3
31.9
32.7
32.4
32.6
32.7
32.8
30.1
33.0
32.2
33.2
141.3 142.7 142.8 143.3 142.9 143.7 142.7 142.5 139.5 142.2 140.7 104.3 139.0 141.8
95.8 130.6 132.0
133.4 134.5 134.9 135.3 134.9 135.7 134.7 134.3 131.9 134.1 132.2
268.5 269.4 274.6 278.6 276.9 277.4 281.0 289.7 289.6 288.1 281.0 281.2 282.6 288.1
148.5 148.5 148.6 148.9 149.6 150.2 153.3 156.6 156.9 155.1 151.7 151.9 152.6 156.0
120.0 120.9 126.0 129.7 127.3 127.2 127.7 133.1 132.7 133.0 129.3 129.3 130.0 131.4
112.1 110.0 111.3 117.6 121.7 123.9 126.2 127.8 127.8 126.9 122.5 119.9 120.6 118.3
41.4
44.4
44.3
37.5
40.7
42.8
43.8
41.2
41.0
37.0
42.0
43.8
42.3
38.2
39.3
42.4
42.5
34.3
41.9
41.2
39.4
37.0
40.5
39.8
42.2
39.3
34.5
33.7
3,105 2,895 2,841 2,925 3,128 3,310 3,449 3,525 3,641 3,623 3,521 3,277 3,156 3,281 3,181
950.6 940.0 971.8 1,038. 5 1,078.0 1,107. 3 1,125. 2 1,165.3 1,153.3 1,121.1 1, 037.1 1,014.6 1, 057. 1 997.6
521.7 499.7 511.9 572.7 '673.9 740.6 ' 758. 8 '781.5 ' 782.2 ' 756.8 ' 680.1 618.0 655.7 643.2
224.4 209.4 214.1 259.2 335.5 386.9 401.1 411.9 411.7 397.8 345.3 296.4 324.2 323.6
297.3 290.3 297.8 313.5 338.4 353. 7 357. 7 369.6 370. 5 359. 0 334.8 321.6 331.5 319.6
1,423.1 1,401. 5 1,441.3 1,516.5 1,558.1 1,601.3 1, 641.0 1, 694.0 1, 687.8 1,643.1 1, 559. 4 1, 523. 7 1, 568. 0 1, 540.6
620

M etal m inipg
Trort ores

_____
___________________

flnpl m ining
■Ritliminnus

_ __________
_ __________

C rude petroleum and n atu ral gas fields.
Q uarrying and nonm etallic m ining
Crushed and broken stone___________
_________ _______
Sand and gravel
C ontract c o n s t r u c t io n -----

---------

('l^-ppypl building contractors_______ ___
H eavy construction _ _________ ______
H ighw ay and street construction_____
Special trade contractors
____ ____
Plum bing, heating, and air conditioning
__ _____ __________
Painting, paperhanging, and decoM asonry, plastering, stone, and tile
Roofing and sheet metal work

M a n u fa c tu r in g ..

D urable goods_____________ ____ ____
N ondurable goods________ . . . ----Durable goods
O rdnance and accessories______________
A m m unition, except for small arm s___
Sighting and fire control equipm ent___
O ther ordnance and accessories........... .
L um ber and wood products, except
furniture-------- -----------------------------Logging cam ps and logging contractors.
Sawmills and planing m ills___ _______
M illw ork, plywood, and related products______________________________
Wooden containers__________________
Miscellaneous wood pro d u cts________
F u rn itu re and fixtures_________________
H ousehold fu rn itu re_________________
Office fu rn itu re____ _ ____________ .
Partitions; office and store fixtures____
O ther furniture and fixtures__________

355.7

358.6

364.4

369.2

374.8

377.8

380.3

383.6

384.6

376.7

366.3

363.8

371.2

365.5

111.6
239.2

105.9
240.2

107. 5
243.8

124.5
248.1

134.9
249.4

147.1
249.8

153.0
255.0

161.0
259.7

157.7
255.2

148.5
248. 5

137.3
238.6

130.3
235.6

138.1
244.0

142.3
231.8

200.2 190.2 194.0 207.0 215.7 228.9 238.2 255.7 253.4 248.9 236.6 231.0 230.4 237.6
97.9 105.2 112.4 116.5 117.7 117.1 118.7 117.8 115.1 107.6 106.8 111.4 110.0
101.9
19,088 19,159 19,196 19,233 19,430 19,522 19,538 19,533 19,391 19,123 19,258 18,906 18,774 19,081 18,032
11,250 11, 291 11,320 11,347 11,446 11, 480 11,470 11, 434 11,249 11.213 11,319 11,130 11, 039 11,186 10,386
7,838 7,868 7,876 7,886 7,984 8, 042 8,068 8, 099 8,142 7, 910 7,939 7, 776 7, 735 7,896 7, 645

59.0

283.0
209.0
15.8
58.2

281.4
207.8
15.4
58.2

277.5
204.4
15.0
58.1

271.3
198.6
15. 0
57.7

270.6
199.6
14.8
56.2

266.4
196.8
14.8
54.8

263.0
195.0
14.7
53.3

259.1
191.7
14.7
52.7

256.4
189. 5
14.6
52.3

254.9
189.2
14.1
51.6

251.8
188.3
13.7
49.8

247.8
187.3
13.5
47.0

255.8
190.7
14.1
51.0

226.0
172.7
12.4
40.9

591.4
__
237.3

587.5
89.9
235.3

585.2
92.1
234.6

585.9
92.8
234.4

593.2
93. 9
236.1

608.9
100.9
240.7

618.5
102.6
244.4

630.6
103.6
250.5

649.9
106.7
257.4

648. 5
106.2
256.5

653.5
106.6
259.0

626.4
94.8
251.3

617.6
88.5
251.3

621.8
96.8
249.0

610.1
89.0
250.8

150.2
35.7
77.3
446.6
319.4

149.4
35.6
77.3
450.8
321.7
35.1
46.4
47.6

147.4
35.6
75.5
453.8
324.7
[35.2
46.3
47.6
608.5
31. S
121.6
34.6
61.8
42.6

147.7
35.8
75.2
456.4
326.1
35.3
46.9
48.1

151.8
35. 3
76.1
465.7
334.1
35. Z
47.1
49.3 .
625.8
32.8
123.4
36. 2
64.9
42. 8

155.3
35.0
77.0
468.3
336.7
34.8
47.3
49.5

159.8
35.0
76.7
467.0
336.0
34.2
47. 0
49.8

164.5
35.1
76.9

171.4
36.5
77.9
466.5
335.1
33.7
48.6
49.1

172.5
36.1
77.2

173.1
36.9
77.9
458.4
330.3

167.6
36.3
76.4
450.5
326.2

166.5
35.4
75.9
447.2
326.0
2Q 9

164.3
35.4
76.3
456.2
329.5
32 8
46 1

162.7
34.4
73. 2
429.1
309.7
29.6
43.2
46.6
627.4
32.3
115.4
38.0
69.2
43.4

285.2
210.2

465.6
335.2
33 8
47 3
49.3
653.4
32 2
125!9

451.9
325.9

46.4
4 7 .8
46! 0
46! 5
47!0
48.7
612.7
621.0 613.4
Stone, clay, and glass products_________
661.3 661.6 658.4 647.8 641.7 641.3
639.3 644.3
32.6
32.4
32.8
32.4
32.3
33.2
F la t glass ________________ ______ _
32 4
32.8
32 9
33 1
122.3
Glass"and glassware, pressed or blow n. 122.9 121.8
126.3 125.2 125.6 123.1 120.3 122.6
124.8 124.3
35.1
35.2
37.6
36.6
38.3
Cem ent, hydraulic__________ ________
39.7
37.8
37.1
39.4
37.7
39.6
3 9 .0
62.0
64.2
62.9
69.1
67.9
Structural clay products_____________
66.6
71.5
69.8
71.1
69.5
72.5
72.7
42.3
43.4
42.3
44. C 44.2
P o ttery and related products . . .
43.9
43.5
43. 8
42.2
43.7
43.3
Concrete, gypsum, *and plaster prod170.7 165.4 162.3 164.4 170. 3 176.5 180.2 184.2 187.7 189.4 188.4 183.1 180.5 179.1 177.9
ucts______________________________
128.9 130.1 129.9 129.6 130. 9 132.2 132.9 134.1 136.3 136.3 132.1 132.1 132.7 132.5 129.2
O ther stone and m ineral products____
Prim ary m etal industries______________ 1,298.0 1,308.8 1,317. 5 1,327.6 1,326. 7 1,328.6 1,332.2 1, 344. 9 1,351.8 1, 353. 4 1,355. 7 1,329. 6 1,321.7 1,326. 4 1, 295.6
B last furnace and basic steel pro d u cts.. 629. C 633.3 633.5 637.6 638.0 643.3 649.4 ' 659. 7 669.8 676.9 673.4 656.4 649.1 649.2 656.8
Iron and steel foundries______________
226.9 229.2 234.8 239.0 236.7 236.7 236.4 236.6 237.8 236.7 239.1 235.8 235.9 236.0 226.2
79.6
73.8
80.1
80.2
77.6
81.4
80.6
Nonferrous smelting and refining_____
76.2
77.9
76.8
78.6
78.6
78.8
79.2
78.5
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and extru d in g _______________ . . . _______
205.1 208.1 209.9 211.0 212.1 211.3 211.4 212.0 209.2 206.5 207.0 205.9 205.8 207.7 194.4
89.0
80. 5
88.6
86.8
87.0
88.2
85.2
Nonferrous foundries________________
86.3
87.4
87.9
86.3
87.8
85.7
88.0
88.5
Miscellaneous p rim ary m etal indus71. 3
64. 0
71.3
70.9
69.1
70.6
70.4
tries______ ______________ . . ____
68.4
68.4
69.7
68.5
70.7
68.4
69.6
69.6
Fabricated m etal products______ _______ 1,352.6 1,355.1 1,362.0 1,367.9 1,382.8 1,387.5 1,379.7 1, 372. 5 1,360.9 1,339. 2 1,360.8 1,340. 7 1,337. 0 1,351. 5 1,268.3
62.1
62.8
63.5
65.2
M etal cans_________________ ______
62.0
61.5
65.9
66.0
61.8
64.0
60.9
63.6
62.9
61.8
C utlery, h a n d tools, and general hardrr
162.
5
163.4
160.7
161.2
w are__________ _________________
158.3 159.4 163.3 164.8 166.6 166.5 165.7 164. 4 160.2 155. i
H eating equipm ent and plum bing
7y. 5
79.4
80.2
79.9
79.6
fixtures_________________________
78.7
80.1
78.1
79. i
79. c
77.6
76. e
76.9
76.7
375. 5
F abricated stru ctu ral m etal products.
396.1 393.4 394.4 395.6 401.6 404.5 405.5 408.9 411.2 410.7 406.6 394.4 390.4 3 9 9 . 0
97.8
107.8
105.6
105.9
108.0
Screw m achine products, bolts, etc___
113.6 115.1 115.2 114.9 114.5 112.7 110.8 109.3 108.1 107.2
M etal stam pings____________________
239 4 240 4 244. 4 247.3 251.2 252.1 249.1 241.9 231.1 221.5 234.5 235.! 236.8 238. 4 221.3
76. 7
83.0
81.9
82.2
84.9
81.6
84.8
84.0
84.0
Coating, engraving, and allied services.
85.0
83.7
83.1
83.3
83. C 82.7
02, 3
67.3
66.0
66.0
67.9
67.5
68. 7
68.0
70.0
67.!
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products.
69.7
69.8
68.2
69.5
69.7
Miscellaneous fabricated m etal prodn
u cts________________________
154.4 154.7 155.8 153.6 152.5 152.2 150.! 153.0 151.9 1 151.4 1 151.2 140.3
153. 6 154.2 153.
See footnotes a t end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

A —LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT
T able

A-9.

95

Employees in non agricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1967

1966

Annual
average

Industry
Apr. 2 M ar.2 Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

1966

1965

M a n u fa c tu r in g — Continued

D urable goods —Continued

Machinery________ ________
1,941.8 1,943.9 1,939. 0 1,936. 7 1,926.9 1,899.9 1,897.1 1, 895. 3 1,891.1 1, 887. 5 1,882.0 1,855. 1,841.7 1,867. 7 1, 725. 8
Engines and turbines_________
101.2 101.4 100.. 101.2
99.7
94.5
88.4
98.6
99.1
98.4
94.7
96.
95. 2 95 5 90 1
Farm machinery and equipment........._
156.6 154. 5 152.4 149.8 145.6 143.8 143.9 143.9 145.2 148. 2 147.
147. 9 146 0 135 2
Construction and related m achinery... 276.1 276.1 275.9 277.3 279. 0 277.3 277.5 279.2 279.2 281.4 279.2 274.2 270.8 274.4 255.3
Metalworking machinery and equipm ent................. ........
347.4 347.9 347.2 346.0 343.9 340.0 337.4 338.8 334.5 334.8 335.1 329.2 327.8 332. 2 304 5
Special industry m ach in ery ____ _
203.5 204. 6 204.1 205.1 205.0 203.9 203.7 204.0 203.3 203.0 202.9 199.
198.1 201. 6 192 1
General industrial machinery___
286.6 283.7 284.4 287.8 287.2 284.5 282.3 281.0 280.8 280.5 279.6 275.0 273.1 278.0 259.0
Office, computing, and accounting
machines______________ _____ ___ 228.4 230.1 229.1 227.4 226.3 223.7 220.7 218.6 217.3 214.8 213.1 210. 2 208. 4 213. 8 189 5
Service industry machines__________
118.7 119.1 118.3 117.9 118.8 117.0 115.8 115.6 118.7 117.0 118.0 116.4 115.0 115. 7 112 7
Miscellaneous machinery______ ____
224.2 224.4 223.8 221.6 222.4 219.5 217.3 214.5 214.3 212.4 211.2 206.9 205.4 210.4 187. 5
Electrical equipment and supplies____ 1,921. 5 1,945. 7 1,960.9 1, 969.8 1,978. 9 1,980.9 1,981.5 1,958. 0 1,939.6 1, 887. 8 1,898. 4 1, 858.1 1, 842.8 1,892. 9 1,658.1
Electric distribution equipment______ 197.2 199.0 198.6 198.8 198.8 197.2 198.9 198.0 198.2 195.0 193.4 ’ 187. 1 185. 6 191 6 170 5
Electrical industrial apparatus..
221.2 223.3 224.7 225.3 219.9 216.9 220.6 218.7 219.8 216.6 215.8 206.9 908. 8 213.1 191 9
Household appliances.. ___
175.4 179.5 182.6 185.6 192.9 190.1 192.9 187.5 184.1 173.4 181. 6 184.1 181. 7 182.3 166 6
Electric lighting and wiring equipment. 190.2 189.2 191.7 193.9 194.6 193.6 195.4 194.7 192.8 190.1 193.4 190.6 188.7 190.6 172.3
Radio and TV receiving sets____
177.5 181.8 188.7 192.5 195.4 191.5 185.1 177.1 163.4 162.9 154.6 153. 2 169. 4 135 1
Communication equipment .
494.4 494.9 491.4 478.8 477. 0 485.5 480.9 478.3 476.6 468.4 465.8 458. 3 454. 2 464.9 416 8
Electronic components and accessories. 366.9 372.9 379.5 386.4 389.0 388.9 389.1 384.9 384.4 376.4 379.8 371.1 366.6 374.2 304.9
Miscellaneous electrical equipment and
supplies_______________
110.1 109.4 110.6 112.3 114.2 113.3 112.2 110.8 106.6 104.5 105.7 105.4 104.0 106.9 100.1
Transportation equipment. .
1,912.2 1,930.2 1,942. 7 1,947. 6 1, 991. 0 1,989.2 1,974.4 1, 953. 2 1,777.9 1,865. 3 1,921.1 1,910. 2 1,894. 7 1,905. 8 1,737.9
Motor vehicles and eq u ip m e n t____
813.0 836.9 849.1 858.5 891.6 898.1 891. 4 881.9 712.1 807.7 881. 2 ' 884. 3 ' 877.8 ' 862. 7 843 4
Aircraft and parts______
815.1 814.9 810.8 810.8 815.5 808.6 794.6 786.8 776.2 767.2 748.6 735.6 726. 6 755.6 625 2
Ship and boat building and repairing.. 168.7 165.7 170.7 169.9 170.6 165.7 170.8 166.7 171.3 173.1 170.9 171.9 173.2
171.7 158.8
Railroad equipment______
57.2
60.2
61.7
58.8
60.3
61.6
60.8
59.1
61.0
60. 0 59. 7 59. 2 59. 7
55 7
Other transportation equipment...........
55.5
48.2
51.6
53.3
58.0
58.2
55.2
56.8
56.8
60.4
58.7
56.1
57.9
54! 9
Instruments and related products ..
446.4 447.2 446.1 444.7 445.4 440.9 439.5 434.6 434.0 429.3 428.8 421.4 416.0 426. 5 386 8
Engineering and scientific instrum ents.
77.8
76.9
76.6
74.1
77.6
73.4
76.0
75.2
73.8
73.0
73.6
73.1
71.9
69Í8
Mechanical measuring and control
devices___________
105.6 106.0 106.2 107.3 108.0 107.8 107.6 107.4 107.3 107.1 106.6 103.9 103. 3 105.2
98 4
Optical and ophthalmic goods
50.5
50.9
50.6
50.6
50.6
50.0
50.7
49.6
49.1
47.6
48.6
48 9 45.4
48.8
48.7
Ophthalmic goods________
34.1
34.0
33.8
33.8
34.1
33.6
33.3
33.3
32.5
33.4
33. 3
33.4
33.5
31.0
Surgical, medical, and dental equipm ent_______
69.9
69.4
67.9
68.1
68.5
66.9
67.5
66.2
65.4
65.4
64. 7
65.1
57 2
63. 8 63.1
Photographic equipment and supplies.
101.6 101.7 101.3 102.0 101.4 100.8
99.1 100.2
99.0
97. 0 84.1
97.9
95.2
93.8
Watches and clocks.
41.5
40.1
41. 5 40.7
39.0
37.5
38.5
37.9
37. 1 31.9
36.8
37.6
36.6
35.2
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..
Jewelry, silverware, and plated w are...
Toys, amusement, and sporting goods.
Pens, pencils, office and art materials..
Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions.
Other manufacturing industries___
Musical instruments and parts___

432.9
50.4

174.7

425.0
50.6
107.7
35.9
56.0
174.8
26.6

422.8
50.1
104.4
36.0
56.7
175.6
27.4

420.0
50.1
102.0
35.7
56.0
176.2
27.1

438.7
50.6
115.5
36.2
57.8
178.6
27.9

466.3
50.7
138.0
36.4
59.6
181.6
27.8

469.8
50.1
141.4
36.4
59.7
182.2
27.8

463.2
48.9
138.6
36.4
58.7
180.6
27.4

456 6
48 7
182 2
86 5
59 6
179! 6
27.2

481 9
45 8
121 5
86 1
54 8
174.2
26.8

447.2
48. 6
125. 7
36. 2
58. 6
178.1
26.6

438. 5
48. 4
121.3
35. 5
57. 5
175.8
26.6

430. 9
48 5
114. 9
35 4
57 0
175.1
26.5

440. 2
48. 4
121.8
35. 7
57. 5
176.8
27.0

421 2
45 5
118 0
3.3 6
56 0
168! 1
24.6

N ondurable goods

Food and kindred products___
1, 690. 4 1, 692. 6 1,689. 5 1, 706.9 1, 760.8 1,801.9 1,838.0 1,881.0 1,897.1 1,806.8 1,751.4 1,683. 5 1,676. 0
Meat products______
314.5 318.2 318.6 321.4 329. 2 330.9 330. 0 327.9 ' 329. 7 326.8 319.9 '311.3 ' 307. 3
Dairy products______ .. .
273.1 270.4 269.0 269.7 271.3 272.2 275.2 279.8 289.0 291.1 288.1 279.8 278.1
Canned and preserved food, except
m eats.. ___________
232.4 229.9 234.9 254.5 285.2 323.9 380.5 381.9 304.9 256.1 227.4 230.4
Grain mill products___ _
123.1 123.1 122.5 122.8 123.1 121.7 124.4 125.5 127.1 128. 0 127.0 122. 5 120.9
Bakery products...........................
282.9 284.6 283.8 282.7 284.4 285.2 282.3 281.9 285.3 275. 5 285.2 279.1 278.9
Sugar____________________
30.2
45.6
39.9
33.3
52.0
49.2
33.8
30.4
30.0
30.6
30. 6 30. 9
Confectionery and related products___
72.4
71.3
84.7
75.1
73.9
84.0
80.2
77.8
69. 5 71.2
75.5
70.0
69.6
Beverages_____________ .
226.8 223.7 220.7 221.7 226. 0 228.3 230.8 233.6 238.7 241.2 234.8 225.1 221.7
Miscellaneous food and kindred products........................... ...
137.6 137.6 137.8 138.7 142.0 142.4 142.0 140. 2 139.3 139.4 139.1 137.7 138.2
Tobacco manufactures____________
92.1
75.3
77.1
88.3
81.4
91.5
94.8
94.8
88.2
74.8
73.8
75.6
73.8
Cigarettes___________________
39.8
39.9
39.8
39.5
39.7
39.7
39.8
39.4
40.0
38.7
38.6
39.7
Cigars___________________
22.1
22. 2 22.3
22.2
21.9
22.4
22.2
22.0
22. 7
22.7
21.0
22.6
Textile mill products_________________ 933.0 935.8 933.7 939.2 948.3 955.3 958.1 959.7 965.4 947. 5 964.9 951.8 947.6
Cotton broad woven fabrics.................
236.4 237.9 237.3 240.1 240.6 240.1 238.9 238.3 238.5 238.3 239.3 235.8 235.0
Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics.
95.9
93.2
95.2
94.4
93.7
95.7
95.8
96.2
96.7
95. 9 96. 2 94. 9 94.8
Weaving and finishing broad woolens..
42.1
43.3
43.0
42.7
43.0
42.0
42.6
43.8
45.0
45. 5 45.2
44. 8
45.4
Narrow fabrics and smallwares______
32.7
32.0
32.1
32.5
32.3
32.6
32.3
32.0
31.8
31.8
31.4
30.6
31.3
Knitting__ _____________
226.3 224.5 220.8 219.8 226.1 233.8 237.6 238.8 241.7 234.1 241.8 238.1 235.8
Finishing textiles, except wool and knit.
76.7
75.4
76.0
76.1
75.8
75.8
76.5
75.9
76.4
77.0
75.9
76.2
75.9
Floor covering......... .
43.3
41.9
42.4
42.9
43.4
43.5
43.1
42.6
39. 8 41.3
41.4
41. 4
Yarn and thread__
112.1 112.6 113.5 114.9 115.5 115.5 116.1 116.5 117.9 114.4 116. 7 114.6 113.8
Miscellaneous textile goods. ______
75.4
73.0
74.1
74.2
75.0
75.7
75.5
75.1
74.8
73.1
75.3
74.2
74.8
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1.760. 8 1, 752. 0
320.0 317. 3
279.3 286.3
276. 7
123.8
281.4
36. 7
75. 7
227.0

260. 6
125. 6
286.4
36. 3
76. 5

140.2

142.1

83.7
39.1
22.3

86.6
38.6
24.3

950. 7
237.3
95. 4

921.3
229. 2
91. 9

44.2

44.2

220.9

29.4
31.6
234.2 228.9
75.9
76.0
42. 1 40.9
115.1 109.0
71.9
74.9

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1967

96
T able

A-9.

Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
Annual
average

1966

1967
Industry
Apr .2 Mar.2 Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct,

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

1966

1965

M anufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods—Continued
A pparel and related products— .............. 1,367.6 1,393.0 1,405.8 1,389.8 1,402.1 1,418.9 1,420.7 1, 414. 2 1,422. 2 1, 353.1 1, 414.4 1, 396.9 1,380.4 1,395. 6 1,353.6
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats---------- 119.4 120.1 120.6 120.9 121.9 120.6 120.0 120.7 120.7 115.3 123.5 122.4 120.4 120.6 118.6
M en’s and boys’ furnishings--------------- 362.7 362.8 363.3 364.6 365.5 367.5 369.2 370.4 373.1 360.5 373.2 368.4 365.4 366.3 350.7
W om en’s, misses’, and jun io rs’ outer­
413.5 432.8 439.5 426.2 425.2 430.2 430.6 428.9 434.6 412.9 431.0 428.3 419.8 426.3 418.8
w ear_____________________________
W om en’s and children’s undergar­
127.2 127.9 128.4 127.1 129.7 132.1 131.7 130.0 128.8 120.4 126.9 124.9 124.8 126.3 121.0
m en ts____ _____________________
28.0
29.2
27.0
24.9
26.1
29.0
28.4
28.2
27.2
28.9
28.3
27.8
29.2
27.2
Ila ts, caps, and m illin ery ........................
80.4
82.3
78.4
81.5
80.5
78.1
78.5
80.4
80.3
83.6
79.5
81.0
80.4
79.2
77.7
Girls’ and children’s outerw ear...............
78.6
82.4
76.8
77.9
76.0
77.9
83.7
82.0
79.8
74.8
78.8
76.5
76.2
82.6
F u r goods and miscellaneous a p p arel.. . —
Miscellaneous fabricated textile prod­
u cts..................................... ..........- ........... 166.6 167.7 167.3 167.8 174.2 178.3 176.9 173.5 171.1 158.7 169.2 169.6 167.9 169.2 161.2

680.4
220.5
70.8

680.7
219.9
71.3

678.3
219.4
71.3

678.2
218.9
71.5

684.2
220.3
71.0

684.6
220.0
70.3

679.5
218.9
69.5

677.1
219.7
69.7

683.8
223.5
70.3

678.2
225.1
69.5

679. 0
223.2
69.4

661.4
216.8
68.4

659.4
215.7
68.0

670.7
218.8
69.3

640.0
213.0
67.3

175.6
213.5

175.7
213.8

174.4
213.2

173.8
214.0

175.7
217.2

176.0
218.3

175.0
216.1

173.7
214.0

175.3
214.7

171.4
212.2

172.3
214.1

167.0
209.2

167.6
208.1

170.7
211.9

159.3
200.4

030. 4 1, 026.8 1, 015.3 1,014.6 1,026. 2
Printing, publishing and allied industries. 1,063.0 1,064.1 1,057.0 1,051.2 1, 054.8 1,047.9 1,044.0 1,038. 2 1, 035.1 1, 354.1
353.7 350.7 352.3 353.8
362.8 361.6 359.9 358.3 361.2 359.5 358.4 356.8 353.3
Newspaper publishing and p rin tin g ---73.0
73.9
73.5
73.3
74.6
72.2
71.9
74.6
72.6
75.4
75.0
74.0
74.2
Periodical publishing and p rin tin g -----88.4
89.9
89.1
90.8
92.1
87.4
87.1
93.4
95.2
88.8
96.5
89.8
90.1
Books_________ ____ _____ ___________
326.2
327.3
325.5
335.2
330.5
334.9
323.9
322.5
338.8
326.7
335.3
336.3
333.3 332.6
Commercial printing___________ _____
54.9
56.5
56.3
56. 5 57.9
53.6
53.5
56.9
56.1
55.8
55.5
56.3
55.9
56.2
Bookbinding and related industries----O ther publishing and printing indus­
130.0
135.4
131.9
131.1
134.2
131.8
127.6
127.2
135.5
134.9
129.5
134.8
134.6
133.3
tries.--------- ------------ --------- — ...........

981.0
345.6
70.1
81.1
310.5
51.2

Paper and allied p ro d u cts............................
Paper and p u lp ................................ - .........
Paperboard_________________________
Converted paper and paperboard
products__________________________
Paperboard containers and boxes........ .

122.6

Chemicals and allied p roducts_________
Industrial chem icals............ — ................
Plastics m aterials and synthetics_____
D rugs........................... ............ .................. Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods...............
Paints, varnishes, and allied p ro d u c ts..
A gricultural c h em icals..................... .......
O ther chemical p ro d u c ts ........................

983.7
307.1
203.7
132.5
108.9
67.0
64.3
100.2

976.7
306.3
202.9
132.2
108.9
66.8
61.0
98.6

973.0
305.5
206.5
131.5
107.9
66.4
57.2
98.0

970.6
304.9
208.6
131.8
108.2
66.1
54.5
96.5

969.1
304.0
210.1
130.5
110.4
66.0
52.7
95.4

968.0
303.6
209.9
129.8
111.0
66.5
52.2
95.0

965. 4
301.2
209.8
128.9
112.2
66.6
52.5
94.2

968.2 976.9
304.5 307.2
212.2 215.1
128. 5 130.8
111.5 111.2
67.2
68.9
50.7
50.7
93.6
93.0

970.3
305.5
214.1
130.1
109.0
68.6
50.6
92.4

964.5
302.8
210.8
127.5
109.5
68.2
55.1
90.6

948.6
296.7
205.8
124.6
107.1
66.7
60.3
87.4

944.0
296.1
205.2
123.8
102.7
66.0
64.1
86.1

954.4
300.1
208. 5
126. 9
107.8
66. 7
54.6
89. 8

906.4
289.7
194.5
118.1
105.0
66.0
53.2
80.0

Petroleum refining and related industries.
Petroleum refining__________________
O ther petroleum and coal products.......

181.1
146. 7
34.4

179.2
146. 2
33.0

178.8
146.0
32.8

178.4
145.8
32.6

180.3
146.6
33.7

182.0
146.8
35.2

182.8
146.9
35.9

185.4
148.1
37.3

188.2
149.8
38.4

190.1
151.6
38.5

186.4
148.5
37.9

182.9
146.6
36.3

180.6
145.8
34.8

182.8
147.2
35.6

182.0
147.5
34.5

R ubber and miscellaneous plastic prod­
ucts............................................................
Tires and inner tu b es....................... .........
O ther rubber products...... ........................
Miscellaneous plastic pro d u cts...............

522.9
109.9
178.9
234.1

523.8
110.1
180.3
233.4

527.2
109.7
184.1
233.4

532.3
109.9
187.6
234.8

536.6
110.4
187.5
238.7

534.7
110.2
185.2
239.3

529.3
109.2
183.5
236.6

523.2
108.8
182.7
231.7

520.5
109.3
180.9
230.3

509.6
109.1
177.9
222.6

514.2
107.9
180.9
225. 4

505.4
106. 6
179. 7
219.1

502.0
105.1
177. 9
219. 0

513.4
107.6
180.9
224.9

471.5
101.8
172. 4
197. 4

Leather and leather p ro d u cts...................
Leather tanning and finishing.................
Footwear, except ru b b e r................... .......
O ther leather products............. ................
H andbags and personal leather goods.

340.4
30.1
223.0
87.3

345.0
30.3
226.1
88.6
35.1

351.2
30.6
231.2
89. 4
36.3

350.8
30.9
231.9
88.0
35.6

355.5
31.4
235.4
88.7
36.1

357.2
31.0
234.9
91.3
37.8

355.1
30.8
233.3
91.0
37.7

356.9
31.2
235.7
90.0
36.7

364.8
31.9
242.0
90.9
37.0

350.3
31.2
234.6
84.5
33.3

362.2
31.8
240.7
89.7
36.0

356.4
31. 5
237.0
87.9
34.6

354.9
31.6
235.4
87.9
35. 0

357.2
31.6
237.2
88.5
35.9

350.9
31.6
233.4
85.9
35. 4

Transportation and public u tilities...............
Railroad transportation................................
Class I railroads 3........................................
Local and interurban passenger tra n sit—.
Local and suburban tran sp o rtatio n ___
Taxicabs___________________________
In tercity and ru ral bus lines__________
M otor freight transportation and StoragePublic w arehousing--------------------------A ir transportation.............. .............. .............
Air transportation, common carriers----Pipeline tra nsportation________________
O ther transportation___________ _______
Com m unication______________________
Telephone com m unication___________
Telegraph com m unication___________
Radio and television broadcasting____
Electric, gas, and sanitary services______
Electric companies and s y ste m s ...........
Gas companies and system s.....................
Com bined u tility system s___ ________
W ater, steam, and sanitary system s___

4,153

4,166
fiQ2 8
fi02 2
271 fi
8o! 8
110 4
42! 3

4,153

4,162 4,200 4,208 4,198 4,218 4,154 4,171 4,180
697.9 714 fi 712.3 715.6 720.6 728.3 730.4 727.6
607.8 619 5 620.5 623.7 628.4 636.2 638.4 635.2
271 7 970 9 268.0 267.5 264.3 246.3 246.8 255.0
79.9
80.5
79.6
79.9
81.4
81.0
80.9
80.9
110.4 109 6 107.3 105.8 104. 5 104.0 104.5 105.6
39.5
44.1
43.9
44.7
43.0
42.7
42. 7 42.5
999.5 1,030.8 1,045.4 1,045.5 1,045. 7 1, 030.8 1, 030.7 1, 025. 5
79. 5 79.8
81.5
91.3
82.8
88.9
83.6
87.7
274.1 269. 3 266.1 264.5 261.6 201.7 215.6 259.9
245.1 240 4 237.4 236.2 233.6 174.1 187.7 232.1
19.3
19.4
19.4
18.4
18.9
18.5
18.2
18.3
321. 5 319 2 322.6 315.5 326.7 325.5 330.9 320.4
946.2 943. 6 942.8 937.3 938.8 949.0 944.9 928.7
793.4 790.6 790.4 784.9 786.5 796.3 792.2 777.7
33.6
33.2
33.5
33.1
33.3
33.2
33.3
33.6
113.2 113.1 112.8 112.9 112.9 112.9 112.8 111.5
632.8 632.9 632.0 633.2 641.4 652.7 652.4 643.6
257.9 257. 4 257.4 257.6 260.3 264.6 263.9 261.0
155.2 155.9 155.9 156.1 158.6 161.7 162.0 159.6
176.9 177.1 176.9 177.1 179.7 182.8 182.8 180.1
43.7
42.9
43.6
42.4
41.8
42.8
42.8
42.5

4,115
715.3
623.6
267.5
80.4
105.4
42.3
989.9
77.1
254.2
227.0
18.7
329.9
911.4
761.6
33.2
110.3
627.7
254.8
154.6
176.2
42.1

4,077 4,137
711.9 717.4
619.6 624.9
269.3 264.6
80.8
80.7
108.8 107.5
41.7
42.4
973.8 1,008. 5
75.8
81.6
250.8 248.1
223.8 220.5
18.6
18.8
319.3 320.5
906.6 923.8
757.7 773.2
32.7
33.0
109.9 111.3
627.1 634.6
254.6 257.6
154.9 157.0
175.8 177.9
42.2
41.8

4,033
734.8
640.1
267.5
82.1
109.1
42.0
963.2
80. 5
229.7
205.8
19.5
312.7
880.4
735.2
31.8
107.1
625.3
253.4
155.0
176.5
40.5

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

999.3

80.1
282 2
252 2
18 2
313 6
953. 8
800. 3
33. 5
113.7
634. 6
258.5
155. 5
177. 4
43.2

fio.V 7
80.8
110 4
41. 9
994.3

82 7
277. 5
248 4
18.1
314 3
950. 0
796.8
33. 6
113.3
632. 9
257.9
155.1
177.1
42.8

97

A.—LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT
T able

A-9.

Employees in non agricultural establishments, by industry1—Continued
[In thousands]
1966

1967

A nnual
average

In d u stry
A pr.2 Mar.2

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

Ju ly

June

May

A pr.

1966

1965

Wholesale and retail trade____________ _ 13,382 13,308 13,205 13,322 14,241 13,599 13,285 13,253 13,224 13,225 13,239 13,061 13,015 13,220 12,683
3, 503 3, 502 3, 496 3[ 509 3,554 3, 533 3,521 3, 498 3, 521 3, 511 3, 473 3,400 3,386 3, 459 3,317
Wholesale trade...................................
Motor vehicles and automotive equip­
266.4 267.0 265.6 266.4 266.1 263.2 263.9 277.5 266.5 264.6 261.7 260.7 263.2 256.0
ment......... —................. ................
210.7 209.3 209.9 211.9 212.2 210.5 208.9 210.6 209.0 207.8 204.2 203.2 207.1 198.2
Drugs, chemicals, and allied products..
154.5 152.9 152.6 151.9 152.7 151.2 150.5 150.1 148.6 148.3 146.2 145.4 148.2 141.0
Dry goods and apparel..... ....................
501.0 499.9 506.4 525.4 523.8 529.5 515.1 517.4 532.1 530.2 506.4 499.0 515.3 509.2
Groceries and related products............
285.8 283.1 284.0 281.8 279.1 279.0 284.0 282.4 276.0 272.0 271.0 275. 7 257.1
287.5
Electrical goods------- --------- ---------Hardware, plumbing, and heating
157.4 157.8 158.7 158.9 159.4 158.4 160.1 159.3 158.2 155.8 155.6 157. 4 151.0
157.8
goods............................... .......... .......
640.3 638.5 642.6 640.3 636.3 633.3 632.7 637.8 635.5 625.5 614.2 611.8 622.6 579.3
Machinery, equipment, and supplies..
1,197.0
1,191.8
1,190.9 1,205.4 1,198.6 1,192.8 1,187. 9 1,194.5 1,188.1 1,174. 9 1,154. 2 1,152. 4 1,173. 5 1,124.8
Miscellaneous wholesalers....................
Retail trade..................... ........................ 9,879 9,806 9, 709 9,813 10, 687 10,066 9,864 9, 755 9,703 9, 714 9, 766 9,661 9, 629 9,761 9,366
1, 925.1 1,893.5 1,990.4 2, 539.3 2,160.8 2,009. 0 1,938.9 1,892.3 1,885. 5 1,907. 2 1,890.9 1,888. 0 1,975. 0 1,875.1
General merchandise stores..................
1,210.7 1,193. 5 1,261.6 1,642. 5 1,373.3 1,267.8 1,215.1 1,185.6 1,185.1 1, 201. 8 1,189. 7 1,183. 6 1, 246.3 1,171.3
Department stores..............................
113.7 117.7 129.5 154.4 146.0 129.9 119.8 116.1 114.5 114.0 112.5 114.2 123.8 119.3
Mail order houses.................................
327.1 314.7 324.3 413.4 350.9 330.4 322.1 307.6 304.2 309.7 313.8 317.6 324.2 314.0
Limited price variety stores.................
1, 592.3 1, 592.2 1,585.8 1,615.2 1,585.2 1,577.0 1, 555. 5 1, 542. 2 1,548.9 1,549. 8 1, 543. 7 1, 534. 9 1,553.0 1, 473. 5
Food stores.............................................
1, 406. 5 1, 406.3 1,406. 5 1,426. 2 1,404.7 1,398.6 1, 378. 5 1,368. 4 1,374.9 1, 372. 6 1,366. 6 1,356. 6 1,375.6 1,299.6
Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores...
678.7 644.2 669.5 798.8 688.1 665.8 654.6 632.7 632.6 652.0 644.9 661.7 659.0 638.1
Apparel and accessories stores................ .
111.7 111.0 117.8 143.0 114.7 110.3 108.3 106.3 106.7 109.3 106. 0 106.5 111.2 105.0
Men’s and boys’ apparel stores............
239.2 229.0 237.6 284.2 249.4 244.0 236.4 234.0 230.8 238.0 238.0 237.5 240.1 235.6
Women’s ready-to-wear stores..............
108.6 104.6 110.2 136.7 109.4 103.5 102.6
98.4 103.6 102.4
98.3
Family clothing stores..........................
97.9 100.4 102.2
139.3 125. 6 129.1 148.3 133.7 129.8 131.3 123.3 124.1 127.8 127.9 143.6 129.0 123.9
Shoe stores............................................
433.3
438.0
433.3
431.6
427.
1
421.2
432.7
425.3
420.4
Furniture and appliance stores_______
448.2
427.2 411.2
426.7 426.4
275.7 274.6 275.2 285.8 280.2 275.2 273.3 272.8 274.7 274.3 270.4 269.5 273.6 265.4
Furniture and home furnishings..........
2,032.1
1,
999.
2
2,046.7
2,025.9
2,
055.
8
1,982.8
2,
034.
9
2, 001. 6 2,015.0 1,938. 7
2,023.8
Eating and drinking places.....................
2,067.8 2,069. 5 2, 074.4
3,149.6 3,146. 4 3,152.1 3,261. 2 3 ,16L8 3,133.6 3,122. 7 3,141.0 3,151.5 3,157. 5 3,125.1 3,122. 0 3,131. 8 3, 029. 5
Other retail trade_________ _________
520.2 516.7 519.1 536.8 537.6 544.5 549.6 563.0 568.5 568.8 553.5 550.4 547.8 541.8
Building materials and hardware.........
1,484.7 1,479. 6 1,486.6 1,499. 5 ^ 488r1 1,477.5 1, 477. 6 1, 485.4 1, 490.6 1, 479. 6 1, 463. 0 1,454.3 1,470.8 1, 425.5
Auto dealers and service stations........
749.8 750.0 752.0 754.9 752. 5 747.3 745.3 747.5 751. 5 749.3 745.1 746.4 747.9 726.1
Motor vehicle dealers____________
188.0 185.9 188.9 199.5 195.0 191.9 191.7 194.7 193.5 191.1 187.4 183.9 188.6 178.3
Other vehicle and accessory dealers..
546.9 543.7 545.7 545.1 540. 6 538.3 540.6 543.2 545.6 539.2 530.5 524.0 534.3 521.1
Gasoline service stations.......... ........
1,144.7 1,150.1 1,146.4 1, 224.9 1,136.1 1,111.6 1,095. 5 1, 092.6 1, 092. 4 1,109.1 1,108. 6 1,117.3 1,113.1 1, 062.2
Miscellaneous retail stores...................
436.8 440.8 443.0 464.2 430.4 425.6 418.4 415.1 414.3 416.5 413.1 413.9 420.2 401.0
Drug stores........................................
109.4 105.7 102.9 102.7 101. 7 102.5 100.5 100.7 101.1 106.5 111.3 113.9 103.9
97.4
Farm and garden supply stores____
114.4 116.9 117.7 116.9 113. 5 109.7 104.3 102.9 102.9 104.0 105.6 109.2 110.0 108.9
Fuel and ice dealers...........................
Finance, insurance, and real estate.............. 3,162
Banking__________________________________
Credit agencies other than banks................... ......
Savings and loan associations...... .......................
Personal credit institutions.----------------------Security dealers and exchanges_______________
Insurance carriers__________________________
Life insurance............. ............................ ............
Accident and health insurance_______ ______
Fire, marine, and casualty in su ra n c e ...-------Insurance agents, brokers, and services----------Real estate................................................... ............
Operative builders............ .................................
Other finance, insurance, and real e s ta te .-------Services and miscellaneous.......................... 9,974
Hotels and lodging places............................. ........
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels___________
Personal services_______________ ___________
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants_______
Miscellaneous business srevices...........................
Advertising_____________________________
Credit reporting and collecting agencies______
Motion pictures........ .............................. ......... ......
Motion picture filming and distrib­
uting_________________________________
Motion picture theaters and services________
Medical and other health services_____________
Hospitals_______ . . . ______________________
Legal services_____________________________
Educational services________________________
Elementary and secondary schools__________
Higher educational institutions_____________
Miscellaneous services______________________
Engineering and architectural services______
Nonprofit research organizations.................. .
See footnotes a t end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3,136
842.9
337.9
94.9
185.2
145.4
927. 4
485.9
72.2
332.2
244.6
556.2
36.3
81.9

3,114
840.4
335.5
94.0
184.1
142.8
922.9
483.4
70.8
331.3
243.6
547.6
34.6
80.7

3,095
835.0
334.7
95.0
182.5
140.8
914.4
481.1
68.1
327.6
240.8
547.6
34.4
81.2

3,105
835.1
334.8
93.8
183.3
141.6
914.3
481.8
67.0
327.4
243.4
554.6
35.5
81.5

3,098
832.3
333.2
93.5
182.2
141.2
909.1
479.2
66.0
325.8
242.2
558.0
36. 7
81. 7

3,099
830.1
333. 0
94.2
181.2
14.16
907. 3
479.6
65. 0
324. 0
240.7
565.1
39.1
81. 5

3,109
830.6
333.6
93.8
181.9
141.7
908.3
480.8
63.7
324.7
241.4
571.6
40.1
81.9

3,146
839.2
337.5
95.8
182.9
144.0
915.1
484.0
64.0
327.1
244.2
583.4
43.2
82.6

3,148
835.4
337.3
96.9
181.3
144.7
911.2
482.5
62.7
325.2
243.7
593.4
44.2
82.5

3,112
821.6
334.4
95.8
180.0
142.3
899.4
476.1
60.4
322.0
242.2
590.2
45.5
81.7

3,070
807.7
332.5
96.0
178.1
139.4
891.4
474.1
58.2
318.3
239.2
577.9
45.8
81.6

3,056
806.5
332.6
97.2
177.4
138.1
890.9
475.3
57.2
317.7
238.6
568.2
45.9
81.3

3,086
820.1
333.9
95.8
179.9
139.7
901. 2
478.4
61.0
321.8
240.3
569.1
42.3
81.5

3,019
790.9
326.8
97.1
171.8
128.9
890.8
478.7
54.5
315.7
233.1
569.0
46.9
79.7

9,837 9,750 9,672 9,733 9,739 9,751 9,707 9,772 9,782 9,702 9,572 9,465 9,582 9,098
621.2 614.1 605.1 6Ó9.5 620.8 645.1 687.9 789.5 789.5 702.7 661.7 640.4 665.1 653.8
565.0 558.8 549.9 552.2 562.4 583.0 612.2 650.9 653.1 624.4 594.9 579.4 5S9.9 578.8
1, 007.9 1,002.4 1,001.8 1, 008.3 1,013.8 1,015.1 1,008.1 1,013.7 1,016.8 1, 014. 7 1, 001. 6 995.3 1, 003. 5 982.2
545.4 541.8 543.3 548. 5 552.2 555.6 552.7 561.1 565.6 565.2 553.5 548.1 552. 0 546.5
1,268.7 1,257.1 1,254.2 1, 257. 2 1,246.5 1,239.9 1, 227. 5 1,232. 0 1,225.6 1, 214.1 1,189. 7 1,178.3 1, 207.1 1,102.2
114.3 113.4 112.9 112.8 113.2 114.1 114.7 116.3 114.8 113.5 111.9 112.4 113.3 111.6
68.6
68.9
67.9
68.2
67.7
68.7
68.5
68.1
67.4
68.5
67.9
65.6
68.9
68.0
168.3 172.6 175.5 183.4 185.0 187.3 190.7 199.8 202.1 192.7 180.9 179.8 185.4 183.3
54.2
55.6
46.6
46.5
52.8
51.9
57.6
55.9
58.5
52.3
47.8
48.2
53.0
58.5
121.8 120.7 121.3 124.9 127.4 131.7 137.9 143.9 143.6 140.4 134.3 132.0 132.4 135.1
2,390. 4 2,367. 6 2,336.9 2,315. 6 2,304.3 2,286.5 2, 268. 7 2, 266.3 2,260.1 2, 232. 7 2,197. 4 2,192.2 2,234. 5 2, 087.8
1, 534.8 1,521.5 1, 503.3 1, 492. 7 1,488.1 1,477.3 1, 464.1 1,463.3 1,460.1 1, 440.9 1,421. 7 1, 417.4 1, 444. 7 1,364. 5
199.1 198.5 197.8 200.6 199.4 198.8 198.6 201.0 202.3 196.0 188.4 187.9 194. 4 182.7
1,109.3 1,100.1 1,089.3 1, 091. 3 1,092.3 1,069.0 973.7 873.2 886.1 965.3 1, 032.1 1, 028. 7 1, 007. 0 933.2
345.1 353.1 352.4 354.6 354.5 347.3 326.8 282.3 285.9 328.4 345.1 344.2 333. 2 317.8
682.3 674.4 663.8 663.5 664.2 651. 4 577.9 524.1 533.4 569.9 618.4 615.0 604. 4 551.2
499.2 497.8 493. 5 488.8 487.5 484.9 490.2 498.4 497.2 491.1 479.8 480.3 485. 7 452.1
270.4 268.3 266.9 267.2 266.1 264.8 268.3 273.4 273.9 271.2 264.1 261.5 265. 2 242.4
68.4
68.1
68.4
68.4
68.5
68.3
69.9
68.3
68.6
69.9
68.6
67.6
67.7
66.6

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1967

98

T able

A-9.

Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]

1967

1966

Annual
average

Industry
Apr.2 M ar.2 Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

1966

1965

Government_____ - . . ---------------------- 11,544 11,494 11,418 11,31 11,442 11,285 11,139 10,885 10,507 1 0 ,5 5 7 1 0 ,9 0 6 1 0 ,8 3 4 1 0 ,7 9 5 1 0 , 8 5 0 1 0 ,0 9 1
Federal Government 4________________ 2, 701 2, 669 2, 652 2,64: 2, 769 2, 641 2,612 2,589 2,641 2,637 2,592 2,513 2,496 2,565 2,378
2, 635.7 2, 619.7 2,609. : ’, 736. 4 2,608.2 2.579.3 2, 556.4 2, 608.0 2, 604. 2 2,559.8 2,481.5 2,461.5 2,533. 3 2.346.7
E xecutive.. _____________________
Department of Defense____ ______
1, 098.1 1, 092. 7 1,084. ; , 076.3 1,071.7 1,057. 4 1,042. 8 1,055.4 1, 050.7 1, 034.8 1, 001. 5 991.9 1, 023. 6 938.5
693.1 689.4 697. i 837.8 706.3 689.6 682.0 689.4 683.1 673.6 660.2 652.8 680.9 614.2
Post Office Departm ent___________
Other agencies___________________
844.5 837.6 827. f 822.3 830.2 832.3 831.6 863.2 870.4 851.4 819.8 816.8 828.7 793.9
26.4
26.4
26.2
27.1
25.4
25.4
25.4
26.5
27.(.
26.6
26.0
26.0
26.5
Legislative___________________ ____
27.0
6.2
6,1
6.2
5.9
5.9
6.0
6.0
5.9
6.3
6.2
6.1
6.0
Judicial__________________________
6.1
5.9
State and local government5....... ........... - 8,843 8,825 8,766 8,668 8,673 8,644 8,527 8, 296 7,866 7,920 8,314 8,321 8,302 8,284 7, 713
2,300.3 2, 280. 5 2,257.3 1,249. 7 2,247. 4 2.219.0 2.147. 6 2, 091. 4 2,112.4 2.156.7 2,139.1 2,132.2 2,152. 0 1,995.9
State government__________________
894.5 881.8 867.5 867.6 869.3 843.2 736.4 656.2 679.6 756.7 786.7 787.4 774.9 679.1
State education__________________
1,405.8 1,398.7 1,389.8 1,382.1 1,378.1 1,375.8 1,411.2 1,435. 2 1, 432.8 1,400. 0 1,352.4 1,344.8 1,377.1 1.316.8
Other state government___________
6,524. 6 6, 485. 5 6.410.7 3,423. 4 6,396. 2 6.308.4 6.148. 7 5, 774.9 5,807. 4 6.156.8 6,182. 0 6,170. 0 6,132. 4 5,717.4
Local government__________________
3, 757.0 3,733. 5 3.679.8 3,690. 5 3,673. 0 3,599. 4 3, 391. 2 2,926.1 2, 959.6 3,387.2 3, 504.1 3, 507.6 3,412. 9 3.119.9
Local education__________________
2,767. 6 2,752. 0 2.730.9 2,732.9 2,723. 2 2.709.0 2, 757. 5 2,848.8 2, 847. 8 2,769.6 2, 677.9 2,662. 4 2,719. 6 2, 597.5
Other local government___________
1 Beginning w ith th e October 1966 issue, figures differ from those previously
published. T he in d u stry series have been adjusted to M arch 1965 bench­
m arks (comprehensive counts of em ploym ent). For comparable back data,
see E m p l o y m e n t a n d E a r n i n g s S t a t i s t i c s f o r th e U n i t e d S t a t e s , 1 9 0 9 - 6 6 ( B L S

B ulletin 1312-4). Statistics from A pril 1965 forward are subject to further
revision when new benchm arks become available.
These series are based upon establishm ent reports which cover all fulland part-tim e employees in nonagricultural establishm ents who w orked
during, or received pay for any p art of th e pay period which includes the 12th
of th e m onth. Therefore, persons who worked in more th an 1 establishm ent
during th e reporting period are counted more th a n once. Proprietors, selfem ployed persons, unpaid fam ily workers, and domestic servants are
excluded.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2 Prelim inary.
3 Beginning Jan u ary 1965, data relate to railroads w ith operating revenues
of $5,000,000 or more.
4 D ata relate to civilian employees who w orked on, or received pay for
the last day of the m onth.
5 State a nd local governm ent data exclude, as nom inal employees, elected
officials of sm all local units and paid volunteer firemen.
S o u r c e : U.S. D epartm ent of Labor, B ureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except those for the Federal G overnm ent, which is prepared by the
U.S. C ivil Service Commission, and th a t for Class I railroads, which is
prepared by the U .S. In te rsta te Commerce Commission.

A.—LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT

T a b l e A -4 0 .

99

Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
[In thousands]
1967

1966

A nnual
average

In d u stry
Apr.2
T otal priv a te ___________________________
M in in g ..
_ ___ . . . . . . _____ _ . . . . ___
M etal m ining________________ ______ _
Iron ores_____ _________ . ______
Copper ores.. ___________ ________

Mar.2

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

Ju ly

June

M ay

A pr.

1966

1965

44,342 44, 003 43, 786 43,977 45, 423 45, 081 45,083 45, Oil 44,997 44, 757 44, 775 43,864 43,406 44,163 42,248
477
468
467
474
490
487
485
506
502
496
504
491
452
488
494
72.6
71.9
70.8
71.2
70.9
71.2
73.5
72.5
72.8
73.3
70.8
70.1
71.3
69.5
22.2
21.8
21.1
21.8
21.8
21.6
22.2
22.3
21.7
22.4
21.7
21.4
20.6
21.8
27.3
27.2
27.0
26.2
26.5
26.7
27.3
27.0
26.9
27.0
26.2
26.3
26.6
24.8

Coal m ining___________________ ______
B itum inous______________________ _

122.9
115.9

124.3
117.1

124.4
117.4

124.9
117.8

124.5
117.4

124.5
117.4

124.2
117.0

124.0
116.8

121.0
114.3

123.8
116.5

122.5
114.8

86.8
79.3

120.7
113.2

124.1
115.3

C rude petroleum a n d n a tu ra l gas___ . .
C rude petroleum and n a tu ra l gas fields.
Oil and gas field services_____________

181.4
80.5
100.9

182.1
80.4
101.7

188 1
80.7
107.4

192 4
si! 2

190 6
8L4
109.2

191 3
82.0
109.3

84.4
109.5

87.0
114.9

87.3
114.8

86.9
114.8

84.2
111.7

84.3
111.3

84.5
112.0

88.4
114.2

Q uarrying and nonm etallic m ining_____
Crushed and broken stone____ T______

91.2
31.8

88.9
30.6

90 2
31.0

96 5

100 7

34]1

3 5 .5

103 0
36.7

37.5

Is! 6

37! 9

37.5

36.0

35.0

35.1

34.9

3,026 3,141 3,122
977.3 1,017.3 1, 004. 4

3,026
975.0

2,788
891.6

2,673
869.7

2,789
911. 0

2,707
856.2

312 9
141 K
206! 4 200.2

19l!l

188.5

195.8

186.0

86.6

85.9

90.1

89.5

C o n tr act c o n s tr u c tio n .........

2,600

_

General building co n tracto rs.. _______
H eavy construction.. .
... _ _ ...
H ighw ay and street construction_____
O ther heavy construction________ . . .
Special trade contractors____ ________ _
Plum bing, heating, air conditioning. .
P a inting, paperhanging, decorating.
Electrical w ork___ . . . . .
M asonry, plastering, stone and tile
w ork___ . . .
_____
Roofing and sheet m etal w ork________
M a n u f a c t u r i n g . . . ___

_ ___

D urable goods________ ______ ___
N ondurable goods______ _________

1 1 1 .2

2,401 2,348 2,431 2,631 2,812 2,950
803.4 792.3 825.3 890.6 930.7 959.3
434. 4 412. 8 494 7 485 3 584 1 048 4
188.3 174.1 178 6 223 4
348 8
299 0
246.1 238.7 246 1 261 9
1 342 2
1,163. 2 1,143.1 1 181 3 1 255 3
283.7 286.1 292 1 ’ 297. 2 *302 2 300 1
91. 6
92 9 109 5 119 9 131 9
97. 2
189. 0 190.1 1 9 4 ! 1 197.2 I 9 9 ! 8 2 0 1 . 2
178. 8
80.8

168. 7
77.1

8 3 !4

185 8
91.3

94! 9

208 2
96.1

u

31 fi 1

206.4
95.5

319 1
145 3
211!1
9 7 .1

96! 2

93.9

14,058 14,134 14,180 14,233 14,440 14,548 14,581 14,582 14,417 14,159 14,351 14,074 13,969 14,199 13,413
8,258 8, 299 8,333 8,372 8, 482 8,527 8,530 8,501 8,304 8, 277 8,419 8,277 8,207 8,301 7,702
5, 800 5,835 5.847 5,861 5,958 6,021 6,051 6,081 6,113 5,882 5, 932 5, 797 5, 762 5,898 5,711

Durable goods
Ordnance and accessories_____________
144.0 142.5 141.4 138.4 135.1 132.6 129.3 126.6 122.8 120.2 119.1 117.0 113.4 120.4
96.0
A m m unition, except for small arm s___
94.5
92.8
93.8
87.0
83.9
90.2
77.2
78.5
86.0
82.6
79.4
63.6
76.7
76.1
75.2
Sighting and fire control equ ip m en t..
O9
6. 8
6.5
6 3
6 3
62
F) 9
6. 4
6. 3
5 n
5 8
5 7
O ther ordnance and accessories...............
42.5
42.1
41.7
41.9
39.1
36.8
41.9
3 5 .9
27.4
40.3
37.2
36.4
3 7 .8
3 5 .1
32.5
L um ber and wood products, except
furniture_________________________
513.7 510.9 508.6 509.4 516.5 532.1 541.0 552.6 570.0 568.5 573.9 548.1 539.1 5 4 3 . 8 535.4
Sawmills and planing m ills__________
215.4 213.6 213.1 212.7 214.6 219.4 222.6 228.9 235.2 234.6 237.0 229.5 229.4 227.2 229.3
M illwork, plywood, related p ro d u c ts.. 124.8 124.5 122.4 122.8 126.2 129.6 134.0 138.1 144.3 145.6 146.4 140.9 139.5 137.9 137.0
W ooden containers____ _____________
32. 0
31.7
31.9
31.4
32.0
32.2
32.1
31. 4
31. 5
31.7
32.8
33.3
32.6
31.8
31.0
M iscellaneous wood products_________
66.0
64.5
66.0
65.1
66.2
65.6
65.5
64.2
66.0
62.6
66.0
66.9
65.6
65.2
66.9
Furniture and f i x t u r e s . . . ___
_____
366.9 371.6 374.4 377.0 386.4 389.5 387.9 386.9 387.6 374.4 380.5 373.2 370.6 378.4 356.2
Household fu rn itu re___ . . . _. . . .
270. 4 272.5 275. 3 276.8 284.5 287.4 286.7 286.2 286.6 278.4 282.5 278.9 278.5 281.5 265.0
90 5
2f) fi
Office furnitu re_________ . . ...............
27. 4
27. 6
20 8
23 1
27. 5
26.3
P artitions; office and store fixtures____
33 2
35. 5
34. 7
34. 6
35 3
35 3
33 n
32 2
35. 1
3 4 .4
34. 2
O ther furniture and fixtures_____ . . .
35.0
37.0
38.8
37.0
3 9 .3
3
7
.
1
3
5
.
3
3 7 .4
3 5 .9
39.2
38! 9
36.0
35!
6
38! 5
37! 8
Stone, clay, and glass products_________
492.0 486.7 481.0 486.2 499.6 512.2 517.4 525.7 533.2 532.7 529.7 521.3 515.6 514.8 503.9
F lat g l a s s . . ____________
____
25. 9
25 3
25 6
26.0
25 0
95 3
2fi 1
24.8
25. 4
Glass a nd glassware, pressed or blow n.
106.4 105.6 105.3 106.1 107.1 108.6 108.2 no'. 1 110.2 109.4 109.9 107.7 105. 0 106.9 1 0 0 . 6
Cement, hydraulic____________ _____
28.0
27.5
30.9
29.0
25.7
29.4
29.5
26.7
26.5
29.9
29.0
29.2
28.6
30.9
30.3
Structural "clay pro d u cts_____________
53.9
50.4
61.9
58.4
52.9
57.0
51.9
50.9
58.9
58.7
55.8
60.6
60.2
59.1
61.6
P o ttery and related products....... ...........
36.4
37 0
37 3
35 9
35 6
37 n
35. 9
35. 4
37. 0
37. 4
Concrete, gypsum, plaster p ro d u c ts ..
129.7 125.3 122.6 1 2 4 ! 5 130.0 1 3 5 ! 5 139.2 1 4 2 ! 8 146! 1 146.9 1 4 5 ! 6 1 4 1 ! b 138! 6 137.9 137.2
O ther stone and m ineral products____
98.7
96.1
96.8
97.0
97.0
9 7 .1
99.9 100.6 101.2 103.5 103.4
9 9 .8
100.3 100.0
99.8
Prim ary m etal industries___ ______
1, 049.9 1, 056. 4 1, 068. 5 1,077.1 1,076.8 1, 079. 6 1, 083. 4 1,095. 0 1,100. 2 1,102.2 1,108.3 1, 085.3 1,080.0 1,080. 5 1,057.8
B last furnace and basic steel pro d u cts.. 508.5 509.6 512.6 515.7 515.8 521.7 527.6 537.2 545.8 553.6 ' 551.8 537.1 530.9 528.7 538.0
Iron and steel foundries_______
192.5 194.4 199.7 203.7 202.0 201.9 201.7 202.0 202.8 201.4 204.5 201.3 202.1 201.7 193.9
Nonferrous sm elting and refining____
61.6
63.0
61.3
57.3
60.0
62.3
62.2
60. 1
62.0
60.3
59.4
58.9
60.8
60.2
60.7
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and extra d in g ____ _ . . . _____
157.6 160.0 162.3 163.2 164.4 164.0 164. 1 164.4 162.0 158.7 160.4 159.5 159.6 160.9 149.4
N onferrous foundries______ _______
75.3
72.0
73.4
67.5
71.7
73.7
73.2
74.3
74.8
74.4
74.1
75.1
74.4
73.1
72.7
M iscellaneous prim ary m etal industries..............
57.7
55.2
51.6
55.8
56.6
56.2
57.0
57.3
55.4
55.3
57.7
57.1
56.0
55.0
56.5
F abricated m etal p roducts___
1, 046.0 1, 049.1 1,056. 6 1,063.4 1,078. 7 1, 084. 0 1,077.3 1,071.1 1, 057.9 1, 035.2 1, 060.9 1, 045. 7 1,041.6 1,052. 4 982.4
M etal cans___ . . . . . .
52.2
53.3
50.7
54.6
52.6
52.4
53.5
51.7
54.6
54.1
52.7
52.3
56.2
56.2
55.4
C utlery, hand tools, general hardw are.
125.2 125.9 129.6 130.9 132.6 132.5 I 3 2 .O 131.1 126.8 121.1 127.7 127.2 130.1 128.9 122.8
H eating equipm ent and plum bing
fixtures____ ______
59.2
59.1
60.0
60.3
56.9
57.4
56.9
60.2
60.1
58.0
59.9
60.3
58.6
60.2
60.9
Fabricated stru ctu ral m etal p ro d u cts.. 285. 6 283.3 284.1 285.7 291.0 293.7 295.2 299.0 301.1 300.5 297.7 287.7 283.6 290.5 271.3
77.4
Screw machine products, bolts, e tc ...
91.8
85.7
88.2
90.6
92.1
83.9
92.3
92.1
90.2
84.7
84.2
86.8
85.5
86.0
M etal stam pings____
___
194.0 194.9 199.0 201.8 206. 5 207.5 204. 6 197.9 186.8 176.8 190.7 192.7 193.2 194.6 180.8
64.4
Coating, engraving, and allied services.
70.8
70.0
72.0
69.1
69.5
69.4
9.1
69.7
69.4
72.1
71.0
70.8
68.5
71.9
50.4
M iscellaneous fabricated wire products..
56.9
54. 7
56.0
55.0
56.4
56.3
55.1
53.6
56.6
57.0
55.3
55.3
55.0
53.6
M iscellaneous fabricated m etal products_____ ____
115.0 116.0 116.4 117.2 117.7 118.8 116.4 115.4 114.9 113.7 116.3 115.9 115.3 114.6 105.5

See fo o tn o tes a t end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1967

100
T a b l e A -1 0 .

Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
A nnual
average

1966

1967
In d u stry
A pr. 2 M ar.2

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

Ju ly

June

M ay

A pr.

1966

1965

M anufacturing—C ontinued
D u r a b le g o o d s—

C ontinued

M ach in ery___________________________ 1,360.2 1,365.1 1,361.8 1,362. S 1,356.9 1, 333.3 1, 333. 4 1,332.3 1, 325. 3 1,323. 7 1,325. 7 1,308.9 1,298.9 1,314.0 1,208.3
61.4
64.0
58.2
65.3
66.9
66.0
67.5
65.7
70.2
69.7
69.9
67.9
69.0
68.5
69.9
Engines and tu rb in es----------------------98.6
117.1 115.6 113.7 111.8 107.7 105.9 106.0 104.5 106.7 110.1 109.6 110.1 108.0
Farm m achinerv and equipm ent
.
185.6 186.5 186.7 188.1 189.7 189.3 189.7 191.4 190.7 192.9 192.5 189.2 186.9 188.2 175. 1
C onstruction and related m ach in ery —
M etalw orking m achinery and equip263.7 264.8 264.0 263.1 262.0 258.0 255.7 255.6 253.0 252.7 253.8 250.2 249.0 252.0 229.6
m en t ____________ ________
Special in d u stry m achinery---------------- 139.7 140.4 140.9 141.2 141.5 140.8 141.0 141.2 140.7 139.9 140.5 138.1 136.9 139.5 132. 9
190.7 188.4 189.2 193.4 193.2 191.1 189.4 188.3 186.8 187.2 188.2 185.5 184.3 187.0 174.5
General in d u strial m achinery________
Office, com puting, a n d accounting
136.0 135.3 135.1 134.2 132.3 131.0 130.2 129.1 127.1 125.6 124.6 123.0 126.7 111.7
134.3
.
.
.
-----------.
.
.
m achines___
84.3
82.1
78.5
82.4
83.2
81.9
80.6
81.1
83.3
81.2
84.5
83.5
81.1
83.7
84.0
Service in d u stry m achines______ ____
177.2 176.9 175.1 176.2 173.5 171.6 169.5 168.3 167.6 166.5 162.9 162.1 166.0 146.0
176.3
M iscellaneous m ach in ery------------Electrical equipm ent and supplies______ 1,308.6 1,331.5 1,346.9 1,360.7 1,373.6 1,380.1 1,385.3 1,365.6 1,345.4 1,302. 2 1,322.4 1,291.1 1,281.0 1,316.0 1,139.8
Electric distrib u tio n e q u i p m e n t _ . 135.9 137.7 137.0 137.4 137.5 136.2 138.3 137.2 136.8 134. 2 133.7 128. 6 127.5 132.1 116. 0
156.8 159.3 160.8 161.9 156.6 154.6 157.9 156.0 157.8 155. 0 154.8 147.5 149.3 152. 2 134.7
Electrical industrial a p p a ra tu s . . ------H ousehold appliances. . . . . . ---- . . .
137.0 140.6 143.7 146.6 153.5 150.0 153.5 148.6 144.4 134.1 143.0 145.6 143.9 143.8 130.6
Electric lighting and wiring equip146.5 145.4 147.9 150.8 151. 8 151.2 153.5 152.6 150.7 148.3 152.1 149.7 148.1 149. 2 134.0
______ . . . . .
__
m e n t___139.4 141.2 149.2 154.8 158.1 154.2 148.8 141.2 128.6 128.8 121.6 120.5 135.1 107.1
Radio and TV receiving sets_________
Com m unication eq u ip m en t_____ . . .
245.5 247.2 246.2 235.4 234.4 244.5 241.9 240.3 236.8 233.0 234.9 232.3 229.7 233.6 209.0
Electronic components and accessories.. 271.4 277. 4 284.4 291.9 295. 7 297.0 298.0 295.8 295.9 289.3 293.5 284.2 281.5 287.3 231. 1
M iscellaneous electrical equipm ent
82. 8
89. 3
79. 7
77.3
81.6
81.6
80.5
88.5
86.3
87.5
88.0
81.8
84.5
85.0
85.7
------- -and s u p p lie s.. . . . . .
T ransportation eq u ip m en t----------- -------- 1,349.4 1,365.1 1,376.1 1,382.0 1,425.1 1,424.1 1,413. 6 1,392. 9 1,215.4 1,299. 2 1,362.9 1,364.9 1,354.9 1,354.9 1,238.1
626.7 647.0 659.0 668.6 702.4 708.1 701.5 692.0 519.1 608.9 685.6 691.5 686.5 671.1 659.5
M otor vehicles and eq u ip m en t_______
491.2 492.7 488.4 488.1 492.4 486.4 475.9 468.0 458.2 451. 7 438.1 434.7 429.8 448.0 357.0
Aircraft and p a rts_____ . . . . . .
Ship and boat building and re p a irin g ... 139.2 135.7 139.5 139.6 139.7 135.6 141.5 137.8 142.5 144.1 141.5 142.8 143.8 142.6 133.0
47.0
43.6
48.9
47.4
47.2
47.1
46.7
48.8
48.3
46. 1
47.3
48.0
44:6
46.0
R ailroad e q u ip m e n t-------------------------41.7
46.3
45.0
50.5
45.2
48.2
48.4
48.8
48. 1
38.4
46.8
43.2
46.7
Otlior transportation eq u ip m en t.
__
45.1
Instrum ents and related p ro d u cts------- -Engineering and scientific in stru m en ts.
M echanical m easuring and control devices________ _________________
Optical and ophthalm ic goods.................
Ophthalmic- goods
_ _ __ _____
Surgical, medical, and dental equipm entPhotographic equipm ent and su p p lies.
W atches and clocks________________

285.3

286.1
41.2

285.3
40.9

285.5
40.8

285.8
40. 5

68.7
36.5

69.1
36.8
26.2
48.1
56.8
34.1

69.1
36.3
25.9
47.4
57.5
34.1

70.3
36.4
25.8
47.0
57.5
33.5

70.8
36.1
25. 6
47.2
58.3
32. 9

70.9
36.5
26.C
47.0
58.3
30.8

M iscellaneous m anufacturing industries..
Jew elry, silverware, and plated w a re ...
Toys, am usem ent, and sporting goods _
Pens, pencils, office and a rt m ate ria ls..
Costum e jewelry, bu tto n s, and n o tio n s.
O ther m anufacturing in d u s trie s --------M usical instrum ents and p a r t s . ___

341.8
39.1

334.2
39.1
87.3
26.4
45.7
135.7
21.6

332. 7
39.0
84.2
26.4
46.5
136.6
22.3

329.7
38.7
81.9
26.2
45.8
137.1
22.2

347.8
39.7
94.3
26.6
47.7
139.5
¿6. i

376.2
39.8
117.3
26.7
49.6
142.8
22.8

48.4

134.8

283.7
40.2

279.8
39.0

279.4
38.9

274.9
38.1

277.4
38.3

271.2
37.6

267.9
37.3

274.5
38.5

247.3
35.9

70.6
35.7
25.6
46.7
57.4
32. C

70.6
35.6
25.4
46.2
56.8
31.6

70.4
35.1
25.5
46.4
57.6
31.0

70.0
34.0
24. 8
45.6
57.3
29.9

70.3
35.0
25.6
45.4
57.7
30.7

68.1
35.4
25.7
44.6
55.7
29.8

67.8
35.3
25.7
43.9
55.0
28.6

69.1
35.2
25.4
45.2
56.2
30.3

64. 5
32.6
23.6
39.7
49.0
25.8

378.5
38.8
120.2
26.7
49.7
143. 1
22. £

372.0
37.9
117.3
26.6
48.5
141.4
22.6

366.7
38.0
111.5
26.9
49.6
140.7
22.6

343.6
34.9
101.2
26.7
45.4
135.4
22.2

358.3
38.1
105.3
26.8
48.5
139.6
22.0

350.6
38.1
101.5
26.1
47.7
137.2
22. 1

343.6
38.0
95.3
26.2
47.2
136.9
22.0

351.6
37.8
101. 6
26.3
47.6
138.3
22.4

336.9
35.8
98.4
24.9
46. 1
131.6
20.5

282.4
40.0

N o n d u r a b le go o d s

Food and kindred p ro d u c ts ... . . . . . .. 1,096.7 1,101.6 1,098.5 1,117.0 1,166.4 1,209.0 1,243.9 1,283. 8 1,291.0 1, 200.4 1,151.8 1,093. 2 1,086.4 1,166.3 1,155.1
M eat p ro d u c ts.. _ ----------- ------------- 249.6 253.2 253.3 256.6 264.0 265.5 265.6 262.9 263.5 261.1 254.9 246.7 243.0 255.1 251.8
D airy p roducts_____________________
124.3 122.1 120.5 120.8 122.0 122.0 123.8 127.2 133.4 135.6 133.7 128.3 126.6 127.0 131.0
C anned and preserved food, except
m e a t s . ______
...
. ....
190. C 187.3 192. ( 211.8 242.7 280.1 335.8 336.2 260.6 213.7 186.0 189.1 234. C 220.1
86.9
86.8
88.2
83.5
86.7
85.3
88.8
89.7
85.3
85.8
87.9
G rain mill p roducts__________ .
86.6
86.6
90.5
90.3
Bakery products
164. 0 164.6 167 3 157.1 166.6 161.2 160.7 163. C 165.8
162.6 164 1 163 2 162.8 164. 2 166 J
29.7
38.4
29.4
26.6
32.7
44.6
22.9
23.8
24.1
41.7
23.3
Sugar__________
. . . . . __
26.1
23. 5
23.0

Confectionery and related products---Beverages__ . . . ----------------- .
Miscellaneous food and kindred produ cts... . . . . . . . . ---- -------------- . .

57.9
115.5

59.2
113.7

60.7

62.0

69.1
116.3

69.8
118.8

120. 6

66.9

64.5
121.7

62.1
124.2

111.1 112. i

57.7
56.1
126. C 122.7

56.7
116.2

56.2
113.7

62.1
117.1

61.9
113.3

89.4

89.7

90.5

91.1

93.8

94.2

93.3

91.7

90.5

89.8

89.9

89.0

89.5

91.5

93.4

Tobacco manufactures. . . . . . ______ _
Cigarettes
_____ . ____ . ___
Cigars
............... ...
. . __

63.5

65.1
32. 7
20. 6

69.4
32.7
20.7

76.0
32. i
20. £

79.5
32.7

79.1
32.7

82.2
32.'
20.9

82.1
32.7

20.6

75.5
32. i
20.4

61.7
32.5
19.5

62.6
32.2

61.7
31.6

63.6
31.5

71.3
32.1
20.7

74.6
32.1

Textile mill products_________________
Cotton broad woven fabrics---- -------Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics.
Weaving and finishing broad woolens..
Narrow fabrics and small wares ______
Knitting. _ _____
Finishing textiles, except wool and knit.
Floor covering.. . . .
______ ___
Yarn and thread
Miscellaneous textile goods__________
See footnotes at end of table.

828.1
217.1
83.7
37.6
28.
201.4
63.2

830.8
218.'
84.3
37.2
28.6
199.
63.8
33.
103 3 104. C
60. C 61.

830.0
218. i
85.0
37.2
28.7
195.9
64.0
34.6
105.0
61.3

854. C 855.5
218.7
219.
86. £ 86.9
38.2
36.9
28.8
28.5
212.8 214.6
63.9
63.8
35.1
35.7
108.
107.
62.3| 62.

862.5
219. '
87.'
39.3
28.!
217.2
64.4
34.!
109.6
62.

843.7
219.!
86.3
39.1
27.1
209.5
63.9
32.2
106.1
60.0

861.6

849.7
216.8
85.5
39.6
28.0
213.7
64.'
33.7
106.5
61. £1

845.6
215.8
85.5
39.3
27.9
211.'
64.3
33.8
105.
61.91

848.0
218.1

823.1
210.5
82.9
38.8
26.2
205.8
64.5
33.7


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

20.8 20.8

845.0 851.4
835.
220. £ 221.' 220.!
85.7
86.5
86.'
37.
36. £ 36.4
29.
29.1
29.
195. E 201.' 208. £
64.
65.
64.'
35.7
35.'
35.1
107.0 107.1
106.
61. £1 62.41 62.

21.0 21.0 21.0

220.0
86.8
39.9
28.;
217.;
65.0
33.6
108.
62.2

86.1

38.5
28.1
209.7
64.2
34.5
106.9
62.01

22.6

101.0
59.7

A.—LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT
T able

A-40.

101

Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
Annual
average

1966

1967
Industry
Apr.* Mar.*

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

1966

1965

Manufacturing—Continued
N o n d u r a b le go o d s—

Continued

Apparel and related products__________ 1,211.2 1,236.7 1,249.1 1,233.3 1,244.6 1,260.5 1,263.4 1, 257. 3 1,264. 7 1,198. 5 1,257.9 1,241.6 1,225.6 1, 240. 0 1,205.1
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats______ 105.9 106.4 107.2 107.8 108.4 107.6 107.1 107.9 107.7 102.7 110.7 109.3 107.5 107.7 106.4
M en’s and boys’ furnishings_________ 326.8 327.6 328.0 329.2 330. 0 331.7 333.4 334.9 337.3 325.0 337.7 333.4 330.4 331. 1 318.2
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outerwear------------------ ---------------- ------ 367.2 386.7 392.7 380.2 379.1 383.8 385.2 383.3 389.0 368.6 385.3 383.1 374.2 381. 0 375.1
Women’s and children’s undergarments.......... .......................................... 112.4 113.0 113.2 111.9 114.4 116.9 116.5 115.1 114.5 106.1 112.4 110.6 110.5 111.7 106.8
25.4
Hats, caps, and millinery__ _________
24.9
26.1
24.3
25.1
24 1
25 3
26. 0
24. 0
26 4
G irls’ and children’s outerw ear_______
F u r goods and miscellaneous a p p a re l...
Miscellaneous fabricated textile prodnets______________________________

Paper and allied products______________
Paper and p u lp _____________________
Paperboard______ _________________
Converted paper and paperboard products______________________________
Paperboard containers and boxes_____
Printing, publishing, and allied industries ------ . ----------------------------N ew spaper publishing and p rin tin g___
Periodical publishing and p rin tin g ____
Books_______ ________
___ _ .
Commercial p rin tin g ________ ________
B ookbinding and related in d u stries___
O ther publishing and p rin tin g industries. ___________ ________________
Chemicals and allied p ro d u cts.......... .........
Industrial chem icals_____ ___________
Plastics m aterials and sy n th etics_____
D rugs______________________________
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods_______
P aints, varnishes, and allied pro d u cts..
A gricultural chemicals_______________
O ther chemical p roducts_____________
Petroleum refining and related industries ___________________________
Petroleum refining__________________
O ther petroleum and coal products.......
R ubber and miscellaneous plastic products______________________________
Tires and inner tu b es________________
O ther rubb er p ro d u c ts.. . . . . _______
Miscellaneous plastic products_______
L eather and leather products ________
Leather tanning and finishing________
Footw ear, except ru b b e r______ . . . .
O ther leather products_______________
H andbags and personal leather goods.

71.1

69.6
66.3

73.0
66.5

71.3
64.7

70.2
68.6

71.7
72.0

71.6
73.0

71.5
71.4

71.7

72.7
66.5

7 3 .5

7 4 .9

7 2 .2

69.4

67.5

70'0
67.7

71. 9
68. 2

70.2
65.9

141.3

142.2

142.1

142.1

148.5

152.5

151.5

147.9

145.0

132.9

143.4

143.6

142.3

143.6

136.7

527.8
172.8
55.8

527.7
172.7
55.7

525.9
172.5
55.6

526.4
172.0
55.7

532.1
173.5
55.4

533.5
173.4
55.3

528.7
172.0
54. 6

526.5
173.2
54.9

533.5
176.5
55.2

527.8
178.0
54.9

529.8
177.0
54.9

515.0
171.5
53.7

514.0
170.8
53.7

521.9
172.8
54. 4

498.5
169.1
53.4

129.5
169.7

129.2
170.1

128.3
169.5

127.7
171.0

129.1
174.1

129.5
175.3

128.8
173.3

127.3
171.1

128.8
172.0

125.7
169.2

126.5
171.4

122.8
167.0

123.5
166.0

125.3
169. 4

116.6
159.3

673.8
181.8

675.4
181.5
26.6
59.7
265.9
47.0

670.0
180.3
26.3
58.5
262.8
46.5

665.8
179.4
26.1
57.3
262.3
46.1

670.9
182.9
26.3
56.3
263.3
46.5

666.2
181.7
26.1
55.0
261.7
46.5

664.0
181.3
25.9
54.7
261.4
46.3

661.4
181.2
25.8
54.7
259.6
47.0

657.8
177.7
25. 7
56.5
256.5
48.3

653.2
178.0
25.2
55.9
254.8
46.9

653.0
178.2
25. 4
55.3
256.2
46.3

645.6
177.8
25. 5
54.6
254.1
44.0

645.2
178.7
25.7
54.4
253.0
44.2

652. 4
178.9
25.8
54.8
255.9
45 4

621.8
175.6
25. 4
242.8
41.8

94.6
576.6
172.0
136.7
68.9
65.2
36.3
35.4
62.1

95. 6
576.4
171.2
138.6
68. 3
67.1
36. 4
33. /
61.1

95.2
576.4
170.9
138.9
67.9
68.0
36.7
33.1
60.9

94.4
575.2
168.8
138.8
67.3
69.6
36.9
33.6
60.2

93.1
576.6
171.4
139.9
67.3
68.7
37.4
31.8
60.1

93.1
583.5
172.9
142.1
69.2
68.6
39.0
31.6
60.1

92.4
577.8
171.8
141.2
68.7
66.3
38.7
31.5
59.6

91.6
579.8
171.7
140.5
68.0
67.5
38.5
35.7
57.9

89.6
570.4
168.2
137.2
65.6
65.6
37.2
40.7
55.9

89.2
567.7
168.1
137.0
65.1
61.4
36.7
44.5
54.9

91.6
570.5
169.6
138.4
66.8
65.7
37.2
35.4
57.3

86.3
545.3
166.4
131.3
61.7
64.4
36.9
34.6
50.0

263.9
46.4

4 9 .9

94.6

94.7

95.6

585.7
172.5
132.1
68.8
65.7
36.5
44.9
65.2

580.8
172.3
131.5
69.1
65.6
36.7
42.0
63.6

578.0
172.2
134.8
68.7
64.8
36.3
37.9
63.3

113.2
89.1
24.1

111.6
88.9
22.7

111.3
88.7
22.6

111.0

88.6
22.4

112.9
89.3
23.6

114.2
89.2
25.0

114.7
88.8
25.9

116.2
89.3
26.9

118.2
90.4
27.8

118.2
90.3
27.9

117.0
89.6
27.4

113.7
87.9
25.8

111.9
87.6
24.3

113.9
88.7
25.2

112.4
88.3
24.1

404.8
77.9
140.6
186.3
294.7
26.1
195.9
72.7

406.0
78.1
141.7
186.2

410.3
77.8
145.7
186.8

415.5
78.1
149.1
188.3

420.0
78.5
149.0
192.5

419.1
78.3
147.2
193.6

414.7
77.4
146.0
191.3

409.2
77.2
145.0
187.0

406.1
77.4
143.0
185.7

395.1
77.3
140.0
177.8

304.4
26.7
203.3
74.4
31.5

304.7
26.9
204.3
73.5
30.9

310.2
27.4
208.0
74.8
31.4

312.0
27.1
207.4
77.5
33.2

310.3
26.9
206.3
77.1
33.1

312.4
27.2
208.8
76.4
32.2

319.9
27.9
214.9
77.1
32.5

306.0
27.2
207.8
71.0
29.0

393.4
75.5
142.4
175.5
312.4
27.5
210.3
74.6
29.9

390.8
74.2
141.0
175.6
310.7
27.5
208.9
74.3
30.3

400. 5
76.3
143.5
180.8

298.8
26.3
198.7
73.8
30.2

400.5
76.6
143.2
180.7
317.9
27.8
213.7
76.4
31.5

366.6
72.7
136.4
157.5
308.3
27.5
207.8
73.0
30.7

312.9
27.6
210.3
75.0
31.3

Transportation and public utilities:
Local and in teru rb an passenger transit:
Local and suburban tran sp o rtatio n ___
In tercity and ru ral bus lin e s ........... .......
M otor freight transportation and storage.
Public w arehousing________ ____ _ .
Pipeline tran sp o rtatio n ________________
C om m unication _______________ ____
Telephone c o m m u n ic a tio n .______ .
Telegraph comm unication A . ___ . . .
R adio and television broadcasting____
Electric, gas, and sanitary s e r v i c e s .
Electric companies and s y s te m s _____
Gas companies and system s_____ _
Com bined u tility system s. ______ . .
W ater, steam, and sanitary system s__

Wholesale and retail trade__ . . . . . .

W holesale trad e___ . . _______ _.
M otor vehicles and autom otive equipm e n t_____ ______ _____ _ _
Drugs, chemicals, and allied p ro d u cts..
D ry goods and apparel____ _________
Groceries and related products_______
Electrical goods___________
Hardware, plumbing, and heating goods.
M achinery, equipm ent, and su p p lies...
Miscellaneous wholesalers____ _____

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

76. 6
76 6
76 4
76 9
76 7
75 7
76 0
76 6
76 4
76. 6
76.8
77.8
75.2
38.3
38.6
39.1
3 9 .0
3 9 .4
41.2
38.7
39.1
40.4
36.3
38.0
38.8
38.7
40.6
904.0 900.8 905.9 938.0 9 5 3 . 7 9 5 5 . 1 956.0 942.0 942.4 935.7 901.5 886.3 919.4 878.2
80 8
78 5
72 8
69 9
67 2
66 1
69 3
72.2
73.1
71. 6
71 5
70. 7
77 2
15 2
15 3
15 4
16.3
16 3
16 6
16 6
15.1
15.1
15 8
16.3
15 1
15.7
753. 7 750.1 746.9 746 2 745 6 741 1 742 9 7 5 4 . 7 760 4 735 0 720 2 716.4 730. 9 698.1
636. 7 634.1 631.1 630. 0 629. 5 624 8 626 9 638. 2 634 0 619.9 606 7 603.0 616.4 587.2
22.9
23.0
22.8
23. 0
23 0
23 1
22. 5
22.8
22.2
23.0
23 1
23.1
22.8
22.7
91. 0
90.9
90 9
91 2
89.7
86.8
91.9
91.1
91.0
91 1
91.3
90.2
88.8
88 7
547.0 546.0 546.1 546.8 5 4 5 . 9 5 4 7 . 5 556 7 567. 5 567 1 559.-7 5 4 5 . 1 544. 7 550. 5 544.0
220. 0 219.3 219.3 219.0 219.0 219 3 222 0 226.1 225 3 222.5 216 6 216.3 219.1 214.8
133. 5 133.4 133. 5 134. 2 134.1 134 4 137 1 140.2 140 4 138.5 133 7 134.0 135.8 135.7
155.8 156.0 156.0 156. 5 156.3 156. 8 160 0 162.9 163.1 161. 0 157 9 157.9 158.6 158.1
37.0
35.3
37.3
37.3
37.1
37. 7
36.5
37.0
38.3
36.9
36.5
37 6
38.3
37.7
11,898 11,829 11,733 11,858 12,767 12,139 11,936 11,802 11,787 11,798 11,815 11,643 11,595 11,789 11,326
2,954 2,953 2,949 2,961 3,009 2,992 2,982 2,960 2,984 2, 977 2,945 2,875 2,864 2,929 2,818
223 1 223 8 222 8 223 8 223 5 220 8 221 1 923 7
174.6 173.0 173.4 175! 6 176.1 174.4 1 7 2 ! 6 174.1 I 7 2 ! 7
126. 0 124. 7 124.2 123. 4 124 0 122 8 122 5 122.1 190 7
435.9 435. 6 442.0 461. 2 460.7 465 2 452 4 454.6 468. 6
235 9 234 9 232.9 232 8 231 7 228 9 227 3 233 1 232 3
133.8 133.6 133.9 134.7 135.1 1 3 5 ! 6 134.7 136.4 135.6
542.4 541.0 544.4 543.6 539.7 536 7 537 2 542.9 541.1
1,008.6 1,003. 9 1,002. 6 1,019. 6 1,013.4 1,009.7 1,005.1 1,011.9 1, 009.2

221 8
171.5
120 9
467.1
226 9
134.7
531.4
996.9

219 7
168.3
118 9
4 4 3 .8

223 8
132.2
519.6
977.7

218 6
167.8
117.7
436.8
224.2
131.9
517.7
976.4

220. 8
171.3
120. 4
452. 5
227.0
133.7
527.8
994.1

214.9
164.2
114.2
449.0
214.0
128.5
490.6
956.2

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JUNE 1967

102
T a b l e A -1 0 .

Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry ^C ontinued
[In thousands]
A nnual
average

1966

1967

In d u stry
A pr.2 M ar.2

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

June

M ay

A pr.

1966

1965

8,8 0 3
8,821
1, 734.8 1, 731. 7
1, 084.6 1, 087. 5
108.7
107 .0
287.1
283.7
1 ,4 3 1 .4 1, 438.9
1, 269.1 1, 276.8
567.7
567.0
9 6 .7
9 6 .2
211.7
209.2
9 0 .6
9 3 .2
106.1
107 .0
375.1
375 .3
241 .5
23 9 .5
1 ,9 3 2 .4 1 ,9 3 4 .8
2, 762.0 2,772. 5
492.3
48 6 .7
642 .0
63 8 .9
168.1
169.0
376.5
37 7 .9
8 8 .8
8 8 .9

8,870
1, 750.1
1 ,1 0 0 .8
106.6
289.3
1, 440.0
1, 274. 5
585.7
98 .9
215.9
94 .8
110.4
373 .6
240.5
1,940. 2
2,780. 0
490.9
640.8
166.3
379.1
8 9 .7

8,7 6 8
1,732. 7
1,089. 4
105.1
292.9
1,433. 0
1, 267.8
' 579. 6
9 5 .5
216.0
9 0 .6
111.9
370.3
237.4
1,903. 9
2, 748. 7
476 .6
636.9
162.9
375.7
9 1 .6

8,731
1,729. 2
1,083. 6
106.7
296.8
1,425. 6
1, 259.2
596.0
9 5 .7
215.3
91.1
127.5
369.4
236.1
1,869. 4
2, 741. 2
473.7
639.0
159.6
375.8
9 5 .2

8,8 6 0
1,816. 2
1,145. 5
116.3
303 .4
1,442. 4
1,276. 5
592.8
100.8
217.8
96 .0
112.3
375 .8
240. 4
1,880. 9
2, 752. 2
47 1 .2
639.1
163.6
382.9
95 .7

8,508
1,721. 2
i; 0 76.0
112.1
293.4
1 ,3 6 8 .7
1,2 0 4 .8
575.0
9 4 .6
213.7
95.4
108.1
363.6
234.4
1.806.7
2 .6 7 2 .8
467.1
626.0
154.9
366.2
95.9

2,454
671.9
265.2
77 .6
123.2
628.2
276.0
4 9 .9
268.2

2,441
671.3
265.5
78.8
121.7
628.5
277.4
4 9 .0
268.0

2,2 4 4
683.6
266.3
77 .3
123.0
636.1
278.7
52 .6
271.3

2,425
662. 6
263.3
79.7
113.8
632.7
281.7
46.5
269.1

Aug.

July

W h o le s a le a n d r e ta il tra d e— C ontinued

R etail tra d e _________ G eneral m erchandise stores______
__
Departm ent, stores___
M ail order houses___ _ ______ _ _
Tlimited price variety stores__
Food stores
__ ___ __ _____ ___
Grocery, m eat, and vegetable s to re s __
Apparel and accessories stores
M en ’s a n d boys’ apparel stores _____ _
W om en’s ready-to-wear s to r e s ___
F am ily clothing stores.
_ _____
Shoe stores
_____ __ _
..
F u rn itu re a n d appliance stores_____
F u rn itu re and home furnishings______
E ating and d rin k in g places _ . __
______
O ther retail tra d e ..
B uilding m aterials and hardw are___
M otor vehicle dealers______
__
O ther vehicle and accessory dealers___
D rug stores«_
__ _ ______ __ - -- Fuel and ice d e a l e r s .._______ - ____
F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s ta te 4..

8,9 4 4

8, 876
1, 765.1
1 ,1 0 8 .9
106.0
306.5
1, 476.9
1 ,3 0 2 .6
609.7
9 9 .7
215.9
100.9
123.0
3 8 0 .6
241.8
1 ,8 9 1 .0
2 ,7 5 2 .4
443.8
635.1
160.8
398 .8
9 9 .8

8 ,7 8 4
1 ,7 3 4 .2
1, 091 .6
110.4
294.1
1,477. 4
1 ,303.1
' 576.2
9 9 .2
206 .2
9 7 .2
109.2
381 .2
240.9
1 ,8 6 5 .1
2,750. 0
438.1
636.0
159.3
403.3
102.3

8,897
1 ,8 3 1 .4
1 ,1 6 0 .0
121.9
303 .7
1 .4 7 1 .8
1 .3 0 3 .9
6 0 1 .5
106.8
2 1 5 .0
102 .0
112.3
3 8 1 .0
241 .8
1 ,8 4 8 .9
2 ,7 6 2 .7
441 .6
639.7
162.4
4 0 6 .0
103.1

9,758
2,371. 6
1, 534.1
' 146.8
392.1
1 ,501.7
1 ,3 2 4 .5
729.9
132.1
261.3
128.8
131.0
395.8
252.4
1,886. 0
2,873. 0
459.5
643.0
173.6
426. 7
102.3

9,1 4 7
1 ,9 9 8 .1
1,270. 3
1 3 8 .0
3 3 0 .3
1,472. 3
1,303. 4
' 6 2 0 .3
10 4 .3
22 6 .6
101.6
116.7
38 5 .6
24 6 .8
1 ,8 9 3 .2
2 ,7 7 7 .1
461 .4
641.1
169. 0
394.1
9 8 .9

8 ,9 5 4
1 ,8 4 8 .8
1 ,1 6 5 .0
' 122.2
3 0 9 .9
1 ,4 6 6 .9
1 ,2 9 9 .9
598.5
100.1
221 .4
9 5 .9
112.8
379 .6
242.1
1 ,9 1 2 .2
2 ,7 4 8 .1
467.7
636.7
165.9
388 .1
9 5 .0

8 ,8 4 2
1, 779. 6
1 ,1 1 3 .2
' 112. 2
3 0 1 .3
1, 443. 8
1,278. 6
586 .6
9 7 .7
213 .6
9 4 .6
114.1
3 7 5 .5
2 4 0 .3
1 ,9 1 8 .0
2, 738. 8
473 .0
634 .5
165. 8
381 .2
90 .1

2,513

2,492
699.5
267 .6
7 5 .5
126.7
652.7
280 .8
6 2 .9
278.5

2,473
697.7
26 5 .7
7 4 .8
124.6
649 .9
279.4
61.7
278.1

2,4 5 8
693 .8
265.1
75 .9
122.6
643.3
278 .7
59.1
274 .5

2,476
696.1
265.9
75.1
124.2
645.2
280.0
58.5
275.1

2,4 7 2
694.1
264 .5
7 4 .8
124.1
640.5
278.3
5 7 .4
273.3

2,473
691 .6
264 .4
7 5 .5
124.8
63 8 .7
278.1
5 6 .4
2 7 2 .0

2,4 8 5
692 .8
265 .3
75 .4
124. 5
641 .2
279 .8
55.4
273 .3

2,5 2 2
701 .9
269 .5
7 7 .4
126.5
647.5
282.6
55 .5
275.9

2,526
698.3
269.7
7 8 .4
127.7
645.4
282.2
54 .4
274 .5

2,493
685.1
266.9
77 .5
125.5
635.5
277.8
52.1
271.4

525.5

5 2 0 .6

512.9

515.7

526.7

545.9

573.0

610.5

612.9

585.7

556.5

541.9

552.2

541.8

493.2

490 .4

4 9 1 .5

496.5

499 .8

502.9

499. 7

508.2

512.0

511.5

499.7

494.3

498.8

490.3

3 0 .6

31.1

33 .4

3 6 .6

3 5 .8

3 4 .8

3 3 .8

3 5 .9

36 .6

3 2 .9

2 8 .8

2 8 .6

3 2 .9

30.3

B an k in g .
. . . ___
...
C redit agencies other th a n b an k s. ____
Savings an d loan associations_____ ___
Security dealers and exchanges____
Insurance carriers .
__
Life in surance. .
. . . . ______ .
Accident and health in su ran ce.
__
Fire, m arine, and casualty in su ra n c e ...
S e r v ic e s a n d m is c e lla n e o u s :

H otels a n d lodging places:
H otels, to u rist courts, and m o te ls.____
Personal services:
L aundries, cleaning and dyeing p la n ts ..
M otion pictures:
M otion p ictu re filming and distributio n ... _________________ _______

___

1 For com parability of d ata w ith those published in issues prior to October
1966, and coverage of these series, see footnote 1, tab le A-9.
F o r m ining and m anufacturing data, refer to production and related
workers: for contract construction, to construction workers; and for all other
industries, to nonsupervisory workers. T ransportation and public utilities,
and services are included in to tal private b u t are no t shown separately in this
table.
P r o d u c t i o n a n d r e l a t e d w o r k e r s i nclude working foremen and all nonsuper­
visory w orkers (including leadm en and trainees) engaged in fabricating,
processing, assembling, inspection, receiving, storage, handling, packing,
warehousing, shipping, m aintenance, repair, janitorial, and w atchm en
services, product developm ent, auxiliary production for p la n t’s own use
(e.g., pow erplant), and recordkeeping and other services closely associated
w ith the above production operations.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

C o n s t r u c t i o n w o r k e r s include w orking foremen, journeym en, mechanics,
apprentices, laborers, etc., engaged in new work, alterations, demolition,
repair, and m aintenance, etc., a t the site of construction or w orking in shop
or yards at jobs (such as precutting and preassembling) ordinarily performed
b y members of the construction trades.
N o n s u p e r v i s o r y w o r k e r s include employees (not above the working super­
visory level) such as office and clerical workers, repairm en, salespersons,
operators, drivers, attendants, service employees, linemen, laborers, janitors,
w atchm en, and sim ilar occupational levels, and other employees whose
services are closely associated w ith those of the employees listed.
2 Prelim inary.
3 D ata relate to nonsupervisory employees except messengers.

4Nonoffice salesmen excluded from nonsupervisory count for all series
in this division.

A —LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT
T able

A -ll.

103
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected groups,
seasonally adjusted 1
[In thousands]
1967

1966

In d u stry division and group
A pr.2 M a r .2 Feb.
T o tal. _ _______ ____________________________________ 65,611 65,513 65,497
M i n i n g . ------- ----------------------------------- ---------------------

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

65,381 65,076 64,823 64,466 64,168 64,199 64,072 63,983 63, 517 63,350

626

626

626

228

626

624

625

628

636

636

632

628

595

C ontract construction___ ____________________________ _ 3,279

3,320

3,350

3,301

3, 293

3,204

3, 202

3, 228

3, 251

3,297

3,300

3, 238

3,333

M anufacturing_______________ . _____ . . .

_____ _ . . 19, 234 19,351 19, 402 19,468 19,445 19,415 19,312 19,204 19, 262 19,128 19,167 19, 002 18,923

D urable goods. . . . . _________ _ .
________ .. 11,275 11,376 11,408 11,445 11,439 11,424 11,387 11,322 11,324 11,210 11,220 11 122 11,065
O rdnance and accessories______
_ ______ _ _
286
283
281
269
276
269
262
265
260
257
257
253
249
L um ber and wood products, except fu rn itu re___ ____
606
619
614
620
605
609
607
607
621
622
628
623
633
F urnitu re and fix tu res..
... . . .
_ ________
451
455
459
465
460
463
460
459
462
456
458
456
451
Stone, clay, and glass p ro d u cts____ . . . _____ ______
636
626
638
642
638
636
633
633
637
643
641
643
647
Prim ary m etal industries___ _ . . . ___ __________
1,284 1,305 1,322 1,341 1,343 1,351 1,351 1,341 1,351 1,338 1,333 1.315 1,307
Fabricated m etal products___ . . . . . . ___________ 1,361 1,373 1,374 1,380 1,379 1,378 1,365 1,357 1,360 1,346 1,348 1,341 1,345
M achinery
____ _____
_ ____________
1,927 1,932 1,935 1,941 1,933 1,917 1,912 1,903 1,901 1,888 1,865 1 846 1,827
Electrical equ ip m en t and supplies________ _ _ _____ 1,939 1,960 1,967 1,964 1,959 1,959 1,962 1,941 1,948 l , 903 1,904 1,877 1,860
rl ransportation e q u ip m e n t_________________________ 1,904 1,924 1,928 1,927 1,958 1,960 1,951 1,945 1,910 1,888 1,915 1,901 1,887
Instrum ents and related p roducts__________ _ _____
448
449
448
446
444
439
432
439
431
430
428
424
418
440
M iscellaneous m anufacturing industries______ . . . _.
443
442
448
446
445
442
440
443
439
443
443
441
N ondurable goods_____
___. . . . . . .
Food and kindred pro d u cts_______________ _ ___ _
Tobacco m anufactures ____ _
Textile m ill products____________ . . . _ _______ . . .
Apparel and related p roducts............................. _ ____
Paper and allied products__________________________
Printing, publishing, and allied industries___________
Chemicals and allied products . . . . .
Petroleum refining and related industries____________
R ubber and miscellaneous plastic p r o d u c ts ..____ . .
L eather and leather products______ _
. . . ___ ____
T ransportation and public u tilities. . . __ _____________
Wholesale and retail tra d e ___________ .
Wholesale tra d e _____ ________________
R etail tra d e ------- . ____ _ ______

7,959
1,771
86
935
1,383
685
1,065
977
182
527
348

7,975 7, 994
1,786 1,781
85
84
941
942
1,378 1,399
688
686
1,067 10,060
978
981
181
182
527
530
344
349

8,023
1,780
89
951
1,415
683
1,056
981
182
533
353

8,006
1,781
86
951
1,409
683
1,049
976
183
534
354

7,991
1,781
87
950
1,406
682
1,044
974
183
529
355

7,925
1,750
78
950
1,403
676
1,039
969
182
523
355

7,882
1,737
79
952
1,390
670
1, 035
965
182
517
355

7,938
1,765
80
957
1,395
677
1,035
968
184
520
357

7,918
1,763
85
955
1,388
679
1,031
963
186
518
350

7,947
1,760
86
957
1,424
674
1,026
961
183
515
361

7,880
1,748
85
952
1,412
665
1,018
945
183
508
364

7,858
1,757
86
950
1,396
664
1,017
937
182
506
363

4,191

4,221

4,230

4,196

4,195

4,165

4,168

4,105

4,122

4,143

4,132

4,114

4,225

13,665 13,477 13,524 13, 503 13,392 13, 393 13,340 13, 268 13, 264 13,256 13, 217 13,164 13,128
3,553 3,552 3,535 3,530 3, 515 3, 505 3, 486 3,474 3, 483 3,483 3,470 3,445 3, 434
10,112 9,925 9,989 9,973 9,877 9,888 9,854 9, 794 9, 781 9, 773 9, 747 9,719 9,694

Finance, insurance, and real estate__ . . . . . .
Service and m iscellaneous.. . ____________ _______
G o v ern m en t.. ._ .............
Federal _________________________
State and lo c a l.. ____________ _____

3,175

3,158

3,142

3,129

3,121

3,110

3,102

3,100

3,100

3,095

3, 090

3,076

3,068

.... 9,994

9,977

9,919

9,869

9,821

9, 778

9,712

9, 649

9, 647

9,609

9,549

9,515

9,484

11,447 11,383 11,309 11,253 11,182 11,104 11, 008 10,923 10,934 10,929 10,885 10,762 10, 705
2,709 2,688 2, 673 2,662 2,629 2,621 2, 615 2, 594 2, 610 2,601 2,571 2,523 2,501
8, 738 8,695 8,636 8,591 8, 553 8,483 8, 393 8,329 8, 324 8,328 8,314 8,239 8,204

1 For coverage of th e series, see footnote 1, table A-9.
2 Prelim inary.

T a b l e A -1 2 .

N o t e : T he seasonal adjustm ent m ethod used is described in appendix A,
(BLS B ulletin 1458,1966).

B L S H a n d b o o k o f M e th o d s f o r S u r v e y s a n d S tu d ie s

Production workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry group, seasonally
adjusted 1
[In thousands]
1967

1966

M ajor in d u stry group
A pr.2 M ar. 2 Feb.
M anufacturing_______________ .
D urable go o d s.. . . . __________ _ _
Ordnance and accessories _ . . . . . . . . .
L um ber and wood products, except furniture
F u rn itu re and fix tu re s.. _____ __
Stone, clay, and glass p ro d u cts________
P rim ary m etal in d u s trie s ________ ____
F abricated m etal p ro d u cts.
. . .
M achinery_____________
Electrical equipm ent and supplies ____
T ransportation e q u ip m e n t... .
Instrum en ts and related p ro d u c ts..
M iscellaneous m anufacturing industries .

.

N ondurable goods _________
Food and k indred products . . .
Tobacco m anufactures ___
Textile mill products . .
Apparel and related p ro d u cts. . . . . . .
Paper a n d allied p roducts. . ___
Printing, publishing, and allied industries____
Chemicals and allied p roducts_______
Petroleum refining and related industries .
R ubber and miscellaneous plastic p ro d u c ts ____
L eather and leather products_____

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

8,275
145
528
370
497
1,037
1,053
1,344
1,325
1,338
287
351

8,375
144
540
376
509
1,051
1,065
1,353
1,344
1,357
288
348

8,417
141
537
379
507
1,071
1,070
1,357
1,355
1,361
287
352

8,462
136
539
381
515
1,090
1,074
1,363
1,357
1,362
287
358

8,471
133
529
384
511
1,092
1,075
1,360
1,355
1,392
285
355

8,467
131
530
385
507
1,103
1,074
1,348
1,358
1,395
281
355

8, 442
128
529
381
507
1,102
1, 062
1,346
1,363
1,392
280
352

8,395
126
531
380
507
1,092
1,055
1,339
1,350
1,389
277
349

8,395
124
542
382
512
1,100
1,060
1,338
1,353
1,353
'278
353

8,293
122
543
378
515
1,090
1,043
1,331
1,320
1,324
277
350

8,328
120
550
381
515
1,086
1,048
1,312
1,327
1,358
276
355

8,261
118
546
379
516
1,070
1,046
1, 299
1,308
1, 351
273
355

8,226
114
554
374
521
1,066
1,049
1,284
1,297
1,344
270
353

5,914
1,175
74
830
1,224
532
676
577
114
409
303

5,929
1,190
72
835
1,221
534
677
580
114
408
298

5,953
1,184
72
838
1,242
533
673
583
114
412
302

5,991
1,183
77
847
1,257
531
673
584
115
417
307

5,975
1,184
74
848
1,251
530
666
582
115
417
308

5,969
1,186
74
847
1,250
531
662
581
115
413
310

5,908
1,156
66
847
1,246
525
659
576
114
409
310

5,873
1,145
67
848
1,234
520
657
575
114
403
310

5,935
1,170
68
856
1,239
528
659
582
115
406
312

5, 908
1,165
73
850
1,232
530
656
577
115
403
307

5,953
1,166
74
854
1,268
525
654
578
115
403
316

5,893
1,154
73
850
1,257
519
648
564
113
396
319

5,874
1,163
74
847
1,239
518
647
559
113
395
319

For definition of production workers, see footnote 1, table A-10.
-1 relim inary.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Jan.

14,189 14,304 14,370 14, 453 14,446 14,436 14,350 14, 268 14,330 14,201 14, 281 14,154 14,100

N ote : T h e seasonal adjustm ent m ethod used is described in appendix A,
(BLS B ullitin 1458,1966).

B L S H a n d b o o k o f M e th o d s fo r S u r v e y s a n d S tu d ie s

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1967

104

T able A -13. Unemployment insurance and employment service program operations 1
[All item s except average benefit am ounts are in thousands]
1966

1967
Item
Feb.

Mar.

Employment service:2
New applications for work____________
Nonfarm placements......... .................. ......

887
460

853
407

N ov.

Dee.

Jan.

721
420

966
440

Sept.

Oct.

794
513

819
592

Aug.

801
619

Ju ly

869
619

June

896
549

M ay

1,314
622

M ar.

A pr.

906
568

806
533

850
547

State unemployment insurance programs:
709
626
826
1,019
915
690
665
769
1,346
1,280
693
1,087
1,061
Initial claims 3 4...........-..........------- ------Insured unem ploym ent5 (average weekly
755
947
903
928
793
862
1,254
753
1,044
1,301
1,558
1,582
1,532
volume) 6--- ------ ---------------------------1.6
1.9
1.6
2.0
2.1
1.8
1.9
2.9
3.4
3.3
2.3
2.7
3.3
Rate of insured unem ploym ent7...........
2,817 3,639
3,022
2,476
3,087
3,385
5,852
2,960
4,098
5,615
5,398
3,971
6,323
Weeks of unemployment com pensated...
Average weekly benefit amount for total
unemployment......................................... $42.07 $41.97 $41. 73 $41. 39 $40. 57 $39. 84 $39. 68 $40. 65 $39. 05 $38.72 $38.86 $39.38 $39.83
Total benefits p a id ..-------------------------- $257,488 $219,480 $224,787 $157, 566 $114,814 $93,697 $106, 548 $143, 058 $113,812 $114,358 $126,149 $155,494 $225,472
Unemployment compensation for ex-service­
men: 8 8
Initial claim s36----------------- --------------Insured unemployment8 (average weekly
volume)________________ ____ _____
Weeks of unemployment com pensated...
Total benefits paid___________________

16

15

19

17

15

13

12

16

17

14

12

13

17

24
101
$4,199

25
93
$3,878

25
96
$3,963

21
75
$2,973

16
59
$2, 450

14
51
$2,117

15
63
$2, 561

19
81
$3,204

19
63
$2,443

17
72
$2,872

18
76
$2,936

22
92
$3, 558

27
121
$4,620

Unemployment compensation for Federal
civilian employees:810
Initial claims 3_______________ _______
Insured unem ploym ent5 (average weekly
volume)________________ __________
Weeks of unemployment compensated__
Total benefits paid___________________

8

9

15

10

9

9

7

8

11

9

7

7

8

22
103
$4,192

24
91
$3,728

23
87
$3,581

20
75
$3,045

17
67
$2, 752

16
60
$2, 466

16
67
$2,731

18
79
$3,239

19
65
$2,645

18
79
$3,255

18
78
$3,217

21
92
$3, 718

26
118
$4,717

Railroad unemployment insurance:
Applications 11______________ ________
Insured unemployment (average weekly
volum e)...-----------------------------------Number of payments 12------ ------ ---------Average amount of benefit paym ent13...
Total benefits paid 14— : --------------------

5

6

11

7

6

6

7

8

18

25

42

6

5

23
57
$77.16
$4, 233

24
53
$75. 54
$3,784

25
48
$72.95
$3,499

19
40
$76.70
$2,858

18
38
$73. 80
$2, 550

16
34
$71.99
$2,126

16
36
$72. 07
$2, 422

15
35
$74.96
$2,499

16
31
$72.16
$2,138

15
54
$60.07
$2,913

18
77
$50.55
$3,750

23
53
$69. 79
$3, 606

26
69
$77.68
$5,154

All programs: 13
Insured unem ploym ent8-------- ------------

1,603

1,654

1,631

1,313

955

799

802

980

1,001

841

916

1,112

1,381

1 Includes d ata for Puerto Rico beginning Jan u ary 1961 when the Common­
w ealth’s program became p a rt of the Federal-State U I system.
2 Includes G uam and th e Virgin Islands.
3 Initial claims are notices filed b y workers to indicate they are starting
periods of unem ploym ent. Excludes transitions claims under State programs.
4 Includes interstate claims for the Virgin Islands.
5 N um ber of workers reporting the completion of at least 1 week of unem ­
ploym ent.
8 In itial claims and State insured unem ploym ent include d ata under the
program for Puerto R ican sugarcane workers.
7 T h e rate is the num ber of insured unem ployed expressed as a percent of
the average covered em ploym ent in a 12-month period.
8 Excludes data on claims and paym ents made jointly w ith other programs.
8 Includes the Virgin Islands.
18 Excludes data on claims and paym ents made jointly w ith State programs.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

11 A n application for benefits is filed b y a railroad w orker a t the beginning
of his first period of unem ploym ent in a benefit year; no application is re­
quired for subsequent periods in the same year.
12 Paym ents are for unem ploym ent in 14-day registration periods.
13 The average am ount is an average for all compensable periods, not ad­
justed for recovery of overpaym ents or settlem ent of u nderpaym ents.
14A djusted for recovery of overpaym ents and settlem ent of underpaym ents,
n Represents an unduplicated count of insured unem ploym ent under the
State, Ex-servicemen and U C F E programs and the Railroad U nem ploym ent
Insurance Act.
S o u r c e : U.S. D epartm ent of Labor, Bureau of E m ploym ent Security for
all item s except railroad unem ploym ent insurance which is prepared by the
U.S. Railroad R etirem ent Board.

B.—LABOR TURNOVER

105

B.—Labor Turnover
T able

B -l.

Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1
[Per 100 employees]
1967

1966

Annual
average

Major industry group
Mar.2 Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

1966

1965

Accessions: Total
Manufacturing:
Actual--------------------------------------Seasonally adjusted__________ .. __
Durable goods_____________________
Ordnance and accessories __________
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture______ -_______________
Furniture and fixtures_____________
Stone, clay, and glass products______
Primary metal industries__________
Fabricated metal products_________
Machinery______________________
Electrical equipment and supplies___
Transportation equipment_________
Instruments and related products____
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries__________________________
Nondurable goods___ ____________
Food and kindred products_________
Tobacco manufactures_____________
Textile mill products______________
Apparel and related products.. __ _
Paper and allied products__________
Printing, publishing, and allied industries__________________________
Chemicals and allied products_______
Petroleum refining and related industries__________
____________
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products_______________ _____
Leather and leather products_______
N onmanufacturing :
Metal mining_____________________
Coal mining_______ .. _____ ____

3.8

3.6

2.9
4.5

3.9
4.9

5.1
5.1

6.1
5.0

6.4
5.1

5.1
It. 6

6.7
5.3

5.1
5.1

4.6
4.8

4.9
5.2

4.3

4.2

4.3
4.6

5.0

11

3.6
2.6

3.4
2.9

4.1
3.6

2.7
2.2

3.8
3.6

4.8
4.5

5.9
4.3

6.2
4.2

4.5
3.8

6.5
4.8

4.9
3.6

4.6
3.6

4.9
3.7

4.8
3.8

4.1
2.9

6.1
4.7
4.4
2.6
4.1
3.0
3.0
3.5
3.3

5.5
4.5
3.7
2.6
4.0
3.0
3.1
3.2
2.9

6.6
5.3
3.6
3.2
4.7
3.5
3.8
4.0
3.5

3.7
3.4
2.3
2.3
3.2
2.6
2.6
2.5
2.4

4.5
5.6
3.1
2.8
4.4
3.2
3.7
3.8
3.0

5.9
7.4
3.9
3.3
5.4
3.9
5.1
5.1
3.9

6.9
8.5
4.5
3.8
6.2
4.2
5.5
8.4
4.2

7.0
8.9
5.0
4.4
7.1
4.4
5.9
9.0
4.3

6.4
6.8
4.6
3.0
5.2
3.8
4.3
4.5
4.1

10.2
7.8
6.7
5.6
6.9
5.7
6.2
6.2
5.9

8.6
6.8
5.3
3.8
5.5
3.9
4.6
4.8
3.9

8.8
6.3
5.5
3.4
5.0
3.6
4.3
4.2
3.4

7.3
6.5
5.7
3.9
5.2
3.8
4.7
5.4
3.8

6.8
6.6
4.5
3.7
5.3
3.9
4.7
5.3
3.8

6.0
5.5
4.0
2.9
4.6
3.3
3.9
4.7
3.2

5.9

5.1

6.2

3.0

5.5

8.3

9.2

8.3

7.7

7.8

7.0

6.8

6.9

7.0

6.3

4.2
5.0
2.6
4.7
4.9
3.2

3.8
4.3
3.2
4.1
5.0
2.9

4.5
5.0
3.6
4.7
6.3
3.4

3.1
4.1
6.7
2.9
3.4
2.5

4.2
5.4
5.8
4.2
4.9
3.4

5.4
7.6
6.1
5.2
5.8
4.4

6.3
9.2
7.1
5.9
6.7
4.8

6.7
10.3
15.9
6.3
7.5
4.4

6.0
9.2
9.0
5.3
7.4
3.9

7.1
10.2
4.8
6.3
7.0
6.8

5.3
6.7
3.7
5.5
6.8
4.3

4.7
5.7
3.0
5.5
5.6
3.7

4.8
5.5
4.2
5.3
5.8
3.8

5.2
6.9
6.3
5.1
6.1
4.0

4.6
6.1
6.0
4.3
5.8
3.2

3.4
2.9

3.3
2.4

3.7
2.4

2.7
1.8

3.3
2.2

4.1
2.7

4.9
3.0

4.4
2.8

3.7
2.6

5.5
5.1

3.8
3.1

3.4
2.8

3.5
3.4

3.8
2.9

3.2
2.4

1.9

1.6

1.5

1.1

1.4

1.9

2.0

2.0

2.2

4.5

2.3

2.3

1.9

2.1

1.8

4.3
4.7

4.1
4.7

4.6
7.0

3.2
4.1

4.9
5.3

6.0
6.2

6.9
6.6

7.1
7.3

5.9
7.5

7.3
7.4

5.4
6.5

4.9
5.5

5.3
6.0

5.5
6.3

4.4
5.4

3.1
1.5

3.0
1.5

4.6
2.2

3.0
1.4

2.8
1.7

3.0
2.0

3.0
1.8

3.6
2.2

3.2
1.6

6.4
1.8

3.9
1.7

3.4
1.7

2.9
1.7

3.5
1.7

3.2
1.7

4.1

Accessions: New hires
Manufacturing:
Actual____ _________ ____ ______
Seasonally adjusted
Durable goods_____________________
Ordnance and accessories__________
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture________________ .. ...
Furniture and fixtures___ . . . ___
Stone, clay, and glass products______
Primary metal industries______ ___
Fabricated metal products_________
Machinery. ___________________
Electrical equipment and supplies___
Transportation equipment___ ___
Instruments and related products___
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries_________ _ _____________
Nondurable goods___
.....
Food and kindred products_____ ___
Tobacco manufactures___ _________
Textile mill products___
____
Apparel and related products..
Paper and allied products____ ____
Printing, publishing, and allied industries_________
.. ______
Chemicals and allied products______
Petroleum refining and related industries ___ . ___ _______ . .. _
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products- . .. _______________
Leather and leather products_______
Nonmanufacturing :
Metal mining...
_______ _____
Coalmining____ ... __________ . __

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.8
5. 3

2.7
3. 4

3.0
3.6

2.1
3.7

3.1
3.8

4.1
3.9

4.7
3.6

4.8
3. 7

3.9
3.5

3.7
4.3

3.1

4 -0

3.6
3.9

3.8

4.0

2.6
2.1

2.5
2.4

2.9
3.0

2.1
1.8

3.1
3.0

4.1
4.0

4.5
3.7

4.5
3.4

3.5
3.1

5.5
4.1

4.0
3.0

3.7
2.8

3.8
2.9

3.8
3.1

3.0
1.8

4.5
4.0
2.9
1.6
3.1
2.6
2.2
2.2
2.9

3.9
3.8
2.2
1.7
3.1
2.5
2.3
2.0
2.6

4.3
4.5
2.3
2.0
3.5
3.0
2.8
2.1
3.0

2.9
3.0
1.6
1.5
2.5
2.1
2.0
1.7
2.0

3.8
5.1
2.5
2.1
3.7
2.7
3.1
2.8
2.7

5.3
6.7
3.3
2.6
4.6
3.3
4.3
3.9
3.5

6.1
7.6
3.8
3.2
5.4
3.7
4.7
4.1
3.8

6.3
7.9
4.1
3.1
5.4
3.5
4.6
4.0
3.8

5.8
6.0
3.7
2.3
4.0
2.9
3.4
3.1
3.3

9.2
7.1
5.7
4.7
5.9
4.9
5.3
4.7
5.4

7.4
6.2
4.3
3.1
4.6
3.3
3.9
3.4
3.4

7.0
5.6
4.1
2.7
4.1
3.1
3.6
3.0
3.1

6.0
5.9
3.8
2.7
4.2
3.2
3.9
3.3
3.3

5.7
5.9
3.5
2.7
4.3
3.2
3.8
3.4
3.4

4.8
4.7
2.7
2.0
3.5
2.6
2.9
2.8
2.6

5.6

4.3

3.8

4.0

2.5

4.9

7.5

8.2

7.2

5.4

6.3

5.4

5.2

5.0

5. 5

4.5

3.0
3.2
1.5
3.4
3.6
2.7

2.8
2.9
2.3
3.1
3.4
2.4

3.2
3.4
2.6
3.5
4.0
2.9

2.3
2.8
3.2
2.2
2.1
2.1

3.2
3.9
4.5
3.3
3.5
3.1

4.2
5.5
4.3
4.1
4.3
4.0

5.0
7.0
4.8
4.9
5.0
4.4

5.2
7.9
10.0
5.2
5.4
3.9

4.4
7.0
4.0
4.0
4.5
3.4

5.7
7.6
3.2
5.3
5.2
6. 0

4.1
4.8
2.3
4.6
4.6
3.8

3.6
3.8
1.8
4.5
4.1
3.2

3.6
3.4
2.0
4.2
4.4
3.2

3.9
4.9
3.7
4.1
4.2
6.6

3.2
4.1
3.3
3.3
3.7
2. 5

2.6
2.3

2.7
1.9

3.0
1.9

2.2
1.4

2.8
1.8

3.5
2.3

4.1
2.6

3.7
2.4

3.1
2.1

4.6
4.5

3.2
2.6

2.9
2.4

2.8
2.8

3.2
2.4

2.6
1.9

1.4

1.3

1.1

.9

1.2

1.7

1.8

1.7

2.0

3.8

1.9

1. 7

1. 5

1.7

1. 4

3.3
3.2

3.2
3.3

3.5
4.8

2.6
3.1

4.1
4.1

5.3
4.8

6.1
.3

5.7
5.6

4.4
5.3

6.4
6.4

4.6
5.1

4.1
4.3

4.3
4.7

4.6
4.8

3.4
3.9

2.2
.9

2.1

2.7
1.2

2.0

.0
1.1

2.4
1.3

2.5
1.2

2.7
1.4

2.7
1.1

5.2
1.1

2.6
1.1

2.1
1.0

2. 0
1.1

2. 5
1.1

.9

1.0

1.0

106

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JUNE 1967
T able

B -l.

Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1—Continued
[Per 100 employees]
1967

1966

Annual
average

Major industry group
M ar.2 Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

1966

1965

4.6

4.1

4.4

3.8
2.5

Separations: Total
Manufacturing:
Actual-----------

------------ -------------------- ----------

4. 5

4.0

4. 5

4.2

4.3

4.8

6.6

5.8

5.3

4.4

4.3

4.3

4.1

5.1

4 .8

4 .6

4-4

4 .5

4 .5

5 .1

4 .8

5 .0

4 .9

4 .7

4 .7

4 .6

Durable goods... ----------------- ------Ordnance and accessories-----------------Lumber and wood products, except
furniture______ ______ _______ ___
Furniture and fixtures______________
Stone, clay, and glass products_______
Primary metal industries___________
Fabricated metal products---------------Machinery________________________
Electrical equipment and supplies........
Transportation equipment---------------Instruments and related products.........
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries____________________________

4.4
2.5

4.0
2.4

2.6

4.4

3.9

5.5
3.1

5.4
3.0

4.2
2.5

4.1
2.7

3.9
2.7

3.8
2.4

6.9
6.3
4.1
3.4
5.0
3. 6
4.6
4.7
3.1

5.4
5.2
4.2
3.0
4.9

8.6

6.6

5.7

S e a s o n a l l y a d j u s t e d --------

Nondurable goods----- -- -----Food and kindred products--------------Tobacco manufactures______________
Textile mill products_______________
Apparel and related products________
Paper and allied products___________
Printing, publishing, and allied industries____________________________
Chemicals and allied products. _ ------Petroleum refining and related industries_________________________ -Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products____________________________
Leather and leather products..... ...........
Nonmanufacturing:
Metal mining_______
Coal mining________

_______ . . .
________ ____

4.0

4.5

6.1

1.6

2.1

2.8

4.0

7.5
5.7
4.5
3.1
4.7

9.4
8.3

4.0
4.5
2.7

6.5
4.9
4.8
2.9
4.3
2.5
3.2
3.7
2.4

7.5

5.2
3.5
4.9
3.1
4.2
5.1
2.9

5.0

5.7

4.7
5.3
7.0
5.1
6.5
3.5

4.1
5.0
7.0
4.6
5.0
3.0

4.8

3.3
2.4

3.0

2.1

3.5
2.4

1.6

1.5

2.0

4.9
6.3

5.1
5.6

5.3

3.1
2.3

2.9

2.8

1.6

6.4

6.2

6.8

8.6

7.2

6.6

5.4

5.7

7.3

6.1

5.3

4.6
5.6
3.4
4.7

12.0

8.6

6.8

4.6
7.1
5.7
4.2
5. 5
3.0

4.7
7.2
6.3
4.8
5.4
3.5

5.4
8.4
4.9
5.3
5.8
4.1

11.0
6.6

7.9
8.3
6.5
7.2
5.1

3.0

2.0
1.8

3.0

2.0

3.5
2.5

5.1
4.6

4.6
3.0

1.9

2.1

3.9

6.2

4.2
6.3

4.5
5.1

5.5
5.9

7.2
8. 4

3.8
2.4

3.3
1.4

3.4

4.0

6.0

5.2
5.7
3.5

1.6

1.8

7.0

6.1

5.0
3.3
3.8
4.8
3.0

3.4
3.6
2.5

6.0
8.0

6.0
2.8

6.4
4.5
3.6
5.4
3.8
4.0
9.8
3.3

5.6
7.0
5.1
5.8
5.3
4.9

2.6

6.7

8.4
5.9
4.3
6.3
4.5
4.5
6.4
3.7

6.8

4.7
3.6
5.3
3.2
4.0
4.3
3.6

5.6
6.7
7.2

1.9

4.2

4.2
2.9
5.1
3.2
3.6
4.1

2.8

5.5
5.5
7.9
3.5

3.6

4.5
5.5
4.0
5.0
5.9
3.4

3.3

3.5

6.2

6.0

7.1

7.3

2.6

6.1

2.8

7.2
6.3
4.6
3.2
5.1
3.4
3.8
4.8
3.1

5.4

5.0

6.9

5.9

4.7
5.6
6.7
5.0

4.4
5.6

5.0

6.8

4.4

6.6

5.9
5.1

3.5

4.7
5.6
3.3

3.8

6.1

6.4
4.1
5.8
3.1
3.1

6.2
4.1
2.6

4.7
3.3
3.4
3.9
2.9

6.1
2.6

3.7
4.5
3.1
3.5
3.8

6.1

5.1
3.9
3.0
4.2

2.8
3.1
4.3
2.7

6.1

2.6
2.0

3.1

2.6
1.8

3.2
2.4

2.9
2.3

3.4
2.5

2.6
6.2

2.2
2.1

1.9

1.6

2.1

1.9

5. 7

7.8

8.1

4.8
5.7

4.8
5.6

4.7
6.3

4.6

6.2

5.0
6.4

4.2
5.3

3.8
1.5

3.7
2.5

2.9
1.3

3.1

3.2

3.2

1.8

3.5

1.8

3.1
1.9

2.6

1.9

1.8

2.2

2.2

Separations: Quits
Manufacturing:
Actual_____ ____________________
S ea so n a lly a d ju s te d ...
__ -----Durable goods. _ _____ ____ . ------Ordnance and accessories___________
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture— . ______ . . . ___
Furniture and fixtures... ------- -- ...
Stone, clay, and glass products... ---Prim ary metal industries___________
Fabricated metal products.. . - ------Machinery___ _____- -------- ---.
Electrical equipment and supplies-----Transportation equipment- - - - - - - Instruments and related products.
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries_______________________ . -.
Nondurable goods____ ______ _ _ ___
Food and kindred products___ ____
Tobacco manufactures. . _
_____
Textile mill products___ . . _______
Apparel and related products________
.
Paper and allied products__ _
Printing, publishing, and allied industries______ _ __________ _
Chemicals and allied products_______
Petroleum refining and related industries_____________ _______ ____
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products_________
__________
Leather and leather products_____ _
Non manufacturing:
Metal mining. ________ _________ .
Coalmining___
_
..............
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.1

2.5

2.0

1.9

2.1

1.7

2.1

2.8

4.5

3.6

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.3

2 .5

2 .5

2 .7

2 .7

2 .6

2 .6

2 .5

2. 5

2. 5

2 .5

2 .7

2 .7

1.7

1.5
.9

2.0
1.1

2.6
1.6

2.6

4.2

3.4
1.9

2.3
1.5

2.3
1.5

2.3
1.4

2.3
1.4

2.2

2.4
1. 5

1.1

2.6

4.7
4.8

3.6
2.7
4.0
2.7
3.1
2.5

4.6
4.2
2.5
1.5

5.3
4.4
2.4
1.5
2.7
1.9

5.2
4.4
2.4
1.5

4.3
4.3

4.5
4.3
2.4
1.7

3.4
3.1

2.6

2.6
1.9
2.0
1.8
1.8

5.0
4.0
2.5
1.5
2.7
1.9
2.3

2.4

6.9
6.5
4.4
3.8
4.8
3.5
4.2
3.1
3.7

6.1
6.2

1.3

3.4
3.7
1.9
1.3
2.4
1.5
1.9
1.5
1.5

1.9

1.3

1.2

1.9

3.5
3.8
1.9
1.3

2.9
3.1

3.2
3.5

1.2

2.7
1.4

2.2
1.9
2.0
1.6
1.8

1.6
1.1
2.1
1.5
1.8
1.4
1.6

2.9

2.5

2.7

2.6

3.9

4.6

6.5

4.9

2.3
2.4
1.5
3.3

2.1
2.2
1.7
2.8

2.4
2.5

1.9

2.4
2.9
1.7
2.9

3.1
3.9
2.3
3.6
3.4
2.7

5.0
6.7
3.4
5. 1
4.7
5. 1

4.0
4.7

2.2
1.4

3.7
3.3

2.8
2.0

2.5
1.7

1.8

1.3
2.3
1.7

2.0
1.5
1.7

1.8

3.1
2.9

2.0
2.0
1.1

1.9

1.2
.6

1.8
1.0
.6

2.5
3.2

2.4
3.0

2.5
3.6

1.5

1.4
.7

1.7

.8

.7

.6

1.1
1.8
1.3
1.7

1.1

2.2
1.6
2.1
1.6

2.3

1.7
.9

.6
2.1

2.8
2.1
1.8
1.0
.6

2.6
1.8
3.0
1.9
2.5

2.0

2.8

4.9
4.6
3.5
3.1

2.1

2.8
2.0
2.1

1.3

2.0
1.4
2.5

1.9
1.4

1.8
2.0

1.3
1.4

2.6
2.1

1.8

1.7

1.7
1.9

1.8
2.1
1.7
1.8

3.3

3.2

3.4

3.2

3.1

3.6

2.8

2.7
3.0
1.4
3.4
3.2
2.3

2.7

2.7
2.7
1.7
3.7
3.2

2.4
2.4
1.7
3.3
2.9

2.8

2.2
2.1
1.1

2.3
1.3

2.8

1.7
3.6
3.3

2.2
2.0
1.3

2.2
2.0
1.3

2.1
1.8
1.2

1.6
1.2

2.8

2.1
1.8

3.1
1.7
3.5
3.7

1.7

1.9
2.3

3.2
1.9
3.5
3.3
2.4

2.2
1.4

1.6

2.4
1.5
2.5

2.6
1.7
1.7

1.0

.9

2.3

1.4

.9

1.0

.9

.9

.7

.9

.7

2.9

2.7
3.4

3.5
4.3

5.3
6.3

4.3
5.9

2.8

2.9
4.2

2.9
3.9

3.0
4.0

2.8

3.9

3.1
4.1

2.1

3.0

1.1
.6

1.3

1.7

4.8

2.7
.9

2.0

1.8
.6

2.0

2.0
.8

1.6
.8

2.0

1.7

.6

.8

1.1

4.4

.9

.7

.7

.6

B.—LABOR TURNOVER
T able

B -l.

107
Labor turnover rates, by major industry group ^C ontinued
[Per 100 employees]
1966

1967

A nnual
average

M ajor in d u stry group
M ar.2

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

Ju ly

June

M ay

Apr.

M ar.

1966

1965

Separations: Layoffs
M anufacturing:
A c t u a l . . ----- - -- - --------------------Seasonally adjusted__ ____________ D urable goods_______________ ______
Ordnance and accessories____________
L um ber and wood products, except
furniture___________________ _____
F u rn itu re a n d fixtures--- --------- —
Stone, clay, a n d glass p roducts_______
P rim ary m etal industries______
Fabricated m etal products------- --------M achinery-------------------------------Electrical eq u ip m en t and supplies-----T ransportation eq u ip m en t___________
Instrum en ts and related p roducts_____
M iscellaneous m anufacturing industries______________________________
N ondurable goods_____________________
Food and kindred p roducts__________
Tobacco m anufactures_______________
Textile m ill products________________
A pparel and related p ro d u c ts .. ______
Paper and allied products____________
P rinting, publishing, and allied industries______
.
-------------Chemicals and allied p roducts________
Petroleum refining and related industries______ _____________ ________
R ubber and miscellaneous plastic
products__________________ ______
Leather and leather p roducts________
N onm anufacturing:
M etal m ining___ - . . ____________
C oalm in in g ________________ .

1.5
1.7

1.3
1.5

1.5
1.4

1.8
1.8

1.3
1.1

1.1
1.0

1.0
1.1

1.1
1.0

2.0
1.7

1.0
1.8

0.9
1.1

1.0
1.2

.7
.4

1.2

1.4

1.5
.5

1.4
.5

1.5
.5

1.5
.2

1.1
.4

.8
.5

.8
.4

1.1
.4

2.2
.6

.9
.3

.8
.5

.7
.6

1.1
.4

1.2
.8

2.3
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.8
.7
1.7
2.4
.5

1.7
1.1
1.7
1.0
1.9
.5
1.2
2.4
.5

2.3
1.5
2.6
1.0
1.6
.5
1.2
2.7
.5

3.3
1.2
2.7
1.0
1.5
.5
.7
1.8
.4

3.1
1.0
1.8
.8
1.3
.4
.5
1.2
.3

1.7
.7
1.1
.7
1.1
.4
.4
1.3
.4

1.3
.5
1.1
.6
1.0
.6
.4
1.2
.4

1.4
.7
1. 0
.5
1. 0
.8
.3
2.8
.3

.9
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.7
1.0
1.0
7.1
.8

.7
.9
.8
.4
1.3
.4
.5
2.0
.3

.6
.5
.9
.4
1.3
.4
.4
1.3
.3

.8
.6
.8
.3
1.0
.4
.4
1.3
.4

1.9
.6
.8
.4
1.0
1.2
1.1
.4
.4
1.2
.3

1.6
.8
1.3
.6
1.2
.5
.5
2.1
.4

1.7
1.0
1.5
1.0
1.4
.6
.8
2.1
.6

1.7

1.6

2.0

8.5

3.5

.8

.8

1.1

2.3

1.1

1.3

1.1

.9

2.1

2.3

1.5
2.2
4.7
.9
3.0
.7

1.3
2.1
4.7
.9
1.7
.5

1.6
2.7
5.4
1.2
1.9
.7

2.1
4.2
3.4
1.2
2.8
.7

1.6
3.5
3.9
1.1
1.9
.6

1.5
3.6
1.7
.8
1.6
.4

1.4
3.3
1.5
.6
1.6
.5

1.3
2.3
4.8
.6
1.8
.5

1.7
2.3
3.2
1.1
3.2
.5

1.1
1.9
1.4
.5
2.0
.4

1.1
2.1
1.7
.4
1.9
.4

1.3
2.2
4.5
.4
2.6
.5

1.3
2.5
3.8
.5
2.0
.5

1.4
2.8
3.4
.7
2. 1
.5

1.6
2.9
4.4
.8
2.4
.8

.8
.5

.6
.5

.8
.6

.9
.7

.6
.5

.6
.5

.7
.6

.8
.3

.6
.5

.6
.7

.6
.7

.6
.5

.6
.6

.7
6

.9
.7

.4

.4

.7

.8

.7

.6

.9

.6

.6

.3

.4

.4

.5

.6

.6

1.2
2.1

1.7
1.7

1.5
1.7

1.3
2.6

.7
1.0

.7
.8

.6
1.1

.6
.9

1.8
2.7

.7
.7

.8
.9

.7
1.4

.7
1.2

.9
1.3

1.2
1.5

.7
.9

.7
.5

1.1
.8

1.0
.5

1.5
.5

1.2
.3

.2
.2

.2
2

.8
1.2

.3
.4

.3
.7

.3
1.1

.9
.6

.7
.6

.7
.9

1 For com parability of data w ith those published in issues prior to October
1966, see footnote 1, table A-9.
M onth-to-m onth changes in to ta l em ploym ent in m anufacturing and
nonm anufacturing industries as indicated by labor turnover rates are not
com parable w ith th e changes shown b y th e B ureau’s em ploym ent series
for the following reasons: (1) th e labor turnover series measures changes


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

during the calendar m onth, while the em ploym ent series m easures changes
from m idm onth to m idm onth and (2) the turnover series excludes personnel
changes caused by strikes, b u t the em ploym ent series reflects the influence
of such stoppages.
2 Prelim inary.

108

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JUNE 1967

C.—Earnings and Hours
T

able

C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry
1967

1966

A nnual
average

In d u stry
A p r.2 M ar.2 Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

Ju ly

June

M ay

Apr.

1966

1965

$99.45
131. 58
134.62
138. 32
140. 51
149.33
152. 44
121. 84
125.96
118.46
128.46
131.14
149.38
138.00
152. 34
153. 47
151.44
155. 70
163.90
143.08
180.45
143.72
128.16
hours

$99.84
131. 46
135. 79
143.99
139. 64
145. 70
148. 03
123. 70
129. 68
119.26
127.64
130.9
150.15
137.27
154. 07
195.46
152. 21
156. 59
163.12
145. 04
180.12
144. 63
129. 23

$99.20
132.80
134.93
142.35
138.13
153. 41
156.98
121. 70
126.98
118.28
126.90
128. 87
146.69
135.05
150.45
151. 64
148. 42
153. 38
161.09
141.21
177. 45
140. 65
123. 90

$98.04
130. 85
132. 51
136. 27
137. 26
152. 31
155.12
121.84
127.30
117. 75
122. 29
121. 47
141.71
132.09
137.07
134.06
140. 76
150. 88
160. 27
140. 30
177. 00
139.15
118.61

$97.41
121. 72
133.88
139. 63
138.97
111. 52
112. 85
122.41
129.15
117.13
120. 31
119. 20
140. 59
131. 74
137. 94
135.05
141.05
148.15
156. 21
137.28
173. 57
138. 98
117. 57

$98. 69
130. 24
133. 77
138.09
140.07
145.86
148.45
122.26
128.11
118.36
122.93
123.19
145. 51
135. 76
145.14
143.30
147.17
152.44
160.63
140.66
178.62
139.78
124.18

$95. 06
123. 52
127.30
129. 24
136. 71
137.45
140. 23
116.18
123.62
110.31
117. 45
116. 58
138. 01
128.16
137.90
136.45
139.60
144.99
152.08
134.97
169.89
133.56
117.65

38.4
38.7
38.7
39.0
42.2
43.2
43.0
43.0
42.1
42.0
42.7
42.2
41.3
41.3
43.1
42.3
43.9
43.7
43.4
43.1
39.3
42.2
40.7
40.8
39.5
42.5
41.2
41.2
42.5
42.5
42. 5
42.6
40.8
40.8
40.8
40.5
43.8
43.7
43.7
44.2
45.1
46.9
46.9
47.2
48.5
47.1
48.7
49.3
36.3
38.5
38.4
38.3
35.3
36.9
36.7
36.8
38.7
42.5
42.2
42.3
38.7
43.5
43.6
43.5
38.7
41.4
40.6
40.8
36.0
37.7
37.5
37.7
39.3
39.2
39.4
37.8
35.3
35.9
36.2
36.5
37.9
39.5
39.4
39.2
35.4
35.4
33.1
34.6
35.6
33.2
35.8
35.1
Average hourly earnings

39.0
43.1
42.7
43.5
43.5

39.0
43.4
42.7
43.4
43.3
41.8
42.2
42.7
40.7
44.3
47.0
49.0
38.3
36.6
42.5
43.7
41.0
37.5
39.1
36.3
39.0
34.9
35.2

38.9
42.9
42.2
41.8
43.3
41.5
41.7
42.6
40.8
44.1
45.8
46.9
37.0
35.7
39.5
39.9
39.1
36.8
38.9
35.7
38.9
34.7
33.6

38.6
41.4
42. 5
42.7
43.7
32.8
32.9
42.8
41.0
44.2
45.4
46.2
36.9
35.8
40.1
40.8
39.4
36.4
38.1
35.2
38.4
34.4
33.4

38.7
42.7
42.2
42.1
43.5
40.3
40.6
42.6
40.8
44.0
45.7
47.2
37.6
36.3
41.0
41.9
40.1
37.0
38.8
35.7
39.0
34.6
34.4

38.8
42.3
41.6
41.9
43.4
39.9
40.2
42.4
40.8
43.6
45.7
47.2
37.4
36.1
40.8
41.6
40.0
36.8
38.6
35.8
38.7
34.6
34.5

$2.55
3.06
3.16
3.28
3.19
3.67
3.72
2.85
3.12
2.67
2.70
2.63
3. 83
3. 69
3.54
3.47
3. 62
4.09
4.12
3.89
4. 55
4.03
3. 52

$2.54
3.05
3.14
3.26
3.17
3. 67
3.72
2. 86
3.12
2.67
2.67
2. 59
3.83
3.70
3.47
3.36
3.60
4.10
4.12
3.93
4. 55
4.01
3.53

$2. 53
2.94
3.15
3. 27
3.18
3.40
3.43
2.86
3.15
2.65
2.65
2. 58
3.81
3.68
3. 44
3. 31
3. 58
4.07
4.10
3.90
4. 52
4.04
3. 52

$2.55
3.05
3.17
3.28
3. 22
3.61
3.65
2.87
3.14
2.69
2.69
2.61
3.87
3.74
3. 54
3. 42
3.67
4.12
4.14
3.94
4. 58
4.04
3.61

$2. 45
2.92
3.06
3.16
3.15
3.45
3.49
2.74
3.03
2.53
2.57
2.47
3.69
3. 55
3.38
3.28
3.49
3.94
3.94
3.77
4.39
3.86
3.41

Average w eekly earnings
T o ta l p r i v a t e . _____ ____________
M in in g ________ ______ ____ ____
M e ta l m in in g _________________
Iro n o res__________ _____ ___
C o p p er ores__________ ______
C oal m in in g ______ ___________
B itu m in o u s .......... ............. .........
C ru d e p e tro le u m a n d n a tu r a l g
C ru d e p e tro le u m a n d n a tu r a l
lelds.
O il a n d gas field serv ice s_____
_____
Q u a rry in g a n d n o n m e ta llic m in in g _____
C ru s h e d a n d b ro k e n s to n e ......... ............
C o n tra c t c o n stru c tio n ____________________
G e n eral b u ild in g c o n tra c to rs .......................
H e a v y c o n s tr u c tio n ........................................
H ig h w a y a n d s tre e t c o n s tru c tio n ______
O th e r h e a v y c o n s tru c tio n _____ _______
S pecial tra d e c o n tra c to rs ________________
P lu m b in g , h e atin g , a ir c o n d itio n in g ___
P a in tin g , p a p erh an g in g , a n d d eco ratin g
E le c tric a l w o rk _______________________
M asonry, p la sterin g , sto n e, tile w o r k ...
R oofing a n d s h ee t m e ta l w o rk ________

T o ta l p r iv a te _____________________________
M in in g ___ _____ ________________ ____ ___
M e ta l m in in g _______ ___ _______________
Iro n o res______________________________
C o p p e r o re s ._________ ________________
C oal m in in g ......... ....................................... .......
B itu m in o u s ________ _____ ____________
C ru d e p e tro le u m a n d n a tu r a l g a s ..............
C ru d e p e tro le u m a n d n a tu r a l gas fields..
O il a n d gas field serv ic es............................
Q u a rry in g a n d n o n m e ta llic m in in g ______
C ru s h e d a n d b ro k e n s to n e ................. .......
C o n tra c t c o n s tru c tio n ________________ ___
G en eral b u ild in g c o n tra c to rs ................ .......
H e a v y c o n s tru c tio n ____________________
H ig h w a y a n d s tre e t c o n s tru c tio n ...........
O th e r h e a v y c o n s tru c tio n _____________
Special tra d e c o n tra c to rs ________________
P lu m b in g , h e a tin g , air c o n d i tio n i n g .. .
P a in tin g , p a p e rh a n g in g a n d d e c o ra tin g .
E le c tric a l w o rk _______________________
M asonry, p la ste rin g , sto n e, tile w o r k ...
R oofing a n d s h e e t m e ta l w o rk _________

Total private______________________
Mining_____________
'
Metal mining_______ ____ ______ ~
Iron ores_____________________
Copper ores____________________
Coal mining____ ____ _____________
Bituminous__________________
Crude petroleum and natural gas___
Crude petroleum and natural gas fields.
Oil and gas field services....... ............
Quarrying and nonmetallic mining___ ”
Crushed and broken stone_________
Contract construction_____________
General building contractors___ !. ! _
Heavy construction_____________
Highway and street construction___ ’!
Other heavy construction._________
Special trade contractors_____________
Plumbing, heating, air conditioning__
Painting, paperhanging and decorating
Electrical work............ .........
Masonry, plastering, stone, tile work
Roofing and sheet metal work__
See footnotes a t end of table.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$99.68 $99.18 $98. 66
134.83 131. 77 131.04
137.92 136.00
141.04 136.31
143.23 142.46
143.91 145. 73
146. 57 148.40
127.14 126. 42
130.80 133.42
123. 67 120.83
118. 59 116.30
115. 65 110.16
147.26 146.46 142.84
138.19 135.10
140.40 138.87
129.28 127.86
148.88 147. 06
153.85 150.38
163.16 161.88
140.85 140.24
183.14 181.16
139. 67 128.03
118. 61 117. 24

37.9
42.4

37.0

$99.70
133.67
136.32
138.65
142.79
153.38
155.77
127.08
136.03
120.25
118.86
115.14
148.77
140. 48
142.16
131.14
150.08
156. 77
165.75
141.40
185.02
139.10
125. 54

$99.97
133.45
136. 53
136.86
144. 21
155.91
158.30
124. 49
129.34
120.96
120. 22
120.19
148.06
140.84
141. 29
130. 54
150.82
155.72
164.97
141.91
185.65
140. 90
126. 21

38.0
41.7
42.7
43.0
43.8
39.0
39.4
42.1
40.0
43.7
43.6
45.0
36.8
35.8
40.0
40.4
39.7
36.2
38.3
35.3
38.8
33.9
31.8

37.8
41.6
42.5
42.2
43.7
39.6
40.0
42.0
40.8
43.0
42.6
43.2
35.8
35.0
38.9
39.1
38.7
35.3
38.0
34.8
38.3
31.0
31.6

38.2
42.3
42.6
42.4
43.8
40.9
41.1
42.5
41.6
43.1
43.7
44.8
37.1
36.3
39.6
39.5
39.6
36.8
39.0
35.0
39.2
33.6
33.3

38.6
42.5
42.4
41.6
44.1
41.8
42.1
42.2
40.8
43.2
44.2
45.7
37.2
36.3
39.8
39.8
39.9
36.9
39.0
35.3
39.5
34.2
33.3

$2. 61
3.16
3.23
3. 28
3.27
3.69
3.72
3.02
3.27
2.83
2.72
2. 57
3.98
3.86
3. 51
3.20
3.75
4.25
4.26
3.99
4.72
4.12
3.73

$2. 61
3.15
3.20
3. 23
3.26
3.68
3. 71
3.01
3.27
2.81
2.73
2.55
3.99
3.86
3. 57
3.27
3.80
4.26
4.26
4.03
4.73
4.13
3.71

$2.61
3.16
3.20
3.27
3.26
3. 75
3.79
2.99
3.27
2.79
2.72
2.57
4.01
3.87
3.59
3.32
3.79
4.26
4.25
4.04
4.72
4.14
3. 77

$2.59
3.14
3. 22
3. 29
3. 27
3.73
3.76
2.95
3.17
2.80
2.72
2.63
3.98
3.88
3.55
3.28
3. 78
4.22
4.23
4. 02
4. 70
4.12
3. 79

$99.46
131.66
135.24
136.29
143.11
146.20
148.13
124. 53
129.74
120.89
124.03
125.76
143.39
136.26
138.16
131.58
145.51
151.20
158.76
142.26
178.89
135.38
121.84

$2. 59
3.12
3.22
3.30
3.26
3.72
3.75
2.93
3.18
2.76
2.75
2.67
3.95
3.86
3.57
3.40
3.76
4.20
4.20
4.03
4.72
4.09
3.67

$100.62 $100.23
134. 78 133.73
135.14 136. 64
136.29 142.23
142.46 140.62
156.98 151.00
159.80 154.09
123.68 123.68
129. 74 129.34
118.86 118.86
129.44 129.44
130.95 131.49
152.08 151.67
141.70 140.56
155. 55 156.09
154.86 157.04
156.91 155. 04
157.96 157.88
165.85 166.21
144.68 145.16
185. 26 183.46
144.79 142.90
132. 46 129.17
Average weekly

$2. 60
3.12
3.21
3.30
3.26
3. 72
3. 76
2.91
3.18
2. 72
2.76
2. 70
3.95
3.84
3.66
3.56
3.79
4.19
4. 22
4.03
4.69
4.09
3.70

$2.59
3.11
3.20
3.30
3.24
3.71
3.74
2.91
3.17
2. 72
2.76
2. 70
3.96
3.83
3.69
3. 61
3.80
4.21
4.24
4.01
4.68
4.13
3.68

$2.55
3.06
3.19
3.27
3.26
3. 66
3.70
2.86
3.11
2. 68
2.73
2.66
3.89
3.75
3. 61
3.52
3.73
4.13
4.16
3.92
4.58
4.06
3.60

43.1
41.3
44.5
47.1
49.4
39.0
37.1
43.4
44.8
41.7
38.1
39.4
37.0
39.5
35.8
36.2

$2. 56
3.05
3.18
3.31
3.21
2. 87
3.14
2. 68
2.71
2.65
3. 85
3. 70
3. 55
3.47
3. 65
4.11
4.14
3.92
4. 56
4. 04
3. 57

G.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

C -l.

109

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued

1967
In d u stry

1966

1
A pr.2 M ar.2 j Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

A nnual
average
July

June

M ay

A pr.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
M anufacturing_________ ___ . ____ _ . $112. 56 $112. 44 $111. 48 $113.42 $114.40 $113.99 $113 85 $113 71 $111 78 $111.11 $112 74 $112 n/s $111 24 $111 92 $107 53
Durable~goods_____ _______________ 121.18 121.36 120.47 122.43 124.20 123. 77 124. 07 123. 94 120. 54 119.81 121.82 121.82 121. 54 121. 67 11L 18
N ondurable goods___________ _____ 100. 47 100.08 99.18 99.40 100.25 100.10 99. 94 99. 54 99.23 99. 14 99.23 98.33 96.96 98.49 94. 64
Ordnance and accessories......... .......... . . .
133.63 133.95
A m m unition, except for sm all arm s___ 133. 71 135. 46
Sighting and fire control eq u ip m en t___
137. 6C
O ther ordnance a n d accessories
132.60 130.20

134.05
135. 46
137. 7C
129.58

137.80
136.95
139.43
138.03

138. 78
136.95
135.46
143.28

137.92
136.45
133.35
141. 48

136.63
135. 55
121. 60
141. 48

136. 95
135. 88
128.96
139. 02

134.82
135. 88
125. 66
133. 72

133.88
134. 22
127. 62
133. 90

134.20
134. 31
133.65
134. 98

134. 51
136. 03
131 55
132. 44

133. 46
134. 55
130 42
132. 00

135.36
136.12
130.83
135.25

131. 57
136. 08
127 08
12L 93

91.64
85.63

91.37
85.14

90.97
84.14

92.0C
84. 77

94. 83
86.67

94.83
87. 26

94.07
87. 72

93. 66
86. 90

93.94
86.92

94.66
86. 94

92.48
85. 48

92.62
85.46

88. 54
82. 01

99. 7C
76.21
86.83

98.98
75.67
86.88

99.06
76. 59
88.37

97. 60 100.12 100. 61 100.12
76.04 75. 44 76. 78 76.91
88.78 88. 58 88.38 87. 77

99.63 100.91 102. 61 100. 08
75.95 76. 91 77.71 76.31
87.12 87.56 88.19 87.35

99.29
75.95
87.34

96.93
72. 75
84.67

90.35 89.72 90.63 93. 79 92. 74 93.86 93.21 93.26 89.13 91.96 90.67 88. 75 91.08
84.71 83.89 84.35 87.76 87.13 88.19 87.14 87.15 82.61 85. 70 84.87 83.84 85.49
110.09 110. 51 114.01 115.88 114. 65 115. 01 114. 58 115.02 110 50 112 41 111 02 107 78 111 8Q
113.00 113. 55 114.95 117.04 114.81 117.74 118. 83 119. 63 115 93 11Q 54 116 60 113 58 115 Q2
98.81 97.75 96.70 95. 75 100.44 98.94 100. 91 101.48 99. 36 97. 75 98. 41 9L 02 94! 58 97.25

87.98
83.21

L um ber a n d wood products, except
furnitu re__________________________ 95.18 93. 5C
Sawmills and planing m ills___________ 88. 66 88.26
M illw ork, plywood, and related
products_____________ ___ _ . . . . 102. 66 101.34
W ooden containers___ ________
78.94 77.97
Miscellaneous wood p ro d u c ts ...______
89. 54 88. 75
F u rn itu re and fixtures_________________
H ousehold fu rn itu re______________ ..
_______
Office fu rn itu re___
P artitions; office and store fixtures____
O ther furniture and fixtures__________

89.38
83.38

92! Î8

Average w eekly hours
M anufacturing_________________ _____ _
D urable goods____________________
N ondurable goods_____________ . . .

40.2
40.8
39.4

40.3
41.0
39.4

40.1
40.7
39.2

40.8
41.5
39.6

41.3
42.1
40.1

41.3
42.1
40.2

41.4
42.2
40.3

41.5
42.3
40.3

41.4
42.0
40.5

41.0
41.6
40.3

41.6
42.3
40.5

41.5
42.3
40.3

41.2
42.2
39.9

41.3
42.1
40.2

41.2
42.0
40.1

O rdnance and accessories_____________
A m m unition, except for small arm s___
Sighting and fire control eq u ip m en t___
O ther ordnance and accessories_______

41.5
40.9

41.5
41.3
42.5
41.8

42.4
41.5
42.9
44.1

42.7
41.5
42.2
45.2

42.7
41.6
42.2
45.2

42.3
41.2
39.1
45.2

42.4
41.3
41. 6
44.7

42.0
41.3
40. 8
43.7

42.1
41.3
41. 3
43.9

42.2
41.2
42 7
44.4

42.3
41.6
42 3
44! 0

42.1
41.4
41 8
44! 0

42.3
41.5
41 8
44.2

41.9
42.0

42.5

41.6
41.3
42.6
42.0

40.5
40.3

40.3
40.3

39.5
39.1

39.9
39.6

39.9
39.5

40.0
39.8

40.7
40.5

40.7
40.4

40.9
40.8

40.9
40.8

41.2
41.0

41.7
41.4

41.1
40.9

40.8
40.5

40.8
40.6

40.9
40.9
40.7

40.7
40.4
40.9

40.2
39.9
40.2

40.4
40.9
40.6

40.6
41.4
41.1

40.0
41.1
41.1

40.7
41.0
41.2

40.9
41. 5
41.3

41.2
41.8
41.4

41.0
41.5
40.9

41.7
41.8
41.3

42.4
42.7
41.6

41.7
41.7
41.4

41.2
41.5
41.2

41.6
41.1
41.3

39.2
38.6

39.8
39.4
4L 7
40.5
40.9

39.7
39.2
41.7
40.7
40.8

40.1
39.6
42.7
41.2
40.4

41.5
41.2
43.4
41.8
42.2

41.4
41.1
43.1
41.3
42.1

41.9
41.6
43.4
42.2
42.4

41.8
41.3
43.4
42.9
43.0

42.2
41.7
43.9
43.5
43.2

40.7
40.1
42 5
41. 7
42.5

41.8
41.4

41.4
41.0

40.9
40.7

41.5
41.4

43 0
42.6

42 4
42.0

41 3
4L 3

41.4
41.1
43 2
42 0
42.1

41 8
4 1 ]9

L um ber and wood products, except
furnitu re___________ .
______ _
Sawmills and planing m ills___ ______
M illw ork, plyw ood, and related
products___________________ . . . . . .
W ooden containers___ . . . _ ______
M iscellaneous wood products-- _____
F u rniture and fixtures_____
. . . _____
H ousehold fu rn itu re___ ______
Office fu rn itu re___
...
_____ _
Partitions; office and store fixtures____
O ther furniture and fixtures___ . . __

41.0

4L 9

Average hourly earnings
M anufacturing_________________________
D urable goods_____________ _____
N ondurable goods_________________

$2.80
2.97
2. 55

$2 . 7 9
2.96
2. 54

$2.78
2.96
2.53

$2.78
2.95
2. 51

$2. 77
2.95
2.50

$2.76
2.94
2.49

$2.75
2.94
2. 48

$2.74
2.93
2. 47

$2. 70
2. 87
2. 45

$2.71
2.88
2. 46

$2.71
2.88
2. 45

$2.70
2.88
2.44

$2.70
2.88
2.43

$2.71
2.89
2. 45

$2.61
2.79
2.36

Ordnance and accessories______________
A m m unition, except for sm all arm s___
Sighting and fire control e q u ip m en t___
O ther ordnance and accessories_______

3.22
3.27
3.12

3.22
3. 28
3.23
3.10

3.23
3.28
3.24
3.10

3.25
3.30
3.25
3.13

3.25
3.30
3.21
3.17

3.23
3.28
3.16
3.13

3.23
3.29
3.11
3.13

3.23
3.29
3.10
3.11

3. 21
3.29
3.08
3. 06

3.18
3. 25
3.09
3.05

3.18
3.26
3.13
3.04

3.18
3. 27
3.11
3. 01

3.17
3. 25
3.12
3.00

3.20
3.28
3.13
3.06

3.14
3.24
3.13
2.91

2.35
2.20

2.32
2.19

2.32
2.19

2.29
2.15

2.28
2.13

2.30
2.13

2.33
2.14

2.33
2.16

2. 30
2.15

2.29
2.13

2.28
2.12

2.27
2.10

2. 25
2.09

2.27
2.11

2.17
2.02

2. 51
1.93
2. 20

2.49
1.93
2.17

2.48
1.91
2.16

2.45
1.85
2.14

2.44
1.85
2.15

2.44
1.85
2.16

2.46
1.84
2.15

2. 46
1.85
2.14

2. 43
1.84
2.12

2. 43
1.83
2.13

2.42
1.84
2.12

2.42
1.82
2.12

2.40
1.83
2.11

2.41
1.83
2.12

2.33
1.77
2.05

2.28
2.16

2.27
2.15
2.64
2.79
2. 39

2.26
2.14
2. 65
2.79
2.37

2.26
2.13
2.67
2.79
2.37

2.26
2.13
2.67
2.80
2.38

2. 24
2.12
2.66
2.78
2.35

2. 24
2.12
2. 65
2. 79
2. 38

2.23
2.11
2. 64
2. 77
2.36

2. 21
2.09
2. 62
2. 75
2.30

2.19
2. 06
2. 60
2. 78
2. 30

2.20
2.07
2.59
2.78
2.31

2.19
2.07
2. 57
2. 75
2.31

2.17
2.06
2.53
2.75
2.29

2.20
2.08
2.59
2.76
2.31

2.12
2. 01
2.46
2.70
2. 20

L um ber and wood products, except
furnitu re__________________________
Sawmills and planing m ills______ ____
M illw ork, plywood, and related
products__________________________
W ooden containers__________________
Miscellaneous wood p ro d u c ts --______
F u rn itu re and fixtures_________________
H ousehold fu rn itu re_________________
Office fu rn itu re . _____________________
P artitions; office and store fixtures____
O ther furniture and fixtures____ _____
See footnotes at end of table.
2 6 0 - 9 3 7 0 - 67 - 8


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2. 41

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JUNE 1967

110
T a ble

C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1967

1966

A nnual
average

In d u stry
A pr.2 M a r.2 Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

1966

1965

Average w eekly earnings
M anufacturing—Continue d
Durable goods—C ontinued
Stone, clay, a n d glass p roducts-------------Flat, glass
__ ______ _ _ _ ___
G lassan d glassware, pressed or blown__
Cem ent, h y d rau lic____________
S tru ctu ral clay products- -------------Pntt.pry and related products___
Concrete, gypsum , and plaster products.
O ther stone and m ineral p roducts_____
P rim ary m etal industries
B last furnace a n d basic steel p ro d u c ts._
Iron and steel fo u n d ries...
------Non ferrous sm elting and refining-------N onferrous rolling, draw ing, and extru d in g . . ______ ___. . . . . .
N onferrous foundries____ ____ _ ___
M iscellaneous prim ary m etal industries______ ____ . . . --------- . - --

$115.08 $113.98 $112.19 $113.71 $115. 23 $115.79
148. 51 150. 28 152. 64 155. 06 160.60
115.83 114.93 112.31 113.99 114. 68 114.12
130.88 128.39 128. 70 130.79 131. 65 138.22
99.31 97. 77 96.07 95.68 96.48 97.20
100. 74 100. 22 101. 52 102.14 102.36
116. 57 113.25 111.38 112.44 114. 48 116.42
116.31 115.90 113.24 115.36 116. 76 116.20
134.06
140.58
122.81
131.88

135.38
142.31
124. 73
131.15

134.97
140.80
125.03
130.21

138.36
144. 43
129.20
132.60

137. 28
140.45
131.63
132.18

138.69
143.37
130.42
132.91

$116. 47 $116. 05 $115.75
159.87 153.99 152. 44
111.38 111. 38 110.30
132.39 133. 76 132. 61
98.16 97. 99 98.12
100.15 100. 44 98.50
121.38 121.76 122. 94
118. 86 117. 32 115.79
139. 02
144. 84
130.90
132.91

140. 77
147.80
129. 73
132. 71

138.09
145. 85
126. 69
130.62

$113. 82 $115. 60 $114. 63 $114. 09
141.60 151.01 152. 34 155. 86
109. 76 111. 79 111.79 109. 34
134. 82 131.87 132.19 132. 51
97. 94 97.94 97.29 98.00
95.94 99. 00 98.95 98.80
120.87 120. 87 118.10 116.95
114. 68 116. 47 116. 60 115. 63
136.86
147. 03
121.13
130.09

139. 50
147.68
128. 01
128. 83

139. 07
146. 97
127. 58
128. 83

138. 74
146. 56
128.90
129. 32

$114.24 $110.04
153. 36 149. 60
111. 52 106. 25
132. 61 124.42
97. 00 94.02
98. 85 95.12
117. 21 113.08
115. 64 110.62
138.09
144. 73
128.14
129. 98

133.88
140.90
125.72
124. 44

130.20 130.82 133. 65 136.66 138. 35 138.97 136. 47 138. 22 135. 83 133. 55 137. 20 136.14 134. 90 136. 27 130. 07
116.40 116.87 118.15 120. 60 123. 06 122.22 121. 67 123. 26 118. 02 114.80 119. 29 118. 86 118.16 119. 43 113. 55
145.81 147. 28 147. 70 150.23 152. 06 154.70 153.12 153. 91 146.89 141.86 147. 74 149. 64 146. 03 149. 82 143. 09
Average weekly hours

Stone, clay, and glass p ro d u c ts ... .
. .
F la t glass
. . . .
_ .
Glass“ and glassware, pressed or blown _
Cem ent, h y d rau lic____
...
S tru ctu ral clay products -----------------P o ttery and related p ro d u c ts .____ ..
Concrete, gypsum , and plaster produ c ts______ . . . - ----------------O ther stone and m ineral p ro d u c ts.. . .
P rim ary m etal in d u stries_____ .
...
B last furnace and basic steel p ro d u cts..
Iron and steel foundries____ . ______
N onferrous sm elting and refining .
N onferrous rolling, draw ing, an d extr u d in g .. ______________ _. . . .
N onferrous foundries_____ . . . -----M iscellaneous p rim ary m etal industries___________________ . . . . . _

40.5
40.9
40.7

41.0
40.8
40.9
40.5
40.4
39. 2

40.5
41. 4
40.4
40.6
39.7
39.3

41.2
42.4
41.3
41.0
39.7
39.5

41.6
42.6
41.4
41.4
40.2
39.9

41.8
44.0
41.2
42.4
40.5
40.3

42.2
43.8
40.8
41.5
40.9
39.9

42.2
43.5
40.8
41.8
41.0
39.7

42.4
42.7
40.7
41.7
41.4
39.4

42.0
40. 0
40.5
42.0
41.5
39. 0

42.5
42.3
41.1
41.6
41.5
39.6

42.3
42. 2
41.1
41.7
41.4
39.9

42.1
42.7
40.2
41.8
41.7
40.0

42.0
42.6
41.0
41.7
41.1
39. 7

42.0
42. 5
40.4
41.2
41.6
39.8

42.7
41.1

42.1
41.1

41.1
40.3

41.8
41.2

42.4
41.7

42.8
41.5

44.3
42.3

44.6
41.9

45.2
41.8

45.1
41.7

45.1
42.2

44.4
42.4

44.3
42.2

43.9
41.9

44.0
41.9

40.5
39.6
40.8
42.0

40.9
40.2
41.3
41.9

40.9
40.0
41.4
41.6

41.8
40.8
42.5
42.5

41.6
39.9
43.3
42. 5

41.9
40.5
42.9
42.6

42.0
40.8
43.2
42.6

42.4
41.4
43.1
42.4

42.1
41.2
42.8
42.0

41.6
41.3
41.2
42.1

42.4
41.6
43.1
42.1

42.4
41.4
43.1
42.1

42.3
41.4
43.4
42.4

42.1
41.0
43.0
42.2

42.1
41.2
43.5
41.9

42.0
40.0

42.2
40.3

42.7
40.6

43.8
41.3

44.2
42.0

44.4
42.0

43.6
42.1

44.3
42.8

44.1
42.0

43.5
41.0

44.4
42.3

44. 2
42.3

43.8
42.2

44.1
42.2

43.5
41.9

41.9

42.2

42.2

42.8

43.2

43.7

43.5

43.6

42.7

41.6

43.2

43. 5

42.7

43.3

43. 1

41.1

Average hourly earnings
Stone, clay, and glass products______ ..
F la t g lass.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
... .
Glass and glassware, pressed or blow n.
Cem ent, hydraulic___________ . . . . ..
S tru ctu ral clay p ro d u c ts ... . . . . .
P o ttery and related p ro d u cts.
Concrete, gypsum , and plaster produ cts________ _____ . . . . _______ ._
O ther stone and m ineral products____

$2.80

Prim ary m etal in d u stries____ . ________
Blast furnace and basic steel p ro d u cts..
Iron and steel fo u n d ries..
... . ...
Nonferrous sm elting and refining_____
N onferrous rolling, drawing, and extru d in g ______ _ _________________
N onferrous foundries____ _____ ___
M iscellaneous prim ary m etal industries. ______ . . .
. . . _____

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.86
3.20
2. 44

$2.78
3. 64
2.81
3.17
2.42
2. 57

$2.77
3. 63
2.78
3.17
2.42
2. 55

$2. 76
3. 60
2. 76
3.19
2.41
2. 57

$2. 77
3. 64
2. 77
3.18
2.40
2. 56

$2.77
3.65
2.77
3.26
2.40
2 54

$2.76
3.65
2. 73
3.19
2. 40
2. 51

$2.75
3. 54
2.73
3. 20
2.39
2 53

$2. 73
3. 57
2.71
3.18
2. 37
2 50

$2.71
3. 54
2.71
3.21
2. 36
2 46

$2. 72
3. 57
2.72
3.17
2.36
2. 50

$2.71
3.61
2. 72
3.17
2.35
2. 48

$2. 71
3. 65
2.72
3.17
2.35
2. 47

$2.72
3. 60
2. 72
3.18
2.36
2.49

$2.62
3. 52
2.63
3. 02
2.26
2. 39

2.73
2.83

2.69
2.82

2. 71
2.81

2.69
2.80

2. 70
2.80

2.72
2.80

2.74
2.81

2. 73
2. 80

2.72
2. 77

2. 68
2. 75

2. 68
2. 76

2.66
2.75

2.64
2. 74

2.67
2. 76

2.57
2. 64

3.31
3.55
3. 01
3.14

3.31
3. 54
3.02
3.13

3.30
3.52
3.02
3.13

3.31
3.54
3.04
3.12

3. 30
3. 52
3.04
3.11

3.31
3.54
3.04
3.12

3.31
3.55
3.03
3.12

3. 32
3.57
3.01
3.13

3.28
3.54
2.96
3.11

3.29
3. 56
2. 94
3. 09

3.29
3. 55
2.97
3. 06

3.28
3. 55
2.96
3. 06

3.28
3.54
2.97
3.05

3.28
3.53
2.98
3.08

3.18
3. 42
2.89
2.97

3.10
2.91

3.10
2.90

3.13
2.91

3.12
2.92

3.13
2. 93

3.13
2.91

3.13
2.89

3.12
2.88

3.08
2. 81

3. 07
2. 80

3.09
2.82

3.08
2.81

3. 08
2.80

3.09
2. 83

2.99
2.71

3.48

3. 49

3.50

3. 51

3. 52

3.54

3. 52

3. 53

3.44

3.41

3. 42

3. 44

3.42

3. 46

3. 32

C — EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

111

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1967

A nnual
average

1966

In d u stry
A p r.2 M ar.2 Feb.
M anufacturing—Continued
Durable ¿roods—Continued
F abricated m etal products_____________
Metal cans__________________________
C utlery, hand tools, and general hardw are_____________________________
H eating equipm ent and plum bing fixtures------------- -----------------------------F abricated stru ctu ral m etal p ro d u c ts ..
Screw m achine products, bolts, etc____
Metal stam pings____________________
Coating, engraving, and allied services.
Miscellaneous fabricated wire p roducts.
Miscellaneous fabricated m etal produ c ts _________________ ____ ________

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

Ju ly

June

May

A pr.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
$120.25 $121.01 $120.42 $122.47 $124. 53 $123.09 $124.26 $124. 84 $121. 26 $119. 42 $121.70 $121.84 $119.99 $121. 69 $116.20
139. 53 142. 86 137.12 137.85 139.40 136.92 136. 73 143. 66 148.4C 151. 52 142. 68 142. 03 138.14 140. 40 137.49
114.21 115.06 113.93 116.18 116.62 116. 20 116. 06 116. 34 113.15 109. 76 113.15 114.81 113.85 114.13 111. 22
110.37
120.25
125.11
128.43
108.00
107. 47

109. 53
121. 72
127. 60
125.96
108. 79
109.08

108.31
121.42
129.95
126. 67
106. 92
108.27

108.74
123.31
131.26
130.83
107. 79
110. 68

111.35
125. 83
133.18
133. 34
108.94
112. 71

110.95
123.09
132.44
134.78
107.49
112.98

113. 30
123. 54
130. 79
137. 34
108.10
112. 44

114.40
123.83
130. 92
138. 85
110.59
113.10

112.06
121.11
125. 24
131.70
108. 29
110. 20

106. 13
118. 56
121.67
129. 74
105. 73
110. 04

110. 7C
121.13
128. 25
131. 58
107.19
111.25

110. 7C
120.27
128.25
133. 36
106. 85
111.51

108.40
117. 73
126. 66
132. 75
105. 00
108. 58

110.16
120. 41
128.13
133. 18
106. 85
110.46

105. 06
114.26
120. 73
128. 60
100.43
104.92

117.62 119.94 118.08 120.80 120. 25 119.42 120. 56 121.13 118.58 117.03 120. 56 120. 56 117.88 118. 72 113.42

M achinery_____________________ ______ 134.19
Engines and tu rb in es________________ 143.37
F arm m achinery and eq u ip m en t_____
C onstruction and related m a c h in e ry ... 131.88
M etalworking m achinery and equipm e n t_____________________________ 154.93
Special in d u stry m achinery__________ 127. 71
General industrial m achinery........ ......... 131. 66
Office, com puting a n d accounting machines_______ _____ _ ._ ________ 128.96
Service ind u stry m ach in es___________ 115.30
Miscellaneous m a c h in ery ... . . ---------- 127. 54

135. 88
146.12
134.92
131.57

135.88
143.72
136.31
131.15

137.03
143.48
136.83
131.35

138. 60
155. 31
132. 70
134. 08

136. 87
144.33
128.30
135.45

136. 34
138. 69
130. 29
135.14

136. 53
143. 81
131. 57
135. 33

133.55
143. 72
127. 31
132. 99

131. 89
141.53
124. 85
132. 25

135.83
142. 76
130.82
134.85

135.83
146.06
131.63
133.67

134. 03
144. 86
131. 94
132. 50

134. 90
142. 95
130. 31
133. 18

127. 58
133.44
121.72
126. 39

155.50 155.72 157. 08 156. 71 154.90 152.97 153. 05 148.46 149. 70 155. 04 156. 37 153.45 153. 25 144. 37
128. 60 127. 41 129. 65 132. 61 129. 65 128. 92 129. 80 126.14 122. 41 127.74 126. 28 124. 55 126. 72 120.22
133.34 131.66 136.16 138.92 136.66 137. 46 138. 40 135.39 131.46 135. 69 134. 64 132. 24 134. 77 126. 56
129. 89 129.16 131.33 133. 42 131.75 132. 06 131. 02 127.80 129.36 131.44 130. 59 128.94 131. 33 127. 20
117. 55 115.71 114. 86 118. 98 118.85 118.14 115. 64 115.37 114.12 117.74 115. 23 115. 79 116. 06 112.19
129.03 130. 80 133.20 132. 91 13g. 76 132. 02 130. 83 127.16 124. 85 128.32 128. 32 127. 30 128. 91 120. 93
Average weekly hours

Fabricated m etal products_______ _____
Metal cans------ -- -----------------------------C utlery, h an d tools, and general hardw are------- --------- --------------------------H eating equipm ent an d plum bing fixtu r e s ..._____________________ _____
F abricated stru ctu ral m etal p ro d u c ts ..
Screw m achine products, bolts, etc____
Metal stam pings____ ________________
Coating, engraving, and allied services.
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products.
Miscellaneous fabricated m etal products.
M achinery.........................................................
Engines and tu rb in es________________
F arm m achinery and eq u ip m en t_____
Construction and related m achinery___
M etalworking m achinery and equipm e n t______________ ______ _______
Special ind u stry m achinery__________
General in d u strial m achinery________
Office, com puting and accounting machines_______________________ ____ _
Service in d u stry m achines___________
Miscellaneous m achinery_____________

40.9
41.9

41.3
42.9

41.1
41.3

41.8
41.9

42.5
42.5

42.3
42.0

42.7
42.2

42.9
43.8

42.4
44.7

41.9
45.5

42.7
43.9

42.6
43.7

42.1
42.9

42.4
43.2

42.1
43.1

40.5

40.8

40.4

41.2

41. 5

41.5

41. 6

41.7

41.6

40.5

41.6

41.9

41.4

41.5

41.5

39.7
40.9
42.7
40.9
40.6
40.1
40.7

39.4
41.4
43.7
40.5
40.9
40.7
41.5

39.1
41.3
44.2
40.6
40.5
40.4
41.0

39.4
41.8
44.8
41.8
41.3
41.3
41.8

40.2
42.8
45.3
42.6
41.9
41.9
41.9

40.2
42.3
45.2
43.2
41.5
42.0
41.9

41.2
42.6
45.1
43.6
41.9
41.8
42.3

41.3
42.7
45.3
43.8
42.7
42.2
42.5

41.2
42.2
44.1
42.9
42.3
41.9
42.2

39.9
41.6
43.3
42.4
41.3
42.0
41.5

41.0
42.5
45.0
43.0
42.2
42.3
42.6

40.7
42.2
45.0
43.3
41.9
42.4
42.6

40.0
41.6
44.6
43.1
41.5
41.6
42.1

40. 5
42.1
44.8
43.1
41.9
42.0
42.1

40.1
41.7
43.9
43.3
41.5
41.8
41.7

42.6
41.8
42.0

43.0
42.6
41. 9
41.9

43.0
41.9
42.2
41.9

43.5
42.2
42.1
42.1

44.0
44. 5
41.6
42.7

43.7
42.7
40.6
43.0

43.7
41.4
41.1
42.9

43.9
42.8
41.9
43.1

43.5
42.9
41.2
42.9

43.1
42.5
40.8
42.8

44.1
43.0
42.2
43.5

44.1
43.6
42.6
43.4

43.8
43.5
42.7
43.3

43.8
42.8
41.9
43.1

43.1
41.7
41.4
42.7

45.3
43.0
42.2

45.6
43.3
42.6

45. 8
42.9
4*2. 2

46.2
43.8
43.5

46. 5
44.8
44.1

46.1
44.1
43.8

45.8
44.0
44.2

46.1
44.3
44.5

45.4
43.8
44.1

45.5
42.8
43. 1

46.7
44.2
44.2

47.1
44.0
44.0

46.5
43.7
43.5

46.3
44.0
43.9

45.4
43.4
42.9

41.6
40.6
42.8

41.9
41.1
43.3

41.8
40.6
43.6

42.5
40.3
44.4

42.9
41.6
44.6

42.5
41.7
44.7

42.6
41.6
44.6

42.4
41.3
44. 5

41.9
41.5
44. 0

42.0
41.2
43.5

42.4
42.2
44.4

42.4
41.6
44.4

42.0
41.8
44.2

42.5
41.6
44.3

42.4
41.4
43.5

$2.85
3.33

$2.85
3. 25

$2.86
3.25

$2.85
3. 22

$2. 87
3.25

$2. 76
3.19

Average hourly earnings
F abricated m etal p roducts..........................
Metal c a n s ... _____________ _____ ___
C utlery, han d tools, and general hardw are___________ _______ ____ ______
H eating equipm ent and plum bing fixtures_____________________________
Fabricated structural m etal p ro d u c ts...
Screw machine products, bolts, etc____
Metal stam pings_____________________
Coating, engraving, and allied services.
Miscellaneous fabricated w ire products.
Miscellaneous fabricated m etal products.

$2.94
3.33

$2.93
3. 33

$2.93
3.32

$2.93
3.29

2.82

2.82

2.82

2.78
2.94
2.93
3.14
2.66
2.68
2. 89

2.78
2.94
2.92
3.11
2.66
2.68
2.89

M achinery__________ ______ ___________
Engines and t u r b i n e s . . . ____ _______
F arm m achinery and equ ip m en t______
Construction arid related m a c h in e ry ...
Metalworking machinery and equipm ent.
Special in d u stry m ach in ery .. . . . ___
General in d u strial m ach in ery ......... .......
Office, com puting and accounting machines__ _________________________
Service in d u stry m achines________. . .
Miscellaneous m achinery.____________

3.15
3.43

See footnotes a t end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.93
3. 28

$2.91
3.26

2.82

2.81

2. 77
2.94
2.94
3.12
2.64
2.68
2.88

2.76
2.95
2.93
3.13
2.61
2.68
2.89

2. 77
2.94
2. 94
3.13
2. 60
2. 69
2. 87

3.14
3.42
2.97
3.12

3.16
3.43
3.22
3.14
3. 41
2.97
3.13

3.16
3.43
3.23
3.13
3.40
2.97
3.12

3.15
3.40
3.25
3.12
3. 40
2.96
3.13

3.10
2.84
2. 98

3.10
2.86
2.98

3.09
2.85
3.00

3.09
2.85
3.00

$2.91
3.24

$2.91
3. 28

$2.86
3.32

2.80

2.79

2. 79

2.72

2. 71

2. 72

2.74

2. 75

2.75

2.68

2.76
2.91
2.93
3.12
2.59
2.69
2.85

2. 75
2. 90
2. 90
3.15
2. 58
2.69
2.85

2.77
2. 90
2. 89
3.17
2. 59
2. 68
2.85

2.72
2.87
2.84
3.07
2.56
2.63
2.81

2.66
2. 85
2.81
3.06
2. 56
2. 62
2. 82

2. 70
2.85
2.85
3. 06
2. 54
2. 63
2. 83

2.72
2.85
2. 85
3.08
2. 55
2.63
2.83

2.71
2. 83
2.84
3.08
2. 53
2.61
2.80

2.72
2. 86
2.86
3.09
2. 55
2. 63
2.82

2.62
2.74
2.75
2.97
2.42
2.51
2. 72

3.15
3. 49
3.19
3.14
3. 37
2.96
3.15

3.13
3.38
3.16
3.15
3.36
2.94
3.12

3.12
3.35
3.17
3.15
3. 34
2. 93
3.11

3.11
3. 36
3.14
3.14
3. 32
2. 93
3.11

3.07
3.35
3.09
3.10
3. 27
2.88
3.07

3.06
3. 33
3. 06
3.09
3. 29
2. 86
3. 05

3.08
3.32
3.10
3.10
3. 32
2.89
3. 07

3.08
3. 35
3.09
3.08
3.32
2.87
3.06

3.06
3.33
3.09
3.06
3.30
2.85
3.04

3. 08
3.34
3.11
3.09
3. 31
2.88
3. 07

2.96
3.20
2.94
2.96
3.18
2.77
2.95

3.11
2. 86
2.98

3.10
2.85
2.97

3.10
2. 84
2. 96

3.09
2.80
2. 94

3.05
2.78
2.89

3. 08
2. 77
2. 87

3.10
2. 79
2.89

3.08
2.77
2.89

3.07
2.77
2.88

3. 09
2. 79
2.91

3.00
2.71
2.78

112

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JU N E 1967
T able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1967

1966

A nnual
average

In d u stry
A pr.2

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Oct.

N ov.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

$106.11
117. 46
118.15
116. 28

$108.62
117. 73
117.17
118. 28

M ay

A pr.

1966

1965

$108. 77
117.04
117.87
118.82

$105. 78
113. 02
113.28
114. 54

Average weekly earnings
M anufacturing—C ontinued
Durable goods—C ontinued
Electrical equ ip m en t and supplies______
Electric d istrib u tio n e q u ip m e n t______
Electrical industrial ap p aratu s—............
Household appliances_______ _____
Electric lighting and w iring eq u ip ­
m e n t_____________________ ____
R adio and T V receiving sets_________
C om m unication eq u ip m en t__________
Electronic com ponents and accessories,
M iscellaneous electrical equipm ent
and supplies-------------- ------------------T ransportation eq u ip m en t.....................—,
M otor vehicles and e q u ip m en t_______
A ircraft and p a rts ___________________
Ship and boat building and re p a irin g ,.
R ailroad eq u ip m en t_________________
O ther transportation eq u ip m en t______

$107.17 $108. 40
118. 66 120.38
116.69 116. 44
115.74

$107. 86
118. 40
116.03
114. 76

$109.21
118.71
118.01
115. 63

$110.42
123.40
118.86
117.38

$109. 74
120.27
117.18
121.01

$109.86
117.32
117.60
119.94

$110.12
119.99
119. 57
122. 51

$107. 68
115. 64
117. 74
119.42

$108. 62 $107. 68
116.05 113. 98
118.13 117. 73
119. 97 118. 69

102.03 102.17 99. 72 103.97 104.70 103.79 103. 73 103. 82 101.93 99. 20 101.59 101. 84 101. 09 102. 00 99.14
88.39 89.62 91.87 93.20 94.30 98.41 94. 07 93.96 91. 57 91.87 89.17 91.80 93. 20 91.31
Ï22.31 123.41 123. 82 124.15 125.21 122.60 122.18 122. 22 118. 37 117. 33 119.81 120. 51 118. 82 120.93 116.47
89. 86 91.26 90.17 91.64 92.46 91.60 92.00 91.66 91.03 89. 27 93. 02 92. 21 91.35 91.71 88.88
115. 84 116. 82 115. 94 121. 58 125.40 127.02 124.62 122.43 115.14 114. 34 117. 79 117. 79 118. 03 120.30 115.36
139.33
139. 20
145.09
134. 81

136. 49
134. 21
144. 75
132. 28
136.00
99.00

136.21
135.63
142. 64
127. 98
139.19
94.12

141. 44
143. 50
143.90
134.37
141. 66
92.69

144.93
150.73
144.14
136. 63
142. 27
94.53

145. 52
151. 71
145.92
131.02
141.80
94.62

146.63
154. 43
144. 05
134.18
141.04
97.20

144. 84
151. 87
143. 52
129. 60
136.15
99.14

139. 35
142. 27
144.09
129. 34
135.74
97. 27

137. 94
140.42
142. 23
130.29
136. 68
93.30

140.25
143. 40
143.22
132.40
133.32
96.87

139. 07
141. 54
143. 44
128.75
137. 94
96. 96

141. 47
149. 02
139.43
128. 65
138.20
95. 26

141.86
147.23
142.89
130.82
137. 09
95.12

137. 71
147.63
131. 88
121. 50
129.44
92. 69

Average weekly hours
Electrical equipm ent and supplies______
Electric d istribution e q u ip m en t______
Electrical industrial a p p aratu s_______
Household appliances_______________
Electric lighting a n d w iring eq u ip ­
m e n t_____________________ ____
R adio and T V receiving s e ts ,,- ............Com m unication e q u ip m en t____ _____
Electronic com ponents and accessories,
M iscellaneous electrical equipm ent and
supplies___ ______________________
T ransportation eq u ip m en t........................
M otor vehicles and e q u ip m e n t_______
A ircraft and p a rts___________________
Ship and boat building a n d repairing—
Railroad e q u ip m en t__________ ______
O ther transportation e q u ip m e n t______

39.4
41.2
40.8

40.0
41.8
41.0
39.5

39.8
41.4
41.0
39.3

40.6
41.8
41.7
39.6

41. 2
42.7
42.3
40.2

41.1
42.2
42.0
41.3

41.3
41.9
42.0
41.5

41.4
42.7
42.4
42.1

41.1
41.9
42.2
41.9

40.5
42.1
42. 5
40.8

41.3
42.5
42.3
41.5

41.3
42.2
42.8
41.8

41.1
41.6
42.5
41.5

41.2
42.1
42.4
41.4

41.0
41.4
41.8
41.2

39.7

39.6
38.1
41.0
39.0

38.8
38.3
41.0
38.7

40.3
39.6
41.8
39.5

40.9
40.0
42.3
40.2

40.7
40.3
41.7
40.0

41.0
41.7
41.7
40.0

41.2
40.2
42.0
40.2

41.1
40.5
41.1
40.1

40.0
39.3
40.6
39.5

40.8
39.6
41.6
40.8

40.9
38.6
41.7
40.8

40.6
39.4
41.4
40.6

40.8
40.0
41.7
40.4

40.8
39.7
41.3
40.4

40.5
38.4
39.4

39.6

39.3

40.8

41.8

42.2

42.1

41.5

40.4

39.7

40.9

40.9

40.7

41.2

41.2

41.1
40.0
42.8
41.1

40.5
38.9
42.7
40.7
40.0
39.6

40.3
39.2
42.2
39.5
40.7
37.8

41.6
41.0
42.7
41.6
41.3
38.3

42.5
42.7
42.9
42.3
41.0
38.9

42.8
43.1
43.3
41.2
41.1
39.1

43.0
43.5
43.0
41.8
41.0
40.0

42.6
42.9
43.1
40.5
40.4
40.8

42.1
41.6
43.4
40.8
40.4
40.7

41.8
41.3
43.1
41.1
40.8
39.2

42.5
42.3
43.4
41.9
40.4
40.7

42.4
42.0
43.6
41.4
41.3
40.4

43.0
43.7
42.9
41.5
41.5
40.0

42.6
42.8
43.3
41.4
40.8
39.8

42.9
44.2
42.0
40.5
40.2
40.3

$2. 62
2. 77
2.77
2. 85
2.49
2.32
2.88
2. 28

$2. 63
2.75
2. 76
2. 87
2.49
2.31
2.89
2. 26

$2. 62
2.74
2.77
2.86
2.49
2.33
2.87
2. 25

$2.61
2.75
2. 77
2. 80
2.48
2.33
2.87
2. 25

$2.64
2.78
2.78
2.87
2. 50
2.33
2.90
2. 27

$2.58
2.73
2.71
2. 78
2.43
2.30
2.82
2.20

Average hourly earnings
Electrical equipm ent and supplies______
Electric d istribution eq u ip m en t....... .
Electrical in d u strial ap p aratu s_______
Household appliances_______________
Electric lighting and w iring eq u ip m en t.
R adio and TV receiving sets_________
Com m unication e q u ip m e n t__________
Electronic com ponents and accessories.
M iscellaneous electrical equipm ent and
supplies__________________________
T ransportation eq u ip m en t_____________
M otor vehicles and eq u ip m en t_______
A ircraft and p a rts ___ _______ ________
Ship and boat building and rep airin g ..
Railroad e q u ip m e n t_________________
O ther tran sp o rtatio n eq u ip m en t........ .
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2. 72
2.88
2.86
2. 57

___

3.02
2.34

$2. 71
2.88
2. 84
2.93
2.58
2.32
3.01
2.34

$2. 71
2. 86
2.83
2.92
2.57
2.34
3.02
2.33

$2.69
2.84
2.83
2.92
2. 58
2.32
2.97
2.32

$2.68
2. 89
2.81
2.92
2.56
2.33
2.96
2.30

$2.67
2.85
2.79
2.93
2.55
2.34
2.94
2.29

$2.66
2.80
2.80
2.89
2.53
2. 36
2.93
2.30

$2. 66
2. 81
2. 82
2.91
2.52
2.34
2.91
2. 28

$2.62
2. 79
2. 78
2. 85
2. 48
2. 33
2.89
2. 26

2.94

2.95

2.95

2.98

3.00

3. 01

2.96

2. 95

2.88

2.88

2.88

2. 90

2.88

2.92

2.80

3.39
3.48
3.39
3.28

3.37
3. 45
3.39
3.25
3.40
2.50

3.38
3.46
3.38
3.24
3.42
2.49

3.40
3.50
3.37
3.23
3.43
2. 42

3.41
3.53
3.36
3. 23
3.43
2.42

3.40
3.52
3.37
3.18
3.45
2.42

3.41
3. 55
3.35
3.21
3.44
2.43

3. 40
3.54
3. 33
3 .2C
3.37
2. 43

3. 30
3. 40
3.30
3.17
3.35
2. 38

3.30
3.39
3.30
3.16
3.30
2.38

3. 28
3.37
3.29
3.11
3.34
2. 40

3.29
3. 41
3.25
3.10
3.33
2.38

3.28
3.37
3. 26
3.12
3. 27
2.38

3.33
3.44
3.30
3.16
3.36
2.39

3.21
3.34
3.14
3.00
3.22
2.30

118

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1967

A nnual
average

1966

In d u stry
A p r.2 M ar.2 Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

Ju ly

June

M ay

Apr.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
M anufacturing—C ontinued
Durable goods—C ontinued
Instrum ents an d related products______ $113.44 $113.71 $113.02 $114.13 $115.78 $114. 66 $114.93 $114. 78 $112.17 $111.90
Engineering an d scientific in stru m en ts.
133. 73 132.91 132. 44 136. 22 133.49 133.18 133. 06 128.59 131. 89
M echanical measuring a n d control
devices-------------- ------------------------- 110.83 111.91 109.85 115.23 116.62 115.92 116. 20 115. 08 112.74 112.19
Optical and ophthalm ic goods------------ 102. 62 102. 72 102. 21 103.32 105. 08 103.91 102. 26 103. 83 101. 26 101.92
O phthalm ic goods
________ _
92. 66 92. 20 92.57 93.61 94.19 92. 57 94. 07 91.58 93.25
Surgical, medical, an d dental equip96.32
96. 24 96.64 95.60 96. 87 96.46 96.12 95. 71 93. 50 91.94
m e n t_____________________________
136.64 135. 68 135.04 135.84 133 73 136 78 136. 03 132 25 131 58
Photographic equipm ent and supplies..
W atches and clocks__________ _____
91.43 90.23 92.06 92.11 91. 69 91. 65 92. 48 92 70 91 35
M iscellaneous m anufacturing in d u stries.. 91.34 92.20 90.17 91.87 91.20 90.45 90.09 89. 20 88. 22
Jew elry, silverw are, a n d plated w are—. 104.64 104. 52 ICO. 73 103.38 108. 03 109.48 108. 63 105. 42 102.51
Toys, am usem ent, an d sporting goods .
83,32 81. 58 82.32 79 17 79 60 79 60 28. 41 79 00
Pens, pencils, office and art m aterials .
89! 67 87. 58 88.31 90.17 90 45 89 38 88. 07 86 43
Costum e jewelry, bu tto n s, an d notions.
83.03 80. 94 82.26 81.74 79.54 80.98 81.18 80l00
97. 25 97.71 96. 08 97. 66 97.84 97.84 97.28 96. 40 95.04
O ther m anufacturing industries______
M usical instrum ents and p a rts_____
99.94 98. 89 101.34 104.16 104. 75 103.42 99.39 99.63

$113.94 $113.79 $112. 71 $113. 40 $108.47
131. 82 .131.40 130.28 132. 44 125.33
115.60 115.75 114. 63 114.93 108.62
102.66 102.48 97. 68 101.92 98. 65
93.30 92.48 88.44 92. 21 89.40
95.30 94.89 93.38 94. 42 90. 23
133. 67 133.90 134. 29 133. 67 127. 84
91.17 89.91 90. 50 91.39 87. 85

86. 24 88. 62 88.62 87. 74 88. 80
95. 35 100.94 100.28 100.04 102. 26
77 60 78. 80 78. 40 78 40 78. 80
84 02 87. 48 86. 05 84.42 86. 65
78. 56 82.42 81.20 79.37 80. 78
93.62 95.04 95.75 94. 56 95 68
97.28 100.45 99.39 98.42 100 53

85.39
95. 53
76. 44
82. 82
77.62
92.46
97.75

Average weekly hours
Instrum ents a n d related products______
Engineering and scientific in stru m en ts.
M echanical measuring a n d control
devices---------------- -----------------------Optical a n d ophthalm ic goods________
O phthalm ic goods_________________
Surgical, medical, an d dental equipm e n t___________ ________________
Photographic equipm ent a n d supplies.
W atches a n d clocks__________________

41.1

41.2
43.0

40.8
42.6

41.5
43.0

42.1
43.8

42.0
43.2

42.1
43.1

42.2
43.2

41.7
42.3

41.6
43.1

42.2
42.8

42.3
42.8

41.9
42.3

42.0
43.0

41.4
41.5

40.3
40.4

40.4
40.6
39. 6

39.8
40.4
39. 4

41.6
41.0
39.9

42.1
41.7
40.7

42.0
41.4
40.6

42.1
41.4
40.6

42.0
41.7
40.9

41.6
41.5
40.7

41.4
41.6
40.9

42.5
41.9
41.1

42.4
42.0
41.1

42.3
40.7
40.2

42.1
41.6
40.8

41.3
41.8
41.2

40.3

40.1
42.7
40.1

40.1
42.4
39. 4

40.0
42.6
40.2

40.7
43.4
40 4

40.7
43.0
41 3

40.9
43.7
41 1

40.9
43.6
41 1

40.3
42.8
41 2

39.8
43.0
40 6

40.9
43.4
40.7

40.9
43.9
40. 5

40.6
43.6
40.4

40.7
43.4
40.8

40.1
42.9
40.3

M iscellaneous m anufacturing in d u stries..
Jew elry, silverware, a n d p lated w are—
Toys, am usem ent, a n d sporting goods.
Pens, pencils, office a n d a rt m aterials.
Costum e jew elry, b u tto n s, an d notions.
O ther m anufacturing industries______
M usical instrum ents an d p a rts_____

39.2
40.4

39.4
40.2
39.3
39.5
38.8
39.4
39.5

38.7
39.5
38.3
39.1
38.0
38.9
39.4

39.6
40.7
39.2
39.6
38.8
39.7
40.7

40.0
42.2
39.0
40.8
39.3
40.1
42.0

40.2
42.6
40.0
41.3
38.8
40.1
41.9

40.4
42.6
40.0
41.0
39. 5
40.2
41.7

40. C
42.0
39.4
40.4
39. 6
40.0
40.9

40.1
41.5
39.7
40.2
39.8
40.1
41.0

39.2
39.4
38.8
38.9
38. 7
39.5
40.2

40.1
41.2
39.4
40.5
40.4
40.1
41.0

40.1
41.1
39.2
40.4
40.2
40.4
40.9

39.7
41.0
39.2
40.2
39.1
39.9
40.5

40.0
41.4
39.4
40.3
39.6
40.2
41.2

39.9
41.0
39.2
40.4
39.6
40.2
40.9

38.9

Average hourly earnings
In stru m e n ts and related products______
Engineering an d scientific in stru m en ts.
M echanical measuring a n d control
devices___________________________
Optical a n d ophthalm ic goods________
O phthalm ic goods . ______________
Surgical, medical, an d dental equipm e n t_____________________________
Photographic equipm ent and supplies.
W atches and clocks_________________

$2. 76

$2. 76
3.11

$2.77
3.12

$2.75
3.08

$2.75
3.11

$2.73
3.09

$2. 73
3.09

$2. 72
3. 08

$2.69
3.04

$2. 69
3.06

$2.70
3.08

$2.69
3.07

$2.69
3.08

$2.70
3.08

$2. 62
3.02

2. 75
2. 54

2. 77
2. 53
2. 34

2.76
2. 53
2. 34

2.77
2. 52
2.32

2. 77
2. 52
2.30

2.76
2.51
2.32

2. 76
2. 47
2. 28

2. 74
2. 49
2.30

2.71
2.44
2. 25

2.71
2. 45
2. 28

2.72
2.45
2.27

2. 73
2.44
2. 25

2. 71
2.40
2. 20

2.73
2.45
2.26

2.63
2.36
2.17

2.39

2.40
3.20

2.41
3.20

2.39
3.17
2 29

2.38
3.13
9. 98

2.37
3.11

2.34
3.12
2. 25

2.32
3.09

2 22

2.35
3.13
2 23

2. 25

2.31
3.06
2. 25

2.33
3.08
2. 24

2. 32
3.05
2.22

2. 30
3.08
2.24

2.32
3.08
2.24

2.25
2.98
2.18

M iscellaneous m anufacturing in du stries..
Jew elry, silverware, a n d p lated w are..
Toys, am usem ent, and sporting goods.
Pens, pencils, office and a rt m aterials..
Costum e jewelry, bu tto n s, an d notions.
O ther m anufacturing industries____
M usical instrum ents and p arts_____

2. 33
2. 59

2.34
2.60
2.12
2. 27
2.14
2. 48
2.53

2.33
2. 55
2.13
2 24
2 13
2 47
2.51

2.32
2.54
2.10
2.23
2.12
2.46
2. 49

2.28
2.56
2.03
2.21
2.08
2.44
2.48

2.25
2.57
1.99
2.19
2.05
2.44
2.50

2.23
2. 55
1.99
2.18
2.05
2. 42
2.48

2.23
2.51
1.99
2.18
2. 05
2.41
2. 43

2.20
2.47
1.99
2.15
2.01
2.37
2.43

2.20
2. 42
2. 00
2.16
2. 03
2. 37
2. 42

2.21
2.45
2. 0C
2.16
2. 04
2.37
2. 45

2.21
2.44
2. 0C

2.21
2. 44
2.00
2.10
2.03
2.37
2.43

2.22
2. 47
2.00
2.15
2.04
2.38
2. 44

2.14
2.33
1.95
2.05
1.96
2.30
2.39

See footnotes a t end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2. 50

2 . ìa

2.02
2.37
2.43

114

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JUNE 1967
T able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1967

I n d u s try

A p r.2 | M a r.2

A nnual
average

1966
F eb. | Jan.

D ec.

1 N o v . J O c t. | S ep t. | A ug. | J u ly | J u n e I M a y | A p r.

1966

1965

A verage w eek ly earn in g s

M a n u factu rin g —C o n tin u e d

Nondurable goods
F o o d a n d k in d re d p ro d u c ts _____________ $106.80 $106.52 $105.18 $106. 08 $106.14 $104.90 $104. 08 $104.92 $103.34 $105. 59 $104.24 $103. 89
M e a t p ro d u c ts ___________ ________ ___ 115.34 113.12 111.56 116. 75 116.89 115.35 113. 28 114. 78 108. 79 109. 74 109.86 108. 53
D a iry p ro d u c ts _______________________ 111. 45 111. 04 111. 30 110.88 110.99 111.14 110.30 110. 93 109. 23 112. 92 110. 68 108. 20
C a n n e d a n d p re s e rv e d food, except
m e a ts _______________________________
84.04 83.11 82.82 81.87 79.93 82.39 86. 93 86. 71 82. 58 80. 89 84.50
G rain m ill p r o d u c ts ___________________ 118.80 120. 01 119.14 122.30 123.12 122.94 124. 47 124. 55 118. 42 120.38 118.22 114. 04
B a k e ry p r o d u c ts ______________________ 104. 94 104.28 104. 28 103.10 104.01 104.54 105.99 106.11 106. 08 106. 71 106.34 104.23
S u g a r,—_______ ______________________
126.88 115. 31 110. 55 111. 02 110. 50 101.12 119. 23 121. 54 127. 75 121. 84 120.41
C o nfectionery a n d re la te d p r o d u c ts ___
89.15 90.80 89.60 88.18 87.45 87.60 88.44 89.06 89.06 87. 36 87.91 87.02
B everages_____________________________ 124.12 122. 31 118.80 117. 49 122.36 121.29 119. 66 118. 73 119.97 130. 23 121.67 117.33
M iscellaneous food a n d k in d re d p ro d ­
u c ts ________________________________ 106.01 105. 67 104. 00 103. 74 105.35 104.92 104. 25 104. 55 102. 41 101.50 102. 24 101.64
88.92 87.89 82.08 83.16 88.29 81.24
Tobacco m a n u fa c tu re s __________________
81.93 83.41 82.68 87. 23 88. 55 86.94
C ig a re tte s____________________________
105.71 98.19 103.95 112.47 100.77 105. 72 106.23 106.11 104. 72 106.92 103.45
C ig a rs__________ ______ ______________
64.97 64.78 64.98 68.02 68.24 66.41 64.61 64. 25 63.71 65.12 66.33
T e x tile m ill p ro d u c ts __________________ _ 81.20 80.80 80.60 81.61 82.20 83.21 83.20 83.38 83. 36 81.76 84.35 81.45
84.23 84.64 85.04 86.28 87.29 87.29 86.46
C o tto n b ro a d w o v en fab rics___________
87.06 86.23 85. 63 89.85 83.38
S ilk a n d s y n th e tic b ro a d w oven fab rics. 84. 25 82.82 82. 62 83. 84 84.84 87.11 86. 70 87.31 89.35 89. 35 87.87 87.71
87.14 86.73 86.11 87. 57 87.78 85.68 86.53 87.78
W e av in g a n d finishing b ro a d w o o le n s ..
88.60 88. 39 90.90 89.76
79.40
N a rro w fabrics a n d sm all w a re s _______
78. 41 77. 82 80.15 81.34
82.15 81.90 81. 25 80.48 81. 64 79. 27
72.36 72.18 71. 80 70.68 70.88 81.16
K n ittin g _________________ ____________
72.58 73. 71 72. 93 74. 24 70. 27 72.31 72.31

Finishing textiles, except wool and

k n i t ________________________________
F lo o r covering ________________________
Y a m a n d th r e a d ______________________
M iscellaneous te x tile goods____________

92.00
82. 62
72. 73
91.65

90.91
78.99
72.73
90. 58

90. 27
81.61
74.37
93. 44

93.31
84.02
75.48
93.24

92.66

92.66
86. 25
78.17
96.11

86.88

77.42
96.10

91.59
86. 05
79.05
95.90

90. 74
85. 43
79. 00
93. 95

$102. 21 $103.82 $99. 87

106.27 110.56 107. 27
107. 52 109.13 105. 08

83.11 82.95 78. 60
113. 36 118.61 113. 40

102. 66 104.38 101.40

117.42 114.48 110.33
84.75 86.94 83.53
117.74 119.19 114. 09
99. 84 102.37
86. 49 84.97
105. 57 105.45
65. 28 65. 84
79. 90 82.12
82.64 85. 54
85.14 87.03
87. 03 87.54
78.47 80.26
68. 63 71.60

98. 79
79. 21
97.27
63.95
78.17
80.28
83.90
83. 69
75.99
68.29

89.03
80.39
78.07
92.65

94.17
83.18
78.94
95. 25

91.54
80.93
76. 68
94. 61

91.54
80.15
76. 50
91.59

91.58
83.36
77. 59
93.95

85. 85
81.51
73. 70
88. 20

A verage w eek ly h o u rs

Food and kindred products__________
Meat products___________________
Dairy products____ ______________
Canned and preserved food, except
meats_________________________
Grain mill products_______________
Bakery products__________________
Sugar___ _____ _________________
Confectionery and related products___
Beverages_________ _____________
Miscellaneous food and kindred prod­
ucts..___________ _____________
Tobacco manufactures______________
Cigarettes_______________________
Cigars.......................... .........................
Textile mill products______ ___ _____
Cotton broad woven fabrics_________
Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics.
Weaving and finishing broad woolens..
Narrow fabrics and small wares______
Knitting________________________
Finishing textiles, except wool and knit.
Floor covering___________________
Yarn and thread_________________
Miscellaneous textile goods_________

40.3
40.9
41.9
43.2
39.9
39.1
41.1
41.9
38.0
40.2
41.7
41.3
41.3
40.1
37.3
42.0
39.3
41.2

40.5
40.4
41.9

40.3
39.7
42.0

40.8
41.4
42.0

41.3
42.2
42.2

41.3
42.1
42.1

41.3
41.8
42.1

41.8
42.2
42.5

41.5
40.9
42.5

41.9
41.1
43.6

41.2
41.3
42.9

40.9
40.8
42.1

40.4
40.1
42.0

41.2
41.1
42.3

41.1
41.1
42.2

38.2
43.8
39.8
41.6
40.0
40.5

38.3
43.8
39.8
39.9
40.0
40.0

38.7
44.8
39.5
40.2
39.9
40.1

38.8
45.1
39.7
43.2
40.3
41.2

38.8
45.2
39.9
45.1
40.0
40.7

39.8
46.1
40.3
39.5
40.2
40.7

41.2
46.3
40.5
41.4
40.3
40.8

40.9
45.2
40.8
42.2
40.3
41.8

39.7
46.3
41.2
43.6
39.0
44.6

37.8
46.0
40.9
42.9
39.6
42.1

39.3
44.2
40.4
42.1
39.2
40.6

38.3
43.6
40.1
41.2
38.7
40.6

39.5
45.1
40.3
42.4
39.7
41.1

39.3
45.0
40.4
42.6
39.4
40.6

42.1
37.4
38.3
35.7
40.2
41.9
40.8
41.3
39.6
37.4
42.2
40.5
39.1
41.1

41.6
36.0
36.1
35.4
40.1
42.1
40.7
41.2
39.5
37.2
41.7
39.3
39.1
40.8

42.0
37.8
38.5
35.9
40.6
42.5
41.3
41.7
41.1
37.2
41.6
40.4
40.2
41.9

43.0
40.5
41.5
38.0
41.1
43.0
42.0
42.0
41.5
37.7
43.0
41.8
40.8
42.0

43.0
38.5
37.6
37.7
41.4
43.0
42.7
40.8
41.2
38.4
42.7
42.8
41.4
42.9

42.9
39.2
39.3
37.1
41.6
42.8
42.5
41.4
41.7
39.0
42.9
42.7
41.8
43.1

42.5
40.1
39.2
36.5
41.9
43.1
42.8
42.0
42.0
39.0
42.8
42.6
42.5
43.2

41.8
38.1
39.3
36.3
42.1
42.9
43.8
42.8
42.1
39.7
42.6
42.5
42.7
42.9

41.6
37.6
38.5
36.2
41.5
42.6
43.8
42.7
41.7
38.4
41.8
40.6
42.2
42.5

41.9
38.5
39.6
37.0
42.6
44.7
43.5
43.7
42.3
39.3
43.8
41.8
42.9
43.1

42.0
38.3
38.6
37.9
42.2
43.2
44.3
44.0
41.5
39.3
43.8
41.5
42.6
43.5

41.6
38.1
39.1
37.3
41.4
42.6
43.0
43.3
41.3
37.5
43.8
41.1
42.5
42.6

42.3
38.8
39.2
37.2
41.9
43.2
43.3
42.7
41.8
38.7
43.2
42.1
42.4
42.9

42.4
37.9
37.7
37.4
41.8
42.7
43.7
42.7
41.3
38.8
42.5
42.9
42.6
42.2

$2.63
2.80
2.65

$2. 61
2.81
2.65

$2.60
2.82
2. 64

$2. 57
2. 77
2.63

$2.54
2.74
2.64

$2. 52
2. 71
2.62

$2.51
2.72
2. 61

$2. 49
2. 66
2. 57

$2. 52
2.67
2. 59

$2.53
2. 66
2. 58

$2. 54
2. 66
2. 57

$2.53
2. 65
2.56

$2.52
2.69
2.58

$2.43
2.61
2. 49

2.20

2.17
2.72
2.62
2.89
2.24
2.97

2.14
2. 73
2. 61
2. 75
2.21
2.93

2.11
2.73
2.62
2. 57
2.17
2.97

2. 06
2.72
2.62
2.45
2.19
2.98

2. 07
2. 70
2.63
2.56
2.20
2.94

2.11
2.69
2.62
2. 88
2.21
2.91

2.12
2. 62
2.60
2.88
2. 21
2.87

2. 08
2. 60
2.59
2. 93
2. 24
2. 92

2.14
2. 57
2.60
2. 84
2. 22
2. 89

2.15
2. 58
2. 58
2. 86
2. 22
2.89

2.17
2. 60
2. 56
2.85
2.19
2. 90

2.10
2.63
2.59
2.70
2.19
2.90

2.00
2.52
2.51
2.59
2.12
2. 81

2.50
2.28
2.72
1.83
2. 01
2.02
2.03
2.09
1.97
1.93
2.18
2.01
1.86
2.22

2.47
2.20
2.70
1.81
2.01
2.03
2.03
2.10
1.95
1.90
2.17
2. 02
1.85
2. 23

2. 45
2.18
2.71
1.79
2.00
2.03
2.02
2.09
1.96
1.88
2.17
2.01
1.85
2.22

2.44
2.11
2.68
1.81
2. 01
2.03
2.04
2.10
1.97
1.89
2.17
2.03
1.87
2.24

2.43
2.09
2.69
1.79
2.00
2.02
2.04
2.09
1.97
1.89
2.16
2.02
1.87
2.23

2.46
2.08
2.71
1.77
1.99
2.02
2.04
2.09
1.95
1.87
2.14
2.02
1.86
2.22

2.45
2.17
2. 70
1.77
1.98
2.01
2. 04
2. 07
1.93
1.87
2.13
2. 01
1.85
2.19

2.44
2. 32
2. 72
1.76
1.97
2.01
2. 04
2.07
1.93
1.83
2.13
1.98
1.85
2.18

2.44
2.30
2. 70
1.76
1.98
2.01
2.02
2.08
1.93
1.84
2.15
1.99
1.84
2.21

2. 42
2. 27
2.68
1.75
1.93
1.93
1.98
2.04
1.91
1.84
2.09
1.95
1. 80
2.18

2.40
2. 27
2.70
1.75
1.93
1.94
1.98
2. 01
1.90
1. 83
2.09
1.95
1. 80
2.15

2.42
2.19
2.69
1.77
1.96
1.98
2.01
2. 05
1.92
1.85
2.12
1.98
1.83
2.19

2.33
2. 09
2. 58
1.71
1.87
1.88
1.92
1.96
1.84
1.76
2.02
1.9C
1.73
2.09

A verage h o u rly earn in g s
F o o d a n d k in d re d p ro d u c ts _____________
M e a t p ro d u c ts _______________________
D a iry p ro d u c ts _______________________
C a n n e d a n d p reserv ed food, except
m e a ts ______________________________
G rain m ill p ro d u c ts _____________
B a k e ry p ro d u c ts ________________
S u g ar_____________________
C o nfectionery a n d re la te d p r o d u c t s __
B everages______________________
M iscellaneous food a n d k in d re d prod-"
u c ts _____________________________
T obacco m a n u factu re s.
C ig a re tte s__________
C ig a rs______________
T e x tile m ill p ro d u c ts ___________________
C o tto n b ro a d w oven fab rics__________
S ilk a n d s y n th e tic b ro a d w oven fabrics.
W eaving a n d finishing b ro a d w oolens
N a rro w fabrics a n d sm all w ares
K n ittin g _____________________________
F in is h in g textiles, except w ool a n d k n it
F loor co vering________
Y a rn a n d th r e a d _________
M iscellaneous textile goods
See footnotes a t e n d of ta b le.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.65
2.82
2. 66

2.75
2.63
2.28
3.02

2. 74
2.62
3.05
2.27
3. 02

2. 53
2.34

2.51
2.35
2.76
1.82

2.02
2.02

2.01
2.02

2.04

2.03

2. 11

2.10

1.98
1.94
2.19

1.98
1.93
2.18
2.04

1.86

1.86

2.25

2. 23

115

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T

able

C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1967
A p r .2 M ar . 2

A nnual
average

1966

In d u stry
Feb.

Jan.

Dec. | Nov.

Oct.

Sept. | Aug.

Ju ly | June 1 M ay | Apr.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
M anufacturing—C ontinued
Nondurable goods—C ontinued
A pparel and related p ro d u cts__________ $71.80 $71. 80 $71.04 $70. 40 $69.87 $70. 25 $70.64 $67.83 $70.11 $67.88 $68.63 $68.26 $67.51 $68.80 $66.61
M en’s and boys’ suits and c o a ts.. ___ 8 8 . 77 87.46 85.70 88.09 87.78 8 6 .94 87.17 84.83 87.19 85.03 85. 8 6 85. 69 83. 54 85.79 81.86
62.80 62.63 63.15 61.42 61.34 60.64 59.84 59. 36 60.10 58.56 59.78 58. 30 57.67 .59.15 57. 90
M en’s and boys’ furnishings_______
W om en’s, misses’, and juniors’ outerw ear_________ __________________ 75.86 75. 77 74.00 72.42 71.36 71.44 72.21 6 8 . 67 73. 56 71.90 71.34 71.34 71.34 71.14 6 8 . 6 8
W om en’s and children’s undergarm en ts__________ _________
__ . . . 65.70 65.70 64.80 63.71 63. 53 65.98 6 6 . 1 2 64.18 63. 92 61.99 62.53 62. 59 61.39 63.10 60.19
71.89 75. 54 74.01 72.27 70.81 72.69 67. 8 6 75. 38 71 28 70.30 67. 71 66.40 71.18 70.08
H ats, caps, and m illin e ry .. _ _______
65.64 64. 58 65.32 64.62 62.66 62. 48 62.48 59.86 63.86 63.86 64.01 63.15 62.47 62.99 60.79
G irls’ and children’s outerw ear. .
F u r goods and miscellaneous apparel .
75.18 74. 82 73.85 75.24 76.80 77. 46 72. 04 74 23 73. 43 74.54 74.17 71.54 73. 60 70.81
M iscellaneous fabricated textile produ c ts______________________ ______
76. 06 76. 70 75.28 76. 70 78.17 78.95 80.96 76.58 76. 23 69. 92 74.10 74.30 73. 71 75.06 73. 73
P aper and allied products_________
P aper and p u l p ___ _ ____________
Paperbo ard _________________________
C onverted paper and paperboard orodu c ts______________________ ______
Paperboard containers and boxes_____

119. 57 119. 43 118. 44 119.84 120.81 121.37 121.37 121.92 120. 77 120. 50 120.18 119. 03 117.50 1L9.35 114.22
137.02 136. 58 136. 75 137.20 138.12 139.05 138.43 138.29 137.39 137. 56 135.45 134. 25 132.76 135.30 128.16
139. 29 140. 09 137. 90 138. 08 138. 57 140. 43 139. 05 138.91 138.12 139.38 138. 78 139. 54 141.22 138.62 132.14
103. 38 104. 55 104.14 105.66 105.84 105.84 104. 75 105. 75 104.23 103.91 104. 6 6 103.57 102.34 103.91 99.42
107.27 106. 71 105. 41 107. 07 109.65 109.91 1 1 0 . 6 8 111.89 109. 82 108. 54 1 1 0 . 08 108. 89 106. 01 108.38 104.23

P rinting, publishing and allied industries. 123.97 124. 6 8 123.33
N ew spaper publishing and p rin tin g __ 126.36 125. 64 125. 64
Periodical publishing and printing _ _
130.87 129. 09
Books___ ______
____ ~ _ ._
116.06 113.71
Commercial p rin tin g ___________
128.12 129. 49 126.36
B ookbinding and related industries___ 97.39 96.11 93. 8 6
O ther publishing and p rin tin g industries . . . ____ . ______ _
___
127.32 128.04

A pparel and related p ro d u cts____ _ . .
M en ’s and boys’ suits and coats___ _
M en’s and boys’ furnishings_____ ____
W om en’s, misses’, and jun io rs’ outerw ear_________________ _________
W om en’s and children’s undergarm e n ts____________________ .
Ila ts , caps, and m illinery__ ____
G irls’ and children’s o u te r w e a r .____
P u r goods and miscellaneous a p p a re l...
M iscellaneous fabricated textile produ c ts ___ _________ ____ . ________

35.9
38.1
36.3

35.9
37.7
36.2

35.7
37.1
36.5

123. 59
124.24
128.90
115. 09
127.26
95. 73

125. 51
131. 32
131.14
114. 54
128. 08
96.08

124.87
129.17
133. 39
115.08
127. 76
95.94

125.51
127. 73
136. 04
115. 93
129. 52
96.29

125.12
127.39
139 03
117 04
129.04
94.92

122.85
125.17
132. 93
115. 78
127.20
93. 60

121.83
124.17
132. 76
114 11
126.25
92.19

122.54
125.58
129.44
117. 43
125.37
93.65

128. 58 126. 36 124.94 125. 71 126. 81 124.16 123. 00 122.43
Average w eekly hours
36.1
38.3
37.0

36.2
38.5
37.4

36.4
38.3
37.2

36.6
38.4
37.4

35.7
37.7
37.1

36.9
39.1
37.8

36.3
38.3
37.3

36.7
38.5
37.6

122.61
124.87
129.92
114.53
126.17
94.38

118.12
119.85
125. 83

125. 24
125 58
116 84
125. 45
95. 01

120.82
122. 40
124. 74
112 59
124. 03
94.14

122. 88

123.13 124.16 120.90

122.22

36.5
38.6
36.9

36.1
37.8
36.5

36.4
38.3
37.2

110.68

120.96
91.57

36.4
37.9
37.6

34.8

34.6

34.1

34.0

33.5

33.7

33.9

32.7

34.7

34.4

34.8

34.8

34.8

34.2

34.0

35.9
35.1

36.1
34.9
35.1
35.8

35.8
35.8
35.5
35.8

36.2
36.1
36.1
36.2

36.3
36.5
35.4
36.7

37.7
36. 5
35.7
37.3

38.0
36.9
35.7
37.6

37.1
34 8
34.4
36.2

37.6
37 5
36.7
37.3

36.9
36 0
36.7
36.9

37.0
37. 0
37.0
36. 9

36.6
36.6
36.5
36.9

35.9
35.7
35.9
36.5

36.9
36. 5
36.2
36.8

36.7
36. 5
36.4
36.5

37.1

37.0

36.9

37.6

38.7

38.7

39.3

38.1

38.5

36.8

38.0

38.1

37.8

38.1

38.4

Paper and allied pro d u cts____ . . . . . .
P aper and pulp . _____ _
Paperboard _____ _
.. .. _ .
C onverted paper and paperboard produ c ts_________ _______ _ _ _____
Paperboard containers and boxes_____

42.4
44.2
44.5

42.5
44.2
44.9

42.3
44.4
44.2

42.8
44.4
44.4

43.3
44.7
44.7

43.5
45.0
45.3

43.5
44.8
45.0

43.7
44.9
45.1

43.6
44.9
44.7

43.5
45.1
45.4

43.7
45. 0
45.5

43.6
44.9
45.9

43.2
44.7
46.3

43.4
44.8
45.3

43.1
44.5
45.1

40.7
41.1

41.0
41.2

41.0
40.7

41.6
41.5

42.0
42.5

42.0
42.6

41.9
42.9

42.3
43.2

42.2
42.9

41.9
42.4

42.2
43.0

42.1
42.7

41.6
41.9

41.9
42.5

41.6
42. 2

Printing, publishing and allied industries.
N ew spaper publishing and p rin tin g __
Periodical publishing and p rin tin g .. . _
Books__ . . .
_____
____ I _
Com m ercial p rin tin g __ _________
B ookbinding and related in d u stries___
O ther publishing and p rin tin g industries . . . _ ______ _ _ _

38.5
36.0

38.6
36.0
39.3
41. 9
39.6
38.6

38.3
36.0
39.0
41.2
39.0
38.0

38.5
35.7
39.3
41. 4
39.4
38.6

39.1
37.2
39. 5
41. 2
39.9
38.9

38.9
36.8
40.3
41.1
39.8
39.0

39.1
36.6
41.1
41. 7
40.1
39.3

39.1
36.5
41 5
41 8
40.2
38.9

39.0
36.6
40. 9
42 1
40.0
39.0

38.8
36.2
40.6
41 8
39.7
38.9

38.9
36.4
40. 2
42. 7
39.8
38.7

38.8
36.3
39. 0
42. 8
39.7
39.1

38.6
36.0
39.6
41. 7
39.5
38.9

38.8
36.3
40.1
41.8
39.8
39.0

38.6
36.1
40.2
41.3
39.4
38.8

38.7

38.8

39.2

39.0

38.8
38.8
38.9
38.8
Average hourly earnings

38.8

38.5

38.4

38.6

38.8

39.0

$1.87

$1.87
2.23
1.59

$1.87

$1. 87

2.22

2.21

1.58

1.58

$1.89
2.24
1.59

$1.83
2.16
1.54

2.08
1.71
1.95
1.74

2.02

39.3
38.8

A pparel and related p ro d u cts_____ _____
M en ’s and boys’ suits and coats______
M en ’s and boys’ furnishings____ _____
W om en’s, misses’, and juniors’ outerw ear. _ _________
_ ___
W om en’s and children’s undergarm ents.
H a ts, caps, and m illin e ry ..
_ .
G irls’ and children’s outerw ear
F u r goods and miscellaneous a p p a re l...
M iscellaneous fabricated textile produ c ts......... _ _ ___ _______

$2 . 0 0
2.33
1.73

$2 . 0 0
2.32
1.73

$1.99
2.31
1.73

$1.95
2. 30
1.66

$1.93
2.28
1.64

$1.93
2.27
1.63

$1.93
2.27
1.60

$1.90
2.25
1.60

2.18

2.19

2.17
1.81

1.75
1.94
1. 75
2.07

2.13
1.74
1.97
1. 75
2.06

1.73
1.95
1 74
1.99

2.05

2.04

1.84
2.09
2.04

2.13
1.75
1.98
1.77
2.05

2.10

1.82
2.06
1.84

2.13
1.76
2. 05
1. 79
2.04

2.12

1.83

2.04

2.02

2.04

2.06

P aper and allied p ro d u c ts ..______
P aper and p u l p ______
___ _ . _
P a p e rb o a rd .. .
....
C onverted paper and paperboard produ c ts___ ____________
___
Paperboard containers and boxes____

2.82
3.10
3.13

2.81
3.09
3.12

2.80
3.08
3.12

2.80
3.09
3.11

2.79
3.09
3.10

2. 79
3. 09
3.10

2.54
2.61

2. 55
2.59

2. 54
2. 59

2. 54
2.58

2. 52
2.58

Printing, publishing and allied industries.
N ew spaper publishing and p rin tin g __
Periodical publishing and p rin tin g . ..
B ooks. _ . . . .
..... .
Commercial p rin tin g _____
___
Bookbinding"and related in d u strie s.. .
O ther publishing and p rin tin g industries_______ ___ . . . _____

3.22
3.51

3.23
3.49
3.33
2 77
3.27
2. 49

3.22
3.49
3.31
2 76
3.24
2.47

3.21
3.48
3. 28
2. 78
3.23
2. 48

3.29

3.30

3. 28

See footnotes a t end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1.87

2.10

3. 26
2.51

2.11

$1.90
2.23
1. 59

2.22

1.57

1.70

1.68

1 74
1.99

1.98
1. 74
1.99

2.05
1.69
1.90
1.73
2 . 02

2.05
1.71
1.85
1. 73
2 . 01

2.05
1.71

2.01

2 . 01

1.98

1.90

1.95

1.95

1.95

1.97

1.92

2.79
3.09
3.09

2.79
3.08
3.08

2. 77
3.06
3.09

2. 77
3.05
3.07

2. 75
3.01
3.05

2. 73
2.99
3.04

2.72
2.97
3.05

2.75
3.02
3.06

2.65
2.93

2. 52
2.58

2.50
2.58

2.50
2.59

2.47
2.56

2. 48
2. 56

2.48
2. 56

2.46
2. 55

2.46
2. 53

2.48
2. 55

2.39
2.47

3.21
3. 53
3.32
2. 78
3.21
2. 47

3.21
3.51
3.31
2 . 80
3. 21
2. 46

3.21
3.49
3.31
2 78
3.23
2. 45

3.20
3. 49
3 35

3.15
3.42
3 25
3.18
2.40

3.15
3.45
3.22
2 7Ft
3.15
2.42

3.15
3.45
3. 22
2 73
3.16
2. 43

3.13
3.40
3.15
2. 70
3.14
2.42

3.16
3.44
3.24
2. 74
3.17
2.42

3.06
3.32
3.13

3.21
2. 44

3.14
3. 43
3.27
2 73
3.18
2.37

3.24

3. 22

3.24

3.26

3.20

3.17

3.18

3. 20

3.19

3. 20

3.10

2.12

2.09

1.86

1. 74
1.96

2.00

1.64
1.92
1.67
1.94

2.88

2.68

3.07
2. 36

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JUNE 1967

116
T a ble

C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1967

A nnual
average

1966

In d u stry
A pr.

2

M ar . 3

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

Ju ly

June

M ay

Apr.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
M anufacturing—C ontinued
Nondurable goods— C ontinued
Chemicals and allied p roducts--------------In d u strial chem icals-------- -- -Plastics m aterials and synthetics------Drugs ___- _____ ________ — —
Soajl, cleaners, and toilet goods----------P aints, varnishes, and allied p ro d u cts..
A gricultural chem icals.
----O ther chemical p roducts-----. . . . . .

$127.80 $127.19 $125.25
142.12 142.04 140.19
125.22 125.22 123.19
118.37 117.83 117.96
125.86 122.91 1 2 2 . 1 0
117. 62 117. 50 115. 6 6
114.19 109.11 105. 22
123. 26 121. 54 119.95

$126.16
141. 20
123. 37
117.14
122. 70
116.81
107. 32
120. 30

$127.98 $128. 29
143.65 145.43
126. 78 126. 05
117. 01 116.18
120.83 1 2 2 . 06
117.83 117. 99
105.90 104.23
124. 20 122.89

$127. 56
143. 99
125. 8 8
115. 77
1 2 2 . 06
117.83
106.27
122. 64

$127.14 $125.70
142. 04 140. 53
125. 33 125. 50
114. 24 111.23
122. 77 122.93
119. 83 118. 58
105.15 103. 39
123. 97 121. 51

$126. 0 0 $125.76 $124. 49 $124.66 $125.46 $121. 09
141. 53 140. 77 139. 26 139. 26 140.44 136.08
126. 52 125. 97 124.98 125. 99 125. 08 120. 70
1 1 0 . 6 8 111.78 111.93 1 1 1 . 6 6 113. 02 106. 90
121.42 121.93 118.12 117. 29 119. 94 113.15
118. 01 119.99 120. 70 118.72 117. 59 113.15
104. 23 102. 48 105. 94 107. 8 8 104.84 100.69
120.38 121. 55 119. 00 118. 43 120.38 116.90

Petroleum refining and related industries. 153.87 151. 30 147.97 144.90 145. 67 146. 70 145. 43 146. 80 142. 72 147. 06 145. 95 145. 61 145.69 144. 58 138. 42
Petroleum r e f in in g .___ . . .
-------- 161.68 160.13 156.19 151.94 152.82 154. 34 150.12 152. 04 148.57 153. 91 152.40 154.15 154. 21 151.56 145. 05
Other petroleum and coal products....... 124.70 118.16 114. 90 116. 05 118.02 119. 71 128. 29 130. 87 123. 48 125. 27 124. 37 116.42 115.87 1 2 0 . 2 2 115.90
R ubber an d miscellaneous plastic prod- -- 110.57 110.16 108.95 111.51 112.71 112.98 113. 52 114.21 111.04 110. 27 111.30 111.57 110.62 111.72 109.62
u c t s . . . ____________ _______
Tires and inner t u b e s . . ---------- . . - 152.88 155.13 154.03 161.62 165.10 165.17 166. 6 6 165. 99 163.02 162.94 161. 55 163. 44 162.79 163.39 158.06
Other rubber products----------------------- 107. 59 106. 52 105.73 108. 09 109.67 1 1 0 . 2 0 1 1 0 . 2 0 110. 72 106.91 104.34 107.33 106.24 105.06 107. 74 103.82
Miscellaneous plastic products------------ 95. 58 93.90 93.03 93. 96 93.89 93.94 94.81 95. 04 93.11 92. 21 93.38 93. 56 93.11 93.75 92. 35
L eather and leather pro d u cts. . . --------- 74. 57 75.85 76.13
L eather tanning and finishing . . . . . . 104.78 102.80 101. 65
Footw ear, except ru b b e r-------------------- 71.00 72.64 73.68
73.73 75.14 74.00
Other leather products_____
69. 78 70. 59
H andbags and personal leather goods.

77. 79

1 0 2 . 66

75.08
75.24
71.05

76.82 76.03 74. 6 8 74. 09 75. 85 74. 49
104.19 103.83 103. 53 101.45 100.19 100.19
73. 92 72.39 70. 8 8 71.25 73. 32 72.71
75.25 76.05 75. 6 6 72.18 73.71 70. 8 8
69.19 72.2C 71.82 6 6 . 2 2 70. 49 6 8 . 63

76.05
10 2 . 66

73.88
72. 77
6 8 . 60

74.88 73.33 74.88
103.16 102.09 101.75
71.62 69.94 71.81
72. 96 71.63 73.34
68.63 67.89 69.38

71.82
97.99
68.80
70.49
67.86

Average weekly hours
Chemicals and allied products------ ------. ------ .
In d u strial chemicals----Plastics m aterials and synthetics---- .
D rugs__________ _______________ ..
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods----------Paints, varnishes, and allied products..
A gricultural chem icals. _. . . ----------O ther chemical products___
_ _. . . .

41.9
41.8
41.6
41.1
41.4
40.7
46.8
41.5

41.7
41.9
41.6
41.2
40.7
40.8
44.9
41.2

41.2
41.6
41.2
41.1
40.7
40.3
42.6
40.8

41.5
41.9
41.4
41.1
40.9
40.7
43.1
41.2

42.1
42.5
42.4
41.2
41.1
41.2
42.7
42.1

42.2
42.9
42.3
41.2
41.8
41.4
42.2
41.8

42.1
42.6
42. 1
41.2
41.8
41.2
43.2
42.0

42.1
42.4
42. 2
40.8
41.9
41.9
42.4
42.6

41.9
42.2
42.4
40.3
42.1
41.9
42.2
41.9

42.0
42. 5
42.6
40.1
41.3
41.7
42.2
41.8

42.2
42.4
42.7
40.5
41.9
42.4
42.7
42.5

42.2
42.2
42.8
40.7
41.3
42.5
44.7
41.9

42.4
42.2
43.0
40.9
41.3
42.1
46.5
41.7

42.1
42.3
42.4
40.8
41.5
41.7
43.5
41.8

41.9
42.0
42.5
40.8
40.7
41.6
43.4
41.9

Petroleum refining and related industries.
Petroleum refining.. . . .
---------- ..
O ther petroleum and coal products___

43.1
43.0
43.3

42.5
42.7
41.9

41.8
42.1
40.6

41.4
41.4
41.3

42.1
42.1
42.0

42.4
42.4
42.6

42.4
41.7
44.7

42.8
42.0
45.6

42.1
41.5
44.1

43.0
42.4
44.9

42.8
42.1
44.9

42.7
42.7
42.8

42.6
42.6
42.6

42.4
42.1
43.4

42.2
41.8
43.9

R ubber and miscellaneous plastic produ cts___ . . . ------- --------------------Tires and inner tu b e s ... . . ____ . .
O ther ru b b er products___
Miscellaneous plastic products_______

40.8
42.0
40.6
40.5

40.8
42.5
40.5
40.3

40.5
42.2
40.2
40.1

41.3
43.8
41.1
40.5

41.9
44.5
41.7
41.0

42.0
44.4
41.9
41.2

42.2
44.8
41.9
41.4

42.3
44.5
42.1
41.5

41.9
44.3
41.6
41.2

41.3
43.8
40.6
40. 8

42.0
43.9
41.6
41.5

42.1
44.9
41.5
41.4

41.9
44.6
41.2
41.2

42.0
44.4
41.6
41.3

42.0
44.4
41.2
41.6

36.2
40.3
35.5
36.5

37.0
40.0
36.5
37.2
35.6

37.5
39.4
37.4
37.0
36.2

38.7
40.1
38.7
38.0
37.2

38.8
40.7
38.7
38.2
37.0

38.4
40.4
37.9
39.0
38.0

38.1
40.6
37.5
38.8
37.8

37.8
40.1
37.7
37.4
35.6

39.1
40.4
39.0
39.0
38.1

39.0
40.4
39.3
37.7
37.3

39.2
40.9
39.3
38.5
37.9

38.6
41.1
38.3
38.4
37.5

37.8
41.0
37.4
37.9
37.1

38.6
40.7
38.4
38.4
37.5

38.2
41.0
37.8
38.1
37.7

$2.98
3.32
2.95
2.76
2. 91
2.83
2.40

$2.95
3.30
2.92
2. 75

$2. 94
3. 30
2.93
2.73
2.84
2.82
2.32
2.84

$2.98
3.32
2.95
2. 77
2.89
2.82
2.41

$2.89
3.24
2.84
2.62
2.78
2 . 72
2.32
2. 79
3.28
3. 47
2. 64

2.66

Leather a n d leather products_______ _ _
Leather tan n in g and finishing________
Footw ear, except ru b b e r. .......................
O ther leather products___
. _______
H andbags and personal leather goods.

Average hourly earnings
Chemicals and allied p roducts_________
In d u strial chem icals____ _ . . . . . . .
Plastics m aterials and synthetics-------D rugs___
. . ___
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods___ .
P aints, varnishes, and allied p ro d u cts..
A gricultural chem icals.
Other chemical p roducts. _ . ______
Petroleum refining and related industries.
Petroleum refining_____ _____
. .
O ther petroleum and coal products.......
R ubber and miscellaneous plastic produ cts_______________ ________
Tires and inner tu b es___________ ____
O ther ru b b er products______ . . . .
Miscellaneous plastic p roducts____ ..
Leather a n d leather products______ ____
L eather tan n in g and fin ish in g ... _____
Footw ear, except ru b b er. . . . . . .
O ther leather p ro d u c ts.. . .
H andbags and personal leather goods.
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$3.05
3.40
3.01

$3.05
3.39
3.01

2.88

2.86

3.04
2.89
2.44
2.97

3.02
2.88

2.43
2.95

$3.04
3.37
2.99
2.87
3.00
2.87
2.47
2.94

$3. 04
3. 37
2.98
2.85
3.00
2.87
2. 49
2. 92

$3. 03
3. 38
2.99
2.81
2.92

2.48
2.95

$3.04
3. 39
2.98
2.82
2.92
2.85
2.47
2. 94

$3. 04
3.38
2.99
2.84
2.94
2.86

2. 46
2. 92

$3. 02
3.35
2. 97
2 . 80
2. 93
2 . 86
2.48
2. 91

$3.00
3. 33
2.96
2. 76
2.92
2.83
2. 45
2. 90

$3. 00
3. 33
2.97
2. 76
2.94
2.83
2. 47
2 . 88

3. 43
3. 60
2. 87

3. 43
3. 62
2. 87

3.39
3. 58
2 . 80

3. 42
3. 63
2. 79

3.41
3. 62
2. 77

3.41
3. 61
2. 72

3.42
3. 62
2. 72

3. 41
3.60
2. 77

2.86

2.86

2.86

2. 84
2.37
2.84

2.88

2.88

3. 56
3. 75
2.82

3. 54
3.71
2.83

3. 50
3. 67
2.81

3.46
3.63
2 . 81

3. 46
3.64
2.81

2.71
3.64
2.65
2.36

2.70
3.65
2.63
2.33

2. 69
3. 65
2.63
2.32

2. 70
3.69
2. 63
2.32

2. 69
3. 71
2.63
2.29

2.69
3. 72
2.63
2 . 28

2. 69
3.72
2. 63
2. 29

2. 70
3. 73
2. 63
2. 29

2. 65
3.68
2. 57
2 . 26

2. 67
3. 72
2. 57
2 . 26

2. 65
3.68
2.58
2.25

2. 65
3. 64
2. 56
2.26

2. 64
3. 65
2. 55
2 . 26

3.68
2.59
2.27

2.61
3.56
2.52
2. 22

2 . 06
2.60

2.05
2.57
1.99

2.03
2.58
1.97

2.01

1.88

1.89
1.85

1.88

1.95

1.96
2.53
1.89
1.93
1. 86

1.94
2.51

2.00

1.96
2. 55
1.89
1.95
1. 90

1.91
2. 48
1.85

1.96

1.98
2.57
1.91
1.95
1.90

1.94
2.48

2.02

1.98
2. 56
1.91
1.97
1.87

1.84

1.89
1.81

1.94
2.51
1.87
1.90
1.83

1.94
2.49
1.87
1.89
1.83

1.94
2.50
1.87
1.91
1.85

2. 39
1.82
1.85
1.80

3. 57
3. 76

2.00
2.02

2. 56
1.94
1.98
1.91

1.88

1.88

111

0 — EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 b y industry—Continued
1966

1967

A nnual
average

In d u stry
A p r.2

M ar . 2

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Oct.

Nov.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
T ransportation and public utilities:
R ailroad transportation:
Class I railroads 3------------ -----Local a nd in teru rb an passenger tran sit:
Local a n d su burban tran sp o rtatio n ----In tercity and rural bus lines------ -------M otor freight transportation a n d storage.
Public warehousing.......... ..........................
Pipeline tran sp o rtatio n -----------------------C om m unication_____________________ —
Telephone com m unication___________
Telegraph com m unication 4 ........ ............
Radio and television broadcasting------Electric, gas, and san itary services--------Electric companies a n d system s---------Gas companies and system s.-------------Com bined u tility system s------- ----------W ater, steam , and sanitary system s----

$137.22 $137.90 $132.99 $135.96 $136.34 $134.11 $137. 54 $135.83 $132. 75 $135. 65 $130.80
$114. 81 $113.71 $112.88 $113. 28 $114. 75 $115.56
135.38 141.01 143.76 142. 0 2 143.99 141.37
134.69 134.60 132.80 137. 82 136.43 138.14
97.07 98.00 96.80 98. 71 97. 76 96.64
154.60 157.38 161.66 154. 34 152.31 152.25
118.20 120.10 118.01 1 2 0 . 40 122.54 119. 54
112. 79 114.62 112.97 115. 31 117.03 114. 24
127.75 131.07 128.35 128. 53 127.62 130.16
154.04 154.42 152.05 154. 41 158.36 154.77
139. 67 141.44 139.18 140. 11 140. 53 141. 20
143.24 143.87 141.17 142. 2 0 142.96 142.12
128.02 128. 52 130.19 128. 33 129.90 131.36
151.89 156.14 150.75 154. 28 152. 52 154.40
111.91 113.42 112.06 1 1 1 . 79 112.89 111. 79

$112.83
149. 57
138.78
98.16
152.77
119. 43
114.11
131.94
152.82
137.86
139.93
128. 03
149. 82
111.24

113.63
158.84
136.63
98. 29
148.37
117.62
112.33
131. 37
149.27
136. 54
139.61
124. 64
148.93
109. 74

114.59
148. 50
136.42
98.33
150. 38
119.19
114.12
131.07
152.05
139.35
143.90
124. 64
152. 70
112.17

113.52
141.24
137.06
95.92
148.96
118.44
113.15
131. 50
150.86
134.72
137.78
122.72
147.33
108.39

112.52
143. 74
135.15
95.99
151. 29
118. 55
113. 27
128. 0 1
151.24
136.95
139. 70
125. 77
149. 70
110.00 110. 42

113. 52
142.46
133.14
95.04
151.00
116.47
111.63
127.17
148.13
135.14
137.78
124.14
147. 03
108.53

111.83
143.60
131.36
92.43
153.18
116. 29
111.08
124. 99
148.92
133. 99
136. 29
122.61
146.26

108.20
133.72
130.48
93.09
145.85
114.62
109.08
122.55
147.63
131.24
133.31
120.83
143.79
105.41

Average weekly hours
T ransportation and public utilities:
R ailroad transportation:
Class I railro ad s 3 ________________ ___
Local and in teru rb an passenger tran sit:
Local and su burban tran sp o rtatio n ----In te rc ity and ru ral bus lin es--------------M otor freight transportation and storage.
Public w arehousing------------- ------ -----Pipeline tran sp o rtatio n -----------------------C om m unication................................... ...........
Telephone com m unication----------------Telegraph com m unication 4 ---------------Radio a n d television broadcasting------Electric, gas, and san itary services--------Electric companies and system s---------Gas companies and system s--------------C om bined u tility system s-----------------W ater, steam , and san itary system s—

41.9
40.9
41.7
39.3
40.9
39.4
39.3
42.3
39.7
41.2
41.4
40.9
41.5
40.4

41.5
42.6
41.8
40.0
41.2
39.9
39.8
43.4
39.8
41.6
41.7
40.8
42.2
40.8

41.5
43.3
41.5
40.5
42.1
39.6
39.5
42.5
39.7
41.3
41.4
41.2
41.3
40.6

43.7

44.2

42.9

44.0

44.7

43.4

44.8

44.1

43.1

43.9

43.6

41.8
43.3
42.8
41.3
41.6
40.0
39.9
42.7
39.9
41.7
41.7
41.0
42.5
40.8

42.5
43.9
42.5
41.6
41.5
41.4
41.5
42.4
40.5
41.7
41.8
41.5
41.9
41.2

42.8
43.1
42.9
41.3
40.6
40.8
40.8
43.1
40.2
41.9
41.8
41.7
42.3
41.1

42.1
45.6
43.1
40.9
41.4
40.9
40.9
43.4
39.9
41.4
41.4
41.3
41.5
41.2

42.4
47.7
43.1
41.3
41.1
40.7
40.7
43.5
39.7
41.5
41.8
41.0
41.6
41.1

42.6
45.0
42.9
40.8
41.2
41.1
41.2
43.4
39.7
42.1
42.7
41.0
42.3
41.7

43.0
44.0
43.1
39.8
40.7
40.7
40.7
43.4
39.7
41.2
41.5
40.5
41.5
40.9

43.0
44.8
42.0
39.6
40.7
40.3
40.3
43.7
39.5
41.2
41.5
40.7
41.3
40.8

42.2
45.3
41.7
39.0
41.4
40.1
40.1
43.1
39.5
41.1
41.3
40.6
41.2
41.2

42.3
44. 5
42.5
40.5
41.0
40.6
40.6
43.1
39.8
41.5
41.7
41.1
41.7
41.2

42.1
43.7
42.5
40.3
41.2
40.5
40.4
43.0
39.9
41.4
41.4
41.1
41.8
41.5

Average hourly earnings
T ransportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Class I railro ad s 3 ---------- ------------------Local and in teru rb an passenger tran sit:
Local and sub u rb an tran sp o rtatio n ----In tercity and rural bus lines....................
M otor freight transportation and storage.
Public warehousing—________________
Pipeline tra n sp o rta tio n .------ ---------------C om m unication____ __________________
Telephone com m unication----------------Telegraph com m unication 4 ---------------Radio and television broadcasting------Electric, gas, and san itary services--------Electric companies and system s---------Gas companies and system s__________
C om bined u tility system s____________
W ater, steam , and san itary system s___
See footnotes a t end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2. 74
3.31
3.23
2.47
3.78
3.00
2.87
3.02
3. 8 8
3.39
3.46
3.13
3.66
2.77

$2. 74
3.31
3.22
2.45
3.82
3.01
2.88

3.02
3.88
3.40
3.45
3.15
3.70
2. 78

$2.72
3.32
3.20
2.39
3. 84
2.98
2 . 86
3.02
3.83
3.37
3.41
3.16
3. 65
2.76

$3.14

$3.12

$3.10

$3.09

$3. 05

$3.09

$3. 07

$3.08

$3.08

$3.09

$3. 00

$2. 71
3.28
3.22
2. 39
3.71
3. 01
2. 89
3.01
3. 87
3. 36
3.41
3.13
3. 63
2. 74

$2. 70
3.28
3.21
2.35
3.67
2.96
2.82
3.01
3.91
3.37
3. 42
3.13
3.64
2. 74

$2.70
3.28
3.22
2.34
3. 75
2.93
2.80
3.02
3.85
3.37
3.40
3.15
3.65
2. 72

$2 . 6 8
3.28
3. 22
2.40
3.69
2.92
2. 79
3.04
3.83
3.33
3.38
3.10
3.61
2.70

2 . 68

2.69
3.30
3.18
2.41
3.65
2.90
2.77
3.02
3. 83
3.31
3.37
3.04
3. 61
2.69

2.64
3.21
3.18
2. 41
3. 6 6
2.91
2.78
3.03
3.80
3.27
3.32
3.03
3.55
2.65

2.64
3.18
3.17
2.40
3.71
2.89
2.77
2.91
3.75
3.28
3.32
3.05
3.56

2.65
3.17
3.15
2.37
3.70
2.90
2.77
2.90
3.77
3.26
3.30
3.02
3.55
2.67

2.66

2.57
3.06
3.07
2.31
3.54
2.83
2.70
2.85
3.70
3.17
3.22
2.94
3.44
2.54

3.33
3.17
2.38
3.61
2. 89
2. 76
3. 02
3. 76
3. 29
3.34
3.04
3. 58
2. 67

2.66

3.23
3.18
2. 37
3.69
2.92
2. 79
2.97
3.80
3.30
3.35
3. 06
3. 59
2 . 68

118

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JUNE 1967
T able

C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1967

1966

A nnual
average

In d u stry
A p r. 2

M ar .2

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
Wholesale and retail trad e________________ $80.95 $80.81 $80.59 $80. 30 $80.14 $79.79 $79. 8 6 $79.92 $80. 73
Wholesale tra d e .____________________
115.83 114. 74 114. 05 114. 09 114. 52 112.87 112. 74 111.93 111.38
Motor vehicles and autom otive equip­
m e n t_______ _____________________
105.32 104. 65 105.16 106.17 105.41 105.41 106.26 103.42
Drugs, chemicals, and allied p ro d u cts..
117. 91 118. 50 117. 89 117. 27 115.60 115.49 115. 6 6 113.08
D ry goods and apparel............................ .
111. 05 110.58 109.53 109.16 109.15 110.78 108. 95 109.16
Groceries and related products_______
105.99 105. 59 105.26 104.14 103.79 103. 07 103.89 103. 6 6
Electrical goods_____________________
133. 29 130.85 132. 98 136.95 126. 65 128.87 127. 97 123. 65
H ardw are, plum bing, a n d heating
goods____ ________________________
108.14 108.14 108.68 108. 81 108.00 108.95 108.12 106. 90
M achinery, equipm ent, and supplies. . . ___ 126.17 125. 05 123.83 125. 56 125.05 124.84 122.18 123.49
Miscellaneous wholesalers____ ________
113.20 112.92 113.08 113.65 112. 40 1 1 1 . 60 111.35 110.83
R etail trad e_____ ______________ ______ 69.45
69.30 69.10 69.15 69. 65 68.64 68.87 69.09 70.11
General m erchandise stores__________
62. 27 61.18 61. 05 62.24 60.26 61.01 61.38 62.24
D ep artm en t stores_________ _______
65. 45 64.20 64. 92 64. 70 63.36 64. 94 65. 54 6 6 . 50
Mail order houses.......... .................. .......
75.18 72.24 69. 42 83.83 73.08 70.04 71.25 71.66
L im ited price v ariety stores________
48.34 47.70 46. 35 48. 77 47.12 46. 6 6 46. 6 6 48.00
Food stores_________ ______ _________
72. 27 71.94 71.94 71.81 72.59 71.81 72.76 74. 84
Grocery, m eat, and vegetable stores.. ___
73.47 73.14 73.15 72.81 73.48 72. 70 74.00 75.90
A pparel and accessories stores.................
59.52 60.21 60. 54 61.15 58.24 58.97 59.01 59.84
Men’s and boys’ apparel stores______
71.66 72.91 75.15 73. 78 72.12 71.69 71.48 73.64
Women’s ready-to-wear s to re s.......... .
55. 21 54.70 54.89 55.61 52.95 52.97 52.98 52.63
F am ily clothing stores_____________
58.19 57.92 57. 41 59.27 57.32 58.86 57. 32 59.99
Shoe stores________________________
57.83 58. 53 58. 72 60. 03 56.36 58.02 60.41 60. 52

$80.94 $79.45 $78. 60 $78. 23 $79.02 $76. 53
1 1 2 . 2 0 110. 70 1 1 1 . 11 110. 43 1 1 1 . 11 106.49
105.58
114.33
107.82
105. 75
123.48

104. 08
113.36
106. 96
101. 34
125. 24

103.83
114.29
107. 54
100.85
127.15

103. 42
113.88
105. 75
99. 54
126. 85

104. 08
114.17
107. 26
101. 84
126. 98

100.14
109. 08
103.19
96. 76
122. 84

106.34 106.86 106. 34 106. 49 107. 30 101.91
123.37 1 2 1 . 6 6 120. 83 1 2 0 . 0 1 1 2 1 . 6 6 115. 23
1 1 1 . 1 0 110.83 1 1 0 . 6 8 1 1 0 . 28 110.95 107.20
70.48 69.14 67.64 67. 47 6 8 . 57 66.61
62.93 61.49 59. 8 8 59. 73 60.94 58.81
67.18 65. 52 63.83 63. 69 64. 55 62. 98
71.55 71.96 70.64 68.61 71. 51 71. 00
47.23 46. 03 44.54 44. 97 46.19 44.10
75.05 73. 49 70.81 70. 26 72.21 70.32
76.33 74. 74 71.81 71.26 73. 22 71.69
60. 52 58.92 58. 03 58.18 58. 89 57. 46
74. 78 73. 44 70.90 69. 65 71.96 69. 84
54.26 52.81 52. 49 52.33 52.81 51.46
60.12 57. 67 57. 38 57. 55 58. 38 56. 45
59. 8 8 57. 6 6 56.36 59. 67 58.09 56. 64

Average w eekly hours
Wholesale and retail tra d e ________________
Wholesale tra d e ____ _________ __________
Motor vehicles and autom otive equip­
m en t____ ________________________
Drugs, chemicals, and allied p ro d u cts..
D ry goods and apparel_______________
Groceries and related p roducts_______
Electrical goods............................. ..........
H ardw are, plum bing, and heating
goods_____________ _______________
M achinery, equipm ent, and su p p lies.. .
Miscellaneous wholesalers____________
R etail tra d e ________________ _____ ____
General m erchandise stores__________
D e p artm en t sto res.................................
Mail order houses__________________
L im ited price v ariety stores________
Food stores_________________________
Grocery, m eat, and vegetable sto res..
A pparel and accessories stores________
Men’s and boys’ apparel stores______
Women’s ready-to-wear stores______
F am ily clothing stores_____________
Shoe stores________________________

36.3
40.5

34.9

36.4
40.4

36.3
40.3

36.5
40.6

37.1
40.9

36.6
40.6

36.8
40.7

37.0
40.7

37.9
40.8

38.0
41.1

37.3
40.7

36.9
40.7

36.9
40.6

37.1
40.7

37.7
40.8

41.3
39.7
37.9
40.3
43.7

41.2
39.9
38.0
40.3
42.9

41.4
40.1
37.9
40.8
43.6

41.8
40.3
38.3
41.0
44.9

41.5
40.0
37.9
40.7
42.5

41.5
40.1
38.2
40.9
43.1

42.0
40.3
37.7
40.9
42.8

41.7
40.1
38.3
41.3
42.2

42.4
40.4
38.1
42.3
42.0

41.8
40.2
38.2
40.7
42.6

41.7
40.1
38.0
40.5
43.1

41.7
40.1
37.5
40.3
43.0

41.8
40.2
37.9
40.9
42.9

41.9
40.4
37.8
41.0
42.8

40.2
40.7
40.0
35.0
32.6
32 4
35.8
30.4
32.7
32.8
32.0
33.8
32 1
31.8
30.6

40.2
40.6
39.9
34.9
32.2
32.1
34.4
30.0
32.7
32.8
32.2
33.6
31.8
32.0
31.3

40.4
40.6
40.1
35.1
32.3
32.3
33.7
30.1
33.0
33.1
32.2
33.7
32.1
31.2
31.4

40.6
40.9
40.3
35.9
34.2
33.7
41.5
32.3
33.4
33.4
33.6
35.3
33,5
33.3
32.1

40.6
41.0
40.0
35.2
32.4
32.0
36.0
31.0
33.3
33.4
32.0
33.7
31.9
32.2
30.3

40.5
41.2
40.0
35.5
32.8
32.8
34.5
30.7
33.4
33.5
32.4
34.3
32.1
32.6
30.7

40.8
41.0
40.2
35.8
33.0
33.1
35.1
30.7
34.0
34.1
32.6
34.7
32.5
32.2
31.3

40.8
41.3
40.3
36.9
34.2
34.1
35.3
32.0
35.3
35.3
34.0
36.1
33.1
33.7
34.0

40.9
41.4
40.4
36.9
34.2
34.1
34.9
31.7
35.4
35.5
34.0
36.3
33.7
33.4
32.9

41.1
41.1
40.3
36.2
33.6
33.6
35.1
31.1
34.5
34.6
33.1
36.0
32.8
32.4
31.0

40.9
41.1
40.1
35.6
32.9
32.9
34.8
30.3
33.4
33.4
32.6
35.1
32.4
32.6
30.3

40.8
41. 1
40.1
35.7
33.0
33.0
33.8
30.8
33.3
33.3
32.5
35.0
32.5
32.7
30.6

40.8
41.1
40.2
35.9
33.3
33.1
35.4
31.0
33.9
33.9
32.9
35.1
32.6
32.8
31.4

40.6
41.3
40.3
36.6
33.8
33.5
36.6
31.5
34.3
34.3
33.6
36.0
33.2
33.4
32.0

$2.13
2. 72

$2.13
2.73

$2 . 1 2
2. 72

$2.13
2. 73

$2. 03
2.61

2.49

2. 49
2. 85
2. 83
2.49
2. 95

2.48
2. 84
2 . 82

2.49
2. 84
2.83
2.49
2.96

2.39
2.70
2. 73
2.36
2. 87

2.60
2. 96
2. 75
1.91
1.83
1.95
2. 05
1.48
2.13
2.16
1.78
2. 04
1.61
1.78

2.60
2.94
2. 76
1.90
1.82
1.94
2. 03
1.47

2.61
2.92
2. 75
1.89
1.81
1.93
2. 03
1.46

2.63
2.96
2. 76
1.91
1.83
1.95

2.51
2. 79
2 . 66
1.82
1.74

1.86

1.86

Average hourly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade................... ............
Wholesale tra d e ...............................................
Motor vehicles and autom otive equip­
m e n t______ _____ _________________
Drugs, chemicals, and allied p ro d u cts..
D ry goods and apparel_______________
Groceries and related products_______
Electrical goods_____________________
H ardw are, plum bing, and heating
goods_______ ______ _______________
M achinery, equipm ent, and su p p lies.. .
Miscellaneous wholesalers____________
R etail trad e__________________________
General m erchandise stores__________
D ep artm en t stores_________________
Mail order houses__________ _______
L im ited price variety stores________
Food sto re s................................ ................
Grocery, m eat, and vegetable stores..
A pparel and accessories stores________
Men’s and boys’ apparel stores______
Women’s ready-to-wear stores........ .
F am ily clothing stores_____________
Shoe stores___________________ ____
See footnotes a t end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2. 23
2. 86

1.99

$2 . 2 2
2. 84

$2 . 2 2
2. 83

$2 . 2 0
2 . 81

$2.16
2 . 80

$2.18
2. 78

$2.17
2. 77

$2.16
2. 75

$2.13
2. 73

$2.13
2.73

2.55
2.97
2. 93
2.63
3. 05

2. 54
2.97
2.91
2 . 62
3.05

2.54
2. 94
2.89
2. 58
3.05

2.54
2.91
2. 85
2. 54
3. 05

2.54
2.89

2. 54
2. 88
2. 90
2. 52
2.99

2. 53
2.87
2.89
2.54
2.99

2. 48
2.82
2. 85
2. 51
2.93

2.49
2.83
2.83
2.50
2.94

2.69
3.10
2. 83
1.98
1.91
2 . 02

2.69
3. 08
2. 83
1.98
1.90

2.69
3.05
2.82
1.97
1.89

2 . 68

2.66

3. 07

3.05
2.81
1.95

2.69
3.03
2. 79
1.94

2.65
2.98
2. 77
1.93

1.86

1.86

1.86

2.00
2.10

2.01
2 . 06

1.59

1.54
2.18
2 . 21

1.98
2.03
1.52
2.18

1.98
2.03
1.52
2.15
2.17
1.82
2.09
1. 65
1.80
1.89

1.98
2.03
1.52
2.14
2.17
1.81
2.06
1.63
1.78
1.93

2.62
2.99
2. 75
1.90
1.82
1.95
2. 03
1.50

2.60
2. 98
2.75
1.91
1.84
1.97
2.05
1.49

2.10

1.59
2.21

2.20

2.24

2. 23
1.87
2.17
1.72
1.81
1.87

1.86
2.12

1.72
1.83
1.89

1.88

2. 23
1.71
1.84
1.87

2 . 82

1.94
1.82
1.92
2 . 02
1. 51
2.15
2.18
1.82
2. 09

2.88

2. 55
2.98

2.20

1.82
2.14

1.66

1.66

1.78
1.87

1.86

1.78

2.12

2.12

2.15
1.76
2. 04
1.59
1.78
1.78

2.15
1.78
2.06
1.61
1.80
1.82

2 . 82
2 . 80

2.49
2.94

2.47
2.95

2.12

2.11

2.15
1.78
2 . 02
1.62
1.76

2.14
1.79
1.99
1.61
1.76
• 1.95

2.02

1.49
2.13
2.16
1.79
2. 05
1.62
1.78
1.85

1.88

1.94
1.40
2. 05
2. 09
1.71
1.94
1.55
1.69
1.77

119

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS

T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1967

1966

A nnual
average

In d u stry
1

A pr. 2 1 M ar . 2

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Oct.

Nov.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

1966

1965

Average w eekly earnings
W holesale and retail trad e—C ontinued
R etail trad e—C ontinued
F u rn itu re a n d appliance stores-----F u rn itu re and home furn ish in g s.
E atin g a nd drinking places 5 ----------O ther retail tra d e __________________
B uilding m aterials and h ard w are. _
M otor vehicle dealers____________
O ther vehicle a n d accessory dealers
D rug stores_____________________
Fuel and ice dealers______________
Finance, insurance, and real e sta te 6 ------B anking_____ ______________________
C redit agencies other th a n b an k s....... .
Savings and loan associations---------Security dealers and exchanges----------Insurance carriers___________________
Life insurance------------------------------Accident and health insurance-------Fire, m arine, a n d casualty insurance.

$90.30 $89.68 $91.33 $95. 28 $91.65 $91.34 $91. 64 $91.37 $91.77 $89. 89 $8 8 . 59 $87.81 $90 23 $88.18
89.01 89. 24 89.63 93.60 90.32 90. 39 90. 46 91.20 90.12 89.89 88.65 87.47 89. 67 86.98
48.33 48.18 48.62 48. 72 47.95 47. 91 48.00 48.93 48.79 47.40 46.51 46.31 47.60 45. 76
85. 67 85.67 8 6 .33 86.62 86.37 8 6 . 80 85.81 86.90 87. 53 86.46 84.99 85. 01 85. 63 83.44
92.70 92. 03 92.10 92. 77 92.32 93. 41 93. 21 93.28 93.51 92.64 90.91 90.49 91.54 88.41
107. 87 106.17 107. 70 109. 74 110.33 109. 91 106. 50 108.97 110. 77 110.25 108.46 108.28 108 . 54 105.32
91.59 91.37 90.48 90.05 90.29 90. 48 89. 20 91.54 92.82 89.38 8 8 .54 87.03 89.38 85.89
62.37 62.89 62.60 63.83 62.68 63. 39 63. 46 64.60 65.15 63.50 61.70 61.72 62.95 61.60
104. 08 111.28 107.00 105. 65 104.73 1 0 2 . 61 99. 25 97.29 98.33 97.11 98.18 98.41 100. 86 96.05
$95. 72

95.35
85. 04
88.50
88.30
142.13
102. 49
103.58
90. 41
103.32

94.98
85.19
88.60
89. 89
138.76
102.67
103. 49
90. 02
104.71

94.23
85. 04
89.44
91.96
137.63
100.74
100. 44
89.89
103. 57

93.62 93.00 93. 25 92. 01 92.13 92.75 91.88 92.63 92.50 92. 50 88.91
83.78 82.73 82. 81 82.14 82. 21 82.43 81.18 82.21 82.21 82. 21 79.24
87.00 86.02 86. 71 85. 27 85.96 86.41 84.75 86.56 86.18 85.96 84.29
87.08 86.85 87. 32 8 6 . 25 87.05 89. 07 85.38 86.81 8 6 .54 87.05 84.67
132.47 131.73 131. 72 133. 20 132.82 135. 42 139.13 149.71 148.93 138. 38 127.43
101.08 100.81 100. 44 99. 70 99.32 99. 80 99.06 98.69 98.85 99.32 95.86
101.02 100.56 100. 56 99. 82 99.82 99. 65 98.92 98.64 98.19 99. 55 95.63
90.13 90.27 8 8 .93 90. 27 89.65 88.91 89.17 88.56 8 8 .43 89.04 85.38
103. 47 103.19 102. 71 101.52 101.41 101.90 101.41 100.93 100.81 101.68 97.92
Average weekly hours

Wholesale a n d retail trad e—-Continued
R etail trade— C ontinued
F u rn itu re an d appliance stores------F u rn itu re and home furnishings _.
E a tin g and drinking p laces 5 ________
O ther retail tra d e ____________ ______
Building m aterials and h a rd w a re ..
M otor vehicle dealers------------------O ther vehicle and accessory dealers.
D rug stores______________________
Fuel and ice dealers---------------------37.1

Finance, insurance, and real e s ta te 6 ---------B anking______________________________
C redit agencies other th a n b an k s----------Savings and loan associations------------Security dealers a n d exchanges...................
Insurance carriers___________________ _
Life insurance_______________________
Accident and health insurance________
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance. —

38.1
38.2
33.1
39.3
41.2
42.3
43.0
33.0
41.3

38.0
38.3
33.0
39.3
40.9
42.3
43.1
33.1
43.3

38.7
38.8
33.3
39.6
41.3
42.4
43.5
33.3
42.8

39.7
40.0
33.6
40.1
41.6
42.7
43. 5
34.5
42.6

39.0
39.1
33.3
39.8
41.4
42.6
43.2
33.7
42.4

39.2
39.3
33.5
40.0
41.7
42.6
43.5
33.9
42.4

39.5
39.5
33.8
40.1
41. 8
42.6
43.3
34.3
41.7

39.9
40.0
35.2
40.8
42.4
42.9
43.8
35.3
41.4

39.9
39.7
35.1
40.9
42.7
43.1
44.2
35.6
42.2

39.6
39.6
34.1
40.4
42.3
42.9
43.6
34.7
41.5

39.2
39.4
33.7
39.9
41.7
42.7
43.4
33.9
41.6

39.2
39.4
33.8
40.1
41.7
42.8
43.3
34.1
41.7

39.4
39. 5
34.0
40.2
41.8
42.9
43.6
34.4
42.2

39.9
39.9
35.2
40.9
42.1
43.7
43.6
35.4
42.5

37.1
37.3
37.5
37.1
37.8
37.0
36.6
36.9
37.3

37.1
37.2
37.7
37.3
37.3
37.2
36. 7
37.2
37.8

37.1
37.3
37.9
38.0
36.8
36.9
36.0
37.3
37.8

37.3
37.4
37.5
36.9
36.9
37.3
36.6
37.4
37.9

37.2
37.1
37.4
36.8
36.9
37.2
36.7
37.3
37.8

37.3
37.3
37.7
37. 0
37.0
37.2
36. 7
36.9
37.9

37.1
37.0
37.4
36.7
37.0
37.2
36. 7
37.3
37.6

37.3
37.2
37.7
37.2
37.1
37.2
36.7
37.2
37.7

37.4
37.3
37.9
37.9
37.1
37.1
36.5
37.2
37.6

37.2
36.9
37.5
36.8
37.5
37.1
36.5
37.0
37.7

37.2
37.2
37.8
37.1
37.9
37.1
36.4
36.9
37.8

37.3
37.2
37.8
37.3
37.8
37.3
36.5
37.0
37.9

37.3
37.2
37.7
37.2
37.3
37.2
36.6
37.1
37.8

37.2
37.2
37.8
37.3
37.7
37.3
36.5
36.8
38.1

$2.26
2.25
1.38
2.13
2.18
2.54
2.04
1.82
2.36

$2.24

$2. 29
2.27
1.40
2.13
2.19
2. 53
2. 05
1.83
2.39

$2 . 2 1
2.18
1.30
2.04

2.48
2 . 21
2.28
2. 34
3.71
2.67
2.72
2. 40
2.69

2.39
2.13
2.23
2.27
3.38
2.57
2.62
2.32
2.57

Average hourly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade—C ontinued
R etail trade—C ontinued
F u rn itu re a n d appliance stores----------F u rn itu re and home furnishings____
E ating and drinking places 5___________
O ther retail tra d e ____________________
B uilding m aterials an d h ardw are_____
M otor vehicle dealers________________
O ther vehicle and accessory dealers___
D rug stores_________________________
Fuel and ice dealers_________________
Finance, insurance, and real estate 6---------B anking______________________________
C redit agencies other th a n b an k s...............
Savings and loan associations_________
Security dealers and exchanges-------------Insurance carriers_____________________
Life insurance_________ _______ ______
Accident and health in su ra n c e ............
Fire, m arine, and casualty in su ran ce...
Sec footnotes at end of table.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2. 58

—

$2.37
2.33
1.46
2.18
2. 25
2.55
2.13
1.89
2. 52

2.36
2.33
1.46
2.18
2. 25
2.51
1.90
2. 57

2. 57
2 . 28
2.36
2.38
3.76
2.77
2.83
2.45
2. 77

2.56
2. 29
2. 35
2. 41
3. 72
2.76
2 . 82
2. 42
2. 77

2.12

$2.36
2.31
1.46
2.18
2.23
2.54
2.08

$2.35
2.31
1.44
2.17
2.23
2.59
2.09

2. 50

$2.40
2. 34
1.45
2.16
2.23
2. 57
2. 07
1.85
2. 48

2.54
2.28
2. 36
2. 42
3.74
2. 73
2. 79
2. 41
2. 74

2.51
2.24
2. 32
2.36
3. 59
2.71
2.76
2.41
2. 73

2.50
2.23
2.30
2.36
3.57
2.71
2.74
2.42
2.73

1.88

1.86

2.47

$2. 33
2. 30
1.43
2.17
2. 24
2. 58
2 . 08
1.87
2. 42

$2. 32
2. 29
1.42
2. 14
2. 23
2. 50
2.06
1.85
2. 38

$2.29
2 . 28
1.39
2.13
2 . 20
2.54
2.09
1.83
2. 35

$2.30
2.27
1.39
2.14
2.19
2.57
1.83
2. 33

$2.27
2.27
1.39
2.14
2.19
2.57
2.05
1.83
2.34

2. 50

2.48
2 . 22
2 . 28
2. 35
3. 60
2 . 68
2. 72
2. 42
2. 70

2.47
2 . 21
2 . 28
2.34
3.58
2.67
2.72
2.41
2. 69

2.48

2. 47

2.49

2.48

2.21
2 . 28

2.20

2.21

2.21

2.26
2.32
3.71
2.67
2.71
2.41
2.69

2.29
2.34
3.95

2.28
2.32
3.94
2.65
2.69
2.39

2.22

2.30
2. 36
3. 56
2. 70
2. 74
2.41
2.71

2.10

2. 35
3. 65
2.69
2. 73
2.39
2.71

2.66

2.71
2.40
2.67

2.22

1.37
2.12

2.17
2.53
2.01

1.81
2.36

2.66

2.10

2.41
1.97
1.74
2.26

120

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JUNE 1967

T a ble

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1967

1966

A nnual
average

In d u stry
A p r.2

M ar .2

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Oct.

Nov.

1

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
Services and miscellaneous:
H otels and lodging places:
H otels, to u rist courts, and motels 5____
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants -M otion pictures:
M otion picture filming and d istributing.

56.09
63.24

55.63 $55.05 $55. 35 $54. 83 $55. 06 $53. 73 $53. 58 $53. 72 $52. 6 8 $52.97 $52.36 $53. 34 $51.17
62. 0 2 62. 79 62.87 61.99 62. 65 61.88 60.74 61.76 62.15 61.44 60. 04 61.12 58.98

150.91 160.24 162. 47 166. 96 159. 42 164. 55 159. 29 162. 51 165.68 160.19 148. 71 147. 6 6 157. 77 148. 08
Average weekly hours

Services and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, to u rist courts, and motels 3___ _
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing p la n ts ..
M otion pictures:
M otion picture filming and d istrib u tin g .

36.9

36.6

36.7

36.9

36.8

36.8

38.0

38.1

37.1

37.3

37.4

37.3

37.9

37.2

36. 7

37.6

38.1

37.8

38.2

38.2

38.2

38.6

38.6

38.4

38.0

38.2

38.8

39.3

41.3

42.2

42.7

41.3

42.3

41.7

42.1

42.7

41.5

40.3

39.8

41.3

39.7

$1.35

Average hourly earnings
Services and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
H otels, tourist courts, and motels 3____
Persona! services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants
M otion pictures:
M otion picture filming and d istrib u tin g .

1.52

1.52

$1.50

$1. 50

$1.49

$1. 48

$1.46

$1.41

$1.41

$1.42

$1.42

$1.40

$1.43

1.70

1. 69

1.67

1.65

1.64

1.64

1.62

1.59

1.60

1.61

1.60

1. 58

1.60

1.52

3.84

3. 8 8

3.85

3.91

3. 8 6

3.89

3.82

3. 8 6

3.86

3.69

3.71

3.82

3. 73

1 For com parability of d ata w ith those published in issues prior to October
1966, see footnote 1, table A-9. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
A-10.
2 Prelim inary.
3 Based upon m o n th ly d ata sum m arized in the M-300 report by the In te r­
state Commerce Commission, w hich relate to all employees who received
pay during the m onth, except executives, officials, and staff assistants (IC C
G roup I). Beginning Jan u ary 1965, data relate to railroads w ith operating
revenues of $5,000,000 or more.

T able

4
0
6

D ata relate to nonsupervisory employees except messengers.
M oney paym ents only, tips not included.
D ata for nonoffice salesmen excluded from all series in this division.

Source : U.S. D epartm ent of Labor, B ureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except th a t for Class I railroads. (See footnote 3.)

C-2. Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production, or nonproduction workers on
private nonagricultural payrolls in current and 1957-59 dollars1
1967

A nnual
average

1966

Item

T

M ar . 2

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

1966

1965

Total Private
Gross average weekly earnings:
C urrent dollars________ .
1957-59 dollars_________
Spendable average weekly earnings:
Worker w ith no dependents:
C urrent dollars______
1957-59 dollars_______
Worker w ith 3 dependents:
C urrent dollars______
1957-59 dollars_____

$99.18 $98. 6 6 $99.70 $99.97 $99. 46 $1 0 0 . 0 2 $100.23 $99.45 $99.84 $99.20 $98.04 $97. 41 $97.14 $98. 69 $95.06
86.24 85.94 86.92 87.16 8 6 . 79 87.88 • 87.84 87.39 8 8 . 1 2 87.87 87.07 86.59 8 6 . 73 87. 26 8 6 . 50
81.37
70. 76

80.97
70. 53

81.76
71.28

82.17
71.64

81.78
71.36

82. 6 6
72.19

82.36
72.18

81.77
71.85

82.07
72. 44

81.58
72.26

80. 70
71.67

80.20
71.29

79.99
71. 42

81.19
71.79

78.99
71.87

8 8 . 75

8 8 .33

76.94

89.16
77. 73

89.58
78.10

89.17
77.81

90.09
78.68

89.78
78.69

89.16
78.35

89.47
78.97

88.96
78.80

88.04
78.19

87. 53
77.80

87.32
77.96

8 8 . 55

77.17

86.30
78.53

112. 44 111.48 113.42 114.40 113.99 113.85 113. 71 111.78
99. 77 97.11 98.88 99.74 99.47 99.43 99. 6 6 98. 22

111.11

78.29

Manufacturing
Gross average weekly earnings:
C urrent d o lla rs ............. _ .
1957-59 dollars__________________
Spendable average weekly earnings:
W orker w ith no dependents:
C urrent dollars____ _ .
1957-59 dollars_________
W orker w ith 3 dependents:
C urrent dollars____
. . . . .
1957-59 dollars____________

91.42
79.50

90.69
79.00

92.16
80. 35

99.30
8 6 .35

98.54
85.84

1 0 0 . 08

87.25

112. 74 112. 05 111.24 110. 95 111.92 107. 53
99. 8 6 99. 51 98.88 99.06 98.96 97. 84

92.61
81.17

91.14
80. 09

90. 63
79.99

91.87
81.37

91. 35
81.13

90.73
80.65

90. 51
80.81

91.25
80.68

89.08
81.06

101. 09 100. 76 100.65 100. 54
88.13 87.92 87.90 8 8 . 1 2

99. 00
86.99

98.47
86.91

99. 77
8 8 .37

99.22

98. 57
87.62

98. 34
87.80

99.11
87.63

96.78
88.06

93.13
81.19

92.82
80.99

1
For com parability of d ata w ith those published in issues prior to October
1966, see footnote 1, table A-9. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
A-10.
Spendable average weekly earnings are based on gross average weekly
earnings as published in table C -l less th e estim ated am ount of th e workers’
Federal social security and income tax liability. Since th e am ount of tax
liability depends on th e n um ber of dependents supported by th e w orker as
well as on the level of his gross income, spendable earnings have been com­


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

98.07

92. 72
80.98

88.12

puted for 2 types of income receivers: (1) A w orker w ith no dependents
and (2) a m arried worker w ith 3 dependents.
The earnings expressed in 1957-59 dollars have been adjusted for changes
in purchasing power as m easured by the B ureau’s C onsum er Price Index.
2 Prelim inary.
N o t e : These series are described in “ T he C alculation and Uses of Spend­
able E arnings Series,” Monthly Labor Review, April 1966, pp. 406-410.

121

0.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T a b l e C -3 .

Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries 1
1966

1967
A p r .2

M ar .2

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

M ining --------- -------------------------------- ---------------------------

42.7

42.2

42.1

C ontract construction_____________ ____ ____ . ________

37.3

37.6

37.5

M anufacturing------------------------------------------- ------ ---------

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

4. 26

42.5

3.84

38.8

42.5

42.6

42.9

42.4

43.2

42.9

42.6

41.7

37.1

37.3

37.7

36.9

37.8

37.4

36.1

37.2

July

June

M ay

A pr.

40.5

40.4

40.3

4.10

40.9

41.3

41.3

41.5

41.4

41.0

41.3

41.5

41.5

D urable goods-------- ------------------------------------------------Ordnance and accessories-------------- -----------------------Lum ber a n d wood products, except fu rn itu re________
F u rn itu re a n d fixtures___ ____ - ___ __________
Stone, clay, and glass p ro d u c ts-. ____
- ____
P rim ary m etal industries....... .
- _ _ _
_ _
F abricated m etal p roducts_________________________
M achinery---- ----------------------- --- — . _ . _ —
Electrical equ ip m en t and supplies__________________
T ransportation e q u ip m en t________ _
---------Instrum en ts and related p ro d u cts.
____
- ___
Miscellaneous m anufacturing industries_____________

40.9
41.6
40.7
39.9
41.1
40.0
41.1
42.5
39.7
41. 5
41.2
39.5

41.1
41.7
40.8
40.2
41.7
40.7
41.5
42.9
40.1
40.7
41.4
39.3

40.9
41.5
40.3
40.1
41.5
40.8
41.4
42.9
39.9
40.7
40.9
38.7

4.18
4.21
4.03
4.08
4.21
4.18
4.23
4. 36
4.08
4.17
4.17
4.00

41.7
42.1
40.2
40.5
42.4
41.5
42.2
43.6
40.6
41.5
41.8
39.7

42.1
42.7
40.4
41.1
41.7
42.5
42.2
44.0
40.9
42.0
41.7
40.0

42.2
42.2
40.4
41.2
41.8
42.7
42.4
43.9
41.1
42.4
42.0
40.0

42.3
42.5
40.3
41. 2
41.9
42.5
42.7
44.3
41.3
42.9
42.2
39.9

42.1
42.1
40.3
41.6
41.8
42.4
42.2
43.8
41.2
43.2
41.7
40.0

41.8
42.7
40.6
41.0
41.5
41.6
42.1
43.3
40.9
42.1
41.7
39.7

42.0
42.1
40.5
41.8
41.9
42.0
42.3
43.8
41.2
42.3
42.0
40.1

42.2
42.4
41.4
42.0
41.8
42.2
42.4
43.8
41.3
42.2
42.4
40.3

42.3
42.2
41.3
41.6
42.1
41.8
42.4
43.7
41.4
43.4
42.0
40.0

___
______ . . . .
N ondurable goods_____
Food and kindred pro d u cts_______
. -----------------Tobacco m anufactures______ ___________ ___________
Textile m ill p ro d u c ts... ------------- - ........ — -----------Apparel and related p roducts........... ..................................
.. _ ----Paper and allied p roducts______
Printing, publishing, and allied industries_______ _ .
Chemicals and allied pro d u cts____ ________ _______
_
Petroleum refining and related industries____ .
R ubber and miscellaneous plastic p ro d u cts..
Leather and leather p ro d u cts____ _______
. .

39.8
41.0
39. 1
40.6
36.2
42.9
38.8
41.8
43.1
41.3
37.4

39.6
41.1
38.5
40.3
35.5
42.7
38.5
41.7
43.2
41.0
37.0

39.5
41.0
37.5
40.1
35.6
42.7
38.5
41.4
42.8
40.7
37.1

4.00
4.12
3.86
4.10
3.67
4.32
3.89
4.18
4.18
4.14
3.84

39.9
41.0
39.2
40.8
36.5
43.0
38.6
42.0
42.4
41.4
38.0

40.2
41.1
38.5
41.0
36.5
43.6
39.0
42.2
42.6
42.0
38.8

40.2
41.0
37.7
41.3
36.7
43.1
39.0
42.2
42.4
42.1
38.8

40.2
41.2
38.7
42.1
35.6
43.4
38.9
42. 0
41.8
42.0
38.3

40.2
41.1
37.8
42.0
36.3
43.3
38.9
42.0
41.9
41.8
38.6

40.1
41.3
37.9
41.7
36.2
43.4
39.0
42.0
42.4
41.5
38.3

40.3
41.0
38.0
42.2
36.5
43.4
39.0
42.0
42.5
41.7
38.7

40.3
40.9
38.5
42.2
36.5
43.7
38.7
41.9
42.5
42.1
39.0

40.3
41.1
39.2
41.9
36.4
43.7
38.9
42.3
42.6
42.4
39.0

Wholesale and retail tra d e ___________ . . . ___________
_________ ____ _
W holesale tra d e __________________
R etail tra d e ____________ __________________________

36.5
40.6
35.1

36.6
40.5
35.3

36.6
40.5
35.2

3.68
4. 08
3. 54

36.8
40.6
35.6

36.9
40.6
35.6

36.9
40.7
35.7

37.0
40.7
35.8

37.3
40.8
36.1

37.3
40.9
36.1

37.2
40.6
36.0

37.0
40.7
35.9

37.1
40.7
35.9

1
2

For employees covered, see footnote 1, table A-10.
Prelim inary.

T a b l e C -4 .

N ote : T he seasonal adjustm ent m ethod used is described in appendix A,
B L S Handbook of Methods for Surveys and Studies (BLS B ulletin 1458,1966).

Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing, by
major industry group 1
1967

A nnual
average

1966

M ajor in d u stry group
A p r . 2 M a r . 2 Feb.
M anufacturing____________________ ____ $2. 73
D urable goods .
__ __ . . . .
Ordnance and accessories_______ .
L um ber and wood products, except
fu rn itu re..
F u rn itu re a n d fixtures.
____ . .
Stone, clay, and glass pro d u cts..
P rim ary m etal in d u stries___ _
F abricated m etal p ro d u c ts.. . _____ .
M achinery___ _________ _________
Electrical equipm ent a n d supplies__
T ransportation equipm ent.
_ _____
Instrum en ts and related p ro d u cts____
M iscellaneous m anufacturing in d u s­
tries______ _ ____ _ ______ _____

2 . 86

N ondurable g o o d s ___ ___________ _.
Food and kindred p ro d u c ts..
Tobacco m anufactures. ...............
Textile mill p roducts________ __ __ _
A pparel and related pro d u cts________
Paper and allied p ro d u cts.. _________
Printing, publishing, a n d allied indus­
tries___________ _______
Chem icals and allied p ro d u cts________
Petroleum refining arid related indus­
tries_____________ ______
R ubber and miscellaneous plastic
products______________ _____
L eather and leather p ro d u c ts.. . _____

2.46

(3)

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

A pr.

1966

1965

$2 . 6 8

$2 . 6 8

$2.67

$2.65

$2.63

$2.62

$2.61

$2. 57

$2.59

$2.58

$2. 58

$2.58

$2.59

$2.50

2. 84
3. 09

2. 84
3. 09

2.83
3.10

2 . 82

2.80
3.07

2. 79
3.08

2.78
3. 07

2.73
3.06

2.74
3. 04

2.74
3.04

2.74
3.05

2. 74
3. 04

2.75
3.06

2.67
3.03

2. 23
2. 20
2. 66
3.18
2 . 81
2.99
2.63
3. 26

2. 23
2.19

2.20

2 . 22

2.19

2.18

2.17

2.16

2.11

2.10

2.10

2.10

2.66

2.13
2.62
3.15
2. 75
2.94
2.55
3.22
2.60

2.61
3.15
2.75
2.92
2. 54
3.21
2.60

2.59
3.13
2.71
2.89
2.52
3.13
2. 58

2.57
3.15
2.71
2.89
2.52
3.13
2. 58

2. 57
3.14
2. 70
2.89
2.52
3.13
2. 59

2.57
3.13
2.71
2.89
2.52
3.12
2.57

2.13
2.09
2.57
3.13
2.71
2 . 88
2. 52
3.11
2. 58

2.16

2.14
2.64
3.16
2.76
2.95
2.57
3.22
2.62

2.22
2.12

3.16
2 . 80
2. 98
2 . 62
3. 25
2.67

2.19
2.16
2.64
3.15
2.78
2.96
2.58
3. 25
2.63

2.20

2.18
2.65
3.16
2.80
2.98
2 . 60
3.26
2. 65

2.58
3.13
2.72
2.90
2.53
3.16
2.59

2.08
2. 03
2.49
3.04
2. 63
2.81
2.49
3.04
2. 52

2.

2.66

3.10

26

2 . 26

2.24

2 . 20

2.16

2.14

2.14

9 19

2.14

2.14

2.13

2.14

2.14

2. 07

2. 45
2. 52
2. 30
1.93
1. 96
2 . 66

2. 44
2. 50
2.25
1.93
1.96
2.65

2.42
2.48
2.17
1.92
1.91
2.65

2.40
2.45
2.13
1.91
1. 90
2.63

2.39
2.42
2.08
1.91
1.89
2.63

2.37
2.40
2. 05
1.90
1. 88
2.62

2.36
2.39
2. 04
1.89
1. 86
2.61

2. 34
2.37

2.35
2.39
2.27

2.34
2.41
2.26

2.33
2.43
2.24
1.83
1.83
2. 57

2.35
2. 40
2.15
1.85
2.59

2.27
2.33
2.06
1.78
1.80
2. 50

(3)
2.94

(3)
2.94

2.94

(3)
2.93

(3)
2.92

(3)
2.91

(3)
2.90

3. 43

3. 41

3. 38

3.34

3 33

3 30

2. 59
2 . 01

2. 59
1.99

2. 58
1.95

2.56
1.93

2 55
1.93

2.55
1.91

1
For com parability of d ata w ith those published in issues prior to October
1966, see footnote 1, table A-9. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
A-10. Average hourly earnings excluding overtime are derived by assuming
th a t overtime hours are paid for a t the rate of tim e and one-half.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.11

2 . 60

1.83
2. 58

2.34
2. 42
2. 24
1.83
1.83
2. 57

2.88

(3)
2.89

(3)
2.87

(3)
2.84

(3)
2.82

(3)
2.87

(3)
2.79

3. 29

3. 27

3.28

3.28

3.27

3. 30

3.29

3.18

2. 55
1.91

2.52

2. 55

2. 52

2. 52

1.88

1.86

1.88

1.88

2.52
1.89

2.53
1.89

2.49
1.84

2.12
1.88

1.85
2.60
(3)

1.88

1.84

1.88

1.86

2 Prelim inary.
3 N ot available because average overtim e rates are significantly above
tim e and one-half. Inclusion of data for the group in the nondurable goods
total has little effect.

122
T able

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1967

C-5. Average weekly overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry 1
1967

Annual
average

1966

In d u stry
M anufacturing.......... .
D urable goods----N ondurable goods.
Durable goods
Ordnance and accessories------------------A m m unition, except for small arm s ..
Sighting and fire control e q u ip m en t.
O ther ordnance and accessories_____
Lum ber and wood products, except
fu rn itu re_________________________
Sawmills and planing m ills__________
M illw ork, plywood, and related prod­
ucts______________________________
W ooden containers__________________
Miscellaneous wood p ro d u cts________
F u rn itu re and fixtures_________________
Household fu rn itu re _________________
Office fu rn itu re_____________________
P artitions; office and store fixtures____
O ther furniture and fixtures__________
Stone, clay, and glass products_________
F la t g la ss .._________________________
Glass and glassware, pressed or blow n..
C em ent, h ydraulic__________________
Structural clay p r o d u c ts ............. ...........
P o ttery and related products_________
Concrete, gypsum , and plaster prod­
u cts______________________________
O ther stone and mineral products____
P rim ary m etal in d u stries___ ..__________
B last furnace and basic steel pro d u cts..
Iron and steel foundries______________
Nonferrous smelting and refining_____
N onferrous rolling, draw ing, and ex­
tru d in g ___________________________
Nonferrous foundries________________
M iscellaneous p rim ary m etal indus­
tries____ _________________________
Fabricated m etal p roducts_____________
M etal cans__________________________
C utlery, handtools, and general h a rd ­
w are__________ ___________________
H eating equipm ent and plum bing fix­
tu res______ _____ _________________
Fabricated stru ctu ral m etal p ro d u cts...
Screw m achine products, bolts, etc____
M etal stam pings____________________
Coating, engraving, and allied services.
M iscellaneous fabricated w ire products.
M iscellaneous fabricated m etal prod­
ucts______ _______ _______________ _
M achinery_________________ _______ _
Engines and tu rb in es________________
F arm m achinery and equ ip m en t............
C onstruction and related m a c h in e ry ...
M etalw orking m achinery an d eq u ip ­
m en t______________ ______ ________
Special in d u stry m achinery__________
General in d u strial m achinery________
Office, com puting, and accounting m a­
chines____________________________
Service in d u stry m achines___________
Miscellaneous m achinery____________
Electrical equipm ent and supplies______
Electric d istribution equ ip m en t......... ..
Electrical industrial ap p aratu s_______
Household appliances____________ . . . .
Electric lighting and w iring eq u ip m en t.
Radio and T V receiving sets_________
C om m unication equipm ent__________
Electronic components and accessories.
M iscellaneous electrical equipm ent
and supplies______________________
T ransportation equ ip m en t_____________
M otor vehicles and eq u ip m en t_______
A ircraft and p arts___________________
Ship and boat building and re p a irin g ..
Railroad eq u ip m en t_________________
O ther transportation eq u ip m en t______
Instrum ents and related products______
Engineering and scientific in stru m en ts.
M echanical measuring and control de­
vices__________ _____ _____________
Optical and ophthalm ic goods________
O phthalm ic goods_________________
Surgical, medical, and d ental eq u ip ­
m en t___ _________________________
Photographic equipm ent and supplies.
W atches and clocks__________ ____ _
See footnotes a t end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

A p r .2

M ar . 2

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

Ju ly

June

M ay

3.0
3.1
3.9

3.2
3.3
3.0

3.2
3.4
2.9

3.4
3.7
3.0

3.7
4.1
3.3

3.9
4.2
3.4

4.1
4.5
3.6

4.2
4.6
3.7

4.0
4.3
3.5

3.8
4.1
3.5

4.0
4.4
3.5

4.0
4.4
3.4

3.5
3. 3
4.3
3. 7

3. 6
3.4
4. 6
3. 7

4.0
3.3
4.5
5. 4

4.3
3.4
3. 0
6. 3

4. 3
3.3
3.9
6.3

4.1
3.3
2. 2
6. 2

4. 2
3. 5
3. 4
6. 0

4.1
3. 5
3.0
5. 6

3. 7
3.0
3. 4
5.4

3. 9
3.1
4. 1
5. 6

3.7
3.1
3. 6
5. 0

3.4
3.3

3.2
3.2

3.3
3.3

3.3
3.3

3.4
3.3

3.9
3.9

4.0
3.9

4.1
4.1

4.1
4.1

4.2
4.3

3.2
3.2
3.3

3.1
3.1
3.3
2.7
2.4
4.2
3.2
3.3
3.5
3.1
3.7

3.0
3.6
3.5

3.2
3.8
3.5
3.8
3.6
5.1
3.6
4.2
3.8
3.7
4.0
2.3

3.3
3.7
3.8
3.8
3.7
4.9
3.5
4.2
4. 3
5. 9
4.1
3. 0
3.4
3.1

3.7
3.7
4.0
4.3
4.1
5.0
4.7
4.5
4. 6
4. 8
4.0
2. 8
3. 7
2.8

3.8
4.0
4.2
4.3
4.0
4.9
5.5
5.1
4. 7
3. 8
4.1
3. 0
3. 7
3. 0

3.9
4.6
4.1
4.2
3.9
5.2
5.4
5.0
4. 8
4.0
4.1
3.0
3.7
2. 7

3.9
4.5
4.0
3.3
2.9
4.7
4.1
4.6
4. 7
4.2
4. 1
3.3
3. 9

6.6

5.4
4.0

5. 3
3. 8
4. 0
2. 4
5. 4
4. 2

4.3
4. 2
2. 8
5. 4
4. 4

7. 0
4.2
4. 5
3.3
5.3
4. 3

7.3
4.2
4. 1
3.0
5.1
4. 2

2.6

2.4
3.4
3.0
3.3
3.7
3.2
4.0
2.1

3.1
2.3

2.0
2.6
2.2

2.8
2 .6

4.4
2.7
3.2
3.5
3.8
3.5
2.3
2.6

2.3

2.8
2.6

Apr.

1966

1965

3.9
4.3
3.4

3. 6
3.9
3.2

3. 6
3.0
3.5
5.2

3.9
3.3
3.4
5. 4

3.0
3.1
1.6
2. 9

4.4
4.5

4.3
4.4

4.0
4.0

3.8
3.7

4.7
4.7
3.9
3.8
3.6
4.6
4.3
4.1
4. 8
4.1
4. 5

4.4
4.2
3.9
3.4
3.3
4.5
3.6
3.4
4. 6
4. 8
4. 0

3.9
4.0
3.9
3.8
3.6
4.7
4.2
4.1
4. 5
4.3
4. 2

4.0
3.5
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.5
3.7
3.7
4.2
4.1
4. 0

2.0

4.2
4.4
3.9
4.0
3.7
4.7
4.9
4.5
4.9
3. 6
4. 6
2. 7
4. 0

2.6

3. 6
2. 5

3. 6
2.2

7.2
4. 0
3. 9
3.1
4. 5
3. 8

7.1
4. 4
4.2
2.9
5.4
4. 0

7.0
4. 3
4. 0

6.8

6.4

4.3
4.1

4. 1
4. 0

6 .2
3. 5
3. 8

5.1
3. 8

5. 6
3. 9

5.3
3. 9

3.9
4.3
3.3

2.8 2.7
3.9
3. 8
2.2 2.5

2. 8

2. 2

5.0
3.2
3.3
2.3
4.0
3.9

4.9
3.0
3.4

4. 6
3.2

5. 2
3. 6

5. 4
4.2

5. 8
4. 7

6.2
4. 8

6 .3
4. 8

6. 3

6.0
4.4

5. 5
3. 7

6.5
4.7

6.2

4.5

5.9
4.6

6.0

5. 2

4.6

5.0
3.9

5.1
3.6
4. 0

5. 3
3.7
3. 5

5.4
3.9
3.2

5.5
4. 3
3.1

6.5
4.6
3. 7

6.5
4.8
3.6

6.5
5. 0
5.1

5.4
4.7
5. 6

4.8
4.3
6. 9

5.7
4.6
4.6

6. 0
4.6
4.8

5. 4
4.3
4.4

5.9
4.5
4.4

5. 2
4.0
4.5

3. 1

3. 1

3.2

3.4

3. 5

3-6

3.8

3.5

3.1

3. 6

3. 7

3.6

3. 5

3. 4

2.6
A5
7.2
4. 4
4.9
4. 0

2.6
4. 4
7.2
5.4
4.7
4. 5

3.3
4.5
7.2
5.8
5. 0
4. 5

3. 2
4. 7
7.3
6. 0
5. 7
4. 5

3.0
4.4
6. 5
5. 4
5. 1
4. 4

2.3
4.1
5. 9
5.1
4. 4
4. 4

3.1
4.3
7. 0
5.1
5. 0
4. 5

3. 0
4. 1
6.9
5.3
5. 1
4.6

2. 6
3. 6
6. 7
5.3
4.8
4. 0

2. 7
4. 1
6.9
5. 3
4.9
4. 3

2. 3
3.6
5.4
5.2
4. 3
3.8

2.2

4.4
3.9

2.1 2.0

4.6
3.1
3.7
2.4
4.9
4.1

4.9
3.7
3.8
2.1

2.8 2.8

2. 6

2.8

5.5
3.5

3. 5
5. 7
3. 4
4. 1
3. 6

3. 6
6.5
3. 6
4. 0
3. 6

2.1
3.8
6.7
3.9
4. 4
3.9

3. 6
4.8
5. 5
4.0
3.4

3. 6
5.0
4. 7
4. 5
3. 6

3. 7
5.2
4. 5
4.2
3. 6

3. 9
5.6
6. 8
3.6
4.1

4. 0
5. 4
4.9
3.1
4.7

4.2
5.6
4.9
3. 7
4.9

4. 4
5. 7
5. 8
4. 0
4. 9

4. 3
5. 4
6. 0
3. 4
4.9

3. 8
5.2
5. 8
3.2
5.2

4. 9
5.8
5.7
3.7
5.3

4. 6
5.8
6. 0
4. 2
5.3

4. 0
5.6
5.8
4.4
5.1

4. 2
5. 5
5. 5
3. 8
4.9

3. 4
4.6
4. 1
2.9
4.2

7.2
5.0
4.4

7.6
5.2
4.6

7.7
5.4
5.1

7.9

7.6
5.8
5.4

7.5
5.7
5.8

7.6

7.4
4.7
5.0

5.8
5.8

8.3
5.5
5.7

8.0

6.1
6.0

7.1
5.4
5.6

8.2

6.0

7.8
5.6
5.5

6.7
4.8
4.4

3.2

3.2

4.1
3.5
6.6
3.5
3.8
4.2
3.7
3.4
3.7
3.4
2.7

3.9
3.3
6.6
3.6
4.4
4.7
4.1
3.3
3.3
3.6
2.9

3. 5
3. 7
6.3

3.2
3. 4
5.9

3.2
3. 7
4.3
3.8
3. 2
2.9
2.9
2. 7

3.2
3. 9
4.3
3. 6
2. 8
2. 7
2. 7
2. 9

4.0
3.7
6.3
3.4
4.1
4.5
3.6
3.1
2.5
3.2
3.3

4.0
3.3
6.3
3.4
3.9
4.7
3.8
3.1
1.9
3.4
3.4

3.7
3.3
6.3
3.3
3.5
4.5
3.6
2.4
3.0
3.3

4.0
3.4
6.3
3.3
3.8
4.3
3.5
3.0
2.7
3.3
3.0

3.4
2.9
5.4

3.3
4.2
4.0
2.5
2.9
2.7
3.7
2.9

3. 8
3. 5
6. 5
3.3
3.9
4.0
3.3
3.1
3.0
3.3
2.7

2.9
3.5
3.0
2.7
2.4
2.7
2.4

3.8
4.2
4.1
4.5
4.2
3.7
1.9
3.7
4.7

4.1
4. 8
5. 0
5.1
4. 0
3. 4
2.1
3.7
4. 3

3. 8
5.2
5.9
4.9
4.5
3.2
2. 8
4.0
4. 7

3. 5
4. 9
5. 2
5.1
3. 7
3. 0
3. 4
4. 0
4. 5

3.1

2.8

4.8
5.0
5.2
3.9
3.5
3.1
3.5
3.9

3.4
4.0

4.4
4.2
5.1
4.2
3.1
3.2
3.8
4.5

3. 0
4.4
4.1
5. 2
4. 0
3. 6
3.3
3. 8
4. 5

2.9
5.1
5. 8
4. 6
4. 2
3. 7
2.9
3. 5
3. 7

3. 3
4. 7
4.9
5. 0
4. 1
3. 3
2. 7
3. 7
4. 2

3.2
4. 8
6 .2
3.3
3.4
2. 6
2.9
3. 0
3. 4

4.1
3.0
2.4

4.1
3. 0
2. 6

4. 4
3.3
2. 8

4 .4
3 ,5

3.8
3.1
2.5

3.9
3.0

4.1
3.3

2.8

2.8

4.3
3.2
2.8

4. 0
2.2
2.1

4. 1
3. 1
2. 7

2. 9
2. 7
2. 4

2. 5
4. 4
2. 8

2. 7
4. 5
2. 8

2. 8
5.1
2. 9

2.6

2.8

2. 9
4. 8
2.4

2. 6
4. 9
2. 5

2. 7
4. 6

2.1
4. 0

2.6

2.4

3.6

2.9

2.9

2.5

5. 4
2.3
3.6
3.3

6 .0

6. 4

2.5
3.4
3.5

2.8

1.8
2.2

2.3

1.8

3.5
3.7
1.9
2.7

.6

1.2

1.8

2.9
1.9

3.1
2.3

3.2

2.2
2.9

2.0
3.1

3.0
3.5
2.9
4.4
3.9
3.7

1.8

2.2

4.4
3.6
2.3
2.4
3.1
4.2

4.4
3.2
3.7

3.0
2.8
2.1

2.6

1.8

1.6

3.1
4.3

3.2
4.1

2.6
2.8
2.2

2.8
2.1

3.4

2.1

2.3

2.5

4. 0
2. 3

4.0
2. 2

4. 0
2. 5

5.6
3.9
3.4
6. 3

2. 9
2.9
5.1

2.7
4.1

2.8

2.6

4.5
4.4
5.0
4.1
3.9
2.6

3.9
I 2.3

4.6
2.4

5.3
5.1

2.8

2.8

0 — EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

C-5.

123

Average weekly overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by
industry 1—Continued
1967
A pr.2 Mar.2

M anufacturing—C ontinued
Durable goods—C ontinued
M iscellaneous m anufacturing in d u stries.
Jew elry, silverware, a n d plated w a re ...
Toys, am usem ent and sporting goods..
Pens, pencils, office an d a rt m aterials..
C ostum e jewelry, b u tto n s, and notions.
O ther m anufacturing in d u s trie s ..........
M usical instrum ents and p arts______
Nondurable goods
Food and k in d red p ro d u cts___________________
M eat products_______ ______________ _______
D airy products____ ________________________
Canned and preserved food, except
m eats______________________________ ._____
G rain m ill p roducts__________ ____ _________
B akery p roducts_________ __________________
Sugar______________________ _______________
Confectionery a n d related p roducts__________
Beverages_________ ___ ____ ________________
Miscellaneous food and kindred products_______
Tobacco m anufactures.
Cigarettes_________
C igars______ _______
Textile m ill products______ _____ ______
C otton broad w oven fabrics__________
Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics.
W eaving and finishing broad woolens. .
N arrow fabrics and sm allw ares_______
K n ittin g ___________________________
Finishing textiles, except wool and k n it.
Floor covering_____ ___________ _____
Y arn and th re a d ____________________
M iscellaneous textile goods_______ . . . .
A pparel and related p ro d u cts__________
M en ’s and boys’ suits and coats.........
M en ’s and boys’ furnishings_________
W om en’s, misses’, juniors’ outerw ear..
W om en’s and children’s undergar­
m ents_____ _____ _____ ___________
H ats, caps, and m illinery____________
G irls’ and children’s outerw ear_______
F u r goods and miscellaneous apparel..
M iscellaneous fabricated textile prod­
u cts______________________________
P aper and allied products______________
Paper and p u lp _____________________
Paperboard— ______________________
C onverted paper and paperboard
produ cts_________________________
Paperboard containers and boxes....... .
P rinting, publishing, and allied indus­
tries................................................... ........
N ew spaper publishing and p rin tin g__
Periodical publishing and p rin tin g ___
Books______ _______________________
Commercial p rin tin g ________________
B ookbinding and related in d u stries___
O ther publishing and p rin tin g in d u s­
tries_______ ______________________
Chemicals and allied p ro d u cts_________
Industrial chem icals_________________
Plastics m aterials and synthetics_____
D rugs____ _________________________
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods....... .......
P aints, varnishes, and allied p ro d u cts..
A gricultural chem icals_______________
O ther chemical products_____________
P etroleum refining and related in d u s­
tries.____ ________________________
Petroleum refining__________________
O ther petroleum and coal products.......
R ubber, miscellaneous plastic products.
Tires and inner tu b e s________________
O ther ru b b er products_______________
M iscellaneous plastic products_______
L eather and leather p ro d u cts__________
L eather tan n in g and finishing________
Footw ear, except ru b b e r_____________
O ther leather products_______________
H andbags and personal leather goods.

A nnual
average

1966

In d u stry
Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

Ju ly

June

May

A pr.

1966

1965

2.5
3.6
2.4
2.2
2.0
2.6
2.5

2.5
3.2
2.4
2.2
2.4
2.3
2. 2

2.5
3.4
2.3
2.2
2.4
2.5
2.3

2.9
4.8
2.4
3.1
2.7
2.7
3.6

3.1
4.9
2.8
3.2
2.8
2.9
3.9

3.4
5.3
3.2
2.8
3.1
3.2
3.7

3.3
4.9
3.3
2.7
2.9
3. 2
3.5

3.1
4.6
3.1
2.4
2.9
2.9
2.9

2.3
2.2
2.3
2.0
2.2
2.3
2.3

2.8
4.2
2.3
2.8
3.4
2.7
3.1

2.9
4.1
2.6
2.2
3.0
2.9
3.2

2.8
4.1
2.6
2.0
2.6
2.8
2.8

2.9
4.3
2.7
2.5
2.9
2.9
3.2

2.7
3.6
2.6
2.3
2.4
2.7
3.0

3.6
3.8
3.7

3.6
3.7
3.7

3.8
4.8
3.4

4.0
5.1
3.7

4.0
5.1
3.5

4.2
4.8
3.6

4.4
5.1
4.0

4.0
4.2
3.9

4.7
4.5
4.6

4.2
4.3
4.3

3.8
3.9
3.7

3.4
3.5
3.5

4.0
4.3
3.7

3.8
4.2
3.6

2.7
6.0
3.2
3.7
2.6
3.6
4.5
1.3
1.8
.8
3.3
4.4
3.2
3.6
2.8
2.0
4.7
3.3
2.9
3.4
1.3
1.5
.9
1.5

2.8
5.9
3.2
3.0
3.0
3.1
4.3
.9
1.0
.7
3.3
4.6
3.2
3.6
2.9
1.8
4.6
2.9
2.8
3.6
1.2
1.5
1.0
1.3

2.9
6.9
2.9
3.0
2.6
3.1
4.2
1.1
1.1
.6
3.5
4.6
3.5
4.0
3.5
1.8
4.4
3.5
3.3
4.2
1.3
1.6
1.1
1.3

2.9
6.6
3.2
3.0
3.2
3.5
4.7
1.9
2.2
1.0
3.8
5.0
3.9
3.9
3.9
1.9
5.1
4.3
3.5
4.2
1.4
1.5
1.1
1.2

2.9
6.6
3.3
3.8
3.1
3.6
4.9
1.2
1.2
1.2
4.2
5.3
4.5
3.9
4.1
2.3
5.2
5.0
4.0
4.9
1.5
1.7
1.3
1.3

3.2
7.7
3.7
3.8
3.1
3.8
4.8
1.4
1.7
1.1
4.2
5.0
4.3
3.9
4.1
2.5
5.1
5.3
4.4
5.2
1.7
2.0
1.4
1.3

3.5
8.5
3.8
4.4
3.1
4.0
5.0
1.5
1.8
.9
4.4
5.2
4.7
4.3
4.3
2.7
4.9
5.4
5.0
5.2
1.5
1.7
1.3
1. 2

3.4
7.0
3.8
4.0
2.9
4.2
4.2
1.7
2.2
1.2
4.4
5.1
5.2
4.3
3.9
3.1
4.8
4.9
4.9
4.7
1.7
1.8
1.5
1.4

3.6
7.9
4.3
4.8
2.3
6.7
4.4
1.7
2.5
.8
4.4
5.5
5.6
5.0
3.7
2.6
4.5
3.5
4.7
4.2
1.3
1.3
1.1
1.3

3.1
7.3
3.9
4.0
2.5
4.4
4.2
1.5
1.9
1.0
4.6
5.3
4.9
5.2
4.4
2.8
5.9
4.5
5.1
5.1
1.5
1.7
1.4
1.5

3.1
6.4
3.5
3.7
2.3
3.5
4.1
1.2
1.2
1.3
4.6
5.3
6.0
5.5
4.0
2.8
5.6
4.1
5.0
5.2
1.5
1.7
1.3
1.5

2.8
5.6
3.3
3.5
1.9
3.6
3.8
1.3
1.6
1.1
4.5
5.3
5.5
5.3
3.9
2.2
5.7
4.2
5.2
5. 0
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.4

3.1
6.8
3.5
3.9
2.7
3.9
4.4
1.4
1.7
1.1
4.4
5.3
5.0
4.7
4.1
2.5
5.3
4.5
4.8
4.8
1.5
1.6
1.3
1.4

2.9
6.6
3.3
3.9
2.4
3.3
4.3
1.1
.8
1.3
4.2
4.8
5.3
4.4
3.6
2.5
4.6
5.1
4.7
4.3
1.4
1.5
1.2
1.3

1.2
1.3
1.2
1.1

1.2
1.5
1.2
1.0

1.1
1.5
1.3
1.0

1.3
1.1
1.2
1.5

1.9
1.2
1.4
1.8

2.2
1.3
1.4
2.1

1.9
1.2
1.5
1.5

1.9
1.7
1.8
1.6

1.5
1.3
1.7
1.1

1.5
1.3
1.9
1.6

1.5
1.0
1.6
1.6

1.3
1. 0
1.4
1.2

1.6
1.4
1.6
1.5

1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4

1.8
4.8
6.0
7.1

1.4
4.8
6.1
6.8

1.5
5.0
6.0
7.0

2.2
5.2
6.1
7.0

2.5
5.5
6.3
7.5

3.0
5.7
6.6
7.2

2.4
5.8
6.5
7.4

2.4
5.6
6.4
7.4

1.6
5.5
6.3
7.6

1.9
5.7
6.5
7.7

1.9
5.6
6.7
7.8

1.9
5.3
6.2
8.2

2.1
5.4
6.3
7. 5

2.1
5.0
6.0
7.0

3.6
3.7

3.7
3.8

3.9
4.0

3.9
4.6

4.3
5.0

4.3
5.5

4.5
5.7

4.3
5.0

4.3
4.9

4.3
5.2

3.9
5.0

3.7
4.5

4.1
4. 9

3.5
4.5

3.4
2.5
3.9
5.0
3.8
2.4

3.0
2.1
3.4
4.3
3.4
2.3

3.1
2.0
3.6
4.5
3.5
2.7

3.7
3.4
3.3
4.4
4.0
2.6

3.6
3.2
4.4
4.1
3.9
2.7

3.9
3.1
5.6
4.8
4.3
3.2

4.0
3.0
5.8
5.2
4.4
3.3

3.7
2.7
4.6
5.4
4.1
3.1

3.4
2.6
3.9
4.9
3.8
2.8

3.5
3.0
3.3
5.4
3.7
2.8

3.5
3.0
3.4
5.4
3.8
3.0

3.3
2.6
3.7
5.1
3.6
2.8

3.5
2.7
4.1
4.9
3.8
2.8

3.1
2.4
3.8
4.2
3.4
2.5

3.2
3.1
3.0
2.4
2.7
3.1
2.6
6.8
2.9

3.3
2.9
3.0
2.3
2.9
2.9
2.0
4.9
2.9

3.3
2.9
3.2
2.3
3.2
2.7
2.1
4.7
2.8

3.5
3.1
3.4
2.9
3.1
2.8
2.4
4.2
3.3

3.5
3.3
3.7
3.0
2.8
3.6
2.7
3.9
3.3

3.6
3.5
3.7
3.2
2.9
3.9
2.9
4.6
3.6

3.9
3.5
3.5
3.2
3.1
3.9
3.4
4.2
3.8

3.5
3.4
3.4
3.5
2.6
3.8
3.3
3.7
3.3

3.2
3.3
3.5
3.5
2.3
3.2
3. 0
3.8
3.3

3.0
3.4
3.4
3.4
2.5
3.4
3.7
4.3
3.6

2.6
3.4
3.2
3.3
2.8
2.9
3.8
6.5
3.4

2.9
3.7
3.4
3.6
2.8
3.0
3.4
8.9
3.1

3.3
3.3
3.4
3.2
2.8
3.3
3.0
5.2
3.3

3.1
3.0
3. 0
2.9
2.6
2.5
2.7
4.9
3.0

3.7
3.2
2.8
3.4
3.7
3.1
3.6
3.5
3.3
3.2
3.0
3.0
3.3
2.7
2. 7
2.5
2.1
3.0
2.6
2.2
2.6
3.1
2.9
2.3
2.9
2.6
2.8
2.5
6. 8
5.4
5.5
4.6
7.4
6.7
5. 0
6. 7
5.8
4.3
4.4
3.7
4.9
3.7
4.4
3.9
4.1
4.4
4.2
4.3
4.7
4.3
3.4
4.5
3.4
4.2
4.7
3.9
6.2
5.8
6.1
5.4
6.1
6.5
6.6
5.7
6.4
6.4
4.2
4.2
6.6
6.1
3.3
3.8
3.3
3.5
4.4
3.8
3.7
4.0
4.1
4.2
3.0
3.6
3.0
3.3
3. 5
4.0
4.0
4.2
4.1
3.9
4.5
4.4
4.0
3.4
3.3
3.6
4.0
3.3
2.2
2.1
1.8
2. 2
2.1
1.9
2.3
2.1
2.1
2.0
2.1
1.7
1.8
2.0
3.4
3.5
3.3
4.
0
3.5
3.4
3.8
3.3
3.5
3.5
3.0
3.1
3.0
3.6
2.1
1.6
1.9
1.6
2.1
1.9
1.7
2.0
1.6
2.0
1.9
1.6
1.5
1.7
1. 8
2.0
2.3
2.1
2.1
2.5
2.3
2.5
2.8
1.6
1.7
2.1
2.8
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.2
2. 0
1.9
2.2
2.7
2.0
1.7
2.9
1.6
1.7
1.6
2.8
either th e straight-tim e w orkday or workweek or (2) they occurred on week
1 For com parability of d ata w ith those published in issues prior to October
ends or holidays or outside regularly scheduled hours. H ours for which
1966, see footnote 1, table A-9. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
only shift differential, hazard, incentive, or other sim ilar types of prem ium s
These series cover prem ium overtim e hours of production and related
were paid are excluded.
vvorkers during the p ay period which includes the 12th of the m onth. Over­
2 Prelim inary.
tim e hours are those paid for at prem ium rates because (1) th ey exceeded


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1967

124
T able C -6 .

Indexes of aggregate w eekly m an-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction
activities 1
[1957-59=100]
1966

1967

A nnual
average

A ctivity
A p r.2 Mar.2 Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

Ju ly

June

M ay

A pr.

1966

1965

M an-hours
T otal
_____________________________
M in in g ___ ____ - ____ __ - - _____
C ontract construction_________ . ________
M anufacturing_________________________

110.3
80.3
104.7
112.9

109.7
77.4
96.1
113.8

108.8
77.1
91.6
113.5

111.7
79.5
98.2
115.8

115.6
81.9
106.7
119.0

117.1
81.5
111.2
119.9

119.6
84.1
123.6
120.6

120.0
84.7
126.1
120.7

119.6
86. 5
131.4
119.1

117.2
85.9
132.4
116.0

118.8
86.9
126.1
119.1

114.6
83.7
112.4
116.5

112.2
74.3
107.4
114.9

115.3
82.7
114.2
117.2

109.1
82.9
110.2
110.2

D urable goods__ ______ _________ ___
O rdnance and accessories------------------L um ber and wood products, except
fu rn itu re ..
__________
_____
F u rn itu re and fixtures_______________
Stone, clay, and glass p roducts____
P rim ary m etal in d u stries-------- _ _
F abricated m etal p roducts___
. ..
M achinery______________________ .
Electrical equipm ent and supplies . . .
T ransportation eq u ip m en t..".!--------In stru m en ts and related products_____
M iscellaneous m anufacturing industries_______ —
- ---------------------

118.9
168.0

120.0
166.8

119.8
165.3

122.7
165.0

125.9
162.3

126.6
159.3

127.2
154.0

126.9
150.9

123.2
145.2

121.5
142.5

125.8
141.5

123.6
139.3

122.1
134.4

123.5
143.4

114.1
113.1

92.9
115.6
103.5
107.7
121.3
136.6
138.8
111.7
128.4

91.9
118.9
102.1
109.5
122.6
138.6
143.1
111.2
129.1

89.7
119.6
99.6
110.8
122.9
138.0
144.1
111.6
127.6

90.6
121.5
102.4
114.2
125.9
139.9
148.5
115.7
129.8

91.9
128.9
106.3
113.6
129.7
141.0
152.3
122.0
131.9

95.0
129.6
109.5
114.7
130.0
137.6
152.7
122.6
130.6

98.1
130.7
111.7
115.3
130.1
137.3
153.9
122.2
130.4

100.2
130.0
113.5
117.7
130.2
138.0
152.1
119.4
129.3

104.1
131.6
115.4
117.3
127.2
135.9
148.6
103.0
127.7

103.7
122.5
114.5
116.3
122.7
134.5
141.9
109.3
125.5

105.6
128.1
115.2
119.2
128.2
137.9
146.7
116.5
128.2

102.0
124.3
112.8
116.5
126.2
136.3
143.3
116.4
125.6

98.9
122.0
110.9
115.8
124.3
134.3
141.5
117.2
122.9

98.9
126.2
110.6
115.2
126.3
135.8
145.8
116.2
126. 5

97.5
119.0
108.1
112.9
117.2
123.0
125.6
106.8
112.3

109.4

107.5

105.2

106.5

113.6

123.6

124.7

121.5

120.1

109.9

117.3

114.8

111.5

114.9

109.8

N ondurable goods------ . . . ----Food and kindred p ro d u c ts .. . ------Tobacco m anufactures______ ________
Textile m ill products___ . .
------A pparel and related p ro d u cts. . .
Paper and allied products---- . . ----Printing, publishing, a n d allied ind u s tr ie s ___
Chemicals and allied p ro d u cts. _____
Petroleum refining and related indus___________
tries_______ . .
R u b b er and miscellaneous plastic
p ro d u c ts.. _ . ------ ----------------L eather and leather p ro d u cts. . . ____

105.0
87.6
73.7
98.2
114.1
114.2

105.7
88.4
74.2
98.5
116.3
114.5

105.3
87.6
76.1
98.2
116.9
113.7

106.8
90.2
87.6
100.1
116.7
114.9

109.9
95.4
98.3
102.7
118.2
117.6

111.2
98.9
92.8
104.2
120.2
118.5

112.0
101.7
98.3
105.0
121.3
117.3

112.6
106.3
100.4
105.8
117.7
117.5

113.7
106.1
87.7
107.2
122.5
118.4

108.9
99.5
70.8
103.4
114.2
117.2

110.4
94.0
73.4
108.4
121.1
118.2

107.3
88.6
72.1
106.0
118.8
114.7

105.6
86.9
73.9
103.4
116.2
113.4

109.0
95.0
84.4
104.9
118.4
115.7

105.2
94.0
86.2
101.5
115.0
109.8

119.3
118.2

119.9
116.6

117.9
114.8

117.7
115.2

120.4
116.7

119.1
117.1

119.2
116.6

118.7
116.9

118.0
117.9

116.4
116.8

116.7
117.9

115.1
116.0

114.3
116.1

116.3
115.6

110.2
110.1

80.5

78.4

76.8

75.9

78.5

80.0

80.3

82.2

82.2

83.9

82.6

80.2

78.7

79.7

78.3

145.3
87.2

145.6
90.4

146.2
93.3

151.0
96.4

154.7
98.4

154.9
98.0

153.9
96.7

152.1
96.7

149.7
102.4

143.6
97.7

147.9
102.1

145.8
98.6

143.8
96.2

147.9
98.9

135.4
96.3

105.4
177.0
156.7

105.2
180.3
148.6

106.5
171.1
152.5

102.5
152.6
149.0

87.4
145.1
146.8

101.3
156.7
150.4

97. C
144.3
136.3

Payrolls
M in in g--------- -------------------------------------C ontract construction........ . . .
. _______
M anufacturing______ ___________________

102.5
147.8
149.4

98.0
135.3
150.1

97.6
129.6
149.4

100.9
139.5
152.1

1 For com parability of d ata w ith those published in issues prior to October
1966, see footnote 1, table A-9.
F o r m ining and m anufacturing, d ata refer to production and related


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

103.1
150.3
155.8

102.0
155.7
156.4

105.2
173.0
156.9

105.6
173.2
156.9

workers and for contract construction, to construction workers, as defined
in footnote 1, table A-10.
2 Prelim inary.

D —CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES

125

D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
T able

D -l.

Consumer Price Index 1—U.S. city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers,
all items, groups, subgroups, and special groups of items
[1957-59=100 unless otherwise specified]

1967

1966

Annual
average

Group
Apr.
All items______________ ______ ____
All items (1947-49=100)_______________
Food __________________ . .. ______
Food at home_____________________
Cereals and bakery products________
Meats, poultry, arid fish________ ._
Dairy products___________________
Fruits and vegetables________ _____
Other foods at home 2............... ............
Food away from home______________

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept. Aug.

July

115.3 115.0
141. 5 141.1

114.8
140.9

114.7 114.7
140.7 140.7

114.6
140.6

114.5
140.5

114.1
140.0

113.3 112.9
139.0 138.5

114.8

115.6
113.8
118.3
113.8
117.1
115.3
106.0
125.2

115.6 115.8 114.3
114.0 114.4 112.7
118.4 117.3 114.8
114.8 114.5 114.3
116.0 114.8 111.0
116.6 122.3 121.5
105.3 104.9 102.1
124.6 124.0 123.5

113.7

110.8

118.5
109.0
115.7
114.2
101.4
128.3

114.2 114.2 114.7
111.5 111.7 112.3
118. 6 118.5 118.8
110.0 110.7 110.3
115.7 116.1 116.4
115.2 114.2 115.3
102.3 102.5 104.9
127.7 127.4 127.0

114.8

112.6 112.8

118.8 118.6
110.9 111.8
116.5 116.7
114.3 114.9
105.7 104.8
126.3 125.7
113.0 112.6
116.4 115.8
111.3 111.2
118.6 117.8
108.4 108.3
110.2 108.9
107.9 108.1
106.7 106.5

Housing___ _____ __________________
Shelter 3___________ ______ .. _ _ .
Rent______________ ___________
Homeownership 4____ ________ _ .
Fuel and utilities 3__________________
Fuel oil and coal8........... .....................
Gas and electricity___________ __
Household furnishings and operation 7__

113.6
116.9
111.9
119.0
108.8

111.8

118.6
108.7

113.3
116.8
111.7
118.9
108.7

111.0

111.1

111.1

Apparel and upkeep 8______ ___
Men’s and boys’. . ___
__________
Women’s and girls’___ _____________
Footwear_______________

113.0
113.5
108.4
124.9

112.7
108.2
124.2

111.8 111.6 112.6
106.4

Transportation. __ _______
Private_________________
Public________________ .

115.1
113.2
130.6

114.2

113.8

130.5

130.0

Health and recreation..___ .
Medical care_____________
Personal care___________ .
Reading and recreation___ .
Other goods and services 8____________

135.1
114.9
119.4
116.6

108.4
107.7

113.3
116.6

108.3
107.3

112.6

108.3
107.0

113.1
116.5
111.4
118.7
108.6
110.5
108.3
106.7

111.9

111.3

112.3

122.9

108.1
122.9

107.3
123.4

112.2 111.8

122.6 122.2 121.8

Special groups:
All items less shelter__ _____________ 114.8
All items less food__________________ 115.9
Commodities 10_________
110.2
Nondurables11____________________ 113.0
Durables 1042 _______ . ______
103.4
Services1013 44........ ..............
126.6

111.0

117.4
108.1
108.3
108.0
106.1

110.7

111.3
114.4
110.3
116.2
107.9
107.0
108.1
105.1

1965

112.6

112.5
138.0

113.1
138.8

109.9
134.8

113.5

114.0
112.7
114.1
115.6
108.9
119.8
103.6

114.2 108.8
112. 6 107.2
115.8 111.2
114.1 105.1
111.8 105.0
117.6 115.2
103.9 101.8
123.2 117.8

138.2
114.3
113.9
109.3
119.2

115.8
108.0
107.0
108.1
104.8

115.0 114.3
108.2 108.3
108.0 108.5
108.2 108.3
104.6 104.4

115.7
107.7
108.3
108.1
105.0

111.4
107.2
105.6
107.8
103.1

109.4

109.3 108.7
109.9 109.6
105.0 104.2
119.0 118.1

109.6
110.3
105.1
119.6

106.8
107.4
103.1
112.9

112. 0

102.8
122.8 122.2 121.6
111.1 110.7 110.3 111.1 108.5
114.1 113.5 113.0 114.1 110.6
110.2 110.2 110.1 110.4 108.9

110.1

122.8 122.2

109.2 109.2
109.9 109.6
103.8 104.6
120.4 119.8

114.5

113.5

111.2

1966

113.9
112.3
114.7
114.2
109.6
121.7
101.3

106.3
121.3

112.4
107.8

111.5
111.5
107.5

111.5
115.0 114.6
110.7 110.6
116.8 116.4
108.0 107.9
107.4 107.0
108.1 108.1
105.7 105.2

Apr.

104.7
119.8

112.6

114.3
112.3
129.6

113.3
111.3
129.5

129.2

111.6

113.5
111.5
129.1

112.2 112.0 112.0 112.7 111.1
110.7 110.5 110.5 111.0 109.7
122.8 122.1 122.1 125.8 121.4

121.0 120.8

113.4 113.8
111.4 111.7
129.8 129.8

129.6

121.4
132.9
113.8
118.5
116.2

131.9
113.7
118.4
115.9

131.3
113.4
118.3
116.0

120.4
130.4
113.3
118.0
115.9

119.9
129.4
113.0
117.5
115.7

119.5
128.4
112.7
117.4
115.5

119.1
127.7
112.5
117.2
115.3

118.7
127.0

125.8 127.7
112.2 1126.3
12.0 111.6 112.2
117.0

118.4

118.1

119.0

114.9

116.8
114.7

116.8
114.3

117.1
114.9

115.6
122.3
109.9
115.2
111.4

114.6 114.3
115.4 115.2

114.2
114.8

114.3
114.9

114.4
114.8

114.3
114.4

113.9
113.8

113.6
113.4

113.1
113.2

112.6
112.8

112.4
112.5

112.4

112.2

112.9
113.0

109.6
110.4

110.0 109.9
112.9 112.7
102.9 102.8
126.3 125.9

109.9 110.1 110.2
112.7 113.0 112.9
102.7 103.1 103.5
125.5 125.2 124.7

110.3
113.1
103.5
124.1

110.0

108.8
111.4
102.3

109.2

107.8

107.3

107.6
110.9
110.4
108.1

107.0
110.5
109.7
107.4

99.9

97.4
99.5

97.3
99.3

109.8 109.3 109.0 108.8
112.5 111.8 111.5 111.3
103.0 103.0 102.6 102.5
123.0 122.6 122.0 121.5
106.6 106.7 106.4 106.3
109.6 109.7 109.5 109.3
107.9 108.1 108.3 108.3
105.5 105.8 106.0 106.1
110.5 110.6 110.1 110.0
95.8 96.7 96.8 97.0
122.1 120.3 118.2
117.5
97.0 96.9 96.7 96.7
98.9 98.8 98.6 98.5

127.7
124.2
126.1
138.6
128.5

127.1
123.5
125.9
137.4
128.2

126.5
123.0
125.5
136.2
127.5

108.4
112.4
111.9
109.4
112.7
97.0
118.8
98.0

100.6

97.2
115.9
97.8
100.3

Services less rent 40 43_________
Household services less rent43_____
Transportation services__ ____ ..
Medical care services___
Other services 40 46____ _ ______

130.0
126.0
127.6
143.6
130.3

129.5
125.6
127.4
142.9
129.7

111.8

111.5
109.0

112.0

107.6
111.5
110.7
108.2
111.9
97.3
114.0
97.7

107.7
111.4

111.0
110.1 111.2
108.8
111.6 111.6
107.6

98.6
114.2
97.7

100.0

97.6
113.0
97.6
99.7

100.0

129.2
125.5
127.2
141.6
129.4

128.8
125.1
126.9
140.6
129.1

128.3
124.9
126.5
139.4
128.9

1 The C P I measures the average change in prices of goods and services
purchased by urban wage-earner and clerical-worker families. Beginning
January 1964, the index structure was revised to reflect buying patterns of
wage earners and clerical workers in the 1960’s. The indexes shown here are
based on expenditures of all urban wage-earner and clerical-worker consumers,
including single workers living alone, as well as families of two or more
persons.
2Includes eggs, fats and oils, sugar and sweets, nonalcoholic beverages, and
prepared and partially prepared foods.
3Also includes hotel and motel room rates not shown separately.
4Includes home purchase, mortgage interest, taxes, insurance, and main­
tenance and repairs.
5Also includes telephone, water, and sewerage service not shown separately.
6Called “ Solid and petroleum fuels” prior to 1964.
7Includes housefurnishings and housekeeping supplies and services.
8Includes dry cleaning and laundry of apparel, infants’ wear, sewing
materials, jewelry, and miscellaneous apparel, not shown separately.
8 Includes tobacco, alcoholic beverages, and funeral, legal, and bank
service charges.
70Recalculated group—indexes prior to January 1964 have been recomputed.
11Includes foods, paint, furnace filters, shrubbery, fuel oil, coal, household
textiles, housekeeping supplies, apparel, gasoline and motor oil, drugs and


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

112.2 111.8

115.5

May

133.6
114.1
118.6
116.3

134.6
114.4
118.9
116.4

Commodities less food 40____ __________
Nondurables less food_____________
Apparel commodities.................... ........
Apparel commodities less footwear...
Nondurables less food and apparel...
New cars__________ ._
Used cars_____ __ ____ _____
Household durables 43__________
Housefurnishings_________________

2 6 0 - 9 3 7 0 - 67 - 9

112.0

113.8
139.6

June

107.8
111.3
110.9
108.6
111.5
99.3
119.3
97.6

112.9
102.7
123.5

111.2 111.0
98.4 94.4
120.8 120.1

125.9
122.4
125.3
134.7
127.1

125.5

122.1

125.0
133.9
126.7

124.8 124.1
121.7 120.9
123.2 123.0
133.0 132.1
126.4 125.9

121.1

111.8

102.7
122.3

106.0 106.5
109.0 109.7
107.6 108.5
105.6 106.3
109.8 110.3
97.4 97.2
117.4 117.8
96.4 96,8
98.3 98.8
123.6

120.2
123.0
131.4
125.5

106.4
107.9

102.6

117.8
105.1
107.2
105.8
104.4
108.0
99.0

120.8
96.9

97.9

125. 0 120.0
121 5 117.0
124 3 119.3
133.9 127.1
126-5 121.8

pharmaceuticals, toilet goods, nondurable recreational goods, newspapers,
magazines, books, tobacco, and alcoholic beverages.
12 Includes home purchase, which was classified under services prior to
1964, building materials, furniture and bedding, floor coverings, household
appliances, dinnerware, tableware, cleaning equipment, power tools, lamps,
Venetian blinds, hardware, automobiles, tires, radios, television sets, tape
recorders, durable toys, and sports equipment.
13Excludes home purchase costs which were classified under this heading
prior to 1964.
14Includes rent, mortgage interest, taxes and insurance on real property,
home maintenance and repair services, gas, electricity, telephone, water,
sewerage service, household help, postage, laundry and dry cleaning, furni­
ture and apparel repair and upkeep, moving, auto repairs, auto insurance,
registration and license fees, parking and garage rent, local transit, taxicab,
airplane, train, and bus fares, professional medical services, hospital services,
health insurance, barber and beauty shop services, movies, fees for sports,
television repairs, and funeral, bank, and legal services.
15Called “ Durables less cars” prior to 1964. Does not include auto parts,
durable toys, and sports equipment.
18Includes the services components of apparel, personal care, reading and
recreation, and other goods and services. Not comparable with series pub­
lished prior to 1964.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JUNE 1967

126

T able D-2. Consumer Price Index1—U.S. city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers,

selected groups, subgroups, and special groups of items, seasonally adjusted 2
[1957-59=100 unless otherwise specified]

1966

1967

Group
Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

113.9
110.9

114.3

115.3
113.1
111.3
115.9
117.6
104.9

115.3
113.4
111.5
116.1
119.6
104.1

121.0

113.9
102.9

111.6

112.6
116.0
110.2

103.8

114.0
112.4
115.9
110.7
115.8
102.9

114.0

116.5
120.9
104.5

115.5
113.9
112.9
114.9
121.4
105.1

113.2
111.3
114.1

102.8

114.9
112.5
110.4
115.8
118.5
104.4

115.3
113.7
112.4
115.8

101.9

114.0
111.4
110.4
115.9
114.4
102.3

115.8
114.0

110.4
115.6
114.7

115.3
104.0

114.3
113.2
117.1
109.4
117.7
104.5

Fuel and utilities 3 . . . . ________ . . _____________ 108.7
Fuel oil and coal4________ _____ . _____________ 110.3

108.4
109.4

108.7
108.9

108.2
108.3

108.0
108.3

108.1
108.3

108.0
108.5

108.2
108.8

108.4
109.2

108.4
109.3

108.4
109.2

108.5
109.5

108.2
107.7

112.3

110.8 110.5 109.6 109.6 109.5
111.1 111.0 110.2 109.9 110.2
105.8 104.5 105.1 105.0
122.0 121.3 120.6 120.2 119.9

109.4
109.9
105.4
119.0

108.8
109.7
104.5
118.1

Food__ ________________________ ______________ Food at home_____ - - -_ - _
------- ------Meats, poultry, and fish--------------------------------------Dairy products-------------------------------------------------Fruits and vegetables.. . . ________ . . . . ---------Other foods at home_______ . . . _____ . . . ____

110.0
116.3
112.1

111.6

112.8

Apparel and upkeep 5. . . . _______ _________________
Men’s and boys’. _______ _______ . _____ ___
Women’s and girls’___ ______ . . . . . . ____________
Footwear___________ ________ . . . _______ ___

113.1
113.6
108.7
124.8

112.9
113.2
108.6
124.3

112.2

111.9
111.9
107.5
123.0

111.7
111.9
107.1
122.5

111.3
111.7
107.5
122.3

106.3

Transportation____ _________ _________ _____ ____
Private__
___ . . . ____ _____ ________________

115.3
113.4

114.5
112.7

112.2

114.3

113.2
111.3

113.3
111.4

112.0 112.0

114.0

114.1

Special groups:
Commodities«.. ._. . . . . ____ ___ . . . .. . . .
110.3
---- -- ----------- 113.1
Nondurables.. -------- .. . . . . _ .
Durables 6 7_______________ _____________________ 103.4

113.0
103.0

103.0

102.7

102.9

103.1

103.3

102.9

108.0

107.9

107.4

107.4

107.4

107.3

111.9
109.4
97.1
117.9

108.9
96.9
117.2

108.4
96.9
115.1

108.0
97.5
114.0

107.6
97.4
118.0
99.8

107.2
97.9
119.6
99.5

107.0
110.3
109.5
107.1
96.2
118.7
99.3

Commodities less food 6. .
_______ ___
.....
Nondurables less food________ - - - - - - - - - - - - - Apparel commodities__ ________
_________ _
Apparel commodities less footwear.._
New cars.._ . . . _______ _______________ _________
Used cars___ _________________
... ...
_______
Housefurnishings___ . _ _ . . .
- .

108.4
112.5

112.1

109.6
96.8
119.4
100.4

107.9
123.5

10.2 109.9
110.0 110.1 110.1 110.1 1113.0
110.1 112.7
112.8
112.9 113.1 112.9
110.6
112.0 111.8 111.1 111.1 111110.0
.0 109.5
111.3 110.8 110.5

100.2 100.2 100.0 100.0

1 See footnote 1, table D -l.
2 Beginning Jan u a ry 1966, seasonally adjusted national indexes were com­
pu ted for selected groups, subgroups, and special groups where there is a
significant seasonal p a tte rn of price change. Previously published indexes
for th e year 1965 have been adjusted. No seasonally adjusted indexes w ill be
shown for a n y of the individual m etropolitan areas for which separate indexes
are published. Previously, th e B ureau of L abor Statistics has m ade
available only seasonal factors, rath er th a n seasonally adjusted indexes (e.g.,
D epartm ent of L abor B ulletin 1366, Seasonal Factors, Consumer Price Index:
Selected Series). T h e factors currently used were derived b y the BLS


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

113.5
111.5

112.0

113.5

111.6

113.4
111.4

112.3

110.8

110.5

109.8
112.4
103.2

109.1
111.4
103.1

108.9
111.5

109.0
111.6 111.6
102.5

102.3

106.9
109.8
108.4
106.0
97.1

106.8
109.9
108.3
106.1
97.9
118.6
98.9

106.5
109.6
108.4
106.2
97.4
116.8
98.4

106.4
109.4
108.4
106.3
97.4
117.6
98.4

106.0
109.1
107.8
105.9
97.4
118.2
98.0

120.8
99.2

102.6

112.3

110.8
109.0

Seasonal F actor M ethod using d ata for 1956-66. These factors w ill be u p ­
dated a t the end of each calendar year. A detailed description of the BLS
Seasonal F actor M ethod is provided in appendix A , B L S Handbook of Meth­
ods for Surveys and Studies (BLS B ulletin 1458,1966).
3 See footnote 5, table D -l.
4 See footnote 6, table D -l.
5 See footnote 8, table D -l.
6 See footnote 10, table D -l.
7 See footnote 12, table D -l.

«

127

D.— CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T

able

D-3.

Consumer Price Index—U.S. and selected areas for urban wage earners and clerical
workers 1
[1957-59=100 unless otherwise specified]

1966

1967

Annual
average

Area 2
Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

194749=100

July

June

May

Apr.

1966

1965

Apr.
1967

112.9

112.6

112.5

113.1

109.9

141.5

113.4
(4)
(4)

(4)
(4)
(4)
106.6

(4)
(4)
116.8
(4)
109.9
(4)

111.5
113.4
117.0
107.0
110.7
110.3

108.1
109.6
113.2
103.5
107.6
107.2

(4)
(4)
147. 2
141.5
(4)

(4)

109.7
104.6

(4)

109.7
105.0

106.9
101. 4
106.4

141.3

108.5
113.3

140.0
(4)

112.5
108.2
109.5

145.0
(4)
141.3
142.4
142.2
140.7
145.5

All items
114.6

114.5

114.1

113.8

113.3

113.3
(4)
Atlanta, Ga_ - -------- --------------- 118.8 114.0
(4)
(4)
114.5
114.8
(4)
Baltimore, M d_________________
(4)
(4)
(*)
118.6
Boston, Mass____________ ___
(4)
0) <4) 108.5
(4)
(4)
108.0
Buffalo, N.Y. (Nov. 1963 = 100)___
(4)
(4)
(4)
0
)
Chicago, Ill.-Northwestern Ind___ 112.2 112.3 112.2 111.8 112.2 111.9
Cincinnati, O hio-K entucky....---0) 111.6 (4) (4) 111.2 (4)

(4)
(4)
118.5
(4)

112.8

(4)
(4)
(4)
107.7
111.4
(4)

(4)
(4)
117.1
(4)
110.5
(4)

110.2

(4)
(4)
111.3
(4)

U.S. city average3 ------------------- 115.3

115.0

114.8

114.7

114.7

Cleveland, Ohio___ ____________
0)
Dallas, Tex. (Nov. 1963=100) __
0)
Detroit, Mich___________ .’_____ 114.6
Honolulu, Hawaii (Dec. 1963 = 100). 0)
Houston, Tex_____________ ___ 113.6
Kansas City, Mo.-Kansas— ---- - - 0)

(4)
(4)
114.3
106.7
U)
117.9

111.5
107.0
113.5
(4)
(4)
(4)

(4)
(4)
113.3
(4)
113.0
(4)

(4)
(4)
113.3
106.6
(4)
117.3

110.9
106. 5
112.7
(4)
(4)
(4)

Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif___
Milwaukee, Wis__ . .
---------Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn_____
NewYork,N.Y.-Northeastern N .J.
Philadelphia, P a.-N .J___________
Pittsburgh, P a __ . _____ . . . . .
Portland, Oreg.-Wash----------------

116.3
0)
114.2
118.2
115.8
114. 2
117.4

115.4
(4)
(4)
118.2
115. 5
(4)
(4)

115.7
111.4
(4)
118.0
115.3
(4)
(4)

115.8
(4)
113.4
117.5
115.0
114.0

116.3

117.1

116.3
(4)
(4)
117.6
115.3
(4)
(4)

(4)
117.7
115.0
(4)
(4)

St. Louis, M o.-Ill__________ ____
San Diego, Calif. (Feb. 1965 = 100)...
San Francisco-Oakland, Calif.. . .
Scranton, Pa.s__________________
Seattle, W ash__________________
Washington, D .C .-M d .-V a...

0)
(4)
0)
0)
O)
0)

115.5
(4)
117.1

(4)
103.7
(4)

(4)
(4)
(4)

114.9
(4)
117.2

(4)
103.5
(4)

(4)
(4)

(4)
(4)

(4)

(4)
(4)

116.2

115.9
115.1

(4)

(4)

111.6

1 1 6 .2

115.6
114.6

(4)

114.3
(4)
(4)
111.9
111.7

(4)

(4)

112.0

(4)
112.4
(4)

105.6
(4)
117.1

105.6
111.9
(4)
(4)
(4)

115.9
(4)
113.4
117.8
115.0
114.1
11 6 .6

115.7
(4)
(4)
117.3
114.7
(4)
(4)

114.6
111.5
(4)
116.7
114.5
(4)
(4)

(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)

114.7
(4)
116.4
(4)
(4)
(4)

(4)

11(42).6 11(4)2.1

102.0
(4)

115.5

114.5
114.0

111.1

110.6 110.2
110.2 (4)

11(41).2 110.6 11(40).2 111.1

111.6

104.6
(4)
116.5

(4)
(4)
(4)

(4)
110.9
(4)

105.1
111.5
116.3

115.0

114.5
(4)
(4)
115.3
113.4
(4)
(4)

110.1

114.2

114.3
(4)

114.7

115.2
113.2
113.0

116.0
113.7
113.0

(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)

113.6
(4)
115.2

(4)

(4)

)
11(42.0

116.3
113.7

112.8

115.5

(4)

(4)
(4)

(4>
115.2
113.1
(4)
(4)

110.6
111.8 112.2

I I 4 .7

115.3

113.5

102.1

112.8

(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)

101.6
(4)

II4.I

113.7

115.6

I 1 4.9

114.1
113.3

102.1

112.2
110.6
110.2
111.8
109.9
1C0.1
112.7

111.0
111.0
109.6

(4)

(4)
(4)
(')
(4)
(4)

Food
U.S. city average3. _________ . . 113.7

114.2

114.2

114.7

114.8

114.8

115.6

115.6

115.8

114.3

113.9

113.5

114.0

114.2

108.8

___
Atlanta, Oa
____
Baltimore, Md - - - - - - - ____
Boston, Mass.
. _ ______
___
Buffalo, N V. (Nov. 1963- 100)
Chicago, Ill.-Northwestern Ind . . .
Cincinnati, Ohio-Kentucky

112.9

113.6
114.9
118.4
109.4
114.1
111.4

113.5
115.2
118.2
109.3
114.7

114.1
115.3
119.0
109.7
114.1
111.5

113.8
116.0
118.8
109.3
114.7
111.7

114.0
115.9
118. 5
109. 7
114.7
112.4

114.7
116.7
119.3
109.7
115.4
113.6

114.2
117.9
119.3
109.9
116.3
113.4

114.0
117.4
118.9
110.5
116.8
113.9

112.5
116.2
117.0
108.8
114.1

112.4
115.9
115.7
108.5
114.3

112.8
112.0 116.3

112.9
115.9
117.0
108.8
114.6

107.4
109.3
112.5
104.1
108.8
106.2

Cleveland, Ohio
Dallas, Tex. (Nov. 1963 = 100)
Detroit, Mich - - - - - -- _____
Honolulu, Hawaii (Dec. 1963=100).
Houston, Tex
Kansas City, Mo.-Kansas. _

109.6
107.9

110.3
108.9
113.2
108.3
115.7
116.6

109.8
112.7
107.7
116.0
117.2

110.9
110.5
113.0
108.1
116.6
118.0

111.5
110.9
113.1
108.0
116.9
117.8

112.4 112.5
Milwaukee, Wis
Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn
112.2 112.5
New York, N.Y.-Northeastern N .J. 114.4 114.9

112.8
112.8

113.7

114.0

112.5
115.0

113.0
115.5

112.9

Philadelphia, P a .-N .J
P ittsb u rg h , P a ..
______
Portland, O reg.-W ash.

113.6
110.2

113.7
111.3

115.3
114.0
111.2

115.7
113. 5
111.4

116.5
114.5
112.8

1 1 6.0

11 5 .7

115.6

11 6 .0

118.5
105.9
113.3

119.3

119.2

114.4

114.4

118.6
106. 6
115.1

115.0

113.1

1 1 3.2

113.8

113.5
114.7

114.0
114.7

114.3
114.7

114.7
113.5

115.1
115.1

115.2
115.6

114.9
115.8

114.8
117.7
108 9
113.1
111.3

112.6
108.0
115. 5
116.0

113.0
109. 5
114.1

113.1
109.7

St. Louis, M o .-lll

117.2

118.1

San Francisco-O akland, Calif
Scranton, P a .5
Seattle, W ash
__
_______
W ashington, D .C .-M d .-V a ___. . .

113 0

113.2

113.1
114.8

113.3
115.3

- __

111.2
110.0

112.1 112.6

116.6
109.2
114.2

111.2 111.8
112.1 111.6
110.9
111.8 112.1 112.4 113.1 111.1 111.1 110.0 1110.3
111.0 111. 0 111.1 111.6 110.1 109.4 109.4 10.2 110.0
113.1 113.5 113.7 114.4 112.8 112.0 111.5 111.6 112.2
108.7
116.6
117. 5
113.7
114.3

112.6

1 See footnote 1, table D -l. Indexes measure tim e-to-tim e changes in
prices. T hey do not indicate w hether it costs more to live in one area th a n in
another.
2 T he areas listed include n o t only the central city b u t the entire urban
portion of th e Standard M etropolitan Statistical Area, as defined for the 1960
C ensus of Population; except th a t the Standard Consolidated Area is used
for N ew York and Chicago.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

115.3
115.3
108. 0
113.6
110.7

106.6
114.4
116.9

106.2
114.1
116.0

106.6
114.8
116.5

107.0
115.4
117.2

104.8
103.9
105.0
103.5
109.2
111.3

112.8

112.4

115.0
113.4
112.8

113.3
114.0
112.4

114.5
112.9
111.4

114.4
112.5
111.5

112.4

115.1
113.2
111.6

111.6

113.0
113.5
111.7

113.5

112.3

115.1
113.1
111.8

110.7
107.7
107.1

115.6

I I 4 .7

115.5

II4 .7

I I 4 .O

II 4 .7

10 9 .5

118.1

117.2

117.0
106.3
113.9

117.1

114.7

119.8
106.8
114.2

117.8
106.5
114.2

111.5
102. 7
110.2

11 3 .7

113.7

108.4
117.0
118.7

107.3
117.0
119.0

106.6
117.0
118.1

106.5
115.8
117.1

114.2

113.7

114.2

113.4
116.3
114.5
112.8

113.8
116.2
113.3

116.4
114.9
112.8

1 1 5.6

116.1

119.7

119.4

113.6

113.6

114.1
114.3

114.3
114.1

112.6

112.5

112.1
114.4
113.6

114.7
113.1

114.0
114.2

112.8
114.1
114.0

109.8
107.2
107.5

107.7

110.3
108.4

3 Average of 56 “ cities” (m etropolitan areas and nonm etropolitan u rb a n
places) beginning January 1966.
4 All items indexes are com puted m onthly for 5 areas and once every 3
m onths on a rotating cycle for other areas.
5 Old series.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JUNE 1967

128
T able

D-4.

Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities
[1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified]2
1966

1967

Annual
average

Commodity group
Apr. Mar. Feb.
All commodities- . ..................................... ....................
Farm products and processed foods and feeds______
Farm products---------- -------- ---------------- -----------Fresh and dried fruits and vegetables_________
Grains............ ......... - ................................... ...........
Livestock....................... ....................... ........ ..........
Live poultry........................... ..................................
Plant and animal fibers....... ......... ........ ...........
Fluid m ilk ......................................... ........... ........
H ay, hayseeds, and oilseeds____________________
O ther farm p ro d u cts......................................................
Processed foods and feeds__________________________
Cereal and bakery products________ ___________
Meats, poultry, and fish_______________________
D airy p ro d u cts.................................... - -------- ---------Processed fruits and vegetables_________________
Sugar and confectionery--------- ------------------------Beverages and beverage m aterials______________
A nim al fats and oils------------- -------------------------C rude vegetable oils________________________
Refined vegetable oils_________________________
Vegetable oil end p roducts-------------------------------Miscellaneous processed foods__________________
M anufactured anim al feeds____________________
All commodities except farm p ro d u cts______________
Indu strial com m odities........................................ .............
Textile products and a p p arel........................... ..................
C otton p roducts............ .....................................-..........
Wool p ro d u cts___________ ____ _ - ..........- ............
M anmade fiber textile p ro d u cts------------------------Silk y a rn s____________________________________
A p p a re l.------ --------- ---------------- ----------------------Textile housefurnishings_______________________
Miscellaneous textile products.....................................
Hides, skins, leather, and related products--------------H ides and sk in s_____________ _____ __________
L eather................................ ................................ ...........
Footw ear.......... ....................- ........................................
O ther leather and related products_____________
Fuels and related products, and pow er_____________
C oal------- ------ ------------ ---------- ----------------------C oke------ ------ --------------------- -----------------------Gas fuels (Jan. 1958=100)_____________________
Electric power (Jan. 1958=100)...................... ...........
C rude p etroleum ------------- -----------------------------Petroleum products, refined___________________
Chemicals and allied p ro d u cts____________________
In d u strial chem icals__________________________
Prepared p a in t.................................... - ......................
P a in t m aterials............................................. ..............
D rugs and pharm aceuticals___________________
F a ts and oils, inedible................ ................................
A gricultural chemicals and chemical products___
Plastic resins and m aterials.................................... .
O ther chemicals and allied p ro d u cts___________
R ubber and ru b b er p ro d u cts_____________________
C rude ru b b er________________________________
Tires and tu b es______________________________
Miscellaneous rubber pro d u cts_________________
L um ber and wood p ro d u cts_______________________
L u m b e r ..___________ ________________ _______
M illwork______________________ _____________
Plyw ood............... ................................................ .......
O ther wood products (Dec. 1966=100)__________
See footnotes a t end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

105.3
103.4
97.6
99.6
98.3
94.0
89.0
69.9
119.1
77.0
118.4
99.2

105.7
104.6
99.6
98.4
99.9
97.4
90.8
70.3
119.0
90.8
120.5
99.5

110.0 110.6
117.2 117.5
100.6 101.7
120.1 120.7
104.3 104.2
111.8 112.5
105.9 105.6
91.5 89.6
93.8 94.2
96.8 96.9

101.6 101.8

112.9 112.0
122.9 124.8
106.2 106.3
106.0 106.0

Jan.

Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June May Apr.

106.0 106.2 105.9 105.9
105.7 107.0 106.7 107.1
101.0 102.6 101.8 102.5
104.5 101.8 101.3 104.2
95.8 100.7 101.5 98.0
99.5 101.4 97.9 98.4
97.1 88.1 77.2 85.1
70.2 70.8 71.0 70.9
122.9 123.4 124.0 124.4
84.0 100.0 109.0 121.8
120.3 123.5 124.5 122.9
100.5 99.6 100. 5 98.7
111.7 112.8 112.8 112.6
117.3 117.6 118.0 118.7
104.7 105.4 104.4 104.2
121.2 121.8 122.3 122.6
104.3 105.9 105.8 105.9
112.6 113.0 112.6 112.1
105.9 105.8 105.8 105.6
92.0 94.9 97.5 105.6
94.1 94.1 98.1 99.2
96.7 93.0 101.2 102.2
103.5 106.3 106.3 106.8
111.5 112.6 113.7 114.6
125.9 132.1 132.0 128.4
106.5 106.5 106.3 106.3
106.0 j 05.8 105.5 105.5

106.2
108.8
104.4
97.9
98.9
106.5
83.1
71.4
125.8
114.7
121.5

106.8
111.5
108.7
110.4
104.6
109.2
87.5
71.7
125.4
128.0
126.3
100.8 102.3
113.9 115.5
118.7 118.9
108.1 112.2
124.5 124.2
105.7 103.7
111.6 111.4
105.6 105.6
108.9 115.9
100.1 112,4
97.0 107.6
108.2 110.4
115.1 114.2
128.1 132.3
106.4 106.6
105.3 105.2

101.8 101.8 102.0 102.0 101.8 102.1 102.2 102.2
100.8 101.3 101.8 102.5 102.7 103.0 103.3 103.1
102.9 104.0 104.7 104.7 104.8 105.1 105.6 106.1
86.8 86.9 87.1 87.1 86.9 87.7 88.1 88.6

164.5
106.2
105.2
119.4
116.0
91.3
112.9
121.5
114.5
103.3
102.7

164.1 164.1 166.1 163.2
106.0 105.9 105.7 105.4
105.1 105.3 105.3 105.3
120.8 121.0 120.5 119.7
117.0 118.0 117.9 117.3
99.6 107.8 110.1 109.2
114.6 116.3 116.9 116.2
121.7 121.6 120.9 120.3
114.4 114.6 114.5 114.2
103.7 103.4 102.6 102.4
102.2 102.3 102.3 102.4

161.1
105.5
105.3
119.1
117.5
114.3
114.1

106.8
111.3
108.1
97.7
105.6

112.0

89.8
72.3
124.1
108.6
139.2
102.5
115.7
118.9

124.0
102.3
110.9
106.4
120.9
127.5
118.4
108.7
114.1
133.6
106.6
105.2
102.4
103.3
106.6
89.6
156.7
105.2
104.3

112.0 112.0 112.0 112.0 112.0 112.0 112.0 112.0 112.0
134.8 134.6 134.5 134.6 132.0 130.6 130.7 129.2 128.9
100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.8 100.3 100.2 100.3 100.3
98.3 98.3 98.2 98.2 98.1 98.1 98.1 97.7 97.7
101.7 102.4 101.9 100.3 100.2 101.3 101.3 101.0 100.7
98.4 98.2 98.0 97.9
96.6 96.4 96.0 95.9
108.7 108.5 107.8 107.3
90.6 90.6 90.4 90.2
94.7 94.7 95.0 95.0
92.3 95.1 91.6 94.5
104.2 103.1 103.3 102.8
90.3 90.2 90.2 90.2
107.4 107.0 106.9 106.9
95.6 95.0 95. C 94.6
87.6 87.6 87.9 87.4
94.9 93.9 93.9 93.4
99.7 99.3 99.2 98.9
102.6 102.5 103.0 104.8
104.5 104.5 105.6 108. C
111.6 111.2 111.1 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.8
87.9 87.7 89.2 87.3 87.4 86.9 88.1
102.0 102. C 102. C 102. 0 100. C

98.8
97.6
108.8
91.2
94.0
85.3
105.2
90.4
108.6
95.9
86.5
94.0
101.5
104.1
106.6

98.5
97.0
108.8
90.8
94.4
81.5
105.9
90.3
107.8
95.9
86.5
94.9
100.9
103.6
106. C

98.5
96.9
108.7
90.8
94.2
89.1
105.4
90.5
107.6
95.8
87.1
94.9
100.4
103.6
105.4

105.7
107.7
104.2
99.7
94.9

105.6
107.9
104.5
103.3
93.6
110.1 111.5
95.6 101.3
90.3 90.3

112.6 111.0
90.9 86.9
122.6 120.2
101.1 101.4
112.0 111.8
114.0 113.0
110.9
114.9
105.4
109.3
105.7
107.7
105.6
108.5
101.9
113.1
123.1
105.7
104.7

111.1 110.0 109.9

158.6
105.1
105.1
120.3 121.2
119.9 121.2
120.8 134.2 141.2
117.5 121.8 124.9
120.1 120.1 119.1 119.1
115.1 115.6 115.1 116.0
102.7 102.6 102.2 102.0
101.9 100.6 99.6 98.5
161.1
105.3
105.2
118.8
118.7

106.4
109.9
107.8
107.0
103.1
108.7
94.2
90.5
119.3
98.5
135.2
101.3
113.8
115.5

98.0 97.9
95.8 95.8
106.8 106.8
90.3 90.5
94.8 94.7
103.8 105.5
102.2 101.9
89.9 89.1
106.8 106.8
94.7 95.1
87. S 88.8
93.4 93.9
99.0 99.0
105.9 106.2
109.5 110.2
110.9 110.9
89.2 90.0

119.8
104.5
109.8
106.3
106.3
113.0
109.8
103.8
114.0
132.6
106.2
105.2
102.4
103.0
106.7
90.1
152.1
105.0
104.3
123.3
122.7
156.4
126.0
119.0
116.6
101.4
97.6

116.5
104.9
109.4
106.1
105.8
105.6
104.7
101.9
112.5
124.1
105.8
104.9

1966

105.5 105.9
108.7 108.9
106.4 105.6
111.0 102.5
91.2 97.3
114.7 110.0
95.1 91.4
89.9 82.3
111.9 117.6
101.8 107.9
116.9 122.9
102.5 101.5
111.5 113.0
112.6 115.4
110.9 110.2
114.8 118.5
104.8 104.8
109.3 110.5
105.7 105.8
115.2 113.1
106.7 107.2
111.3 108.7
102.5 104.6
114.0 114.0
119.2 126.6
105.3 105.8
104.3 104.7

1965
102.5

102.1
98.4
101.8
89.6
100.5
87.2
91.1
103.5
93.5
112.9
97.6
106.7
109.0

101.0
108.5
102.1

109.0
105.7
113.4
100.9
97.0

101.2

113.6
116.3
102.9
102.5

102.2 102.2 102.2 102.1 101.8
102.8 102.6 102.3 102.5 100.2

106.5
90.0
143.8
104.8
104.1
124.1
122.9
161.0
126.6
118.9
115.7
101.5
97.2
112.0 109.4
128.3 128.5
100.3 100.2
97.5 97.4
99.9 100.2
97.9 97.6
95.9 95.8
106.8 106.8
90.4 89.9
94.5 94.3
105.3 101.6
102.6 102.9
88.4 88.4
106.5 106.2
95.1 95.4
89.0 89.5
93.9 94.4
99.0 98.9
106.6 107.7
110.5 112.0
110.7 110.6
91.5 92.2

106.4
89.9
140.9
104.9
104.1
124.7

106.3
90.5
151.6
104.7
104.0
125.1

163.0
125.1
118.9
115.4
100.4
96.9
107.3
128.3

148.8
122.4
118.2
114.4

122.8 120.6

100.2
97.2
98.4
97.7
96.0
106.2
90.2
94.1
102.5
103.6
88.4
106.3
95.4
90.0
94.4
98.7
109.6
113.2
110.4
100.3

100.0

104.3
95.0
134.3
103.7
103.1
122.6 123.0
119.7 109.2
140.8 111.2
121.1 108.1
118.2 110.7
114.4 106.1
101.3 98.9
98.6 96.5
109.8 107.3
129.3 124.1
100.3 100.8
97.5 96.8
99.5 95.9
97.8 97.4
95.7 95.0
106.8 105.4
90.1 89.8
94.5 94.4
102.8 112.7

106.0
89.5
153.6
105.0
104.4

94.9
107.3
129.2
100.3
97.0
97.7
97.6
95.6
106.2
90.4
94.1
104.0
103.3 102.8
88.4 89.0
106.4 106.6
95.4 94.8
90.0 89.2
94.4 93.3
98.7 98.8
108.4 105.6
110.8 108.5
109.6 110.0
102.4 92.8

101.8
88.4
105.3
92.9
90.0
90.0
97.1

101.1
101.9
107.7
92.3

D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PKICES
T able

D-4.

129

Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities—Continued
[1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified]2
1967

1966

A nnual
average

Com m odity group
Apr.
Industrial Commodities—C ontinued
P u lp , paper, and allied p roducts___ ____ _____ ____ _____
P ulp, paper, and products, excluding building paper
and bo ard _________
_ - ____ ___ _________
W oodpulp_____________________________________
W astepaper____ _ . . . ___ ________________________
P aper___
_ _ _ _ _ _ _________ ________ _
Paperboard____________
_____
____
Converted paper and paperboard products____
_ __
_ _
Building paper and bo ard____
M etals and m etal p r o d u c ts ____ ________
_ _ _ _
Iron and stee l.-. __________ _____ _____ ____
N onferrous m etals_____ ________ _ _ ____
_ _ _
___ _
_ _
Metal containers____________
H ardw are________
_
______
_ _____ ___
Plum bing fixtures and brass fittings____ __ _____ _
H eating eq u ip m en t. _ _____. . . ____________ _
Fabricated stru ctu ral m etal p roducts____________
Miscellaneous m etal pro d u cts_______ _______________
M achinery and e q u ip m en t____________________________
A gricultural m achinery and e q u ip m en t_____ _____
Construction m achinery and eq u ip m en t_________
M etalworking m achinery and e q u ip m en t____________
General purpose m achinery and e q u ip m e n t..____
Special in d u stry m achinery and equipm ent (Jan.
1961 = 100)__________________________________
Electrical m achinery and eq u ip m en t_______________
Miscellaneous m achinery__________________________
F u rn itu re and household du rab les_____________________
____________________
Household fu rn itu re_____ _
Commercial fu rn itu re. . ___
_ _ _______
Floor coverings.. . __ _________________ ___ _
H ousehold appliances_______ _
_____ ____ _ _
H om e electronic eq u ip m en t_____________
O ther household durable goods_____________________
N onm etallic m ineral p ro d u cts________________________
F la t glass________________ _ _ ________ ___ _____
Concrete ingredients._
_______
______ .
Concrete products______________
___________ _
S tructural clay products excluding refractories___ _ .
Refractories__________ _________________
_
A sphalt roofing____ __ ____________ ____ _
G ypsum p roducts____ ____________________________
Glass containers________ . . . _______ ___________
O ther nonm etallic m inerals________________________
T ransportation e q u ip m e n t5_________ __________ ______
Motor vehicles and eq u ip m en t______________
Railroad equipm ent (Jan. 1961=100)___ _
Miscellaneous products____________ _______
Toys, sporting goods, small arms, a m m u n itio n .-.
______ _ _
Tobacco products___________________
N otions_____ _■
. . _______ _ ___ .__ _
Photographic equipm ent and supplies______________
O ther miscellaneous p roducts______________________

Mar.

Feb.

Dec. Nov.

Oct. Sept. Aug. Ju ly

June

May

Apr.

1966

103.9 103.6 103.3 103.1 103.0 103.0 103.1 103.1 103.2 103.2 103.0 102.7 102.3 102.6

1965

99.9

104. i
98.0
79.1
109.3
97.3
104.9
92.2
109.1
103.2
120.0
111.5
112.8
110.5
92.0
104.9
113.6
111.6
121.8
121.8
122.9
113.0

104. (
98.0
79.7
108.5
97.3
104.7
92.5
109.4
103.3
121.1
111.5
112.4
110.5
92.2
104.8
113.7
111.5
121.9
121.5
122.6
113.0

103.7
98. C
83.2
108.5
97.3
104.0
92.4
109.6
103.2
122.3
111.5
112.0
110.5
92.3
104.8
113.6
111.2
121.7
121.4
122.2
113.0

103.5
98. C
83. f
108.5
97.3
103.7
92.4
109.4
103. C
121.8
111.5
111.9
110.5
92.6
104.8
113.6
111.1
121.5
121.3
121.9
112.8

103.4
98. (
90.5
108.5
97.2
103.2
92.7
109. C
102. £
120.5
110.2
111.9
110.5
93.4
104.9
113.2
110.7
120.8
121.0
121.8
112.4

103.4
98. C
92.7
108.5
97.2
103.1
93.1
109.0
102.8
121.0
110.2
111.5
110.5
93.4
104.8
113.1
110.2
120.4
120.6
121.5
112.2

103.5
98. C
98. S
108.4
97.2
103. C
93. C
108.6
102.5
120.3
110.1
110.9
110.6
93.3
104.6
112.7
109.4
118.5
119.8
121.1
111.8

103.6 103.6
98. C 98.0
102. £ 106.7
108.4 108.4
97.2 97.2
103.0 102.8
92.7 92.8
108.4 108.5
102.5 102.7
119.9 120.4
110.1 110.1
110.3 110.1
110.6 110.0
92.9 92.5
104.4 104.2
112.4 112.3
108.9 108.5
118.2 118.3
119.4 118.9
120.5 . 119. 5
111.1 110.6

103.6
98.0
113.2
108.2
97.2
102.7
92.7
108.8
102.2
122.9
110.1
109.8
110.0
92.9
104.2
111.2
108.3
118.5
118.9
119.0
110.0

103.4
98.0
112.7
108.0
97.2
102.4
92.4
108.7
102.0
123.2
110.1
109.8
108.5
92.5
104.1
111.2
108.1
118.4
118.9
119.0
109.8

103.1
98.0
112.0
107.1
97.2
102.2
92.4
108.4
101.8
122.5
110.1
109.6
107.9
92.1
103.8
110.9
107.8
118.2
118.9
118.0
109.3

102.7
98.0
110.3
106.0
97.1
102.2
92.4
108.2
102.0
122.1
110.0
108.4
107.1
92.1
103.7
110.9
107.2
118.1
118.5
116.8
108.5

103.0
98.0
105.0
107.3
97.1
102.3
92.6
108.3
102.3
120.9
110.0
109.6
108.4
92.5
103.9
111.6
108.2
118.5
118.9
118.8
109.7

100.2
98.1
99.4
104.1
96.4
99.3
92.7
105.7
101.4
115.2
107.6
106.0
103.1
91.7
101.2
109.4
105.0
115.1
115.3
113.6
105.1

115.8
102.3
108.8
100.6
112.4
109.3
93.1
89.8
83.3
115.7
103.9
103.3
106.0
104.6
109.4
104.9
94.8
102.3
101.0
102.0

115.4
102.2
108.8
100.6
112.4
109.3
93.8
89.8
83.3
115.2
103.8
103.3
105.8
104.5
109.3
104.9
94.8
102.3
Ï01.0
101.8

115.1
101.8
108.7
100.4
112.0
109.3
93.9
89.7
83.5
114.8
103.7
103.3
105.6
104.4
109.3
104.8
94.8
103.5
101.0
101.1

114.8
101.9
108.5
100.4
111.9
108.7
94.1
89.6
83.6
114.8
103.6
103.3
105.8
103.9
109.3
104.8
95.7
103.5
101.0
101.1

114.3
101.5
108.1
100.4
111.8
108.7
96.2
89.2
83.8
114.0
103.3
103.3
104.3
103.9
109.1
104.2
95.7
103.5
101.1
101.3

114.1
100.7
107.8
100.3
111.5
108.0
96.6
89.2
83.8
113.8
103.3
103.3
104.2
103.5
109.3
104.2
97.6
103.5
101.1
101.3

113.9
99.5
107.4
99.7
110.3
107.3
96.6
88.9
83.8
113.6
103.2
102.1
104.3
103.5
108.8
104.2
97.6
102.7
101.1
102.0

113.2
99.2
106.8
99.2
109.8
106.0
96.6
88.7
83.3
112.6
103.0
100.6
103.9
103.6
108.7
103.9
97.6
102.7
99.2
101.8

112.9
99.1
106.6
99.1
109.4
105.8
96.6
88.8
83.1
112.1
102.7
99.7
103.8
103.3
108.7
103.9
97.6
102.7
99.2
101.8

112.2
99.0
106. 5
99.0
109.1
105.8
96.8
89.1
83.5
112.1
102.7
100.3
103.7
103.1
108.5
103.9
97.6
102.7
99.2
101.7

111.8
98.8
106.0
98.9
108.9
105.3
97.1
89.4
83.5
110.4
102.5
100.2
103.6
103.0
108.4
103.9
94.4
102.7
99.2
101.2

110.8
98.9
105.9
98.9
108.9
105.3
97.5
89.4
83.5
110.4
102.4
100.2
103.7
102.7
108.1
103.9
94.4
102.2
99.2
101.7

110.0
98.4
105.7
98.6
108.3
104.1
97.5
89.3
83.5
110.3
102.3
99.5
103.8
102.7
108.1
103.3
94.8
101.4
99.2
101.8

111.8
99.0
106.5
99.1
109.1
105.7
97.0
89.1
83.6
111.6
102.6
100.7
103.9
103.0
108.4
103.7
96.0
102.4
99.9
101.7

108.0
96.8
105.2
98.0
106.2
103.7
97.7
89.2
85.2
108.9
101.7
100.9
103.2
101.5
106.6
103.0
92.8
104.0
98.1
101.3

101.6
102.7
108.0
105.2
110.3

101.6
102.7
107.7
104.0
110.3

101.6
102.7
108.0
105.3
110.3

101.6
102.7
107.9
105.2
110.3

101.7
102.7
107.5
104.8
110.3

101.7
101.0
107.4
104.8

101.7
101.0
107.2
105.0
110.3

100.1
101.0
107.1
104.8
110.3

100.5
101.0
107.1
104.9
110.3

100.7
101.0
107.1
104.5
110.3

100.7
101.0
106.9
103.7
110.3

100.9
101.0
106.8
103.7
110.3

100.2
101.0
106.7
103.7

100.8
101.2
106.8
104.1
109.6
99.8 100.5
110.3
109.9 109.8 108.4 108.4 108.6 108.8 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.9
107.4 107.3 107.2 107.2 106.1 106.0 105.6 105.5 105.5 105.4 105.1 105.0 104.9 105.3

100.7
100.9
104.8
102.7
106.2
99.1
109.2
103.8

110.2
100.8 100.8 100.8 100.8 100.8 100.8 100.8 100.8 100.8 100.8 101.8 100.8 110.2
110.2 110.1
110.1

1As of January 1967, the indexes incorporated a revised weighting structure
reflecting 1963 values of shipments. Changes also were made in the classi­
fication structure, and titles and composition of some indexes were changed.
Titles and indexes in this table conform with the revised classification struc­
ture, and m ay differ from data previously published. See Wholesale Prices
and Price Indexes, January 1967 (final) and February 1967 (final) for a descrip­
tion of the changes.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Jan.

2As of January 1962, the indexes were converted from the former base of
1947-49=100 to the new base of 1957-59=100. Technical details and earlier
data on the 1957-59 base furnished upon request to the Bureau.
3 Not available.
N o t e : For a description of the general method of computing the monthly
Wholesale Price Index, see B L S Handbook of Methods for Surveys and Studies
(BLS Bulletin 1458, October 1966), Chapter 11.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JUNE 1967

130
T able

D-5.

Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings 1
[1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified]2
A nnual
average

1966

1967
C om m odity group

A ll commodities—less farm p roducts----------------------------All foods................... — —— — ............................................ —Processed foods--------- ------------------------------------------------Textile products, excluding hard and bast fiber productsH osiery..................... ...............................................................
U nderwe ar and n i g h t w e a r ------- ------------- ------ ——Refined petroleum p ro d u c ts .---------------------------------------E a st Coast, refined-—. — — --------------------------------M id-C ontinent, refined— ---------------------------------- —
G ulf Coast, refined.........—--------- ----------------- ---------Pacific Coast, refined---------------------------------------- —
M idwest, refined (Jan. 1961=100)--------------- —- --------Pharm aceutical prep aratio n s.- - - - - - - .......................................
L um ber and wood products excluding millwork and other
wood p ro d u c ts 3............................ ...........................................
Special m etals and m etal [products1------------------ ----------M achinery and m otive products----- ----- -------------M achinery and equipm ent, except electrical---- --------- ----A gricultural m achinery, including tracto rs--------------------M etalworking m a c h in ery ..------------------------------------------T o tal tractors—----------------------------- ----------------- ------ --In d u strial valves— —— — — ------ ------------------------------In d u strial fittings----------------- ---------- ------ ------ -----------A brasive grinding wheels —- ------------- --------------------------C onstruction m aterials___________________ ____________

1 See footnote 1 table D-4.
2 See footnote 2 , table D-4!

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec. Nov.

106.2
106.4
108.2
96.7
91.6
108.4
101.7
101.6
103.0
102.5
95.6
94.0
9C. 9

106.3
107.3
108.8
97.0
91.6
107.7
102.4
101.6
103.0
104.1
95.6
94.7
96.4

106.5
108.5
109.9
97.3
91.6
107.5
101.9
101.6
100.9
104.1
95.6
93.4
96.3

106.5
109.5
110.6
97.5
91.4
107.5
100.3
99.9
98.7
102.5
94.8
92.7
96.9

106.3
109.8
110.6
97.5
91.4
107.1
100.2

102.5
107.6
108.5
117.3
123.7
129.5
123.0
122.7
101.7
94.7
104.7

101.9
107.7
108.4
117.2
123.8
129.2
123.1
122.7
101.7
94.7
104.5

102.0
107.9
108.3
117.0
123.7
128.4
123.1
122.7
101.7
94.7
104.4

100.7
107.8
108.2
116.8
123.4
128.1
123.0
122.4
101.7
94.7
104.1

2Formerly titled “ Lumber and wood products, excluding millwork.”


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Oct. Sept. Aug.

Ju ly

June

May

A pr.

1966

1965

97.9
102.5
94.8
92.7
97.1

106.3
110.6
110.7
98.0
91.4
107.1
101.3
98.1
99.5
105.1
94.4
92.7
97.5

106.4
111.3
112.4
98.4
91.4
106.8
101.3
98.1
98.6
105.1
96.4
92.0
97.3

106.6
114.0
113.8
98.6
91.2
106.8
101.0
98.1
100.2
104.9
90.4
93.3
97.2

106.6
112.4
113.8
99.0
91.2
106.8
100.7
96.4
100.2
104.5
90.4
93.3
97.0

106.2
110.9
111.7
99.1
91.5
106.8
99.9
96.4
100.2
102.4
90.4
93.3
96.8

105.8
109.0
110.6
98.8
92.2
107.2
100.2
96.3
100.2
104.1
87.8
93.3
96.6

105.7
109.1
110.5
98.7
92.2
107.2
98.4
96.3
97.1
100.7
89.4
92.0
96.2

105.3
110.2
110.6
98.8
92.8
106.4
97.7
96.3
97.7
100.2
89.4
89.0
96.2

105.8
110.7
111.5
98.5
92.0
106.8
99.5
97.5
98.6
102.2
90.7
92.7
96.8

102.9
104.5
105.1
99.1
93.5
104.6
95.9
95.3
97.6
95.1
90.6
91.7
96.5

100.8
107.5
108.0
116.4
122.7
128.2
122.7
122.1
99.1
94.7
104.0

101.6
107.5
107.7
116.1
122.4
127.8
122.3
121.9
99.1
94.7
104.0

103.7
107.2
107.1
115.5
120.2
127.2
120.7
121.0
100.5
94.7
104.3

105.1
106.6
106.3
114.9
119.9
126.4
120.3
118.8
100.5
94.7
104.3

105.8
106.8
106.2
114.5
120.0
125.2
120.0
118.4
99.1
94.7
104.5

106.4
107.0
106.0
114.1
120.2
124.4
120.0
117.4
94.8
94.1
104.6

107.7
106.9
105.9
113.9
120.1
124.5
120.0
116.7
93.9
93.3
104.8

110.3
106.8
105.8
113.5
120.1
122.8
120.0
115.7
93.9
93.3
105.1

109.0
106.5
105.2
112.8
119.9
121.1
119.6
114.2
92.9
93.3
104.3

105.1
106.7
106.0
114.0
120.3
124.1
120.2
116.3
95.9
93.9
103.9

99.8
104.7
103.7
110.1
116.6
117.4
116.8
105.7
90.8
94.2
100.8

99.9

4 Metals and metal products, agricultural machinery and equipment, and
motor vehicles and equipment.

D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able

D-6.

131

Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by stage of processing and durability of product
[1957-59=100] 2

1967

Commodity group

Apr. Mar.

1966

Feb. Jan.

Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug.

Annual average
July June May Apr.

All commodities.----------------------- ----------------------- 105.3 105.7 106.0 106.2 105.9 105.9 106.2 106.8 106.8 106.4 105.7 105.6 105.5

1966

1965

105.9

102.5

100.8 101.1 103.6 106.1 107.4 107.8 105.6 105.7 106.3
102.3 102.5 106.2 109.9 111.2 109.1 106.0 106.5 107.5
97.4 97.6 98.2 98.9 100.2 105.7 105.1 104.5 104.5

105.3
107.2
101.9

98. 9
98 .8
99.8

Stage o f processing

Crude materials for further processing___ __________ 98.0 99.7 100.8 101.9
Crude foodstuffs and feedstuffs________________ 99.2 101.3 102.7 104.2
Crude nonfood materials except fuel. ___ . . . . . 94.6 95.7 96.5 97.0
Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for
manufacturing______ _________________ 93.6 94.9 95.8 96.3
Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for
c o n s tru c tio n ...______ ________________ 105.6 105.0 104.7 104.7
Crude fuel_______________________ _______ _ 110.2 109.4 109.3 109.4
Crude fuel for m anufacturing_____________ 109.9 109.3 109.2 109.3
Crude fuel for nonmanufacturing .. . ____ 110.6 109.6 109.6 109.7
Intermediate materials, supplies, and components___
Intermediate materials and components for manufacturing_________________________________
Intermediate materials for food manufacturing.
Intermediate materials for nondurable manufacturing_________ ______ _____________
Intermediate materials for durable manufacturing... _______________ . . . . _____
Components for manufacturing____________
Materials and components for construction_____
Processed fuels and lubricants........ .......................
Processed fuels and lubricants for manufacturing------------------------------------------------Processed fuels and lubricants for nonmanufacturing...
__________ ____________
Containers__________ ________ ___________
Supplies_______________ _ ________ ______
Supplies for manufacturing________________
Supplies for nonmanufacturing_____________
Manufactured animal feeds____________
Other supplies______________________
Finished goods (goods to users, including raw foods
and fuels)______________ . __________________
Consumer finished goods__ _____ ______ . . .
Consumer foods______ . _. ______
_____
Consumer crude foods________________
Consumer processed foods
_____ . ...
Consumer other nondurable goods_______ ..
Consumer durable goods_____________ ____
Producer finished goods______________________
Producer finished goods for manufacturing___
Producer finished goods for nonmanufacturing-

96.8

97.0

97.7

98 5

100.0

106.1 105.4 104.7 104.7

101.8

99.5

104.3
109.7
109.6
109.9

104.3
108.9
108.9
109.1

104.3
108.1
108.1
108.3

103.9
107.0
107.0
107.2

103.8
106.2
106.2
106.4

103.7
105.5
105.5
105.6

103.9
104.0
103.9
104.2

103.9
106.4
106.3
106.6

103.2
103.3
103.2
103.5

105.5 105.5 105.5 105.6 105.4 105.3 105.3 105.6 105.8 105.4 104.9 104.8 104.3

104.8

104.6 104.6 104.8 104.7 104.5 104.4 104.3 104.6 104.8 104.4 104.1 104.1 103.7
108.1 108.7 109.0 110.1 110.9 111.2 111.6 113.6 114.8 111.9 110.0 109.8 110.1

104.0
111.3

102.2
102. 0

99.1

99.1

99.3

99.3

99.2

107.7
107.9
104.9
102.5

107.7
107.9
104.8
102.7

107.9
107.6
104.7
102.5

107.6
107.5
104.4
102.3

107.1
107.1
104.3
101.9

99.2

99.5

99.8

100.1 100.2 100.0

107.6
106.6
110.5
108.0
111.0 110.9
105.8 105.5
101.3 101.3
110.6 110.5 110.2
114.3 114.0 113.7
106.9 106.8 106 6
107.7
106.6
110.3
106.0

106.6
98.7

107.0 106.8 106.8 106.9 106.6 106.7 106.8 106.6
106.6 105.9 105.5 105.4 105.1 105.0 104.8 104.1
104.3 104.5 104.6 104.6 104.5 104.5 104.8 104.3
102.5 102.6 102.1 102.1 101.7 101.8 100.7 100.3

106.6
104.9
104.1
101.4

104.6
101.3
101.4
99.5

101.9 101.7

102.5

101.0

98.7
105.1
109.5
108.9
109.2
116.0
103.0

97.9
105.1
108.3
108.3
107.6
112.4

99.4
104.9
110.7
108.9
110.7
119.5
103.4

107.0 106.4 106.2 106.3
106.4 105.7 105.6 105.9
109.6 110.7
111.2 109.5
106.0 99.3 99.9 107.8

106.9

103.6

103.8

104.6

102.9

105.7
105.1
105.1
105.6
104.6
107.0
110.1 113.9
105.6 106.6

106.0
105.6
105.7
106.0
105.3
106.5
109.0
106.4

102.8 102.8
99.9 100.2
105.1 105.1
112.7 110.0

109.6
113.3
125.0
105.2 105.3 104.8 104.5 104.2 104.0 103.9 104.3 104.6 104.1
107.6
106.5
109.3
103.1
110.4
106.3
101.3

99.7

99.5

100.6 101.1 100.6 100.3 99.8 100.8 100.9 100.5 100.4
106.6 106.4 106.0 105.9 105.3 105.2 105.1 104.9 104.9
111.4 111.8 111.6 112.9 112.6 111.6 111.5 112.8 113.3
110.4 110.1 109.7 109.5 109.2 109.5 109.5 109.7 109.5
111.1 111.7 111.7 113.6 113.3 111.8 111.6 113.4 114.1
115-9 117.8 118.8 124.9 124.8 121.2 120.9 125.0 126.3
107.2
106.0
107.9
100.5
109.2
106.4
101.3
110.8 110.7
114.7 114.5
107.0 107.0

103.7
105.0
105.0
105.2

99.4

103.6 103.7 103.7 103.6 103.2 103.4 103.5 103.1 103.1

107.0
105.7
106.9
97.8
108.6
106.4
101.3

103.6
105.3
105.3
105.5

107.8 107.8 108.1 107.5
107.0 107.2 107.8 107.1
111.3 112.2 114.5 112.8
112.7 108.1 116.6 105.3
111.0 112.8 114.2 114.0
105.7 105.5 105.4 105.2
101.2 100.9 100.0 100.1
109.8 109.1 108.4 108.3
113.4 112.7 112.0 111.7
106.1 105.4 104.8 104.7

109.2
109.7
116.9
103.4

102.8

97.1

102.1
106.0
106.1
105.4
109.7
100.9

106.4
102.8
111.2 104.5
106.5
1
00. 2
112.0 111.1 111.1 111.2 112.0 105.2
105.0 104.9 104.5 104.3
104.8
1
02.8
100.1 100.2 99.8 100.2 99.6
100.2 107.9
107.6 107.0
108.1
108.0
105.4
111.4 111.2 110.8 110.0 111.3
108.0
Ì04. 7 104.6 104.4

Durability of product

Total durable goods______ . ______________ _____
Total nondurable goods... ________________ _ ___
Total manufactures______ . . . . . . . ____ . . . ___
Durable manufactures.__________ _ .. _______
Nondurable manufactures__________________
Total raw or slightly processed goods___ . . . . .. ...
Durable raw or slightly processed goods_____
Nondurable raw or slightly processed goods...
1 See footnote 1, table D-4.
2 See footnote 2, table D -4.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

107.6
103.7
106.2
107.8
104.6

107.6
104.2
106.3
107.7
104.8
102.5

107.6
104.7
106.4
107.7
105.1
101.0
103.6
99.2 102.0 103.4
101.1 102.4 103.6

107.4
105.2
106.4
107.5
105.3
104.7
104.1
104.7

107.1
104.9
106.2
107.2
105.2
104.0
103.9
104.1

106.9
105.1
106.2
107.0
105.3
104.7
106.3
104.6

106.6
105.8
106.3
106.7
105.8
106.0
105.6
106.0

106.2
107.1
106.4
106.3
106.5
108.4
104.4
108.7

106.2
107.0
106.4
106.3
106.5
108.2
105.0
108.4

106.2
106.4
106.0
106.1
105.8
108.2
112.4
108.0

106.2
105.2
105.6
106.1
105.1
105.8
112.4
105.4

106.1
105.0
105.5
106.1
104.8
105.8

103.7
101.5

102.8
103.7
101.9
100.7
104.7

ICO. 5

N o t e : F or description of the series b y stage of processing, see Wholesale
Prices and Price Indexes, Jan u a ry 1967 (final) and F ebruary 1967 (final);
and b y d u rability of product and d a ta beginning w ith 1947, see Wholesale
Prices and Price Indexes, 1957 (BLS B ulletin 1235, 1958).

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JUNE 1967

132

E.—Work Stoppages
T able E - l .

Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes 1
Workers involved in stoppages

Number of stoppages
Month and year

1945

1945
1947
iq4^
1949
1959

'

07

1951
1959

I 953
IQ54

Beginning in
month or year

_ _______ ___ ___ ________ _____
______ _______ _____ ___
_ ____ _______________ _
_ _____ ______ ___________
_ _________________ __________
_ _ __ ___ ______ ____ __ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ ___
__ ______ _________ ______
___ _____ ____ _ __________
__ __________ _____- - ___ _
_ ___________ _ __________
_ ____________________ __
____________ ____ ________
- - ____ _______ __________
_ ____
____ ____
________ ______ _ _____

1955
IQ5 R
1957

1958
1959

]Q50
1901
19fi2
1Q03
1Qfi4
1905

_______ _____________ __
______________ ________
____________ ________
_
_____
_________ ____
___ ______ _ ___ _

_

In effect dur­
ing month

2,862
3,573
4 ,750
4,985
3,693
3,419
3,606
4,843
4,737
5,117
5,091
3,468

Beginning in
month or year

1,130,000
2 ; 380,000
3,470,000
4,600,000
2,170,000
1,960,000
3,030,000
2,410,000
2 , 220,000
3,540,000
2,400,000
1,530,000

4,320
3,825
3| 673
3,694
3,708
3i 333
3,367
3,614
3 ; 362
3,655
3,963
233
241
364
442
376
416
306
336
346
238
146

375
375
399
529
651
586
639
556
574
584
469
346

53,300
80,600
79,300
140,000
192,000
124,000
126,000
73,100
374,000
214,000
141,000
42,000

1965: J a n u a r y -------------------------------- ------------------------

244
208
329
390
450
425
416
388
345
321
289
158

404
393
511
603
669
677
702
685
631
570
505
371

98,800
45,100
180,000
141,000
127,000
268,000
156,000
109,000
155,000

205
240
310
350
480
430
420
440
380
390
320
150

335
380
450
500
640
660
660
700
620
630
550
360

1 0 1 ,0 0 0

107,000
198,000
228,000
208,000
150,000
235,000
108,000
117, 000
193,000
114,000
32,700

440
465
575

98,000
106,000
141,000

F e b r u a r y -------------------- ------- . . - --- ----------M a rc h ----- ------------ ------------- . . .
A p ril ____ _____
- .. . . . ---- --------------- - -M a y ____________ - -------- -- - - ------------ -----J u n e ______________ --------------- --------- -J u ly _____ ________________________________________
A u g u st -------------------- ----------------------------------S e p te m b e r ------- --------------------------------- - - - -O cto b e r___________ _____ . . . . ------------------- —
N o v e m b e r -------------------- ------------------------ -----D e c e m b e r ------------ -------------------------

1966: J a n u a r y 2 ________

_________________________

F e b r u a r y 2-----------------------------------------------------M a rc h 2-------------------------------------------------A p r i l 2-------- -------------------------- ------- ------------M a y 2. --------------------------------------------------J u n e 2______ .
. . ------- - . ------------ . . .
----------------------------------- -------J u l y 2------A u g u s t2_____________________________________
S e p te m b e r 2-------- --------------- ------------------O c to b e r 2. . . . . _______________________ ______
N o v e m b e r 2_ ____________ ___________________

December 2__________________ .

1967: J a n u a r y 2_____ .

.

_____

------------------- - ---------

F e b ru a ry 2_ ______
_________
_________
M a rc h 2____________________ ________ ________

211

275
325
430

i T h e d a ta in clu d e all k n o w n s trik e s or lo ck o u ts in v o lv in g 6 w o rk ers or
m ore a n d la stin g a full d a y or sh ift or longer. F ig u res on w o rk ers in v o lv e d
a n d m a n -d a y s idle cover all w o rk ers m a d e idle for as long as 1 sh ift in e s ta b ­
lis h m e n ts d ire c tly in v o lv e d in a sto p p ag e. T h e y do n o t m easu re th e in d ire c t


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

/

1 0 1 ,0 0 0

140,000
24,300

Number

Percent of
estimated
working time

16,900,000
39,700,000
38,000,000
116,000,000
34,600,000
34,100,000
50,500,000
38,800,000
22,900,000
59,100,000
28,300,000

22,600,000
28,200,000
33,100,000
16,500,000
23,900,000
69,000,000
19,100,000
16,300,000
18,600,000
16,100,000
22,900,000
23,300,000

2,650, 000
1,900,000
1,390,000
2,060,000
1,880,000
1,320,000
1,450,000
1,230,000
941,000
1,640,000
1,550,000

F e b ru a ry ___ . . . ------- ------- --------------------M a r c h .. . . . --------- -- ---------------------- - -A p r il.. . . .
___
...
. ---------------------M a y ____________________ ______ _____ ________
J u n e _________________________________________ ____ J u ly .......................- _____ ____________________ ____
A u g u s t. ------------------- ---------------------------------S e p te m b e r_________________________________________
O cto b e r --- --------- ------------------------------------N o v e m b e r ___________________________________
D e c e m b e r. ......................................... .............................

1964: J a n u a r y _____________________________________

In effect dur­
ing month

Man-days idle during month
or year

91,400
116,000
123,000
187,000
249,000
2 2 2 ,0 0 0

195,000
133,000
432,000
549,000
274,000
149,000
183,000
149,000
274,000
194,000
2 0 1 ,0 0 0

354,000
334,000
229,000
250,000
209,000
192,000
75,800
127,000
142, 000
236,000
379,000
294,000
243, 000
299,000
331,000
221, 000
260, 0 0 0
2 2 1 ,0 0 0

148,000
190,000
151,000
2 0 2 ,0 0 0

898,000
1,040,000
816,000
1,170,000
2,400,000
1,900,000
1, 740,000
1, 2 0 0 ,0 0 0
2,390,000
6,590,000
1, 730,000
1,060,000

0.27
.46
.47
1.43
.41
.37
.59
.44
.23
.57
.26
.2 1

.26
.29
.14
.2 2

.61
.17
.14
.16
.13
.18
.18
.09
.1 1

.08
.1 1

.24
.18
.15
.1 2

.23
.61
.17
.1 0

1,740,000
1,440,000
1,770,000
1,840,000
1,850,000
2 , 590,000
3,670,000
2,230,000
2 , 1 1 0 ,0 0 0
1, 770,000
1,380,000
907,000

.18
.15
.16
.17
.19
.23
.34

1 , 0 0 0 ,0 0 0

.09
.09

865, 000
1,350,000
2,450,000
2,870,000
1,950,000
2,980,000
3,420, 000
1,950, 000
2, 290, 000
2,170,000
1,810,000
1,270,000
1,280,000
1,490,000

.2 0
.2 0

.16
.13
.08

. 11

.23
.26
. 17
.28
.28
.17
.2 0

.19
.16
.1 1
.1 2
.1 2

or seco n d ary effect on o th e r e sta b lis h m e n ts or in d u s trie s w h o se em ployees
are m a d e id le as a re s u lt of m a te ria l or service shortages.
2 P re lim in a ry .

U .S . GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1967—0 -2 6 0 -9 3 7

New Publications Available
For Sale
Order sale publications from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office,
Washington, D.C. 20402. Send check or money order, payable to the Superintendent of Documents.
Currency sent at sender’s risk. Copies may also be purchased from any of the Bureau’s regional offices.
(See inside front cover for the addresses of these offices.)

BLS Bulletin 1484: Wage Chronology: Firestone Tire and Rubber Co. and B. F.
Goodrich Co. (Akron Plants), 1937-66. 36 pp. 30 cents.
BLS Bulletin 1497: Labor Digests on Countries in Europe. 160 pp. 60 cents.
BLS Bulletin 1501: Employee Earnings and Hours in Retail Trade, June 1965. 89 pp.
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BLS Bulletin 1522: Wage Chronology: Lockheed-Calif. Co. (A Division of Lockheed
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BLS Bulletin 1523: Job Redesign for Older Workers: Ten Case Studies. 63 pp. 40 cents.
Area Wage Surveys:
BLS Bulletins—
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1530-36: San Francisco-Oakland, Calif., Metropolitan Area, January 1967.
34 pp. 30 cents.
1530-37: Indianapolis, Ind., Metropolitan Area, December 1966. 23 pp. 25 cents.
1530-39: Jacksonville, Fla., Metropolitan Area, January 1967. 30 pp. 25 cents.
1530-40: Memphis, Tenn.-Ark., Metropolitan Area, January 1967. 22 pp. 25 cents.
1530-41: New Haven, Conn., Metropolitan Area, January 1967. 22 pp. 25 cents.
BLS Bulletin 1534: Wage Chronology: International Paper Co., Southern Kraft
Division, 1937-67. 23 pp. 25 cents.
BLS Bulletin 1539: Labor Digests on Countries in Africa. 174 pp. $1.25.
Labor Issues in the Mid-60’s. 73 pp. 50 cents.

For Limited Free Distribution
Single copies of the reports listed below arc furnished without cost as long as supplies permit.
Write to Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, D.C. 20212, or to any of
the Bureau’s regional offices. (Sec inside front cover for the addresses of these offices.)

BLS Report 314: Indexes of Output per Man-Hour: Aluminum Rolling and Drawing
Industry, 1958-65, December 1966. 20 pp.
Major Collective Bargaining Agreement Expirations, 1967. 51 pp.


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