Full text of Monthly Labor Review : June 1964, Vol. 87, No. 6
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Manpower Needs in Teaching
Labor Force and Employment, 1963
The National Apprenticeship Program
Personnel in the Atomic Energy Field
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
r©
W. Willard Wirtz , Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
E
w an
C
R
obert
H. M . D
W.
P
D
aul
lague
J.
M
outy
uane
R. K
E
,
Commissioner of Labor Statistics
Deputy Commissioner of Labor Statistics
y ers,
,
Associate Commissioner for Program Planning and Publications
v a n s,
Associate Commissioner for Systems Analysis and Economic Growth
ersch ba u m
,
Associate Commissioner for Management and Field Operations
J ack A lterman, Deputy Associate Commissioner for Economic Growth
Gertrude B ancroft, Special Assistant to the Commissioner
A rnold E. C hase, Assistant Commissioner for Prices and Living Conditions
J oseph P. G oldberg, Special Assistant to the Commissioner
H arold G oldstein, Assistant Commissioner for Manpower and Employment Statistics
L eon G reenberg , Assistant Commissioner for Productivity and Technological Developments
P eter H enle , Deputy Associate Commissioner for Program Planning and Publications
R ichard F. J ones, Deputy Associate Commissioner for Management
W alter G. K eim , Deputy Associate Commissioner for Field Operations
L awrence R. K lein , Chief, Division of Publications
H yman L. L ewis, Economic Consultant to the Commissioner
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F rank S. M cE lroy, Chief, Division of Industrial Hazards
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Monthly Labor Review
U N ITED STATES DEPARTM ENT OF LABOR • BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
L awrence R. K lein , Editor-in-Chief
CONTENTS
Special Articles
625
633
639
645
654
An Assessment of Apprenticeship: IV. The National Apprenticeship Program:
Unfinished Business
Scientific and Technical Personnel in Atomic Energy
A New Look at Manpower Needs in Teaching
Special Labor Force Report: Labor Force and Employment in 1963
The UAW’s 19th Constitutional Convention
Summaries of Studies and Reports
657
663
671
673
677
680
Papers From the IRRA Spring Meeting
Five Case Studies of Displaced Workers
The Changing Status of Negro Women Workers
Earnings in Cotton Textile Mills, May 1963
Earnings in Synthetic Textile Mills, May 1963
Wage Chronology: Lockheed Aircraft Corp., California Company—Supple
ment No. 6—1963-64
Departments
ii
h i
686
690
692
698
711
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This Issue in Brief
The Labor Month in Review
Significant Decisions in Labor Cases
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Developments in Industrial Relations
Book Reviews and Notes
Current Labor Statistics
June 1964 • Vol. 87 • No. 6
This Issue in Brief. . .
A n agglomeration of activities cutting across
various industrial classifications, the atomic en
ergy field at present is largely occupied by work
in three types of facilities—laboratory and re
search, defense production, and reactor and com
ponent design and manufacture. These and other
areas of activity, and their personnel require
ments, are analyzed by Harold S. Liebling and
Allan Katz in /Scientific and Technical Personnel
in Atomic Energy (p. 633). Nearly 40 percent
of persons in nuclear research in 1963 were scien
tists, engineers, and technicians. Demand for
workers in these occupations will grow rapidly
with the anticipated increase in nuclear research
over the next few years.
continued economic expansion in 1963, the
seasonally adjusted U.S. unemployment rate aver
aged 5.7 percent, practically unchanged from
1962. However, Susan S. Holland’s study of the
Labor Force and Employment in 1963 (p. 645) re
veals some improvement in the employment
situation of adult men, especially those who are
married. In addition to current labor force and
employment data, the study makes meaningful
comparisons of current developments with those
of other recent periods, particularly the 1956-57
expansion, and with long-term projections.
D espite
A rticles appearing in the January, February, and
April issues of the Review have appraised exist
ing apprenticeship programs, evaluated the meas
ures of their effectiveness, and traced out the net
work of regulations governing them. To cap the
series, David Christian {The National Apprentice
ship Program: Unfinished Business, p. 625) en
gages the policy questions raised by the previous
writers and sets out some methods for expanding
apprenticeship’s scope and power in the occupa
tions “showing potential for expansion.”
h
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primary and secondary schools
have suffered from a shortage of qualified teachers
since World War II, but the future holds a prom
ise of improvement, says Maxine G. Stewart in
A New Look at Manpower Needs in Teaching (p.
639). The 1964-65 school year will mark the peak
in teacher demand, necessitating recruitment of
about 210,000 teachers to take care of the rapid en
rollment increase caused by the baby boom of mid1940’s. The steadily diminishing overall deficit
in teacher supply may be wiped out by 1975, when
the persistent shortage of elementary teachers is
expected to be offset by a more-than-adequate
number of secondary school teachers.
T h e N ation ’s
Following are some recent key statistics from continuing
B L S series. See Current Labor Statistics, pp. 711-748.
Total civilian labor force (in thousands)_______________
Employment..................................................................
Unemployment_______________________________
Unemployment rate (seasonally adjusted)(percent).............
74,742
71,101
3,640
5.1
73,127
69,061
4,066
5.9
Earnings of production workers in manufacturing
(.preliminary):
Average hourly earnings________________________
Average weekly hours__________________________
Average overtime hours_________________________
$2.53
40.7
3.0
$2.45
40.5
2.8
118.1
114.9
107.8
107.8
108.0
____
____
106.2
April
Index of average hourly earnings of production workers in
manufacturing (excluding overtime and interindustry
shifts) (1957-69=100)........................................................
Consumer Price Index (1967-59=100)
Revised series (including single workers)___________
Revised series (excluding single workers)___________
Old series (excluding single workers)______________
Five Case Studies of Displaced Workers (p. 663),
based on recent Bureau of Labor Statistics studies
and summarized by Herbert Hammerman, shows
that of nearly 3,000 displaced workers only 2 out
of 3 were reemployed at the study dates. Fur
thermore, very few of these workers—previously
employed in petroleum refining, automotive equip
ment, glass jar, and floor covering plants and iron
foundries—were able to secure jobs in the same in
dustry and a majority received lower hourly earn
ings. Also scrutinized in the studies were the
obstacles to mobility, measures employed by the
plants to prevent displacement or help workers
obtain new jobs, characteristics of those displaced,
and the far-reaching effects of these displacements.
The Labor Month
in Review
Comprehensive Manpower
and Employment Planning
draw size
able attention during this period of fast labor
force growth and a high rate of unemployment,
which coexists with persistent shortages of cer
tain highly skilled manpower. Since the dis
cussions which attended the passage of the
Employment Act of 19465 there has been in
creasing concern with questions of policy on these
matters. Late in April, the Senate Subcom
mittee on Employment and Manpower of the
Committee on Labor and Public Welfare issued
a 148-page report, following a year’s study of
what it terms the Manpower Revolution, which
has two themes: how to go about developing
coordinated manpower and employment policies
and what those policies should be. Plagued by
such questions as the following,
M anpower and employment problems
. . . Was the U.S. economy experiencing a manpower
revolution which demanded further and even more imagi
native action? A coherent manpower policy was in its
infancy, but was manpower policy alone sufficient?
Had the Employment Act of 1946 established an ade
quate employment policy for the Nation? The Area
Redevelopment Act and the Public Works Acceleration
Act had been more directly related to employment levels
than to manpower considerations. Yet they had not been
proposed explicitly as amplifications of employment
policy. Had the time arrived to reappraise the Em
ployment Act of 1946, defining and providing measures
for realization of its goals? Must further steps be
taken to integrate employment and manpower policies
as twin elements of overall economic policy?
the subcommittee, headed by Senator Joseph S.
Clark, ended up with a clearly written examina
tion of the issues and some thoughtful proposals.
A minority report, approving of many of the
committee’s recommendations, sounds “a note of
caution, however, least an active labor market
policy becomes a means of coercion and control
of freedom of choice of America’s working men
and women and its employers.”
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T hat a work -oriented society will continue to
exist in the foreseeable future is one of the postu
lates from which the report examines manpower
and employment issues. The majority was not
convinced of the validity of the views of those
witnesses who believe the economy is on the verge
of a breakthrough in automation and data
processing that would make reliance on present
trends misleading. Some of these witnesses
thought not only blue-collar workers but whitecollar workers and middle management would be
replaced by electronic and mechanical devices.
While in such a situation the “mass of people . . .
would be furnished income and activity as a sub
stitute for employment,” this view also envisions
an opportunity for wide expansion of creative
activity in the humanities and the sciences.
Nor was the committee persuaded by those who
held a somewhat more sanguine view concerning
problems posed by automation, but who believe
that demands for goods and services are so near
satiation that only the public sector of the econ
omy offers hope for sufficient expansion to ade
quately employ the labor force now and in the
future.
The report takes the view that we are creative
and imaginative enough to successfully deal with
the problems of the new technology and the op
portunities offered by it, and makes clear that the
choices involved should be decided upon on “the
needs of humanity and not merely the economic
search for an outlet for surplus resources.”
R ecognizing that “the establishment of overall
economic goals and projections have been advo
cated in this country at least since 1945 with little
effect,” the majority report argues that European
experience has shown that setting policy on rates
of employment growth and price stability without
involving government in the market process may
result in more rather than less economic freedom.
It asserts that once assured of full employment and
production, labor and management in these coun
tries have been less given to restrictive practices
or monopolistic tendencies in their own defense
and thus have required a lesser degree of govern
ment control.
It recommends that the President’s economic
report estimate the size of the labor force, the GNP
necessary for full employment, and the likely GNP
without a change in government policies. The
Council of Economic Advisors should take the
hi
IV
lead “along with other agencies” in preparing
longer range projections. Finding that primary
responsibility was placed with the Secretary of
Labor by Title I of the Manpower Development
and Training Act, the subcommittee majority
urges that the leadership for manpower policy
formulation and program formulation reside
there even more firmly than now.
Generally, the committee supports and makes
recommendations for strengthening the Admin
istration’s poverty program and other current and
proposed policies on employment and manpower.
Both the majority and minority members recom
mend, for example, the development of more flex
ible methods of varying tax levels and improve
ment of unemployment insurance, listing several
alternatives which have been put forth in recent
years. Some of the committee recommendations
that have had less mention, but which would repay
exposure and argument, are briefly stated below.
I n approaching employment policy , the commit
tee asserts that “traditionally, we have taken the
structure of the demand for labor as given, and
required the labor supply to adjust to the demand.
With rapid technological change and our present
accumulation of hard-core unemployment, sensible
policy requires that we seek to create some jobs
which fit the more disadvantaged portions of the
labor force.”
The subcommittee concludes that both area
redevelopment and accelerated public works are
inadequate in such chronically disadvantaged areas
as Appalachia and the forest and mining areas of
Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan, and that
they require a regional approach to a major de
velopmental program as contemplated by the rec
ommendations made by the President’s Appala
chian Regional Commission. Stating that local
leadership is one of the most critical resources
lacking in these areas, the report urges the culti
vation and encouragement of local talent in order
to make planning effective.
A paper presented at the May meeting of the
Industrial Relations Research Association on
“Factors Affecting Retraining in West Virginia”
(where retraining antedated Federal retraining
legislation) stresses the significance of local lead
ership in this field. But so far, little is known of
the actual workings of the local manpower com
mittees set up under the Area Redevelopment Act
and the Manpower Development and Training Act
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
and the first regional committee, in the Far West,
was set up early in May.
Believing that even after optimum programs for
meeting the employment needs of older workers
some will remain permanently unemployed, the
subcommittee members recommend older worker
allowances to bridge the gap between employment
and retirement. Allowances would be available
to those over 55 who have had a substantial at
tachment to the labor force, have exhausted their
unemployment insurance benefits, or have been un
employed at least a year and are not yet eligible
for social security benefits.
for devel
oping our manpower for full employment proceed
from the premise that “a truly free economy will
offer freedom of occupational choice as well as
freedom for investors and consumers.” The re
port’s proposals on broadening educational op
portunities include providing “superior schools
capable of compensating for environmental de
ficiencies” in deprived neighborhoods and workstudy and loan programs for college students.
The subcommitte suggests that since vocational
school graduates are trained without cost to their
employers, the Department of Labor should ex
plore possibilities of subsidizing apprenticeship
and on-the-job training.
An article beginning on page 625 of this issue,
which dicusses the role of the Federal Government
in apprenticeship, adds some background to the
subcommittee recommendations for augmenting
the staff and the budget of the Bureau of Appren
ticeship and Training to enable it to fulfill its
newly assigned Manpower Development and
Training Act role in addition to its more tradi
tional responsibility, and for studying apprentice
ship recruiting methods, comparative costs of
alternative methods of skill acquirement, the ap
propriate length of apprenticeship by craft, and
methods of expanding apprenticeship and on-thejob training.
Among its recommendations for broadening the
adaptability of the labor force and improving
our ability to meet potential worker displacement
before it occurs, the subcommittee proposes that
“the U.S. Employment Service be given funds to
make tuition grants for part-time vocational and
technical education to employees in danger of
unemployment or who could profit vocationally
from upgraded skills.
T h e subcommittee recommendations
An Assessment of Apprenticeship
E ditor’s N ote.—The
'preceding articles in this series have described and eval
uated the current condition of apprenticeship. This concluding article
discusses governmental approaches to the apprenticeship system of
training.
IV. The N ational Apprenticeship Program: Unfinished Business
D avid E. Christian *
I m p l i c i t l y m o r e t h a n e x p l i c i t l y the preceding
articles in this series have left an image of an ap
prenticeship program largely moribund, declining
in size and importance in an epoch in which public
interest in skill development and public appropri
ations for training have soared to new heights.
Is this a fair picture? Is it the whole story?
What is the governmental program? To round
out the series, this article presents an insider’s view
of the answer to these questions. Where decisions
remain to be made, the key choices are discussed.
These evaluations and interpretations are based
upon certain premises:
First, skill development which combines instruc
tion in theory with actual practice and controlled
experience on the job is the best means of skill
Development for occupations beyond the routinely
manipulative. For this and other reasons we seek
to refine, improve, and extend apprenticeship con
cepts rather than scuttle them.
Second, in the range of skills normally con
sidered apprenticeable, the essence of apprentice
ship is employment. It is through actual employ
ment that most of the craft is learned, and without
employment opportunities there can be few ap
prenticeship opportunities. Thus, trends in ap
prenticeship must be interpreted in terms of trends
in employment. Most importantly, this means
that although trade schools can train for future
needs—without knowing exactly when the jobs will
materialize—apprenticeship often cannot. There
must be a job before the apprentice can be put on.
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Finally, the following discussion treats as axio
matic the proposition that apprenticeship shall
be open to all, without discrimination. While
there may yet remain some pockets of resistance to
this concept, the national consensus has been
reached and the national decision has been made.1
As interpreted by the Department of Labor,
the national apprenticeship program has a double
objective. It seeks a major expansion in the total
volume of apprenticeship training, restoring it to
a major place in the total skill-development proc
ess, and it seeks equality of opportunity among
all young people to gain access to apprentice
training. Neither of these ends is subordinate to
the other, and neither is likely to be attained with
out major progress in the other.
Debate, however, revolves not so much around
these objectives as around the means by which they
should be sought. To understand the means, we
must first reach some common understanding as
to the character of the need for expansion.
The Need for Expansion
In important respects the need for expanding
apprenticeship is not so much a question of size
of employer requirements as it is a question of
optimum development of the individual worker.
The young man starting his working life has much
♦A ssistant Manpower Adm inistrator, now on leave to serve as
consultant to the Ford Foundation in M alaysia.
1 John F. Henning, “Expanding Apprenticeship for all Amer
icans,” T h e A m e ric a n F e d e r a tio n is t, July 1963.
625
626
to gain by being prepared broadly and certified as
a craftsman rather than as a single-function opera
tive. Possession of a recognized craft is an asset
of considerable psychological as well as economic
value to the individual—the more so as technolog
ical change accelerates. This may well be true even
if the supply of craftsmen should moderately out
run the jobs in which possession of the skill is a
minimum requirement. Similarly, from the em
ployers’ and the consumers’ points of view, it may
often seem desirable to use craftsmen in a mate
rially higher proportion of jobs than is absolutely
essential.
Where there is a margin of doubt as to the ap
propriate volume of training, therefore, a case can
be made for resolving it in favor of the higher
alternative. For most trades, this case is but
tressed by considerations of quality of craftsman
ship. Recent studies confirm that only a minority
of journeymen—averaging 40 percent in the case
of construction trades—have learned their skill
through formal training programs.2 The others
have developed varying degrees of skill by less
systematic methods, and the variation in the qual
ity of craftsmanship is widely believed to reflect
inadequacy of the haphazard skill-development
methods.
On balance, however, there are better reasons—
rooted in established wage differentials, pres
ervation of valuable craft institutions, and the
individual frustrations involved in redundancy—
for following the course of caution in developing
craftsmen beyond reasonable estimates of the
number that can be employed as craftsmen.3 This
need for caution is increased by the acceleration of
technological developments, some of which
threaten to reduce the need for entire crafts.
Where then are the potentials for apprenticeship
expansion? Although a full answer requires that
each craft be analyzed individually, certain gen
eralizations are useful.
The first possibility for expansion is among the
skilled trades of persistent labor shortage. There
have been a number of shortage crafts recently.
The “tool room skills” are an example, appearing
consistently on the USES list of occupations in
interstate recruitment. In this case, the national
apprenticeship program has apparently not proven
quantitatively adequate. In these crafts showing
stringency of supply, there is strong presumption
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
in favor of expanding the output of apprentices
through program expansion or acceleration.
A second group of crafts showing potential for
expansion are those in which apprenticeship has
never become solidly established. Department of
Labor analyses indicate that, although there are
90 trades regarded as apprenticeable, 80 percent
of the registered apprentices are found in just 21
of them. In the other 69, barely 30,000 registered
apprentices are reported in the entire Nation.
The precise reasons for this failure of the ap
prenticeship system to expand laterally are not
known. It may often be simply because there was
no craft union—or other organization with ap
propriate jurisdiction and authority—to define,
organize, and enforce craft standards. In these
occupations, including most of the repair trades,
shortages and common deficiencies in quality of
workmanship attest to the need for major expan
sion both in apprenticeship and in skill improve
ment training. These must be primary targets of
a revitalized and expanded apprenticeship effort.
A third group of jobs offering potential for
expansion is the group ranging vertically around
those occupations in which the apprenticeship
principle is applied. Need for such extensions has
recently been expressed regarding both the highly
skilled specialists in fields not as broad as the
recognized crafts and members of the broader
“technician” band of occupations.
Another group of skilled trades requiring spe
cial mention are those with persistent higher-thannormal unemployment. Many of the construction
trades fall in this category. In these trades there
have been few labor shortages arguing for appren
ticeship expansion; and the weight of unemployed
journeymen demanding jobs exerts substantial
pressure for contracting the number of apprentice
jobs.
The fact of unemployment brings about a com
bination of circumstances in which an apprentice
ship system finds it most difficult to expand or
even to maintain present levels of apprentice em2 See M a n p o w er R e p o r t o f th e P r e s id e n t an d a R e p o r t on M an
p o w e r R e q u ire m e n ts, R eso u rces, U tiliz a tio n , a n d T ra in in g , b y th e
U .8. D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r, T r a n s m itte d to th e C on gress M arch
1964 (pp. 71, 25 7 ). Some part of the high proportion not for
m ally trained may still represent the craft unions’ positive re
sponse to war emergency expansion requirements.
* As suggested earlier, the number that can be employed as
craftsm en may well be m aterially higher than minimum require
m ents for craftsmen.
627
AN ASSESSMENT OF APPRENTICESHIP
ployment. Furthermore, it is not all clear that
future productivity trends among the construction
crafts will leave justification for expansion of the
volume of apprenticeship in all of these trades.
For this group of trades, pressures for expan
sion must be particularly selective, based on the
most careful analysis and projection of each oc
cupation. Where future employment require
ments appear too unpredictable to form a basis
for judgment, program sponsors may find useful
guidance in available data on journeyman retire
ment rates. The rate at which apprentices are
replacing withdrawing journeymen forms a use
ful baseline for future planning although the com
parisons must be interpreted carefully, since the
ranks of present journeymen contain many who
achieved craftsman status without completing for
mal apprenticeship programs. Although subject
to wide variation from locality to locality and
from one time to another, the following summary
tabulation of apprentice completition rates com
pared with journeyman retirement rates in metro
politan areas in 1963 reveals the extent to which
the various construction trades are succeeding in
maintaining their numerical strength through ap
prenticeship programs.4
Apprentice
com pletions per
Construction trade
Bricklayers _
Carpenters
Electricians
Ironworkers. _ _ - _____
Painters, paperhangers, and
glaziers__ _________ __
P l a s t e r e r s and c e m en t
masons ____________
Plumbers and pipefitters____
Roofers
__
_ __
Sheet-metal workers
Journeymen
retirement per
1,000 journeymen 1,000 journeymen 1
15
4
24
16
26
13
26
26
7
22
13
17
22
24
23
33
33
17
1 Includes journeymen who died or became unavailable for work
because of permanent disability, or retirement.
In view of the population and economic growth
confronting the Nation, most crafts must plan to
at least hold their own, in terms of numerical
* Computed by the Bureau of Apprenticeship and Training from data
collected by BLS from 52 cities with 1950 populations of 100,000 or more.
* T ra in in g o f W o rk e rs in A m e ric a n I n d u s tr y (U.S. Department
of Labor, Manpower A dm inistration).
* A p p re n tic e s h ip and E co n o m ic C hange (Bureau of Apprentice
ship and Training, 1964).
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strength, if not to expand significantly. But as
the tabulation shows, many of the construction
trades need to increase their programs markedly
just to maintain their strength nationally through
apprenticeship.
Compilation of such data can be made readily by
local craft unions and should prove of considera
ble use to local apprenticeship program sponsors
and to local manpower advisory bodies in their
own appraisals of community manpower needs and
prospects.
The question of the need for expansion of ap
prenticeship may be approached also in terms of
the need for employing establishments to develop
the skill upon which they are dependent. The
first nationwide survey of training in industry
indicates that only 1 out of each 5 employing es
tablishments maintains any formal training pro
gram. And among those who do maintain such
programs, only about one-third involve skilled
trades. In short, only 58,000 training programs
for skilled trades were reported among the 711,000
establishments represented in the survey.5
Promotion and Assistance
The Federal Government’s program to match
the need for craftsmen with an expanded supply
has several elements, but the basic and proven
method used heretofore to obtain establishment of
systematic apprenticeship programs is to promote
and offer technical assistance.
These activities are pursued at two separate but
interrelated levels : (1) Among national employer
associations and international trade unions, where
the objective is to establish nationwide training
standards and promotional programs for those
trades, and (2) in communities, where the govern
mental apprenticeship field representative works
with individual employers and unions in the de
velopment of apprenticeship and training pro
grams. By interchange of information, the na
tional and the local efforts for a given craft are
mutually reinforced. There is persuasive evidence
that the volume of apprenticeship varies directly
with the volume of these promotional efforts, al
though the relationship is sometimes obscured by
indications that unemployment also exerts a pow
erful influence on the volume of apprenticeship.6
628
Incentives to Expansion
The vast expansion of apprenticeship under the
stimulus of the GI Bill when Government subsidi
zation was used liberally for this purpose has sug
gested to many that such subsidization provides a
basic answer to our need for expanded apprentice
ship. Since public funds support the classroom
type of skill development, it is argued that there
is nothing intrinsically wrong with providing the
same governmental stimulus to skill development
via apprenticeship. In fact, the proponents argue,
it can be demonstrated that on-the-job skill de
velopment with Government subsidies would be
much less expensive for the taxpayer than obtain
ing comparable skill development through educa
tional institutions.
For many reasons, the analogy with the GI Bill
experience is not conclusive. Through the Man
power Development and Training Act, however,
the Government can now assist experimental and
demonstration projects involving use of Govern
ment funds. In fact, several apprenticeship pro
grams have already been initiated with MDTA
funds carrying part of the employers’ cost burden
during the first year of the apprenticeship term, by
various methods, and this process of experimenta
tion will no doubt continue and expand.
There is, however, a strong current of thought
among craft union leaders in apprenticeship that
Government intervention via financial induce
ments is neither desirable nor needed. Generally
this view has been expressed by the construction
crafts that have developed very respectable train
ing systems without such inducements and by
those in which the need for expansion is minimal.
Practically, therefore, the subsidization experi
mentation must take place in the occupations and
trades in which this view is not dominant and in
which there is a consensus that new measures are
needed to expand apprenticeship. As we have
seen, there is a broad spectrum of occupations to
which these conditions apply and in which there
is no danger that Government funds will merely
serve to finance programs that would have oper
ated without them.7
Out of this experimentation we may hope for
a new consensus not just on whether Government
funds should be used for this purpose but, equally
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
important, on the methods, the occupations, and
the safeguards that should be a part of such a
system.
Where Government funds are involved, either
directly in the employment of skilled workers by
the Government or indirectly by Government con
tractors, governmental authorities are in a posi
tion to influence the amount and nature of training
programs. Although this is already done to a lim
ited degree in the Civil Service, in the Govern
ment contracts field, the governmental efforts to
influence training decisions have been confined
largely to types of skill development other than
apprenticeship.
This clearly is an area in which the Federal
Government has a particular responsibility.
With the participation and support of State ap
prenticeship agencies, the Federal Committee on
Apprenticeship last year established a special task
force to consult with the appropriate Federal
Agencies and to propose the governmental policies
and requirements that will achieve this purpose.
WTiile the nature of the final product of the task
force efforts is not yet clear, the governmental re
sponsibility is now established and appropriate
measures will no doubt be established.
Journeyman Training
Interpreted narrowly, training programs for
workmen already accepted as journeymen may not
be considered part of an apprenticeship program.
Considered broadly, however, such training is a
vital part of the national system of developing
craftsmanship and is thus, at the very least, a close
adjunct of apprenticeship. This fact has long
been recognized by craft union leaders and some
of the mechanical and printing trades have pio
neered in providing such training and giving it
recognition and shape. The Bureau of Appren
ticeship and Training is devoting significant and
increasing effort to assisting in the development
of journeyman training programs.
Journeyman training is needed increasingly to
perfect the skills of those who have attained jour
neyman status through informal means and who
7
The proponents of subsidization of apprenticeship have not
addressed them selves convincingly to the real problems of how
th is can be done (w ith equity) w ithout sh iftin g the burden of
much of existing industry training costs to the governmental
budget.
AN ASSESSMENT OF APPRENTICESHIP
do not possess the full range of craft skills. As
we have seen, a majority of journeymen are po
tential candidates for this type of training. A
second need which calls for increasing concentra
tion on journeyman training is the rapid pace of
technical development in many of the crafts.
More and more frequently, the fully qualified
craftsman of 10 years ago is not able to use modem
techniques unless he has systematically updated
his skills. Finally, there is the need for the ac
celerated upgrading of partially qualified work
men in response to skill shortages. Training for
this reason is particularly needed in the metal
worker occupations, for which a systematic effort
is being initiated to meet specific plant shortages
through development of Government-assisted up
grading training programs.
For most skilled trades the journeyman training
program requirement is not merely for more of
the same, but rather for the development of more
systematic programs with incentives (or assist
ance) for workmen to participate and with ap
propriate recognition and benefits for those who
thus bring themselves up to modem standards of
craftsmanship. This effort is now being stimu
lated to a limited degree through use of MDTA
resources in trades which have not succeeded in
developing their own comprehensive journeyman
training programs.
In the national perspective, however, the jour
neyman training efforts today must be described
as scattered and fragmentary; a major emphasis
of the apprenticeship system in the years immedi
ately ahead must be on a further development
and systematization of these corollary programs.
Integrating Government Programs
Governmental effort in apprenticeship promo
tion is divided between the Federal and State
Governments as follows: 30 States have appren
ticeship agencies (SAC) with a total staff of ap
proximately 170 field representatives, virtually all
of whom are concentrated in 13 States. The Fed
eral Government employs 230 field representa
tives. These representatives do the promotion and
technical assistance work in States which have no
State law and share the workload in those which
do maintain agencies.
8
The Federal Government seeks to preserve a m inimal degree
of incentive by retaining Federal staff in the States that establish
and m aintain S tate apprenticeship organizations.
731-475— 64------ 2
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
629
This division of responsibilities between Fed
eral and State apprenticeship agencies is haphaz
ard and unplanned. In 20 States, the Federal
treasury pays all the governmental cost of ap
prenticeship promotion, under Federal standards;
in 17 States, the Federal Government pays for the
field work which is performed under standards
and procedures established by a State Apprentice
ship Council; in the other 13 States, the field work
is split between Federal and State representatives
and performed under SAC standards and proce
dures and under some State supervision.
The regulations and procedures established by
the States differ among themselves and from the
Federal practice, thus causing difficulty for multiState enterprises, which must be registered in each
SAC State, and placing Federal apprenticeship
representatives in some SAC States in the position
of applying regulations which the Federal agency
considers unwise.
Other effects should be mentioned:
1. The total governmental resources devoted to
apprenticeship are less than if all States contrib
uted ; yet the Federal willingness to provide staff
without regard for State contribution removes
most of the incentive for the States to appropriate
for this purpose,8 and places a double burden on
the taxpayers of States that do appropriate.
2. The distribution of Federal and State staff
for apprenticeship purposes is not closely related
to need. Because they have no State agency staff,
such heavily industrial States as Ohio, Illinois,
Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Michigan are
among the States most poorly staffed in relation to
training potential. (See table.)
3. In the States in which Federal and State per
sonnel perform the same function, overall respon
sibility is diffused and cumbersome efforts are
required to prevent overlapping and wasteful com
petition between Federal and State organizations.
The evident need to work out a more rational,
progressive pattern of Federal-State relations in
this field has led to a variety of responses. About
2 years ago, the Department of Labor reestab
lished a liaison group of State agency repre
sentatives with whom BAT could consult regu
larly in the interest of coordination and mutual
reinforcement. A contractual arrangement by
which some State apprenticeship agencies per
form on-the-job training functions under the
630
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
MDTA with funds, staff, and program standards
provided by the Federal Government has been
initiated and is continuing to develop. The Na
tional Association of State and Territorial Ap
prenticeship Directors’ meeting in March 1964
called for Federal matching funds to stimulate
State activity in apprenticeship.
Clearly, we are still very early in the process of
developing a rational and satisfactory FederalState relationship in the apprenticeship field.
This is urgent unfinished business because in the
absence of such a relationship, we are most un
likely to achieve a strongly expanding national
apprenticeship system fully responsive to today’s
needs.
We cannot realistically look to either level of
government to withdraw from the apprenticeship
area, and the Federal authority must be expected
to continue and broaden the dialogue out of which
the necessary consensus can be developed.
Equal Opportunity
The Department of Labor’s equal opportunity
program for apprenticeship has two facets. First,
it requires and enforces a ban on discrimination
in the selection of apprentices and operation of
apprenticeship programs.
Late last year, comprehensive standards were
adopted which are now a prerequisite to con
tinued program registration by the Federal Gov
ernment.9 Although binding directly only those
apprenticeship programs which seek to be regis
tered with the Federal Bureau, the regulation also
indicates that State apprentice agencies which do
not adopt regulations consistent with the Federal
regulations may no longer receive Federal recog
nition and cooperation.
A number of State agencies have already indi
cated their intention to adopt standards consistent
with the Federal requirements; the issue remains
in doubt in a few other States.
The Department is also making widely known
to minority group members the existence of op
portunities for properly qualified individuals and
is counseling and helping potential applicants to
qualify themselves.
These more positive approaches to equal op
portunity are of several types. The nondis
crimination regulation itself lays upon each ap
prenticeship program the obligation to notify the
public schools and the public employment service
of future apprenticeship opportunities, the mini
mum qualifications required, and the procedure
for making application.
In addition, the Department of Labor’s Man
power Administration has undertaken to estab9 29 Code of Federal Regulations, Subtitle A, pt. 30.
A p p r e n t ic e s h ip A g e n c y S t a f f in g
State
Arizona...................
Nevada_________
Hawaii__________
Vermont.................
Montana________
Washington............
Alaska.....................
Minnesota_______
California_______
Connecticut______
Raw average.
Registered
apprentices
per 100,000
nonfarm
workers
Rank
Field staff
per 100,000
nonfarm
workers1
721
552
510
505
493
485
457
443
425
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0.91
1.92
2.20
1.96
1.89
1.29
1.85
1.21
1. 64
26
6
2
5
1 .0 4
S3
419
501
10
416
392
378
350
342
341
331
330
327
11
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
sss
SI
North Dakota........
Michigan________
Tennessee............
Maryland_______
Illinois................ .
Ohio......... ..........
323
353
1.08
.79
2.47
.97
1.15
2.15
1.38
.79
1.34
21
27.5
1
24
18
3
12
27.5
13
.5 5
3 5 .5
1.27
22
23
24
25
26
27.5
* Combined Federal and State field representatives.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
7
14
8
16
10
1.59
Rhode Island........ .
Colorado________
Oregon....................
Wisconsin_______
Utah.......................
Wyoming_______
Delaware________
Florida.......... _.......
New M exico.........
New York ___ ___
Raw average...
317
308
292
283
273
Rank
1.67
.47
.56
.46
.39
.44
9
43
33
44.5
49.5
47
and
A c c o m p l is h m e n t
State
South Dakota_____________
Idaho________ __________
Arkansas............
Kentucky ___ _____ _______
Raw average...................
Alabama.._____ _________
Virginia______________ . . .
Oklahoma____ ______
North Carolina_____ _
Missouri___ ________
Indiana________ ______
Nebraska____ ____________
Mississippi
New Jersey________________
Iowa _____________________
Raw average_________
Louisiana______ _________
Pennsylvania
Texas..___________________
Massachusetts___________
Georgia_________ _
Kansas_____ ______________
West Virginia......... ..................
Maine...”________ ________
South Carolina_____ _______
New Hampshire _____ _____
Raw average_________
Registered
apprentices
per 100,000
nonfarm
workers
Rank
273
261
258
27. 5
19
30
954
SI
294
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39. 5
39. 5
915
P
207
205
204
203
199
192
190
181
180
45
46
47
48
49
50
109
51
187
Rank
1 43
1. 97
. 56
4
33
4R
.84
250
244
241
238
231
230
222
221
221
231
Field staff
per 100,000
nonfarm
workers 1
42
43
44
Source: Bureau of Apprenticeship and Training.
54
1 22
54
1 12
56
.45
55
. 51
37
!63
94
43
59
1 20
50
.75
70
1 12
. 54
106
. 78
U
p i
38
15
38
19 5
33
46
35 fi
40
51
4 4 .6
25
48
31
17
41
29
30
IQ5
38
ss
631
AN ASSESSMENT OF APPRENTICESHIP
lish special Apprenticeship Information Centers
in the urban areas where discrimination has
proven most troublesome. These centers, located
and manned in connection with employment
service operations, provide a central source of
information on apprenticeship opportunities and
the methods of qualifying for them, a counseling
service for potential applicants, and a testing
and screening program which results in the refer
ral of promising applicants to apprentice program
sponsors. These services with the full support
of labor, management, and the relevant commu
nity organizations provide a central continuing
focal point for factfinding, followup, appraisal,
and authoritative public information. At this
writing, centers of this character are operating
in Washington, Boston, Chicago, Cincinnati, and
(State developed and operated) San Francisco.
Some 15 additional centers are now projected.
New Apprenticeable Occupations
Exploration of the possibilities for expansion—
both laterally and vertically—was endorsed last
year by the Federal Committee on Apprenticeship,
which has since established a subcommittee to
study and advise on development of a formally
recognizable program of on-the-job training for
skills closely related to but narrower in scope than
an apprenticeable craft. Assurance unquestion
ably will be sought and provided against undesir
able fragmentation of the basic crafts.
As noted earlier, however, efforts to expand
apprenticeship are needed most in occupations in
which it is not now used prominently, and which
do not involve the highly organized crafts. Here
the problem is one of locating or developing or
ganizations that can do for such occupations what
the craft union has accomplished for their crafts:
to make effective through a wide area, preferably
nationwide, a definition of occupational content
(with the necessary training schedules and re
quired achievement levels) which will give wide
marketability to the skills.
For skills for which private organizations with
the authority and prestige needed to accomplish
this do not exist, achievement of expanded ap
prenticeship may require use of governmental
initiative. Thus, elements of the Manpower Ad
ministration in the Department of Labor may be
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expected to become more active in convening ad
hoc conferences of the parties at interest in a
specific field—labor, management associations, and
education in particular—for the purpose of estab
lishing trade definitions, training content, and oc
cupational ladder agreements. Such agreements,
buttressed by commitment of MDTA and voca
tional education funds for projects consistent with
them, can provide systematic skill development in
some of the service trades and in some of the
newly emerging skills.
The foregoing approaches to extending appren
ticeship are frankly experimental. They will pro
vide the opportunity, also, to develop the optimum
mix between learning on the job and in related
classroom instruction and to reconsider the length
of time needed to develop competent craftsmen.
To whatever extent such reassessment may lead to
acceptance of shorter overall training terms and
speedier development of craftsmen, it is fitting that
it take place in these occupations where the need
for accelerated development of craftsmen is widely
accepted.
Research Needs
Through the expanded manpower research effort
authorized and stimulated by the Manpower De
velopment and Training Act, our knowledge and
understanding of occupational requirements will
be improved and we will develop increasing knowl
edge of all aspects of the skill development process.
This accumulating knowledge and understanding
does not exclude apprenticeship and the appren
ticeable trades.
There are many needs, however, for research
specific to the field of apprenticeship, and a
specialized research focal point dealing with
apprenticeship will continue to be needed. Its
specialized mission includes the development of
information on characteristics of apprentices (we
now know much more about the characteristics of
each 6-week MDTA trainee) and on the skill
development programs of industry. Studies which
have been done so far only scratch the surface of
what must be a continuing and broadening inquiry
into private industry responses to skill develop
ment needs.
632
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
Apprenticeship Resources
The Federal and State apprenticeship and
vocational education agencies spent approximately
$14,000,000 in 1963 for the development of ap
prenticeship programs and for the related class
room training of apprentices. This is roughly $90
for each apprentice registered at the end of the
year. All other costs associated with apprentice
ship—wages, supervision, recordkeeping—were
borne by the unions and the employers involved.
Is this allocation of governmental resources for
apprenticeship sufficient ? A basic reassessment of
this question is now underway within the Depart
ment of Labor. At present, the number of regis
tered apprentices is closely related to the number
of field reperesentatives. The highest perform
ance States, the first 10 in terms of relative num
bers of apprentices, also have the highest average
10
The sta tistical data thus summarized are supported by a
dem onstration conducted in New Jersey in 1960. Temporary
concentration of staff effort there resulted in a dram atic increase
in the number of new apprenticeship programs developed. H ow
ever, after the temporary staff increm ent was removed, most of
the new programs became dormant. In other words, continued
stim ulation and assistance by apprenticeship agency staff is often
necessary to m aintenance of private apprenticeship efforts.
staff density. The following tabulation shows
how closely related these two factors are.
Registered appren Apprenticeship
tices per 100,000 field staff per
workers
100,000 workers
Ten highest States__________
Second 10 States____________
Third 10 States_____________
Fourth 10 States____________
Lowest 10 States____________
501
353
294
231
187
The odds against this close correlation’s being
accidental are prohibitive. Which is cause and
which is effect? Other more fragmentary evi
dence10 lends support for the view that demon
strated relationship is what it seems: The more
staff devoted to apprenticeship promotion, the
more apprentices are employed and registered.
Additional analysis suggests that, while addi
tional staff increments result in progressively
smaller increments to the apprenticeship program,
the marginal costs may work out in such a way as
to make a doubling or redoubling of scale a good
bargain in terms of cost per additional apprentice
completion.
In Babylonia, contracts for the apprenticeship of slaves provided for the
compensation of the owner if the master failed to teach them the trade. In
Greece of the fifth and fourth centuries B.C., formal contracts of apprentice
ship—indentures, as we would call them—were drawn up, and high premiums
were paid to sculptors and painters, though we are told that the treatment of
apprentices was harsh and they were not always allowed to learn trade secrets.
In Japan, the first apprentices were bought, and were bound for life, and
this variant of slavery continued until after 1600, when an endeavor was
made to limit the contract to 3 years in the crafts and 10 in commerce . . . .
In Europe of the eleventh and twelfth centuries, apprenticeship, we are told,
was thorough and effective. . . . In China, until recent years, apprentice
ship to a trade was a prerequisite for any employment in the towns except
as a coolie. In a word, apprenticeship seems to be found wherever the crafts
man had a status, for there it seems to have met the needs both of the parent
and of the craftsman himself. The parent who could not endow a boy with
land could still set him up with a stock in trade if he could enable his son to
become a craftsman. The craftsman got some useful work out of the ap
prentice before his time was out, and as a member of a guild he himself
had an interest both in maintaining the numbers and skill of journeymen
and in restricting competition by insisting that only those who had served
their appreticeship might practice the trade.
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1. 59
1. 27
. 84
. 63
. 78
—E. H. Phelps Brown, The Economics of Labor (New Haven, Conn., Yale University
Press, 1962), pp. 65-66.
Scientific and
Technical Personnel
in Atomic Energy
they are used in industry to measure the thickness
and density of materials, locate leaks in pipelines
and tanks, and polymerize chemicals; in medicine,
they are used in diagnosing and treating certain
kinds of disease, and in research on body func
tions; and in space activities, they are used as
a heat source for auxiliary power applications.
Employment by Occupation
H arold S. Liebling and A llan Katz*
C o n tin u in g progress in the development of atomic
energy has generated a new industrial sector that
in January 1963 employed about 135,700 workers
in more than 500 establishments. The newness
and highly complex and technical character of the
field result in an occupational distribution heavily
weighted with scientific and technical personnel.
Nearly 40 percent (52,400) of the persons engaged
in industrial nuclear activities in 1963 were scien
tists, engineers, and technicians. This contrasts
with an average of only 5 percent of such personnel
in private industry as a whole. Further reflecting
the developmental nature of the field are the nearly
two-thirds of the scientists and engineers in atomic
energy work found to be engaged primarily in
research and development activities, compared
with only about one-third in all private industry.1
Growth in the industrial sector of the atomic
energy field has taken place chiefly since 1954
when Congress amended the Atomic Energy Act
to permit private patents and rights of discovery
in the field of nuclear power. Industry was thus
stimulated to undertake the design and production
of nuclear power equipment and was permitted to
own and operate atomic installations subject to
AEC regulation. As a result, the Nation has suc
ceeded in developing a program of activities aimed
at exploitation of atomic energy’s enormous po
tential for peaceful service to mankind as well as
its tremendous destructive capability. One of the
more widely known areas of private development
is the generation of electricity by nuclear power
reactors. Several power reactors are now in opera
tion and more will be operational in the near fu
ture. Radioisotopes, a product of reactor opera
tion, have many peace-related uses. For example,
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Activities in the atomic energy field have re
quired an unusually high proportion of nonpro
duction workers. In January 1963, white-collar
workers—professional, technical, administrative,
clerical, and office personnel—accounted for slight
ly more than 60 percent of all employment in the
atomic energy field. Of this broad group, scien
tists, engineers, and technicians accounted for 2
out of every 3 workers. Their employment in that
month in 1963 was distributed as follows:
Number
Total____________________
Scientists_______________________
Engineers_______________________
Technicians_____________________
52,
10,
19,
21,
Percent
411
899
687
825
100.0
20.8
37.6
41.6
Scientists. Scientists, who constituted 8 percent
of all atomic energy employment in January 1963,
performed the exacting scientific work involved in
the research, development, use, and control of
atomic energy (table 1). Approximately onethird of the scientists were physicists (excluding
health physicists), and of these about 90 percent
were engaged in research and development work—
some in abstract areas such as the structure of the
atomic nucleus, and solid state physics; others in
more immediately practical areas such as reactor
*Of the D ivision of Occupational Em ployment S tatistics,
Bureau of Labor S tatistics.
1 This article is based m ainly on a 1963 survey conducted for
the Atomic Energy Commission by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
The survey, sim ilar to those made for the AEC in 1960, 1961,
and 1962, covered nearly all industrial establishm ents engaged in
atom ic energy activities. N o t covered were university employees
other than those in university-operated, AEC-owned laboratories
such as Argonne and B rookhaven; employees engaged in the
construction of nuclear f a c ilit ie s ; the sm all number of uranium
ore miners ; and the 9,000 directly employed by the Federal Gov
ernment in a ctivities related to atomic energy. The atomic
energy field, as defined in th is survey, is not an industry in the
generally accepted sense but cuts across usual industry classi
fications.
F or the earlier studies, see E m p lo y m e n t in th e A to m ic E n e rg y
F ield,: A 1960 O c cu p a tio n a l S u r v e y (BLS B ulletin 1297, 1961) ;
and reports under the same title for 1961 (obtainable from the
Atomic Energy Commission, D ivision of Technical Inform ation
Extension, Oak Ridge, Tenn.) and 1962 (an AEC report).
633
634
control and safety, shielding requirements for re
actors, and reactor-generated heat intensities.
Chemists constituted another third of the scien
tists. About three-fourths of them were engaged
in research on such projects as the nature of chem
ical reactions produced by radiation, and methods
of processing irradiated reactor fuels.
The remaining scientists included mathemati
cians, who were engaged primarily in applying
mathematical approaches to problems in other sci
entific fields; metallurgists, who did research on
the development and improvement of materials
capable of withstanding the radiation and ex
tremely high temperatures produced by nuclear
reactors; biological scientists, who were largely
engaged in research on both the beneficial and the
harmful effects of radiation on living beings ; and
health physicists, a group of workers in an occupa
tion unique to the atomic energy field who were
concerned with protecting personnel from the haz
ards of radiation.
Engineers. About 19,700 engineers were em
ployed in the atomic energy field in January 1963,
accounting for 14.5 percent of the total employ
ment. Many of the engineers were concerned with
the development and operation of nuclear reactors,
the fabrication of fuel elements and special feed
materials for use in reactors, the development of
electronic instruments and measuring devices, and
the design of remote handling equipment used to
manipulate nuclear fuels and other radioactive
materials. About three-fifths of the engineers
were engaged in research and development work.
This is a much higher proportion in this type of
work than is found among engineers in industrial
establishments as a whole.
Nearly one-third of all employees in engineer
ing were mechanical engineers, most of them en
gaged in research and development activities in
connection with reactor components such as heat
transfer equipment and pressure vessels. Electri
cal and electronics engineers formed the second
largest category, contributing slightly more than
one-fifth of the total ; most of these were engaged
in the design and development of control circuitry
and instrumentation for use in reactors, particle
accelerators, and radiation detection instruments.
Chemical engineers—about one-seventh of all
atomic energy engineers—were primarily engaged
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
in the development and direction of the chemical
processes involved in the recovery of nuclear ma
terials from reactor fuel, and in other aspects of
reactor fuel technology. Reactor engineers,
though constituting less than one-tenth of the to
tal engineering group, were important members of
engineering and scientific teams; proficient in ba
sic sciences and skilled in techniques involved in
nuclear reactor design, manufacture, and opera
tion, they developed and evaluated new and modi
fied concepts in these activities and provided
guidance in reactor technology to other scientific
and technical personnel. Civil and metallurgical
engineering were other significant specialties in
the field.
Technicians. In the atomic energy field, tech
nicians engage in tasks ranging from inspection or
routine analytical work to assisting engineers
and scientists in the conduct of complex experi
ments. About 60 percent of the approximately
21,800 technicians were engaged in research and
development work—preparing scale drawings of
new equipment, operating experimental apparatus
and machinery, and conducting certain phases of
experiments. The approximately 35 percent who
T a b l e 1.
E m p l o y m e n t i n t h e A to m ic E n e r g y F i e l d ,
b y O c c u p a t io n , J a n u a r y 1963
Occupation
Total: NumberPercent____
All scientific and technical personnel.
Scientists____________________
Physicists_____
Chemists_____
Mathematicians.
Metallurgists.. .
Other scientists.
Engineers_______________
Employ
ment dis
tribution1
135,653
100.0
38.6
8.0
2.7
2.7
.8
.5
1.3
14.5
Mechanical....... ...........
Electrical and electronic
Chemical........................
Reactor____________
Other engineers_______
3.4
Technicians________________
16.1
Draftsmen______________
Electronic technicians____
Instrument technicians___
Health physics technicians.
Other technician specialties.
All personnel other than scientific and technical.
Professional and administrative....... .
Clérical and office________ _____ _
Skilled _________________________
Production, maintenance, and service
4.5
3.3
2.1
1.2
2.6
2.2
1.2
1.0
9.1
61.4
8.8
13.7
18.8
20.1
1 The figures for the total and for broad occupational groups are based on the
1963 data. The percent distribution for detailed occupations is estimated
on the basis of the 1962 data.
635
SCIENTISTS AND TECHNICIANS: ATOMIC ENERGY
were in production and operations performed or
supervised such activities as production planning,
quality control, training, and machine installa
tion and maintenance.
Some key technicians in atomic energy activities
are draftsmen, who convert the notes and sketches
of engineers into detailed drawings; electronics
technicians and instrument technicians, who aid
engineers and physical scientists in the design,
testing, and maintenance of electronic devices and
instruments; health physics technicians, who as
sist health physicists by collecting air samples,
taking smear tests of areas suspected of contami
nation, and performing other tasks in connection
with protecting personnel from radiation hazards ;
and radiographers, who use radiation sources to
take radiographs of metal castings, weldments,
and machinery in order to detect common flaws.
Other technicians operate remote control equip
ment, record photographs of collisions of atomic
particles, or operate high-energy atom smashers.
Many technicians are recruited from the ranks
of young skilled workers. Instrument makers and
instrument mechanics, for example, are often re
trained as instrument technicians ; and electricians
often advance to electrical and electronic tech
nician positions. In moving to the technical level,
these wmrkers must acquire some basic scientific
and engineering knowledge, usually through spe
cialized education or training programs provided
by the company.
Other Occupations. About 19 percent of the
workers in the atomic energy field perform skilled
functions in production and research work, which
compares with approximately 13 percent for
T a b l e 2.
E m plo ym ent
in th e
A to m ic E
nergy
F ie l d ,
by
skilled workers in all industries. Chemical process
operators, a group of skilled workers numbering
about 5,000 in 1963, are unique to the atomic energy
field. They operate a variety of chemical equip
ment such as dissolvers, agitators, pulse columns,
and distillation towers to separate, concentrate,
and extract uranium, plutonium, and other radio
active materials from solution.
Nuclear reactor operators, who numbered
slightly more than 1,000 in 1963, are also unique
to the atomic energy field. Many are engaged in
operating reactors and auxiliary equipment in con
nection with the production of plutonium and
other radioisotopes and the generation of heat and
power. In these areas, the reactor operator per
forms at the skilled or possibly the technician
level. However, if he works in research-connected
activities, he must have a scientific or engineer
ing background in order to evaluate the results of
experiments and tests performed with reactors.
About 9 percent of the employees in the atomic
energy field were nontechnical professional and
administrative personnel, including accountants,
statisticians, and lawyers. These people were con
cerned mainly with formulating and implementing
policy on a wide range of activities. The clerical
force supporting professional and administrative
personnel constituted about 14 percent of the total
atomic energy employment.
Nontechnical production, maintenance, and
service workers accounted for the remainder of
the personnel in the field—about 20 percent of
the total. Most of the workers in this group were
maintenance helpers and unskilled and semiskilled
production workers engaged in repetitive machine
operations.
B r o a d O c c u p a t io n a l G r o u p
Total employment
Number
Percent
and
S e g m e n t , J a n u a r y 1963
Percent distribution, by occupation
Scientists
Engineers Technicians All other
All segm ents._____ __________ ______________________ _______________
135,653
100.0
8.0
14.5
16.1
61.4
Commission laboratory and research facilities_________ ___ _____________________
Atomic energy defense production facilities__________________ _______ _____ ____
Reactor and reactor component design and manufacture______ ___________ ______
Production of feed materials______________ _____________ ___________________
Nuclear instrument manufacturing__
. ____________ _____________________
Design and engineering of nuclear facilities______________ ____________________
Uranium milling
. . . __________
_____________ ________________ ___
Private research laboratories. ______________________ _______ ________________
Fuel element fabrication and recovery activities_________________ ___ ______ _____
Production of special materials for use in reactors______ _______________________
Particle accelerator manufacturing___________________________________________
Power operation and maintenance____________ ______________________________
Industrial radiography__ __ _ ____________________________________________
Processing and packaging of radioisotopes___ ______ ___________________ _______
Radioactive waste disposal__________________________________________________
M iscellaneous_____________________________________________________________
44,505
40,663
14,279
8,854
4,745
3,599
2,579
2,103
1,819
1,507
1,238
1,091
436
365
86
7,784
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
14.1
3.8
7.7
5.8
4.2
1.2
1.9
31.2
1.9
5.8
5.7
16.5
8.8
29.9
7.1
17.5
19.9
5.8
17.2
9.6
15.5
21.4
45.9
78.7
42.9
79.6
60.7
68.2
87.7
23.2
64.9
55.5
2.6
.9
2 1 .1
23.5
8.7
19.5
7.5
17.6
10.7
4.6
28.4
23 6
23.2
28.3
24.1
85.3
27.9
48.9
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100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
27.9
2.4
7.8
6.9
17. 4
10.9
7.0
44.6
52.2
6.0
37.3
33 . 7
79.7
636
Employment by Segment
Because the scope of the survey here reported
includes all activities directed toward the develop
ment and use of atomic energy, it cuts across many
different industries and, therefore, across various
industry classifications.2 These areas of activity,
which have been identified for survey purposes
as “segments” of the atomic energy field, have been
classified into 16 relatively homogeneous groups
(shown in table 2). Three of these segments—
Commission laboratory and research facilities, de
fense production facilities, and reactor and reactor
component design and manufacture—accounted
for almost three-fourths of the total employment
in January 1963. These segments employed 82
percent of the scientists, 77 percent of the engi
neers, and 77 percent of the technicians.
Among the segments, there were some note
worthy variations in the distribution of employ
ment by occupation. For example, scientists and
engineers constituted a relatively large proportion
of the total employment in private research lab
oratories (48 percent) and in Commission lab
oratory and research facilities (31 percent) ; tech
nicians made up a rather large group in the total
employment in industrial radiography (85 per
cent) and in radioactive waste disposal (49 per
cent) ; and the defense production facilities, pro
duction of feed materials, and uranium milling
segments used very large proportions of their em
ployees in other than scientific and technical
occupations.
Commission Laboratory and Research Facilities.
Some facilities owned by the Atomic Energy Com
mission are operated for the Commission by indus
trial firms and educational institutions under con
tract. Among the most widely known are the
Argonne National Laboratory near Chicago and
the Oak Ridge National Laboratory at Oak Ridge,
Tenn. Altogether these facilities employed ap
proximately 44,500 workers in January 1963—
about a third of all workers in the atomic energy
field. Employing nearly 6,300 scientists and
about 7,300 engineers (chart 1), these facilities
B T h e S ta n d a rd I n d u s tr ia l C la ssific a tio n M a n u a l (U.S. Bureau
of the Budget, 1957, p. 43 1 ), defines an industry as “a grouping
of establishm ents prim arily engaged in the same or sim ilar lines
of economic a ctiv ity .” An activity, in m anufacturing industries,
“is generally defined in term s of the product made, m aterials
consumed, or process of m anufacture uised.”
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were responsible for the major share of research
and development work in all aspects of the nuclear
energy complex.
Atomic Energy Defense Production Facilities.
Operated for the AEC by contractors are also fa
cilities concerned with the development and pro
duction of atomic weapons systems, initial cores
for nuclear-powered vessels, and reactors and re
actor fuel elements used in the generation of
heat and electrical power at isolated defense in
stallations.
The establishments in this segment employed
over 1,500 scientists and almost 3,600 engineers in
January 1963. However, because of the essen
tially production-type activities of the segment,
the proportion of its workers in scientific and tech
nical work was small compared with the propor
tion in the atomic energy field as a whole. Scien
tists and engineers constituted only 13 percent of
the total ; technicians, 9 percent.
Reactor and Reactor Component Design and Man
ufacture. The energy created by fissioning atoms
in nuclear reactors may be used to produce elec
tric power, to propel vehicles, to produce radio
isotopes, and for testing and research purposes.
The employees in the establishments in this seg
ment were engaged in the design and manufacture
of reactors to serve these different purposes.
These facilities, which employed 11 percent of
the total workers in the field in January 1963,
utilized the services of almost 4,300 engineers and
about 1,100 scientists—22 percent and 10 percent,
respectively, of the total number of such person
nel employed in the atomic energy field.
Production of Feed Materials. The segment of
production of feed materials encompasses the
establishments engaged in converting uranium,
plutonium, and thorium to reactor fuel. In Jan
uary 1963, it employed almost 8,900 workers—
7 percent of the total employment in the field—
including slightly more than 500 scientists and
600 engineers, and almost 700 technicians.
Because the segment’s activities are essentially op
erational, these approximately 1,800 scientists,
engineers, and technicians constituted only 20 per
cent of the total employment in the segment.
Nuclear Instrument Manufacturing. In January
1963, more than 4,700 workers—3 percent of the
SCIENTISTS AND TECHNICIANS : ATOMIC ENERGY
total atomic energy employment—were engaged
in manufacturing the control instrumentation
used in nuclear reactors, radiation counters, and
other detection and measuring instruments.
Slightly more than one-third of these workers
were engineers or technicians, most of whom were
specialists in the electrical and electronic systems
Chart 1.
Employment of Scientists and
637
of nuclear instruments and in the problems con
nected with their manufacture.
Design and Engineering of Nuclear Facilities.
Workers in the establishments in this segment
design and engineer the housing and containment
facilities for reactor power stations, atomic-
Engineers
in
Selected
Segments
of
the
A tom ic
Energy Field, January 1963
NUMBER
SCiENTISTS
EMPLOYED IN~
Commission laboratory and research facilities
Atomic energy defense production facilities
Reactor and reactor component design and
manufacture
Private research laboratories
All other segments
ENGINEERS
EMPLOYED IN~
Commission laboratory and research facilities
Reactor and reactor component design and
manufacture
Atomic energy defense production facilities
Nuclear instrument manufacturing
Design and engineering of nuclear facilities
Production of feed materials
All other segments
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0
2000
4000
6000
8000
638
Chart 2. Percent Change in Employment in
the Atom ic Energy Field, 1960-63
Percent
N ote: Data from one survey to another are not strictly comparable. The
changes indicated are based, therefore, not upon comparisons between the
separate surveys, but on the percentage changes reflected by the year-to-year
variations as indicated within each survey.
powered submarines and surface vessels, atomic
energy laboratories, reactor component and reactor
manufacturing plants, reactor fuel processing
plants, and other nuclear facilities. The segment
employed about 3,600 workers in January 1963,
including about 700 engineers and almost 400
technicians, but very few scientists.
Private Research Laboratories. Privately owned
and operated laboratories complement the activ
ities of Commission-owned laboratory and re
search facilities operated by contractors. More
than three-fourths of the approximately 2,100
employees of these private laboratories were
scientific and technical personnel engaged chiefly
in research and development work.
Other Segments. The remaining segments of
activity employed a total of about 16,900 workers
in January 1963, or 12 percent of the total employ
ment in the atomic energy field. This included
about 600 scientists or 5 percent of all scientists in
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
the field; about 2,000 engineers, 10 percent of all
atomic energy engineers; and about 2,600 tech
nicians, or 12 percent of the total number of
technicians in the field.3
Employment Changes, 1960-63
Employment in the atomic energy field rose at
an increasing rate each year from 1960 to 1963
(chart 2). Because of the nature of development
of the field, the employment changes for the three
major occupational groups have shown consider
able variation. From 1960 to 1961 and from 1962
to 1963, employment increased sharply for scien
tists, engineers, and technicians. Only from 1961
to 1962 did the employment of scientific and tech
nical personnel rise at a slower rate than did total
employment. This deviation is attributable to an
increase in activities at the Nevada Test Site
which, in 1961, required the addition of a large
number of skilled, maintenance, and other person
nel in nonscientific and nontechnical occupations.
The very steep rise in the number of scientists,
engineers, and technicians from 1962 to 1963 is
related in large measure to an increase of about
2,100 in their employment in Commission labora
tory and research facilities. Scientific research
activities in these facilities have risen at an in
creasingly rapid rate along with the steady up
turn in all fields of research. High energy
physics and investigations of qualities of metals
and other materials to determine their capacity to
withstand reactor-generated heat intensities are
among the areas of investigation requiring in
creasing numbers of scientists, engineers, and
technicians.
In another important segment—reactor compo
nent design and manufacture—substantial em
ployment increases occurred in all major occupa
tional categories over the year from 1962 to 1963,
reflecting growing developmental activities. The
employment of scientific and technical personnel
in these activities during the year increased by
more than 1,300.
It appears likely that over the next few years
research in atomic energy will continue to grow as
additional areas for development breed rapidly
from each new finding. A demand for increased
numbers of scientists, engineers, and technicians
is expected to parallel these advances.
3 F o r fu r th e r d e ta ils o n
li s t e d in f o o t n o t e 1.
t h e s e s e g m e n t s , s e e p u b lis h e d r e p o r ts
A New Look
at Manpower Needs
in Teaching
Maxine G. S tewart*
i n c e t h e c l o s e o f W o r l d W a r II, the United
States has had persistent shortages of qualified
personnel in one of its most vital professions—
teaching. The future5 however, holds promise of
improvement in this situation, according to a reevaluation of the demand-supply relationship in
teaching recently completed by the Bureau of
Labor Statistics.
The Nation’s demand for classroom teachers
for elementary and secondary schools will peak
in the forthcoming school year, reflecting the ac
commodation of the schools to the baby boom of
the mid-1940’s. The schools will have to recruit
about 210,000 teachers in 1964-65 to take care of
growth and replacement needs and the retirement
of some emergency teachers. This would be the
all-time high in requirements for a single year’s
classroom staffing. In the years following this
recordbreaking need, however, the number of
teachers needed each year is expected to fall well
below the peak level, reflecting the drop in the
number of births for a few years after 1947 and
the slowdown in their rate of increase during the
1950’s. The projections to 1975 indicate that
during this period of lower annual requirements
the supply of trained teachers will increase
steadily, along with the accompanying steady in
crease in college graduations.
In the past, the shortage of fully trained
teachers has been concentrated in the elementary
schools and in certain subject fields in the second
ary schools. The new projections indicate that
the supply situation in the elementary schools will
improve significantly by 1975, although shortages
S
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may persist in some areas of the country. In the
secondary schools, if the projections materialize,
an adequate supply of teachers will be forthcom
ing, although shortages may continue to prevail
in some locations and in some subject areas such as
mathematics, physical sciences, and foreign lan
guages. Overall, it seems likely that by 1975 the
number of secondary school teachers available will
be sufficient to satisfy not only the secondary
school requirements in most fields but also to help
staff the elementary schools and other programs
requiring the services of teachers.
These new projections are based on the follow
ing assumptions: School attendance rates will
continue to increase, particularly at the secondary
level; college seniors preparing to teach will con
tinue to represent about one-third of all the re
cipients of bachelor of arts degrees; college
graduations will continue to increase as projected
by the U.S. Office of Education; 1 the required
minimum entrance qualifications for the certifica
tion of teachers will not be raised significantly;
teachers’ salaries will maintain roughly the same
position relative to salaries in other professional
occupations as now obtains; and finally, the new
educational legislation will not change the total
numbers enrolled in the regular public and private
day schools beyond the increases already reflected
in the U.S. Office of Education projections.
Teaching Requirements to 1975
Each year, demand for new teachers arises
mainly from two sources: The need to staff addi
tional classrooms created to take care of the in
creasing public and private school enrollments,
which reflect our rising population and the young
people’s tendency to stay in school longer; and
the necessity to replace teachers who leave class
rooms because of promotion to nonteaching posi
tions, change to another type of work, decision to
leave the labor force, retirement, or death. The
need for replacement is a much more important
factor in creating demand for teachers than the
growing enrollments.
*Of the D ivision of Manpower and Occupational Outlook,
Bureau of Labor S tatistics.
1 P r o je c tio n s of E a rn ed D egrees b y L e v e l of D egree an d S ex to
1 9 7 5 -7 6 (U.S. Department of H ealth, Education, and Welfare,
Office of Education, 1963).
639
640
Rising Enrollment. To take care of increased
enrollment, the need for elementary and second
ary teachers in public and private schools, esti
mated at 1.8 million for the school year 1963-64,2
is projected to increase to 2.2 million by 1975—
an increase of about 400,000, or 23 percent.
Staffing projections that reflect school enroll
ment increases by 1975 involve a minimum of un
certainties. This country is not only committed
to the idea that all persons desiring to be educated
should have that opportunity, but has accepted
the more mandatory concept that all its citizens
should be literate. To facilitate literacy, most
States now require school attendance at least from
age 7 to 16, and several require attendance for
longer periods—some from 6 through 18 years.3
When classes opened in the fall of 1963, an
estimated 47 million students were enrolled in
public and private schools from kindergarten
through high school;4 projections indicate that
these enrollments will increase, on the average, by
a million annually to reach more than 57 million
by 1975.® When this was written, new population
estimates had just been released by the U.S. Bu
reau of the Census (Series P-25, No. 279, Febru
ary 4, 1964). The U.S. Office of Education has
not yet revised its school enrollment projections,
but their preliminary analysis suggests that the
revised projections will not be markedly different
from those used in this article.
The rate of school attendance, which is already
at 97 percent of all children of the elementary
school age, is expected to continue to increase
slightly to 1975. Since nearly all children of ele
mentary school age are now required to attend
school (only a small allowance must be made for
children who are uneducable for one reason or
another), the number of elementary school enroll
ments nearly match the number of children in the
comparable age group. In the secondary schools,
the present attendance rate is about 91 percent of
all children in that age group (14-17 years) and,
based on past trends, is expected to increase
moderately.
The demand for teachers must be related not
only to population growth but also to the number
of children assigned each classroom teacher. This
pupil-teacher ratio in the years ahead may be
affected in diverse ways by current trends. For
example, increasing urbanization may tend to in
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
crease the ratio by eliminating some schools in
rural areas where small enrollments make for a
lower pupil-teacher ratio than that prevailing in
cities. Curriculum developments, on the other
hand, may result in new or advanced courses with
small classes (such as advanced mathematics, ad
vanced biology, Russian, and other subjects) that
would have the effect of decreasing the pupilteacher ratio. Recent experiments with team
teaching, the use of television, the addition of
teaching assistants to the staff—all may affect the
pupil-teacher ratio in the future. Consideration
of these varying and countervailing pressures on
the pupil-teacher ratio, as well as the past trends
in the public-private school ratios, suggest that no
great change is likely to occur in the ratio by 1975.
In the past few years, the pupil-teacher ratio
has shown no significant change; for example,
from 1958 to 1962, the ratio in the public elemen
tary schools declined only from 28.7 to 28.5 to 1,
while the secondary ratio remained at 21.7 to l.6
Even if some change occurs by 1975, the effect on
the total number of teachers needed will be neg
ligible as long as the change is minor. For ex
ample, if the elementary school ratio were to
decline from 28.5 to 28.0 to 1 by 1975, only 23,000
8 U.S. Departm ent of H ealth, Education, and Welfare, Office of
Education (Press release H EW -Y24, Aug. 25, 1963).
8 Every S tate in the Union had a compulsory school attendance
law between 1918 and 1955. F ollow ing the Supreme Court de
cision requiring integration in the public schools, however,
three States— M ississippi, South Carolina, and Virginia— re
pealed their compulsory school attendance law s and five
States— Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, and North
Carolina— provided for w aivers of the compulsory provisions
under certain specified conditions. See S ta t e L e g is la tio n on
S ch ool A tte n d a n c e a n d R e la te d M atters,— S ch ool C ensus and
C h ild L a b o r (U.S. Office of Education, 1960), Circular 615.
4 See U.S. Office of Education press release H EW -Y24, Aug. 23,
1963.
6
Kenneth A. Simon, E n r o llm e n t in P u b lic a n d N o n p u b lic E le
m e n ta r y an d S e c o n d a ry S chools „ 1 9 5 0 -8 0 (U.S. Departm ent of
H ealth, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, 1962), p. 7.
These projections of school enrollm ents are based on the schoolage population and the proportion of those who go to school.
Most children who w ill be in the elementary-secondary schoolage group by 1975 have already been born and were reported
in the 1960 C en su s of P o p u la tio n . The only estim ate to be made
involves the children yet to be born through 1970 who w ill reach
kindergarten or elem entary school age by 1975. T h is group has
been projected by the United States Bureau of the Census on the
assumption th at births w ill continue at about the same rate as
prevailed in the 1955—57 period.
6 E n r o l l m e n t , T e a c h e r s, a n d S c h o o lh o u s in g , F a l l 196 £ ( U .S . O ffice o f E d u c a
t io n , 1963), p . 32. T h e r a tio s for t h e y e a r s 1958 th r o u g h 1962 w ere a s follow s:
E le m e n ta r y
1958
............................................................................
1959 ..............................................................................................
1960 ..............................................................................................
1961
.................................................. ..........................
1962 ..............................................................................................
2 8 .7
2 8 .7
28. 4
2 8 .3
2 8 .5
Secon dary
21. 7
21.5
2 1 .7
2 1 .7
2 1 .7
A NEW LOOK AT MANPOWER NEEDS IN TEACHING
more teachers (less than 2 percent of the total esti
mated demand) would be needed by 1975. For
these various reasons, the projections presented in
this article are based on a constant pupil-teacher
ratio through 1975.
Thus, to take care of expanding enrollments,
assuming no change in the pupil-teacher ratio in
the years ahead, the number of elementary school
teachers must increase from the present 1.1 million
to 1.3 million by 1975—an increase of 20 percent.
In the secondary schools, the number of teachers
will need to be expanded from the present 0.7 mil
lion to 0.9 million, or 26 percent.
Replacement Needs. The number of teachers
needed for replacement will be four times that re
quired to fill the new jobs resulting from expand
ing enrollments. The projections indicate that
about 1.0 million elementary and 0.7 million sec
ondary school teachers must be hired between 1964
and 1975 to replace those who leave the profession.
The number leaving the profession undoubtedly
varies somewhat from year to year, but two recent
surveys made by different organizations have both
reported an annual separation rate of close to 8
percent for classroom teachers.7 On the basis of
these surveys and an analysis of other available
information, for purposes of these projections, an
assumption of an 8-percent annual separation rate
has been made as representing the most likely rate
for the years ahead. This separation rate is higher
than that for many other professional occupations
7 “Teacher Turnover in the Public Schools, 1959-60,” S ch o o l
L ife , U.S. Office of Education, January-February 1962 ; T ea ch er
S u p p ly an d D em a n d in P u b lic Schoolsi (W ashington, National
Education Association, 1962),, Research Report 1962-R 8, p. 19.
8 “Turnover Among Beginning Teachers,” Sch o o l L ife , April
1962, p. 24.
®U n ite d S ta te s C en su s o f P o p u la tio n , 1 9 6 0 , P C - ( 2 ) 7 A , O ccu
p a tio n a l C h a r a c te r istic s (U.S. Bureau of the Census), table 1,
p. 2.
10
For 3 years following 1947, the number of births were below the 1947
level and then increased at a slow rate in subsequent years, as shown below:
Total live
births (in
millions)
1945......... ............................................... ................. ...........
1946- .................
1 9 4 7 ..._________
1948. ________________
1949
__________
1950
........................
1951
.......................................................................
1952
......................... ......................................... „
2 .9
3.4
3 .8
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.8
3.9
Percent
change
____ ____
+ 1 9 .3
+ 1 1 .9
- 0 .7
+ 0 .3
- 0 .5
+ 5 .2
+ 2 .4
Secondary teacher requirements will reflect this decline in births particularly
in the school years 1965-66 and 1966-67. S ource : H e a l t h , E d u c a t i o n a n d
W e lf a r e T r e n d s ( U . S . D e p a r t m e n t o f H e a l t h , E d u c a t io n , a n d W e lf a r e , O ffice
o f th e S e c r e ta r y , 1 9 6 0 ),
p. 4.
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641
and is due, in part, to the preponderance of women
in elementary and secondary teaching. There is
also some evidence that many beginning teachers
use their teaching jobs as a steppingstone to other
occupations.8
The separation rates were found to be the same
in both the elementary and secondary schools, de
spite the preponderance of women teachers at the
elementary level. Women represented nearly
three-fourths of all classroom teachers in 1960—86
percent of all elementary teachers but only 47 per
cent of the secondary.9 The separation rates for
women in both levels exceed the rate for men, as
one would expect, but in the secondary schools, the
rate for women noticeably exceeds the rate for
women in the elementary phase. This higher rate
is probably due, in part at least, to the fact that
the job mobility of secondary teachers is greater.
They leave not only for reasons of homemaking
but also for other jobs for which their training
may fit them.
The average annual separation rates in elemen
tary and secondary schools are 6.0 and 6.5, re
spectively, for men teachers and 8.4 and 9.9, re
spectively, for women. The higher separation
rate for women in secondary schools tends to
counteract the lower rate for men.
The need to replace teachers increases gradually
in both school groups as total staff continues to
grow larger (table 1); the need for teachers to
accommodate growth, however, shows different
trends in each group. Average teacher require
ments to take care of the enrollment growth in the
elementary schools show moderate increases to
1975, while in the secondary schools average re
quirements for new positions in the 1965-70 and
1970-75 periods are markedly below average re
quirements in the 1960-65 period. After the peak
school year of 1964-65, when an estimated 105,000
secondary teachers must be recruited to satisfy
growth and replacement needs (including the re
placement of some of the uncertified teachers),
annual requirements drop by nearly one-half in
the 1965-66 period, reflecting the decline in the
number of births following the 1947 recordbreaking year.10 Even though an upward trend
in secondary school teacher requirements is evident
throughout the rest of the period to 1975, the
annual needs remain more than 10 percent below
the peak year. Combined requirements of both
642
T
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
a b l e
a n d
S
1.
A
R
ver a g e
A
n n u a l
N
e pl a c e m e n t
ec o n d a r y
S
ch o o ls
,
R
e q u ir e m e n t s f o r
e e d s
E
in
G
ro w th
l em en ta r y
[In th o u s a n d s]
T y p e of sch ool an d need
1960-65
T o t a l______________
G r o w th _______________
R e p la c e m e n t ___________
1965-70
1970-75
190
186
206
55
134
32
154
38
167
97
108
119
15
81
18
89
22
97
93
78
87
40
53
14
64
16
71
E le m e n t a r y _________
G r o w t h ________
R e p la c e m e n t , ______
S e c o n d a r y .......................
G r o w t h .........
R e p la c e m e n t ___________
[ [ - N o t e : D e t a il m a y n o t a d d t o t o t a l d u e t o r o u n d in g .
primary and secondary schools to accommodate
growth in the 1965-70 and 1970-75 periods are well
below the 1960-65 average while needs for teacher
replacement show a moderate increase.
One additional factor must be given attention
in projecting the demand for teachers: The number
of teachers holding so-called “emergency certifi
cates.” A recent count of teachers holding such
certificates indicates that about 27,000 secondary
and 56,000 elementary teachers cannot now meet
State certification requirements and must be pre
sumed to be less than fully prepared for teaching.11
Theoretically, the positions held by such teachers
should be counted as unfilled demand, yet the
teachers are filling these jobs—some certainly with
high competence. These teachers present an
anomaly in that many of them are without college
degrees and will be included in future “supply”
counts as they acquire degrees and meet certifica
tion requirements.
No easy resolution of this problem is apparent;
in this analysis it has been assumed that this group
of teachers represents unfilled demand for quali
fied teachers.
The following tabulation depicts the teaching
requirements for the period 1964-75:
E le m e n ta r y
G r o w th :
1975 p ro jecte d e m p l o y m e n t ...............................
L e s s 1964 e m p lo y m e n t..............
R e p la c e m e n t (r e tir e m e n ts, d e a th s, tra n sfers,
an d o th e r s e p a r a tio n s )_____________ .
R e q u ir e m e n ts to fill p o sitio n s h e ld b y te a c h e r s
w ith le ss t h a n s ta n d a r d q u a lific a tio n s
..
A ll r e q u ir e m e n ts: T o t a l.....................
A v e r a g e a n n u a l............................
N
ote:
T o ta l
( in th o u sa n d s)
1,275
1,058
933
742
2 ,2 0 8
1 ,8 0 0
217
191
408
1,015
734
1,7 4 9
56
1,288
117
27
953
87
83
2 ,2 4 0
204
D e t a il d o e s n o t a d d to t o t a l d u e t o r o u n d in g .
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S econ dary
Sources of Teacher Supply
a n d
1960-75
Elementary and secondary school teachers are
recruited mainly from college graduates with
bachelor’s degrees, although schools in some States
may hire applicants with no more than 2 years
of college education.
Among each year’s recipients of bachelor’s
degrees, there are those who majored in education
and those who specialized in other fields but can
meet certification requirements for teaching,
though many in each group never go into the pro
fession. Neither of the two groups is the sole
source of teacher supply. Other sources include
persons with higher degrees (M.A. or Ph. D.)
who can meet qualifying requirements; students
below the senior year of college who meet certifica
tion requirements in States where those require
ments do not include the B.A. degree; teachers
already trained, who reenter the profession; and
those who do not meet certification requirements
but who may take a job in a private school in
which those requirements are not applicable. A
recent study reported that “the number of persons
in teaching positions was almost double the num
ber of those who had obtained a degree in educa
tion.” 12 Most of those teaching in secondary
schools had not majored in education, according
to the study, but in the elementary schools, majors
in education predominated.
Assumptions. The number of college graduates
meeting certification requirements would presum
ably include all those intending to teach without
regard to the field of their academic specialization.
Therefore, the data on those meeting certification
requirements, used in this article, were consid
ered to represent the best available indication of
the new supply of teachers and probably include
most of the newcomers. In order to project to
1975 the number who will meet certification re
quirements, the assumptions have been made th a t:
(1) college enrollment and graduations will in
crease as projected by the U.S. Office of Education;
(2) college graduates trained for teaching13 will
11 E n r o llm e n t, T e a c h e rs, a n d S c h oolh ou sin g, 1962 (U.S. Office
of Education, 1963), p. 32.
12 T w o Y e a rs A f te r th e C ollege D egree— W o rk an d F u r th e r
S tu d y P a tte r n s (N ational Science Foundation, 1963), N SF 63-26,
p. 49.
18 See T ea ch er S u p p ly a n d D em a n d in P u b lic S ch ools (W ash
ington, National Education Association, annual issu es).
643
A NEW LOOK AT MANPOWER NEEDS IN TEACHING
continue to bear the same relationship to total
bachelor of arts degrees granted each year as has
prevailed in recent years; (3) the proportion of
graduates preparing to teach in the elementary
and in secondary schools will continue to be about
the same as in the past; (4) a bachelor’s degree
with some special courses in education will con
tinue to be the generally accepted minimum quali
fication for most positions in elementary and sec
ondary level teaching;14 and (5) teaching salaries
will continue to maintain roughly the same posi
tion relative to the salaries of other professional
occupations.
Supply Projections. Under these assumptions,
the total number of new elementary teachers who
may be trained between 1964 and 1975 would be
about 1.0 million, or about 94,000 annually. Of
these, however, only an estimated 843,000 (82 per
cent) wmuld actually enter the field during the
11-year period involved—about 77,000 annually.15
To this estimated new supply must be added an
estimate of reentering teachers. Reentries to the
teaching field comprise, in large part, women whose
homemaking responsibilities have diminished as
their children grew older and who find time to
take up their teaching careers again. Other reen
tries may be men and women who attended school
to obtain additional training after a few years of
teaching; some undoubtedly are men whose careers
were interrupted by military service, and a few
may have tried other fields only to return to teach
ing again. But for the most part, the supply of
reentering teachers represents women taking up
their careers after a period of absence from the
labor force.
The number of reentries is higher in the ele
mentary schools than in high schools because more
11 In view of the current widespread charges that the quality
of the teaching staff needs improvement, a longrun trend of rising
requirements in some form seems likely, but these changes are
expected to be accomplished slowly as has been the case in the
past. N o sharp increase in standards, such as requiring a mas
ter’s degree of all secondary teachers, is expected by 1975. If
standards are increased significantly without a corresponding
increase in salaries, a severe curtailm ent of available supply of
new teachers m ight well ensue.
15 See T ea ch er S u p p ly a n d D em a n d in P u b lic S ch o o ls (W ash
ington, National Education Association, annual issues for 1 9586 2 ). In recent years, the number of newly trained elementary)
teachers entering the field has been at or very close to 82 percent.
16 T each er T u rn o v e r in th e P u b lic S ch o o ls, 1 9 5 7 -5 8 (1959),
p. 4 and T ea ch er T u rn o ve r in P u b lic E le m e n ta ry a n d S e c o n d a ry
S ch o o ls, 1 9 5 9 -6 0 (1963),, p. 9 (U.S. Office of Education).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T a b l e 2. A v e r a g e A n n u a l B a l a n c e ( R e q u i r e m e n t s
M i n u s S u p p l y ) of E lem e n ta r y a nd Se c o n d a r y
T eachers, 1960-75
[In thousands]
Period
1960-65____ ____________________
1965-70,..___ __________________
1970-75_________ ________ ______
Total
-33
+21
+41
Elementary
-2 2
-1 2
-6
Secondary
-11
+33
+47
women are working in this area and they are more
likely to return to teaching rather than to enter
some other field. In secondary schools, both men
and women may move on to other fields and not
return to teaching. The number of reentries to
teaching will also be affected by the overall
demand for teachers, the availability of trained
teachers who are out of the labor force, salaries,
the condition of the job market in other fields,
and other factors. Two recent U.S. Office of
Education surveys of turnover among public
school teachers in 1957-58 and 1959-60 indicate
that close to one-fourth of the new elementary
hires were reentering teachers.16
A projection based on this proportion (onefourth) for reentries, and on the assumption that
reentries will continue to meet their present share
in the annual requirements (stated in table 2),
brings the total available supply of elementary
teachers (including both the newly graduated and
reentering teachers) during the 1964-74 period
to about 1.2 million. The total demand for the
period ending in 1975 is estimated to be roughly
1.3 million, which leaves an average annual deficit
of close to 10,000 for the next 11 years.
In evaluating these illustrative supply-demand
relationships, it should be remembered that they
were based on a series of assumptions; for ex
ample, only 82 percent of the newly trained teach
ers will actually enter the field, reentries will re
main at about one-quarter of new hires annually,
and (perhaps most importantly) the numbers be
ing trained for elementary school teaching will
continue to remain only a little more than 13
percent of the total bachelor’s degree recipients
each year. A small increase in any of these rela
tionships could eliminate the deficit. For exam
ple, if the number being trained to teach in the
elementary schools were to increase to 20 percent
of all graduates, the shortage would be met; or
if the number of reentries to elementary school
teaching were to increase as a result of declining
644
opportunities in other fields, the possible deficit
would be eliminated. On the other hand, the de
mand estimates may be understated to the extent
that they do not provide for increasing the pupilteacher ratio to eliminate overcrowding in the
classrooms or to end part-time class sessions.
Based on these and other assumptions, the total
number of new teachers that may be trained for
secondary schools between 1964 and 1975 will be
about 1.7 million; an estimated 1.2 million—69
percent17—of these will actually enter the field;
and about 191,000—or 20 percent of new hires—
will reenter.18 The total supply—new entries plus
reentries—of secondary teachers in 1975 is ex
pected to number 1.3 million; the estimated de
mand will be around 953,000.
This estimate of a more than adequate number
of secondary teachers is not unexpected if one
looks carefully at the whole picture at the present
time. One fifth (20.1 percent) of all bachelor’s
degree recipients today are meeting certification
requirements for secondary school teaching, and
this proportion has shown a generally upward
trend since 1955. Projections presented in this
article are based on a continuation of a slight up
ward trend (to 22.4 percent) in this relationship
during a period when the number of bachelor’s
degrees will nearly double. Hence, graduates
meeting certification requirements for this kind of
teaching will more than double during a period
when the need for teachers is below the peak levels
of 1964-65. Even if the proportion of graduates
meeting secondary teaching requirements to the
total of graduates were held constant (at the
present 20 percent) in the illustrative projection,
a numerical abundance of secondary teachers
would result.19
As table 2 indicates, a substantial improvement
in the supply of teachers by 1975 is to be expected,
with the greatest change occurring in the numbers
of secondary school teachers. But even though
the total supply of secondary school teachers ap
pears abundant, according to this illustrative pro
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
jection, shortages may occur in particular subject
fields. Initially, high school teachers are hired
to teach subjects in which they have had extensive
training, and it is difficult to discuss the total sup
ply of such teachers without differentiating by
subject field. I t is quite possible, even with an
abundance of new college graduates meeting
certification requirements for secondary school
teaching, that shortages will continue in those
fields in which demand from other sources is
strong—such as mathematics and physical
sciences.
The demand-supply projections presented here
indicate a likelihood that a sufficient number of
secondary school teachers will be available in 1975
to satisfy not only the secondary school require
ments in most fields but to help staff the elemen
tary schools as well. Sufficient numbers should
also be available to staff many other programs
(outside of the regular school system) requiring
the services of teachers, particularly the new and
proposed programs providing for additional
training for youth, the unemployed, Army rejec
tees, the poverty-stricken, and the physically and
mentally handicapped. Some of those competent
to teach on the secondary level may also be able
to help with the newly proposed Job Corps and
the domestic version of the Peace Corps if these
proposals are approved by Congress. With fur
ther specialized training, many secondary school
teachers may qualify for positions in junior col
leges, where demand for teachers is expected to be
especially great in the years to come.
17 See T e a c h e r S u p p ly a n d D em a n d in P u b lic S ch o o ls (W ash
ington, National Education Association, annual issu es for 19546 2 ). The number of those entering secondary school teaching
has been close to 69 percent for several years.
18 T ea ch er T u rn o v e r in P u b lic Sch ools for school years 1957-58
and 1959-60 (U.S. Office of Education— 1959, p. 2, and 1963,
p. 9, respectively). The number of teachers entering secondary
school teaching w as close to 20 percent in both school years.
19 If the proportion of graduates m eeting secondary school cer
tification requirements is projected at a constant 20 percent of
the number of bachelor’s degrees, the total supply projected to
enter the field would be about 1.2 million, in contrast with
requirements projected at about 953,000.
Special Labor Force Report
Labor Force and
Employment in 1963
Susan S. H olland*
A SUBSTANTIAL INCREASE I N EM PLO YM ENT accom
panied the continuous expansion in economic ac
tivity in 1963. Total employment exceeded 70
million during the summer and averaged nearly
69 million for the year as a whole, a million more
than in 1962.1 The growth in jobs, however, did
not quite keep pace with the increase in the labor
force, and unemployment—averaging 4.2 mil
lion—was about 150,000 above the 1962 level.
The seasonally adjusted rate of unemployment
which fluctuated between 5y2 and 6 percent
throughout most of 1962 and 1963, averaged 5.7
percent in 1963. As in 1962, about 45 percent of
the unemployed had been seeking work less than
5 weeks while a little over 25 percent had been out
of work 15 weeks or longer.
On the average, nearly half of the 4.2 million
jobless in 1963 were adult men, more than 20 per
cent were teenagers, and 30 percent were adult
women. Slightly fewer married men and more
teenagers were among the unemployed, compared
with 1962. The job situation for married men
as well as all adult men showed some improvement
after the winter of 1963. The teenage unemploy
ment rate rose early in 1963 and remained high
throughout the year. About 15 percent of all un
employed persons, including one-third of the teen
age jobseekers were looking for part-time work
in 1963.
Nonfarm employment a d v a n c e d steadily
throughout most of the year, while farm employ
ment continued its long-term downtrend. The
more than 57 million workers on nonfarm payrolls
in 1963 had increased by 1% million since 1962.
During the first half of the year, a strong uptrend
in manufacturing employment occurred, led by
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
gains in the steel and automobile industries.
These increases were accompanied by continued
expansion in State and local government, trade,
finance, and other services. However, gains in
the second half of the year were primarily con
fined to the service sector.
The factory workweek and overtime hours con
tinued at the same relatively high levels recorded
in 1962—weekly hours averaged 40.4, including
nearly 3 hours of overtime. Average weekly earn
ings of factory production workers passed the
$100 mark for the first time in June 1963, and
averaged $99.38 for the year, 3 percent above 1962.
With no change in hours of work, the larger paycheck resulted from fairly steady increases in
hourly earnings throughout the year. The gain in
the factory worker’s spendable earnings (gross
earnings less taxes, adjusted for changes in price
levels), however, was less than 1 percent.
Part-time employment resulting from slack
work periods or other economic causes was un
changed from 1962, and accounted for about onefourth of the man-hours lost to the economy,
which could have been worked by the labor force
if there were no unemployment or part-time em
ployment due to economic causes. As in 1962, the
great majority of man-hours lost resulted from
total unemployment.
The total labor force, including the Armed
Forces, averaged over 7 5 ^ million during 1963.
The growth of over a million in the labor force
between 1962 and 1963 was larger than that re
corded the previous year, and expansion was gen
erally about in line with long-term projections.2
*Of the D ivision of Em ployment and Unemployment Analysis,
Bureau of Labor S tatistics. Reprints, including additional de
tailed tables and an explanatory note, w ill be available at a later
date upon request to the Bureau or to any of its regional offices
(listed on the inside front cover of this issu e).
1 All comparisons w ith 1962 take into account the relatively
small effect of the introduction in April 1962 of 1960 Census
data into the estim ation procedure for the labor force data.
i2 For projections of the labor force to 1975 and an analysis of
longrun developments, see “Interim Revised Projections of U.S.
Labor Force, 1965-75,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , October 1962,
pp. 1089-1099, reprinted as Special Labor Force Report No. 24.
645
646
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
Percent Distribution of Unemployed Persons 14 Years
O ld and O ver, by
Age
Group and
P e rce n t
y y y /y fy
M a le s , 20 y e a rs old an d o v e r
□
F e m a le s , 20 y e a r s old an d o ver
KXXXJ
Both sexes, 14-19 y e a r s old
Unemployment
Despite a lengthy period of expansion in eco
nomic activity, the 1962-63 unemployment rates
stubbornly remained between 5y2 and 6 percent.8
Monthly changes during the 2 years were almost
entirely the result of seasonal or other temporary
developments and failed to show any consistent
upward or downward trend. On the average, un
employment rates in 1962 and 1963 were about
one-third higher than those recorded during the
1955-57 expansion period. The year 1963 marked
the sixth consecutive year in which unemployment
rates failed to return to the 4-percent level which
prevailed during most of the 1955-57 period.
This paradox of continued high unemployment
rates while most other economic indicators are ris
ing was also evident in the recovery periods fol
lowing previous business downturns. For exam
ple, in April 1959, 1 full year after the trough of
the 1958 recession, the seasonally adjusted unem
ployment rate was 5.3 percent. Although this rep
resented a substantial drop from the 7.4 percent
recorded at the trough, the rate remained more
than 1 full point or about 25 percent higher than
the 4.2 rate of July 1957, the peak month before
the recession. The pattern of the 1960-61 down
turn was similar to that of 1958, although the un
employment rate rose less in the more recent cycle.
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Teenage and Adult Unemployment
Sex, 1960-63
While the overall level and rate of unemploy
ment were practically unchanged from 1962 to
1963, there was some improvement for men 20
years old and over. After averaging 4.6 percent
in 1962 and 4.8 percent during the first quarter of
1963, the seasonally adjusted jobless rate for adult
men began to decline. For the second half of
1963, it averaged 4.3 percent. Unemployment
rates of married men, which are always lower than
those of other workers, similarly improved.
Throughout 1962 and early 1963, their seasonally
adjusted jobless rate averaged 3.6 percent; it be
gan to decline in April 1963 and averaged 3.2 per
cent for the last 6 months of the year.
In contrast to these improvements, teenage un
employment rose in 1963. An average of nearly 1
million 14 to 19 yearolds were unemployed during
1963, compared with 800,000 during 1962. At
15% percent, the 1963 teenage unemployment rate
was close to those recorded in the recession years
of 1958 and 1961, and higher than in any other
postwar year.
Nearly half of the teenage unemployment in
crease between 1962 and 1963 was attributable to
16 yearolds, the first large age group born im
mediately after World War II. Even with the
typically low labor force participation rate of
younger teenagers, there were not enough job op
portunities to absorb the additional work seekers
in this age group. However, the rest of the in
crease was among older teenagers, none of which
was directly attributable to population growth.
The number of 17 to 19 yearolds in the work force
was unchanged over the year, but the increase in
those unemployed pushed their jobless rate from
14.5 to 16.4 percent.
While the 1962-63 data point up an immediate
serious problem, the implications for the future
may be even more important. Many of the job
less 16 yearolds were still in school and, therefore,
were not able to hold down full-time jobs. How
ever, in the next few years as these same youngsters
and those in the age groups just behind them
complete school (or drop out), they will be enter
ing the labor force in increasingly large numbers
and on a full-time basis.
8 December 1963 marked the 34th month of sustained growth
since the recession low of February 1961.
647
LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT IN 1963
Among adult women, the unemployment rate re
mained within the range of 5.2-5.7 percent during
1963. I t averaged 5y2 percent for the year, identi
cal to the 1962 rate, and very similar to the average
unemployment rate for the Nation. The jobless
rate for adult women remained over one-fourth
higher than that of the 1956-57 expansion period.
The accompanying table shows the proportion
of total unemployment accounted for by adult
men declined from 52.4 percent in 1960 to 47.3
percent in 1963. This trend in part reflects the
fact that in the early 1960’s proportionately fewer
men 20 years old and older were added to the labor
force than adult women and teenagers. Further
more, in these 2 years, there was a larger decline in
unemployment among adult men than among
adult women and no decline at all among teen
agers. (See chart.)
Unemployment Among Nonwhite Workers. The
job situation of adult non white workers improved
slightly in 1963 but remained substantially worse
than that of white workers. Compared with 5
percent for white workers, the unemployment rate
for nonwhite workers averaged 11 percent. The
comparative disadvantage of nonwhite workers in
the search for jobs was about the same in 1963 as
in other years in the past decade. In large part,
the higher unemployment rates for nonwhite
workers reflected their disadvantage in education,
training, and skill, and their resulting concentra
tion in occupations most subject to unemployment.
The nonwhite worker in 1963 continued to carry
double his proportionate share of the burden of
unemployment. While nonwhites represented 11
percent of the labor force in 1963, they accounted
for 21 percent of the unemployed. The situation
was particularly severe for nonwhite youths; teen
agers had an unemployment rate of 28y2 percent
and 20 to 24 yearolds, 17 percent. The jobless rate
for nonwhite teenagers was up significantly from
23y2 percent in 1962; in both years their rate was
double that for white teenagers. The problem
was most serious among nonwhite teenage girls—
1 out of every 3 was unemployed in 1963.
On the other hand, the unemployment rate
among nonwhite men 25 years old and over fell
from 91/2 percent in 1962 to slightly above 8 per
cent in 1963, but was still more than twice as high
as for white workers in the same age group.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
U
n em plo y ed
P
e r so n s
A
,
A
b y
v e r a g e s
,
ge
a n d
Se
x
,
A
n n u a l
1 9 6 0 -6 3
[P e r c e n t d is tr ib u tio n ]
1960
1961
1962
1963
14 y ea r s a n d o v e r (in th o u s a n d s ) . 3,931
P e r c e n t d is t r ib u t io n ___________ _ 100.0
4 ,8 0 6
100.0
4,0 0 7
100.0
4 ,1 6 6
100.0
5 2 .4
2 7 .5
2 0 .1
5 2 .4
2 8 .5
19 .2
5 0 .3
2 9 .3
2 0 .4
4 7 .3
2 9 .3
2 3 .5
A g e a n d sex
T o ta l:
M a le s , 20 y e a r s a n d o v e r ______________________
F e m a le s , 20 y e a r s a n d o v e r . . . ________________
B o t h sex es, 14-19______________________________
Although the gradual upgrading of nonwhite
jobs continued in 1963, in line with long-term
trends, no major breakthrough was evident. The
proportion of nonwhites employed in white-collar
and skilled craftsmen jobs moved up from 2 2^
percent in 1962 to 24 percent in 1963, while the
proportion employed as unskilled laborers edged
down from 22 to 20 percent. Although these data
indicate a small improvement, comparison with
the data for white workers shows that a substan
tial gap remains. In 1963, 60 percent of the em
ployed white workers were in white-collar or
skilled j obs, and only 7 percent worked as unskilled
laborers.
Job Skills of the Unemployed. In terms of skill
levels, the unemployment picture for experienced
workers changed very little between 1962 and 1963.
The jobless rate for nonfarm laborers was high in
1963 and—at 12 percent—was unchanged from
1962. Similarly, for semiskilled operatives, the
unemployment rate was a comparatively high 7y2
percent in both 1962 and 1963. Other occupa
tional groups with unemployment rates higher
than the overall 5 percent were service workers (6
percent) and farm laborers (5y2 percent). Un
skilled laborers, service workers (both private
household and other), and semiskilled operatives
together represented more than three-fifths of the
experienced unemployed in 1963, while they ac
counted for only two-fifths of all employed per
sons.
Duration of Unemployment. About 1.1 million,
or 26 percent, of the unemployed in 1963 had
been seeking work 15 weeks or longer; half of these
had been unemployed for 6 months or longer.
These totals were almost identical with those re
corded for 1962. There has been no consistent
trend in long-term unemployment for nearly 2
648
years. On a seasonally adjusted basis, long-term
unemployment fluctuated within the narrow range
of 1.4 to 1.6 percent of the civilian labor force
from March 1962 through December 1963. How
ever, this rate was about twice that registered
during 1956 and most of 1957. Like the total
unemployment rate, the long-term rate failed to
fall to its prerecession levels after the 1958 busi
ness downturn and, at the end of 1963, had not
returned to rates registered at the 1960 cyclical
peak.
Unemployment of less than 5 weeks, which re
flects the rate at which new spells of unemploy
ment are developing, accounted for 44 percent of
total unemployment in 1963—about the same as
in 1962. This proportion was somewhat lower
than in 1956 and 1957, when short-term unem
ployment was just over half the jobless total. On
the other hand, long-term unemployment as a pro
portion of total unemployment rose from about
one-fifth in 1956-57 to slightly more than onequarter in 1962-63.
Characteristics of the Long-Term Unemployed.
Little change occurred between 1962 and 1963 in
the age-sex distribution of the long-term unem
ployed. As in the past, rates of long-term un
employment increased with age. Only 19 out of
every 100 jobless teenage boys and 22 out of every
100 unemployed men in their early twenties had
been seeking work 15 weeks or longer. These
proportions climbed to 38 per 100 for men 45 to
64 years old and 46 per 100 for those 65 years old
and over. The pattern was similar for women,
although their rates were lower in each age group.
In 1963, 23 percent of the unemployed women had
been seeking work 15 weeks or longer, compared
with 28 percent of the jobless men.
Long-term joblessness continued to be a dis
proportionately heavy burden on the nonwhite
worker. While nonwhites represented 11 percent
of the labor force and 21 percent of the unem
ployed in 1963, they accounted for 26 percent of
those unemployed 15 weeks or longer and 28 per
cent of those jobless for more than 6 months.
The proportion of long-term joblessness borne by
the nonwhite worker in 1963—at 26 percent—was
virtually unchanged from 1962. However, it was
significantly higher than the 22 percent registered
in 1956-57.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
Nonfarm Payroll Employment
Between the peak and trough of the 1960-61
recession, total nonform payroll employment de
clined by 1 million (seasonally adjusted). Fol
lowing the February 1961 low point, employment
rose steadily and by December 1961 was nearly
400,000 above its prerecession peak. The pickup
continued in 1962 when an over-the-year gain of
1.6 million brought total nonfarm employment
close to 56 million. The 1963 increase of 1% mil
lion brought the number of employees on nonagricultural payrolls to 57.2 million.
In 1962, the expansion in nonagricultural em
ployment was greatest during the first half of the
year. However, the strong growth in 1963 was
more evenly spread throughout the year. An
other significant difference between the increases
in 1962 and 1963 was the amount of growth in the
manufacturing sector. As would be expected in a
recovery year, one-third, or more than 500,000,
of the 1962 employment increase took place in
manufacturing—most of it in the hard-goods sec
tor. In 1963, on the other hand, manufacturing
employment rose by less than 200,000, or 13 per
cent of the total job increase. In both 1962 and
1963, there was a continuation of the postwar
trend toward more rapid expansion in the serviceproducing industries than in the goods-producing
sector.
Goods-Producing Industries. Employment in
contract construction and manufacturing rose
strongly during the first half of the year, recov
ering from the sluggishness exhibited in the latter
half of 1962, but showed only moderate gains for
the rest of the year. Employment in mining con
tinued its long-term decline, dropping by 20,000
between 1962 and 1963; the same decline took place
between 1961 and 1962.
The over-the-year gains in manufacturing em
ployment were almost entirely concentrated with
in the durable goods sector, where employment
reached its highest annual level since the growth
years of 1956-57. There was a large expansion
in the transportation equipment industry, which
was primarily attributable to automobile produc
tion and sales. Fabricated metals and machinery
also showed significant employment advances
over the year. Together, these three industries
LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT IN 1963
accounted for nearly three-fourths of the total job
gains in manufacturing between 1962 and 1963.
In both fabricated metals and machinery, employ
ment was at its highest levels since 1957. The
number of employees in the transportation equip
ment industry in 1963 was last exceeded in 1960.
Primary metals showed considerable strength
during the first half of 1963, in response to a
buildup of steel-users’ inventories. After the con
tract settlement in June, steel production and em
ployment were cut back. However, even after
midyear, steel production exceeded the late 1962
output, and employment in primary metals aver
aged 40,000 above the same period in 1962. Em
ployment in electrical equipment also turned down
ward after mid-1963. Both of these industries
showed job strength in December, but were still
below midyear levels and unchanged from 1962
on an annual average basis.
In soft goods, employment remained virtually
the same as in 1962, although there were several
offsetting movements within the industry. Jobs in
food processing declined by 20,000 between 1962
and 1963. In addition, there were small curtail
ments in the textile, petroleum, and leather indus
tries. Countering these cutbacks were gains in
chemicals (20,000) and apparel (30,000).
Despite an actual over-the-year increase in the
number of production workers, the ratio of pro
duction workers to all employees continued its
gradual decline.
Employment in contract construction rose by
120,000 in 1963, the most substantial year-to-year
increase in the industry since 1959. This was also
the first year on record that the annual average
number of workers exceeded 3 million.
Service-Producing Industries. All the major
service-producing industry groups (transportation
and public utilities; trade; finance, insurance, and
real estate; services; and government) registered
nearly identical over-the-year employment
changes in 1962 and 1963. Government, services,
and trade together accounted for employment
gains of close to 1 million in both years. As was
true in 1962, services and State and local govern
ment each registered employment gains of 300,000
or more. In 1963, as in other recent years, both
groups recorded annual job increases of 4 percent,
in line with the average change during recent
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
649
years. Employment in trade rose by almost
300,000, or 2 percent, from a year earlier (slightly
more than from 1961 to 1962), with nearly all of
the growth occurring in the first half of the year.
Transportation and public utilities which had
declined gradually from 1956 to 1962 showed a
slight employment increase in 1963. The number
of workers in finance, insurance, and real estate
rose by 70,000 in both 1962 and 1963, generally in
line with the industry’s annual employment in
crease of 2 percent registered since 1956.
Factory Hours and Earnings. Average weekly
hours of production workers in manufacturing
remained at very high levels in 1963, averaging
40.4 hours for the second consecutive year. With
the exception of seasonal and other short-run var
iations, average weekly hours showed little change
throughout the year. Hours in 1962 and 1963
were the highest recorded since 1956. The work
week in durable goods averaged 41.1 hours in
1963, a level not exceeded since 1955. Long hours
were especially prevalent in transportation equip
ment, paced by near record production in auto
mobiles.
The workweek for nondurable goods averaged
39.6 hours—the same as in 1962—with little change
recorded among the major industry components.
Increases in hours of work occurred only in the
paper and petroleum industries while the rubber,
leather, and apparel industries were the only softgoods industries to show declines.
Overtime for production workers in manufac
turing averaged 2.8 hours a week in both 1962 and
1963. This level had not been attained on an
annual basis since 1956. In the hard-goods sector,
overtime was also at near record levels, averaging
2.9 hours per week for the year, about the same
as in 1962. In nondurables, weekly overtime in
both 1962 and 1963 averaged 2.7 hours; the only
recent year in which this was equalled in the softgoods sector was 1959.
Hourly earnings of production workers in
manufacturing averaged $2.46 in 1963, an increase
of 7 cents per hour or 3 percent, over the 1962
level. The same increases were registered be
tween 1961 and 1962. Hourly earnings in du
rable goods averaged $2.63 (up 7 cents over the
year) and in nondurables, earnings increased 6
cents to $2.22. Among the durables, transporta-
650
tion equipment recording the largest gain—10
cents in hourly earnings—averaged $3.01 for the
year.
Average weekly earnings in manufacturing
reached the $100 mark for the first time in June
1963, and in the September to December period,
they ranged from $100.50 to $102.40. For the
year as a whole, production worker average weekly
earnings were $99.38, an increase of $2.80, or 3
percent, over 1962. The earnings level in du
rable goods averaged $108 in 1963, a gain of $3.40,
or 3 percent, over the year. In this sector, earn
ings ranged from a high of $126.40 in transporta
tion equipment to $80.40 in miscellaneous manu
facturing. Earnings increases of 4 percent were
recorded in stone, clay, and glass and primary
metals, while weekly earnings in transportation
equipment rose 3y2 percent. In the soft-goods
sector, average weekly earnings rose $2.40 over the
year (almost 3 percent) and averaged almost $88.
Weekly earnings ranged from a high of $131.77
in petroleum to $62.09 in apparel, showing gains
of 4 percent and 1y2 percent, respectively.
Total Employment
Total civilian employment averaged 68.8 million
in 1963, up 1.0 million from the 1962 level. This
gain, although not as large as the 1.2 million in
crease recorded in the recovery year of 1962, was
significantly greater than the average annual em
ployment gain of 700,000 registered between 1955
and 1962. As has been the case throughout the
postwar period, all of the increase was in the non
farm sector; agricultural employment continued
its long-term decline.
Farm employment dropped by one-quarter
million in 1963 to average 4.9 million for the year.
In the 15 years from 1948 to 1963, agricultural
employment fell steadily from almost 8 million to
just below 5 million. The employment decrease
from 1962 to 1963 was about the same as the
amount of decline recorded in the 2 previous years.
In line with long-term trend, the largest part of
the over-the-year decline took place among selfemployed farmers.
Total nonagricultural employment rose l 1/^
million in 1963 to a record level of 63.9 million.
The 1963 increase was almost as large as the annual
gain in 1962, although the latter year was one of
recovery. On a seasonally adjusted basis, non
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
agricultural employment rose most rapidly during
the first half of 1963, although smaller increases
continued throughout the June-December period.
Age and Sex of Employed Persons. Adult women
accounted for 600,000, or 60 percent, of the 1963
job increase. Their share of the annual employ
ment increase was twice their proportionate share
(30 percent) of total employment. All of the
1963 employment gains for adult women were in
nonfarm jobs. Some 20.5 million women were
employed during the year in such jobs; this ac
counted for 1 out of every 3 nonfarm workers.
Total employment for adult men rose by about
400,000 in 1963. The number of adult men in
farm employment dropped, while the number in
nonfarm jobs rose by 650,000 to an average of
38.8 million for the year. The 1963 increase in
adult male nonagricultural employment was about
the same as in 1962.
Teenage employment—at 5.3 million—remained
virtually unchanged between 1962 and 1963. In
the nonfarm sector, the number of employed 14 to
19 yearolds was 4.6 million in both years. For the
first year since 1958, teenage employment did not
expand.
Occupations of Employed Persons. For the ma
jor occupational groups, most of the dominant
postwar employment trends continued in 1963.
The number of professional, clerical, and service
workers (other than private household workers)
advanced further and farm occupations continued
to decline. The number of unskilled nonfarm
laborers remained unchanged, while farm laborers
registered a small decline.
White-collar employment in 1963 increased by
300,000, with all of the increase among profes
sional, technical, and clerical workers. Sales
workers, an occupational group which has leveled
off since 1959, continued unchanged in 1963, while
the managers, officials, and proprietors group de
creased by 100,000, as a decline in the number of
self-employed proprietors more than offset an in
crease in the number of salaried managers and
officials.
Service workers, excluding private household
workers, rose by 250,000 or 4 percent in 1963, with
the major part of this gain occurring among
women. On the other hand, the number of private
household workers has remained virtually un-
LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT IN 1963
651
changed since 1958 and has shown a drop in its
proportion of the employed total.
Blue-collar employment increased 700,000 be
tween 1962 and 1963, with all of the gain occurring
among skilled craftsmen (up 250,000) and semi
skilled operatives (up 450,000). These increases
are rather large in comparison with trends for
recent years. In the past, gains of this size took
place only in recovery years. Thus, part of the
1963 employment increases for craftsmen and op
eratives may be attributable to a continuing up
swing from the 1961 recession.
An average of 8.5 million craftsmen were em
ployed during the first half of 1960, the peak period
before the downturn began; operatives numbered
12.1 million in the same period. As indicated in
the following tabulation, the employment of both
craftsmen and operatives during the first half of
1961 was below the levels of the first 6 months
of 1960.
Annual and semiannual employment
averages (in millions)
C ra ftsm en
Annual average_______
January-June average _
July-December average__
I9 6 0
1961
1962
8. 6
8. 5
8. 6
8. 6
8. 4
8. 9
8. 7
8. 5
8. 9
196S
8. 9
8. 7
9. 2
O p era tives
Annual average_____
January-June average_____
July-December average___
12. 0 11. 8 12. 0 12. 5
12. 1 11. 4 11. 8 12. 3
11. 9 12. 1 12. 3 12. 7
By the first half of 1962, employment of crafts
men had recovered to its prerecession level, but
employment of operatives at 11.8 million was still
below the first half level of 1960. The weakness
of the initial recovery is apparent in the small
employment increases, especially for operatives,
that were registered 1 year after the recession
trough.
It is too soon to tell whether the 1962 to 1963
employment increase among craftsmen and opera
tives was merely a delayed extension of the re
covery from the 1961 recession or the start of a new
trend toward expansion in these occupations.
Blue-collar jobs are most strongly affected by the
ups and downs of business cycles. Consequently,
year-to-year employment changes in the blue-collar
occupations may reflect cyclical developments more
than longrun trends.
Employment in the farm occupations dropped
by one-quarter million between 1962 and 1963, with
almost all of the decrease taking place among
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
farmers and farm managers. There were 2.4 million farmers and farm managers in 1963, or just
about half the number in this occupation group
15 years earlier. Unskilled farm laborers num
bered 2.2 million in 1963, down only slightly over
the year, but 1.0 million below the number em
ployed in 1948.
Full- and Part-Time Employment. Included
among the employed total in 1963 were an average
of 2.3 million nonfarm workers employed part
time for economic reasons. This included 1.1 mil
lion who usually worked full time but whose hours
were cut to less than 35 because of slack work,
material shortages, or other economic reasons.
Another 1.2 million usually worked part time be
cause they could not find full-time employment.
The total working part time for economic reasons
represented 3.8 percent of all those at work in
nonagricultural industries. The average number,
as well as the rates, were virtually unchanged
from 1962.
Voluntary part-time employment, which is con
centrated among women and teenagers in trade
and service industries, continued its long-term up
trend in 1963. Averaging 6.8 million for the year
as a whole, the number of voluntary part-time
workers in nonfarm jobs increased by 200,000 since
1962. This gain, however, was only about half
the amount recorded a year earlier.
Labor Force
The total labor force, including the Armed
Forces, averaged 75.7 million in 1963, an increase
of 1.1 million over the 1962 level. This increase
was significantly greater than the 700,000 gain
registered between 1961 and 1962 and was also
larger than the average annual labor force in
crease of 850,000 recorded from 1955 to 1962.
The expansion during 1963 was about in line
with long-term projections of labor force growth
for the period 1960-65, but was not sufficient to
make up for the smaller than expected gain re
corded in 1962. As a result, the labor force re
mained about 600,000 below the level projected for
1963. However, this difference should be inter
preted with caution in view of the record of very
uneven labor force growth in the past and the
inherently imprecise nature of labor force
projections.
652
In line with postwar trends, women accounted
for the greatest part of the labor force growth
in 1963. Women 20 years old and over consti
tuted about 650,000 or three-fifths of the over-theyear increase, though they represented only 30
percent of the total labor force. Adult men ac
counted for 300,000 or about one-fourth of the
1963 labor force growth. The teenage labor force
increased by approximately 150,000 over the year,
with three-fourths of the increase occurring
among teenage boys.
Participation Rates by Age and Sex. The most
significant labor force trend in the postwar period,
the entry of more adult women into the labor
market, continued throughout 1962 and 1963.
During the same period, the trend toward declin
ing participation rates for men at both extremes
of the working age scale also continued, but at a
somewhat slower pace than in the earlier 1960’s.
The labor force participation of adult women
failed to increase as rapidly as expected between
1961 and 1962. However, the 1963 rise in the
participation rates of women 25 to 64 indicates
that the preceding year’s slowdown was only a
temporary interruption in the upward trend. F or
all age groups except those 45 to 54 (among whom
the labor force rate is already over 50 percent),
the increase in adult women’s work rates in 1963
was faster than that projected on the basis of
long-term trends.
Labor force rates for teenage girls and for
women 65 and over edged down gradually between
1961 and 1963. Among 14 to 19 year-old girls,
the participation rate declined from 30 percent in
1961 to 28y2 percent in 1963, as large numbers
of youngsters 14 to 16—with lower work rates—
were added to the teenage population. For
women 65 years old and over, work rates of 10
to 11 percent were maintained from 1956 to 1961.
By 1963, however, the participation rate for this
group declined to 9y2 percent.
Labor force rates for men in the central age
groups, 25 to 54 years, are always higher than
for any other age-sex group in the population.
Participation rates for men in these prime work
ing years have remained about 95 percent since
the end of World War II. For men 55 to 64,
work rates had declined slightly in recent years,
but showed no further change in 1963. Labor
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
force activity of men 65 and over has been declin
ing througout the postwar period and the trend
continued in both 1962 and 1963, it fell from 40
percent in 1956 to 28y2 percent in 1963.
Another group that has shown a declining labor
force participation rate in recent years is young
men under 25. For 20 to 24 yearolds, the partic
ipation rate has gradually edged downward from
the 91 percent level recorded during 1955 and 1956.
By 1962, the rate had declined to 89 percent, and
a further small decline to 88.3 percent was reg
istered in 1963. The major factor affecting the
labor force rates of teenagers and men 20 to 24
years old is the later age of labor force entry for
young persons resulting from lengthening school
attendence.
In the last several years, labor force rates for
some teenage groups have dropped more rapidly
than was anticipated on the basis of long-term
trends. Between 1956 and 1962, the work rate
for young men 14 to 19 dropped from 5iy2 to 43y2
percent. However, no further decline was reg
istered for this age group in 1963.
All of the increase in the number of teenagers
in the labor force in 1963 took place among 16
yearolds, the first age group to reflect the “baby
boom” immediately after World W ar II. Six
teen yearolds in the civilian population in 1963
had increased by % million since 1962. Although
their worker rate showed little over-the-year
change, this marked increase in the population
resulted in an increase of *4 million in the num
ber of 16 yearolds in the labor force in 1963.
However, during the school year, most of the
younger teenagers were in school and therefore
were primarily interested in part-time em
ployment.
Nonwhite Labor Force Developments. Histori
cally, the proportion of nonwhite adult men in
the labor force has been slightly lower than that
of white men.4 On the other hand, nonwhite
women have a history of substantially higher
labor force participation rates than white women,
because many nonwhite women are sole wage
earners in a family, or they frequently need to sup
plement the low incomes of other wage earners in
the family.
4Labor force participation rates for w h ite and nonwhite work
ers are based on the civilian population, excluding the Armed
Forces.
653
LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT IN 1963
Since World War II, the gap between the work
rates of adult white and nonwhite women nar
rowed markedly. While participation rates for
all adult women rose sharply throughout the post
war period, the rate of increase was more rapid
for whites than nonwhites. In 1948, labor force
rates for nonwhite women were 50 percent or
more above the rates for white women in all age
groups from 25 to 64. By 1963, the differential
had fallen to about 25 percent for all age groups
except 25 to 34 yearolds, where rates for non
white women remained 50 percent above those
for white women.
Participation rates for white women increased
faster than nonwhite rates over the last 15 years,
partly because white females had much lower rates
at the start of the period. In 1948, rates for
white women in the central ages of 25 to 54 ranged
from 31 to 35 percent, and rates for nonwhite
women were between 51 and 53 percent. Thus
there was considerably less room for an increase
in rates for nonwhites.
Another reason for the slower rate of increase
in nonwhite female participation during the post
war period is that historically more nonwhite than
white women have worked because of financial
need. These women who must work to support
themselves and their families have been less af
fected by the changing socioeconomic scene than
white women whose employment in many cases is
not attributable solely to financial necessity.
While the gap between white and nonwhite
female labor force rates narrowed markedly in the
postwar period, no similar trend was evident in
male participation rates. Rather, there has been
a slight widening in the differential between white
and nonwhite male work rates in the last 15 years.
Ninety-five percent or more white and nonwhite
men in the central age group 25 to 54 were in the
civilian labor force in 1948. The first change oc
curred among nonwhite men 45 to 54 in 1953 and
1954, when worker rates declined to 94 and 93 per
cent, respectively. The rate rebounded to 94^2
percent in 1956, a year of full employment and
generally high labor force participation. How
ever, the decline resumed in 1957 and continued
after the 1958 recession. Although the rate held
steady at 92 percent from 1960 to 1962, a further
decline to 91 percent from 1960 was registered in
1963. Among nonwhite men age 25 to 44, work
rates remained at the 95-percent level in 1963 and
rates for white men in the central ages were 96 per
cent or higher. Even for nonwhite men 55 to 64,
participation rates did not decline significantly
between 1956 and 1962.
Thus, the downtrend between 1956 and 1963 was
small, sporadic, and affected only nonwhite men in
the 45 to 54 age group. For the entire central age
group—men 25 to 64—the differential between
white and nonwhite labor force rates rose from
about 2 percent in 1956 to 3y2 percent in 1963—
white work rates exceeding nonwhite work rates
in both years. The increased divergence between
participation rates by color in the 1956-63 period
was too small to indicate a definite longrun trend.
However, labor force rates for men in these prime
working years, especially nonwhites 45 to 54, war
rant careful study in the coming years.
The reduction of unemployment to a more acceptable level requires sub
stantially greater increases in output and employment than have recently
been achieved by our economy. Merely keeping unemployment from rising
above its currently high level of over 5y2 percent will require a rise in real
GNP of about $25 billion in 1964 (assuming normal labor force growth and
continuation of recent trends in productivity). A reduction in unemploy
ment to a more acceptable level will require substantially greater increases.
The extra GNP necessary to reduce unemployment below the current rate
would total in excess of $17 billion for each percentage point reduction in the
unemployment rate.
—From Manpower Report of the President and a Report on Manpower Require
ments, Resources, Utilization, and Training by the U.8. Department of Labor,
1964 (p . 1 8 ).
731-475— 64---- 3
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The UAW’s 19th
Constitutional
Convention
L. A. O’D onnell*
I m p r o v e d w o r k i n g c o n d i t i o n s , creation of job op
portunities—especially through early retirement—
and protection from automation and plant reloca
tion were the major goals adopted for 1964 ne
gotiations by the 19th constitutional convention of
the United Auto Workers held in Atlantic City,
March 20-26. The 2,375 delegates from 842 local
unions resolved to accept no less than the equity
due members and their families in bargaining dur
ing what UAW President Walter Reuther called
“a year of great opportunity” when “the most
favorable economic circumstances ever enjoyed”
prevail. Civil rights and the war on poverty were
the subjects of other significant resolutions and
were important themes in major addresses by
President Lyndon B. Johnson and AFL-CIO
President George Meany. These two speeches also
called attention to the wage-price guideposts, but
from somewhat different points of view.
Collective Bargaining Issues
The principal work of the convention, Mr.
Reuther announced in his keynote address, was
framing policy for upcoming negotiations. Rec
ognizing that bargaining cannot bear “the full
burden of dealing with unemployment” and “ad
justment to technological change,” the delegates
accepted a comprehensive program noticeably
lacking in major innovations, but containing ele
ments as varied as paid time off for deaths in fam
ily and scholarships for members’ children. Most
demands were deliberately expressed in broad
terms to permit flexibility in negotiations, a con
tinuing policy of the union reaffirmed at this con
vention. President Reuther amplified the policy
during the 5-hour discussion of the program when
he said that some variation in emphasis was per654
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
missible from one corporation to another—par
ticularly in the matter of how to approach the
early retirement issue.
The stand for “civilizing and humanizing”
working conditions generated militant support
from the convention floor. Guaranteed rest
periods in addition to personal relief time, a more
effective approach to production standards prob
lems, and added safeguards for the privacy and
dignity of workers were the main elements in this
issue. Observing that office workers and execu
tives honor fully the great American “coffee
break,” one resolution complained that breaks and
rest periods are denied those subject to the “grind
ing monotony of production work.”
Its determination to take further steps to elimi
nate “production standard abuses” were inspired,
the UAW claimed, by management efforts to in
crease line speeds, tighten standards, and generally
erode existing protections against these hazards.
Beyond endorsing an attempt of Canadian locals
to surmount their legal inability to strike over pro
duction standards, because of Provincial labor
laws which prohibit strikes during the term of the
agreement, the specific steps to be taken against
such abuses were not detailed.
Attainment of dignity and privacy of the
worker was conceived in terms of such basic con
siderations as requiring doors on toilet stalls as
well as protection from surveillance by electronic
devices such as closed circuit television cameras,
listening and recording instruments, and motion
picture cameras. The union vowed instant ex
posure and direct action to prevent or eliminate
the use of these and similar devices.
Another resolution instructed the leaders of the
international union to exert its full power in behalf
of legitimate local demands in multiplant cor
porations, particularly on questions of working
conditions.
Much of the bargaining program was aimed at
creation of job opportunities and preservation of
existing ones. Early retirement, based on age
or service or a combination of both as well as on
a program of phased retirement, is fundamental
to the plan. This emphasis was sufficient to mol
lify a movement called “25-30-60 Now” which
had insisted on retirement at half pay after 25
years, at two-thirds pay after 30 years, and at
double the present pension at age 60.
*Of the D ivision of Industrial and Labor Relations, Bureau
of Labor S tatistics.
UAW’S 19TH CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION
To make early retirement attractive to senior
workers and better conditions for those already
retired, higher pension benefits, a cost-of-living
adjustment feature for pension benefits, and other
improvements were called for, notably company
payment of full hospital-surgical-medical care
premiums for retirees. In a related action, the
union asked for investment of pension funds in
housing and community facilities where workers
covered by funds live. Investment should not be
made in companies which practice discrimination.
Restricting overtime as well as higher premium
pay for such work, longer vacations (and extra
vacation pay), additional paid holidays, and shortning the workweek were among the measures rec
ommended for cutting down the worktime. Here
again, however, the details of these demands were
not spelled out.
Higher wages, the delegates agreed, also con
tribute to increasing job opportunities by raising
demand for products of industry. Consequently,
the present annual improvement factor of 2y2 per
cent should be raised so as to correspond with the
actual rate of increase in productivity in the
industry. In addition, the union urged refinement
of the escalator clause by (1) “modernizing” the
present ratio between wages and index points, (2)
providing for “automatic modernization” in the
future, and (3) adapting the clause to the new
BLS Consumer Price Index. The existing costof-living allowance should be incorporated into
the basic wage rate.
To cushion the impact of automation and plant
relocation, the UAW proposed company-financed
but jointly administered training and retraining
programs, liberalized relocation allowances, reduc
tion of the work force by attrition only, and pref
erence for blue-collar workers in filling whitecollar job openings. In cases of plant shutdown,
introduction of new machinery, or removal of
work to other locations, the union asked for
advance notice and consultation developing into
union-management planning to minimize resulting
dislocations.
Income security was the object of demands for
salaries for blue-collar employees and parity be
tween their fringe benefits and those presently en
joyed by salaried employees. But even with
salaries, the union recognized, there can be lay
offs and thus SUB benefits must be improved, their
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655
duration lengthened to a full year, and eligibility
for them divorced from eligibility for State un
employment benefits. In addition, SUB funds
should be strengthened, and separation allowances,
to be liberalized, should not depend on the level
of the fund. Pooling arrangements were sug
gested for strengthening SUB plans in smaller
companies.
Finally, the union asked for comprehensive im
provements in the life and health insurance pro
grams, notably payment of full premiums by em
ployers, enlarged benefits, increased coverage, and
sick leave benefits similar to those generally
granted salaried workers.
Guidepost Policy
In his report to the convention, President
Reuther asserted that for the period 1947 to 1963,
the annual average increase in productivity in
the auto industry was 4.9 percent. He declared
that, in view of the productivity increase and its
“fabulously high profits,” the Council of Eco
nomic Advisers had the industry in mind when it
stated that “there will be ample room for price
reductions in 1964.” But the industry, Reuther
said, has shown no inclination to reduce prices
significantly. At a press conference prior to the
convention, the UAW President indicated that 4.9
percent was the “most limited definition” of the
increase sought by the union in 1964 negotiations.
President Johnson, in his speech to the delegates,
also touched on the economic implications of the
union’s demands. “We know,” he said, “it is this
union’s policy to seek gains at the bargaining
table out of the greater abundance made possible
by advancing technology and not out of the
pockets of American consumers through higher
prices.” He emphasized the importance of the
international position of the dollar and warned
that a revival of the price-wage spiral would
impede economic expansion. “Avoiding that
spiral is the responsibility of business and it is
also the responsibility of labor.” The President
quoted a passage from an address to the UAW’s
1962 Convention by the late President John F.
Kennedy which affirmed the administration’s sug
gested wage-price guidelines and its obligation to
point out the national interest and, where appli
cable, to enforce the law on restraints of trade and
656
national emergencies. “This,” President Johnson
said, “is the policy of this Government today.”
AFL-CIO President George Meany, speaking
on the last day of the convention, vigorously ques
tioned “this whole idea of guidelines.” “If you go
down this road, far enough,” he asserted, “it leads
to the end of free collective bargaining. . . . I
don’t propose that labor at any time agree to going
down that road.” Responsibility and guidelines,
in his opinion, will be provided by “a strong union
in every area of activity in a democratic society.”
Later, in response to questions from the press, Mr.
Meany indicated that he would suggest that the
AFL-CIO adopt a formal policy in opposition to
the Government’s bargaining guidelines.1
Other Convention Action
A Civil Rights Resolution, passed on the third
day of the convention, called upon Congress to
enact civil rights legislation without dilution or
delay. It commended President Johnson for his
dedicated action in seeking passage without weak
ening amendments. President Johnson, in his
speech to the convention, pledged “we are going
to pass a civil rights bill if it takes all summer.”
A UAW Social Justice Award was accepted by
Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy on behalf of
the late President. Other Social Justice Awards
were given to poet Carl Sandburg, Swedish labor
leader Arne Geijer, and A. Philip Randolph,
President of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car
Porters and leader of the Washington “March for
Freedom and Jobs” last summer.
“Full Mobilization for a Total War on Poverty”
was the title of a long resolution outlining the
problem and calling for participation of labor,
civic, fraternal, and religious groups in a national
conference on poverty.
Internal Affairs
Elections of officers provided no surprises and
were uncontested in all but one instance. The sole
candidate facing opposition in his bid for reelec
tion was the director of Region 2 (Pat O’Malley)
who won handily over Roy Goforth. Vice Presi
dent Richard Gosser, convicted last year of con
spiracy to defraud the Internal Revenue Service,
declined to stand for reelection. The possibility
of a contest for his office was eliminated when the
convention voted a constitutional amendment
reducing the number of vice presidents from three
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
to two. A resolution expressing the union’s ap
preciation to Gosser for his years of dedication
and service was passed unanimously.
The union reported a dues-paying membership
of 1,150,672 for 1963, a modest increase of about
77,000 over 1962, partly accounted for by 329
victories in organizing drives since 1962. Present
membership is substantially below the union’s
high water mark of 1,418,118 in 1953, although
it remains the Nation’s second largest union.
The union showed a net worth of $89 million as
of January 31, 1964, a gain of $28 million over
1962. The strike fund totaled close to $62 million.
Concern for the vitality, youth, and effective
ness of UAW leadership was evident in a number
of steps taken by the union. An amendment to
the constitution requires compulsory retirement
for all officers, representatives, and trustees at age
65. Secretary-Treasurer Emil Mazey informed
the convention that consistent with the bargaining
demand for early retirement, the International
Executive Board would set up a pension program
enabling a staff member to retire at age 62 with
full benefits and at age 57 with reduced benefits.
Another constitutional amendment raised salaries
to a minimum of $10,500 for International Repre
sentatives, $16,500 for Board Members, $20,500
for Vice Presidents, $22,000 for Secretary-Treas
urer, and $26,000 for President, in the first of
three annual increases.
The President’s report announced establishment
of a leadership studies center in Detroit in the
past year, under the direction of Brendan Sexton.
It is designed to keep staff members abreast of
developments in techniques of administration and
communications as well as to provide study in
more academic areas such as philosophy and con
temporary civilization. One of the center’s ob
jectives is to deepen staff members’ understanding
of important issues of the day “so as to promote
throughout the Union a generally similar political
and social orientation.” Practical training in
time study, editing, and NLRB procedures is also
incorporated in the program. Teaching and dis
cussion leadership in the 3-week seminars has
been provided by union staff as well as prominent
academicians and authors.
i At its May m eeting, the Executive Council declared its oppo
sition to wage restraints without corresponding restraints on
prices and profits— both of which it called “intolerable” except in
“gravest national emergency”— and rejected the national pro
d uctivity rate as the only factor relevant to bargained wages.
Summaries of Studies and Reports
Papers From the
IRRA Spring Meeting
E
N o t e .—The following excerpts are taken
from three of the papers delivered at the
May 4~5,1 9 6 meeting of the Industrial Re
lations Research Association in Gatlinburg,
Tenn. Space limitations prevented carrying
more of the many excellent papers presented,
and necessitated drastic cutting of these texts.
Minor changes in wording have been made to
provide transitions, and signs to denote
elisions have not been used. Full texts of all
the papers will be included in the July 1964
issue of the Labor Law Journal.
d i t o r ’s
Retraining and the South
J. E arl W illiams *
A m a j o r i t y or s o u t h e a s t e r n 1 S t a t e s have had a
smaller percentage of unemployment since 1957
than the national average. Further, with only
17.6 percent of the 1962 unemployment officially
recorded in the Southeast, the section records 19.2
percent of the trainees approved under ABA and
18 percent of the trainees approved under MDTA
through December 1963, and it was allotted 18.9
percent of the MDTA funds for fiscal year 1963.
(See table 1.) Nevertheless, before considering
this surface manifestation of retraining as proof
that the South is doing a creditable job, a number
of factors must be noted:
1. The South has more of its counties designated
as redevelopment areas under the Area Bedevelopment Act than any other section.
2. By almost any standard, the South has the
largest percentage of underemployed in its labor
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
force, when an annual income of less than $1,200 is
used as the standard.2 For both the total labor
force and the total rural labor force, every south
ern State except Florida has a larger percentage
of underemployed than the national average, and
many are several times the national average.
Nonwhite underemployment is greater than white
within the area and much greater than both white
and non white outside the area.3
3. Negro underemployment is approximately
double the rate for whites, not only in the South
but nationally as well. Yet, all the southeastern
States with the exception of Kentucky have a
larger percentage of Negroes in their population
than the national average, and half of them have
considerably more. Added to this, the Negro
concentration in occupations requiring little or no
skill has further implications for retraining needs
in the South.
4. The education level of the South is consider
ably below the rest of the Nation. Only Florida
has a median educational level for those 25 years
of age and older which surpasses the national av
erage. Educational deficiencies also show up in
the percentage of the population 25 and over with
less than 4 years of high school; and Mississippi
(70.2 percent), Arkansas (71.1 percent), and Ken
tucky (72.4 percent) are the only States in the
Nation with more than 70 percent.
5. Although much is said about the industrial
development of the South since the 1930’s, the fact
remains that, in 1960, the South had 21.7 percent
of the population, only 20.4 percent of the labor
»Associate Professor of Economics, U niversity of Tennessee.
1 The Southeast for purposes of this article includes Alabama,
Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, M ississippi,
North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia.
a Inasmuch as the Manpower Act assumes th at workers in farm
fam ilies w ith less than $1,200 annual income are unemployed,
this lends some significance to the amount as a standard for
underemployment. It is a conservative standard, however, and
probably understates the amount of underemployed in the South.
8 For a full development of th is theme leading to a concept of
subemployment, in which the South exceeds the rest of the Na
tion, see Frank T. Bachmura, “Underemployment in the South,”
Chapel H ill, N.C., Southern Economics Association, November
1963, unpublished paper.
657
658
T
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
a ble
1.
M DTA
T
gram s
S
a n d
h ro ug h
D
ARA
A
r e a s
e c e m b e r
a n d
1963;
P
T
A
ppr o v e d
of
M DTA
r a in e e s
er c e n t a g e
, N um ber a
F u n d s , F is c
n d
P
a l
1963,
e r c e n t a g e
U
n it e d
, F
St
B
rom
a tes
e g in n in g
a n d
S
o f
P
ro
o u t h e a st e r n
ta tes
MDTA, August 1962-December 1963
Trainees
approved
Percentage
of total
ARA, November 1961-December 1963
Percentage
of funds
fiscal 1963
Areas
approved
Percentage
of total
Trainees
approved
Percentage
of total
United States....................................
119,248
100.0
100.0
233
100.0
26,895
100.0
Alabama_____ _____ _______________
Arkansas.................. ........... .......................
Florida..........................................................
Georgia____________________________
Kentucky......... .................................... .
Louisiana__________________________
Mississippi_________________________
North Carolina........................................
South Carolina....... ....................................
Tennessee__________ _________ ______
Virginia___ ____ _____________ ______
1,439
845
1,950
798
5,327
19
360
1,781
5,476
2,000
1,449
1.2
.7
1.6
.67
4.5
1.7
1.1
2.3
2.0
2.0
1.7
1.2
2.4
1.1
2.0
1.4
6
17
2
3
15
2.5
7.3
.8
1.3
6.8
758
1,063
107
318
1,378
2.8
3.9
.4
1.2
5.0
5
3
4
1
2.1
1.3
1.7
816
57
641
96
3.0
.2
2.4
.3
1.5
4.6
1.7
1.2
S ource: M a n p o w e r R e p o r t o f the P r e s i d e n t , 1964, p p . 252-253, a n d M a n p o w e r
R e s e a r c h a n d T r a i n in g U n d e r the M a n p o w e r D e v e lo p m e n t ¡fin d T r a i n i n g A c t ,
.3
A R e p o r t b y t h e S ec r e ta r y o f L a b o r, M a r c h 1964, p p . 155-157; 163-164.
force, and just 16.7 percent of the manufacturing
work force of the Nation.4
6.
The South lags behind the Nation by 10 to 20
years in the distribution of employed persons
among the different occupational groups.5 Rela
tively few of the employed persons in the South
are in professional, technical, and kindred occupa
tions, but a relatively high percentage is in agri
culture and private households. The high propor
tion of agricultural employment magnifies the
South’s problem, for this is the area of greatest
displacement in recent years. In addition to the
training implications for those leaving the farm,
a much more highly trained and better educated
farm worker will be needed.
Although it appears that the South is engaging
in retraining at a rate proportionate to its offi
T a b l e 2.
1960;
.4
cially stated unemployment figures, some of the
southern States with the most unemployment have
done the least in retraining.
Given these factors, a gigantic retraining effort
(greater than any other section) appears to be
needed. Yet, at the end of 1963, only a little more
than 3.7 percent of the southern unemployment
levels of 1962 had been approved for training un
der MDTA or ARA. Since there is a time lag
from approval to actual training, the number
which had actually received training by the end
1 R eg io n a l P r o je c tio n s to 19 7 6 : P o p u la tio n , L a b o r F orce, E m
p lo y m e n t, an d In c o m e (W ashington, National Planning Associa
tion, National Economic Projections Series, 1962), Technical
Supplement 8, p. vi.
6 See C. E. Bishop and G. S. Tolley, “The South’s Economic
Future : A Challenge to Education,” P ro c ee d in g s, E d u c a tio n a l
R e e d s f o r E co n o m ic D e v e lo p m e n t of th e S o u th (Raleigh, North
Carolina State College, Agricultural Policy In stitu te, 1962), p. 5.
MDTA T r a i n e e s A p p r o v e d
and
N egro\ T
r a in e e s a n d
a n d E n r o l l e d T h r o u g h D e c e m b e r 19 6 3 ; P e r c e n t a g e P o p u l a t io n N e g r o ,
P r o je c t s to N o v e m b e r 1963, U n it e d S t a t e s a n d S o u t h e a s t e r n S t a t e s
’
Number
trainees
approved
Number
trainees
enrolled
Percentage
population
Negro, 1960
Percentage
trainees
Negroes
Number
projects
Number
integrated
projects
Projects with 30 percent or
more Negro
Number
United States.................. ................
112,510
Alabama_____ _____________________
Arkansas______________ ___________
Florida____ _______ ________ _______
Georgia_____ ______________________
Kentucky_____________
_________
Louisiana_____ ________ ____________
Mississippi-____ ____________ ______
North Carolina_____________________
South Carolina_______________ _____
Tennessee..................... ..............................
Virginia........... —........................................
1,224
576
925
415
1,692
0
3 75
1,081
456
1,051
1,140
1 N o t a v a ila b le .
! I n c lu d e s a ll n o n w h ite , b u t m o s t ly N e g r o
8 F o r ca len d a r y e a r 1963.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(9
697
493
706
327
1,386
0
(9
704
312
885
826
10.5
2 22.6
30.1
21.9
17.9
28.6
7.2
32.1
42.3
25.4
34.9
16.5
15.0
8.0
16.0
16.0
10.0
0.0
2 2 .2
(9
11.5
23.0
9.0
39.0
(9
(9
25
23
24
16
61
0
2
35
16
36
27
Number
integrated
(9
4
6
17
4
32
0
0
26
1
22
20
(9
4
1
3
1
5
0
1
3
4
2
9
0
0
2
0
5
0
0
3
0
2
4
S ource: M a n p o w e r R e s e a r c h a n d T r a i n in g U n d e r th e M a n p o w e r D e v e lo p m e n t a n d T r a i n i n g A c t , 1964, p p . 155-6; U . S . C e n s u s o f P o p u l a t i o n , 1960;
U .S . D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r. O ffice o f M a n p o w e r , A u to m a tio n a n d T ra in in g ;
T h e E c o n o m ic S i t u a t i o n o f N e g r o e s in th e U n it e d S t a te s , U .S . D e p a r tm e n t of
L a b o r B u lle t in S - 3 ,1962, p . 1.
FEDERAL CIVIL SERVICE BARGAINING
659
of 1963 was considerably below this. In fact, only
0.8 percent of the unemployed had received train
ing in institutional projects under MDTA, and all
the ARA trainees approved would add only an
other 0.8 percent. In addition, Negroes with dis
proportionately greater training needs have been
trained disproportionately less, with the excep
tion of Kentucky and Virginia, than their per
centage of the southern work force (table 2). Fin
ally, for all practical purposes, Mississippi and
Louisiana have not participated in retraining, and
the remaining southern States doubtless could
have increased their efforts considerably without
fear of national budget limitations. Although
there are variances among the States, it is clear
that the Southeast as a whole has engaged in re
training to a far lesser extent than its needs in
dicate.
Federal Civil Service Bargaining
its members within the agency; formal—which
permits unions representing 10 percent of the em
ployee work force to be consulted on establishing
and activating personnel policies and practices
which affect its members; and exclusive—which
entitles unions representing a majority of the em
ployees in an appropriate bargaining unit to ne
gotiate a written agreement covering terms and
conditions of employment in the unit. The Execu
tive order also provides for advisory arbitration
in grievances. The policy denied both the union
and closed shops in the Government Service.
Lastly, the order provided for determination of
standards of conduct and codes of fair practices
for the guidance of agency heads as to whether
certain unions are so corrupt or so influenced by
forces opposed to a democratic society that they
should be denied recognition by the Government.1
As a result of union organization drives, the
membership in employee unions is growing—at a
slow rate.2 Most of the increases have occurred
Max S. W ortman , Jr.*
I n t h e p a s t , several major unions have pushed for
legislation which would give Government employ
ees the right to bargain collectively with their em
ployer. Although several unions had negotiated
contracts and administered grievances with vari
ous agencies and departments of the Federal Gov
ernment, collective bargaining as a guaranteed
right to each employee was not available until
President Kennedy signed Executive Order 10988
on January 17,1962. Underlying this concept was
the assumption that through employee participa
tion, a more effective F ederal Service would result.
Executive Order 10988 explicitly states the right
of a Federal employee to join a bona fide labor or
ganization, or to refrain from doing so. Mana
gerial employees are prohibited from joining a
labor organization if it creates a conflict of interest
or is incompatible with law or the duties of the
particular position. Several types of union rec
ognition are provided including : informal—which
allows the union to be heard on matters affecting
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
♦A ssistant Professor of Labor and Management, U niversity of
Iowa.
i E d i t o r ’ s N o t e : See M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , February 1962,
pp. iii-iv , and July 1963, pp. 835-836.
a L etter of John W. Macy, Jr., Chairman, U.S. Civil Service
Commission, to the President, January 17, 1964.
660
in Government installations having industrialtype functions. In some cases, decreases in mem
bership of certain unions have occurred particu
larly if another union at a given location has been
granted exclusive recognition. Since the member
is not represented by the minority union, there is
little reason for him to continue his membership
and thus he drops out or becomes a member of the
majority union. In still other instances, separate
segregated locals of the same union have ceased to
exist since they were denied recognition due to
practices of racial discrimination.
Contract Enforcement
Since determination of the appropriate bargain
ing unit has been quite complex and negotiations
are still in their initial stages there is little con
crete evidence of the path to be taken in grievance
solution, arbitration, and enforcement. In many
agencies, an existent grievance procedure is still
in effect. In other agencies, a grievance procedure
has been negotiated with no terminal arbitration
step. In most of these instances, the last step in
the grievance procedure is advisory arbitration—
which is just an expert opinion for the head of the
agency who will make the decision. Grievances
will be filed on promotions, demotions, and the
grade of a particular job.
In the contracts that have been signed, there
has been little evidence of problems of enforce
ment. Once the contract is implemented, local
management has adhered to the terms of the con
tract. Both labor and management have appar
ently made a unified cooperative effort to enforce
the contract.
Future Problems
Both management and labor feel3 that one of
the most important problems in the use of collec
tive bargaining in the Federal Service is the in
adequacy of the professional staff in the area of
labor relations. The present personnel staff are
poorly equipped to handle negotiations, griev
ances, and arbitration cases. Thus the present
professional personnel staff need to be trained, and
additional personnel in the area of labor relations
need to be retained by the Federal Service. Sec
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
ond, the rules and regulations should be amended
so that a majority union may be designated the
exclusive representative if it receives a majority
of those eligible and voting. A provision should
be established for a runoff similar to that under the
Taft-Hartley Act so that ultimately a majority
union would be determined if more than 50 per
cent of the workers stated that they wished to be
represented by a union.
Third, an independent labor board reporting
to the President should be established for the Gov
ernment Service which would serve as a Govern
ment National Labor Relations Board with simi
lar functions. Essentially, this would separate the
quasi-judicial functions existing in collective bar
gaining away from those of the personnel func
tion within the agency. Currently, the personnel
function represents management in negotiations
and yet attempts to solve grievances in a quasi
judicial role. This labor board would determine
appropriate bargaining units, determine the ex
clusive representative if there is one, handle unfair
labor practice cases, and other problems arising
which should not be handled by either labor or
management. The advisory arbitrator role could
be eliminated if this board were set up.
Fourth, an impartial method of solving the “im
passes” which occur during negotiations. Prefer
ably one of the time-honored methods of media
tion, conciliation, or factfinding should be used
to resolve the differences.
Fifth, there is a definite problem of uniformity
of interpretation and general application of the
executive order by the various agencies of the
Government. Although these differences are due
to previous regulations existing before the execu
tive order, some of these could be resolved by an
independent labor board outside the U.S. Civil
Service Commission.
Sixth, terminal, binding arbitration in the griev
ance procedure could be established so that a truly
impartial decision may be rendered on the par
ticular issue in question. Thus precedents would
be set, and there would be no chance of overturning
the decision at some higher level.
8 The inform ation for this paper was obtained from personal
interviews w ith personnel in the Veterans’ Adm inistration and
the U.S. Army, and from letters obtained from unions directly
involved In collective bargaining efforts in the Government
Service.
661
RETRAINING IN WEST VIRGINIA
Retraining in West Virginia
H arold A. Gibbard*
C lose to 10,000 unemployed men and women have
enrolled in retraining in West Virginia under
either the State-sponsored Area Vocational Edu
cation Program or the Area Redevelopment Act,
or the Manpower Development and Training Act.
By far the largest number of these were under the
State program which has operated in at least 38 of
a total of 55 counties. Retraining under ARA
has been offered in about a fourth of the counties,
with accumulative enrollments in the spring of
1964 approaching 2,000. MDTA courses in a few
communities have enrolled about 200.
At the same time, the level of unemployment in
West Virginia has continued above the national
average and there has been no sustained gain in
total employment.
Statewide Factors
Retraining for local jobs can succeed only if
jobs are vacant because the requisite skills are not
held by the available workers, or if new jobs are
being created, but the persistently high rate of un
employment in West Virginia and the secular de
cline in the number of people in jobs, strongly
suggest that no large number of jobs has stood un
filled for long. A majority of the people reside
in places smaller than a thousand. They are
overwhelmingly nonfarm. Many live a long way
from any growing city. The highest rates of un
employment in West Virginia have persistently
been in highly rural counties where the range of
new job possibilities is quite limited.
Not quite a fourth of the females 14 and over
were in the labor force in West Virginia in 1960.
This difference from the national participation
rate follows from the lack of job opportunities.
Many more women would be in jobs if jobs were
available. While disproportionately many of the
new jobs in the United States in the past several
years have been women’s jobs, women’s employ
ment is more heavily concentrated in cities than is
men’s employment. There has been some effective
retraining for women, let it be noted.
731-475— 64-
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While ARA-sponsored retraining has been
geared in the main to local employment oppor
tunities, the State program has not been so limited.
The combination of a population ready to move
and retraining geared to employment elsewhere
has produced a favorable outcome to retraining in
some West Virginia localities.
The general attitude toward retraining appears
to be favorable. Virtually all the retrained work
ers who were field-interviewed in a five-county
survey of 1,397 retrained workers and two control
groups indicated that their families approved of
their retraining. Ninety-two percent of the
trainees said that, if they had to start all over
again, they would take a retraining course.
Among the members of a control group of non
applicants for retraining, the serious problem is
not so much a negative attitude toward the train
ing programs as a lack of information about them.
Of about 450 nonapplicants interviewed, as many
as 200 did not know about retraining.1 The con
sequences of this unawareness are not clear. Most
courses had a full quota of enrollees assigned to
them, and perhaps the only effect of more wide
spread knowledge would be a more rigorous selec
tion of trainees. Tentatively, then, the discernible
attitude toward retraining in West Virginia is
positive, though a part of the population knows
relatively little about it.
Intrastate Variations
The various sections of the State have not par
ticipated equally in retraining. Some counties
have offered a variety of courses and have repeated
some of them several times. A fourth of them
have offered no retraining at all. Among the rea
sons for the local variation, legal qualification is
♦Chairman, Department of Sociology, W est V irginia U niversity.
1 The nonapplicant sample consisted of 453 respondents reg
istered at the employment offices in five W est Virginia co u n ties:
A southern coal county, two urban counties in the central part
of the State, and two urban-rural counties in northern W est
Virginia. Names were drawn randomly in equal numbers from
the active and inactive flies, the only requirement for inclusion
was th a t the individual be unemployed at a tim e when some
retraining course was being set up in his area. The five counties
were not equally represented in the final sample, which was
strongly rural. The nonapplicants were a less favored popula
tion than our sample of trainees. Their median age w as 37 as
against 31 for those who completed retraining courses. Ten
percent of the nonapplicants were Negro as against 6 percent
who completed training. The median la st school grade completed
w as 9 for the nonapplicants and 12 for the trainees.
662
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
not significant. The variations may be traced in
stead to local needs and resources and to local
initiative.
With few exceptions, retraining courses have
been established as a result of local efforts to par
ticipate in the State or Federal programs. Local
promotion may be the most important variable in
determining the scope of an area’s retraining
effort.
A second variable is the prospect of local em
ployment. Some vigorous and successful retrain
ing efforts in West Virginia have been geared to
the training of workers for jobs to which workers
would have to migrate. The presence of local job
opportunities, though, appears to be a stronger
aid to retraining.
Local jobs to which retraining has been geared
appear to be of three classes. First are women’s
occupations in which there is a high turnover and
frequent recruiting, such as waitress or nurse’s aid.
Second are skilled occupations for which the de
mand has outrun the supply, as automatic trans
mission mechanics. The first calls for a relatively
low level of skill, and the second for an occasional
catching up with demand. The third class consists
of jobs in new establishments. Training for in
state industrial employment has been geared
largely to staffing new plants, including some es
tablished with Federal assistance. Thus, workers
have been trained for jobs in aircraft assembly, the
manufacture of military vehicles, woodworking,
glass, apparel, and others. In several of these, a
series of courses has been given to keep pace with
the expanding staff needs. Specific training
courses have also been conducted to meet the non
professional staff needs of hospitals.
A third variable in retraining is the availability
of physical facilities for retraining. Some equip
ment can be bought with retraining funds, but un
less it will be used repeatedly, expensive installa
tions cannot be justified. A number of counties
have a valuable asset in a well-equipped vocational
school and much of their retraining has been con
ducted there. In some of the more sparsely popu
lated counties, though, retraining facilities do not
exist, and would not serve very many people if
they were provided.
Any plan to lift the plateau or to enable the plateau to lift itself must encom
pass a broad scheme to expand and improve its schools. No longer do its
unschooled citizens constitute a drag on Kentucky alone. The family car and
the American road transmit the social and economic shortcomings engendered
by poor highland schools into every part of the Nation. The glitteringly
attractive States of California, Hawaii, Arizona, Florida, Massachusetts, Illi
nois, Ohio, New York, Pennsylvania, and Michigan can ill afford the burdens
imposed upon them by the influx of uneducated and untrained citizens. I t is
increasingly apparent that in the future there will be little place anywhere in
our country for men or women who have nothing to sell except the services of
unskilled minds and hands.
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—Harry M. Caudill, Night Comes to the Cumherlands: A Biography of a Depressed
Area (Boston, Little, Brown and Co., 1963), pp. 335, 390.
FIVE CASE STUDIES OF DISPLACED WORKERS
Five Case Studies
of Displaced Workers
I t i s g e n e r a l l y a g r e e d that technological
change in the United States has had long-term
beneficial effects in terms of greater productivity,
faster economic growth, more jobs, and higher
wages and employee benefits. However, the
short-term cost of such industrial progress to in
dividual workers displaced from their jobs is not
always fully recognized.
Between April 1962 and May 1963, the Bureau
of Labor Statistics conducted five case studies of
the effects of plant shutdowns or large-scale lay
offs.1 These studies reveal that even under favora
ble labor market conditions, many workers, once
displaced, were unable to find new jobs. Others
had long periods of unemployment and experi
enced considerable hardship. This was particu
larly true of older workers, women, and workers
with the least education or the lowest levels of
skill. In most cases, displaced workers got little
help from their former employers and relied
mainly on personal contacts with friends and
relatives in locating work.
Sizable numbers stopped seeking employment
while most of those who were reemployed earned
less—substantially less in many cases—and had
lower benefits; many had jobs of lower skill, and
all but a small number lost their seniority protec
tions.
Interplant transfers were offered in but two
cases, and only under union contract require
ments. Even in the one case where a transfer
with seniority was offered, no more than 1 out
of 5 accepted. Among the obstacles to mobility
were the high costs of relocation, home owner
ship, the secondary role of the wife’s job in the
family, children in school, family and social ties,
and fear of future layoffs.
The Cases
These studies included plants in five manufac
turing industries: petroleum refining, automotive
equipment, glass jars, floor covering, and iron
foundries.2 The plants were located in six areas,
from the East Coast to the Mountain States, most
of tliem in the Midwest. The number of workers
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663
displaced totaled close to 3,000 and ranged from
about 100 to over 1,000.3
The layoffs took place between July 1960 and
June 1962. Surveys were conducted between
April 1962 and May 1963. The period elapsing
between layoffs and surveys varied from 6 to 21
months.4
Labor Market Conditions. All areas were sub
stantially industrialized and highly diversified.
The smallest had a labor force of a little under
50,000; the largest, well over 500,000. Five of
the six areas were standard metropolitan statis
tical areas. In five areas, unemployment rates at
the time of the layoffs were in excess of or close to
the “relatively substantial unemployment” level
of 6 percent. Conditions improved subsequently
and by the time the surveys were conducted, unem
ployment had declined substantially in each area.
Role of Technological Change. In each case, tech
nological change was a factor—directly or indi
rectly—in the shutdown or layoff. One plant in
stalled new laborsaving production processes; an-
1 This article summarizes the findings in the five case studies.
A more detailed report presenting the results in each case w ill be
presented in forthcom ing BBS Bulletin 1408.
2 For a recent analysis of the findings in 18 previous studies of
displaced workers, published between 1929 and 1962, see W illiam
Haber, Louis A. Ferman, Jam es R. Hudson, T h e I m p a c t o f T ech
n o lo g ica l C h a n g e: T h e A m e ric a n E x p e rie n c e (Kalamazoo, Mich.,
W. E. Upjohn In stitu te for Em ployment Research, 1963).
3 The individual case studies involved: (1) about 800 workers
laid off by a petroleum refinery in the M idwest in the course
of a year; (2) over 1,000 workers displaced by the shutdown of
an autom otive equipment plant in the M idwest; (3 ) some 600
workers displaced upon the partial closing of a glass jar plant in
the M idw est; (4) about 300 workers displaced by the closing
of a floor covering plant in the E a s t ; and (5) about 100 workers
displaced upon the shutdown of two iron foundries by a single
employer, one in the Midwest and the other in a Mountain State.
Because the sm all number of workers displaced by the closing of
each of the iron foundries lim ited feasible statistical break
downs, the data for both foundries have been combined to form a
single case study.
Inform ation about the workers was obtained from (1) em
ployer records, (2) m ail questionnaires addressed to the displaced
workers, and (3) data from the U.S. Employment Service. In
three cases, inform ation w as obtained from over 90 percent of
the displaced w ork ers; in a fourth, 67 p ercen t; and, in the
fifth, a sample covering 25 percent w as used.
* The achievement of a uniform tim e interval between layoffs
and surveys w as not feasible. In the case of the oil refinery, for
example, the layoff w as carried out over a period of more than a
year, and the period between layoffs and the survey varied from
6 months to over a year and a half. W hile variations in the
tim e elapsing after layoff undoubtedly had some effect on the
data concerning employment and unemployment, a case by case
comparison reveals that it had considerably less significance
than factors such as the age, sex, educational background, and
skill level of the displaced workers.
664
other lost business because of a change in customer
demand to a product using a different material.
In some instances, the building and equipment
were old.
In all but one case, however, other factors
played a significant role as well, such as: a sharp
decrease in consumer demand for a particular
product; the dislocation resulting from a shift
from longrun operations for one customer to
short-run operations for many customers; and
labor-management conflict.
The experiences of the Bureau in attempting to
select cases of worker displacement due to tech
nological change clearly indicates that such cases
are difficult to isolate. In most instances, more
than one factor influenced the ultimate decision to
close the plant, and it was extremely difficult to de
termine which factor or factors were decisive.
Measures to Prevent Displacement
Layoffs may be prevented or minimized by var
ious means. One is attrition, where workers who
quit or retire are not replaced. Early retirement
of older workers, spreading available work by
measures such as the elimination of overtime, and
timing the layoff to take place during a period of
business expansion are also sometimes possible.
In only one case—the oil refinery—was any at
tempt made beforehand to reduce the extent of the
layoff. At this company, more than half of the
projected employment reduction was achieved by
attrition. No new employees had been hired for
over 3 years before the first group was laid off.
The firm also induced workers over age 51 who
were not scheduled for layoff under the seniority
regulations to retire early by offering them a sub
stantial “age allowance” separation payment in
addition to their regular severance pay and an
nuity. A maximum “age allowance” of $4,800
was paid at age 58, with the amount scaled down
toward age 51 and age 65, respectively. Those ac
cepting early retirement accounted for one-sixth
of the displaced workers.
Measures to Find Jobs
The nature and extent of assistance given dis
placed workers in their efforts to secure reemploy
ment varied considerably from case to case, de
pending on employers’ attitudes, the history of
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
labor-management relationships, and union con
tract provisions. In four of the cases, the majority
of the workers were represented by unions affili
ated with the AFL-CIO; in the fifth case, there
was an independent union. Types of assistance
used or attempted in one or more of the case studies
included early notice of the impending layoff,
placement services, interplant transfers, employersponsored retraining programs, and in-plant reas
signments and transfers. Generally, these efforts
were of limited help.
Early Notice. One firm ceased new hiring 3 years
before the layoffs began, notified the workers well
in advance of termination, and phased out the
layoffs over a period of a year. In all other cases,
notice was considerably shorter. The longest ad
vance notice was 6 months; the shortest, little more
than 2 months.
Placement Services. By far, the most effective
source of assistance in locating jobs appears to
have been personal contacts. “Friends or rela
tives” were credited with finding the jobs of from
one-half to two-thirds of the reemployed workers
in the five cases studied.
The only substantial assistance in securing jobs
for displaced workers was given by the oil com
pany, and in another case, by the union. The
company assisted displaced workers through its
own employment office, contacting about 600 firms
in the area, and also entered into an agreement to
pay the placement fees of two private employment
agencies. The company stated that it had as
sisted one-third of the workers who found employ
ment in locating their jobs, although one-half of
that number were no longer working on these par
ticular jobs at the time of the survey.
In the automotive equipment case, the union
invited all displaced members to fill out a job re
ferral form which was circulated among companies
with which it had contracts. As a result of these
efforts, approximately 200 of the more than 1,000
displaced workers were employed by companies
under contract to the union. The largest propor
tion was hired by an expanding firm which ac
cepted displaced workers up to age 55. This age
limit was higher than most, but union representa
tives stated that this company was willing to hire
older workers because of its need for workers with
“instant skills,” who could adapt to new jobs with
665
FIVE OASE STUDIES OF DISPLACED WORKERS
a minimum of retraining. The union found that
it was not able to place men over age 55 readily, or
women at any age.
after announcement of the impending shutdown.
About 30 percent of the displaced workers regis
tered for training. The program was abandoned
when the company concluded that, because of age,
inadequate schooling, or low scores on aptitude
tests, there would have been no reasonable prospect
for job placement for most trainees. I t stated
that many were not willing to train for service
jobs paying much lower wages than they had been
receiving, and few were willing to give up unem
ployment compensation and supplementary un
employment benefits for which they would have
been disqualified under existing regulations while
engaged in a full-time training program. In the
case of the oil refinery, about 1 out of 10 laid-off
workers reported that earlier training given by
their employers for jobs in the plant helped them
in getting jobs outside; all were employed at the
time of the survey.
Interplant Transfers. Although all five com
panies were multiplant firms, only two offered
interplant transfers, in both instances under union
negotiated plans. In neither instance were relo
cation allowances granted. In the case of the auto
motive equipment firm, the contract with the
major union representing production and main
tenance workers provided that, if the company
shut down a plant and transferred its operations
to another plant, the employees would be given
an opportunity to transfer to the other plant with
their jobs. They would be credited with full
seniority for purposes of layoffs, recall, and eco
nomic benefits such as pensions and vacation. On
the basis of this agreement, about 1 out of 5 dis
placed workers transferred to another plant of the
company in an adjacent State. The agreement
also gave displaced employees preferential hiring
rights at other plants. Workers exercising such
rights would start as new employees for purposes
of layoff, but would carry seniority with them for
economic benefits. About 3 percent of all dis
placed workers were transferred under this pro
vision. A craft union representing some skilled
workers in the plant had not negotiated an inter
plant transfer provision and its members were
not given an opportunity to transfer after the
plant closed.
In the second case—the floor covering plant—
the contract required the transfer of economic
benefits, but no job security benefits. Not more
than 1 out of 8 workers took advantage of this
provision. The importance of job security to
those displaced is indicated by the fact that a much
larger proportion of workers accepted transfer in
the automotive equipment case than in the floor
covering case, despite the fact that the distance
was twice as far. Some effects of these provisions
are discussed in the section on “mobility and re
employment” below.
Supplementary Unemployment Benefits. In only
one case—the automotive equipment plant—had
supplementary unemployment benefits been nego
tiated. By the time of the survey, benefits had
been received by two-thirds of the displaced work
ers of this company for an average of 22 weeks.
Employer Retraining Programs. None of the five
employers adopted programs to retrain displaced
workers for jobs elsewhere. The automotive
equipment company publicly announced estab
lishment of a $100,000 retraining fund shortly
Severance Pay. Some form of severance pay was
obtained by displaced workers in 4 of the 5 cases,
but in only one instance was it sufficiently great
to be of substantial assistance in a period of pro
tracted unemployment. That plan provided a
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Inplant Reassignments and Transfers. In the
only case that did not involve a plant shutdown,
the layoff was on the basis of plantwide seniority.
This procedure left numerous vacancies which
were filled by reassignment, transfer, and retrain
ing of the remaining employees.
Measures to Maintain Income
Unemployment Insurance. The most important
source of income for the displaced workers was
unemployment insurance. In four cases, the pro
portion receiving such benefits ranged from 69 to
94 percent of the total, for an average of from
18 to 27 weeks. Even in the fifth case, with rela
tively low unemployment, close to half of the
workers received benefits.
666
“service allowance” based on the worker’s wage
rate and length of service. The lowest amount
paid under the formula was in excess of $600.
Early Retirement Pay. While all pension pro
grams provided for early retirement at age 60
or sooner, in only two cases did more than a very
small proportion of the displaced workers benefit
from these provisions. The automotive equipment
case involved a substantial number of older work
ers and, in the 14 months after the shutdown was
announced, pensions were paid to 375 workers,
283 of them in the major bargaining unit. While
some of these were for normal and disability re
tirement, the bulk of them were for early retire
ment. With the payment of these pensions, the
fund was not sufficient to cover the vested rights
of the younger workers. Therefore, in accordance
with contract provisions, deferred pensions were
substantially reduced for those in the 50-59 age
group and were eliminated for those under 50.
At the oil refinery, a contributory plan provided
immediate or deferred annuities regardless of age.
Ninety percent of those 55 and over received im
mediate annuities and another 5 percent got de
ferred annuities; 1 out of 3 displaced workers
under 55 received immediate or deferred annuities.
In all other cases, most workers, including many
with long service, lost their pension rights
entirely.
Characteristics of the Displaced Workers
The typical displaced worker was a white male
in his late forties. He was married, owned his
home, had two dependents, and some high school
education.
Women accounted for 2 out of 5 workers in one
case, 1 out of 5 in another, and insignificant pro
portions in all others. In no case did nonwhites
exceed 7 percent of the total. While most workers
were age 45 or over, the proportion in this cate
gory varied from 21 percent in one case to 94
percent in another. In all cases, a majority were
married and owned their homes. The number of
dependents tended to be fewer among the older
groups. While in four cases a majority of the
workers had some high school education, in all but
one instance the proportion of graduates was rela
tively small.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
The Search for Employment
Job hunting was a difficult experience for many
displaced workers. For a large number, it was
fruitless. Most of the displaced workers had ac
cumulated long years of service in a particular
line of work and many were ill-prepared for the
strenuous efforts of job hunting.
Employment and Unemployment. At the time of
the surveys, only 2 out of 3 of all displaced work
ers in these case studies were employed. One out
of 10 were retired or for other reasons not seeking
employment, while close to 1 out of 4 were un
employed and seeking employment. The rate of
unemployment varied from 8 to 39 percent. As
shown in the following tabulation, it was sub
stantially higher than the unemployment rate in
the labor market areas as a whole.
Percent unemployed
Period
between
layoff and
survey
(months)
Petroleum refinery........ ........
In labor market area
Among
displaced
- workers
A t time of A t time of at time of
layoff
survey
survey
i 4.6-9.9
4.7
8
(average
7.8)
Automotiveequipmentplant.
10
6.8
4.9
27
Glass jar plant.......................
8
7.5
5.1
39
Floor covering plant..............
16
5.9
3.0
17
Foundries................................ 2 21 and 13
*2.8
»3.1
*28
and 6.9 and 3.6
1 Gradual layoff over a period of 12 months.
2 Rate for each of the 2 areas in which a foundry was closed; areas have
been combined in data for displaced workers.
* 6 to 18
In all but one case, the unemployment figures for
displaced workers were at least five times greater
than the unemployment rate in the labor market
areas as a whole.
There was substantial long-term unemploy
ment. (See chart 1.) In four cases, over half of
the displaced workers had been unemployed at
least 16 weeks; in two of these cases, the propor
tion was two-thirds or more. In the same four
cases, those unemployed at least a half year
ranged from over two-fifths to more than half.
A substantial proportion of the displaced
workers had held no jobs at all after their layoff.
However, a considerable number, ranging from 1
out of 8 to about 3 out of 8, had held more than
one job.
Age and Reemployment. Reemployment was
markedly higher among workers below age 45
667
FIVE CASE STUDIES OF DISPLACED WORKERS
than among older workers. In four of the cases
shown in the tabulation below, the older groups
contained a greater proportion of workers who
were unemployed and seeking work.
Chart 1.
Long-Term Unemployed as a Percentage of
Total Displaced Workers
PERCENT
Percent of workers in each age group at time
of survey
Not seeking
employment
Unemployed
Less than
45 years
Petroleum refinery................
Automotiveequipment plant.
Glass jar plant...................... .
Floor covering plant....... .......
Foundries......... .....................
8
10
35
12
25
45 years
and over
6
29
41
19
32
Less than
45 years
1
12
3
0
0
4 5 years
and over
39
14
16
15
19
In the fifth case, the great majority of the older
workers laid off had retired voluntarily, although
by the time of the survey many were reemployed
and a small percentage were seeking jobs. In all
instances, a larger proportion of older workers
were not seeking employment.
In two cases, where narrower age breakdowns
were feasible, by far the highest unemployment
rates were found in the 55-59 age groups. A
majority of workers in the 60 and over age groups
were not seeking work. Although a considerable
number of these had taken early retirement bene
fits, many others may have been discouraged from
looking for work in the face of age discrimination.
More displaced workers volunteered comments on
the subject of age discrimination than on any
other matter. Most were workers in their fifties
or above, but many were younger, a number in
their early forties.
Education and Reemployment. Displaced work
ers who completed high school had substantially
lower unemployment rates than those who did not.
In three cases, the graduate’s unemployment rate
was less than half that of the nongraduate. The
differences in unemployment rates between those
who had no high school education and those who
had some were much smaller.
The older worker with higher education was
more likely to be reemployed. Among older
workers, high school graduates fared better than
nongraduates; and workers with some high school
had lower unemployment rates than those with
no high school. Workers not seeking employment
were found for the most part among the less edu
cated. Suffering from the combined handicap of
inadequate education and older age, many with
drew from the labor market before they normally
would have retired.
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Women and Reemployment. The rates of unem
ployment among women were 56 and 61 percent,
respectively, or almost three times the rate among
men in the two cases where meaningful compari
sons were possible. Only one-fourth of the
women were employed in each case; the others
were not seeking work. In one case, almost 7 out
of 8 women had been out of work a half year or
more, compared with 1 out of 3 men. In the other
case, the ratio was 2 out of 3 women as against 1
out of 4 men.
As shown in the following tabulation, displaced
women had a much higher unemployment rate
than men at each age group under 60 and at each
educational level.
__________ Percent unemployed____________
Automotive eguipment
plant
Age
Less than 35 years_______
35-44 years_____________
45-54 years...............
55-59 years...........................
Glass jar plant
M en
Women
M en
Women
5
7
17
32
22
25
67
62
10
22
19
51
68
63
70
71
26
25
11
67
64
31
32
23
11
65
59
65
Education
No high school__________
Some high school________
High school graduate.........
The impact of age discrimination would seem to
have been felt earlier by women than by men. The
668
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
highest level of unemployment was reached by
men at age 55-59 in both cases. However, among
women, unemployment reached its peak at age
45-54 in one case, and virtually its peak (within 1
percentage point) in the other case.
Skill Level and Reemployment. In each case
studied, a higher unemployment rate was found
among less-skilled workers.
Unemployment
ranged from none to 33 percent for maintenance
workers, from 8 to 39 percent for machine oper
ators, and from 20 to 59 percent for laborers. A
similar pattern was revealed when hourly earn
ings were used as an approximate measure of
skill; the highest unemployment rates were found
at the lowest earnings levels.
Industries Providing Jobs. The following tabu
lation showing industries in which displaced work
ers obtained employment reveals that few were
able to find jobs in the same industry.
Percent reemployed in —
Same
Other manu- Nonmanu
industry
facturing
facturing
Petroleum refinery_______________
Automotive equipment p lan t_____
Glass jar plant.....................................
Floor covering plant_____________
Foundries-_____________________
7
147
21
»17
8
57
28
32
46
34
36
25
47
37
58
* Includes 33 percent who transferred under union contract provisions to
another plant of the same company in another area. The remaining 14 per
cent were employed by other companies in the same industry.
1 All 17 percent transferred under union contract provisions to another plant
of the same company in another area.
In four cases, such workers constituted no more
than 21 percent of the total reemployed. Of those
obtaining employment in the same industry, most
in two cases and all in a third had to move to
other areas.
Most reemployed workers secured jobs in man
ufacturing industries. However, substantial pro
portions, ranging from 1 out of 4 to almost 3 out
of 5, were employed in nonmanufacturing indus
tries.
Mobility and Reemployment. The role of mobility
in obtaining employment is indicated by the fact
that greater proportions of employed workers than
the unemployed had sought work outside their
home cities. Moreover, in all but one case, more
than twice the proportion of reemployed workers
than workers still unemployed indicated that they
had looked for work further than 50 miles from
home.
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The two cases involving interplant transfers
cast some light on inducements and obstacles to
worker mobility. Only the guarantee of transfer
with full seniority rights was sufficient to induce
substantial numbers of displaced workers to relo
cate. Even in that case, some 4 out of 5 did not
accept relocation. Kelatively few workers were
willing to transfer with accumulated rights to pen
sions, vacation, and other economic benefits, but
with no seniority rights on layoffs. A study of
the characteristics of the transferees indicates that
other inducements to relocate were the need to
conserve rights to pensions and other employee
benefits, fear of age discrimination, and the eco
nomic pressures of larger families.
Obstacles to mobility included the secondary
role of the wife’s job in the family, home owner
ship, family and social ties, children in school,
fear of future layoffs, and the high cost of trans
fer. Apart from costs of relocation, many trans
ferred workers found it necessary or expedient
to maintain two homes and to commute between
areas on weekends, at least in the first year after
transfer. Some complained that tax laws worked
in favor of the companies which could write off
the cost of their move, while transferring workers
received no deductions whatsoever.
Training and Reemployment. Only a very small
number of displaced workers, ranging from 2 to
7 percent, had taken any training courses, other
than on-the-job, after displacement. Neverthe
less, a large majority indicated that they would
be interested in taking such courses if they did not
have to pay for them. Workers manifested much
variety of interest. Many men were interested in
learning special skills such as welding, electronics,
auto mechanics, and machine repair. Women
emphasized office and clerical occupations and
nursing.
Job Effects of Displacement
Besides unemployment, displaced workers suf
fered other job losses: lower earnings, work of
lower skill, loss of employee benefits, loss of senior
ity protection, and premature withdrawal from the
labor force. Other groups also make contribu
tions to the social costs of displacement. Labor
unions suffer a decline in membership ; businesses
and the community lose the income derived from
669
FIVE CASE STUDIES OF DISPLACED WORKERS
the displaced workers’ wages; and governments
lose tax revenues and often have to increase their
relief payments.
workers who took at least a 20-percent decrease in
hourly earnings:
Percent of workers in age group whose hourly
earnings decreased at least 20 percent
Effects on Earnings. The great maj ority of those
who were reemployed received lower hourly earn
ings. In each of the five cases, more than half of
of the reemployed workers had lower earnings,
with the ratio almost as high as 4 out of 5 in one
case. (See chart 2.) Moreover, many workers
took a cut of 20 percent or more in earnings. These
constituted at least 1 out of every 4 reemployed
workers, and in one case amounted to more than
half of the total. In contrast, only small propor
tions achieved higher earnings. In the two cases
involving interplant transfers—the automotive
equipment plant and the floor covering plant—
relatively high proportions (32 and 18 percent, re
spectively) were reemployed at the same earnings
levels.
When older workers obtained employment, they
had to accept a much greater decline in hourly
earnings than did younger workers. The follow
ing tabulation shows the percent by age group of
Chart 2.
Less than
55 years
S6-U
years
45-64
years
P e tr o le u m r e fin e r y .................
24
35
131
A u t o m o t iv e e q u i p m e n t
p la n t ...........................................
G la ss ja r p la n t ......... .................
F lo o r c o v e r in g p la n t _______
17
31
11
18
35
13
30
72
35
70
60
50
40
57
In 3 of the 4 cases for which such tabulations were
feasible, the proportion of workers whose earnings
had dropped at least 20 percent increased sub
stantially after age 45. Also by the same measure,
the least educated workers took the sharpest cuts
in wages:
Percent of workers at educational level
whose hourly earnings decreased at
least 20 percent
N o high
school
Some high High school
school
graduate
P e tr o le u m r e fin in g ............................................
A u to m o tiv e e q u ip m e n t p la n t__________
G la ss jar p la n t .....................................................
F lo o r c o v e r in g p la n t ........................................
43
28
55
18
39
70
31
31
23
32
22
Change in Earnings of Reem ployed Workers
30
20
PERCENT OF W O R K E R S
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
Glass jar plant
Foundries
Petroleum refiner/
Automotive
eq uip ment
plant
Floor covering
plant
At least 2 0 % lower earnings
Same earnings
Less than 2 0 % lo wer earnings
H ig her earnings
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33
74
1 45 y e a r s a n d o v e r .
PERCENT OF W O R K E R S
80
55 years
and over
.
50
670
Effects on Employee Benefits. Displaced workers
frequently complained, often bitterly, of the loss of
employee benefits. This was one of the most se
rious hardships resulting from worker displace
ments since such benefits had been counted on, for
greater security for themselves and their families
in old age and in illness. Moreover, since many
benefits are based upon length of service, workers
obtaining other employment had to start anew in
accumulating rights. Most of the reemployed
workers indicated that fringe benefits on their cur
rent jobs were less liberal than on their previous
jobs.
Changes in Type of Job. Many of the displaced
workers experienced a downgrading of skills.
This was more true of semiskilled than of skilled
occupations. While the change in jobs for a ma
jority of workers in the more skilled maintenance
occupations generally meant no change in occupa
tional group, in no case did as many as one-third
of the machine operators obtain jobs in the same
occupational group. Substantial proportions of
the operators who were reemployed were working
as laborers or custodial workers.
Effects on Union Membership. The layoffs had a
serious effect on membership in labor unions. Prior
to displacement, 9 out of 10 were union members.
By the time of the surveys, membership in unions
was reduced to no more than 1 out of 3 in two
cases and in no event higher than 2 out of 3. The
highest proportion was found among displaced
workers of the automative equipment plant where
substantial numbers were either transferred to an
other area under union contract or obtained jobs
at other unionized plants with assistance of the
union. Even when consideration is limited only
to those workers who had found jobs, the figures
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
still show a substantial drop in union membership,
to a range of from two-fifths to three-fifths of the
total. This decline could be accounted for in part
by the fact that many new jobs were in unorganized
industries or plants.
Effect on Seniority. In most union contracts, se
niority protects the longer service worker in case
of layoffs. I t is often a factor in promotions,
generally determines eligibility for and the size of
certain employee benefits, and may confer such
advantages as choice of shift. With this seniority
gone, the displaced worker starts a new job as a
new employee, having the least security and low
est employee benefits in the plant. The bulk of
the displaced workers had over 10 years of senior
ity. In some plants, substantial proportions had
longer service. Workers with at least 20 years of
seniority accounted for 1 out of 4 in one plant, 1
out of 3 in a second, and 9 out of 10 in a third.
Early Withdrawals from the Labor Force. Siz
able numbers, ranging from 9 to 14 percent of
the total, indicated they were no longer seeking
employment. Such withdrawals from the labor
force represented substantial proportions of work
ers in the 60-64 age group. It seemed clear that
many found themselves compelled to end their
careers as wage earners earlier than they had pre
viously planned. At best, their withdrawal meant
early retirement with pensions below the amount
which would have been due them at normal retire
ment and a lower level of living than had been
anticipated. In many instances, older workers
without pensions withdrew because of their inabil
ity to obtain jobs; this was particularly true in
the case of women.
— H erbert H a m m e r m a n
Division of Technological Studies
CHANGING STATUS OF NEGRO WOMEN WORKERS
The Changing Status
of Negro Women Workers
N o t e .— The following article is a brief
excerpt of Negro Women Workers in 1960,
Bulletin %87, issued by the Women’s Bureau.
Tables, graphs, and data relating to geo
graphic distribution, education, and marital
status have been omitted, and other sections
have been condensed. These changes have not
been indicated in the text.
A p a t t e r n of steadily rising gains emerges from
an analysis of the employment statistics of Negro
women1 from 1910 to 1960. In terms of kinds of
jobs, industries of employment, levels of income,
and accessibility to employment opportunities, the
status of Negro women has improved.
The major occupational shifts of Negro women
have been away from jobs as private household
workers, farmers, and operatives and into clerical,
professional, technical, sales, and miscellaneous
service jobs. At the same time, significantly
higher numbers of Negro women have been em
ployed in banking, retail trade, medical and other
health services, public administration, and in some
branches of manufacturing that are expanding.
Despite considerable achievements, many Negro
women were still employed in low-skill and lowpaid jobs in I960, and their unemployment rates
were high.
E
d i t o r ’s
Women in the Labor Force
Nearly 3 million non white women 14 years of
age and over were in the labor force in 1960, al
most three-quarters of a million more than in 1950.
This gain of 35 percent during the decade was
equal to that of white women workers. Over the
20 years since 1940, however, the increase in the
number of workers was less pronounced among
nonwhite women, 53 percent, than among white
women, 77 percent.
Negro women account for a relatively high pro
portion of all employed Negroes. In 1960, they
represented 40 percent of the group, whereas white
women were only 32 percent of all white employed
persons.
Traditionally, a larger proportion of nonwhite
women than of white women work outside the
home. In 1960, 42 percent of all nonwhite women
14 years of age and over, and 34 percent of all
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
671
white women were in the labor force. The dif
ference has narrowed in the past two decades with
the growing interest of white women in paid em
ployment. Between 1940 and 1950, there was no
change in the proportion of non white women who
worked, and only a 5-percentage-point increase
from 1950 to 1960. In contrast, there was a 10percentage-point gain for white women over the
20-year period.
Unemployment. At the time of the 1960 census,
the rate of unemployment for nonwhite women
was higher than that of white women. Close to
250,000 nonwhite women were reported to be un
employed and seeking work in 1960—8.5 percent
of all nonwhite women in the labor force. In
comparison, only 4.9 percent of white women were
unemployed. Nonwhite women farm laborers had
the highest rate of unemployment, 17.4 percent,
compared with 6.1 percent for white women farm
laborers. The jobless rate for factory operatives
was 12.3 percent for nonwhite women and 9.6 per
cent for white. Nonwhite women had higher rates
of unemployment than white women in each of the
remaining major occupational groups, with the
difference ranging between 1 and 6 percentage
points.
Ages of Women Workers. In 1960, the median
age of nonwhite women workers was about 38 years
and of white workers, about 40 years. The lower
figure for non white women workers reflects the rel
atively younger age of nonwhite women in the
population, and the much higher proportion of
nonwhite women than of white women who work
between the ages of 25 and 45 years. A larger
proportion of nonwhite women than white women
work outside the home in all age groups, except
for girls age 14 to 19—a group that includes
relatively large numbers who live in rural areas of
the South.
Non white women follow a trend of steadily in
creasing employment up to age 45, continuing at a
high rate through 55. This work pattern differs
considerably from that of white women. The lat1 S tatistics for Negro women are presented wherever possible.
Otherwise, the basic data cover nonwhite women who include,
in addition to Negro women, American Indian, Oriental, and
Eskimo women. Since Negro women represented 93 percent of
all nonwhite women in the United States in 1960, the data for
nonwhite women also describe Negro women in m ost States.
Note also th at certain statistics prior to 1960 do not include
Alaska and H awaii.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
672
ter group maintains a substantially high rate of
labor force participation in their early twenties,
followed by a noticeable drop when they are 25
to 35 years of age—a period when family responsi
bilities are greatest. This difference in the work
histories of the two groups is further demonstrated
by the greater extent to which nonwhite mothers
of small children work outside their homes.
Thirty-one percent of nonwhite married women
with children under 6 years were in the labor
force; 18 percent of white.
Occupations
Increased employment opportunities in whitecollar and service jobs have contributed to the
most important occupational development for
Negro women workers in the past two decades—
the trend toward greater diversity. The propor
tion of Negro women employed in clerical, sales,
professional, and service occupations, excluding
private household workers, rose from less than
one-fifth in 1940 to more than one-third in 1960.
Between 1950 and 1960, the percentage gain in the
number of those employed as clerical, professional,
and sales workers was much greater for Negro
women than white women.
Negro women have recently entered clerical jobs
in large numbers, including the occupations of sec
retary, stenographer, typist, cashier, telephone op
erator, and bookkeeper. Between 1950 and 1960,
the number of Negro professional nurses, medical
and dental technicians, dietitians, librarians, ac
countants, and lawyers more than doubled. In ad
dition, they made significant percentage gains as
social and welfare workers, therapists, natural sci
entists, and physicians. Numerically, their great
est increase was in teaching.
Among service workers (except those in private
households), large percentage increases were re
corded in the number of hospital attendants, prac
tical nurses, and institutional housekeepers. In
comparison, there were minor increases in the num
ber of cooks, waitresses, and beauty operators.
The major occupations from which Negro
women shifted between 1950 and 1960 were pri
vate household workers, farmers, and operatives.
These were fields in which there were also either
decreases or only limited increases in the number
of white women.
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The number of Negro women employed as pri
vate household workers rose from about 774,000
in 1950 to 888,000 in 1960. This 15-percent in
crease was less, however, than the 31-percent gain
in the total employment of Negro women, indicat
ing a decline in the occupational significance of
this group.
The proportion of Negro women employed as
operatives also declined from 1950 to 1960, al
though the overall number rose from 274,000 to
310,000. Some of the principal operative groups
had smaller numbers of Negro women in 1960
than in 1950. They included dressmakers, and
spinners and weavers, as well as operatives in
apparel firms, textile mills, and food plants. Gen
erally, these were occupations of decreasing im
portance to other workers as well as to Negro
women. Similarly, the long-term decline in the
demand for agricultural workers affected both
Negro and white women.
Industries
Economic growth during the 1950’s accounted
for much of the employment increase recorded
by Negro women. The major changes were sub
stantial increases in the numbers of Negro women
employed in professional services and public ad
ministration, only a small increase in personal
services, and a noticeable decrease in agriculture.
Of 2.5 million Negro women employed at the
time of the 1960 census, more than 1 million were
in various categories of the personal service in
dustries, including private households ; over 400,000 in professional and related services; nearly
250,000 in wholesale and retail trade; over 200,000
in manufacturing; and 88,000 each in agriculture
and public administration.
The number of Negro women in banking, postal
service, medical and other health services, State
and local public administration, general merchan
dise and limited price variety stores, and welfare
and religious organizations more than doubled be
tween 1950 and 1960. The increases in the num
ber of white women workers in the same indus
tries ranged from 22 to 89 percent.
Negro women also made important gains in four
divisions of manufacturing: aircraft, electrical
machinery, knitting mills, and rubber and plastic
plants.
673
EARNINGS IN COTTON TEXTILE MILLS
Income and Earnings
The concentration of Negro women in unskilled
jobs and in part-time2 or part-year work is re
flected in the income and earnings statistics re
corded in the 1960 census for the year 1959. Of
all Negro women 14 years of age and over, 3 out
of 5 reported some money income in 1959. Their
median income was $905, which is 29 percent more
than the $703 average reported in 1949.
The gap between the income of Negro women
and the income of white women increased slightly
from 1950 to 1960. Negro women’s median in
come amounted to 62 percent of that of white
women in 1949, but only 60 percent in 1959.
Negro women continued to receive substantially
less income than Negro men. In 1949, they aver
aged more than half as much as men, but in 1959,
only about two-fifths as much. Despite a high
rate of increase in their incomes, Negro men also
were in a slightly less favorable income position
in 1959 than in 1949 in relation to white men.
Median earnings of $1,219 were reported by
nonwhite women who worked in 1959—little more
than half the median for all women workers
($2,257). The average earnings of nonwhite men,
$2,703, were considerably higher than those of
nonwhite women, but not quite two-thirds as much
as those of all men workers, $4,621.
The relatively low median earnings of nonwhite
women workers result mainly from the large num
bers employed in low-wage industries and in oc
cupations where part-time and intermittent work
is widespread. Only 46 percent of all nonwhite
women workers were employed at least 50 weeks
in 1959, as compared with 51 percent of all women
workers and 56 percent of nonwhite men workers.
In addition, a higher proportion of women than
men generally are employed in part-time jobs.
Professional workers received the highest
median earnings, $3,571, of all nonwhite women
workers in 1959. They averaged just slightly less
than the median earnings of all women profes
sional workers, $3,625. Nonwhite women em
ployed as sales workers and private household
workers had higher median earnings in 1959 than
all women in these groups. In both instances,
relatively more nonwhite women were employed
at least 50 weeks in 1959.
2 E d i t o r ’s
N o t e .— In 1960, the ratio of ■white women em
ployed full time to those employed part time w as approximately
3 to 1 ; for nonwhite women, it was close to 2 to 1.
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Earnings in Cotton
Textile Mills, May 1963
S t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s of production
and related workers in cotton textile mills aver
aged $1.53 in May 1963, according to a study con
ducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.1 These
earnings were 5.5 percent above those of August
1960, when a similar Bureau study was made.2
Men, accounting for tliree-fifths of the 225,655
workers covered by the study, averaged $1.56 an
hour, compared with $1.47 for women.
Workers in the Southeast region,3 making up
more than nine-tenths of the industry’s work force,
averaged $1.52 an hour; New England workers
averaged $1.64; those in the Southwest, $1.36; and
those in the Middle Atlantic region, $1.88.
Nationwide, earnings of all but about 4 percent
of the workers were within a range of $1.15 to $2.
Approximately 8 percent of the workers earned at
least $1.15 but less than $1.25.4 In the earnings
array, the middle half of the workers earned be
tween $1.35 and $1.69 an hour. Variations in
earnings were found by location, type and size of
mill, type of product, and occupation.
1 The study covered establishm ents em ploying 20 workers or
more and primarily engaged in the m anufacture of cotton yarn
(or thread) and broadwoven fabrics (12 inches or more in
w id th ). M ills m anufacturing m ixtures containing 25 percent
or more wool were excluded.
Earnings inform ation presented in this article excludes pre
mium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and
late s h if t s ; furthermore, the earnings inform ation excludes
data for 21,074 workers employed in bleaching, cloth dyeing
and finishing, and fabricating departments. Nearly 98 percent
of such workers were employed in the Southeast and averaged
$1.54 an h o u r ; in New England they averaged $1.62. The in
clusion of data for workers in these departments would not alter
the averages presented herein, except in the Middle A tlantic
region, where the average would be reduced from $1.88 to $1.82.
Earnings data are presented separately for these workers in the
forthcom ing BLS bulletin, I n d u s tr y W a g e S u r v e y : C o tto n
T e x tile s , M a y 1 968, a more comprehensive account of the study.
Individual releases providing data on earnings and supplemen
tary benefits are available on request for New England and the
follow ing States and a r e a s: A labam a; Charlotte, N .C .; Connec
ticut and Rhode Island ; E ast Central Alabama ; G eorgia; Greenville-Spartanburg, S .C .; Maine and New H am pshire; North
Carolina ; Northwest Georgia ; Statesville, N .C .; South Carolina ;
and Texas.
2 See “Earnings in the Cotton T extile Industry, A ugust 1960,”
M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , May 1961, pp. 479-485.
In October and November 1963, several of the large southern
cotton textile companies granted wage Increases, estim ated a t 5
percent. These increases are not reflected in this article, since
it provides data relating to a May 1963 payroll period.
8 For definitions of regions used in this study, see accompany
ing table, footnote 2.
4 The Federal minimum wage w as increased from $1.15 to $1.25
an hour, effective September 3,1963.
674
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
Paid vacations were provided nearly all work
ers after 1 year of service. Life, hospitalization,
and surgical insurance benefits were also available
to a great majority of the workers. Approxi
mately a sixth of the workers were covered by the
terms of collective bargaining agreements: an
eighth in the Southeast, compared with 95 percent
in New England.
During this period, employment declined nearly
11 percent; the decline was proportionately much
greater in New England (38 percent) than in the
Southeast (9 percent). Averages for both the
Southeast and New England regions were 7 cents
above those recorded in August 1960.
Average hourly earnings in integrated mills
(those having both spinning and weaving opera
tions) were higher than those in yarn mills; al
though the absence of skilled weaving occupations
in yam mills is a contributing factor, yam-mill
workers also averaged lower pay in comparisons
at the occupational level. In the Southeast, where
Earnings
Since August 1960, straight-time earnings of
the 225,655 production and related workers cov
ered by the study had increased 8 cents an hour.
N
um ber and
A
verage
S t r a ig h
- T im e ' H
Selected
t
Characteristic
ourly
C
E
a r n in g s
1
h a r a c t e r is t ic s
U n it e d S t a t e s 8
of
P
and
r o d u c t io n
R
e g i o n s ,2
N e w E n g la n d
W
M
o r k e r s in
ay
1963
M id d le A tla n tic
C
T
otton
e x t il e
S o u th e a s t
M
il l s
,
by
S o u th w e s t
N u m b e r E a r n in g s 1 N u m b e r E a r n in g s 1 N u m b e r E a r n in g s 1 N u m b e r E a r n in g s 1 N u m b e r E a r n in g s 1
A ll p r o d u c tio n w ork ers.
225,655
$1.5 3
9,7 6 6
$1.64
1, 582
$1.8 8
209, 471
$1.5 2
4,8 0 9
$1.36
140,117
85, 538
$1.5 6
1 .4 7
5,915
3,851
$1 .6 9
1.55
902
680
$2.01
1.70
130, 304
79,167
$1.5 6
1 .4 6
2,973
1,836
$1.38
1.34
47, 266
18, 226
29,040
174,154
143, 757
30, 397
1 .4 4
1 .4 3
1 .4 4
1.54
1.5 3
1.6 0
44, 800
17.903
26,897
162, 262
135' 396
26' 866
1.43
1 43
1 43
1 55
1. 54
1.59
4, 658
4,6 5 8
1 36
1 .3 6
298
86
241
66
160
114
249
20
109
338
156
13
55
369
1 .2 5
1 33
1 52
1 30
1 .2 7
1.19
1.77
1.67
1 44
1 35
1. 22
1 28
1.29
1.50
281
237
1 49
1.33
Sex
M e n ...
W om en
T ype
of
M ill and P roduct 4
Y am m ills_____________________________________
Carded yarn_______________________________
Combed yarn______________________________
Integrated mills...... ................................. .........................
Carded-yarn fabrics_________________________
Combed-yarn fabrics............................................. .
7,234
3, 703
3, 531
1.63
1.6 5
1.61
P redominant Class of F abrics «
D uck and allied fabrics_________________________
Narrow sheeting and allied coarse- and mediumyarn fabrics__________________________________
Wide sheeting and allied coarse- and medium-yarn
fabrics_______________________________________
Print-cloth yarn fab rics.........................IIIIIIIIIIII!
Colored-yarn fabrics____________________________
Towels, toweling, and dishcloths____ ____________
Fine cotton fabrics (combed, part-combed, and finecarded)_______________ ______________________
Specialties and other woven cotton fabrics.............
7,751
1 .4 9
5, 291
1 54
27, 604
1 .4 9
26,359
1 .4 9
39,097
29,109
11,513
15,878
1 .5 5
1 .5 5
1.54
1 .5 9
37,325
28,450
10, 537
15,878
1. 55
1 .5 5
1 56
1. 59
28,408
14, 297
1.60
1.56
3 ,7 6 6
24, 556
11,937
1.60
1 51
10, 467
4, 627
11,117
3,6 4 3
5, 296
5, 813
10,411
1,216
5,455
20, 214
7,301
2,936
1,866
20,419
2,373
3, 214
13, 842
17,105
1 .3 6
1.41
1.59
1.49
1.4 3
1 .2 7
1 .9 7
1.91
1.61
1.4 8
1 .3 2
1.46
1.51
1.7 5
1.7 5
1.79
1.7 2
1.4 4
440
138
277
90
376
170
483
48
121
638
131
61
53
841
1 .4 2
1.5 3
1. 67
1.7 3
1 .4 6
1.38
2 .0 6
2 .0 0
1.91
1.5 5
1.41
1.6 3
1.5 8
1.84
31
754
566
1.9 3
1.8 0
1 .5 5
74
1.8 7
373
1 .7 2
9,671
4,403
10, 597
3,4 8 7
4, 734
5,510
9, 554
1,142
5, 225
19, 238
6j 990
2, 850
1,706
18,809
2,339
3,041
12,766
15,928
1 .3 6
1.41
1. 59
1.4 9
1.4 3
1 .2 7
1.9 6
1.91
1. 60
1.48
1 .3 2
1.45
1. 50
1 .7 4
1. 75
1.80
1. 72
1 .4 3
1 .6 2
1,075
1 .9 2
58
1 .5 0
24
19
121
6
1.61
1.4 8
2 .4 8
1.85
51
384
1 .9 2
2 .2 2
Selected Occupations
Battery hands 8 ________________________________
Card tenders 7 ______________________________
Doffers, spinning-frame 7 _______ _____ _______
Drawing-frame tenders 7________________________
Inspectors, cloth, machine 8_____________________
Janitors (excluding machinery cleaners) 7 ................
Loom fixers 7 ...................................................... ......... .
Machinists, maintenance (all m en).............................
Slubber tenders 7 _______________________________
Spinners, ring-frame 8 _________ _________________
Truckers, hand (including bobbin boys ) 7 ........ ........
Twister tenders, ring-frame 7 ____________________
Warper tenders 8 ______________________________
Weavers 7 8....... ........................... ............ IIIIIIIIIIIII!
Box loom s 7 ________________________________
Dobby loom s7. ____ _____________ ____ ______
Plain loom s 8 _______________________________
Winders, yarn 8 ________________________________
1 E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p a y for o v e r tim e a n d for w o r k o n w e e k e n d s, h o lid a y s ,
a n d la te s h ifts .
2 T h e re gion s in th is s t u d y in c lu d e : N e w E n g l a n d — C o n n e c tic u t, M a in e ,
M a s s a c h u s e tts , N e w H a m p s h ir e , R h o d e I sla n d , a n d V e r m o n t; M i d d l e A t
l a n t i c - N e w J e r se y , N e w Y o r k , a n d P e n n s y lv a n ia ; S o u th e a s t —A la b a m a ,
F lo r id a , G eorgia, M is s is s ip p i, N o r th C a ro lin a , S o u th C a ro lin a , T e n n e s se e ,
a n d V irg in ia ; an d S o u th w e s t — A r k a n sa s, L o u is ia n a , O k la h o m a , a n d T e x a s .
i n c l u d e s d a ta for re gion s in a d d itio n to th o s e s h o w n separately.^* A la s k a
a n d H a w a ii w ere n o t in c lu d e d in t h e s t u d y .
4 D a t a for w e a v in g m ills are n o t s h o w n ’s e p a r a te ly , b u t are in c lu d e d in th e
a ll-p r o d u c tio n -w o r k e r t o t a l. M ills en g a g e d in w e a v in g fa b rics fro m p u r
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c h a se d y a m e m p lo y e d a n e s tim a te d 4,235 w o rk ers a t t h e t im e o f t h e s t u d y
a n d w e r e c o n c e n tr a te d for t h e m o s t p a r t in t h e S o u th e a s t a n d M i d d le A t la n t ic
r e g io n s.
8 I n c lu d e s d a ta for w e a v in g a n d in te g r a te d m ills o n ly .
8 P r e d o m in a n t ly w o m e n .
7 P r e d o m in a n tly m e n .
8 Includes data for Jaquard-loom weavers, in addition to those shown
separately.
N ote; Dashes Indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publica
tion criteria.
675
EARNINGS IN COTTON TEXTILE MILLS
95 percent of the yam-mill employment is located,
workers in this segment of the industry averaged
$1.43 an hour—12 cents less than workers in in
tegrated mills. The comparatively high average
for workers in the Middle Atlantic region ($1.88)
was largely due to the fact that a vast majority
of the workers in this region were employed in
weaving mills.
Workers in integrated mills averaged $1.55 in
the Southeast, compared with $1.63 in New Eng
land. In New England, integrated-mill employ
ment was nearly equally divided between mills
primarily producing carded-yarn fabrics and
those producing combed-yarn fabrics.5 In the
Southeast, however, mills producing carded-yarn
fabrics accounted for five-sixths of the employ
ment in integrated mills. Workers in integrated
mills producing carded-yarn fabrics averaged
$1.54 in the Southeast, compared with $1.65 for
those in New England. Comparable averages for
integrated mills producing combed-yarn fabrics
were $1.59 and $1.61, respectively. Earnings data
are tabulated by predominant class of fabric in
the accompanying table.
Men, accounting for three-fifths of the 225,655
workers in the regular textile departments, aver
aged $1.56 an hour. The 85,538 women averaged
$1.47. In the Southeast, the average wage ad
vantage for men was 10 cents an hour ($1.56 and
$1.46); in New England, 14 cents ($1.69 and
$1.55). These wage advantages for men were
largely due to the distribution of the sexes among
the jobs. For example, three-fifths of the women
were employed in four occupations (battery
hands, cloth inspectors, spinners, and winders)
which require less skill than card grinders, loom
fixers, machinists, weavers, and several other jobs
typically employing men.
The number and average straight-time hourly
earnings of production workers in States and
areas studied separately are shown below.
State and, area
Alabama.......................................... .
East Central Alabama_____
Connecticut and Rhode Islan d..
Georgia........- ...................................
Northwest Georgia....... ..........
Maine and N ew Hampshire____
North Carolina................................
Charlotte................................. .
Statesville................................ .
South Carolina................................
Oreen ville-Spartanburg____
Texas............. ....................................
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Number of Average hourly
workers
earnings
21,489
10, 021
3 ,0 3 5
41,628
6,3 9 7
4,461
70,358
31, 791
9,2 8 9
61,402
26,549
4,394
$1.53
1 .5 4
1.6 4
1.5 2
1 .5 6
1 .6 5
1.4 8
1.4 7
1 .4 7
1 .5 4
1 .5 4
1 .3 6
The distribution of workers within specified
earnings classes varied by region. For example,
as indicated below, fewer than 1 percent of the
workers in New England earned less than $1.25,
compared with 7.9 percent in the Southeast and
37.9 percent in the Southwest.
Percent of workers with specified straight-time hourly
earnings in —
Middle
United
New
States 1 England Atlantic
L e s s th a n $1.25.....................
$1.25 a n d u n d e r $1.30____
$1.30 a n d u n d e r $1.35____
$1.35 a n d u n d e r $1.40____
$1.40 a n d u n d e r $1.45____
$1.45 a n d u n d e r $1.50____
$1.50 a n d u n d e r $1.60____
$1.60 a n d u n d e r $1.70____
$1.70 a n d u n d e r $1.80____
$1.80 a n d u n d e r $1.90____
$1.90 a n d u n d e r $2.00____
$2.00 a n d o v e r .......................
T o t a ls ......................... ..
N u m b er of w ork
er s...............................
Southeast
7 .9
7 .8
1 0 .5
10 .4
Southwest
3 7 .9
13.1
7 .1
8 .5
4 .4
5 .4
7 .8
5 .9
4 .0
3 .7
1 .4
8 .9
8 .2
6 .5
5 .4
3 .9
100.0
0 .5
.5
.5
1 5 .6
10.1
9 .1
1 7 .7
1 0 .6
10.1
8 .6
5 .8
1 0 .9
100.0
2 .1
1 .6
1 .5
1 1 .6
1 .8
2 .3
1 0 .7
13 .5
7 .5
2 .3
4 .5
4 0 .6
100.0
1 0 .3
7 .4
1 3 .3
8 .8
8 .2
6 .5
5 .5
3 .4
100.0
.6
100 .0
225,655
9,7 6 6
1,582
209,471
4 ,8 0 9
8 .2
7 .6
9 .9
10.5
10 .1
7 .4
1 3 .4
i I n c lu d e s d a ta for re g io n s in a d d itio n t o th o se s h o w n se p a r a te ly .
N ote :
B e c a u s e o f r o u n d in g , s u m s o f in d iv id u a l it e m s m a y n o t e q u a l 100.
Earnings of women, heavily employed in oc
cupations of similar skills, were more clustered
than those of men. Nationally, the middle half of
the earnings array for women ranged from
$1.34 to $1.57; the corresponding range for men
was $1.35 to $1.77.
Wages of approximately one-third of the work
ers in the industry were based on incentive
methods of wage payment, usually individual
piecework. Numerically important jobs usually
paid on this basis included: spinning-frame doffers, drawing-frame tenders, slubber tenders,
weavers, and yam winders.
Earnings data were obtained separately for
occupations accounting for approximately threefifths of the production workers in the industry.
Averages for jobs provided in the accompanying
table ranged from $1.27 an hour for janitors to
$1.97 for loom fixers. Men largely predominated
in both jobs. Average hourly earnings for other
numerically important jobs usually staffed by men
were: hand trackers, $1.32; card tenders, $1.41;
twister tenders (ring-frame), $1.46; drawingframe tenders, $1.49; spinning-frame doffers,
$1.59; slubber tenders, $1.61; and maintenance
5 In August 1960, combed-yarn fabric m ills accounted for
nearly twice as many workers as carded-yarn fabric m ills in New
England. Several large combed-yarn fabric m ills in this region
discontinued operations between August 1960 and May 1963.
676
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
machinists, $1.91. Averages for numerically im
portant jobs usually staffed by women were:
battery hands, $1.36; cloth inspectors, $1.43; ringframe spinners, $1.48; and yarn winders, $1.44.
Earnings of individual workers varied greatly
within the same job and locality. In several in
stances, particularly for jobs paid on an incentive
basis, hourly earnings of the highest paid worker
exceeded those of the lowest paid in the same job
and area by $1 or more. Thus, some workers in
comparatively low-paid jobs (as measured by the
average for all workers) earned more than some
workers in jobs for which significantly higher
averages were recorded. For example, the follow
ing tabulation indicates a considerable overlap
ping of individual rates for men dobby-loom
weavers and women ring-frame spinners in the
Charlotte, N.C., area, despite a 35-cent difference
in the average for the two jobs:
Number of workers
M en
Women
Dobby-loom Ring-frame
weavers
spinners
$1.15
$1.20
$1.40
$1.60
$1.80
$2.00
a n d u n d e r $1.20............. ..................... . ............................
a n d u n d e r $1.40..........................................................
a n d u n d e r $1.60..................................................................
a n d u n d e r $1.80_____
a n d u n d e r $2.00________________________________
or m o r e ...................................................................................
T o t a l w o r k e r s _________________________________
A v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s ...........................................
6
43
57
175
222
60
563
$ 1 .7 6
99
1,311
1,4 1 9
152
2
.......................
2 ,9 8 3
$1.41
Established Practices6
Work schedules of 40 hours a week were in ef
fect in mills employing approximately nine-tenths
of the workers; virtually all the remainder were
in Southeastern mills with work schedules of 48
hours a week.
Slightly more than half of the workers were
employed on late shifts in May 1963. Threetenths of the workers in both New England and
the Southeast were on second shifts, but rarely
received differential pay. Two-tenths of the
workers in New England and one-fourth of the
workers in the Southeast were employed on third
shifts and usually received 7 and 5 cents, respec
tively, above day rates.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Paid holidays were provided annually to threetenths of the production workers. Nearly all
workers in New England received 6 days; a fourth
of the workers in Southeastern mills received paid
holidays, usually 1 day annually.
Paid vacations, after qualifying periods of serv
ice, were provided by mills employing nearly all
of the production workers. In New England and
in the Southeast, the typical provisions were 1
week’s pay after 1 year of service and 2 weeks’
pay after 5 or more years.
Life, hospitalization, and surgical insurance,
financed at least in part by the employer, were re
ported by mills employing more than nine-tenths
of the production workers. About half the work
ers were in mills providing accidental death and
dismemberment insurance and sickness and acci
dent insurance; medical insurance was available
to about a third of the workers. Each of these
benefits applied to nine-tenths or more of the
workers in New England. Catastrophe insurance,
available to about a tenth of the workers in the
Southeast, was not common in the industry.
Pension plans providing regular payments for
the remainder of the worker’s life upon retirement
(in addition to those available under Federal oldage, survivors, and disability insurance) were pro
vided by mills employing about a fourth of the
workers in the industry; 29 percent of the workers
in the Southeast; and 3 percent in New England.
Lump-sum payments at retirement, however, were
available in mills with 92 percent of the produc
tion workers in New England and 7 percent in the
Southeast.
Nonproduction bonuses, such as profit sharing
and Christmas or yearend, were provided by mills
employing about a tenth of the production workers
in New England and about a fifth of the workers
in the Southeast.
— C harles M . O ’C o nnor
Division of Occupational Pay
9 Establishm ent practices for production and related workers
are briefly summarized in this article. The forthcom ing bulletin
provides additional detail for these workers and inform ation for
office workers.
EARNINGS IN SYNTHETIC TEXTILE MILLS
Earnings in Synthetic
Textile Mills, May 1963
S tkaight-time hourly earnings of production
and related workers in synthetic textile mills aver
aged $1.57 in May 1963, according to a Bureau of
Labor Statistics survey.1 Men, accounting for
three-fifths of the 84,214 production workers em
ployed in regular textile operations through the
cloth room, averaged $1.63, compared with $1.47
for women. Variations in earnings were found by
location, type and size of mill, type of product, and
occupation.
Approximately a sixth of the workers were
covered by collective bargaining agreements—ap
proximately one-half each in the Middle Atlantic
and New England regions, compared with less
than 5 percent in the Southeast.
Earnings
The May 1963 average of $1.57 was 6 cents
higher than in August 1960, when the Bureau
conducted a similar study of the industry.2 Be
tween these survey dates, production worker em
ployment increased 16 percent, as a result of the
industry’s expansion, in the Southeast. Whereas
the employment level increased about 24 percent
in the Southeast, it remained virtually the same in
New England and decreased about 4 percent in
the Middle Atlantic region. Workers in the
Southeast region, accounting for nearly threefourths of the industry’s work force, averaged
$1.52 an hour in May 1963, compared with $1.69
for workers in both the Middle Atlantic and New
England regions. (See accompanying table.)
In each region, production worker averages
were higher in weaving mills than in integrated
mills (engaged in both spinning and weaving oper
ations) or yarn (or thread) mills which do not
have the skilled and relatively high-paid weaving
operations. Weaving mills accounted for nearly
two-thirds of the workers in the Middle Atlantic
region, compared with slightly more than twofifths in New England and about a third in the
Southeast. Yarn mills employed approximately
three-tenths of the workers in the New England
and Middle Atlantic regions, compared with
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
677
about a fourth in the Southeast. Nearly ninetenths of the integrated-mill workers were located
in the Southeast.
Men as a group averaged 16 cents an hour more
than women—$1.63 compared with $1.47. The
average wage advantage for men was 13 cents in
the Southeast, 22 cents in New England, and 34
cents in the Middle Atlantic region. These wage
advantages for men were largely due to the distri
bution of the sexes among jobs. For example,
nearly three-fifths of the women were employed in
five occupations (battery hands, cloth inspectors,
spinners, twister tenders, and yam winders)
which require less skill than loom fixers, weavers,
and several other jobs typically employing men.
Earnings of all but about 1 percent of the work
ers were within a range of $1.15 to $2.50 an hour,
with earnings of the middle half ranging from
$1.35 to $1.76. As indicated in the following
tabulation, the distribution of workers within
specified earnings classes varied by region. For
example, less than 1 percent of the workers in New
England earned less than $1.25 an hour, compared
with 8.3 percent in the Southeast and 11.5 percent
in the Middle Atlantic region.3
1
The study covered m ills em ploying 20 workers or more and
prim arily engaged in the manufacture of synthetic yarn (or
thread) and broadwoven fabrics (12 inches or more in w id th ),
including glass textiles. M ills m anufacturing textiles from a
blend of synthetic and other fibers were included if content was
predom inantly sy n th e tic ; m ills manufacturing m ixtures contain
ing 25 percent or more wool were excluded.
Earnings data in this article exclude premium pay for over
time and for work on weekends, holidays, and late sh ifts ; further
more, the earnings information excludes data for 2,561 workers
employed in bleaching, cloth dyeing and finishing, and fabricating
departments. They averaged $1.50 in the United States, $1.68 in
New England, $1.82 in the Middle A tlantic region, and $1.44
in the Southeast. The inclusion of these earnings would not
affect the averages presented herein. Earnings data are pre
sented separately for these workers in the forthcom ing BLS
bulletin, I n d u s tr y W a g e S u r v e y : S y n th e tic T e x tile s , M a y 1 9 6 $ , a
more comprehensive account of the study.
In October and November 1963, several of the large southern
m anufacturers granted wage increases, estim ated at 5 percent.
These increases are not reflected in th is article, which provides
data relating to a May 1963 payroll period.
Individual releases providing data on earnings and supple
m entary benefits were previously issued for the follow ing States
and a r e a s: Allentow n-Bethlehem , P a .; Charlotte, N .C .; Maine
and New Hampshire ; North Carolina ; P aterson -C lifton-P assaic,
N .J .; Scranton, P a .; southern New E n g la n d ; V irg in ia ; WilkesB arre-H azleton, P a .; and W inston-Salem -H igh Point, N.C.
Copies of the releases are available upon request, as long as the
supply lasts, from the Bureau of Labor S tatistics, or any of its
regional offices.
1 See “Earnings in Synthetic-Textile M anufacturing, August
1960,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , June 1961, pp. 620-624.
* The Federal minimum wage for m anufacturing industries
was increased from $1.15 to $1.25 an hour, effective Sept. 3, 1963.
678
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
P e r c e n t o f p r o d u c ti o n w o r k e r s w ith
s p e c i f ie d h o u r ly e a r n in g s 1 i n the —
United
States 1
Under $1.25...................... ........... .
New
Middle
England Atlantic
Southeast
7.9
0.6
11.5
8.3
$1.25 and under $1.30___________
$1.30 and under $1.35___________
$1.35 and under $1.40___________
$1.40 and under $1.45___________
$1.45 and under $1.50___________
7.7
10.3
11.7
8.6
6.3
1.2
2.2
11.7
9.1
7.0
5.1
4.6
10.3
5.6
4.2
9.2
12.8
12.0
9.2
6.6
$1.50 and under $1.60.....................
$1.60 and under $1.70..................... .
$1.70 and under $1.80.....................
$1.80 and under $1.90___________
$1.90 and under $2.00...... ................
10.2
7.6
8.4
6.2
4.3
13.0
10.8
11.8
8.9
5.5
11.0
8.3
7.8
5.1
3.7
9.5
7.0
7.9
6.0
4.2
$2.00 and over...................................
Total........... .........................
Number of workers............ .
Average hourly earnings1__
10.9
100.0
84,214
$1.57
17.9
100.0
9,780
$1.69
22.8
100.0
12,662
$1.69
7.4
100.0
61,740
$1.52
1
E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p a y for o v e r tim e a n d for w o r k o n w e e k e n d s , h o lid a y s ,
a n d la te s h ifts.
1 I n c lu d e s d a ta for re g io n s in a d d itio n t o th o se s h o w n se p a r a te ly .
N ote:
N
B e c a u s e o f r o u n d in g , s u m s o f in d iv id u a l it e m s m a y n o t e q u a l 100.
um ber
and
A
Earnings of women, heavily employed in occu
pations of similar skill requirements, were more
concentrated than those of men. Nationally, the
middle half of the earnings array for women
ranged from $1.33 to $1.57; the corresponding
range for men was $1.36 to $1.86.
Wages of approximately a fourth of the pro
duction workers in the industry were based on
incentive methods of payment, usually individual
piecework. A large number of weavers and
winders were paid on this basis.
Average hourly earnings for selected occupa
tional classifications presented in the accompany
ing table ranged from $1.30 for janitors to $2.13
for loom fixers. Men largely dominated both
jobs. Averages for other numerically important
jobs usually staffed by men were: hand truckers,
$1.35; card tenders, $1.44; spinning-frame doffers,
S t r a ig h t - T im e H o u r l y E a r n in g s 1 o f P
S e l e c t e d C h a r a c t e r is t ic s , U n it e d S t a t e s
verage
by
W orkers
S e l e c t e d R e g io
Synth
M ay
r o d u c t io n
in
and
n s ,2
U n it e d S t a t e s 8
N e w E n g la n d
e t ic
T
e x t il e
M
il l s
,
1963
M id d le A t la n tic
S o u th e a s t
C h a r a cteristics
N u m b e r E a r n in g s 1 N u m b e r
All M ills
A ll p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s .................... ............................................................. ..........................
Sex
M e n ........................................................... ............... ............................................................. .............
W o m e n _____________________________ ______________
_____________________
T ype of M ill
Y a r n or th r e a d m il ls _________________________________________ _______________
F ila m e n t y a m or th r e a d ___ ___________________________________________
Spun yarn or thread
W e a v in g m i l l s ____________________________
I n te g r a te d m i l l s __
. .
. . .
P redominant Class
________________________________
.
_____________________
of
E a r n in g s 1 N u m b e r
E a r n in g s 1 N u m b e r
E a r n in g s 1
84, 214
$1.57
9, 780
$1.69
12, 662
$1.69
61,740
$1.52
51, 389
32,825
$1.63
1.47
5,916
3,864
$1.77
1.55
6,451
6, 211
$1.86
1.52
39,021
22, 719
$1.57
1.44
20,868
8, 751
12,117
32,427
30,919
1.41
1.40
1.42
1.67
1.56
2,989
1.64
1.67
1.74
1.66
3, 635
3,000
1.37
1.35
2,355
4,287
2,504
8, 218
1.82
14,244
5,117
9,127
19,922
27,574
1.37
1.41
1.35
1.60
1.54
17,096
1.61
3,7 7 0
1.68
1,988
1.69
6,649
938
1 .6 7
11' 622
1. 59
1 .5 6
1. 58
1.7 7
2,3 9 4
833
1,327
'838
2,583
1,182
5,339
938
1,135
3, 536
2,925
2, 814
1,301
979
9, 537
1,946
3, 724
2,107
1,760
9,9 8 0
1 .3 6
1 .4 4
1.5 3
1. 50
1.4 4
1.3 0
2 .1 3
1 .7 7
1 .5 6
1 .4 5
1 .3 5
1.39
1.4 3
1 .6 3
1.90
1.89
1.8 3
2.0 7
1.83
1.4 2
F abric *
F ila m e n t fla t fa b ric s_____________________________ . . . . ___________________
F ila m e n t t w is t e d y a r n fa b rics S p u n s y n t h e t i c . . . ' . _________ ______ .
_________ . . . ________________
S ilk a n d silk -m ix tu r e
Pile, upholstery, drapery, tapestry, and tie fahrios
25 ,1 0 6
2,199
1,391
3,9 2 9
1.74
1 .9 9
244
40
1.4 4
1.61
403
138.
841
72
1.5 0
1 .4 4
2.41
1 .8 5
112
339
700
311
361
2,319
623
383
1,191
122
2,506
1 .5 5
1 .4 6
1 .3 7
1.3 6
1 .8 0
2 .1 5
1.8 8
2.0 4
2. 34
1 .9 8
1.41
11,338
1.58
23,358
1.55
6,1 3 4
1.61
1,815
1 .3 5
1.39
1.52
1.48
1.43
1.27
2 .0 7
1.72
1.56
1.42
1.32
1.38
1.44
1.50
1.80
1.89
1.80
1.70
1.79
1.42
Selected Occupations
B a t t e r y h a n d s (1,981 w o m e n a n d 413 m e n ) _________________________________
C a rd te n d e r s (820 m e n a n d 13 w o m e n ) ....... ....................................................................
D o ffe r s, spinning-frame (1,294 m e n a n d 33 w o m e n ) _______ ______ ______
D r a w in g -fr a m e te n d e r s (562 m e n a n d 276 w o m e n )
I n s p e c to r s, c lo th , m a c h in e (2,101 w o m e n a n d 482 m e n ) _____________ . . .
J a n ito r s (e x c lu d in g m a c h in e r y clea n ers) (1,111 m e n a n d 71 w o m e n ) ..........
L o o m fixers (a ll m e n ) ______
____________________________________________
S lash er te n d e r s (930 m e n a n d 8 w o m e n ) ___________________________________
S lu b b e r te n d e r s (979 m e n a n d 156 w o m e n )
S p in n e r s, rin g-fr am e (3,259 w o m e n a n d 277 m e n ) _______________ __________
T r u c k e r s, h a n d (in c lu d in g b o b b in b o y s) (2,884 m e n a n d 41 w o m e n )_____
T w is t e r te n d e r s, ring-fra m e (1,847 w o m e n a n d 967 m e n ) __________________
U p tw is te r s (663 m e n a n d 638 w o m e n ) ___________ . ____________ _____ __
W a rp er te n d e r s (543 w o m e n a n d 436 m e n ) _________________________________
W e a v e r s (6,436 m e n a n d 3,101 w o m e n ) _____________________________________
B o x lo o m s (1,280 m e n a n d 666 w o m e n ) _________________________________
D o b b y lo o m s (2,518 m e n a n d 1,206 w o m e n )________________________ . .
J a c q u a r d lo o m s (1,650 m e n a n d 457 w o m e n )________________ __________
P la in lo o m s (988 m e n a n d 772 w o m e n ) ______ ____ _______ ______________
W in d ers, y a r n (9,652 w o m e n a n d 328 m e n ) ______________ __________________
1 E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p a y for o v e r tim e a n d for w o r k o n w e e k e n d s , h o lid a y s ,
a n d la te s h ifts.
2 T h e re g io n s in t h is s t u d y in c lu d e : N e w E n g la n d — C o n n e c tic u t, M a in e ,
M a s s a c h u s e tts , N e w H a m p s h ir e , R h o d e I s la n d , a n d V e r m o n t; M i d d l e
A t l a n t i c — N e w J e r se y , N e w Y o r k , a n d P e n n s y lv a n ia ; a n d
S o u th e a s t —
A la b a m a , F lo r id a , G e o rg ia , M is s is s ip p i, N o r t h C a r o lin a , S o u th C a r o lin a ,
T e n n e s se e , a n d V ir g in ia .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
335
125
73
69
408
94
746
134
40
299
151
217
98
104
1,029
267
275
122
365
932
1.4 0
1.6 4
1.7 4
1.6 0
1.4 6
1.40
2.1 3
1 .9 8
1 .6 2
1 .6 3
1 .4 5
1.51
1.5 6
1.6 6
1.91
1 .9 2
1.87
1.9 3
1.92
1.51
668
1,210
641
1, 772
950
3, 752
732
1,095
3,1 2 5
2,4 3 5
1,897
892
514
6,1 8 9
1,0 5 6
3 ,0 6 6
794
1,273
6, 542
8 I n c lu d e s d a ta for re g io n s in a d d itio n to th o s e s h o w n s e p a r a te ly .
a n d H a w a ii w e r e n o t in c lu d e d in t h e s t u d y .
< I n c lu d e s d a ta for w e a v in g a n d in te g r a te d m ills o n ly .
A la s k a
N ote: Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publica
tion criteria.
EARNINGS IN SYNTHETIC TEXTILE MILLS
$1.53; slubber tenders, $1.56; and slasher tenders,
$1.77. Averages for numerically important jobs
usually staffed by women were: battery hands,
$1.36; twister tenders, $1.39; yam winders, $1.42;
cloth inspectors, $1.44; and ring-frame spinners,
$1.45.
Establishment Practices4
Work schedules of 40 hours a week were in
effect in mills employing three-fourths of the
workers and were predominant in each of the
regions. Nearly a fourth of the southeastern
workers were in mills with schedules of 48 hours
a week.
Approximately three-tenths of the workers
were employed on second-shift work at the time of
the study and slightly more than a fifth on third
or other late shifts. Only a few of the mills pro
vided differential pay for second-shift work.
Third-shift workers in the Southeast most com
monly received 5 cents an hour above day (first)
shift rates, compared with 7 cents in New Eng
land. Differential pay for third-shift work in the
Middle Atlantic region was more varied but
usually amounted to more than 7 cents an hour.
Paid holidays were provided by mills employ
ing two-fifths of the production workers—virtu
ally all in New England, more than nine-tenths in
the Middle Atlantic region, and a fifth in the
Southeast. Most commonly, workers in New
4
Established practices for production workers are briefly de
scribed in this article. Additional details for these workers and
Information on office workers are presented in the forthcoming
bulletin.
679
England received 6 paid holidays annually ; 6 and
7 days were most common in the Middle Atlantic
region. In the Southeast, provisions for 1 paid
holiday applied to more than half of the workers
granted any holiday pay.
Paid vacations to workers with 1 year or more
of service were provided by mills employing
nearly all of the production workers. The large
majority of the workers in each region were in
mills providing a week’s vacation pay after 1 year
of service and 2 weeks after 5 years or more. Pro
visions for vacations in excess of 2 weeks were not
common in the industry.
Life, hospitalization, and surgical insurance,
for which employers paid at least part of the cost,
were provided by mills employing approximately
nine-tenths of the workers. Sickness and acci
dent insurance was available to three-fifths of the
workers. Accidental death and dismemberment
insurance was available to one-half, and medical
insurance, to two-fifths.
Retirement pension benefits (other than those
available under Federal old-age, survivors, and
disability insurance) were reported by establish
ments employing slightly more than one-eighth of
the workers. One-fifth of the workers were in
mills providing lump-sum payments at retire
ment ; such provisions were more prevalent in New
England than in the other regions.
Nonproduction bonuses, usually paid at Christ
mas or yearend, were provided by mills employing
one-fourth of the workers.
— J
o seph
There was a wide range in the average full-time weekly earnings in the
several occupations in each industry, the range in cotton goods manufacturing
being from $6.41 for trimmers or inspectors (female), to $15.95 for mule
spinners (male); in woolen and worsted goods the range was from $6.53 for
combers (female), to $17.22 for loom fixers (male); and in silk goods manu
facturing the range was from $5.80 for doublers (female), to $19.65 for
warpers (male).
—From “Wages and Hours of Labor in the Cotton, Woolen, and Silk Industries,”
Monthly Labor Review, July 1916, pp. 76-78.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C.
B
u sh
Division of Occupational Pay
680
W age Chronology:
Lockheed Aircraft Corp.
California Company1
Supplement No. 6—1963-64
N e g o t i a t i o n s t o c o n t i n u e the 25-year long collec
tive bargaining relationship between the Lockheed
Aircraft Corp. and the International Association
of Machinists (IAM) began on May 9, 1962. The
general bargaining objectives presented by the
union were those developed jointly with the United
Automobile, Aerospace and Agricultural Imple
ment Workers of America (UAW) earlier that
year.2 The company’s initial proposals included
offers to assume a major portion of the cost of re
training displaced workers and to provide an “ap
propriate” wage increase or an equivalent increase
in other economic benefits. The company also pro
posed elimination of the cost-of-living escalator
clause and changes in existing layoff procedures.
Some days later, the union presented more specific
demands generally similar to those presented to
other West Coast aerospace companies.8
Exploratory meetings were held on May 22 and
23. Bargaining on the parties’ proposals started
on May 31 and continued without material prog
ress into July. On July 1, the union set a strike
date for July 23, 9 days after the contract then in
effect was to terminate.
Terms of a 2-year contract, proposed by the com
pany on July 10, would have provided wage in
creases and improvements in fringe benefits esti
mated to cost 7 to 8 cents an hour. There was no
change in the company’s earlier position on the
cost-of-living escalator clause. The union rejected
the offer, as well as a company proposal that the
contract be extended for 30 days.
Nine days later, Lockheed stated its willingness
to provide approximately the same economic pack
age negotiated by Douglas Aircraft Co. with the
IAM and UAW.4 The offer, which did not pro
vide for any change in union security provisions,
was rejected by the union.
Two days before the strike scheduled for July
23, the President of the United States requested a
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
60-day extension of contracts involving a number
of aerospace companies5 and asked the parties to
give their full cooperation to a three-member fact
finding board. Compliance by both parties
averted a walkout.
Lockheed, like the other West Coast aerospace
companies involved, was unable to reach agreement
with the union during the contract extension pe
riod. On September 1, the board issued a report
containing recommendations regarding the eco
nomic and noneconomic issues that remained in
dispute.6 The union agreed to accept the recom
mendations as a “total package,” but the company
refused to put the union security issue to a vote of
its employees.
Negotiations continued until September 21, the
day the no-strike pledge was to expire; the parties
then agreed to an indefinite extension, subject to a
5-day notice of intention to terminate. By this
time, the other southern California aerospace
companies had reached, or were about to reach,
agreements along the lines proposed by the Presi
dential board. At Lockheed, noneconomic issues
were the major areas of disagreement in the nego
tiations, which continued into November.
On November 19, the union announced a new
strike deadline for November 28. One day before
the scheduled strike, Lockheed revised its last offer
to provide three general wage increases (with the
first retroactive to July 23), liberalized vacation
and group insurance benefits, and higher surgical
and layoff benefits. There was no change in the
company’s position on union security. The strike
started on schedule.
The President, on November 28, invoked the
emergency provisions of the Labor Management
Relations Act and named a three-man board to
1 See M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , June 1952, pp. 6 7 7 -6 8 7 ; October
1953, pp. 1089-1092 ; November 1954, pp. 1236-1238 ; November
1956, pp. 1310-1312 ; December 1959, pp. 1 3 63-1366; April 1962,
pp. 411-417 ; or BLS Report 231.
2 For a discussion of the bargaining objectives, see “Wage
Chronology: North American Aviation, Inc.,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e
v ie w , May 1964, pp. 556-560.
8 Ibid.
4 For details of the Douglas Aircraft Co.’s agreements, see
M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , September 1962, p. 1034.
5 The aerospace companies were Lockheed, North American
Aviation, Inc., Ryan Aeronautical Co., General Dynam ics Corp.,
and Aerojet-General Corp.
6 See M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , November 1962, p. 1281.
WAGE CHRONOLOGY: LOCKHEED AIRCRAFT CORP., CALIFORNIA COMPANY
study the issues in dispute and report its findings
by December 3. The strikers resumed work the
next day.
The board reported that the strike was a result
of the continuing controversy on the union shop
issue and that no significant progress had been
made toward a solution. The board also concluded
that the remaining economic issues could be settled
without difficulty if the union security issue were
resolved.
On December 3, a temporary injunction was is
sued, at the request of the Federal Government, by
the U.S. District Court in Los Angeles. One week
later the injunction was extended for the statutory
80 days.
A provisional 3-year agreement was reached by
the negotiators on January 27 and ratified by the
union membership the following day. The em
ployees’ economic gains under the agreement were
valued by the parties at 28.3 cents an hour and
included wage increases of 5 to 8 cents an hour
retroactive to July 23, 1962, and 6 to 8 and 6 to
9 cents an hour in July of 1963 and 1964, respec
tively. In addition, almost 1,500 workers received
retroactive inequity pay increases of 3 to 15 cents
an hour, and the entire cost-of-living allowance
accumulated under the previous contract was in
corporated in basic rates of pay. A wide variety
681
of related working practices were improved.
Longer vacations were provided workers with
10 years or more of service, 1 paid holiday was
added, and medical insurance and extended layoff
benefits were improved.
The maintenance-of-membership clause, which
required workers to retain their union member
ship as a condition of employment, was continued.
New employees were to be introduced to stewards
who would be allowed to discuss, on company time,
the advantages of joining the union. In addition,
the company was to suggest to all new employees
that they carefully consider joining the union. A
training program for IAM stewards was estab
lished, with the company obligating itself to pay
up to 75 percent of the tuition in companyapproved schools. Finally, a committee was
established to meet quarterly to discuss current
problems outside the grievance area.
The current contract, which covers about 16,000
workers, is to remain in effect through July 23,
1965. The following tables bring general wage
changes up to date through April 1964, and re
lated wage practices up to the termination date of
the current agreement. This supplement also
summarizes the pension agreement negotiated,
under the provisions of the previous agreement, in
December 1961.
A—General Wage Changes
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other related matters
July 9, 1962 (agreement
dated Aug. 8, 1960).
July 23, 1962 (agreement
dated Jan. 28, 1963).
1 cent an hour increase.
Quarterly adjustment of cost-of-living allowance.
5 to 8 cents an hour increase, averag
ing 6.3 cents.1
Oct. 8, 1962
1 cent an hour increase.
Deferred increases of 6 to 8 cents an hour effec
tive July 22, 1963, and 6 to 9 cents effective
July 20, 1964.
In addition, existing 7-cent cost-of-living allow
ance (including 1-cent effective Oct. 8, 1962,
and Jan. 7, 1963) incorporated into basic wage
rates.
Escalator provision continued, with quarterly
adjustments in cost-of-living allowance of 1
cent for each 0.4-point change in the Bureau
of Labor Statistics Consumer Price Index
above 105.9 (1957-59 = 100). If the CPI fell
below 106.3, the cost-of-living allowance would
be zero.2
In addition, inequity adjustments of 3 to 15
cents an hour for 1,450 employees in 43 occu
pations amounted to 0.6 cent when averaged
over all employees in the bargaining unit.
Quarterly adjustment of cost-of-living allowance.
(Incorporated into base rates—see the preced
ing entry.)
Jan. 7, 1963
1 cent an hour increase.
See footnotes a t end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
lo .
682
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
A—General Wage Changes—Continued
Effective date
Provision
Apr. 8, 1963-________ _____
July 8,' 1963______________
July 22, 1963 (agreement
dated Jan. 28, 1963).
Oct. 14, 1963_____________
Jan. 13, 1964_____________
Apr. 13, 1964_____________
Applications, exceptions, and other related matters
No change__ _ _ __ __ _
Quarterly review of cost-of-living allowance.
No ch a n g e____ ________ _______
Do.
6 to 8 cents an hour increase, averag Deferred increase.
ing 6.6 cents.3
3 cents an hour increase__ __ _ _ _ _ Quarterly adjustment of cost-of-living allow
ance.
No change__ _______ __ __
Quarterly review of cost-of-living allowance.
1 cent an hour increase______________ Quarterly adjustment of cost-of-living allowance.
1 E m p lo y e e s in office a n d te c h n ic a l la b o r g ra d es 1-3 r e c e iv e d 8 c e n ts a n
h our; g ra d es 4 -6 , 7 ce n ts ; g ra d es 7-1 0 , 6 c e n ts; a n d g ra d es 11-18, 5 c e n ts .
E m p lo y e e s i n fa c to r y lab o r g ra d e 1 r e c e iv e d 8 c e n t s a n hour; g ra d es 2 -4 , 7
ce n ts ; g ra d es 6 -8 , 6 c e n ts; a n d g ra d es 9-1 6 , 5 c e n ts .
* T h e a g r e e m e n t p r o v id e d t h a t q u a r te r ly c o st-o f-liv in g a d ju s tm e n ts , e ffe c
t iv e in J a n u a r y , A p r il, J u ly , a n d O c to b e r, b e b a se d o n th e B L S C o n su m e r
P r ic e I n d e x for th e m o n th s o f N o v e m b e r , F e b r u a r y , M a y , a n d A u g u s t ,
r e s p e c tiv e ly .
Consumer Price Index (1957-59—100)
106.2
106.3
106.7
107.1
107.5
107.9
108.3
Cost-of-living allowance
a n d b e lo w __________________________________ N o n e .
to 106.6____________________________________ 1 c e n t.
to 107.0____________________________________ 2 c e n ts .
to 10 7 .4 .______ _______ ________ _____________ 3 c e n ts .
to 107.8____________________________________ 4 c e n ts .
to 108.2____________________________________ 5 c e n ts .
to 108.6_____________________________________6 c e n ts.
Consumer Price Index (1957-59=100)
Cost-of-living allowance
108.7 to 109.0----------------------------------------------------------7 c e n ts .
109.1 to 109.4----------------------------------------------------------8 c e n ts .
109.5 to 109.8----------------------------------------------------------9 c e n ts .
109.9 to 110.2----------------------------------------------------------10 c e n ts .
a n d so fo r th , w it h 1 -cen t a d ju s tm e n t for e a c h 0 .4 -p o in t c h a n g e i n th e
in d e x .
T h e p a r tie s c o n v e r te d th e in d e x r a n g e s t o a 1957-59 b a se b y u s e o f t h e s t a n d
ard c o n v e r sio n fa cto r (.8149959).
T h e c o st-o f-liv in g a llo w a n c e c u r r e n tly in e ffe c t c o n tin u e d to b e in c lu d e d
in c o m p u tin g o v e r tim e , v a c a t io n , a n d s ic k le a v e p a y m e n t s , a n d p a y for
u n u s e d s ic k a n d in ju r y le a v e . T h e 1963 a g r e e m e n t p r o v id e d for th e c o sto f-liv in g a llo w a n c e to b e in c lu d e d i n c o m p u tin g ju r y - d u t y p a y .
3
E m p lo y e e s in office a n d te c h n ic a l la b o r g ra d es 1 -3 r e c e iv e d 8 c e n ts a n
h o ur; g ra d es 4 -6 , 7 ce n ts ; a n d g ra d es 7-18, 6 c e n ts . E m p lo y e e s i n fa c to r y
la b o r g ra d e 1 r e c e iv e d 8 c e n ts a n h our; g r a d e s 2 -4 , 7 c e n ts; g ra d es 5-1 6 , 6 c e n ts .
B—Hourly Rate Ranges, by Factory Labor Grade, 1961-64 1
July 10, 1961
July 23, 1962 2
Labor grade
July 22, 1963
July 20, 1964
Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum
1_____________________
2 _____________________
3 _______________________________
4 ______________________________
5 _______________________________
6 ______________________________
7 ............ .................. ............
8 _____________________
9_____________________
10____________________
11____________________
12____________________
1 3 _________________________
1 4 _________________________
1 5 _________________________
1 6 _________________________
$2. 92
2. 83
2. 75
2. 66
2. 59
2. 53
2. 47
2. 41
2. 36
2. 30
2. 22
2. 17
2. 11
2. 07
2. 05
2. 01
$3.
3.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
19
04
98
90
83
75
69
63
56
50
41
34
28
23
18
11
$3.
3.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
07
02
89
80
72
66
60
54
48
42
34
29
23
19
17
13
i I n 1961 a n d 1962, e m p lo y e e s r e c e iv e d a u to m a tic in cr ea ses o f 5 c e n ts a n h o u r
o n t h e fir st M o n d a y o f N o v e m b e r a n d M a r c h a n d a 6 -cen t in c r e a se o n th e
fir st M o n d a y o f J u ly , u n t i l th e m a x im u m r a te w a s r e a c h e d . T h e a g r e e m e n t
d a te d J a n . 28, 1963, p r o v id e d for a 5 -cen t-a n -h o u r in c r e a se o n t h e se c o n d
M o n d a y o f th e fo u r th m o n th o f e m p lo y m e n t a n d o f e a c h fo u r th m o n th th e r e
a fter, e x c e p t w h e n t h e fo u r th m o n th w a s M a y , J u n e , J u ly , or A u g u s t, w h e n
t h e in cr ea se w a s to b e 6 c e n ts , u n t il th e m a x im u m r a te w a s re a c h e d . W h ere
a s c h e d u le d in cr ea se w o u ld r e su lt in a n a m o u n t a b o v e or n o m o re t h a n 2
c e n ts b e lo w t h e m a x im u m , in cr ea ses w e r e to b e a d ju s te d to p r o v id e th e
m a x im u m r a te . T h e ra te s s h o w n in c lu d e o n ly t h a t p o r tio n o f t h e cost-of-
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$3. 34
3. 23
3. 12
3. 04
2. 96
2. 88
2. 82
2. 76
2. 68
2. 62
2. 53
2. 46
2. 40
2. 35
2. 30
2. 23
$3. 15
3.09
2. 96
2. 87
2. 78
2. 72
2. 66
2. 60
2. 54
2. 48
2. 40
2. 35
2. 29
2. 25
2. 23
2. 19
$3. 42
3. 30
3. 19
3. 11
3. 02
2. 94
2. 88
2. 82
2. 74
2. 68
2. 59
2. 52
2. 46
2. 41
2. 36
2. 29
$3. 24
3. 17
3. 04
2. 95
2. 85
2. 79
2. 73
2. 67
2. 60
2. 54
2. 46
2. 41
2. 35
2. 31
2. 29
2. 25
$3. 51
3. 38
3. 27
3. 19
3. 09
3. 01
2. 95
2. 89
2. 80
2. 74
2. 65
2. 58
2. 52
2. 47
2. 42
2. 35
liv in g a llo w a n c e in c o r p o r a te d in to b a s ic ra te s b y th e s tip u la te d d a te s; th e
sp e c ific a m o u n ts are g iv e n in fo o tn o te 2. O th e r w ise , co st-o f-liv in g a llo w a n c e s
w e r e a d d e d o n ly to r a te s o f w o rk ers o n t h e p a y r o ll a t th e ir e ffe c tiv e d a tes;
t h e y w e r e n o t a d d e d to la b o r g r a d e m in im u m s a n d m a x im u m s a n d are n o t
in c lu d e d i n th e r a te s s h o w n o n t h is ta b le .
2
R a te s s h o w n re fle c t in c o r p o r a tio n o f 7 -cen t c o st-o f-liv in g a llo w a n c e s in t o
b a s ic r a te s a s w e ll as t h e g e n e r a l w a g e ra te c h a n g e s w h ic h v a r ie d fro m 5 to 8
c e n ts , d e p e n d in g u p o n la b o r g ra d e, a n d in e q u it y a d ju s tm e n ts . (S ee f o o tn o te
1, ta b le A .)
WAGE CHRONOLOGY : LOCKHEED AIRCRAFT CORP., CALIFORNIA COMPANY
683
C—Hourly Rate Ranges,1 by Office and Technical Labor Grade, 1961-64 2
E f f e c t iv e d a te
L a b o r grade
J u ly 10,1961
J u ly 23, 1962
E ffe c tiv e d a te
J u ly 22, 1963
J u ly 2 0 ,1 9 6 4
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
t
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
i
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
»
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
i
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
M in i
m um
M a x i
m um
M i n i
m um
M a x i
m um
M i n i
m um
M a x i
m um
M in i
m um
M a x i
m um
$ 3.06
2 .8 9
2.83
2.76
2.69
2.60
2.54
2 .4 7
2.41
$3. 50
3 .3 2
3 .1 4
3 .0 4
2. 98
2 .9 0
2 .8 3
2 .7 5
2 .6 9
$ 3 .2 6
3 .0 4
2 .9 8
2 .9 0
2 .8 3
2 .7 4
2 .6 7
2 .6 0
2 .5 4
$3 .7 0
3. 47
3 .2 9
3 .1 8
3 .1 2
3 .0 4
2 .9 6
2.8 8
2 .8 2
$3.3 4
3 .1 2
3 .0 6
2 .9 7
2 .9 0
2. 81
2 .7 3
2 .6 6
2 .6 0
$3.7 8
3. 55
3 .3 7
3 .2 5
3 .1 9
3.1 1
3 .0 2
2 .9 4
2 .8 8
$3.43
3.21
3 .1 5
3 .0 5
2.9 8
2 .8 9
2.8 0
2 .7 3
2. 67
$3. 87
3 .6 4
3 .4 6
3 .3 3
3. 27
3 .1 9
3 .0 9
3. 01
2 .9 5
1 Excludes cost-of-living allowance. For cost-of-living allowance, see
table A.
L a b o r g rade
J u ly 1 0 ,1961
M i n i
m um
M a x i
m um
J u ly 23, 1962 8
J u ly 22, 1963
M i n i
m um
M i n i
m um
M a x i
m um
10.............................. $2.3 5
$2.63
$2. 76
$2. 54
$2.48
11................. .............
2. 42
2 .3 0
2 .5 6
2.6 8
2 .4 8
12..............................
2 .2 2
2 .3 4
2 .5 0
2 .6 2
2 .4 0
13
........
2 .1 5
2.4 1
2 .2 7
2. 33
2 .5 3
14
..........................
2 .0 6 ..........................
2.3 4
2 .1..........................
8
2 .4 6
2 .2 4
15
........
2.0 1
2 .2 8
2 .1 3
2 .1 9
2 .4 0
16
........
1 .9 6
2. 08
2 .2 3
2 .3 5
2 .1 4
17
........
1 .9 3
2 .1 8
2 .0 5
2.1 1
2 .3 0
18
........
1.91
2.11
2 .0 3
2.2 3
2 .0 9
J u ly 20, 1964
M a x i M i n i
m um
m um
$2.82
2. 74
2 .6 8
2 .5 9
2. 52
2 .4 6
2.4 1
2 .3 6
2 .2 9
$2. 61
2 .5 4
2. 46
2 .3 9
2. 30
2. 25
2 .2 0
2.1 7
M a x i
m um
$2.8 9
2.8 0
2.7 4
2 .6 5
2 .5 8
2 .5 2
2 .4 7
2 .4 2
2 .3 5
2 Progress from the minimum to the m a x im u m rate in a grade was the
same as that for factory labor grades. (See footnote 1, table B.)
8 See footnote 2, table B.
D—Related Wage Practices
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
Holidays
Nov. 29, 1962 (agreement
dated Jan. 28, 1963).
Added: One paid holiday (total 8).
Changed: Double time, plus holiday pay,
for work on holidays.
Holiday was day after Thanksgiving.
Changed: Holiday pay to include cost-ofliving allowance, and shift and odd work
week bonuses for holidays occurring during
employee’s vacation.
Paid Vacations
Feb. 1, 19631/ (agreement
dated Jan. 28, 1963).
Changed: 3 weeks’ paid vacation for 10
years or more (was 12) of service.
Added: 4 weeks’ paid vacation for 25 years
or more of service.
In
effect and continued: Vacation pay
continued to include cost-of-living allow
ance.
Vacation pay to equal 160 hours’ pay at
straight-time rates plus the cost-ofliving allowance in effect.
Sick and Injury Leave
Jan. 28, 1963 (agreement of
same date).
In effect and continued: Pay for unused
sick and injury leave continued to include
cost-of-living allowance and shift and odd
workweek bonuses.
Changed: Employee disabled up to 12
months (was 6) must be reinstated.
Reporting Time Pay
May 12, 1958 (agreement of
same date).
Jan. 28, 1963 (agreement of
same date.)
See footnotes at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
In effect and continued: Reporting time
guarantee continued to include odd work
week premium, assigned shift bonus, and
appropriate premium pay for 6th and 7th
day.
Added: Holiday premium to be included in
minimum guarantee for employee called
to work on holidays.
684
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
D—Related Wage Practices—Continued
Provision
Effective date
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
E d u c a tio n a l P a y
Jan. 28, 1963 (agreement of
same date).
Established: 75 percent of tuition paid
employee satisfactorily completing train
ing in company-approved school.
J u r y - D u ty P a y
Added: Jury-duty pay to include cost-ofliving allowance.
Jan. 28, 1963 (agreement of
same date).
I n s u ra n c e B e n e fits
Jan. 28, 1963 (agreement of
same date).
Feb. 1, 1963 (agreement
dated Jan. 28, 1963).
L ife in su ra n c e:
Added: Employee could elect, not later
than 31 days after attaining age 65, to
continue additional life insurance in
force immediately prior to reaching age
65, up to age 68, at employee’s expense.
Increased: For employee and dependents:
H o s p ita l benefits:
R o o m a n d b o a rd —Up
to $30 (was $23) a
day, reduced by hospital benefits paid
($20 a day for 10 days) under Cali
fornia Unemployment Compensation
Disability Benefits Act.
S u rg ic a l benefits:
S u r g ic a l sc h e d u le —Up
to $825 (was $500
during one period of disability.
Added: For dependents*—Hospital and
surgical coverage identical with that
provided employee, maternity benefits
excluded.
Added: Company to contribute first $2 of
weekly premium for dependent.
Changed: Dependent coverage to children
19 through 23 years of age living with
employee.
R e tire m e n t B e n e fits
Jan. 2, 1962 (agreement
dated Dec. 6, 1961).
Feb. 19, 1962 (agreement of
Feb. 6, 1962).
See footnotes a t end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Added: D e a th ben efits —$1,000 to designated
beneficiary on death of retiree.
Changed:
N o r m a l re tirem en t ben efits ■
—To a minimum
of $2.25 a month for each year of service
beginning on or after Dec. 25, 1961, with
benefits varying according to earnings.1
Years of credited service limited to 35.
E a r ly retirem en t: Monthly benefit to be
actuarially equivalent to normal retire
ment amount to which employee would
be entitled with years of credited service
he had at time of early retirement.
E lim in a te d : V e stin g righ ts — 40-year age re
quirement for full vesting after 15 years’
service and for partial vesting for laid
off employee with 10 but less that 15
years’ service.
Added:
D is a b ility
ben efits —Employee
totally and permanently disabled for 6
consecutive months or more between ages
45 and 65 with credited service of 10 years
or more to receive; if eligible for social
security, normal benefits based on length
of credited service; if ineligible for social
security benefits, greater of $70 a month
or $5 times years of continuous service.
Employee to receive service credit for up
to 2 years while on layoff.
Benefits reduced by amount of workmen’s
compensation or other disability bene
fits (except those provided by the Federal
Social Security Act) received if company
contributed to the cost of such benefits.
Normal benefits payable at age 65.
WAGE CHRONOLOGY : LOCKHEED AIRCRAFT CORP., CALIFORNIA COMPANY
685
D —Related Wage Practices—Continued
Effective date
Feb. 19, 1962 (agreement of
Feb. 6, 1962)— Contin
ued.
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
D eferred d is a b ility ben efits —Employee
disabled prior to age 45 and meeting all
qualifications for disability benefits ex
cept age to receive deferred benefits at
age 45, providing he had been totally and
permanently disabled for 6 consecutive
months or more at that time.
S o c ia l s e c u rity
a d ju stm e n t o p tio n — Em
ployee retiring under early retirement
provision could elect to receive actuarially adjusted payments providing larger
benefits before age 62 and reduced bene
fits on receipt of social security allowance.
Employee required to make election before
retirement.
Option not applicable if it reduced monthly
benefit below $15.
Larger monthly benefits not to exceed the
reduced benefits by more than employee’s
estimated social security payments.
E x ten d ed L a y o ff B e n e fits
Jan. 28, 1963 (amendment
dated Mar.)14, 1963).
Increased:
C o m p a n y lia b ility —By
50 percent to $150
(was $100) per employee on payroll.
S iz e o f benefits —To $75 for each full year
of qualifying service up to 15 years (was
$50 a year for 10 years), maximum
benefit $1,125. Benefits reduced when
accrued liability was less than $75 for
each active employee.2
1 B e n e fits for y e a r s b e g in n in g o n or a fter D e c . 2 5 , 1961, to b e c o m p u te d
a c c o r d in g to t h e fo llo w in g form u la :
a. $2 p lu s .
b . 1H p e r c e n t o f Ha o f t h e a m o u n t d e te r m in e d b y c o m p u tin g for e a c h s u c h
p la n y e a r th e p r o d u c t of—
1. t h e ex c ess, if a n y , o f t h e m e m b e r ’s b a se w a g e r a te for t h e p la n y e a r o v er
a r a te d e te r m in e d b y d iv id in g 2,080 in t o th e m a x im u m a m o u n t o f w a g e s
s u b je c t to ta x u n d e r th e F e d e r a l In su r a n c e C o n tr ib u tio n s A c t for t h e c a len d a r
y e a r b e g in n in g d u r in g s u c h p la n y e a r , a n d
2. t h e n u m b e r o f h o u r s w o r k e d in s u c h p la n y e a r n o t to ex c e e d 2,080 e x c e p t
t h a t th e a m o u n t u n d e r t h is s u b s e c tio n (b ) s h a ll n o t b e le ss t h a n 25 c e n ts for
s u c h p la n y e a r .
I n a n y y e a r in w h ic h m e m b e r h a d le ss t h a n a fu ll y e a r o f c r e d ite d s e r v ic e ,
b e n e fits to b e c o m p u te d i n s a m e m a n n e r u s in g 1,800 as t h e n u m b e r o f h ours
w o r k e d , r e d u c e d b y H 2 for e a c h 150 h o u r s (or H or g re a te r fr a c tio n o f 150
h o u r s) le ss t h a n 1,800 h o u r s w o r k e d in y ea r .
2 W h e n fu n d w a s in s u ffic ie n t to p a y f u ll b e n e fits , in d iv id u a l p a y m e n ts
w e r e r e d u c e d as fo llo w s:
Company’s maximum
liability per
employee
$50 b u t le ss t h a n $75_____
$25 b u t le ss t h a n $50_____
L e s s t h a n $25-------------------
Employee’s seniority
L e s s t h a n 5 y e a r s ________
L e s s t h a n 5 y e a r s _______
5 b u t le ss t h a n 10 y e a r s ...
L e s s t h a n 5 y e a r s________
5 b u t le ss t h a n 10 y e a r s ...
10 b u t le ss t h a n 15 y e a r s ..
P ercen t by
w h ic h b e n e fits
w ere
redu ced
25
50
25
75
50
25
C o m p a n y ’s m a x im u m li a b ilit y a cc ru ed a t r a te o f $5.20 a m o n th tim e s th e
n u m b e r o f e m p lo y e e s (e x c lu d in g th o se o n la y o ff or le a v e o f a b se n c e ) o n th e
fir st M o n d a y in e a c h m o n th , u p to a m a x im u m o f $150. E m p lo y e e s r e c e iv in g
r e d u c e d b e n e fits b e c a u s e o f la c k o f fu n d s w ere e lig ib le for b e n e fits e q u a l to
t h e d iffer en ce b e tw e e n th e re d u c e d b e n e fit r e c e iv e d a n d th e ir f u ll b e n e fit in
th e e v e n t o f s u b s e q u e n t la y o ff.
Prepared in the Division of Wage Economics
7 3 1 - 4 7 5 — 64
5
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Significant Decisions
in Labor Cases*
Labor Relations
Secondary Boycotts. In one of the two decisions
rendered on April 20 dealing with the secondary
boycott provision of the Labor Management Rela
tions Act, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 1 that a
union did not violate the ban by appealing to
supermarket managers to exercise their discretion
to stop doing business with a struck wholesale
distributor, even though the appeal included a
threat to handbill. The Court further held that
the warning on handbilling was not a “threat”
within the meaning of the ban; and that the ref
erence in the applicable publicity proviso to goods
“produced” should be construed so as to include
products “distributed” by the struck employer.2
The union sought to support its strike against
Servette, a wholesale distributor, by asking man
agers of supermarkets to stop stocking merchan
dise supplied by Servette. The union warned
that failure to comply would lead to distribution
of handbills in front of the stores asking the pub
lic not to buy certain items furnished by the whole
saler. Such handbills were distributed in a few
instances.
The National Labor Relations Board dismissed
Servette’s charges that the union’s conduct vio
lated section 8(b) (4) (i) and (ii) (B), primarily
on the ground that the managers were authorized
to make a policy decision and were, therefore, not
induced as “individuals” within the meaning of
subsection (i). The Board based this distinction
on its decision in Carolina Lumber Co.,3 where it
interpreted the statute as permitting inducement
of “high level” supervisors but not “low level”
supervisors. The court of appeals set aside the
Board’s order on the grounds that the term “indi
vidual” in subsection (i) was applicable to the
managers, and that the publicity proviso did not
protect the handbilling because Servette did not,
686
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
within the meaning of the proviso, “produce” the
goods involved.
The Supreme Court, in a unanimous opinion,
reversed the court of appeals and issued an in
terpretation differing from that of the Board and
of the lower court. I t held that while the term
“individual” in subsection (i) is to be read liter
ally as including the supermarket managers, the
aid solicited from the managers in this case did
not violate the subsection. Determining that the
appeal here was to exercise managerial discre
tion—as opposed to an appeal to withdraw their
employment services—the Court held that such
an appeal is not within the conduct proscribed
under subsection (i). Thus the question turned
on the nature of the appeal rather than the level
of the manager to whom it was made.
Turning to the question of whether the pub
licity proviso of section 8(b)(4) protected the
union’s handbilling, the Court, agreeing with the
Board’s interpretation in Lohman Sales Go.,4 held
that it did. Regarding the proviso’s language,
which appears to limit its applicability to situa
tions involving products “produced by [a pri
mary] employer,” the Court ruled that even
though Servette was not a manufacturer, it was
an employer producing products within the mean
ing of the proviso. The Court said that to limit
the protection of the proviso to those in a primary
dispute with an employer who physically creates
♦Prepared in the U.S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solici
tor. The cases covered in th is article represent a selection of
the significant decisions believed to be of special interest. No
attem pt has been made to reflect all recent judicial and adminis
trative developments in the field of labor law or to indicate the
effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in which contrary
results may be reached based upon local statutory provisions, the
existence of local precedents, or a different approach by the courts
to the issue presented.
1 N L R B v. S e r v e tte , In c . (U.S. Sup. Ct., Apr. 20, 1964).
2 Subsections (i) and (ii) of section 8 ( b ) ( 4 ) of the LMRA
state that it is an unfair labor practice for a union “ (i) . . . to
induce or encourage any individual employed by any person . . ,
to engage in . . . a refusal in the course of his employment
to . . . handle . . . commodities or to perform any services” ;
or “ (ii) to threaten, coerce, or restrain any person . . . where
in either case an object thereof is . . . (B ) forcing or requiring
any person to cease . . . dealing in the products of any other
producer, processor, or manufacturer, or to cease doing business
with any other person . . . P r o v id e d , fu r th e r , that for the pur
poses of this paragraph (4) only, nothing contained in such
paragraph shall be construed to prohibit publicity, other than
picketing, for the purpose of truthfully advising the public . . .
th at a product or products are produced by an employer with
whom the labor organization has a primary dispute and are
distributed by another employer . . . .”
3 130 NLRB 1438, 1443 (Mar. 17, 1961).
4 132 NLRB 901 (Aug. 10, 1961).
DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES
products would frustrate the broader freedom
Congress wanted to provide unions “to appeal to
the public for support.”
As for the union’s warnings that uncooperative
stores would be handbilled, the Court held that
these were not prohibited as threats within sub
section (ii) because “statutory protection for the
distribution of handbills would be undermined if
the threat to engage in protected conduct were
not itself protected.”
In the other case 5 involving consumer boycotts,
the Supreme Court, in a five-member opinion,
ruled that the 1959 amendments to the LMRA
do not prohibit secondary consumer picketing of
retail stores when the appeal is limited to asking
customers not to buy specific products furnished
by struck primary employers.
Struck fruit packers sold apples to the Safeway
retail chain in Seattle, Wash. In support of the
strike, the union peacefully picketed and hand
billed the entrances of the stores, appealing to cus
tomers not to buy apples furnished by the struck
employers. In ruling on the issue involved—
whether the picketing was prohibited under sec
tion 8(b) (4) (ii) (B) of the act, which makes it
an unfair labor practice to threaten, coerce, or
restrain any person with an object to force him to
cease doing business with another—the NLRB
held that all secondary consumer picketing is pro
hibited. The court of appeals set aside the
Board’s order and remanded the case, taking the
position that the statute bars secondary consumer
picketing only where it inflicts substantial eco
nomic injury upon the neutral stores, thus
rendering the union’s conduct threatening, coer
cive, or restraining.
The majority of the Supreme Court agreed with
neither of these opinions. It held that while sec
tion 8(b) (4) (ii) (B) automatically outlaws peace
ful secondary consumer picketing aimed at all
products handled by a secondary employer, ex
amination of the statute and its legislative history
indicates Congress has not evinced with “the
requisite clarity” a purpose of prohibiting such
picketing when directed only at specific struck
products. The Board’s position, the Court said,
rested on finding that Congress had determined
that secondary consumer picketing always threat6
N L R B v. F r u it a n d V e g e ta b le P a c k e rs a n d W areh o u sem en ,
L o c a l 760 (U.S. Sup. Ct., Apr. 20, 1964).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
687
ens, coerces, or restrains the secondary employer,
but added that the legislative history does not
support this conclusion.
In holding that the picketing in this case did
not “threaten, coerce, or restrain” Safeway, the
Court rejected the test applied by the court of
appeals—whether Safeway suffered or was likely
to suffer economic loss—as determinative of
whether a violation of section 8(b) (4) (ii) (B)
was committed. “When consumer picketing is em
ployed only to persuade customers not to buy the
struck product, the union’s appeal is closely con
fined to the primary dispute,” the Court said.
Even though such picketing may be effective to
reduce the sales of the struck product, or even
cause the neutral employer to drop the item as a
poor seller, a violation of the act is not established.
Justice Harlan, joined in dissent by Justice
Stewart, agreed with the Board that Congress had
intended to outlaw all secondary picketing, and
that the majority’s distinction between general
and limited product picketing was not supported
by a reading of the statute or by the legislative
history. Justice Harlan said the statute broadly
proscribes “threatening, coercing, or restraining”
any person; and the publicity proviso differen
tiates only between modes of expression, not be
tween types of secondary consumer picketing.
His conclusion that the Conference Committee
meant to prohibit all secondary consumer picket
ing was supported by a statement by the then
Senator Kennedy, who was chairman of the Com
mittee, when he stated: “We were not able to
persuade the House conferees to permit secondary
picketing in front of that shop, but we were able
to persuade them to agree that the union shall
be free to conduct informational activity short
of picketing. In other words, the union can hand
out handbills at the shop, can place advertisements
in newspapers, can make announcements over the
radio, and carry on all publicity short of having
ambulatory picketing in front of a secondary
site.”
Justice Black agreed with the dissenting opin
ion that all secondary consumer picketing was
proscribed, but he took the position that such pro
hibition violated the constitutional guarantee of
free speech and he, therefore, concurred in the
result reached by the majority. He said, “I t is
difficult to see that the section in question intends
688
to do anything but prohibit dissemination of facts
about the labor dispute, a right protected by the
First Amendment.” Noting that the publicity
proviso does permit some picketing, the Justice
concluded that this was neither a “case in which
picketing was barred because the picketers are
asking others to do something unlawful nor a case
in which all picketing is, for reasons of public
order, banned.”
Hot-Cargo Contracts. Reversing an NLRB
decision in part, a Federal circuit court ruled6 on
the validity of a Teamsters’ agreement containing
“protection of rights” clauses relative to picket
lines, struck goods, subcontractors, and hazardous
work.7 The court indicated that, generally, the
clauses were lawful only when applied to situa
tions involving employee or union activities which
themselves are protected by the act.
One of the clauses scrutinized by the court pro
tected individual employees against discipline for
refusing to cross or work behind a picket line. The
court ruled that the clause was valid as applied
to primary disputes at the contracting employer’s
own premises because the refusal to cross such
picket lines is protected activity under the LMRA
and “the union and employer may provide by con
tract such refusal shall not be grounds for dis
charge.” I t was valid, the court said, when applied
to refusals to cross lawful primary picket lines at
another employer’s premises even if the conditions
outlined in the proviso to section 8(b) (4) are not
met—that is, if the picket line is not in support of
a strike approved by a union the struck employer
is required to recognize under the act. The NLRB
had held in this case that refusal to cross a non
proviso picket line is secondary activity and con
tractual protection of such activity violated
section 8(e). The court determined, on the basis
of court cases and legislative history, that protec
tion of refusal to cross a primary picket line is not
limited to picketing satisfying the 8(b) (4) pro
viso. On the other hand, the court ruled that the
picket line clause was unlawful under section 8 (e)
insofar as it immunized employees from discipline
for crossing picket lines at the contracting em
ployer’s own plant or at the plant of another em
ployer if the picketing is in support of a secondary
strike or boycott.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
A struck goods clause gave employees immunity
from discipline for refusal to perform work which,
but for the existence of a labor dispute, would have
been performed by others. The court ruled that
the clause was lawful with regard to work done
when the contracting employer was a struck em
ployer’s “ally”—an employer who, by arrange
ment, does work which would otherwise have been
done by striking employees—but was unlawful
beyond that scope.
Another clause which protected employees from
discipline for refusing to handle struck goods was
labeled by the court “a typical hot-cargo clause”
and, therefore, unlawful; the fact that it was an
“employee-rights” rather than a “union-rights”
clause, that is, one limited to protecting an individ
ual’s refusal to handle goods, did not change its
illegality. Nor was the clause saved by an addi
tional provision giving the employer the right to
continue handling goods which individual em
ployees refused to handle.
A subcontracting clause whereby the contract
ing employer agreed not to use the services of an
employer who did not adhere to union standards
of wages, hours, and working conditions was de
clared legal because it was a union-standards not
a union-signatory subcontracting clause. The
latter type provision would be secondary and vio
lative of section 8(e) because it would require a
subcontractor to have a collective bargaining
agreement with a union; and an immunity agree
ment under it would violate section 8(e). The
clause here only required that union standards be
observed and was, therefore, primary.
The parties had also negotiated regarding a
hazardous work clause providing that invalida
tion of the picket line or struck goods sections
by court decision would result in additional
“penalty” benefits and protection for employees.
For example, higher wages would have been paid
to employees required to cross or work behind a
picket line. The court declined to rule on the
6 T ru c k D riv e r s L o c a l IflS v. N L R B (Brown Transport Corp.
and P atton Warehouse, Inc.) (C.A., D.C., Apr. 9, 1964) ; see
also M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , May 1962, p. 548.
7 Section 8 (e) of the LMRA makes it an unfair labor practice
for a union or an employer to enter into an agreement, expressed
or implied, whereby the employer agrees to “cease or refrain’’
from dealing in the products of any other employer or to “cease
doing business w ith any other person.”
DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES
validity of this clause because it had not been
adopted by the parties as part of their permanent
contract.
As for a remedy, the court refrained from
totally invalidating the clauses which were in part
unlawful, on the assumption that the parties to
the contract had anticipated eventual elimination
of the illegal aspects of the clauses by court
decisions.
Union Affairs
Union Referral of Attorneys. The U.S. Supreme
Court ruled8 that the First and Fourteenth
Amendments to the Constitution protect the right
of union members, through their brotherhood or
ganization, to maintain and carry out a plan for
advising workers who are injured to obtain legal
advice and for recommending specific lawyers.
The Virginia State Bar Association brought
suit against the Brotherhood of Railway Train
men to enjoin it and officials of its Department of
Legal Counsel from recommending to its members
certain union-approved attorneys for the prosecu
tion of claims arising out of employment injuries.
The association charged this activity constituted
the solicitation of legal business and the unauthor
ized practice of law in Virginia. A lower State
court issued an injunction against the practice,
which order was affirmed by the State’s highest
court.
The U.S. Supreme Court reversed, holding that
the First Amendment’s guarantees of free speech,
petition, and assembly gives the railroad workers
the right to assemble for the lawful purpose of
assisting and advising one another of Federal
rights granted them under Federal statute. The
Court noted that the railway brotherhoods played
a major role in fostering legislation giving rail-
8
B ro th erh o o d of R a ilw a y T ra in m en v. V irg in ia ex. re l. V irg in ia
S ta t e B a r (U.S. Sup. Ct., Apr. 20, 1964).
» N .A .A .C .P . v. B u tto n , 371 U.S. 415 (1963).
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road workers rights to compensatory damages for
employment injuries. The Brotherhood’s plan of
advising injured workers to obtain legal advice
before settling their claims and of recommending
certain approved attorneys was designed, the
Court said, to insure that the workers realized and
protected those statutory rights. Such activity
was not practicing law or soliciting legal business
by the Brotherhood members contacting the in
jured employees, nor was it soliciting business on
the part of the lawyers, the Court went on to say.
In the Court’s opinion, the State failed to show
any appreciable public interest in preventing or
regulating the Brotherhood in carrying out its
plan.
Justices Clark and Harlan dissented, stating
that the activities complained of “degrades the
profession, proselytes the approved attorneys to
certain required attitudes, and contravenes both
the accepted ethics of the profession and the
statutory and judicial rules of acceptable con
duct.” Both Justices found evidence that the
Brotherhood’s president had considerable influ
ence over both fees and disposition of cases.
Moreover, there was evidence that at least in for
mer times the attorneys were required to pay a
percentage of their fees back to the Brotherhood.
Regulation of the legal profession, the dissent con
tinued, has been recognized as belonging pecu
liarly to the State and here Virginia sought only
to halt the substantive evil of channelling and
soliciting litigation. Justice Clark said: “The
potential for evil in the union system is enormous,
and . . . will bring disrepute to the legal profes
sion.” He distinguished this case from one9 in
which the National Association for the Advance
ment of Colored People recommended its attor
neys to individuals. The privilege there “was a
‘form of political’ expression to secure Constitu
tionally protected rights” ; while in this case, “per
sonal injury litigation is not a form of political
expression, but rather a procedure for the settle
ment of damage claims.”
Chronology of
Recent Labor Events
importing foreign performers having “no
unique talents” became subject to new Labor Department
regulations requiring certification that no qualified and
jobless Americans are available capable of performing
in the same capacity. Foreign entertainers had previ
ously been exempt from Immigration Act provisions re
quiring temporary visas.
E mployers
T h e T extile W orkers and four of the largest cotton and
April 3, 1964
P a ul H all , president of the Seafarers’ Union of North
America, and Charles Millard, acting for trustees of the
Canadian maritime unions (see Chron. item for Oct. 17,
MLR, Dec. 1963, p. 1447), announced agreement on a plan
to restore limited control of the Canadian Seafarers’
Union to the membership, permit elections next fall, and
work toward achieving integration of all maritime unions
in Canada. Hall said he would seek the cooperation of
other m aritim e u n ion s to assu re un in terru p ted service on
the Great Lakes.
April 7
A Federal Court of Appeals upheld a National Labor
Relations Board ruling that in a dispute with 88 workers
over the safety of unloading procedures, employers ille
gally closed the port of Philadelphia and thus were liable
for back wages totaling some $1 million to 3,000 longshore
men of ILA Local 1291 who were locked out for 16 days.
( See Chron. item for July 22, MLR, Sept. 1959.) The case
was P h ila d e lp h ia M a r in e T r a d e A s s o c ia tio n v. N L R B .
A t h r e a t e n e d s t r x k e by 650 Marine Engineers against
Great Lakes ships operated by major steel companies was
averted when the firms signed a pension agreement similar
to that agreed to earlier by deep sea ship operators and
which provided a $300-a-month pension after 20 years’
service regardless of age. ( See MLR, Oct. 1963, pp. 12011202.) On April 14, the same agreement was announced
with nine major independent Great Lakes shipping lines.
April 15
T he Secretary of L abor reimposed the 95-cent non-
adverse wage for foreign agricultural workers in Florida
under Public Law 78, which requires that these wages
first be offered to domestic workers. The order, which
had been issued in July 1963 (see MLR, Sept. 1963, p.
1083) but suspended in October pending further hearings,
affects an estimated 33,000 domestic and 2,000 foreign
workers previously employed at rates as low as 60 cents
an hour.
T h e P resident signed Executive Order 11152 establish
ing a Committee on Manpower to develop improved meth
ods and programs. Composed of heads of 11 Federal
agencies, the committee will assist the Secretary of Labor
in carrying out requirements under the Manpower Devel
opment and Training Act of 1962. (See MLR, May 1962,
pp. 532-534 for text of the major provisions of this act.)
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
synthetic textile manufacturers in New England reached
agreement on a 2-year contract providing an immediate
5-percent wage increase and a wage reopener on April 15,
1965. Averaging 8% cents an hour, the increase brought
plant minimums to $1.43 an hour. ( See also p. 695 of this
issue.)
April 16
T h e New York Telephone Co. and the Communications
Workers agreed to a 3-year contract providing 24,000
workers wage increases ranging from $2 to $6 a week and
fringe benefits totaling 12 cents an hour. Wage reopeners
were provided during the second and third years. (See
also p. 694 of this issue.)
April 20
t h e f i r s t o f t h r e e c a s e s decided on the same day, the
U.S. Supreme Court held that a Teamster local did not
violate Taft-Hartley restrictions on secondary boycotts
when it peacefully picketed Safeway Stores to urge cus
tomers not to buy apples handled by Tree Fruits, Inc., a
packer struck by the union. (See Chron. item for June 7,
MLR, Aug. 1962, p. 907.) The case was N L R B v. F r u i t
In
a n d V e g e ta b le P a c k e r s a n d
W a reh o u sem en , L o ca l
760,
( See also pp. 687-688 of this issue.)
I n a s e c o n d c a s e involving a consumer boycott, the Court
ruled that a Teamster local was not prohibited from mak
ing a noncoercive appeal to supermarket managers to stop
doing business with Servette, Inc., a struck wholesale dis
tributor. The case was N L R B v. S e r v e t t e , I n c .
(See
also p. 686 of this issue.)
In B r o th e r h o o d o f R a i l w a y T r a in m e n v. V ir g in ia e x r e l.
V ir g in ia S t a t e B a r the Court ruled that the First and
Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution permit the
Railway Trainmen and members of its Legal Aid De
partment to advise injured workers to obtain legal advice
before settling their claims and to recommend the use of
union-approved attorneys. The Virginia State Bar had
claimed this activity constituted the solicitation of legal
business and the unauthorized practice of law in Virginia.
( See also p. 689 of this issue.)
April 22
On the 13th day of a 15-day strike postponement arranged
by the President, the National Railway Labor Conference
and five operating brotherhoods representing 200,000 work
ers agreed in principle to terms ending a 4%-year dispute
over work rules and other collective bargaining issues.
In addition to provisions for paid holidays, and expenses
for layovers, wage rates for yard conductors, switchmen,
691
CHRONOLOGY OF LABOR EVENTS
engineers, and helpers w ill be increased. The basic 100mile unit of pay in road service was retained; a joint
union-management committee will study an unresolved
question involving interdivisional runs. (See also p. 692
of this issue.)
April 24
T h e f i f t h c o n v e n t i o n of the Canadian Labor Congress
in Montreal was adjourned after making constitutional
changes to permit arbitration of jurisdictional disputes
and penalties for raiding. The 1,600 delegates also voted
to raise the per capita fee of directly chartered locals
from $1.05 to $1.50 and directed officers to bring all accepta
ble unions in Canada into the CLC.
April 25
T h e U.S. Department of Labor published interpretative
statements of general policy (29 CFR, Part 800) for ad
ministering the Equal Pay Act of 1963 which took effect
on June 11, 1964. The act prohibits wage differentials
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
based on sex and applies to employers subject to the Fair
Labor Standards Act’s minimum wage regulations. ( See
Chron. item for June 10, MLR, Aug. 1963.)
April 26
The 11,000-member Masters, Mates and Pilots Union ended
its 56th biennial convention in Miami, Fla. after nomi
nating 11 members for international president. Delegates
were also informed of plans for an upgrading and retrain
ing program for licensed deck officers and a study of ship
board manpower mechanization systems. (See also p.
696 of this issue.)
April 27
In appeals brought by four railroad operating brother
hoods, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to review the con
stitutionality of the award and the law passed by Congress
in 1963 requiring arbitration in the dispute over crew
sizes and the elimination of firemen’s jobs. (See Chron.
item for Aug. 28, MLR, Oct. 1963.) (See also pp. 692-693
of this issue.)
Developments in
Industrial Relations*
Wages and Collective Bargaining
Railroads. The President announced on April 22
that agreement “in principle” had been reached
in the
-year-long work rules dispute between
the operating brotherhoods1 and the Nation’s rail
roads. Intensive negotiations under the Presi
dent’s personal auspices, with the assistance of five
mediators,2brought the settlement on the 13th day
of the 15-day truce he had persuaded the parties
to accept on April 9.8 The agreement is to be ef
fective when ratified by the five unions but with
retroactive pay to May 7, according to a decision
by the two special mediators. A few days after
the agreement was reached on the work rules dis
pute, the Supreme Court’s decision cleared the way
for putting into effect the arbitration award af
fecting firemen and train crewmen.4
The settlement, subject to agreement on lan
guage and ratification by the unions, maintained
the basic unit of road service pay at 100 miles (150
miles for passenger train service employees) but
provided that until January 1, 1968, any wage in
creases for employees paid on this basis would be
added to the daily rate and would not increase
mileage rates in excess of the basic unit. Yard
service employees—slightly more than half of
those affected by the settlement—were to receive
inequity wage increases. Engineers and firemen
in 5-day-week yard service were to get 4.11-per
cent and 3.11-percent increases, respectively; yard
helpers were to receive an 8%-cent increase, bring
ing their hourly rate to $2.90. The rate for yard
conductors (yard foremen) was to become a flat
$3.10 an hour—an average increase of about 12.9
cents. Increases for yard conductors were to vary
from 1214 to 1614 cents an hour because the rates
for workers represented by different unions were
to be equalized and because employees represented
by the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen
formerly had the option of 7 paid holidays or
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
a 4-cent hourly wage increase. The new agreement
provided that all daily rated employees (about 65
percent of all operating workers) were to receive
7 paid holidays. Those already receiving these
holidays were given the 4-cent wage increase that
they had given up for the holidays. Time worked
on holidays was to be paid at time and a half plus
regular pay.
Other settlement terms included payment of
expenses for layovers of 4 hours or more (suita
ble lodging or an allowance in lieu of it plus a
$1.50 meal allowance) for road employees, except
those in turnaround passenger service; a provision
that road crews could perform yard work provided
there was less than 4 hours’ work in a 10-hour
period for 10 consecutive working days; a limited
right to eliminate operating employees on selfpropelled equipment; and referral of the problem
of interdivisional runs (trips made by crews out
side of their normal seniority district) to a joint
union-management committee for further study
and recommendation.
On April 27, the U.S. Supreme Court declined
to review the constitutionality of the arbitration
law passed by Congress in August 1963,5 and the
award on the issue of firemen and train crew size,
thus disposing of a suit brought by four of the
operating brotherhoods seeking to prevent the
elimination of up to 90 percent of the firemen’s
jobs and the remanding of the train crew size is
sue to local negotiations as provided under the
arbitration award.6 However, the award bars a
strike or lockout on this issue for 2 years only.
In accordance with an agreement to postpone
the effective date of the arbitration award until
10 days after the Supreme Court’s decision, the
carriers began exercising their rights on May 7.
On this same date, the original arbitration panel
‘ Prepared in the D ivision of Wage Economics, Bureau of Labor
S tatistics, on the basis of published m aterial available in early
May.
1 Unions involved in the settlem ent were the Brotherhood of
Locomotive Engineers (In d .), the Brotherhood of Locomotive
Firemen and Enginemen, the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen,
the Order of Railway Conductors and Brakemen (In d .), and the
Switchm en’s Union.
2 Government mediators were Secretary of Labor W. Willard
W irtz, A ssistant Secretary of Labor James J. Reynolds, and
Francis A. O’Neill, Chairman of the National Mediation Board.
Veteran mediators George W. Taylor of the University of Penn
sylvania and Theodore W. Kheel entered the negotiations during
the 15-day truce period.
3 See M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , May 1964, p. 572, for a discussion
of events leading to the threatened strike.
4 See M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , January 1964, pp. 70-71.
5 See M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , October 1963, pp. 1187 and 1201.
6 See M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , January 1964, pp. 70—71-
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
reconvened to rule on differences in interpretation
of the award which had arisen.
In Washington, D.C., on May 11, U.S. District
Court Judge Alexander Holtzoff issued a perma
nent restraining order to prevent the Brother
hood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen
from striking against the railroads over implemen
tation of the award. He ruled the union must
abide by the carrier’s interpretation of the award
pending a decision by the arbitration board on
the meaning of any disputed provision.
A growing realization that some 50,000 railroad
jobs might in fact eventually be eliminated had
led other unions not directly involved in the dis
pute to press for greater security provisions in their
contracts. Thus, the Railway Clerks negotiated
job and income stabilization agreements with the
St. Louis-San Francisco Railway on January 31,
1964, and with the Long Island Railroad Co. on
March 23, 1964; and on March 6, 1964, they
amended their agreement with the Southern
Pacific Co.
The St. Louis-San Francisco and Long Island
agreements were patterned after the Southern
Pacific contracts negotiated in March 1963 to the
extent that they provided displacement and fur
lough allowances and separation pay.7 In addi
tion, the St. Louis-San Francisco agreement
increased the guaranteed call-in pay provision to
4 hours at time and one-half (instead of 2 hours)
on days of rest. The Long Island pact also pro
vided a fund of about $20,000 annually for
inequity wage increases.
In the Southern Pacific agreement, the number
of positions on the extra list guaranteed full pay
was increased. The 5-day work guarantee was
also extended to cover all groups and classes. The
sick leave provision was improved to provide that
sick leave pay, formerly paid only when it would
not increase costs, would be paid even if the com
pany must hire replacements.
Trade. The Food Employers Council, Inc., and
nine locals of the Retail Clerks ratified in late
March and early April 5-year contracts covering
some 45,000 employees in southern California.
Wages were increased in amounts ranging from 2
to 6 cents an hour, bringing the journeyman clerk’s
hourly rate to $3; additional 7%-cent increases
7 See M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , May 1963, p. 558.
731-475— 64-
6
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
693
will become effective in each of the remaining 4
years. Hourly contributions for pensions were in
creased from 8 to 12 cents and health and welfare
contributions were increased from 16% to 22%
cents an hour. Early retirement was liberalized to
provide full benefits of $107.75 a month at age 60
with 20 years of service instead of after 30 years at
age 65; in addition, workers can retire at age 50
rather than at 55 with reduced benefits. Unused
sick leave will be paid for in a cash bonus to an
employee at the end of his anniversary year.
A preventive medicine program was established
providing for regular physical and mental exam
inations, “like those now being urged for high
priced executives, but more so,” according to
Joseph De Silva, executive secretary of Local 770
in Los Angeles. “This will be done by medical
and research staffs chosen from the finest physiolo
gists, chemists, computer analysts and clinicians
in the country so we can, if we want to, live scien
tifically,” he said. A new life insurance policy
provides death benefits of up to $5,000 for an em
ployee certified by a doctor to be fatally ill. Pre
scription drugs for union members and their fam
ilies and retirees will be paid for up to 75 percent
of the cost the first year, 80 percent the second,
and 90 percent in the third year.
Vacations were put on an industrywide basis,
whereby an employee changing jobs within the
industry will not lose credit for previous service.
Employers agreed to maintain all benefits regard
less of rising costs, but the first 3%-cent-an-hour
increase in the cost-of-living allowance each year
will be waived.
There were some changes designed to curtail
costs, including lower apprentice rates and merged
medical-dental programs for outlying locals. The
contract extends to clerks jurisdiction over the
stocking of shelves and the serving of food in
market snackbars, work involving about 1,500 jobs
and formerly performed by sales drivers, cooks,
and waitresses. The present “intermediate scale”
or “general merchandise scale,” lower than the
journeyman’s scale with rates from $2.51% to
$2.57% an hour, was continued, but new employees
entering these classifications will receive lower
rates.
No changes were made in benefits previously
agreed to such as psychiatric and dental care or in
the SUB plan.
694
Utilities. Commonwealth Edison Co. and the
Public Service Co. Division in Chicago and north
ern Illinois and the International Brotherhood of
Electrical Workers, representing 8,600 employees,
agreed on a 2-year contract providing wage in
creases ranging from 7 to 13 cents an hour and
averaging 10.7 cents, effective April 1. An addi
tional 8 cents to 10 cents, averaging 9.2 cents, will
be effective 1 year later. Improvements were made
in the pension plan formula, retroactive to Jan
uary 1, 1964, and in the group life insurance and
health and welfare plans at a cost of 7.4 cents an
hour.
A 6-day strike by 2,400 members of the IBEW
ended on April 7 when the Virginia Electric
Power Co. and the union agreed on a 3 -percent
wage increase under a reopening provision, with
additional 3-percent increases effective April 1,
1965, and 1966. The contract, due to expire in
March 1965, was extended for 2 more years. No
provision was made for revised job descriptions,
reportedly a key issue in the dispute. The new
hourly rate for linemen was $3.56.
The New England Electric System, including
the Narragansett Electric Co., and the Brother
hood of Utility Workers, Inc. (Ind.) reached
agreement in early April on 2-year contracts for
2,800 employees providing for S^-percent wage
increases, effective April 1, 1964, and 1965. Holi
day pay and hospital and medical benefits were
also improved.
The New York Telephone Co. and the Com
munications Workers reached agreement April 16
on a 3-year contract providing general wage in
creases of $2 to $6 a week retroactive to February
28 for 24,000 plant and engineering department
employees; wage reopeners were provided in 1965
and 1966. The increase averaged $5 a week, with
about 15,000 employees receiving the full $6. Job
and zone reclassifications affected approximately
2,100 employees. Supplemental benefits, includ
ing improved pensions, vacations, and health and
welfare provisions, were similar to the Bell system
and CWA settlements negotiated in 1963.
Metalworking. The American Hardware Corp.
of New Britain, Conn., and the Machinists agreed
March 19 on a 3-year contract retroactive to
March 1. Covering 1,900 workers, it provided
wage increases of 2.5 percent the first year with a
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
minimum of 5 cents; 2 percent in 1965 with a
minimum of 4 cents; and 2 percent in 1966 with
no minimum. Supplementary benefit improve
ments included, in the first year, an additional
paid half holiday (making a total of 9) ; $18 in
stead of $15 daily hospital room benefit; $40
weekly sickness and accident benefits instead of
$35; and full pension vesting after 15 years’ serv
ice at age 45. Pension benefits will be increased
to $2.80 a month per year of credited service be
ginning January 1, 1965, and employee contribu
tions for insurance will be reduced to one-half the
cost. As of March 1, 1966, the company will pay
the full cost of employees’ insurance and one-half
the cost for dependents. Also provided were 3y2
weeks of vacation with a minimum of 150 hours of
pay after 20 years, and 4 weeks with a minimum
of 170 hours of pay after 25 years; the previous
ceiling had been 3 weeks, with a minimum of 130
hours of pay, after 15 years of service.
In early April, Steelworkers agreed to wage and
supplementary benefits reductions expected to cut
labor costs at the Blaw-Knox company’s Equip
ment Division plant in Blawnox, Pa., by approxi
mately $500,000 a year. About 850 hourly and
salaried workers were affected. An 1 8 ^ -cent
hourly cost-of-living allowance (gained prior to
the discontinuance of an escalator clause under
the 1962 settlement) and the extended vacation
plan negotiated in 1963 and scheduled to become
effective in 1964 were both eliminated. The va
cation plan—a modified form of that in effect in
the basic steel industry—would have provided 2
extra weeks of vacation annually for the senior
half of the work force and 1 week for the junior
half. The company had said that its costs were
not competitive with other steel fabricators be
cause its settlements were patterned after those in
basic steel. Blaw-Knox products include con
struction and steelmaking equipment and tracking
antennae.
In late March, the Worthington Corp. and lo
cals of the Steelworkers, the Machinists, and the
Office Employes agreed to 1-year extensions of
2-year contracts that were scheduled to expire
August 15. An 8 ^ -cent package was provided,
distributed among wage increases, paid holidays,
and improved insurance benefits. Most of
Worthington’s plants are located in the Middle
Atlantic States. Negotiations to extend the con-
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
tracts reached in 1962 were initiated after other
pump, compressor, and air conditioner manufac
turers negotiated 3-year contracts.
In March, the Manufacturers and Repairers
Association of New Orleans, a group of ship and
heavy machinery repair firms, agreed to 2-year
contracts with the local Metal Trades Council and
the Machinists providing 3-percent wage increases
retroactive to February 15, with an additional 3
percent increase on February 15, 1965. Premium
pay was extended to include time spent on both
travel during lunch periods and return to the
hiring point after normal shift hours. Also in
New Orleans, IT nonassociation ship repair yards
agreed to identical wage terms for 1,000 workers
represented by the Metal Trades Council. Travel
pay was not at issue.
Other Manufac tuning. The California and
Hawaiian Sugar Refining Corp. and the Long
shoremen’s and Warehousemen’s Union (Ind.)
and the Sugar Workers Union—representing ap
proximately 1,200 workers at the company’s
Crockett, Calif., refinery—settled a 3-day strike
on April 14 with a 3-year contract. The settle
ment provided wage increases of 10 cents an hour
retroactive to February 1, 1964; 8 cents effective
February 1, 1965; and 10 cents effective Febru
ary 1, 1966; a ninth paid “floating” holiday; and
clauses to reduce the impact of automation on em
ployees laid off because of “mechanization equip
ment or methods changes.” Under these clauses,
workers equal to the number to be laid off, were to
be permitted to retire early if they were at least
62 years old and had 30 years’ service. Those who
retire early were to receive $100 a month until the
normal retirement age of 65. They would be
given a choice between receiving a reduced pen
sion to begin at the time of early retirement and
to continue after age 65 or a higher pension be
ginning at age 65.
Last year, two refineries of American Sugar
Refinery Co., and the United Packinghouse
Workers of America, had agreed to a retirement
preparation plan which gave regular employees
with 15 years’ service the following vacations (in
cluding their regular vacation) : 6 weeks at age
57 and 58; 7 weeks at age 59 and 60; 8 weeks at
age 61 and 62; and 12 weeks at age 63 and 64.
A 5-percent wage increase this year and a wage
reopening next year were provided by 2-year con
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tracts on April 15 by the Textile Workers and
the four largest cotton-synthetic manufacturers
in New England: Pepperell Manufacturing Co.,
Boston, Mass.; Bates Manufacturing Co., Lewis
ton, Maine; Berkshire Hathaway Inc., New
Bedford, Mass; and American Thread Co., Willimantic, Conn. The contracts were expected to
set the pattern for about 25,000 workers in the
Northeast. The union had not sought a reopen
ing with these companies in 1963; southern textile
workers received wage-rate increases of about 5
percent late last year.
In March, the E. L. Bruce Co., manufacturers
of hardwood flooring and other lumber products,
and the Carpenters agreed to a 2-year contract
covering 2,800 of the firm’s 3,500 employees in
Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, and
Illinois. Terms were a 5-cent wage increase ef
fective March 3, an additional 4 cents effective
March 3, 1965, and a $2 monthly company con
tribution toward group insurance.
Agreement was reached on April 5 between 12
clay products manufacturers in Ohio, Indiana,
and Pennsylvania, and the Brick and Clay Work
ers on a 3-year master contract providing some
3,000 workers a 5-cent hourly pay increase spread
over the 3-year period, additional insurance bene
fits, and a pension plan.
Other Developments
Union Affairs. Delegates to the 14th biennial
convention of the American Federation of State,
County and Municipal Employees held in Denver
during the week of April 28 elected Jerry Wurf as
their president, to replace Arnold S. Zander, who
had held the office since the union’s organization 28
years ago.
It was W urf’s second challenge to Zander; de
feated in 1962 by 300 votes, Wurf this time won
the position by a plurality of 21 ballots—1,450 to
1,429. A Catholic priest, the Rev. Albert Blatz,
and a Negro woman, Lillian Roberts, were among
those elected vice presidents of the 250,000-mem
ber union.
After his election, Mr. W urf said the union was
entering a “revolutionary era,” citing the in
creased organizing possibilities resulting from the
rapid increase in employment in State and local
government and the increasing willingness of these
units to bargain with and collect dues for unions.
696
He also stated that the union would undertake to
increase its membership by strengthening its locals,
organizing the unorganized workers, particularly
those in white-collar occupations, and by asking
local independent unions to become affiliates.
The International Organization of Masters,
Mates and Pilots ended its 56th biennial conven
tion in Miami Beach on April 26. The incum
bent, Charles M. Crooks,8 and 10 others were
nominated for the presidency of the union; mail
balloting was to be conducted during a 90-day
period beginning not later than May 26.
The convention also ratified a recommendation
to be presented to the union-management trustees
of the union’s trust fund that a new independent
administrator be selected to replace Robert T.
Creasy. A spokesman for Crooks said that the
action was taken because of “excessive administra
tive costs” which for the fiscal year ending May 31,
1962, were $86,019.34 and $51,532.42, respectively,
for the $560,000 welfare and $9,312,544 pension
portions of the fund.
In other business, Crooks announced establish
ment of a tentative job retraining and upgrading
program under the Manpower Development and
Training Act. Under the plan, a school would be
established in New York City to prepare 200 li
censed deck officers for the Coast Guard’s next
higher license grade. The course would last 6
weeks and would cover labor relations as well as
necessary technical courses. Crooks said the
union would later consider setting up similar
schools in other ports.
The Industrial Union Department of the A FLCIO announced creation of a collective bargaining
services section to further cooperation among
affiliates dealing with the same employer or in the
same section of an industry and to provide direct
services to individual unions. The new section re
sulted from a departmental reorganization ap
proved by the IUD’s last convention.9 The re
organization was said to be necessary to deal with
the collective bargaining problems resulting from
the increasing numbers of corporate mergers, new
products, and other aspects of changing tech
nology which “serve to blur” old distinctions in
industry.
Shipping on the Great Lakes moved toward
labor peace when the Seafarers Union and the
Board of Trustees representing the Canadian
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Government reached an agreement placing limited
control of the Canadian branch of the union back
into the hands of its members. Elections are to
be held next fall and until then, Leonard Mc
Laughlin, executive vice president, will be the ad
ministrative director of the 18,000-member union.
It was also agreed that the board would ask the
Canadian Government to end the trusteeship in a
reasonable time; that steps would be taken to
unite all elements of the maritime industry of
Canada and the United States; and that both
parties would work to integrate maritime unions
in Canada where it is in the interest of union
stability.
Hal C. Banks, president of the Canadian Sea
farers until removed in March 1964 by trustees as
signed by the Canadian Parliament to oversee five
maritime unions,10 was sentenced on May 5 to 5
years in prison for his part in a conspiracy to
wound or maim Captain Henry Walsh, an organ
izer for the Canadian Merchant Guild. Banks
had been a leader in boycotts of Canadian ships in
Great Lakes ports during 1963.
A Federal District Court convened in Chicago
on April 27 to try Teamster president James R.
Hoff a and seven associates on charges of defraud
ing a Teamsters pension fund by obtaining loans
of $20 million and diverting $1 million from the
fund for their own use. The Federal Government
alleged that the defendants used interstate com
munications to obtain the money for themselves
and others by fraudulent means, such as over
evaluating real estate to be mortgaged.
On the opening day of the trial, Hoffa and the
union’s Executive Board agreed that union money
should not be used to pay expenses of the trial,
pending clarification of whether such payments
are legal under the Landrum-Griffin Act. In the
opinion of the union’s general counsel, Edward
Bennett Williams, such payments would be ille
gal. Hoffa proposed that the question be turned
over to independent counsel for an opinion, and
then be decided by the Executive Board. Legal
ity of the payments was questioned in a letter from
12 members of Local 107 in Philadelphia to each
8
Shortly after the convention, Crooks announced his w ith
drawal as a candidate for reelection for reasons of personal
health.
«See M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , January 1964, pp. 73-74.
10 See M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , December 1963, p. 1455.
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
Teamster vice president demanding that such pay
ments be halted and past payments recovered.
The Executive Board had previously suggested
$l-a-member voluntary contributions to a defense
fund for Hoffa and other Teamster officials.
Sentence was passed in April on Henry F. Bell,
vice president of the International Longshore
men’s Association, after his conviction during the
previous month for offering $30,000 to jurors to
acquit Hoffa. Federal District Judge Frank
Gray, Jr., in Nashville, Tenn., imposed the maxi
mum sentence of 5 years in prison and a $5,000
fine. Judge Gray denied a motion for a new trial
but allowed Bell to remain free on $20,000 bond
pending appeal. He was the sixth person11 to
be convicted of jury tampering in Hoffa’s 1962
conspiracy trial which ended in a mistrial. Four
others await trial.
The Printers League and Local 6 of the Typo
graphical Union jointly announced a plan to
insure the nondiscriminatory selection of appren
tices in New York City job shops. The plan
would be administered by impartial agencies in
structed to select apprentices on the basis of quali
fication and aptitude and “without regard to race,
creed, color, sex, or national origin” as provided
under the November 1963 settlement.12
Beginning in October 1964, apprentices will be
selected from a pool of about 1,000 “miscellaneous
composing room employees” of the print shops.
Applicants must be 18 to 26 years old, have a high
school diploma or its equivalent, be physically able
to perform the work, and have been in the indus
try for 6 months.
The selection steps will begin with State-admin
istered general aptitude tests and personal inter
views, followed by examinations in grammar,
mathematics, and acquired composing room skills
conducted by the city’s School of Printing. Fi
nally, credit for service in the industry will be
added. The resulting total point scores will be
the sole basis for filling the 100 or so annual
openings.
Theodore W. Kheel, impartial chairman of the
Joint Industry Board of the Printing Industry,
said that about one-third of the 1,000 potential
applicants are members of minority groups.
11 See M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , April 1964, p. 446.
12 See M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , January 1964, p. 72.
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Bertram A. Powers, president of Local 6, said that
7 percent of 600 present apprentices were Negroes.
Civil Rights. Installation of plumbing at the
New York Terminal Market site was stopped on
May 1 when 41 white plumbers of Local 2 of the
Plumbers and Pipefitters refused to work with
4 newly hired nonunion plumbers—three Puerto
Ricans and a Negro.
Initially, the white plumbers claimed that toilet
facilities were inadequate. On the second day, a
union spokesman said that the basis of the walk
out was the nonunion status of the four men. The
nonunion men claimed that they had attempted to
join the union, without success. The 4,100-mem
ber local reportedly had 16 nonwhite members.
On March 5, a hearing examiner for the Illinois
Fair Employment Practice Commission ordered
Motorola, Inc., at Franklin Park, 111., to stop ad
ministering a general ability job test to job appli
cants because it discriminated against “the
hitherto culturally deprived and the disadvan
taged groups.”
In July 1963, Leon Myart, a Negro, responded
to a Motorola employment advertisement for “elec
tronic troubleshooters.” Mr. Myart failed the
test but subsequently passed it several times dur
ing the course of State and Federal investigations
of his complaint. The inability of the company
to produce Mr. Myart’s original answer sheet and
his training in electronics were factors in the
examiner’s decision.
Motorola denied that the test discriminated
against Negroes. The author of the test, Dr.
Phillip Shurranger, chairman of the psychology
department at Illinois Institute of Technology,
said, “I t is a test designed to help evaluate the
trainability of a prospective employee,” adding, “I
know of no way to evaluate if a test in itself is
discriminatory toward any group.”
The hearing examiner, Robert E. Bryant, said
that “There’s absolutely nothing in my ruling
which would preclude an employer from testing
applicants in a way pertinent to the job they’re
seeking. Use of an intelligence test of this sort is
a tool serving to discriminate between whites and
Negroes, whether done deliberately or not.”
Mr. Bryant’s findings are being reviewed by the
full Illinois FEPC in hearings that began on
April 18 and were continued to May 25.
Book Reviews
and Notes
Economics of Bargaining
Collective Bargaining in the Automobile Indus
try—A /Study of Wage ¡Structure and Com
petitive Relations. By Robert M. MacDonald.
New Haven, Conn., Yale University Press,
1963. 410 pp. (Yale Studies in Economics,
17.) $8.50.
Mr. MacDonald has written a first-rate book on
the economic aspects of collective bargaining in
the automobile industry. He has overcome the
obvious difficulties in gaining access to data and
records to an unusual extent. His willingness to
appraise, evaluate, and even to make predictions
makes what otherwise could be rather heavy and
specialized reading more interesting to both the
scholar and the practitioner. The book is one of
the best published sources of information on the
wage structure and the development and cost of
fringe benefits in the industry.
The attempt to measure the independent influ
ence of unionism upon the wage structure, pro
ductivity, and other economic variables is an
interesting one. Here, the author concludes that
compensation levels, broadly defined to include
fringe benefits, vary inversely with the size and
profitability of firms. The general conclusion is
that the so-called weaker firms have given in to
unions, especially during the palmy post-war
days, more because of poor quality of management
than because the unions were strong. Of Studebaker’s oft-referred-to “constructive-problem-solv
ing” approach to issues and the informality of
bargaining procedures, Mr. MacDonald says, with
acknowledged benefit of hindsight, “these now
appear to have signified little more than the ab
sence of a carefully designed program to guide
and direct decisions and actions in the labor rela
tions sphere. Management was apparently re
signed to ‘playing it by ear,’. . .”
General Motors Corp. is praised by saying that
it is universally recognized as one of the nation’s
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most efficiently run enterprises; with all available
evidence pointing to the fact that in the labor rela
tions sphere, it has out performed its rivals in
maintaining the efficiency and profitability of its
operations. The author says that while it is dif
ficult to compare labor costs directly, whatever
evidence does exist suggests that General Motors
has operated with significantly lower labor costs
than either of its principal competitors. He says
it has derived a most important advantage from
its ability to maintain a relatively fast workpace
and to avoid many of the “hidden costs” flowing
from restrictive union rules.
According to Mr. MacDonald, the role of union
ism has been, in most respects, to eliminate the
rate ranges in personal differentials in auto wage
structures. He notes, however, that when the con
cept of wages is broadened to take account of major
fringe benefits, personal benefit differentials have,
in fact, been enlarged by what he terms the
“seniority differential,” a form of personal dif
ferential based on length of service. The con
clusion is that when a broader concept of wages is
adopted, the union’s overall impact on personal
differentials is a mixed one.
Good data are presented on interfirm and inter
plant differentials. I t is noted that outside of
certain locational differences the wage scales of
the various companies are quite similar, but the
author believes that if account is taken of geo
graphic differentials General Motors appears to
enjoy a slight wage advantage over its competi
tors. If correction is made for the differences in
employee benefits, the smaller companies would
be raised to the top of the interfirm wage struc
ture. On the interplant differences which could
emerge from the negotiation of profit-sharing
plans, Mr. MacDonald suggests that it must be
recognized that neither General Motors nor Ford
is likely to accede to profit sharing as long as the
decision is left to private bargaining.
Though the book’s major emphasis is economic,
one can obtain from it an excellent “feel” of the
bargaining relationships in the automobile indus
try as well as of the collective bargaining process.
There are also some interesting conclusions as to
how the competitive process has functioned.
— R onald W . H a u g h to n
Co-Director, Institute of Labor and Industrial Relations
University of Michigan—Wayne State University
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
Gompers Reappraised
Samuel Gompers—A Biography. By Bernard
Mandel. Yellow Springs, Ohio, Antioch
Press, 1963. 566 pp. $8.
For many years, Gompers’ autobiography
“Seventy Years of Life and Labor” (completed
in 1923 and published in 1925) was the only ex
tensive study of the life and work of “one of 10 or
12 greatest Americans,” to use a phrase by John
R. Commons. Within the last decade, a number
of books centering about Gompers’ life and in
fluence have appeared. The most ambitious of
these is the volume under review.
The book is always readable, sometimes exciting,
and in several instances startlingly misleading.
The author has been more successful in portraying
Gompers, the man, with all his virtues and faults,
than in developing his ideas. He lacks a sympa
thetic approach to Gompers’ philosophy. Sym
pathy does not, of course, necessarily mean
agreement. The author speaks of the “vagueness
of Gompers views regarding his ‘ultimate aims’.”
He is also of the opinion that Gompers “either did
not understand Marxism or was distorting it in
order to flail a straw man.”
Of course, Gompers had ultimate aims, but they
were not those of the author or of the Socialists.
Moreover, he opposed Marxism, not out of igno
rance, but out of full knowledge. At the 1903 Con
vention of the AFL, he said, “I want to tell you
Socialists that I have studied your philosophy
. . . studied your standard works, both in English
and German . . . and I want to say that I am
entirely at variance with your philosophy . . . .
Economically, you are unsound; socially, you are
wrong; industrially, you are an impossibility.”
This estimate of his own knowledge is strongly
supported by John R. Commons, who wrote in
Current History February 1925: “I have not
known any person more thoroughly grounded in
the theories of Marx than Samuel Gompers.” Dr.
Mandel has the right to his own views regarding
“surplus value” and “increasing misery” and “ex
ploitation,” but Gompers was correct in consider
ing them central to Marxism. How right and
prescient Gompers was. Even the Social Demo
crats of Germany have abandoned Marxism.
Gompers’ “ultimate aims” were the “ideals of
our Republic.” Toward the end of his life he
wrote: “The materialism of the Labor Movement
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699
has never appealed to me. I t is the idealism of
the Labor Movement which has been the inspira
tion of my life. . . . My endeavor has ever been
to enable the worker to attain the complete human
ideal.”
If Gompers failed to express his “ultimate
aims” in specific terms, it is because he refused to
set any limitation on the goals of labor. In a rep
artee with Morris Hillquist, the Socialist leader,
before the Commission on Industrial Relations, he
exclaimed, “In other words, we go further than
you. You have an end; we have not.”
One of the great merits of the book is that it
clears up some of the misconceptions about what
Gompers meant by “trade unions pure and
simple.” Dr. Mandel writes: “Pure and simple
unionism did not mean to Gompers, as has often
been charged, complete abstention from political
activities.” Gompers political activity extended
from Bryan to LaFollette. He relates how
Gompers supported Wilson’s reelection and wrote
a statement for the Democratic campaign commit
tee, which used it in a pamphlet addressed to
workers. He tells of a phone call to Gompers by
the secretary of the Democratic campaign man
ager “who told him that Wilson’s victory was
due to him more than to any other one man.”
The author’s treatment of the Trade Union Ed
ucational League in the section entitled “Chal
lenge from the Left” is disingenuous. He fails
to identify William Z. Foster as first a secret and
then an open and leading American Communist.
He charges that Gompers “arbitrarily expelled
members of federal labor unions on unproved and
vague allegations of ‘radicalism’.” As proof, he
cites this incident: “At the Convention of the Fed
eration in 1923, this policy was dramatized by the
unseating of William Dunne, a member of the
TUEL National Committee and the delegate of
the Butte Trades Council.” Again, there is no
mention that Dunne was a prominent Communist
leader.
While the author is color blind when it comes
to “reds,” he is quick to see “black” in Gompers.
He writes, “Mussolini started his career as a So
cialist and ended it as a Fascist. Gompers was
never one or the other, but he traveled the same
circle—he started as a sympathizer and associate
of Socialists and ended by commending the Fascist
system and ideology.”
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
Space will not permit an analysis of this sweep
ing accusation based on flimsy evidence. I t
doesn’t add to Dr. Mandel’s stature as a scholar
that among his quotations from the two editorials
dealing with Fascism, he did not include the fol
lowing: “The American Federation of Labor has
not accepted the Fascists’ regime as a great ex
ponent of democracy. I t came into power by
methods that in themselves constituted a renuncia
tion of democracy and it has proclaimed upon
more than one occasion its defiance of democratic
methods.”
The book should be read primarily for its
wealth of detail. A living Sam Gompers arises
from its 566 pages. One of the numerous anec
dotes that enlivens and reveals the manner of man
that was Gompers is the following: On one oc
casion he called at the White House to express to
Theodore Roosevelt his displeasure at a public
statement made by the latter. He spoke so vig
orously that Roosevelt, showing irritation, hit the
desk with his fist and said, “Mr. Gompers, I want
you to understand, sir, that I am President of
the United States.” Gompers faced him with
blazing eyes, and hitting the desk with equal em
phasis, shot back, “Mr. President, I want you to
understand that I am the president of the Ameri
can Federation of Labor.”
— A lbert
S. E pstein
Associate Director of Research
International Association of Machinists
Arbitrating “Job Rights”
Managerial Freedom and Job Security. By
Morris Stone. New York, Harper and Row,
Publishers, 1964. 262 pp. $5.50.
Morris Stone analyzed some 170 grievance ar
bitration cases—almost wholly from the files of
the American Arbitration Association—which
bear on such problems of job security as subcon
tracting, erosion of the bargaining unit, work ju
risdiction, integrity of jobs, work load disputes,
attrition, and automation. The center of his
attention is the conflict between unions and man
agements arising out of the (not unadulterated)
managerial drive toward economic efficiency and
the union’s effort to protect “job rights.” I t is
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where grievance cases explicitly or implicitly in
volve the more general issue of “implied” vs. “re
served” rights that the conflict appears.
Stone’s conclusions are perceptive and useful as
a general statement of the state of the conflict and
of some of the problems that arbitrators and the
parties face in dealing with the issues. However,
only the most general conclusions can be reached—
that “Negotiators of contracts did what they could
to draw a line between areas of managerial free
dom and joint control. . . . These lines of de
marcation were not always clear and sharp, nor
were they always wisely drawn. . . . The extent
to which [the parties] fashioned a viable system is
revealed in the kinds of grievances that have
arisen and the manner in which they have been re
solved.” It is clear that, in general, Stone thinks
they have indeed fashioned a viable system. But
in the conclusions and in the text, he discusses with
much insight some of the more difficult problems:
The inability of arbitrators to solve the problems
before them without going behind the superficial
statement of the conflict over “reserved” vs. “im
plied” rights; the problem of discovering “the
probable intent of the negotiators, where the latter
probably had not thought of the problem at
all . . . .”
Though it is not the author’s responsibility, I
have an uneasy feeling that the book will be
widely misused. Its body consists of summaries
of arbitration awards and statements of the some
times apparently conflicting resolutions of similar
problems by different arbitrators. Buried in the
preface is the all-important caveat that sometimes
the arbitrator “sensing that the parties will get
along better if he omits some of the contentious
history from his discussions, will leave a great deal
unsaid . . . . Furthermore, even written opin
ions that seem complete may be lacking in some
detail or fact the arbitrator thought it expedient
to omit.”
Nevertheless, it is terribly easy for the advocate
to pick out a summary statement from the book as
an authoritative statement of what arbitrators do
when faced with a particular problem and use it
to attempt to convince a current arbitrator. For
tunately, most arbitrators understand better than
some advocates the limitations of use of published
decisions (and summaries and interpretations of
them) in the solution of particular problems.
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
And. Stone does try to develop general criteria
from the many cases.
I have another cavil. Stone justifies his ex
clusive use of AAA cases by stating that arbitra
tion of these tends to be less mediatory and more
nearly limited to “interpretation and application”
of the agreement. This may be so, although I
suspect that this depends more on the case and the
arbitrator than on the agency through which the
arbitrator is selected. Much useful data could, I
think, have been derived from other published
cases without sacrifice of homogeneity of
approach.
Despite these qualifications, the book is a very
useful addition to the literature on a very impor
tant aspect of industrial relations : the continuing
conflict between the interests of managements and
of unions to control jobs. We talk more and more
about the issue of job ownership. Managerial
Freedom and Job Security deals with this issue at
one level at which it appears in the real world—in
gutty disputes over what the parties agreed to (or
were silent about) when they negotiated their col
lective agreements.
— F rederic M eyers
Associate Director, Institute of Industrial Relations
University of California, Los Angeles
Diagnosis
The Crisis in the American Trade-Union Move
ment— [A Symposium]. Edited by Solomon
Barkin and Albert A. Blum. (In Annals of
the American Academy of Political and So
cial Science, Philadelphia, November 1963,
p p . 1-128.
$2.)
The 15 monographs in this issue address the
question whether the trade union movement, given
its present structure and policies, can remain a
viable force in America.
The first three articles consider whether there is
in fact a crisis in the labor movement. Resting his
case on labor’s past propensity to overcome obsta
cles, Professor Taft dissents. Since there is gen
eral agreement that the labor movement has some
difficult problems, the issue seems to resolve itself
down to a question of degree. Mr. Barkin and
Professor Blum present the only real quantitative
study in the volume as they review the results of
a mail survey of attitudes of presidents of national
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701
and international unions and their staff. They
conclude that more of labor’s officialdom agree
with Edward Townsend that there is a crisis issue
than with Professor Taft, but the reader is left
wondering how well the attitudes of the presidents
who responded represent the thinking of the
nearly 80 percent who did not.
The remaining articles are divided roughly into
three broad groups: problems of structure—both
internal and external, problems in goal realization,
and a look at the road ahead.
In the first group, James L. Stern explains how
automation adversely affects unions by changing
the nature of work and reducing the solidarity of
the work group; Emanuel Stein examines the con
flict between internal democracy and the need for
concentration of power; A. H. Raskin considers
the same basic problem as it relates to the need
for more authority at the federation level; and
Joseph Shister is pessimistic about the outlook
for union growth because unions are not prepared
to organize the white-collar workers.
In the second group, Ray Marshall points out
why unions will encounter barriers in organizing
other groups such as agricultural workers, ethnic
and economic minorities, and Southern workers;
Philip Ross claims favorable legislation by itself
cannot result in further union growth; and
George Strauss sees a shift in bargaining strength
in favor of management. Melvin Rothbaum ex
plains why collective bargaining impasses may
become increasingly difficult to resolve; Maurice
F. Neufeld sees the disenchanted liberals and in
tellectuals deserting the union cause; and John P.
Windmuller notes the labor movement useful but
with limited influence on foreign policy.
In conclusion, Solomon Barkin suggests forma
tion of a trade union commission to conduct a
self-examination of policies, structures, and opera
tions of personnel.
Notwithstanding some inevitable overlap in
thought and ideas, among articles, the volume
leaves little doubt as to the need for some sort of
reawakening on the part of today’s labor leaders.
How this reawakening can be accomplished is a
question given only the most superficial considera
tion by most of the authors.
— M e l v in C. F o u n t a in
Division of Publications
Bureau of Labor Statistics
702
Aids for Decisionmaking
Economic Analysis and Industrial Manage
ment. By Jacques Lesourne; translated by
Scripta Technica, Inc. Englewood Cliffs,
N.J., Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1963. xxii, 631 pp.,
bibliography. 2d ed. $13.35.
The increasing complexity of managerial deci
sionmaking demands new approaches to minimize
error and increase the probabilities of meeting
corporate objectives. Lesourne’s objective is to
present useful quantitative techniques which will
reduce this uncertainty by producing acceptable
alternatives derived from parameters established
from corporate objectives. Using these assump
tions, he goes on to illustrate by using graphic and
algebraic configurations the important quantita
tive techniques available in major decision areas.
While many of these techniques are not new or
radical, the author employs them successfully in
real situations which produce a framework in
which decision error may be minimized. Not only
does he describe specific situations where the quan
titative techniques have been useful, but he gener
alizes these techniques wherever possible so that
they may be applied to new and quite different
decisionmaking problems. Perhaps, it is in these
rigorous generalizations that he makes his most
important contribution to managerial decision
making.
The work is an advanced offering in economic
theory and decisionmaking. However, before pre
senting a method of quantitative analysis, Le
sourne reviews the basic and widely accepted
theory in each area of quantitative decision
making. This enables managerial people who are
not familiar with economic theory or who have
misplaced their economic tools, to obtain a feel
for each area before the quantitative procedures
are presented.
One maj or problem that would be confronted by
most economics and business students using this
text would be their lack of mathematical ability.
While this limitation is being removed in many
colleges and universities in the United States, it
would be an important limiting factor to most
students. Lesourne describes the mathematical
sophistication necessary by saying he has “gener
ally made use of mathematics taught in engineer
ing schools.” I have no doubt that this is true;
unfortunately, a large percent of American man
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
agers and educators lack engineering backgrounds
or advanced mathematical training.
In summary, one could say that the introduction
of rigorous forms of analysis makes a clear contri
bution which will be more widely appreciated as
we sharpen our tools and our ability to perceive
this form of analysis. The completeness, the dili
gence, the fine examples used by Lesourne make
this particular text a real contribution to the area
of managerial decisionmaking and it will prove
to be of even greater value in the future.
— D onald
A.
L ind g r en
Assistant Professor of Marketing
Arizona State University
Progress and Poverty
What Price Progress? A Study in Chronic Un
employment. By Sidney C. Sufrin and
Marion A. Buck. Chicago, Band McNally &
Co., 1963. 146 pp. $2.25, paper.
In discussing unemployment in distressed areas,
the authors have brought little in the way of fresh
insights to their subject. They have, however,
quite adequately filled their purpose—to provide
the student and interested citizen with an intro
duction to the economic background and the policy
issues of the distressed area problem. Since prog
ress is change, it is inevitable that the very
process of economic growth will create areas of
economic distress. The inevitability of the prob
lem, actually heightens the national responsibility
to eradicate or at least ameliorate the personal
hardships produced.
In examining distressed areas, the authors make
a careful distinction between large metropolitan
areas with high unemployment rates, such as
Detroit and Pittsburgh, and the many small com
munities, with high levels of unemployment,
which have no economic ties to large industrial
centers. Although in terms of sheer numbers of
unemployed, the former represent a larger prob
lem, the small communities present a greater chal
lenge since they typically have a narrow economic
base, benefit less from a high national level of
economic activity, and are hurt by the growing
urbanization of the population.
Some of the economic forces affecting distressed
areas (such as the level of aggregate demand, the
mobility of capital and labor, automation, and
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
foreign trade) are briefly discussed. Since dis
tressed areas are a byproduct of economic growth,
solutions must be found through specific programs
and policies tailored to local needs. Existing pro
grams at the local, State and Federal levels are
discussed and evaluated. The authors conclude
that the problem of chronic unemployment in the
community must first be faced by the local leader
ship. State and Federal agencies can be of as
sistance in implementing local redevelopment
programs, but it is the community itself which
must decide whether redevelopment is a workable
solution.
— C arol B. K a l ish
Division of Employment and Unemployment Analysis
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Retirement and Labor Force Trends
Employment, Income, and Retirement Problems
of the Aged. Edited by Juanita M. Kreps.
Durham, N.C., Duke University Press, 1963.
240 pp. $7.50.
This volume of essays by six Duke University
economists considers questions of retirement pol
icy in the context of rapid mechanization of indus
try and rapid expansion of the labor force.
Using primarily secondary source data and, in a
few cases, theoretical and logical models, the au
thors analyze the mechanics, development, and
economic impact of aging populations; the extent
and nature of the retirement problem and its rela
tion to trends in the demand and supply of labor;
the economic consequences of “flexible” (earlier)
retirement; some of the financial dimensions and
effects of pension-fund growth; and factors influ
encing the economic status of the aged.
The crucial essay in the volume projects labor
requirements and labor supply for the years 1970
and 1975. Its conclusions set the tone of the
analyses of retirement problems which follow.
Projecting recent trends (generally from the
period 1947-59) in income and productivity rates
in 62 industrial sectors of the economy to obtain
estimates of future demand for labor and match
ing these with the anticipated labor force, the au
thors forecast that the unemployment rate will
increase to about 7 percent in 1970 and 10 percent
in 1975.
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703
Faced with this kind of pessimistic picture, one
either directs his attention to finding ways to re
verse the trends in demand or to slow down the
growth in the labor force, or both. The authors
give rather brief attention to the first of these pos
sibilities because their analysis of the trends in
demand composition convince them that the “tra
ditional method of counteracting unemployment
by stimulating aggregate demand is much less
effective than it was some years ago.” This con
clusion appears to result from their observation
that the manufacturing sector, which has previ
ously been a major source of income and employ
ment growth, is declining in relative importance
and is no longer a promising source of job expan
sion. The authors argue, therefore, that if in
creased unemployment is to be avoided, some
reduction in the size of the expected labor force
will be necessary, and they envision for the future
a lowering of the retirement age, a reduced work
week, and delayed entry into the labor force
through extended education.
These conclusions may well be correct. Many
readers will remain unconvinced, however, that
extrapolation of short-run trends necessarily pro
duces an accurate or inevitable picture of the fu
ture. Adopting the approach they did, the
authors are faced in the remainder of the book
with determining the basis on which various
groups are to be encouraged to leave the labor
force and the ways in which their departure can
be financed. Some readers might prefer an ap
proach which emphasizes the opportunities for an
expansion of demand that would make participa
tion in the labor force a real alternative for the
older workers as well as others.
Whatever one’s preferences on these questions,
readers will find in these essays much interesting
material and analysis relevant to a consideration
of the income status of the aged and of retire
ment policy, regardless of the existing balance of
labor supply and demand. The book is provoca
tive at many points and will be a useful addition
to the gerontological literature, which by and
large has been too little influenced by economists.
— W alter
H.
F ranks
Associate Professor, Institute of Labor
and Industrial Relations
University of Illinois
704
Labor Courts
Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration in New
Zealand. By Noel S. Woods. Wellington,
New Zealand, Government Printer, 1963. 208
pp., bibliography. 21s.
Written largely to explain the peculiar dispute
settlement machinery, its character, and its “place
in the New Zealand way of life,” this study is also
an extensive history of New Zealand industrial
relations law, policy, and practices.
The present system provides that irreconcilable
disputes arising out of contract negotiations which
cannot be settled directly by the parties, must be
referred to a Council of Conciliation. Any en
suing agreement usually is transmitted to the
Court of Arbitration to be issued in the form of an
award of the Court. In case of failure of the
conciliation attempt, the dispute is automatically
referred to this Court for arbitration. Its awards
are enforceable on every employer in the industry
and geographic area concerned. To prevent labor
strife during negotiations for a new agreement
after expiration of the old one, awards and collec
tive agreements remain in force until they are re
placed. Only registered industrial organizations
are bound by the provisions of the Conciliation
and Arbitration Act. Nonregistered organiza
tions, which come under the Labor Disputes In
vestigation Act, may strike lawfully if they comply
with some restrictive statutory rules. The atti
tude of trade unions and employer associations
towards the Conciliation and Arbitration Act has
fluctuated with changes in economic conditions
and relative bargaining strength. In recent years,
the parties generally have felt that the advantages
outweigh its disadvantages, and have registered
voluntarily.
The American reader of this book, naturally,
will be particularly interested in efforts made in
New Zealand to solve labor problems which have
also caused discussion in the United States. I t is
significant that the system, at no time, has been
capable of eliminating even all strikes within
the scope of the act. The provision that cases not
settled through conciliation are automatically
referred to arbitration has removed the danger
that the time, effort, and expense involved in a
conciliation attempt may be wasted. The author
describes how the New Zealand experience has
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
confirmed the experience elsewhere that compul
sory arbitration tends to leave the settlement of
differences to the government.
The American reader may also be interested in
the New Zealand treatment of the problem of
union security. The act for many years provided
that awards and agreements generally had to in
clude a clause prohibiting employment of non
union members. In 1961, over strong opposition
of both unions and employers, an amendment pro
hibited compulsory union membership. A union
shop or preferential hiring clause may still be in
cluded in collective agreements and, under certain
conditions, in awards. Enforcement of such
clauses, however, is entirely up to the parties.
— K urt B raun
Division of Foreign Labor Conditions
Bureau of Labor Statistics
How to Evaluate Education
Economic Aspects of Education—Three Essays.
By William G. Bowen. Princeton, N.J.,
Princeton University, Industrial Relations
Section, 1964. 127 pp. (Research Report
104.) $3.75, cloth; $3, paper.
There has been a growing interest, accompanied
by a considerable body of research, on the eco
nomics of education, particularly on the contribu
tion of education to growth. The first article in
this collection of three by Professor Bowen evalu
ates the major approaches to measurement of eco
nomic contribution of education. The book also
includes articles on “University Finance in Brit
ain and the United States” and “British Univer
sity Salaries.”
Professor Bowen distinguishes three major ap
proaches to estimating the contribution of
education. The first correlates indexes of educa
tional and economic activities, with the implica
tion that increased output may be attributed to
increased education. But this is at best an am
biguous relationship since the relationship can
also be interpreted to mean that increased output
makes it possible for a country to spend more on
education as a consumer good. Professor Bowen
suggests that interindustry correlations between
educational input (research and development)
705
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
and profitability may be more useful, although
this approach still has major limitations.
The residual approach involves identifying as
much of the increase in output as can be attrib
uted to the inputs of labor and capital, and then
deriving a residual in which education is presum
ably a major input. Unfortunately, the residual
embodies so many heterogeneous elements that
Gary Becker labeled it “a measure of our igno
rance” rather than a measure of productivity.
The retums-to-education approach is based on
the assumptions that differences in earnings reflect
differences in productivity and that educationrelated earnings differentials can be used as partial
measures of the effects of education on productiv
ity and output. Research along these lines by
Becker and others indicates that investment in
human beings in the form of education pays as
high a rate of return (9 percent) as the average
rate of return on investment in the United States.
Professor Bowen fails to cite explicitly the even
more startling conclusion reached by Edward F.
Denison that 23 percent of the increase in real
national income and 42 percent of the gain in labor
productivity over the period 1929-57 may be at
tributed to the increase in formal education.
The author indicates that the major difficulty
with either the Becker or Denison approach is
that it is still uncertain how much of the increase
in income or growth is really attributable to edu
cation rather than to other factors, such as ability
and family background.
My own view is that further refinement in the
attempt to measure the unique contribution of
education to growth may not be as useful as fur
ther research on the interdependence and comple
mentarity of the various factors making for
economic growth. Over the long run, the inter
action on each other of additional education, ad
vances in knowledge and technology, working
experience, capital and labor inputs may contrib
ute more to economic growth than any single fac
tor could contribute by itself.
— J ack A lter m a n
Deputy Associate Commissioner for Economic Growth
Bureau of Labor Statistics
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For Line Operations
Improving Individual Productivity. By John D.
Staley and Irving A. Delloff. New York,
American Management Association, 1963.
207 pp., bibliography. $7.50; $5 to AMA
members.
The authors have addressed their book “to the
harassed shirt sleeve executive” and assume “that
cost preventive measures have been or are being
thoughtfully and diligently applied so that the
executive who is worth his salt must necessarily
turn his attention next to productivity.”
If by “shirt sleeve executive” the authors mean
the small-plant owner who does not have an indus
trial relations manager on his staff, the book is
quite useful. Although too much space is given
to the successes and failures of incentive plans,
there are many useful ideas that the executive in
charge of a small plant can use in improving pro
ductivity and in dealing with a union.
Many parts of the book can be used as ex
amples in developing productivity charts and in
analyzing the productivity of employees. There
are warnings concerning the bad effects of over
emphasis on incentive plans and the bad effects of
vague statements in union contracts and a dis
cussion of the adverse effect of each on super
visors. There are several good examples of
methods and words to use in tightening the con
tract with the union so that there will be no mis
understanding by either party.
This reviewer was disappointed to find that the
title of the book was somewhat misleading in that
it deals almost exclusively with the productivity
of industrial workers whose units of work can be
counted and devotes very little space to the pro
ductivity improvements of staff personnel.
The book is not recommended for the high-level
industrial engineer in a large plant because he
would be familiar with situations similar to those
described as particular problems.
— E dward
L.
D iam on d
Chief, Division of Personnel and Management Programs
Bureau of Labor Statistics
706
Essays on Policy
The United States and the Middle East. Edited
by Georgiana G. Stevens. New York, Co
lumbia University, The American Assembly,
1964. 182 pp. $3.95, cloth; $1.95, paper;
Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
Background books such as The United States
and the Middle East, written to aid deliberations
at American Assembly sessions at Arden House,
make an important contribution to public under
standing. The twenty-fourth Assembly discussed
the issues drawn from this volume and drafted a
report of recommendations that is published
separately.
This book is composed of six chapters on various
aspects of our foreign policy and an introduction
by Georgiana Stevens. She points out that active
United States diplomatic involvement in the Mid
dle East dates back less than 20 years. The with
drawal of the French and British influence after
World War I I combined with the spread of the
cold war to the Islamic world made American in
volvement inevitable despite the fact that we were
ill prepared.
Two of the chapters are of particular interest
to students of labor. Dr. William Polk, Harvard
historian and member of Walt Rostow’s Policy
Planning Council of the Department of State,
offers a new system of social differentiation in
place of the usual Western concept of middle class
(“Social Modernization: The New Men”). He
believes that the growth of a core of “new men”
apart from the “traditional” elements within Mid
dle Eastern society is one of the most significant
changes in recent years. He discusses the impor
tance of skilled manpower in the modernization of
Egypt.
The treatment by A. J. Meyer, a Harvard ex
pert on Middle Eastern economics, of “Economic
Modernization” inevitably touches on many of the
points discussed by Dr. Polk in view of the impos
sibility of completely separating the social from
the economic. Meyer states that the area, despite
the rapid overall expansion of the Middle East
after World War II, faces a series of formidable
economic problems—unequal distribution of in
come, insufficient agricultural production at the
same time underemployment is rife, a disappoint
ing rate of industrialization, the burden of arma
ments, and the urban explosion. One of the more
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
optimistic future trends was the outlook for petro
leum exports and the growth of tourism. Meyer
also recognizes the importance of human resources
in economic development.
Specialists in Middle Eastern affairs and others
interested generally in U.S. foreign policy will
find the other four chapters on the more political
aspects of the policy informative and interesting;
“Middle East Background” by William Sands,
“Regional and International Politics in the Mid
dle East” by J. C. Hurewitz, “The Arab-Israel
Conflict Today” by Harry Ellis, and “United
States Policy and the Middle East” by Richard
H. Nolte.
— H arold L. D avey
Near East and South Asia Area Specialist
Bureau of International Labor Affairs
Quotations From Recent Books
U.S.A. and Its Economic Future. By Arnold B.
Barach and Rudolf Modley. New York,
Twentieth Century Fund, Inc., 1964. 148 pp.
$1.95, Macmillan Co., New York.
“Going into debt is a far more common—and
acceptable—practice today than at any time in the
nation’s history. Total consumer indebtedness
(including charge accounts, single-payment loans,
service charges, personal loans, and other install
ment debt) was $63 billion in 1962, compared to
$7 billion in 1950. Current indebtedness amounts
to 16.5 per cent of total disposable income (income
after taxes), compared to only 3.4 per cent in
1950.”
The Rise of American Economic Life. By Arthur
Cecil Bining and Thomas C. Cochran. New
York, Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1964. 782 pp.,
bibliography. 4th ed. $8.
“Increase in expenditure for all forms of re
search showed a rather steadily mounting curve
from one-tenth of 1 percent of the gross national
product in 1920 to 1 percent in the year 1955.
Then the curve began to mount rapidly as research
salaries rose and new Government funds were
poured into the missile program. In 1950, for
example, Congress had set up the National Sci-
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
ence Foundation, but only in 1959, after Russia
had launched its first satellite, was the Foundation
given a significant budget. By 1960, expenditures
were over three times the 1955 figure and still ris
ing rapidly. While university and corporate
laboratories carried on most of this research, the
new work was largely directed to military rather
than commercial or social progess. The total of
between 2% and 3 percent of gross national prod
uct, however, was still considerably less than the
total national expenditure for advertising.”
The Image of the Federal Service. By Franklin
P. Kilpatrick, Milton C. Cummings, Jr.,
M. Kent Jennings. Washington, The Brook
ings Institution, 1964. 301 pp. $5.
“The familiar factor of security and fringe ben
efits is most commonly mentioned by these [elite]
groups as a potential loss if they leave the Federal
service. The belief that there would be greater
self-determination, less bureaucracy, and better
advancement opportunities in private employment
also is strong. But note particularly the figures
on financial reward. Despite the technical dif
ficulties in making such comparisons, the extent
to which in recent years salaries for upper level
government employees have lagged behind the pay
in industry for people with comparable job re
sponsibilities has been well documented. As we
noted earlier, when the top Federal groups were
interviewed in 1960-61, they were well aware of
this discrepancy. Thus we find that the propor
tions of Federal executives, social scientists, and
engineers who feel they would be better paid on
the outside are enormous. Among Federal nat
ural scientists the feeling is strongest of all; 8 per
cent say their pay would be worse outside the
Government; 75 percent say it would be improved.”
The Managerial Grid: Key Orientations for
Achieving Production Through People. By
Robert R. Blake and Jane S. Mouton. Hous
ton, Tex., Gulf Publishing Co., 1964. 340 pp.
$ 8.
“A variety of theories regarding managerial be
havior can be identified. These theories—-or sets
of assumptions—are based on the way in which the
three organization universals just discussed are
connected to one another.
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707
“One of the three is concern for production; the
amount of emphasis supervision places on achiev
ing production. A second is concern for people;
the productive unit of organization. The third is
hierarchy; the boss aspect. Whenever a man acts
as a manager, he is in some way making assump
tions about how to solve problems of achieving
organization purposes of production through
people.”
There"1s Gold in Your Golden Age. By Maxwell
S. Cagan. Minneapolis, Minn., T. S. Denison
& Co., Inc., 1963. 293 pp. $3.95.
“To derive an income from other sources you
have to put your money to work. This calls for a
reinvestment of capital funds and you should con
sider all angles and possibilities very carefully
before you sell your blue chip stocks or withdraw
your savings. Make doubly sure that your con
templated investment does not involve risks too
big and perhaps even tragic for you.”
101 Ways to Enjoy Your Leisure. Stamford,
Conn., The Retirement Council, 1964. 126
pp. $4.50, cloth; $3, paper.
“As retirees develop their capacity for new cre
ative effort, they can discover talents that have
been buried since their youth. Dr. Alexander
Reid Martin believes that ‘our unpreparedness for
free time is not biologically determined, is not due
to something we failed to acquire, but to some
thing we lost as we grew up.’ ”
The Senior Forum: Questions and Answers About
Retirement. By Beulah Collins. New York,
Fleet Publishing Corporation, 1964. 316 pp.
$4.50.
“Q. I am 61, have a good job, and under normal
circumstances would retire in 4 years with a $275a-month pension. . . . Three times in the last
week I have had to stay on the job until 7 p.m. in
order to carry out some unreasonable orders . . . .
My wife insists that I am being discriminated
against and that if I put up with this I will soon
lose my health . . . .
“A. You’ve said enough. And to your wife,
you may have said too much. . . .”
708
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
Other Recent Publications
Health and Safety
Education and Training
Occupational Health Services for Government Employees.
By Margaret F. McKiever. (In Journal of Occupa
tional Medicine, New York, February 1964, pp. 76-80.
National Register of Scholarships and Fellowships: Vol.
I, Scholarships and Loans. By Juvenal L. Angel.
New York, World Trade Academy Press, 1964. 494
pp. 4th ed. $15, Regents Publishing Co., Inc., New
York.
Occupational Mobility Through MDTA Training. By
Thomas C. Brown. Washington, U.S. Department of
Labor, Office of Manpower, Automation and Training,
1964. 9 pp. (Manpower Evaluation Report 2.)
Apprenticeship and Economic Change. By David J. Fär
ber and Jean B. Henson. Washington, U.S. Depart
ment of Labor, Bureau of Apprenticeship and Train
ing, 1963. 30 pp.
Comparisons of Earned Degrees Awarded 1901-1962—
With Projections to 2000. Washington, National
Science Foundation, 1964. 54 pp. (NSF-2.)
Career Development of Scientists—An Overlapping Longi
tudinal Study. By William W. Cooley. Cambridge,
Mass., Harvard University, Graduate School of Edu
cation, 1963. 185 pp. (Cooperative Research Proj
ect 436.)
Careers and Opportunities in Fashion. By Barbara Bren
ner. New York, E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc., 1964. 191
pp. $3.95.
Your Future in Pharmacy. By James E. Kraemer. New
York, Richards Rosen Press, Inc., 1964. 156 pp.
(Careers in Depth.) $2.95.
Your Future in Occupational Therapy. By Frances L.
Shaft. New York, Richards Rosen Press, Inc., 1964.
156 pp. (Careers in Depth.) $2.95.
Employee Benefits
Digest of 50 Selected Health and Insurance Plans for
Salaried Employees, Spring 1968. By Harry E. Davis
and Arne H. Anderson. Washington, U.S. Depart
ment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1964. 161
pp. (Bulletin 1377.) $1, Superintendent of Docu
ments, Washington.
Corporate Retirement Policy and Practices. By Harland
Fox and Miriam C. Kerpen. New York, National
Industrial Conference Board, Inc., 1964. 90 pp.
( Studies in Personnel Policy, 190.) $15.
Employee-Benefit Plans, 1954—62. By Joseph Krislov.
(In Social Security Bulletin, U.S. Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, Social Security Ad
ministration, Washington, April 1964, pp. 4-21. 25
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.)
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$ 1. )
Siclc Absence for Men and Women by M arital Status. By
Philip Enterline. (In Archives of Environmental
Health, Chicago, March 1964, pp. 466-470. $1.25.)
Disability Among Persons in the Labor Force by Employ
ment Status, United States, July 1961-June 1962.
Washington, U.S. Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare, Public Health Service, 1964. 54 pp.
(Vital and Health Statistics Data From the National
Health Survey, Publication 1000-Series 10-No. 7.)
40 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Safety and Technological Change in Pulp and Paper Op
erations. (In Safety Standards, U.S. Department of
Labor, Bureau of Labor Standards, Washington,
March-April 1964, pp. 1-5. 20 cents, Superintendent
of Documents, Washington.)
Industrial Relations
Focus on Industrial Relations: K ey Presentations at
NAM's 68th Congress of American Industry. New
York, National Association of Manufacturers, Indus
trial Relations Division [1964]. 28 pp. 50 cents.
Recent Developments in Labor Law—A Symposium. Dis
cusses the following topics: Organizational and Rec
ognition Picketing, Individual Employee’s Right to
Sue Under Section 301, Jurisdictional Disputes, “Bill
of Rights” for Union Members Under LandrumGriffin, Duty to Bargain, Secondary Boycotts, and
Executive Order 10988.
(In Georgetown Law
Journal, Washington, Winter 1964, pp. 217-454.
$1.50.)
State Right-To-Work Laws and Federal Labor PolicyBy Joseph R. Grodin and Duane B. Beeson. (In
California Law Review, Berkeley, March 1964, pp.
95-114. $2.)
Labor Law Problems in Plant Relocation. (In Harvard
Law Review, Cambridge, Mass., April 1964, pp. 11001121. $1.50.)
Labor Relations in the Postal Service. By Dean Harper.
(In Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Ithaca,
N.Y., April 1964, pp. 443-453. $1.75.)
Union Powers and Union Functions: Toward a Better
Balance. New York, Committee for Economic De
velopment, Research and Policy Committee, 1964. 43
pp. $1.
Workers Councils: A Study of Workplace Organization
on Both Sides of the Iron Curtain. By Adolf Sturm-
709
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
thal. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press,
1964. 217 pp. $5.
Labor Force
Employment Service Review. Washington, U.S. Depart
ment of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security,
U.S. Employment Service, Vol. 1, Nos. 1 and 2, January-February 1964. 54 pp. (First issue; published
monthly.) Annual subscription $3; single copy 30
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Shorter Hours to Create Jobs. (In American Federationist, AFL-CIO, Washington, April 1964, pp. 9-16.)
The Migratory Farm Labor Problem in the United States.
Fourth report of the Committee on Labor and Public
Welfare made by the Subcommittee on Migratory
Labor, U.S. Senate, pursuant to S. Res. 22 (as
amended). Washington, 1964. x, 68 pp. (88th
Cong., 2d sess. Report 934.)
Exploring the Dimensions of the Manpower Revolution:
Selected Readings in Employment and Manpower.
Washington, U.S. Senate, Committee on Labor and
Public Welfare, Subcommittee on Employment and
Manpower, 1964. 586 pp. (Vol 1.)
Preparatory Technical Conference of Employment Policy,
Geneva, September-October 1963. (In International
Labor Review, Geneva, February 1964, pp. 125-13<5.
75 cents. Distributed in United States by Washing
ton Branch of ILO.)
Federal Manpower Policies and\ Programs to Combat Un
employment. By Sar A. Levitan. Kalamazoo, Mich.,
W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research,
1964. 41 pp.
The Labor Market Role of the State Employment Services.
Washington, U.S. Senate, Committee on Labor and
Public Welfare, Subcommittee on Employment and
Manpower, 1964. 942 pp. (Committee Print, 88th
Cong., 2d sess.)
Labor in a Prosperous Japan. By Solomon B. Levine.
(In Current History, Philadelphia, April 1964, pp.
212-218. 85 cents.)
The Labor Force of Poland. By Zora Prochazka and
Jerry W. Combs, Jr. Washington, U.S. Department
of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1964. 46 pp.
(International Population Statistics Reports, Series
P-90, No. 20.)
Prices and Consumption Economics
Wholesale Prices and Price Indexes, 1961. By Edward
J. Kazanowski. Washington, U.S. Department of
Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1964. 254 pp.
(Bulletin 1382.) $1.25, Superintendent of Docu
ments, Washington.
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Consumer Expenditures and Income: San Francisco,
Calif., 1960-61 and Supplement 1. Washington, U.S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1964. 18 and 9 pp., respectively. 2d report- (BLS
Report 237-52.) Other reports in this series include:
Philadelphia, Pa., 1960-61; Supplement 1
(2d report)____________________________
Baton Rouge, La., 1961;Supplement 1_____
St. Louis, Mo., 1960-61; Supplement 1 (2d
report)_______________________________
Bakersfield, Calif., 1961;Supplement 1_____
Report No.
237-58
237-62
237-65
237-70
Productivity and Technological Change
The Productivity of Rural Workers on Industrial Jobs.
By Robert W. Lewis. Lawrence, University of
Kansas, Center for Research in Business, 1964. 40
pp., bibliography.
Automation and Management— [A Symposium]. (In
Advanced Management Journal, Society for Advance
ment of Management, New York, April 1964, pp. 5 100. $2.50; $2 to Society members.)
Automation’s Perplexing Boon: Years of Time to Spare.
By Ralph Lazarus. (In Personnel, American Man
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pp. 8-15. $1.75; $1.25 to AMA members.)
Social Security
Unemployment Benefits and Duration: A Study of the
Effect of Weekly Unemployment Benefit Amounts on
the Duration of Unemployment Benefits. By Charles
A. Lininger, Jr. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan,
Institute for Social Research, 1963. 120 pp. bib
liography.
Family Characteristics of the Long-Term Unemployed:
A Report on a Study of Claimants Under the Tempo
rary Extended Unemployment Program, 1961-62.
Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Employment Security, 1964. 178 pp. (BES U—
207-7.)
Benefits Under the Railroad Unemployment Insurance
Act in 1962-63—Parts I and II. (In Monthly Review,
U.S. Railroad Retirement Board, Chicago, January
1964, pp. 2-5, 25 and February 1964, pp. 10-12, 14.)
Benefits in the Case of Industrial Accidents and Occupa
tional Diseases. Geneva, International Labor Office,
1964. 135 pp. (Report V(2) prepared for Inter
national Labor Conference, 48th session, 1964.) $1.50.
Distributed in United States by Washington Branch
of ILO.
Monografía sobre los Seguros sociales en Brasil. (In
Revista Iberoamericana de Seguridad Social, Minis
terio de Trabajo, Madrid, November-December 1963,
pp. 1299-1332.)
rio
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
Wages and Hours
Miscellaneous
Occupational Wage Survey: Jacksonville, Fla., January
1964 . Washington, U.S. Department of Labor,
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1964. 18 pp. (Bulletin
1385-32.) 20 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington. Other bulletins in this series include:
Economic H istory of the United States. By Francis G.
Walett. New York, Barnes & Noble, Inc., 1963. 280
pp., bibliography. 2d ed. (College Outline Series,
84.) $1.75, paper.
Bulletin No.
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Michigan Municipal League, 1964. 106 pp. (Infor
mation Bulletin 102.) $6.
Salaries of White-Collar Workers in Haivaii, Puerto Rico,
and Alaska, May-June 1963. Washington, U.S. De
partment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1964.
56 pp. (Bulletin 1392.) 40 cents, Superintendent of
Documents, Washington.
The Redistribution of Income: Parts I and II. By Fabian
Linden. {In Conference Board Record, National In
dustrial Conference Board, New York, February 1964,
pp. 24-26 and March 1964, pp. 59-61.)
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Hired Farm Workers: D ata Pertinent to Determining the
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112 pp.
Report Submitted to the Congress in Accordance With the
Requirements of Section 4( d) of the Fair Labor
Standards Act. Washington, U.S. Department of
Labor, Wage and Hour and Public Contracts Divi
sions, 1964. 23 pp.
Can a Case Be Made for Discouraging Overtime? By
T. Aldrich Finegan. (In Challenge, New York Uni
versity, New York, April 1964, pp. 7-10. 40 cents.)
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H istory of Economic Thought: A Book of Readings.
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revised and enlarged. (College Outline Series, 62.)
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The Economics of American Living. By Harry W. Heck
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Message From the President of the United States Rela
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Combat Poverty in the United States. Washington,
1964. 27 pp. (H. Doc. 243, 88th Cong., 2d sess.)
Organisation Man—Prospect for the Future. By George
Strauss. (In California Management Review, Uni
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Administration, Berkeley and Los Angeles, Spring
1964, pp. 5-16. $2, University of California Press,
Berkeley. )
La Dynamique des Comités d’Entreprise. By Maurice
Montuclard. Paris, Centre National de la Recherche
Scientifique, 1963. 551 pp., bibliography. 56 F.
Urban Renewal in European Countries: Its Emergence
and Potentials. By Leo Grebler. Philadelphia,
University of Pennsylvania Press, 1984. 132 pp..
$5.
Concentration in the Manufacturing Industries of the
United States—-A Midcentury Report. By Ralph L.
Nelson. New Haven, Conn., Yale University Press,
1963. 288 pp. (Economic Census Studies, 2.) $7.50.
Annual Report of the W aterfront Commission of New
York Harbor for the Year Ending June SO, 1963. New
York, 1964. 34 pp.
Annual Economic Indicators for the U.S.S.R. Prepared
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Washington, 1964. 218 pp. (Joint Economic Com
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Current Labor Statistics
TABLES
A.—Employment
a .—:
712
713
717
721
A -l.
A-2.
A-3.
A-4.
721 A-5.
722 A-6.
Estimated total labor force classified by employment status and sex
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected groups,
seasonally adjusted
Production workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry group, seasonally
adjusted
Unemployment insurance and employment service program operations
B.—]
723 B -l.
Labor turnover rates, by major industry group
c .- Earnings and Hours
726 0 - 1.
738 C-2.
738 C-3.
739 0-4.
741 C-5.
741 C-6.
Gross hours and earnings of production workers, by industry
Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries
Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing,
by major industry group
Average overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry
Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction
activities
Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing
D.—Consumer
and Wholesale Prices
D
.742 D -l.
743 D-2.
744 D-3.
746 D-4.
747 D-5.
Consumer Price Index—U.S. city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers
(including single workers) all items, groups, subgroups, and special groups of items
Consumer Price Index—U.S. and selected areas for urban wage earners and clerical
workers (including single workers)
Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings
Indexes of wholesale prices, by stage of processing and durability of product
E .748 E -l.
F.—Work Injuries
F -l.
Injury-frequency rates for selected manufacturing industries1
i This table is included in the January, April, July, and October issues of the Review.
N ote: With the exceptions noted, the statistical series here from the Bureau of Labor Statistics are described in Techniques of Preparing Major B L S Statisti
cal Series, BLS Bulletin 1168, 1954, and cover the United States without Alaska and Hawaii.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
711
712
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
A.—Employment
T able A - l. Estimated total labor force classified by employment status and sex
[In thousands]
Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over 1
Employment status
1964
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
1963
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Aug.
Sept.
Annual aver
age
July
June
May
Apr.
1961
1960
Total, both sexes
T o ta l la b o r force.............. ......................................... .
76,544 75,553 75, 259 74,514 75,201 76,000 76,086 75, 811 77,167 77,917 77,901 75,864 74,897 74,175
73,126
C iv ilia n la b o r force_________________________
U n e m p lo y m e n t ________________________
U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te s e a s o n a lly a d
ju ste d J. ......................... ................... ................
U n e m p lo y e d 4 w e e k s or le s s __________
U n e m p lo y e d 6-10 w e e k s _______________
U n e m p lo y e d 11-14 w e e k s . .........................
U n e m p lo y e d 15-26 w e e k s ______________
U n e m p lo y e d o v e r 26 w e e k s __________
E m p lo y m e n t ............................................................
N o n a g r ic u ltu r a l________________________
W o r k e d 35 h ou r s or m o r e ____________
W o rk ed 15-34 h o u r s . . ............................. .
W ork ed 1-14 h o u r s ............. ........................
W ith a jo b b u t n o t a t w o rk "8_______
A g r ic u l t u r a l.......................................................
W o rk ed 35 h ou r s or m o r e ____________
W o r k e d 15-34 h o u r s ............. ................. ..
W o rk ed 1-14 h o u r s _____ __________ I I.
W ith a jo b b u t n o t a t w o r k "8________
73,799 72,810 72, 527 71,793 72,461 73, 261 73,344 73,062 74,418 75,173 75,165 73,127 72,161 71,603
3,921 4, 293 4, 524 4,565 3,846 3,936 3,453 3, 516 3,857 4,322 4,846 4,066 4,063 4,806
70,612
3,931
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.6
5.5
5.9
5.5
5.6
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.9
5.7
6.7
1,660 1,620 1,669 2,069 1,734 1,955 1,623 1,682 1, 670 1,907 2,802 1,833 1,597 1,897
705
807 1, 236
859
988
767
662
617
806 1,221
806
679
964
672
321
544
402
455
324
349
251
332
430
260
222
262
371
411
693
742
654
605
492
401
443
382
439
376
502
649
743
728
543
581
510
501
436
463
476
503
510
557
514
643
804
681
69,877 68, 517 68,002 67, 228 68,615 69, 325 69,891 69, 546 70, 561 70, 851 70,319 69,061 68,097 66,796
65,448 64,500 64.071 63, 234 64, 576 64, 548 64, 541 64, 220 65,065 64,882 64, 365 63, 883 63,424 61,333
51,452 50, 556 48,953 47,179 50,817 46,129 50,960 50, 462 47,678 47, 214 49,804 50, 383 46, 505 47, 257
7,676 7,717 8,694 9,637 7,679 12,456 7,402 7,124 6,985 6, 556 7,015 7,261 10,455 7, 522
4,206 4,191 4. 321 4,164 4,092 3.935 3,893 3,645 3, 261 3,332 3,580 4,144 3, 856 3, 610
2,115 2,038 2,103 2, 255 1,985 2,029 2,288 2,990 7,142 7. 780 3,966 2,093 2, 608 2,946
4,429 4.017 3,931 3.993 4,039 4,777 5,350 5,326 5.496 5,969 5,954 5,178 4,673 5, 463
2,903 2,391 2,108 2,108 2,179 2,994 3, 716 3,619 3,702 4,130 4,199 3. 489 3,198 3, 540
1,029 1,029 1,077 1,042 1,100 1,196 1,094 1,170 1,155 1,237 1,226 1,196 1,041 1,245
374
386
524
549
476
411
442
424
444
466
413
415
305
477
124
211
223
294
284
176
112
196
80
98
137
119
129
200
5.6
1,799
823
353
502
454
66,681
00,958
46| 388
8,249
3,27»
3,042
5,723
3,811
1,279
444
190
Males
Total labor force_______________
50,665 50,123 49,956 49, 731 49,924 50,285 50,368 50,602 52,060 52,477 52, 204 50,483 50,010 49,918
49,507
Civilian labor force_____________
Unemployment______________
Employment________________
Nonagricultural____________
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours_______
Worked 1-14 hours________
With a job but not at work 8
Agricultural....................... ........
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours_______
Worked 1-14 hours________
With a job but not at work 8.
47,951
2,345
45,607
41,891
35,537
3,332
1,759
1,265
3,716
2,622
678
306
107
47,026
2,541
44,486
39,807
32,511
4,100
1,360
1,836
4,678
3,365
792
348
172
47,411
2,681
44, 730
41,299
34,797
3,461
1,743
1,297
3,432
2,190
741
325
176
47,255
2,826
44,429
41,029
33, 782
4,187
1,795
1,265
3,400
1,918
803
475
203
47,041
2,881
44,160
40,686
32,879
4,580
1,777
1,452
3, 474
1,908
795
497
274
47, 215
2,477
44, 739
41, 294
34, 799
3,466
1,718
1,311
3, 445
1,951
820
409
263
47, 577
2,253
45,324
41,488
32,166
6,442
1,586
1,292
3,836
2,622
754
307
154
47,657
1,874
45, 784
41,644
35,387
3,238
1,610
1,410
4,139
3,121
626
309
84
47. 884
1,902
45,983
41,880
35,317
3,205
1,552
1, 808
4,103
3,067
631
301
102
49,342
2, 224
47,118
42, 733
34,007
3,345
1,441
3. 941
4,385
3, 232
669
315
168
49, 765
2, 516
47, 249
42, 538
33, 791
3,060
1,437
4, 250
4, 711
3, 591
681
329
111
49, 500
2.779
46, 722
42,078
35, 283
3, 256
1, 551
1.988
4,644
3,634
637
276
96
47, 778
2,434
45, 345
41,205
35,055
3,161
1,795
1,193
4,140
3,071
702
296
68
47,306
2,600
44,706
40,762
32.806
4,941
1, 658
1,357
3,945
2,888
700
247
112
47,378
3,060
44,318
39,811
32,984
3,587
1,511
1,729
4,508
3,132
827
370
179
Females
Total labor force________________
25,878 25,430 25, 302 24,783 25, 277 25, 715 25. 718 25, 209 25,108 25,440 25,697 25,381 24,886 24, 257
23,619
Civilian labor...................................
Unemployment_______ ______
Employment________________
Nonagricultural............. ...... 1.1
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours_______
Worked 1-14 hours________
With a job but not at work 8
Agricultural.................. .............
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours_______
Worked 1-14 hours________
With a job but not at work "8
25,847
1,577
24, 271
23,557
15,912
4,343
2,450
849
713
279
350
66
16
23, 587
1,390
22,196
21,151
13,877
4,149
1,919
1,206
1,045
445
486
96
17
25, 399
1,613
23, 786
23, 201
15,758
4,256
2,448
740
585
201
288
61
35
25, 271
1,698
23, 573
23,042
15,170
4.507
2, 526
838
531
190
273
49
20
24. 752
1,684
23,068
22, 548
14,301
5,057
2,387
803
520
199
247
53
20
25,246
1,369
23,877
23, 282
16,020
4,213
2,377
674
594
224
280
69
21
1 Estimates are based on information obtained from a sample of households
and are subject to sampling variability. Data relate to the calendar week
ending nearest the 15th day of the month. The employed total includes all
wage and salary workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid workers in
family-operated enterprises. Persons in institutions are not included.
Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily equal
totals.
3 Unemployment as a percent of labor force.
3 Includes persons who had a job or business but who did not work during
the survey week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, or labor dispute.
Prior to January 1957, also included were persons on layoff with definite
Instructions to return to work within 30 days of layoff and persons who had
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
25, 684
1,682
24,001
23,061
13.962
6,014
2,349
736
940
372
443
104
22
25,687
1,580
24,107
22, 897
15,572
4.164
2,282
879
1, 210
597
467
134
15
25,178
1,615
23, 563
22,340
15.147
3,921
2,092
1,183
1,223
551
537
122
10
25,076
1,633
23,443
22,332
13,672
3, 640
1,819
3, 202
1,111
467
485
129
28
25,408
1,806
23,602
22,344
13.424
3,496
1, 895
3, 529
1,258
539
556
137
26
25,665
2,067
23, 598
22,287
14, 522
3,760
2,029
1,978
1,310
564
590
135
23
25, 349
1,632
23, 717
22, 679
15, 327
4,099
2,352
900
1,038
418
493
117
12
24,854
1,463
23,391
22,663
13, 699
5, 515
2,198
1,251
728
311
341
59
17
24,225
1,747
22,478
21, 523
14, 273
3,934
2,09S
1,217
955
408
419
107
22
new jobs to which they were scheduled to report within 30 days. Most of
the persons in these groups have, since that time, been classified as unem
ployed.
N ote: For a description of these series, see Explanatory Notes (in Employ
ment and Earnings, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
current issues).
Figures for periods prior to April 1962 are not strictly comparable with
current data because of the introduction of 1960 Census data into the esti
mation procedure. The change primarily affected the labor force and em
ployment totals, which were reduced by about 200,000. The unemployment
totals were virtually unchanged.
713
A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able
A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
Revised series: see box, p. 720.
[ in th o u s a n d s]
1964
1963
Annual
average
Industry
Apr.2 Mar.2 Feb.
Total employees_______ ______ ________
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
1963
1962
57,872 57,375 57,045 56,909 58,585 58,220 58,426 58,211 57,651 57,422 57,609 56,967 56,505 57,174 55,841
610
83.4
26.9
23.7
611
82.9
26.7
28.5
614
82.0
26.2
28.2
631
82.6
26.7
28.0
634
83.5
27. 6
27.8
637
84.1
27. 6
27.6
641
84.4
27. 9
27.5
646
84. 7
28 1
27. 5
641
84 4
27 9
27 5
650
84 0
26 9
27 9
643
83 0
26 5
27 9
632
81 5
24 4
28 5
634
82 4
25 9
27 9
652
82 8
25 5
28 5
Coal mining
Bituminous_______ _
129.5
118.2
134.1
122.7
135.2
124.0
137.1
125.8
136 1
124.8
136 0
125.0
134 5
123. 8
135 1
124. 5
125 9
114 5
138 8
128 0
141 5
130 5
142 8
131 9
138 7
127 6
151 7
139 8
Crude petroleum and natural gas
Crude petroleum and natural gas fields.
Oil and gas field services___
287.0
159.5
127.5
287.1
160.6
126.5
290.5
160.5
130.0
295.0
161.6
133.4
291. 5
161.2
130.3
289. 5
161.6
127. 9
295.0
163.3
131 7
297.9
166.5
131.4
302 2
167.5
134 7
300 3
166.3
134 0
295 0
163.0
132 0
289 7
162.9
126 8
293 4
163. 6
129 9
299 2
167.4
131 8
109.6
106.8
106.4
116.1
122.6
127.1
126. 7
128. 2
128 5
127 0
123 3
118 1
119 7
118. 7
Mining_______ ______________________
Metal mining________________ .
Iron ores
_____ ___
Copper ores____ _______ . .
620
Quarrying and nonmetallic mining
■Contractconstruction___ ____ _ _ ___
General building contractors
Heavy construction
Highway and street construction
Other heavy construction
Special trade contractors___
Manufacturing_________ _____________
Durable goods____________________
Nondurable goods. _______________
2,958
2,756 2,681 2,628 2,925 3,176 3,333 3,378 3,437 3,364 3,232 3,049 2,846 3,029 2,909
838.4 816.4 803.9 889.2 972 4 1,011 6 1 026 4 1 055 9 1 033 5 984 6 916 0 864 0 920 4 881 1
477.9 459.6 442.5 536.1 632. 4 706 3 723 2 735 5 718 4 691 0 635 7 551 0 604 1 593 8
216.7 203.0 192. 0 256.3 329.9 387. 5 398 8 404. 6 392 3 377 6 341 5 274 9 312 2 298* 1
261.2 256.6 250.5 279.8 302 5 318 8 324.4 330 9 326 1 313 4 294 2 276 1 291 9 295 7
1,439. 6 1,405.1 1,381.9 1,499. 7 1, 571.2 1,615.1 1,628.4 1,645,2 1,612 0 1,566 1 1,497 2 1 430 9 1 504 5 1 434 5
17,093 17,054 16,982 16,935 17,139 17,229 17,367 17,398 17,199 17,050 17,111 16,960 16,845 17,035 16,859
9,797 9,733 9,676 9, 666 9, 765 9, 789 9,811 9,801 9,6Ó9 9,666 9,738 9, 673 9,593 9,659 9,493
7,296 7,321 7,306 7,269 7,374 7,440 7,556 7,597 7,590 7,384 7,373 7,287 7,252 7,376 7,367
Durable goods
56.7
265.4
188.2
20.7
56.5
270.0
191.9
21.4
56.7
275.5
194.9
22.3
58.3
277.6
196.0
23.0
58.6
276.4
193.8
23. 6
59.0
276.7
193.3
24.2
59.2
276.4
192.4
25.2
58.8
275.7
191.1
26 1
58.5
276.2
191.1
26. 6
58.5
275.5
189.3
27 7
58.5
274.5
187.7
28 6
58.2
273.9
186.9
29 4
57.6
276.7
191.0
27 2
58.4
270.7
183.4
32 1
55! 1
576.7
73.9
246.8
567.7
70.7
244.8
566.3
74.9
242.2
564.1
76.0
238.9
584.4
82.3
248.3
597.2
86.8
254.8
605. 9
89.9
258.0
614.1
93.3
261.5
608.8
89.9
263.1
589.4
82.8
256.2
584.9
78.5
255.4
594.6
82.4
257.1
571.9
74.1
248.3
585. 8
81.5
252.8
588.7
83.0
255.7
155.5
34.6
65.9
153.4
34.0
64.8
152.4
33.5
63.3
152.8
33.6
62.8
154.8
34.8
64.2
156.3
34.6
64.7
157.6
35.0
65.4
158.3
35.7
65.3
154.7
36.5
64.6
150.6
36.4
63.4
149.9
36.6
64.5
155.1
36.0
64.0
151.7
35.0
62.8
152.6
35.3
63.7
151.9
36.4
61.8
Furniture and fixtures______________
Household furniture_______________
Office furniture .
Partitions; office and store fixtures. ..
Other furniture and fixtures_________
394.9
292.1
394.7
292.3
26.1
36.0
40.3
391.3
289.9
25.7
35.7
40.0
390.0
287. 2
26 5
35.5
40.8
395. 5
290. 7
27 0
36.3
41.5
397.8
291.2
27 2
37.8
41.6
399.7
291.5
27 5
39.3
41.4
399.1
289.3
27 4
40. 5
41.9
396.7
286.7
27 3
40. 9
41.8
386.5
279.4
26 8
40 4
40.9
387.7
280.7
26 9
39 0
41.1
382.8
278.0
382.6
278.9
26 8
37' 8
389.8
283.3
27 1
39 0
40.5
385.1
276.0
Stone, clay, and glass products________
Flat glass______ _______ .
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown..
Cement, hydraulic_________________
Structural clay products____________
Pottery and related products.
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products.
Other stone and mineral products____
612.1
1)5.6
38.8
67.3
598.3
31.0
114.2
37.8
65.6
162.5
121.6
584.2
32. 0
108.8
36.9
64.0
44.2
158.1
120.0
603.6
32. 3
111.8
38.2
67.3
44. 5
167.8
121.3
619.9
32 6
113.4
40.1
68.5
45. 4
177.2
121.9
623.9 629.9
32.2
31 6
113.8 115. 9
40.9
42.0
68.7
70.1
45. 1 44 8
180.9 183.3
121.3 121.6
635.6
31 3
116. 7
42.6
72.0
172.0
122.5
589.5
31.7
112.5
36.7
63.6
43.7
159.6
120.9
630.0
30 3
116.1
42.7
71.3
43 7
184.0
122.4
626.8
30 2
115.6
42.3
71.1
43 5
183.3
121.3
615.3
30 1
113.6
41.0
69.8
43 7 43 6
177! 3 168.0
120.3 118.5
43 9
17l! 8
120.0
43 8
164 4
118.9
Ordnance and accessories ___________
Ammunition, except for small arms__
Sighting and fire control equipment
Other ordnance and accessories______
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture_______ ______________
Logging camps and logging contractors.
Sawmills and planing mills_________
Millwork, plywood, and related
products________________________
Wooden containers___ ______ ______
Miscellaneous wood products________
262.2
185.4
41.4
44.4
44 4
185.4
122.8
38 2
40.0
40 6
39.1
40.7
599.6 607.5 594.0
29 9 30 8
30 4
112.6 113! 1 m e
39.9 40.1
40.0
68.1 68.3
67.7
Primary metal industries_____________ 1,202. 3 1,190.1 1,181.3 1,167. 6 1,163. 7 1,152.0 1,152. 7 1,166.0 1,170.8 1,195. 9 1,209.1 1,191.6 1,174.8 1,165. 7 1,163.8
Blast furnace and basic steel products.. 607.7 596.3 589.3 578.7 576.5 568. 8 571.4 581.8 593.2 615. 9 023.9 612.2 597. 9 586.3 591.9
Iron and steel foundries____ ______ 209.5 208.2 207.0 204.6 203.0 201.3 200.0 201.7 196.2 198.4 200.5 198.4 197.2 198.3 193.6
Nonferrous smelting and refining
70.2
70.2
70.0
69.9
69.9
70.2
69.7
69.7
70.3
70.3
68.4
69.6
68.8
67.6
68.1
Nonferrous, rolling, drawing, and
extruding... ______
__________
184.0 184.2 184.0 183.9 184.3 182.7 182.7 182.7 183.5 183.0 185.4 183.1 182.0 182.7 181.3
Nonferrous foundries_______________
72.6
72.8
72.6
72.3
71.8
71.3
71.3
70.4
70.9
71.0
71.4
71.3
71.5
71.3
70.0
58.3
58.4
Miscellaneous primary metal industries.
58.4
58.2
58.4
57.9
58.3
57.2
58.0
57.4
58.3
58.2
58.2
58.6
58.9
Fabricated metal products..___ ______ 1,178.1 1,169.8 1,164.2 1,161.9 1,175. 6 1,177. 8 1,182. 7 1,178.6 1,160. 5 1,149.1 1,163.0 1,147.6 1,133. 7 1,152. 7 1,127.5
Metal cans_______________________
62.4
63.0
61.4
61.2
59.9
60.3
61.6
64.2
65.5
65.0
64.6
63.0
62.0
61.3
62.0
Cutlery, handtools, and general hardware______________ ___________
139.2 139.8 139.9 140.7 141.4 139.9 138.6 137.3 132.6 130.5 135.5 134.6 134.8 136.0 134.8
Heating equipment and plumbing
fixtures__________ ____ ______
79.0
78.2
78.4
78.5
79.3
79.2
77.5
75.9
76.9
79.0
79.0
79.0
74.8
74.9
77.0
Fabricated structural metal products.. 340.0 334.4 332.7 332.0 338.4 343.6 347.4 351.4 352.0 346. 6 344.3 335.9 327.5 337.5 331.5
Screw machine products, bolts, etc___
89.2
89.4
88.7
89.2
88.8
89.2
87.6
88.5
89.0
88.6
89.1
88.3
87.9
88.7
88.7
Metal stampings__________ ______
203.3 203.2 203.1 204.2 205.9 205.9 205.4 198.8 187.4 189.0 196.8 196.1 194.4 196.8 190.4
Coating, engraving, and allied services.
71.1
73.3
72.3
69.1
72.5
70.7
72.6
73.6
70.3
70.2
67.2
73.0
69.7
68.7
70.0
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products.
58.9
59.5
58.4
60.3
59.7
59.5
59.3
57.9
57.3
59.7
58.0
57.0
57.7
58.0
56.7
Miscellaneous
fabricated
metal
products_____ _______ ___________ 130.8 130.2 129.4 127.6 129.1 127.7 128.5 127.8 127.0 126.8 127.6 126.2 125.9 126.8 122.9
S ee fo o tn o te s a t en d o f ta b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
714
T able A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 720.
[in thousands]
1964
1963
Annual
average
Industry
Apr.2 Mar.2 Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
1963
1962
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
Durable goods—C o n tin u e d
M a c h in e r y ____ ________ _______ ___________
E n g in e s a n d t u r b i n e s . . ..................................
F a r m m a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m e n t ______
C o n s tr u c tio n a n d r e la te d m a c h in e r y ...
M e ta lw o r k in g m a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip
m e n t ____ ______ ___________ ________ _
S p e cia l in d u s t r y m a c h in e r y ____________
G e n e ra l in d u s tr ia l m a c h in e r y .....................
O ffice, c o m p u tin g , a n d a c c o u n tin g
m a c h in e s ______________________________
S e r v ic e in d u s t r y m a c h in e s _____________
M isc e lla n e o u s m a c h in e r y ----------------------
1,591.2 1,583.4 1,555.1 1,556.6 1,550.0 1,531.1 1, 527. 5 1,524.7 1,516.4 1,512.4 1, 523.1 1,516.4 1, 518.8 1,520.3 1,489.8
86.3
86.2
86.3
85.4
84.7
84.5
84.4
86.9
85.7
86.3
86.1
85.7
84.0
85.5
85.6
128.2 126.8 123.6 120.5 117.2 116.6 116.0 115.1 117.3 120.0 122.6 125.0 119.8 112.4
227.5 226.1 207.3 221.6 219.4 217.2 216.9 217.6 216.6 214.6 215.1 212.3 211.6 214.4 210.7
E le c tr ic a l e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p p lie s ...............
E le c tr ic d is tr ib u tio n e q u ip m e n t ................
E le c tr ic a l in d u str ia l a p p a r a tu s _________
H o u s e h o ld a p p lia n c e s .....................................
E le c tr ic lig h t in g a n d w ir in g e q u ip m e n t .
R a d io a n d T V r e c e iv in g s e t s . . ............. . .
C o m m u n ic a tio n e q u ip m e n t .......................
E le c tr o n ic c o m p o n e n ts a n d a c c e sso r ie s.
M ise e lla n e o u s e le c tr ic a l e q u ip m e n t
a n d s u p p lie s _____________________ _____
1, 550.2 1, 550.4 1,557.0 1, 569.2 1,581.7 1, 584.9 1, 595.4 1, 590.5 1,571.7 1,566.3 1, 580.4 1, 572.8 1, 572.4 1,581. 5 1,579.2
170.8 170.6 171.0 170.8 170.6 170.3 169.0 169.5 170.5 168.6 168.5 167.8 167.6 168.9 167.8
189.8 1»9. 5 188.7 188.4 188.1 187.6 187.8 187.8 187.8 187.8 188.2 186.8 186.1 187.2 185.4
159.3 157.6 158.0 157.5 160.3 161.9 160.8 157.9 153.9 152.6 155.0 153.4 151.9 154.7 150.2
152.8 153.5 153.1 152.1 152.8 153.8 154.3 153.0 150.2 146.5 147.4 146.0 147.0 149.3 143.2
108.4 106.2 108.6 112.1 116.9 119.7 122.6 122.2 118.3 113.5 112.1 106.9 103.7 113.0 110.7
404.9 408.4 410.8 416.8 419.4 417.5 425.0 426.1 425.5 427.1 432.0 435.8 441.0 433.7 445.0
261.1 260.5 260.2 262.0 262.5 263.8 264.3 263.8 265.7 261.6 265.7 265.2 264.7 264.8 266.8
T r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t ........................... ..
M o to r v e h ic le s a n d e q u ip m e n t _________
A irc ra ft a n d p a r ts ..............................................
S h ip a n d b o a t b u ild in g a n d r e p a ir in g ..
R a ilr o a d e q u ip m e n t .........................................
O th er tr a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t _______
1, 662.7 1,650.5 1,643.7 1,649.3 1,664.8 1,659.2 1,650.4 1,626.8 1,487.0 1, 600.4 1,620.7 1,620.4 1, 616.5 1,614.2 1, 542.3
786.0 776.9 769.1 776.2 782.8 777.3 768.3 752.3 617.6 732.1 747.0 745.8 738.9 738.4 691.6
636.3 639.7 641.6 647.8 656.0 654.0 652.1 648.6 644.5 643.3 644.9 644.5 647.6 649.4 634.6
144.2 140.9 141.9 139.0 139.2 141.2 142.1 140.4 141.6 141.8 144.0 148.9 149.4 144.2 141.3
51.2
44.1
44.3
44.7
42.3
44.1
50.3
47.2
47.3
45.1
43.0
48.1
47.7
40.6
40.4
40.1
39.5
40.6
39.2
38.9
38.9
37.6
41.8
40.8
38.2
39.1
38.0
34.2
289.6
173.8
241.2
287.4
172.5
240.0
283.7
171.7
238.8
280.4
170.6
235.8
279.5
170.0
235.1
273.9
169.3
231.8
272.4
168.4
232.2
270.9
167.9
233.4
269.1
166.9
232.2
268.3
166.8
231.0
271.0
168.5
231.1
269.4
168.0
229.2
269.4
168.5
229.5
270.4
168.2
231.1
261.7
169.0
227.6
153.6
102.5
187.7
153.9
102.1
186.9
155.2
101.4
184.5
155.2
100.7
183.2
155.8
100.2
183.2
154.0
100.1
181.5
154.4
100.3
180.1
153.9
99.7
179.0
153.6
98.7
178.8
152.8
101.2
175.7
153.0
102.9
177.0
152.3
103.3
174.9
153.5
101.9
173.7
153.8
100.5
176.5
156.3
100.8
167.4
103.1
104.1
106.6
109.5
111.1
110.3
111.6
110.2
99.8
108.6
111.5
110.9
110.4
109.9
HO.O
I n s tr u m e n ts a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts ________
E n g in e e r in g a n d s c ie n tific in s t r u m e n t s .
M e c h a n ic a l, m e a s u r in g , a n d c o n tr o l
d e v ic e s ________________________________
O p tic a l a n d o p h th a lm ic g o o d s _________
S u r gical, m e d ic a l, a n d d e n ta l e q u ip
m e n t .................................................................. ..
P h o to g r a p h ic e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p p li e s ..
W a tc h e s a n d c lo c k s .................. ........................
375.6
374.5
70.6
373.6
71.1
374.7
72.6
376.6
72.7
376.8
73.0
375.8
73.2
375.5
73.1
376.2
73.9
372.0
73.1
373.5
73.9
368.1
73.4
367.3
73.6
371.5
73.6
360.4
73.9
99.6
43.7
99.6
43.6
99.3
43.5
99.0
42.5
99.0
42.6
97.1
42.6
96.5
42.2
97.1
42.0
98.0
41.2
97.9
41.1
97.9
42.0
97.0
41.5
97.4
41.0
97.5
41.5
95.0
40.6
55.1
54.7
77.1
28.9
53.9
76.8
29.0
53.8
77.4
29.4
53.9
78.0
30.4
54.0
78.5
31.6
53.8
78.2
31.9
54.0
77.8
31.5
53.8
78.3
31.0
52.3
77.7
29.9
53.6
76.0
30.1
53.0
74.3
28.9
52.7
73.8
28.8
53.1
75.9
29.8
50.1
72.4
28.3
M isc e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu r in g I n d u s tr ie s .
J e w e lr y , silv e r w a r e a n d p la te d w a r e ___
T o y s , a m u se m e n t a n d s p o r tin g g o o d s ..
P e n s , p e n c ils , office a n d a rt m a t e r ia ls ..
C o stu m e je w e lr y , b u tto n s , a n d n o t io n s .
O th er m a n u fa c tu r in g in d u s tr ie s ................
391.3
44.1
387.8
44.0
94.9
31.3
57.9
159.7
383.5
43.3
91.6
31.6
57.7
159.3
373.3
43.3
86.5
31.7
54.9
156.9
391.2
43.7
98.0
33.2
56.8
159.5
415.4
43.8
115.9
33.4
58.3
164.0
420.2
43.4
122.8
32.2
58.8
163.0
419.2
43.1
120.1
32.4
60.1
163.5
409.3
41.9
116.0
32.0
59.9
159.5
388.2
38.8
106.3
31.3
56.5
155.3
393.2
41.7
105.2
31.9
58.0
156.4
388.7
41.5
103.6
32.1
56.1
155.4
381.2
41.6
96.8
31.7
55.2
155.9
393.4
42.1
103.8
31.9
57.3
158.3
391.2
42.3
102.5
31.0
57.8
157.6
158.9
Nondurable goods
F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c ts ____________
M e a t p r o d u c t s ....................................................
D a ir y p r o d u c ts ....................... ............................
C a n n e d a n d p r e se r v e d fo o d s, e x c e p t
m e a ts .....................................................................
G r a in m ill p r o d u c ts ................ ..........................
B a k e r y p r o d u c ts________________________
S u gar____________________________________
C o n fe c tio n e r y a n d re la te d p r o d u c ts ____
B e v e r a g e s......... ......................................................
M isc e lla n e o u s food a n d k in d r e d p ro d
u c t s ___________________________________
1,647.2 1,639.6 1,644.8 1, 660.7 1,709.8 1,752.0 1,832.8 1,872.6 1,864.6 1,779. 5 1,732.0 1,679. 9 1,659.4 1,738.4 1,759.9
296.8 296.4 297.2 302.6 311.6 313.5 314.0 313.6 312.9 310.7 307.8 303.6 300.6 307.9 312.9
2ò8. 0 286.1 284.2 284.3 287.9 289.3 293.5 298.9 305.8 307.9 305.2 297.5 294.2 296.2 303.4
70.4
212.0
183.1
127.8
288.8
32.5
73.5
211.3
181.8
128.3
288.1
40.5
75.7
209.0
186.6
129.7
287.4
44.1
75.5
210.0
201.8
130.1
291.8
47.2
82.2
214.7
228.4
130.1
293.1
50.7
84.3
217.0
127.5
288.8
297.8
133.8
294.0
48.8
83.4
220.5
354.2
135.1
292.8
33.0
80.5
220.3
341.6
136.1
295.1
31.4
76.3
223.9
264.3
135.9
296.0
30.7
69.9
223.9
227.4
134.1
294.0
30.9
72.6
219.9
203.2
131.1
290.7
30.6
70.8
213.2
197.5
127.8
289.4
28.9
71.3
209.5
241.7
131.6
292.3
35.6
76.5
214.7
253.7
130.8
293.6
35.3
75.4
212.3
138.6
140.1
140.0
140.5
142.5
145.6
147.0
144.2
141.5
140.2
140.1
139.2
140.2
142.0
142.4
T o b a c c o m a n u fa c tu r e s ____________________
C ig a r e tte s ..............................................................
C ig a r s ............ ..........................................................
77.4
81.6
37.1
25.0
85.7
37.1
24.5
88.3
37.7
22.8
95.2
38.2
23.4
99.5
38.0
23.9
106.6
38.0
23.7
107.5
38.6
23.4
100.5
38.6
23.0
74.9
38.2
21.9
75.6
38.1
22.8
76.5
37.5
22.8
78.6
37.6
23.0
89.2
37. 9
23.1
91.0
37.5
23.9
T e x t ile m ill p r o d u c ts...........................................
C o tto n b ro a d w o v e n f a b r i c s ......................
S ilk a n d s y n t h e t ic b ro a d w o v e n fab rics .
W e a v in g a n d fin is h in g b ro a d w o o le n s ..
N a r r o w fab rics a n d sm a llw a r e s ..................
K n it t i n g ....... ..........................................................
F in is h in g t e x tile s , e x c e p t w o o l a n d k n i t .
F lo o r c o v e r in g __________________________
Y a r n a n d th r e a d .................................................
M isc e lla n e o u s te x tile g o o d s ......................
890.7
231.6
85.1
47.1
27.2
214.9
74.3
891.8
233.7
85.2
46.4
27.1
213.2
74.9
38.7
107.5
65.1
887.7
233.7
85.3
46.9
27.0
208.8
74.6
38.5
107.2
65.7
880.7
233.3
85.1
46.4
27.0
204.2
74.6
38.0
106.5
65.6
887.9
234.3
85.4
45.9
27.2
208.3
75.2
38.7
106.7
66.2
894.8 897.7 895.8
233.8 234.2 233.7
85.1
84.3
83.7
45.8
47.2
47.8
27.3
27.4
27.2
216. 5 219.7 219.6
74.4
74.3
75.0
38.7
38. 5 37.9
106.0 105. 5 105.5
66.1
66.6
66.5
896.5
234.0
84.1
49.0
27.0
219.5
74.3
37.8
105.7
65.1
884.0
232.4
82.5
49.5
26.1
216.4
73.6
37.0
101.9
64.6
895.1
233.0
83.6
50.4
27.2
218.3
74.5
37.1
104.9
66.1
887.6
232.5
82.6
50.2
26.9
215.3
74.1
37.1
103.6
65.3
886.9
233.0
82.1
50.7
26.8
213.3
74.5
37.7
103.1
65.7
889.5
233.6
83.3
48.9
27.0
214.6
74.4
37.9
104.2
65.7
902.6
240.4
81.7
51.8
27.6
219.4
74.9
37.4
103.3
66.3
S ee fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
107.4
. . 64.9
715
A.—EMPLOYMENT
Table A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry1—Continued
[in th o u s a n d s]
Revised series; see box, p. 720.
1964
1963
A nnual
a v er a g e
Industry
A pr.»
Mar.«
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
S e p t.
A ug.
J u ly
June
M ay
A pr.
1963
1962
Manu fac ta r in g — Con tinue d
Nondurable goods—C o n tin u e d
A pparel an d
M e n ’s a n d
M e n ’s a n d
W o m e n ’s ,
r e la te d p r o d u c ts .......... ...............
b o y s ’ s u its a n d c o a ts ...............
b o y s ’ fu r n is h in g s ___________
m is s e s ’, a n d ju n io r s ’ ou ter-
W o m e n ’s a n d c h ild r e n ’s und ergarm e n t s _________________________________
H a t s , c a p s, a n d m illin e r y ..............................
G irls’ a n d c h ild r e n ’s o u te r w e a r ________
F u r g o o d s a n d m is c e lla n e o u s a p p a r e l...
M isc e lla n e o u s fa b r ic a te d te x tile p rod u c t s ____________________________________
P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts _________ _______
P a p e r a n d p u lp ...................................................
P a p e r b o a r d ............................................. ...............
C o n v e r te d p a p e r a n d p a p e rb o a rd
p r o d u c t s .............. ..............................................
P a p e r b o a r d c o n ta in e r s a n d b o x e s ______
P r in t in g , p u b lis h in g , a n d a llie d in d u st r i e s . -------------- -------------------------------------N e w sp a p e r p u b lis h in g a n d p r in tin g ___
Pprindioel publishing and printing
B o o k s ___________________________________
C o m m e r c ia l p r in t in g ___________________
B o o k b in d in g a n d r e la te d in d u s tr ie s ____
O th er p u b lis h in g a n d p r in tin g in d u str ie s _____________________________ ______
1,291.8 1,326.3 1,321.9 1,281.5 1,297.9 1,310.1 1,329.6 1,329. 0 1,331.9 1,280. 0 1,289.2 1,288.2 1,280.2 1,297.7 1,266.7
108.8 114.9 114.8 114.4 115.2 113.2 113.5 116.1 116.6 113.9 118.8 117.9 116.3 116.3 117.2
331.4 331.7 328.8 323.0 326.7 330.1 333.6 335.5 340.2 330.2 334.1 330.3 326.8 329.4 319.0
390.0
411.1
411.2
391.0
391.8
392.0
399.8
400.6
404.5
384.9
380.2
388.4
390.5
392.4
381.7
119.1
80.0
120.0
35.2
80.2
73.1
119.2
35.7
83.4
71.8
117.8
32.6
80.0
67.7
121.6
31.3
78.2
71.9
125.6
30.3
78.7
76.1
124.9
33.1
80.0
78.4
122.9
33.1
79.6
77.3
120.8
34.7
81.3
75.6
113.4
32.6
81.2
72.7
116.0
30.7
82.3
73.0
116.1
29.5
79.6
71.4
116.4
31.2
75.4
71.0
118.7
32.6
79.7
73.0
116.5
32.8
78.4
73.9
____
160.2
160.1
157.0
155.0
161.2
164.1
166.3
163.9
158.2
151.1
154.1
155.0
152.6
155.7
147.2
622.3
213.6
67.5
620.9
212.7
68.3
619.0
212.7
68.2
620.1
213.4
68.3
625.7
215.5
68.2
626.4
215.3
68.2
626.3
215.5
67.9
629.0
216.9
68.0
629.3
219.6
68.3
620.6
217.2
67.9
624.1
217.8
67.9
615.8
213.6
67.7
614.5
212.9
66.8
620.7
215.2
67.8
614.5
217.3
65.8
151.3
189.9
150.5
189.4
149.6
188.5
149.7
188.7
150.8
191.2
150.1
192.8
150.3
192.6
151.9
192.2
150.8
190.6
147.6
187.9
147.9
190.5
146.7
187.8
147.5
187.3
148.4
189.3
144.5
186.9
943.1
327.0
942.1
325.8
70.7
78.2
303.5
49.7
937.9
324.3
71.1
77.9
301.0
49.2
936.4
324.0
70.9
76.8
302.6
48.0
946.4
327.8
71.1
76.3
304.6
50.2
940.8
325.1
70.7
75.2
303.6
49.7
941.7
326.4
70.6
75.6
302.7
50.4
937.8
325.4
70.0
76.2
299.9
50.9
935.1
325.8
69.1
76.2
297.2
51.7
930.5
325.9
68.3
74.1
296.2
51.5
932.8
325.9
68.8
74.4
297.7
51.6
927.9
323.4
69.9
74.1
296.8
50.4
925.3
321.3
70.3
73.7
296.5
50.1
927.9
319.5
70.2
74.5
298.8
50.4
924.9
324.1
70.3
72. 5
296.0
49.1
304.1
50.1
113.8
114.2
114.4
114.1
116.4
116.3
116.0
115.4
115.1
114.5
114.4
113.3
113.4
114.6
113.0
C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts ........................
I n d u s tr ia l c h e m ic a ls ____________________
P la s t ic s a n d s y n t h e t ic s , e x c e p t g la ss___
D r u g s ...... ................................ ................................
S o a p , c lea n ers, a n d t o ile t g o o d s ________
P a in t s , v a r n is h e s , a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ..
A g r ic u ltu r a l c h e m ic a ls __________________
O th er c h e m ic a l p r o d u c ts ...............................
883.3
287.7
176.5
117.1
99.4
65.1
59.8
77.7
874.9
285.2
174.6
117.0
98.5
64.6
56.2
78.8
866.4
284.8
173.6
116.5
97.8
64.0
51.5
78.2
864.5
284.9
173.7
117.5
96.8
63.6
49.5
78.5
866.5
284.8
173.5
117.6
99.2
64.0
47.9
79.5
866.6
285.1
172.9
117.4
99.8
64.3
46.9
80.2
870.0
284.7
172.8
117.1
101.7
64.5
48.6
80.6
871.8
286.8
172.6
117.1
101.1
65.0
47.8
81.4
875.9
289.4
172.9
118.3
101.6
66.1
46.0
81.6
872.3
288.4
172.6
117.6
99.5
66.1
46.0
82.1
870.2
287.6
170.9
116.8
99.2
65.3
48.9
81.5
869.4
285.2
168.7
115.4
97.7
64.1
56.8
81.5
870.1
284.6
166.0
115.1
98.3
63.6
61.3
81.2
865.6
285.4
169.7
116.2
99.3
64.2
50.0
80.9
846.0
283.4
161.2
111.3
96.9
62.9
48.3
81.9
P e tr o le u m re fin in g a n d r e la te d in d u s tr ie s .
183.5
150.6
32.9
183.2
151.0
32.2
183.4
151.3
32.1
183.7 184.5 186.8
152. E 152. C 152.4
31.4
32.5
34.4
188.8
153.0
35.8
191.0
154.6
36.4
193.1
155.8
37.3
191.1
154.4
36.7
190.4
153.9
36.5
188.9
153.4
35.5
187.0
153.6
33.4
188.1
153.6
34.5
195. 0
160.5
34.5
R u b b e r a n d m is c e lla n e o u s p la s tic p rod u c t s ________________ ___________________
T ir e s a n d in n e r t u b e s ___________________
O th er r u b b e r p r o d u c ts ________ ________ _
M isc e lla n e o u s p la s t ic p r o d u c ts ...................
414. C 411.9
96.3
96.9
161.7 160.7
155.4 154.9
409.8
95.9
161.1
152.8
408.2
95.4
160.8
152.0
411.6
91.9
162.3
157.4
409.4
91.6
161.5
156.3
405. C 400.5 412.4
91.3
96. C 98.7
159.8 155.7 162.1
153.9 148.8 151.6
410.4
98.4
161.1
150.9
408.1
98.3
160.6
149.2
408.8
96.0
161.2
151.6
405. 8
99.2
160.5
146.0
L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p r o d u c t s ______ ______
L e a th e r t a n n in g a n d fin is h in g __________
F o o tw e a r , e x c e p t r u b b e r _______________
O th er le a th e r p r o d u c t s . . . ..............................
342.5
31.5
231.8
79.2
348.9
31.3
236.9
80.7
349.5
31.4
238.3
79.8
345.1 349.7
30. E 31.7
237. C 236.2
77.8
81.8
350.3
31.7
233.6
85.0
350.8
31.5
231.7
87.6
352.7
31.3
234.2
87.2
357.9 350.6
31.5
30.7
239. C 236.2
87.4
83.7
350.7
31.5
235.7
83.5
342.6
30.9
232.3
79.4
342.0
30.6
232.1
79.3
350.3
31.3
235.6
83.5
360.3
31.9
241.2
87.2
Transportation and public utilities_______
3,911
3,885
753.9
660.5
274.5
80.3
115.2
40.7
886.4
215. i
195.6
19.4
292.2
833.8
691.6
32.9
105.0
609.0
245.7
153.5
170.6
39.2
3,879
752.9
659.4
282.8
86.8
117.4
40.8
888.0
214.2
194.7
19.4
283.0
830.4
688.4
32.9
104.8
608.3
245.5
153.5
170.5
38.8
3,876
755. C
662.4
283.8
87.0
117.3
42.1
885.3
214.6
194.4
19.4
282.5
826.9
685.1
32.8
104.7
608.9
245. £
153.2
170.9
38.9
3,944
770.5
675. £
278.9
87.5
114.5
41.2
924.6
212. £
192.4
19.6
300.9
825.8
684.7
33.0
103.8
611.1
246.1
154.4
171.9
38.7
3,968
776.2
681.4
277.9
87.8
113.1
41.8
935.7
212. C
191.8
19.7
302.2
832.5
690.8
33.3
104.1
611.3
246.2
154.3
172.1
38.7
3,982
780.2
685.8
276.2
87.8
112.2
43.1
934.2
211.5
191.6
20.1
306.4
835.0
693.2
33.6
103.9
617.9
248.8
155. £
174.2
39.0
3,976
791.2
696.9
258.3
86.8
111.1
43.6
921.1
212.4
191.9
20.4
305.6
840.0
698.8
33.6
103.3
626.5
251.7
158.4
176.6
39.8
3,954
788.9
694.7
268.9
87.7
111.7
42. 7
912.3
210.7
189.5
20.4
302.4
831.5
691.8
34.1
101.3
619.1
249.2
156. S
173.8
39.2
3,897
779.7
684.5
274.4
88.1
112.7
41.6
877.3
209.4
187.8
19.9
305.6
824.4
685.8
34.7
99.6
606.7
243.8
153.5
171.0
38.4
3,859
768.9
674. 4
273.2
87.3
113.9
40.5
868.3
208.4
186.7
20.0
294.0
823.7
684. 5
35.0
99.9
602.8
240.9
153.1
170.8
38.0
3,913
774.4
679.6
273.1
87.6
114.1
41. 7
898.0
210.5
189.7
20.0
296.0
828.5
688.5
34.2
101.5
612.3
246.5
154.8
172.5
38.4
3,903
797.1
700.2
271.1
90.5
113.2
41.4
879.9
200.5
179.5
21.3
297.1
824.7
687.7
37.0
95.8
611.1
246.5
155.1
172.7
36.7
Petroleum refining___ ______ ______
O th er p e tr o le u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c ts ____
R a ilr o a d tr a n s p o r ta tio n ___________________
C la ss I r a ilr o a d s________________________
L o ca l a n d in te r u r b a n p a ss e n g e r tr a n s it
L o ca l a n d su b u r b a n tr a n sp o r ta tio n
T a x ic a b s ________________________________
I n te r c ity a n d ru ral b u s lin e s ____________
M o to r freig h t tr a n s p o r ta tio n a n d sto r a g e .
A ir tr a n s p o r ta tio n _______ _________ _______
A ir tr a n s p o r ta tio n , c o m m o n carriers___
P ip e lin e tr a n s p o r ta tio n ___________________
O th er tr a n s p o r ta tio n ______________ _____ _
C o m m u n ic a tio n _____ ________ ____________
T e le p h o n e c o m m u n ic a tio n _____________
T e le g r a p h c o m m u n ic a tio n _____________
R a d io a n d te le v is io n b r o a d c a s tin g _____
E le c tr ic , gas, a n d s a n ita r y s e r v ic e s _______
E le c tr ic c o m p a n ie s a n d s y s t e m s ................
G as c o m p a n ie s a n d s y s t e m s ____________
C o m b in e d u t ili t y s y s t e m s ______________
W a te r , s te a m , a n d s a n ita r y s y s t e m s ___
S e e fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
410.2 413.1
95.3
94.5
162. C 162. £
152.9 155.7
3,931
773.4
672.3
281.5
87.2
117.0
41.6
913.2
213.8
193.5
19.5
293.1
826.8
685.3
33.2
104.0
609.9
246. C
154. C
171.4
38.5
3,975
789.8
695. C
258.4
87.0
111.4
43.7
920.1
211.8
191.3
20.5
305.7
842.4
701.4
34.0
102.7
625.9
251.5
158. E
176.3
39.8
716
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
T able
A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 720.
[In th o u s a n d s]
1964
1963
Annual
average
Industry
Apr.2 Mar.1 Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
1963
1962
Wholesale and retail trade..... ............. ........ 11,974 11,921 11,837 11,917 12,774 12,166 12,014 11,942 11,878 11,832 11,848 11,720 11,740 11,865 11,582
Wholesale trade-------------------------------- 3,187 3,186 3,187 3,201 3,238 3,208 3,208 3,199 3,196 3,168 3,132 3,085 3,075 3,143 3,061
Motor vehicles and automotive equipm0ri t
237.6 237.4 237.4 238.8 238.3 237.3 236.7 237.3 237.5 236.7 234.1 232.6 235.2 228.2
191.9 191.4 192.6 192.8 192. 7 192.1 191. 7 192.1 190.7 190.2 188.5 189. 1 190. 5 187.0
Drags chemicals, and allied products..
134.7 134.2 132.9 134.7 135.3 134.6 134.0 134.9 134.8 134.1 131.9 131.7 133.5 131.5
Dry goods and apparel----------- --------- ___
_____
496.6 497.0 500.9 506. 6 501.0 512.7 514.6 512. 5 508.5 497. 1 475.6 472.4 494.2 487.1
Groceries and related products---------233.0 231.7 232.3 231.7 230.2 231.0 231.1 232.0 231.0 228.6 227.4 226.4 228.5 218.1
Electrical goods
______________ __
Hardware,” plumbing and heating
146.4 146.0 145.7 146.5 146.1 146.5 146. 5 147.2 147.3 145.8 144.1 144. 1 145. 1 142.3
goods
_______________________
564.1 563.9 561.0 559.9 557.9 554.5 550.9 550.1 547.2 538.9 533.5 532.1 541.7 611.8
Machinery, equipment, and supplies... ___
8,787 8,735 8,650 8, 716 9, 536 8,958 8,806 8,743 8,682 8,664 8, 716 8, 635 8,665 8,722 8,521
Retail trade........ ...... ......................
1,584. 8 1,639. 7 2,176.1 1,805.8 1, 694. 3 1. 652. 1 1,602.0 1, 583. 8 1, 605. 4 1,590.2 1,617. 5 1, 664.0 1,627.0
1,622.3
General march andisc stores__________
955.4 930.9 975.4 1,319.6 1,070. 9 992.3 961.9 932.0 923.2 940.0 932.0 949.4 979.8 959.6
Department stores----------------------- ___
312.2
302.6 304.8 412.4 341.9 329.7 325.4 309.9 306.0 311.2 312.0 328.1 324. 6 325.3
Limited price variety stores_______
1,433.7 1,434.9 1,436. 0 1,460.3 1,431.8 1,425.1 1,414.1 1,400.2 1,403. 8 1, 402. 8 1,395.2 1,401.3 1, 409.1 1.371.4
___
1,261.5
1.263.4
1,268.1 1,279.0 1,260.0 1,255.0 1,243.4 1,229. 7 1,233. 3 1.230. 5 1,222. 7 1,221. 7 1,236.2 1,202.9
Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores.
627.0 592.6 612.3 744. 8 639. 9 620.9 614. 5 589.4 583. 6 610. 7 608.5 665. 7 620. 4 617.2
Apparel and accessories stores ___
101.2 102.0 109.0 133.8 104.7
99.9
99.3
97.6 101.8
97.5 100.7 102.5 100.5
97.0
Men’s and bovs’ apparel stores.......... ___
235. 2 222.7 228.1 274.7 240. 7 233. 5 229. 7 223. 1 218.3 228.2 229.3 238. 6 231.4 229.3
Women’s ready-to-wear stores............ ___
91.4
90.7
87.5
92.9
97.5
93. 1 91.8
86.8
91.2
90.0
93.7
96.1
97.4 122.0
Family clothing stores........... ............ ___
126.0 112.3 112. 7 136.5 125.1 123.3 126.1 119.6 118. 5 122.6 124. 1 156.4 124.5 120.9
Shoe stores
________________
___
395.6
392.4
396.0
390.3 389.7 387.2 387.5 392.9 389.5
397.1 409. 5 400.9 397.4 393.6
Furniture and appliance stores---------1,771.8 1,756.9 1.741.1 1, 758.0 1, 763. 9 1, 773. 6 1, 781. 3 1,801.5 1,809. 9 1,817.9 1,789.2 1, 743. 9 1, 762. 1 1, 722.8
Eating and drinking places....................
2,884. 5 2,884.8 2,890.1 2, 987. 3 2, 916.0 2,894.7 2,887. 2 2, 896.4 2,892. 8 2,889. 6 2,864. 2 2,849. 2 2,873. 5 2,792. 5
691.5 691.8 690.4 ' 686. 6 682. 7 680.3 678.3 680.0 679. 4 676.8 671.8 669.6 675.1 642.0
164.1 162.9 163.3 176.4 170.3 165.8 166.3 168.7 168.3 167.9 163.4 161.7 164.5 152.7
Other vehicle aod accessory dealers
384.0 383.8 384.2 400.1 387.3 381.0 380.9 379.3 379.2 377.0 377.4 378.1 380.6 374.3
______ ___________
Drag stores
2,913
2,895 2,885 2,875 2,889 2,878 2,884 2,887 2,919 2,916 2,885 2,858 2,842 2,866 2,798
Finance, insurance, and real estate--------750.7 748.9 746.5 746.2 744.7 743. 6 743.6 752.1 749.7 739.3 730.8 730.6 738.4 714.0
Banking
_ ___________________
299.8
299.6 299. 4 298.0 296.7 295.6 294.2 295.4 295. 6 291.6 289.3 288.0 291.8 279.4
Credit agencies other than banks_
89.4
85.4
90.5
90.6
88.9
88.3
89.1
89.3
87.0
85.1
81.0
91.5
87.1
89.7
Savings and loan associations......... .
157.4 156.7 156.9 155.9 155.5 155.1 155.3 155.5 154. 9 154.4 153.8 154.6 150.8
157.7
Personal credit institutions________
124.7 124.4 123.4 123.9 123.8 123.6 123.4 125.3 125.7 124.3 123.5 123.0 123.8 131.8
Security dealers and exchanges______
876.2 873.2 869. 9 872.0 870.8 868.6 869.8 878.4 874.2 865.3 861.6 860.0 866. 4 851.4
467.4 466.6 465.6 466.8 465. 3 464.7 465. 1 468.5 466.0 461.2 460.0 459.0 462. 7 454.1
Life insurance __________ _______
52.9
51.9
51.4
51.9
52.6
52.6
51.4
51.8
51.1
53.3
52.1
52.0
52.6
52.2
Accident and health insurance_
313.7 311.8 310.1 311.2 311. 5 310.2 311. 1 314.9 313.5 310.8 309.3 308.8 310.5 305.7
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance.
222.5 221.6 221.2 220.2 220.0 219.3 219.6 222.4 221.3 219.2 217.4 216. 6 218.6 211.9
Insurance agents, brokers, and services.
545.4 541.8 539.6 544.1 546.4 557.1 559.0 568.4 571.3 569.2 559.5 548.2 551.1 532.9
Real estate
_________________
49.8
58.4
55.2
50.7
56.4
55.9
57.3
53.5
48.1
53.8
57.9
53.0
49.8
51.3
Operative builders................ - ........... _____
Other finance, insurance, and real
75.2
76.4
75.4
76.9
77.8
76.1
76.1
75.7
75.8
76. 1 77.0
76.7
75.0
76.0
Services and miscellaneous-------------------- 8,543 8,414 8,362 8,313 8,379 8,406 8,472 8,436 8,457 8,474 8,423 8,294 8,199 8,297 7,949
609.8 605.7 590.8 593.1 603.2 639.8 672.6 766.1 706.3 692.7 626.0 600.2 641.9 596.5
Hotels and lodging places.......... ...........
568.4 565.0 550.3 549.8 559.2 592.8 615.6 659.9 662.0 633.8 575.7 554.7 585.3 539.9
Hotels tourist courts, and motels__
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing
507.8 507.9 508.2 507.9 511.6 513.5 512.1 513.8 517.7 519.9 513.6 511.1 510.5 516.2
plants
___________ _________
Miscellaneous business services:
109.1 108.7 108.2 109.0 110.0 109. 7 108.6 108.9 108.9 107.6 108.1 107.7 108.5 107.9
Advertising
______________
159 3 156.7 157.3 165.8 166.4 172.2 176.6 184.2 181.1 177.6 171.2 170.2 170.9 176.3
Motion pictures
______________
Motion picture filming and distrib36.4
32.9
36.4
37.2
38.2
34.3
39.4
35.6
36.4
39.6
33.0
36.6
38.6
40.0
uting
_____________________
122.9 121.1 120.9 125.8 127.8 132.6 139.4 146.0 144.7 143.3 138.2 137.3 134.3 136.9
Motion picture theaters and services.
Medical services:
1,333.3 1,328.7 1,323.1 1,318.6 1,320.0 1,316. 7 1,310.8 1,312.0 1,312.6 1,302. 9 1,290. 7 1,289.0 1.300. 8 1,246. 7
Hospitals _ ___________________
Government________ ____ _______ 9,860 9,840 9,808 9,751 9,926 9,787 9,751 9,547 9,139 9,170 9,506 9,546 9,542 9,535 9,188
Federal Government5--------------------- 2,331 2,323 2,321 2,323 2,482 2,342 2,343 2, 342 2,367 2, 375 2,365 2,340 2,344 2,358 2,340
2,293.1 2,290.9 2,293.1 2,451. 8 2,312.6 2,313.5 2,312. 4 2,337.0 2,344. 5 2,331. 4 2,311.0 2,314. 7 2, 328.0 2, 310. 6
Executive____ .. . ----- ------ ------936.8 937.3 938.1 939.7 940.1 941. 5 943.0 951.3 953.9 951.5 949.9 951.9 949.2 963.3
Department of Defense_________
585.9 585.6 588.2 738.0 593.3 588.5 586.3 588.7 588.7 585. 7 582.8 583.3 598.4 597.2
Post Office Department_________
770.4 768.0 766.8 774.1 779.2 783.5 783.1 797.0 801 .9 797.2 778.3 779.5 780.4 750.2
Other agencies________________
2 4 .5
2 4 .4
2 3 .8
24.1
24 .1
2 4 .3
2 4 .6
2 3 .7
2 3 .7
24 .3
2 4 .1
2 4 .2
24 .1
Legislative ____________________
24.1
5 .6
5 .6
5 .5
5 .7
5 .7
5 .7
5 .7
5 .7
5 .7
5 .7
5 .7
5 .7
5 .7
5 .7
Judicial ____ ______ - _________
State and local government4------------- 7,529 7,517 7,487 7,428 7,444 7,445 7,408 7,205 6, 772 6,795 7.141 7,206 7,198 7,177 6,849
1,893. 0 1 ,8 8 4 .9 1,868. 9 1 ,8 6 6 .5 1,868. 6 1 ,8 5 8 .1 1 ,8 0 1 .6 1 ,7 4 4 .8 1,751. 7 1,790. 7 1,808. 7 1 ,8 0 5 .0 1 ,8 0 7 .2 1, 726.4
State government________________
528.3
634.8
631.9
678.4
663.9
591.1
521.3
588.0
61 5 .7
567.7
681.4
667.8
670.1
State education__________ __ _ _
684.6
1 .2 0 8 .4 1,203. 5 1 ,1 9 8 .8 1,198. 7 1 ,1 9 0 .2 1 ,1 9 4 .2 1 ,2 1 0 .5 1 ,2 2 3 .5 1 ,2 2 3 .4 1,202. 7 1 ,1 7 3 .9 1 ,1 7 3 .1 1 ,1 9 1 .4 1 ,1 5 8 .8
Other State government_________
5 ,624.1 5 .6 0 2 .4 5 ,5 5 9 .4 5, 577.7 5 .5 7 6 .2 5,549. 4 5, 403. 4 5,026. 7 5,043. 3 5,349. 9 5, 397.3 5 ,3 9 3 .2 5, 369. 5 5 ,1 2 2 .1
L ocal government.
__________
3 ,2 6 5 .7 3 .2 4 8 .4 3,210. 3 3 ,2 2 8 .1 3 ,2 2 5 .9 3 ,1 9 7 .3 3 ,0 2 3 .4 2,590. 7 2 ,6 0 1 .1 2,961. 7 3 ,0 7 6 .3 3 ,0 8 7 .4 3,020. 6 2 ,8 3 2 .3
L oca l education________________
2 .3 5 8 .4 2 ,3 5 4 .0 2 ,3 4 9 .1 2,349. 6 2 .3 5 0 .3 2 ,3 5 2 .1 2 ,3 8 0 .0 2 ,4 3 6 .0 2,442. 2 2 ,3 8 8 .2 2 ,3 2 1 .0 2,305. 8 2,348. 9 2 ,2 8 9 .8
Other local government-------------i B e g in n in g w it h t h e O c to b e r 1963 is s u e , figu res d iffer from th o se p r e v io u s ly
p u b lis h e d . T h e in d u s tr y series h a v e b e e n a d ju s te d t o M a r ch 1962 b e n c h
m a r k s (c o m p r e h e n s iv e c o u n ts o f e m p lo y m e n t ) . F o r c o m p a r a b le b a c k d a ta ,
see E m p l o y m e n t a n d E a r n i n g s S t a li s ti c s f o r th e U n it e d S t a te s , 1 9 0 9 -6 2 (B L S
B u lle t in 1312-1). S ta tis tic s from A p r il 1962 forw ard a re su b je c t to fu rth er
r e v is io n w h e n n e w b e n c h m a r k s b e c o m e a v a ila b le .
T h e s e series are b a se d u p o n e s ta b lis h m e n t re p o r ts w h ic h co v e r a ll fu lla n d p a r t-tim e e m p lo y e e s in n o n a g r ic u ltu r a l e s ta b lis h m e n ts w h o w o rk ed
d u r in g , or r e c e iv e d p a y for, a n y p a r t o f th e p a y p erio d e n d in g n ea re st th e 15th
o f th e m o n t h . T h ere fore, p erso n s w h o w o r k e d in m o r e th a n 1 e s ta b lis h m e n t
d u r in g th e r e p o r tin g p erio d a re c o u n te d m o r e t h a n o n ce. P r o p r ieto rs, selfe m p lo y e d p e r so n s, u n p a id fa m ily w o rk ers, a n d d o m e s tic s e r v a n ts are
e x c lu d e d .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 P r e lim in a r y .
s D a ta r e la te t o c iv ilia n e m p lo y e e s w h o w o r k e d o n , or r e c e iv e d p a y for,
t h e la s t d a y o f th e m o n th .
* S ta te a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t d a ta e x c lu d e , a s n o m in a l e m p lo y e e s e le c te d
o fficia ls o f s m a ll lo c a l u n it s a n d p a id v o lu n te e r fir em en .
S ource: U .S . D e p a r tm e n t o L a b o r, B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s for all
series e x c e p t th o se for th e F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t, w h ic h is p r e p a r e d b y th e
U .S . C iv il S e r v ic e C o m m is sio n , a n d t h a t for C la ss I ra ilro a d s, w h ic h is
p rep a re d b y th e U .S . I n te r s ta te C o m m erce C o m m is sio n .
A.—EMPLOYMENT
717
T able A -3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry1
[inthousands]
______________
Revised series; see box, p. 720.
1964
1963
Annual
average
Industry
Feb.
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
49
6 9 .,
23.
22.
49
69.
23.
22.
S e p t.
Mining_______
Metal mining.
Iron ores___
Copper ores.
23.
Coal mining__
Bituminous.
113.
103.
118.
108.
119.
109.
120.
110.
120.
109.
119.
110.1
1 1 8 .'
109.8
Crude petroleum and natural gas............
Crude petroleum and natural gas fields!!
Oil and gas field services____________
201.
110.
201.
92.
109.
205.
92.
112.8
209.1
92.7
116.4
206.8
93.8
113.5
204.2
93.8
110. S
88.
85.
85.8
94.8
101.7
104.8
474
69.
22 .
91.
Quarrying and nonmetallic mining_____
Contract construction__________________
General building contractors.............!” ’!
Heavy construction......... .................. ........
Highway and street construction.” !!."
Other heavy construction_________
Special trade contractors............... .
Manufacturing______
Durable goods.......
Nondurable goods.
47
68.
22.
23.
47
68. )
22.
23.
49,
68.
22.
23.
50
7 0 .,
23. i
22.
A ug.
50
70.
24.
22.
J u ly
June
M ay
A pr.
1963
1962
50
70.
24.
22.8
51
69.
23.
22.
119.
109.
111.8
101.8
122.8
11 2 .'
124.
114.
125.
116.1
12 2 .,
112.
133.4
1 2 3 .0
209.4
95.8
114.1
2 1 1 .'
97.
113. £
215.
e
98.5
117.1
214.8
98.:
116.
210.4
95.8
114.6
205.2
95. S
109.3
208.4
95.5
112. £
2 1 4 .0
9 9 .7
114 .3
105.6
106.7
107.3
105.
102.7
97.7
98.7
9 8 .6
50
68. £
22.
22. £
49
6 7 .,
2 0 .,
23.4
49 7
68.
22.
22.
514
67 .9
2 1 .3
23 .4
2,300 2,228
2,176
2,470
2,722
2,879
2,921
2,977
2,906
2,777
2,600
2,398
2 ,5 7
2,468
b«S4. ¿j 671.2 756.5 840.0 879.4
706.
895. (
923. Í
9Ó2. (
855.8
787.7
735.4
790.3
754.9
396.
380.3
363.5
457.5
554. (
645. (
626.8
656. ‘
639.8
61 3 J
558.6
474.0
526.7
51
5 .3
183.
170.3
159.4
223.3
296.4
353.4
365.5
370. < 359 .3
345.4
243.5
309 .8
280.1
267 .7
213.
210. 0 204.1
234.2
257.6
273.4
279.5
285.5
2 8 0 .0
267.7
230.5
248.8
246. 6 247.6
, 196. 1 ,1 6 3 .2 1 ,1 4 1 .1 1 ,2 5 6 .4 1 ,3 2 8 .4 1 ,3 7 2 .3 1 ,3 8 1 .3 1 ,3 9 7 .0 1 ,3 6 4 .6 1 ,3 0 8 .6 1 ,2 5 3 .5 1 ,1 8 8 .5 1, 261.0 1 ,1 9 7 .5
12,612 12,588 12,518 12,472 12,665 12,756 12,895 12,923 12,705 12,571 12,652 12,526 12,426 12,585
12,494
7,184 7,131 7,075 7,064 7,155 7,1 8 0 7,204 7,193 6,9 9 5 7,056 7,138 7,0 8 3 7, 0Ï0 7,0 5 9 6,946
5,428 5,457 5,443 5,4 0 8 5,5 1 0 5,576 5,691 5, 730 5 ,7 1 0 5, 515 5,514 5 ,4 4 3 5,4 1 6
5,5 2 6
5 , 548
Durable, goods
Ordnance and accessories____________
Ammunition, except for small arms!!!
Sighting and fire control equipment__
Other ordnance and accessories____ !!
Lumber and wood products, except fur
niture.
Logging camps and logging contractors.
Sawmills and planing mills___
Millwork, plywood, and related prod"
ucts___ ________________________
Wooden containers___________ !!!
Miscellaneous wood products...!.!!!!!
110.3
64.0
38.2
510.9
111.9
65.3
8.6
38.0
113.9
6 9 .3
9 .4
3 9 .4
119.0
69.6
9 .6
3 9 .8
119.4
6 9 .3
9 .7
4 0 .4
120.0
9. 0
3 8 .3
66.6
118.1
6 9 .5
9 .9
4 0 .6
119.3
69. C
118.2
67 .6
1 0 .7
3 9 .9
118.4
6 7 .0
4 0 .2
118 .0
67.8
1 0 .5
3 9 .7
4 0 .0
10.1
11.4
119.1
6 7 .9
1 1 .3
3 9 .9
11 9 .7
3 9 .9
117.5
6 5 .7
12 .4
3 9 .4
118.1
6 6 .4
11.8
68.2
13 .5
3 8 .0
66 .
503.3
63.9
224.1
222.6
504.3
69. 5
220. 9
5 0 2 .3
71.1
217.2
521.7
76.9
226 .7
534.2
8 1 .2
232 .7
542 .7
8 4 .3
235.6
551 .0
87 .5
239.3
547.1
85.1
2 4 1 .0
527.5
78 .0
234.4
522.9
7 3 .3
233 .4
53 2 .9
77 .3
235 .3
511 .0
68 .9
227 .0
5 2 4 .0
76.4
231 .0
626.2
78.2
2 3 3 .0
131.6
31.2
57.2
130.0
30.6
56.2
128.9
3 0 .2
54 .8
129 .3
3 0 .3
5 4 .4
131.2
31 .4
1 3 3 .0
3 1 .2
56.1
134 .3
3 1 .8
5 6 .7
135.1
3 2 .4
5 6 .7
131 .6
126.9
5 4 .9
126 .7
3 3 .4
56.1
132 .0
32 .8
56 .1
12 8 .7
3 1 .9
5 4 .5
129.5
3 2 .0
5 5 .2
128.6
3 3 .0
53 .5
Furniture and fixtures...............................
Household furniture_______
Office furniture___________ I!!!!!.!!!
Partitions; office and store fixtures!
Other furniture and fixtures_____ !!!!!
327.5
249.5
327.8
249.9
20.4
26.4
31.1
325 .0
24 7 .9
323 .8
245.5
332.0
249.8
2 8 .3
3 2 .3
3 3 1 .0
245 .7
2 1 .7
31.1
3 2 .5
321 .3
238 .9
20 .5
3 0 .4
31 .5
322.5
240 .0
2 1 .3
2 9 .3
3 1 .9
3 1 7 .3
23 7 .4
2 0 .9
2 8 .4
3 0 .6
317 .8
238 .7
26.1
31 .4
333 .7
250.1
2 1 .9
2 9 .6
32.1
333.3
26 .2
3 0 .7
329.4
249.1
2 1 .3
2 6 .8
32 .2
2 8 .0
2 9 .9
324.3
242.4
2 1 .5
2 9 .2
3 1 .3
319 .7
2 3 5 .7
2 2 .3
3 0 .5
3 1 .3
Stone, clay, and glass products_____
Flat glass_________________________
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown!"
Cement, hydraulic............... ......
Structural clay products...............
Pottery and telated products__
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster prod-"
ucts.................................................
Other stone and mineral products!!
490.4
480.0
24.8
99.3
29.5
55.3
37.9
470.6
2 5 .5
97. 5
2 8 .4
466.7
2 5 .9
9 4 .3
28 .6
5 3 .6
3 7 .6
485.9
26 .2
9 7 .7
2 9 .9
5 6 .9
3 7 .9
500 .9
26 .5
98 .5
3 1 .7
5 8 .3
3 8 .7
504.1
2 5 .9
98 .4
32 .5
5 8 .4
3 8 .3
51 0 .3
2 5 .6
100.5
3 3 .7
5 9 .8
38.1
508.1
24 .5
482.4
24 .2
9 6 .9
3 1 .8
5 7 .4
3 7 .2
489.5
2 4 .9
9 7 .7
3 1 .7
57 .9
3 7 .3
479.1
25 .2
93 .2
32.1
5 8 .3
37 .2
133.7
91.4
124.8
91.0
121.6
90 .3
120.5
8 9 .6
130 .0
9 0 .6
139.2
9 0 .9
142.8
90 .5
976.7
495.9
179.5
54.3
966.4
486.6
178.2
54.1
958.3
480 .2
177.2
5 3 .8
944 .7
469.8
175.1
5 3 .8
94 0 .7
466.6
173.4
5 3 .8
928 .3
458.9
171 .3
5 3 .9
140.5
60.2
140.5
60.5
140.4
6 0 .4
1 4 0 .0
6 0 .0
140.8
5 9 .8
139.2
59.1
Primary metal industries......................... .
Blast furnace and basic steel products
Iron and steel foundries_________
Nonferrous smelting and refining ".
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and" ex
truding...................................
Nonferrous foundries...................!!!!!!!
Miscellaneous primary metal indus
tries............. .................
32.0
100.7
30.3
57.0
20.2
53.3
37.1
20.8
55.5
21.6
248.1
21.8
3 0 .9
32 .5
33.3
516 .3
2 5 .2
33.3
512.1
2 4 .5
55.5
21.2
101.2
100.6
100.1
3 4 .4
6 1 .4
37 .8
3 4 .4
60 .9
37.1
3 4 .0
6 0 .7
3 6 .9
496.7
2 4 .3
9 8 .0
3 2 .7
5 9 .6
37.1
145 .0
9 0 .8
147.8
9 1 .8
147.6
9 1 .2
145.6
9 0 .5
139.8
8 9 .3
131.1
88.0
134.5
8 9 .2
128.9
929.1
461.9
169.8
5 3 .8
942.0
472.2
171.4
54 .2
945 .6
482.6
1 6 6 .0
5 4 .2
9 7 0 .0
5 0 5 .0
168.3
5 4 .3
984.4
513 .0
17 0 .4
5 4 .0
969 .6
503.1
168 .6
5 2 .8
952 .6
48 8 .7
167 .4
52 .2
942.1
476.2
1 6 8 .3
53 .1
935.8
475.5
163.7
5 2 .6
139 .0
58 .8
138.9
5 9 .2
139.5
5 8 .4
138.7
58 .8
141 .8
5 9 .3
1 4 0 .0
5 9 .2
138.8
5 9 .3
139. 3
5 9 .2
139.1
58.1
88.8
46.3
46.5
4 6 .3
4 6 .0
4 6 .3
4 5 .9
4 5 .8
46.1
4 4 .9
44 .9
4 5 .9
4 5 .9
4 6 .2
4 6 .0
4 6 .7
Fabricated metal products..................
903.8
Metal cans___________________ !.!!!
52.9
Cutlery, handtools, and general hard
ware.........................................
109.8
Heating equipment and plumbing fix-"
tures....... ............ ...... ......................... .
59.9
Fabricated structural metal products " 239.6
Screw machine products, bolts, etc..
69.7
Metal stampings..................................
165.0
Coating, engraving, and allied services!!
61.5
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products.
48.7
Miscellaneous fabricatedmetalproducts.
96.7
See footnotes at end of table;
897.5
52.4
891.9
51 .4
890 .8
5 0 .0
9 0 4 .0
5 0 .4
907.4
5 1 .3
912.6
5 1 .6
9 0 9 .0
5 3 .8
889.2
5 5 .3
878 .7
5 4 .7
893 .9
5 4 .4
8 8 0 .0
5 2 .8
867.6
5 1 .8
884.1
5 1 .8
863.8
5 1 .2
110.4
110.4
111.5
111.9
111.1
109.6
108.1
103 .2
10 1 .4
106 .4
105 .6
105.9
106.9
106 .2
59.1
235.5
69.9
164.9
60.8
48.1
96.4
59.1
5 9 .0
233 .0
6 9 .4
166 .0
5 9 .6
4 7 .6
9 4 .7
5 9 .5
239 .7
6 9 .8
16 8 .3
6 0 .8
4 7 .8
9 5 .8
5 9 .6
244.6
69 .4
168 .3
6 1 .4
47.1
9 4 .6
5 9 .9
249.1
6 9 .7
167.7
61 .8
47 .8
9 5 .4
60.1
253.5
70.1
161 .0
6 0 .6
4 6 .9
9 4 .9
5 9 .5
252 .7
6 9 .6
150.1
5 8 .5
4 6 .3
9 4 .0
5 8 .3
24 7 .7
6 8 .7
15 1 .3
5 7 .4
4 5 .4
93.81
5 7 .9
245 .9
70.1
159 .4
5 8 .3
4 6 .3
9 5 .2
5 6 .8
2 3 9 .0
6 9 .8
158 .9
57 .6
45 .8
9 3 .7
5 5 .9
230 .7
6 9 .7
157 .4
5 6 .9
4 5 .5
9 3 .8
5 7 .8
239 .7
6 9 .8
159.4
5 8 .3
46 .2
9 4 .2
5 5 .6
234 .7
6 9 .4
153.8
7 3 1 - 4 7 5 — 6 4 --------7
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
233.5
6 9 .8
165.1
5 9 .2
47 .7
9 5 .7
66.1
45.1
9 1 .8
718
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
T a ble
A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 720.
[in thousands]
1964
Annual
average
1963
Industry
Apr.* Mar.»
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
1963
1962
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Machinery................................................... 1,111.2 1,105.9 1,081.3 1,083.4 1,076.8 1,059.3 1,056. 5 1, 055.1 1,043.8 1, 040.9 1, 054.8 1,052.1 1,055.5 1,052.9 1,036.0
55.4
55.4
57.5
57.2
56.2
56.7
57.5
56.9
56.8
57.1
56.8
55.6
56.6
55.7
57.9
Engines and turbines........................
87.2
81.3
84.1
86.7
91.9
95.2
84.3
83.6
83.6
89.6
86.8
80.5
Earm machinery and equipment_____
93.6
90.8
145.4
146.4
144.1
Construction and related machinery.. . 155.1 153.9 135.9 149.8 147.6 145.6
144.8 142.7
141.6 141.0 143.2 139.6
Metalworking machinery and equip
ment............... .................................. — 217.8 216.3 213.4 210.5 210.2 204.6 203.4 201.7 199.9 199.1 202.4 201.3 201.4 201.7 195.4
Special industry machinery_________
119.5 118.7 117.9 117.3 116.6 115.8 115.0 115.2 113.6 113.8 115.6 115.3 116.0 115.2 116.8
General industrial machinery................ 160.2 159.8 160.1 156.6 155.9 153.0 153.6 154.7 153.5 153.3 153.8 152.8 153.2 153.7 153.8
Office, computing, and accounting ma
90.4
90.7
89.7
89.9
89.0
88.5
89.8
90.3
92.1
97.4
90.6
90.6
91.0
89.7
89.7
chines__________________________
70.7
68.4
68.3
68.0
68.3
67.5
66.8
68.7
71.3
69.8
70.2
70.1
69.5
68.8
69.0
Service industry machines___________
145.3 144.7 143.4 142.2 142.8 141.2 140.0 138.9 138.7 135.1 136.3 134.5 133.4 136.3 128.0
Miscellaneous machinery___________
Electrical equipment and supplies_____ 1,036.1 1,035.4 1,040.1 1,050.6 1, 062.0 1,064.7 1, 073. 5 1,067.4 1,048.3 1,040.2 1,056.9 1,048.8 1,047.7 1,057. 2 1,060.3
Electric distribution equipment............ 113.2 113.1 113.1 112.8 112.8 112.8 111.4 112.1 112.8 111.1 111.4 110.8 110.9 111.7 111.3
Electrical industrial apparatus.............. 130.2 130.0 129.1 128.9 128.9 128.6 128.5 128.8 128.0 128.1 128.5 127.8 127.3 128.0 126.7
Household appliances.............. .............. 122.2 120.9 121.1 120.2 123.8 125.1 124.0 122.0 117.9 116.2 119.1 117.8 116.5 118.8 114.8
Electric lighting and wiring equip
ment___________________________ 119.1 119.9 119.2 118.5 119.4 120.8 121.1 119.8 117.1 113.6 115.0 113.4 114.4 116.4 111.6
78.7
85.5
90.0
93.1
93.7
91.1
86. C 84.8
75.2
85.2
79.1
81.6
95.6
82.8
Radio and TV receiving sets_________
80.7
Communication equipment................... 203.4 205.0 206.2 210.3 210.7 208.3 214.7 214.8 214.8 214.3 218.8 221.9 226.2 220.4 230.4
Electronic components and accessories. 189.7 189.2 189.3 191.8 192.3 192.7 193.6 192.7 194. C 189.4 194.9 194.3 193.8 193.8 198.8
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
84.4
84.1
83.4
78.2
84.1
83.3
83.5
72.6
81.5
83.0
84.0
77.6
80.5
82.6
84.6
and supplies_____________ _______
Transportation equipment____________ 1,167.4 1,156.5 1,147.7 1,151.6 1,162.8 1,157. 0 1,149.2 1,124.8
Motor vehicles and equipment.............. 611.8 604.4 597.6 605.4 612.5 607.8 599.2 583.8
Aircraft and parts..... ........... ............ .
357.1 359.6 359.6 362.6 366.2 363.1 361.1 356.5
Ship and boat building and repairing.. 121.1 118.3 118.2 115.8 115.8 117.9 119.1 117. C
36.3
34.1
39.0
36. S 36.7
36.1
Railroad equipment________________
39.8
33.4
34.4
32.1
33.5
33.3
30.9
31.6
Other transportation equipment_____
984.1 1, 098.9 1,121.1 1,120. 7 1,118. 0 1,113.2 1,060.7
449.6 564.8 581.2 580.5 574.6 571.8 534.1
351. C 349.8 352.1 350.3 353. 5 355.8 350.6
118.4 118.8 121.0 126.3 127.1 121.3 118.6
33. C 33.4
33.8
31.6
32.5
33. S 29.9
33.0 32. 0 30.7
32.1
32.1
31.0
27.6
Instruments and related products.............
Engineering and scientific instruments.
Mechanical measuring and control de
vices......................................... .............
Optical and ophthalmic goods...............
Surgical, medical, and dental equip
ment___________________________
Photographic equipment and supplies..
Watches and clocks________________
237.6
237.5
36.7
237.0
36.9
237.2
37.7
239.9
38.1
240.6
38.5
240.2
38.5
239.9
38.4
239.5
38.5
236.6
38.2
238.8
39.2
234.8
38.8
234.5
38.9
236.9
38.8
230.4
39.3
64.8
31.5
65.0
31.3
64.8
31.3
f 64. 5
30.2
64.6
30.4
63.0
30.6
62.7
30.3
63.1
30.2
63.4
29.4
63.7
29.3
64.0
29.8
63.3
29.5
63.7
29.6
63.5
29.8
62.1
29.6
38.4
38.2
43.3
23.0
37.6
43.1
23.3
37.5
43.7
23.6
37.7
44.4
24.7
37.9
44.7
25.9
37.8
44.6
26.3
37.9
44.3
26.0
37.8
45.1
25.3
36.8
44.2
24.4
37.6
43.7
24.5
37.4
42.3
23.6
37.2
41.8
23.3
37.3
43.2
24.3
34.9
41.6
22.9
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware...
Toys, amusement and sporting goods..
Pens, pencils, office and art materials. .
Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions.
Other manufacturing industries.........
312.2
34.3
308.7
34.3
77.0
23.1
48.1
126.2
304.6
'33.6
73.9
23.3
47.7
126.1
294.4
33.5
68.1
23.5
45.1
124.2
312.8 336.6
33.8
34.0
80.2
98.3
24. S 25.1
47.0
48.5
126.9 130.7
342.1
33.8
105.1
24.5
48.8
129.9
341.2
33.3
102.9
24.6
50.0
130.4
331.9
32.3
98.7
24.3
50.0
126.6
311.7
29.7
88.7
23.7
47.0
122.6
316.3
32.0
88.2
24.3
48.2
123.6
312.0
31.9
87.1
24.1
46.4
122.5
304.9
32.5
80.1
23.8
45.6
123.1
316.1
32.5
86.7
24.1
47.5
125.3
314.6
32.9
85.5
23.2
48.0
125.0
125.4
Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products___________ 1,066.0 1,059.0 1,063.9 1, 080.9 1,127. 5 1,168. 8 1,248.0 1,285.3 1,271. 5 1,188.2 1,145. 8 1,097.7 1, 080. 5 1,155.0 1,175. 5
Meat products____________________
235.3 235.5 236.6 242.6 251.2 253.3 253.9 253.3 252.4 250.6 247.5 243. C 240.5 247.5 251.6
Dairy products..................................... 139.2 138.1 136.4 136.5 139.3 140.9 143.6 147.7 153.4 154. f 153.6 147.3 145.4 146.1 152.2
Canned and preserved food, except
meats
146.9 145.2 150.3 164.9 191.2 259.7 314.9 301.5 225.0 189.4 165.6 159.8 203.6 214.9
88.4
89.9
90.3
94.2
95.1
96.1
94.2
91.9
92.1
Grain mill products________________
87.9
88.5
90.0
95.6
88.9
91.5
Bakery products...................................... 165.1 164.6 164.2 163.5 168.5 169.4 170.7 170.0 171.4 172.1 170. £ 167.5 165.9 168.8 168.4
Sugar____________________________
25.4
24. C 24. C 22.5
33.1
36.7
40. 3 43.5
41.2
26.4 24.4
28. £ 29.4
23.8
57.4
65.4
61.0
56.0
59.1
60.6
65.7
67.9
67.9
55.0
65.7
56.1
61.1
60.1
Confectionery and related products___
60.8
Beverages................................................ 108.7 108.2 106.4 107.5 112.5 114. C 117.2 115.7 117.8 118.8 116.5 111.2 109.1 112.4 111.7
Miscellaneous food and kindred prod
92.4
ucts....... ..............................................
93.3
95.2
98.3
99.6
93.5
92.3
91.7
94.5
91.5
92.7
92.8
96.8
92.5
95.8
Tobacco manufactures_______________
Cigarettes
Cigars . . . . .
66.1
70.2
31.1
23.5
73.9
31.1
22.7
76.4
31.6
21.1
83.3
31.9
21.8
87.1
31.7
22.3
Textile mill products..................................
Cotton broad woven fabrics.................
Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics.
Weaving and finishing broad woolens..
Narrow fabrics and smallwares.
Knitting___ ______________________
Finishing textiles, except wool and knit.
Floor covering_____________________
Yarn and thread___ _______________
Miscellaneous textile goods____ _____
796.6
213.4
76.8
41.4
24.2
192.5
63.6
798.8
215.6
77.1
40.6
24.0
191.1
64.4
32.2
99.5
54.3
795.1
215.7
77.2
41.1
23.9
186.9
64.1
32.0
99.1
55.1
788.4
215.8
77.0
40.7
23.8
182.2
64.2
31.5
98.4
64.8
795.3
216.8
77.3
40.3
23.9
186.2
64.6
32.2
98.6
65.4
802.0
216.2
76.9
40.1
24.0
194.3
64.4
32.3
97.9
55.9
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
99.0
54.0
93.9
31.7
22,1
94.8
32.2
21.8
87.8
31. f
21.4
63.1
31.5
20.4
63.8
31.5
21.2
804.4 802.7
216.7 216.5
76. C 75.5
41.4
41.9
24.1
23.9
197.3 197.4
63.6
63.6
32.2
31.5
97.3
97.2
55.8
55.2
803.1
216.5
75.7
43.1
23.7
197.4
63.5
31.4
97.3
54.5
791.6
215.2
74.3
43.6
22.8
194.8
62.8
30.6
93.5
54.0
802.5
215.8
75.4
44.5
23.8
196.7
63.6
30.6
96.6
55.5
64.8
31. C
21.2
66.9
31.2
21. 4
77.1
31.5
21.5
79.1
31.4
22.2
796.0 795.3
215.4 215.6
74.5
74.0
44.4
44.7
23.6
23.5
194. C 192.2
63.2
63.6
31.4
30.7
95.2
94.9
55.0
55.4
797.2
216.3
75.1
43.1
23.6
192.9
63.6
31.5
96.0
55.2
812.4
223.4
73.9
45.9
24.2
198.1
64.3
31.2
95.6
55.9
719
A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
Revised series; see box, p. 720.
1964
Annual
average
1963
Industry
Apr.3 Mar.*
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
1963
1962
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods—Continued
Apparel and related products_________ 1,144.8 1,178.3 1,174.4 1,135.8 1,150.2 1,161.0 1180.3 1,179. 6 1,182.9 1,132.9 1,139. 6 1,141. 7 1,135.3 1,150.9 1.125.4
96.5 102.7 102.8 102.5 103.0 100.8 101.3 103.7 104.5 102.0 106.2 105.4 103.9 103.9 104.9
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats............
Men’s and boys’ furnishings_________ 300.9 300.9 298.2 292.6 296.1 298.8 302.6 304.9 309.4 299.8 303.3 300.2 297.3 299.1 289.6
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outerw ear----- ----------- -------------------- 347.1 368.2 368.2 348.4 348.5 348.5 355.9 356.7 361.2 342.6 336.8 346.1 349.0 350.0 342.2
Women’s and children’s undergar99.9 102.5 102.5 102.8 105.1 103.1
105.7 106.5 105.7 103.9 107.8 111.9 111.2 109.1 107.0
ments__________________________
28.6
27.3
29.2
TTat.Sj naps, and millinery
28.9
30.6
27.0
26.0
28.7
31.5
31.7
29.2
27.6
26.5
29.1
72.4
66.9
70.2
70.9
73.6
71.1
70.2
71.5
69.9
72.6
71.1
71.5
74.8
71.3
71.8
Girls’ and children’s outerwear........ .
61.4
61.2
63.2
63.9
62.1
65.5
62.8
62.9
63.6
58.2
62.2
66.1
68.2
67.5
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel...
Miscellaneous fabricated textile products.......... ................ .................. .......... 133.8 133.4 130.9 129.2 135.1 138.2 140.7 137.9 132.1 124.8 127.3 129.0 126.9 129.8 122.4
Paper and allied products..... ....................
Paper and pulp----------------------------Paperboard_______________________
Converted paper and paperboard products___________________________
Paperboard containers and boxes_____
Printing, publishing, and allied industries_________________ _________
Newspaper publishing and printing__
Periodical publishing and printing
______ _____ _
Books_______
Commercial printing_______________
Bookbinding and related industries___
Other publishing and printing industries------ -----------------------------------
485.9
169.1
54.3
485.1
169.8
54.3
483.1
169.7
53.9
484.3
170.7
53.8
490.9
172.8
54.2
491.7
172.6
54.3
492.7
173.1
54.2
495.1
174.4
54.3
495.4
176.8
54.6
487.1
174.5
54.1
491.5
175.6
54.3
484.3
172.1
54.1
483.0
171.3
53.1
488.0
173.1
54.0
486.0
175.2
52.9
111.7
150.8
110.5
150.5
109.9
149.6
110.1
149.7
111.6
152.3
111.2
153.6
111.8
153.6
113.4
153.0
112.5
151.5
109.6
148.9
110.1
151.5
109.2
148.9
109.9
148.7
110.5
150.5
108.5
149.4
598.8
166.1
598.7
165.1
27.5
48.7
237.5
39.8
594.2
164.1
27.3
48.0
235.2
39.4
592.3
163.4
27.2
46.8
236.7
38.2
602.1
167.1
27.5
46.3
239.1
40.3
598.2
165.1
27.6
45.1
238.4
39.9
599.3
165.6
27.8
45.6
237.6
40.7
597.2
164.6
27.6
46.3
235.5
41.2
592.4
163.7
26.8
45.7
232.6
41.9
588.9
163.5
26.4
44.3
231.9
41.6
592.4
163.9
27.0
54.2
233.2
41.5
589.8
163.1
27.9
45.0
232.5
40.8
588.4
161.7
28.6
44.7
232.2
40.4
590.1
161.0
27.8
45.1
234.3
40.6
594.0
166.5
28.5
44.3
233.8
39.6
81.6
237.3
40.1
79.7
80.1
80.2
80.0
81.8
82.1
82.0
82.0
81.7
81.2
80.5
80.8
81.3
81.4
Chemicals and allied products_________
Industrial chemicals. . .
_________
Plastics and synthetics, except glass__
Drugs_____ . . .
. ----------------Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods___ . . .
Paints, varnishes, and allied products..
Agricultural chemicals......... ........... ......
Other chemical products____________
535.0
164.6
118.9
62.5
60.5
36.8
42.7
49.0
528.3
162.6
117.4
62.6
59.8
36.6
39.4
49.9
521.1
162.4
116.6
62.1
59.5
36.2
35.1
49.2
519.0
162.6
116.7
63.2
58.0
35.9
33.2
49.4
521.8
162.8
116.9
63.3
60.3
36.2
31.7
50.6
522.4
163.0
116.2
63.5
61.1
36.3
30.9
51.4
526.1
163.1
116.1
63.2
63.2
36.6
32.2
51.7
527.3
164.3
115.8
63.3
62.8
37.1
31.4
52.6
527.5
165.8
115. 5
63.8
62.0
38.0
29.5
52.9
524.7
165.5
115.1
63.4
60.1
38.1
29.1
53.4
527.3 530.0
166.5 165.1
115.0 113.5
62.5
63.2
58.7
59.7
37.6
36.8
40.3
32.3
53. U 53.1
531.9
164.8
111.3
62.2
59.3
36.4
44.9
53.0
524.2
164.3
114.1
62.7
60.4
36.6
33.7
52. 5
517.2
165.0
110.0
60.0
58.6
36.0
32.9
54.6
Petroleum refining and related industries____________ ______ ________
Petroleum refining..______ _
____
Other petroleum and coal products
114.8
92.2
22.6
114.2
92.4
21.8
114.2
92.6
21.6
114.0
92.7
21.3
115.7
93.3
22.4
117.9
93.6
24.3
120.0
94.3
25.7
121.4
95.3
26.1
123.3
96.5
26.8
122.1
95.7
26.4
121.7
95.5
26.2
120.6
95.2
25.4
119.1
95.8
23.3
119. 5
95.1
24.4
125.3
100.9
24.8
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products____________________________
Tires and inner tubes_________ _____
Other rubber products____ _________
Miscellaneous plastic products..............
319.1
69.7
126.5
122.9
317.3
69.1
125.7
122.5
315.2
68.8
125.7
120.7
312.9
67.9
125.6
119.4
315.3
68.0
127.0
120.3
318.4
67.0
128.0
123.4
317.0
64.8
127.2
125.0
314.9
64.5
126.5
123.9
310.1
64.0
124.6
121.5
306.7
68.9
120.8
117.0
319.1
71.9
127.3
119.9
317.0
71.5
126.2
119.3
315.2
71.4
125.9
117.9
315.0
68.9
126.3
119.8
314.3
72.1
126.6
115.6
Leather and leather products__________
Leather tanning and finishing............. .
Footwear, except rubber_____ ____ _
Other leather products______________
300.6
27.6
205.4
67.6
307.1
27.4
210.4
69.3
307.9
27.6
211.7
68.6
303.9
26.4
210.8
66.7
308.2
27.9
210.3
70.0
308.7
27.8
207.6
73.3
309.1
27.6
205.8
75.7
311.2
27.5
208.4
75.3
316.0
27.6
213.0
75.4
309.3
26.8
210.5
72.0
309.8
27.7
210.3
71.8
301.4
27.0
206.6
67.8
300.6
26.8
206.2
67.5
308.9
27.4
209.8
71.7
318.6
28.0
215.7
74.9
........
76.1
37.5
800.9
16.5
82.4
37.6
802.2
16.5
82.7
39.0
800.5
16.5
82.9
38.4
829.0
16.6
83.3
38.1
840.0
16.7
83.6
38.7
850.8
16.8
83.6
40.0
851.0
17.2
82.6
40.6
838.9
17.6
82.7
40.6
837.9
17.6
83.3
39.8
829.6
17.6
83.9
38.5
796.0
17.1
83.0
37.5
787.2
17.2
83.4
38.7
815.7
17.2
86.3
38.5
803.9
18.2
.......
554.2
22.9
86.2
529.3
208.8
134.9
151.5
34.1
550.9
22.9
85.5
528.8
208.6
134.9
151.5
33.8
548. 0
23.0
86.4
529.3
209.0
134.8
151.7
33.8
549.2
23.2
85.8
531.0
209.4
135.6
152.5
33.5
548.9
23.3
84.7
532.4
209.7
135.9
153.0
33.8
555.2
23.5
85.1
533.1
209.9
135.9
153.5
33.8
557.3
23.8
85.7
539.3
212.2
137.4
155.6
34.1
564.4
23.9
85.3
548.0
215.0
139.9
158.1
35.0
566.5
24.1
84.4
547.8
214.9
140.0
157.9
35.0
559.5
24.3
83.6
541.3
213.0
138.7
155.3
34.3
555.3
24.7
81.5
529.5
207.8
135.4
152.7
33.6
554.1
24.9
81.3
526.4
205.6
135.2
152.3
33.3
555.6
24.3
83.3
534.7
210.4
136.6
154.0
33.6
559.5
26.9
79.9
537.1
211.4
137.6
156.2
32 0
Transportation and public utilities:
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation___
Intercity and rural buslines_____ _
Motor freight transportation and storage.
Pipeline transportation..............................
Communication : '
Telephone communication_________
Telegraph communication 3-------------Radio and television broadcasting____
Electric, gas, and sanitary services_____
Electric companies and' systems______
Gas companies and systems________
Combined utility systems____ ______
Water, steam, and sanitary systems__
See footnotes at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
720
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
T a ble
A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry1—Continued
Revised series; see box below.
[In thousands]
1964
1963
Annual
average
Industry
Apr.’ Mar.1 Feb.
W h o le s a le a n d r e ta il t r a d e 1________________
W h o le s a le tr a d e ........... - ................................ ........
M o to r v e h ic le s a n d a u to m o tiv e e q u ip
m e n t ----------------------------------------------------D r u g s , c h e m ic a ls , a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts —
D r y g o o d s a n d a p p a r e l.................... - ...........
G r o c e r ie s a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts ..................
E le c tr ic a l g o o d s .......................................... ........
H a r d w a r e , p lu m b in g a n d h e a tin g
g o o d s ................................................. ................. ..
M a c h in e r y , e q u ip m e n t, a n d s u p p li e s ...
R e ta il t r a d e 4............................................... - ...........
G e n e ra l m e r c h a n d is e s to r e s _______ _____
D e p a r tm e n t s to r e s ........................................
L im it e d p ric e v a r ie ty s to r e s .........................
E o o d s t o r e s ................................ ................. ............
G r ocery, m e a t, a n d v e g e ta b le s to r e s ___
A p p a r e l an d acc essories s to r e s ____________
M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ ap p a r el s to r e s ________
W o m e n ’s r e a d y -to -w e a r s to r e s _________
F a m ily c lo th in g s to r e s__________________
S h o e s to r e s ______________________________
F u r n itu r e a n d a p p lia n c e s to r e s ......................
O th e r r e ta il tr a d e _________________________
M o to r v e h ic le d e a l e r s . . . ................................
O th er v e h ic le a n d a c c esso ry d e a l e r s . . . . .
D r u g s to r e s ..................... .......................................
F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a t e :
B a n k in g ------ ---------- -----------------------------------S e c u r ity d ea lers a n d ex c h a n g e s ......................
In su r a n c e carriers......... ........................................
L ife in s u r a n c e _______ ________ __________
A c c id e n t a n d h e a lth in su r a n c e _________
F ir e , m a r in e , a n d c a s u a lty in su r a n c e —.
......... 8,997
......... 2,715
.........
...........
...........
...........
...........
199.9
158.8
111.3
437.8
196. 9
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
1963
1962
8,930 9,025 9,871 9,268 9,115 9,041 8,960 8,914 8,926 8,829 8,898 8,993 8,805
2,720 2,733 2,773 2,746 2,750 2,741 2,739 2,714 2,680 2,636 2,630 2,690 2,630
200.1 200.0
158.7 159.3
110.9 109.7
438. 5 442.6
196.9 196.5
201.2
161.0
111.3
448.3
197.3
201.1
160.0
111.8
442.6
196.5
200.6
159. 3
111.3
453.1
198.1
200.6
159.0
110.7
454.2
198.2
201.3
159.6
111. 9
452.7
200.1
201.8
158.2
111.7
448.8
199.3
201.0
157.8
110.9
437.8
197.9
198.3
156.5
109.0
418.4
197.0
197.1
157.1
108.8
415.9
196.7
199.1
158.2
110.4
436.0
197.3
192.8
156.4
109.6
431.1
191.0
........... 125.8 125.6 125.5 126.4 126.0 126.6 126.9 127.5 127.8 126.3 124.7 124.7 125.6 123.2
........... 478.2 478.5 476.6 476.0 475.0 472.1 469.8 468.8 466.4 458.1 452.9 452.5 460.8 436.5
...........6,282
3,210 6,292 7,098 6,522 6,365 6,300 6,227 6,200 6,246 6,193 6,268 6,303 6,175
........... 1,476.7 1,439. 0 1,495.4 2.030.3 1, 662.5 1,551.2 1,513.3 1,466.3 1,448. 7 1,469.4 1,453.0 1,480.1 1,525.8 1,496.8
........... 872.6 848.1 891.3 1,233. 6 987.1 907.6 879.5 852.7 843.6 860.3 851. 7 869. 9 898.7 881.4
........... 286.7 277.0 281.6 389.0 318.6 305.9 302.2 286.8 283.1 288.2 289.2 304.2 301.3 304.1
........... 1,336.5 1,335.7 1,335.1 1,361.0 1,334. 7 1,328.8 1,318.0 1,305.4 1,308.5 1,308. 6 1,301.3 1,305.6 1,313.4 1,280.2
............ 1,174.1 1,171.0 1,176.0 1,187. 8 1,171.1 1,166.8 1,155. 7 1,143.4 1,146.4 1,144. 6 1,137.2 1,135.2 1,149.1 1,120.5
_____ 566.6 533.0 551.8 684.2 580.0 561.7 555.1 531.6 525.2 552.1 550. 5 608.0 561.9 560.3
...........
91.1
92.0
89.5
99.6 123. 6 94. 6 90.3
87.3
87.9
92.4
88.2
91.4
92.9
91.4
........... 213. 7 210.8 206.8 253.2 219.2 212. 7 208.6 202.7 197.2 207.1 208.4 217.0 210.6 209.0
90.8
...........
85. 0 84.3
85.1
90.8 114.9
86.1
80.3
84.4
83.4
81.0
86.9
86.0
88.9
97.2
97.5 121.7 110. 4 108.6 111.2 105.2 104.1 108.2 110.0 142.6 110.2 107.6
........... 110.9
........... 350.9 351.1 352.5 364.8 356.1 353.2 349.5 349.0 347.3 346.7 343.8 344.0 349.2 347.2
...........2,551.0 2,550.8 2,557.1 2,657. 7 2, 589.0 2,570.4 2, 563.8 2,575.1 2, 570.4 2,568.8 2,544.5 2,530. 7 2,552.6 2,490.5
........... 598.8 599.3 598.4 596.1 592.6 590.9 589.8 592.2 591.7 589.1 585.2 582.2 587.3 559.9
........... 140. 7 139.1 139.8 152.4 146.6 141.6 142.3 144.4 143.8 143.6 140.0 137.9 140. 5 129.6
........... 353.4 353.6 354.3 371.9 358.9 352.9 352.5 351.6 350.8 348.8 349.6 349.7 352.7 348.0
630.4
113. 5
779.6
420.7
46.5
276.6
629.2
113.4
777.0
419.1
46.2
275.8
629.3
113.3
778.7
419.8
46.3
276.9
525.0
557.2
580.7
622.7
624.4
597.4
541.8
374.8
376.4
376.0
378.0
381.1
382.2
376.0
24.8
23.7
23.9
23.6
22.6
21.6
20.8
630.8
629.3
531.1
528.2
513.3
515.8
451.0
450.1
447.7
371.6
24.3
22.5
23.1
25.9
24.8
632.2
629.8
113.5
779.0
420.0
46.5
276.7
637.8
115. 2
787.2
422.9
47.0
280.8
636.2
115.6
783.8
420.8
46.9
279.8
626.3
114.3
775.3
416.4
46.2
277.1
618.2
113.4
772.6
415.6
45.8
276.1
618.2
112.9
770.9
414.5
45.6
275.6
624.9
113.7
776.5
417.9
46.2
276.8
606.7
122.3
768.0
413.0
45.8
273.9
521.5
550.9
509.2
374.4
374.1
377.7
23.3
24.6
S e r v ic e s and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels____
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants ».
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming and distribution.
i For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1963, and coverage of these series, see footnote 1, table A~2.
For mining and manufacturing, data refer to production and related
workers; for contract construction, to construction workers; and for all other
Industries, to nonsupervisory workers.
Production and related workers include working foremen and all nonsuper
visory workers (including leadman and trainees) engaged in fabricating,
processing, assembling, inspection, receiving, storage, handling, packing,
warehousing, shipping, maintenance, repair, janitorial and watchmen
services, product development, auxiliary production for plant’s own use
(e.g., powerplant), and recordkeeping and other services closely associated
with the above production operations.
Construction ivorkers Include working foremen, journeymen, mechanics,
apprentices, laborers, etc., engaged in new work, alterations, demolition,
repair, and maintenance, etc., at the site of construction or working in shop
or yards at jobs (such as precutting and preassembling) ordinarily performed
by members of the construction trades.
Nonsupervisory workers include employees (not above the working super
visory level) such as office and clerical workers, repairmen, salespersons,
operators, drivers, attendants, service employees, linemen, laborers, janitors,
watchmen, and similar occupational levels, and other employees whose
services are closely associated with those of the employees listed.
1 Preliminary.
* Data relate to nonsupervisory employees except messengers.
4 Excludes eating and drinking places.
s Beginning January 1964, data relate to nonsupervisory workers and are
not comparable with the production worker levels of prior years.
Caution
The revised series on employment, hours and earnings, and labor turnover in non
agricultural establishments should not be compared with those published in issues prior
to October 1963. (See footnote 1, table A-2, and “Technical Note, Revision of Establish
ment Employment Statistics, 1963,” appearing in the October 1963 M o n th l y Labor Review,
p. 1194.) Moreover, when the figures are again adjusted to new benchmarks, the data
presented in this issue should not be compared with those in later issues which reflect
the adjustments.
Comparable data for earlier periods are published in E m p lo y m e n t a n d Earnings
S t a t i s t i c s fo r t h e U n ite d S ta te s , 1909-62 (BLS Bulletin 1312-1), which is available at
depository libraries or which may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents
for $3.50. For an individual industry, earlier data may be obtained upon request to the
Bureau.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A.—EMPLOYMENT
721
T able A-4. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected groups,
seasonally adjusted1
Revised series; see box, p. 720.
tin th o u s a n d s]
1964
I n d u s tr y d iv is io n a n d g ro u p
A p r .2
T o t a l...................................................................... ..............................
M in in g ............................ ..................................................
C o n tr a c t c o n s tr u c tio n ..............................................................................
M a n u fa c tu r in g ............................................................ ........................
58,471
1963
M a r.
Feb.
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
S e p t.
A ug.
J u ly
June
M ay
A pr.
58,268
58,183
57,850
57,748
57,580
57,646
57,453
57,344
57,340
57,194
57,060
56,873
627
624
624
623
630
630
629
632
635
640
639
640
639
3,1 2 4
3,157
3,169
3,017
3,0 6 9
3 ,0 5 7
3,0 6 6
3,071
3,0 8 3
3 ,0 6 9
3,0 4 6
3,0 1 9
3,0 0 5
17,285
17,244
17,175
17,119
17,127
17,061
17,119
17,076
17,033
17,103
17,075
17,095
17,037
D u r a b le g o o d s.............................................................................
O rd n a n ce a n d a ccesso ries...............................................................
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c ts, e x c e p t fu r n itu r e ....................
F u r n itu r e a n d fix tu r e s................. .......................... ..........................
S to n e , c la y , a n d g la ss p r o d u c ts .......... .........................................
P r im a r y m e ta l in d u s t r ie s ...............................................................
F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c ts , ..........................................................
M a c h in e r y ______________________ ______________ _
E le c tr ic a l e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p p lie s ............................................
T r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u i p m e n t . _______ ____________________
I n s tr u m e n ts a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts ____________ ______ _
M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu r in g in d u s t r ie s ...............................
9,863
263
594
399
619
1,201
1,192
1,575
1,572
1,670
378
400
9,812
265
605
400
622
1,183
1,185
1,569
1,561
1,644
377
401
9,750
270
601
395
618
1.177
1.176
1,547
1,559
1,631
375
401
9,726
276
596
394
612
1,169
1,164
1,559
1,564
1,621
375
396
9,737
276
598
394
612
1,166
1,169
1,555
1,560
1,6 2 9
375
397
9,688
275
595
392
614
1,155
1,162
1,548
1,557
1,619
373
398
9,718
277
589
391
611
1,155
1,164
1,545
1,571
1,647
373
395
9,705
275
588
392
610
1,164
1,165
1,531
1,574
1,635
373
398
9,652
275
578
393
616
1,176
1,162
1,525
1,574
1,580
375
398
9,701
277
564
392
615
1,208
1,159
1,512
1,587
1,618
375
394
9,685
278
559
390
612
1,202
1,1 5 6
1,508
1,593
1,623
375
389
9,683
276
592
388
612
1,184
1,151
1,506
1,597
1,614
370
393
9,660
274
588
387
607
1,174
1,1 4 8
1,504
1,595
1,623
370
390
N o n d u r a b le g o o d s............................................................
F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c ts ____________________
T o b a c c o m a n u fa c tu r e s ........ .............................................................
T e x t ile m ill p r o d u c t s ................................................................
A p p a r e l a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts __________________________
P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ____________________________
P r in tin g , p u b lis h in g , a n d a llie d in d u s tr ie s ...........................
C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts ............................... .....................
P e tr o le u m r e fin in g a n d r e la te d in d u s tr ie s ____ _________
R u b b e r an d m is c e lla n e o u s p la s tic p r o d u c ts
L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p r o d u c t s . . . .................................................
7,422
1,725
89
895
1,308
626
947
875
185
422
350
7,432
1,737
90
899
1,310
627
944
876
185
416
348
7,425
1,743
89
897
1,310
627
942
872
185
412
348
7,393
1,741
88
891
1,299
624
940
872
186
407
345
7,390
1,741
91
888
1,295
624
939
871
188
405
348
7,373
1,733
95
889
1,291
622
931
870
189
406
347
7,401
1,742
89
890
1,312
620
934
871
189
402
352
7,371
1,723
86
886
1,306
622
935
869
190
402
352
7,381
1,728
91
887
1,3 0 2
623
937
870
189
404
350
7,402
1,730
87
891
1,317
623
935
870
188
408
353
7,390
1,7 3 2
88
889
1,306
620
936
868
187
414
350
7,412
1,743
89
889
1,317
620
934
864
188
417
351
7,3 7 7
1,7 3 8
90
891
1,296
618
929
862
188
416
349
T r a n s p o r ta tio n a n d p u b lic u t ilit ie s _____________ __________
3,9 4 3
3,932
3,9 3 4
3,9 2 3
3,9 1 5
3,9 2 8
3,9 3 7
3,9 5 0
3,941
3 ,9 3 6
3,9 1 9
3,9 0 9
3 ,8 9 0
W h o le s a le a n d r e ta il tr a d e ...................................................................... 12,244
W h o le s a le tr a d e ....................... ...........................................
3,2 3 2
R e t a il tr a d e ...................... ............. .........................................................
9,012
12,093
3,225
8,868
12,143
3,216
8,927
12,072
3 ,2 1 4
8,858
11,903
3,190
8,773
11,941
3,1 7 6
8,765
11,935
3,1 7 3
8,762
11,922
3,170
8,752
11,007
3,155
8,752
11,884
3,1 5 9
8,725
11,864
3 ,1 4 8
8,716
11,825
3,1 2 9
8,696
11,784
3 ,1 1 9
8,665
F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s ta te ................................................. 2,925
2.918
2,911
2,904
2,892
2,887
2,887
2,873
2,873
2,870
2,865
2,864
2,853
S e r v ic e a n d m isc e lla n e o u s
8,543
8,551
8,515
8,474
8,447
8,423
8,430
8,377
8,373
8,349
8,282
8,228
8,199
9,780
2,326
7,454
9,749
2,328
7,421
9,712
2,321
7,391
9,718
2,349
7, 369
9,705
2,349
7,356
9,653
2,347
7,306
9,643
2,352
7,291
9,552
2,347
7,205
9,499
2,348
7,151
9,4892,351
7,138
9,504
2 ,349
7,155
9,480
2,345
7,135
9,466
2,339
7,127
....
_ ..........
G o v e r n m e n t_______________________________
F e d e r a l__________________________________ .
S ta te a n d lo c a l________________________________________
N ote: T h e sea so n a l a d ju s tm e n t m e th o d u se d is d escrib e d in “ N e w Seaso n a i A d ju s tm e n t F a c to r s for L a b o r F o r c e C o m p o n e n ts ,” M o n t h ly L a b o r
R e v ie w , A u g u s t 1960, p p . 822-827.
1 F o r co v e ra g e o f th e series, see fo o tn o te 1, ta b le A -2 .
2 P r e lim in a r y .
T able A-5. Production workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry group, seasonally
adjusted1
Revised series; see box, p. 720.
[in th o u sa n d s]
1964
M a jo r in d u s tr y grou p
A p r .2 M a r .2
Feb.
1963
O ct.
S ep t.
A ug.
J u ly
June
M ay
A p r.
M a n u fa c tu r in g ................ ............................ ................. ................................ 12,790 12, 764 12,697 12,639 12,653 12,590 12,649
7,110
7,207
7,120
7,129
7,081
7,148
D u r a b le g o o d s............................... ..................... ............ .......................... 7,245
112
120
110
114
118
117
O r d n a n ce a n d a c c e sso r ie s_______________________________
118
532
536
526
539
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c ts , e x c e p t fu r n it u r e ...................
540
535
528
332
332
327
325
325
F u r n itu r e a n d fix tu r e s ____ _______ ___________ __________
329
328
494
492
495
491
S to n e , c la y , a n d g la ss p r o d u c ts ________________ ________
497
503
499
943
932
931
P r im a r y m e ta l in d u s tr ie s ..... ................... .......................................
945
976
954
958
897
891
895
F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c ts ................. ............................ ...............
894
903
918
912
1,074
1,074
M a c h in e r y _______________________________________________ 1,096
1,085
1,081
1,072
1,093
1,041
1,047
1,051
E le c tr ic a l e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p p lie s _____________________
1,045
1,055
1,041
1,045
1,124
1,1 2 9
1.116
1,143
T r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t _____________________________
1,172
1,137
1,151
237
238
238
I n s tr u m e n ts a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts ____ __________________
237
240
239
238
320
319
317
317
M isc e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu r in g in d u s tr ie s .............................
322
321
322
12,611
7,0 9 7
119
525
326
490
939
895
1,061
1,049
1,136
237
320
12,575
7,051
119
517
326
496
953
891
1,058
1,051
1,079
240
321
12,650
7,103
119
503
326
498
984
891
1,045
1,061
1,1 1 8
241
317
12,628
7,0 8 6
120
498
325
493
977
888
1,042
1,0 6 9
1,122
240
312
12,647
7,081
119
530
323
492
962
883
1,040
1,068
1,112
237
315
12,604
7,070
118
528
322
489
952
881
1,041
1,067
1,123
236
313
5,5 1 4
1,143
73
793
1,159
488
593
526
120
309
310
5,524
1,149
79
793
1,154
490
594
527
120
310
308
5,547
1,1 4 8
75
798
1,169
490
594
527
120
315
311
5 ,5 4 2
1,151
75
797
1,160
489
594
527
119
321
309
5,5 6 6
1,158
77
798
1,171
488
595
525
120
324
310
5,534
1,1 5 2
78
800
1,153
486
591
524
120
N o n d u r a b le g o o d s .................. .................................................................
F o o d an d k in d r e d p r o d u c ts ___________________ ________
T o b a c c o m a n u fa c tu r e s ............................................................... ..
T e x t ile m ill p r o d u c ts................ .........................................................
A p p a r e l a n d re la te d p r o d u c ts ___ . _____________ ______ _
P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ..............................................................
P r in tin g , p u b lis h in g , a n d a llie d in d u s tr ie s ..........................
C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts ........................................ .............
P e tr o le u m r e fin in g an d r e la te d in d u s tr ie s ......................
R u b b e r a n d m is c e lla n e o u s p la s tic p r o d u c ts .........................
L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p r o d u c ts.......................................................
5,545
1,136
77
802
1,162
489
602
527
116
327
307
1 F o r d e fin itio n o f p r o d u c tio n w o rk ers, see fo o tn o te 1, ta b le A -3 .
8 P r e lim in a r y .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
5,557
1,149
78
805
1,162
491
601
527
116
321
307
5,549
1,154
77
804
1,162
489
598
526
116
317
306
Jan.
5,519
1,154
75
798
1,152
488
596
524
116
312
304
D ec.
5,5 2 4
1,155
80
795
1,148
490
597
525
118
310
306
N ov.
5,5 0 9
1,148
82
796
1,144
488
590
524
119
311
307
5,539
1,159
77
795
1,164
488
591
527
120
308
310
307
N ote: T h e s e a so n a l a d ju s tm e n t m e th o d u se d is d escrib e d in “ N e w S easo n a l A d ju s tm e n t F a c to r s for L a b o r F o r ce C o m p o n e n ts ,” M o n t h ly L a b o r
R e v i e w , A u g u s t 1960, p p . 822-827.
722
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
T able A-6. Unemployment insurance and employment service program operations 1
[A ll Ite m s e x c e p t a v er a g e b e n e fit a m o u n ts are In th o u s a n d s]
E m p lo y m e n t s e r v ic e :3
N e w a p p lic a tio n s for w o r k ........ ........................
N o n fa r m p la c e m e n ts ............................................
S ta te u n e m p lo y m e n t in s u r a n c e p rogram s:
I n it ia l c l a im s 8 4------------ -------------- -------------I n s u r e d u n e m p l o y m e n t 8 (a v era g e w e e k ly
v o lu m e ) «__________ _________ — .................
R a te o f in su r e d u n e m p l o y m e n t 3...................
W e e k s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a te d ___
A v e r a g e w e e k ly b e n e fit a m o u n t for to ta l
u n e m p lo y m e n t __________________________
T o ta l benefits paid
Jan.
Feb.
M ar.
D ec.
N ov.
O c t.
1,037
443
793
432
827
493
1,181
1,848
1,8 6 5
1,200
2,2 4 3
5 .3
8,0 6 0
2 ,3 9 5
5 .7
9,186
1,972
4 .7
6,7 0 5
1,542
3 .6
4,733
874
478
916
414
1,136
2,0 5 0
4 .9
8 ,3 0 3
S e p t.
953
662
A ug.
J u ly
June
878
664
829
611
928
572
1,157
957
1,086
1,3 3 3
3.1
4,9 2 3
1,261
3 .0
4,6 5 0
1,419
3 .4
5,368
A pr.
M ay
M ar.
1,096
577
911
612
904
581
1,351
973
1,0 7 9
1,216
1,127
1,493
3 .6
5,695
1,4 6 8
3 .5
5,3 0 8
1,624
3 .9
6,7 3 2
1,918
4 .7
7,919
2,298
5 .6
9,091
861
496
$34.34
$34.91
$36. 26 $36.24
$36.07
$35.78
$35.37
$35.15
$34.93
$34.67
$34.43
$35.54
$35.80
$292, 618 $283,809 $319,302 $232,954 $164,977 $171,957 $163,126 $186,814 $195,632 $188,189 $235,851 $274,798 $316,422
U n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a tio n for e x -serv iceI n it ia l c l a im s 8 6.......... .............................................
In s u r e d u n e m p l o y m e n t 8 (a v e r a g e w e e k ly
v o l u m e ) ...................................................................
W e e k s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a t e d ...
T o t a l b e n e fits p a id .................................................
67
261
$ 8 ,893
U n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a tio n for F e d e r a l
c iv ilia n e m p lo y e e s : 310
I n it ia l c la im s 8. . . ------------ ---------------------------In s u r e d u n e m p l o y m e n t 8 (a v era g e w e e k ly
v o lu m e ) .......................................... ..........................
W e e k s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a t e d ...
T o t a l b e n e fits p a i d ...............................................
11
13
20
15
38
154
$5,596
40
157
$5,768
39
165
$6,109
34
143
$5,369
R a ilr o a d u n e m p lo y m e n t in su r a n c e :
A p p li c a t io n s 11____________________________
I n s u r e d u n e m p lo y m e n t (a v e r a g e w e e k ly
v o lu m e ) ....................................................................
N u m b e r of p a y m e n ts 13 --------------------------A v e r a g e a m o u n t o f b e n e fit p a y m e n t 38___
T o t a l b e n e fits p a id 14--------------- ------------------
5
7
13
12
11
12
15
15
46
11
4
45
109
$80.06
$8,466
51
111
$80.33
$8, 784
53
125
$80.49
$9,930
47
110
$79.04
$8,590
45
86
$78.60
$6,672
41
98
$77.05
$7,475
41
85
$76.90
$6,416
37
90
$77.96
$6,906
39
79
$76.07
$5,852
32
77
$73.87
$5, 563
39
99
$74.44
$7,333
A ll p r o g r a m s :18
I n s u r e d u n e m p l o y m e n t 8....................................
2,201
2,4 1 0
2,563
2 ,1 2 2
1,686
1,476
1,408
1,568
1,651
1,628
1,7 9 9
28
39
39
29
31
28
29
31
22
20
23
25
72
73
284
307
$9, 586 $10,241
60
231
$7,622
48
164
$5,396
43
174
$5,857
42
170
$5,727
45
184
$6,202
44
176
$5, 909
42
181
$6,269
47
203
$6,760
58
267
$8,797
71
303
$9,932
13
14
12
12
19
12
11
13
11
32
111
$4, 297
29
120
$ 4 ,723
28
114
$4,540
29
123
$4, 844
30
110
$4, 387
26
113
$4, 941
28
119
$4,678
31
137
$5, 241
35
150
$5,591
4
5
29
1 I n c lu d e s d a ta for P u e r to R ic o , b e g in n in g J a n u a r y 1961 w h e n th e C o m m o n
w e a lt h ’s p ro g ra m b e c a m e p a r t o f t h e F e d e r a l-S ta te U I s y s te m .
3 I n c lu d e s G u a m a n d t h e V ir g in I sla n d s .
* I n i t ia l c la im s are n o tic e s filed b y w o r k e r s t o I n d ic a te t h e y are s ta r tin g
p e r io d s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t. E x c lu d e s tr a n s itio n a l c la im s .
4 I n c lu d e s in te r s ta te c la im s for th e V ir g in I sla n d s .
* N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s r e p o r tin g t h e c o m p le tio n o f a t le a s t 1 w e e k o f u n e m
p lo y m e n t.
« I n it ia l c la im s a n d S ta te in s u r e d u n e m p lo y m e n t I n c lu d e d a ta u n d e r th e
p rogram for P u e r to R ic a n su g a r ca n e w o rk ers.
3 T h e ra te is th e n u m b e r o f in s u r e d u n e m p lo y e d e x p re ssed a s a p e r c e n t o f
t h e a v e r a g e co v e r e d e m p lo y m e n t in a 1 2 -m o n th p erio d .
8 E x c lu d e s d a ta o n c la im s a n d p a y m e n t s m a d e j o in t ly w it h o th e r p ro g ra m s.
* I n c lu d e s th e V ir g in Isla n d s .
E x c lu d e s d a ta o n c la im s a n d p a y m e n t s m a d e j o in t ly w it h S ta te p ro g ra m s.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
49
57
118
138
$77.11
$80.24
$9,005 $11,004
2 ,0 8 9
2,465
ii A n a p p lic a tio n for b e n e fits is filed b y a railroad w o r k e r a t th e b e g in n in g
o f h is fir st p e r io d o f u n e m p lo y m e n t in a b e n e fit yea r; n o a p p lic a tio n is re
q u ir e d for s u b s e q u e n t p e r io d s in th e s a m e y ea r .
iJ P a y m e n t s are for u n e m p lo y m e n t in 14 -d a y re g istr a tio n p erio d s,
i* T h e a v er a g e a m o u n t is a n a v er a g e for a ll c o m p e n s a b le p e r io d s, n o t a d
ju s te d for r e c o v e r y o f o v e r p a y m e n ts or s e t t le m e n t o f u n d e r p a y m e n ts .
14 A d ju s te d for r e c o v e r y o f o v e r p a y m e n ts a n d s e ttle m e n t o f u n d e r p a y m e n ts ,
n R e p r e s e n ts a n u n d u p lic a te d c o u n t o f in su r e d u n e m p lo y m e n t u n d e r th e
S ta te , E x -se r v ic e m e n a n d U O F E p ro g ra m s a n d th e R a ilr o a d U n e m p lo y m e n t
I n s u r a n c e A c t.
Source: U .S . D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r , B u r e a u o f E m p lo y m e n t S e c u r ity for
a ll ite m s e x c e p t railroad u n e m p lo y m e n t in s u r a n c e , w h ic h is p rep a red b y th e
U .S . R a ilr o a d R e tir e m e n t B o a r d .
723
B.—LABOR TURNOVER
B.—Labor Turnover
T able B - l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group1
Revised series; see box, p. 720«
[Per 1 0 0 employees]
A nnual
a v er a g e
1963
1964
M a jo r in d u s t r y grou p
M a r .s
Feb.
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
S e p t.
A ug.
J u ly
June
M ay
A pr.
M ar.
1963
1962
3 .9
4 .1
A c c e ssio n s: T o ta l
M a n u fa c tu r in g :
A c t u a l ..................................... — ..........................S e a s o n a l ly a d ju s te d
________________
D u r a b le g o o d s .............................— .....................
O r d n a n ce a n d a c c e sso r ie s..............................
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c ts, e x c e p t
fu r n itu r e ______________________________
F u r n itu r e a n d fix tu r e s __________________
S to n e , c la y , a n d g lass p r o d u c ts ------------P r im a r y m e ta l in d u s tr ie s ________ ______
F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c ts .............. ............
M a c h in e r y ___ ________ _________ ______
E le c tr ic a l e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p p lie s _____
T r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t ....... ...................
I n s tr u m e n ts a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts ............
M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu r in g In d u str ie s ........................................................................
N o n d u r a b le g o o d s ..................- ............................
F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c t s . . .....................
T o b a c c o m a n u fa c tu r e s __________________
T e x tile m ill p r o d u c ts -----------------------------A p p a r e l a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts .......... ..........
P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts ---------------------P r in tin g , p u b lis h in g , a n d a llie d In d u st r ie s ___________________________________
C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s .. ............
P e tr o le u m re fin in g a n d r e la te d in d u st r i e s . -------------------------------- ------------------R u b b e r a n d m is c e lla n e o u s p la s tic
p r o d u c ts _______________________________
L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p r o d u c ts .....................
N o m n a n u fa c tu r in g :
M e ta l m in in g ...................... .....................................
C o a l m in in g -------------- ---------------------------------
3 .4
4 -0
3 .6
3 .7
2 .5
2 .9
3 .9
4 .8
4 .8
4 .3
4 .8
4 .0
3 .9
3 .6
S. 8
S .9
3 .6
3 .9
3 .9
3 .7
Jt.0
3 .9
3 .8
11
3 .8
3 .5
1 .9
3 .3
2 .0
3 .4
1 .8
2 .4
1 .6
2 .7
2 .0
3 .6
2 .7
4 .5
2 .8
4 .2
2 .7
3 .7
2 .6
4 .2
2 .9
3 .8
2 .5
3 .8
2 .3
3 .5
2 .1
3 .6
2 .4
3 .8
2 .9
4 .7
4 .9
4 .7
2 .7
4 .0
3 .0
3 .0
3 .6
2 .8
4 .8
4 .2
3 .7
3 .2
3 .6
3 .0
2 .6
3 .5
2 .3
4 .4
4 .2
3 .6
3 .5
3 .9
3 .0
2 .9
3 .4
2 .6
2 .8
2 .7
2 .0
2 .6
2 .6
2 .4
2 .2
2 .5
2 .0
3 .5
3 .3
2 .5
2 .5
3 .0
2 .6
2 .5
2 .9
2 .0
4 .9
4 .8
3 .1
2 .6
4 .0
2 .9
3 .2
4 .0
2 .7
6 .3
5 .6
3 .4
2 .5
4 .9
3 .4
3 .7
7 .0
3 .4
6 .8
5 .9
3 .8
2 .4
4 .9
3 .0
3 .7
5 .5
3 .1
5 .7
5 .5
4 .2
2 .4
4 .3
2 .9
3 .2
3 .6
3 .4
7 .9
4 .8
5 .1
3 .3
4 .9
3 .4
3 .6
4 .1
3 .9
7 .3
4 .5
4 .4
3 .5
4 .2
2 .7
2 .9
3 .8
3 .1
6 .6
4 .4
5 .7
3 .8
4 .3
2 .7
2 .9
3 .8
2 .6
6 .0
3 .8
4 .7
3 .6
3 .8
2 .6
2 .7
3 .6
2 .5
5 .6
4 .4
3 .8
3 .0
4 .0
2 .9
3 .0
4 .0
2 .8
5 .5
4 .5
3 .8
2 .8
4 .1
3 .0
3 .6
4 .7
2 .7
5 .5
5 .3
5 .8
2 .4
3 .7
5 .6
6 .8
6 .6
7 .0
5 .5
5 .2
5 .7
5 .1
5 .4
5 .6
3 .5
4 .0
3 .2
3 .6
4 .7
2 .6
3 .5
4 .0
4 .0
3 .6
5 .2
2 .2
3 .8
4 .0
5 .1
3 .4
5 .9
2 .4
2 .5
3 .0
7 .0
2 .2
3 .3
1 .8
3 .1
3 .9
4 .4
3 .0
4 .5
2 .0
4 .3
6 .5
5 .9
4 .0
5 .0
2 .6
5 .1
8 .1
13.1
4 .2
5 .5
3 .0
5 .4
9 .1
2 4 .5
4 .3
5 .8
2 .9
5 .1
7 .5
8 .3
4 .0
7 .1
2 .9
5 .5
8 .9
3 .1
4 .0
5 .7
4 .0
4 .2
5 .6
2 .4
3 .9
5 .9
2 .7
3 .9
4 .9
1 .8
3 .6
5 .1
2 .7
3 .5
4 .3
2 .6
3 .5
4 .7
2 .4
4 .1
5 .8
6 .6
3 .6
5 .3
2 .6
4 .3
6 .4
6 .4
3 .6
5 .5
2 .6
2 .7
2 .5
2 .8
1 .9
3 .0
1 .8
2 .1
1 .3
2 .5
1 .3
3 .0
1 .8
3 .5
2 .2
3 .2
1 .9
3 .2
2 .2
4 .0
3 .3
2 .8
2 .0
2 .8
2 .6
2 .6
2 .4
2 .9
2 .1
3 .0
2 .1
3 .5
1 .2
1 .3
1 .4
.7
.9
1 .2
1 .4
1 .3
1 .9
3 .0
2 .0
2 .1
1 .6
1 .5
1 .4
3 .4
4 .4
3 .1
4 .6
3 .5
5 .6
2 .3
3 .5
2 .6
4 .1
3 .8
4 .8
4 .3
4 .8
4 .3
5 .4
4 .5
6 .6
4 .0
6 .3
3 .7
5 .6
3 .8
4 .4
3 .4
4 .1
3 .6
5 .0
3 .8
5 .0
2 .8
1 .4
2 .7
1 .5
3 .1
2 .6
1 .8
1 .4
2 .5
1 .7
2 .7
1 .8
2 .6
2 .3
2 .8
2 .9
2 .7
2 .1
3 .8
1 .5
3 .6
2 .1
5 .7
2 .2
2 .9
2 .5
3 .1
2 .1
2 .9
1 .7
2 .4
2 .5
A c c e s s io n s : N e w h ire s
M a n u fa c tu r in g :
A c t u a l _______________________ _______ —
D u r a b le g o o d s .........................................................
O r d n a n ce a n d a c c e ss o r ie s _______________
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c ts, e x c e p t
fu r n itu r e .................... ............................ .............
F u r n itu r e a n d f ix t u r e s .. . -------------------S to n e , c la y , a n d gla ss p r o d u c ts ..................
P r im a r y m e t a l in d u s tr ie s ........ ......................
F a b r ic a te d m e t a l p r o d u c ts _____________
M a c h in e r y —..........................................................
E le c tr ic a l e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p p lie s _____
T r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t ......... .................
I n s tr u m e n ts a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts --------M isc e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu r in g in d u st r ie s .............................. ............ ............................
N o n d u r a b le g o o d s..................................................
F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c t s . . .....................
T o b a c c o m a n u fa c tu r e s__________________
T e x tile m ill p r o d u c ts ________ ________ —
A p p a r e l a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts __________
P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ...........................
P r in tin g , p u b lis h in g , a n d a llie d in d u st r ie s . ______________________ ________ _
nhATnio.als and »Iliad p ro d u c ts
P e tr o le u m r e fin in g a n d r e la te d In d u str ie s . ______________________________
R u b b e r a n d m is c e lla n e o u s p la s tic
p r o d u c t s ____________________ ________
T.eftthfir an d
le a th e r p ro d u c ts
N o m n a n u fa c tu r in g :
M e ta l m in in g _____________________________
Coal m in in g ...............................................................
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 .2
3 8
2 .0
2 .0
1 .4
1 .8
2 .6
3 .1
3 .2
2 .7
3 .3
2 .5
2 .3
2 .0
2. 5
2 .4
2 .5
2 .3
2. It
2 .3
2. It
2. It
2. It
2. It
2 .6
2. It
2 .1
1.1
1 .9
1 .2
1 .9
1 .0
1 .3
1 .0
1 .7
1 .3
2 .4
1 .8
2 .8
2 .0
2 .6
1 .9
2 .3
1 .7
2 .9
1 .9
2 .3
1 .4
2 .2
1 .3
1 .8
1.1
2 .1
1 .5
2 .3
2 .0
3 .3
3 .6
2 .3
1 .5
2 .3
2 .4
1 .6
2 .0
1 .8
3 .3
3 .1
1 .7
1 .5
2 .1
2 .2
1 .5
1 .6
1 .5
3 .0
3 .1
1 .6
1 .3
2 .2
2 .2
1 .6
1 .7
1 .6
2 .0
1 .8
1 .1
.8
1 .5
1 .6
1 .3
1 .2
1 .3
2 .9
2 .7
1 .5
.8
2 .0
1 .7
1 .6
1 .6
1 .4
4 .2
4 .0
2 .0
1 .1
2 .9
2 .0
2 .2
2 .3
2 .0
5 .5
4 .8
2 .4
1 .3
3 .5
2 .2
2 .6
2 .5
2 .4
5 .9
4 .9
2 .8
1 .2
3 .2
1 .9
2 .3
1 .9
2 .1
4 .7
4 .4
3 .0
1 .2
2 .8
1 .9
1 .9
1 .8
2 .2
6 .3
4 .0
3 .7
2 .1
3 .2
2 .5
2 .4
2 .4
3 .1
5. 5
3 .5
2 .8
1 .7
2 .6
1 .9
1 .7
1 .8
2 .0
4 .6
3 .3
2 .8
1 .4
2 .4
1 .9
1 .6
1 .9
1 .8
3 .7
2 .7
2 .1
1 .0
2 .0
1 .8
1 .5
1 .7
1 .7
4 .2
3 .5
2 .3
1 .2
2 .5
1 .9
1 .9
1. 9
2 .0
3 .9
3 .6
2 .2
1 .1
2 .4
2 .0
2 .3
2 .1
2 .0
2 .7
2 .9
3 .0
1 .5
2 .7
4 .4
5 .2
4 .8
4 .1
3 .7
3 .2
3 .2
2 .6
3 .4
3 .8
2 .2
2 .3
1 .9
2 .4
3 .0
1 .7
2 .1
2 .1
2 .1
2 .3
3 .2
1 .4
2 .1
2 .1
1 .8
2 .1
3 .1
1 .4
1 .4
1 .6
4 .0
1 .4
1 .6
1 .1
1 .9
2 .3
2 .3
2 .1
2 .4
1 .3
2 .9
4 .0
3 .8
2 .9
3 .4
2 .1
3 .5
5 .3
8 .5
3 .1
3 .8
2 .4
3 .8
6 .5
14.4
3 .2
3 .9
2 .2
3 .2
4 .6
3 .3
2 .8
4 .0
2 .1
3 .8
5 .9
1 .8
3 .0
3 .6
3 .1
2 .7
3 .5
1 .3
2 .8
3 .6
1 .9
2 .4
2 .8
1 .1
2 .5
3 .4
1 .7
2 .2
2 .2
1 .6
2 .2
3 .2
1 .5
2 .7
3 .6
3 .8
2 .5
3 .3
1 .8
2 .8
3 .8
3 .2
2 .5
3 .5
1 .8
2 .0
1 .7
2 .1
1 .3
2 .1
1 .2
1 .5
1 .9
.9
2 .4
1 .3
2 .9
1 .6
2 .5
1 .4
2 .5
1 .6
3 .0
2 .6
2 .1
1 .4
2 .0
1 .8
1 .9
1 .6
2 .2
1 .5
2 .3
1 .5
.8
.6
.7
.6
.5
.7
.8
1 .1
1 .0
1 .6
2 .4
1 .5
1 .3
.9
1. 1
1.0
2 .0
2 .5
1 .9
2 .7
1 .9
3 .2
1 .3
2 .3
1 .7
2 .6
2 .8
3 .4
3 .2
3 .6
2 .9
3 .9
2 .6
4 .2
2 .7
3 .9
2 .4
3 .2
2 .1
2 .6
1 .9
2 .3
2 .3
3 .1
2 .4
3 .1
1 .8
1 .7
1 .7
1 .1
1 .0
1 .3
1 .9
1 .2
1 .8
1 .1
1 .5
.9
1 .6
1 .7
1 .5
1 .7
1 .5
.8
1 .7
1 .0
2 .7
.7
.8
.7
.7
.8
.8
.8
.9
.5
724
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
T able B - l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 720.
[P e r 1 0 0 e m p lo y e e s ]
1964
1963
A nnual
a v er age
M a jo r in d u s t r y g ro u p
M a r .s
Feb.
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
S e p t.
A ug.
J u ly
June
M ay
A pr.
M ar.
1963
1962
3 .9
4 .1
S e p a r a tio n s: T o ta l
Manufacturing:
Acutal...... ....................................................
Seasonally adjusted_________________
Durable goods.-...........................................
Ordnance and accessories____________
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture—.............................................
Furniture and fixtures______ ____ ____
Stone, clay, and glass products.... ..........
Primary metal industries....................... .
Fabricated metal products..................... .
Machinery..................................... .............
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Transportation equipment...... .............. .
Instruments and related products____
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus
tries............................................................
3 .4
3 .3
3 .7
S .7
4 .1
4 .9
4 .7
4 .1
3 .4
3 .6
3 .6
3 .5
3 .8
4 .0
AO
3 .8
S .7
S .7
S .7
S .9
i.g
4 .0
S .8
4 .0
4 .0
S .8
3.1
3 .6
3 .1
3 .1
3 .8
3 .9
3 .4
2 .1
3 .5
2 .4
3 .7
2 .5
4 .3
3 .2
4 .7
2 .8
4 .0
2 .2
3 .2
2 .4
3 .3
2 .3
3 .3
2 .4
3 .3
4 .2
3 .6
2 .7
3 .8
2 .7
5 .6
4 .2
3 .0
1 .9
3 .4
2 .4
3 .2
3 .3
2 .7
4 .7
4 .0
3 .3
2 .0
3 .5
2 .2
3 .4
3 .4
2 .6
6 .1
4 .7
4 .7
2 .5
4 .2
2 .6
3 .7
4 .3
3 .3
4 .9
3 .8
4 .9
2 .2
3 .7
1 .9
3 .0
3 .6
2 .5
5 .8
4 .0
4 .0
2 .7
4 .0
2 .3
3 .5
3 .1
2 .4
5 .5
4 .9
3 .9
3 .5
4 .3
2 .7
3 .4
3 .5
2 .7
7 .1
5 .0
4 .6
4 .1
4 .8
3 .3
4 .0
3 .9
3 .7
7 .3
5 .3
4 .3
4 .1
4 .5
3 .4
3 .6
7 .5
3 .0
5 .2
4 .3
3 .3
3 .6
4 .6
2 .8
3 .2
5 .9
3 .0
5 .1
4 .2
3 .2
2 .0
3 .5
2 .8
3 .1
3 .5
2 .3
5 .0
4 .4
3 .1
2 .1
3 .7
3 .0
3 .0
3 .7
2 .7
5 .2
4 .5
3 .0
2 .1
3 .5
2 .6
3 .1
3 .9
2 .3
5 .4
4 .5
2 .9
2 .1
3 .8
2 .5
3 .6
3 .5
2 .4
5 .5
4 .4
3 .8
2 .8
4 .0
2 .7
3 .4
4 .1
2 .7
5 .6
4 .6
4 .1
3 .3
4 .2
2 .8
3 .3
4 .6
2 .6
4 .0
3 .9
5 .9
1 0 .4
7 .2
5 .3
5 .4
5 .5
5 .2
4 .2
4 .5
4 .8
4 .2
5 .5
6 .0
3 .8
4 .8
6 .8
3 .5
5 .4
2 .2
3 .5
4 .9
9 .0
3 .2
4 .3
2 .4
4.1
5 .5
7 .3
3 .8
5 .3
2 .9
4.1
5 .5
1 1 .0
3 .3
5 .7
2 .6
4 .3
6 .6
1 1 .9
3 .6
5 .3
2 .7
4 .7
7 .5
8 .6
4 .0
5 .5
2 .8
5 .6
9 .2
4 .2
4 .5
5 .8
4 .2
4 .8
6 .5
4 .3
4 .6
5 .8
3 .4
4 .3
5 .8
2 .6
3 .8
6 .4
2 .5
3 .8
4 .8
2 .2
3 .3
5 .6
2 .2
4 .0
4 .6
4 .0
3 .9
5 .8
2 .5
3 .9
4 .8
3 .9
3 .7
6 .0
2 .5
3 .7
4 .9
7 .0
3 .5
4 .8
2 .5
4 .2
5 .9
6 .3
3 .8
5 .5
2 .8
4 .4
6 .2
6 .7
3 .7
5 .8
2 .8
2 .4
1 .7
2 .6
1 .6
3 .2
1 .9
2 .5
1 .7
2 .7
1 .8
3 .1
2 .0
3 .8
3 .1
3 .5
2 .5
2 .6
1 .8
3 .0
2.1
3 .0
2 .6
2 .6
1 .9
2 .7
1 .7
2 .9
2 .0
2 .9
2 .1
Nondurable goods................... ................... .
Food and kindred products__________
Tobacco manufactures______________
Textile mill products________________
Apparel and related products________
Paper and allied products____ ____ _
Printing, publishing, and allied indus
tries_____________________________
Chemicals and allied products_______
Petroleum refining and related indus
tries_________________________ ____
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic prod
ucts................................................ ............
Leather and leather products_________
1 .2
1 .4
1 .5
2 .3
1 .8
1 .8
3 .1
2 .1
1 .7
1 .8
1 .7
1 .6
1 .8
2 .0
1 .8
3 .7
5 .3
3.1
4 .2
3 .9
5 .3
3 .9
5 .3
3 .7
4 .1
3 .7
4 .8
4 .4
5 .8
4 .1
5 .9
4 .3
5 .6
3 .3
4 .1
3 .5
4 .9
3 .2
5 .9
3 .7
4 .7
3 .7
5 .0
3 .6
5 .2
Nonmanufacturing:
M etal mining_______________________
Coal mining________________________
2 .0
1 .7
2 .2
1 .8
2 .4
2 .7
3 .1
2 .0
3 .3
1 .5
3 .1
1 .4
3 .9
1 .9
2 .9
1 .8
2 .6
2 .6
2 .5
1 .8
3 .1
2 .2
3 .0
2 .8
3 .1
2 .5
3 .1
2 .1
3 .5
2 .8
1 .4
1 .4
S ep a ra tio n s: Q u its
Manufacturing:
Actual_____ __________ __________
Seasonally adjusted.................................
Durable goods.......................................... .
Ordnance and accessories___________
Lumber and wood products, expcet
furniture_______________________
Furniture and fixtures______________
Stone, clay, and glass products.............
Primary metal industries___________
Fabricated metal products...................
Machinery_______________________
Electrical equipment and supplies___
Transportation equipment....................
Instruments and related products____
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus
tries.......................................................
Nondurable goods___________________
Food and kindred products_________
Tobacco manufactures_____________
Textile mill products_______________
Apparel and related products..............
Paper and allied products......................
Printing, publishing, and allied indus
tries........ .............................................
Chemicals and allied products_______
Petroleum refining and related indus
tries.................... ............................. .
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic prod
u cts...................................... ..............
Leather and leather products________
Nonmanufacturing:
Metal mining____________ __________
Coalmining_____________ _________
S ee fo o tn o te s a t e n d of ta b le.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 .2
1 .1
1 .2
0 .8
1 .1
1 .5
2 .4
2 .1
1 .4
1 .4
1 .4
1 .3
1 .2
1 .5
1 .5
1 .5
1 .3
1 ./,
n
l.S
1 .5
1 .4
1 .4
1 .4
1 .4
1 .5
1 .1
.8
.9
.8
1.0
1.0
.7
.6
1.0
1 .3
1 .8
1 .3
1 .2
1 .3
1.0
2 .0
1 .7
1 .2
1.0
1.0
1.0
1 .1
.8
1.0
1 .2
.7
.9
1.0
1 .2
1 .2
2 .0
2 .2
1 .0
.6
1 .2
1 .9
1 .7
.8
.5
1.0
2 .9
2 .3
1 .2
.6
1 .4
2 .9
2 .1
1 .3
.7
1 .2
.9
1 .2
.9
1 .2
3 .0
1 .9
1 .3
.6
1 .2
.9
1 .2
.9
1 .1
1.0
1.0
2 .4
2 .1
1 .2
.6
1 .3
1 .2
.9
1 .3
1 .1
.8
1.0
2 .2
1 .9
.9
.5
1 .1
.9
1 .1
.8
2 .7
2 .1
1 .2
.6
1 .3
1 .3
.9
1 .1
4 .9
3 .1
1 .9
1 .1
1 .9
1 .4
1 .7
1 .2
1 .6
2 .6
2 .2
1.1
.6
1 .2
.8
1.1
.7
.9
4 .5
3 .0
2 .2
1 .2
2 .2
1 .6
2 .0
1 .5
2 .0
3 .0
2 .3
1 .3
.7
1 .3
.8
.9
1 .5
1 .2
.6
.4
.8
.6
.9
.6
.8
2 .1
1 .7
.9
1 .0
.7
.8
1 .9
1 .9
.9
.6
1.1
.9
1 .1
.8
1 .1
1 .5
1 .4
1 .5
1 .1
1 .6
2 .3
3 .0
2 .9
1 .8
1 .8
1 .8
1 .6
.1 .4
1 .3
.9
1 .8
1 .9
.9
1 .3
1 .3
.9
1 .6
1 .8
.8
1 .4
1 .4
1.0
1.0
1 .8
2 .2
1 .6
1 .9
.9
1 .3
1 .5
.8
1 .6
1 .8
.9
2 .2
2 .3
1 .2
2 .8
3 .8
1 .3
2 .8
2 .8
2 .6
2 .4
2 .8
1 .5
2 .8
3.1
1 .9
1 .7
1 .9
.8
2.1
2 .5
1 .6
1 .7
.7
1 .9
2 .2
1 .7
1 .6
.8
2 .1
2 .4
1.0
1.0
1 .5
1 .4
.8
2 .0
2 .3
1.0
1 .2
.6
1 .2
.6
1 .4
.6
1 .1
.5
1 .4
.7
2 .2
1 .9
2 .0
1 .3
1 .3
.7
1 .5
.7
1 .5
.8
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
.7
1.1
1 .3
.7
1.0
.4
1.0
.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1 .2
.9
1 .2
1 .2
1 .5
1 .8
2 .0
1.0
1 .4
1 .4
.7
1 .7
2 .0
.9
1 .6
1 .8
.9
1 .9
2 .2
1 .1
1 .7
1 .9
.9
1 .9
2 .3
1.1
1 .3
.7
1 .2
.6
1 .4
.8
1 .5
.8
1 .4
.3
.4
.4
.3
.4
.6
1 .7
1 .1
.7
.8
.7
.6
.5
.7
.7
1 .2
2 .0
1 .1
1 .9
1 .1
2 .0
.8
1 .5
1 .1
1 .9
1 .6
2 .5
2 .3
3 .1
2 .0
3 .3
1 .4
2 .5
1 .4
2 .2
1 .4
2 .4
1 .3
2 .3
1 .1
2 .0
1 .4
2 .3
1 .4
2 .3
1 .1
.5
1 .0
.4
1.1
.4
.7
.3
.8
.4
1 .2
.5
2 .3
.6
1 .9
.6
1 .3
.5
1 .4
.3
1 .5
.4
1 .4
.5
1 .2
.4
1 .3
.4
1 .2
.4
B.—LABOR TURNOVER
T able
725
B -l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 720.
[Per 100 employees]
1964
1963
Annual
average
Major industry group
Mar.8 Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
1963
1962
1.8
2.0
Separations: Layoffs
Manufacturing:
Actual___________________________
Seasonally adjusted_________________
Durable goods.............................................
Ordnance and accessories. .................
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture................. .................. .........
Furniture and fixtures_________ ____
Stone, clay, and glass products............ .
Primary metal industires.......................
Fabricated metal products__________
Machinery...............................................
Electrical equipment and supplies.......
Transportation equipment...................
Instruments and related products.........
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus
tries............................................. ........
1.6
1.5
2.0
2.3
2.1
1.9
1.8
1.9
2.0
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.8
2.0
1.9
1.7
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.4
2.4
1.5
1.9
2.0
2.3
2.1
1.0
1.8
1.1
1.6
.9
1.4
1.0
2.1
.9
2.1
.7
1.3
.9
1.3
.8
1.4
1.1
1.6
2.7
1.7
1.2
1.9
.9
2.8
1.2
1.4
.7
1.5
.8
1.5
1.6
1.2
2.0
1.5
1.9
.7
1.8
.7
1.7
1.8
1.0
3.3
2.0
3.1
1.1
2.3
.8
1.8
2.4
1.5
2.7
2.0
3.7
1.3
2.3
.7
1.5
2.3
1.2
2.9
1.6
2.4
1.6
2.3
.9
1.6
1.7
.9
1.7
1.7
2.0
2.1
2.1
1.1
1.2
1.6
.9
1.5
1.1
1.7
2.2
1.8
1.0
1.1
1.5
.8
1.4
1.3
1.6
2.3
1.7
1.3
1.1
5.4
.8
1.5
1.4
1.2
2.2
2.6
1.3
1.3
4.0
1.3
1.2
1.6
1.2
.7
1.5
1.2
1.1
1.7
.6
1.1
1.3
1.2
.8
1.7
1.4
1.2
1.9
.7
1.8
1.5
1.2
.8
1.7
1.0
1.3
2.2
.7
2.5
1.8
1.4
1.0
2.0
1.0
1.7
1.9
.7
1.9
1.6
1.9
1.5
2.0
1.1
1.4
2.4
.9
2.4
1.8
2.2
2.1
2.2
1.2
1.1
2.8
.7
1.9
1.9
3.7
8.6
4.7
2.1
1.6
1.7
2.6
1.7
2.0
2.4
2.0
2.9
3.1
1.9
2.9
5.5
1.1
2.9
.8
1.6
3.0
7.4
1.0
1.7
1.0
2.1
3.4
5.4
1.5
2.6
1.3
2.6
3.9
9.9
1.6
3.8
1.4
2.4
4.5
10.7
1.5
2.8
1.2
2.3
4.6
7.0
1.2
2.5
.9
2.2
4.6
2.5
1.0
2.3
.9
1.7
2.9
2.2
1.1
1.9
.9
1.9
3.2
1.3
1.1
3.0
.8
1.5
2.5
1.2
.8
2.6
.6
1.7
2.4
2.7
1.1
2.6
.9
1.8
2.8
2.6
1.1
3.0
.9
1.7
2.9
5.8
1.2
2.1
1.1
2.0
3.5
5.0
1.2
2.6
1.0
2.1
3.7
5.3
1.2
2.7
1.0
.8
.7
.9
.6
1.2
.7
1.2
.9
1.1
.9
1.2
.7
1.0
.7
1.0
.7
.8
.7
.9
.9
1.1
1.4
.9
.8
1.0
.6
1.0
.8
1.0
.8
Nondurable goods........ .............................
Food and kindred products.................
Tobacco manufactures......... ..................
Textile mill products_______________
Apparel and related products................
Paper and allied products___________
Printing, publishing, and allied indus
tries____________________________
Chemicals and allied products_______
Petroleum refining and related industires. . ....................................................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products................................................
Leather and leather products________
.3
.6
.6
1.5
1.0
.8
.8
.6
.4
.3
.5
.5
.7
.7
.6
1.8
2.5
1.2
1.6
2.0
2.4
2.4
3.2
2.0
1.5
1.2
1.7
1.3
1.9
1.4
1.6
2.1
2.3
1.2
1.1
1.3
1.7
1.2
2.9
1.8
2.0
1.6
2.0
1.5
2.1
N onmanufac turing :
Metal mining_______________________
Coal mining_____ __________ ________
.3
.8
.4
1.0
.6
1.4
1.9
1.4
1.9
.7
1.2
.5
.8
.8
.5
.7
.6
1.6
.4
1.0
.8
1.4
.9
1.8
1.4
1.6
1.1
1.2
1.5
1.9
1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1963, see footnote 1, table A-2.
Month-to-montb changes in total employment in manufacturing and
nonmanufacturing industries as indicated by labor turnover rates are not
comparable with the changes shown by the Bureau’s employment series
for the following reasons: (1) the labor turnover series measures changes
731 - 4 7 5 — 64 -
-8
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
during the calendar month, while the employment series measures changes
from midmonth to midmonth; and (2) the turnover series excludes personnel
changes caused by strikes, but the employment series reflects the influence of
such stoppages.
8 Preliminary.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
726
C.—E a r n in g s and Hours
Revised series see box, p 720.
Annual
average
1963
1964
Industry
Apr.» Mar.»
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Oct.
Nov.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
1963
1962
Average weekly earnings
Mining ____________________________
Metal mining ____________________
Tron nrPit
Copper ores
$113.16 $115. 09 $115.36 $116.48 $113.99 $116.75 $117.04 $115.08 $112.06 $117.85 $114.39 $112.75 $114.40 $110.70
122.64 122.51 123.09 122.51 119.89 120.60 121.06 118.08 116.69 118.85 117.71 117.50 118.66 117.45
128.54 126.89 129.07 127.93 120.43 120.43 127.20 119.65 119. 50 124.14 120.08 117.80 120.96 122.19
128.91 128.74 127.28 126.69 128.17 130.23 124.66 125.27 121.98 122.69 122.55 124.12 124.56 120.70
Coal mining ____________________
Bituminous___________________
115.02 121. 09 124.97 125.85 117.94 121.68 123.48 118.18 108.19 128.74 122.14 117.73 119.95 113.09
117.12 123.52 127.12 128.40 119.45 123.48 124.97 119.32 110.21 130.60 124.66 119.81 121.59 114.50
112.25 112.94 112.71 113. 79 113.10 113.05 113.67 113.32 112.36 113.36 110.62 111.45 111. 99 109.20
Crude petroleum and natural gas ___
Crude petroleum and natural gas
fields_______________________
Oil and gas field services..................
.......
Quarrying and nonmetallic mining___
120.13 121.25 122.43 121.54 120.54 119.43 122.07 119.31 120.30 123.31 117.74 120.30 120.01 115.46
105.41 106.52 104.66 107.75 106.46 108.43 106.64 107.56 105.46 105.04 104.49 103.52 105.35 103.63
106.46 105.96 102.34 105.33 108.24 115.04 114.50 114.33 113.83 112.91 110.32 106.56 109.03 105.43
128.12
120.27
121. 52
113.68
128.18
134.63
Contract construction .. ______________
Ceneral hnilrHng eontraotors
Heavy construction ____ __________
Highway and street construction...
Other heavy construction________
Special trade contractors____________
127.09
118.29
123.31
114.94
129.81
133.81
122.08
111. 52
118.95
110.88
124.69
129.24
124.96
115.93
118.17
109.08
126.92
133.48
125. 58
116. 53
124.00
119.99
128.38
131.38
134.98
124.58
138.65
137.81
140.34
139.4Ç
132.90
121.88
136.85
135.96
137.78
137.64
132.70
122.02
137.02
134.67
140.68
137.25
130.90
120.62
135.22
133.62
136.92
136.14
129.79
118.58
132.12
130.09
134.60
135.75
128.06
117.85
126.96
123.68
131.02
134.67
124. 58
115.84
122.36
117.74
127.98
131.40
127.57
117.72
128.03
125.16
131.54
133. 59
122.47
112.50
122.31
118.37
126.48
128. 50
M anufacturing________________________ $101.81 101.40 101.15 99.90 102.41 100.85 100.53 100. 53 98.42 99.23 100.37 99.23 97.36 99.38 96.56
Durable goods_________________ 111.24 110.29 109.88 109.21 111.90 no. oo 109.71 109.45 107.01 108.09 109.82 108.36 106.37 108.09 104.70
Nondurable goods______________ 89.60 89.67 89.04 87.85 90.17 89.1C 88.98 89.38 88.4C 88.36 88.36 87.52 85.97 87.91 85.54
Average weekly hours
41.2
40.8
38.8
42.8
42.7
41.7
40.7
42.9
41.9
41.3
39.5
43.0
41.3
40.8
38.0
43.4
41.6
41.2
39.4
43.1
41.0
41.5
39.8
42.8
41.0
41.2
39.4
39.7
38.1
38.4
38.8
38.9
36.6
36.7
42.3
41.9
41.9
42.1
42.0
41.8
42.7
40.6
43.0
41.2
42.6
41.1
43.0
40.8
43.0
44.4
44.5
44.3
37.3
36.2
41.2
41.9
40.5
36.5
37.3
36.0
41.3
42.0
40.6
36.5
37.0
35.6
40.5
41.1
39.9
36.3
Mining__________
Metal m ining...
Iron ores___
Copper ores.
41.0
42.4
41.2
44.3
41.4
42.1
40.8
43.2
41.2
42.3
41.5
43.0
41.6
42.1
41.4
42.8
41.3
41.2
39.1
43.3
42.3
41.3
39.1
43.7
42.1
41.6
41.3
42.4
42.0
41.0
39.1
42.9
Coal mining___
Bituminous.
36.4
36.6
38.2
38.6
39.3
39.6
39.7
40.0
37.8
37.8
39.0
39.2
39.2
39.3
38.0
38.0
Crude petroleum and natural gas........
Crude petroleum and natural gas
fields_______________________
Oil and gas field services____ ____
42.2
42.3
41.9
42.3
42.2
42.5
42.1
42.6
42.4
41.0
43.2
41.1
43.3
41.5
42.2
41.2
43.1
41.0
43.1
40.9
43.9
41.1
43.0
41.0
43.9
41.2
43.4
Quarrying and nonmetallic mining.
43.1
42.9
41.1
42.3
44.0
46.2
45.8
46.1
45.9
45.9
45.4
38.4
36.6
42.9
43.8
41.8
37.5
38.0
36.6
41.9
42.5
41.2
37.1
Contract construction______ ___________
General building contractors_______
Heavy construction_______ _______ _
Highway and street construction..
Other heavy construction____. . . .
Special trade contractors___________
Manufacturing.....................................
Durable goods____________
Nondurable goods..................
40.4
41.2
39.3
36.5
35.9
39.2
39.2
39.2
35.9
35.9
35.1
38.9
38.7
39.1
35.4
34.1
32.8
36.6
36.0
37.0
34.1
35.3
34.3
36.7
35.3
38.0
35.5
36.4
35.1
40.0
40.4
39.5
35.7
38.9
37.3
43.6
44.6
42.4
37.7
38.3
36.6
42.9
44.0
41.5
37.2
38.8
37.2
43.5
44.3
42.5
37.5
38.5
37.0
43.2
44.1
42.0
37.4
40.4
41.0
39.5
40.3
41.0
39.4
39.8
40.6
38.7
40.8
41.6
39.9
40.5
41.2
39.6
40.7
41.4
39.9
40.7
41.3
39.9
40.5
41.0
40.0
40.5
41.1
39.8
40.8
41.6
39.8
40.5
41.2
39.6
39.9
40.6
38.9
40.4
41.1
39.6
40.4
40.9
39.6
$2.76
2.91
3.08
2. 96
$2.76
2.92
3.08
2.98
$2.78
2.91
3.08
2.94
$2.74
2.88
3.06
2.92
$2.72
2.86
3.08
2.85
$2.76
2.85
3.05
2.86
$2.73
2.85
3.04
2.85
$2.73
2.88
3.10
2.86
$2.75
2.88
3.07
2.89
$2.70
2.83
3.07
2.82
3.14
3.17
3.10
3.14
3.09
3.12
3.12
3.15
3.09
3.12
Average hourly earnings
Copper ores.
$2.76
2.89
3.12
2.91
$2.78
2.91
3.11
2.98
$2.80
2.91
3.11
2.96
$2.80
2.91
3.09
2.96
Coal mining___
Bituminous-
3.16
3.2Ò
3.17
3.20
3.18
3.21
3.17
3.21
3.12
3.16
3.12
3.15
3.15
3.18
3.11
3.14
M ining............. .
Metal mining.
Crude petroleum and natural gas.
Crude petroleum and natural gas
fields__________________
Quarrying and nonmetallic mining.
Contract construction______________
Heavy construction________________
Highway and street Construction-
.........
Manufacturing____ _____________
Durable goods_________________
Nondurable goods................
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2.52
2.70
2.28
2.66
2.67
2.69
2.69
2.68
2.66
2.70
2.66
2.65
2.68
2.64
2.66
2.66
2.60
2.93
2.44
2.95
2.46
2.95
2.48
2.95
2.50
2.94
2.47
2.92
2.47
2.97
2.48
2.91
2.45
2.92
2.43
2.95
2.46
2.90
2.43
2.92
2.43
2.92
2.45
2.83
2.41
2.47
2.47
2.49
2.49
2.46
2.49
2.50
2.48
2.48
2.46
2.43
2.40
2.45
2.38
3. 51
3.35
3.10
2.90
3.27
3.75
3.54
3.37
3.17
2.97
3.32
3. 78
3.58
3.40
3.25
3.08
3.37
3.79
3.54
3.38
3.22
3.09
3.34
3.76
3.45
3.32
3.10
2.97
3.25
3.68
3.47
3.34
3.18
3.09
3.31
3.70
3.47
3.33
3.19
3.09
3.32
3.70
3.42
3.28
3.15
3.04
3.31
3.66
3.40
3.26
3.13
3.03
3.26
3.64
3.38
3.24
3.08
2.97
3.22
3.62
3.37
3.22
3.03
2.91
3.18
3.63
3.34
3.20
2.97
2.81
3.16
3.60
3.42
3.27
3.10
2.98
3.24
3.66
3.31
3.16
3.02
2. 51
2.69
2.27
2.51
2.68
2.26
2. 51
2.69
2.27
2.51
2.69
2.26
2.49
2.67
2.25
2.47
2.65
2.23
2.47
2.65
2.24
2.43
2.61
2.21
2.45
2.63
2.22
2.46
2.64
2.22
2.45
2.63
2.21
2.44
2.62
2.21
2.46
2.63
2.22
2.88
3.17
3.64
2.39
2.56
2.16
O.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
727
T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 720.
1964
A nnual
a v er a g e
1963
I n d u s tr y
A p r .J
M ar.
Feb.
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O c t.
S e p t.
A ug.
J u ly
June
M ay
A pr.
1963
1962
A v era g e w e e k ly e a r n in g s
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
D u ra b le goods
O r d n a n ce a n d a c c e s s o r i e s ........................... $118. 9S $119.39
A m m u n itio n , e x c e p t for s m a ll a rm s. 1 1 9 .3( 119. 7C
S ig h tin g a n d fire c o n tr o l e q u ip m e n t ____________________________
131.78
O th er o rd n a n c e a n d a c c e sso r ie s____ Î 1 6 .24 116.52
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c ts, e x c e p t
fu r n itu r e ______________________________
S a w m ills a n d p la n in g m i l l s . . ............
M illw o r k , p ly w o o d , a n d r e la ted
p r o d u c ts ............................. ................
W o o d e n c o n ta in e r s ................................
M is c e lla n e o u s w o o d p r o d u c ts ............
F u r n itu r e a n d fix tu r e s ..........
H o u s e h o ld fu r n itu r e ______ ______
O ffice fu r n itu r e ___________________ _
P a r titio n s , office a n d sto re fix tu r e s.
O th er fu r n itu r e a n d fix tu r e s................
$119.29 $121.18 $123. 26 $120.36 $121.1? $121. 01 $119.31 $117.74 $118. 24 $117. 67 $115.14 $ 1 1 9 .6C $116.31
120. 6C 124.12 125. 6; 122. s: 1 2 2 .8£ 121.77 121.95 118. 96 119. 65 117. 5C 116. 2i 120. 25 116.69
131. 05
115. 02
128.15 129. 7i
114. 62 117. 29
128. 75
114. 77
129.48
116. 05
129.36
116. 90
1 2 3 .8i 121. 0!
114. 24 114.93
120. It
115.36
122. 03
116. 90
119. 2(
112.19
125.36 126.18
115. 77 112.34
8 2 .5£
7 7 .2C
81. 9f
76.61
81.97
75.85
7 9 .9(
73.55
8 3 .2(
7 6 .0i
82.97
76. 02
85.68
78.34
86. 50
79.15
84. 45
77.36
82.42
74. 96
82.62
76. 07
80.60
73. 97
78.41
71 .8 2
81.80
74.80
79.2 0
71.71
91.91
68.28
77.30
91.91
67.91
76.52
91.88
66.18
75.92
89.0 2
64.84
74.24
91. 72
68.17
76.14
9 0 .8i
67. 4£
75. 74
90. 64
70. IS
76. 07
91. 27
70. 0C
76.45
90. 06
69.64
74.89
89.6 6
70.14
74.48
90. 2£
69.14
74.85
90. 07
68.31
73.89
87.94
66.73
72.36
89. 40
68.04
74.30
8 7 .1 2
66.17
72.54
82.21
85. 06
82.01
79.59
83. 43 84.03
84.03
83.20
81.19
81.3 9
79.60
78. 74
78. 94
75.25
81.87
79.68
80. 26 80. 00
78. 62
76. 52
76. 70
74.99
95.65
94. 40 99.1 7
94.37
96.82
97. 34
98. 47
96.23
94. 71
96.93
94.71
102.05 100.36 100. 62 102. 26 101.89 104.38 105.67 109.10 107. 64 105.37 101.75
85.41
83. 71
86.11
85. 90 82. 21
82.8 2
82.4 2
86.27
87.5 6
86.3 0
85.68
78.01
74.21
92. 63
98.39
81 .1 9
81.39
77.30
95 35
103. 42
83.6 4
79.37
75.07
92.57
103.57
81.41
83.03
79.13
87.94
A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s
O r d n a n ce a n d a c c e s s o r i e s ...........................
A m m u n itio n , e x c e p t for s m a ll a r m s .
S ig h tin g a n d fire c o n tr o l e q u ip m e n t . . ........................................................
O th er ord n a n ce a n d a ccesso ries____
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c ts, e x c ep t
fu r n itu r e ______________________________
S a w m ills a n d p la n in g m i l l s . ..............
M illw o r k , p ly w o o d , a n d r e la te d
p r o d u c ts ____________________
W o o d e n c o n ta in e r s _________________
M isc e lla n e o u s w o o d p r o d u c ts ______
F u r n itu r e a n d fix tu r e s ....................................
H o u s e h o ld fu r n itu r e ________________
O ffice fu r n itu r e _____
P a r titio n s , office a n d sto re fix tu r e s.
O th er fu rn itu re a n d fix tu re s
. _
4 0 .2
3 9 .9
40 .2
3 9 .9
4 0 .3
4 0 .2
4 0 .8
41.1
41 .5
4 1 .6
4 0 .8
40.7
4 1 .2
41.1
41.3
41 .0
4 1 .0
4 1 .2
4 0 .6
4 0 .6
4 1 .2
41 .4
41 .0
4 0 .8
4 0 .4
4 0 .5
41.1
40 .9
41.1
40 .8
40 .5
4 0 .8
4 0 .6
40.7
4 0 .5
40.3
40 .5
41. 2
4 1 .3
41.4
40 .7
41.5
41 .3
42.0
4 1 .6
4 0 .6
40.8
3 9 .7
4 0 .9
3 9 .9
4 1 .2
40.4
4 1 .6
3 9 .6
4 0 .5
41.1
4 1 .2
4 2 .2
4 1 .3
3 9 .9
4 0 .0
3 9 .8
3 9 .9
39 .6
3 9 .3
3 8 .6
37 .9
40.0
3 9 .6
3 9 .7
3 9 .8
40 .8
40.8
40 .8
40 .8
4 0 .6
4 0 .5
4 0 .6
40 .3
40 .9
40 .9
3 9 .9
4 0 .2
3 9 .6
3 9 .9
40.1
4 0 .0
3 9 .8
3 9 .4
41 .4
3 9 .7
4 0 .9
41.4
39 .5
4 0 .7
41.2
3 8 .7
40 .6
40.1
37 .7
3 9 .7
4 1 .5
40.1
40 .5
41.1
3 9 .7
40 .5
4 1 .2
40 .8
4 0 .9
41.3
40 .7
41.1
41 .5
41 .7
40 .7
41 .7
42 .0
4 0 .7
41 .8
41 .4
40 .9
41 .7
41.4
4 0 .6
40 .9
4 0 .2
4 0 .2
4 1 .2
40 .5
4 0 .6
4 0 .9
40.1
4 0 .3
40 .9
41 .0
40 .6
40.8
4 0 .7
39 .4
40 .5
4 0 .7
4 0 .9
41 .2
38 .9
40.1
3 9 .4
3 9 .4
40 .0
3 9 .0
3 9 .3
41 .9
4 2 .2
4 2 .2
40.1
4 1 .3
4 1 .3
41.5
40 .5
3 9 .8
40 .9
4 1 .6
41.8
4 1 .6
40.3
4 0 .8
4 1 .6
41 .7
41 .9
40.8
41 .4
4 1 .6
4 1 .6
41 .3
41 .8
41 .9
4 0 .8
4 0 .7
4 1 .0
41 .4
40 .3
4 0 .9
40 .8
4 1 .6
4 1 .0
40 .8
4 0 .2
40.1
4 1 .0
3 9 .9
4 0 .4
3 9 .8
3 9 .9
40.1
3 9 .2
3 9 .8
40 .9
40 .9
41.1
40 .4
40 .6
4 0 .7
4 0 .8
4 0 .6
41.1
4 0 .3
4 0 .9
A v e r a g e h o u r ly ea r n in g s
O r d n a n ce a n d a c c e sso r ie s..............................
A m m u n itio n , e x c e p t for s m a ll a r m s .
S ig h tin g a n d fire c o n tr o l e q u ip m e n t ___________ _______ ______ ____
O th er o rd n a n c e a n d a cc e sso r ie s____
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c ts, e x c e p t
fu r n itu r e _______________
S a w m ills a n d p la n in g m il ls ________
M illw o r k , p ly w o o d , a n d r e la ted
p r o d u c ts ________________
W o o d e n c o n ta in e r s ___
M is c e lla n e o u s w o o d p r o d u c ts ______
F u r n itu r e a n d fix tu r e s ___
H o u s e h o ld fu r n it u r e ___
_ _
O ffice fu r n itu r e __________________ . .
P a r titio n s , office a n d sto re fix tu re s—
O th er fu r n itu r e a n d f ix t u r e s .._____
S e e fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2.96
2 .9 9
$2.97
3 .0 0
$2.9 6
3 .0 0
$2.97
3 .0 2
$2.97
3. 02
$2.9 5
3.01
$2.94
2.9 9
$2.93
2.97
$2.91
2 .9 6
$2.9 0
2.93
$2.8 7
2.89
$2.8 7
2.88
$2.8 5
2 .8 7
$2.91
2.9 4
$2.83
2 .8 6
2 .8 7
3.2 3
2 .8 7
3.2 2
2 .8 4
3 .1 8
2.83
3.1 5
2 .8 4
3 .1 1
2.8 2
3 .1 2
2.81
3. 08
2.81
3. 05
2.8 0
3. 05
2.81
3. 01
2.8 0
3 .0 2
2.81
3.01
2 .7 7
3.0 5
2.81
2 .9 9
2 .7 2
2. 07
1.93
2 .0 6
1.92
2 .0 7
1.93
2.0 7
1.9 4
2.0 8
1 .9 2
2.0 9
1.91
2 .1 0
1 .9 2
2 .1 2
1 .9 4
2.08
1.91
2 .0 3
1 .8 6
2 .0 2
1 .8 6
2 .0 2
1.8 4
1.9 8
1.8 0
2.04
1 .8 7
1.99
1.8 2
2 .2 2
1.72
1.89
2 .2 2
1.72
1 .8 8
2 .2 3
1.71
1.87
2.2 2
1.7 2
1.87
2.21
1 .7 0
1 .8 8
2.21
1 .7 0
1 .8 7
2.2 0
1.7 2
1.8 6
2.21
1 .7 2
1.8 6
2.17
1.6 7
1.84
2 .1 5
1. 67
1.8 3
2.1 5
1.6 7
1.83
2 .1 6
1.6 5
1.8 2
2 .1 5
1. 66
1 .8 0
2 .1 7
1.68
1.83
2.1 3
1. 65
1.8 0
2 .0 3
1.93
2 .0 2
1 .9 3
2 .3 5
2 .5 9
2 .1 3
2 .0 2
1.93
2 .3 5
2. 58
2 .1 3
2 .0 2
1.91
2 .3 6
2. 58
2 .1 3
2.03
1.9 4
2.3 5
2.5 5
2 .1 2
2 .0 2
1. 92
2.3 3
2. 56
2.11
2 .0 2
1.9 2
2.3 4
2 .5 9
2 .1 0
2. 02
1 .9 2
2.35
2.5 9
2.0 8
2 .0 0
1 .8 9
2.33
2.61
2.0 5
1.99
1.88
2.31
2.6 0
2.0 4
1 .9 9
1.88
2 .3 3
2. 57
2 .0 3
1.98
1 .8 7
2.31
2. 55
2 .0 4
1.9 6
1.8 6
2.31
2.51
2 .0 4
1.99
1.89
2 .3 2
2 .5 6
2 .0 6
1.95
1.84
2 .2 8
2 .5 2
2 .0 2
2 .1 5
728
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
T able
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box p. 720.
1964
1963
Annual
average
Industry
Apr* Mar.*
Manufacturing—Continued
D u r a b l e ¿roods—Continued
Stone, clay, and glass products.............
Flat glass_____________________
Glass and glassware, pressed or
blown........ -_________________
Cement, hydraulic...................... .
Structural clay products.. ______
Pottery and related products__ _
Concrete, gypsum,* and plaster
products.........................................
Other stone and mineral products..
Primary metal industries------- ---------Blast furnace and basic steel products...................... ..........................
Iron and steel foundries-------- -- .
Nonferrous smelting and refining..
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and
extruding.............. .......................
Nonferrous foundries............ ...........
Miscellaneous primary metal industries,,_____________________
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Oct.
Nov.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
1963
1962
Average weekly earnings
$103.66 $102. 00 $101. 75 $99.50 $101. 50 $103. 75 $105. 67 $104.50 $104.33 $104.33 $104.41 $103.07 $101.11 $102.42 $98. 57
139. 06 140. 56 137.90 135. 74 143.45 142.35 139.06 133.00 133.45 139.40 133.51 131. 66 135. 20 126.01
102.47 101.15 100. 90 100.00 98.39 100. 50 100.50 98.85 100. 90 100.25 101.00 100.10 98.00 99. 75 98.33
118.24 116.97 116. 00 116.81 117.26 120.30 117.83 118. 28 116 47 118. 86 116.05 116.48 119.99 116. 60 112. 75
90.69 88.29 87.89 85.06 88.29 90.45 91.12 90.45 90. 69 90.71 90.92 90. 71 90.27 89.40 86.69
92.27 92.40 90.02 92.10 92.23 90.09 89.54 87.85 89.01 90.16 90.46 88.37 89. 77 86.85
105. 08 100.53 99.31 96.19 100.86 105. 78 112.50 111.05 111.15 110. 45 110.01 108. 62 103.92 105. 65 100.96
106.85 105.92 104.49 102.82 104.33 103. 75 104.92 104.25 103.25 104.00 102.92 102. 26 100. 61 102.18 98.33
129.58 127.51 126.18 125. 77 126.38 123. 42 122.41 123. 73 123.02 125. 77 129.55 127.30 127. 82 124.64 119.80
139.52 135.53 133. 87 133.06 131. 41 128. 58 127. 59 130.35 130.28 135. 20 140. 70 138.28 141. 70 133.03 127.40
119.28 119.13 118. 71 117.87 120. 81 116. 20 115. 08 114. 39 111.49 111. 78 115.45 112. 98 110.15 113.01 106. 52
118.24 118.40 118.98 120.25 119.97 119.39 118. 98 120.25 119.11 118.12 117.45 118.43 120.12 118. 56 114.95
119.85 119.85 119.43 120.98 123.12 120. 56 119.14 119. 43 118.44 119.00 120.83 118. 72 115.23 118.72 116.05
109.18 109. 59 108.24 108.50 110. 77 108. 62 108. 21 107.42 106. 71 105. 41 107.38 106.45 105.01 107.12 104. 55
132.93 132.51 131.88 130.41 134.19 130.73 130. 21 130.52 125. 56 128.44 129.16 127.10 125.05 128.54 124.50
Average weekly hours
Stone, clay, and glass products............
Flat glass_____________________
Glass and glassware, pressed or
blown_______________________
Cement, hydraulic........ .................
Structural clay products...............
Pottery and related products_____
Concrete, gypsum,' and plaster
products____________________
Other stone and mineral products..
Primary metal industries_____ ______
Blast furnace and basic steel products__
Iron and steel foundries..................
Nonferrous smelting and refining. . .
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and
extruding.___________________
Nonferrous foundries-----------------Miscellaneous primary metal industries____________________—
41.3
40.8
40.9
40.7
41.1
39.8
40.8
40.6
40.4
41. 5
41.7
42.1
41.5
41.8
40.9
41.9
39.7
41.9
39.6
42.1
41.0
41.9
39.5
41.1
39.3
41.3
40.0
40.9
38.3
40.5
41.2
41.6
40.3
40.9
40.5
39.6
40.2
40.7
40.5
40.0
40.0
40.7
39.2
38.8
39.2
41.0
40.5
39. 7
40.2
41.2
41.3
40.1
40.2
41.2
41.8
39.0
39.7
41.5
41.3
39.1
40.2
41.3
41.6
38. 7
40.1
42.0
41.8
38.7
40.4
41.3
41.9
39.2
40.2
41.6
41.8
39.5
39.2
42.1
41.6
39.1
39.9
41.2
41.2
39.2
40.3
41.0
40.7
39.3
42.2
41.9
41.2
41.7
40.7
41.3
39.1
40.8
41.0
41.4
43.0
41.5
45.0
41.8
44.6
41.7
45.0
41.3
44.9
41.6
44.9
41.5
44.7
41.4
43.3
40.9
43.3
41.2
42.6
40.8
41.8
41.4
41.1
41.1
41.3
40.6
40.4
40.7
40.6
41.1
42.2
41.6
41.5
41.0
40.2
41.4
42.6
41.2
40.7
42.7
41.4
40.2
42.7
41.6
40.2
42.4
41.9
39.7
43.3
41.8
39.2
42.1
41.6
38.9
42.0
41.6
39.5
41.9
41.9
39.6
41.6
41.5
40.6
41.4
41.3
42.0
42.6
41.5
41.4
42.0
41.7
41.8
41.1
42.0
40.2
41.7
41.6
39.2
40.5
41.2
42.2
41.2
42.2
41.2
42.2
41. C
42.6
41.1
43.2
41.8
42.6
41.3
42.4
41.3
42.5
41.0
42.3
41.2
42.5
40.7
43.0
41.3
42.4
41.1
41.6
40.7
42.4
41.2
42.2
41.0
42.2
42.2
42.0
41.4
42.6
41.9
41.6
41.7
40.9
41.3
41.8
41.4
41.0
41.6
41.5
Average hourly earnings
Stone, clay, and glass products..............
Flat glass. _________ _________
Glass' and glassware, pressed or
blown________________ ______
Cement, hydraulic....... ...................
Structural clay products_________
Pottery and related products_____
Concrete, gypsum ,' and plaster
products______________________
Other stone and mineral products...
Primary metal industries____ ________
Blast furnace and basic steel products......................................................
Iron and steel foundries__________
N onferrous smelting and refining.. .
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and
extruding______________ _____ _
Nonferrous fou ndries.------ ---------Miscellaneous primary metal industries...... ............ .........................
See footnotes at end of table
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2.51
$2. 50
3.4C
$2.50
3.42
$2.50
3. 38
$2.50
3.36
$2. 50
3.44
$2.51
3.43
$2. 50
3.40
$2.49
3.35
$2. 49
3.37
$2.48
3.40
$2.46
3.38
$2.46
3.35
$2. 48
3.38
$2.41
3.29
2.53
2.87
2.18
2.51
2.86
2.18
2.33
2.51
2.85
2.17
2.31
2. 5C
2. 87
2.17
2.32
2. 51
2. 86
2.18
2.32
2.5C
2.92
2.19
2.30
2. 50
2.86
2.18
2.31
2.49
2.85
2.19
2. 29
2. 51
2.82
2.18
2. 27
2.50
2.83
2.17
2.30
2.50
2.81
2.17
2.30
2.4S
2.80
2.17
2.29
2. 50
2.85
2.17
2.26
2. 50
2.83
2.17
2 29
2.44
2. 75
2.13
2.21
2.49
2.55
2.44
2. 54
2.44
2. 53
2.46
2. 52
2.46
2.52
2. 46
2.50
2.50
2.51
2.49
2.50
2.47
2. 50
2.40
2.50
2.45
2.48
2. 43
2.47
2. 4C
2.46
2. 44
2.48
2. 37
2.41
3.10
3.08
3.07
3.06
3. 06
3.04
3.03
3.04
3.03
3. 06
3.07
3.06
3. 08
3.04
2.98
3.37
2.8C
2.87
3.33
2.7E
2.86
3.33
2.78
2.86
3. 31
2.78
2.87
3.31
2. n
2.87
3.28
2.76
2.87
3.28
2. 74
2. 86
3.30
2.73
2.87
3. 29
2.68
2.87
3.33
2. 70
2.86
3.35
2. 71
2.83
3.34
2. 60
2.84
3.39
2.68
2.86
3.31
2.71
2.85
3.25
2.63
2. 79
2.84
2.65
2.84
2.66
2.85
2. 64
2.84
2. 64
2.85
2.65
2.83
2.65
2.81
2.62
2.81
2.62
2.80
2.59
2.80
2.59
2.81
2.60
2.80
2. 59
2. 77
2.58
2.80
2.60
2. 75
2.55
3.15
3.14
3.14
3.15
3.15
3.12
3.13
3.13
3.07
3.11
3.09
3.07
3. 05
3.09
3.00
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
729
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 720.
1964
Industry
Annual
average
1963
»-«
Qi
<1
M ar.2 Feb.
Jan.
Dee.
Oct.
Nov.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
1963
1962
Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Fabricated metal products__________
Metal cans____________________
Cutlery, handtools, and general
hardware________________ ____
Heating equipment and plumbing
fixtures____________________ _
Fabricated structural metal products.
Screw machine products, bolts, etc.
Metal stampings....... ......................
Coating, engraving, and allied services.
Miscellaneous fabricated wire
products_____________________
Miscellaneous fabricated metal
products..........................................
Machinery___ _________ ___________
Engines and turbines..................... Farm machinery and equipment—Construction and related machinery.
Metalworking machinery and
equipment__________ ____ ____
Special industry machinery______
General industrial machinery.........
Office, computing, and accounting
machines________________ ____
Service industry machines_______
Miscellaneous machinery________
$110.12 $109.86 $109.18 $108. 79 $111.04 $109. 56 $109.93 $110.20 $108.32 $107.53 $108. 84 $108.32 $104. 75 $108. 05 $104. 81
132.44 129.32 128.83 131. 63 129.44 129. 44 125.63 132.01 135.39 132.07 131.94 128. 65 125.14 128.17 126.30
106.30 105.63 106.14 105. 52 109. 46 108.42 105.32 104. 81 101.50 100.35 103. 98 104.24
100.33
108.79
112.04
121.13
97.27
101. 75
108.39
112.30
120.13
95.27
99.77
98.57
103.20 99. 94 102. 87 102.62
107.45 106.13 109. 03 108.36
112.56 110. 56 110.24 107. 68
119. 71 121.13 123.26 119. 71
96.70 95.27 97.34 96.64
98. 09
97.36
99.84
97.58
105. 06
109. 25
109.56
120.25
96. 74
104.04
109. 92
109. 65
117. 7C
98.05
102.82
109. 78
108. 45
112. 74
94. 89
102.47
108. 58
106. 75
113.98
93.73
103.22
108.84
108.8C
116. 75
95.63
97.82
98. 71
96. 52
96.22
97.64
99.70 103.73
100.15 97.86
107. 53 104. 64
108.38 105.08
116. 47 112.06
95.63 92.80
97.58
95. 51
99.14
101. 56 98.55
107.27 104. 60
108.03 106. CO
116.47 111. 76
94.94 93.34
97.58
96.64
106.63 105.44 105.44 104. 00 106.75 104. 90 107.53 108.05 106. 08 105. 71 105.93 106. 45 104.23 105.67 103. 53
121. 26 121.55 120.56
125.76 128.44 124.84
118.85 119.56
123.26 121.40 116.90
118. 71
123. 51
117.29
118.14
120. 70
129. 79
116.31
119. 56
117.88
127. 20
112.16
117.18
117.04
123. 93
113. 00
116. 90
117.32
126.48
112.61
116. 90
115.23
121. 50
110.16
116. 20
115. 61
122. 21
110. 28
115.93
117.04
123. 73
111. 79
117.18
115. 79
122. 41
109. 07
115.93
113. 85
119.30
111. 66
113. 57
116.20
123. 73
i l l . A3
115. 79
113. 01
119.88
107 ñ9
112.34
140.12 139.50 138.60 134. 64 135.28 130.33 128.44 127.71 125.83 128.30 130.52 128.90 128.17 129.33 125.57
112.36 113.16 112. 20 110. 62 114.48 110. 56 110. 56 111. 09 108. 52 109. 20 110.33 109.13 107.17 109. 98 106. 77
117.58 118.43 118.14 116.60 120.13 117. 03 116.62 117.04 114.40 113.16 114. 54 112.61 110.16 113.71 110.83
116.11 115.53 116.76 113. 47 115.02 118.78 119. 07 119. 07 116. 97 117.14 116. 57 115.59 114.33 116.40 113.15
107. 68 105.82 106.23 104.12 106. 45 103. 57 103. 83 104.86 104.60 103.22 103. 57 103.98 101.15 103.12 100.12
114.59 115.13 113. 74 112.94 114.01 112. 25 112. 46 111.51 110.83 110. 56 112.99 112.04 109.36 111. 51 109.13
Average weekly hours
41.2
42.1
Fabricated metal products.......................
M etal cans___________ _______ ___
Cutlery, handtools, and general
hardware....... ................. .................
Heating equipment and plumbing
fixtures________________________
Fabricated structural metal products.
Screw machine products, bolts, etc.
M etal stam pings.________________
Coating, engraving, andalliedservices.
Miscellaneous fabricated wire
products..............................................
41.4
43.0
41.3
42.4
41.2
41.1
41.3
40.9
42.1
41.7
41.3
41.1
40.6
40.3
41.1
41.2
40.2
41.0
40.8
39.5
40.9
42.6
42.5
40.7
39.9
40.9
42.7
42.3
40.2
40.0
40.7
42.8
42.3
40.8
39.5
40.2
42.2
42.6
40.2
40.6
41.3
42.4
43.4
41.6
40.4
41.2
41.9
42.6
41.3
41.2
41.7
42.3
43.1
41.7
40.8
41.8
42.5
42.8
41.9
40.8
41.9
42.2
41.6
40.9
40.5
41.6
41.7
41.6
40.4
40.8
41.7
42.5
42.3
41.4
39.9
41.2
42.5
42.2
41.4
39.3
40.4
41.7
41.2
40.7
40.3
41.1
42.2
42.2
41.1
39.9
40.7
42.4
41.7
41.3
41.4
40.9
40.7
40.4
41.6
41.0
41.1
41.3
40.9
40.6
41.2
41.0
40.3
41.0
41.3
products______________________
Machinery__________________________
Engines and turbines____________
Farm machinery and equipm ent...
Construction and related machinery.
Metalworking machinery and
equipment___ _______ __________
Special industry machinery_______
General industrial m a c h in er y ......
Office, computing, and accounting
m a c h in es...____ ______________
Service industry machines________
Miscellaneous m achin ery.._______
40.7
42.4
40.7
42.8
40.4
42.5
41.3
41.7
42.3
40.4
42.3
40.4
42.1
41.6
40.0
41.8
40.1
41.3
41.6
40.9
42.5
41.6
41.1
42.1
40.5
41.8
40.9
40.2
41.7
41.2
41.8
40.5
40.5
41.6
41.4
41.9
41.2
40.8
41.6
40.8
41.6
40.1
40.5
41.5
40.5
41.7
40.6
40.1
41.7
40.9
42.1
40.7
40.8
42.0
41.1
41.8
40.4
40.1
41.7
40.4
41.4
39.9
40. 9
41.0
40.8
41.8
40.7
40.7
41.5
40.6
41.7
40.5
40.6
41.3
45.2
42.4
41.4
45.0
42.7
41.7
45.0
42.5
41.6
44.0
41.9
41.2
44.5
43.2
42.3
43.3
42.2
41.5
43.1
42.2
41.5
43.0
42.4
41.8
42.8
41.9
41.3
43.2
42.0
41.0
43.8
42.6
41.5
43.4
42.3
41.1
43.3
41.7
40.5
43.4
42.3
41.2
43.3
42.2
41.2
39.9
41.1
42.6
39.7
40.7
42.8
40.4
40.7
42.6
39.4
40.2
42.3
39.8
41.1
42.7
41.1
40.3
42.2
41.2
40.4
42.6
41.2
40.8
42.4
40.9
40.7
42.3
41.1
40.8
42.2
40.9
41.1
42.8
40.7
41.1
42.6
40.4
40.3
41.9
40.7
40.6
42.4
40.7
40.7
42.3
$2.66
3.08
$2.66
3.05
$2.65
3.06
$2.66
3.09
$2. 65
3.06
$2.64
3.06
$2. 61
3.05
$2.61
3.04
$2.61
3.02
$2. 58
3.03
$2. 61
3.03
$2.55
3.00
2.58
2. 57
2. 57
2. 58
2.60
2.60
2. 55
2. 55
2. 50
2.49
2.53
2.53
2.48
2. 53
2.43
2.54
2.66
2.63
2.85
2.39
2.55
2. 65
2.63
2.84
2.37
2.58
2.64
2.63
2.83
2.37
2. 53
2.64
2.62
2.85
2.37
2.54
2.64
2. 60
2. 84
2.34
2.54
2.63
2.57
2. 81
2.34
2.55
2.62
2. 59
2.79
2. 32
2. 55
2.63
2.58
2.76
2.34
2.52
2.62
2. 57
2. 71
2.32
2. 53
2.61
2.56
2.74
2.32
2.53
2. 61
2.58
2.76
2.31
2.51
2. 61
2. 55
2.76
2.31
2.49
2. 59
2.52
2.72
2.28
2. 52
2. 61
2.56
2.76
2.31
2.47
2.57
2. 50
2.68
2.26
Miscellaneous
fabricated
metal
40.9
42.6
41.9
42.3
41.5
42.5
41.8
41.6
41.9
43.0
41.5
44.1
41.2
43.3
41.7
43.4
41.5
42.6
40.6
41.3
41.4
42.3
41.1
42.1
Average hourly earnings
Fabricated metal products____ _______
M etal cans__________________ ____
Cutlery, handtools, and general
hardware........................................
Heating equipment and plumbing
fixtures.............. ...............................
Fabricated structural metal products.
Screw machine products, bolts, etc.
M etal stampings..,.......................... ..
Coating, engraving, and allied services.
Miscellaneous fabricated
wire
products___ _______ ___________
Miscellaneous fabricated metal
products..............................................
Machinery__________ ___________. . . .
Engines and turbines.......................
Farm machinery and equipment..
Construction and related machinery
Metalworking machinery and'
equipment________ ____ ______
Special industry machinery_____
General industrial machinery____
Office, computing, and accountiiq
machines....................................
Service industry machines.
Miscellaneous machinery—
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2.63
3.02
$2. 63
3.07
$2.61
3.07
2.41
2.41
2.41
2.41
2.40
2.38
2.38
2.39
2.36
2.37
2.37
2.38
2.37
2.38
2.34
2.62
2.86
3.09
2.88
2.61
2.86
3.11
2.85
2.87
2.61
2.85
3.09
2.84
2.81
2.60
2.84
3.08
2. 84
2.84
2. 61
2. 84
3.12
2.83
2.84
2.59
2.82
3.11
2.70
2. 81
2.61
2.80
3.06
2. 79
2.81
2.61
2.80
3. 07
2. 76
2. 81
2.60
2.77
3.03
2.72
2.80
2.61
2.77
3.01
2.75
2,78
2.59
2. 78
3.04
2. 74
2. 79
2.59
2.77
3.03
2.72
2.78
2.58
2.75
2. 99
2.73
2.77
2.59
2.78
3.04
2. 75
2. 79
2.65
2.71
2.96
2.65
2.72
3.10
2.65
2.84
3.10
2.65
2.84
3.08
2.64
2.84
3.06
2.64
2. 83
3.04
2.65
2.84
3.01
2.62
2.82
2.98
2. 62
2.81
2.97
2.62
2.80
2.94
2. 59
2.77
2.97
2.60
2.76
2.98
2.59
2.76
2.97
2.58
2.74
2.96
2.57
2.72
2.98
2.60
2.76
2.90
2.53
2.69
2.91
2.62
2.69
2.91
2.60
2.69
2.89
2.61
2.67
2.88
2.59
2.67
2.89
2.59
2. 67
2.89
2.57
2.66
2.89
2. 57
2.64
2. 89
2.57
2.63
2.86
2.57
2.62
2.85
2.53
2.62
2. 85
2.52
2.64
2.84
2.53
2.63
2. 86
2.83
2. 51 . 2.54
2.63
2.61
2.78
2. 46
2.58
730
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
T able
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production
w o rk ers,1 by
industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 720.
1964
1963
Annual
average
Industry
Apr.s Mar.*
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Oct.
N ov.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
1963
$98.89
106.11
105. 63
110. 68
$99.88
107.98
105. 73
111. 22
$98. 74
106.11
104.81
108.39
$96. 87
103. 34
102.36
106. 25
$99.38
107.04
104. 70
108.12
1962
Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
D u r a b le g o o d s—
Continued
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Electric distribution equipment___
Electrical industrial apparatus........
Household appliances____________
Electric lighting and wiring equipment--------------------------- ---------Radio and TV receiving sets............
Communication equipment.............
Electronic components and accessories__
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
and supplies......................................
Transportation equipment................. —
Motor vehicles and equipment____
Aircraft and parts_______________
Ship and boat building and repairing____ _________________
Railroad equipment_____________
Other transportation equipm ent.. .
$100.90
108. 95
108.88
107.74
$100.90
109.75
107.94
107.47
$100.90 $100.40
110. 29 107.33
106.75 106.49
106.80 105.20
$102.41 $100.60
113.97 109. 61
107. 79 104.90
109.88 106.93
$100.28
109. 33
104. 60
108.39
$100. 53
108.92
106.30
110.92
$98. 74
109.18
. 104.04
107. 71
$97.44
102.87
102.00
104.23
94.33 93.93 94.40 93.14 96.70 94. 87 94.37 95. 06 93. 32 92.86 94.02 93.09 90.00 93. 26 90. 85
85.63 85.86 86.46 87.86 87. 25 86.63 86. 72 86.33 85. 72 86. 76 86.33 86. 46 83.00 85.85 85. 75
110.43 109.62 109.35 108.95 110. 29 109. 08 108.26 108.67 106.67 105. 60 106.92 105.99 103.88 106.92 106.97
84.99
85.17
84.96
83.67
84.16
84.19
84.40
82.97
82.37
81. 72
82. 76
82.97
82.14
82.76
82.00
106.52 107.06 109.48 112. 74 114. 09 111. 64 110.39 108. 09 100.40 106. 49 109.82 106.23 102.94 107.83 106. 66
128.63 126.38 126.99 127.41 133.30 132.68 131. 52 127.80 121. 58 125. 58 126.90 125. 76 121. 54 126.42 122.22
135.36 130.62 132.51 133. 77 143.49 142. 20 139. 60 132.19 122. 51 130. 54 132. 62 131.89 125.44 132.68 127. 67
124.01 123.11 123.82 123. 71 124.92 124.20 124.38 124. 68 122.84 122.13 121.72 120.30 118.90 122.43 119.97
121.18 123.37 120.39 118.80 120. 50 124.01 123. 30 124.01 122.10 120.39 121. 77 122.01 119. 25 121.06 114. 97
126.17 126.38 123.82 124. 34 124. 22 122. 71 124.34 116. 79 125.36 122.91 119.80 119.10 121. 71 118.10
91.58 90.72 87.64 92.21 89.33 93.60 94.73 94.02 94. 02 93.86 93. 21 91.17 91.84 86.22
Average weekly hours
Electrical equipment and supplies.........
Electric distribution equipment___
Electrical industrial apparatus........
Household appliances...................
Electric lighting and wiring equipm ent__
Radio and TV receiving sets........ .
Communication equipment..............
Electronic components and accessories_________________________
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
and supplies.....................................
Transportation equipment___________
Motor vehicles and equipment____
Aircraft and parts.................... ..........
Ship and boat building and repairing__
Railroad equipment_____________
Other transportation equipment. . .
40.2
40.5
41.4
40.2
40.2
40.8
41.2
40.1
40.2
41.0
40.9
40.0
40.0
40.2
40.8
39.4
40.8
41.9
41.3
41.0
40.4
40.9
40.5
40.2
40.6
41.1
40.7
40.9
40.7
41.1
41.2
41.7
40.3
41.2
40.8
40.8
40.2
40.5
41.1
41.3
40.6
40.9
41.3
41.5
40.3
40.5
41.1
40.9
39.7
39.9
40.3
40.4
40.4
40.7
40.9
40.8
40.6
40.5
40.8
40.4
39.8
38.4
40.9
39.8
38.5
40.6
40.0
38.6
40.5
39.3
39.4
40.5
40.8
39.3
41.0
40.2
39.2
40.7
40.5
39.6
40.7
40.8
39.6
40.7
40.4
39.5
40.1
40.2
39.8
40.0
40.7
39.6
40.5
40.3
39.3
40.3
39.3
37.9
39.8
40.2
39.2
40.5
40.2
39.7
41.3
39.9
39.8
39.7
39.1
39.7
39.9
40.0
39.7
39.6
39.1
39.6
39.7
39.3
39.6
40.0
39.6
39.8
40.7
41.6
42.1
41.5
41.5
41.1
40.0
40.8
41.6
40.7
39.9
41.0
41.5
41.9
42.7
41.2
41.3
41.6
40.9
41.5
42.2
41.0
41.5
42.2
41.1
43.0
44.7
41.5
42.8
44.3
41.4
42.7
43.9
41.6
41.9
42.1
41.7
40.8
40.3
41.5
42.0
42.8
41.4
42.3
43.2
41.4
42.2
43.1
41.2
41.2
41.4
41.0
42.0
42.8
41.5
42.0
42.7
41.8
40.8
41.4
40.7
40.7
40.4
40.9
40.5
40.0
40.2
39.3
40.3
40.5
40.8
41.2
40.2
39.7
41.1
40.1
41.6
41.2
40.9
42.1
40.7
38.8
41.6
40.4
41.1
41.6
41.0
40.7
41.9
41.5
40.2
41.8
40.7
40.1
40.7
40.9
40.3
41.0
40.2
39.9
40.1
Average hourly earnings
Electrical equipment and supplies.........
Electric distribution equipment___
Electrical industrial apparatus........
Household appliances____________
Electric lighting and wiring equipm ent______ ______ ____________
Radio and TV receiving sets............
Communication equipment______
Electronic components and accessories__________ _____ _________
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
and supplies___________________
$2.51
2.69
2.63
2.68
$2.51
2.69
2.62
2.68
$2.51
2. 69
2.61
2.67
$2. 51
2.67
2.61
2.67
$2. 51
2. 72
2. 61
2.68
$2.49
2.68
2.59
2. 66
$2.47
2.66
2. 57
2.65
$2. 47
2. 65
2.58
2.66
$2.45
2.65
2. 55
2.64
$2.46
2.62
2.57
2.68
$2.46
2.64
2.56
2.68
$2.45
2.62
2. 55
2.65
$2.44
2.59
2.54
2.63
$2.46
2.63
2. 56
2.65
$2.40
2.54
2.50
2.58
2.37
2.23
2.70
2.36
2.23
2. 70
2.36
2.24
2.70
2.37
2.23
2.69
2.37
2.22
2.69
2.36
2. 21
2.68
2.33
2.19
2.66
2.33
2.18
2. 67
2.31
2.17
2.66
2.31
2.18
2.64
2.31
2.18
2.64
2.31
2.20
2.63
2.29
2.19
2.61
2.32
2.19
2.64
2.26
2.16
2.59
2.13
2.14
2.14
2.14
2.12
2.11
2.11
2. 09
2.08
2. 09
2.09
2.09
2.09
2.09
2.05
2.69
2.69
2.69
2.71
2.71
2.69
2.66
2.63
2.51
2. 61
2.64
2.61
2.58
2.63
2.57
Transportation equipm ent...................
Motor vehicles and equipment____
Aircraft and parts................................
Ship and boat building and repairing.............................. ............. .
Railroad equipm ent--.......................
Other transportation eq u ip m en t...
3.07
3.17
3.01
3.06
3.14
3.01
3.06
3.14
3.02
3.07
3.17
3. 01
3.10
3. 21
3.01
3.10
3. 21
3.00
3.08
3.18
2. 99
3.05
3.14
2.99
2.98
3.04
2. 96
2. 99
3. 05
2.95
3.00
3. 07
2.94
2.98
3. 06
2.92
2.95
3. 03
2.90
3. 01
3.10
2. 95
2.91
2.99
2.87
2.97
2.98
3.10
2.25
2.98
3.09
2.24
2. 97
3. 08
2.23
2.99
3. 07
2.26
3. 01
3. 09
2. 25
3.00
3. 06
2.25
3. 01
3. 04
2. 25
3. 00
3. 01
2.26
2.98
3. 05
2.26
2. 97
3.02
2.24
2. 94
2. 98
2.23
2.93
2. 97
2.24
2.96
3. 02
2.24
2.86
2.96
2.15
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
731
O.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series, see box, p. 720.
Annual
average
1963
1964
Industry
Apr.» Mar.’
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Oct.
Nov.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
1963
1962
Average weekly earnings
M anufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Instruments and related products.......... $101.81 $101.40 $101.66 $99.90 $102.91
Engineering and scientific instru116.93 117.22 115.31 120.06
ments
____________________
Mechanical measuring and control
103.12 102.47 100.30 103.48
103.53
devices______________________
Optical and ophthalmic goods........ 92. 70 92.29 92.96 92. 21 95.15
Surgical, medical, and dental
86.80 85.75 85.79 83.42 86.00
equipment_____________ ____
Photographic equipment and sup117.14 117. 26 115.75 118.71
plies.. _____________________
81.15 81.24 80.98 83.16
Watches and clocks_________ ___
Miscellaneous manufacturing Industries...... .................................................
Jewelry, silverware, and plated
ware________________________
Toys, amusement, and sporting
goods.. . ___________________
Pens, pencils, office and art
materials
________________
Costume jewelry, buttons, and
notions______________________
Other manufacturing industries-----
$102.91 $102. 75 $102.75 $101.34 $100.94 $101.84 $100.94 $99.14 $101.59 $99.80
119.65 120. 22 119. 65 118.94 116. 85 119.11 115.87 114.86 118.53 115.64
104. 24 104.14 104. 24 102.41 101. 50 103.07 102. 56 100.10 102.16
94.05 95.15 94.28 92.32 92.13 93.44 94.08 93.02 93. 86
98.98
89.62
85.01
84.45
86.00
85.60
87.10
85.22
85.65
86.30
84. 21
82.58
117.31 117.31 116.33 113.70 114. 80 113. 40 113.15 111. 78 115.08 114.26
81.93 82.78 83. 79 83.35 82.32 82.50 84.14 82.50 83.13 83.37
81.95
82.37
82.16
79.87
82.39
81.59
81.40
80.60
79.60
79.18
80.19
79.40
79.17
80.39
78. 21
89.87
89.24
87.96
84.37
94.30
92.06
92.13
90.20
87.23
86.29
88.70
87.02
85 54
88.70
84.82
73.92
73.53
71.60
72.39
73.14
73.68
72.71
71.74
71.42
72.17
72. 37
71.63
72.37
71.37
78.21
78.80
75.24
78.39
78.00
78.76
76.64
79.38
77.81
79.38
77. 41
76. 43
78.00
74.82
76.19
89.24
77.18
88.58
72.96
86.85
76.57
89.02
75.01
87.82
75.76
88.04
75.55
87.20
73.23
86.80
71.16
86.15
74.19
86. 58
72.89
86.00
71.97
85.10
73.45
86.58
71.68
84.82
88.36
Average weekly hours
Instruments and related products.........
Engineering and scientific instruments ____________________
Mechanical measuring and control
devices______________________
Optical and ophthalmic goods........
Surgical, medical, and dental
equipment.............. ...... ................
Photographic equipment and supplies
__________________
Watches and clocks_____________
Miscellaneous manufacturing Industries........ ..........-.................. ................
Jewelry, silverware, and plated
ware________________________
Toys, amusement, and sporting
goods
_________________
Pens, pencils, office and art
materials _ . . . _____ ________
Costume jewelry, buttons, and
notions ____________________
Other manufacturing industries-----
40.4
40.5
39.8
41.0
41.0
41.1
41.1
40.7
40.7
40.9
40.7
40.3
40.8
40.9
40.6
40.7
39.9
41.4
41.4
41.6
41.4
41.3
41.0
41.5
40.8
40.3
41.3
41.3
40.6
41.2
40.6
41.2
40.5
41.5
39.8
40.8
40.9
42.1
41.2
41.8
41.0
42.1
41.2
41.9
40.8
41.4
40.6
41.5
40.9
41.9
40.7
42.0
40.2
41.9
40.7
41.9
40.4
41.3
40.0
39.7
39.9
38.8
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.7
40.2
40.4
40.9
40.1
39.7
40.1
40.6
41.1
38.1
41.0
38.5
40.9
38.2
41.8
39.6
41.6
39.2
41.6
39.8
41.4
39.9
40.9
39.5
41.0
39.2
40.5
39.1
40.7
39.5
40.5
39.1
41.1
39.4
41.7
39.7
39.4
39.6
39.5
38.4
39.8
39.8
40.1
39.9
39.8
39.2
39.7
39.5
39.0
39.6
39.7
40.3
40.2
39.8
38.7
42.1
41.1
41.5
41.0
40.2
39.4
40.5
40.1
39.6
40.5
40.2
38.3
38.1
37.1
38.1
38.7
39.4
39.3
39.2
38.4
38.8
38.7
38.1
38.7
39.0
39.5
39.6
38.0
40.2
40.0
40.6
39.1
40.5
39.7
40.5
39.9
39.6
40.0
39.8
40.1
40.2
40.2
39.9
38.0
39.3
40.3
40.1
39.9
40.1
40.3
40.2
40.4
40.0
39.8
40.0
39.1
39.7
40.1
39.9
39.4
40.0
38.9
39.4
39.7
39.9
39.6
40.2
40.4
39.8
Average hourly earnings
Instruments and related products_____
Engineering and scientific instruments
__________________
Mechanical measuring and control
devices______ ______________
Optical and ophthalmic goods........
Surgical, medical, and dental
equipment.-------- -------- ---------Photographic equipment and supplies
_ ________________
Watches and clocks_____________
Miscellaneous manufacturing Industries___________________________
Jewelry, silverware, and plated
ware.l---------------------------------Toys, amusement, and sporting
goods. ____________________
Pens, pencils, office and art materials.
Costume jewelry, buttons, and
notions
_________________
Other manufacturing industries___
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2.51
$2.51
$2.51
$2.51
$2.51
$2.60
$2.50
$2.49
$2.48
$2.49
$2.48
$2.46
$2.49
$2.44
2.88
2.88
2.89
2.90
2.89
2.89
2.89
2.88
2.65
2.87
2.84
2.85
2.87
2.80
2.55
2.25
2.54
2.24
2.53
2.24
2.52
2.26
2.53
2.26
2.53
2.25
2.54
2.26
2.53
2.25
2.51
2.23
2.50
2.22
2.62
2.23
2.52
2.24
2.49
2.22
2.51
2.24
2.45
2.17
2.17
2.16
2.15
2.15
2.15
2.15
2.14
2.14
2.12
2.12
2.11
2.10
2.08
2.12
2.08
2.85
2.13
2.86
2.11
2.83
2.12
2.84
2.10
2. 82
2.09
2.82
2.08
2.81
2.10
2.78
2.11
2.80
2.10
2.80
2.11
2.78
2.13
2.76
2.11
2.80
2.11
2.74
2.10
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.07
2.05
2.03
2.02
2.00
2.02
2.02
2.01
2.03
2.03
1.97
2.23
2.22
2. 21
2.18
2.24
2. 24
2.22
2.20
2.17
2.19
2.19
2.17
2.16
2.19
2.11
1.93
1.98
1.93
1.99
1.93
1.98
1.9C
1.95
1.89
1.95
1.87
1.94
1.85
1.96
1.83
1.96
1.86
1.96
1.86
1.96
1.87
1.94
1.88
1.93
1.87
1.95
1.83
1.88
1.9C
2.22
1.92
2.22
1.92
2.21
1.9C
2.22
1.88
2.19
1.88
2.19
1.87
2.18
1.84
2.17
1.82
2.17
1.85
2.17
1.85
2.15
1.85
2.16
1.85
2.17
1.81
2.11
$2.52
___
2.22
732
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
T able
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
___________________ _____________________________________________________ Revised series; see box, p. 720.
1964
Industry
Annual
average
1963
Apr.2 | Mar.21 Feb. | Jan.
Dec.
Nov.|
Oct. | Sept. | Aug. | July
June | May
j Apr.
1963 | 1962
Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goode
Food and kindred products_____ ____ $96.32
M eat products.................................. . 102.26
Dairy products_________________ 101.22
Canned and preserved food, except
meats..................................................
Grain mill products........................... 105.90
94.80
Bakery products._______________
S u g a r.................................................. .
79.76
Confectionery and related products
108.00
Beverages................ .......................
Miscellaneous food and kindred
94.85
products.............................................
79.17
Tobacco manufactures......................... .
Cigarettes— .................................. ......
Cigars....................................................
71.46
Textile mill products....................... ........
71.28
Cotton broad woven fabrics______
Silk and synthetic broad woven
78.74
fabrics___ ____ ___ _____ ______
Weaving and finishing broad
76.78
woolens_______ _____ _________
71.96
Narrow fabrics and small wares___
65.11
Knitting_______________________
Finishing textiles, except wool, knit.. 80.51
Floor covering.................................. .
Yarn and thread_________________ 64.88
81.81
Miscellaneous textile goods______
Food and kindred products................ .
Meat products_________________
Dairy products________ _______
Canned and preserved food, except
meats_______________________
Grain mill products________ ___
Bakery products..............................
Sugar................................................
Confectionery and related products.
Beverages..........................................
Miscellaneous food, kindred product.
Tobacco manufactures...........................
Cigarettes................................. ........
Cigars................ ..............................
Textile mill products..............................
Cotton broad woven fabrics______
Silk and synthetic broad woven
fabrics.............................................
Weaving and finishing broad
woolens_____________________
Narrow fabrics and smallwares___
Knitting______________________
Finishing textiles, except wool, knit.
Floor covering.......................... ........
Yarn and thread_______________
Miscellaneous textile goods______
Food and kindred products...................
Meat products..................................
Dairy products________________
Canned and preserved food, except
meats........................... ..................
Grain mill products....... ........... ......
Bakery products...............................
Sugar.................................................
Confectionery and related products.
Beverages.........................................
Miscellaneous food, kindred products.
Tobacco manufactures______________
Cigarettes—............................. .........
Cigars.............................. ...............
Textile mill products..............................
Cotton broad woven fabrics______
Silk and synthetic broad woven
fabrics.............................................
Weavingand finishing broad woolens.
Narrow fabrics and smallwares___
Knitting—.........................................
Finishing textiles, except wool, knit..
Floor covering....................... ...........
Yarn and thread...............................
Miscellaneous textile goods..... ........
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
40.3
40.1
42.0
43.4
40.0
39.1
40.3
41.6
39.0
40.6
41.2
$95.60 $95.68 $95.91 $96. 59 $95.94 $94.35 $95.68 $93.98 $95.63 $95.17 $94.66 $92.40 $94.48 $91.62
103.06 101.24 105.11 108. 2C 107.95 101.84 104.58 99.22 100.94 101.43 101.11 97. 66 101.93 98.66
100.74 101.46 100.67 100. 32 99.66 99.48 101.15 98.79 99. 92 99.92 98. 33 97.02 98. 75 96.05
74.26 74.70 74.34 73.63 71.39 77.03 80.40 78.38 75.08 73.06 74.03 72.96 75.45 73.53
104.06 104.59 108.09 106.28 108.38 108. 31 107.81 105. 7c 107.87 105.33 103.01 99.49 105.02 101.92
94.56 94.64 93.62 95.34 94.64 94.71 95.31 94. 37 96.17 95.53 94,19 92.00 93.90 91.30
101.53 94.92 98.12 95.90 94.61 94.50 104. Of 107. 87 107.26 104. 4Ç 110,14 105.18 100.74 97. 75
78.00 78.99 76.58 78. 21 77. 81 80.19 82.0C 79. 7E 79.6C 81.00 77.62 75.64 78.80 76.61
107.33 106.52 103.88 106.13 107.20 108. 26 107.59 108. 73 112. 25 111.25 107.30 106.11 107.18 103.31
94.28 96.50 95.18 96.13 96.78 95. 27 94.37 94.53 93.66 92. 57 92.60 90. 67 93.70 91.38
75.60 68.84 72.69 74.86 73.13 71.46 71.46 73.57 78.76 81.81 78.17 68. 71 73.73 71.41
87.66 75.37 91.26 93.67 96. 82 89. 55 93.06 97.06 93.37 98.75 06.29 82.95 92.20 89.54
6.5.67 66.50 57.73 63.24 63.18 63.73 61.85 61.69 60.42 61.44 58.46 53.72 60.64 57.82
71.63 71.98 70.40 72.69 72.28 71.04 69.83 69.19 68.68 69.70 69.02 67.26 69.43 68.21
72.21 73.08 72.31 73.78 73. 35 69.97 67.40 67. 65 66.66 67.32 66.99 66.50 68.30 66. 75
77.04 77.58 76.68 79.20 78. 84 75. 52 74.30 74.04 73.10 74.39 74.91 72.49 74.65 73.44
74.56
71.91
64.68
82.64
74.88
64.72
81.60
75.26
72. 57
64.34
83.66
74.64
65.37
80.99
75.30
69.74
60.45
78.74
72.18
64.40
81.20
75.81
73.46
62.79
84.44
77.83
66.33
83.80
71.94
72. 51
64.30
83.76
78.74
66.08
83.20
40.0
40.1
41.8
40.2
39.7
42.1
40.3
40.9
41.6
41.1
42.6
41.8
41.0
42.5
41.7
41.2
41.4
41.8
36.4
43.0
39.9
38.9
39.0
39.9
41.9
37.8
37.3
39.8
40.7
41.5
36.8
43.4
40.1
38.9
39.3
39.6
42.7
35.3
31.8
40.3
40.9
42.0
36.8
44.3
39.5
41.4
38.1
39.2
42.3
36.9
39.0
35.2
40.0
41.8
37.0
44.1
40.4
43.2
39.7
39.6
43.3
39.4
40.2
38.8
41.3
42.4
36.8
44.6
40.1
43.2
39.7
40.0
43.4
38.9
41.2
39.0
41.3
42.4
73. 71 74.85
72.10 71.58
65.30 64. 80
80. 51 78.73
77.15 78.01
64.94 63.67
82.06 80.95
Average weekly
73.89
70. 47
63.90
78.02
75.60
63.43
80. 75
hours
76.49
71.28
62. 76
75.89
73. 75
63.90
80.95
77.04
72.04
63. 41
80.89
75.30
64. 53
83.95
76.31
71. 28
62.37
79.29
72.67
63.65
80.95
74. 21
69.26
59.94
78.35
71.73
62.16
78.76
75.40
71.34
62.65
79.76
75.18
63.59
81.14
77.17
70.93
61.44
78.07
73.04
62.22
78.91
41.6
42.0
42.5
41.4
41.0
42.4
41.4
41.2
42.7
41.2
41.4
42.7
40.8
41.1
42.2
40.0
39.7
42.0
40.9
41.1
42.2
40.9
40.6
42.5
39.1
45.7
40.3
42.0
40.5
40.7
43.5
39.7
38.6
39.1
41.3
41.9
40.4
45.3
40.4
40.5
41.0
40.6
42.7
39.7
39.6
38.9
40.6
40.6
40.4
44.8
40.5
42.3
40,3
41.5
42.2
40.2
41.3
38.8
40.7
41.0
38.9
45.9
41.1
41.9
39.6
42.2
42.0
38.8
39.9
38.0
40.4
40.4
36.9
45.4
41.0
41.3
40.5
42.3
41.7
40.3
42.2
38.4
41.0
40.8
37.2
44.4
40,6
42.2
39.2
40.8
41.9
38.7
40.8
37.0
40.6
40.6
36.3
42.7
40.0
40.3
38.2
40.5
41.4
34.7
35.6
34.0
39.8
40.3
38.3
44.5
40.3
41.8
39.8
40.6
42.4
38.6
39.4
37.9
40.6
40.9
38.7
44.7
40.4
42.5
39.9
40.2
42.7
38.6
39.1
37.3
40.6
40.7
43.4
42.7
43.5
42.8
43.1
42.6
44.0
43.8
42.8
42.5
43.0
43.3
41.9
42.9
42.7
41.5
40.2
38.3
41.5
40.3
40.7
40.3
40.4
38.5
42.6
41.6
40.2
40.8
40.9
41.0
38.3
42.9
41.7
40.6
40.7
40.7
39.4
36.2
40.8
40.1
40.0
40.6
41.2
41.5
37.6
43.3
43.0
41.2
41.9
39.1
40.5
40.9
40.6
41.2
41.2
40.9
40.5
38.5
39.1
39.2
38.8
43.4
42.6
42.1
41.5
43.5
43.1
43.1
42.0
41.3
41.1
40.3
40.4
41.6
41.9
41.3
41.2
Average hourly earnings
41.8
41.2
38.5
40.8
41.2
40.7
41.3
42.1
41.4
38.9
42.8
41.6
41.1
42.4
41.7
41.2
3S.5
42.4
40.6
40.8
41.3
41.0
40.5
37.0
41.9
40.3
40.1
40.6
41.2
41.0
38.2
42.2
42.0
40. 5
41.4
42.4
41.0
38.4
42.4
41.1
40.2
41.5
$2.39
2.55
2.41
$2.39
2.57
2.41
$2.38
2.55
2.41
$2.38
2.57
2.42
$2.35
2.54
2.40
$2.34
2.54
2.39
$2.29
2.46
2.38
$2.30
2.49
2.38
$2. 27
2. 42
2.33
$2.31
2.45
2.34
$2.31
2.45
2.34
$2.32
2.46
2.33
$2.31
2. 46
2.31
$2.31
2. 48
2.34
$2.24
2.43
2.26
2.04
2.42
2.37
2.61
2.00
2.69
2.25
2.00
2.35
1.65
1.76
1.74
2.03
2.41
2.36
2.44
2.01
2.69
2.26
1.95
2.37
1.65
1.76
1.74
2.02
2.44
2.37
2.37
2.01
2.65
2. 25
1.97
2.34
1.64
1.76
1.73
1.99
2.41
2.36
2. 22
1.97
2. 68
2.22
1.90
2.33
1.63
1.76
1.74
1.94
2.43
2.36
2.19
1.96
2.68
2.23
1.88
2. 35
1.62
1.75
1.73
1.97
2. 37
2. 35
2.25
1.98
2.66
2.19
1.80
2.32
1.63
1.72
1.67
1.99
2.38
2.36
2.57
2.00
2.65
2.21
1.80
2.35
1.59
1.72
1.66
1.94
2.36
2.33
2. 55
1.98
2.62
2.24
1.83
2.35
1.59
1.70
1.65
1.93
2.35
2. 34
2. 56
2.01
2.66
2.23
2.03
2.34
1.59
1.70
1.65
1.98
2.32
2.33
2.53
2.00
2.63
2.22
2.03
2.34
1.60
1.70
1.65
1.99
2. 32
2.32
2.61
1.98
2.63
2. 21
2.02
2.36
1.68
1.70
1.65
2.01
2.33
2.30
2. 61
1.98
2.62
2.19
1.98
2.33
1.68
1.69
1.65
1.07
2.36
2.33
2. 41
1.98
2.64
2.21
1.91
2.34
1.60
1.71
1.67
1.90
2.28
2.26
2.30
1.92
2.57
2.14
1.85
2.29
1.65
1.80
1.85
1.78
1.68
1.94
1.80
1.61
2.00
1.80
1.84
1.77
1.68
1.95
1.79
1.61
1.99
1.80
1.85
1.77
1.67
1.93
1.80
1.61
2.00
1.80
1.84
1.77
1.67
1.95
1.81
1.61
2.00
1.80
1.84
1.76
1.67
1.93
1.81
1.60
2.00
1.74
1.82
1.75
1.67
1.89
1.79
1.58
1.98
1.74
1.83
1. 75
1.67
1.87
1.81
1.58
1.96
1.73
1.82
1.74
1.63
1.88
1.80
1. 57
1.96
1.72
1.83
1.73
1.63
1.86
1.79
1.57
1.96
1.73
1.83
1.74
1.63
1.89
1.81
1.57
1.98
1.73
1.83
1.73
1.62
1.87
1.79
1.56
1.96
1.73
1.81
1.71
1.62
1.87
1.78
1.55
1.94
1.74
1.83
1.74
1.64
1.89
1.79
1.57
1.96
1.72
1.82
1.73
1.60
1.85
1.76
1.54
1.92
___
2. 44
2.37
2.04
2.68
2.28
2.03
1.76
1.73
1.81
1.85
1.79
1.70
1.94
1.61
2.01
1.68
1.64
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
733
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
__________________________ Revised series; see box, p. 720.
1964
Industry
Apr.» Mar.»
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods—Continued
Apparel and related products________
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats__
Men’s and boys’ furnishings_____
Women’s, misses’, and Juniors’
outerwear................... ............ .
Women’s and children’s undergar
ments_____ _________________
Hats, caps, and millinery________
Girls’ and children’s outerwear___
Fur goods and miscellaneous ap
parel_______________________
Miscellaneous fabricated textile pro
ducts..............................................,
Paper and allied products......................
Paper and pulp________________
Paperboard____________________
Converted paper and paperboard
products_____________________
Paperboard containers and boxes..
Printing, publishing, and allied indus
tries.......................................................
Newspaper publishing and printing
Periodica) publishing and printing.
Books________________________
Commercial printing........................
Bookbinding and related industries.
Other publishing and printing in
dustries........................ ..................
Annual
average
1963
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July | June 1 M ay
Apr.
1963
1962
Average weekly earnings
$63.54 $64.97 $64.61
75.33 75.87' 76.08
55.94 56.92 56.24
"
67.55
69.38
68.60
59.04
59.13
73.89
58.08
58.00
75.22
59.73
66.80
64.80
57.16
67.28 68.20 67.66
106.77 106.60 107.10
119.03 118.86 119.41
121.00 121.83 122.27
94.48
67.00
94.94
96.12
0 $63.54 $63.01 $64. 2 $64. 2E $63.30 $61. 71 $61.35 $61.52
8 77.7C 76. 5S 77.38 76.3S 77. 07 74.37 78.17 74.03
0 55.57 54.90 55.87 56.17 55. 01 54.58 54.05 53.91
61.500 64.80 63.74 67. IS 67.18 66.97 65.17 62.68 64.33
1 58.60 60. 00 60. 58 60. 64 58.59 55.94 56.00 56.15
5 65.68 64.07 67.10 67.26 68. 07 66.79 64. 79 62.48
7 55.54 56.25 58.08 57.32 56.27 56.15 56.61 55.85
62.611 67.66 69.73 69. 55 66.98 65. 87 64. 62 64.80 63.19
6 70.41 69.63 69.27 69.60 66.78 64. 53 66.85 66.47
9 108.36 107.41 108. 41 108. 41 107.32 106.82 106. 21 104.55
3 119.24 119. 41 119. 51 119.34 119.34 120. 42 117.31 116.87
4 122.54 120.12 121.76 121.11 121. 04 122.03 119.97 117.48
94.99
96.59
98.18
8 98.23
95.49
98.05
95. 76
99.88
95.99
99. 64
94.92
97.67
92, 74
96.05
113.58 113.58 111.63
115.75 113.98 113.04
119.50 118.01
105.93 104.90
115.35 116.03 114.07
90.78 89.86 88.32
7 113.98
118.24
116.91
105.01
114.65
90.02
110. 78
114. 61
116. 51
101. 27
112.81
88.46
111. 74
114.30
118. 48
104.66
113. 68
88.17
112.71
113.98
120. 60
107.94
115.34
88.39
111. 27
112.89
116.98
108. 52
112. 71
88.08
111.91
118. 78
105. 78
112.03
87.40
113.20
115.49
105. 97
112.32
88.24
36.3
36.1
37.9
36.3
37.4
37.8
117.561 117.95 117.18
93.60
97.44
91.84
94.99
$60.16 $62. 09 $61.18
70. 76 ' 74.87 72.54
52.48 54.31 53.53
64.67
65.32
64.45
53.86
60.16
52.44
57.41
65.69
55.80
55. 48
65.52
54.72
58.47
65.16
64.98
64.90 66.85 64.26
102. 24 105. 90 102. 00
114. 23 117.75 112.92
115.01 118.90 114.22
90.09
92. 75
93.79
96. 28
90.64
94.24
110.02 110.69 110. 21 108.97 110.30 107. 62
113. 52 111.19 112. 53 110.35
112. 58 113. 58 115.42 111. 95
106.14 103. 28 104. 49 99. 85
112. 22 110. 58 112.61 110.15
87.17 88.01 85.91
117.41 113.28 113.87 114. 43 114.94
Average weekly hours
Apparel and related products________
M en’s and boys’ suits and co a ts...
M en’s and boys’ furnishings_____
Women’s, misses’, and juniors1
outerwear.........................................
Women’s and children’s undergar
ments......................................... ........
Hats, caps, and millinery________
Girls’ and children’s outerwear___
Fur goods and miscellaneous ap
parel_________________________
Miscellaneous fabricated textile pro
ducts_________________________
Paper and allied products___________
Paper and p u lp ..._____ _________
Paperboard_____________________
Converted paper and paperboard
products........ ...................................
Paperboard containers and b oxes...
Printing, publishing, and allied indus
tries_____________________________
Newspaper publishing and printing.
Periodical publishing and printing.
Books__________________________
Commercial printing..........................
Bookbinding and related industries.
Other publishing and printing in
dustries........ ....................................
36.3
36.4
37.0
33.
35.4
35.0
31.7
36.5
37.7
36.3
35.8
37.8
37.1
36.5
36.3
37.2
35.9
37.0
36.8
35.8
36.3
36.4
36.3
36.5
37.0
36.3
36.2
37.2
36.8
36.7
38.2
36.4
37.2
37.7
35.6
36.1
36.7
36.1
36.7
37.2
36.2
37.2
37.7
33.4
33.2
34.1
34.1
34.7
34.3
33.7
34.4
34.4
34.2
34.1
36.4
35.5
35.6
37.5
35.4
35.6
38.1
35.5
36.3
37.9
35.4
35.6
37.8
36.4
36.3
36.8
36.1
36.7
36.6
36.4
37.0
36.7
35.7
36.5
35.2
33.8
34.5
36.8
35.7
36.0
36.5
36.2
36.0
36.5
36.2
35.8
36.7
36.8
36.4
36.8
35.9
36.0
35.5
34.6
36.0
36.1
38.1
38.9
43.0
44.0
44.4
38.9
42.8
43.9
44.0
38.7
43.2
44.1
44.6
39.1
43.2
44.2
44.2
38.6
43.1
44.2
44.5
37.3
42.9
44.6
44.7
38.2
43.0
44.1
44.6
38.2
42. 5
44.1
44.0
37.3
41.9
43.6
43.4
38.2
43.7
44.3
37.8
42.5
43.
44.3
44.1
44.2
37.8
42.5
43.6
44.1
40.9
41.1
41.1
40.9
41.3
41.1
42.5
41.8
41.7
41.9
42.0
42.5
42.1
42.4
42.0
42.1
41.4
41.4
41.6
42.0
41.0
41.3
40.4
40.5
41.5
41.5
41.2
41.7
38.5
36.4
39.1
39.3
38.5
36.3
39.7
40.9
39.2
38.9
38.2
36.0
39.6
40.5
38.8
38.4
37.9
35.7
39.0
40.3
38.6
37.9
38.9
37.3
39.9
40.7
39.4
38.8
38.2
36.5
39.9
39.1
38.9
38.8
38.4
36.4
40.3
40.1
39.2
38.5
38.6
36.3
40.2
41.2
39.5
38.6
38.5
36.3
40.2
41.9
39.0
38.8
38.2
36.1
40.4
41.0
38.9
38.5
38.3
36.4
40.1
40.6
39.0
38.7
38.4
36.5
39.5
41.3
39.1
38.9
38.1
36.1
39.3
40.5
38.8
38.4
38.3
36.3
39.8
40.5
39.1
38.6
38.3
36.3
39.7
40.1
39.2
38.7
38.8
38.8!
38.8
3S.5
39.4
38.4
38.6
38.4
38.7
38.3
38.3
38.1
37. 91 38.5
38.4
$1.70
2.06
1.44
$1.69
2.09
1.43
$1.69
1.99
1.43
37.8
42.2
43.6
44.0
42.3
34.4
42.7
Average hourly earnings
Apparel and related products________
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats__
M en’s and boys’ furnishings_____
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’
outerwear_____________________
Women’s and children’s undergar
ments..................................................
Hats, caps, and millinery________
Girl's and children’s outerwear.....
Fur goods and miscellaneous ap
parel....................................................
Miscellaneous fabricated textile
products................................ ............
Paper and allied products___________
Paper and p u lp ..................................
Paperboard_____________________
Converted paper and paperboard
products.......... .................................
Paperboard containers and boxes..
Printing, publishing, and allied indus
tries______________________________
Newspaper publishing and printing"
Periodical publishing and printing
Books......................................................
Commercial printing_____________
Bookbinding and related industries.
Other publishing and printing in
dustries.............................................
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1.76
2.11
1.52
$1.78
2.09
1.53
$1.78
2.09
1.52
$1. 77
2.09
1.51
$1. 77
2.10
1.51
$1.76
2.11
1. 51
$1.77
2.12
1. 51
$1.77
2.11
1. 51
$1.72
2.10
1.44
$1.69
1.96
1.43
$1. 72
2.04
1.46
$1.69
1.95
1.42
1.93
1.96
1.96
1.94
1.94
1.92
1.97
1. 97
1.93
1.90
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.91
1.89
1.64
1.62
1.96
1.60
1.62
1.99
1.61
1. 61
1.94
1. 59
1. 61
1.85
1. 56
1.60
1.81
1.58
1. 59
1.60
1.60
1. 90
1. 61
1. 55
1.87
1. 55
1. 52
1.85
1.53
1. 53
1.78
1.53
1.53
1.75
1.53
1.53
1. 78
1. 52
1. 56
1.84
1, 55
1. 52
1.81
1. 52
1.83
1.79
1.82
1.84
1.79
1.80
1.80
1.78
1.69
•1.81
1.80
1.78
2.53
2.73
2.75
1.79
2.52
2.72
2.75
1.79
2.52
2.72
2.76
1.84
2. 52
2.71
2.76
1.81
2.52
2.71
2.76
1.79
2.51
2.72
2.73
1. 79
2. 51
2.71
2.73
1.78
2. 51
2.70
2.74
1.73
2.49
2.70
2.72
1.73
2.49
2.70
2.73
1. 75
2.47
2.66
2.69
1.74
2.46
2.65
2.67
1.74
2.44
2.62
2.65
1. 75
2.48
2.67
2.69
1.70
2.40
2.69
2. 59
2.31
2.36
2.31
2.35
2.30
2.35
2.31
2.36
2.31
2.35
2.29
2.34
2.28
2.35
2.28
2.35
2.26
2.32
2.24
2.32
2. 25
2.32
2.24
2.30
2.23
2.29
2.26
2.32
2.20
2. 26
2.95
3.18
2~95
2.31
2.95
3.14
3.01
2.59
2.96
2.31
2.93
3.14
2.98
2.59
2.94
2.30
2.92
3.12
2.94
2.58
2.93
2.33
2.93
3.17
2.93
2.58
2.91
2.32
2.90
3.14
2.92
2.59
2.90
2.28
2. 91
3.14
2.94
2.61
2.90
2.29
2.92
3.14
3.00
2.62
2. 92
2.29
2.89
3.11
2. 91
2.59
2.89
2.27
2.88
3.10
2.94
2.58
2.88
2.27
2.89
3.11
2.88
2.61
2.88
2.28
2.87
3.11
2.85
2.57
2.87
2.28
2.86
3.08
2.89
2. 55
2.85
2. 27
2.88
3.10
2.90
2.58
2.88
2.28
2.81
3. 04
2.82
2. 49
2.81
2.22
3.03
3.04
3.02
3.00
2.98
2.95
2.95
2.98
2.97
2.96
2.94
2.94
2.95
2.96
2.88
1.61
734
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
T able
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 720.
1964
Annual
average
1963
Industry
Apr.2 Mar.2 Feb.
M anufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods— Continued
Chemicals and allied products...............
Industrial chemicals.........................
Plastics and synthetics, except
glass________________________
Drugs.................................................
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods___
Paints, varnishes, and allied products.................................................
Agricultural chemicals.....................
Other chemical products.............. —
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
1963
1962
Average weekly earnings
$114.13 $114.4C $113.9G$113.85 $115.09 $113. 85 $113.85 $114.13 $113.02 $113.98 $113.42 $112.59 $113.40 $112.88 $109.98
129.17 129.17 128.75 128.86 130. 42 129. 27 129.7i 128.96 127.71 128.3c 127.6( 126.58 130.82 128.44 124.68
114.39 114.66 113.42 112.88 114.66 112. 74 112.47 112. 88 112.32 114.0C 113.94 111.76 113.55 112.32 109.52
102.26 102.06 102. li 101.4( 101.75 100. 6C 101.18 100. 53 99.6c 99.51 100. Of 99.38 98.98 100.53 98. 40
105.73 106.31 106. 66 106. 27 107.83 106.86 106.6C 108. 62 107.68 106. 75 107.27 105.41 103.83 106. 08 103.89
108. 73 108.2i 107.01 104. 78 106.45 105.93 106. 71 106.14 105.98 107.81 106.50 108.36 103.48 105. 22 101. 59
94.79 97.18 95.05 93.48 94.79 93.26 93. 29 94.16 91.1C 91.74 92.44 97.83 99.70 93. 53 88.39
109. 71 110.12 110.39 111. 61 111. 83 110. 46 109.67 110.20 108.68 109.56 107.94 107.59 105.37 108.00 103.75
Petroleum refining and related industries.................. — ................................ 132.70 131.56 132.07 132.16 132.89 132.39 131.77 134. 20 130. 21 133.98 133. 25 131.67 133. 77 131.77 126. 88
Petroleum refining.......................... 138.69 137.53 137.94 138.69 139.86 139. 44 136.53 139. 70 134.39 138.94 138. 53 137.03 140.95 137.45 131. 43
Other petroleum and coal products. 107.87 106. 77 105. 75 102.56 103.63 105.83 114.04 113. 26 115.20 115. 26 113.09 110.12 104.83 108. 28 107. 75
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products.......... ....................................... — 101. 75 101.50 101.09 101. 25 105.08 102.91 101.93 102.67 100. 86 100.04 100.53 99.23 98.25 100. 78 100. 04
Tires and inner tubes___________ 132.59 131.13 127.79 130.54 141.19 137.53 134.06 134.97 132.84 130. 73 128. 88 124.66 126.88 131.30 130. 47
Other rubber products---------------- 97.28 97.53 98.25 99.06 100.36 98.49 98.81 99.46 96.63 94.40 97.27 96.22 94. 40 97.27 95.53
Miscellaneous plastic products____ 89.86 88. 58 88.80 87.74 90.09 88.17 87.98 89.25 88.62 87.76 87.56 87.13 85.24 87.56 85.90
Leather and leather products________
Leather tanning and finishing____
Footwear, except rubber_________
Other leather products__________
65.88
93.15
62.66
64.03
68.24
91.83
65.82
66.15
68.76
90. 97
66. 50
66.85
66.95
90.35
65.25
63.53
69.63
94.58
67.12
66.64
66.59
92. 57
63. 51
66.12
Chemicals and allied products...............
Industrial chemicals------------------Plastics and synthetics, except
glass________________ _______
Drugs.................................................
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods...
Paints, varnishes, and allied products--------------- --------------------Agricultural chemicals.....................
Other chemical products_________
41.5
41.4
41.6
41.4
41.3
41.4
41.1
41.3
41.7
41.8
41.4
41.7
41.4
41.6
41.5
41.6
41.9
40.1
40.2
42.0
40.5
40.3
41.7
40.2
40.4
41.5
40.4
39.8
42.0
40.7
41.0
41.6
40.4
41.1
41.5
40.8
41.0
41.5
44.5
41.4
41.3
45.2
41.4
41.0
43.4
41.5
40.3
42.3
41.8
41.1
42.7
42.2
40.9
42.2
42.0
Petroleum refining and related industries--------------- -------------------------Petroleum refining............................
Other petroleum and coal products.
41.6
41.4
42.3
41.5
41.3
42.2
41.4
41.3
41.8
41.3
41.4
40.7
41.4
41.5
40.8
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products-----------------------------------------Tires and inner tubes___________
Other rubber products--------- -----Miscellaneous plastic products___
40.7
40.3
40.2
41.6
40.6
40.1
40.3
41.2
40.6
39.2
40.6
41.3
40.5
39.8
40.6
41.0
Leather and leather products________
Leather tanning and finishing.........
Footwear, except rubber.............. .
Other leather products.....................
36.2
40.5
35.4
36.8
37.7
40.1
37.4
37.8
38.2
39.9
38.0
38.2
37.4
39.8
37.5
36.3
67.66
93.52
64. 21
67.86
67.13
91.94
64.03
66.09
67.41
90.23
65.15
65.49
66.12
90.23
64.39
63.07
66.70
93. 75
64.30
64.09
64.42
91.76
61.20
62.56
62.13
89.38
59.33
60.52
66.00
91.13
63.44
64.30
64.67
87.42
62. 66
62.58
41.4
41.6
41.6
41.8
41.7
41.7
41.7
41.5
42.0
42.2
41.5
41.7
41.5
41.7
41.5
40.7
41.3
41.6
40.5
41.1
42.1
40.3
40.9
42.2
40.5
41.1
41.7
40.4
40.7
41.9
40.4
40.4
41.6
40.7
40.8
41.8
41.0
40.9
41.2
42.6
41.7
41.3
42.8
41.9
41.4
41.6
41.8
41.8
41.7
42.3
41.6
42.6
42.0
42.0
45.5
41.7
40.9
48.4
41.0
41.1
43.5
41.7
40.8
42.7
41.5
41.5
41.5
41.5
41.7
41.0
44.2
42.2
41.7
43.9
41.6
40.6
45.0
42.4
41.6
45.2
42.3
41.6
44.7
41.9
41.4
43.7
42.2
42.2
42.1
41.7
41.4
42.8
41.6
41.2
43.1
41.7
42.4
41.3
41.9
41.0
41.3
40.7
41.2
41.1
40.5
41.0
41.5
41.4
40.9
41.1
41.9
41.0
40.5
40.6
41.8
40.5
40.1
40.0
41.2
40.7
39.9
40.7
41.3
40.5
39.2
40.6
41.1
40.1
39.9
40.0
40.4
40.8
40.4
40.7
41.3
41.0
40.9
41.0
41.1
38.9
41.3
38.8
38.3
37.2
40.6
36.5
38.0
37.8
41.2
36.9
39.0
37.5
40.5
36.8
38.2
38.3
40.1
38.1
38.3
38.0
40.1
38.1
37.1
37.9
41.3
37.6
37.7
36.6
40.6
36.0
36.8
35.5
39.9
34.9
35.6
37.5
40.5
37.1
37.6
37.6
40.1
37.3
37.7
Average weekly hours
Average hourly earnings
Chemicals and allied products...............
Industrial chemicals........................
Plastics and synthetics, except
glass................. ...................... —
Drugs............... — ............................
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods___
Paints, varnishes, and allied products________________________
Agricultural chemicals.....................
Other chemical products_________
$2.75
3.12
$2.75
3.12
$2.76
3.11
$2.77
3.12
$2.76
3.12
$2.75
3.10
$2.75
3.12
$2.75
3.10
$2.73
3.07
$2.74
3.07
$2. 72
3.06
$2.70
3.05
$2.70
3.10
$2. 72
3.08
$2.65
2.99
2.73
2.55
2.63
2.73
2.52
2.64
2.72
2.54
2.64
2. 72
2.51
2.67
2. 73
2.50
2.63
2.71
2.49
2.60
2.71
2.48
2. 60
2. 72
2.47
2.63
2. 70
2.46
2.62
2. 71
2.47
2. 61
2. 70
2. 47
2.61
2.68
2.46
2.59
2.71
2.45
2.57
2.70
2.47
2.60
2.62
2.40
2.54
2.62
2.13
2.65
2.62
2.15
2. 66
2. 61
2.19
2.66
2.60
2. 21
2.67
2.59
2.22
2.65
2.59
2. 21
2.63
2.59
2.19
2.63
2.57
2.20
2.63
2. 56
2.19
2.60
2.58
2.20
2.59
2. 56
2.17
2.57
2. 58
2.15
2.58
2.53
2.06
2.57
2. 56
2.15
2.59
2.49
2.07
2.50
Petroleum refining and related industries---------------- ------------------------Petroleum refining...........................
Other petroleum and coal products.
3.19
3.35
2.55
3.17
3.33
2.53
3.19
3.34
2.53
3.20
3.35
2.52
3. 21
3.37
2. 54
3.19
3.36
2.55
3.16
3.33
2.58
3.18
3.35
2.58
3.13
3.31
2.56
3.16
3.34
2.55
3.15
3.33
2. 53
3.14
3.31
2. 52
3.17
3.34
2.49
3.16
3.32
2.53
3.05
3.19
2.50
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products.......................................................
Tires and inner tubes......................
Other rubber products__________
Miscellaneous plastic products___
2.50
3.29
2.42
2.16
2.50
3. 27
2.42
2.15
2.49
3.26
2.42
2.15
2.50
3.28
2.44
2.14
2.52
3.33
2.43
2.15
2. 51
3.33
2. 42
2.14
2.48
3.31
2.41
2.12
2. 48
3.30
2.42
2.13
2.46
3.28
2.38
2.12
2.47
3.26
2.36
2.13
2.47
3.23
2.39
2.12
2.45
3.18
2.37
2.12
2.45
3.18
2.36
2.11
2.47
3.25
2.39
2.12
2. 44
3.19
2.33
2.09
1.82
2.30
1.77
1.74
1.81
2. 29
1.76
1.75
1.80
2.28
1.75
1.75
1. 79
2. 27
1.74
1.75
1.79
2.29
1.73
1.74
1.79
2. 28
1.74
1. 74
1.79
2. 27
1.74
1. 74
1.79
2.27
1. 74
1.73
1.76
2.25
1. 71
1.71
1.74
2.25
1.69
1.70
1.76
2. 27
1.71
1.70
1. 76
2.26
1.70
1.70
1.75
2.24
1.70
1. 70
1.76
2.25
1.71
1.71
1. 72
2.18
1.68
1.66
Leather and leather products................
Leather tanning and finishing
Footwear, except rubber........ ........
Other leather products__________
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
735
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 720.
1964
Annual
average
1963
Industry
Apr.5 Mar.5 Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
•
Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Glass Trailroads 3 ___________
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation..
Tntaroit y an d m ral bn S11nas
Motor freight transportation and storago
_____________________
Pipeline transportation_____________
Communication:
Telephone communication_______
Telegraph communication 4 _____
Radio and television broadcasting
■Rlect.ric, gas, and sanitarv services___
Electric companies and systems__
Gas companies and svstems______
Combined utility systems............. .
Water, steam, and sanitary systerns________________________
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
1963
1962
Average weekly earnings
$119.54 $118.71 $120.01 $117.04 $118.53 $120.18 $116.48 $119.46 $118.26 $118. 40 $115.87
$98.49 $101. 68 $103.32 102.24 102.41 102.48 102.30 103.28 103.09 103.63 102.48 100.38 101.70 100.11
121. 76 123.65 130.98 120.51 123.38 126.44 138.70 134.06 133.44 124.27 122.69 123.12 125.86 118.40
119.89 118.49 116.24 120.67 117.29 120.13 120.12 119.71 118.85 118.58 117.31 115.36 117.31 113.30
141.58 141.75 142.88 141.51 139.47 136.49 140.15 134.94 138. 65 140. 56 137.16 138.45 138.38 132.76
103.48
113.28
137.28
123.71
125.97
114.49
133.90
102.56
113.13
136.42
123.00
124.94
114. 77
133. 25
98.57
98.98
105.04
112.17
137 07
122.96
123.60
115.36
134.37
105.30
112.86
135.93
123.37
124.01
116.47
134.92
102.26
112.71
132.10
121.42
123.26
111.93
132.07
102.36
112. 98
132.10
121.13
124. 09
111.93
130.19
102.00
113.25
132.10
121.42
123.55
112.74
131.14
101.24
110.30
131.66
119.72
121.66
112.20
129.15
99.94
108.16
135. 04
119.31
120.42
111.24
129.05
102.40
110.92
133.96
121.13
122.36
113.57
131.65
98. 95
107.78
127.20
116.85
118.24
108.53
126.69
98. 64 100.02 100.26 100.14
98. 06
97.88
97. 64
97.41
95.94
96.70
98.29
94.66
102.18
111.51
135. 68
124.09
125.25
116.90
135. 66
103.36
112.59
137.86
124.92
125.55
117.16
136.18
106. 08
111.90
134.85
123.79
123.41
117.16
135.34
Average weekly hours
Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads J _____________
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation.
Intercity and rural buslines_____
Motor freight transportation and storage_____________________________
Pipeline transportation..........................
Communication :
Telephone communication_______
Telegraph communication 4______
Radio and television broadcasting
Electric, gas, and sanitary services
Electric, companies and svstems
fias companies and svstems
Combined utility systems
Water, steam, and sanitary systerns________________________
43.0
42.7
43.8
42.1
43.1
43.7
41.9
43.6
43.0
42.9
42.6
40.7
41.7
41.5
42.2
42.0
44.4
41.9
41.7
41.8
42.4
42.0
43.6
42.1
46.7
42.5
45.6
42.6
45.7
43.0
43.3
42.7
42.9
42.0
42.9
42.2
43.7
42.8
42.9
41.2
40.8
41.0
40.5
40.5
41.9
41.9
40.9
41.3
40.9
42.3
40.5
42.0
41.1
42.3
40.4
41.7
40.9
42.2
41.1
41.6
40.7
41.2
40.6
41.6
40.7
41.5
40.6
39.8
41.8
39.0
41.1
41.3
40.6
41.2
39.6
41.9
39.2
41.0
41.1
40.7
41.0
39.3
41.3
39.1
41.5
41.2
41.6
42.0
39.6
41.7
39.5
41.5
41.3
41.4
41.9
40.8
41.6
39.2
41.4
41.0
41.4
41.9
40.4
41.7
39.5
41.4
41.2
41.2
41.6
40.5
41.8
39.4
41.4
41.2
41.3
41.9
40.1
41.9
39.2
41.3
41.5
40.7
41.4
40.3
42.0
39.2
41.2
41.5
40.7
41.2
40.0
42.1
39.2
41.3
41.6
40.7
41.5
39.7
42.1
39.3
41.0
41.1
40.8
41.0
39.5
41.6
39.6
41.0
41.1
40.6
41.1
40.0
41.7
39.4
41.2
41.2
41.0
41.4
39.9
42.1
38.9
41.0
41.2
40.8
41.1
40.9
40.9
41.1
41.5
41.6
41.9
41.2
41.3
41.2
41.1
41.0
40.8
41.3
40.8
Average hourly earnings
Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads * _____________
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation.
Intercity and rural buslines______
Motor freight transportation and storage_____________________________
Pipeline transportation....................... ___
Communication:
Telephone communication_______
Telegraph communication 4______
Radio and television broadcasting
Electric, gas, and sanitary services
Electric companies and systems
Oas companies and svstems
Combined utility systems_______
Water, steam, and sanitary systerns________________________ ______
See footnotes at end of table,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2.78
$2.78
$2.74
$2.78
$2.75
$2.75
$2.78
$2.74
$2.75
$2.7f
$2.72
$2.42
2.92
$2.45
2.92
$2.46
2.95
2.44
2.81
2.45
2.91
2.41
2.9C
2.43
2.97
2.43
2.94
2.42
2.92
2.41
2.87
2.40
2.86
2.39
2.87
2.41
2.88
2.35
2.76
2.91
3.47
2.8£
3.50
2.87
3.41
2.85
3.46
2.84
3.41
2.81
3.37
2.86
3.41
2.83
3.34
2.85
3.39
2.81
3.42
2.82
3.37
2.8C
3.41
2.82
3.40
2.73
3.27
2.6(
2.71
3. 52
3.01
3.05
2.82
3.25
2.61
2.70
3.48
3.00
3.04
2.82
3.25
2. 6(
2.70
3.47
2.99
3.04
2.81
3.23
2.61
2.70
3.49
3.01
3.04
2.83
3.25
2.6C
2.69
3. 44
2.99
3.01
2.83
3.23
2.6t
2.69
3.47
2.97
3.00
2.80
3.23
2. 6(
2.70
3.45
2.98
3.01
2.82
3.22
2.55
2.69
3.37
2.94
2.97
2.75
3.19
2.54
2.69
3.37
2.94
2.99
2.75
3.16
2.55
2.69
3.37
2.94
2.97
2.77
3.16
2.55
2.62
3.35
2.92
2.96
2.75
3.15
2.6 c
2.60
3.41
2.91
2.93
2.74
3.14
2.56
2.66
3.40
2.94
2.97
2.77
3.18
2.48
2.56
3.27
2. 85
2.87
2.66
3.08
2.4:
2.42
2.4C
2.41
2.41
2.39
2.38
2.37
2.37
2.37
2.34
2.37
2.38
2.32
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
736
T able
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 720.
1964
Annual
average
1963
Industry
Apr.* Mar.*
Feb.
Jan,
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
1963
1962
Average weekly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade 1— --------------nlAsala trad a
_______________
Motor vehicles and automotive
oqrdprnp.nt
___ ____________
Drugs, chemicals, and allied prodDry goods and apparel__________
Groceries and related prod nets .
ElootrJcftl goods
___________
Hardware, plumbing, and heating
Machinery, equipment, and sup_____________ - _____
pliAS
"RAtftll trad a ® _____________________ ___
Gap oral morrh and iso stores
Department stores__________
Limited price variety stores__
Food stores _________________
Grocery, meat, and vegetable
»tores
Apparel and accessories stores_____
Men’s and boys’ apparel stores.
Women’s read y-to-wear stores..
Family clothing stores.______
Shoe stores_________________
$78.11
101.00
$78. 69 $78.11
100.75 100.10
95.91
95 .2 6
102.80
95.13
94 .9 4
107.59
102.94
93.37
94.71
107.33
95. 26
$77.60 $77. 75 $77.95 $78.36
101. 43 100. 85 100. 94 100.69
96. 79
96-14
96. 33
96.3 3
$78. 79 $78. 79 $78.19
99. 55 100.12
99.7 2
95.11
94. 89
94.66
103. 06 103.31 102.51 102. 26 102. 36 100. 65 100. 60 100.65
93. 99
94.4 9
92.3 7
9 1 .2 7
92.4 8
9 2 .6 3
90.86
90.8 6
95.3 4
9 3 .8 3
94.47
9 4 .5 3
95.0 4
93. 75 94.4 3
94. 75
106. 80 109. 74 106. 52 105.04 104. 26 103.06 102.40 102.77
96.63
96.15
96. 22
108.26
68.26
55.26
59. 79
40.38
66.30
108.95
68.8 2
55.26
60.3 0
4 0 .1 2
66.6 9
107.33
68.2 6
54.76
59 .1 0
3 9 .8 6
66. 54
67 .8 6
53 .1 2
65.3 4
48.4 7
53.4 2
50.8 0
67.72
54.58
67.16
48 .2 9
54.06
54.7 7
67.7 7
54.61
6 6 .4 0
49. 47
53.4 5
53. 44
97.34
97.03
98 .3 9
110.15 109. 75 110.97
68.4 0
68. 26
68.25
56.32
53. 88
54.54
59.4 9
57.94
59.31
40.66
40. 00 40. 00
66
.4 3
66.62
66. 59
67.8 2
56.32
67.8 4
50.7 5
54.7 6
56.24
68.16
54.4 2
66. 79
48. 29
54. 01
54.21
67 .8 2
54.08
66 .2 4
48 .4 3
52.17
55. 01
97.1 0
95. 82
95. 65
96.0 5
$77.39 $76. 62 $77. 59 $75.08
99. 47 98.5 8
99. 47 96.22
95. 08
92.82
99.7 5
99. 50 101.05
90. 64 9 2 .3 8
91.99
9 3 .3 8
92. 51 93.3 8
101.85 101. 71 103.83
97. 84
9 2 .48
8 9 .86
101.59
94. 66
95.65
94.2 4
95 .0 0
95.41
92.97
110. 56 108.50 107. 68 109.06 108.09 107.16 108.65 104.14
6 9 .3 0
6 9 .3 0
68. 96
67.68
68.61
67.4 8
68. 04
65.95
55.22
55.38
52.59
54. 79
53. 51
53.2 8
54.13
54.86
60.0 3
5 9 .8 4
60.0 3
59. 68
58.31
57. 80 58.6 5
57.10
41. 50
41.0 8
40.2 2
40.13
39.4 8
39. 48 3 9 .9 8
38. 91
64.78
67.6 8
67.6 8
66.9 3
65. 58 65.26
66.15
66.85
68.4 5
54. 90
67.3 3
48. 38
53.51
55.63
69.14
55.11
67.8 2
48. 56
54.6 2
56.11
69. 50
55. 77
68.9 6
49.27
55. 34
56.45
68.7 4
54. 70
67.2 8
48.7 6
54.32
54.1 5
66.82
54.06
66.06
48.33
53. 40
54.78
66.66
55.36
66.3 9
49.1 3
54.01
58.35
67.74
5 4 .7 0
66. 77
48. 62
53. 75
55.5 8
66.22
53.63
6 5 .82
47. 46
52.45
55.61
3 9 .2
4 0 .8
3 8 .9
4 0 .7
38 .5
4 0 .6
3 8 .5
4 0 .4
3 8 .6
4 0 .6
3 8 .7
4 0 .6
Average weekly hours
Wholesale and retail trade8__________ . . .
Wholesale trade___________________
Motor vehicles and automotive
e q u ip m e n t
_ _____________
Drugs, chemicals, and allied prodUAtS
_____
__
Dry good s and apparel
Groceries and related products..__
Electrical goods___ ____________
Hardware,“plumbing, and heating
goods _____________________
Machinery, equipment, and supplies ______________________
Retail trade8______________________
General merchandise stores______
Department stores__________
Limited price variety stores__
TTood stores
Grocery, meat, and vegetable
stores____________________
Apparel and accessories stores____
* ‘Men’s and boys’ apparel stores.
Women’s ready-to-wear stores..
Familv clothing stores_______
Shoe stores .....“ .......................
3 8 .1
4 0 .4
3 8 .2
4 0 .3
38 .1
4 0 .2
3 8 .8
4 0 .9
3 8 .3
4 0 .5
3 8 .4
4 0 .7
3 8 .6
4 0 .6
3 9 .2
4 0 .7
4 1 .7
4 1 .6
4 1 .6
4 1 .9
4 1 .8
4 0 .0
3 7 .9
41.1
4 0 .6
3 9 .9
3 7 .8
4 1 .0
4 0 .2
4 0 .1
3 7 .1
4 1 .1
4 0 .3
4 0 .2
3 7 .9
4 2 .0
41.1
4 0 .2
3 7 .5
4 1 .5
4 0 .5
41 .7
4 1 .7
4 1 .9
4 1 .8
4 1 .7
4 1 .7
4 1 .7
4 1 .7
4 2 .0
40 .1
3 7 .9
4 1 .3
40 .4
4 0 .3
3 8 .1
4 1 .6
4 0 .1
40.1
3 7 .7
41 .7
4 0 .1
4 0 .4
3 7 .7
4 2 .3
4 0 .0
40.1
3 7 .7
4 1 .8
4 0 .3
3 9 .9
3 7 .3
4 1 .5
40 .1
3 9 .8
3 7 .4
4 1 .3
4 0 .2
4 0 .1
3 7 .7
41 .5
4 0 .4
40.1
3 7 .9
41.6
4 0 .8
4 0 .6
4 0 .4
4 0 .6
4 0 .9
4 0 .7
3 7 .1
3 3 .9
33 .4
31 .3
3 4 .0
4 0 .5
3 7 .2
3 3 .9
3 3 .5
3 1 .1
3 4 .2
4 0 .5
3 7 .1
3 3 .8
3 3 .2
3 0 .9
3 4 .3
41.1
3 8 .0
36.1
3 5 .2
3 3 .6
3 4 .7
4 0 .6
4 0 .5
4 0 .8
40.6
4 0 .7
4 0 .7
4 0 .7
4 0 .6
4 0 .6
4 0 .6
4 0 .8
3 7 .3
34 .1
3 3 .3
3 2 .0
3 4 .5
41.1
3 7 .5
3 4 .3
3 3 .7
3 2 .0
3 4 .6
41.1
3 7 .7
3 4 .5
3 4 .0
32.1
3 5 .0
41.1
3 8 .5
3 5 .4
3 4 .7
3 3 .2
3 6 .0
41.1
3 8 .5
3 5 .5
3 4 .7
3 3 .4
3 6 .0
4 1 .0
3 8 .1
3 4 .9
3 4 .3
3 2 .7
3 5 .6
41.1
3 7 .6
3 4 .3
3 3 .9
3 2 .1
3 4 .7
4 0 .9
3 7 .7
3 4 .6
3 4 .2
3 2 .9
3 4 .9
4 1 .0
3 7 .8
3 4 .7
34.1
3 2 .5
3 5 .0
4 1 .0
3 7 .9
3 4 .6
3 4 .4
3 2 .7
3 5 .4
3 4 .1
3 3 .2
36.1
3 3 .2
3 3 .6
3 0 .6
3 4 .2
3 3 .9
3 6 .3
3 3 .3
3 4 .0
3 2 .6
3 4 .4
3 3 .5
3 5 .7
3 3 .2
3 3 .2
3 2 .0
3 4 .6
3 5 .2
37 .9
3 5 .0
3 5 .1
3 2 .7
3 4 .6
3 3 .8
3 6 .7
3 3 .3
3 4 .4
3 1 .7
3 4 .6
3 3 .8
3 6 .8
3 3 .4
34 .1
3 1 .8
35 .1
3 4 .1
3 7 .2
3 3 .6
3 4 .3
32.1
3 6 .2
3 5 .1
3 8 .1
3 4 .2
3 5 .7
3 3 .8
3 6 .2
3 5 .3
38 .1
3 4 .7
3 5 .7
3 3 .8
3 5 .8
3 4 .4
3 7 .8
34.1
3 5 .5
3 1 .3
3 4 .8
3 4 .0
36 .7
3 3 .8
3 4 .9
3 1 .3
3 4 .9
3 4 .6
3 7 .3
3 4 .6
3 5 .3
3 2 .6
35.1
3 4 .4
3 7 .3
3 4 .0
3 4 .9
3 2 .5
3 5 .6
3 4 .6
3 7 .4
3 3 .9
3 5 .2
3 3 .3
$2.01
2. 44
$2. 01
2. 46
$2.01
2 .4 5
$1.99
2 .4 4
$2.01
2 .4 5
$1.94
2 .3 7
Average hourly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade 8_,____________
Motor vehicles and automotive
equipment__________________
Drugs,‘ chemicals, and allied prodn e.ts
Dry goods and apparel__________
Groceries and related products____
Electrical goods____ 2___________
Hardware, plumbing, and heating
goods_______________________
Machinery, equipment, and supplies________________________
Retail trade8______________________
General merchandise stores______
Department stores__________
Limited price variety stores__
Food stores. 2________ 2_________
Grocery, meat, and vegetable
stores ___________________
Apparel and accessories stores___
"'Men’s and boys’ apparel stores.
Women’s ready-to-wear stores..
Family clothing stores...... ........
Shoe stores................................ .
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$ 2 .0 0
2 .4 8
$2.03
2 .4 9
$2. 03
2 .4 8
$2.03
2 .4 8
$2.01
2 .4 5
$2 .0 5
2 .5 0
$2.06
2 .5 0
$2.0 5
2 .4 9
2.3 0
2 .2 9
2 .2 9
2 .3 1
2. 30
2. 31
2.31
2 .2 7
2. 27
2 .2 7
2. 27
2 .2 6
2 .2 8
2 .2 1
2.5 7
2.51
2.31
2.6 5
2. 58
2.4 7
2.31
2 .6 7
2. 57
2. 46
2 .3 0
2. 65
2 .5 7
2 .4 4
2. 27
2. 67
2 .5 5
2. 47
2 .2 9
2 .6 3
2. 55
2. 48
2. 27
2 .6 0
2.
2.
2.
2.
54
48
27
60
2. 51
2 .4 5
2. 25
2. 57
2 .4 9
2.41
2 .2 4
2. 56
2.51
2. 41
2. 26
2 .5 5
2. 50
2 .4 3
2. 25
2. 54
2.5 0
2 .4 7
2 .2 4
2. 53
2 .5 2
2 .4 4
2. 25
2. 57
2 .4 4
2 .4 4
2 .1 6
2. 49
2.3 8
2 .3 8
2 .3 7
2 .3 8
2 .3 9
2 .3 8
2 .3 8
2 .3 6
2 .3 5
2 .3 6
2 .3 5
2 .3 4
2 .3 5
2 .2 9
2.6 6
1.84
1.63
1.79
1 .2 9
1.95
2 .6 9
1.85
1.63
1.80
1.2 9
1.95
2 .6 5
1 .8 4
1 .6 2
1 .7 8
1 .2 9
1 .9 4
2 .6 8
1. 80
1.5 6
1.69
1.21
1 .9 2
2 .6 9
1 .8 3
1. 58
1.74
1 .2 5
1. 93
2 .7 0
1.82
1. 59
1.7 6
1. 25
1 .9 2
2. 69
1.8 2
1 .5 9
1.7 6
1. 25
1.91
2 .6 4
1 .8 0
1. 56
1. 73
1. 25
1 .8 8
2 .6 2
1 .8 0
1 .5 6
1.73
1 .2 3
1 .8 8
2. 66
1.81
1. 57
1.7 4
1.2 3
1. 88
2 .6 3
1 .8 0
1.56
1. 72
1. 23
1.8 9
2. 62
1.7 9
1. 54
1.6 9
1. 20
1.8 7
2. 65
1 .8 0
1 .5 6
1 .7 2
1.23
1 .8 9
2 .5 4
1.74
1.52
1.66
1.19
1.83
1 .9 9
1 .6 0
1.81
1.46
1.5 9
1.66
1.9 8
1.61
1.85
1.45
1.5 9
1.68
1 .9 7
1.6 3
1. 86
1 .4 9
1.61
1 .6 7
1.96
1 .6 0
1. 79
1.45
1.5 6
1 .7 2
1 .9 7
1.61
1 .8 2
1 .4 5
1 .5 7
1. 71
1 .9 6
1. 60
1 .8 0
1 .4 5
1 .5 3
1. 73
1.9 5
1.61
1.81
1 .4 4
1. 56
1.7 3
1.91
1. 57
1.7 8
1.4 2
1. 53
1.6 6
1 .9 2
1.58
1.81
1.42
1. 55
1.6 7
1 .9 2
1. 59
1.7 8
1.4 3
1.53
1 .7 3
1. 92
1.5 9
1 .8 0
1.4 3
1. 53
1.7 5
1. 91
1 .6 0
1 .7 8
1 .4 2
1 .5 3
1.7 9
1 .9 3
1 .5 9
1. 79
1.43
1.5 4
1 .7 1
1 .8 6
1.55
1.76
1.40
1.49
1.67
737
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 720.
1964
Annual
average
1963
Industry
Apr.3 Mar.3 j Feb.
Jan.
Nov.
Dec.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
1963
1962
Average weekly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade *—Continued
Retail trade ‘—Continued
Furniture and appliance stores___
Other retail trade!____________ _
Motor vehicle dealers.... ...........
Other vehicle and accessory
dealers___________________
Drug stores_______ ________
Finance, Insurance, and real estate:
Banking................ ....................... ...........
Security dealers and exchanges_______
Insurance carriers________ Z_________
Life insurance____ _____________
Accident and health insurance____
Fire, marine, and casualty in
surance_________________ ____
Services'and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels *.
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing
plants7_____________________
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming and dis
tributing______ ______________
$83.41 $83.42 $83.81 $87.15 $84. 66 $83.22 $83.64 $84.05 $82. 42 $82.62 $81.40 $80.60 $82, 62 $80.75
78. 72 78.31 78.31 78.85 79.10 78.69 78.25 79.19 79.19 78.81 '78.06 77. 64 78.25 75.70
97.24 95.48 94.83 96. 58 98. 76 97.45 93.74 97.90 98.11 98.99 98.33 97.45 96.58 03.08
83.47
59.62
83.03
60.12
84.78
59.95
76.50
77.08
76.70
84. 55
60.02
82.16
59.53
82.16
58.32
82.78
59.29
83.10
60. 54
84.23
60.59
82.65
60.10
82.16
58.08
81.22
58.44
82. 53
58,93
80.08
57.41
76.13 75.35 74. 97 75.14 74.40 74. 77 74.40 74.40 74.23 74.97 71.80
127.42 128.13 126.92 121. 55 115.80 118.84 123.77 324.19 119.06 121.53 116.95
97.67 96.86 96.79 9e. 72 96.68 96.65 96.13 95. 57 95. 44 96.28 93.46
103.38 102.14 102.14 102.15 102.57 102.45 101.21 100.25 100.23 101.59 99.08
83.37 82.69 82. 92 82. 56 81.84 81.86 82.06 81.97 81.36 82.10 78.33
92.89
92.66
92.40
92.18
91.65
91.64
92.20
92.07
91.80
91.95
88.61
48.09
47.70
47.72
47.86
47.72
48.09
48.22
48.31
47.96
47.36
47.86
46.08
47.58
46.14
54.81
54.00
53. 58
52.13
51.99
51.87
52.00
51.48
52.00
52.67
52. 54
52. 40
51.87
50. 57
131.52 128.93 129.48 134.43 133. 25 139. 96 132.89 132.65 130.01 128,89 121.25 124. 33 129.68 122.27
Average weekly hours
Wholesale and retail trade ‘—Continued
Retail trade ‘—Continued
Furniture and appliance stores___
Other retail trade. _____________
Motor vehicle dealers________
Other vehicle and accessory
dealers________________ . . .
Drug stores_________________
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Banking________ ________________
Security dealers and exchanges______
Insurance carriers. ________________
Life insurance _______________
Accident and health insurance . .
Fire, marine, and casualty in
surance________ ________ «.____
Services and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels *.
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing
plants 7____________________ _
Motion pictures:
Motion picture Aiming and distrib
u t i n g .......... _ _
40.1
41.0
43.8
40.3
41.0
43.6
40.1
41.0
43. 7
41.5
41.5
43.7
40. 7
41.2
43.7
40. 4
41.2
43. 7
40.6
41. 4
43.4
41.0
41. 9
43.9
40.8
41.9
43.8
40.9
41.7
43.8
40.7
41.3
43.7
40.5
41.3
43.7
40.7
41.4
43.7
41.2
41.4
43.7
43.7
35.7
43.7
36.0
43.7
35.9
44.5
36.6
43.6
36.3
43. 7
36.0
43.8
36.6
44.2
37.6
44.1
37.4
44.2
37.1
43.7
36.3
43.9
36.3
43.9
36.6
44.0
36.8
37.5
37.6
37.6
37.5
37.3
37.3
37.2
37.2
37.2
37.2
37.2
37.3
37.3
37.2
39.1
39.1
38.8
38.6
38.8
39.1
39.2
40.6
40.3
38.5
38.6
38.4
39.0
39.1
38.6
38.3
38.0
38.9
38.8
39.0
39.1
39.0
39.1
39.6
39.5
39.4
39.0
38.9
__ ..........
Average hourly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade ‘—Continued
Retail trade ‘—Continued
$2.08 $2.07 $2.09
Furniture and appliance stores___
1.92
Other retail trade. _ ___________
1.91
1.91
2.22
Motor vehicle dealers. ______
2.19
2.17
Other vehicle and accessory
dealers_____________ _____
1.91
1.90
1.94
Drug stores. ______ ________
1.67
1.67
1.67
Finance, Insurance, and real estate:
Banking.. ___ . . . _______________
2.04
2.05
2.04
Security dealers and exchanges . . .
Insurance carriers ___ _ _ _ __ _
Life insurance
- _______ ___
Accident and health Insurance .
Fire, marine, and casualty in
surance.- __________________
Services and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels•„
1.23
1.22
1.23
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing
plants 7______________ _______
1.42
1.41
1.41
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming and distrib
uting....................... .......................
1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1963, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
A-3.
3 Preliminary.
3 Based upon monthly data summarized in the M-3Q0 report by the Inter
state Commerce Commission, which relate to all employees who received pay
during the month, except executives, ofhcials, and staff assistants (ICO
Group I).
! Data relate to nonsupervisory employees except messengers.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2.10
1.90
2.21
$2.08
1.92
2.26
$2.06
1.91
2.23
$2.06
1.89
2.16
$2.05
1.89
2.23
$2.02
1.89
2.24
$2.02
1.89
2.26
$2.00
1.89
2 25
$1.99
1.88
2.23
$2.03
1.89
2.21
$1.96
1.83
2.13
1.90
1.64
1.88
1.64
1.88
1.62
1.89
1.62
1.88
1.61
1.91
1.62
1.87
1.62
1.8«.
1.60
1.85
1.61
1.88
1.61
1.82
1.56
2.03
2.02
2.01
2.02
2 00
2.01
2.00
2.00
1.99
2.01
1.93
1.24
1.23
1.23
1.23
1.19
1.19
1.23
1.24
1.20
1.22
1.18
1.34
1.34
1.33
1.33
1.32
1.33
1.33
1.33
1.33
1.33
1.30
8 Excludes eating and drinking places.
* Money payments only, additional value of board, room, uniforms, and
tips not included.
7 Beginning January 1964, data relate to nonsupervisory workers and are
not comparable with the production worker levels of prior years.
S ource: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except that for Class I railroads. (See footnote 3.)
738
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
T able C-2. Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries 1
Revised series; see box, p. 720.
1964
Industry division and group
1963
Apr.2 Mar.2 Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mining___ ________ __________________________
41.7
41.5
42.0
41.6
41.5
41.4
41.8
41.8
41.5
40.9
42.2
41.9
41.6
Contract construction...................................................
37.2
37.6
37.4
35.6
36.6
36.9
37.6
37.3
37.2
37.3
37.6
37.5
37.5
Manufacturing........ .....................................................
40.6
40.7
40.6
40.1
40.5
40.5
40.6
40.7
40.3
40.4
40.5
40.5
40.1
Durable goods____ _________________ ________
Ordnance and accessories__________________
Lumber and wood products, except furniture.
Furniture and fixtures.............................. ..........
Stone, clay, and glass products________________
Primary metal industries..
Fabricated metal products.
Machinery______________
Electrical equipment and supplies______ ______
Transportation equipm ent.................... .................
Instruments and related products_____________
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries_______
41.3
40.2
40.2
41.6
41.5
41.6
41.7
42.2
40.6
42.1
40.6
39.6
41.2
40.0
40.4
41.1
41.6
41.2
41.7
42.4
40.4
41.4
40.6
39.6
41.3
40.3
40.3
41.4
41.7
41.1
41.8
42.4
40.4
41.8
40.8
39.8
40.8
40.6
39.2
40.1
40.7
41.0
41.3
41.9
40.0
42.0
39.8
38.8
41.5
41.0
40.7
41.0
41.0
41.1
41.8
42.4
40.3
42.3
40.7
39.5
41.1
40.6
40.1
41.0
41.3
40.9
41.5
42.1
40.2
42.3
40.7
39.4
41.2
41.2
40.3
40.7
41.6
40.6
41.6
41.9
40.3
42.3
41.0
39.7
41.3
41.4
40.2
40.7
41.3
40.7
41.4
42.1
40.3
42.0
41.1
39.8
41.0
41.3
40.0
40.9
41.2
40.9
41.1
41.7
40.3
41.5
40.7
39.8
41.2
41.0
40.4
41.2
41.4
41.1
41.2
41.7
40.6
42.1
40.8
39.7
41.3
41.4
40.1
40.9
41.5
41.7
41.2
41.7
40.4
42.2
40.7
39.5
41.1
40.9
39.5
40.9
41.6
41.6
41.4
41.5
40.4
41.9
40.8
39.6
40.7
40.4
39.9
40. 5
41.3
41.3
40.9
41.2
40.1
41.4
40.5
39.2
Nondurable goods_____________________________
Food and kindred products___________________
Tobacco manufactures..______________________
Textile mill products_________________________
Apparel and related products_________________
Paper and allied products____________________
Printing, publishing, and allied industries...........
Chemicals and allied products_____ ____ ______
Petroleum refining and related industries.............
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products.
Leather and leather products____________
39.7
41.0
40.0
41.0
36.4
42.5
38.7
41.3
41.7
41.3
37.5
39.9
40.7
39.7
41.1
36.4
42.6
38.5
41.8
42.1
41.0
37.7
39.9
41.0
36.5
41.2
36.4
43.0
38.5
41.5
42.2
41.1
37.9
39.1
40.7
37.6
40.4
34.7
42.5
38.1
41.2
41.4
40.7
36.5
39.6
41.0
38.2
41.1
36.0
43.0
38.4
41.7
41.9
41.5
38.2
39.5
40.9
39.2
40.8
35.7
42.8
38.1
41.4
41.5
40.9
37.4
39.8
41.0
38.1
41.0
36.4
43.0
38.4
41.5
41.6
41.0
38.9
39.7
40.9
37.2
40.7
36.6
42.8
38.4
41.5
41.5
41.2
38.3
39.6
41.0
39.9
40.5
35.9
42.7
38.4
41.5
41.6
40.8
37.8
39.5
40.8
39.4
40.4
36.0
42.7
38.3
41.6
41.7
40.2
37.0
39.6
41.0
39.7
40.5
36.0
42.7
38.3
41.4
41.9
40.1
37.3
39.7
40.8
39.0
40.6
36.4
42.6
38.4
41.6
41.9
40.4
37.3
39.3
40.7
35.6
40.2
35.9
42.2
38.3
41.8
42.3
40.7
36.8
38.3
40.6
37.4
38.5
40.6
37.5
38.3
40.3
37.3
38.6
40.7
37.8
38.6
40.5
37.7
38.5
40.6
37.8
38.6
40.5
37.7
38.7
40.6
37.8
38.7
40.5
37.9
38.7
40.6
37.9
38.7
40.6
37.8
38.7
40.5
37.9
Wholesale and retail trade 3_________________
Wholesale trade_____________________ _____
Retail trade®_____________________________
1 For employees covered, see footnote 1, table A-3.
3 Preliminary.
* Excludes eating and drinking places.
N ote: The seasonal adjustment method used is described in “New
Seasonal Adjustment Factors for Labor Force Components,” Monthly
Labor Review, August 1960, pp. 822-827.
T able C-3. Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing, by
major industry group 1
Revised series; see box, p. 720.
1964
1963
Annual
average
Major industry group
Manufacturing.
Apr.1
M a r .2 Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
1963
$2.44
$2.43
$2.42
$2.43
$2 .4 2
$ 2 .40
$ 2 .38
$2.38
$ 2 .35
$2.37
$2.37
$2.37
$ 2 .37
$2.37
$2.31
2 .6 0
2.9 2
2 .5 9
2.91
2.60
2.90
2 .5 8
2 .8 8
2 .5 7
2 .8 8
2. 55
2.8 5
2. 55
2 .8 4
2.5 2
2 .8 2
2 .5 4
2 .8 2
2 .5 4
2. 79
2 .5 4
2.80
2.5 4
2.8 0
2.5 4
2 .8 2
2. 48
2.75
1.98
1.96
2.4 0
2.98
2.5 7
2.7 4
2.4 5
2.9 5
2.4 5
2 .0 0
1.96
2.41
2 .9 7
2 .5 7
2.73
2.4 5
2.9 5
2.4 4
2.00
1.95
2.41
2 .9 6
2 .5 6
2. 72
2. 44
2.9 5
2.44
2 .0 0
1. 94
2. 40
2. 96
2. 55
2. 72
2 .4 4
2.9 5
2 .4 4
2.0 0
1. 94
2. 39
2. 95
2. 54
2.71
2. 42
2 .9 5
2.4 3
2.01
1.94
2.3 9
2.9 4
2. 52
2.7 0
2.41
2.9 3
2. 42
2 .0 3
1.94
2.3 9
2.9 4
2. 52
2.6 9
2. 40
2.9 2
2.4 2
1.99
1.9 2
2 .3 7
2.9 4
2.51
2. 67
2. 39
2.8 7
2.4 2
1. 95
1.9 2
2 .3 7
2.9 6
2.51
2. 67
2 .4 0
2.8 8
2.41
1.93
1.9 2
2.3 7
2. 96
2.51
2. 67
2.4 0
2. 87
2 .4 2
1.94
1.9 2
2.3 5
2.9 5
2.5 2
2.6 7
2.40
2.8 6
2.41
1.91
1.91
2 .3 6
2. 98
2.51
2 .6 7
2.4 0
2 .8 6
2. 41
1.9 6
1.9 2
2.3 7
2 .9 5
2. 52
2 .6 8
2.4 0
2.8 9
2 .4 2
1.91
1.8 8
2.31
2.90
2.4 7
2.61
2.34
2.80
2.3 7
1962
Durable goods.........................................
Ordnance and accessories___________
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture...............................................
Furniture and fixtures______________
Stone, clay, and glass products_______
Primary metal industries___________
Fabricated metal products.....................
Machinery________________________
Electrical equipment and supplies........
Transportation equipment__________
Instruments and related products____
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus
tries____________________________
2.0 3
2 .0 3
2 .0 3
2.0 1
1.9 8
1.9 7
1 .9 6
1.9 5
1.9 7
1. 97
1.9 6
1.9 8
1.97
1. 92
Nondurable goods___________________ 2.21
Food and kindred products________________
Tobacco manufactures____________________
Textile mill products______________________
Apparel and related products.............................
Paper and allied products__________________
2. 20
2.3 0
1.96
1.6 9
1.75
2.4 0
2.1 9
2 .2 9
1.9 2
1.69
1.75
2 .4 0
2.2 0
2.2 9
1.95
1.69
1.75
2.4 0
2 .1 9
2. 26
1.87
1.69
1.74
2.3 9
2.1 7
2.2 4
1.85
1.68
1.73
2 .3 8
2 .1 6
2. 20
1. 78
1. 65
1.74
2.3 7
2.1 6
2.2 0
1. 77
1. 65
1.73
2 .3 7
2 .1 3
2 .1 8
1.80
1.64
1.6 9
2 .3 6
2 .1 5
2.21
1.9 9
1.64
1. 67
2 .3 6
2 .1 4
2. 22
1.99
1.64
1.6 6
2 .3 5
2.1 4
2. 22
2.0 0
1.6 3
1.6 5
2.3 4
2.1 4
2.2 3
1.97
1.64
1.6 6
2 .3 4
2 .1 5
2 .2 2
1.8 8
1.6 5
1.69
2. 35
2.09
2.1 5
1.83
1.62
1.65
2.2 9
(3)
m
(3)
(')
Printing, publishing, and allied indus
tries......................... ..........................
(3)
Chemicals and allied products............................
Petroleum refining and related indus
tries............................................................ ........
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products............................................................
Leather and leather products_______________
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
2.6 8
2.6 9
(3)
2 .6 9
(3)
2.6 7
(«)
2.6 7
2 .6 6
2 .6 5
2. 66
(3)
2.6 4
2 .6 2
2 .6 0
2 .6 4
3 .1 0
3 .1 1
3 .1 2
3 .1 3
3.1 1
3 .0 7
3 .0 8
3 .0 4
3 .0 5
3 .0 5
3. 04
3 .0 8
3. 07
2.97
2 .4 2
1.7 7
2.4 1
1.76
2 .4 2
1.75
2 .4 2
1.75
2. 41
1 .7 6
2 .3 8
1. 75
2.3 8
1.75
2 .3 7
1. 72
2 .3 8
1.71
2.3 9
1.7 3
2 .3 8
1.7 3
2 .3 8
1.7 3
2 .3 9
1. 73
2.30
1.69
1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1963, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
A-3. Average hourly earnings excluding overtime are derived by assuming
that overtime hours are paid for at the rate of time and one-half.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(3)
2.6 7
2. 57
3 Preliminary.
* Not available because average overtime rates are significantly above
time and one-half. Inclusion of data for the group In the nondurable goods
total has little effect.
739
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T a b l e C-4. Average overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry 1
Revised series; see box, p. 720
1964
Industry
Annual
average
1963
1962
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
1963
2.8
3.0
2.6
2.8
2.9
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.6
2.7
2.9
2.5
3.1
3.3
2.8
3.0
3.2
2.8
3.0
3.2
2.9
3.1
3.2
3.0
2.9
3.0
2.8
2.9
2.9
2.8
3.0
3.2
2.8
2.8
2.9
2.6
2.4
2.5
2.4
2.8
2.9
2.7
2.8
2.8
2.7
Ordnance and accessories........ .............. .
Ammunition, except for small arms___
Sighting and fire control equipment__
Other ordnance and accessories______
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture____ _____ _____________
Sawmills and planing mills__________
Millwork, plywood, related products___
Wooden containers_________________
Miscellaneous wood products________ —
Furniture and fixtures____ ___________
Household furniture...... ........... ............
Office furniture____________________
Partitions; office and store fixtures____
Other furniture and fixtures_________
Stone, clay, and glass products................
Flat glass_____________ ______ ____
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown..
Cement, hydraulic-lT_______________
Structural clay products______ _____
Pottery and related products________
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products.................................... .................
Other stone and mineral products ,
Primary metal in d u stries......................
Blast furnace and basic steel products
Iron and steel foundries___ _________
Nonferrous smelting and refining
Nonferrous rolling,'drawing, and extrading__________________ .
Nonferrous foundries_______________
Miscellaneous primary metal Industries........ ...............................................
Fabricated metal products____________
Metal cans_____ . . . . . . _________
Cutlery, handtools, and general hardware..____ ____________ _
Heating equipment and plumbing fixtures_____ _____
Fabricated structural metal products
Screw machine products, bolts, etc___
Metal stampings.. ..
Coating, engraving, and allied services.
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products
Miscellaneous.fabricated metal products. —
Machinery____ _____
Engines and turbines__________ ____
Farm machinery and equipment_____
Construction and related machinery__
Metalworking machinery and equipment________ . . .
Special industry machinery.......... ........
General industrial machinery________
Office, computing, and accounting machines__________
Service industry machines.. ________
Miscellaneous machinery___________ _________
Electrical equipment and supplies_____
Electric distribution equipment______
Electrical industrial apparatus .
Household appliancesl ____________
Electric lighting and wiring equipment.
Radio and TV receiving s e ts ________
Communication equipm ent.________
Electronic components and accessories.
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
and supplies_____________________
Transportation equipment____________
Motor vehicles and equipment............
Aircraft and parts_______ ____ _____
Ship and boat building and repairing.
Railroad equipment..” ______. . . .
Other transportation equipment_____
Instruments and related products___
Engineering and scientific instruments.
Mechanical measuring and control devices___________________________
Optical and ophthalmic goods...............
Surgical, medical, and dental equipment_______________________
Photographic equipment and supplies.
Watches and clocks________________ ...................
1.5
1.5
1.3
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.3
1.7
1.9
2.2
1.1
1.5
2.5
2.8
1.7
2.3
2.2
2.6
1.2
1.8
2.5
2.9
1.1
2.2
2.6
2.7
2.3
2.5
2.7
2.8
2.0
2.6
2.4
2.8
.5
2.1
2.4
2.7
.7
2.4
2.2
2.1
.9
2.6
1.6
1.6
1.2
1.6
2.3
2.5
1.6
2.3
2.2
1.9
3.0
2.5
3.1
3.1
3.8
2.4
2.8
2.8
3.1
1.9
1.6
2.4
3.3
2.8
3.6
1.9
3.0
1.8
3.1
3.0
3.7
2.1
2.7
2.8
3.0
2.1
1.5
2.3
3.2
3.4
3.4
1.7
2.7
1.7
2.9
2.7
3.2
2.1
2.6
2.5
2.8
1.7
1.3
2.1
3.0
3.4
3.4
1.9
2.4
1.6
3.2
3.2
3.6
2.6
2.8
3.6
4.0
2.5
1.8
3.0
3.3
3.4
3.1
1.8
2.8
2.3
3.3
3.3
3.6
2.6
3.0
3.4
3.6
1.9
2.2
3.2
3.8
4.5
3.2
1.8
3.4
2.2
3.6
3.5
3.5
3.0
3.1
3.5
3.7
2.6
2.7
3.0
4.1
3.2
3.5
2.0
3.5
2.2
3.8
3.6
3.9
3.2
3.3
3.7
3.8
2.8
3.2
3.9
4.0
2.6
3.4
2.2
3.3
2.4
4.0
3.9
4.2
3.7
3.2
3.5
3.4
2.7
3.4
4.1
4.0
1.9
3.5
2.2
3.4
2.0
3.7
3.8
4.0
4.2
2.7
2.9
2.9
2.3
3.1
3.0
4.0
2.2
3.4
2.4
3.6
2.0
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.5
3.1
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.3
2.8
4.0
2.7
3.5
2.3
3.5
1.9
3.2
3.2
3.5
3.5
3.1
2.5
2.6
1.8
1.8
2.5
3.9
1.9
3.6
2.1
3.4
2.0
2.9
3.0
3.1
2.8
2.6
2.2
2.4
1.3
1.2
1.9
3.4
1.6
3.3
2.3
2.8
1.6
3.4
3.3
3.5
3.0
2.9
3.0
3.2
2.2
2.2
2.8
3.6
2.4
3.4
2.1
3.1
2.0
3.2
3.1
3.3
2.9
2.9
2.9
3.0
2.1
3.0
2.6
3.4
1.7
3.5
1.8
2.8
1.8
4.3
3.2
2.8
1.7
4.7
3.1
4.1
2.9
2.6
1.6
4.5
2.8
3.5
2.8
2.9
1.7
4.7
3.2
4.3
3.0
2.8
1.4
4.7
2.9
5.6
3.0
2.5
1.2
4.2
2.7
6.6
3.4
2.4
1.2
3.8
3.1
6.2
3.4
2.7
1.8
3.8
3.4
6.5
3.2
2.4
1.5
3.5
3.2
6.4
3.0
2.7
2.1
3.3
2.9
6.5
3.1
3.3
2.7
4.3
2.9
6.2
3.0
3.1
2.8
3.9
2.9
5.6
2.5
2.8
2.8
3.1
2.9
5.6
3.0
2.7
1.9
3.7
3.0
5.4
2.7
2.3
1.4
2.9
2.7
3.4
3.0
3.5
3.0
4.0
3.1
4.2
3.4
3.9
3.1
3.7
3.1
3.8
2.9
3.8
2.8
3.7
2.8
4.3
3.0
3.7
2.8
2.5
2.7
3.7
3.0
3.6
2.9
3.7
2.9
3.0
3.4
2.8
3.3
3.6
2.9
4.1
3.8
3.3
3.0
3.5
3.2
3.4
3.5
3.4
2.9
3.8
3.5
4.1
2.9
3.3
5.1
3.3
3.1
4.1
3.3
3.3
4.2
3.3
3.0
3.3
2.7
2.4
3.1
3.3
3.0
3.4
3.2
2.9
3.5
2.5
2.7
3.0
3.4
3.5
2.9
2.8
2.4
2.1
2.8
3.0
2.0
2.7
2. 5
1.8
2.5
4.1
3.9
3.2
2.9
2.3
3.8
2.7
3.1
3.5
1.7
2.3
4.1
3.6
3.1
2.7
2.3
3.7
2.7
3.2
3.1
1.8
2.2
3.9
3.9
3.5
2.6
2.2
3.5
2.4
2.8
3.2
2.1
3.0
3.6
4.4
3.6
3.1
2.7
3.8
3.2
2.5
3.1
2.2
2.8
3.4
4.1
3.8
3.3
2.5
3.4
2.7
1.8
3.0
2.6
3.1
3.5
4.5
4.1
3.3
2.8
3.2
2.0
2.1
2.8
2.4
3.5
4.0
4.2
4.2
3.3
3.0
3.3
3.0
2.2
3.0
2.4
3.4
3.6
3.5
3.6
3.2
2.6
3.2
2.1
1.9
3.0
2.3
3.3
3.4
3.6
3.3
2.8
2.4
3.2
2.4
2.1
2.8
2.5
3.1
3.9
3.9
3.6
2.9
2.5
3.4
2.6
2.1
3.1
2.0
2.7
3.8
3.7
3.3
2.8
2.7
3.1
2.2
2.1
2.7
1.3
2.0
3.1
3.0
2.6
2.2
2.2
2.8
1.8
2.2
2.2
2.1
2.8
3.6
3.7
3.4
2.9
2.6
3.2
2.5
2.2
2.7
1.9
2.5
4.0
3. 5
3.3
3.0
2.6
3.1
2.2
2.1
2.6
6.5
3.8
3.1
6.3
3.6
3.1
5.7
3.5
2.9
5.6
4.2
3.5
5.0
3.6
3.1
4.6
3.4
3.1
4.4
3.6
3.3
4.6
3.3
3.0
4.9
3.5
2.9
5.2
3.7
2.9
4.9
3.4
2.4
4.6
3.1
2.0
4. 8
3.5
2.8
4.7
3.5
2.8
1.3
2.1
4.5
1.9
2.1
2.9
1.9
1.8
1.0
1.7
1.9
1.5
2.0
4.3
1.9
2.1
2.4
1.4
1.9
1.3
1.6
1.8
1.2
1.9
4.4
2.0
1.9
2.7
1.4
2.0
1.5
1.8
2.0
1.9
2.1
4.7
2.3
2.9
2.7
2.3
2.4
1.7
2.0
1.7
2.2
1.8
4.3
2.1
2.4
2.4
2.1
2.2
1.6
1.8
2.1
2.1
1.8
4.3
2.2
2.4
2.4
2.2
2.1
2.1
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.2
4.0
2.3
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.1
2.0
1.9
1.8
2.5
4.0
2.1
2.5
2.3
2.4
2.1
2.0
1.8
1.7
1.5
2.2
4.0
2.0
2.1
2.5
2.7
2.0
2.0
1.5
1.7
1.7
2.5
4.4
2.2
2.4
2.4
2.7
2.1
2.0
1.8
1.8
1.6
2.3
4.2
1.9
1.9
2.3
2.0
1.9
1.7
1.6
1.8
1.3
1.7
3.5
1.5
1.5
1.9
1.5
1.5
.8
1.3
1.6
1.7
2.1
4.1
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.1
2.0
1.7
1.8
1.8
1.5
2.0
4.1
2.2
2.0
2.2
1.9
1.9
1.9
2.5
2.0
2.0
3.0
3.3
2.3
3.7
2.4
2.7
2.1
2.1
2.6
3.2
3.8
2.4
3.0
2.3
2.4
2.1
2.0
3.2
3.6
4.6
2.5
2.7
1.9
2.4
2.1
2.5
3.6
4.6
6.3
2.7
3.0
2.1
3.0
2.5
3.0
2.8
4.5
6.1
2.6
3.5
2.0
2.5
2.5
2.9
3.0
4.2
5.4
2.8
3.2
1.8
3.2
2.7
2.6
2.5
3.7
4.2
2.9
3.6
2.4
4.0
2.7
2.8
1.9
3.1
3.5
2.6
2.5
2.0
3.2
2.3
2.3
2.2
3.3
4.0
2.5
2.4
2.5
3.8
2.2
2.1
3.0
3.7
4.5
2.5
3.3
2.3
3.7
2.4
2.5
2.4
3.5
4.3
2.2
3.5
1.9
3.5
2.3
2.2
1.6
2.7
3.3
1.9
2.8
2.0
2.7
1.9
1.8
2.6
3.6
4. 4
2.6
3.2
2.1
3.1
2.3
2.5
3.2
3.5
4.1
2.9
2.8
2.0
2.5
2.4
2.6
2.3
2.2
2.3
2.2
2.0
2.0
2.3
2.7
2.7
2.5
2.7
2.8
2.6
2.7
2.5
2.1
2.5
2.3
2.6
2.5
2.3
2.4
1.9
2.1
2.3
2.4
2.2
1.7
2.6
1.1
1.6
2.6
1.5
2.1
2.9
1.7
2.1
3.2
2.2
2.3
3.1
2.3
2.1
2.0
2.2
1.9
2.4
1.9
2.4
2.4
1.9
2.0
2.8
1.9
1.6
2.3
1.4
2.0
2.7
1.9
2.3
2.9
1.9
Apr.2 Mar.2 Feb.
Manufacturing........... ..........
Durable goods.._................................ .
Nondurable g o o d s.................................
Durable goods
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1.7
2.4
1.1
2.0
2.8
2.2
740
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
T able C-4. Average overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry 1— Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 720.
1964
Industry
Apr.* Mar.8 Feb.
M anufacturing—0 ontinued
Durable goods—Continued
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware
Toys, amusement and sporting goods
Pens, pencils, office and art materials..
Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions.
Other manufacturing industries_____
2.2
Annual
average
1963
2.2
2.7
1.7
Jan.
Dec.
1.9
2.4
4.4
1.3
2.1
3.0
1.5
1.4
2.4
2.4
1.6
2.8
2.3
2.1
2.2
3.1
3.4
3.2
3.2
3.0
3.3
1.7
4.9
3.0
2.3
5.3
3.1
3.0
2.3
3.8
1.3
.5
4.3
2.3
4.2
3.3
4.0
4.6
l.i
3.2
4.0
4.6
3.1
Nov.
Oct.
2.5
4.1
2.7
4.0
2.4
2.5
Aug.
July
Apr.
1963
1.9
24
1. 5
14
31
2.4
2.3
2.0
2.8
1. 6
1.7
2.1
2. 2
3. 7
39
3.5
3.4
36
3.3
2. 9
29
3.2
34
38
3.1
23
23
6.3
3 2
4. 4
1. 8
32
3.8
1. 0
13
!9
32
3.2
4.4
3.7
3.4
19
4. 7
29
39
1. 7
29
3.4
.3
24
63
3 fi
3 fi
25
3 1
3.9
1. 1
12
June
May
2.6
2.6
2.2
2. 7
2.1
2. 2
2.2
2.1
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.0
3.5
4. 0
2.7
3.8
4. 5
3. 2
3.5
3. 5
3. 2
3.8
38
3.6
24
7.5
3.0
44
2.9
3 1
4.1
1.1
28
6.6
3.2
3. 5
2.5
36
4.1
1.4
19
L3
3.3
3.4
4.3
3.3
2. 7
24
3.7
4. 5
3.1
3.7
1.5
25
7. 5
3. 5
3.8
44
4.0
1. 4
1. 8
3.6
4.0
4.7
2.9
3.3
24
4.3
5.1
3.4
4.0
1.4
3 2
7. 2
3.3
3.9
3.4
33
4.0
1.4
1 fi
1. 4
3.3
3.4
4.4
3.4
2. 7
23
3.9
5. 4
3.0
3.3
1.4
41
3.8
1. 0
2 fi
3 1
2.9
3.9
3.8
3.2
24
3.3
4.1
3.1
3. 5
1.3
34
3.1
4.4
4.0
3.1
24
4.5
4. 2
3. 5
4.2
1.3
4.1
3.5
3. 2
3.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.4
20
1.6
1.2
1.2
22
5.0
58
1. 6
1. 6
1.5
14
1. 4
1.5
1.0
1.5
.9
15
4.8
fi 9
18
1.0
1. 8
4.3
5.3
5.5
29
3.6
2.6
2.6
2.4
2.0
2.0
2.5
2.6
2.8
2.7
3.3
3.9
2.9
3.4
4.9
2.7
3.5
4.9
2.5
2.1
6.2
2.8
4.1
2.0
5.5
2.9
3.0
1.7
1.3
1.5
Sept.
2.6
3.4
2.3
2. 6
1.9
24
2.1
27
1. 6
2.1
2.0
2.0
2.2
18
21
2.3
2.3
1962
2.3
3 fi
19
20
2.2
2.5
Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products_________
Meat products ..
Dairy products.......................... .............
Canned and preserved food, except
meats............ . ..............................
Grain mill products................... ...........
Bakery products___________ ______
Sugar...................... ..............
Confectionery and related products___
Beverages_____________ 2 ___
Miscellaneous food and kindred products.
Tobacco manufactures__________
Cigarettes______________
Cigars________________________
Textile mill products_____________
Cotton broad woven fabrics_________
Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics.
Weaving and finishing broad woolens..
Narrow fabrics and smallwares______
Knitting___________________
Finishing textiles, except wool and knit.
Floor covering__________________
Yarn and thread______________
Miscellaneous textile goods__________
Apparel and related products_________
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats______
Men’s and boys’ furnishings_________
Women’s, misses’, juniors’ outerwear..
Women’s and children’s undergarments........................................
Hats, caps, and millinery__________
Girls’ and children’s outerwear______
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel...
Miscellaneous fabricated textile products................................. .
Paper and allied products....... ..........
Paper and pulp"__________ ________
Paperboard..........................
Converted paper and paperboard
products_________ _______
Paperboard containers and boxes..........
Printing, publishing, and allied Industries___________ ____
Newspaper publishing and printing__
Periodical publishing and printing____
Books___________ .
Commercial printing........ ..........
Bookbinding and related industries___
Other publishing and printing Industries.............................. .............
Chemicals and allied products_________
Industrial chemicals...............................
Plastics and synthetics, except glass__
Drugs..................................
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods______
Paints, varnishes, and allied products
Agricultural chemicals..____ ______
Other chemical products____________
Petroleum refining and related Industries_______ ___________
Petroleum refining...............................
Other petroleum and coal products___ _____
Eubber, miscellaneous plastic products
Tires and inner tubes___________
Other rubber products
Miscellaneous plastic products............
Leather and leather products__________
L e a th e r tanning arid finishing...............
F o o tw e a r , e x c e p t rubber_____ ___ ___
O th er le a th e r p r o d u c ts __________
2.6
1.9
2.8
2.6
3.2
3.6
4.5
2.7
3.2
1. 9
4.3
3.8
3.0
3.0
1.3
1.1
1.0
1.6
1.3
2.1
1.3
1.1
2.8
1.2
.7
2.1
2.8
2.9
1.8
4.4
3.8
3.1
3.0
1.3
1.1
.9
1.5
12
2.2
.8
.5
2.8
1.4
3.6
3.6
3.0
3.3
1.0
1.0
.7
1.1
.9
2.6
2. 6
3.9
1.3
1. 2
1.5
3.5
4.0
4.9
3.1
3.2
1. 7
4.6
5.0
3.2
3.9
1.2
.9
1.0
1.0
1. 4
6. 2
2.9
3.3
2.7
2. 9
4.2
1.4
16
1. 7
3.7
4.3
5.2
2.4
3.4
2. 2
4.7
5.0
3. 6
3.9
1.3
.9
.9
8
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.8
1.0
1.1
1.6
2.1
2. 0
1.4
1.2
1.6
2.1
1.0
1.1
2.1
18
11
.8
69
34
35
2.6
12
1.0
12
1.0
1. 5
4.3
5.4
5.9
13
4.3
5. 5
5.8
1.6
1.2
.9
1.2
2.2
4.3
5.5
5.9
4.5
5.3
5.9
4.6
5. 5
5.9
4.8
5.5
6. 2
6.3
1. 9
4.8
5. 6
6.4
6.8
4.6
fi 4
6.3
3. 0
3.4
3. 0
3.3
3.1
3.2
3.6
3.7
3.3
3.9
3.4
4.4
38
4.5
36
4.1
3 2
38
3 2
4.1
2. 9
25
9 fi
3.6
32
2. 7 '
3.2
.3 4
2.3
27
2.4
3.7
2.7
2.9
2.4
4.1
33
3.1
2.3
31
2.4
3.9
44
3 5
2.4
28
2.2
2.1
3.2
3.2
3.3
3.6
3.3
2.5
29
4.0
3.6
3.2
2.5
2 fi
2.3
3.3
39
27
2.6
28
3 fi
2 8
2.5
2.7
2.4
2.4
25
2.4
2.4
2fi
3.0
2.4
2.4
24
2.4
2.4
25
2.5
2.5
24
26
26
2. 5
22
2.2
2.2
2.1
2.3
6.6
2.7
2.0
1.6
3.8
2.7
2.4
2. 2
3.3
1.5
2.3
1.4
1.6
1.5
1.0
2.0
2.2
21
2.2
2.2
4.3
2.6
20
1.6
3.6
2.6
20
2.4
3.1
1.8
2.6
1.6
1.9
1.1
1.2
.7
1.8
28
2.4
24
2.1
19
2. 2
1.7
39
2.9
19
1.7
2.9
2.8
2. 2
27
3. 2
1. 6
2.7
1.6
1.3
For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1963, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
A-3.
These series cover premium overtime hours of production and related
workers during the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. Over
time hours are those paid for at premium rates because (1) they exceeded
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2.0
2.2
1.9
2.6
1.9
3.7
2.8
2.1
1.8
3.3
3.2
3. 6
2.8
1.8
3.2
1.6
3.4
1.9
2.6
29
26
2. 5
1.9
3. 5
2.7
2.4
3.8
2.8
2. 4
2.3
19
3. 0
24
38
3.0
1. 9
3.6
3.2
3.7
2. 8
3.3
1.4
2.9
25
1.7
5.4
3.3
3. 5
29
3. 5
17
3.2
1. 2
2.4
27
2. 0
5.2
3.5
37
30
38
1. 6
3.0
1.3
1.9
2.1
2. 0
2.8
23
11
1.8
2.2
22
1.2
3.3
4 fi
29
2.1
29
2.5
26
18
2. 7
2. 6
2.3
29
3.1
24
14
6.1
3.2
33
2fi
38
17
2.7
1. 5
2.0
2.1
23
29
30
2.9
29
20
6.2
2.9
32
23
3 fi
13
2.6
12
1.3
27
20
1.1
1.2
13
1. 2
1.3
28
’i
1.4
14
1. 4
13
l! 5
4. 5
fi 4
5.9
17
4. 4
fi. 2
5.9
2 fi
32
3.7
3 fi
3.9
24
27
¿3
3.3
3 fi
3 fi
2g
2.5
31
34
30
2.4
2.8
1.1
.9
.9
1. 4
10
0
ï.
.7
.7
15
3. 8
48
5.0
3.1
2.0
2.2
21
26
2G
19
3 1
27
1. 9
5.6
2.9
28
2 fi
33
14
3.2
12
1.4
22
21
20
21
3 1
fi 8
2.6
2fi
19
5.1
2.5
21
23
3 1
11
2.8
J)
1.0
8
3.9
1 fi
1.3
3.0
3.7
3.0
2. 9
1 fi
3.8
3.6
2. 9
24
22
2. 4
28
36
2.8
?
3
1
7
5
J)
32
3.2
4.3
4.2
3.3
2~2
4.2
4.1
3.2
3.5
1.3
30
31
27
25
2. 7
2 fi
fi
3
3
2
32
3.4
4.3
3.4
3.1
2 fi
4.1
44
3.1
3.5
1.3
28
2.7
2. 7
39
29
2. 4
11
34
3 fi
3.4
2.1
28
2. 6
2 fi
22
2fi
9 fi
2.2
2 fi
21
4.0
2.4
23
22
2 fi
9
2.4
7
Í9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.1
18
22
2 fi
2fi
2A.
23
22
2 fi
23
47
2.7
23
18
4.5
3.0
3 fi
2 fi
33
14
2.8
12
1.6
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
2g
2 fi
2 fi
23
24
2*7
21
41
2.6
23
1 fi
4.8
3.1
23
2* 9
3J2
14
12.61
1.8
either the straight-time workday or workweek or (2) they occurred on week
end or holidays or outside regularly scheduled hours. Hours for which
only shift differential, hazard, incentive, or other similar types of premiums
were paid are excluded.
8 Preliminary.
O.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
741
T able C-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction
activities 1
[■957-59=100!
R eV lSed SerieSJ S ee b0X P* 7 2 °*
1964
1963
Annual
average
Activity
Apr.J Mar. s
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
1963
1962
101.3
82.1
104.8
101.6
99.8
83. 6
99.3
100.6
Man-hours
Total.................................................... .
Mining_________________________
Contract construction_____________
Manufacturing_______ _______ _______
Durable goods______________________
Ordnance and accessories............. .........
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture................................................
Furniture and fixtures_____________
Stone, clay, and glass products...____
Primary metal industries.__________
Fabricated metal products__________
Machinery________________________
Electrical equipment and supplies___
Transportation equipment.............. ......
Instruments and related products____
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus
tries................................ .....................
Nondurable goods____ ______________
Food and kindred products_________
100.7
79.5
100. 5
101.8
98.9
77.1
91.3
101.4
97.8
77.9
87.0
100.7
95.5
78.1
80.8
99.0
101.2
81.5
95.0
103.3
103.0
81.7
107.8
103.2
106. 5
83.8
121. 8
104. 9
106.7
84.3
121.7
105.0
105.4
84.7
125.6
102.8
103.9
82.6
121.9
101.7
104.4
86.7
116.1
103.1
101. 6
84.2
107.6
101.3
98.0
81.3
97.4
99.0
104.6
135.1
103.3
137.2
102.3
140.1
101.2
147.1
105.0
150.5
104 fi
148.5
10fi 2
150.8
150.2
147.6
146.5
148.8
147.8
144.8
149.2
150.3
91.0
107.7
103.6
103.3
106. 0
111. 1
112.1
98. 0
105.1
89.3
107.2
100.2
101.4
104.9
110.8
111. 9
95. 7
105. 2
89.1
106.3
97.8
99.9
104.2
107.9
112. 5
95.4
105.1
86.5
102.6
95.0
98.5
103.3
106.7
112.9
95.6
103.6
93.0
111.1
100.8
98.4
107.2
107.8
116.7
100.2
107.8
94.6
110.2
106.4
95.6
106.7
104.4
115. 6
99.2
108.0
98.9
111. 6
108.5
95.2
108.1
104.3
117.1
98.2
108.1
100.4
111.6
109.1
97.2
107. 9
104.4
116.8
94.3
108.2
99.2
110.8
110.6
97.3
104. 7
102.4
113.5
80.3
106.9
95.6
105.3
109. 8
101.0
102.7
102.3
112.6
92.4
105.4
95.3
106.0
109.3
105. 2
105.7
104.9
115.5
95.0
106.9
94.9
102.6
106.4
102.3
103.4
103.8
113.7
94.7
104.7
90.2
101.8
101.4
100.2
99.8
103.0
111.8
92.2
103.5
93.7
106.6
103.4
97. 9
103.6
103.8
114.7
93. 7
105.9
93.3
104.8
100.3
95.3
100. 6
101.9
115.8
88.7
103.2
AU U . b
100.5
99.9
98.2
92.4
101.8
109.4
112.1
111.2
107.8
99.9
102.6
100.7
97.2
102.3
102.1
98.2
85.0
78.5
95.5
108.4
104.8
99.0
84.0
80.9
96.0
112.8
104. 7
98.6
84.6
79.5
96.1
111.7
104.7
96.3
86.3
85.9
93.2
101.1
104.1
101.1
91.7
100.1
96.9
108.1
107.8
101.6 104.4
94.8 101.8
103. 4 113.6
97.9
98.1
109.0 112.4
107.4 108. 6
105.1
105. 8
114. 7
96.3
112.2
109.1
104.9 100.8
104.2
97.5
107. 7 74.6
96.6
94.4
114.1 107.7
108.9 106.7
101.0
93.4
78.4
97.1
108.5
107.8
99.0
88.7
76.5
95.5
108.9
105.1
97.0
85.5
70.9
93.5
105.9
103.3
100.6
93.5
90.9
95.6
109.1
106.4
101.1
95.3
93. 2
97.4
106.9
105.5
105.9
105.8
104.2
103.7
103.1
102.8
107.6
104.7
105.1
104.3
105. 9
105.4
104.8
105.3
104.4
105.9
104.1
106.4
102.9
107.7
104.0
104.9
104.7
103.5
Textile mill products_______________
Apparel and related products._______
Paper and allied products........ ............
Printing, publishing, and allied indus
tries........ .......................................... .
105.8
Chemicals and allied products.............. 103.9
Petroleum refining and related indus
tries___________________________
78.8
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products........................................... . 114.3
Leather and leather products________
89.0
105.8
105.0
103.5
105.2
78.2
78.1
77.7
79.1
80.8
82.6
84.5
84.6
85.5
84.9
83.4
83.0
82.2
86.1
113.3
94.8
112.5
96.3
111.6
93.1
115.7
98.1
114.9
94.1
114. 5
95.6
114.6
95.4
111.9
99.1
109.2
96.3
114.3
96.2
112.9
90.2
111.3
87.3
113.1
94.8
131.4
98.1
93.1
152.2
118.2
90.2
146.8
118.1
95.9
138.9
119.9
92.1
128.3
117.4
89.2
115.5
114.4
90. 6
127.0
118.0
Payrolls
Mining_____________
Contract construction.
Manufacturing______
,
'
v
------“ " “
7
121.4
85.4
113. 5
120.4
86.9
109.2
119.4
87.8
102.4
117.7
91.4
119.2
122.4
90.5
131.5
121.6
92.8
149. 7
122.6
94.0
149.5
122.6
90. 8
116.4
113.7
» " " “O IJUUJIÛUUU 111 lOiUt» p i 1UI IU VJCIOUUI
1963, see footnote 1, table A-2.
For mining and manufacturing, data refer to production and related
in footnote 1, table A-3.
s Preliminary.
T able C-6. Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing 1
Revised series; see box p. 720.
1964
1963
Annual
average
Item
Mar. a Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
1963
1962
Manufacturing
Gross average weekly earnings:
Current dollars......................... .
$101.40 $101.15 $99.90 $102. 41 $100.85 $100. 53 $100. 53 $98. 42 $99.23 $100.37 $99.23 $97.36 $98.09 $99.38 $96.56
1957-59 dollars.... ........................
94.15 94.01 92.76 95.18 93.90 93.78 93.87 91.90 92.65 94.16 93.44 91.68 92.36 93.14 91.61
Spendable average weekly earnings:
Worker with no dependents:
Current dollars____________________ 83.16 82.97 81.98 81.95 80.75 80.51 80. 51 78. 89 79. 51
79. 51 78.04 78.63 79.63 77. 86
1957-59 dollars_______________ ______ 77. 21 77.11 76.12 76.16 75.19 75.10 75.17 73.66 74.24 80.38
75.40 74.87 73.48 74. 04 74.63 73.87
Worker with 3 dependents:
Current dollars___________________
90.89 90.68 89.65 89.86 88. 58 88.31 88.31 86. 68 87.25
87.25 85.72 86.31 87.37 85.53
1957-59 dollars_____________________ 84.39 84.28 83.24 83. 51 82.48 82.38 82.46 80.84 81.47 88.18
82.72 82.16 80.72 81.27 81.88 81.15
1963, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
Spendable average weekly earnings are based on gross average weekly
earnings as published in table C-l less the estimated amount of the workers’
Federal social security and income tax liability. Since the amount of tax
liability depends on the number of dependents supported by the worker as
well as on the level of his gross income, spendable earnings have been com-
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
and (2) a worker with 3 dependents.
The earnings expressed in 1957-59 dollars have been adjusted for changes
in purchasing power as measured by the Bureau’s Consumer Price Index.
* Preliminary.
N ote : These series are described in “ The Calculation and Uses of th e
Spendable Earnings Series,” Monthly Labor Review, January 1959, pp. 50-54-
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
742
D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
T able D - l. Consumer Price Index1—U.S. city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers
(including single workers) all items, groups, subgroups, and special groups of items
(1957-59=100 unless otherwise s p e c i f i e d ] ___________________________________________
April
Mar.
1964
Feb.
Annual
average
1963
Jan.
Group
All items..... ................................
All items (1947-49=100).............
Food at home...................... ..........
Cereals and bakery products___
Meats, poultry, and fish.............
Dairy products_______ ______
Fruits and vegetables......... ........
Other foods at home3..................
Food away from home...................
Housing...............................................
Shelter *............................................
Rent_______________________
Homeownership >____________
Fuel and utilities8______ ______
Fuel oil and coalr____________
Gas and electricity......................
Household furnishings and opera
tion 8____________ _______ _
Household operation___________
Apparel and upkeep « ......................
Apparel..................................... .
Men’s and boys’_____________
Women’s and girls’___________
Footwear___________________
Other apparel w______________
Transportation.......... ........................
Private_________________
Public....................................
Health and recreation........................
Medical care u.................................
Personal care..... ..........................
Reading and recreation........
Other goods and services l2~.
Special groups:
All items less shelter________
All items less food__________
Commodities 13_______ _____
Nondurables 14_____ ______
Durables 1315____________
Services 131817...........................
Commodities less food 13...............
Nondurables less food________
Apparel commodities.............
Apparel less footwear.........
Nondurables less food and apparel .
New cars._______ _____ ______
Used cars_________ __________
Household durables18....................
Housefumishings..........................
Services less rent1318____________
Household services less rent13___
Transportation services...............
Medical care services u............... . .
Other services 1319. . .................... .
Old New New New New
series series series2 series3 series2 Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sep.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr,
1963
1962
108.0
132.5
107.8
m .s
106.1
104.3
109.2
97.5
103.8
115.6
101.2
115.1
107.3
105.7
103.9
108.8
97.0
107.7
105.1
108.4
107.7
1S2.1
107.6
132.0
107.7
132.1
107.6
132.0
107.4
131.8
107.2
131.5
107.1
131.4
107.1
131.4
107.1
131.4
106.6
130.8
106.2
130.3
106.2
130.3
106.7
131.0
106.4
129.3
105.7
106.0
104.4
109.0
98.3
105.8
1 0 4 .2
105.4
103.7
109.0
99.2
105.0
109.8
100.2
114.3
106.9
108.0
107.3
108.4
107.6
105.8
108.1
105.1
103.4
109.1
99.7
104.8
108.2
99.5
114.0
106.6
107.7
107.2
108.0
107.5
105.4
108.0
104.9
103.2
109.1
100.4
104.6
106.3
99.6
114.0
106.3
107.3
107.1
107.4
107.3
104.5
108.1
105.4
103.8
109.1
101.5
104.3
108.1
99.5
113.6
106.2
107.1
107.0
107.2
107.0
103.7
108.0
106.0
104.5
109.1
101.4
104.2
114.2
98.0
113.3
106.0
107.0
106.8
107.1
106.4
102.6
107.2
106.2
104.8
109.2
100.2
103.3
118.7
97.8
113.1
106.0
107.0
106.7
107.1
106.7
102.3
108.1
105.0 104.2
103.4 102.5
109.2 109.3
98.4
98.0
102.8 102.8
115.6 113.9
96.9
94.5
113.0 112.9
105.9 105.7
106.8 106.7
106.7 106.6
106.8 106.7
106.7 106.4
102.1 102.4
108.1 107.4
104.3
102.6
109.2
98.3
102.9
112.0
96.2
112.8
105.8
106.8
106.5
106.9
106.9
104.2
107.5
105.1
103.5
109.1
100.2
103.8
97.8
113.2
106.0
106.9
106.8
107.0
107.0
104.0
107.9
103.6
102.2
107.6
101.7
104.1
105.0
96.1
110.7
104.8
105.6
105.7
105.6
106.1
102.1
107.9
102.6
110.5
105.9
105.4
105.7
103.5
111.1
110.9
102.0 101.8
109.1 109.0
107.8 107.7
117.6 117.6
112.4 112.3
117.9 117.7
108.4 108.4
112.8 112.7
108.3 108.2
102.7
110.7
105.4
104.8
105.2
102.5
110.7
101.4
107.9
106.5
117.1
112.1
117.5
108.2
112.3
108.0
102.5 102.4
110.6 110.3
104.7 104.5
104.0 103.9
104.7 104.5
101.2 101.2
110.6 110.5
101.1 101.1
108.3 107.8
106.9 106.4
117.1 116.6
111.9 111.7
117.4 117.3
108.0 108.0
112.1 111.5
108.0 108.0
102.4
110.2
104.5
103.9
104.4
101.2
110.6
101.0
107 4
106.1
116.6
111.4
117.2
107.8
110.9
107.6
102.3
109.9
104.4
103.8
104.1
101.4
110.2
100.9
107.0
105. 5
116. 5
110.7
116.4
107.6
105.8
102.4
110.2
104.8
104.2
104.7
101.7
110.5
101.2
107.8
106.4
116.9
111.4
117.0
107.9
111.5
107.1
101.5
107.4
103.6
103.2
103.3
100.9
109.3
100.6
107.2
105.9
115.4
109.4
114.2
106.5
109.6
105.3
107.1 106.6 106.1 106.1
107.5 107.3 107.0 107.0
104.6 104.0 103.5 103.6
105.5 104.8 104.2 104.2
102.1 102.0 101.8 101.8
113.1 112.9 112.6 112.5
103.5 103.3 103.0 103.1
104.8 104.5 104.2 104.3
103.7 103.7 103.5 103.6
102.4 102.4 102.2 102.3
105.5 105.0 104.7 104.7
100.5 101.2 101.1 101.1
118.1 117.7 115.7 115.4
98.4
98.4
98.3
98.5
98.4
98.5
98.5
98.5
114.6 114.4 114.0 114.0
113.1 113.0 112.6 112.6
112.4 112.3 112.2 112.0
120.6 120.5 119.9 119.6
115.3 114.8 114.4 114.6
106.7
107.4
104.1
104.9
102.1
113.0
103.5
104.8
104.0
102.8
105.3
101.5
116.6
98.5
98.5
114.5
113.0
112.4
120.3
115.3
105.4
106.1
103.2
103.6
101.8
110.9
102.8
103.8
103.0
101.8
104.2
102.1
115.2
98.8
98.9
112.1
110.6
ill. 2
116.8
112.6
1 0 4 .0
115.7
101.1
114.9
107.0
108.2
107.7
108.6
107.4
103.3
108.0
108.8
97.2
104.5
116.1
100.9
114.7
107.1
108.4
107.5
108.9
107. S
106.1
107.1
102.9
102.8
105.6
105. S
113.4
119.0
108.7
108.6
113.1
118.7
108.7
113.6
108.5
107.7
108.6
104.9
105.6
102.9
107.5
108.6
IO4 . 8
105.6
102.9
1 1 4 .8
1 1 4 .6
104.3
105.6
104.7
103.5
106.1
101.6
120.9
98.7
98.7
116.5
U 4 .4
114.4
122.7
118.2
104.3
105.6
104-6
103.2
106.2
101.8
119.6
98.7
98.6
116.3
114.3
1 0 4 .1
1 0 4 -8
105.3
105.6
1 0 4 .2
1 0 4 .2
102.9
106.0
102.2
119.0
98.6
98.4
116.0
113.9
102.8
106.5
102.3
119.6
98.7
98.5
116.0
1 1 4 .1
1 1 4 .2
1 1 4 .1
1 1 4 .1
122.3
117.7
122.1
117.4
121.7
117.1
1 0 4 .1
112.0
104.6
105.8 105.9 105.2
101.3 102.2 102.1
111.4 110.9 110.7
101.6 ______ ______
108.7 109.0 108.9
107.1 107.6 107.4
119.6 118.4 118.3
119.1
109.0
114.3
108.5
107.9
108.7
105.0
105.8
101.7
113.6
105.5
104.4
103.0
106.2
101.0
118.9
98.8
99.0
115.2
122.5
1 1 4 .0
1 0 4 .8
113.9
101.7
114-4
106.9
108.3
107.5
108.8
106.8
106.6
106.2
109.1
98.3
105.0
112.4
101.8
114- 3
106.9
108.1
107.3
108.5
107.7
106.6
108.1
102.9
110.9
105.1 105.0 106.1
105.5
105.0 105.2 106.2
101.8 101.4 103.3
110.7 110.9 111.2
_____ ______ 102.1
108.6 109.4 108.9
107.2 108.0 107.5
118.4 118.3 118.3
112.9 112.7 112.7
118.5 118.2 117.9
108.4 108.5 108.8
113.3 113.1 113.1
108.4 108.3 108.3
102.7
107.5
108.4
1 0 4 .8
105.6
102.9
114-3
102.7
107.6
108.4
104 9
105.7
102.9
1 1 4 .2
107.5 107.4 107.2 107.1
108.5 108.4 108.1 107.8
104.9 104.7 104.5 104.4
105.6 105.4 105.2 105.3
103.0 103.1 102.7 102.2
114.1 113.9 113.7 113.5
104.5 104.5 104.2 103.7
105.9 105.8 105.6 105.2
105.4 105.4 105.3 104.6
104.2 104.3 104.2 103.4
106.2 106.0 105.8 105.5
102.1 103.2 103.1
99.8
120.3 121.0 120.0 120.1
98.8
98.7
98.6
98.9
98.8
98.7
98.6
98.8
115.8 115.5 115.3 115.1
114.0 113.8 113.5 113.4
113.7 113.3 113.1 112.9
121.3 121.3 121.1 120.9
117.1 116.6 116.5 116.2
i The CPI measures the average change in prices of goods and services
purchased by urban wage-earner and clerical-worker families.
8 Beginning January 1964, the Consumer Price Index structure has been
revised to reflect buying patterns of wage earners and clerical workers in the
1960’s. The “new series” indexes shown here are based on expenditures of all
urban wage-earner and clerical-worker consumers, including single workers
living alone, as well as families of two or more persons. Separate indexes for
families only (excluding single persons) for the U.S. city average are available
on request. The “old series” Indexes will be discontinued after June 1964.
1 Includes eggs, fats and oils, sugar and sweets, nonalcoholic beverages, and
prepared and partially prepared foods.
4 Also includes hotel and motel room rates not shown separately.
»Includes home purchase, mortgage interest, taxes, insurance, and main
tenance and repairs.
» Also includes telephone, water, and sewerage service not shown separately.
7 Called “Solid and petroleum fuels” prior to 1964.
8 Includes housefumishings and housekeeping supplies and services, but
excludes telephone, water, and laundry and dry cleaning of apparel, included
under household operation in the old series.
• Includes dry cleaning and laundry of apparel, formerly included in house
hold operation.
40 Includes infants’ wear, sewing materials, jewelry, and miscellaneous
apparel. Not shown separately in the new series.
ii Corrected indexes for January through December 1963.
i* Includes tobacco, alcoholic beverages, and funeral, legal, and bank
service charges.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
102.7
110.7
106.1
105.6
106.1
103.5
107.2
107.6
104.6
105.5
102.1
113.3
103.6
105.0
103.8
102.5
105.7
100.2
119.0
98.5
98.3
114.8
113.1
112.7
120.8
116.0
102.3
110.0
104.3
103.7
104.2
101.1
110.3
100.9
107.4
106.0
116.5
110.7
116.7
107.8
110.7
106.0
111.0
111.0
is Recalculated group—indexes prior to January 1964 have been recomput
ed.
*4 Includes foods, paint, furnace filters, shrubbery, fuel oil, coal, household
textiles, housekeeping supplies, apparel, gasoline and motor oil, drags and
pharmaceuticals, toilet goods, nondurable recreational goods, newspapers,
magazines, books, tobacco, and alcoholic beverages.
it includes home purchase, which was classified under services prior to
1964, building materials, furniture and bedding, floor coverings, household
appliances, dinnerware, tableware, cleaning equipment, power tools, lamps,
Venetian blinds, hardware, automobiles, tires, radios, television sets, tape
recorders, durable toys, and sports equipment.
16 Excludes home purchase costs which were classified under this heading
prior to 1964.
u Includes rent, mortgage interest, taxes and insurance on real property,
home maintenance and repair services, gas, electricity, telephone, water,
sewerage service, household help, postage, laundry and dry cleaning, furni
ture and apparel repair and upkeep, moving, auto repairs, auto insurance,
registration and license fees, parking and garage rent, local transit, taxicabs,
airplane, train, and bus fares, professional medical services, hospital services,
health insurance, barber and beauty shop services, movies, fees for sports,
television repairs, and funeral, bank, and legal services.
13 Called “Durables less cars” prior to 1964. Does not include auto parts,
durable toys, and sports equipment.
1* Includes the services components of apparel, personal care, reading and
recreation, and other goods and services. Not comparable with series pub
lished prior to 1964.
D —CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able
743
D-2. Consumer Price Index.—U.S. and selected areas for urban wage earners and clerical
workers (including single workers)1
[1957-59=100 unless otherwise specified]
Area*
1964
April
1964
Annual
average
1963
Mar. Feb. Jan.
Old New New New New Dec. Nov. Oct.
series series series series series
Sep. Aug. July June May Apr.
1963
1962
1
April 1964
(1947-49=
100)
Old New
series series
All Items
U.S. city average3________________
108.0 107.8 107.7 107.6 107.7 107.6 107.4 107.2 107.1 107.1 107.1 106.6 106.2 106.2 106.7 105.4 132.5 182.3
Atlanta, Ga......
105.8 (9
(9
(4) 106.6 (9
(9
(9
Baltimore, Md....................................
107.5 (9
)4) 107.5 (9
(9
(9
<9
Boston, M ass................... .................... 110.2 1 1 0 .6 (9
(9
1 1 0 .1
110. C
(9
(9
Buffalo, N.Y, (Nov. 1963=100)
1 0 0 .1
(9
(4)
(9
Chicago, Ill.-Northwestern Ind_____ 105.9 105.7 105.7 105.7 105.8 106.1 105.8 106.0
Cincinnati, Ohio-Kentncky
105.1 (9
(4)
(9
Cleveland, Ohio........... ......................... 0)
105.2 (9
(9
105.0 (9
<9
(9
Dallas, Tex. (Nov. 1963=100)_______
97.7 (9
(4)
(9
Detroit, Mich__________
104.2 103.8 103.6 103.1 108.7 103.6 103.7 103.5
Honolulu. Hawaii (Dec. 1963=1001
(4) 100.5
(9
Houston, Tex______________
106.7 (9
(4)
(9
Kansas City, Mo.-Kansas__________ 109.0
108.7
(9
(9
Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif...........
Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn................
New York, N.Y.-Northeastern N.J__
Philadelphia, Pa.-N.J................
Pittsburgh, Pa_____________
Portland, Oreg.-Wash___________
St. Louis, Mo.-Ill.......... .......................
San Francisco-Oakland, Calif
Scranton, Pa________________
Seattle, Wash_______________
Washington. D.O.-M d.-Va... .
U.S. city average >________________
Atlanta, Ga....... ..............................
Baltimore, Md_____________
Boston, Mass________
Buflalo, N.Y. (Nov. 1963=100)
Chicago, Ill.-North western Ind__
Cincinnati, Ohio-Kentnckv
Cleveland, O hio...
Dallas, Tex. (Nov. 1963=100).........
Detroit, Mich— .................
Honolulu, Hawaii (Dec. 1963=100)...
Houston, Tex_____________ .
Kansas City, Mo.-Kansas
Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif__
Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn__
New York, N.Y.-Northeastern N .J ...
Philadelphia, Pa.-N .J__
Pittsburgh, Pa___ ________
Portland, Oreg.-Wash.......................
St. Louis, Mo.-Ill................ ......
San Francisco-Oakland, Calif__
Scranton, Pa_______ _______
Seattle, Wash..___ ____ ________
Washington, D.C.-Md.-Va________
105.2
107.1
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
109. 8
104.9
106.8
(9
(9
(9
(9
105.1 104.1 (9
(9
(9
106.S 105.2 (9
(9
(9
109.2 109.5 107.4 136.5 187.0
(9
106.0 106.0 106.3 105.5 105.3 105.4 105.3 104.6 133.5 188.8
104. fi (9
104. 7 103. fi (4)
105.1 (9
(9
(9
105.1 (9
104.3 (9
104.7 103.5 (9
(9
(9
(9
(9
103.3 104.4 103.9 103.5 102.4 102.1 103.2 102.2 128.5 128.0
(9
(9
106. 2
(9
(9
107.1
(9
(9
104. 4
(9
105. 7 104 fi (4\
(9
106.4 107. 2 lOfi’ 1 134 8
110.1 109.9 109.7 109.0 109.6 108.7 109.3 109.1 108.6 108.4 108.0 107.4 107.6 108.0 108.2 106.6
107.3
107.4 (9
107. 7 (9
106.5 107. 0 105 5
(9
(9
(9
(9
110.2 1 1 0 .1 1 1 0 .0 1 1 0 .1 109.7 109.9 109.7 109.4 109.3 109.3 109.2 108.7 107.8 107.9 108.7 106.4
108.9 108.4 108.4 108.7 108.6 108.5 108.3 108.2 107.6 107.5 107.4 107.2 106.2 106.4 107.2 105.2
107.9 108.1 (9
107.7 (9
107.4 (9
107.9 (9
106.3 107.1 105.9
(9
(9
(9
(9
108.6
107.1 (9
106.8 (9
106. 2 106. 6 104 fi
(9
(9
(9
(9
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(9
(4)
(9
(9
107.5
109.9
(9
(9
(9
(9
109.4
107.8
(9
(9
(9
(9
107.3 (9
109.9 (9
107.9
(9
109.3
(9
107.1
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
106.5 (9
109.2 (9
107.6
(9
109.1
(9
106.8
(9
Food
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
105.6
108.9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
106. 7
107.4
106.1
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
106.2
108.9
107.3
108.2
106.4
105.1
107.4
105 9
106.5
104.6
182.7
133.7 188.1
132.9 188.2
134 fi
(9
(9
(4)
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
101.1 101.1 100.8 IOO. 4
106.0 105.1 105.1 105.7 105.8 105.2 105.4 105. 8 106.1 107.6 107.5 105.9 . 104. 7 105.0 105.8 105. 3
103.3
102. 7 102.5 102.6 103.2 103.7 103. 5 102.9 102.3 102. 2 102. 9 101. 9
102.0 101.5 101.6 102.1 102. S 101.9 101.6 101.7 102.2 103.6 102.6 101.6 100.7 100.8 101.8 101.0
100.1
99.7 100.1 100.0
102.2 101.4 101.1 IOI. 4 IOI. 4 100.8 100.9 100.7 101.3 103.0 103.4 102.0
100.7
105.2
106.5
109.0
103.7
107.6
105.7
104.4
106.8
106.8
108.6
104.5
108.9
105.4
102. 0
100.7 100.5 100.8
99.9
107.9 107. S 108.0 108.1
107.5 107.5 108.1 108.1
IO4 . 5 IO4 . 8 105.5 105.2
IO4 .I IO4 .8 IO4 . 8 108.8
106.7 106.1 106.1 106.1
107.7 108.0 108.0 107.8
108.7 108.4 108.7 108.2
105.3 105.0 IO4 .9 IO4 . 6
105.5
105.3
107.8
103.4
107.8
104.3
103.3
105.6
105.9
106.5
104.7
107.9
103.9
105.0
105.2
107.6
103.0
107.4
103.9
102.9
105.4
105.1
107.0
103.8
107. 4
104.0
104.8
105.1
107.5
103.2
106.9
104.3
102.9
105.2
105.1
106.6
104.4
107.4
104.6
105.3
105.0
107.0
102.9
107.4
104.3
103. 6
105. 5
105.3
107.2
104.8
107. 6
105.0
104.7
105.2
107.1
102.4
108.1
105.2
104. 4
106. 2
105.5
107.1
104. 4
107. 8
105.5
104.6
105.1
107.7
103.7
108.2
105.1
104.6
105.8
105.7
107.6
105.0
107.8
105.5
103.1
103.9
106.3
102.1
106.9
104.5
103. 7
104.8
104.9
107.0
104. 6
107.1
104.6
102.1
105.9
101. 7
106.3
103. 2
103.2
104.1
103.1
105.9
103.1
106. 7
1Ò3.3
100.8 101. 5 101.1
101.8
103. 3
106.6
102. 0
106.3
103.1
103.1
104. 5
104.0
106.5
103.1
107. 3
ÏÔ2.9
103. 8
104 3
107.1
102. 5
107.1
104.2
103. 6
105. 2
104.9
106.8
104.1
107 3
ÏÔ4. 2
102. 9
103 3
105.5
101. 8
104.9
103.1
102. 4
103.6
103.0
105.4
103.1
105 7
102.0
solidated Area is used for New York and Chicago. For the old series “area”
refers to the “urbanized area”.
3 Average of 50 “cities” (metropolitan areas and nonmetropolitan urban
places) in the new series; 46 “cities” (urbanized areas and small urban places)
in the old series.
<All items indexes are computed monthly for 5 areas and once every 3
months on a rotating cycle for other areas.
The initial publication of the “new series” CPI appeared in the March 1964 issue of the M o n th ly
The “new series” index, which results from the revision project announced earlier, is
based on up-to-date samples of cities, retail stores, and service establishments. The list of goods and
services priced for the index has also been modernized and the expenditure weights reflect the 1960-61
spending patterns of urban wage earners and clerical workers, including single persons. For the U.S.
as a whole, an index is also available for families only. The “new series” indexes are issued as continu
ations of the “old series” with no change in the base period, 1957-59 = 100. Both the “old” and
“new series” indexes will be published through June 1964, after which the “old series” will be
discontinued.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
137.3 187.0
132 7
132!8
106.1 105.7 106.7 106.0 105.8 105.4 105.1 104.9 105.4 106.0 106.2 105.0 104.2 104.3 105.1 103.6 ......... .........
104.2 103.9 IO4 .O IO4 .O IO4 .4 103.8 103.7 104.0 104.1 104.8 105.0 103.7 102.3 102.7 103.8 103.0
106.1 106.1 106.2 106.3 105.9 105.7 104.4 104.7 105.4 105. 7 106 0 104.8 103. 5 103. 5 104. 7 103 3
108.6 108.5 108.8 108.5 108.5 108.4 108.0 108.1 108.1 109.0 108.6 106. 6 106.2 106.6 107.4 104.6
1 See footnote 1, table D -l. Indexes measure time-to time changes in
prices. They do not indicate whether it costs more to live in one area than
in another.
2 The areas listed include, for the new series, not only the central city but
the entire urban portion of the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area, as
defined for the 1960 Census of Population; except that the Standard Con
L a b o r R e v ie w .
(9
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
744
T able D-3. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities
[1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified]3
Annual
average
1963
1964
Commodity group
Apr.5 Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
1963
1962
All commodities.._____________________ 100.3
100.4
100.5
101.0
100.3
100.7
100.5
100.3
100.4
100.6
100.3
100.0
99.7
100.3
100.6
Farm products and processed foods...........
97.8
98.2
98.1
99.7
97.2
99.7
99.1
98.5
98.9
99.8
99.1
98.4
97.6
98.7
99.6
Farm products__________ ____________
Fresh and dried fruits and vegetables..
G rains__________________________
Livestock and live poultry.....................
Plant and animal fibers______ ______
Fluid milk................................................
Eggs.............. ................................... ...... .
Hay, hayseeds, and oilseeds_________
Other farm products-----------------------Processed foods..........................................
Cereal and bakery products.................
Meats, poultry and fish..........................
Dairy products and ice cream................
Canned and frozen fruits and vege-
94.5
106.2
103.3
82.4
102.1
99.8
79.5
107.4
99.5
100.4
108.0
88.3
107.1
<95.2
104.9
99.1
83.8
102.1
<101.2
90.5
<110.7
100.7
<100.5
<106.8
88.7
<107.3
94.5
97.9
102.0
82.8
101. 7
102.3
89.7
113.9
96.4
100.9
107.4
88.9
107.5
96.3
95.9
103.9
84.7
101.5
102.8
106.3
115.5
99.0
102.5
107.0
91.8
108. 0
93.3
94.8
101.8
79.9
101.4
103.4
99.8
114.6
90.6
100.4
106.9
87.7
108.1
96.2
96.1
100.3
87.9
99.8
103.2
102.4
117. 5
90.7
102.5
107.3
91.7
107.9
95.1
89.1
101.8
88.0
99.4
102.6
97.9
114.1
90.4
102.2
107.7
93.2
107.4
95.5
88.0
102.9
88.6
99.4
101.8
107.8
110. 5
89.0
100.9
107.0
94.2
108.0
96.3
92.5
98.5
93.5
99.6
100.6
96.0
111.3
88.4
100.9
106 0
95.2
107.9
96.8
97.0
99.5
94.4
100.2
99.8
87.5
111.1
89.1
102.2
106.4
96.3
107.3
94.9
97.1
101.4
89.3
101.4
97.9
79.2
113.8
89.3
102.4
107.0
94.1
106.6
94.4
99.8
102 9
86.8
101.7
97.3
77.1
112.5
89.5
101.7
107.6
91.9
106.8
95.4
99.6
105.1
88.2
102.0
98.3
81.3
110.7
89.4
99.3
108.1
90.3
106.9
95.7
96.1
101.9
88.8
100.6
100.6
94.0
113.0
89.3
101.1
107.3
93.3
107.5
97.7
97.7
98.8
96.2
98.4
101.2
95.2
105.4
91.8
101. 2
107.6
99.1
106.9
107.1 107.5
115.5 117.3
98.1
98.1
90.1 <89.3
75.1
75.1
75.9
77.1
87.6
87.5
110.0 107.7
101.0 101.0
101.1 101.1
101.1 101.2
100.6 <101.1
103.2 <103.3
95.5
95.5
116.4 116.6
102.3 102.3
116.5 116.5
107.4
122.9
94.6
91.0
73.7
74.8
88.1
106.6
101.2
101.2
101.2
101.2
103.3
95.1
116.8
102.3
117.3
107.2
130.3
90. 6
88.2
74.4
74.8
87.9
107.4
101.5
101.3
101.2
101.3
103.2
94.7
121.6
102.3
118.3
106.8
124.9
85.7
88.4
76.7
77.4
87.9
107.4
101.1
101.2
101.2
101.5
102.8
94.6
126.3
102.3
116.0
106.4
131.2
84.1
93.5
84.0
84.1
87.4
107.8
101.2
100.9
101.1
101.3
101.6
94.4
130.5
102.3
119.0
105.8
125.4
81.8
90.2
84.8
82.3
86.0
108.7
101.2
100.9
100.7
100.2
100.6
94.2
126.1
102.5
116.9
105.3
112.5
80.9
84.1
78.6
80.8
86.2
106. 5
100.8
100.7
100. 5
99.9
100.6
94.0
130.1
102.3
116.9
104.8
111.2
80.9
84.3
77.4
79.6
86.1
106.5
100.8
100.8
100.4
99.7
100.6
93.9
136.6
102.2
116.5
105.7
120.3
81.1
82.7
83.6
84.3
87.0
104.5
101.1
100.8
100.4
99.8
100.5
93.7
134. 5
102.2
115.1
104.6
132.1
81.1
79.2
83.3
84.4
87.0
103.9
101.0
100. 7
100.3
99.7
100.8
93.8
148 0
102.0
117.4
103.4
133.6
80.9
77.2
84.2
85.8
87.0
101.8
100.7
100.5
100.2
99.7
100.6
93.8
144.4
101. 6
118.2
102.9
113.9
80.9
79.1
83.3
84.1
87.2
101. 4
100.2
100.4
100.1
100.1
100.8
93.8
150.9
101. 3
116.3
103.9
118.4
81.2
83.9
82.0
84.2
88.0
104.3
100.8
100. 7
100.5
100.3
100. 9
93.9
139.9
101.9
117.4
98.0
102.2
81.7
88.4
84.5
93.1
97.3
101.8
100.9
100.8
100.6
101.7
99.1
93.9
125.9
101.5
122.4
104.5
88.1
101.5
108.3
103.9
06.1
94.7
106.1
120.4
101.3
91.1
96.6
94.4
104.8
91.6
95.4
87.3
103.9
100.2
99.2
93.5
91.3
90.3
97.8
101.8
102.0
108.8
94.9
99.1
96.2
90.2
103.5
96.5
102.5
< 75.7
99.6
108.2
<101.4
* 97.0
97.1
103.6
<123.2
<99.4
92.9
96.5
94.4
<104.8
91.8
<95.2
85.8
103.8
100.2
99.1
93.9
91.2
91.3
<97.7
101.0
101.4
<107.4
<94.6
99.3
96.1
91.9
103. 5
96.5
102.5 102.7 103.0 103.5
76.1
76.3
82.7
74.0
99.5
99.5
99.7
99.7
108.2 108.3 108.2 108.2
101.9 101.9 103.3 103.2
99.5
99.3
97.9
99.0
98.3
98.3
98.1
98.3
103.6 103.6 103.6 103.6
126.8 124. 8 124.8 122.3
101.3 101.3 101.3 101.3
96.6
96.1
93.8
95.3
96.2
96.4
96.3
96.3
94.2
94.3
94.2
94.3
104.8 105.3 105.3 105.1
91.5
91.2
91.1
91.0
95.3
95.4
95.0
95.0
90.2
83.2
83.1
85.0
103.8 103.6 103.5 103.7
100.2
98.4
98.4
99.4
99.1
99.2
99.1
99.0
93.8
94.2
93.6
93.7
89.5
89.4
89.9
91.6
91.4
91.3
91.3
91.7
97.9
97.9
97.6
97.9
99.1
99.2
99.9
99.0
99.2
99.2
100.3
99.3
106.9 106.7 106.3 106.2
92.2
91.1
92.4
92.5
99.9
99.4
99.4
99.8
96.1
96.1
94.4
94.4
91.1
91.1
90.8
91.0
103.1 103.1 102.9 102.9
96.5
96.6
96.5
96.5
103.4 103.1
80.5
77.3
99.5
99.5
108.4 108.4
103.4 103.4
98.8
99.0
97.7
97.2
103.6 103.6
122.0 121. 7
101.4 101.8
95.6
95.9
96.2
96.0
94.5
94.2
103.9 103.9
89.2
90.8
94.9
94.9
88.5
81.3
103.8 103.8
97.2
97.1
98.9
99.0
93.4
94.2
91.5
88.9
91.7
91.7
97.2
97.9
99.2
99.9
99.3 100.7
106.2 105.6
92.4
92.6
99.1
99.5
91.7
95.0
90.9
90.7
102.8 102.2
96.6
94.1
103.6
80.5
100.1
108.4
103.5
98.9
96.2
103.6
120.9
101.9
96.1
96.0
94.6
103.9
89.0
95.0
81.7
103.6
96.9
98.9
93.7
90.7
91.2
97.5
102.6
102.7
104.9
104.1
99.1
91.7
91.2
102.2
94.1
104.3
83.5
102.2
108.4
104.0
100.4
95.8
103.6
121.2
102.0
98.7
96.0
94.7
103.0
89.2
95.1
81.4
103.6
99.8
98.7
93.0
91.6
89.1
97.5
101.6
102.1
104.2
100.9
99.0
91.7
91.4
102.2
94.1
104.5
85.8
102.5
108.2
104.3
100.9
94.9
103.6
120.3
102. 2
99.9
96.3
95.0
103.0
91.1
95.2
80.6
103.6
100.8
98.6
93.1
92.5
89.1
97.5
98.3
99.2
103.0
92.6
99.4
91.3
90.8
102.2
94.1
104.8
87.4
103.2
108.2
104.4
100.4
94.2
103. 6
120.1
102.2
99.1
96.4
95.0
103.0
91.7
95.2
78.6
103.6
102.3
98.6
93.2
92.6
89.1
97.5
97.5
98.4
102.4
90.9
99.1
91.3
89.8
102.2
94.1
104.5
85.0
102.8
108.2
104.5
100.3
95.0
103.6
124.1
102.4
98.2
96.3
95.0
103. 7
91.5
95.1
77.7
103.7
102.3
98.6
94.1
92.8
89.0
99.8
97.0
97.6
102.4
91.0
99.0
91.3
92.5
102.2
94.1
104.2
84.0
101.9
108.3
104.0
99.8
96.9
103. 6
122.8
102.0
97 2
96.3
94.8
103.8
91.1
95.1
80.3
103.6
99.9
99.0
93.8
91.9
90.1
98.3
98.6
98.9
104.0
93.5
99.2
91.7
92.2
102.4
94.7
107.4
106.2
108.5
108.6
104.3
100.2
96.8
103. 6
119.2
102.8
98.2
97.5
96.3
103.8
95.6
96.0
76.3
103.8
101.9
99.4
93.3
93.6
87.1
99.4
96.5
96.5
101.8
92.4
100.0
93.2
97.5
102.6
93.1
98.6
93.5
98.9
93.7
99.8
97.5
99.6
97.5
100.3
97.5
99.9
96.2
99.7
95.5
99.7
96.2
101.0
97.2
Sugar and confectionery------------------Packaged beverage materials________
Animal fats and oils.................. .............
Crude vegetable oils________________
Refined vegetable oils............................
Vegetable oil end products.....................
Miscellaneous processed foods________
All commodities except farm products____
AH commodities except farm and foods.......
Textile products and apparel--------------Cotton products......................................
Wool products_____________________
Manmade fiber textile products............
Silk p ro d u cts......________________
Apparel____ _____________________
Miscellaneous textile products_______
Hides, skins, leather, and leather products........ — ........... -....................... —
Hides and skins.......................................
Leather__________________________
Footwear_________________________
Other leather products....... ...... .........
Fuel and related products, and power___
Coal______________— ____________
Coke..........................................................
Gas fuels *..................................... ...........
Electric power *___________________
Petroleum products, refined...................
Chemicals and allied products_________
Industrial chemicals________________
Prepared, paint.........................................
Paint materials......... ............................
Drugs and pharmaceuticals....................
Fats and oils inedible......... ................ .
Mixed fertilizer.. _________________
Fertilizer materials.......... — ............... .
Other chemicals and allied products__
Rubber and rubber products_____ _____
Crude rubber_____________________
Tires and tubes........................................
Miscellaneous rubber products..... ........
Lumber and wood products______ _____
Lumber.....................................................
Millwork___________________ _____
Plywood_________________________
Pulp, paper, and allied products_______
Woodpulp................................. ............
Wastepaper.................................. ............
Paper____________________________
Paperboard..............................................
Converted paper and paperboard products............................. ..........................
Building paper and board......................
See footnotes at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
100.1
95.0
100.0
95.2
99.5
95.2
99.4
95.1
99.4
96.9
99.8
97.6
745
D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able
D-3. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities—Continued
[1957 -5 9 = 1 0 0 , u n le s s o th e r w ise s p e c ifie d ]8
1964
1963
Annual
average
Commodity group
Apr.3 Mar.
All commodities except farm and foods—
Continued
Metals and metal products..... ..................
Iron and steel..___ , _______________
Nonferrous metals...................................
Metal containers...________________
Hardware.— --------- - ------- -----------Plumbing fixtures and brass fittings—
Heating equipment......... ........... ...........
Fabricated structural metal products..
Fabricated nonstructural metal prod
ucts..... ..............................................
Machinery and motive products........... .
Agricultural machinery and equipment.
Construction, machinery and equip
ment_________________________
Metalworking machinery and equip
ment.......... ................ .......................
General purpose machinery and equip
ment.............................................—
Miscellaneous machinery.......................
Special industry machinery and equip
ment ®________________________
Electrical machinery and equipment—
Motor vehicles..................................... —
Transportation equipment, railroad
rolling stock «_________ ______ —
Furniture and other household durables..
Household furniture...... ............. ..........
Commercial furniture..........................—
Floor coverings.......................................
Household appliances______________
Television, radio receivers, and phono
graphs---------------------- -------------Other household durable goods.............
Nonmetaflic mineral products...................
Flat glass------------------------ -----------Concrete Ingredients........................... —
Concrete products_________________
Structural clay products_______ _____
Gypsum products..................................
Prepared asphalt roofing.......................
Other nonmetallic minerals__________
Tobacco products and bottled beverages..
Tobacco products...................................
Alcoholic beverages....................... .......
Nonalcoholic beverages...... ....................
Miscellaneous products...........................
Toys, sporting goods, small arms, am
munition______________________
Manufactured animal feeds.......... ........
Notions and accessories....___ ______
Jewelry, watches and photographic
equipment................................ ........
Other miscellaneous products..............
102.3
100.4
104.2
105.6
104.8
100.4
92.2
98.9
4102.0
100.2
4102.8
105.6
4104.8
4100.3
4 92.1
4 98.7
Feb.
Jan.
101.8
100.2
101.7
105.6
104.6
100.4
91.8
99.1
99.9
99.4 100.1
101.7 101.3 101.0 100.9 100.3 100.1 100.0 100.0
100.2 100.0
99.9
99.9
99.1
99.0
99.3
98.5
99.1
99.0
99.0
101.4 101.0 100.2
99.9
99.4
98.7
98.7
98.2
99.6
99.1
99.0
104.6 104.6 104.6 104.6 104.7 105.0 105.0 104.9 104.6 104.5 104.7
104.6 104.3 104.4 104.4 104.2 104.1 104.1 104.0 103.9 103.9 104.1
100.5 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.8 100.8 100.5
92.8
93.3
92.7
93.1
93.1
93.3
93.0
92.9
92.9
92.0
93.1
99.0 4 98.8 4 98.8 4 98.7 4 98.6 4 98.3 4 98.1 4 98.1 4 98.0 4 97. 5 4 98.2
109.0
102.9
112.7
109.0 109.4
102.7 4102. 5
112.6 112.5
112.2
109.3
102.5
112.1
Dec.
108. 2
102.6
111.9
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
107.1
102. 5
111.4
107.0
102.3
111.2
105.0
102.2
110.9
105.0
102.1
110. 9
July
105.0
102.1
110.9
June
104.9
102.0
111.0
May
104.0
102.0
110.9
Apr.
1963
103.8
101.9
110.9
105.1
102.2
111.1
1962
100.0
99.3
99.2
103.7
104.0
100.1
93.2
98.2
103.9
102.3
109.5
112.0
111.8
111.8
111.2
110.9
110.4
110.1
110.0
109.7
109.6
109.2
108.8
109.6
107.8
111.3 4111.2
111.0
110.8
110.8
110.5
110.3
110.2
110.2
109.9
109.6
109.4
109.4
109.8
109.3
104.8 4104.8
104.4 104.4
104.8
104.3
104.8
104.1
104.8
103.7
104. 7
103.7
104. 5
103.5
104.3
103.5
103.9
103.4
103.9
103.4
103.5
103.4
103.4
103.3
103.4
103.4
103.9
103.5
103.3
103.2
105.8 4105.8 105.2
97.6 4 97.0 4 96. 9
99.8
99.9 4 99.9
105.2
96.9
99.8
105.0
97.7
99.9
104.7
97.5
99.9
104.8
97.4
99.9
104.6
97.2
99.3
104.2
97.2
99.5
104.1
97.2
99.8
103.9
97.7
99.3
103.9
97.5
99.8
103.9
97.0
100.2
104.0
97.4
100.0
101.9
98.4
100.8
100.5
98.5
105.0
103.1
100.1
91.7
100.5
98.5
105.0
103.1
100.1
91.8
100.5
98.4
105.0
103.1
100.1
91.5
100.5
98.0
104.7
103.1
98.0
91.1
100.5
98.1
104.8
103.1
97.9
91.2
100.5
98.1
104.8
103.1
97.4
91.2
100.5
98.1
104.8
103.0
96.8
91.4
100.5
98.1
104.6
103.0
96.6
91.7
100.5
98.0
104.5
102.8
96.6
91.7
100.5
98.1
104.5
102.8
95.9
91.9
100.5
98.0
104.4
102.3
95.7
92.0
100.5
98.1
104.4
102.3
95.9
92.1
100.5
98.1
104.6
102.7
96.6
91.8
100.5
98.8
103.8
102.3
97.0
94.0
87.3
87.2
104.1 103.7
101.3 4101.1
102.8 101.7
102.8 102.7
100.6 100.7
104.5 103.9
108.6 108.6
86.4 486.4
101.3 101.3
107.1 107.1
106.0 106.0
100.7 100.7
125.3 125.3
109.5 4109.8
87.2
103.7
101.2
101.0
102.7
101.0
103.8
108.6
87.4
101.3
107.1
105.9
101.0
125.3
110.9
87.2
103.6
101.1
101.0
102.7
101.2
103.5
106.1
87.4
101.3
107.6
105.9
101.0
127.7
112.6
87.3
103.3
101.3
101.0
103.1
101.4
103.5
106.1
87.4
101.4
107.5
105.9
101.0
127.7
112.2
87.8
103.4
101.2
101.0
102.9
101.4
103.5
106.1
87.4
101.4
107.5
105. 9
100.9
127.7
110.9
87.8
103.4
101.3
101.6
102.9
101.3
103.4
106.1
87.4
101.4
107.5
105.9
100.9
127.7
111.2
87.8
103.5
101.1
100.0
103.0
101.3
103.4
106.1
88.2
100.9
107.5
105.7
101.0
127.7
111.8
87.7
103.3
101.0
98.9
103.0
101.2
103.6
105.8
88.2
100.7
107.5
105.7
101.0
127.7
111.1
87.7
103.4
100.9
96.6
103.2
101.2
103.5
105.0
88.2
101.2
107.5
105.7
101.0
127.7
110.4
88.9
103.2
101.2
96.6
103.2
101.9
104.0
105.0
89.1
101.3
105.8
105.7
101.0
118.2
108.1
88.9
102.9
101.3
96.6
103.0
101.9
104.0
105.0
92.7
101.4
105.2
104.5
101.0
117.4
107.6
89.4
103.0
101.5
96.6
103.0
102.2
103.8
105.0
94.1
101.4
104.4
102.3
101.1
117.4
108.0
88.6
103.2
101.3
98.3
103.0
101.7
103.6
105.4
90.0
101.4
106.1
104.5
101.0
122.6
110.4
91.1
103.1
101.8
97.0
103.2
102.6
103.5
105.0
94.8
102.2
104.1
102.1
101.0
116.9
107.3
100.5
114.8
99.1
101.1
115.3
99.1
100.9
117.4
99.1
100.9
120.4
99.1
101.1
119.7
99.1
101.0
117.2
99.1
101.1
117.9
99.1
101.1
119.0
99.1
101.2
117.7
98.7
101.0
116.3
98.7
100.7
112.1
98.7
100.7
111.2
98.7
100.7
111.9
98.7
101.0
116.4
98.8
100.8
110.6
98.7
103.2 »103.2
102.4 102.4
103.3
101.7
103.6
101.7
103.6
101.4
103.6
101.4
103.5
101.1
103.4
101.1
103.5
101.1
103.9
100.9
103.8
101.3
103.9
101.4
103.8
101.4
103.7
101.4
104.2
101.3
100.5
98.6
105.0
103.1
100.1
91.7
1 A s o f J a n u a r y 1961, n e w w e ig h ts r e fle c tin g 1958 v a lu e s w e r e in tr o d u c e d
in t o t h e in d e x . S ee “ W e ig h t R e v is io n s in t h e W h o le sa le P r ic e I n d e x 189 0 1960,” M o n t h ly L a b o r R e v i e w , F e b r u a r y 1962, p p . 175-182.
3 A s o f J a n u a r y 1962, t h e in d e x e s w ere c o n v e r te d fro m t h e form er b a se o f
1947-49= 100 t o th e n e w b a se o f 1 9 5 7 -5 9 = 1 0 0 . T e c h n ic a l d e ta ils a n d ea r lier
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Nov.
d a ta o n th e 1957-59 b a se fu r n ish e d u p o n r e q u e s t t o t h e B u r e a u ,
3 P r e lim in a r y .
4 R e v is e d .
3 J a n u a r y 19 5 8 = 1 0 0 .
3 T anuary 1 9 6 1 = 1 0 0 .
746
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
T able
D-4. Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings1
[1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified] *
1964
1963
A n n u a l a v er age
C o m m o d ity group
A p r .8 M a r .
A ll fo o d s..................................- ............................................................. A ll fis h __________________ ______ _______ __________________
A ll c o m m o d itie s e x c e p t fa rm p r o d u c ts _________________
T e x t ile p r o d u c ts, e x c lu d in g h a rd fib er p r o d u c t s .............
B itu m in o u s co a l— d o m e s tic s iz e s _______________________
R e fin e d p e tr o le u m p r o d u c ts ____________________________
E a s t C o a st m a r k e ts ............................................................ —
M id c o n t in e n t m a r k e ts _____________________________
Q u lf C o a st m a r k e ts_______ _________________________
P a c ific C o a st m a r k e t s ............................................................
M id w e s t m a r k e ts 5----- --------------------------------------------S o a p s ..........................................................................................................
S y n t h e t ic d e te r g e n ts .................................................- .....................
P h a r m a c e u tic a l p r e p a r a tio n s .......................................................
E t h ic a l p re p a r a tio n s *__________________________ —
A n ti-in fe c tiv e s !. ................................................................
A n ti-a r th r itic s 5.................... ..............................................
S e d a tiv e s a n d h y p n o t ic s *............................................
A ta r a c tic s 8____________________________ ________
A n ti-sp a s m o d ic s a n d a n ti-c h o lin e r g ic s 8 ______
C a r d io v a sc u la r s a n d a n ti-h y p e r te n s iv e s 8-------D ia b e t ic s 8__________ _______ — .............................. H o r m o n e s 8 ________________________________ . .
D iu r e tic s 8 ------- ----------- --- -------------------------------D e r m a to lo g ic a ls 8------------ --- ----------------------------H e m a tin ic s 8__________________ _________________
A n a lg e s ic s 8------------------------------ -------------------------A n t i- o b e s it y p rep a ra tio n s 8. . ......................................
C o u g h a n d co ld p rep a ra tio n s 8_________________
V ita m in s 8--------- ------------------------------------------------P r o p r ie ta r y p rep a ra tio n s 8_________________________
V ita m in s 8_______________ ______ ________________
C o u g h a n d co ld p rep a ra tio n s 8_ ...............................
Laxatives and elimination aids 8------------------Internal analgesics 8----------- ------ ----------------Tonics and alteratives 8 ___________________
External analgesics 8. .............................................
Antiseptics 8._ ..........................................................
Antacids 8_________________ ____ _______ ___
Lumber and wood products (excluding millwork)........
Softwood lumber ------------ -------------------------------Pulp, paper, and allied products (excluding building
paper and board)
------------------------------------------Special metals and metal products 8„ .............................
Steel mill products________________ _____ __________
Machinery and eq u ip m en t........... ....................................
Agricultural machinery (including tractors)...................
Metalworking machinery__________________________
All tractors ...........................................................................
Industrial valves_____ ___________________________
Industrial fittings_________________ _______________
Antifriction bearings and components............. ................
Abrasive grinding w heels....................................... ............
Construction materials____________________________
1 See footnote 1, table D -3.
* See footnote 2, table D -3.
• Preliminary.
4 Revised.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
100.2
103.1
101.0
9 9 .2
91.4
91.1
93 .4
8 4 .5
94 .8
8 4 .1
8 4 .5
105.4
99.4
97.5
96 .2
8 8 .2
100.6
113.4
100.0
100.2
9 7 .6
103.8
100.6
100.0
108.7
108.8
101.8
100.0
104.0
87.7
102.7
100.3
100.5
105.0
102.1
100.2
102.8
106.8
103.0
100.4
100.9
4100.5
104.1
101.0
99 .5
97 .9
92 .9
95.1
88 .5
95.4
8 4 .1
8 8 .3
105.4
99.4
4 97.4
9 6 .2
8 8 .2
100.6
113.4
100.0
100.2
9 7 .6
103.8
100.6
100.0
108.7
108.8
101.8
100.0
104.0
8 7 .7
4 102.2
100.3
100.5
104.7
102.1
100.2
102.8
4103.5
103.0
9 9 .8
100.4
99 .4
102.1
103.1
104.0
114.0
111.4
114.0
107.9
96.3
91 .3
96 .5
99 .7
4 99 .6
4 101.9
103. 2
4103.8
4113.9
111.4
114.0
107.9
96.3
91 .3
96 .8
99 .4
Feb.
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O c t.
S e p t. A ug.
J u ly
June
M ay
A pr.
100.3
109.0
101.2
99 .4
100.6
95 .3
97 .8
8 9 .7
96 .5
8 7 .7
9 3 .7
105.4
9 9 .4
97 .5
9 6 .2
8 8 .2
100.6
113.2
100.0
100.2
9 7 .6
103.8
100.6
100.0
108.7
108.8
101.8
100.0
104.0
8 7 .7
102.7
100.3
100.5
10 4 .7
102.1
100.2
102.8
106.8
10 3 .0
98 .5
99 .2
102.1
109.8
101.5
99 .4
101.1
96 .6
97 .8
94 .5
96 .7
8 7 .7
95 .5
105.4
99.4
97 .5
96 .2
8 8 .2
100.6
113.2
100.0
100.2
9 7 .6
103.8
100.6
100.0
108.7
108.8
101.8
100.0
104.0
8 7 .7
102.6
100.3
9 9 .9
104.7
102.1
100.2
102.8
106.8
103.0
97.4
9 7 .7
99.9
107.5
101.1
99.4
101.0
96 .1
97.8
9 3 .0
96.1
8 9 .2
94 .6
105.4
99.4
97.1
95 .8
8 8 .2
100.6
113.2
100.0
100.2
97 .6
103.8
100.6
100.0
108.7
108.8
101.8
100.0
96.8
8 7 .7
102.1
100.3
9 9 .2
104.4
101.9
100.0
102.3
104.9
103.0
97 .6
97 .8
101.9
106.1
101.2
99.1
100.9
9 3 .8
95.1
8 5 .4
96.1
8 9 .2
9 0 .8
105.4
99 .4
9 6 .9
95 .8
8 8 .2
100.6
113.2
100.0
100.2
97.6
103.8
100.6
100.0
108.7
108.8
101.8
100.0
96.8
8 7 .7
101.6
100.3
9 9 .2
103.8
101.9
100.0
102.3
104.9
9 8 .9
97.8
9 7 .9
101.0
106.8
101.2
9 8 .3
100.6
9 5 .6
9 3 .4
9 6 .8
9 5 .4
8 9 .2
92.1
105.4
9 9 .6
9 6 .7
9 5 .5
8 8 .2
100.6
113.2
100.0
100.2
9 7 .6
103.8
106.6
100.0
104.3
108.8
101.8
100.0
96.8
8 7 .7
101.6
100.3
9 9 .2
103.8
101.9
100.0
102.3
104.9
9 8 .9
9 7 .8
98 .1
100.2 100.1
107.1 105.5
100.8 100.8
98.1
9 8 .0
99 .0
9 7 .2
95 .9
96.1
93.4
96 .2
95 .4
9 9 .7
9 5 .4
97.1
8 7 .2
8 9 .7
90 .9
92.1
105.4 105.4
9 9 .6
99 .6
9 6 .7
96 .8
. 9 5 .5
95 .8
8 8 .3
8 8 .3
100.6 100.6
113.2 113.2
100.0 100.0
100.0 100.0
9 7 .6 101.3
103.8 103.8
100.6 100.6
100.0 100.0
104.3 104.3
108.8 108.8
101.8 101.8
100.0 100.0
9 7 .0 100.4
8 7 .7
87.7
101.5 101.2
100.3 100.3
98 .6
98.6
103.8 103.8
101.9 101.9
100.0 100.0
102.3 102.3
104.9 102.9
98 .9
98 .9
98 .9 102.8
9 9 .9 102.6
101.3
110.0
101.1
9 7 .9
96.3
98 .7
9 6 .2
99 .7
100.1
8 8 .2
9 4 .6
103.5
9 9 .6
96 .9
9 5 .8
88 .3
100.6
113.2
100. C
100.0
101.3
103.8
100.0
10 0 .0
104.3
108.8
101.8
100.0
100.4
8 7 .7
101.5
100.3
100.1
103.8
101.9
100.0
102.3
102.9
9 8 .9
101.7
101.9
101.1
114.4
101.0
9 8 .0
9 4 .2
9 9 .9
96 .2
105.4
99 .7
8 9 .7
95 .8
103.5
99.6
96 .8
9 5 .7
88 .3
100.6
113.2
100.0
100.0
101.3
103.8
100.0
100.0
100.8
108.8
101.8
100.0
100.4
88.1
101.5
100.3
100.1
103.8
101.9
100.0
102.3
102.9
98 .9
9 7 .7
98 .5
100.7
115.9
100.7
9 8 .0
92 .9
99.1
9 6 .2
102.6
9 9 .7
90 .7
93.3
103.5
99 .6
96 .9
95 .7
8 8 .5
100.6
113.2
100.0
100.0
101.3
103.8
100.0
100.0
100.8
108.8
101.8
100.0
100.7
88.1
101.6
100.3
100.1
103.8
101.9
100.0
102.3
102.9
100.1
96.7
97.5
9 8 .7
113.6
100.2
9 8 .2
95 .5
9 8 .2
9 8 .9
9 9 .7
9 7 .7
9 0 .7
9 4 .5
103.5
99 .6
96 .8
95 .7
8 8 .5
100.6
112.5
100 .0
100.0
100.7
103.8
99 .6
100.0
100.8
108.8
101.8
100.0
100.7
88.1
101.6
100.3
100.1
103.8
101.9
100.0
102.3
102.9
100.1
96.1
9 6 .5
100.4
112.0
100.8
9 8 .3
9 8 .4
9 7 .2
9 6 .7
9 6 .6
9 7 .6
8 9 .7
9 4 .2
104.3
9 9 .5
9 6 .8
9 5 .7
88 .4
100.6
113.0
10 0 .0
100.1
9 9 .9
103.8
100.1
100.0
103.3
108.8
101.8
100.0
99.3
8 7 .9
101.5
100.3
9 9 .6
103.5
101.8
100.0
102.3
103.5
9 9 .7
9 7 .7
9 8 .0
100.6
119-2
100.9
98.8
98-3
9 8 .2
99.4
9 8 .2
9 8 .6
90-9
9 4 .2
102.6
9 9 .7
9 7 .3
96-9
93.1
100-6
112.5
100-0
100-0
100-5
104.0
99.6
100-0
100-7
108.5
101-8
100-0
100.0
8 8 .1
100-5
100-1
100-0
101.1
101.2
100.0
100-8
100-4
99-6
95-6
95 .9
100.1 100.0
99 .6
99 .6
101.7 101.6 101.4 101.1
103.2 103.1 103.1 103.1
4103.6 103.5 103.7 103.5
113.8 113.4 113.2 112.6
111.1 110.8 110.8 110.4
113.9 113.9 4 113.2 112.6
107.9 107.6 107.8 107.8
98 .3 100.0 10 0 .0 10 0 .0
90 .8
90 .8
90 .8
9 0 .8
96 .3
96 .8
96 .5
96 .5
99.1
98 .8
98.8 98.8
99 .6
101.1
103.0
103.3
112.4
110.1
111.9
107.8
100.0
9 0 .8
96.3
98 .8
99 .2
100.5
102.0
103.2
112.1
109.9
111.3
107.2
9 9 .2
9 0 .8
96 .3
9 9 .0
99.1
100.4
102.1
103.0
112.0
109.5
110.9
107.5
95.4
90 .8
96.3
99.3
9 9 .5
100.2
102.1
103.1
112.2
109.1
111.3
107.4
91 .7
90 .8
96 .3
98 .3
99 .2
100.2
102.0
103.0
112.2
108.9
111.1
107.4
91.1
90 .8
96.4
98.1
9 9 .2
100.0
101.2
102.7
112.1
108.8
110.7
107.4
9 0 .9
90 .8
96.4
97 .8
99 .3
100.5
102.0
103.1
112.2
109.4
111.3
107.5
95 .4
9 0 .8
9 6 .7
9 8 .5
100.1
100.5
101.4
102.9
110.5
108.8
109.4
107.4
9 3 .0
9 0 .8
98 .5
98 .3
99 .2
100.4
102.0
103.0
112.1
109.9
111. 2
106.7
96 .9
90 .8
96 .3
9 9 .7
1963
1962
* N ew series. January 1961=100.
• M etals and metal products, agricultural machinery and equipment, and
motor vehicles.
D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able
Y47
D-5. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by stage of processing and durability of product
[1957-69=100]8
1964
1963
Commodity group
Apr.* Mar. Feb.
Jan.
Dec. Nov.
Annual average
Oct. Sept. Aug. July
June
May Apr.
100.3 100.4 100.5 101.0 100.3 100.7 100.5 100.3 100.4 100.6 100.3 100.0
All commodities.
1963
1962
99.7
100.3
100.6
95.0
93.9
96.5
95.0
94.0
96.2
97.1
96.8
97.4
Stage of processing
Crude materials for further processing,_____ ________ 94.2 4 94.3 94.0 95.1
92.1 4 92.5 92.2 94.0
Crude foodstuffs and feedstuffs..................................
97.9 97.1 96.6 96.6
Crude nonfood materials except fuel______ _____ _
Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for
97.5 96.6 96.1 96.1
manufacturing........ .............................................
Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for con
struction............... —........................................... 102.8 102.7 102.7 102.7
Crude fuel___ ________ ________________________ 100.8 4103.2 105.1 104.5
Crude fuel for manufacturing______________
100.7 4103.1 104.9 104.4
Crude fuel for nonmanufacturing...................... . 101.1 4103.6 105.5 104.9
I n te r m e d ia te m a te r ia ls a n d c o m p o n e n ts for m a n u
f a c t u r in g ....................................................................................
I n te r m e d ia te m a te r ia ls for fo o d m a n u fa c tu r in g .
I n te r m e d ia te m a te r ia ls for n o n d u r a b le m a n u
fa c tu r in g .............................................................................
I n te r m e d ia te m a te r ia ls for d u r a b le m a n u
fa c tu r in g ...........................................................................
C o m p o n e n ts for m a n u f a c t u r in g ........................
M a te r ia ls a n d c o m p o n e n ts for c o n s tr u c tio n _______
P r o c e sse d fu els a n d lu b r ic a n ts ...........................................
P r o c e sse d fu e ls a n d lu b r ic a n ts for m a n u fa c
t u r in g .. ............................................................................
P r o c e sse d fu e ls a n d lu b r ic a n ts for n o n m a n u
fa c tu r in g ........................................................................ ..
C o n ta in e r s , n o n r e tu r n a b le ........ .................................... ..
S u p p lie s ..........................................................................................
S u p p lie s for m a n u fa c tu r in g ___________________
S u p p lie s for n o n m a n u fa c tu r in g ............................... .
M a n u fa c tu r e d a n im a l fe e d s .......... ................... .
O th er s u p p l i e s . . . . . . ............................. ................
F in is h e d g o o d s (g o o d s t o u se r s, in c lu d in g r a w food s
a n d fu e ls ).................... ................... ................... ................... ............
C o n su m e r fin ish e d g o o d s......... ............................................
C o n s u m e r fo o d s________________________________
C o n su m e r cr u d e fo o d s ............... ...........................
C o n s u m e r p ro ce ssed fo o d s___ _____________
C o n s u m e r o th e r n o n d u r a b le g o o d s ....................... .
C o n s u m e r d u r a b le g o o d s______________________
P r o d u c e r fin is h e d g o o d s....................................................... .
P r o d u c e r fin is h e d g o o d s for m a n u fa c tu r in g ___
P r o d u c e r fin is h e d g o o d s for’n o n m a n u fa c tu r in g .
92.6
90.1
96.3
95.1
94.2
96.1
94.8
93.8
96.1
94.8
94.0
95.6
95.7
95.4
95.6
96.1
96.1
95.9
94.8
93.7
96.4
94.2
92.8
96.6
95.7
95.5
95.5
94.9
94.9
95.3
95.8
96.0
95.9
95.6
96.9
103.1
104.6
104.4
104.9
103.0
103.7
103.6
104.1
102.9
103.3
.103.3
103.6
103.0
102.9
102.8
103.1
103.0
102.0
102.0
102.2
103.2
101.9
101.8
102.1
103.2
101.0
101.0
101.2
103.0
100.5
100.5
100.7
103.0
102.3
102.3
102.6
103.0
103.0
103.0
103.3
103.2
101.8
101.8
102.0
100.9 100.9 101.2 101.3 101.1 101.0 100.9 100.5 100.5 100.6 100.6 100.6
99.9
100.5
100.2
100.5 100.4 100.4 100.6 100.2 100.4 100.1 99.1 99.1 99.4 99.7 99.7 98.8
105.4 4105.5 107.2 110.2 107.1 110.6 108.8 103.7 102.9 106.4 109.8 110.2 103.6
99.4
105.5
99.2
100.5
97.8
97.8
97.6
97.6
97.5
97.4
97.2
96.6
96.6
96.8
97.0
97.1
97.1
97.1
98.0
102.3 101.9 101.8 101.6 101.4 101.3 100.8 101.0 100.8 100.4 100.1 99.6
4 99. 7 4 99.6 99.5 99.6 99.4 99.2 99.0 98.7 98.6 98.7 98.6 98.2
4100.4 100.3 100.1 100.1 100.0 100.0 99.8 100.4 100.1 99.4 99.2 99.0
4 97.4 99.3 99.8 99.7 98.3 99.4 99.9 99.8 101.4 101.8 101.4 100.8
100.5
98.8
99.6
100.3
100.4
98.8
99.3
101.2
99.1 4 99.1 100.9 101.2 101.1 100.0 100.8 101.2 101.1 102.3 102.6 102.4 102.0
102.5
100.0
100.7
97.1
101.7
102.3
93.9 4 94. 6
99.0 99.1
105.6 105.6
105.7 4105.2
105. C 105.1
108.2 108.6
101.2 101.1
96.7
99.9
106.6
105.4
106.5
110.8
102.0
97.3
99.6
107.4
105.3
107.7
113.6
102.1
97.3
100.4
107.0
105.3
107.1
112.9
101.6
95.5
100.6
106.3
105.4
106.0
110.6
101.4
97.1
100.6
106.5
105.4
106.3
111.2
101.4
97.6
100.9
106.6
105.1
106.6
112.2
101.3
97.6
101.0
106.2
105.0
106.1
110.9
101.3
99.7
100.8
105.8
105.0
105.6
109.7
101.2
100.3
101.4
105.0
105.1
104.3
105.6
101.6
99.7
101.2
104.7
105.2
104.0
104.8
101.6
98.6
100.9
105.1
105.9
104.2
105.4
101.6
98.1
101.0
106.1
105.4
105.8
109.7
101.4
99.4
102.2
104.5
105.7
103.5
104.1
101.3
101.3
100.3
99.8
97.2
100.2
101.1
99.7
103.9
106.0
101.8
101.5
100.7
100.2
100.1
100.2
4101.5
99.6
4103.8
4105.9
4101.6
101.6
100.8
99.9
97.5
100.2
102.1
99.6
103.7
105.7
101.7
102.1
101.5
101.4
100.9
101.5
102.4
99.5
103.5
105.6
101.5
101.4
100.6
99.4
98.8
99.4
102.2
99.5
103.6
105.6
101.5
101.8
101.1
101.0
100.2
101.2
101.7
99.6
103.4
105.5
101.3
101.6
100.9
100.4
95.4
101.2
102.0
99.6
103.2
105.3
101.1
101.5
100.8
100.3
97.1
100.8
101.9
99.4
103. C
105.1
100.9
101.4
100.8
100.3
95.7
101.0
101.9
99.3
103.0
105.1
101.0
101.8
101.2
101.0
95.4
101.9
102.3
99.4
103.0
105.0
101.1
101.5
100.8
100.1
92.5
101.3
102.1
99.3
103.0
104.9
101.2
101.1
100.4
99.4
93.2
100.3
101.8
99.4
102.9
104.7
101.1
100.8
99.9
98.2
94.2
98.9
101.6
99.5
102.9
104.7
101.2
101.4
100.7
100.1
97.0
100.6
101.9
99.5
103.1
105.0
101.2
101.7
101.2
101.3
98.6
101.7
101.6
100.0
102.9
104.4
101.4
102.2 102.0
98. £ 99.2
100. £ 100.9
102.4 4102.2
99.4 99.6
97.5 4 97.9
96.2 93.1
97.6 4 98.2
101.8
99.5
101.1
102.1
100.0
97.8
92.1
98.2
101.7 101-6 101.5 101.4 101.1 101.2
100.3 99.2 100.0 99.8 99.5 99.6
101.3 100.9 100.9 100.9 100.7 100.8
101.9 101.9 101.8 101. 7 101.4 101.5
100.5 99.9 100.1 100.2 99.9 100.0
99.4 97.1 99.2 98.4 98.0 98.2
92.1 91.2 90.5 90.7 90.5 90.0
99.8 97.4 99.7 98.8 98.5 98.7
101.1
100.1
101.0
101.5
100.4
98.9
89.3
99.5
100.9 100.8 100.6
99.8 99.4 99.0
100.8 100.4 100.0
101.2 101.1 100.9
100.2 99.5 99.0
98.2 98.4 98.4
89.3 89.9 89.4
98.7 98.9 98.9
101.0
99.6
100.6
101.3
99.8
98.5
89.6
99.1
101.0
100.1
100.8
101.3
100.1
99.5
89.2
100.1
Durability of product
T o t a l d u r a b le g o o d s ...................... ................................................. .
T o t a l n o n d u r a b le g o o d s................................. ............................
T o t a l m a n u fa c tu r e s —...................................... •_.............................
D u r a b le m a n u fa c tu r e s _____________________________
N o n d u r a b le m a n u fa c tu r e s ....................... ...........................
T o ta l r a w or s lig h t ly p ro ce ssed g o o d s ..................................
D u r a b le r a w or s lig h t ly p ro ce ssed g o o d s ______
N o n d u r a b le r a w or s lig h t ly p ro ce ssed g o o d s ...
1 See footnote 1, table D -3.
See footnote 2, table D -3.
* Preliminary.
* Revised.
1
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
N ote: For description of the series by stage of processing, see “N ew BLS
Economic Sector Indexes of Wholesale Prices,” Monthly Labor Review
December 1955, pp. 1448-1453; and by durability of product and data be
ginning with 1947, see Wholesale Prices and Price Indexes, 1957, BLS Bul
letin 1235 (1958).
748
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1964
E.—Work Stoppages
T able E - l. Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes 1
N u m b e r o f sto p p a g e s
W o rk er s in v o lv e d in sto p p a g e s
M a n -d a y s id le d u r in g m o n th
or y e a r
M o n th a n d y ea r
B e g in n in g in
m o n th or y e a r
1935-39 (average).
1947-49 (average).
1945 ...................
1946 ...................
1947 .................
1948 ...................
1949 ...................
1950 ...................
1951 ...................
1952 ...................
1953 ...................
1954 ..................
1955 ..................
1956 ...................
1957 ..................
1958 ...................
1959 .................
1960 ..................
1961 ..................
1962 ...................
I n effec t d urin g m o n th
2,8 6 2
3, 573
4,750
4,9 8 5
3 ,6 9 3
3,4 1 9
3,6 0 6
4,843
4,737
5,117
5,091
3,4 6 8
4,3 2 0
3,8 2 5
3,6 7 3
3,6 9 4
3 ,7 0 8
3 ,3 3 3
3 ,3 6 7
3,6 1 4
B e g in n in g In
m o n th or y e a r
I n effec t d urin g m o n th
1 ,1 3 0 ,0 0 0
2', 380^ 000
3 ,4 7 0 ,0 0 0
4 ,6 0 0 ,0 0 0
2 ,1 7 0 ,0 0 0
1 ,9 6 0 ,0 0 0
3i 030j 000
2, 410,000
2 , 220,000
3, 540,000
2 ,4 0 0 ,0 0 0
1, 530,000
2 ,6 5 0 ,0 0 0
1 ,9 0 0 ,0 0 0
1 ,3 9 0 ,0 0 0
% 060i 000
lj 880’ 000
1 ,320,000
1 ,450| 000
1,23 0 ,0 0 0
N um ber
P ercent of
e s tim a te d
w o r k in g t im e
16,90 0 ,0 0 0
39,7 0 0 .0 0 0
38,0 0 0 .0 0 0
116,000.000
3 4,600,000
34,1 0 0 ,0 0 0
5 0,500,000
38,8 0 0 ,0 0 0
22,9 0 0 ,0 0 0
59,1 0 0 ,0 0 0
28,3 0 0 ,0 0 0
22,6 0 0 ,0 0 0
2 8,200,000
33,1 0 0 ,0 0 0
16,500,000
2 3,900,000
6 9,000,000
19,100,000
16,300,000
1 8,600,000
0 .2 7
.4 6
.4 7
1 .4 3
.4 1
.3 7
.5 9
.4 4
.2 3
.5 7
.2 6
.2 1
.2 6
.2 9
.1 4
.2 2
.6 1
.1 7
.1 4
.1 6
1963: A p r il............
M a y ______
J u n e ______
J u ly _______
A u g u s t ____
S e p te m b e r .
O c to b e r ___
N ovem b er.
D e c e m b e r ..
291
377
380
372
312
287
346
223
132
423
543
593
606
545
500
574
467
336
89,200
118,000
128,000
94,400
67,000
81,400
95, 700
79,900
27,300
119,000
148,000
181,000
183.000
167,000
155,000
153.000
152,000
82,400
937,000
1,4 3 0 ,0 0 0
1,55 0 ,0 0 0
1 ,810,000
1 ,350,000
985,000
1,42 0 ,0 0 0
1,41 0 ,0 0 0
977,000
.0 9
.1 4
.1 6
.1 7
.1 3
.1 0
.1 3
.1 5
.1 0
1964: J a n u a r y 3. .
F e b r u a r y 2.
M a r c h 3___
A p r i l 3____
210
225
220
300
370
375
360
450
60,000
80,000
65,000
122,000
100,000
125,000
100,000
163,000
1,0 1 0 ,0 0 0
1,1 3 0 ,0 0 0
800,000
1,1 0 0 ,0 0 0
.1 0
.1 2
.0 8
.1 0
1 T h e d a ta in c lu d e a ll k n o w n str ik e s or lo c k o u ts in v o lv in g 6 w o rk ers or
m ore a n d la s tin g a fu ll d a y or s h ift or lo n g er . F ig u r e s o n w o rk ers in v o lv e d
a n d m a n -d a y s id le co v e r a ll w o rk ers m a d e id le for a s lo n g a s 1 s h ift in e s ta b
lis h m e n ts d ir e c tly in v o lv e d in a s to p p a g e . T h e y d o n o t m e a su re t h e in d ir e c t
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
or se c o n d a r y e ffe c t o n o th e r e s ta b lis h m e n ts or in d u s tr ie s w h o s e e m p lo y e e s
are m a d e id le a s r e s u lt o f m a te r ia l or se r v ic e sh o r ta g e.
3 P r e lim in a r y .
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237-52: San Francisco, Calif., 1960-61. (Includes Supplement 1) 27 pp.
237-62: Baton Rouge, La., 1961. 12 pp.
237-65: St. Louis, Mo., 1960-61. (Includes Supplement 1) 27 pp.
Union Conventions, 1964. National and International Unions State Organizations.
11 pp.
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