Full text of Monthly Labor Review : June 1961, Vol. 84, No. 6
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Monthly
Labor
Review
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JUNE 1961 VOL. 84 NO.
Long-Term Unemployment in the United States
Problems of the PM A-ILW U Mechanization
Subcontracting Clauses in Major Agreements
The Use of Tripartite Bodies as an Aid to Bargaining
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
A r t h u r J. G o l d b e r g ,
Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
E wan C lagtje, Commissioner
R obert J . M y e rs , Deputy Commissioner
H erman B. B y e r , Assistant Commissioner
W. D uane E vans , Assistant Commissioner
P e t e r H e n l e , Assistant Commissioner
P aul R . K erschbaum , Assistant Commissioner
Arnold E. Chase, Chief, Division of Prices and Cost of Living
H. M. D outy, Chief, Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
J oseph P. Goldberg, Special Assistant to the Commissioner
H arold Goldstein, Chief, Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics
L eon Greenberg , Chief, Division of Productivity and Technological Developments
R ichard F. J ones, Chief, Office of Management
W alter G. K eim , Chief, Office of Field Service
L awrence R. K lein , Chief, Office of Publications
H yman L. L ewis , Chief, Office of Labor Economics
F rank S. M cE lroy, Chief, Division of Industrial Hazards
A be R othman, Chief, Office of Statistical Standards
William C. Shelton, Chief, Division of Foreign Labor Conditions
Regional Offices and Directors
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Monthly Labor Review
U NITED STATES DEPA R TM EN T OF LABOR • BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
L aw rence R. K l e in , Editor-in-Chief
M ary S. B e d e l l , Executive Editor
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CONTENTS
Special Articles
579 Subcontracting Clauses in Major Contracts—Part I
587 A Case Study of Variables in Retirement Policy
592 Papers From the IRRA Spring Meeting
592
The Use of Tripartite Bodies To Aid Collective Bargaining
595
The Work Rule Problem and Property Rights in the Job
597
Problems of the West Coast Longshore Mechanization Agreement
Special Labor Force Report
601 Long-Term Unemployment in the United States
Summaries of Studies and Reports
611
614
620
625
629
Special Bargaining Convention of the United Auto Workers
A Review of Work Stoppages During 1960
Earnings in Synthetic-Textile Manufacturing, August 1960
Union Wage Scales in the Printing Industry, July 1, 1960
Wage Chronology No. 24: North American Aviation—Supplement
No. 3—1957-61
635 Wage Chronology No. 28: International Harvester Co.—Supplement
No. 3—1957-61
Departments
hi
641
648
650
656
665
The Labor Month in Review
Significant Decisions in Labor Cases
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Developments in Industrial Relations
Book Reviews and Notes
Current Labor Statistics
June 1961 • Voi. 84 • No. 6
Trends in Long-Term Unemployment
Percent of total ' unemployed
In the postwar period, persons
out of work for 15 weeks or more
have accounted for widely differing
proportions of total unemployment
during different phases of the
business cycle, as the chart shows.
Similar fluctuations have occurred
in the proportion out of work
6 months or longer.
Nevertheless,
somewhat higher levels have tended
to persist after recovery from the
several business downturns.
These findings are highlighted in “ Long-Term Unemployment in the United States,”
the article on pp. 601-610 of this issue.
That article analyzes not only the postwar trends
in long-term unemployment, but also the underlying causes of the changes that have
occurred.
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The Labor Month
in Review
M uch of the important labor news of late spring
turned on Government actions.
On May 26, a Presidential Executive order es
tablished a tripartite 11-member Missiles Sites
Labor Commission, beaded by the Secretary of
Labor, to prevent or settle labor-management
and jurisdictional disputes and to assure econom
ical operations at space and missile installations.
Major employers and unions involved pledged
cooperation with the intent of the order by re
nouncing strikes or lockouts. Local committees
at each of 22 bases will assist the commission.
Failure of settlement at the local level carries the
case to the commission, which can hold hearings
and make recommendations and issue directives
through a tripartite panel. (The panel to hear
interunion controversies will consist of only public
representatives.) Hearings before a Senate inves
tigating committee earlier in the month had re
vealed delays and excessive costs in the missile
and space programs.
The Lockheed Aircraft Corp. and the Presi
dent’s Committee on Equal Employment Oppor
tunity on May 25 signed an agreement to end
personnel practices discriminatory against Negroes
at any of the company’s plants, which employ
about 60,000 workers. A complaint against the
company’s Marietta, Ga., plant had been filed
with the committee in April by the National
Association for the Advancement of Colored
People. The company agreed to “ aggressively
seek out” qualified Negroes for jobs at all levels;
to assure Negroes of promotion and training
opportunities and of fair treatment in transfers
and layoffs; and to make its policies known to the
managerial staff and to State employment agen
cies. Earlier action by the company at Marietta
had resulted in desegregation of facilities.
On June 15, the committee was to hold hear
ings on rules to govern enforcement of the govern
ment’s policy on discrimination.
A Presidential commission appointed in Fébruary to study the issues in a 6-day wildcat strike
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of flight engineers, which had halted operations
on seven major airlines, reported its recommenda
tions on May 25. An order by the National
Mediation Board for the engineers and the pilots
of United Air Lines to choose a single bargaining
agent had prompted the strike, Application of
similar orders on all airlines could result in ex
tinction of the Flight Engineers’ International
Association in favor of the numerically larger Air
Line Pilots Association (the Pilots later won the
election at United by 33 to 1). Under the.
commission’s recommendations, the classification
of flight engineer on jet planes would gradually
be eliminated, with no job loss to incumbents.
As new jetplanes come into service, they would
have two pilots (instead of three) and an engineer
with pilot qualifications, and the two unions
should ultimately merge. Negotiations between
the interested parties were to continue for 30 days,
with assistance from the commission on details of
the recommended settlement. If no agreement is
reached, the commission will consider further
action. President Kennedy warned against “fur
ther strikes over these disputed issues.”
In a parallel case in which the International
Association of Machinists represents the engineers
of Northwest Airlines, another Presidential Board,
on the same date, recommended use of the threeman all pilot-trained crew on jetplanes, but
presently employed engineers would have an
opportunity for pilot training and to become the
third man in the crew.
T h r ee proposals relating to important labor
problems were sent to Congress by the President
during May. On May 31, one of them was
embodied in a bill to train unemployed workers,
provide them with a stipend while they are in
training, and, where necessary, relocate them.
Generally, it concerns workers with obsolescent
skills, those in chronically depressed areas who
have been jobless for a long time, and those
currently employed but expected to be affected by
forthcoming industrial changes. Workers who
receive retraining and stipends would not receive
unemployment insurance benefits. Relocated
workers would receive half their moving expenses
if they had solid job offers and had been out of
work for 6 months or more. Endorsement of the
retraining plan in principle by the President’s
Advisory Committee on Labor-Management
in
IV
Policy was received on June 5. A separate pro
posal for jobless young people was made on June 7.
A week earlier, a plan was submitted to decen
tralize decisionmaking in the National Labor
Relations Board. The objective is to speed up
hearings and rulings on unfair labor practice
charges. Under the plan, the Board could dele
gate its authority to any of its employees. These
subordinate agencies could make binding decisions
saving appeal for review or a motion by the
Board itself to review. Where possible, however,
reviews would be limited to cases in which a new
principle or unusual circumstance was involved.
On May 19, a bill was submitted, buttressed by
a letter from Secretary of Labor Arthur J. Gold
berg, to give the Labor Department investigative
and enforcement authority in connection with the
Welfare and Pension Plans Disclosure Act of 1958.
Under its terms, the Secretary could also make
determinations of good faith compliance with the
law, and embezzlement or other illicit benefiting
from a fund would constitute a felony. Without
the amendments, the Secretary stated, the Depart
ment is “ virtually powerless to uncover abuses.”
The United States Supreme Court on June 5
upheld, 7-2, an NLRB decision that an entire
contract and not just the clause granting exclusive
bargaining rights must be abrogated if the union
signatory represents only a minority of the workers.
On May 19, a United States District Court jury
in Knoxville found the United Mine Workers of
America and its Welfare and Retirement Fund
guilty of violating the Sherman Antitrust Act.
Specifically, the union was charged with conspiring
with certain large coal companies to monopolize
the soft-coal industry. By virtue of the verdict,
the Phillips Brothers Coal Co. could collect
$270,000 damages. A suit by the fund trustees
to collect delinquent welfare fund royalties had
resulted in the countersuit charging conspiracy.
T h ree u n io n s —the
National Maritime Union,
the International Longshoremen’s Association,
and the Teamsters—on May 12 announced a
mutual assistance pact, the first test of which
was to be support of the NMU in negotiations for
new contracts supplanting those which expired
on June 15. AFL-CIO regulations, however,
forbid such agreements with the Teamsters. The
ILA withdrew from the concordat 4 days after it
was formed; the NMU did not.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1961
Early in June, New York waterfront workers
and their employers jointly dedicated a $1.5
million medical center, which will offer about
30,000 workers and their families free medical
and dental care. The employer financed center,
established by collective bargaining, will be
jointly administered.
Two officials of the Bakery and Confectionery
Workers Union (Ind.) resigned in mid-May on
the eve of union trials for alleged misappropria
tion of funds. They are James G. Cross, presi
dent, and Peter H. Olson, secretary-treasurer.
The union itself had been expelled from the
AFL-CIO in 1957. Prior to his resignation, the
union executive board had granted Cross his pen
sion (to be offset by any funds due the union).
T h r e e - year contracts were negotiated by the
International Union of Electrical Workers, repre
senting 10,000 workers employed by Sperry Gyro
scope and Ford Instrument Co., Long Island
subsidiaries of Sperry Rand Corp., after a 2-day
strike. A 2%-percent wage increase per year and
a cost-of-living clause were provided. The next
day the same union concluded a similar 3-year
agreement, covering 21,000 workers, with Radio
Corp. of America. Terms included wage and
salary increases of 2% percent for each year of the
contract in addition to increased pensions and a
free medical and hospital plan for retiring workers
with 15 or more years of seniority.
Construction unions in Pittsburgh on May 31
agreed in writing to stimulate middle-income
house-building by a number of unusual conces
sions which gained them a foothold in the non
union housing field. One permits the builder free
use of prefabricated structural elements and
laborsaving tools and equipment and the con
tractor may hire workers “ wherever available” if
the union is unable to supply them within 72
hours. Jurisdictional strikes are banned.
The United Packinghouse Workers announced
bargaining demands in mid-May. They include
guaranteed earnings and no plant closings during
the life of the contract, companywide seniority,
paid training leaves of 13 weeks after each 5
years of employment, a shorter workweek, and a
wage increase. The Meat Cutters have also
called for a shorter workweek and emphasized job
security in setting demands.
Subcontracting Clauses in Major Contracts
E ditor ’s N ote .— This
study examines the 'prevalence and characteristics of subcontracting
provisions in major collective bargaining agreements in effect in 1959, prior to the TaftHartley amendments contained in the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act
of 1959. The latter amendments, particularly section 8(e) pertaining to uhot-cargo”
agreements, may have an effect on subcontracting clauses in particular agreements or in
general. The study serves as a benchmark against which later studies might measure the
changes resulting from law, as well as those resulting from collective bargaining practices.
This article, the first of two parts, mainly deals with subcontracting of construction,
maintenance, and installation services. The second part, which will appear in the next
issue, will discuss provisions, and their enforcement, regarding subcontracting of produc
tion processes or major activity, particularly in the construction and apparel industries.
Leon E. Lunden *
Part I
or contracting out, is a long
standing industrial practice. In the apparel and
construction industries, it is an integral part of
normal operations; in other industries, a decision
whether it is more advantageous to have a particu
lar job or type of work done by its own work force
or by outsiders under contract is one which man
agement is frequently called upon to make. The
building trades and apparel unions have long main
tained a substantial degree of control of the sub
contracting system, but the procedures in these
industries have no match among other organized
industries.
Union attitudes towards subcontracting, in
general, tend to stiffen when employment declines
and when contracting out removes work that
customarily “belonged” in the bargaining unit.
Not only are members’ jobs at stake, but concern
over union jurisdiction and the possibility that
subcontracting may be used to evade or dilute the
terms of the collective bargaining agreement are
often present. The issue has also been sharpened
by conflicts between industrial and building trades
unions as to whose members are to be employed
on construction and maintenance work within
industrial plants. As a result, some unions have
S ubcontracting ,
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increasingly pressed for contract clauses governing
subcontracting.
Management tends to resist negotiating such
rules as an encroachment on its prerogatives. A
few agreements explicitly include, in so-called
“management rights” clauses, a provision that
decisions regarding subcontracting are among
management’s unrestricted prerogatives, but the
low incidence of such statements is of little signifi
cance in view of the widespread reluctance on the
part of management to define all management
rights in a collective bargaining agreement.
As this study reveals, fewer than one out of
four major agreements in effect in 1959 made any
reference to subcontracting, and they handled the
problems of preserving employment opportunities
and protecting agreement standards in diverse
ways. A number of agreements established con
trols related directly to in-plant workers, such as
barring subcontracting either when workers were
on layoff or when letting the contract would
cause layoffs or part-time work. Other agree
ments approached the job preservation goal by
allowing subcontracting only when management
had some compelling reason connected with skill
and equipment requirements, production sched*Of the Division of Wages and Industrial Relations Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
579
580
ules, or cost considerations. In protecting inplant wages, hours, and working conditions, a
significant number of clauses required the sub
contractor either to comply with the prime
employer’s collective bargaining agreement or to
sign a union contract himself. Some subcontract
ing controls, for example, those requiring prior
consultation with the union, could serve both
purposes, since they afford the union an oppor
tunity to marshal arguments for keeping work in
the plant or check on the status of the subcon
tractor to make sure that he was not undercutting
union standards. Some clauses were so vague as
to give little, if any, clue as to the nature of the
understanding between the parties.
In the absence of a subcontracting clause in the
agreement, does the employer have a free hand
in subcontracting as he pleases? Some unions
have disputed this, and arbitrators to whom such
disputes have been referred differed in their
decisions and reasons. Three lines of reasoning
are discernible. In one camp are those who hold
that if management’s right to subcontract was to
be abridged, a specific clause would have been
written to that effect. This point of view was
expressed in a recent decision as follows:
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1961
Such a broad interpretation of paragraph 51 would, in
effect, include in this contract provision the right to emas
culate the bargaining unit and is therefore in direct conflict
with the recognition clause. Therefore, the company’s
subcontracting of janitorial work cannot be sustained.2
Some recent arbitration decisions have reflected
a third position, namely, that in the absence of a
contract clause prohibiting subcontracting there
is still an implied limit on subcontracting, but not
an absolute prohibition. The circumstances in
each case would determine whether subcontracting
constituted a violation of the agreement. One
arbitrator reasoned as follows:
I do not mean to suggest that past practice and recent
negotiating history necessarily refute the union’s claim on
behalf of an implied limitation on the company’s power to
subcontract . . . Even without an explicit limitation
some kind of implied limitation arises out of the very nature
of a collective bargaining agreement. However, this his
tory [of the company’s purchases of electric power] and the
specific limitation on purchasing [electric] power to which
it finally led should be borne in mind in giving consideration
to the scope of any implied provision against contracting
out which one may be inclined to draw.3
Other arbitrators have decided that subcontract
ing is barred when it would violate the recognition
clause, the seniority clause, or any other general
provision of the contract. For example, it is
reasoned, when the company agrees with the union
on wages, hours, and working conditions of em
ployees in the bargaining unit, it is obligated not
to undermine or seriously deplete the bargaining
unit as established in the agreement’s recognition
clause. In a case where the issue concerned man
agement’s right to subcontract in order to achieve
savings, the arbitrator’s decision against the com
pany rested on these grounds:
The arbitrator then went on to explain that as long
as contracting out did not threaten the integrity
of the bargaining unit, the particular circum
stances, as in the case before him, governed, and
the company could contract out.
Summarizing the opinions commonly expressed
as to whether a subcontracting dispute is arbitrable
in the absence of specific agreement, one arbitrator
noted that “The effort to squelch the issue at the
threshhold . . . has been pretty well settled in favor
of arbitrability.” 4 In mid-1960, the U.S. Supreme
Court upheld this contention in a case involving
the United Steelworkers and the Warrior and
Gulf Navigation Co.5 Reasoning that grievance
and arbitration procedures in collective bargaining
agreements effectuated congressional policy of
promoting industrial peace, the Court concluded,
first, that under section 301 of the Labor-Manage
ment Relations Act of 1947 an order to arbitrate
could not be denied unless there was forceful evi
dence that a certain matter was to be excluded
. . . Accordingly the issue here is not the right of the
company to remove one janitorial job. Rather the com
pany is inevitably posing the question of its right under
paragraph 51 [the management rights clause] to remove
jobs from the bargaining unit whenever it can subcontract
them at less than contract rate.
1Minneapolis-Moline Co. v. United Automobile Workers, 33LA893.
2 Gulf Oil Corp. v. Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers, 33LA855.
3 Kennecott Copper Corp. v. International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers,
34LA763.
3 United Automobile Workers v. Black-Clawson Co. 34LA215.
3363 U.S. 574.
In summary, however, the arbitrator must find that a
clear understanding exists in the field of labor-management
relations that where the parties intend to prevent sub
contracting such a specific provision is incorporated in
contracts to limit management's right in this matter.1
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SUBCONTRACTING CLAUSES IN MAJOR CONTRACTS—PART I
from arbitration, and, second, that “doubts should
be resolved in favor of coverage.” The Court
found no such forceful evidence in the case before
it. On the other hand, there remained the issue
of whether the collective bargaining agreement
had been violated, on which the Court said:
. . . . There was, therefore, a dispute ‘as to the meaning
and application of the provision of this agreement’ which
the parties had agreed would be determined by arbitration.
The judiciary sits in these cases to bring into operation
an arbitral process which substitutes a regime of peaceful
settlement for the older regime of industrial conflict.
Whether contracting out in the present case violated the
agreement is the question. It is a question for the arbiter,
not for the courts.
Scope and Method
For this study, the Bureau of Labor Statistics
examined 1,687 major collective bargaining agree
ments covering 1,000 or more workers each, or
virtually all agreements of this size in the United
States exclusive of those in the railroad and air
line industries.6 These agreements applied to
approximately 7.5 million workers—almost half
the number estimated to be under collective
bargaining agreements except those in the railroad
6 The Bureau does not maintain a file of railroad and airline agreements;
hence their omission from this study.
r Thirty-eight agreements permitting subcontracting under certain con
ditions were so vague that categorizing them into the three groups noted above
raised particular difficulties. Allocation was achieved by examining the
makeup of the bargaining unit as well as the practices of the industry as
reflected in other clauses.
A number of agreements in petroleum refining, electric and gas utilities, and
communications specifically mentioned construction and maintenance sub
contracting, but were classified as “production” or “major activity” sub
contracting, since construction and maintenance of oil and gas pipelines and
electric power and communications networks were considered an integral
part of the production process or major activity.
8 Prohibitions against members becoming subcontractors were also noted
in a small number of union constitutions, usually those of construction
unions. Typical is the following section from the Carpenters’ constitution:
“ No member of the United Brotherhood shall lump, subcontract or work
at piecework for any owner, builder, contractor, manufacturer, or employer.
For a violation of this paragraph or any part of it the member shall be fined
not less than $10 or be expelled.”
Other unions having similar constitutional bans include the Plumbers,
Journeymen Stone Cutters, Asbestos Workers, Boilermakers, Bricklayers,
Painters, and Jewelry Workers.
« Another approach to subcontracting outside the scope of this study was
letters of intent th at set forth understanding and company policy in this
area, discussed by Donald A. Crawford and Leonard Sayles in the Conference
Proceedings on Industrial Pelotions in the I960’s—Problems and Prospects to
be published soon by the Wharton School of Finance and Commerce. As
an example, Crawford cited at length the General Motors letter to its general
managers on subcontracting maintenance and certain tool and die work.
He also noted that letters of intent often represent a voluntary restriction
by management on its own freedom to contract out, which sometimes goes
beyond arbitration awards or contract language negotiated by union and
management. According to Professor Sayles, letters of intent are “perva
sive.”
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581
and airline industries. About 4.6 million workers
were covered by 1,063 contracts in manufacturing
and 2.9 million were covered by 624 contracts in
nonmanufacturing industries. All contracts were
in effect at the beginning of 1959.
For the purposes of analysis, provisions regulat
ing subcontracting were classified into three
categories: (1) those pertaining solely to the con
tracting out of construction, maintenance, and
installation services; (2) those referring to the
contracting out of part of the production process or
of the major activity; and (3) those dealing with
both types of subcontracting.7
A variety of contract provisions having certain
features relevant to subcontracting were con
sidered to be outside the scope of the study. For
instance, clauses that banned converting a worker
from an employee into a subcontractor (prevalent
in the construction industry) were omitted,8 as
were bans on “home work” (apparel). Other
regulatory clauses excluded from the study were
those relating to concession and leasing arrange
ments in retail establishments by manufacturers
or distributors, and to commission work, fre
quently practiced, for example, in the cleaning and
dyeing industry.9
Regulation of Subcontracting
Among the 1,687 agreements studied, there
were 378 with limitations on subcontracting, only
4 of which prohibited the practice outright. (See
table.) Five did not specify the nature of the
restriction. The remaining 369 agreements per
mitted management to subcontract, subject to
certain conditions or limitations. On the other
hand, 1,309 agreements made no reference to
limiting subcontracting, among them were 4 that
specifically included contracting out among
management’s unrestricted prerogatives.
One of the four clauses expressly prohibiting
contracting out was stated as follows:
No contracting within the firm or subcontracting be
tween firms shall be permitted.
The following excerpts from textile and paper
products agreements illustrate how the assertion
of management’s unlimited right is treated:
It is recognized and agreed that the management of the
plant and the direction of the working force is vested in
the company. Among the rights and responsibilities
582
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1961
which shall continue to be vested in the company, but not
intended as a wholly exclusive list of them, shall be: The
right to increase or decrease operations; to remove or
install machinery; to determine schedules of production;
. . . and to contract work in its discretion.
*
*
turing industries, primarily construction (79),
electric and gas utilities (44), transportation (23),
and communications (20). However, clauses also
appeared in the apparel (42), transportation equip
ment (17), and petroleum refining (12) industries.
The 137 clauses concerned with construction,
maintenance, and installation services were more
prevalent in manufacturing than in nonmanu
facturing, appearing mainly in transportation
equipment (20) and petroleum refining (10).
The transportation equipment agreements, in
cluding several very large contracts, covered
approximately 640,000 workers, or slightly more
than half of the 1.2 million workers covered by
agreements with construction subcontracting
clauses. Electric and gas utilities, alone among
*
It is understood that the company may employ outside
contractors to perform work in the mill.
Of the 369 agreements with specific limitations,
232 were concerned with subcontracting of part
of the production process or the major activity of
the employer, 51 referred solely to the contracting
out of construction, maintenance, and installation
services, and 86 regulated subcontracting in both
areas. Most of the 318 clauses which regulated
subcontracting of either the production process or
the major activity were found in nonmanufac
P
revalence op
S u b c o n t r a c t in g L im it a t io n C l a u s e s
in
M a j o r C o l l e c t i v e B a r g a i n in g A g r e e m e n t s ,
by
I n dustry ,
1959
Conditions or limitations on subcontracting
of—
Number
studied
Industry
Production
process or
major
activity
Construction, Both produc
maintenance, tion process
and installa and services
tion services
Subcontract
ing specifically
prohibited
Nature of
restrictions
unspecified
No reference
to subcon
tracting 1
Work
Work
Work
Work
Work
“Work
Work
Agree ers Agree ers Agree ers Agree ers Agree ers Agree ers Agree ers
ments (thou ments (thou ments (thou ments (thou ments (thou ments (thou ments (thou
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
All industries________________________
1,687 7,477.3
Manufacturing________________________
1,063 4, 555.3
Ordnance and accessories_________ ______
Food and kindred products________________
Tobacco manufactures____ . . . ______
Textile mill products____________ ____
Apparel and other finished products________
Lumber and wood products', except furniture..
Furniture and fixtures______________ _____
Paper and allied products_____________ ____
Printing, publishing, and allied industries___
Chemicals and allied products............ ............
Petroleum refining and related industries....... .
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products. ..
Leather and leather products______________
Stone, clay, and glass products...........................
Primary metal industries_______________
Fabricated-metal products____________
Machinery, except electrical ............................
Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies
Transportation equipment . _______
Instruments and related products___________
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries
___
N onmanufacturing___________
_______________
Mining, crude petroleum, and natural gas production_____________ _____ __
Transportation 3______ __________
Communications._____ ________
Utilities: Electric and gas. _________
Wholesale trad e.______ ___________
Retail trade_______________ _
Hotels and restaurants_______ _
Services____ ________________
Construction_______________ .
Miscellaneous nonmanufacturing industries__
15
39.4
120
405.8
11
27.6
33
78.4
45 464.1
13
37.2
20
32.1
54
118.0
31
62.2
57
113.6
23
63.8
24
128.1
20
62.5
38
100.8
124
724.8
52 146.4
117 283.9
100
438.3
127 1,152.2
24
54.2
15
22.5
624 2,922.0
17
95
79
78
12
92
36
55
155
5
252.7
573.2
558.1
200.5
21.6
245.1
176.8
184.9
701.9
7.4
232 1,327. 6
74
7
4
33
1
30.2
10.6
296.3
51
434.1
86
783.9
4
10.4
5
32.1 1,309 4, 889.3
49
425.0
54
661.9
3
9.0
1
24.0
1
1. 1
4
64.0
1
6.0
3
1
5. 9
8.0
1
2
5.2
1
2
1.2
4
5.0
5 .7
1
6
1
3
2
3.1
14.8
6
2
2
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6.4
2.4
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14.3
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4.5
158
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13
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130 1
60. 5
3.5
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79
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2.5
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1
153. 2
3.8
1. 5
1. 5
5
10
10. 4
27.0
9
4 .0
2.5
1.6
1
1 Includes 4 agreements that specifically include subcontracting among
unrestricted management prerogatives.
3 A companywide agreement that delegates authority to negotiate on sub
contracting to the local plant level.
3 Excludes railroad and airline industries.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
406.2
6
70.2
5
7
2
7
2
9
19.6
32.8
4.0
10.9
2.3
260.2
2
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4.1
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1 fi
9.1
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fi 9
12 4
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11
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14
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43 8
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427 1, 860.0
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oy
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176
79
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fi2 2
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98 1
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1.9
882 3,029.3
246 8
332 6
*
1
2
8
4 Agreements disallow subcontracting of labor services only and working
for a lump sum payment for a specific job, but do not restrict subcontracting
that includes both labor services and materials.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal
totals.
583
SUBCONTRACTING CLAUSES IN MAJOR CONTRACTS—PART I
the nonmanufacturing industries, had a signifi
cant concentration of clauses in this area (19).
Affiliates of 56 national and international
unions were party to major agreements which
regulated subcontracting. The three most active
in writing such provisions were the International
Brothernood of Teamsters (42), the International
Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (34), and the
International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union
(34). Other frequent negotiators were the United
Automobile Workers (20), Hod Carriers (17),
Carpenters (15), Oil, Chemical and Atomic
Workers (14), Steelworkers (15), Communication
Workers (12), Operating Engineers (10), and
Machinists (10). Although the Amalgamated
Clothing Workers held only eight subcontracting
agreements, one of these—with the Clothing
Manufacturers Association of the United States
of America—was a national agreement in the
men’s and boys’ clothing industry covering
150,000 workers.
Construction and Other Services
Subcontracting provisions concerned with con
struction, maintenance, and installation services
stressed preservation of job opportunities by
setting prior conditions for management to meet,
in contrast to the protection of contract standards
treatment used, as will be noted in part II of this
study, in construction and apparel contracts.
The more common provisions dealt with layoff,
the union voice in the subcontracting decision,
and skill and equipment requirements.
Employment Effects. A substantial number of
agreements prohibited subcontracting when quali
fied in-plant workers were already on layoff or on
part time, or when layoff or part time would
result. Under a few clauses, in-plant workers
must be fully supplied with work for subcontract
ing to be permissible. Several provisions allowed
the company to exercise its subcontracting right
provided that it would use its best effort to place
its employees who are laid off or on part time
with the subcontractor. In stone, clay, and glass
products and in chemicals, clauses including
this proviso were identical in language; the re
maining clauses, all in petroleum refining, were
similar in content. Examples of both are pre
sented above. Note that, in both, the prime
594 9 1 1 — 61-------2
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employer’s liability is limited to “qualified”
employees:
If a contract is let by the company for any repairs or
construction work, the company will attempt fairly to
employ directly or, if practical, through any contractor,
as many idle employees as is possible, provided they are
qualified for the work available, in making repairs to
buildings, tanks and equipment, or in building new
structures . . .
*
*
*
When contract work is necessary, the employer will
use its best efforts with the contractor to secure employ
ment on the contract work for former employees laid
off not more than 180 days (but not including discharged
employees) of the employer who are qualified and who
may be available for such work.
In a few clauses, mainly found in Steelworker
agreements, management agreed to a general policy
of giving preference for maintenance and construc
tion work to the bargaining unit, as for example,
in the following electrical machinery provision :
Outside Contract of Work in Plants. The employees
covered by this agreement shall be given preference for
maintenance and construction w'ork in the plant to the
fullest extent practicable.
Upgrading of jobs to keep work in the plant was
mentioned in one agreement:
(1) So far as possible, with the work force available,
minor construction and all maintenance jobs will be
performed by [the company’s] work force.
(2) So long as it is consistent with maintaining good
operations, management will attempt to upgrade craft
and trade jobs to perform the work as mentioned in the
above paragraph.
Notice to Union. Numerous clauses allowed the
union to participate in the making of subcontract
ing decisions. Only one agreement banned sub
contracting without union approval and one called
for notice after a contract had already been let;
the largest number required simply that the union
be notified or consulted. Some did not specify
whether notice had to be given before or after the
decision; these were found in the chemical, glass,
machinery, electrical machinery, transportation
equipment, communications, and utilities agree
ments. Typical of the clauses where the timing
of notice was not explicit were the following
machinery and electrical machinery provisions :
If it shall become necessary to use outside contractors
to perform work in the plant normally performed by our
employees, the union shall be notified and given the
reason why [the company] is required to have outside
contractors enter the plant.
584
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1961
*
*
*
. . . The company agrees to keep the union informed
of the status and scope of its subcontracting program.
By far the larger number of clauses, however,
required advance notice of subcontracting. Fully
one-third of the agreements containing this proviso
were concentrated in the transportation equip
ment industry, from which the following examples
are cited:
When plant maintenance or construction work is let to
outside contractors, the corporation will, before the work
is started in the plant, give reasonable notice to the union
of the nature of the work and the reason for such action.
*
*
*
Before bringing outside general contractors into the
plant for changeover and other construction work, the
company will discuss the matter with the shop committee
and inform them of the nature of the work expected to be
performed.
Most clauses defined the union body to be noti
fied. Typically they were the shop committee,
union scale committee, union executive board,
chief department steward and the union incentive
committee, business managers of the union, or the
workmen’s committee. Two clauses provided for
expansion of standing labor-management com
mittees when subcontracting was to be discussed.
One required that supervisors directly involved in
the decisionmaking participate in the discussion
along with the industrial relations manager; the
other gave the union the right to include its
grievance committee along with its department
steward in subcontracting discussions.
Only one agreement required that the prior
notice be in writing:
. . . Before awarding to outsiders contracts for major
alterations to buildings or equipment, or contracts for new
buildings or equipment, the company will notify the union
in writing.
Three agreements specified length of notice the
company must give the union before letting a
contract. One required 10 days’ notice, a second
established a regular weekly review of “the cir
cumstances involved in the propriety of awarding
particular contracts,” and the third called for
quarterly meetings to discuss such matters.
Overtime and Other Special Rules. In three situ
ations, the use of subcontractors was discouraged
by requiring the company to pay overtime, for a
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“sixth day” or a “48-hour week,” to inplant work
ers with the same skills as the subcontractor’s
employees, as for example, in the following food
agreement:
Mechanical workers shall be scheduled on a 48-hour or
more week as long as an outside contractor is in the plant
doing work of a mechanical nature except for permissible
contract work set forth below . . .
Other clauses called for overtime for corresponding
in-plant workers when the subcontractor’s crew
worked overtime:
When outside contractors are required to perform work
in the plant on an overtime basis, employees who cus
tomarily perform the same work will be given equal op
portunity for overtime work except for the following:
(a) new construction, (b) erection of large fixtures built
outside the plant, (c) work which of necessity must be
performed during nonoperating hours.
Exclusions similar to those indicated in the
latter clause were found in all agreements that
granted overtime to in-plant workers when the
subcontractor’s crew was on overtime.
Some clauses, whose meaning is not explicit,
created a general commitment on the part of the
employer to take “worker interests” into account.
A majority of such clauses were included in the
management prerogative section of the agreement,
as, for example, in this electrical machinery
agreement:
The union recognizes that there are functions, powers,
and authorities that belong solely to the company, promi
nent among which, but by no means wholly inclusive, are
the functions of introducing new or improved production
methods or equipment . . . as well as the assignment of
work to outside contractors after due consideration by the
company to the interests of the regular employees.
Of the clauses which defined worker interests,
only one required the company to provide “full
information to the union committee regarding
reasons for assignment of work to outside
contractors.”
Three clauses addressed themselves to the rela
tionship between employees of the prime employer
and those of the subcontractor. In one glass
agreement, company maintenance employees were
allowed to refuse an assignment which would re
quire them to work with the subcontractor’s
employees. Another glass agreement made the
same allowance, but recognized that at times such
work might be “ desirable” from a company view-
SUBCONTRACTING CLAUSES IN MAJOR CONTRACTS—PART I
point, in which case there would be negotiations
for a “ temporary adjusted rate” :
When construction work is being performed by outside
contractors, company employees are not to be required to
work in conjunction with contractors’ employees.
In situations where the company considers it desirable
to employ its own maintenance employees in construction
work in conjunction with contractors’ employees, the union
and the company are to negotiate and agree as to whether
or not such employees are to be paid at a temporary ad
justed rate.
A number of provisions, distributed primarily
among the transportation equipment, chemicals,
food, and glass industries, allowed subcontracting
where either specialized equipment, specialized
skills, or both, were needed. The following ma
chinery clause is an example :
The company recognizes that one of its responsibilities
is to keep the present work force working at least the hours
in the regularly scheduled week whenever possible, and
with this in mind, the company will not subcontract any
work usually assigned to regular employees, unless (1)
special skill or equipment is unavailable . . .
Most clauses in this category, however, did not
refer to “ special skill and equipment.” Skills,
for instance, were generally described as available,
sufficient, qualified, capable, able to do, experi
enced, proper. Similarly, equipment was defined
as necessary, available, appropriate, capable, and
proper and sufficient. For example:
So long as appropriate equipment and qualified em
ployees in this bargaining unit are available and not other
wise engaged in current work, the company will not con
tract out repair or maintenance work . . .
*
*
*
It is agreed that whenever proper equipment and em
ployees are available, the company will not subcon
tract . . .
*
*
*
The corporation agrees, as a policy, to refrain from hav
ing maintenance, installation, and construction work done
in its plants by the employees of others, or from sending
such work to outside concerns, when there are employees
and facilities in the plants capable of doing this work . . .
In the following clause, the adequacy of super
vision is also a factor:
This clause is not intended to restrict the company in
its right to let contracts . . . when it feels it necessary or
expedient to do so, such as not having the necessary
equipment or supervision . . .
Several agreements established limitations
based upon production and cost considerations.
Some prohibited subcontracting except during
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
585
peak periods or emergencies, while the remainder
were concerned with the lack of room for addi
tional help, the inability to meet an established
delivery date, and maintaining good customer and
public relations. Additional provisions allowed
subcontracting where it represented savings in
cost or time or improved the efficiency of the
operations.
As previously noted, a number of the sub
contracting provisions for construction, mainte
nance, and installation work were concerned with
safeguards for the in-plant workers’ wages, hours,
and conditions. Among these, a few required
the subcontractor to be under union contract,
a few demanded compliance with the prime
employer’s agreement, and two prohibited con
tracting out when the purpose was evasion of
the prime employer’s contract.
Several provisions required the subcontractor
to employ union labor and to use union-made
material. On the other hand, one utility agree
ment specified that the employees of subcon
tractors did not have to be union members.
Another clause compelled the subcontractor to
live up to general union standards, and 15—the
largest concentration of provisions attempting
to protect work standards—provided that sub
contractors’ employees must receive either pre
vailing area wages or not less than the contract
minimums, as illustrated in the following utility
contract :
Where the [company] enters into contracts for the
performance of work which requires the employment of
laborers and mechanics in the construction, alteration,
maintenance, or repair of buildings, dams, locks, or other
projects, such contracts shall contain a provision that
not less than prevailing rates of pay for work of a similar
nature prevailing in the vicinity shall be paid to such
employees of the contractor, which rates shall not be less
than the rates paid by [the company] . . . to its employees
doing similar work.
Other contracts took the opposite stand,
specifically stating that the prime employer would
not be responsible for the wages, hours, and work
ing conditions established by its subcontractors:
The company will not undertake to regulate the
conditions of employment which may prevail under
outside contracts or subcontracts covering such con
struction, building, or maintenance.
Finally, a few petroleum refining agreements
protected the seniority of any in-plant employee
586
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1961
who might work for one of his employer’s sub
contractors while on temporary leave of absence:
Employees granted leaves of absence to work for a
contractor performing services for the employer shall
retain their seniority on the same basis as though they
had continued to work for the employer.
Major Versus Routine Services. A number of
agreements differentiated between major or new
construction, maintenance, and repair work and
that which was “normal” or “routine.” Typically,
such clauses reserved normal work for in-plant
workers and allowed major or new construction
and repair to be contracted out:
So far as possible with the work force available, minor
construction and all maintenance jobs will be performed
by [the company’s] work force.
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*
*
*
’ No job shall be let to outside contractors, other than
major construction and major repair, and fabrication,
installation, and use of patented or highly specialized
equipment . . .
*
*
*
The company shall have the right to contract with
outside contractors for maintenance, construction, and
repair work when in the judgment of the company such
services are required . . . The company will not contract
routine maintenance work when sufficient qualified
employees are available on the payroll to do the work . . .
This policy of allocating the work according to
whether it was major or normal and routine
parallels jurisdictional agreements worked out
between the building trades and industrial unions
in several local situations.10
10 Such agreements were reached between the building trades and the
United Automobile Workers in Detroit, several industrial unions in Con
necticut, and the Steelworkers in Youngstown, Ohio.
A Case Study of
Variables in
Retirement Policy
J uanita M. K reps *
T he 1960’s may bring us full circle in the evolution
of retirement policy. In contrast with the de
pression era of the 1930’s, when compulsory retire
ment was viewed as a means of rationing scarce
jobs, the tight labor market conditions in the
1940’s and early 1950’s brought flexible retirement.
In recent years, the labor market pressure to
retain workers past the age of 65 has been dis
appearing, as the recessions of 1957-58 and 196061 left a growing residue of unemployment. Other
pressures for flexible retirement policies have con
tinued, however. The rapid growth in the number
of workers reaching the customary retirement age
of 65 has been accompanied by mounting evidence
that many of them have the ability to continue
on the job. Furthermore, the most obvious solu
tion to the low-income status of the retiree is
continued employment. Involuntary retirement
policies have thus been sharply criticized.
But the question of retirement policy in the
present decade must be posed in a somewhat
different context, for developments in both the
demand for and the supply of labor focus atten
tion on economywide phenomena. On the de
mand side, rapid technological changes in certain
industries have raised the question of the ability
of other sectors of economy to absorb the displaced
workers. On the supply side, the rate at which
new entrants into the labor market are swelling
the labor force each year raises the even more
difficult question of the balance of total labor
requirements with labor supply. Retirement
practice could come to be viewed as one of the
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
measures through which the balance is main
tained. If so, the movement is likely to be toward
retirement before rather than after age 65.
Two of the crucial determinants of future retire
ment policy will thus be the industry-by-industry
pattern of technological developments and the
accompanying rate of job displacement. Within
this context, employer retirement policy may con
tinue to vary from one industry to another, and
from one size of firm to another, as earlier study
has indicated.1 Moreover, such variations in
employer retirement policy parallel those in age
limitations in hiring policy.2 In both cases, prac
tice seems to vary with size of establishment and
with industry group or degree of job skill required.
Other variables, particularly labor union influence,
appear to play an important role in determining
retirement policy, as does, of course, the existence
of a private pension plan.
The Present Study
Three variables that affect retirement policy
were selected for analysis in the present study:
job skill, size of firm, and extent of unionization.
In order to examine the effects of each variable,
three North Carolina industries—textile, furniture,
and tobacco manufacturing—which exhibit marked
differences in these characteristics, were chosen.
With respect to skill, many jobs performed in the
furniture industry require a high degree of skill,
those in the textile industry require much less
skill, and the bulk of the workers in tobacco
manufacturing are unskilled. In degree of unioni
zation, the contrast is between tobacco manu
facturing, which is quite highly unionized, and
textile and furniture manufacturing, which are not.
Measured by number of employees, each industry
has a large proportion of small firms 3 (three-fifths
in textiles and about seven-tenths in furniture and
tobacco). However, the significance of the large,
small, or medium-size firm as an employer varies
from one industry to another. The medium-size
‘Assistant Professor of Economics, Duke University.
This article is based on a study financed by a Ford Foundation grant for
socioeconomic studies of aging.
1 See, for example, Margaret Gordon, “ The Older Worker and Retirement
Policies,” Monthly Labor Review, June 1960, pp. 577-585.
2 Counseling and Placement Services of Older Workers, U.S. Department
of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security (Bull. E 152), September 1956,
pp. 29-39; summarized in “Job Problems and Their Solution,” Monthly
Labor Review, January 1957, pp. 22-28.
3 For purposes of this study, firms were grouped as small (1-99 employees),
medium (100-499), and large (500 and more).
587
588
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1961
firms employ more than half the furniture indus
try’s workers, whereas employment is concen
trated in large firms in both textiles (about
five-eighths of total employment) and in tobacco
(nearly nine-tenths), as shown in table 1.
Questionnaires on the employment of workers
aged 65 or over (hereafter termed “older workers”)
were mailed to the 1,470 plants in these industries
shown on a statewide listing obtained from the
Employment Security Commission of North
Carolina.4 Those plants which replied that they
had production workers aged 65 or over were
T able 1.
sent a longer questionnaire covering conditions of
employment of their older workers: level of job
held after 65, seniority, promotions, union posi
tion, etc. Those whose response to the initial
inquiry indicated that they did not retain em
ployees beyond a certain age were sent a second
questionnaire on the reasons for this policy: lower
productivity, higher cost, etc., of older workers.
* Questionnaires were mailed to all plants in each industry in order to
check for interplant differences of the multiplant firms. No variation in
policy appeared, so data were treated throughout on the basis of firm. The
1,470 plants on the list were operated by 1,326 firms (891 in textiles, 388 in
furniture, and 47 in tobacco).
R et ir e m e n t P o lic ies in N orth C arolina T e x t il e , F u r n it u r e , and T obacco F irm s , by
S ize of F irm
Textile firms
Item
All
sizes
Furniture firms
1-99 100-499 500 em
em
em ployees
ployees ployees and
over
All
sizes
Tobacco firms
1-99 100-499 500 em
em
em ployees
ployees ployees and
over
All
sizes
1-99 100-499 500 em
em
em ployees
ployees ployees and
over
I ndustry Structure
All firms:
Num ber_______________ _________
Percent of industry total___________
All employees:
Num ber_________________________
Percent of industry total___________
Firms responding to initial questionnaire:
Num ber_________________________
Percent of industry size class total___
Employees in responding firms:
Num ber................... ........... ........- ........
Percent of industry size class total___
891
100.0
525
58.9
278
31.2
88
9.9
388
100.0
276
71.1
97
25.0
15
3.9
47
100.0
34
72.3
8
17.0
5
10.6
219,849
100.0
18,647
8.5
59, 907
27.2
141,295
64.3
41,407
1Ò0.0
8,031
19.4
22, 364
54.0
11,012
26.6
33,165
100.0
896
2.7
2,817
8.5
29,452
88.8
624
70.0
362
69.0
196
70.5
66
75.0
302
77.8
207
75.0
84
86.6
11
73.3
39
83.0
26
76.5
8
100.0
5
100.0
183, 597
83.5
13,834
74.2
43, 510
72.6
126, 253
89.4
35, 249
85.1
6, 325
78.8
19,031
85.1
9,893
89.8
33,048
99.6
779
86.9
2,817
1Ó0.0
29,452
1Ó0.0
3
60.0
R etention
Firms reporting retention:
251
Number 1-------------- ------ ------------------------ 40.2
Percent of industry size class respondents_____
Percent of respondents where workers had
reached 65-------------------- ------------------------70.1
Employees in firms reporting retention:
Num ber_________________________ _______ 106, 504
Percent of industry size class respondent total...
58.0
Production workers aged 65 and over retained:
3,421
N um ber________________
____ _________
Percent of total in firms reporting___ ________
3.6
83
22.9
119
60.7
49
74.2
of
119
39.4
W orkers A ged 65 and Over
53
25.6
55
65.5
60.1
75.3
79.0
65.7
57.0
71.4
3,933
28.4
27,404
63.0
75,167
59.5
25,418
72.1
1,819
28.8
13, 706
72.0
184
5.5
1,230
5.1
2,007
3.0
1,063
4.5
101
6.2
630
5.0
11
100.0
22
56.4
16
61.5
3
37.5
100.0
75.9
64.0
42.9
60.0
9,893 12,824
1ÓO.O
38.8
600
77.0
872
31.0
11,252
38.2
186
1.6
17
3.1
17
2.2
152
1.5
332
3.5
C ompulsory R etirement P olicy 2
Firms with compulsory retirem ent:2
Num ber...... ............. ............. ..................................
Percent of industry size class respondents_____
Production workers in firms with compulsory retirem ent:2
Num ber--------------- ---------------------------------Percent of industry size class respondent total. .
51
8.2
10
2.8
24
12.2
17
25.8
14
4.6
7
3.4
7
8.3
0
0
20
51.3
9
34.6
7
87.5
4
80.0
29,308
18.0
624
5.3
6,462
16.9
22, 222
19.8
2,299
7.1
856
15.0
1,443
8.2
0
0
23, 916
80.4
365
50.9
2,135
84.2
21,416
80.8
Other P olicy
No employees reaching 65:
Number of firms______________________ ____
266
Number of employees__________________ --- 18,165
Firms with no fixed retirement age:
573
Number 3_______ -- ------------------------------Percent of industry size class respondents_____
91.8
Production workers in firms with no fixed retirement
age:
N um ber______________________ _______ ___ 133,105
Percent of industry size class total-.....................
82.0
224
7,343
38
6, 761
4
4,061
121
3,806
114
2,808
7
998
0
0
10
586
9
146
1
440
0
0
352
97.2
172
87.7
49
74.2
288
95.4
200
96.6
77
91.7
11
100.0
19
48.7
17
65.4
1
12.5
1
20.0
11,135
94.7
31,827
83.1
90,143
80.2
30,103
92.9
4,837
85.0
16,066
91.8
9,200
1Ò0.0
5,843
19.6
352
49.1
400
15.8
5,091
19.2
i
Includes the following firms also reporting policy for compulsory termina he may continue at the employer’s option, sometimes for a specified number
tion of employment: 22 (1 small, 13 medium, and 8 large-size) textile firms,
of years or until a stipulated age at which retirement is automatic.
4 (medium-size) furniture firms, and 8 (3 small, 3 medium, and 2 large-size)
2 For definition, see text footnote 5.
tobacco firms. This apparent inconsistency is explained by the fact that
3 Includes practically all of the firms reporting no workers having reached
many compulsory termination policies merely deprive the worker of the
the age of 65.
choice of whether he will continue working after reaching the stipulated age;
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589
A CASE STUDY OF VARIABLES IN RETIREMENT POLICY
Retention vs. Compulsory Termination
To the initial inquiry sent to all plants, more
than a third of the responding textile and furniture
firms and more than half of the tobacco firms
replied that they had production workers aged
65 or over. But many of the firms, particularly
the small ones, had been in operation only a few
years, and none of their workers had reached the
age of 65. If these are omitted, the proportion of
firms employing production workers aged 65 and
over is much higher: over two-thirds in textiles
and furniture, and three-fourths in tobacco.
Variation by Firm Size. A first test of the hypoth
esis that a small firm permits greater flexibility
of retirement policy can be made by ascertaining
whether the retention of older workers has a dis
cernible pattern by firm size. Among the firms
studied, there was no consistent intraindustry
behavior. In both textiles and furniture, the
proportion of firms retaining older workers rose
as the size of firm increased. In tobacco firms
that had had workers reach age 65, practically all
the small ones retained some of these workers,
and three out of five of the large firms employed
older workers. But only a third of the mediumsize firms had older workers.
Applying two other perhaps more reliable tests,
however, reveals some direct relation between
firm size and percent of firms with compulsory
retirement.5 First, relating involuntary retire
ment policy to size of firm: the small textile firms
rarely had a compulsory retirement policy, the
percentage with a fixed retirement age increasing
with size of firm (from 3 to 26 percent). In both
furniture and tobacco, the medium-size firms most
frequently had compulsory retirement policies.
Although the number of tobacco firms in the
medium- and large-size class was very small, seven
out of eight of the medium-size firms and four out
of five of the large firms had compulsory retire
ment, compared with one out of three of the
^Compulsory or involuntary retirement is used hereafter to refer to the
policy of terminating employment at a certain age, except as the employer
m ay choose to make individual exceptions, regardless of whether the firm
provided a pension or retirement severance pay. Although many of the
compulsory retirement firms indicated that they actually had production
workers aged 65 or over employed, the number retained by these firms was
insignificant; fewer than five employees in all cases. The age of retirement was
65 in all cases except for two small and one medium-size tobacco firm, which
indicated a retirement age of 62.
« For men, the percentages were at least twice as high as for women.
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T able 2. P revalence of C ompulsory R e t ir e m e n t
P olicy ,1 in N orth C arolina T e x t il e , F u r n it u r e ,
and T obacco F irm s by U nion and P en sio n P lan
S tatus
Union and pension plan status
Textiles Furniture Tobacco
Firms with union contract---------------------With compulsory retirem ent-------------With private pension plan. -------
15
12
12
7
2
4
21
14
12
Firms without union contract-------- --------With compulsory retirem ent— ...........With private pension p la n ..............
148
28
14
56
10
6
3
1
0
i For definition, see text footnote 5.
small firms. By contrast, none of the large furni
ture firms had such a policy, and the proportion
was higher among medium-size than small firms,
but both the numbers and percentages were small.
The other test of the relation between firm size
and retirement practice is made by checking the
numbers of older workers retained in each size of
firm. Older production workers (male and female)
as a percent of total production employment in
firms where retained was correlated inversely with
firm size in all industries: in textiles, the per
centage varied from 5.5 in the small to 3.0 in the
large firms; in furniture, from 6.2 to 3.5, and in
tobacco, from 3.1 to 1.5 percent.6
In summary, a compulsory retirement policy
appeared most frequently in the large textile
firms, in the medium-size furniture firms, and in
the medium and large tobacco firms. But in all
industries, the percent of older workers declined
as firm size increased.
Variation by Industry. The foregoing figures also
reveal differences in retirement practice by indus
try. A compulsory retirement policy was found
in more than half of the tobacco firms, but in
only about 8 percent of the textile and less than
5 percent of the furniture firms. Moreover, the
proportion of each industry’s production employ
ment in firms with compulsory retirement policies
varied dramatically from 7 percent in furniture to
18 percent in textiles and 80 percent in tobacco
manufacturing. It is obvious that the furniture
worker was most likely to be retained on the job
past the age of 65, and that the textile employee,
although less frequently retained than the furni
ture worker, had far greater opportunity for
continued employment than the tobacco worker.
Since skill is likely to be a major determinant
of retirement policy, one might expect employers
to distinguish between the policy applicable to
590
skilled and that applicable to other potential
retirees. However, practically all employers indi
cated that the same retirement policy applied to
all workers, regardless of skill. Several reasons
were given for this uniformity of policy: fairness
to all workers; the union demands uniformity;
retention of the older worker “depends primarily
on the man, rather than the job.”
Variation by Union and Pension Status. For the
250 firms (183 flexible and 67 compulsory retire
ment firms) which responded to the second and
third questionnaires, the union status and exist
ence of a private pension plan can be related to
retirement policy. Within each industry, a sig
nificantly higher percentage of firms with union
contracts had fixed retirement than was the case
for firms without union contracts. In the textile
industry, for example, in which very few firms
were organized, it is nevertheless true that where
unions did exist, four out of five firms had com
pulsory retirement. (See table 2.)
The presence of a union means in most cases the
existence of a private pension plan, which in itself
would be a primary determinant of retirement
policy.7 Of the three industries in this study,
tobacco was the only one in which unions and
private pension plans covered a significant propor
tion of the firms. Virtually all of the unionized
tobacco firms with compulsory retirement had
private pension plans. In the other two indus
tries, neither unions nor private pension plans
appeared with any frequency, but the two went
hand in hand.
In summary, the furniture industry was charac
terized by small and medium-size, nonunion firms
without private pension plans and with flexible
retirement policies. In the textile industry, em
ployment was concentrated in large and mediumsize firms which were typically not unionized and
7 See “Involuntary Retirement Provisions,” Monthly Labor Review, August
1959, pp. 855-860. Three-fifths of the 300 pension plans analyzed in that study
contained involuntary retirement provisions. All 3 of the plans studied in
the tobacco industry had such provisions, as did 6 of the 8 textile plans and
1 of the 4 furniture industry plans.
8 See, for example, “ Comparative Job Performance by Age,” Monthly
Labor Review, December 1957, pp. 1467-1471.
9 To facilitate interpretation of the questionnaire and to allow for a reflec
tion of higher pension costs, cost was defined as the cost to the company of
having an older worker do the particular job for which he was retained (for
the flexible retirement firms) and the firm’s estimate of the cost of retaining
an older production worker (for compulsory retirement firms). Both groups
of firms were then asked to indicate whether the cost of retaining an older
worker was actually or by estimate higher, lower, or about the same as the cost
of having a younger worker do the job.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1961
which did not have private pension plans. Only
in the large textile firms was compulsory retire
ment significant, and here only one firm in four
followed this policy. In the tobacco industry,
most of the employees worked in large, unionized
firms with private pension plans and fixed retire
ment age of 65.
Employer Evaluation of Older Workers
Studies of their actual performance in industry
indicate that older workers have more ability than
has generally been recognized.8 The evaluations
given by the flexible retirement firms in this study
confirmed the view that workers over 65 years of
age perform satisfactorily. The compulsory re
tirement firms’ evaluation of older workers was
not at all similar, however, with respect to the
comparative productivity, cost of employment,
and absenteeism of older workers and other
workers. About three-fourths of the 67 compul
sory retirement firms thought older workers were
less productive, but only about one-eighth of the
183 flexible retirement firms held this view. The
other firms in both categories reported that the
productivity of older workers equaled that of
younger workers. On the question of comparative
costs,9 almost half of the compidsory retirement
firms thought retaining an older worker was more
costly than having a younger worker do the job,
but less than a tenth of the flexible retirement
firms found the cost higher. There appeared to
be less difference of opinion on the question of
absenteeism, with 27 percent of the compulsory
retirement firms and 6 percent of those with
flexible retirement stating that older workers had
higher absenteeism. On the other hand, several
of the flexible retirement firms reported lower
absenteeism rates for workers aged 65 and over
than for younger workers.
The lack of similarity in rating given the older
worker by the two groups of firms raises again the
question of the extent to which retirement policy
is related to the actual performance of the older
worker. In some instances, the answers given
may reflect an attempt to explain a compulsory
retirement policy which has been adopted, rather
than a sincere belief that the older worker is, for
example, less productive. An employer who
believes that a large percentage of his 65-year-old
workers are competent to continue on the job
A CASE STUDY OF VARIABLES IN RETIREMENT POLICY
may prefer not to have to judge each case sepa
rately. “The company would have to defend
each retirement both to the worker and the union/’
one employer stated. Thus a compulsory retire
ment policy, adopted partly to avoid conflicts
arising from evaluating the performance of the
individual worker, may be justified on the vague
basis of alleged lower productivity.
Summary and Conclusions
The hypothesis that an industry with a highly
skilled labor force is more likely to retain its older
workers than one with unskilled workers is borne
out by the contrast in the general attitude of
employers in the furniture (and to a lesser degree,
the textile) industry with that of employers in
the tobacco industry. The correlation between
job skill and flexibility of retirement policy is
suggested by the infrequency with which the first
two industries had compulsory retirement policies
and by the much larger percentages of the work
force aged 65 or over in these industries than in the
tobacco industry. Within a firm, however, re
tirement practices typically did not differ for the
skilled and unskilled workers. In the interests of
equity, the employer followed a uniform policy
for all workers, and this uniformity was often
cited as a major reason for strictly enforced com
pulsory retirement.
Firm size appears also to be a significant vari
able. In the textile and tobacco industries, the
small firm was least likely to have compulsory
retirement, and in all industries, the percentage of
production workers who were age 65 or more
declined as firm size increased. In the tobacco
industry—the only one of the three in which in
voluntary retirement practices covered a large
percentage of the workers—firm size was closely
related to unionization and the existence of private
pension plans, which in turn were clearly important
determinants of policy. The combination of
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591
large, unionized firms, usually with private pen
sion plans and always with a relatively unskilled
work force, resulted in compulsory retirement for
most tobacco workers. In the textile and furni
ture industries, unionized firms with private pen
sion plans occurred infrequently, but their
combined appearance was usually accompanied
by a fixed retirement age of 65.
The variables influencing retirement policy
appear to be much the same as those which deter
mine hiring policy. In surveying the major
problems confronting older workers, the Bureau
of Employment Security study previously cited
found that size of establishment significantly
affected the willingness of employers to hire
workers 45 years of age or over, with the larger
firms most frequently specifying restrictive age
limits. Regarding skill, the study found that
while some employers were willing to hire skilled
workers regardless of age, they preferred younger
persons for semiskilled and unskilled openings.
Occupational groups with the most restrictive
upper age limits were, in order: clerical, unskilled,
professional and managerial, sales, service, semi
skilled, and skilled.
The BES study also pointed out the tendency of
employers to specify that only young workers
would be hired to do jobs which could actually be
handled by older persons. This last finding, too,
is paralleled in the present study. There seems
to be little evidence that within these industries
the older worker’s inability to perform satisfac
torily on the job was an important issue in bringing
about a compulsory retirement policy. Instead,
retirement policy appeared to be a function of
other factors, some of which have been indicated
here. Still other and broader factors, however,
arising from changes in the aggregate demand for
and the supply of labor, are likely to become the
important determinants of retirement policy in
the near future.
Papers From the IRRA Spring Meeting
E ditor ’s N ote .— The following
three items are excerpted from papers delivered
at the May If. and 5 meeting in Chicago of the Industrial Relations Research
Association. Stringent space limitations have necessitated omission of several
excellent program papers and the heavy cutting of those here presented.
However, special care has been exercised to preserve the flavor and substance
of the texts. Minor changes in wording and syntax have been made and
signs to denote elisions have not been employed.
The Use of Tripartite Bodies
Types of Tripartite Devices
To Aid Collective Bargaining
The tripartite device now most commonly pro
posed is the study committee, with or without
mediatory functions. However, the private board
for contract arbitration would also qualify.
Although it may come about from a mild kind of
official intervention, as with the railroads cur
rently, the study committee does not imply
Government regulation or coercion. Indeed, it
may derive from the voluntary initiative of the
parties themselves, as at Kaiser Steel or Armour
Packing.
Still another form of noncoercive trilateralism
appears in the new President’s Advisory Com
mittee on Labor-Management Policy, a tripartite
official body to discuss wage-price relations and
related matters.
Let me distinguish the tripartite study com
mittee from the tripartite arbitration board. As
currently put forward, the proposal for study
committees contemplates an ex ante mechanism
for eliding or resolving difficult issues before they
become joined in an intractable strike. This is
not strictly true, for the Kaiser Committee
emerged after a strike, while by contrast, the
Railroad Commission came into being to head one
off. But in both cases, in giving their consent,
the parties were looking to the future. Their
purpose was to examine certain hard questions
away from the bargaining table and with the aid
George H. H ildebrand *
y e a r s , a growing concern has become
evident regarding the operation of collective
bargaining in the United States. Public expres
sions of disquiet and even dissatisfaction have been
voiced by some distinguished neutral experts from
a quarter quite separate from the anguished cries
of discontented parties to the bargaining process.
The criticisms have taken two distinct forms,
sometimes conjoined.
First, it is said that negotiations have failed to
produce genuine accommodation of the parties’
conflicting interests, leading instead to perpetu
ation of the status quo and on occasion to hard
strikes. To some observers, furthermore, these
strikes have imposed unreasonable losses upon
third parties.
Second, the belief is spreading that the bargain
ing system is producing many economically
unsound settlements that are now a real threat
to the stability of the country in the difficult
sixties. On this view, the problem is not the rise
in the general level of wages rates and supplements
alone, but includes the effects of certain work
rules upon unit labor costs in some industries.
To be candid, I think there is considerable
support for both types of criticism, referred to
here to provide a context for proposing greater
use of tripartite bodies in collective bargaining.
I n the last 2
592
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
*Professor of Economics and Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell
University.
THE USE OF TRIPARTITE BODIES IN COLLECTIVE BARGAINING
of distinguished outsiders, in hopes that solutions
could be found that would eventuate in more
successful negotiations the next time around.
By contrast, the voluntary tripartite arbitration
board, for contract or grievance issues, is an ex post
device for disposing of questions already joined.
In contract issues, the parties commit their des
tinies to a third party because they cannot get
agreement and wish either to avoid or to end a
strike. Since the issues must be submitted, the
neutrals can do little to shape them, while their
authority to explore alternatives is likely to be
circumscribed.
The case for the study committee proposal boils
down to this: that time, expertise, and detailed
examination are all required to deal with problems
of unusual difficulty, and that negotiations and the
quality of settlements will both be helped greatly
if such issues can be explored well ahead of time,
away from the bargaining table. Among the
problems would be revision of incentive systems
and obsolete or inefficient work rules, planning
adjustment to technological change, reduction of
a high grievance rate, and increasing the efficiency
of high-cost plants or firms—to name a few. On
a broader plane, the committee could well investi
gate quietly the causes of unusual negotiatory
difficulties, perhaps fostering greater attention to
common interests and better appreciation of the
special problems of each side.
The Role of Neutrals
The advantages of introducing “outsiders who
become insiders by adoption,” to use George
Taylor’s expression, are not at all self-evident.
To illustrate, bipartite committees have been used
in the basic steel industry with remarkable
success for many years, in development and appli
cation of the joint industrywide job-evaluation
plan. To the public, the steel industry seems
perpetually engaged in almost total conflict. Yet
here is an outstanding instance of effective coopera
tion, by which the wage structure of the entire
industry was recast.
The stabilization agreement in West Coast
longshoring is another strong example of a success
ful bilateral attack upon a difficult problem.
There the parties negotiated a trade by which
certain obsolete and costly work rules were relaxed
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
593
in exchange for a fund to stabilize earnings and
to accelerate retirements.
What, then, is the case for introducing neutrals?
There is none when the right kind of circumstances
prevail. However, if the problem is one in which
interests are deeply conflicting at the outset, the
level of accommodation will be too low to permit
success of a bipartisan approach.
Beyond this honorific function, neutrals can
serve as catalysts, by undertaking continuous
mediation in the broadest sense—directing the
parties’ attention to problems, to the facts de
veloped by investigation, and to the need for
viable solutions—with tactful occasional re
minders that the public also has an interest.
By injecting new ideas at strategic points, the
outsiders can increase the possibility of con
structive discussion. In the end, of course,
solutions still must be negotiated, as they should
be in a voluntary system.
For prenegotiation procedure—and this is the
real place of the study committee—the tripartite
panel seems to me so obviously preferable to an
all-public board as to require little extended
comment. After all, the intent of the whole idea
is to improve the prospects for accommodation
in an inherently difficult setting. By contrast, in
contract arbitration—an ex post procedure—
the case against the all-public board is by no
means so clear cut.
In principle, the study committee device suf
fers from a curious paradox: that it has its great
est utility in cases of extremely low accommoda
tion, yet depends heavily and directly upon the
level of accommodation if it is to yield tangible
results. The way of escape from this impasse
lies in the mediatory skills of the neutrals, for
careful study and patient discussion can produce
a more constructive outlook.
Implications of the Kaiser Committee
One of the novel features of the Kaiser Com
mittee is that it was formally established for
the life of the agreement, and shows some promise
of becoming a permanent contractual institution.
Another is its proposal that, if necessary, it may
review negotiations, with the public members
participating in what might be called “built-in
mediation and factfinding with recommenda-
594
tions.” Beyond this, the proposal would even
allow the public members to report publicly
on the status of negotiations. Finally, the
committee was formally asked to develop a plan
for division of the proceeds of the business, as
among stockholders, employees, and consumers.
The introduction of neutrals to help plan the
distribution of gross earnings also invites specula
tion, although so far no plan has been made
public. The principle is not altogether new,
but its practical implications deserve examination.
Our official policy of bilateral monopoly in labor
markets makes wages and profits often inde
terminate. Within limits, they are fixed by a
power struggle. By comparison, the older com
petitive principle that the only sound wage is
that unique one which clears the market, while
more honored in the breach than in the observance,
at least provided a functional standard for wages.
In theory, it supplied commutative but not
necessarily distributive justice—the employer pays
and the worker gets what the free market judges
to be the latter’s productive worth, not what he
“needs.” Inherent imperfections in the labor
market, supplemented by collective bargaining,
have made this principle obsolete in most situa
tions, requiring in its place either a power struggle
or an acceptable criterion of “fairness” to guide
the distribution of the proceeds of the firm.
The Kaiser Committee now has the unenviable
task of formulating just such a criterion.
If this doctrine spreads, it could go two ways.
It might lead to greater attention to the consumer
in collective bargaining, by passing back more of
the savings from technological progress as lower
prices, and less as increased profits and money
wages.
Alternatively, joint pressure could well develop
in favor of greater plowback of savings, “to develop
the business and enlarge its wage-paying capacity.” On the surface, this looks good, for it would
increase the productivity offset to higher money
wages. There are just two difficulties. First, if
the approach were widely followed in rapidly
progressing firms that also happen to be strategi
cally situated, it would strengthen the role of such
firms as the bellwether for wage patterns that in
turn would then spread to the more slowly advanc
ing or even stagnating and declining parts of the
economy. The upward pressure on wage costs
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1961
and prices would increase, making the desired
union between full employment and stable prices
even more difficult to achieve. Further, by free
ing the firm even more from competitive depend
ence upon the external capital market, greater
reinvestment rather than distribution of earning
would foster increased monopoly power.
Beyond this, the proposed distributive plan un
doubtedly contains the germs of industrial syn
dicalism—cooperation within competing producer
groups to exploit the rest of the economy. Given
a single product-marketwide union, employers in
the field are already driven to joint action in the
labor market. Suppose, now, they formalize this
with an association, superimposing a study com
mittee to work out an industrywide distribution
plan.
Trilateralism and Economic Equity
There is reason to doubt that any form of
trilateralism—the study committee, contract arbi
tration, or the high-level national conference—will
improve the overall economic quality of settle
ments, granting that relief may be had in cases of
severe distress.
The tradition is now established that wages
should rise considerably faster than the rate of
increase even in gross labor productivity. On the
one side, the corporate income tax reduces em
ployers’ resistance to inflationary settlements,
while public opinion still looks one-sidedly at the
intended benefits of wage gains, to the neglect of
their effects upon costs and prices. On the other,
union leaders still must serve their constituents,
and cannot get far with pleas for private restraint
for the public benefit, even if this were their domi
nant outlook.
However, the situation is not hopeless by any
means, even if it is unlikely to improve by intro
duction of supplementary tripartite devices.
Measures to increase total demand will yield econ
omies of higher productivity through larger vol
ume. If Federal tax policy could be revised to
increase the inducement to invest, faster replace
ment of obsolete plant and more innovation would
follow. If public opinion could become more
aware of the cost-price problem, this might well
temper inflationary behavior in wage-making and
price-setting.
595
WORK RULES AND JOB PROPERTY RIGHTS
The Work Rule Problem
and Property Rights in the Job
W illiam Gomberg*
T h e q u e s t i o n of work rules must plague any
dynamic society. Technological stagnation would
put an end to the work rule problem or, perhaps
better yet, the problem would never arise. Inno
vation subverts the stability of the managementlabor relationship, carefully worked out job
descriptions and established property rights in jobs
disappear overnight and are replaced by new job
descriptions requiring a reworking of new rela
tionships in the presence of contenders who are
refugees from the old technological climate. No
sooner are the new sets of rules developed than a
restless management again subverts the new
relationship with new innovations and new fights
replace old ones. The radical unionist fights
conservatively to hold on to his old jobs while the
conservative manager never stays in one place
long enough to let the dust settle.
The Property Right Concept
Practically all discussions of work rule problems
have proceeded upon a set of implicit assumptions.
Management has implied that it is entitled to a
volume of work that calls for the full exertion of
the worker just short of his physiological and
psychological limits. The trade unions have never
openly rebelled against this concept. They have,
therefore, adapted their arguments to this assump
tion and usually couched discussions about rules
in terms of health and safety. In the back of the
mind of the trade unionist is an emerging property
right which he is attempting to assert. The rituals
of our society are not yet ready to accommodate
this new concept, and so he conservatively at
tempts to secure his objective through indirection
by complying with the conventional rituals.
Many of the work rules define an emerging
property right of the worker in his job. For
example, a jurisdictional claim of a yard worker
that he and he alone can handle a train in the
yard, and the corresponding claim of a road worker
that he and he alone can handle a train on the
road, stem from a property right of each craft in
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
the particular job area. The equivalent of the
worker’s property deed is the collective agreement.
It would be silly and pointless to deny that work
in many cases could be performed more cheaply
if these property rights and the penalties for their
violation did not exist. In a democracy, however,
other values than those of productivity receive
equivalent attention from the community.
Work rules are insistently treated as a separate
question in collective bargaining, but are they, in
fact, unrelated to the other issues of bargaining?
The history of negotiations is an extremely com
plex story of the comparative weighting of differ
ent objectives. How many demands for additional
increases in wages were sacrificed in exchange for
a work rule? Any program to undertake the
revision of work rules must always keep these
considerations in the background.
Cases in Point
Excellent examples of what we are talking
about are provided by the recent conflicts over
contracting out between the crafts and industrial
unions. The maritime industry, the railroad in
dustry, and the steel industry provide more
classic kinds of examples.
The Pacific Coast longshoremen and the em
ployers were able to reach an agreement without
third party intervention. The setting up of the
railroad commission represents an effort to make
a new use of neutrals in collective bargaining.
The recommendations which they will make are
not compulsory.
Suppose, despite their best efforts at achieving
a consensus, despite heroic efforts to mediate the
demands of the parties, they are unable to gain an
agreement, what then? The strike is still open,
but largely as a ceremonial weapon rather than an
operational tool. Certainly the railroad unions
learned this lesson during the general strike of the
Locomotive Engineers during the Truman ad
ministration. Is compulsory arbitration the
answer? The stock answers are readily .available
with all of the examples of why, where, and how it
has not worked in the past. Suppose, however, we
set up a tribunal on the basis of a fundamental
acknowledgment of the worker’s property right
‘ Professor of Industry, University of Pennsylvania.
596
in his job; that it is not for the tribunal to decide
whether or not the job exists, but whether or not
the job deserves to be continued and if it deserves
not to be continued, what is the surrender of the
property right in the job worth? In other words,
assign to the tribunal the equivalent of the power
of eminent domain for the job area. Defining the
procedure and frame of reference for a compulsory
arbitration tribunal of this nature may lead to a
more real acceptance of its authority rather than
a wide-open tribunal that creates its own frame of
reference and its own sense of equity to suit itself.
Is the Obsolete Worker a Capital Charge?
The cost of obsolete workers should be viewed
as being as rational a charge on in d u stry as the
cost of obsolete machinery. There is no reason
why an enterprise should expect to create a depre
ciation reserve or an obsolescence reserve for hard
ware and at the same time be free of any similar
obligation for human ware. At present, the costs
of worker obsolescence are undertaken by the
community by the socialization of the charge
through unemployment insurance and by com
munity relief when the unemployment insurance
period has expired. Unemployment insurance has
been supplemented of late through supplemental
insurance benefits negotiated through collective
bargaining.
It is a truism that the more we keep our eco
nomic decisions decentralized and out of the State
sphere, the more we will break up unhealthy com
binations of power concentration with their ulti
mate political consequences. The movements for
severance pay are an attempt to move in the direc
tion of localized reserves for human obsolescence.
New experimentation with collective bargaining
devices at the local level can lead to a rational
procedure which will capitalize the earning power
of a worker who is deprived of his job property.
Payments can be related to criteria such as
worker age, prospective transferability of the
worker to other occupations, and earning oppor
tunities. In a sense, it becomes the obligation of
the private enterprise manager to treat labor as
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1961
a capital charge rather than a variable charge on
the enterprise. Top management personnel is
treated this way now; it is merely a matter of
extending this attitude toward labor obligations
down the plant hierarchy on the assumption that
a worker develops an equity in his job in a property
sense. To be sure this does not exclude the State
from many functions that can only be socialized,
like minimum standards of unemployment insur
ance and social security. However, an acceptance
by management of the job property principle
would lead to diversity in handling the problem at
the local level that can be treated by decentralized
decisionmaking. This would be in accord with
our unique cultural pluralism, characteristic of
the West.
A Plea for Experimentation
It has become clear that collective bargaining
is rapidly approaching an impasse. If it is to
survive, experiments with new institutions become
necessary. In a sense, this echoes a development
that took place when collective bargaining agree
ments began to break down administratively over
the process of grievance solving. The clothing
workers’ unions then pioneered the concept of a
permanent umpire, with a thorough knowledge of
the industry, who could propose equitable solu
tions. The previously employed system of ad hoc
arbitration of grievances had become increasingly
unsatisfactory: arbitrators, ignorant of all the
intricacies of union-management relationships in
the complex industry, often rendered decisions
that were judicially equitable but operationally
impossible. The ad hoc arbitrator had to become
a professional member of the family—albeit one
with a professional obligation to the public.
Today, increasing dissatisfaction with ad hoc
governmental intervention at the climax of nego
tiations for new contracts has led to a similar
experiment, again making use of “members of the
family” with a professional obligation to protect
the public interest. But this time, the experiment
is applied not merely to the settlement of griev
ances but to the actual formulation of contracts.
PROBLEMS OF THE WEST COAST LONGSHORE AGREEMENT
Problems of the West Coast
Longshore Mechanization Agreement
Lincoln F airley *
How Should the Money Be Raised?
O n c e it had b e e n agreed that the Pacific Mari
time Association would contribute a flat amount
[to the automation fund], there was a second ques
tion of how the money should be raised.1 Should
individual employers be assessed on a man-hour
or a tonnage basis?
The man-hour basis had been used in order to
raise the initial $1.5 million. The tonnage basis is
used now: 17K cents per ton of ordinary cargo,
5y2 cents per ton of bulk. Domestic operators are
paying the assessment, and no doubt have
amended their contracts with stevedores accord
ingly. In the case of foreign lines, the stevedore
pays the assessment and collects from the steam
ship company.
During the period when the man-hour basis was
being used, the stevedore contractors and the
foreign lines, who have little or no interest in
increased productivity, complained bitterly that
they were being compelled to subsidize the more
enterprising and progressive companies which
were pushing ahead on mechanization. Although
the tonnage basis now in use appears on the surface
to be more nearly equitable, payment in propor
tion to man-hours saved, with an adjustment for
capital cost, would be even more equitable.
Tax Problems
The parties have run into difficulties because
the unique character of the agreement does not
fit into existing categories of the Internal Revenue
Code. The agreement provides that contributions
to the fund shall be contingent upon the employers’
obtaining Internal Revenue Service approval for
treating contributions as business expense. To
secure approval, it may become necessary to
incorporate some portions of the program as
amendments to the existing pension plan and
possibly to make other minor modifications in the
agreement. Negotiations on this matter are
currently underway.
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597
Load Size
The agreement permits larger slingloads when
the conditions which governed the setting of
slingload limits no longer apply. The operating
employers have, in some instances, interpreted
this provision to permit enormously increased
slingloads without any compensating use of equip
ment or without adding any men. The men have
balked, protesting that they cannot “meet the
hook” when the loads are so big, that they are
being speeded up, and that the work is onerous.
The original slingload limits were adopted pri
marily to protect the men in the hold. If now,
without any change in equipment or manning
scale, they have to stow two tons in the same time
they formerly stowed one ton, they naturally
object. The employers have been told that under
these circumstances the hook will just have to
hang while the men stow cargo at the former rate.
The no speedup provision governs. Though the
Maritime Cargo Transportation Conference
studies show that considerable improvement in
productivity is possible with larger hold gangs, no
employers are so far experimenting with larger
gangs.
Multiple Handling
It was anticipated during negotiations that the
elimination of multiple handling on the dock, and
the consequent limitation on Teamster jurisdic
tion, might cause complications with the Team
sters. When the agreement became effective,
the Teamsters were told by our employers that
they could no longer build their loads on the dock;
they would have to build them on their trucks.
The Teamsters union objected and picketed the
docks first in Los Angeles and then in San Fran
cisco, despite attempts by the International
Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s Union and
our employers to confine the problem to a single
dock for test purposes. They argued that their
♦Research Director, International Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s
Union.
i Only the concluding section of Mr. Fairley’s paper, relating to present and
prospective problems flowing from the contract between the Pacific Maritime
Association and his union, has been excerpted. The earlier portions, dealing
with the negotiations and the substance of the agreement, were covered in
“ Working Rules in West Coast Longshoring,” by Max D. Kossoris, Monthly
Labor Review, January 1961, pp. 1-10.
598
agreements did not expire until July 1, 1961, and
that until they could renegotiate their contracts
they were not going to permit their members to
lose jobs.
The matter was worked out after a few days
through four-way negotiations involving PMA,
ILWTJ, the Teamsters union, and drayage asso
ciations up and down the coast. Except for
San Francisco, the agreement reached provides,
on a coastwise basis, for a return to the status quo
prior to the inauguration of our agreement and
for its continuance until July 1. After that date,
the new methods will go into effect on the docks.
The Teamsters union is planning to renegotiate its
contracts, possibly to include some provision
similar to ours by which they obtain some benefits
in return for loss of jobs. Meanwhile, multiple
handling continues on some jobs and the PMA
is considering whether to demand some compen
sating abatement of their contributions to the
fund.
In San Francisco, where this settlement was
turned down by the Teamsters, the PMA has sued
the Teamsters for damages and has brought
National Labor Relations Board charges. These
actions will be dropped if the local Teamsters
agree, meanwhile, to go along with the agreement
worked out for the rest of the coast.
It is important to point out that in this industry
and in the present instance, the basic jurisdic
tional struggle is not between the Teamsters and
the Longshoremen but between the drayage com
panies and the dock operators. What is necessary, by way of immediate solution, is for shippers
to give different orders to the drayage companies.
The longrun solution, which will prevail whatever
the outcome of the present jurisdictional beef, is
that technological advance will eliminate the work
which is now at issue. Most loads will be han
dled as units, with the result that neither team
sters nor longshoremen will be building loads on
the dock. That work will be done once and for
all by employees of the shipper.
The Effect on Future Wage Negotiations
What effect this will have on future wage nego
tiations is a nice question. Has the union, by
getting a side deal on mechanization, deprived
itself of an important argument for wage increases?
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A first answer may appear when wages are open
for negotiation [June 1961] and, failing agreement,
for settlement by arbitration. The union will
certainly insist that the mechanization agree
ment is wholly apart from wages, that employers
are recovering at least the equivalent of their
annual $5 million contribution through mechaniza
tion and rules changes—and if they are not, that
it is their own fault. The PMA may contend
that the mechanization agreement costs some
thing like 4y2percent of payroll, that on top of that
wages were increased 8 cents last June, and that
the union has always argued productivity gains in
the past as one basis for wage increases.
Actually in the past, productivity as a wage
argument has been accorded relatively little
attention, particularly by arbitrators. The em
ployers have on occasion argued that the men
were not entitled to an increase because produc
tivity in the industry was low and falling, while
the union has argued, on the basis of national
productivity gains, that unless productivity is
taken into account living standards cannot be
increased. Decisions, as in most industries, have
been largely made on the basis of other factors.
To hazard a guess, I would say that if the wage
issue is settled in negotiations, the influence of the
mechanization agreement will be governed largely
by how smoothly the agreement is working. If a
lot of difficulties are being experienced which the
PMA can attribute to the union or to the men, the
employers will not be disposed to grant a wage
increase, or not as much as they otherwise might.
If the matter goes to arbitration, who can predict
what an arbitrator will do?
Is Mechanization Bargainable?
Though many employers consider that mechani
zation is wholly an employer prerogative, the PMA
never took this position. From the start, it
recognized that the union had a legitimate interest,
and it was willing to concede that the men were
entitled to a “share of the machine.” It is true
that its position may have been in part a recogni
tion that without the cooperation of the union,
it could not hope to accomplish its objective of
greater managerial freedom and elimination of
restrictive practices, at least without a prolonged
struggle. Nevertheless, its position represents a
PROBLEMS OF THE WEST COAST LONGSHORE AGREEMENT
more farsighted attitude than prevails in many
industries. From the standpoint of economics,
mechanization and productivity are certainly
proper subjects for bargaining. If wage bargain
ing is restricted to the amount of payment per
hour, the question of how much work is done in an
hour remains to be fought out on the job in those
cases where the men are in a position to fight, or,
in the more usual case, for the employer to deter
mine. A complete bargain, of course, includes the
rate of work as well as the compensation.
Is Third Party Participation Necessary?
Both the ILWU and the PMA feel strongly
that on a complicated issue of this sort no outsider
can be of any real assistance. If the parties can
not work out a satisfactory solution, a third party
is even less likely to be able to do so. Even though
at times during the 5 months of negotiating, one
party or the other might in frustration have de
manded that the matter be referred to the perma
nent coast arbitrator, neither party did so. A
representative of the U.S. Maritime Administra
tion attended the negotiations but did not partici
pate in any fashion. No conciliators were
called in.
The union, in fact (I cannot speak for PMA),
deplores what appears to be a trend toward outside
participation—we would say “interference”—in
matters properly handled through collective bar
gaining. We are opposed, whether the third party
be the Government or college professors. We
think the Bi-State Waterfront Commission on the
East Coast was unnecessary and undesirable,
despite some of the serious situations it was de
signed to correct, and despite some of the good
things which it has done. We have strenuously
opposed proposals which have been made from
time to time for the establishment in the maritime
industry of Government machinery similar to that
in the railroad industry. We are skeptical of the
tripartite bodies set up by last year’s steel negotia
tions and in the packinghouse industry. As far as
we can learn, the}^ are accomplishing very little, at
great expense to the parties.
So far as our present agreement goes, we agree
with Donald Crawford when he told a conference
at the Wharton School last December: “Maybe
Bridges gave away the union and maybe the
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
599
waterfront employers association sold out the
stockholders. But of this I am sure: no matter
how bad a deal it was, still the association and the
union each made a better deal for itself than the
central government would provide for them.”
The essential point is equally valid if one thinks
the deal is a good one.
Can the Agreement Help Solve Unemployment?
We are protecting our own members to a very
considerable extent against the threat of unem
ployment and loss of earnings in the industry, hut
by so doing are closing the door on younger
workers who are seeking jobs in the industry.
There is no difference in this respect between what
we are doing and what happens in any industry
as productivity rises without a corresponding
increase in production. The difference lies in
the fact that, in this case, the union is a party to
closing the doors and this has exposed us to sharp
criticism even from some in our own ranks.
The “B” men awaiting advancement to full
registration have naturally objected that the
agreement discriminates against them, and their
cause has been supported by outside observers.
Yet these same observers would not think of
criticizing the steel industry for not employing
men whom they do not need. The point, appar
ently, is that the union should not be party to
limiting the number of workers in an industry, even
though the limitation is required in the interests
of efficient operation. If the union insists on
keeping unnecessary workers on the job, it is
attacked for featherbedding; if it cooperates to
improve efficiency and the security of its members,
it is being selfish and discriminatory.
As I have indicated, the union has reserved the
right, at any opening during the life of the agree
ment, to seek a reduction in the work shift. We
expect to move in this direction when and if the
situation is propitious. This, so far as we know,
is the only way that a union, through collective
bargaining, can help to meet the problem of the
displacement of men by new machines and new
methods.
We are convinced that national legislation and
national planning will be required to cope with
the chronic unemployment crisis which confronts
the country.
600
Will the Method Work in Other Industries?
This question cannot be answered satisfactorily
within the limits of this paper; besides, it would
require another author, one far more familiar than
I with conditions prevailing in other industries.
What I propose to do is simply to list the factors
which, in my judgment, have contributed toward
making the plan workable in the West Coast
longshore industry:
1. Productivity must advance at a pace no faster than
the work force is reduced by attrition. Within our own
jurisdiction, the work force in the Hawaii sugar industry
has been cut by more than half—with the same output—
in less than two decades. It would have been impossible
to negotiate a similar agreement under these circumstances.
There we have experimented with some interesting varia
tions on severance pay, but we have had to accept sub
stantial layoffs.
2. The union must have something to sell in the way of
work rules or work practices which the industry considers
worth buying. Many, if not most, unions have never
achieved such a position. They do not have manning
scales, or agreed-on workloads, or any say as to the condi
tions which shall prevail when new equipment is intro
duced. In such cases, the union can seek severance pay,
or retraining allowances, or transfer to new locations, but
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1961
it cannot bargain away valuable rules because it does not
own any.
3.
The union must have the discipline to deliver what
it agrees to give up. The process in our union of con
vincing the membership that it was desirable at this time
to move in this direction began as early as 1957 and is still
going on. Besides several caucuses, the matter has been
discussed at many union meetings, has been presented in
printed form, and was voted upon in a coastwide refer
endum last winter. Without such an educational process,
the men would never have been willing to change working
conditions which they had fought for originally and had
enjoyed for years.
Without pretending to any careful analysis of
conditions prevailing in these industries, it seems
to us that the ILWU-PMA approach might be
applicable, with appropriate variations to meet
different situations, to the railroad industry, to the
printing trades, and to some sections of the truck
ing industry. We have had inquiries from the
union side from local officials in each of these
industries but do not have information as to
whether the plan is seriously under consideration.
In the mass production industries, we doubt that
the unions are in a position to embrace such a
program even if they desired to do so.
Special Labor Force Reports
E ditor ’s N ote .— The
two articles which follow are part of a series of reports on
special labor force subjects formerly covered in Series P-50 of the Bureau of
the Census Current Population Reports. Reprints of these articles will be
available upon request to the Bureau or to any of its regional offices (listed
on the inside front cover of this issue).
Long-Term Unemployment
in the United States
J ane L. M eredith *
I n A pril 1961, the long-term unemployed num
bered 2.1 million—the highest figure for the post
war period. This group of workers who had been
looking for jobs 15 weeks or longer accounted for
more than 40 percent of the total out of work and
included 900,000 persons unemployed for 6 months
or more.
A long period of unsuccessful jobseeking usually
represents a real crisis in the personal life of an
individual and irrecoverable loss, both to himself
and the economy, of the fruits of his productive
power which goes unused during this time. For
these reasons, the very large magnitude of long
term unemployment in early 1961 is one of the
most important aspects of the employment situa
tion. A large proportion of the long-term unem
ployed—about two-fifths in April 1961—were
married men, for whom extended unemployment
is particularly severe because they have the pri
mary responsibility for support of their families.
While family savings and unemployment insurance
help in periods when the head of the family is
looking for a job, both are often used up when he
is out of work 15 weeks or longer. Exhaustions
of unemployment insurance benefits were wide
spread among family heads and other workers by
early 1961, as in previous periods of business
recession. In recognition of the plight of these
workers and the increasing impact of long-term
unemployment, legislation temporarily extending
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
the period of eligibility for these payments was
enacted by the U.S. Congress in March.1
During the months before pickup from the
winter lull in economic activity is complete, the
number of long-term unemployed is considerably
larger than levels for the rest of the year. April
is the seasonal peak in long-term unemployment
(about one-third higher than the annual average)
so that approximately 600,000 of the 2.1 million
total could be traced to the winter lull in economic
activity.
On a seasonally adjusted basis, the number of
long-term unemployed had shown an increase of
800,000 from the 1960 low point in May to April
1961. This gives a rough measure of the amount
of long-term unemployment that can be attributed
to the current recession. In addition, recovery
from the previous recession had been incomplete,
and the May 1960 level was about 300,000 higher
than the pre-1958 levels. However, even with a
strong recovery, many of the long-term unem
ployed who initially lost their jobs because of the
economic downturn may not be rehired; some of
the jobs which were eliminated during the recession
may have disappeared permanently.
Turnover in Unemployment
Despite the high level of long-term unemploy
ment in early 1961, turnover was fairly high among
the unemployed. About a third of all unemployed
persons in April had become jobless since the
previous month. The present situation is a long
*Of the Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics, Bureau of
Labor Statistics.
1 Public Law 87-6, 87th Cong., 1st sess. (Mar. 24, 1961).
601
602
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1961
T a b l e 1.
L ong-T erm U n em plo y ed ,
Average of monthly data
Year
1959______
1958______
1957______
1956______
1955______
1955-59
Cumulative weeks during
calendar year
Number
(thousands)
As percent of
total unem
ployed
Number
(thousands)
1,040
1,452
560
533
703
27.3
31.0
19.1
18.9
24.2
3,703
5,038
3,352
2,605
2,679
As percent of
total with un
employment 1
34.1
40.5
31.5
29.8
27.3
1 Total who worked at any time during the year and also were unemployed.
way from the picture of unemployment during
the 1930’s: a large mass of more or less perma
nently displaced workers with no prospects or hope
for reemployment. Fortunately, this has not been
the picture of national unemployment for the last
20 years, although in recent years a number of
geographic pockets of chronic unemployment have
developed.
Although four recessions have occurred since
the end of World War II, the overall unemploy
ment rate (seasonally adjusted) has at no time
exceeded 7% percent, whereas from 1931 to 1940
it was fairly consistently over 15 percent. More
over, unlike the prewar situation, postwar unem
ployment has been characterized by spells of un
employment of relatively brief average duration.
In the postwar period, the proportion unemployed
for 15 weeks or more has rarely exceeded onethird. On the other hand, as late as April 1940,
two-thirds of the unemployed had been without
jobs for more than 3 months. Taking an average
for the postwar period as a whole, about half the
persons who were unemployed in any month were
no longer unemployed the following month.
They were replaced by newcomers to the unem
ployed who either lost or quit jobs or entered the
labor force to look for work. After allowance for
seasonal factors, this turnover rate has ranged
from a high of about 65 percent during periods of
very low unemployment (1953) to a low of about
35 percent during periods of high unemployment,
such as in the late summer of 1958.
With this high degree of turnover, the group of
persons who remain unemployed for extended
periods has usually not been very large.2 On a
seasonally adjusted basis, the long-term unem
ployment rate (conventionally defined as the num
ber out of work 15 weeks or longer as a percent
of the total unemployed) has ranged from a low of
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between 10 and 15 percent in 1951-53 to a peak
35 to 40 percent in 1958, generally fluctuating
between 20 and 25 percent.
However, surveys of the work experience of the
population during an entire calendar year suggest
that the problem of long-term unemployment is
more serious than indicated by our monthly sur
veys of the labor force (which give us a crosssectional snapshot as of one particular week each
month). A high proportion of the unemployed
have more than one spell of unemployment during
a calendar year. In 1959, for example, 39 percent
of those with any unemployment had two or more
spells, including 22 percent who had three or more.
Most such persons would be reported as short
term unemployed in the current monthly surveys,
but for many of them, the cumulative amount of
working time lost during the entire calendar year
would be more than 15 weeks. For this reason,
the proportion unemployed 15 weeks or longer as
measured in work experience surveys covering an
entire calendar year tends to be higher than the
average proportion as measured in monthly
surveys (table 1).
Sources of Long-term Unemployment
The widest variations in the number of people
subject to extended periods of unemployment arise
from changes in the general level of economic
activity. During the postwar period, the number
unemployed 15 weeks or longer about tripled
between the levels in prosperous years and those
during business downturns. During recessions,
the rate of long-term unemployment varied from
one-fourth to nearly two-fifths. In contrast, only
one-eighth of all unemplo37ed persons were out of
work 15 weeks or longer in 1948, and an even
smaller proportion during 1953—a period when
economic activity was greatly expanded by the
Korean conflict. The long-term unemployment
rate averaged about 20 percent between the reces
sions of 1954 and 1958.
Long-term unemployment failed to return to
prerecession levels after 1958. For 1959 as a
whole, it was over one-fourth of the jobless total—
2
On the other hand, a high rate of turnover means that many workers are
affected by unemployment (however briefly) at some time during the course
of a calendar year. In the 5-year period for which such measurements are
available (1955-59), the total with unemployment fluctuated between 10
million in 1956 and 14 million in 1958.
603
LONG-TERM UNEMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES
higher than lates for the earlier recession—affected
years of 1949-50 and 1954-55. Although this
situation improved through the first half of 1960
(on a seasonally adjusted basis), by the last
quarter of the year, long-term joblessness began to
show a substantial increase, lagging the rise in
total unemployment which had begun toward the
end of the second quarter. (See table 2.) By
early 1961, it represented about 30 percent of the
total out of work—-a rate not reached until May
of the 1958 recession, 1 month after the trough.
Toward the end of 1958 the long-term jobless rate
reached nearly 40 percent by November, lagging
the upturn in the economic situation which had
begun several months earlier. Therefore, if past
recessions are a reliable guide to the present, long
term unemployment is likely to rise for several
months (seasonally adjusted) even after recovery
from the 1960-61 recession begins. Initial hiring
is often concentrated among the more skilled and
experienced workers who were laid off last. Sev
eral months may therefore elapse before those who
lost their jobs in the early stages of the recession
are rehired.
As just noted, changes in long-term unemploy
ment generally lag the turning points in total un
employment by several months, both in the reces
sion and recovery phases of the cycle. As would
be expected, an even greater time lag occurs for
those out of work 27 weeks or longer. For example,
about 8 percent of the unemployed were out of
work 6 months or more in 1957, as compared with
15 percent in 1959 in the aftermath of the 1958
recession. The number of these very long-term
unemployed was rising by early 1961. Although
they represented only a slightly higher proportion
of total unemployment than a year earlier, the
prospects are that this proportion will continue to
rise for at least several months.
Although cyclical influences have had the great
est effect on long-term unemployment, there has
also been a tendency for unemployment to remain
at a somewhat higher level after recovery from a
business downturn. The number of workers hav
ing extended periods of unemployment averaged
between 300,000 and 400,000 in 1947-48 and fell
to an annual low of 200,000 during the Korean
conflict; in recent years of bigh employment, such
as 1956-57, their number averaged above the half
million mark. Following the 1958 recession, this
total was about 800,000. (See chart 1.)
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A part of any upward trend in a component of
the labor force is usually attributable to growth
in the size of the labor force itself. However,
labor force growth has been an almost negligible
factor in explaining the uptrend in long-term job
lessness. In the first place, at no time during the
past 14 years did the long-term unemployed rep
resent more than about 2% percent of the labor
force; they averaged only 1 percent during the
entire 14-year period. Assuming no change in
long-term unemployment as a percent of the labor
force, even very large increases in the labor force
would add only a small number of persons to the
long-term unemployed. Furthermore, most of the
additions to the labor force were adult women,
among whom long-term unemployment is rela
tively low. At the same time, the number of
young workers aged 20-24, who have high propor
tions of their number in the labor force among the
long-term jobless, actually declined. The com
position of the work force therefore shifted de
cidedly in favor of groups with relatively few
long-term unemployed, offsetting even the small
effect of labor force growth in the uptrend.
Since expansion of the labor force accounts for
very little of the uptrend, it must be attributed
to an increasing tendency toward extended un
employment within specific groups, a tendency
apparently associated with basic changes in the
structure of the economy. For example, shifts in
demand have brought about persistent employ
ment declines in such sectors as mining and rail
roads. Workers in specific geographical areas have
been the victims of plant shutdowns or relocations,
as in the textile industry previously concentrated
T able 2.
L ong -T erm U nem ployed , S easonally
ju st e d , J anuary 1960-A pr il 1961
Year and month
Number
(thousands)
As percent of
total unem
ployed
A d
As percent
of civilian
labor force
956
24.3
1.4
1960: January__________
February_________
March_________
April_____ -- May--------- -------June_____________
July-------------------August___________
September____ October-------------November________
December________
934
836
946
883
780
829
897
935
991
1,242
1,256
1,184
25.5
24.7
24.8
24.4
21.9
21.6
23.2
22.6
24.5
28.1
28.6
24.6
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.3
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.8
1.8
1.7
1961: January----- ---------February_________
March___________
April____________
1,375
1,408
1,448
1,561
29.0
28.8
29.1
31.9
1.9
2.0
2.0
2.2
1960: Annual average___
604
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1961
in New England. There are a number of depressed
labor market areas where the supply of labor has
substantially exceeded demand for a long period
of time, including such major production centers
as Pittsburgh and Detroit. Many such areas are
in the Middle Atlantic and East North Central
States—States which have had substantially higher
rates of long-term unemployment in comparison
with most other regions during recent years.
Certain groups of persons are particularly vul
nerable to long-term unemployment of a structural
nature. Technological change presents special
problems for older workers when the skill which
has been the basis for their entire work experience
becomes obsolete in their present place of employ
ment. These older persons find it more difficult
to relocate geographically because of such factors
as family and community ties and homeownership. Learning new skills may also present more
of a problem for them.
In addition to unemployment with cyclical or
structural origins, some degree of long-term job
lessness may also result from seasonal or other
frictional situations in the economy, which are
present to a certain extent even in periods of
business expansion. The effect of seasonality is
especially apparent in outdoor work where weather
changes bring sharp employment fluctuations in
agriculture and the construction industry. Slack
periods in many other industries are also concen
trated in the first 2 or 3 months of the year, as
both industrial production and consumer demand
drop off from the high levels reached during the
fourth quarter. Since workers with less skill and
experience tend to be laid off first and hired last,
some of those laid off as the slack period begins do
not get rehired or find other employment until
they have been out of work 15 weeks or longer.
Long-term unemployment therefore usually
reaches a peak in April, even though the overall
unemployment level has already started to drop
between February and March. In recent years,
the April level has been about 75 percent greater
than in November, typically the low month for the
year.
A somewhat less significant source of frictional
unemployment comes from the high degree of
mobility in the American work force. The high
jobless rates for young people indicate that entry
into the labor force usually entails an initial period
of unemployment, with some requiring more than
3 months to find jobs. Such frictional unemploy-
Chart 1. Total and Lons-Term Unemployed, Seasonally A djusted, January 1 9 4 8 -A p ril 1961
Thousands o f persons
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605
LONG-TERM UNEMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES
T
able
3.
L ong- T erm U n em pl o y e d ,
Age and sex
A ge
by
and
S e x , F ir s t Q u a r t e r A v e r a g e s , 1957, 1960,
Percent distribution
As percent of total unemployed
in each group
1961
1960
1957
1961
1960
1961
As percent of civilian labor force
in each group
1957
1961
1960
1957
Both sexes_______________ _______
29.1
25.2
19.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
2.3
1.5
0.9
Male, 14 years and over_________________
18 to 24 years________ ______________
25 to 44 years_______________________
45 years and o v e r - ......... .......................
30.9
28.3
28.9
35.9
26.5
23.4
24.2
31.0
21.0
15.5
18.9
27.5
72.6
14.9
26.4
27.2
72.1
14.7
24.5
27.7
73.3
11.7
24.0
32.9
2.5
4.4
2.0
2.4
1.6
2.9
1.2
1.6
1.0
1.5
.7
1.1
Female, 14 years and over____ __________
18 to 24 years_______________________
25 to 44 years._____ ___________ _____
45 years and over___________________
25.1
22.9
25.5
29.5
22.2
18.2
20.9
29.9
15.5
12.5
16.7
19.6
27.4
6.4
11.2
9.0
27.9
6.3
10.1
10.3
26.7
5.6
11.5
9.1
1.9
2.7
1.9
1.5
1.3
1.8
1.1
1.2
.7
.9
.7
.7
N
ote:
Because of rounding, sums of individual percentages may not add to 100.
ment tends to last longer when there is a general
scarcity of job openings. Voluntary job changing
may also result in extended unemployment for a
few persons, some of whom can afford to be partic
ularly selective about the type of job they will
accept (e.g., professional and managerial workers).
A study of work experience and job mobility for
the year 1955 showed that about 20 percent of all
workers who changed jobs voluntarily during the
year and who had some unemployment were out
of work 15 weeks or more.
Characteristics of the Long-Term Unemployed
The long-term unemployed include a relatively
high proportion of persons with difficult employ
ment problems—the older worker, nonwhites, the
less skilled and less educated, and workers from
declining occupations, industries, or areas. These
workers are at a disadvantage in the competition
for jobs regardless of the level of economic activity.
Conversely, the short-term unemployed are more
likely to be persons who have recently entered the
labor market or workers who are in the course of
changing jobs; although in recent years, those
with no previous work experience—primarily
young persons—have accounted for a dispropor
tionate amount of the increase in long-term
unemployment.
In 1960, 25 percent of the long-term unemployed
were persons who had last worked in the expanding
sectors of the economy—finance, trade, or services.
Of course, some of these workers resided in areas
where the entire economy was depressed and some
may have shifted into these industries after losing
jobs as miners, railroaders, textile mill operatives,
etc. Altogether, 40 percent of the long-term un
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employed had last worked in manufacturing or in
such related sectors as mining and transportation.
Another 15 percent were from such highly seasonal
industries as agriculture and construction.
Age and Sex. Women generally report shorter
periods of jobseeking than do men in comparable
age groups. In addition to their greater mobility
into and out of the labor force, women are more
likely than men to be employed as retail store
clerks, office workers, or domestic service workers,
where the rates of long-term unemployment are
below average.
Adult men, particularly those aged 45 and over,
tend to have relatively long periods of joblessness
once they become unemployed. These older men
are usually better protected from the loss of a job
by seniority rights and their own work experience,
but once unemployed, they experience more
difficulty in finding new jobs. About one out of
every three older workers was out of work 15
weeks or more in 1960 as compared with one of
four among all the unemployed. Among these
older workers who became unemployed, one in
every five was jobless 6 months or more—twice
as high as the proportion for all other workers.
(See table 3.)
In both prosperity and recession, substantially
larger proportions of young persons than adults in
the labor force are looking for work, so that unem
ployment of both short and long duration affect a
larger part of the young work force. However, in
terms only of those who are unemployed, the pro
portion of young persons who remain unemployed
for as long as 15 weeks is not as high as that for older
workers. In high employment years, much unem
ployment among young persons is associated with
606
entry into the labor force and voluntary shifting
between jobs—problems which can often be
worked out before joblessness extends as long as 15
weeks.
One of the serious problems in a labor market
surplus situation, such as that which characterized
both 1960 and 1961, is that young people have
increased difficulty finding jobs. Increases in
long-term unemployment have occurred among
all age-sex groups since 1957. However, a dis
proportionately large part of the increase has
occurred among young men and women in the
18- to 24-year age bracket. In a generally sur
plus labor market, these young people with little
experience have greater difficulty in being placed
in new jobs, are more vulnerable to layoff, and
take longer to find other jobs or to get rehired.
In the 1960-61 downturn, men aged 25 to 44,
many of whom work in the recession-hit durable
goods industries, were relatively more affected by
the increase in extended joblessness than were
older men. However, older men continued to
have the highest rates of long-term unemployment.
Marital Status. Within comparable age groups,
married men usually experience shorter periods
of joblessness than do other groups of unem
ployed men, probably partly because they must of
necessity make a more intensive search for a job
and often must accept one regardless of the level
of wages or other conditions. (See table 4.)
There is also some evidence that, age by age,
married men tend to be employed in somewhat
higher skill-level occupations, where long-term
unemployment is less common. While married
men accounted for half of the labor force in 1960,
they represented only 37 percent of the long
term unemployed. However, from early 1960 to
early 1961, this proportion had risen to 41 percent.
Long periods without work are especially difficult
for these workers as they usually have primary
responsibility for support of their families. Many
are helped through these periods by unemploy
ment compensation and some by the employment
of other family members (usually the wife).
Kecent studies have shown that in about twofifths of all families where the head has been out
of work 15 weeks or more, another family member
was employed.3 In most cases, the earnings
of these secondary workers are substantially
below those of employed male family heads.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1961
T able 4. L ong-T erm U nem ployed , by M arital S tatus
and A ge and by C olor , F irst Q u a rter A verages ,
1960, 1961
Marital status, age, and color
M arital Status
and
As percent
of total
unemployed
in each
group
1961
1960
29.1
Percent
distribu
tion
1961
As percent
of civilian
labor force
in each
group
1960
1961
25.2 m o
100.0
2.3
1.5
21.4
29.9
18.9
3.1
24. 5 37.7
2.6
33.0
2.2
1.8
1.2
1.0
30.0
38.9
37.7
24.9
37.4
30.8
15.5
9.0
7.3
16.4
11.9
7.9
5.3
4.5
4.7
3.8
3.9
3.4
16.9
26.6
15.9
23.4
1.9
12.2
1.9
11.9
2.1
1.7
1.5
1.1
23.1
0)
25.6
18.5
0)
24.0
4.7
2.1
6.6
5.0
2.2
6.9
2.4
1.4
2.1
1.8
.9
1.5
25.2 100.0 100.0
2.3
1.5
23.9
30.2
2.0
4.5
3.5
1960
A ge
Total__________ ____ _____
Male
Married, spouse present:
14 to 24 years_______________
25 years and o v e r ._______. . .
Single:
14 to 24 years_____ _______
25 years and over____________
Other 1________________________
Female
Married, spouse present:
14 to 24 years___________ ____
25 years and over____ . . . . . . .
Single:
. ...
14 to 24 years........... .
25 years and over_________ . . .
O ther1_______ _______ ___ _ . . .
C olor
T otal.___ ________________ 29.1
White____ _________________
28.4
Nonwhite______________________ 32.1
78.3
21.8
75.0
25.0
1.3
1 Includes married, spouse absent; widowed; and divorced.
2 Percent not shown where base is less than 100,000.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual percentages may not add
to 100.
Color. Nonwhite workers who become jobless
have substantialy higher rates of long-term unem
ployment than do unemployed white workers.
About one-third of all unemployed nonwhite
men and one-fourth of unemployed nonwhite
women were out of work 15 weeks or more in
1960, compared with one-fourth and one-fifth of
jobless white men and women workers, respec
tively. In the first quarter of 1961, nonwhites
represented a little more than 20 percent of all
workers jobless 15 weeks or more, but only 10
percent of the civilian labor force.
Non white workers also account for a dispro
portionately high share of the total unemployed.
Although this is partly attributable to the greater
concentration of nonwhites in less skilled occupa
tions, where unemployment is high, unemploy
ment rates are higher for nonwhites occupation
by occupation and industry by industry. The
same appears to be true of the long-term unem
ployed. Data available on duration of unemploy3
See “ Marital and Family Characteristics of Workers, March 1960,”
Monthly Labor Review, April 1961, pp. 355-364, reprinted as Special Labor
Force Report No. IS.
LONG-TERM UNEMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES
ment by industry and color indicate that even
within major industry groups, rates of long-term
unemployment are significantly higher for non
white workers.
Half the farm wage workers who were unem
ployed sometime during 1959 were out of work
15 weeks or more, with one-fourth of them jobless
for a total of 6 months or more. Forty percent
of the unemployed construction workers were
jobless 15 weeks or more, as against one-third
for all wage and salary workers who experienced
some unemployment. At least a third of the
unemployed from agriculture or construction had
three or more spells of unemployment during the
year, whereas for all jobless wage and salary
workers, only one-fifth experienced such recurrent
unemployment. Private household (domestic
service) workers, who typically have very little
job security, also showed high rates of recurrent
unemployment.
The 1960-61 business downturn brought sub
stantial increases in long-term unemployment in
most major industry groups. However, the reces
sion especially affected workers in durable goods
manufacturing, where the long-term unemploy
ment rate rose from one-fourth to one-third from
early 1960 to 1961. (See table 5.) Those with
no previous work experience—many of them
young persons—as well as workers from the
service industries also accounted for a dispropor
tionate share of the overall increase in long-term
unemployment since 1957. The rise in the rate
among workers in the service industries may
reflect the fact that workers had taken and lost
temporary jobs in these industries after having
been laid off from manufacturing or other sectors.
The effects of structural change or a business
downturn on long-term unemployment rates in a
particular industry may in some cases be obscured
Industry. Long individual spells of unemployment
are more prevalent than average in durable goods
manufacturing—both in periods of high and low
business activity—and in industries where employ
ment has been showing a long-term downtrend,
such as mining and railroading. For the past
few years, long-term unemployment has been
especially severe in the metal and metalworking
sectors of hard goods manufacturing (mainly
steel, autos, and machinery) and in the textiles
sector of soft goods manufacturing. In a few
other industries where overall unemployment is
quite low, such as public administration, large
proportions of the jobless are out of work 15
weeks or more. However, with the total level
of unemployment in government so low, the long
term jobless apparently reflect unique individual
employment problems rather than an industry
wide problem.
In another group of industries—construction
and agriculture—a high proportion of the workers
with any unemployment have several spells of
joblessness during the year. On a monthly basis,
long-term unemployment in this group represents
less of the jobless total than in many other
industries. However, when the total amount of
unemployment experienced during a calendar
year is cumulated, the extent of joblessness
occurring among these workers is above the
average for all workers (chart 2).
T able 5.
607
L ong -T erm U nem ploy ed , by M ajor I ndustry G r o u p , F irst Q u a rter A verages , 1957, 1960, 1961
Major industry group
As percent of total unemployed
in each group
1961
1960
1957
Percent distribution
1961
1960
As percent of civilian labor force
in each group
1957
1961
1960
1957
T o ta l1....... .............................................
29.1
25.2
19.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
2.3
1.5
0.9
Wage and salary workers:
Agriculture.................................................
Forestry, fisheries, and mining________
Construction_______________________
Manufacturing_____________________
Durable goods.-. - _____________
Nondurable goods. _____________
Transportation and public utilities....... Wholesale and retail trade........... ...........
Services and finance_________________
Public administration_______________
Persons with no previous work experience..
24.3
37.0
24.6
32.1
34.1
28.5
33.2
24.3
27.9
36.8
35.2
27.9
38.1
22.3
26.3
27.5
25.1
30.3
23.7
23.4
23.7
29.6
15.9
(*)
17.9
22.7
23.1
22.4
19.0
15.2
16.1
(2)
22.3
3.6
2.3
12.6
33.6
22.6
11.0
6.0
13.1
13.9
2.4
9.5
5.5
3.1
15.0
28.0
15.2
12.8
6.5
15.0
13.5
2.2
8.8
3.9
3.0
15.0
32.7
17.7
15.0
5.2
14.8
11.6
2.7
7.4
3.7
5.5
5.5
3.0
3.7
2.3
2.1
1.9
1.3
1.1
3.9
4.3
4.2
1.6
1.5
1.7
1.4
1.5
.9
.7
1.7
2.4
2.6
1.1
1.0
1.2
.7
.9
.5
.5
1 Total includes the self-employed and unpaid family workers.
1 Percent not shown where base is less than 100,000.
5 9 4 9 1 1 — 61— —3
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual percentages may not add
to 100.
608
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1961
Chart 2. Long-Term Unemployment Rates, 1959
Unemployment of I5 weeks or more
as percent of total with unemployment
50.0 ~
7 -7 - 1
MAJOR INDUSTRY GROUP
40.0
Annual average of
monthly data.
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during entire
calendar year.
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LONG-TERM UNEMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES
by job mobility, i.e., a few unemployed workers
from one industry may subsequently find tempo
rary jobs in other industries. Upon losing this
latter job, they would be counted as unemployed
from the industry of the temporary job. Com
parison of data on industry of longest job held
during the year with the monthly data lends
moderate support to this hypothesis, since the
average of the monthly data shows a slightly
larger concentration of the unemployed in trade
and services—industries where temporary work is
often available—and a slightly smaller proportion
in manufacturing (table 6).
Occupation. Unskilled and semiskilled workers
are faced with long periods of unemployment to a
much greater degree than those at higher skill
levels (table 7). Nonfarm laborers typically have
the most difficulty finding jobs once they are
thrown out of work. Thirty percent of these
workers looked for jobs at least 15 weeks in 1960,
and 15 percent of them were out of work 6 months
or longer. The problem is only slightly less severe
for semiskilled operatives, most of whom last had
jobs in the volatile manufacturing sector. Both
T
able
6.
T
o t a l U n e m p l o y e d , b y M a jo r
O c c u p a t io n G r o u p s , 1959
I n dustry
and
[Percent distribution]
Average of unem Total unem
ployed each
ployed sometime
Major Industry and occupation groups month, classified during the year,
by last job held 1 classified by
longest job held 2
I ndustry
Wage and salary workers In all
Industries...................................
100.0
100.0
Agriculture................... .........................
Forestry, fisheries, and mining_______
Construction_____________________
M anufacturing...___ _____________
Transportation and public utilities___
Wholesale and retail trade.....................
Services and finance...............................
Public administration............................
4.9
2.0
14.7
32 4
5.8
19.1
18.8
2.2
5.5
1.8
16.0
35.5
5.8
17 3
17.3
1.8
All occupations.............................
100.0
100.0
Professional and managerial w orkers...
Clerical and sales workers____ ______
Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred
workers........... .............. ....................
Operatives and kindred workers_____
Private household w o rk ers.................
Service workers, except private household..................................... .................
Laborers, except farm and mine______
Farmers and farm laborers.....................
6.3
15.5
5.5
14.7
14.1
28.8
3.3
17.1
31.7
2.9
11.9
15.7
4.4
9.5
13.1
5.4
O c c u p a t io n
1 Excludes those with no previous work experience.
2 Excludes those who did not work during year, but looked for work.
N o t e : Because of rounding, sums of individual percentages may not add
to 100.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
609
T able 7.
pation
L ong -T erm U nem ployed , by M ajor O ccu
G r o u p , F ir st Q u a rter A verages , 1960, 1961
Major occupation group
As percent
As percent
of total
Percent
of civilian
unemployed distribution labor force
in each
in each
group
group
1961
T o ta l1....................................... 29.1
1960
1961
1960
1961
1960
25.2 100.0 100.0
2.3
1.5
White-collar workers........... ............
Professional and managerial
workers__________________
Clerical and kindred w orkers...
Sales workers....... .......................
24.5
20.9
15.8
16.2
0.8
0.6
26.8
25.9
18.6
22.6
20.1
20.5
5.2
7.8
2.8
4.8
7.7
3.8
.5
1.2
1.0
.3
.8
.9
Blue-collar workers............................
Craftsmen, formen, and kindred workers______________
Operatives and kindred workers.
Laborers, except farm and mine.
30.4
25.8
59.9
58.3
3.8
2.3
28.2
30.2
33.4
23.6
26.9
26.0
14.9
29.6
15.4
14.0
28.3
15.9
2.7
3.7
6.7
1.6
2.2
4.2
Service workers.................................. 28.5
Farm laborers..................................... 22.1
Persons with no previous work experience.......................................... 35.2
25.7
27.2
11.8
2.9
11.9
4.5
2.1
2.2
1.4
2.6
29.6
9. 5
8.8
1 Farmers and farm managers included in total.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not add to 100
of these groups also have relatively high overall
rates of unemployment, so that the high propor
tions whose jobseeking extends as long as 15 weeks
represent a large share of their number in the labor
force.
Professional and managerial workers typically
have very low unemployment rates. For the
relatively small number of such workers who do
become unemployed, however, jobseeking may
extend for fairly long periods of time. Finding
highly specialized jobs to replace the ones they
lost (with comparable incomes and responsibilities)
may take longer for these workers and may entail
moving from one geographical area to another,
further lengthening the period of unemployment.
However, for these occupation groups as a whole,
the incidence of long-term unemployment as a
proportion of all such workers is very low and
does not represent a serious economic problem.
As indicated by the industry data, recurrent
spells of unemployment are concentrated among
farm laborers and construction workers—crafts
men as well as the less skilled laborers—who tend
to have many more spells of unemployment during
the course of a year than do other workers. As a
result, close to one-half of all farm laborers who
were unemployed during 1959 had a total of 15 or
more weeks of joblessness. The same was true
for contruction laborers. Even such highly skilled
craftsmen as carpenters were affected by the
610
marked seasonal fluctuations and irregularity of
employment in building activity. Forty percent
of those who were unemployed at some time
during 1959 experienced 15 or more weeks of
joblessness altogether.
Education. Findings from special surveys on the
educational attainment of workers show a greater
tendency toward long-term joblessness among the
less educated.4 Data for 1959 show that persons
with less than a high school education represented
three-fourths of those out of work 15 weeks or
more, but only one-half of the civilian labor force.
Young high school dropouts were especially con
centrated in semiskilled operative and unskilled
laborer jobs, where long-term unemployment is
typically greatest.
Conclusion
Long-term unemployment reached a very high
level in early 1961, mainly under the impetus of the
economic downturn which had begun the previous
May. Business cycles have accounted for the
major variations in long-term unemployment
throughout the postwar years. Since these changes
tend to lag behind turning points in the cycle,
reductions resulting from an economic improve
ment probably cannot be expected for several
months after an upturn begins.
Seasonal influences alone could result in a fairly
steady decline of as much as one-third in the
level of long-term unemployment between April
and November 1961, however, even if underlying
business conditions remain unchanged.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1961
Automation, other forms of technological inno
vation, and other structural changes have appar
ently resulted in some gradual uptrend in long
term unemployment.
Projected changes in the labor force indicate that
most of its growth will come from young persons
under 25, who typically have relatively high
proportions of their number in the work force
among the long-term jobless. Therefore, in
contrast to the past 14 years when growing labor
force participation of women added little to the
number out of work 15 weeks or more, future
labor force growth may be a source of some in
crease in extended unemployment.
The long-term unemployed present the most
serious aspect of unemployment that would re
main even after a general increase in demand
had reduced total unemployment. Special meas
ures to aid depressed areas are a primary point
of attack on the remaining long-term unemploy
ment. The long-term unemployed are, however,
a heterogeneous group, whose problems would
require many different solutions. Training or
retraining might return some to jobs, but the
inability of others to find employment may reflect
discriminatory hiring practices that can be altered
only by fundamental changes in attitudes and
laws. For still others the difficulties are per
sonal—ill health, lack of education, and similar
conditions which cannot be solved by an em
ployment program alone.
4
See “ Educational Attainment of Workers, 1959,” Monthly Labor Review,
February 1960, pp. 113-122, reprinted as Special Labor Force Report No. 1.
Summaries of Studies and Reports
Special Bargaining Convention
of the United Auto Workers
and the most practical means to
achieve it pervaded the resolutions adopted at the
special collective bargaining convention of the
United Automobile Workers held in Detroit, April
27-29, on the 25th anniversary of the union.
The bargaining program adopted had its genesis
in the 1953 and 1955 constitutional conventions.
On those occasions, with remarkable prescience,
the union had stressed the special character of
technological developments in the industry and
their effect on job security and on bargaining
objectives.1
Of the 163 resolutions submitted by local unions
to the resolutions committee prior to the special
convention, the overwhelming majority concerned
job security and related items. None asked for a
general wage increase beyond the present wage
formula (except for a few which asked for 40
hours’ pay for 30 hours’ work, primarily as an
employment stimulant). No wage slogans were
displayed among the many banners which sur
rounded the meeting hall (although the conven
tion served notice that it would insist on the basic
principles underlying the cost-of-living and an
nual-improvement-factor wage formula).
The resolutions reported appeared in two parts:
17 objectives requiring governmental action and 12
“‘problems” to be resolved through collective bar
gaining. The latter were accompanied by a
promise to “listen with open minds if manage
ment . . . should argue that some of the prob
lems . . . should properly be dealt with by
Government,” provided that management would
“in good faith” join with the union subsequently
in securing the necessary action. Since the mode
of achievement was thus left open in some in
stances, a degree of overlapping between the two
groups of resolutions resulted.
Severe and prolonged unemployment in the
industry provided the backdrop for the convention,
J ob security
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and there was little opposition to the administra
tion program. A campaign among some delega
tions for a program limited to a 30-hour week
with no reduction in pay, plus early retirement
provisions (known as the 30-40-60 plan), did not
develop widespread support among the 2,178 reg
ular and 315 special delegates in attendance.
Legislative Objectives
The main components of the legislative pro
gram, integrated to meet “the present unemploy
ment crisis” and “to create 80,000 new jobs
every week over the next 10 years,” and the
“consistent achievement” of a rate of economic
growth of “not less than 5 percent” a year can be
summarized as follows:2
1. Creation of a National Planning Agency— central to
the legislative plans— which would determine social and
economic needs and establish priorities with respect to the
marshalling of resources to meet these needs.3 On the
basis of studies, the Agency would recommend legislation
and Presidential action. It would also serve as a national
clearing house “for information on technological change.”
Another function would be to obtain information from
employers on the probable social and economic effects of
technological innovations “so that those responsible for
Government policy can determine whether consumers and
employees are sharing fairly in cost savings.”
2. Amendment of the Fair Labor Standards Act to
allow for automatic adjustments (with some exceptions)
of the standard workweek, based upon the rate of unem
ployment (the union suggests 2 to 2j4 percent of the labor
force as consistent with a 40-hour week). Pay would be
maintained at the 40-hour level. Overtime rates would
apply for hours worked over the reduced level so long as
the reduction remained in force. A special national fund,
financed through an employer payroll tax, would reim
burse employers for maintaining standard pay during
i
See, for example, Proceedings, Fifteenth Constitutional Convention, pp.
365-69, and Walter P . Reutber, Report Submitted to the Fifteenth Constitutional
Convention, pp. 101-106, both at Cleveland, 1955. For a summary of the
proceedings of that convention, see “The 15th Convention of the CIO’s
Auto Workers,” Monthly Labor Review, M ay 1955, pp. 528-532.
3 UAW President Walter P. Reuther termed it “ the most comprehensive,
the boldest [program], with more new concepts than the labor movement has
ever adopted.”
3 The union did not indicate the relationship of this proposed agency to the
Council of Economic Advisers and certain other Government departments
whose responsibilities would overlap those of the NPA.
611
612
reduced hours. (It is estimated by the union that the
tax would be less than 1 percent, assuming some offset
because of smaller unemployment insurance contributions.)
3. Establishment of a second national fund (out of
general revenues), to help workers displaced from jobs in
marginal establishments, by financing of moving, retrain
ing, and other costs for those “willing and able to find jobs
elsewhere.”
4. Federal reinsurance (for “a small premium paid by
the pension funds”) of private pension funds to protect
“in full the pension rights of workers already retired and
those close to retirement age.”
5. Recognition by the Government “that protection of
workers against the financial losses of job displacement
when a [defense] contract ends or is canceled is a legitimate
cost of a defense production program.” The proposed
National Planning Agency would be responsible for antici
pating and preparing for shifts in defense requirements.
Government research grants and loans to contractors
would be available to help changeover to nondefense
production.
6. Adoption of laws (similar to those in Great Britain) 4
to control plant location and encourage new employment
opportunities in chronically depressed areas.
7. Protection for American workers (but not through
“raising tariffs and imposing quotas”) from unfair foreign
competition based on “widely disparate wage rates in the
face of common technology.” The union wants a foreign
competitor in the American market to “meet the economic
and social standards” of the Federal Fair Labor Stand
ards Act—an achievement to be realized “over a reason
able period of time.”
8. Organization of a three-phase educational program
to reduce school dropouts, train unemployed youth, and
provide training opportunities for adults “in accordance
with the forecasts of needed skills . . . made by the . . .
National Planning Agency.” The antidropout program
would operate through a locally administered Federal
Youth Opportunities Agency to provide counseling serv
ices and, in some cases, a stipend for a combined job-andschool training.
9. Extension of the principle of the President’s Advisory
Committee on Labor-Management Policy to individual
industries. Such groups would supply the National
Planning Agency with industry information and recom
mendations and would receive for “discussion . . . pro
posed recommendations of the Agency.”
Other resolutions in the legislative category
provided for early retirement for displaced older
workers, Federal standards for unemployment
insurance, a revolving fund to underwrite certain
debts of unemployed workers, standby tax reduc
tion legislation, protection of consumers from
administered price abuses, modernization of house
building technology, and an omnibus conservation
and natural resources program.
4 For a summary of the British program, see “ Experience With Develop
ment Areas in Great Britain,” Monthly Labor Review, M ay 1957, pp. 557-564.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1961
Collective Bargaining Program
In the union’s phrases, its objective is to deter
mine what can be done “through collective bar
gaining and Government action to bring order and
equity out of this chaotic process of technological
change . . .
The bargaining goals are:
1. The basic proposal of the union is that management,
which “employs a great deal of human ingenuity to
achieve the maximum in technological progress . . .
[direct] some of that ingenuity . . . to the problem of
providing more jobs.” In pursuance of this aim, the
union professes flexibility as to method employed. It
offers a series of alternatives and asks for an indication of a
preference. It suggests first a negotiated shorter work
week operating similarly to the legislative reduction in
hours outlined earlier. Additionally it asks, in tandem or
broadside, longer vacations, sabbatical leaves, more paid
holidays, earlier retirement, and control of overtime during
periods of unemployment. Management is invited to
suggest “additional approaches.”
2. More publicized than any convention objective was
the salaries for production workers proposal. The resolu
tion in support argued that a production worker’s wage
income “bears no relationship to the demands that life and
creditors make upon him.” It asked for immediate
change to salary status of those job classes where the
transition would be relatively easy. A joint committee
was advocated to fully implement the transition to
“salaries for all” following acceptance of that principle
in negotiation. Meanwhile, it suggested some hard
bargaining to improve the existing supplementary unem
ployment benefit plans. “We propose that a SUB benefit
be paid for every hour by which the amount of work or
pay available to the worker falls short of a full week, the
amount of benefit for each hour to be in the same propor
tion to a weekly benefit as an hour’s pay is to a full week’s
pay.” This added SUB would prevent the possibility
that a worker on short time could receive less take-home
income than if he had been laid off for a full week. Addi
tional improvement of SUB administration and easing of
eligibility requirements were also asked, especially elimi
nation of the need for personal weekly appearances at the
employer’s offices.
3. Pointing to European experience and to the 1936
Washington Agreement affecting railway employees whose
jobs had been moved or eliminated through mergers, the
union listed a number of steps to assist the displaced
worker who “has no job to go back to and, in too many
cases, no job to go on to.” Among the aids proposed are
preferential hiring of displaced supplier-firm workers
when major concerns absorb work previously performed
by the suppliers; plant location shifts to be “a matter of
discussion and decision under the contract” ; creation of an
automation fund by the employer to provide means for
moving displaced workers’ families and for retraining;
and preferential hiring rights on a companywide basis.
4. The resolution on production standards, written
with unusual detail, reaffirmed the union’s “traditional
SPECIAL BARGAINING CONVENTION OF THE UAW
policy . . . of insisting upon contract provisions which
reserve the right to strike in disputes over production
standards and piece rates,” and it reminded the members
of the union’s steadfast opposition to piece work and
incentive plans. A listing of 14 troublesome production
situations revealed by a special International Executive
Board study was contained in the resolution.
5. Subcontracting of maintenance and other types of
work to firms dealing with other unions or no unions has
long been a thorny issue with the UAW and is the heart
of its jurisdictional dispute with the building trades.
The union charges that some subcontracting removes
“work . . . traditionally . . . done by our members. . . .”
Such jobs are most frequently lost because of unfair
competition based on payment of substandard wages
and fringe benefits.” Mr. Reuther charged that “some
of the building trades unions are involved in this effort . . . ”
By resolution, the union will seek contractual protection
against this practice.5
6. Four main objectives are to be sought in the pension
field: survivors’ benefits, stronger protection of pension
rights upon plant closings, elimination of arbitrary age
restrictions, and investment of a portion of reserves in
projects which can benefit members.
7. Strong criticism of the medical profession underlay
the resolution on health care, with a charge that the desires
of both labor and management to provide certain services
are thwarted. Rising costs, the union contends, make it
necessary for the industry to pay “the full [insurance]
cost of health care programs for workers and their families.”
8. On the present wage formula, the resolution stated
that “the UAW serves notice now that it will permit no
tampering with the basic principles underlying the cost-ofliving and annual-improvement-factor wage formula which
is firmly established in the structure of labor-management
relations in the industries in which the UAW is the recog
nized collective bargaining agent.” The convention then
specifically charged the administration of the union with
fixing a maximum contract duration of 2 years if the con
tracts involved include the wage formula and of 1 year
if they do not.
9. A pledge was reiterated to seek a model antidiscrim
ination clause in all contracts in respect to race, religion,
age, and sex.
The Union’s Approach to Bargaining
Bargaining in 1961, as Mr. Reuther put it to
the convention, will be essayed “at a period of
economic adversity.” Consequently, “flexibility”
became almost a theme word of the bargaining
approach.
“Therefore, we believe we ought to say to
management, ‘We are determined and our demand
number one is to get the unemployed back to
work. Now, here are the ways we think it can
be done. We will explore all of these with you and
if you have thought of some we haven’t thought
6 See article, pp. 579-586 for an analysis of subcontracting clauses.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
613
about, put them on the bargaining table. We are
flexible on how we are going to do it. But we
are not flexible in our determination
“The union”, he said, “is not looking for an
opportunity to create strife and discord . . .
because we know we need maximum national
unity.”
*
*
*
“We have . . . an approach that . . . is not
[just] a clever gimmick but [places] your union
in the strongest possible position . . . .”
He argued that “this approach . . . will have
maximum tactical flexibility” and place emphasis
on “the problem and does not emphasize the
pennies. . . . and if we talk about the problems
and leave ourselves flexible . . . we will be in
the strongest position to achieve maximum
results . . . .”
Vice President Leonard Woodcock elaborated:
“Now if we were to come out of this convention
with a simple listing of mechanical demands, then
the . . . giant corporations . . . would have their
pencil boys . . . figure it up . . . and then start
beating us on the head with the fact that we are
after over $3 an hour. Then they trot out the
propaganda about foreign imports . . . and they
steal our own membership away from us, because
they would exploit the fear and the worry of the
future that is in their minds.”
Special concern for the plight of the small plant
in the milieu of pattern bargaining was another
unusual aspect of the union’s bargaining ap
proach—a concern which revealed itself repeatedly
in speeches and resolutions.
Despite the generally low-key and soft-sell
approach to bargaining, the union appeared to
have lost none of its militancy. For example,
President Reuther made preservation of the wageformula principle basic to peaceful labor relations.
Mr. Woodcock asserted that the union was not
proposing “a runaway program.”
In two resolutions, the UAW risked intensifying
its jurisdictional disputes with the building trades.
It called for abandonment of “handicraft” tech
niques in home construction and challenged the
building trades subcontracting position.
No outside speakers addressed the convention
proper, but an anniversary banquet audience of
5,700 heard addresses by Secretary of Labor
Arthur J. Goldberg, Senator Paul Douglas, and
Rev. Martin Luther King.
—L.R.K.
614
A Review of Work Stoppages
During 1960
S trike activity in 1960, as measured by number
of stoppages and workers involved, declined to the
lowest annual level since 1942.1 The total num
ber of stoppages (3,333) were within 10 percent of
the levels registered in several postwar years, but
the number of workers involved (1,320,000) was
substantially lower than in any of these years
except 1954 and 1957. (See chart and table 1.)
Total man-days of idleness, at 19.1 million,
dropped sharply from the high 1959 level to the
second lowest figure recorded in a postwar year
(16.5 million in 1957). The idleness total for the
year accounted for 0.17 percent of the estimated
working time of all employees in non agricultural
establishments, excluding government.
Size and Duration of Stoppages
Seven percent of the stoppages beginning in
1960, or 222, involved 1,000 or more workers each
(table 2). This compares with 245 large stoppages
in 1959 and 332 in 1958 and marks the lowest
postwar level for strikes of this size. Such
stoppages accounted for almost 70 percent of all
workers involved and total man-days of idleness
in 1960. As in previous years, strikes involving
6 but fewer than 20 workers accounted for a fifth
of the stoppages but far less than 1 percent of
total workers involved and man-days of idleness.
Seventeen stoppages beginning in 1960 in
volved 10,000 or more workers, compared with
20 in 1959 and 21 in 1958.2 The largest stoppages
were those involving the Pennsylvania Railroad
(72,000 workers), the General Electric Co. (63,000
workers), and the United Aircraft Corp. (32,000
workers). Of the remaining 14 major stoppages,
all but 3 involved from 10,000 to 17,000 workers.
These 17 major strikes accounted for 29 percent
of the total number of workers involved and 37
percent of the idleness in 1960.
Although the average duration of stoppages
ending in the year declined from 24.6 calendar
days in 1959 to 23.4 calendar days in 1960, the
1960 level remained high by postwar standards.
Over a fifth of the stoppages, or 725, lasted for a
month or more, and 201 of these remained in
effect for 3 months or longer (table 3). This
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1961
latter group accounted for more than half of total
strike idleness during the year but only about a
tenth of the workers. In both 1959 and 1960,
the number of stoppages lasting for at least 3
months was higher than in any year since 1947.
On the other hand, more than two-fifths of the
stoppages lasted less than 1 week; such stoppages
involved three-eighths of the workers, a significant
increase from the previous year, but only 5
percent of total idleness. Included in this cate
gory were five major strikes. Of the remaining
12 major stoppages, the 4 longest were: Bethlehem
Steel shipyards (153 days), construction workers
in Kansas City (109 days), United Aircraft Corp.
(90 days), and construction projects in New York
City (68 days).
A higher proportion of the stoppages in manu
facturing, in constrast with nonmanufacturing
establishments, lasted for a month or longer (28
and 17 percent, respectively). Of the 19 industry
groups in which 50 or more strikes occurred in
1960, about a third of the stoppages in the follow
ing industries lasted for a month or more: primary
metals; electrical machinery, equipment, and
supplies; and machinery, except electrical.
Major Issues
Disagreement over economic matters—wages,
hours, and supplementary benefits—was the pri
mary issue in less than half the strikes in 1960
(table 4), including eight major stoppages. Strikes
over such issues accounted for more than twofifths of the workers involved and for more than
half of the total idleness.
Union organization issues in combination with
economic issues accounted for 299 stoppages; the
199,000 workers involved represented the largest
total in this category since 1952, and the 4,150,000
1 These data include all work stoppages known to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics and its various cooperating agencies and involving six or more
workers and lasting a full day or shift or longer. Figures on workers involved
and man-days idle include all workers made idle for as long as one shift in
establishments directly involved in a stoppage; they do not measure the
indirect or secondary effects on other establishments or industries whose
employees are made idle as a result of material or service shortages.
A forthcoming bulletin will provide additional data and analysis on stop
pages during 1960. For data on 1959 stoppages, see “ A Review of Work
Stoppages During 1959,” Monthly Labor Review, June 1960, pp. 610-614, and
Analysis of Work Stoppages, 1959 (BLS Bull. 1278, 1960).
The terms “ work stoppage” and “ strike” are used interchangeably in this
article, and both are defined to include lockouts.
2 For an analysis of major stoppages for the period, 1947-59, see “ The Dimen
sions of Major Work Stoppages,” Monthly Labor Review, April 1961, pp. 335343.
615
WORK STOPPAGES DURING 1960
T
able
1.
W ork S toppages in th e U n ited S tates ,
1945-60 1
Year
1945..1946.—
1947—
1948—
1949—
1950—
1951—
1952—
1953—
1954—
1955—
1956—
1957—
1958—
1959—
1960—
Man-days idle during year
Workers
involved 3
Stoppages
Average Number Percent Number
(thou- of total (thouNum- duration
em
sands)
(calendar sands)
ber
ployed
d ay s)2
9.9
24.2
25.6
21.8
22.5
19.2
17.4
19.6
20.3
22.5
18.5
18.9
19.2
19.7
24.6
23.4
4,750
4,985
3,693
3,419
3,606
4,843
4,737
5,117
5,091
3,468
4,320
3,825
3,673
3,694
3,708
3,333
3,470
4,600
2,170
1,960
3,030
2,410
2,220
3,540
2,400
1,530
2,650
1,900
1,390
2,060
1,880
1,320
12.2
14.5
6.5
5.5
9.0
6.9
5.5
8.8
5.6
3.7
6.2
4.3
3.1
4.8
4.3
3.0
38,000
116,000
34,600
34.100
50, 500
38,800
22,900
59,100
28,300
22,600
28,200
33,100
16, 500
23,900
69,000
19,100
Percent
Per
of estiworker
mated
in
total
working volved
time
0.47
1.43
.41
.37
.59
.44
.23
.57
.26
.21
.26
.29
.14
.22
.61
.17
11.0
25.2
15.9
17.4
16.7
16.1
10.3
16.7
11.8
14.7
10.7
17.4
11.4
11.6
36.7
14.5
f 1 The number of stoppages and workers relate to stoppages beginning in the
year; average duration, to those ending in the year. Man-days of idleness
include all stoppages in effect.
Available information for earlier periods appears in Handbook of Labor
Statistics (BLS Bull. 1016), table E-2. For a discussion of the procedures
involved in the collection and compilation of work stoppage statistics, see
Techniques of Preparing Major B L S Statistical Series (BLS Bull. 1168), ch. 12.
2 Figures are simple averages; each stoppage is given equal weight regard8 In these t ables, workers are counted more than once if they were involved
in more than 1 stoppage during the year.
man-days of idleness that resulted from these
strikes, the largest since 1956. Union recognition
and related organizational matters were major
issues in another 239 stoppages, a decline from
1959.
The number of stoppages resulting from work
ing conditions and related issues (800) was not
high by postwar standards, but these strikes in
volved more than one-third of the workers and
nearly one-fifth of the total idleness during 1960,
proportionately more than any other year since
1951. Three major stoppages, including the
T able 2.
W ork S toppag es by S ize of S to ppag e , 1960
Stoppages beginning in year
Size of stoppage
(number of workers
involved)
Num
ber
Per
cent
Workers
involved
Number
All sizes........................ 3,333
653
6 and under 20_______
20 and under 100_____ 1,272
636
100 and under 250____
350
250 and under 500____
200
500 and under 1,000___
185
1.000 and under 5,000- 20
5.000 and under 10,000.
17
10.000 and over______
Per
cent
Man-days idle
during year
(all stoppages)
Number
Per
cent
100.0 1,320,000
100.0 19,100,000
100,0
7, 570
61, 500
99,100
120,000
132.000
380.000
132.000
384.000
142,000
1,000,000
1.420.000
1.480.000
1.810.000
4.800.000
1.320.000
7.140.000
0.7
5.2
7.4
7.7
9.5
25.1
6.9
37.4
19.6
38.2
19.1
10.5
6.0
5.6
.6
.5
0.6
4.7
7.5
9.1
10.1
28.9
10.0
29.2
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal
totals.
594911— 61
4
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Pennsylvania Railroad strike, were caused by dis
putes over working conditions.
Stoppages resulting from interunion or intra
union disagreements declined to 310 from the 1959
level of 350. The number of workers involved
represented a slight decrease from 1959, while the
man-days of idleness reflected a decline of approxi
mately one-third from the previous year’s figure.
The figures for both of the last two measures were
the lowest recorded in this category for any post
war year.
Although only slightly more than one-quarter
(421) of the strikes over economic issues lasted for
more than 30 days, they accounted for almost a
third of the workers involved over these issues.
Almost, three-fifths of the total number of stop
pages extending for 30 days or more resulted from
disagreement on economic issues. More than
two-fifths (120) of the strikes over union organi
zation and economic issues and a fourth of the
disputes over union organization alone lasted for a
T able 3.
D uration of W ork S to ppag es E n d in g in
1960 i
Stoppages
Workers
involved
Man-days idle
Duration (calendar days)
Num Per Number
cent
ber
All periods - __________
Per
cent
Number
Per
cent
3,342 100.0 1,370,000 100.0 23,200,000
100.0
123,000
9.0
452,000
14.7
592,000
14.0
23.8 2,110,000
15.5 2,700,000
9.2 3,070,000
3.2 1,930,000
10.7 12,200,000
0.5
1.9
2.6
9.1
11.6
13.2
8.3
52.7
1 d a y ------------------ -----2 and less than 4 days.......
4 and less than 7 days.......
7 and less than 15 days__
15 and less than 30 days..
30 and less than 60 days-60 and less than 90 days-90 days and over___ ____
410
515
468
711
513
395
129
201
12.3
15.4
14.0
21.3
15.4
11.8
3.9
6.0
123,000
200,000
191,000
325,000
211,000
125,000
43, 200
146,000
1
The totals in this table differ from those in the preceding tables because
these relate to stoppages ending during the year, including any idleness in
these strikes in 1959.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equa
totals.
month or more. Approximately 1 out of 10
stoppages over other working conditions lasted 30
days or more. Generally, both interunion and
intraunion conflicts were also terminated relatively
quickly; only 17 of the 310 stoppages concerned
with these issues lasted for more tlian 1 month.
Industries Affected
For the 11th consecutive year, man-days of
idleness and the number of workers involved in
stoppages were higher for manufacturing than for
nonmanufacturing industries (table 5). The num
ber of stoppages in manufacturing was at the
616
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1961
Trends in W ork Stoppases
THOUSANDS
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
alltime low for the postwar years, and for the
fourth time during this period there were fewer
stoppages in manufacturing than in nonmanufac
turing industries. In manufacturing, the number
of workers involved in strikes declined 45 percent,
and man-days of idleness 80 percent, from the 1959
totals—which included the nationwide steel strike.
In nonmanufacturing, the number of strikes was
greater than in any of the previous 3 years, and
the number of workers involved increased for the
second consecutive year; but man-days of idleness
dropped sharply from the 1958 and 1959 totals.
Strikes in the transportation equipment in
dustry, accounting for almost a third of the total
idleness for manufacturing, involved 2% times
the number of workers and man-days of idleness
recorded for the industry in 1959. This increase
was attributable to three major stoppages in
aircraft manufacturing and the prolonged strike
at Bethlehem Steel shipyards. Although over
shadowed by the record steel strike of 1959,
stoppages in the primary metals group (where
workers were directly involved in three major
disputes) accounted for a substantial volume of
strike idleness. Two major stoppages in large
electrical machinery and equipment companies
raised the idleness figure for this industry to its
highest level since 1956, while the number of
workers involved was double the 1959 figure.
By all measures, strike activity in the machinery
(except electrical) industry was low by postwar
standards. Of the remaining 17 manufacturing
industries, 13 experienced a decline from the
previous year in workers involved and 14 in
man-days of idleness; in many instances, the
declines were substantial. Among such industries
were fabricated metal products; lumber and wood
products; stone, clay, and glass products; textiles;
food; paper; printing; and rubber.
In nonmanufacturing industries, increases in
all strike measurements took place in four in
dustries. Strikes in agriculture raised man-days
of idleness to the highest level since 1951 and at
the same time established a record number of
stoppages. Stoppages in the construction industry
were only slightly more numerous than in 1959,
whereas mining reverted to its low 1957-58
levels. The number of stoppages and workers
involved in transportation, communication, and
WORK STOPPAGES DURING 1960
617
public utilities were substantially higher than for
any year since 1955—due in part to four major
stoppages—although idleness was still considerably
lower than in the past 3 years. For the third
successive year, a slight increase in all measures
of strike activity in government was recorded.
The number of work stoppages (138) in the service
group showed a modest increase over 1959 figures,
T able 5.
W ork S to ppag es by I ndustry G ro u p , 1960
Stoppages begin
ning in year
M ajor I ssu es I nvolved in W ork S to ppag es ,
1960
Stoppages beginning in year
Major issues
Num- Perber cent
Workers
involved
Num
ber
Per
cent
Man-days idle
during year
(all stoppages)
Num
ber
Per
cent
All issues................................ 3,333 100.0 1,320,000 100.0 19,100,000 100.0
Wages, hours, and supple
mentary benefits........... 1,592
Wage increase__________ 1,059
12
Wage decrease__________
Wage increase, hour de
26
decrease____________
Wage decrease, hour in
2
crease......................... . .
Wage increase, pension,
and/or social insurance
195
benefits_____________
Pension and/or social in
33
surance benefits_____
265
O ther2_____________ ___
Union organization, wages,
hours, and supple
299
mentary benefits_____
Recognition, wages, and/
188
or hours.................... .
Strengthening bargaining
position, wages, and/or
3
hours............ ................
Union security, wages
106
and/or hours________
Discrimination,
wages,
1
and/or hours.................
1
Other...................................
Union organization________
239
Recognition...... ..................
150
Strengthening bargaining
14
position____________
61
Union security____ _____
3
Discrimination _________
11
Other__________________
Other working conditions__
800
361
Job security.......................
Shop conditions and poli
cies. ...............................
380
48
Workload______________
Other___________ _____
11
Interunion or intraunion
matters............ ................
310
34
Sym pathy..................... .
21
Union rivalry 3_________
Jurisdiction 4___________
253
2
Union administration !___
Not reported_____________
93
47.8
31.8
.4
568,000
341,000
1,410
.8
12,700
.1
100
5.9
119,000
1.0
8.0
8,690
84, 700
9.0
199,000
5.6
17,200
43.1 10,500,000
25.9 7,510,000
.1
26,400
55.2
39.3
.1
187,000
1.0
1.0
(>)
1,250
9.0 1,800,000
(9
9.4
101,000
911,000
.5
4.8
15.1 4,150,000
21.7
.7
6.4
1.3
280,000
1.5
.1
230
181,000
0)
(•)
7.2
4.5
250
10
46,600
29, 700
.4
1.8
.1
.3
24.0
10.8
(>)
5,440
(')
13.8 3,860,000
20.2
7,000
540
733,000
175,000
(>)
0)
3.8
.9
4,850
10,600
450
1,020
463,000
202,000
275,000
.4
.8
268,000
660
(>)
.1
15,100
35.2 3,460,000
15.3 1,930,000
1.4
1.4
(')
.1
18.1
10.1
11.4
1.4
.3
213,000
45,200
3,750
16.1 1,110,000
3.4
375,000
48,400
.3
5.8
2.0
.3
9.3
31,100
5,820
1.400
23,900
50
9,450
1.0
.6
7.6
.1
2.8
(*)
(')
3.5
2.3
2.4
.4
.1
1.8
(>)
.7
140,000
15,800
12,400
112,000
110
77,200
.7
.1
.1
.6
(*)
.4
1 Less than 0.05 percent.
2 Includes issues such as retroactivity, holidays, vacations, job classifica
tion, piece rates, incentive standards, or other related matters unaccompanied
by proposals to effect general changes in wage rates. Slightly more than a
third of the stoppages in this group occurred over piece rates or incentive
standards.
3 Includes disputes between unions of different affiliation, such as those
between unions affiliated with the AFL-CIO and nonaffiliates.
* Includes disputes between unions of the same affiliation.
3
Includes disputes within a union over the administration of union affairs
or regulations.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Percent
of esti
mated
total
working
time
3,333 1,320,000 19,100,000
0.17
707,000 11,200,000
0.27
Num Workers
involved
ber
M anufacturing1.....................
1,598
Prim ary metal industries................
Fabrica'ted metal products, except
ordnance, machinery, and trans
portation equipment-...................
Ordnance and accessories.. ...........
Electrical machinery, equipment,
and supplies___________ _____
Machinery, except electrical ------Transportation equipment—......... .
Lumber and wood products, ex
cept furniture.......... ............. ........
Furniture and fixtures__________
Stone, clay, and glass products___
Textile mill products......................
Apparel and other finished prod
ucts made from fabrics and sim
ilar materials________________
Leather and leather products_____
Food and kindred products--------Tobacco manufactures__________
Paper and allied products...............
Printing, publishing, and allied
industries.......................................
Chemicals and allied products........
Petroleum refining and related
industries-......................................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastics
products____________________
Professional, scientific, and con
trolling instrum ents; photo
graphic and optical goods;
watches and clocks........ ........... .
Miscellaneous manufacturing in
dustries..............................- ..........
158
94,300
1,880,000
0.62
195
3
44,200
9,540
579,000
136,000
.21
.36
102
144
122
96,600
68, 500
189,000
1,260,000
1,240,000
3, 550,000
.38
.30
.85
39
81
98
30
4,970
13, 400
18,200
4, 770
103,000
183,000
228,000
34,000
.06
.18
.16
.01
87
32
184
2
52
12,100
5,730
65, 700
2,150
8,900
134,000
64,100
651,000
11,300
136,000
.04
.07
.17
.05
.09
38
91
4,920
21,600
186,000
314,000
.08
.14
Nonmanufacturing i......... .
3.2
Number
Industry group
All industries1..................................
T able 4.
Man-days idle
during year (all
stoppages)
Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries.
Mining..................... .........................
Contract construction----- ----------Wholesale and retail trade----------Finance, insurance, and real estate.
Transportation, communication,
electric, gas, and sanitary services.
Services.----- ---------------------------Government— -------- ----------------
12
2,360
79,800
.14
53
29,600
261,000
.40
29
6,370
94,800
.11
54
4,650
74,400
.06
1,740
610,000
7,900,000
2.11
81
154
773
290
6
7,600
48,500
269,000
32,600
6,030
160,000
700,000
4,470,000
451,000
7,160
(3)
0.41
.63
.02
(3)
266
138
36
200,000
17,600
28,600
1,750,000
304,000
58,400
(3)
(3)
.18
i S to p p a g e s e x te n d in g in to 2 o r m o r e in d u s t r y g r o u p s h a v e b e e n c o u n te d
in ea c h in d u s tr y g ro u p a ffecte d ; w o rk ers in v o lv e d a n d m a n -d a y s id le w ere
a llo c a te d to th e r e sp e c tiv e g ro u p s.
3 E x c lu d e s g o v e r n m e n t.
3 N o t a v a ila b le .
N o t e : B e c a u s e o f r o u n d in g , s u m s o f in d iv id u a l ite m s m a y n o t e q u a l
to ta ls .
while the number of workers (17,600) and mandays of idleness (304,000) reached the highest
level since 1955.
Idleness by State
In four States—New York, Pennsylvania,
California, and Ohio—more than 100,000 workers
were involved in strikes (table 6 \ Man-days of
idleness resulting from stoppages exceeded 2
618
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1961
T a b l e 6.
Stoppages begin
ning in year
W
ork
Sto p pa g e s
by
Sta te,
1960
Man-days idle during
year (all stoppages)
State
Num
ber
Workers
involved
Number
Percent of
estimated
total work
ing time
Stoppages begin
ning in year
Man-days idle during
year (all stoppages)
State
Num
ber
Workers
involved
Number
United States J.........
3,333
1,320,000
19,100,000
0.17
Missouri....................................
74
62,200
Alabama__________
Alaska____________
Arizona___________
Arkansas__________
California...................
Colorado__________
Connecticut............. .
Delaware..................
District of Columbia.
60
19
13
20
292
38
53
22
12
24,600
760
2,870
2,840
104,000
10,500
43,300
9,130
3,810
477,000
6,910
135,000
24,100
855,000
155,000
1,110,000
56, 500
27,200
0.31
.08
.20
.03
.08
.15
.53
.16
.04
Nebraska____ _____ _______
Nevada. __________ _
New Hampshire__________
New Jersey________________
New Mexico__________
New York................ ................
North Carolina......................
39
6
6
205
17
427
12
3,040
1 080
500
fi7T000
2, 300
191,000
1,890
1,220,000
174,000
56, 700
21,700
4,130
765,000
48,200
2, 720,000
9,840
Florida...................... .
Georgia___________
Hawaii___________
Idaho.........................
Illinois____________
Indiana......................
Iowa_____________
Kansas___________
98
28
32
20
197
123
41
25
25, 600
8,100
4,540
3,670
62,600
60,200
15,300
8,060
311,000
106,000
15,900
389,000
753,000
687,000
224,000
439,000
.11
.05
(2)
1. 25
.10
.22
. 16
.39
North Dakota_____________
Ohio_______ _____ ________
Oklahoma_________ _____
Oregon___________________
Pennsylvania______________
Rhode' Island______________
South Carolina____________
South Dakota_____________
3
303
28
19
398
18
9
8
870
101,000
8,000
3,140
180,000
3,100
2,530
1,420
4,540
931,000
48, 800
112,000
2,040,000
36, 400
9,660
5,780
Kentucky..................
Louisiana_________
Maine____________
Maryland_________
Massachusetts_____
Michigan__________
Minnesota_________
Mississippi________
54
37
11
39
120
145
37
18
15,400
6,040
850
18, 600
48, 500
65,300
29,400
2,310
184,000
115,000
19,500
479,000
1,690,000
722,000
347,000
18, 700
.13
.07
.03
.25
.40
.14
.17
.02
Tennessee_________________
Texas________________ ____
U tah_____________________
Vermont_____________ ____
Virginia__________________
Washington_______________
West Virginia_______ _____ _
Wisconsin.._____ __________
W yom ing................ ................
79
71
17
7
31
46
82
63
20
21, 900
24, 700
3,050
1,120
9, 410
6,290
15,200
19,200
8,720
273,000
339,000
121,000
16,900
121,000
163,000
104,000
382,000
50,200
Percent of
estimated
total work
ing time
0.41
.53
.07
.10
.01
.17
.11
.20
0
0
.13
.04
.11
.25
.06
.01
.02
.14
.06
.24
.07
.06
.10
.10
.15
.26
1 Stoppages extending across State lines have been counted in each State
affected; workers involved and man-days idle were allocated among the
States.
2 N ot available.
2 Less than 0.005 percent.
N o t e : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
million in New York and Pennsylvania and ranged
from 1 to 2 million in Massachusetts, Missouri,
and Connecticut.
Thirty States were affected by the 17 major
stoppages of the year. The General Electric Co.
strike involved workers in 25 States, the Pennsyl
vania Railroad strike spread into 14 States, and
seven other major stoppages crossed State lines.
Six major stoppages affected New York and ac
counted for 50 percent of that State’s strike idle
ness; among them were the strikes at the General
Electric Co. plants and the Bethlehem Steel Co.
shipyards. These two stoppages, which were re
sponsible for more than three-fourths of the idle
ness in Massachusetts, contributed toward the
highest level of strike idleness in that State since
1946. Missouri had more workers involved in
strikes than in any year since 1955 and the high
est number of man-days idle since 1954, when the
figure equaled that of 1960. Ohio, on the other
hand, had fewer workers involved and man-days
of idleness than in any postwar year.
The percent of estimated total working time in
nonagricultural employment lost through strike
idleness was highest in Idaho (1.25 percent),
largely because of a 7-month strike in the lead,
zinc, and silver extraction industry. Other States
leading in strike idleness in relation to employ
ment were Connecticut and Montana (0.53 per
cent), Missouri (0.41 percent), Massachusetts
(0.40 percent), and Kansas (0.39 percent).
As in 1959, the greatest numbers of stoppages
were recorded in New York (427), Pennsylvania
(398), Ohio (303), California (292), New Jersey
(205), and Illinois (197). Six States had fewer
than 10 stoppages each—South Carolina, South
Dakota, Vermont, Nevada, New Hampshire, and
North Dakota.
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Contract Status of Stoppages
Beginning in mid-1960, the Bureau of Labor
Statistics classified strikes according to the status
of the union-management agreement at the start
of the stoppage, as follows: (1) disputes arising
out of disagreement on the terms of an initial
agreement or out of union efforts to gain recogni
tion (and obtain an agreement); (2) disputes aris
ing out of renegotiation of an expiring agreement
or of a reopening of an existing agreement; (3)
619
WORK STOPPAGES DURING 1960
disputes arising during the term of an agreement
(grievance, jurisidictional, etc.) not involving
changes in the agreement; and (4) other situations.
Responses to the Bureau’s questionnaire—obtained
for approximately five-sixths of the stoppages in
1960—revealed the following percent distribution
b y th e preceding categories:
Total stoppages covered._
Negotiation of first agreement or
union recognition___________
Negotiation of agreement (expira
tion or reopening)_______—
During term of agreement (change
in agreement not involved)---Other. _
____
Insufficient information to clas
sify _ -------------------------------
Workers
Stoppages involved
Man-days
of idle
ness
100. 0 100. 0
100. 0
14. 5
5. 3
3. 7
38. 0
64. 8
85. 0
21. 8
1. 2
24. 1
.4
8. 5
.2
24. 4
5. 4
2. 6
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of the percentages may not equal 100.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Among the stoppages covered, the bulk of the
man-days idle (89 percent) can be attributed to
disputes involving negotiation of agreements,
either a new contract or a wage reopening or, in
some cases, an initial contract. A similar finding
regarding major strikes during the period 1947-59
showed that new contract disputes accounted for
96 percent of the idleness. Disputes which
occurred in 1960 during the term of agreement
involved about one-fourth of the workers but
accounted for less than 10 percent of the man-days
idle.
Information on contract status at the start of
disputes will hereafter be a regular part of the
Bureau’s review of work stoppages and changes
over time will thus be revealed.
— L oretto R . N
o la n a n d
J u l ia n M
alnak
D ivision of Wages and Industrial Relations
620
Earnings in Synthetic-Textile
Manufacturing, August 1960
of production workers in synthetictextile mills averaged $1.51 an hour, exclusive of
premium pay for overtime and for work on week
ends, holidays, and late shifts, in August 1960,
according to a study conducted by the Bureau of
Labor Statistics.5 Men, accounting for threefifths of the 73,061 workers employed in regular
textile operations through the cloth room,2 aver
aged $1.57, compared with $1.42 for women.
Average hourly earnings were lowest ($1.47) in
the Southeast; they were 8 percent higher in the
Middle Atlantic region, and nearly 10 percent
higher in New England.3 In each of these three
regions, August 1960 earnings were approximately
20 percent above those in November 1954, the
date of a similar study conducted by BLS.4
Nationwide, earnings of individual workers
ranged from $15 to over $2.50 an hour, with the
middle half of the workers earning between $1.30
and $1.71. About 3% percent of the workers
averaged less than $1.15 an hour, and about 13 %
percent earned less than $1.25.
Among the men’s occupations selected for
separate study, highest earnings were reported
for Jacquard loom fixers (averaging $2.28) and
lowest for janitors ($1.23). Women yarn winders,
the largest occupational group studied separately,
averaged $1.37.
Paid vacations were provided nearly all workers;
life, hospitalization, and surgical insurance were
available to 9 out of 10. Provisions for paid
holidays and pensions were much less prevalent.
E arnings
Industry Characteristics
Synthetic-textile manufacturing is confined al
most entirely to the Southeast, Middle Atlantic,
and New England regions. The Southeast alone
accounted for 68 percent of the production workers
in mills within the scope of the survey (table 1),
and the Middle Atlantic and New England regions
for 18 and 13 percent, respectively.
The industry’s employment level in August 1960
was approximately one-sixth lower than in Novem
ber 1954 and about one-fifth lower than in March
1952, when similar studies were conducted. Be
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1961
tween the 1954 and 1960 studies, productionworker employment declined one-third in the
Middle Atlantic region, one-fifth in New England,
and one-tenth in the Southeast. The general de
cline in employment has not been accompanied
by a corresponding decline in production: The
1960 production of manmade fiber broadwoven
goods was more than 7 percent above that for
1954.6 In the interim, a number of technological
changes have occurred. Virtually all types of tex
tile machinery have been improved, either by in
creased speeds or the accommodation of larger
packages, or both. In many mills surveyed, the
weaving process had recently been modernized by
attachments that automatically wind, clean, and
return the bobbins to the magazines, thereby
eliminating the jobs of quillers, quill strippers, and
battery hands. The decline in employment tended
to be greatest for those processing jobs affected by
technological change.
Weaving mills (which weave fabric from pur
chased yarn) employed nearly half of the industry’s
production workers at the time of the survey; in
tegrated mills (which have both spinning and
weaving operations), about three-tenths; and yarn
mills (which produce filament or spun yarns), the
remainder.7 The national distribution of workers
by type of mill was closely paralleled in New
England, but in the Middle Atlantic States, both
weaving and yarn mills accounted for a substan1 A more comprehensive account of this survey is presented in forthcoming
BLS Report 192, Wage Structure; Synthetic Textiles, August 1960.
The study was limited to mills employing 20 or more workers engaged in
the manufacture of synthetic yarn (or thread) and broadwoven fabrics (12
inches or more in width), including glass textiles. Mills manufacturing
textiles from a blend of synthetic and other fibers were included if content
was predominantly synthetic; mills manufacturing mixtures containing 25
percent or more wool were excluded.
2 The earnings in formation presented in this article excludes data for approx
imately 1,953 workers employed In bleaching, cloth dyeing and finishing, and
fabricating departments. These workers averaged $1.60 in New England,
$1.72 in the Middle Atlantic region, and $1.39 in the Southeast. The inclu
sion of these earnings would not affect the averages presented herein.
*New England—Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire,
Rhode Island, and Vermont; Middle Atlantic—New Jersey, New York, and
Pennsylvania; Southeast—Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North
Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia.
4 See “ Earnings in Synthetic-Textile Manufacturing, November 1954,”
Monthly Labor Review, June 1955, pp. 659-663.
5 An insignificant proportion of the workers in the Southeast (less than 0.05
percent) earned less than $1 an hour.
«See Bureau of the Census, “ Man-Made Fiber Broad Woven Goods,”
Current Industrial Reports, Series M22T.2, 1960, and “ Synthetic Broad
Woven Goods,” Facts for Industry, Series M15C, 1954.
11n previous studies, mills having throwing (but no spinning) and weav
ing operations were classified as integrated: in the current study, such
establishments are classified as weaving mills.
621
EARNINGS IN SYNTHETIC TEXTILES
respectively. Average hourly earnings of workers
in mills weaving fabrics from purchased yarn were
$1.70 in the Middle Atlantic region, $1.67 in New
England, and $1.53 in the Southeast. In New
England and the Southeast, weaving-mill workers
averaged 8 and 4 cents more, respectively, than
integrated-mill workers; in the Middle Atlantic
region, they earned 8 cents less.
Individual earnings ranged from as low as $1 to
more than $2.50 an hour (table 2). The middle
half of the workers in the earnings array fell
between $1.30 and $1.71. An estimated 3.4 per
cent averaged less than $1.15, and 13.4 percent
earned less than $1.25 an hour. Earnings of
women, heavily employed in five occupations of
similar skill requirements, were more clustered
than those of men. Regionally, the proportions of
workers earning less than $1.25 an hour were 4.6
percent in New England, 14.1 percent in the
Southeast, and 16.7 percent in the Middle Atlantic
States.
tially larger share, and in the Southeast, integrated
mills employed relatively more workers.
Mills with collective bargaining agreements cov
ering a majority of their production workers em
ployed approximately a fifth of the workers in the
industry. In New England and in the Middle
Atlantic region, about one-half were employed in
such establishments, compared with less than onetenth in the Southeast.
Earnings of approximately one-fourth of the
production workers were based on incentive wage
plans, usually individual piece rates. Weavers and
winders were among the largest groups of incen
tive workers.
Average Hourly Earnings
Straight-time hourly earnings of the industry’s
production workers averaged $1.51 an hour in Au
gust 1960 (table 1). In New England, workers
averaged $1.61; in the Middle Atlantic region,
$1.59; and in the Southeast, $1.47—approxi
mately 20 percent more than in November 1954.
Workers in yarn mills earned less than those in
weaving and integrated mills, primarily because
none of them was employed in the skilled occupa
tions required by weaving operations. Yarnmill
workers earned $1.33 an hour—18 cents less than
workers in integrated mills, and 26 cents less than
those in weaving mills. Averages of $1.48, $1.31,
and $1.29 were recorded in yarn mills in the New
England, Southeast, and Middle Atlantic regions,
T
a b l e
1.
N um ber
M il l s ,
a n d
b y
S
A
v er a g e
e lec ted
S
C
t r a ig h t
-T
im e
H
h a r a c t e r is t ic s
Occupational Earnings
Approximately three-fifths of the production
workers covered by the study were employed in
occupations for which earnings are presented in
table 3. The average hourly earnings for numeri
c a l l y important men’s occupational categories were:
Hand truckers, $1.28; weavers, $1.83; and loom
fixers, $2.05. Approximately three-fifths of the
women were employed in five occupational
o urly
,
U
E
n it e d
a r n in g s
S
1
ta t e s
of
a n d
United States 3
Item
Allmills:
All production workers
]YTp n
Woman
"Type of mill:
Yarn or thread m ill5?
Waavinp m ills
IntC°Tatari mill.0
P r e d o m in a n t class o f fa b r ic : 4
F ila m e n t fla t fabric^
-
Number
of
workers
______________________
_______
__________________________ ______________
________________________ -
_
___________________
____________ ____ ______. _____
_________ _________ ____ __________
____
--------- ---------------- ------------_____________________________ __
S ilk an d s ilk -m ix tu r e fa b r ic s----------------------------7----------------------------------P ile , u p h o ls te r y , d ra p e r y , ta p e s tr y , a n d tie fa b r ic s -----------------------1 E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p a y for o v e r tim e a n d for w o r k o n w e e k e n d s, h o li
d a y s , a n d la te s h ifts.
. . . .
2 F o r d e fin itio n of r e g io n s in th is or s u b s e q u e n t ta b le s , see te x t fo o tn o te 6.
s I n c lu d e s d a ta for re g io n s o th er t h a n th o s e s h o w n s e p a r a te ly .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
P
r o d u c t io n
S
ele c t e d
W
R e
New England
o r k e r s in
g io n s
,2 A
S
y n t h e t ic
u g u st
Middle Atlantic
Average Number Average Number
hourly
of
of
hourly
earnings workers earnings workers
-T
e x t il e
1960
Southeast
Average Number
of
hourly
earnings workers
Average
hourly
earnings
73,061
44,040
29,021
$1. 51
1.57
1.42
9, 730
5,885
3,845
$1.61
1.70
1.47
13,094
6,192
6,902
$1.59
1.75
1.45
49,910
31,801
18,109
$1.47
i. 52
1.39
15,316
7,487
7,829
35,325
22,420
1.33
1.30
1.36
1.59
1.51
2,122
1.48
1.53
1.67
1.29
1.27
1,619
4,893
2, 715
3,395
2,835
9,289
1.70
9,472
4,149
5,323
21,143
1.31
1.31
1.30
1.53
1.5 9
410
1 .7 8
19,295
1 .4 9
5,8 9 5
1.6 3
3,197
662
1 .6 7
1.61
17,144
2,844
16,375
1 .5 2
1.5 7
1.4 9
2,535
3,260
1.64
1.7 9
2,868
1 .5 2
26,236
3,747
17, 346
3,0 6 0
6', 674
1 .5 6
1.57
1 .4 9
1 .6 2
1 .6 9
i L im ite d to w e a v in g a n d in te g r a te d m ills . S y n th e tic -w o o l m ix tu r e fa b
rics are n o t s h o w n se p a r a te ly as d a ta d o e s n o t m e e t p u b lic a tio n criteria.
N o t e : D a s h e s in d ic a te n o d a ta re p o r te d or d a ta t h a t d o n o t m e e t p u b lic a
t io n criteria.
622
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1961
categories. Battery hands earned $1.30 an hour;
cloth machine inspectors, $1.36; yarn winders,
$1.37; ring frame spinners, $1.39; and weavers,
$1.79.
Occupational pay levels were generally lower in
the Southeast than in the New England and Middle
Atlantic regions. However, as illustrated in the
following tabulation, the amount of the differential
varied substantially by occupation.
Average earnings as a
percent of those in the
Southeast
Men
Janitors___________________________
Loom fixers, plain and dobby loom s.__
Slasher tenders_____________________
Weavers, dobby loom_______________
Weavers, Jacquard looms___________
New
England
Middle
Atlantic
111
104
117
102
126
112
104
112
110
127
104
103
109
101
102
107
97
106
Women
Battery hands______________________
Inspectors, cloth, machine___________
Spinners, ring frame________________
Weavers, dobby looms______________
Winders, yarn (cone and tube, non
automatic)_______________________
111
100
Earnings of individual workers were widely
distributed within the same job and geographic
area. Among jobs paid on an incentive basis,
the highest hourly earnings frequently exceeded
the lowest in the same occupation and geographic
area by $1 or more. Consequently, a number of
workers in comparatively low-paid jobs (as
measured by the average for all workers) earned
more than some workers in jobs with significantly
higher averages.
Establishment Practices
Data were also obtained on certain establish
ment practices, including minimum wage rates,
work schedules, and selected supplementary bene
fits for both production and office workers.
Minimum Wage Rates. Established minimum
rates of pay for time-rated workers were reported
by nearly all of the 200 mills visited.8 Minimum
entrance rates of $1 an hour were in effect in a
fifth of the 34 establishments in New England,
about a third of the 76 in the Middle Atlantic
region, and approximately three-fifths of the 88
in the Southeast. In 69 of the 200 mills, entrance
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T able
2. P e r c e n t D is t r i b u t i o n
of
P r o d u c t io n
W o r k e r s in S y n t h e t ic - T e x t i l e M i l l s , b y A v e r a g e
S t r a ig h t - T im e H o u r l y E a r n i n g s ,1 U n i t e d S t a t e s
a n d S e l e c t e d R e g i o n s , A u g u s t 1960
Average hourly earnings 1
United
New
Middle
States2 England Atlantic
South
east
Under $1.00___ ______________
$1.00 and under $1.05__________
$1.05 and under $1.10 ............ ......
$1.10 and under $1.15_________
$1.15 and under $1.20
_______
$1.20 and under $1.25________ ..
$1.25 and under $1.30__________
$1.30 and under $1.35____ ____
$1.35 and under $1.40--. _______
$1.40 and under $1.45_________
$1.45 and under $1.50_________
$1.50 and under $1.55__________
$1.55 and under $1.60_. ________
$1.60 and under $1.65__________
$1.65 and under $1.70_________
$1.70 and under $1.75- ________
$1.75 a n d u n d e r $1.80--.____
$1.80 a n d u n d e r $1.85— ______
$1.85 a n d u n d e r $1.90---____
$1.90 a n d u n d e r $1.95__ _____
$1.95 a n d u n d e r $2.00____ $2.00 a n d u n d e r $2.05______ - _
$2.05 a n d u n d e r $2.10__. -, $2.10 a n d u n d e r $2.15__________
$2.15 a n d u n d e r $2.20____ _____
$2.20 a n d u n d e r $2.25-- _______
$2.25 a n d u n d e r $2.30_______ .
$2.30 a n d u n d e r $2.35--- ______
$2.35 a n d u n d e r $2.40-_- - $2.40 a n d tm d e r $2.45-,
$2.45 a n d u n d e r $2.50___ ____
$2.50 a n d o v e r ___________________
0 0.8
.7
1.9
4.6
5.4
11.0
12.4
9.8
6.4
5.8
3.7
3.4
4.0
4.5
4.4
3.6
2.8
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.3
1.6
1.3
.6
.3
.3
.2
.3
.1
.2
.6
0.1
.1
.5
1.0
2.9
1.8
14.9
10.3
7.7
8.8
4.0
3.8
3.5
5.6
3.8
3.4
3.7
4.3
3.0
5.1
2.2
2.5
2.3
1.6
.6
.5
.5
.8
.1
.1
.6
0.3
2.1
3.8
5.4
5.1
7.1
8.8
4.1
6.0
7.2
4.7
3.8
5.0
3.1
3.2
3.7
1.9
2.6
2.4
2.6
3.2
2.0
2.4
1.5
1.0
1.0
.6
.8
.6
.9
2.7
Total__________________
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
73,061
$1.51
9,730
$1.61
13,094
$1.59
49,910
$1.47
N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s__________
A v e r a c e h o u r iv e a r n in g s i
__
0
0
0
0
1.0
.5
1.6
5.1
5.9
13.9
12.9
11.2
6.1
4.9
3.4
3.2
3.8
4.7
4.8
3.6
2.8
2.0
2.2
1.8
2.1
1.3
.8
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
1 See footnote 1, table 1.
2 See footnote 3, table 1.
* Less than 0.05 percent.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items m ay not equal 100.
and minimum job rates were identical; in 36 mills,
the job rates ranged from 4 to 10 cents an hour
higher than the entrance rates; in 50, the difference
varied from 11 to 20 cents; and in most of the
remaining 37 establishments, which reported both
formal minimum entrance and job rates, the
differences were from 21 to 30 cents an hour.
Scheduled Weekly Hours and Shift Provisions.
Work schedules of 40 hours a week applied to more
than four-fifths of the production and office
workers in the industry and were predominant
in each of the three regions for which data are
presented. Weekly schedules in excess of 40 hours
were reported for most of the remaining production
workers in New England and the Southeast; in
the Middle Atlantic region, almost one-fifth were
8 Minimum entrance and minimum job rates, for purposes of this study
relate to the lowest formal rates established for inexperienced and experienced
time-rated workers, respectively, in unskilled production and related occupa
tions in the regular textile departments (through the cloth room), except
watchmen, apprentices, and handicapped and superannuated workers.
623
EARNINGS IN SYNTHETIC TEXTILES
or other late-shift work were in effect in establish
ments which employed about 90 percent of the
workers and most commonly amounted to 5 cents
an hour. Approximately three-tenths of the
production workers were employed on the second
shift; one-eighth of these received premium pay
of various amounts for such work. Slightly more
than one-fifth were employed on third or other late
scheduled to work less than 40 hours a week in
August 1960.
Virtually all establishments had provisions for
late-shif t work. About one-seventh of the produc
tion workers were employed in establishments with
provisions for payment of shift differentials for
second-shift work, usually 4 or 5 cents an horn or
5 percent. Provisions for premium pay for thirdT
a b l e
3.
T
A
v er a g e
e x t il e
M
S
t r a ig h t
il l s
,
b y
S
-T
im e
H
ele c t e d
o u r ly
O
E
a r n in g s
c c u p a t io n s
, U
1
of
M
e n
S
n it e d
a n d
ta t e s
United States 8
Sex and occupation
M
en
om en
Battery hands........................................... Doflers, spinning frame----------------------Drawing frame tenders..............................
Drawing-in machine operators........... —
Inspectors, cloth, machine____________
Janitors (excluding machinery cleaners)..
Slubber tenders 8...........................- ...........
Long-draft---------------------------------Spinners, ring frame------- ---------- --------Twister tenders, ring frame......................
Uptwisters_________________________
Warper tenders-------------------------------High speed (300 y.p.m. and over)---Slow speed (under 300 y.p.m .)......... .
Weavers----------------- --------------------—
Box looms.............. ..................- ..........
Dobby looms........................................
Jacquard looms__________________
Plain looms.........................................
Winders, y a rn 8. ........................................
Automatic spooler______________
Cone and tube, automatic_________
Cone and tube, nonautomatic-------Pilling, autom atic..............- ...............
Pilling, nonautom atic........................
i See footnote 1, table 1.
8 See footnote 3, table 1.
,
8 Includes data for workers in classification other than those shown
separately.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
o m en
S
P
r o d u c t io n
ele c t e d
R
New England
W
e g io n s
o r k e r s
,
A
in
u g u st
Middle Atlantic
Syn
1960
t h e t ic
325
143
539
132
907
3fifi
99
187
393
929
5,042
1,046
475
3, 521
376
27
995
727
149
573
213
2,387
738
612
655
360
242
113
6,187
1,226
2,640
1,379
942
$1.33
1 71
1 36
1 71
1 49
1 43
1.72
1.87
1.47
1.23
2.05
2.06
2.28
2.02
1.82
1 92
1.71
1 52
1 45
1. 54
1.51
1.28
1.37
1.82
1.36
1.63
1. 55
1 79
1.83
1.83
1.77
1.98
1 77
126
13
55
20
72
27
$1.34
1.68
1.49
1.91
1.64
1.53
87
$1.34
26
28
84
831
116
35
680
39
9
199
36
2.01
1.56
1.34
2.08
2.08
2.13
2.08
2.00
2.03
1.92
1.53
14
88
68
884
376
259
249
11
2.03
1.60
1.36
2.24
2.14
2.53
2.08
2.16
69
1.83
156
1.33
135
29
27
1.96
1.41
1.58
772
1.86
333
56
267
1.78
2.13
1.89
12
320
55
70
134
135
77
58
1,692
543
284
816
1.55
1.32
1.65
1.94
1.25
1.83
1.76
1.93
2.02
1.86
1.93
2.14
2,283
59
255
86
2,137
62
224
141
2,306
1,893
639
721
370
1.30
1. 52
1 39
1 74
1.36
1.25
1 35
1 42
1.39
1.32
1.33
1.55
1.47
354
1.34
225
1.31
70
7
405
13
1.47
1.52
1.38
1.28
277
16
1.44
1.31
3,254
677
1,571
472
534
8,085
462
1,137
2,904
1,676
334
1.79
1.81
1.77
1.86
1.74
1.37
1 42
1.33
1.34
1.42
1.45
170
269
108
78
44
34
389
51
173
11
154
805
68
137
256
234
1.51
1.31
1.37
1.61
1.56
1 68
1.81
1.93
1.77
1.88
1.81
1.45
1. 57
1.30
1.47
1.45
104
667
169
319
65
254
1,095
502
263
317
13
2,367
1.35
1.31
1.30
1.67
1.66
1.67
1.87
1.80
1.85
1.98
2.14
1.36
147
614
425
219
1.34
1.33
1.47
1.47
-
Southeast
Number Average Number Average Number Average Number
of
hourly
of
hourly
of
hourly
of
workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings workers
Battery hands.................................... .........
Card grinders_______________________
Card tenders...............................................
Carpenters, maintenance_____________
Doflers, spinning frame---------- ------Drawing frame tenders............- ...............
Drawing-in machine operators-------------Electricians, maintenance------------------Inspectors, cloth, machine____________
Janitors (excluding machinery cleaners)..
Loom fixers________________________
Box looms.................... —....................
Jacquard looms__________________
Plain and dobby looms.......................
Machinists, m aintenance.........................
Millwrights.................. ..............................
Slasher tenders...........................................
Slubber tenders..........................................
Standard........... ................................ —
Long-draft_______________
--Spinners, ring frame.............
—
Truckers, hand (including bobbin boys).
Twister tenders, ring frame--------- ------Tying-in machine operators----------------Uptwisters............. ......................... - ..........
Warper tenders..... ........... —............. ........
High speed (300 y.p.m. and over)---Slow speed (under 300 y.p.m .)-------Weavers............. —- .................................Box looms......................
Dobby loom s......................................
Jacquard looms--------------------------Plain looms------ ------ - ........- .............
W
W
a n d
Average
hourly
earnings
112
125
464
105
774
299
92
145
277
772
3,325
554
181
2, 590
322
18
726
685
123
562
187
1,906
660
406
492
197
147
$1.32
1.72
1.34
1.66
1.48
1.41
1.71
1.83
1.42
1.21
2.00
2.00
1.95
2.00
1.79
1.87
1.64
1.52
1.44
1.53
1.51
1.27
1.34
1.75
1.39
1.49
1.43
3,723
567
2,023
507
626
1.74
1.78
1.75
1.69
1.70
1,702
53
99
79
1,454
33
182
105
2,003
934
362
324
261
1.29
1.51
1.40
1.76
1.34
1.21
1.34
1.44
1.39
1.33
1.33
1.42
1.40
1,767
124
1,135
144
364
4,846
340
839
2,005
1,015
113
1.73
1.80
1.75
1.60
1.69
1.36
1.41
1.34
1.33
1.38
1.42
N o t e : Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publica
tion criteria.
624
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1961
T able 4. P e r cen t of P roduction W orkers in S yn
th etic -T e x t il e M ills w ith F ormal P rovisions for
S elected S u pplem en tar y W age B e n e f it s ,1 U n ited
S tates and S elected R eg io n s , A ugust 1960
Selected benefits 1
Paid vacations: 3 4
After 1 year of service—-..............
Under 1 week_____ _______
1 week_________ _________
Over 1 and under 2 weeks__
2 weeks................— _______
After 5 years of service— .............
1 week_________ _________
Over 1 and under 2 weeks__
2 weeks__________________
After 25 years of service________
1 week_________ ________
Over 1 and under 2 weeks__
2 weeks....... ........... ............. .
Over 2 and under 3 weeks__
3 weeks...................................
Paid holidays 1!. ____ _____ ______
Less than 4 holidays__________
4 holidays___________________
5 holidays................. .....................
6 holidavs___________________
7 holidays_____________ _____
8 holidays____ _______________
Health, insurance, and pension
p lan s:8
Life insurance________________
Accidental death and dismemberment insurance______ ____
Sickness and accident insurance.
Sick leave______________ _____
Hospitalization insurance______
Surgical insurance____________
Medical insurance____________
Castastrophe insurance................
Retirement pension.............. ........
Retirement severance p ay ...........
United
New
Middle South
States 3 England Atlantic east
96
2
90
2
1
98
20
1
77
98
19
1
73
2
3
40
7
2
6
15
9
2
99
94
3
1
99
5
99
2
94
3
99
28
94
99
5
71
99
26
86
56
6
12
93
6
i
10
28
38
11
8
96
4
17
63
13
95
3
89
2
2
97
21
1
76
97
20
1
76
1
14
9
2
2
2
89
79
74
96
47
68
59
64
35
73
49
67
94
91
39
6
6
11
89
85
72
2
8
43
94
81
37
95
95
33
7
7
5
14
1 If formal provisions for supplementary benefits in an establishment were
applicable to half or more of the workers, the benefits were considered appli
cable to all workers. Because of length-of-service and other eligibility require
ments, the proportion of workers currently receiving the benefits may be
smaller than estimated.
3 See footnote 3, table 1.
3 Vacation payments, such as percentage of annual earnings, were converted
to an equivalent time basis. The periods of service were arbitrarily chosen
and do not necessarily reflect the individual provisions for progression.
Thus, the changes indicated at 5 years may include changes occurring be
tween 1 and 5 years.
* Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
5 Tabulations were limited to full-day holidays; additional half-day holi
days were provided in some establishments.
6 Includes only those plans for which at least a part of the cost is borne by
the employer, and excludes legally required plans such as workmen’s com
pensation and Federal social security programs.
shifts; nearly all of these workers received shiftpremium pay, typically 5 cents an hour above the
day rates.
Paid Holidays. Paid holidays were provided by
mills employing more than nine-tenths of the pro
duction workers in New England and the Middle
Atlantic region but only about one-seventh in the
Southeast (table 4). The most common provisions
were 6 days annually in New England and 6 or 7
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days in the Middle Atlantic region. Holiday
provisions for office employees were somewhat
more liberal than those reported for production
workers. One-third of the office employees in
New England and almost a fifth in the Middle
Atlantic region received 8 or more days a year.
Four-fifths of the office employees in the Southeast
were provided holidays, typically 5 or 6 days.
Paid Vacations. Practically all production and
office workers with qualifying periods of service
were eligible for paid vacations. Nine-tenths of
the production workers were eligible for 1 week
of vacation after 1 year of service and slightly
more than three-fourths received 2 weeks after 5
years. Two-week vacations after 1 year of service
were provided for office workers in establishments
employing three-fifths of these workers. After 25
years of service, vacations in excess of 2 weeks
were provided for 5 percent of the plant workers
and 13 percent of the office employees.
Health, Insurance, and Pension Plans. Life, hos
pitalization, and surgical insurance, financed at
least in part by the employer, were available to
approximately nine-tenths of the production and
office workers in the industry. Sickness and acci
dent insurance was also provided to two-thirds of
both groups of workers. Accidental death and
dismemberment insurance and medical insurance
were also frequently reported. Catastrophe in
surance and sick leave provisions were not
common.
Pension plans providing regular payments for
the remainder of the worker’s life upon retirement
(other than benefits available under Federal oldage, survivors, and disability insurance) were
rare for the industry’s production workers. Re
tirement severance plans providing lump-sum
payments upon retirement applied to 43 percent
of the production workers in New England, 14
percent in the Middle Atlantic region, and 5
percent in the Southeast.
— C h a r l e s M . O ’C o n n o r
D ivision of Wages and Industrial Relations
UNION WAGE SCALES IN PRINTING
Union Wage Scales in the
Printing Industry, July 1,1960
N egotiated w age scales for union printingtrades workers in cities of 100,000 inhabitants or
more continued to move upward during the year
ending July 1, 1960. Hourly wage scales rose an
average of 9 cents during the 12-month period,
according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics 54th
annual survey of such scales. The rise amounted
to 10 cents in book and job shops and to 8 cents
in newspaper establishments.1
Hourly wage scales were advanced for seveneighths of the workers included in the survey.
The upward adjustment varied from 10 to 12
cents for three-tenths of the workers, from 6 to
8 cents for a tenth, and from 8 to 10 cents for a
sixth. The advances amounted to 12 cents or
more for a fifth of the tradesmen.2
Union hourly scales on July 1, 1960, as a result
of these rate changes, averaged $3.23 for all
printing-trades workers studied. Rates of $3.10
to $3.60 an hour were specified in agreements for
approximately half of the printing-trades workers
and of $3.60 or more for nearly a fourth.3
Weekly work schedules at straight-time rates
of pay averaged 36.6 hours on July 1, 1960. The
most common workweek, 37% hours, was appli
cable to 43 percent of the workers. Health and
welfare programs were provided in agreements
covering almost three-fourths of the workers;
pension plan provisions affected slightly more than
two-fifths.
Trend and Scale Changes
Rate revisions effective between July 1, 1959,
and July 1, 1960, raised the level of union hourly
scales for printing-trades workers by 2.9 percent.
This rise—the smallest in the past 4 years
advanced the Bureau’s index of union hourly
wage scales to 152.6 (table 1). Reflected in the
increase were gains of 3.3 percent for book and
job (commercial) shops and 2.3 percent for news
paper establishments, which raised the respective
indexes to 154.8 and 148.3.
The rate of advance varied among individual
trades for both types of printing establishments—
from 2.6 to 4.1 percent in book and job shops and
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
625
from 2.1 to 2.7 percent in newspaper plants
(table 2).
On a cents-per-hour basis, hourly scales
increased an average of 9.9 cents in book and job
shops and 7.8 cents in newspaper plants. Among
individual trades, average scale increases ranged
from 7.4 cents for bindery women to 12.8 cents
for stereotypers in book and job shops, and from
7.2 cents for hand compositors to 9.2 cents for
stereotypers in newspaper establishments. Geo
graphically, advances in average scales also varied
widely, ranging from 4.9 cents in the Southeast
to 11.4 cents in the Border States for newspaper
work, and from 7.4 cents in New England to 11.7
cents in the Pacific region for book and job shop
work.
Many of the union contracts in effect on July 1,
1960, had been negotiated for 2 years—a few were
for longer periods. Contracts of more than a
year’s duration frequently provided for wage
reopenings or for periodic increases. However,
only those scales that actually became effective
between July 1, 1959, and July 1, 1960, were
included in the current study.
Rate revisions were extensive during the year
ending July 1, 1960; 92 percent of the printing* Union scales are defined as the minimum basic wage scales (excluding
holiday, vacation, or other benefit payments regularly made or credited to
the worker each pay period) or maximum schedules of hours at straighttime rates agreed upon through collective bargaining between trade unions
and employers. Rates in excess of the negotiated minimum, which may be
paid for special qualifications or other reasons, are not included.
The information presented in this article was based on union scales in effect
on July 1, 1960, and covered approximately 110,000 printing-trades workers
in 53 cities with populations of 100,000 or more. Data were obtained prima
rily from local union officials by mail questionnaire.
The current survey was designed to reflect union wage scales in the print
ing industry in all cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants. All cities with 500,000
or more inhabitants were included, as were most cities in the 250,000 to 500,000
population group. The cities in the 100,000 to 250,000 group selected for study
were distributed widely throughout the United States. Data for some of
the cities included in the study in the two smaller size groups were weighted
to compensate for cities which were not surveyed. In order to provide
appropriate representation in the combination of data, each geographic
region and population group was considered separately when city weights
were assigned.
Mimeographed listings of union scales are available for each city included
In the study. Forthcoming BLS Bull. 1292 will contain more detailed
information.
j For ease of reading, in this and subsequent discussions of tabulations,
the limits of the class intervals are designated as 10 to 12 cents, 3 to 5 percent,
etc., instead of using the more precise terminology, 10 and under 12 cents,
3 and under 5 percent, etc.
a Average hourly scales, designed to show current levels, are based on all
scales reported in effect on July 1,1960. Individual scales were weighted by
the number of union members having each rate. These averages are not
designed for precise year-to-year comparisons because of fluctuations in
membership and in job classifications studied. Average cents-per-hour and
percent changes from July 1, 1959, to July 1, 1960, are based on comparable
quotations for the various occupational classifications in both periods
weighted by the membership reported for the current survey. The index
series, designed for trend purposes, is similarly constructed.
626
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1961
trades workers in book and job shops and 77
percent of those in newspaper establishments had
their scales adjusted upward. The proportion
of workers affected by various increases are shown
in the following tabulation:
Percent of workers affected
Book and job Newspapers
Total___ _________
_
__ ____
92. 1
76.
19.7
15. 6
32. 2
24. 4
19.
16.
26.
14.
1.
8.
43.
24.
5.
9.
9.
18.
33.
5.
6.
4.
Cents-per-hour increases
Less than 8 cents __
8 to 10 cents__
10 to 12 cents
_
12 cents or m ore._ _
__ __ .
_ _
_ _
__ ______
Percentage increases
Less than 2 percent2 to 3 percent-3 to 4 percent______
________
__
4 to 5 percent_
_
5 to 6 percent-_ _
_____
6 percent or m o r e ______________
4
6
1
5
1
3
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual components may not
equal totals.
Rate Variations by Type of Work
Commercial (book and job) printshops produce
many different items in varying quantities; news
paper establishments, on the other hand, are
geared to mass production of a single recurring
item at regular intervals. The composition of the
labor force, consequently, differs materially in
each type of printing establishment. A substantial
proportion of the labor force in commercial shops
is comprised of bindery women, mailers, and press
assistants and feeders who typically perform
routine and less skilled tasks; in newspaper print
ing, however, journeymen are required in greater
proportions to meet daily demands. These differ
ent work-force requirements affect the average
rates, which reflect the number of printing-trades
workers at the various pay scales in each type of
establishment.
Average hourly scales on July 1, 1960, were
$3.08 in book and job shops and $3.48 in news
paper establishments. Nightwork scales in news
paper plants averaged about 7 percent, or 23 cents
higher than daywork scales—$3.59, compared
with $3.36. Because relatively few workers are
employed on nightwork in book and job shops,
information for such workers was excluded from
the survey.
Although daywork scales averaged higher in
newspaper plants than in commercial shops, there
was no consistent pattern of rate differentials
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among occupational classifications common to
both types of printing. Hourly scales for mailers
were, on the average, 9 cents higher in newspaper
establishments than in book and job shops; on
the other hand, stereotypers and photoengravers
on commercial work averaged 36 and 21 cents,
respectively, above similar workers in newspaper
establishments.
Pay scales varied widely for unionized printingtrades workers in both types of establishments
among the cities surveyed. In book and job
shops, rates ranged from $1.39 for some assistants
and feeders on platen presses in Memphis to $4.65
for first pressmen on four-color offset presses in
St. Louis. Scales of $3.10 to $3.60 an hour were
specified in agreements for slightly more than
two-fifths of the printing tradesmen in commercial
shops. Rates of $2.60 to $3.10 were provided for
a sixth and of $3.60 or more for a similar pro
portion. Rates of less than $2.60 an hour were
applicable to a fifth of the workers; included in
this group were all the bindery women, a fourth of
the mailers, and a fifth of the press assistants and
feeders. Among bindery women, two-thirds had
T
a b l e
H
1.
o u r s
1907 60
In
in
d e x e s
th e
op
P
U
n io n
r in t in g
W age Scales
T ra des, Sele
a n d
c ted
W eekly
Y ea r s,
[J a n u a r y 2, 1 9 4 8 -J u ly 1, 1949=100]
I n d e x o f w a g e sc a le s
I n d e x o f w e e k ly h o u r s
D a te
1907: M a y 15.
1911: M a y 15.
1916: M a y 15.
1918: M a y 15.
1919: M a y 15.
1920: M a y 15.
1921: M a y 15.
1922: M a y 15.
1926: M a y 15.
1931: M a y 15.
1932: M a y 15.
1933: M a y 15.
1936: M a y 15.
1941: J u n e 1 . .
1942: J u ly 1 ...
1943: J u ly 1 ...
1944: J u ly 1 ...
1945: J u ly 1 ...
1946: J u ly 1 ...
1948: J a n . 2 . . .
1949: J u ly 1 ...
1950: J u ly 1 . . .
1951: J u ly 1 . . .
1952: J u ly 1 . . .
1953: J u ly 1 . . .
1954: J u ly 1 . . .
1955: J u ly 1 . . .
1956: J u ly 1 . . .
1957: J u ly 1 . . .
1958: J u ly 1 . . .
1959: J u ly 1 . . .
1960: J u ly 1 . . .
A ll
p r in t
in g
B ook
and
jo b
N ew s
paper
A ll
p r in t
in g
Book
and
jo b
0
19.9
2 1 .4
2 4 .0
2 9 .4
3 7 .7
4 1 .3
4 1 .8
4 6 .8
50.8
50. 5
4 7 .5
51 .5
56.8
5 9 .3
6 1 .1
6 2 .6
63. 5
74 .3
9 4 .3
105.7
107.9
112.4
118.8
123.5
127.1
130.7
134.1
138.9
143.6
148.3
152.6
1 5 .0
19.3
20 .8
2 3 .9
2 9 .4
3 8 .4
4 2 .2
4 2 .4
4 7 .4
51 .1
50 .6
4 7 .8
5 1 .6
5 6 .6
5 9 .1
6 0 .7
62 .3
63.1
7 4 .2
9 4 .3
105.7
108.2
112.1
119.3
124.0
127.6
131.4
134.9
139.9
144.7
149.8
154.8
19 .4
2 2 .4
2 3 .7
2 5 .5
3 0 .8
3 7 .6
4 0 .9
4 1 .3
4 6 .1
50.1
50 .0
4 6 .8
5 1 .0
56 .9
5 9 .4
61 .9
6 3 .3
64 .1
7 4 .5
9 4 .3
105.7
107.4
112.7
117.6
122.3
125.9
128.9
132.1
136.4
140.8
145.0
148.3
(*)
133.2
132.9
132.9
132.9
129 .0
121.2
120.8
119.6
119.2
115.2
114.3
106.2
104.6
104.3
104.6
104.6
104.6
102.0
100.1
9 9 .9
9 9 .8
9 9 .7
9 9 .5
9 9 .5
9 9 .4
9 9 .2
9 9 .1
9 8 .8
9 8 .5
9 8 .2
9 8 .1
144.8
136.5
136.4
136.4
136.3
131 .2
120.7
11 9 .2
118.4
118.2
113.6
112.5
107.0
105.8
105.8
106.1
106.1
106.1
102.4
100.1
9 9 .9
9 9 .8
9 9 .5
9 9 .2
9 9 .2
9 9 .1
9 8 .9
9 8 .7
9 8 .3
9 8 .0
9 7 .6
9 7 .4
1 C o m b in e d d a ta for y e a r 1907 n o t a v a ila b le .
N ew s
paper
123.5
122.3
121.5
121.5
121.7
121.6
121.3
123.6
121.6
120.6
117.5
116.9
104.5
101.8
101.7
101.7
101.7
101.7
101.3
100.3
9 9 .7
9 9 .5
9 9 .4
9 9 .3
9 9 .3
9 9 .2
9 9 .1
9 9 .0
9 8 .8
9 8 .6
9 8 .5
9 8 .5
627
UNION WAGE SCALES IN PRINTING
rates of less than $1.90 an hour and a fourth had
scales of $2 to $2.50. All of the electrotypers and
virtually all of the stereotypers and photoengravers
had contract rates of at least $3 an hour. Half of
the electrotypers, two-thirds of the stereotypers,
and three-fourths of the photoengravers had rates
of $3.60 or more, as did fewer than a sixth of the
workers in seven other trades. A third of the
composing room workers had scales varying from
$3.50 to $3.60 an hour.
Individual rates in newspaper establishments
ranged from $2.41 for day-shift mailers in Little
Rock to $4.98 for night-shift stereotypers on Ger
man and Polish language newspapers in Chicago.
Hourly scales of $3.10 to $3.60 prevailed for 65
percent of the dayworkers and 46 percent of the
nightworkers; and of $3.60 or more for 19 and 49
percent of the workers, respectively. Rates of at
least $3.60 were in effect for some workers in each
trade; four-fifths of the photoengravers and threefourths of the pressmen-in-charge had such scales.
A fourth of the workers in these two trades had
rates of $4 or more, and none had scales of less
than $3.10 an hour.
In book and job printshops, average hourly
scales for the individual trades, except for bindery
women ($1.87), ranged from $2.75 for press
assistants and feeders to $3.94 for photoengravers.
Of the remaining nine trades, the average scale
was less than $3 an hour for one and in excess of
$3.30 for six. Among the eight newspaper trades
studied, average hourly scales were lowest for
mailers ($3.19) and highest for pressmen-in-charge
($3.83). Except for photoengravers ($3.82), aver
ages for the other crafts ranged from $3.47 to
$3.53 an hour.
Nightwork scales on newspapers averaged 23
cents, or 6.8 percent, above daywork scales.
Among individual trades, differentials favoring
night-shift workers ranged from 18 to 35 cents, or
from 5.2 to 9.5 percent.
4
The city and regional averages presented in this article were designed to
show current levels of rates; they do not measure differences in union scales
among areas. Scales for individual crafts, of course, varied from city to city.
The city and regional averages, however, were influenced not only by differ
ences in rates among cities and regions but also by differences in the propor
tion of organized workers in the various crafts. Thus, a particular craft or
classification may not be organized in some areas or may be organized less
intensively in some areas than in others; and, also, certain types of work were
found in some areas but not in others, or to a greater extent in some areas
than in others. These differences were reflected in the weighting of individual
rates by the number of union members at the rate. Hence, even though rates
for all individual crafts in two areas may be identical, the average for all
crafts combined in each area may differ.
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T able 2. A verage U nion H ourly W age R ates i n th e
P r in tin g T rades , J uly 1, 1960, and I ncrea se in
R ates , J uly 1, 1959-J uly 1, 1960
Trade
Average
rate
per hour,
July 1,
1960
Amount of increase,
July 1 ,1959July 1,1960
Percent
Cents per
hour
All printing trades________________
$3.23
2.9
9.1
Book and job 1___________________
Bindery women_____ _________
Bookbinders_________________
Compositors, hand____________
Electrotypers_________________
Machine operators_______ _____
Machine tenders (machinists)----Mailers____________________ Photoengravers_____________
Press assistants and feeders_____
Pressmen, cylinder____________
Pressmen, platen______________
Stereotypers----- --------------- ------
$3.08
1.87
3.18
3.37
3.64
3.37
3.36
2.96
3.94
2.75
3.33
3.02
3.70
3.3
4.1
3.4
3.5
3.0
3.4
3.4
3.6
3.3
3.1
2.8
2.6
3.6
ff9
7.4
10. 5
11.4
10.4
11. 1
11.1
10.2
12.5
8.3
9.1
7.6
12.8
3.48
3.36
3.59
3.49
3.40
3.59
3. 52
3.42
3.61
3.53
3.44
3.62
3.19
3.05
3.31
3.82
3.73
3.93
3.52
3.37
3.68
3.83
3.67
4.02
3.47
3.34
3.63
2.3
2.4
2.2
2.1
2.2
2.1
2.1
2.3
2.0
2.1
2.1
2.1
2. 5
2.9
2.2
2.4
2. 5
2.4
2.4
2. 5
2.3
2.3
2.1
2.6
2.7
2.9
2.5
7.8
8.0
7.7
7.2
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.6
7.2
7.3
7.2
7T"5
7.8
8.7
7.1
9.1
9.2
9.0
8.2
8.0
8.3
8.7
7.4
10.2
9.2
9.4
8.9
N ew spaper--------------------------------Daywork___________________
Nightwork__________ — ------Compositors, hand____________
Daywork______ __________Nightwork_______________
Machine operators________ ____
Daywork_________________
Nightwork_______________
Machine tenders (machinists)----Daywork_________________
Nightwork--------- -------------Mailers---- -------------------------Daywork.. _______ _______
Nightwork--------- -------------Phot oengravers_______________
Daywork_________________
Nightwork. . . ----------------Pressmen (journeymen)........... —
Daywork_________________
Nightwork. -------------------Pressmen-in-charge____________
Daywork_________________
Nightwork_______________
Stereotypers--------------------------Daywork------------------- . —
Nightwork_______________
1 Day-shift rates; night-shift rates were excluded from the survey since
relatively few workers are employed on night shifts.
City and Regional Variations
Labor-management contract provisions effec
tive during the 12 months ending July 1, 1960,
increased wage scales for some printing-trades
workers in each of the 53 cities surveyed. Average
hourly scales for book and job shops increased
6 to 8 cents in 11 cities, 8 to 10 cents in 20 cities,
10 to 12 cents in 10 cities, and 12 or more cents in
4 cities. For newspaper work, average scales
advanced 6 to 8 cents in 8 cities, 8 to 10 cents in
12 cities, 10 to 12 cents in 13 cities, and 12 or more
cents in 7 others. In terms of percent, the
increases represented gains of 3 to 4 percent for
book and job printing in half of the cities and for
newspaper work in a fourth of the cities; of 2 to 3
percent in a fourth and two-fifths of the cities,
respectively, for book and job shops and news
paper plants.4 Gains of 4 percent or more were
628
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1961
T able 3. A verage U nion H ourly W age R ates in
P r in t in g T rades , by R eg io n / J uly 1, 1960
Region 1
All
printing
Book
and job
the
Newspaper
United States.................... ...............
$3.23
$3.08
$3.48
New England__________
Middle Atlantic__________
Border States................................
Southeast_______________
Great Lakes______________
Middle W est___________
Southwest...............................
M ountain....................................
Pacific....................................
$3.13
3.27
3.09
2.98
3.24
3.09
2.99
3.10
3.43
$2.97
3.12
2.84
2.78
3.11
2.87
2.65
2.78
3.34
$3.36
3.57
3.43
3.12
3.52
3.49
3.23
3.33
3.59
i The regions referred to in this study include: New England— Connecticut,
Mame, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont:
Middle Atlantic— New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; Border States—
Delaware, District of Columbia, Kentucky, Maryland, Virginia, and West
Virginia; Southeast Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina,
South Carolina, and Tennessee; Great Lakes—Illinois, Indiana, Michigan,
Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin; Middle West—Iowa, Kansas, Missouri,
Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; Southwest—Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; Mountain—Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana,
New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; and Pacific— California, Nevada, Oregon,
and Washington.
recorded in about a tenth of the cities for both
types of printing establishments.
On a regional basis, average union hourly scales
for all printing-trades workers combined varied
from $2.98 in the Southeast to $3.43 in the
Pacific region. In book and job shops, scales
averaged highest ($3.34) in the Pacific region and
lowest ($2.65) in the Southwest region. For
newspaper work, the lowest ($3.12) and the
highest ($3.59) averages were in the Southeast
and Pacific regions, respectively. (See table 3.)
Standard Workweek
Weekly work schedules at straight-time rates
of pay declined slightly during the year for
printing-trades workers in cities of 100,000 in
habitants or more. Such schedules averaged
36.6 hours on July 1, 1960, compared with 36.7
hours on July 1, 1959. The average weekly
schedule for day-shift work was 36.6 hours in
book and job shops and 36.9 hours in newspaper
plants; for night-shift work on newspapers, it
was 36 hours.
The most prevalent straight-time workweek
consisted of 37% hours; this schedule affected 40
percent of the workers in commercial shops and
48 percent of those in newspaper plants. Work
weeks of 36% hours were specified for 35 and 28
1 The prevalence of negotiated health, insurance, and pension programs in
the printing industry was first studied by the Bureau as of July 1, 1954.
Information gathered on these plans was restricted to those financed entirely
or in part by the employer. Plans financed by workers through union dues
or assessments were excluded. No attem pt was made to secure information
on the kind and extent of benefits provided or on the cost of plans providing
such benefits.
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percent of the printing tradesmen in book and
job shops and newspaper establishments, respec
tively, and of 35 hours for 21 percent of the com
mercial shop workers and 16 percent of those on
newspapers. Weekly work schedules of more than
37% hours applied to about 4 percent of the com
mercial shop workers and virtually none of those
on newspapers. Conversely, schedules of less
than 35 hours were almost nonexistent for workers
in book and job shops but in effect for 6 percent
of those on newspaper work.
In newspaper establishments, weekly schedules
for nightwork were generally shorter than for
daywork. Workweeks of 35 hours or less applied
to a third of the night-shift workers and a tenth
of the day-shift workers. Schedules of 37% hours
were more common for day-shift workers than for
night-shift ones; the comparable proportions
were 64 and 31 percent, respectively.
Health, Insurance, and Pension Plans
Negotiated health, insurance, and pension
programs in the printing industry have increased
in recent years, although less rapidly than in some
other industries.5 The rate of development has
undoubtedly been influenced by programs op
erated by a number of unions for many years,
which provide members with one or more types
of benefits.
Labor-management agreements containing pro
visions for health and insurance plans affected
substantially more workers than did those pro
viding pension programs—almost three-fourths,
compared to slightly more than two-fifths. The
coverage of both type plans increased slightly
during the year. Health and insurance plans
were in effect for nearly four-fifths of printing
tradesmen in book and job shops and two-thirds
of those in newspaper plants. Pension provisions
affected slightly more than two-fifths of the
craftsmen in both types of printing.
Of the workers provided health and insurance
protection, more than 90 percent of those in both
book and job and newspaper establishments were
covered by plans financed entirely by the em
ployer. Similarly financed pension plans pre
vailed for 95 percent of the protected workers in
commercial shops and 73 percent of those in
newspaper establishments.
— T homas C. M obley
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO 24: NORTH AMERICAN AVIATION
Wage Chronology No. 24:
North American Aviation1
Supplement No. 3—1957-61
S in c e 1957, two contracts have been negotiated
by North American Aviation, Inc.,2 and the
United Automobile, Aircraft and Agricultural
Workers of America (UAW). A 2-year agreement
was concluded on May 11, 1958, after about 3%
months of negotiations; it was ratified by the
union membership on May 18 and became effec
tive the following day. Formal negotiations,
begun on February 3, continued beyond the ex
piration date of the previous agreement, March 5,
1958, until settlement was reached. A strike had
been authorized by the union membership on
March 31 but did not take place. The term of the
new agreement extended to May 18, 1960.
The 1958 contract provided for hourly wage
increases of 2 to 11 cents effective in May 1958
and 3 percent (with a minimum of 7 cents) a year
later. It incorporated the existing cost-of-living
allowance into basic rates and continued the esca
lator provision, and upgraded a number of job
classifications. It also added a seventh paid holi
day and improved insurance benefits for de
pendents. Finally, it continued a joint wage
committee, whose purpose was to “discuss, investi
gate, and agree upon a new or modified wage
plan /’ subject to instructions and prohibitions
which had been established under the previous
agreement.
In March 1960, the union notified the company
of its desire to modify the existing contract. For
mal negotiations for the 1960 basic agreement
began on April 5 and continued without interrup
tion through the May 18 expiration date of the
1958 contract. Accord was reached on June 3,
1960, on the terms of a 2-year agreement, and it
629
was ratified by the union membership on June 5.
It increased basic wage rates 7 cents an hour,
effective May 28, 1961, and instituted a companypaid extended layoff benefit plan which provided
a lump-sum payment based on years of service in
the event of layoff for 4 weeks or more. The
layoff benefit plan established a pattern for an
important segment of the aircraft industry.
In addition, the settlement incorporated 5 cents
of the existing 6-cent cost-of-living allowance into
basic rates and provided a revised cost-of-living
escalator clause, which omitted the 1-cent increase
that would have been due in July under the old
clause; several jobs were upgraded, and the auto
matic wage progression period was shortened for a
number of job classifications. The agreement also
added time and one-half for work on shifts starting
on Saturday; improved holiday pay, vacation, and
sick leave provisions and the group insurance plan;
and increased pension benefits. Later in the year,
the parties negotiated a health and welfare plan
for retired employees and then' dependents.
The current contract is to remain in effect
through June 3, 1962, with the extended layoff
benefits provisions to run to June 5, 1964; the
pension plan is to continue without change until
September 30, 1965.
The following tables bring general wage changes
up to date through May 1961 and related wage
practices to the termination date of the current
agreement.
1 See Monthly Labor Review, June 1952 (pp. 683-687), M ay 1953 (pp. 514-515),
and April 1957 (pp. 460-465), or Wage Chronology Series 4, No. 24.
2 North American Aviation is not restricted to airframe production but has
expanded its operations since World War II into the missile, rocket engine,
nuclear electronics, and electromechanical fields. I t has divisions in Downey,
Canoga Park, Los Angeles, Calif., Columbus, Ohio, and Neosho, Mo. With
the exception of the Columbus Division, and the Neosho and Palmdale plants,
all these facilities are considered part of the Los Angeles Area bargaining unit
by North American and the UAW. A single agreement between North
American and the UAW covers wages and working conditions for most pro
duction and some maintenance employees at Los Angeles and Palmdale,
and production and all maintenance employees at Columbus and Neosho.
Strictly speaking, this supplement relates only to the Los Angeles Division
since only this area was covered by the agreement of July 18,1941, the earliest
one reported in the basic chronology.
A—General Wage Changes
Effective date
Provision
July 29, 1957 (by agreement
dated Mar. 15, 1956).
Oct 29 1957
Jan 27 1958
ÂDr. 28. 1958_____________
2 cents an hour increase _ —
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3 cents an hour increase-------1 cent an hour increase____
2 cents an hour increase----- ---
Applications, exceptions, and other related matters
Quarterly adjustment of cost-of-living allowance.
Do.
Do.
Do.
630
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1961
A—General Wage Changes—Continued
Effective date
Provision
May 19, 1958 (agreement of
same date).
2 to 11 cents 1an hour increase ,
averaging 3.7 cents.
July 28, 1958_________
Oct. 27, 1958____________
Jan. 26, 1959__________
Apr. 27, 1959____________
May 18, 1959 (agreement of
May 19, 1958).
July 27, 1959__________
Oct. 26, 1959__________
Jan. 25, 1960_________
Apr. 25, 1960_____________
June 5, 1960 (agreement of
same date).
July 24, 1960_______
Oct. 23, 1960_____________
Jan. 29, 1961__________
Apr. 23, 1961____________
May 28, 1961 (agreement
dated June 5, 1960).
Additional job classification revisions and adjustments to
rate ranges of certain labor grades 2 amounting to an
estimated increase of about 0.4 cent averaged over
all employees in the plant bargaining unit.
Deferred increase of 3 percent, with minimum of 7 cents
an hour, to become effective May 18, 1959.
In addition, previous 15-cent cost-of-living allowance
incorporated into basic wage rates and the escalator
provision continued, with quarterly adjustments in the
cost-of-living allowance of 1 cent for each 0.5-point
change in the Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer
Price Index above 122.4 (1947-49 = 100). If the CPI
fell below 122.9, the cost-of-living allowance would be
zero.3
2 cents an hour increase____ _ Quarterly adjustment of cost-of-living allowance.
No change_________________ - Quarterly review of cost-of-living allowance.
1 cent an hour increase_____ _ Quarterly adjustment of cost-of-living allowance.
1 cent an hour decrease_____
Do.
3 percent general wage in Deferred increase.
crease, with minimum of
7 cents an hour (estimated
to average 7.5 cents).
1 cent an hour increase______ Quarterly adjustment of cost-of-living allowance.
1 cent an hour increase______
Do.
2 cents an hour increase____
Do.
No change_________________
Quarterly review of cost-of-living allowance.
Deferred increase of 7 cents an hour to become effective
May 28, 1961.
In addition: 5 cents of the previous 6-cent cost-of-living
allowance incorporated into basic wage rates and esca
lator clause revised to provide only 1 cent an hour in
crease in the cost-of-living allowance based on the BLS
Consumer Price Index of 125.4 through 126.3 and 1 cent
for each 0.5-point change thereafter. If the CPI fell
below 125.4 (1947-49=100), the cost-of-living allow
ance would be zero.4 Minimum rates of labor grades
11, 12, 13, 16, and 17 increased 1 cent an hour to restore
proper number of automatic progression steps, and some
job classifications upgraded.
Leadmen’s differential set at 20 cents (formerly 5 to 20
cents) above maximum rate of highest job led.
No change____________
Quarterly review of cost-of-living allowance.
1 cent an hour increase.
Quarterly adjustment of cost-of-living allowance.
2 cents an hour increase.
Do.
No change____________
Quarterly review of cost-of-living allowance.
7 cents an hour increase.
Deferred increase.
1 Minimum and maximum of labor grades 1 through 7 increased 2 cents
an hour; those in grades 8 through 11, 3 cents; those in grades 12 and 13, 4
cents; those in grades 14, 15,13, and 17 increased 5, 6, 8, and 11 cents,
respectively.
2 The minimum rates in grades 4, 7,10, and 17 were increased an additional
1 cent; grade 6, 2 cents; grades 5 and 13, 3 cents; grade 14, 6 cents, and grades
15 and 16, 7 cents.
8 The agreement provided that quarterly cost-of-living adjustments effec
tive m January, April, July, and October be based on the Bureau of Labor
■Statistics Consumer Price Index for the months of November, February.
May, and August, as follows:
Consumer price index (1947-49=100)
Cost-of-living allowance
122.8 or less....................................................... None.
122.9 to 123.3---------------------------------------- 1 cent an hour.
123.4 to 123.8------------------------------------------2 cents an hour.
123.9 to 124.3------------------------------------------ 3 cents an hour.
124.4 to 124.8------------------------------------------4 cents an hour.
124.9 to 125.3------------------------------------------ 5 cents an hour.
125.4 to 125.8------------------------------------------6 cents an hour.
125.9 to 126.3..................................................... 7cents an hour.
and so forth for each 0.5-point change in the index.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Applications, exceptions, and other related matters
The cost-of-living allowance in effect was to be included in computing
payments for overtime, vacation, sick leave, holidays, and call-in pay.
4 The agreement provided that quarterly cost-of-living adjustments effec
tive in January, April, July, and October be based on the BLS Consumer
Price Index for November, February, May, and August, as follows:
Consumer price index (1947-49=100)
Cost-of-living allowance
125.3 or less___________________________ None.
125.4 to 126.3__________________________ 1 cent an hour.
126.4 to 126.8---------------------------------------- 2 cents an hour.
126.9 to 127.3-------------------------------- ------- 3 cents an hour.
127.4 to 127.8---------------------- ------ ----------- 4 cents an hour.
127.9 to 128.3---------------------------------------- 5 cents an hour.
128.4 to 128.8__________________________ 6 cents an hour.
128.9 to 129.3---------------------------------------- 7 cents an hour.
129.4 to 129.8------------- ---------------------------8 cents an hour.
129.9 to 130.3.......................... ........................ 9 cents an hour.
and so forth for each 0.5-point change in the index.
The cost-of-living allowance was to be included in computing payments
for overtime, vacation, sick leave, holidays, and call-in pay.
631
WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO 24: NORTH AMERICAN AVIATION
B—Hourly Rate Ranges, by Labor Grade1
Effective date
Labor grade and
selected job
classifications *
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
March 4, 1957
17_____________
16______ _______
15-------------------14_____________
13_____________
12_____________
1 1 ..___________
10___ _
9___ __ _
—
8 . . . -------—
7___ - ---------6_. —
---------5 . . ----- -----------4 __
— —
3_
__ _ —
2 _ __
__ l.__ ------- -----
May 19, 1958 3
May 28, 1961 4
June 5, 19604
May 18, 1959
Mini
mum
Maxi
mum
Mini
mum
Maxi
mum
Mini
mum
Maxi
mum
Mini
mum
Maxi
mum
Mini
mum
$2. 46
2. 35
2. 30
2. 24
2. 20
2. 17
2. 11
2. 05
2. 05
2. 00
1. 93
1. 86
1. 80
1. 75
1. 70
1. 65
1. 65
$2. 76
2. 66
2. 61
2. 54
2. 47
2. 41
2. 35
2. 30
2. 24
2. 17
2. 11
2. 05
2. 00
1. 93
1. 87
1. 82
1. 77
$2. 73
2. 65
2. 58
2. 50
2. 42
2. 36
2. 29
2. 24
2. 23
2. 18
2. 11
2. 05
2. 00
1. 93
1. 87
1. 82
1. 82
$3. 02
2. 89
2. 82
2. 74
2. 66
2. 60
2. 53
2. 48
2. 42
2. 35
2. 28
2. 22
2. 17
2. 10
2. 04
1. 99
1. 94
$2. 81
2. 73
2. 66
2. 58
2. 49
2. 43
2. 36
2. 31
2. 30
2. 25
2. 18
2. 12
2. 07
2. 00
1. 94
1. 89
1. 89
$3. 11
2. 98
2. 90
2. 82
2. 74
2. 68
2. 61
2. 55
2. 49
2. 42
2. 35
2. 29
2. 24
2. 17
2. 11
2. 06
2. 01
$2. 87
2. 79
2. 71
2. 63
2. 55
2. 49
2. 42
2. 36
2. 35
2. 30
2. 23
2. 17
2. 12
2. 05
1. 99
1. 94
1. 94
$3. 16
3. 03
2. 95
2. 87
2. 79
2. 73
2. 66
2. 60
2. 54
2. 47
2. 40
2. 34
2. 29
2. 22
2. 16
2. 11
2. 06
$2. 94
2. 86
2. 78
2. 70
2. 62
2. 56
2. 49
2. 43
2. 42
2. 37
2. 30
2. 24
2. 19
2. 12
2. 06
2. 01
2. 01
1 Under agreements in force on the dates shown, progression from minimum
to maximum rates was to be in the form of automatic 5-cent-an-hour increases
every 16 weeks until the maximum of the job classification was reached;
however, the company could grant individual merit hicreases more fre
quently. Employees receiving 6 to 9 cents an hour below the maximum of
the rate range would have their wage rates increased to the maximum of the
appropriate range at the end of the final 16-week period. The minimum rate
for beginners was to be no lower than 25 cents below the minimum of the rate
range of the job classification for which hired. Beginners’ rates were to be
increased 5 cents an hour every 4 weeks until they reached the minimum
job range.
, . .
„
...
The rates shown include only that portion of cost-of-livmg allowance that
had been incorporated into basic rates by the stipulated dates; the specific
amounts included are given in footnotes 3 and 4. Otherwise, cost-of-living
allowances were added only to rates of workers on the payroll at their effective
dates; they were not added to labor grade minimums and maximums and are
not included in the rates shown in this table.
Maxi
mum
$3. 23
3. 10
3. 02
2. 94
2. 86
2. 80
2. 73
2. 67
2. 61
2. 54
2. 47
2. 41
2. 36
2. 29
2. 23
2. 18
2. 13
2 See Supplement No. 2 for typical jobs in each labor grade. The M ay 19,
1958, agreement reclassified the following jobs listed in Supplement No. 2.
air-conditioning and refrigeration mechanics from grade 13 to 14 and janitors
from grade 1 to 2. The following typical job titles were eliminated: stationary
engineers, high pressure—grade 13; coverers, fabric layoutmen grade 4;
assemblers, aircraft (production)—grade 2; and installers, aircraft (produc
tion)—grade 2.
3 The rates shown reflect incorporation of the 15-cent cost-of-livmg allow:
ance into basic rates in addition to the general wage rate changes which varied
from 2 to 11 cents, depending on labor grade. Minimum rates in certain
labor grades also include additional increases ranging from 1 to 7 cents. (See
table A, footnote 2.)
,
. ... .
„
4 The rates shown reflect incorporation of 5 cents of the cost-of-living allow
ance into basic rates, increases in the minimum rates of grades 11,12,13,16,
and 17, and in 1961 a general wage-rate increase. (See table A.)
C—Number of Labor Grades and Hourly R ates1 for Lowest and Highest Grades, 1957-61
Highest grade
Lowest grade
Effective date
Mar.
May
May
June
May
4, 1957
19, 1958
18, 1959
5, 1960
28, 1961
--- --_____
_
_ _
_____
_
_ _
Number
of grades
17
17
17
17
17
Minimum Maximum
$1.
1.
1.
1.
2.
65
82
89
94
01
i The rates shown include only th at portion of cost-of-living allowances
that had been incorporated into basic rates by the stipulated dates; the
specific amounts included are given in footnotes 3 and 4 of table B. Other
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$1.
1.
2.
2.
2.
77
94
01
06
13
Minimum
$2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
46
73
81
87
94
Maximum
$2. 76
3. 02
3. 11
3. 16
3. 23
Rate range
Lowest
grade
$0.
.
.
.
.
12
12
12
12
12
Highest
grade
$0. 30
. 29
. 30
. 29
. 29
wise, cost-of-living allowances were aaueu umy tu laueo ui
payroll at their effective dates; they were not added to labor grade minimums.
and maximums and are not included in the rates shown in this table.
632
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1961
D—Related Wage Practices
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
Premium Pay for Saturday and Sunday
June 5, 1960 (agreement of
same date).
Changed to: Time and one-half for work
on shifts starting on Saturday.
Not applicable to employees working on
normal 7-day operations, who were to be
paid time and one-half for work on the
first regular day off.
Holiday Pay
May 19, 1958 (agreement
of same date).
June 5, 1960 (agreement of
same date).
Added: 1 paid holiday (total 7 )__ __
Holiday added: Last regular work day
before Christmas.
Changed to: Holidays falling on Saturday
to be observed and paid for on the preced
ing Friday.
Insurance Benefits
Aug. 1, 1958 (agreement
dated May 19, 1958).
Added:
Special hospital services and excess coverage
extended to dependents, with benefits
and limitations same as for employees.
$240 applicable to hospital confinements
whether or not employees had enrolled
for added dependent coverage.
Infant coverage— Medical and surgical com
plications to be covered for infants under
15 days of age.
Employee to contribute additional $2 a
month for dependents’ special hospital
services and excess coverage and infant
coverage (total $4.05); remainder of cost,
if any, to be borne by company.
Aug. 1, 1960 (agreement
dated June 5, 1960).
Increased to:
Hospital expenses (room and board), maxi
mum of $24 a day (maternity benefits up
to $12 a day) reduced by benefits ($12 a
day up to 20 days) paid under California
Unemployment Compensation Disability
Benefits Act.
Special hospital services, up to $480. Ma
ternity benefits unchanged.
Added: For retirees and dependents, as
follows :
Hospital expenses (room and board), maxi
mum of $24 a day up to 70 days, reduced
by benefits ($12 a day up to 20 days)
paid under California Unemployment
Compensation Disability Benefits Act.
Employee contribution remained $2.05 per
month ($4.05 with dependent coverage);
remainder of cost borne by company.
When private room was used, maximum
daily benefit limited to hospital’s most
common daily semiprivate room rate, but
not to exceed $24 a day.
Nov. 1, 1960 (letter dated
Nov. 23, 1960).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Special hospital services, up to $480.
In-hospital medical benefits, $3 for each
doctor’s visit up to 70.
Surgical insurance, up to $350.
Supplemental nonoccupational accident in
surance, up to $300 for expenses incurred
within 90 days of injury and not other
wise payable by the basic plan.
Retiree’s monthly contribution: self only,
$5.50; self and dependents, $13.50; re
mainder of cost, above any dividends paid
by insurance carrier, to be borne by
company.
Plan benefits available only for nonoccupa
tional sickness or injury excluding preg
nancy, childbirth, and connected com
plications.
For surgery performed during hospital con
finement, maximum benefit to be greater
of: $3 times number of days for which
hospital expense benefits were paid, up to
70 (a) excluding day of operation and
subsequent days of confinement due to
operation or (b) less the amount paid for
surgical operation.
In addition to surgical benefits, up to $10
paid for the actual charge for general
anesthesia administered in connection with
an operation performed outside hospital.
633
WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO 24: NORTH AMERICAN AVIATION
I)—Related Wage Practices—Continued
Provision
Effective date
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
Insurance Benefits— Continued
Nov. 1, 1960 (letter dated
Nov. 23, I960)— Con.
Excess coverage, payment of 80 percent of
medical, surgical, hospital, and other
designated expense incurred during any
one period of sickness or injury in excess
of $100 and any other benefits payable
under the basic plan. Maximum excess
coverage benefits for all injuries or sick
ness, $5,000.
Plan to pay 50 percent (instead of 80 percent)
of expenses incurred on account of psy
chiatric treatments or consultations while
not confined to a hospital or similar
institution.
$5,000 maximum benefit reduced by excess
coverage benefits (that have not been
reinstated) paid under plan for active em
ployees for expenses incurred before bene
ficiary came under retirees’ plan, but not
less than $2,500.
Voluntary Unemployment Compensation Disability Plan
Jan. 1, 1954 _____________
Jim - 1, 1958
Jan. 1, 1960
_
____
___________
Changed: Coverage transferred by com
pany under terms of the Mar. 19, 1956,
agreement from private insurer to the
California Disability Insurance Fund.
Accident and sickness benefits, $10 to $50 a
week, up to 26 weeks.
Hospitalization-—$12 a day up to 20 days.
Increased: Accident and sickness benefits,
maximum, to $65.
Increased in accordance with provision of the
California Unemployment Compensation
Disability Benefits Act.
Statutory employee contribution of 1 percent
of the first $3,600 of wages a year
continued.1
By California Unemployment Compensation
Disability Benefits Act.
By California Unemployment Compensation
Disability Benefits Act.
Retirement Plan
Oct. 1, I960 (agreement
dated June 5, 1960—sub
ject to approval by stock
holders and the Internal
Revenue Service).
Increased to: Normal retirement benefits— Benefits for employees receiving normal or
disability pension prior to Oct. 1, 1960,
Employees aged 65 or older with at least
increased to $2.35 a month for each year
10 years’ credited service to receive $2.40
of credited service in addition to Federal
a month for each year of credited service
social security benefits.
prior to Jan. 1, 1961, plus $2.50 for each
subsequent year up to total of 35 years Added: Employees with 8 but less than 10
years’ credited service, on layoff, at or
(to supplement Federal social security
after age 65 could apply for normal retire
benefits).
ment benefits if recall rights would expire
before age 68. Benefits forfeited unless
applied for within 6 months after notifica
Changed to : Disability benefits— Employees,
tion of expiration of recall rights or auto
at any age with 10 years or more of cred
matic retirement.
ited service, totally and permanently dis
abled, to receive $70 a month or $5 times
years of service, whichever was larger.
Changed to: Early retirement— Employees Payable until employee becomes eligible for
Federal social security benefits; normal
aged 55 but under 65 permitted to retire
benefits paid thereafter.
at own option; could elect (1) deferred
normal retirement benefit on reaching Option (3) not applicable in cases where
monthly payment after social security
age 65, (2) an immediate annuity actubegins would be less than $15.
arially reduced, or (3) an actuarially
adjusted “level” income throughout
retirement, receiving a higher benefit
from the company plan than would be due
under the regular formula until primary
social security benefits began and smaller
benefits thereafter with company benefits
plus primary social security benefits
equaling initial benefits from the plan.
Added: Vested rights— Full vesting at age
45 with 10 or more years’ service for em
ployees terminated for any reason.
See footnote a t end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Employee could elect to receive normal
retirement benefits at age 65 or early re
tirement benefits at age 55.
Benefits forfeited unless applied for within
2 years after age 65.
634
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1961
D—Related Wage Practices—Continued
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
Extended Layoff Benefits
July 1, 1960 (agreement
dated June 5, 1960).
July 1, 1960W(agreement
dated JuneSfi, 1960)—
Continued. $
Plan established to help pay living expenses
by supplementing unemployment com
pensation and to help compensate for
loss of job security, vacation, and sick
leave accrual, and insurance benefit
coverage.2
Size of benefits: Lump-sum payment of $50
for each full year of qualifying service up
to 10. Maximum benefit $500; mini
mum, $25.
Eligibility. Employees with 6 or more
months’ service separated as a result of
a reduction in working force of indeter
minate length to be eligible for benefits
after 4-week waiting period, on written
application.
Company liability: Maximum of $5.20 a
month for each employee on active pay
roll on first Monday of each month, but
not to exceed $100 per employee on pay
roll at same time.
1 Employees located at the company’s Columbus, Ohio, and Neoshc
Jvlo., divisions and at other plants in the United States were covered by
private pian that provided substantially the same benefits as those availabl
to California employees under the State program.
T he California Unemployment Compensation Disability Benefits Ac
required that covered employees be provided with nonoccupational acciden
and sickness and hospitalization protection, up to specified maximums, by
private earner, self-insurance, or the State fund. Emplovees were permittee
to elect the insurer (private or State) by majority vote. An individua
worker, however, could reject the private plan for coverage by the Stat
fund. Under the law, private plans must provide benefits equal in al
respects, and superior in at least one respect, to statutory benefits. Th
act became effective M ay 21,1946.
3 If simultaneous payments of benefits would result in disqualification o
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The first monthly increment of the com
pany’s maximum liability to be computed
as of the first Monday in July 1960.
Benefits not to be paid more than once for
any year of service.
Benefits not payable to employees (1) for
feiting recall rights or losing seniority
rights by refusal or failure to return to
work; or (2) receiving, eligible for, or
claiming (during month of application for
benefits under plan) (a) statutory or com
pany accident, sickness, or other disability
benefits other than survivor’s allowance
under workmen’s compensation or dis
ability benefits granted or for which
employee was eligible while in full employ
ment, (b) unemployment benefits from
any other employer, or (c) pension pay
ments (other than vested rights payable
in future) from plan to which company
had contributed.
Contingent on obtaining favorable rulings
and advanced understandings that bene
fits provided under plan did not constitute
income to the employee until paid.
Rulings or advanced understandings were
obtained that (1) no part of liability or
benefit paid would be included in the
regular rate of pay of any employee, (2)
benefits paid under plan would be reim
bursable costs in the performance of the
Government contract, and (3) benefits
could be deductible by the company as
ordinary business expense at time of
payment.3
If payment of benefits to all eligible employ
ees in any month exceeded company’s
maximum liability at that time, amount
not exceeding company’s maximum liabil
ity to be equitably prorated in accordance
with formula agreed to by representatives
of company and union; formula to pro
vide for an equal percentage reduction of
benefit payable to each eligible employee.
Benefits first payable when company's total
liability exceeded average of $20 per
employee.
reduction of State unemployment benefits, the parties were to amend the
plan to eliminate the basis for disqualification or reduction of benefits for
workers in such State. If m utual agreement on such amendment was not
reached by Sept. 30, 1960, a 3-cent-an-hour general wage increase reduced by
any benefits paid would be placed in effect July 1,1960.
3 If rulings or advance understandings were revoked or modified so as to be
unsatisfactory to company, obligation to assume liability under plan was to
cease—provided, however, that in such event, company agreed, prior to
termination of plan, promptly to attem pt to determine if a basis existed,
consistent with the provisions of the plan, for securing a satisfactory ruling
or advance understanding. If the plan was terminated in this manner, em
ployees in the bargaining unit at that time would receive a 3-cent-an-hour gen
eral wage increase, effective from the first Sunday following such termination.
WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO 28: INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER CO.
Wage Chronology No. 28:
international Harvester Co.
Supplement No. 3—1957-61
between the Interna
tional Harvester Co. and the United Automobile,
Aircraft and Agricultural Implement Workers of
America (UAW) began when the union presented
its demands to the company on June 3, 1958,
about 2 months before the expiration of their
1955 agreement. The union’s demands were
essentially the same as those it had presented to
the automobile manufacturers.1 During the nego
tiations, the UAW proposed a profit-sharing plan
in lieu of a wage increase; the company offered an
immediate wage increase and incorporation of the
cost-of-living allowance into basic wage rates, but
proposed to eliminate future annual improve
ment-factor and cost-of-living adjustments. When
agreement on a new contract was not reached by
the end of July, a contract extension agreement
continued the quarterly review of the cost-ofliving allowance but made the annual improve
ment wage factor inoperative.
Negotiations resumed in October when the
company offered to continue the improvementfactor and cost-of-living allowance adjustments,
grant additional wage increases to skilled workers,
liberalize supplemental unemployment benefits,
and increase noncontributory retirement plan
benefits, in addition to the wage increases offered
earlier. In return, the company was to have,
among other things, the unilateral right to reduce
the workweek below 40 hours, schedule plant
shutdowns for vacations, exclude future wage
increases in computing the night-shift bonus,
change some seniority practices, and share
increased hospital insurance costs. The latter
group of company proposals was rejected by the
union. On November 6, 1958, when it appeared
the parties would not reach agreement, the UAW
served notice of cancellation of the contract exten
sion. A week later, a work stoppage suspended
operations at 15 plants. Agreement on a new
contract was not reached until January 16, 1959.
On January 19, the company resumed production,
and by the end of the month, when most locals
C
ontract
n e g o t ia t io n s
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
635
had ratified the contract, the men had returned to
work.
The agreement continued the improvementfactor and cost-of-living escalator clauses of the
previous contract, incorporated 15 cents of the
cost-of-living allowance into basic rates, provided
additional increases for about 3,600 skilled work
ers, and added a fourth week of vacation after
25 years’ service. The first improvement-factor
increase was made retroactive to August 23, 1958,
and subsequent increases were scheduled to go
into effect September 14, 1959, and October 3,
1960.
The 1959 agreement also increased supple
mental unemployment benefits and extended the
maximum period for such benefits. Employees
on short workweeks were made eligible for benefits
even though they could not qualify for State
unemployment compensation benefits; previously,
receipt of such benefits had been a condition
of eligibility. The parties agreed to continue
company contributions to the SUB fund without
change. A new separation payment plan, financed
from the existing SUB fund, was established for
workers permanently laid off on or after January
16, 1959.
Changes in the pension and health and welfare
plans were included in the revised agreement.
Increased pension benefits, including benefits for
those already retired, were made retroactive to
October 1, 1958. The union agreed that in future
negotiations it would not request further changes
in retirement benefits for those already retired at
the time of such future negotiations. Maximum
disability benefits were increased, effective May
9, 1959, and hospital benefits were liberalized, at
no added cost to the employees. It was agreed
that the company could schedule plant shut
downs for vacations, and the night-shift bonus
was frozen at 10 percent of the average rate in
effect prior to the new agreement.
The contract is to be in force through Septem
ber 30, 1961, with no reopening provisions. The
following tables bring the International Harvester
Wage Chronology 2 up to date through June 1961.
1 Details of the demands and negotiations are presented in “ Wage Chro
nology No. 14: Ford Motor Co., Supplement No. 3,” Monthly Labor Review,
August 1959, pp. 899-900, and in “ Wage Chronology No. 9: General Motors
Corp., Supplement No. 4,” Monthly Labor Review, April 1961, pp. 395-401.
2 See Monthly Labor Review, August 1952 (pp. 167-175), September 1953
(pp. 965-967), August 1957 (pp. 966-972), or Wage Chronology Series 4, No. 28.
636
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1961
A—General Wage Changes
Effective date
Provision
Sept. 2, 1957 (agreement
dated Sept. 16, 1955).
Dec. 2, 1957_____________
Mar. 3, 1958_____________
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
3 cents an hour increase
No change____________
3 cents an hour increase
June 2, 1958______________
Aug. 23, 1958 (agreement
dated Jan. 16, 1959).
2 cents an hour increase_________________
6 cents an hour increase or 2}4 percent 1 of
base rate, whichever was greater, averag
ing approximately 6.1 cents an hour.
Sept. 1, 1958 (extension
agreement dated July 30,
1958).
Oct. 6, 1958 (agreement
dated Jan. 16, 1959).
1 cent an hour increase.
Dec. 1, 1958 (extension
agreement dated July 30,
1958).
Jan. 16, 1859 (agreement of
same date).
No change
Mar. 2, 1959__________
June 1, 1959___________
Sept. 7, 1959____________
No change.. ___ _________
No change___ _____ ______
2 cents an hour increase
Sept. 14, 1959_________
_
Additional increases 2 of 4 to 8 cents an hour
for 5 top labor grades, 8 cents an hour for
42 occupations rated out of structure.
Quarterly review of cost-of-living allowance.
Dee. 7, 1959.......... ..........
6 cents an hour increase or 2}£ percent 1 of
base rate, whichever was greater, averag
ing approximately 6.3 cents an hour.
1 cent an hour increase.
Mar. 7, 1960__________
June 6, I 9 6 0 . ______
No change. ___ __ __
2 cents an hour increase
Sept. 5, 1960____________
No ch a n g e___________
6 cents an hour increase or 2}i percent 1 of
base rate, whichever was greater, averag
ing approximately 6.4 cents an hour.
2 cents an hour increase
Oct. 3, 1960_________
Dee. 5, 1960___________
Mar. 6, 1961_________
June 5, 1961_____ __ _
No change_________
& --------------------- - ----- do_____________________ .
1 Improvement-factor and cost-of-living increases were payable to piece
workers but were not included in piece rates. For the schedule of improve
ment-factor increases, see “ Wage Chronology No. 28: International Harvester Co., Supplement No. 2,” Monthly Labor Review, August 1957, pp.
yoo-97J.
s These amounted to an estimated increase of 1.05 cents averaged over all
of the company’s employees who were represented by the union.
! Increase applied to earnings of pieceworkers rather than to piece rates.
» The new agreement provided that future cost-of-living adjustments be
determined in accordance with the following table:
Consumer Price Index (1947-49*=100)
119.1 or less.............. ........ ....................
119.2 to 119.6................................
119.7 to 120.1..........................._
120.2 to 120.6.......................................
120.7 to 121.1.....................................
121.2 to 121.6..................................
121.7 to 122.1.....................................
122.2 to 122.6..........................
122.7 to 123.1...................................
123.2 to 123.6...................................
123.7 to 124.1......................................
124.2 to 124.6.................................
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Cost-of-living
allowance
None.
1 cent an hour.
2 cents an hour.
3 cents an hour.
4 cents an hour.
5 cents an hour.
6 cents an hour.
7 cents an hour.
8 cents an hour.
9 cents an hour.
10 cents an hour.
11 cents an hour.
Quarterly adjustment of cost-of-living allow
ance.
Quarterly review of cost-of-living allowance.
Quarterly adjustment of cost-of-living allow
ance.
Do.
Improvement-factor increase.
Agreement
maintained the improvement-factor of the
previous agreement and provided similar
adjustments to be effective Sept. 14, 1959,
and Oct. 3, 1960.
Quarterly adjustment of cost-of-living allow
ance.
------------
The new agreement incorporated 15 cents of
the 25-cent cost-of-living allowance in
effect on Dec. 1, 1958, into base hourly
ra tes3 and continued the cost-of-living
escalator formula of the previous agree
ment.4
In addition, inequity adjustments resulting
from réévaluation of job classifications
were provided.5
Quarterly review of cost-of-living allowance.
Do.
Quarterly adjustment of cost-of-living allow
ance.
Improvement-factor increase.
Quarterly adjustment of cost-of-living allow
ance.
Quarterly review of cost-of-living allowance.
Quarterly adjustment of cost-of-living allow
ance.
Quarterly review of cost-of-living allowance.
Improvement-factor increase.
Quarterly adjustment of cost-of-living al
lowance.
Quarterly review of cost-of-living allowance.
Do.
_
_ . ,
,
Consumer Price Index (1947-49=100)
Cost-of-living
allowance
1247 î ° 125.1------------------------------------ 12 c e n ts a n h o u r .
J25.2 î ° *25’®-------------------------------------------------- 13 c e n ts a n h o u r .
1257 t o 126.1------------------------------------ 1 4 c e n ts a n h o u r .
128-2 î ° I? 6-®-------------------------------------------------- 15 c e n ts a n h o u r .
1267 î° 127-1------------------------------------ 16 c e n ts a n h o u r .
127 2 t o 127.6............- ..................................................
17 c e n ts a n h o u r .
27.7 to 128.1-------------------------------------------------- i s c e n ts a n h o u r .
128.2 t o 128.6-----------------------1 9 c e n ts a n h o u r .
128- 7 1 ° 129.1-------------------------------------------------- 20 c e n ts a n h o u r .
1292 to 129.6------------------------------------ 21 c e n ts a n h o u r .
1297 î ° l § 9 ' ì ------------------------------------ 22 c e n ts a n h o u r .
130- 2 to 130.6...................... - ----------- ------------------- 23 c e n ts a n h o u r .
130.7 to 131.1— ................................... „....................... 24 c e n ts a n h o u r .
131.2 to 131.6-------------------------------------------------- 25 c e n ts a n h o u r .
fn d e x ° f° r th ’ W lth a 1'c e n t a d ju s tm e n t for e a c h 0 .5 -p o in t c h a n g e in th e
As in previous agreements, the cost-of-living reviews in March, June,
September, and December were to be based on the Bureau of Labor Statistics
m^mer Pnce Index for the “ onths of January, April, July, and October
5 rhese amounted to an estimated increase of 0.056 cent averaged over all
of the company s hourly rated employees (except those on incentives) who
were represented by the union.
637
WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO 28 : INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER CO.
B—Hourly Rate Ranges for Dayworkers, by Labor Grade1
August 1957
Labor grade
Grade I
__
Grade II
__________
Grade III _ _
__ __
G rad e TV
Grade V
_ _
Grade VI
__ __
Grade VIT
Grade V III___________
Grade IX
Grade X
_____
G rad e XT
_____
Grade XII
Grade X III
__
Grade X IV ___________
August 1958
Mini
mum
Maxi
mum
Mini
mum
$1. 78
1. 80
1. 84
1. 89
1. 92
1. 98
2. 03
2. 07
2. 13
2. 23
2. 35
2. 41
2. 50
2. 59
$1. 84
1. 88
1. 92
1. 97
2. 02
2. 08
2. 13
2. 19
2. 25
2. 37
2. 49
2. 57
2. 68
2. 79
$1. 84
1. 86
1. 90
1. 95
1. 98
2. 04
2. 09
2. 13
2. 19
2. 29
2. 41
2. 47
2. 57
2. 66
Maxi
mum
$1. 90
1. 94
1. 98
2. 03
2. 08
2. 14
2. 19
2. 25
2. 31
2. 43
2. 55
2. 63
2. 75
2. 86
i Daywork jobs are those paid on an hourly basis and are mostly nonpro
duction occupations. The 1959 agreements continued partial automatic pro
gression from minimum to maximum in a grade as follows: grade 1, after 30
days: grades 2 and 3, after 60 days; grades 4 through 7, after 90 days; and
grades 8 through 10, after 180 days. Progression for labor grades 11 through
14 was automatic to 1 step below the maximum in 120 days, with further
progression to the maximum to be based on merit rating.
Rates shown for Jan. 16, 1959, and subsequent periods include 15 cents of
January 1959 2
Mini
mum
$1. 99
2. 01
2. 05
2. 10
2. 13
2. 19
2. 24
2. 28
2. 34
2. 48
2. 62
2. 68
2. 80
2. 89
Maxi
mum
$2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
3.
05
09
13
18
23
29
34
40
46
62
76
84
98
09
September 1959 2
Mini
mum
$2. 05
2. 07
2. 11
2. 16
2. 19
2. 25
2. 30
2. 34
2. 40
2. 55
2. 69
2. 75
2. 87
2. 97
Maxi
mum
$2. 11
2. 15
2. 19
2. 24
2. 29
2. 35
2. 40
2. 46
2. 52
2. 69
2. 83
2. 91
3. 05
3. 17
October 1960 2
Mini
mum
$2. 11
2. 13
2. 17
2. 22
2. 25
2. 31
2. 36
2. 40
2. 46
2. 62
2. 76
2. 82
2. 95
3. 05
Maxi
mum
$2. 17
2. 21
2. 25
2. 30
2. 35
2. 41
2. 46
2. 52
2. 58
2. 76
2. 90
2. 98
3. 13
3. 25
the cost-of-living allowance existing prior to Jan. 16,1959, which was incorpo
rated into base rates. With this exception, cost-of-living allowances, while
affecting earnings of employees on the payroll, did not change rate ranges and
are not included in this table. Rate structures at the two California plants
differ from those shown here.
2 Includes additional increases (effective Oct. 6, 1958) ranging from 4 to 8
cents for grades X through XIV, as provided in the January 1959 contract.
C—Related Wage Practices
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
Shift Premium Pay
Changes in wage rates negotiated in 1959
(including incorporation of 15-cent costof-living allowance into base rates), except
for reclassifications of jobs to new labor
grades, excluded in computing shift
premium pay.
Jan. 16, 1959 (agreement
of same date).
Holiday Pay
Correction: Requirement that employee
must have worked day prior to and day
following holiday changed to require work
during workweek in which holiday was
observed.
Sept. 16, 1955 (agreement
of same date).
Paid Vacations
Sept. 16, 1955 (agreement
of same date).
Jan. 16, 1959 (agreement
of same date).
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Added: 4th week of vacation after 25 years’
continuous service.
Correction: Attendance requirement changed
to minimum of 900 hours during previous
calendar year.
Plant shutdown for vacation could be sched
uled for first 2 weeks of August.
638
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1961
C—Related Wage Practices—Continued
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
Health and Welfare Benefits 1
Jan. 26, 1959 (agreement
dated Jan. 16, 1959).
Increased:
Daily hospital benefits: Private room maxi
mum to amount most commonly charged
for semiprivate accommodations.
Special hospital benefits: Maximum amounts
eliminated.
Changed: Diagnostic X-ray and laboratory
expense benefits for any one disability, to
be reinstated after 1 year following last
reimbursed charge for that disability.
Added: Ambulance service, up to $25 for
service to or from hospital for confine
ment for any one accident or disease.
All services and supplies required in direct
connection with treatment during hos
pitalization to be provided without limit.
Benefits in effect for pensioners continued
without change and to be available to
future retirees.
Disability and Dismemberment Benefit Plan 1
Mar. 19, 1959 (agreement
dated Jan. 16, 1959).
Increased: Disability benefits to $77 for
those with regular weekly earnings of
$110 and over.2
Employee contributions for these workers
increased to $1.
As in past, earnings used to determine bene
fit group to exclude overtime, premium
pay, and cost-of-living allowance. (Prior
to Sept. 14, 1959, cost-of-living allowance
of 5 cents or less included in earnings for
this purpose.)
Changed: Insurance continued for 8 weeks
(was 60 days) during layoff if employee
contributions continued.
Pensions
Sept. 1, 1955 (agreement
dated Sept. 16, 1955).
July 1, 1957 (supplemental
agreement dated Aug. 20,
1957).
Oct. 1, 1958 (agreement
dated Jan. 16, 1959).
Correction: Contributory plan superseded
by noncontributory plan for employees—
in _ bargaining units represented by
union—who had previously elected the
contributory plan.3 Minimum pension
provision of contributory plan no longer
applicable to employees who had previ
ously participated in the contributory
plan, but annuities to be paid to these
participants upon retirement in accord
ance with terms of group annuity plan.
Noncontributory retirement plan revised.4
Increased: Normal retirement benefits to
$2.50 a month for each year of credited
service to supplement primary Federal
social security benefits.
See footnotes at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Correction: Minimum age requirement (50
years) for disability retirement eliminated
for employees retiring after Sept. 1, 1955,
who were at work after Sept. 1, 1954, and
receiving weekly disability benefits on
Sept. 1, 1955.
Pensions for period beginning Sept. 1, 1955,
if employee retired on or after Mar. 15,
1950, to be increased to amounts provided
by new agreement.5
Benefits to employees automatically retired
at age 68 with more than 5 but less than 10
years’ credited service increased to $25
monthly.
WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO 28: INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER C
O
.
____________________ 639
C— Related Wage Practices—Continued
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
Pensions— Continued
Oct. 1, 1958 (agreement
dated Jan. 16, 1959)—
Continued
Disability retirement benefits continued to be
twice normal benefits.
Vested rights benefits continued to be the
same as normal retirement benefits.
Reduced to normal retirement benefits when
employee became eligible for Federal
social security benefits.
Increase not applicable to employees leaving
company prior to Feb. 1, 1959.
Supplemental Unemployment Benefit Plan 6
Jan. 16, 1959 (agreement of
same date).
Apr. 1, 1959 (supplemental
agreement dated June 8,
1959).
See footnotes a t end of table.
5 9 4 9 1 1 — 61------- 5
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Company contributions of 5 cents per man
hour compensated continued, depending
on maximum funding. Monthly maxi
mum funding continued at $400 per
employee.7
Size of benefits— Changed to: $30 or an
amount which when added to State un
employment compensation and other com-j
pensation would equal 65 percent of the
employee’s straight-time wages after
taxes, whichever was smaller.
Added: Benefits to be paid employees re
ceiving less than 65 percent of weekly
straight-time wages after taxes where
earnings were too high to qualify for
State benefits, or “waiting week” credit.
Eligibility— Changed: From requirement of Employee with fewer than the number of
credit units required for full weekly bene
at least
credit unit to fraction of a
fit to be paid at least $2. (Formerly,
unit.
employee was ineligible for benefit if less
than $2.)
Accrual of credit units— Changed: Em
ployees to accumulate
credit unit for
each workweek in which they receive any
pay from the company.
Changed: Maximum number of credit Not applicable to States that extended
benefit period temporarily through accept
units increased to match increase in
ance of Federal loan act (Temporary
number of weeks of State unemployment
Unemployment Compensation Act of
compensation benefits beyond 26, up to
1958) or otherwise; eligible employees in
39.
these States covered by temporary emer
gency benefit provisions.
Added: Temporary emergency benefits, ex Applicable to otherwise eligible employees
who had exhausted credit units or who
tending benefits for SUB to employees
had insufficient credits to qualify for full
laid off on or after Jan. 16, 1959, but
benefit and who worked in States tem
prior to Apr. 1, 1959. Maximum of 13
porarily extending State benefits beyond
additional units for each eligible em
26 weeks under the Federal loan act or
ployee.
other action.
Extended: Credits for SUB under tem Applicable to eligible employees who had
received temporary emergency benefits
porary emergency benefits continued for
prior to Apr. 1, 1959, and who were
employees laid off prior to July 1, 1959,
eligible for benefits under State programs
but subsequent to Jan. 15, 1959. No
temporarily extended through June 30,
change in total number of additional
1959.
credit units allowed.
640
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1961
C—Related Wage Practices—Continued
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
Separation Pay
Jan. 16, 1959 (agreement of
same date).
Separation pay plan established,8 to be
financed from SUB fund, providing
lump-sum payments ranging from 40
hours’ pay to employees with 2 years’
seniority to 1,200 hours’ pay to those
with 30 or more years’ seniority.9 Bene
fits to be proportionately reduced when
trust fund position fell below 100 percent
and by any SUB or temporary benefits
received while on layoff.
1
1 Insurance protection, including group paid-up life insurance, and group
term life insurance continued during plant shutdown for vacation or because
of emergency. Company advanced up to 4 weeks’ contributions if payments
from which contributions could be deducted were not received. Advanced
contributions collected on employees’ return to work. By paying contribu
tions, employee could elect to continue all insurance (except disability during
layoff) for 1 year during layoff or leave of absence.
Maximum benefits were available for each period of continuous disability
and were reinstated on complete recovery after a hospital confinement or
operation. After return to work for 1 day, the new maximum was again
available for subsequent confinements or operations due to a different cause;
for dependents, 1 year after previous confinement or operation.
2 Schedule of benefits:
Class
1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 --
Basic weekly
earnings
classification
Less than $60.—.........................
$60 but less than $70—..............
$70 but less than $80—................
$80 but less than $90...............__
$90 but less than $100......
$100 but less than $110...............
$110 and over...............................
Weekly
disability
benefit
$35
42
49
56
63
70
77
Weekly
employee
contribution
$0.45
. 54
.63
.73
.82
.91
l. 00
2 These were employees in units formerly represented by the Farm Equip,
ment Division of the United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers of
America.
4 By letter of Jan. 16, 1959, the parties agreed not to use during the term
of this agreement the early retirement provision permitting employees
between ages 60 and 65 with 10 or more years’ credited service to be retired
at the option of the company or under mutually satisfactory conditions
with an annuity of $5 a month for each year of credited service.
5 In a letter dated Jan. 16, 1959, from the company and accepted by the
union, it was agreed that there would be no future increases or changes in
retirement benefits for employees already retired or retiring prior to any
further changes in the pension plan.
6 Alternate benefit plan established for Indiana and Ohio employees laid off
on or after Jan. 16,1959 (by supplemental agreement of Jan. 16,1959). A letter
agreement, dated Jan. 16, 1959, provided for negotiations in the event of
reduced State benefits. Weekly benefits to apply to employees otherwise
eligible for regular supplemental benefit and for those alternate weeks in
which an employee was eligible for State unemployment compensation but
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Applicable to employees with 2 or more
years’ service who, on or after Jan. 16,
1959, were laid off for a period of at least
12 months 10 and who (a) were not eligible
for any retirement benefit other than a
deferred pension, (b) became totally and
permanently disabled but without enough
credited service to be eligible for total and
permanent disability benefits, or (c) were
automatically retired but not entitled to
a retirement benefit. In addition, em
ployee must not have elected to take a
layoff in preference to available work,
failed to return on being recalled, or re
fused to work in a bargaining unit (repre
sented by the union) located within 50
miles of the plant in which he last worked.
Laid-off employees must apply for benefits
no less than 12 months but no more than
18 months after separation.
Employees reemployed after accepting sep
aration payment not to repay benefits or
receive seniority credits for period covered
by such payment.
Benefits payable only when trust fund posi
tion was at least 13 percent.
did not apply for it. Benefits ranged from $41 to $63 depending on employee’s
base hourly rate (plus any cost-of-living allowance) and the number of with
holding exemptions less any pay received by employee or pay that would
have been due for work made available but not performed.
Credit units surrendered at twice the rate for regular benefits.
Alternative plan became inoperative when supplementation was permitted
in Indiana, effective Mar. 16, 1959, and in Ohio, effective M ay 10, 1959.
7 Provision continued for reducing maximum funding in any year following
a year in which average benefits were below $20 a week. Maximum funding
of the fund covering production and maintenance workers was adjusted to
60 percent for 1959. After the review in January 1960, maximum funding
was adjusted to 80 percent. It remained at 80 percent after the January
1961 review. Maximum funding of the fund covering clerical and technical
workers was set at 60 percent in 1959 and was adjusted to 40 percent in January
1960 and 80 percent in January 1961.
8 Separation pay plan for employees laid off from the Richmond Works in
Indiana on or after Sept. 21, 1956, contained in a separate agreement.
# Payments to be made in accordance with the following schedule:
Number
Number
Years of
of hours’
Years of
of hours’
seniority
pay*
seniority
pay*
2 but less than 3............ .
40
17 but less than 18—
480
3 but less than 4______
60
18 but less than 19—
525
4 but less than 5............ .
80
19 but less than 20.—
570
5 but less than 6______
100
20 but less than 21—
620
6 but less than 7_______
125
21 but less than 22—
670
7 but less than 8_______
150
22 but less than 23—
720
8 but less than 9_______
175
23 but less than 24. —
775
9 but less than 10........... .
200
24 but less than 25.—
830
10 but less than 11_____
230
25 but less than 26—
890
11 but less than 12......... .
260
26 but less than 27—
950
12 but less than 13..........
290
27 but less than 28--.
1,010
13 but less than 14_____
325
28 but less than 29—
1,070
14 but less than 15_____
360
29 but less than 30. —
1,130
15 but less than 16_.........
400
30 and over_______
1,200
16 but less than 1 7 ____
440
♦Base hourly rate (plus cost-of-living allowance in effect on last day
worked).
70 Company could permit earlier application if prospects of reemployment
did not warrant waiting.
Significant Decisions
in Labor Cases*
Labor Relations
Supreme Court Decisions. In four decisions which
will have a great impact on the maritime, build
ing, and printing trades, the Supreme Court
invalidated several doctrines developed by the
National Labor Relations Board in recent years
in its rulings on charges of unfair discrimination
by unions. The Board rulings which the Court
deemed unjustified under the law are: (1) that
hiring hall agreements are illegal unless they
contain certain prohibitions against discrimina
tion specified by the NLRB; (2) that the Board
can order a union to refund to all employees dues
collected under an illegal hiring hall agreement
even though it does not coerce any employee;
(3) that a contract is illegal because it incorporates
such of a union’s general laws as “are not in
conflict with Federal or State laws” ; and (4) that
a contract is illegal because it gives hiring author
ity to foremen who are members of the contracting
union.
Refund of Union Dues. The Supreme Court
held 1 that, in the absence of evidence that an
illegal hiring agreement coerced any individual
into joining or remaining in the union, an NLRB
order that the union refund dues collected under
the agreement was punitive and beyond the
Board’s power.
This case involved a company that had con
tracted with the Carpenters union to abide by its
rules and regulations for the locality where the
work was done and to hire only members of the
union referred by the local which was a party to
the contract. When the employer refused to
hire two applicants from another local because
they could not get the necessary referral cards,
charges were filed with the NLRB on their behalf.
The Board found that the agreement violated
secs. 8(b)(1)(A) and 8(b)(2) of the Taft-Hartley
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Act because it established closed shop preferential
hiring conditions and ordered the contracting
local union to refund certain fees collected from
its members who were employed under the agree
ment. A Federal court of appeals enforced the
order.
When the union appealed the decision on the
refund provision of the Board’s order, the Supreme
Court reversed the court of appeals. The Court
reasoned that there was no evidence that the
agreement had coerced the union’s members to
pay fees or dues, and therefore no violation of
section 8(b)(1)(A).
The Court pointed out that the provision for
refund in this case followed the Board’s rule in
the Brown-Olds case,2 in which the Board found a
violation of the act’s ban on the closed shop and
ordered reimbursement to all employees of certain
assessments collected by the union. Rejecting
the position of the court of appeals and the Board
that the Virginia Electric case 3 applied here, the
Court held that, since that case involved a com
pany union, the return of dues was simply a means
of disestablishing an unlawful union.
“ The Board has broad discretion,” the Court
continued, “ to adapt its remedies to the needs of
particular situations so that the victims of dis
crimination may be treated fairly.4. . . But the
power of the Board1to command affirmative action
is remedial, not punitive, and is to be exercised in
aid of the Board’s authority to restrain violations
and as a means of removing or avoiding the con
sequences of violations [which] thwart the purposes
of the act.’ ” 5
The Court concluded: “ Where no membership
in the union was shown to be influenced or eom♦Prepared in the U.S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor. The
cases covered in this article represent a selection of the significant decisions
believed to be of special interest. No attem pt has been made to reflect all
recent judicial and administrative developments in the field of labor law or
to indicate the effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in which contrary
results may be reached based upon local statutory provisions, the existence of
local precedents, or a different approach by the courts to the issue presented.
* Local 60, United Brotherhood of Carpenters v. N L R B (U.S. Sup. Ct.,
Apr. 17, 1961).
2 115 NLRB 594 (1956). See “ N L R B ’s Brown-Olds Remedy for Illegal
Hiring Arrangements,” Monthly Labor Review, February 1959, pp. 157-159.
»319 U.S. 533 (1943). In this case, the Court had stated: “ Here the Board,
in the exercise of its informed discretion, has expressly determined that reim
bursement in full of the checked-off dues is necessary to effectuate the policies
of the act. . . . Such an order returns to the employees what has been taken
from them [and restores to them] that truly unfettered freedom of choice
which the act demands.”
* Phelps Dodge Corp. v. N L R B , 313 U.S. 177, 194 (1941).
5 Consolidated Edison Co. v. N L R B , 305 U.S. 197, 236 (1938).
641
642
pelled by reason of any unfair practice no con
sequences of violation are removed by the order
compelling the union to return all dues and fees
collected from the members; and no dissipation of
the effects of the prohibited action is achieved.
. . . The order in those circumstances becomes
punitive and beyond the power of the Board.6. . .
As Judge Pope said in Morrison-Knudsen Co. v.
Labor Board,7 reimbursing a lot of old-time union
men by refunding their dues is not a remedial
measure in the competence of the Board to impose,
unless there is support in the evidence that their
membership was induced, obtained, or retained in
violation of the act.”
Justice Harlan, in a concurring opinion in which
Justice Stewart joined, although agreeing that the
Virginia Electric case did not justify the Board’s
Brown-Olds remedy, stated: “ This issue is not
satisfactorily resolved by simply pointing out that
there has been no showing of forced payment of
dues an employee was unwilling to pay, for . . .
the Board . . . is arguing that even a willing
union member loses something when there is a
violation of sec. 8(b)(2), namely the freedom of
choice which the statute assures him . . . The
Board should be denied the use of its Brown-Olds
remedy in situations where, as here, it is not un
likely that a substantial number of employees were
willing to pay dues for union membership be
cause . . . the amount of dues or other exactions
paid is not a tenable way of estimating the value a
willing union member would place on his right to
choose freely whether or not he would be or remain
a union member—-as it were, on his right to change
his mind.”
Justice Whittaker, in a dissenting opinion, found
that the Board’s refund order was within its power.
He relied on the provision in sec. 10(c) of the act
that when the Board finds an unfair labor practice,
it “ shall state its findings of fact and shall is
sue . . . an order requiring such person to cease
and desist from such unfair labor practice, and to
take such affirmative action . . . as will effec
tuate the policies of this act.” He also held that
nothing in the Virginia Electric case “ appears to
limit the Board’s power of restitution to cases in
volving employer-dominated unions or to any
other particular type of violation, but the power
seems clearly . . . to be invokable in any appro
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1961
priate case, in the informed discretion of the
Board.” 8
Hiring Hall. The Supreme Court refused 9 to
hold invalid an exclusive hiring hall agreement
that specifically prohibited discrimination based on
union membership, notwithstanding the absence of
the particular safeguards which the NLRB had
laid down as requisites for legality.
In this case, a collective bargaining agreement
between the Teamsters union and the California
Trucking Associations provided that the employer
would obtain casual employees through the hiring
hall operated by the union. It also specified that
the union would dispatch such workers solely
on the basis of seniority, without regard to union
membership. When a union member obtained
casual employment with an employer who was a
party to the agreement without being dispatched
by the union, the union procured his discharge.
For this, he filed charges against the union and
the employer. The Board found that the hiring
hall provision was unlawful per se and that, in
effecting the discharge, the employer and the union
had practiced coercion and discrimination in
violation of the Taft-Hartley Act. The Board
also ordered the union and the employer to refund
to casual employees any union fees and dues paid
in the period beginning 6 months before the
employee’s charges were filed. The court of
appeals set aside the reimbursement portion of the
Board’s order, but by a divided vote, it upheld
the ruling that the hiring hall was illegal per se.
The Supreme Court affirmed the judgment of
the court of appeals with respect to the order of
reimbursement, in line with its decision in the fore
going case. However, the Court reversed the
decision with respect to hiring halls, holding that
they are illegal only if they discriminate on the
basis of union membership. It found that no such
discrimination was shown in the present case and
none could be inferred from the contract itself,
* Cf. Republic Steel Corp. v . Labor Board, 311 U.S. 710 (1940).
1 276 F 2d 63, 76.
8 The Court had stated that the Board has wide discretion in ordering
affirmative action; its power is not limited to the illustrative example of per
missible affirmative order, namely, reinstatement with or without back pay
(Phelps Dodge Corp. v. Labor Board, 313 U.S. 177, 187-189). The particular
means by which the effects of unfair labor practices are to be expunged are
matters “ for the Board, not the courts, to determine.”
9 Local S57, International Brotherhood of Teamsters v. N L R B (U.S. Sup.
Ct., Apr. 17, 1961).
DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES
with its protective clause. This ruling invalidated
the Board’s Mountain Pacific decision 10 that a
hiring hall agreement, despite the inclusion of a
nondiscriminatory clause, was illegal unless it
contained specific safeguards prescribed by the
Board.
The Court pointed out that the Taft-Hartley
Act did not outlaw the hiring hall, although it
did outlaw the closed shop except within the limits
prescribed in the provisos to sec. 8(a)(3). The
Court cited the Senate report on that act as evi
dence of Senator Taft’s views that “hiring halls
are useful, that they are not illegal per se, that
unions should be able to operate them so long as
they are not used to create a closed shop.” 11 The
Court concluded: “The act deals with discrimina
tion either by the employers or unions that en
courages or discourages union membership. . . .
[It] does not outlaw all encouragement or dis
couragement of membership in labor organizations;
only such as is accomplished by discrimination is
prohibited. . . . It may be that the very ex
istence of the hiring hall encourages union member
ship. We may assume that it does. The very
existence of the union has the same influence. . . .
It is the ‘true purpose’ or 'real motive’ in hiring or
firing that constitutes the test. . . . Nothing is
inferable from the present hiring-hall provision
except that employer and union alike sought to
route ‘casual employees’ through the union hiring
hall and required a union member who circum
vented it to adhere to it.”
The Court asserted that even if hiring halls
need more regulation than the act presently
affords, “Congress has aimed its sanctions only
at specific discriminatory practices, [and] the
Board cannot go farther and establish a broader,
more pervasive regulatory scheme. . . . Its
power, so far as here relevant, is restricted to the
elimination of discrimination.”
Justice Clark, dissenting in part (with Justice
Whittaker joining in part of the dissent), inter10119 NLRB 883 (1958); see Monthly Labor Review .June 1958, pp. 643-644.
The Board stated that a hiring hall arrangement, to be lawful, must contain
protective provisions: (1) Selection of applicants for referral to jobs would not
be based on or affected by union membership or regulations; (2) the employer
would retain the right to reject any applicant referred by the union; and (3)
the parties would post all provisions relating to the functioning of the hiring
arrangement, including the two preceding safeguards.
U S. Rept. 1827, 81st Cong., 2d sess., pp. 13-14.
Is Supra, at 895.
» N L R B v. News Syndicate Co., Inc. (U.S. Sup. Ct., Apr. 17, 1961).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
643
preted the word “discrimination” in sections
8(a)(3) and 8(b)(2) to include “not only distinc
tions contingent upon the presence or absence of
union membership, . . . but all differences in
treatment regardless of their basis.” And he
found, in this case: “Obviously, . . . the class
applying to the hiring hall is itself divided into
two groups treated differently—those cleared by
the union and those who were not.” He continued
that the applicant’s experience here was “infinitely
more persuasive than the self-serving declaration
of a union hiring hall agreement.” The dissent
concluded: “A contract, conditioning employment
solely upon union referral, encourages member
ship in the union by that very distinction itself.
As the Board expressed it in Mountain Pacific,12
‘the very grant of work at all depends solely upon
union sponsorship, and it is reasonable to infer
that the arrangement displays and enhances the
union’s power and control over the employment
status.’”
Hiring Authority oj Union Foremen. The
Supreme Court ruled 13 that neither a grant of
hiring authority to foremen who are union mem
bers nor the incorporation of those general laws
of the union which are “not in conflict with
Federal or State laws” renders a collective
bargaining agreement illegal.
The agreement in this case contained a provision
that “the general laws of the International
Typographical Union . . . not in conflict with
this contract or with Federal or State law shall
govern relations between the parties on conditions
not specifically enumerated herein.” The union’s
general laws provided that “foremen or journey
men” should be “active members” of the union,
that only union members should operate, main
tain, and service any mailing machinery or equip
ment, and that no person should be eligible as a
“learner” who was not a union member.
The contract limited mailroom employment to
“journeymen and apprentices.” It also provided
that mailroom superintendents, foremen, and
assistant foremen must be members of the union
and that the foremen would do the hiring. The
contract also provided that the foremen “shall be
appointed and may be removed by the publishers”
and that “the union shall not discinline the
644
foremen for carrying out the instructions of the
publisher . . . in accordance with this agree
ment.”
When extra workers were needed in the mail
room, the hiring practices gave first priority to
“regular substitutes,” who had passed a compe
tency examination given by union officials and the
mailroom foremen and who subsequently had
joined the union. These were followed by “jour
neymen” who were union members regularly
“shaping up” for other newspapers. Lowest pri
ority was given to nonunion members without
journeyman status who were called by seniority
based on the date when they first “shaped” at the
employing publisher.
The case arose when two men in this last cate
gory filed charges because hiring preference was
given to workers with lower seniority from one or
the other of the first two categories. Upon investi
gation, the Board concluded that the union and
the publisher had violated secs. 8(b)(1)(A) and
8(b)(2) and 8(a)(1) and 8(a)(3), respectively, of
the Taft-Hartley Act, by operating a closed shop
and a preferential hiring system. The Board di
rected that all employees in the mailroom be reim
bursed for dues and assessments paid to the union
during the period beginning 6 months before the
charges were acted upon.
When petitioned by the Board to enforce its
order, the court of appeals refused14 but held that
the finding of discrimination in one instance was
in part supported by the record and allowed the
Board, if it wished, to enter an order directed only
to that instance. From this decision, the Board
appealed.
The Supreme Court agreed with the court of ap
peals that the contract on its face was not unlawful
even though foremen who were union members did
the hiring. The Court’s reasons were: (1) the con
tract did not require journeymen and apprentices
to be union members; (2) its provisions made the
foremen “solely the employers’ agents” 15; and (3)
as the court of appeals found,16 “in the absence of
provisions calling explicitly for illegal conduct, the
contract cannot be held illegal because it failed
affirmatively to disclaim all illegal objectives.”
The Court also agreed with the court of appeals
that the general laws provision of the contract was
not unlawful per se. It reasoned that, since any
rule or regulation of the union which permitted or
required discrimination in favor of union em
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1961
ployees would be at war with the act, it would be
excluded from the contract under the proviso that
only those laws which were not in conflict with
Federal law were incorporated.
The Court noted that the Board did not “seri
ously challenge” the finding of the court of appeals
that “the record does not warrant a finding that
the hiring system in general, or the competency
system in particular, by its discrimination against
nonunion applicants, encouraged union member
ship.” 17 Instead, the Board relied chiefly on “the
long history of ITU’s use of the closed shop, the
fact that foremen were union members, and the
obscurity of the not in conflict clause of the agree
ment.” Therefore, the Court concluded, “the re
versal of the Board on the facts by the court of
appeals was within the scope of review entrusted
to it.”
Justice Clark dissented on the ground that the
inclusion in the agreement of the “general laws”
and “foremen” clauses violated secs. 8(b) (1)(A)
and (2) and secs. 8(a) (1) and (3).
Contract Incorporating Union’s General Laws.
The Supreme Court reversed18 a lower court’s
ruling that a strike for a contractual provision
incorporating a union’s general laws is illegal, but
affirmed (by an equal division) its ruling that a
strike for a clause that hiring be done by foremen
who were union members violated secs. 8(b)(1)(B)
and 8(b)(2) of the Taft-Hartley Act.
The contractual provisions involved here were
essentially the same as those outlined in the pre
ceding case. The union’s insistence on the inclu
sion of the “foremen” and “general laws” clauses
in a collective bargaining agreement led to a strike,
whereupon the employers filed charges with the
Board. It found that a demand for a contract
that included those clauses was a refusal to bargain
14 279 F. 2d 323 (1960).
” Section 14(a) provides: “ Nothing herein shall prohibit any individual
employed as a supervisor from becoming or remaining a member of a labor
organization, but no employer subject to this act shall be compelled to deem
individuals defined herein as supervisors as employees for the purpose of any
law, either national or local, relating to collective bargaining.” Section 2(11)
defines a “ supervisor” as one "having authority, in the interest of the em
ployer, to h ire ,. . . other employees.”
As stated by Senator Taft, under these provisions even a union of foremen
could be recognized by an employer, though no employer could be compelled
to do so. S. Rep. No. 105, 80th Cong., 1st Sess., p. 5.
16 Supra, 279 F. 2d at 330 (1960).
47 279 F. 2d at pp. 333-334.
International Typographical Union, Locals 38 and 185 v. N L R B (U.S.
Sup. Ct., April 17, 1961).
DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES
collectively within the meaning of sec. 8(b)(3) of
the Taft-Hartley Act; that striking to force accept
ance of those clauses was an attempt to make the
employers discriminate in favor of union members
contrary to the command of sec. 8(b)(2) of the
act, and that striking for the “foremen clause”
restrained and coerced the employers in the selec
tion of their representatives for the adjustment
of grievances in violation of sec. 8(b)(1)(B) of
the act. These findings were upheld by a court of
appeals.
Citing its opinion in the preceding case, the
Court reversed the lower court's judgment regard
ing the clause which incorporates the general laws
of the parent union. As to whether the strike to
obtain the foremen clause was permissible, the
Court was equally divided and accordingly the
lower court’s judgment was affirmed.
NLRB Ruling on Hot Cargo. The National Labor
Relations Board issued its first findings of viola
tion of the new statutory ban against “hot cargo”
provisions in collective bargaining contracts and
strikes to obtain such agreements in cases involving
locals of the Amalgamated Lithographers union in
San Francisco and Miami. In the San Francisco
case, the Board found struck-work, chain-shop,
termination, trade-shop, and refusal-to-handle
clauses all illegal.19 In the Miami case,20 tradeshop and refusal-to-handle clauses were found
illegal, but the struck-work, chain-shop, and rightto-terminate clauses, whose wording differed
from those in the San Francisco case, were found
legal.
is Amalgamated Lithographers of America and Local 17, and Employing
Lithographers (130 NLRB No. 102, Mar. 1, 1961).
Struck Work—Employer will not render assistance to any other litho
graphic employer any of whose plants is struck by local of international union
and, accordingly, will not request any employee to handle any lithographic
work produced by such employer.
Chain Shop—Employer will not request any employee to handle any work
in any plant if, in another plant of any employer or of any subsidiary of such
employer, any local is on strike.
Termination—If employer requests an employee to handle any such work,
union has right to terminate contract forthwith.
Trade Shop—It employer requests any employee to handle lithographic
work made in any shop that is not under contract with [lithographers union
and not authorized to use union label, union may reopen contract as to all
terms and terminate it if no new agreement is reached. Union label must
be affixed to all products.
Refusal To Handle—Employer agrees not to discharge or discipline any
employee who refuses to handle any lithographic production work not made
in union shop or in shop authorized to use union label, or who refuses to
handle struck work.
so Amalgamated Lithographers of America and Local 78, and Amalgamated
Lithographers of America and Employing Lithographers of Greater Miami
and Miami Post Co. (130 NLRB 107, Mar. 1,1961).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
645
In the San Francisco case, when the union
terminated a 2-year contract in the fall of 1959,
it insisted that a new contract contain struck-work,
chain-shop, termination, trade-shop, and refusalto-handle clauses, but the employers association
rejected the demand. Negotiations reached an
impasse on November 20, 1959, and the union
notified the association that the membership had
voted not to work overtime unless the terms of a
new contract were agreed upon within 3 days.
The members did in fact refuse to work overtime
during the month which elapsed before the union
called a strike against members of the association.
About 2 days before the strike began, the union
had signed agreements with independent litho
graphic firms in the San Francisco area to extend
their contracts retroactively to the scheduled
expiration date.
Acting on the association’s charges against the
union, the NLRB Regional Director, pursuant to
section 10(1) of the Taft-Hartley Act, instituted
injunction proceedings, and the district court
issued a decree against the union. About 2 weeks
later, the association and the union agreed on a
new contract and the strike ended. The charges
were then referred to the Board for adjudication
on their merits.
The NLRB held that the union had violated
provisions written into the National Labor Rela
tions Act in 1959 by refusing to work overtime
and then striking to bring about insertion of con
tract clauses whereby employers would agree not
to handle work from shops where the union did not
have agreements or where the union was on strike
or locked out. The clauses themselves violated
section 8(e) of the amended act, which makes
unlawful “any contract or agreement, express or
implied” whereby an employer agrees not to
handle the products of another employer or to cease
doing business with any other person. And
amended section 8(b)(4)(A) makes a strike to
achieve such an agreement equally unlawful; a
partial strike—in this case refusal to work over
time—is also illegal.
The Board found that the union’s proposals had
substantially the same effect as the admittedly
now unlawful clauses in the 1957 contract which
the union had terminated, and that they were no
less effective in accomplishing the same objective.
The Board rejected the union’s contention that the
new clauses were lawful because they did not
646
constitute an ‘‘agreement, promise, or commit
ment” to handle or not to handle the products
of any other employer. The Board found, in
light of “the hard facts, the circumstance that
the word ‘agree’ is not used, or that a statement is
made that no contract express or implied is
intended, is meaningless.”
In rejecting the union’s attempt to justify its
insistence on the disputed clauses on the basis of
economic necessity, the Board reasoned: “Eco
nomic necessity cannot justify violation of the
act. . . . Congress did except from the operation
of section 8(e) certain contracts in the construc
tion, apparel, and clothing industries, because of
conditions peculiar to those industries. The fact
that Congress mentioned only those industries in
its exceptions indicates that Congress did not
intend that any other industry be exempted from
its operations, whatever its alleged special eco
nomic problems. Moreover, the right of reopening
in the proposed clauses is absolute; it is not in
any way limited to situations in which the solvency
of the union’s welfare or pension funds is
jeopardized.”
The Board also overruled the union’s contention
that the struck-work proposal merely embodied
the “ally” doctrine. Instead, the Board said, it
precluded the employer from doing not only
“farmed out” work but also work customarily
performed by the contracting employer for the
struck employer.
In rejecting the union’s defense of the termina
tion clause on the ground that the contracting
parties have a right to terminate their contractual
relations for any reason whatsoever, the Board
found that the “ termination clause in this case
is the sanction intended to insure that the con
tracting employer will not handle certain hot
goods. As a component part of the implied
agreement to achieve an illegal objective, it
partakes of that illegality.”
The Board found that one of the objects of the
strike was to secure incorporation of the clauses in
any new collective bargaining agreement, since an
agreement was reached soon after the union was
enjoined from entering into any agreement with
such clauses. The Board also upheld the Trial
Examiner’s finding that the union violated sec.
8(e) in signing agreements with nonmembers of
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the association to extend the 1957 contract with
its admittedly illegal clauses.
In the Miami case, the Board found similar
illegal inducement of striking and refusal to work
overtime in order to force the inclusion of the
disputed contract clauses. However, a majority
of the Board ruled that the struck-work, chainshop, and termination clauses in this case were
valid under sec. 8(e).
With respect to the struck-work clause, the
Board noted that it contained two parts: “ A
general statement that the contracting company
will not render production assistance to any
employer whose plant is struck by a local of the
international, and an implementation clause
which provides that in carrying out the above,
employees shall not be required to handle any
lithographic work ‘farmed out’ by such employer,
other than work which the contracting employer
has customarily performed for the struck em
ployer. The general statement, if standing alone,
would be unlawful because it embodies more than
the ‘ally’ doctrine.” However, the Board read
the two clauses, the general with the particular,
as embodying “ nothing more than the ‘ally’
doctrine which has been sanctioned by the Board
and the courts and which Congress clearly intend
ed to preserve in enacting the 1959 amendment.
As so construed, the ‘struck-work’ paragraph is
lawful.”
The chain-shop clause, the Board noted, recog
nized the right of employees to strike if employees
in another lithographic plant “ wholly owned and
controlled by the company or commonly owned
and controlled” are on strike or have been locked
out. The Board cited its decision in a recent
case 21 that “ where a dispute existed at one of
three geographically separated plants of an
employer, picketing at the plants where no dispute
existed was lawful primary activity.” The Board
construed the chain-shop clause by saying that a
strike at the plant of the contracting employer in
sympathy with a strike at the plant of another
company which is a separate legal entity is per
mitted, provided that the two legal entities,
because of common control and ownership as the
Board uses these terms, constitute a single
21 International Brotherhood of Teamsters (Alexander Warehouse & Sales
Co.), 128 NLRB No. 105.
DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES
employer within the meaning of the act. Such a
clause was therefore lawful.
The Board held that, as it had found the struckwork clause lawful, the right-to-terminate clause—
intended to give the union a remedy for the
breach of the former—was equally lawful.
On the trade-shop clause, the Board rejected
the union’s contentions that it was lawful since it
contained neither an express nor an implied agree
ment not to use the products of another employer
and sec. 8(e) only bans “ express or implied”
agreements. The Board pointed out that “ Con
gress was intent upon outlawing ‘hot cargo’
clauses no matter how disguised. Probably no
language can be explicit enough to reach in
advance every possible subterfuge of resourceful
parties. Nevertheless, we believe that in using
the term ‘implied’ in sec. 8(e), Congress meant to
reach every device which, fairly considered, is
tantamount to an agreement that the contracting
employer will not handle the products of another
employer or cease doing business with another
person.”
The refusal-to-handle clause was also declared
illegal because it was intended to implement not
only the lawful chain shop clause but also the
unlawful trade shop clause.
Citing its decision in the San Francisco case,
the Board found that by refusing to work over
time and by striking for the purpose of forcing
the inclusion of the trade-shop and refusal-tohandle clauses in a collective bargaining agree
ment, the union violated sections 8(b)(3) of the
act.
Members Rodgers and Jenkins, who dissented
in part, viewed the differences in wording of the
Miami clauses from that of those in San Francisco
as insufficient to render any of them lawful.
They also disagreed that the proposed right-to-
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647
terminate and refusal-to-handle clauses in the
Miami case were legal insofar as they implemented
the struck-work and chain-shop clauses.
The dissent reasoned that, as construed by the
majority, the union’s struck-work clause would
extend the so-called “ally” doctrine far beyond
precedents set by the Board or by the courts
under which an otherwise neutral employer or
person may become an ally of a struck employer
only by undertaking, by arrangement with the
struck employer, to perform work which would,
but for the strike, have been performed by the
striking employees themselves. Therefore, the
dissent considered inaccurate the majority view
that the clause in question embodied nothing
more than the sanctioned ally doctrine.
The dissent also disagreed with the majority
ruling that the wording of the chain-shop clause
made it apply only to single employer situations.
The dissent pointed out that common ownership
and control—the descriptive language used in the
clause—were not sufficient to warrant a finding of
a single employer status, particularly where, as
here, no minimum extent of common ownership
and control was specified. A number of other
factors must be taken into account; for example,
the common general supervision, the centralized
purchasing of supplies, and the integration of op
erations, and whether the plants involved were
part of the same business entity.
The dissent concluded that “it would not
rewrite the union’s chain-shop clause for them so
as to make it legal, but would construe it to mean
what it says—that it would apply to all situations
where common ownership and control exist ir
respective of whether the involved entities consti
tute a single employer. As the clause thus seeks
to permit activity proscribed by the act, we would
find it unlawful.”
Chronology of
Recent Labor Events
April 3, 1961
H. M a c y a n d C o ., I n c ., and Local 1-S of the Retail,
Wholesale and Department Store Union agreed to a 2-year
contract covering 8,500 employees in the New York City
area and providing a $5 weekly wage increase in two steps
and higher minimum hiring rates, pension benefits, and
life insurance. (See also p. 652 of this issue.)
R .
April 7
Two r i v a l u n i o n s of bakery workers, the AFL-CIO
American Bakery and Confectionery Workers and the
independent Bakery and Confectionery Workers, jointly
announced they had agreed to discontinue raiding and to
hold discussions “exploring the possibility of merging.”
(See also p. 654 of this issue.)
April 11
T h e U.S. Court of Appeals in New York City held, in
N L R B v. Katz, that the employer’s unilateral action to
increase wages and change other conditions of work during
contract negotiations did not in itself constitute an unfair
labor practice within the meaning of the Taft-Hartley
Act. Although such conduct may support an inference
of bad-faith bargaining, the Board had made no such
finding: rather, its decision rested on “an erroneous view
that specific unilateral acts, regardless of bad faith, may
constitute violation of sec. 8(a)(5).” Consequently, the
court remanded the case to the Board.
April 13
h r e e -y e a r
e x t e n sio n s
of contracts affecting about
100,000 employees of pajama, shirt, and cotton garment
manufacturers were announced by the Amalgamated
Clothing Workers. The agreements called for increased
employer contributions to insurance and retirement funds
and improvements in health, welfare, and pension benefits,
and permitted annual reopenings on wages and fringe
benefits. (See also p. 650 of this issue.)
T
April 14
h e
Upholsterers’ International Union and the United
Furniture Workers jointly announced a tentative agree
ment to terminate their longstanding feud, reportedly as
a prelude to a mutual aid pact that would facilitate the
organizing of workers in the furniture and allied industries.
(See also p. 654 of this issue.)
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April 15
T h e Teamsters union and Motor Freight Carriers, Inc.,
representing 500 trucking companies in Massachusetts,
Rhode Island, and Connecticut, agreed on a contract
providing nine wage increases totaling 58 cents an hour over
a 6-year period for 17,000 drivers plus any increases that
the union may negotiate with Midwest trucking companies
in 1964, when their contracts expire (Chron. item for Jan.
18, 1961, MLR, Mar. 1961). Other terms included the
establishment of a cost-of-living escalator clause in 1963,
improvements in vacation provisions, and increases in
health and welfare insurance. (See also p. 652 of this
issue.)
April 17
T h e U.S. Supreme Court invalidated the N LR B’s dues
refund remedy for illegal hiring hall arrangements, as well
as its hiring hall standards, in four companion cases, two of
which also involved other issues:
1. In Local 357, International Brotherhood of Teamsters
v. NLRB, the Court ruled that hiring hall agreements
which prohibit discrimination based on union membership
are legal and that the Board cannot insist that they include
stipulated provisions.
2. In Local 60, United Brotherhood of Carpenters v.
NLRB, the Court held if no employee is coerced by an
illegal hiring hall agreement, the Board cannot order the
refund to all employees of union fees collected thereunder.
3. In N LRB v. News Syndicate Co., Inc. (Chron. item
for May 20, 1960, MLR, July 1960), the Court decided
that a union contract is not illegal because it grants hiring
authority to foremen who are union members or because
it incorporates such of the union’s general laws as are
“not in conflict with Federal or State laws.”
4. In International Typographical Union, Locals 38 and
165 v. NLRB, which involved a strike over the same two
contract clauses, the Court held that a union can legally
strike for the general laws clause but not for the foreman
provision (on which the Court, by an equal division, left
standing a lower court ruling). (See also pp. 644-645 of
this issue.)
A N E W p o s t a l U N I O N with 130,000 members, the United
Federation of Postal Clerks (AFL-CIO), was formed in
Washington, D.C., when the AFL-CIO National Federa
tion of Post Office Clerks formally approved a merger with
the unaffiliated United National Association of Post Office
Craftsmen. (See also p. 655 of this issue.)
f f i r m i n g the N LR B’s first interpretation of the picketing
provisions of the 1959 amendments to the Taft-Hartley
Act (Chron. item for June 1, 1960, MLR, Aug. 1960),
the U.S. Court of Appeals in New York City ruled that the
amendments apply to peaceful picketing where it has the
forbidden object of “forcing or requiring” recognition or
organization; that the Board may limit to less than 30 days
the “reasonable period” during which such picketing may
be conducted without filing an election petition; that the
union has no right to an expedited election when it does
A
649
CHRONOLOGY OF LABOR EVENTS
not file an election petition within a reasonable period;
and that the Board may use evidence relating to the period
after it issues a complaint to find that picketing, including
informational picketing, is illegal because it stops deliveries.
The case was N LRB v. Local 239, International Brotherhood
of Teamsters.
April 18
T h e Amalgamated Clothing Workers notified President
John F. Kennedy that it would comply with his request to
call off a scheduled boycott of Japanese textile products
adopted in “self-defense” against the refusal of Japanese
manufacturers of coats and suits to voluntarily limit ship
ments to the United States. The President had said
that the Government was studying the textile problem and
cautioned that independent actions might bring retaliation
against American goods abroad.
F o l l o w i n g the suspension by the International Transportworkers Federation of the Seafarers’ International Union
for supporting a wildcat strike of British seamen, the
Seafarers and the International Longshoremen’s Associa
tion, the Masters, Mates and Pilots, and the Marine Engi
neers Beneficial Association withdrew from the ITF. Two
days later, after President Joseph Curran of the National
Maritime Union said that the withdrawal may lead to the
dissolution of the International Maiitime Workers Union
formed to organize “runaway” ships (Chron. item for Nov.
25, 1959, MLR, Jan. 1960), Seafarers’ President Paul Hall
indicated it would facilitate independent action by his
union now that it is free from the federation’s policy
restrictions (Chron. item for Jan. 23, 1959, MLR, Mar.
1959).
On April 30, the Marine Engineers and the Masters,
Mates and Pilots announced that they were opening a joint
drive to organize officers on American-owned ships of
foreign registry. (See also p. 654 of this issue.)
T h e Firestone Tire and Rubber Co. and the United Rubber
Workers, departing from industry practice, negotiated a
master contract covering both wages and working condi
tions and differentiating between tire plant and other
employees. The 2-year contract affected about 16,000
employees and provided hourly wage increases of 7.5 and
14.5 cents for nontire and tire production workers, respec
tively. An eighth paid holiday, liberalized vacations and
supplemental unemployment benefits, and optional lump
sum separation pay were among the other terms of the
contract. Three days earlier, Goodyear Tire and Rubber
Co. and the URW had reached agreement on a 2-year
contract affecting 20,000 workers, containing similar pro
visions on vacations, SUB, and separation pay. (See also
p. 651 of this issue.)
April 19
Six t h o u s a n d m e m b e r s of the International Association
of Machinists ended a 13-day strike by ratifying a contract
with the California Metal Trades Association, representing
127 San Francisco Bay area metalworking shops. Pro
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
visions included wage increases of 11-19 cents in two steps,
a cost-of-living escalator clause, and improvements in
health and welfare coverage. (See also p. 651 of this
issue.)
April 23
h e
Kohler Co., a plumbing fixture manufacturer of
Kohler, Wis., announced that it would lengthen the work
week from 32 to 40 hours for strikers rehired under an
NLRB order (Chron. item for Aug. 26, 1960, MLR, Oct.
1960), which is being appealed. Four days earlier, the
Board had notified the company that full compliance with
the order required full-time schedules for these workers
even if this meant dismissal of their replacements.
T
April 24
D u r i n g n e g o t i a t i o n s under a cost-of-living wage reopener
of their existing contract (Chron. item for May 4, 1959,
MLR, July 1959), the International Ladies’ Garment
Workers’ Union and representatives of almost 1,200 job
bers, manufacturers, and contractors in the women’s and
children’s coat and suit industry agreed to a 2-year con
tract extension providing a wage increase of 14 cents an
hour starting June 12, affecting 45,000 employees. In
return for the extension, the employers agreed to increase
vacation, health, and retirement fund contributions. (See
also p. 650 of this issue.)
April 28
NLRB C h a i r m a n Frank McCulloch announced that the
Board would delegate decisionmaking authority in election
cases to the Board’s 28 regional directors, effective May
15, 1961. The Board, which decided almost 2,700 election
cases in fiscal year 1960, will review only those regional
decisions that are appealed because they (1) raise a sub
stantial question of law or policy by either departing from
established policy or establishing new policy; (2) clearly
involve prejudicial error in a finding on a substantial
factual issue or the manner in which the hearing was
conducted; or (3) present compelling reasons for
reconsidering an important Board rule or policy.
L o c a l 32-B of the Building Service Employees’ Inter
national Union and the Realty Advisory Board on Labor
Relations, representing owners of 1,400 apartment houses
in New York City, agreed on a 3-year contract providing
a total wage raise of $7.50 a week and increases in fringe
benefits for 15,000 elevator operators and service workers.
(See also p. 653 of this issue.)
April 29
I n D e t r o i t , the United Auto Workers ended a special
3-day convention, which approved a flexible bargaining
program, with emphasis on increased job security, for
this year’s negotiations in the automobile industry and
called for legislative action as well. (See also pp. 611613 of this issued
Developments in
Industrial Relations*
Collective Bargaining
Automobile Workers. The United Automobile
Workers met in Detroit April 27-29 to formulate
collective bargaining demands for presentation in
negotiations with major automobile producers this
summer.1 Delegates approved broad and flexible
bargaining and legislative objectives designed to
increase earnings and job security in the industry.
But UAW President Walter P. Reuther said the
industry’s unemployment problem was so severe
that its solution could not be found solely “by
pure and simple unionism” ; it required action
“on the political and legislative fronts” as well.
Collective bargaining proposals included a
shorter workweek, establishment of an automa
tion fund to provide pay for retraining and reloca
tion of workers; early retirement and improved
pension and SUB provisions; additional holidays
and longer vacations; full company payment
(instead of one-half) of medical-hospital insurance;
and improvements in the cost-of-living escalator
and improvement factor formulas. The union’s
bargaining program also called for a labor-manage
ment committee to study ways to effect a gradual
transition from an hourly rate to a salary system
for production workers. Mr. Reuther charac
terized hourly wages as an “obsolete, economically
unsound, [and] morally indefensible [system] . . .
from which so much of our members’ insecurity
stems.”
The union listed among its other objectives a
provision under the wage and hour law for auto
matic reductions in the 40-hour workweek, with
no loss in pay, when unemployment reached cer
tain levels; establishment of a national planning
agency to allocate resources according to needs;
and both Federal and contract protection for
workers displaced by plant closings.
Apparel and Leather Goods. Contracts affecting
about 150,000 workers in the apparel trades were
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
signed during April. On April 13, the Amal
gamated Clothing Workers of America announced
it had agreed with manufacturers of shirts,
pajamas, and other cotton garments to 3-year
supplemental contracts covering 100,000 workers
throughout the Nation. Although the extended
contracts did not provide for any general wage
increase, they called for additional employer pay
ments to the insurance and retirement funds—
increased from 5% to 6 percent of weekly payrolls—
effective June 1, 1961 (when the previous 3-year
agreements were due to expire). Health and
welfare benefit improvements included increases
in the hospitalization allowance (from $11 to $15
daily), maternity benefits (from $50 to $100), and
death benefits (from $500 to $1,000). These in
creases apply to employees only—no change was
made in dependents’ benefits. Pensions, excluding
social security, were raised from $42.50 to $47.50
per month. The agreements may be reopened
annually on wages and fringe benefits. The latest
general wage increase, on August 31, 1959,
amounted to 7K cents an hour.2
The International Ladies’ Garment Workers’
Union and employers representing almost 1,200
manufacturers, contractors, and jobbers in the
women’s and children’s coat and suit industry
on April 24 agreed to a 2-year contract extension.
The settlement, affecting about 45,000 workers in
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Con
necticut, calls for an average 14-cent-an-hour wage
increase, effective June 12, 1961. It was the
first general wage increase for these workers since
December 1957. Negotiations were originally
limited only to wages in accordance with a costof-living wage reopener under the existing 3-year
contract, which was due to expire May 31, 1962.3
In return for extending this contract 2 more years,
however, the employers agreed to increase their
contributions to the retirement and health and
vacation funds. Effective June 5, they were to
pay 6 percent of payrolls to the retirement fund
(instead of 5% percent) and 4% percent to the
health and vacation fund (instead of 4 percent).
Poor business conditions and a large volume of
retirement applications had recently forced the
’ Prepared In the Division of Wages and Industrial Relations, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, on the basis of currently available published material.
1 For details of the convention, see pp. 611-613 of this issue.
1 See Monthly Labor Review, July 1959, p. 797.
» Ibid.
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
pension fund to delay retirement of about 200
eligible workers.
Most workers in the ladies’ handbag industry
in the New York metropolitan area received a
$3-a-week pay increase to compensate for changes
in the cost of living under a decision handed down
in mid-April by the industry’s impartial chairman.
The increase—which followed a stalemate in
negotiations between Local 1 of the International
Leather Goods, Plastic and Novelty Workers’
Union and the New York Industrial Council of
the National Authority for the Ladies’ Handbag
Industry—was to go into effect on June 1, 1961,
and applied to all workers except pieceworkers
earning $90 a week or more. (The increase to
pieceworkers receiving less than $90 weekly shall
not raise their salaries above this level.) The
decision eliminated a $2-a-week raise scheduled
under June 1959 contract4 for September 8, 1961;
the 1959 agreement also permitted the cost-ofliving wage reopening which led to the current
decision. The award applies directly to em
ployees of about 125 shops represented by the
association and will probably set the pattern for
employees of about 275 other handbag, leathergoods, and novelty goods firms that have separate
contracts with the local. About 10,000 workers
in the metropolitan area are employed in the
industry.
Rubber. The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co. and
the United Rubber Workers agreed on April 15
to a 2-year working conditions contract for about
20,000 employees in 11 plants. The supplemental
unemployment benefit plan was liberalized to
provide a $5 weekly increase m the maximum
payments, and the maximum benefit period was
temporarily extended to 39 instead of 26 weeks
(in line with the Temporary Extended Unemploy
ment Compensation Act of 1961s). An optional
lump-sum separation pay plan providing benefits
for employees with 5 years’ seniority laid off for
at least 2 years was added to the SUB agreement.
(They may choose instead to continue on layoff
status with senoirity rights upon recall.) Bene
fits range from 2 to 3 percent of total earnings,
depending on years of continuous service, less any
SUB received subsequent to an employee’s last
< See Monthly Labor Review, September 1959, p. 1029.
8 See Monthly Labor Review, M ay 1961, p. 533.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
651
layoff. Eligibility requirements for 3 and 4 weeks’
vacation were reduced to 10 and 22 years’ service,
respectively, from 11 and 25 years. During the
negotiations, the union had pressed for establish
ment of an automation fund, but a joint announce
ment issued by the parties said only that “certain
special provisions” had been provided relating
to job loss because of automation. Wage rates,
pensions, and insurance benefits were not an issue
in the negotiations.
In a departure from industry bargaining prac
tices, the Firestone Tire and Rubber Co. and the
URW agreed on April 18 to a 2-year contract cov
ering both working conditions and wages. Typi
cally, wages have been negotiated separately each
summer, under reopening provisions. The Fire
stone contract—to run until April 20, 1963—af
fects about 16,000 workers and, for the first time,
provided different wage increases at tire and non
tire plants. Effective June 5, 1961, employees at
five tire plants will receive 7%-cent hourly pay
raises and employees at three nontire plants will
receive 3}¿ cents; the union said straight-time
earnings averaged $3.01 an hour before the in
crease. Raises of 7 and 4 cents an hour, respec
tively, are scheduled for June 11, 1962. Smaller
increases in nontire plants had been pressed by
management because of disproportionately high
wage costs and foreign competition. Early in
May, Goodyear and the Rubber Workers agreed on
the same wage increases negotiated at Firestone.
In addition to wage increases, the Firestone
agreement called for an eighth paid holiday, the
day to be determined at the plant level. Other
contract improvements were similar to the Good
year settlement, including those in SUB, optional
lump-sum separation pay, and vacation eligibility.
Other Manujacturing. A 13-day strike by 7,000
members of the International Association of Ma
chinists against 127 San Francisco Bay area metal
working shops, represented by the California Metal
Trades Association, ended on April 19 when the
workers ratified a new contract. The settlement
provided wage increases of 6 to 10 cents an hour
retroactive to April 1, 1961, and 5 to 9 cents more
a year later. According to the union, the raises
apply to hourly rates ranging from $2.26 to $2.95.
A cost-of-living escalator clause, discontinued in
June 1959 under the previous agreement, is to be
reestablished in October 1962, but with any in-
652
crease limited to 3 cents an hour. Improvements
in health and welfare coverage were also provided.
The Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers Inter
national Union ratified, on April 11, 2-year con
tracts with E. R. Squibb & Sons, a division of Olin
Mathieson Chemical Corp. The settlements, af
fecting more than 2,000 workers at plants in
Brooklyn, N.Y., and New Brunswick, N.J., pro
vide 4-percent wage increases (ranging from 8 to
12 cents an hour) effective May 1, 1961, and 2%
percent more (5 to 8 cents) on March 1, 1962.
Other contract changes included improved dis
ability retirement benefits and extension of Blue
Cross-Blue Shield coverage to employees retired
since January 1, 1956. (A proviso stipulates that
coverage of the latter benefit is to be offset by any
comparable b en efits provided by F e d e ra l
legislation.)
Trade. Agreement upon a 2-year contract pro
viding general wage increases totaling $5 a week
averted a threatened strike by 8,500 employees
of R. H. Macy and Co., Inc., in New York City.
The settlement—-ratified on April 3 by members
of the Retail, Wholesale and Department Store
Union—calls for a $3-a-week wage increase retro
active to February 1, and $2 more on October 1,
1961. The union indicated that wages under the
old contract had averaged $72 a week. The
minimum hiring rate was increased by $4, to $50
weekly, and is to go up to $52 in 1962. Pension
benefits for employees retiring at age 65 were
raised from $35 to $50 monthly for those with
25 years’ service and to $55 for those with 30
years’ service. The minimum life insurance was
raised to $1,500 for active employees (from $1,000),
and a $1,000 policy was established for retirees.
In addition, the agreement established a companypaid retraining program for employees whose jobs
are eliminated by the introduction of machinery
or mechanical devices. The period of training is
limited to the number of weeks of severance allow
ance to which an employee might otherwise be
entitled and applies to those workers who, in the
company’s opinion, exhibit the “capability or
potential for such training” required to perform
any equal or lower paying jobs.
Members of the Retail Clerks International
Association in late March ratified a 30-month con
tract with the American Stores Co. (Acme food
markets) providing wage increases and improved
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1961
fringe benefits for 3,500 workers in northern New
Jersey and in Staten Island, Long Island, and
Middletown, N.Y. Retroactive to March 5, 1961,
wages were raised by $5 weekly for employees
receiving contract scales and by $4 for those paid
above contract minimums. Additional raises are
scheduled for November 1962. Other contract
improvements include an eighth paid holiday
(Easter Monday) effective in 1962, liberalized
health and welfare benefits effective this year, and
in the final year of the contract, a 5-cent-an-hour
company payment to a jointly administered pen
sion program.
Transportation. The Teamsters union and Motor
Freight Carriers, Inc., (representing trucking com
panies in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Con
necticut) reached agreement on April 15 on a
contract for 17,000 drivers providing wage in
creases totaling at least 58 cents an hour over a
6-year period, plus possible further wage increases
and improvements in fringe benefits. In each of
the first 3 years, wage rates are to advance in
both April and October, with a total of 15 cents
this year, 13 cents in 1962, and 15 cents in 1963.
In 1964-66, raises of 5 cents an hour are scheduled
for October of each year, in addition to whatever
increases for those years the union may negotiate
with Midwest trucking firms when their contracts
expire in January 1964.6 A cost-of-living escalator
clause was established, to become effective June 1,
1963. Vacation improvements included 2 weeks’
vacation in 1961 after 4 instead of 5 years’ service,
and beginning in 1962, after 3 years’ service.
Employers will also pay an additional 5 cents a
man-hour to the health and welfare fund, effective
next October 1.
A contract providing wage increases and estab
lishing a comprehensive health and welfare plan
for 4,500 unlicensed seamen employed by 22 Great
Lakes shipping companies was ratified on April 5
by members of the Seafarers’ International Union.
The agreement called for wage increases of 6 cents
an hour for rated seamen and 4 cents for unrated
personnel, retroactive to March 1, 1961. The
health and welfare program, effective April 1, 1961,
was to be financed by employer contributions of
95 cents a day for each crewman. It included
$56 weekly sickness and accident benefits for up
« See Monthly Labor Review, March 1961, p. 288.
653
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
to 26 weeks and a $4,000 life insurance policy for
seamen, and for their dependents, a maximum of
120 days’ hospitalization, $300 surgical allowance
and payment for hospital extras. (Seamen receive
free medical and surgical care in Marine hospitals
and out-patient clinics operated by the Public
Health Service under United States maritime law.)
The contract also stipulated that when a vessel
is withdrawn from service during the shipping
season, the crew is to be assigned, on the basis of
seniority, to other ships in the company’s fleet.
Other Industries. A new 3-year contract covering
15,000 elevator operators and service workers in
New York City represented by Local 32-B of the
Building Service Employees’ International Union,
was reached on April 28 with the Realty Advisory
Board on Labor Relations (representing owners
of 1,400 apartment houses in Manhattan and
Queens). The pact provided wage increases total
ing $7.50 a week: $3 retroactive to April 21, $2
more a year later, and the final installment of
$2.50 on April 21, 1963. Existing pay rates were
said to range from $64.25 to $72.87 a week.
Fringe benefits included establishment of a sever
ance pay program for workers displaced by auto
mation, a new sick pay plan (effective in 1962),
and increased employer contributions to the
union’s welfare fund. The increases in welfare
contributions—from $132 to $203 a year for each
employee in two steps—were designed to main
tain existing benefit levels and to provide addi
tional benefits in 1963.
The Builders Association of Chicago and the
Hod Carriers’, Building and Common Laborers’
Union on April 19 announced agreement upon a
2-year contract for 16,000 building construction
laborers. The agreement provided a wage increase
of 20 cents an hour, effective June 30, 1961, bring
ing their scale to $3,225 an hour.
Minimum Wage
The Congress on May 3 passed a bill to raise
the Federal minimum wage and to extend its
coverage to 3,624,000 workers not previously
protected. The measure was signed by President
Kennedy on May 5. For workers already covered
by the Fair Labor Standards Act, the hourly
i See Monthly Labor Review, November 1959, p. 1208.
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minimum is to be raised from $1 to $1.15 beginning
this September and to $1.25 in September 1963.
For newly affected workers, a $1 hourly minimum
will go into effect this September, with increases
to $1.15 in September 1964 and to $1.25 a year
later. For most of these workers, overtime pay
at 1y2 times the regular rate will be required after
44 hours a week beginning in September 1963,
after 42 hours a year later, and after 40 hours in
1965.
It was estimated that about 1,906,000 workers
currently covered would receive increases to $1.15
an hour this year and 663,000 of those covered for
the first time would be in line for increases to $1
an hour.
The extended coverage applies to an estimated
2.1 million employees of retail trade firms with
gross annual sales of $1 million or more (exempting
those component establishments, e.g., a chain out
let, whose annual sales are less than $250,000)
and purchasing annually outside the State at least
$250,000 in merchandise, and to about 1 million
construction workers of companies doing at least
$350,000 annual business. Large gasoline stations,
local transit firms, seafood processing companies,
seamen on American-flag vessels, small telephone
systems, and some wholesalers—their inclusion
depending on specified dollar volumes of annual
transactions—must also pay the minimum for the
first time.
The amended act removed from coverage an
estimated 16,000 to 25,000 workers in such cate
gories as cotton ginning, tobacco processing,
country elevators, and fruit and vegetable hauling.
Interunion Relationships
Leaders of 30 unions affiliated with the AFLCIO Industrial Union Department met informally
in New York City on April 13 to discuss their
dissatisfaction over the Federation’s alleged in
effectiveness in halting longstanding internal
conflicts. It was reported that their chief grievance
was the failure to follow through on a resolution
adopted at the 1959 AFL-CIO convention7 call
ing for a special convention to consider a pro
posed procedure, including binding arbitration, for
settling interunion disputes (particularly over con
struction and maintenance jobs at industrial
plants). A committee of the caucus was chosen
to present the grievances to Federation President
654
George Meany. When the committee met with
Mr. Meany on April 24, he gave assurances that
all their complaints would be investigated. He
was reported to have indicated, however, that he
did not think it useful to call a special conven
tion because he was convinced that a formula for
adjusting disputes would not win general support.
Four maritime unions announced on April 18
that they had withdrawn from the International
Transportworkers Federation in protest over its
suspension of the Seafarers’ International Union.
The Federation had suspended the SIU on April 13
because the SIU’s Canadian District had contin
ued to support a wildcat strike by British seamen
in 1959 despite a warning from the IT F ’s Executive
Committee to cease interfering in the domestic
affairs of the National Union of Seamen of Great
Britain. Siding with the SIU in the withdrawal
were the International Longshoremen’s Associa
tion, the Marine Engineers’ Beneficial Association,
and the Masters, Mates and Pilots Organization.
Joseph Curran, president of the National Mari
time Union and a member of the ITF Executive
Committee, said the secession could weaken the
position of American unions in their fight against
ships flying “flags of convenience” because of the
lack of Federation backing. He also indicated it
could result in the dissolution of the International
Maritime Workers Union, formed jointly by the
NMU and the SIU in 1959 to organize seamen on
such ships.8 SIU President Paul Hall retorted
that the union’s withdrawal from the ITF would
enhance its own role in organizing “runaway”
shipping since it was no longer bound by the IT F’s
policy restrictions. The conflict deepened when
the NMU charged that the SIU had signed a
“sweetheart agreement” with an inland waterway
barge operator that permitted the carrier to cut
down on its towboat manning scales.
Officials of the two officers’ unions—the MEBA
and the MMP—on April 30, announced they had
been “exploring the possibility of a merger,” and
that together they were opening an organizing
drive for deck and engine-department officers of
foreign flag ships. (The American maritime
unions’ drive to organize such shipping had
hitherto been limited to unlicensed seamen.)
Another unity move involved the Upholsterers’
International Union and the United Furniture
Workers of America, which announced on April
14 that they had reached tentative accord toward
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ending jurisdictional conflicts. Details were not
announced, but the agreement apparently included
a pledge not to resort to raiding or litigation. The
unions’ presidents expressed the hope that talks
would lead to a mutual assistance pact for organiz
ing purposes. The two unions, which split in
1951, have a combined membership of more than
100,000 workers.
An additional reunification move was made by
the General Executive Board of the Bakery and
Confectionery Workers International Union (Ind.)
on April 7 in approving a Memorandum of Agree
ment with the AFL-CIO American Bakery and
Confectionery Workers. Their agreement followed
the suspension of BCW President James G. Cross
and Secretary-Treasurer Peter H. Olson in March
on charges of misappropriating union funds.9
Cross had also figured prominently in the AFLCIO’s expulsion of the BCW on findings of corrupt
domination in December 1957, when the Federa
tion chartered the rival ABCW. The agreement
between the BCW-ABCW calls for (1) the
immediate cessation of all competing organizing
campaigns; (2) withdrawal of all pending election
petitions seeking bargaining rights now held by
the other; (3) a pledge not to initiate further
campaigns or file new election petitions against
each other; (4) settlement of all pending litigation
“in an orderly fashion” ; and (5) initiation of
meetings and discussions to explore “the possi
bility of merging into a single international union
representing all bakery and confectionery workers.”
The truce became effective upon signature, subject
to cancellation on 30 days’ notice by either party.
The possibility of still another alliance occupied
the Interunion Working Committee, representing
nine printing, paper, and related trade unions,10
when it met in Washington on April 11 and 12,
for the second time in 6 weeks. The group is an
adjunct of the Presidents’ Committee of the
Allied Printing and Related Trades—an organi
zation formed in 1960 to coordinate activities and
explore plans for a federation of all unions in the
publishing field.
8 See Monthly Labor Review, January 1960, p. 68.
9 See Monthly Labor Review, M ay 1961, p. 537.
10 The Amalgamated Lithographers, the American Newspaper Guild, the
International Brotherhood of Bookbinders, the International Photo En
gravers Union, the International Plate Printers’, Die Stampers’ and En
gravers’ Union, the International Printing Pressmen and Assistants’ Union,
the International Stereotypers’ and Electrotypers’ Union, the International
Typographical Union, and the United Papermakers and Paperworkers.
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
Two unions of about 130,000 postal workers
formally merged into the United Federation of
Postal Clerks in April. The merger was con
summated when members of the National Federa
tion of Post Office Clerks, an AFL-CIO affiliate,
ratified the agreement on April 17; the other union,
the unaffiliated United National Association of
Post Office Craftsmen, had approved the merger
earlier. The top officers of the Post Office Clerks
were elected to the same positions in the new
union, which has an AFL—CIO charter. A third
union, the National Postal Transport Association,
is to refer the matter to a referendum this summer.
The agreement to merge the three unions had
been drawn up this past January.11
Presidential Committees
The first meeting of the President’s Committee
on Equal Employment Opportunity, named in
March by President Kennedy, was held on April
11, 1961. Among the cases to be investigated by
the group—formed to prevent discrimination in
Government employment and in private employ
ment under Government contracts-—-was a com
plaint by the National Association for the Adn See Monthly Labor Review, March 1961, p. 291.
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655
vancement of Colored People that the Lockheed
Aircraft Corp. discriminated against Negroes at
its Marietta, Ga., plant. Vice President Lyndon
B. Johnson and Secretary of Labor Arthur J.
Goldberg serve as chairman and vice chairman,
respectively.
The President’s Advisory Committee on Labor
Management Policy, at its second meeting on
May 1 discussed measures necessary to avoid
“significant and lasting unemployment” of workers
who lose their jobs because of changing tech
nology. A statement issued by the committee
declared that “technological change and automa
tion must be recognized as essential to increasing
the efficiency and growth rate of the economy.”
The best assurance against unemployment, includ
ing that caused by automation, it said, was “the
achievement of general prosperity and the highest
practicable rate of overall economic growth.”
The committee called for the development of
“broad new retraining programs” and for “serious
study in the development of both Government and
private collective bargaining policy, of ways to
permit [greater labor mobility] with due recogni
tion for the economic costs of moving and of
retraining, the value of employe rights which have
accumulated with service . . . and the human
factors involved.”
Book Reviews
and Notes
E ditor ’s N ote .—Listing
of a 'publication in this
section is for record and reference only and does
not constitute an endorsement of point of view
or advocacy of use.
Special Reviews
Potentials of the American Economy: Selected
Essays of Sumner H. Slichter. Edited by
John T. Dunlop. Cambridge, Mass., Har
vard University Press, 1961. xxiv, 467 pp.,
bibliography. $7.50.
It is almost superfluous to review the collected
writings of the late Sumner Slichter. Most of
the contributions are already well known,while
their high quality speaks for itself. Beyond
calling public attention to the appearance of this
valuable new book, probably the chief purpose of
a review is to point to the collection as impressive
evidence of the range and sublety of Slichter’s
intellect and the essentially moral character of his
outlook. Edward Mason could detect in him “the
embodiment of that sturdy Huguenot individu
alism and the propensity to dissent so obviously
a characteristic of his ancestors.” This aptly
depicts the personality of the man.
He neither suffered fools gladly nor tolerated
nonsense in any area of his interests. Unham
pered by an explicit formal system or a model and
uninhibited by narrow notions of what is “eco
nomics,” Slichter was essentially problem minded.
The problems to which he gave his attention were
among the important ones of his time. His
metier lay in his remarkable capacity for gathering
and organizing the facts, subjecting them to
economic analysis, and making the results relevant
as a guide to judgment and to action. As such
he was perhaps the most eminent member of a
now—regrettably—diminishing group of American
economists.
Probably the most pervasive and enduring
interest that Slichter had was how to make a free
society work with acceptable justice and tolerable
economic efficiency for all. This concern infused
656
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all of his diverse work and provided him with
an integrity of scholarly purpose. It appears as
early as 1920, in “Industrial Morale,” where he
asked how workers could be induced to extend
more cooperation to management, indicated how
management had damaged morale by bad wage
and personnel policies, and recommended joint
control of industry by labor and management “on
a somewhat equal basis.” In “The Changing
Character of American Industrial Relations”
(1939), he was already urging management to
plan technological changes well ahead, introducing
them gradually. Unions and management should
work together to set a realistic price for labor and
to cut costs in order that unemployment and
make-work policies could be avoided. He thought
that unions failed to look far enough ahead, that
they assumed a demand for labor more inelastic
than it actually was and concentrated too much
upon promoting the interests of surviving major
ities. Opportunities had to be kept open if in
dustrial democracy was not to swamp its political
counterpart.
Again in 1947, in “Trade Unions in a Free
Society,” he addressed himself to these issues,
centering upon problems of conflict, abuses of
power, and the balance of sectional and com
munity interests. Even then he was urging
statutory reforms of internal union government,
largely along the lines of the Labor-Management
Reporting and Disclosure Act. Neglect of com
mon interests by sectional groups now seemed to
him “the most pressing economic problem of the
age.” Experience gained in negotiations and from
the economic consequences of agreements would
be of some value but, like competitive market
restraints, would be too weak by itself. The
way out, he thought at the time, was to strengthen
the hand of the national federation in the making
of wage policy.
Returning to a theme he had been putting
forward for two decades, Slichter wrote in “New
Goals for the Unions” (1958) that the country
needed a strong labor movement to provide
balance and moderation in policy and that, by
introducing civil rights and joint wage setting,
the unions had proved a great instrument for
progress and reform in American society. By
pointing out the constructive potentials of col
lective bargaining in innumerable speeches over
the years before bankers, accountants, and manu
facturers, he did much to bring about a change in
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
management views. “New Goals” reveals no
loss of faith on Slichter’s part, but it does betray
an increasing concern over the clash of sectional
with community interests. Noting that the
unions had suffered “a great loss of prestige and
moral influence” and were now narrowly pre
occupied with simply getting more for those “who
already had so much,” Slichter now thought there
was a real need for redirecting the market power
of the unions. This, of course, links up to his
wage-push argument, which he began putting
forward in 1948 and which had developed into a
well-rounded formulation by 1954 in “Do the
Wage-Fixing Arrangements in the American
Labor Market Have an Inflationary Bias?”
In “New Goals” and elsewhere, Slichter re
jected monetary restraint because he thought it
would compel excessive unemployment and retard
growth. The breakup of national union organi
zations into “enterprise” unions was also no solu
tion. Management could do more at the plant
level, controlling costs by more efficient organiza
tion of work, while public opinion (now dormant
but if aroused) could exert restraint against
inflationary settlements. However, he viewed the
main problem in much the same way as in 1920:
How to substitute cooperation for conflict in the
plant so that unionism could be turned to new
purposes. The solution, he believed, lay in
measures such as the Scanlon plan, which could
provide the necessary incentives for cost cutting
to the workers and the union.
In his papers on economic policy, Slichter again
showed himself as a problem solver, inspired by
emerging issues, always concerned with the long
run, and always responsible in his judgments.
Once more his intellectual honesty, his courage,
and his ability to bring forth a fresh and inde
pendent view are all consistently evident.
In the depths of 1932, he declared in “The
Immediate Unemployment Problem” that “an
enormous amount of nonsense has been talked on
[the balanced budget] . . . during the last year.”
A deficit was needed, but if allowed to become too
large, it would depress business borrowing. In
“Safeguards Against Depression” (1937), he saw
increased research as the way to more profits and
increased profits as essential to recovery. Contracyclical deficit spending was desirable and could
be effected most easily and effectively by supple
menting the unemployment compensation funds.
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657
General wage cuts were bad policy, but selective
ones were needed.
Slichter’s independence and his capacity to
marshal data to make his points are nowhere better
displayed than in his appraisal of the New Deal,
“The Conditions of Expansion,” which was his
presidential address to the American Economic
Association in 1941. While he approved much
that had been done in the thirties, he rejected
emphatically the notion of secular stagnation.
The trouble lay in a bad banking system and in
government attitudes and policies, especially taxes,
that obstructed risk-taking and innovation, mainly
by reducing profits. In the enduring competition
“between the old and the new,” too often govern
ment had put itself on the side of vested interests.
“Never have the rewards of a broad view of
common interests been more attractive. Never
has the folly of narrowly pressing special claims
been greater.”
If further evidence is needed to show Slichter’s
ability to think for himself, exhibits are readily
at hand. In “Postwar Boom or Collapse,” in
1942, he was already saying that the prospects
were for a great expansion of demand after the
end of the conflict. In “The Financial Condition
of the United States” (1958), he pointed directly
at Federal Reserve Board policy for making the
recession worse, voicing flatly his disagreement
with Chairman Martin’s proposal to amend the
Employment Act to compel fiscal-monetary re
straint with any rise in the cost-of-living index.
Within a year, he was on record favoring repeal
of the 4.25-percent ceiling on long-term Govern
ment issues (“Inflation—A Problem of Shrinking
Importance”) and condemning agricultural price
supports as “one of the most ridiculous ventures
ever undertaken by any government anywhere
. . .” (“Current Trends, Problems, and Pros
pects in the American Economy”).
No more need be said. Sumner Slichter lived
and worked in the great tradition of his profes
sion-independence and rectitude of judgment,
respect for the facts, dedication to analytical
craftsmanship, and a profound and enduring
concern for the welfare of a free society. The
country and the profession alike never had greater
need for these values than they do today.
— G e o r g e H . H il d e b r a n d
Professor of Economics and
Industrial and Labor Relations
Cornell University
658
Wage Behavior in the Postwar Period—An Empir
ical Analysis. By William G. Bowen. Prince
ton, N.J., Princeton University, Industrial
Relations Section, 1960. 137 pp. (Research
Report Series, 100.) $3.
Dr. Bowen’s monograph is an extension of his
Wage-Price Issue, which explored the theory of
wage behavior. In this study, some of the theory
is tested by the actual behavior of wages. For his
ability to convert statistical findings into simple,
understandable, and highly readable prose, Dr.
Bowen must be accorded a high place among his
peers of the economic fraternity. For all econo
mists, regardless of primary subject matter in
terest, whose major preoccupation is precisely with
this type of conversion, Wage Behavior in the Post
war Period is a model of clarity well worth reading.
More is to be gained from a reading, however,
than prose appreciation. Specifically, valuable
guides to the relationship between inflation and
the magnitude of wage adjustments have been un
covered by statistical and economic explorations
which take account of such factors as unemploy
ment, unionization, profits, and degree of concen
tration. The method of study consisted of a de
tailed analysis of wage and employment behavior
in manufacturing during two sets of six time peri
ods, each representing different levels of eco
nomic activity between 1947 and 1959. The focus
of the study is “ to analyze in some detail the actual
behavior of money wages in the United States dur
ing the postwar years and to spell out the impli
cations of this pattern of wage behavior for mone
tary and fiscal policies.” Although the dilemma
posed by the twin goals of price stability and full
employment might be attacked from several posi
tions, Bowen recommends that public policy rely
mainly on the traditional tools in the hands of
monetary-fiscal authorities.
Some of the principal conclusions from the study
which such authorities might consider are: (a)
There is a general relationship between the level of
unemployment and the rate at which money wages
increase—but there is no significant shortrun re
lationship; (b) The relationship is too “loose” to
permit prediction of the size of a wage increase
associated with a rate of unemployment; (c) The
general relationships hold remarkably well for all
types of manufacturing industries; and (d) Profits
were much more consistently related to wage ad
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justments than change in employment, degree of
concentration, or unionization (although the latter
two factors are highly correlated with profits).
One of the more interesting conclusions deduced
from the data is that unionization has more of a
positive effect on industry wages in prosperity
periods than in recessions.
The conclusions drawn follow from the available
data and the analysis thereof. However, a small
nagging question concerning the effects of the ex
clusion of “ fringe benefits” remains. The study’s
assumption is that if “ fringes” had been included
in the wage data, the quantitative difference be
tween prosperity and recession periods would be
reduced. But during recession periods, if unions
emphasize fringes in lieu of large wage increases
and employers more readily accept deferred type
payments, then the cyclical differences in the
effect of unionization on wages may well be erased.
The question raised is not documented, but the
growth and level of supplementary wage pay
ments during the postwar years should not be
ignored.
— N orman J. S amuels
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Communism and the General Strike. By Wilfrid
H. Crook. Hamden, Conn., The Shoe String
Press, Inc., 1960. 483 pp., bibliography.
$8.75.
Wilfrid H. Crook, emeritus professor of eco
nomics, Colgate University, has been the outstand
ing authority on the general strike for more than
30 years. His study, The General Strike, published
in 1931, has retained its preeminent position
despite the extensive literature on industrial rela
tions and strikes which has appeared in the
period after World War II. His present study,
Communism and the General Strike, is broader than
its title suggests. It deals with the role of the
Communist Party as instigator or opportunist
participant in general strikes, but in addition, it
provides a distillation of Dr. Crook’s continuing
observation and analysis of the occurrence of
general strikes in varied climes and changing
times. The theory implicit in his earlier empirical
treatment becomes the essence of the present
study.
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
The review of the past 30 years has produced a
substantial and impressive list of general strikes
throughout the world. These are strikes involving
the sympathetic cessation of work by a majority
of the workers in key industries in a locality or
region. In attempting to provide a ‘‘morphology’’
of the general strike, the author suggests that such
strikes can be grouped into economic, political,
and revolutionary classes, respectively. Orig
inally conceived of as a revolutionary tactic to be
utilized only as a last resort, the proliferation of
strikes smacking of efforts at complete or near
paralysis of a local or broader community reflects
the changed position of the labor movement in the
free world and the role of the Communist Party.
The economic strike begins with specific grievances
against employers and may turn into a sympa
thetic expression directed against governmental
actions charged as being unfair, as in Eochester,
N.Y. and Oakland, Calif., in 1946. The political
general strike is distinguished from the revolu
tionary strike: political relief is sought either in
obtaining the suffrage or economic adjustments,
as in Belgium on several occasions, but not the
overturn of the regime. The revolutionary strike,
as in Eussia in 1905 and 1917 and the Hungarian
effort in 1956, challenges the existing government.
The role of the Communists in participating in
and in calling general strikes of short or more
prolonged durations has served to obscure the
task of classification, since the ultimate aim is
always revolutionary, whatever the immediate
stated purpose.
The author’s empirical analysis finds little
chance of success in the general strike tactic.
However, he finds a ray of democratic hope in the
manner in which the general strike tactic has
boomeranged with its use in East Germany,
Poland, and Hungary against Soviet controlled
satellite regimes. But he acknowledges that this
is presently wishful thinking. In the case of
Central and South America, he refers to the
experience in Haiti, where business and labor
cooperated in general strikes against a dictatorial
effort. Commenting on the gratification of the
Haitian citizenry over the effectiveness of the
general strike as a substitute for the customary
violence involved in ousting unpopular leaders,
the author suggests that “as civilization goes, the
general strike is one step upward from civil war.”
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Dr. Crook’s present study, like his earlier one,
will be long cited. Eesearchers in the field of
strikes will find his extensive annotated listing of
general strikes throughout the world an essential
source.
— J o se p h P. G o ld be r g
Special Assistant to the Commissioner
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Social Security: Programs, Problems, and Poli
cies—Selected Readings. By William Haber
and Wilbur J. Cohen. Homewood, 111.,
Eichard D. Irwin, Inc., 1960. 606 pp.,
bibliography. $8.75.
There has been a geometrical expansion of
literature on social security in recent years. The
literature is so vast that it is timely to have a book
of selected readings. The authors have taken
advantage of the 25th anniversary of the Social
Security Act to present a book of readings pri
marily comprised of recent publications on the
subject.
The readings are representative of varying
points of view and are drawn from a wide variety
of contributors—professors, administrators, jour
nalists, a life insurance official, a labor union
official, a congressman, and a President of the
United States, Harry S Truman. However, the
authors have not only organized the subject matter
around a half dozen major topics, but they have
also contributed special articles that give tone
and interpretation to the volume as a whole.
The author’s own point of view is best expressed
in one of the discussion questions provided at the
end of the first chapter. The wording of the
question is: “Why is social security necessary
.?” Some critics would have omitted the
“why.” But social security in its many forms
has become so well established in the 25 years of
its operation that there is no longer any serious
proposal for its elimination. There are still many
policy problems which require earnest public
consideration.
The authors indicate that this is not only
designed as a textbook for teachers and students
but also as a reference book for legislators, man
agement and union officials, administrators, and
the general public. It will be a valuable guide
for years to come.
—E w a n C l a g u e
Commissioner of Labor Statistics
660
Economic Doctrines oj Knut Wicksell. By Carl G.
Uhr. Berkeley, University of California
Press, 1960. 356 pp., bibliography. $7.50.
Monetary policymaking—Wicksell’s chief con
cern can be likened to walking a tightrope be
tween equally desirable but seemingly opposite
objectives. Today, for example, we wish to fight
a business recession and promote economic
growth, which many believe requires lower interest
rates. At the same time, we also wish to maintain
overall price stability, reduce short-term capital
outflows (partly caused by higher interest rates
abroad), and ease other difficulties in the balance
of payments. Clearly, such problems require
knowledge of the actual determinants of what is
happening, as well as appropriate and well-timed
actions. More than 60 years ago, Knut Wicksell
pioneered in approaching problems of monetary
equilibrium through aggregate supply and demand
schedules and the factors determining investment.
His work stands out at the crucial turning point
in the history of economic thought-—several years
before Keynes—when economists looked beyond
mere changes in the price level and quantity of
money and began to inquire into the forces which
determine the rise and fall of total expenditures
and national income.
The range between this major contribution and
Wicksell’s many other theoretical contributions,
which are presented in this book, seems almost
encyclopedic. During a nearly 50-year career
ending in 1925, Wicksell wrote creatively, among
other topics, about capital structures through
time, distributive shares under conditions of
technological change and capital formation, ele
ments of imperfect competition, innovation during
the business cycle, and the benefit principle in
taxation. Wicksell’s many efforts toward eco
nomic reform (which prompted Schumpeter to
call him a ‘‘bourgeois radical”) derived in large
part from his skepticism that free competition
always results in maximum welfare. He believed
individuals should not be reduced to living from
their labor alone whenever marginal productivity
generates wage levels below the costs of necessities.
He favored nationalization or extensive regulation
of all industries which are subject to increasing
returns, in order to insure marginal cost pricing
and maximum output. He often urged population
control as essential to economic progress, begin
ning in 1880 with a controversial lecture on the
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causes and remedies of alcoholism among urban
workers. Another Wicksell lecture (with the in
triguing English title “The Throne, the Altar,
the Sword, and the Bag of Money”) resulted in
a near riot and his being found guilty of disturbing
“the religious peace.”
The author of this excellent book about Wick
sell, Carl Uhr, realizes (as did Gunnar Myrdal
and Alvin Hansen, who also have written about
Wicksell) that the intellectual forerunners of
Wicksell’s theories and their successors must be
discussed if the reader is to understand Wick
sell’s sometimes incomplete thought or to appre
ciate the significance of his insights. Careful
placing in context, evident throughout the book,
and minimum use of mathematical notation ease
the task of the reader with only a general back
ground in economic theory to grasp the main
points and emphases of Wicksell’s doctrines.
Uhr’s presentation is particularly thorough and
helpful in the important chapter on Wicksell’s
theory of money and monetary equilibrium.
The author first repeats Wicksell’s often quoted
assertion: “ Any theory of money worthy of the
name must be able to show how and why the
monetary or pecuniary demand for goods exceeds
or falls short of the supply of goods in given con
ditions.” Then he demonstrates how Wicksell’s
theory meets this criterion. Basically, the theory
rests upon a categorical distinction between the
“market for commodities” and the “ money mar
ket.” The important relationship in the com
modity market, for Wicksell, is the proportioning
of current output between consumption goods and
capital goods, which is determined in his view by
the “real” rate of interest (roughly the expected
yield or marginal efficiency of capital). The chief
transactions in the money market, for Wicksell’s
purpose, are money loans to entrepreneurs, which
tend to occur at a “loan” rate of interest such that
gross investment equals gross saving. Wicksell’s
“ insight” that credit accelerates the velocity of
a given stock of money enabled him to view the
supply of money and credit as almost infinitely
elastic and to conclude that the supply of funds
for investment in the short run need not be identi
cal with savings. In Wicksell’s system, monetary
equilibrium obtains when demand for investment
funds equals the flow of savings. A divergence
between investment and savings—i.e., monetary
disequilibrium—reflects a divergence between the
661
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
“ real” and “ loan” rates of interest. Any increase
in the real rate relative to the loan rate stimulates
investment demand, starting an upward move
ment of the price level which begins in rising
prices of durable capital goods. Changes in the
real rate (which initially exist in expectations)
are not directly evident. Thus, the principal
indicator of monetary disequilibrium is a subse
quent movement of the price level. The respon
sibility of monetary and banking authorities is to
watch for this signal and to respond quickly to the
need to adjust their loan rate to new levels of the
real rate of interest.
Uhr also helps the reader to reach a balanced
judgment of Wicksell’s contributions. After
pointing out several shortcomings in Wicksell’s
analysis (too near static, exaggerates the influence
of interest rates on investment, etc.), Uhr makes
two pertinent observations. First, Wicksell be
Education and Training
Occupational Planning for Women. By Marguerite Wykoff
Zapoleon. New York, Harper & Brothers, 1961. 276
pp., bibliography. $5.
Factory Jobs: Employment Outlook for Workers in Jobs Re
quiring Little or No Experience or Specialized Training.
By Ian R. Sutherland. Washington, U.S. Department
of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics (in cooperation
with Veterans Administration), 1961. 26 pp. (Bull.
1288.)
25 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.
Training and Information Services [for Small-Scale Indus
try]. (From Services for Small-Scale Industry, pp.
71-94.) Geneva, International Labor Office, 1960.
$2. Distributed in United States by Washington
Branch of ILO.
Employee Benefits
Pension Plans Under Collective Bargaining— Normal Re
tirement, Early and Disability Retirement, Fall 1959.
By Walter W. Kolodrubetz and Harry L. Levin.
Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1961. 54 pp. (Bull. 1284.) 40 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Vesting and Transferability of Pension Rights. By John W.
McConnell and others. New York, State Department
of Labor, 1960. 35 pp.
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lieved monetary measures could not arrest sudden
large business declines, and he advanced certain
fiscal policy measures for this purpose. Second,
Uhr reminds us of the wisdom in asking, as Wick
sell did: “ What are the measures requisite for
maintenance of full employment after the mone
tary causes of instability have been removed or
brought under control?” Properly understood,
the teachings of monetary theory temper, but do
not deny, the needs for fiscal policy measures.
Anyone interested in long-range problems of
economic stabilization, including the effects of
inflation and continuing structural imbalances,
could profit from the stimulation to further read
ing in monetary theory which is provided by this
scholarly book.
— J oseph A. B rackett
Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Health and Safety
Health Statistics From the U.S. National Health Survey:
Selected Health Characteristics by Area, Geographic Re
gions, and Urban-Rural Residence, United States, July
1957-June 1959; Selected Health Characteristics by
Area, Geographic Divisions, and Large Metropolitan
Areas, United States, July_ 1957-June 1959. By
Geraldine A. Gleeson. Washington, U.S. Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health
Service, 1961. 40 and 44 pp. (Publications 584-C5
and 584r-C6.) 35 cents each, Superintendent of Docu
ments, Washington.
Occupational Health in Agriculture. By Franklin H. Top,
M.D. (In Archives of Environmental Health, Chicago,
February 1961, pp. 150-154. $1.)
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United States, 1955 Through 1957. By Floyd G.
Anderson and R. L. Evans. Washington, U.S. De
partment of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1961. 25
pp., bibliography. (Information Circular 8021.)
Injury Rates in New York State Industries, 1959. New
York, State Department of Labor, Division of Re
search and Statistics, 1960. 72 pp. (Publication B 117.)
Industrial Injury Trends Over Three Decades. (In Interna
tional Labor Review, Geneva, March 1961, pp. 248272. 60 cents. Distributed in United States by
Washington Branch of ILO.)
662
Industrial Relations
Jurisdictional Disputes in Construction: The Causes, the
Joint Board, and the NLRB. By Kenneth T. Strand.
Pullman, Washington State University, School of
Economics and Business, Bureau of Economic and
Business Research, 1961.
197 pp., bibliography.
(Bull. 33.) $5.
The Jurisdictional Problem Between State and Federal
Mediation Agencies. By William Weinberg. (In
Labor Law Journal, Chicago, March 1961, pp. 200-
210. $1.)
Employer Petitions for N LRB Representation Elections.
By Joseph Krislov. (In Labor Law Journal, Chicago,
April 1961, pp. 293-302. $1.)
83rd N A M Institute on Industrial Relations, Hollywood,
Fla., A pril 3-7, 1961. New York, National Asso
ciation of Manufacturers, 1961. 81 pp.
Labor-Management Developments— Challenge to the Nation:
Excerpts From Key Addresses at N A M ’s 65th Congress
of American Industry. New York, National Asso
ciation of Manufactuers, 1961. 36 pp. 50 cents.
Law and the National Labor Policy. By Archibald Cox.
Los Angeles, University of California, Institute of
Industrial Relations, 1960. I l l pp. (Monograph
Series 5.) $2.50.
Labor and the Supreme Court. By Albion Guilford Taylor.
Ann Arbor, Mich., Braun-Brumfield, Inc., 1961.
205 pp. 2d ed. $2.50.
Employer-Paid “ Union Time” Under the Federal Labor
Laws. By Gilbert E. Dwyer. (In Labor Law
Journal, Chicago, March 1961, pp. 236-248. $1.)
The Professional Employee Dilemma and the Appropriate
Bargaining Unit. By John E. Burns. (In Labor
Law Journal, Chicago, April 1961, pp. 303-307. $1.)
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The Labor Force of Rumania. By Samuel Baum. Wash
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Census, 1961. 33 pp. (International Population
Statistics Reports, Series P-90, 14.) 25 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Jobs and Working Conditions in the Sixties. By George
S. Odiorne. (In Michigan Business Review, University
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The Many Faces of Unemployment. By Neil W. Chamberlain. (In Challenge, New York, March 1961, pp. 6-10.
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Chronic Unemployment— A Problem for the 60’s. By Nat
Goldfinger. (In The American Federationist, Wash
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A Note on Employment and Unemployment in the Soviet
Union in the Light of Technical Progress. By Emily
Clark Brown. (In Soviet Studies, University of
Glasgow, Department for the Study of Social and
Economic Institutions of the U.S.S.R., Glasgow,
January 1961, pp. 231-239. 12s. 6d., Basil Blackwell,
Oxford, England.)
Labor Organizations
Directory of Labor Organizations, Western Hemisphere—
Volumes I and II. Washington, U.S. Department
of Labor, Bureau of International Labor Affairs, 1961.
295 pp. each. Revised editions. $2.50 each, Super
intendent of Documents, Washington.
Why the American Labor Movement Is Not Socialist. By
Walter Galenson.
(In The American Review,
European Center of American Studies of the Johns
Hopkins Bologna Center, Bologna, Italy, Winter 1961,
pp. 31-51.)
What’s Ahead for Labor. By Jack Barbash. Ann Arbor,
University of Michigan, Bureau of Industrial Rela
tions, 1960. 15 pp.
The Labor Barons: Corruption and Racketeering. By Leo
C. Brown. (In The American Review, European
Center of American Studies of The Johns Hopkins
Bologna Center, Bologna, Italy, Winter 1961, pp.
112-131.)
Pan-Arabism and Labor. By Willard A. Beling. Cam
bridge, Mass., Harvard University, Center for Middle
Eastern Studies, 1960. 127 pp. (Harvard Middle
Eastern Monographs IV.) $3.
Personnel Management
Personnel Procedure Manuals— Their Contents, Format,
Preparation, Distribution.
By Geneva Seybold.
New York, National Industrial Conference Board,
Inc., 1961. 123 pp. (Studies in Personnel Policy,
180.)
Les Problbmes de VEmploi. By Pierre Demondion. Paris,
Berger-Levrault, 1960. 254 pp. N F 18.
Personnel Management Guides for Small Business. By
Ernest L. Loen. Washington, Small Business Ad
ministration, 1961. 52 pp. (Small Business Man
agement Series, 26.) 25 cents, Superintendent of
Documents, Washington.
Technological Changes and Their Impact on Employment
and Occupations. Ottawa, Canadian Department of
Labor, Economics and Research Branch, 1961. 36 pp.
Tips Worth Tapping: A Collection of More Than 100
Suggestions for Improving Personnel Practices. Edited
by Lempi Matthews. Chicago, Public Personnel
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Association, [I960]. 60 pp. (Personnel Report 602.)
$3; $2.50 to Association members.
Prices and Consumption Economics
Theories of Consumer’s Behavior: A Cynical View. By
E. J. Mishan. {In Economica, London School of
Economics and Political Science, London, February
1961, pp. 1-11. 10s.)
Wages, Social Income, and the Family. By J. M. Jackson.
{In Manchester School of Economic and Social
Studies, Manchester, England, January 1961, pp.
95-106. $1.50.)
Production and Productivity
Supplement to Production Trends in the United States
Through 1975. By Bonnar Brown. Menlo Park,
Calif., Stanford Research Institute, 1960. 61 pp. $5.
The Real Productivity of Soviet Russia—A Critical Evalua
tion. By Colin Clark. Washington, U.S. Senate,
Committee on the Judiciary, 1961. 61 pp. (Com
mittee Print, 87th Cong., 1st sess.) 20 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Productivité, Progrès Technique et Relations Industrielles.
By Robert Gubbels. Brussels, Université Libre de
Bruxelles, Institut de Sociologie Solvay, 1960. 158
pp. 135 FB.
Social Security
Interviewing in Social Security As Practiced in the Admin
istration of Old-Age Survivors and Disability Insurance.
By Elizabeth de Schweinitz and Karl de Schweinitz.
Washington, U.S. Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare, Social Security Administration, Bureau
of Old-Age and Survivors Insurance, 1961. 99 pp.
$1.50, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
The Present Status and the Future of Workmen’s Compensa
tion Laws— The Viewpoint of Management. By
Carl N. Jacobs. {In Industrial Medicine and Sur
gery, Miami, Fla., March 1961, pp. 119—123. $1.25.)
Unemployment Compensation. Hearings before the Com
mittee on Finance, U.S. Senate, 87th Congress, 1st
session. Washington, 1961. 186 pp.
Pensioners and Unemployment Insurance: A Survey of
New York State Unemployment Insurance Claimants
Who Received Social Security, Company, Union or
Other Pensions. New York, State Department of
Labor, Division of Employment, 1960. 39 pp.
Eligibility on Lag-Period Earnings: A Study of the Incidence
and Characteristics of Claimants Re-Oualifying on LagPeriod Earnings Without Intervening Employment.
Phoenix, Employment Security Commission of Ari
zona, 1961. 37 pp.
Study of Disqualified Claimants. Olympia, Washington
Employment Security Department, 1961. 25 pp.
Insurance and Government: Health Insurance and Social
Policy, Parts A and B. By Jerome Pollack and
Edwin J. Faulkner. Madison, University of Wis
consin, School of Commerce, Fund for Insurance
Education and Research, 1960. 39 pp. (Insurance
Series, Vol. II, No. 5.)
The Age of Retirement in Certain Countries With Special
Reference to Those of the Common Market. By Jacques
Jean Ribas. {In Bulletin of the International Social
Security Association, Geneva, January-February
1961, pp. 7-28, bibliography.)
Family Allowances in Australia. By J. B. Beyrer. {In
Bulletin of the International Social Security Associa
tion, Geneva, January-February 1961, pp. 45-60,
bibliography.)
Wages and Hours
Survey of Teachers’ Salaries in Districts Over 10,000
Population, September 1960. By George S. Reuter, Jr.
Chicago, American Federation of Teachers, AFL—CIO,
1960. 75 pp. $1.
Determining Salaries for Computer Personnel. By Philip H.
Weber. Chicago, Management and Businsss Auto
mation Magazine, Research Bureau, 1960. 106 pp.
Temporary Unemployment Compensation and Aid to De
pendent Children of Unemployed Parents. Hearings
before the Committee on Ways and Means, House of
Representatives, 87th Congress, 1st session. Wash
ington, 1961. 423 pp.
Occupational Wage Survey: Jacksonville, Fla., December
1960 (Bull. 1285-30, 24 pp., 25 cents); Buffalo, N .Y .,
December 1960 (Bull. 1285—31, 28 pp., 25 cents);
Salt Lake City, Utah, December 1960 (Bull. 1285-32,
22 pp., 25 cents); Miami, Fla., December 1960 (Bull.
1285-33, 18 pp., 20 cents); Baltimore, Md., December
I960 (Bull. 1285-34, 26 pp., 20 cents); Memphis,
Tenn., January 1961 (Bull. 1285—35, 18 pp., 20 cents).
Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1961. Available from Superintendent
of Documents, Washington.
Family Status of Unemployment Insurance Beneficiaries,
New York State, 1959. New York, State Department
Labor, Bureau of Research and Statistics, 1960. 92
pp.
Wage Structure: Pressed or Blown Glass and Glassware,
M ay 1960. By Charles M. O’Connor. Washington,
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1961. 38 pp. (BLS Report 177.) Free.
Application of Workmen’s Compensation Laws to Radiation
Injuries. By John K. Dane. {In Journal of Occu
pational Medicine, Chicago, April 1961, pp. 203-208.
$1.)
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The Impact of Unionism on Wage-Income Ratios in the
Manufacturing Sector of the Economy. By Norman J.
Simler. Minneapolis, University of Minnesota, 1961.
71 pp. (Studies in Economics and Business, 22.)
$1.75, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.
The Economic Status of Upstate New York at Mid-Century
With Special Reference to Distressed Communities end
Their Adjustments. By Sidney C. Sufrin and others.
Syracuse, N.Y., Syracuse University, Business Re
search Center, 1960. xii, 149 pp.
Personal Income Flow by States in 1960: General Regional
Expansion Over 1959. By Robert E. Graham, Jr., and
Edwin J. Coleman. {In Survey of Current Business,
U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Business
Economics, Washington, April 1961, pp. 9-13. 30
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.)
West German Area Development Legislation; Southern Ital
ian Development Program. By Sar A. Levitan. Wash
ington, Library of Congress, Legislative Reference
Service, 1961. 19 and 20 pp.
Review of Man-Hours and Hourly Earnings [in Canada]
With Average Weekly Wages, 1945-59.
Ottawa,
Dominion Bureau of Statistics, Labor Division, 1960.
47 pp. 75 cents, Queen’s Printer, Ottawa.
Workers With Special Problems
Action for the Aged and Aging. Washington, Com
mittee on Labor and Public Welfare, Subcommittee
on Problems of the Aged and Aging, U.S. Senate, 1961.
303 pp. (Senate Report 128, 87th Cong., 1st sess.)
Income Maintenance [White House Conference on Aging],
By Ruth W. Greenberg. {In Aging in Connecticut,
Storrs, Conn., Winter 1960-61, pp. 11-14.)
State Legislation on Age Discrimination in Employment.
By Joyce A. Matsumoto. Honolulu, University of
Hawaii, Industrial Relations Center, 1961. 20 pp.
Miscellaneous
Regions, Resources, and Economic Growth. By Harvey S.
Perloff, Edgar S. Dunn, Jr., Eric E. Lampard, Richard
F. Muth. Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins Press, 1960.
xxv, 716 pp. (Resources for the Future Regional
Study.) $12.
The Rich and the Poor: A Study of the Economics of Rising
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Clarkson N. Potter, Inc., 1960. 196 pp., bibliography.
$4.50.
Report of the [Congressional] Joint Economic Committee on
the January 1961 Economic Report of the President With
Minority and Other Views. Washington, 1961. 138
pp. (House Report 328, 87th Cong., 1st sess.) 35
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
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Employment, Growth and Price Levels: A Review Article.
By Hyman P. Minsky. {In Review of Economics and
Statistics, Cambridge, Mass., February 1961, pp.
1-12. $2.)
Economic Programs and Policies for the 60’s. Washington,
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dustrial Organizations, [1961]. 53 pp. Single copies
free.
The Identification of Management Potential— A Research
Approach to Management Development. By Thomas A.
Mahoney, Thomas H. Jerdee, Allan N. Nash. Dubu
que, Iowa, Wm. C. Brown Co., 1961. 79 pp. $3.
Engineering Management. By Struan A. Robertson. New
York, Philosophical Library, 1961. 467 pp. (2d ed.)
$10.
Social Statistics. By Hubert M. Blalock, Jr. New York,
McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1960. 465 pp. $7.95.
Labor in the Sudan. By Lorraine O’Gradj -Jones. Wash
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Statistics (in cooperation with International Coopera
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182.) Free.
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Printer, Ottawa.
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ment Practices and Weekly Rest-Day, December 1960.
Ottawa, Canadian Department of Labor, Legislation
Branch, 1961. 29 pp. 25 cents, Queen’s Printer,
Ottawa.
Current Labor Statistics
CONTENTS
A. —Employment
666 Table A -l.
Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours worked,
and sex
667 Table A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
671 Table A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry
675 Table A-4. Unemployment insurance and employment service programs, selected opera
tions
B. —Labor Turnover
676 Table B -l.
Labor turnover rates, by major industry group
C.—Earnings and Hours
679 Table C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers, by industry
691 Table C-2. Average overtime hours and average hourly earnings excluding overtime of
production workers in manufacturing, by major industry group
Table
C-3.
Indexes
of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and con
692
struction activities
692 Table C-4. Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in
manufacturing, in current and 1947-49 dollars
D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
693 Table D -l.
694
695
696
697
Table D-2.
Table D-3.
Table D-4.
Table D-5.
Consumer Price Index—All-city average: All items, groups, subgroups, and
special groups of items
Consumer Price Index—All items and food indexes, by city
Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings
Indexes of wholesale prices, by stage of processing and durability of product
E.—Work Stoppages
698 Table E -l.
Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes
F.—Work Injuries
Table F -l.
Injury-frequency rates for selected manufacturing industries 1
i This table Is Included In the January, April, July, and October issues of the Review.
N ote : The following applies, with a few exceptions, to the statistical series published In the Current Leboi^Statistics section: (1)
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, (2) a description of each series may be found In Techniques of Preparing Major BLS Stat st
Bull. 1163 (1954), and (3) the scope of coverage is the United States without Alaska and Hawaii. Exceptions are noted on e a es.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
665
666
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1961
A.—Employment
T a b l e A -l. Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours worked, and sex
[In thousands]
Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over1
Employment status
1961
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
1960
Ja n .1 Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
Annual average
July
June
May
Apr.
1969
1958
Total, both sexes
Total labor force.
. 73,216 73, 540 72,894 72,361 73,079 73,746 73,592 73, 672 74, 551 75, 215
71,011 70,360 69,837 70, .549 71,213 71,069 71,155 72, 070 72,706
5,495 5, 705 5,385 4,540 4,031 3, 579 3,388 3,788 4,017
6.9
6.8
6.6
6.8
6.3
6.4
5.7
5.9
5.4
1,729 2,063 2,200 2,107 1,840 1,637 1,655 1,697 1, 871
1,097 1,408 1,281
994
847
689
603
924 1, 033
806
610
564
424
357
260
325
351
278
1,063
950
696
516
488
492
388
402
418
799
674
643
499
499
500
417
414
416
65,516 64,655 64, 452 66,009 67,182 67, 490 67, 767 68,282 68,689
60, 539 59,947 59, 818 61,059 61,516 61, 244 61,179 61,828 61,805
47,301 45,341 47,132 47,675 41,598 47, 545 48.284 40, 247 45, 380
7,522 8,952 7,414 8,044 14,484 8,371 7,247 6,308 6.586
3,900 3.722 3, 483 3,589 3,687 3,369 3,142 2, 535 2, 702
1,816 1,933 1,789 1, 752 1,746 1, 957 2,508 6, 737 7,136
4,977 4,708 4,634 4,950 5,666 6,247 6,588 6, 454 6,885
3,122 2,842 2,745 3,015 3,666 4,296 4,789 4,536 4, 957
1,195 1,121 1,126 1,163 1,341 1,447 1,314 1,363 1,371
432
505
507
535
492
398
362
368
403
228
240
256
237
167
106
123
187
155
Civilian labor force__ _____________ . 70,696
Unemployment............................... - 4,962
Unemployment rate, sea
sonally adjusted *_____ .
6.8
. 1,600
Unemployed 5-10 weeks..
827
Unemployed 11-14 w eeks.
40,
- 1,205
Unemployed over 26 weeks ...
923
Employment................................... . 65,734
Nonagricultural....................... . 60, 734
. 47, 650
Worked 15-34 hours.
. 7, 536
Worked 1-14 hours______ . 3,736
With a job but not at work« 1,811
Agricultural........ ...................... . 5,000
Worked 35 hours or more.. 3,139
Worked 15-34 hours_____ . 1,200
Worked 1-14 hours______
453
With a job but not at work *
209
75, 499 73,171 72,331
71,946
71, 284
73, 002 70,667 69,819
4,423 3,459 3,660
69,394
3,813
68, 647
i, 681
5.5
2,654
695
259
420
396
68, 579
61, 722
47, 879
7.231
2,921
3, 691
6, 856
4, 874
1,492
408
82
55
1,658
'778
335
469
571
65, 581
59, 745
45’ 068
8, 531
3’ 172
2,974
5,836
3,852
1,356
442
186
68
1,833
' 059
438
785
667
63,966
58f 122
44,873
7,324
3,047
2,876
5, 844
3, 827
L 361
457
199
4.9
1,638
644
256
509
411
67,208
61,371
48, 594
7,203
3, 578
1,997
5,837
4,129
1,254
366
89
5.0
1,580
567
309
705
499
66,159
60, 765
44^ 829
10, 455
3,345
2,138
5,393
3, 788
1,189
312
105
49,309 49,109 49, 031 49,186 49,506 49, 455 49, 570 50,678 50, 998 50, 949 49, 337
46,608 46, 539 46,688 47,005 46, 964 47,085 48, 229 48, 521 48, 484 46, 865
3.887 3, 717 3,092 2,496 2,200 2, 082 2, 400 2,504 2. 696 2,184
42,721 42,822 43, 596 44,509 44, 764 45,003 45, 829 46,017 45, 788 44, 681
38, 627 38, 796 39,337 39,881 39,909 39,900 40,603 40, 617 40,462 39, 932
31,531 32, 698 32,888 29,346 33,196 33, 559 32, 558 32, 201 33,718 33,808
4,356 3,534 3,806 7.993 4,098 3. 440 3,203 3,300 3, 551 3,384
1, 552 1,460 1,472 1,424 1,322 1,291 1,044 1,091 1.193 1,502
1,188 1,105 1,173 1,120 1, 292 1,611 3, 799 4, 026 1,999 1,237
4,094 4,027 4,259 4,629 4, 855 5.103 5,226 5,399 5,325 4, 749
2,609 2,530 2,747 3,260 3, 675 4,016 3,936 4, 247 4,232 3,705
832
813
839
843
786
725
857
745
724
695
438
450
455
369
294
257
265
278
296
273
217
233
217
156
99
106
167
129
73
75
49,060
49,081
48,802
46, 580
2, 431
44,149
39, 574
31, 761
5, 170
1,433
1,210
4, 575
3,503
749
228
95
46, 562
2, 473
44,089
39Ì 340
3L715
4, 405
1,378
1,840
i, 749
3. 421
823
336
170
46,197
3,155
43,042
38,240
31,390
3.736
1,329
1,784
4,802
3,413
857
353
179
24,138 24,102 23,872 24,217 24, 550 23, 835 23, 271
22, 865
22,482
24,106
1,379
22,726
21,333
14.347
4,272
2, 047
665
1,392
620
661
104
7
22, 832
1,340
21, 492
20, 405
13,352
4,126
1,794
1,134
1,087
431
533
106
17
22,451
1,526
20, 924
19, 882
13,483
3, 589
1,718
1.093
1, 042
414
504
104
Males
Total labor force.
Civilian labor force............. ................
Unemployment______________
Employment________________
Nonagricultural............ I .I I ”
Worked 35 hours or more
Worked 15-34 hours____
Worked 1-14 hours_______
With a job but not at work *
A gricultural.............................
Worked 35 hours or more.
W'orked 15-34 hours_____
WTorked 1-14 hours............
With a job but not at workf
46,812
3,709
43,103
38,845
32,506
3,609
1,624
1,107
4, 258
2, 849
841
356
213
Females
Total labor force___________________ 23,916
Civilian labor force_________________ 23,884
Unemployment........... ...................I. 1,692
Em ploym ent-................................ I. 22,192
Nonagricultural......................II. 21,490
Worked 35 hours or m ore-- 14,754
Worked 15-34 hours............ 3,907
Worked 1-14 hours............. 2,141
With a job but not at work*.
688
Agricultural................................
701
Worked 35 hours or m ore..
250
Worked 15-34 hours______
369
Worked 1-14 hours_______
69
With a job but not at work *.
15
24, 232 23,785 23,330 23,893 24,240
24,199 23, 752 23,298 23,861 24,208
1,786 1,818 1,669 1,448 1,536
22,413 21,934 21,630 22,413 22,672
21,695 21,321 21 023 21,722 21,636
14,794 13,809 14,434 14,788 12,255
3,913 4, 596 3, 880 4,238 6,490
2,276 2,170 2,023 2,117 2,264
709
684
744
579
626
718
61S
607
692 1,037
273
235
215
268
406
354
289
314
324
497
76
67
57
80
123
15
24
22
20
11
uoum ona mo uuseu uu iniormauon oDtainea irom a sample of households
and are subject to sampling variability. Data relate to the calendar week
ending nearest the 15th day of the month. The employed total includes all
wage and salary workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid workers in
family-operated enterprises. Persons in institutions are not included.
totals8^
roun<^^n£* sums °f individual items do not necessarily equal
sBegtaning in 1960, data include Alaska and Hawaii and are therefore not
directly comparable with earlier data. The levels of the civilian labor force,
: r e elHPl0A„ ’ PPd nonagricultural employment were each increased by more
than 200,000. The estimates for agricultural employment and unemploy
ment were affected so slightly that these series can be regarded as entirely
comparable with pre-1960 data.
*
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
24,070
1,307
22,764
21,279
14, 724
3, 807
1,851
897
1,485
773
590
105
16
23,841
1,388
22,453
21,224
13,690
3,105
1,491
2,939
1,229
599
506
103
20
24,185
1,513
22, 672
21,187
13,178
3, 287
1,611
3,110
1, 486
707
625
125
26
24, 518
1.727
22, 791
21,260
14,160
3,680
1.728
1,691
1,531
643
768
23,803 23,239
1,276 1,229
22, 527 22, 010
21,439 21,191
14, 786 13,066
3,819 5,285
2,076 1,912
759
928
1,088
819
424
283
558
439
112 93
84
9
14
11
20
>Unemployment as a percent of labor force.
* Includes persons who had a job or business but who did not work during
the survey week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, or labor dispute.
Prior to January 1957, also included were persons on layoff with definite
instructions to return to work within 30 days of layoff and persons who had
new jobs to which they were scheduled to report within 30 days. Most of
the persons In these groups have, since that time, been classified as unemployed.
N ote : For a description of these series, see Explanatory Notes (In Employ
ment and Earnings, U.8. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics
current Issues).
A.—EMPLOYMENT
T a b l e A-2.
667
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
[In thousands]
1961
1960
Annual
average
Industry
Apr.* Mar.*
Total em ployees.............. ...........................
M ining................ .........................................
Metal..........................................................
I r o n .......................................................
Copper..................... .............................
Lead and zinc___ ____________ ____
Anthracite...................................................
Bituminous coal.........................................
Crude-petroleum and natural-gas pro
duction...................................... .........
Petroleum and natural-gas production
(except contract services)__________
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
1959
1958
51, 775 51,397 51,090 51,437 53,310 53,133 53,391 53, 496 53,062 52,923 53,309 52,957 52,844 51,975 50,543
623
622
620
629
641
672
663
647
656
655
681
677
677
676
721
85.5
84.9
85.6
90.4
94.9
89.4
90.0
93.7
92.6
94.5
96.1
96.7
95.1
80.1
93.1
27.2
27.0
29.7
34. 1 34.2
28.7
29.4
32.4
32.9
35.3
35.3
34.2
27.2
30.8
30.6
30.5
32.0
32.6
32.4
32.6
32.4
32.3
31. 1 31.9
31.3
31.3
22.3
28.6
10.4
10.3
10.4
10.6
10.4
10.7
10.1
9.8
11.1
11.4
11.9
12.3
12.3
12.9
8.7
9.8
11.3
9.8
9.8
11.8
10.9
11.9
10.7
11.8
12.2
13.2
16.3
20.3
135.9 139.9 142.1 141.8 144.9 147.0 150.0 151.4 155.6 140.5 164.2 167.2 168.7 168.1 195.2
—
Nonmetalllo mining and quarrying_____
107.3
Contract construction............. ................ .
Nonbuilding construction..........................
Highway and street construction..........
Other nonbuilding construction............
Building construction_____ ______ ____
General contractors.................................
Special-trade contractors.......................
Plumbing and heating........................
Painting and decorating______ ____
Electrical work............. ........ ............. .
Other special-trade contractors_____
2,644
___
___
284.0
282.3
284.0
286.2
284.7
284.8
288.9
291.6
291.6
291.6
286.2
287.3
300.8
302.6
168.8
169.5
170. 5
171.5
171.9
172.4
176. 2
177.8
178.4
177.0
174.2
174.8
180.6
188.0
103.5
100.7
104.0
109.2
114.3
117.1
117.4
118.3
117.9
116.8
115.7
112.6
110.7
109.3
2,427 2,264 2,385 2,552 2,847 3,006 3,069 3,130 3,098 2,977 2,830 2,590 2,767 2,648
396 418
431
465
661
659
620
566
638
643
594
5Ò2
584
569
182.0 159.3 173.0 201.8 271.6 307.7 314.0 322.9 320.1 315.0 284.2 222.0 271.2 256.0
249.4 236.2 244.5 263.6 294.0 312.5 323.9 338.0 338.7 328.1 310.1 279.7 312.7 313.2
1,996 1,868 1,967 2,087 2,281 2,386 2, 431 2,469 2, 439 2,334 2,238 2,088 2,183 2,079
656.7 611.5 652.3 698.8 774.4 809.6 836.7 857.3 857.9 816.8 774.2 705.4 757.9 750.6
1,338.9 1,256.6 1,314.7 1,388. 2 1,506.3 1,575.9 1, 594. 5 1,611.7 1, 580. 6 1, 517.6 1,461.9 1,382. 7 1,424.7 1,328. 6
294.1 289.8 298.8 305.7 312.4 319.5 327.3 321.6 315.5 311.3 304.2 292.1 310.5 303.6
190.9 166.9 175.6 196.1 221.6 234.6 245.1 255.9 251. 6 234.2 222.0 196.3 201.4 169.6
176.5 175.1 180.9 188.7 193.9 199.3 202.2 206.7 199.6 187.9 176.5 170.0 174.2 173.2
677.4 624.8 659.4 697.7 778.4 822.5 819.9 827.5 813.9 784.2 759.2 724.3 738.6 682.2
Manufacturing_______________________ 15,476 15,492 15,473 15,580 15,836 16,129 16,313 16,505 16,386 16,250 16,422 16,348 16,380 16,168 15,468
Durable goods......................................... 8,813 8,802 8,804 8,902 9,065 9, 235 9,305 9,403 9,296 9,342 9, 5Ò4 9, 516 9, 548 9,290 8, 743
Nondurable goods________ ________ _ 6,663 6,690 6,669 6,678 6,771 6,894 7,008 7,102 7,090 6,908 6,918 6,832 6,832 6,878 6,725
Durable goodi
Ordnance and accessories_______ _____
Lumber and wood products (except
furniture)............................... .............
Logging camps and contractors............
Sawmills and planing mills...................
Millwork, plywood, and prefabri
cated structural wood products___
Wooden containers__ ______________
Miscellaneous wood products________
Furniture and fixtures_______________
Household furniture________________
Office, public-building and profes
sional furniture..................................
Partitions, shelving, lockers, and fix
tures..................................................
Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous
furniture and fixtures___________
Stone, clay, and glass products________
Flat glass_________________________
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown..
Glass products made of purchased glass.
Cement, hydraulic.____ ___________
Structural clay products...... ..................
Pottery and related products.................
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster prod
ucts.......... ..........................................
Cut-stone and stone products________
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
products........................................... .
150.5
152.7
153.2
152.9
152.7
151.5
148.9
150.2
149.8
146.0
149.6
149.4
150.0
141.7
126.7
575.6
564.6
79.9
272.1
560.7
79.9
270.5
573.2
88.1
274.0
583.4
89.2
279.3
613.5
102.5
292.7
648.9
119.3
304.4
665.6
122.1
313.3
674.6
118.5
321.8
674.2
122.0
320.1
685.9
126.1
324.8
660.7
108.5
318.1
636.0
92.3
310.7
658.0
98.7
319.9
621.7
86.2
311.0
119.5
39.0
54.1
117.5
38.9
53.9
118.8
38.7
53.6
121.8
39.4
53.7
123.0
40.6
54.7
127.8
41.7
55.7
131.1
42.4
56.7
133.2
43.6
57.5
131.8
43.9
56.4
133.0
44.8
57.2
132.7
44.8
56.6
132.0
43.6
57.4
139.1
44.0
56.3
127.1
44.7
52.7
365.6
265.0
366.4
265.4
365. 5
262.9
373.3
268.3
384.5
276.7
391.9
281.7
393.0
281.5
392.1
281.1
385.0
275.0
391.0
279.9
388.3
279.5
391.3
282.3
384.0
279.3
357.9
257.1
___
—
366.5
—
514.9
46.1
45.8
46.2
46.9
48.1
49.5
50.2
49.7
48.7
49.4
48.3
48.5
46.1
43.8
33.2
33.5
33.5
34.3
35.4
36.5
37.0
37.5
37.1
37.1
35.7
35.9
34.4
34.5
21.3
21.7
22.9
23.8
24.3
24.2
24.3
23.8
24.2
24.6
24.8
24.6
24.2
22.5
506.4
27.5
102.7
16.1
35.6
64.2
43.0
500.4
27.4
101.3
16.4
34.7
62.0
43.4
505.4
29.5
99.1
16.3
36.2
63.4
43.4
522.4
30.9
102.2
17.4
37.6
67.0
43.8
536.9
29.7
104.5
17.5
39.1
70.3
45.8
547.9
30.6
106.0
17.4
40.7
72.1
47.0
555.3
30.3
108.5
17.2
41.9
73.8
47.4
558.0
29.8
107.2
17.0
42.9
75.6
47.6
557.3
30.0
106.9
16.4
43.2
76.2
47.8
562.6
30.5
109.8
16.5
43.0
75.7
49.1
558.1
30.8
106.9
16.8
42.1
76.0
48.8
654.1
31.7
105.5
16.8
41.2
74.5
49.2
550.4
32.7
100.2
18.0
41.7
75.5
48.1
514.5
27.3
95.5
16.3
42.0
73.1
43.9
107.8
17.2
106.1
17.0
107.0
16.9
110.6
17.7
114.7
18.1
117.5
18.5
118.2
18.7
120.5
18.6
120.1
17.8
120.0
18.4
118.5
18.1
116.4
18.0
117.8
18.1
108.8
18.3
92.1
92.3
95.2
93.6
97.2
98.1
98.8
99.3
98.9
99.6 100.1 100.8
98.3
89.3
Primary metal Industries.......................... 1,053.9 1,049. 8 1,049.3 1,059.3 1,074.2 1,095.1 1,118.1 1,133.3 1,142.1 1,156.1 1,203.1 1,224.9 1,250. 6 1,137.7 1,104.4
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
mills_________ ______ ______ ____
486.8 482.3 479.7 484.7 499.0 515.3 524.6 540.3 549.0 580.0 606.5 620.5 522.0 536.7
Iron and steel foundries_____________
200.2 201.6 206.8 211.2 213.9 216.6 219.2 213.4 220.7 226.8 222.5 227.5 223.9 197.4
Primary smelting and refining of non54.1
ferrous metals_____ _____ _______
56.1
53.3
55.5
56.2
59.2
56.6
57.4
58.7
59.1
58.6
59.4
52.2
56.2
Secondary smelting and refining of
nonferrous metals___ __________
11.2
11.3
11.6
11.8
11.8
12.2
12.0
11.8
11.9
12.4
12.3
12.1
12.2
11.5
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals_______ ___________
107.9 108.0 108.7 110.4 110.6 112.0 112.4 112.3 111.3 113. 5 112.2 113.6 115.8 105.5
Nonferrous foundries______________ _ ...........
55.1
55.9
57.3
58.7
59.2
60.4
60.7
59.1
61.6
60.8
61.1
62.8
64.8
57.7
Miscellaneous primary metal Indus
tries........ ...........................................
135.2 136.2 139.7 141.3 144.4 144.9 146.6 144.8 145.1 150.1 151.9 1,54.3 146.8 139.4
See footnotes a t end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
668
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1961
T a b l e A-2. Employees in non agricultural establishments, by industry
Continued
[In thousands]
1961
1960
Annual
average
Industry
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
1959
1958
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable good»—Continued
Fabricated metal products (except ord
nance, machinery, and transporta
tion equipm ent)_____ ___________
Tin cans and other tinware........... .......
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware........
Heating apparatus (except electric)
and plumbers’ supplies.................. .
Fabricated structural metal products
Metal stamping, coating, and engrav
lng_______________________
Lighting fixtures.............................
Fabricated wire products___________
Miscellaneous fabricated metal prod
ucts______________________
Machinery (except electrical)_________
Engines and turbines______________
Agricultural machinery and tractors..
Construction and mining machinery.
Metalworking machinery......... ...........
8pecial-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)_______
General industrial machinery..............
Office and store machines and devices.
Service-industry and household m a
chines_____________________
Miscellaneous machinery parts__ ___
Electrical machinery______________
Electrical generating, transmission, dis
tribution, and Industrial apparatus
Electrical appliances.........................
Insulated wire and cable..................
Electrical equipment for vehicles........
Electric lamps________ ___________
Communication equipment__________
Miscellaneous electrical products_____
Transportation equipment___________
Motor vehicles and equipment............
Aircraft and parts_________________
Aircraft________________________
Aircraft engines and parts_________
Aircraft propellers and parts......... .
Other aircraft parts and equipment
Ship and boat building and repairing
Shipbuilding and repairing.......... .....
Boatbuilding and repairing________
Railroad equipm ent_______________
Other transportation equipm ent_____
Instruments and related products______
Laboratory, scientific, and engineering
instruments_____________________
Mechanical measuring and controlling
instruments_____________________
Optical instruments and lenses........ .
Surgical, medical, and dental instru
ments__________________________
Ophthalmic goods___ ______________
Photographio apparatus____________
Watches and clocks______ ____ _____
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware..
Musical Instruments and parts______
Toys and sporting goods................ ........
Pens, pencils, other office supplies___
Costume Jewelry, buttons, notions___
Fabricated plastics products_________
Other manufacturing industries______
996.7
986.
57.
123.
993. 1,012. 5 1,036. 1.061. 1,078. 1.081.1 1. 064. 1,063. 1, 086. 1.080.Í 1,079. 1,069. 1, 029. 9
55.
54.
55.
57.
61. ! 63.
55.
63.
59.
63.
62.
’
9,
59
125.
128.
130.
132.
132.
131.’ 128.
12 a
132., 133.
134.
134.
128.3
105.
104.
106.
112.
107.
109.
113.
113.
114.
115.
116.
116.
mo a
116
270.
271.
274.
294.
283.’ 289.
295.
298.
294.
293.
287.’ 282.
285.
303^0
206.1 210.’ 220.
238.2 223. Í 225.
228.
237.2 240.
236.
236.
237. Í 230.
210 7
45.
46.
46.
49.1
49.’
48.1 49.'
47.
47.
49.
49.
48.1
44 7
49
49.
50.
51.2
55.
53.
55.
52.3
54.
54.
56.
57.4
58.1
56.
52.4
129.
129.
130.3 130.2 133.
135.
136.
134.
139.
135.
139.9 143.1 137.
123.3
1,579.3 1,573. 1,575.8 1, 572.7 1,679. C 1, 583. Í 1, 585. 1,605. 1, 615. 1,635.3 1, 658. 1, 660.9 1, 677. 8 1,611.7 1, 501.2
96.
96.3
97.0
96. f
99.;
97.
99.8 100.2 101.3 103.2 104.3 103
98. (
93 1
153. S 151. d 146.3 143.2 138.
139. : 139.
144. f 145.
148.8 149.3 153.4 157. fi 136 9
112.2 112.6 111.7 111.5 112.1 116.6 119.2 121. ( 125.6 127.6 130.3 132.6 129
9 122 0
244.8 245. 7 245.4 246.2 246.6 247.9 249.7 250.8 258.4 264.8 263.5 264.7 238.
223.7
172.1 173.3 173.3 174.8 175.5 176.0 176.3 176.4 176.2 178.0 176.5 176. 1 165. 5 159. ft
212.1 213.0 215.2 218.1 221. ( 222.9 226.7 228.0 228.5 230.8 230.1 231.0 223.
141.8 142.7 142.7 142.6 142.7 142.3 142.0 140.8 140.6 140.4 138.9 139.0 132.75 220.1
124.9
183.9 183.3 180. 5 179.5 180.4 173.5 180.0 179.7 186.6 192.6 196.5 197.7 184.9 168.9
256.0 257.6 260.6 265.1 267.6 271.1 272.3 274.1 273.7 274.3 272.6 279.1 275.6 252.0
1,287.5 1,292.0 1,297.9 1,300.4 1,320. 5 1,284.9 1,326. 7 1, 308. 0 1,292.4 1,297.0 l, 289. 6 1.293. 7 1,241.6 1,118.8
405.0 405.3 407.6 409.1 409.2 387.3 416.9 415.8 414.3 413.6 414.8 417.9 402.1 373. 5
37.2
36.2 35.7
37.3
40.1
41.4
40.2
38.4
38.7
39.3
88.9
39.3
37.7
34 ft
28.5
28.2
28.4
28.9
29.0
29.2
28.3
27.8
28.5
27.0
28.6
28.3
28. 1 25. 4
65. 4 67.0
69.8
72.4
72.9
72.5
72.9
67.9
71.3
70.9
69.7
72.6
69.8
61.8
26.2
26.7 27.2
27.7
23.6
28.1
28.0
28.7
29. 5 29.8
28 2 29.1
27. 6 26.4
677.9 681.7 681.9 676.9 690.6 684.1 690.9 680.2 664.9 665.7 658.0 657.6 627.2
651 4
47.3
46.9
47.3
47.9
48.1
49.2
49.8
49.2
48.9
49.6
49.5
48.3
49.1
45. 7
1,476.8 1,500.1 1,498.1 1,555.1 1,611.5 1,631.0 1,629.8 1, 620.0 1, 524. 8 1, 590. 7 1, 607.9 1, 652. 8 1, 665.1 1,670.8 1, 502.8
656.5 657.9 711.7 765.9 781.0 783.6 767.2 680.3 745. 6 784. 7 785.0 790.8 731. 6 630. 8
647.6 644.7 643.3 643.9 644. 1 634.7 640.0 638.8 630.4 618.1 658.3 668. 7 734.9 757 6
367.4 365.4 366.3 368.2 370.1 370.2 371.1 371.4 371.1 371.2 381.4 387.0 435.0
2
141. 4 140.0 138.0 137.2 135.5 127.5 133.2 132.1 125.3 114.9 138.7 139.8 146. 3 457.
152. 6
12. 7
12.5
12.1
11.8
11.8
12.0
12.7
11.9
8.3
14.1
13.9
11.1
14.
4
18.
3
126.1 126.8 126.9 126.6 126.7 125.2 123.7 122.6 122.9 123. 7 124.1 128.0 139.2 129. 5
141.9 140.3 141.9 141.2 142. 1 143.4 143.4 143.0 144.2 134.0 137.4 135. 6
144. 5
121. Ó 120.3 122.2 122.8 122.0 124.3 124.3 124.3 124.6 110.9 112.3 110.1 142.8
120.9 125.3
20.4
20.0
19.7
19.1
20.1
19.1
18.4
18.7
19.6
23.1
25.1
25.5
21.9
19.2
45.1
46.5
50.3
57.7
54.6
58.6
51.9
60.8
61.6
69.6
52.0
60.0
51.4
50.9
9.0
8.7
7.9
10.5
10.8
9.2
10.8
8.5
10.5
10.3
10.5
10.4
10.1
9.0
335.0 335.8 336.8 340. 5 344.0 347.3 348.1 350.8 351.9 348.5 352.8 351.3 353.1 338.9 315.2
483.9
65.1
65.3
65.6
65.9
65.8
65.5
65.6
65.6
65.8
65.9
66.0
66.3
64.2
58.1
96.7
17.9
97.1
17.8
97.4
18. 1
97.6
18.3
97.3
18.6
97.9
18.7
98.7
18.4
99.3
18.5
99.0
18.1
101.0
18.5
100.2
18.4
100.3
18.4
93.0
15.8
83.9
14.0
44.6
24.2
63.3
24.0
44.8
24.5
63.9
23.4
44.8
24.7
64.9
25.0
44.8
25.4
65.7
26.3
45.0
26.2
67.2
27.2
45.0
26.1
67.5
27.4
45.1
26.7
67.5
2a 8
45.4
27.1
67.6
28.4
45.3
26.9
66.8
26.6
46.8
27.2
65.9
28.5
45.1
27.6
65.5
28.5
45.3
27.6
65.6
29.6
43.1
26.1
65.3
31.4
41.6
23. 7
65.6
28.4
509.8 522.2
46.6
47.5
19.1
19.1
97. 1 104.5
32.5
33.2
58.5
60.6
95.6
95.4
160.4 161.9
522.3
46.9
19.2
104.7
32.8
60.6
96.2
161.9
514.9
46.7
19.2
101.0
32.8
61.1
95.3
158.8
492.9 508.9
44. 5 45.8
18.6
18.0
95.1
98.6
31.8
32.2
57.4
59.7
95.6
92.7
15a 0 158.8
498.7
45.7
18.6
93.2
31.6
58.1
94.8
156.7
496.5
46.0
19.1
88.1
31.5
59.1
95. 4
157.3
479.7 477.1
43.9
44.9
17.7
17.7
86.7
82.3
31.8
31.7
54.0
54.9
91.3
91.9
154.3 153.7
467.3 486.9
45.6
44.7
18.7
17.8
75.2
83.0
32.1
31.7
56.6
54.2
93.0
91.3
152.4 157.9
486. 5 459.9
45.9
44. 4
18.0
16.4
84.6
81.7
30.8
30.7
60.6
58.2
92.6
84.0
154.1 144.6
Nondurable good»
Food and kindred products___________
Meat products____________________
Dairy products_____ __________ ____
Canning and preserving_______ _____
Grain-mill products________________
Bakery products___________________
Sugar____________________________
Confectionery and related products___
Beverages............................. ..................
Miscellaneous food products..................
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
394.9 ,382.8 1, 371.7 , 390. 3 1, 434.5 , 486. 5 ,567.0 1, 628.9 , 601. 7
291.9 292.1 299.0 303.6 309.6 310.7 310.9 308.2
91.1
88.6 88.8
90.8
91.4
94.0
97.4 101.4
182.9 175.5 177.2 192.3 224.6 291.1 362.5 333.8
107.8 107.4 108.5 107.8 107.8 110. 5 110.4 112.1
284.0 283.5 284.4 288.8 289.8 292.0 290.8 289.9
25.4
25.1
31.5
37.9
42. 8 39.4
27.6
25.7
70.1
72.0
72.0
77.1
78.6
79.3
77.0
73.2
200.5 197.7 198.7 205.6 209. 5 214.9 216.3 219. 1
129.1 129.8 130.2 130.6 132.4 135.1 136.0 13a 3
, 521.4 , 469.2 , 414.9 1, 404.1 . 470.2 , 476.4
305.7 303.4 297.2 292.6 302.1 307.0
102.4 102.0
97.8
94.6
96.8
99.8
254.6 207.7 184.7 185.9 223.0 220.4
112.3 110.2 108.9 108.8 113.3 113.8
292.0 290.8 286.1 287.0 285. 2 284. 3
25.8
26.3
25.1
26.1
31.0
31.4
66.9
70.0
69.5
70.2
73. 5 76.4
221.7 220.2 211.1 206.3 209.1 207.0
139.5 139.1 134.5 132.6 136.2 137.3
669
A — EMPLOYMENT
T able A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
Annual
average
1960
1961
Industry
Apr.*
Mar.«
Feb.
Jan,
Dec.
Nov. Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr
1959
1958
Manufacturing —Continued
Nondurable good»—Continued
Tobacco manufactures_______________
Cigarettes........................ - ......... ..........
Cigars....................................................
Tobacco and snuff_______________
Tobacco stemming and redrying------
73.4
Textile-mill products— -------- ------------Scouring and combing plants--------Yarn and thread mills............................
Broad-woven fabric mills-----------------Narrow fabrics and small wares........
Knitting mills....................................
Dyeing and finishing textiles......... ........
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings..
Hots (except cloth and millinery).„
Miscellaneous textile goods---------------
905.3
78.1
37.3
23.2
5.9
11.7
82.3
37.5
23.9
900.9
4.8
97.8
369.8
27.5
899.4
4.6
97.4
371.5
27.7
207.3
85.7
42.5
9.2
53.5
211.8
86.0
42.2
8.7
52.3
6.0
14.9
88.5
37.6
25.1
92.4
37.9
25.6
19.8
22.8
899.5 911.9
4.8
4.8
97. 1 98.9
373.0 375.6
27.6 27.9
204.2 209.3
85.9 87.0
42.8 43.3
9.3
9.2
55.8
54.9
925.6
4.9
99.7
377.4
28.1
218.6
87.5
43.5
9.0
56.9
85.5
37.6
23.8
5.9
18.2
6.0
6.1
104.5
37.8
25.7
5.9
35.1
107.5
38.2
25.5
91.4
38.5
25.3
78.5
38.4
24.3
37.8
21.4
9.6
933.2
5.1
943.3
5.2
102.4
384.5
29.0
224.1
87.8
44.0
9.3
57.0
95a 6
5.4
104.2
388.6
29.4
227.3
89 0
43.9
9.7
100.8
379.7
28.3
222.0
87.8
43.5
8.9
57.1
6.0
Apparel and other finished textile prod
u cts................- .........................- ........ 1,159. 8 1,197. 7 1,191.5 1,165. 2 1,178.6 1,209. 5 1,209.0 1,225.1
110.9 112.4 112.7 112.8 114.1 115.1 115.8
Men’s and boys' suits and coats..........
Men’s and boys' furnishings and work
339.9 339.3 332.4 338.2 343.6 349.1 356.
clothing— .........................................
345.6 337.9 327.1 328.0 337.4 326.2 334.0
Women’s outerwear...............................
113.5 113.5 111.5 115.1 118.7 119.2 118.8
Women’s, children’s undergarments...
18.9
16.8
23.4
18.7
16.3
19.3
23.3
Millinery................................................
71.9
68.9
71.5
72.9
71.0
71.1
70.8
Children’s o u terw ear............ ............
8.0
7.3
8.3
8.3
6.4
5.8
6.0
Fur goods-------------- ------------ -------61.5
57.4
61.2
57.6
57.4
61.2
54.5
Miscellaneous apparel and accessories.
139.4
139.7
134.1
138.9
130.2
130.3
128.7
Other fabricated textile products........
547.4 545.4 544.1 548.0 551.9 559.9 563.9 567.7
Paper and allied products....................
268.5 267.9 269.7 271.7 273. 9 275.7 278.3
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills..
145.0 145.3 147.0 149.2 153.5 154.7 154. 7
Paperboard containers and boxes..........
131.9 130.9 131.3 131.0 132.5 133.5 134.7
Other paper and allied products----Printing, publishing, and allied industries
Newspapers____________ _________
Periodicals-----------------------------------Books........................................ - ........... .
Commercial printing----------------------Lithographing....................- ......... .........
Greeting cards------------------------------Bookbinding and related Industries---Miscellaneous publishing and printing
services-------------------------------------
896.4
Chemicals and allied products________
Industrial inorganic chemicals.............
Industrial organic chemicals_________
Drugs and medicines---------------------Soap, cleaning and polishing prepara-
881.8
Paints, pigments, and fillers------------Gum and wood chemicals------------Fertilizers.......................................... .
Vegetable and animal oils and fats..
Miscellaneous chemicals_________
Products of Petroleum and coal...... ........
Petroleum refining................................
Coke, other Petroleum and coal
216.5
Products_________________________
Rubber products------------------- ---------Tires and inner tubes______________
Rubber footwear--------------------------Other rubber products________ ____
239.3
Leather and leather products-------------Leather: tanned, curried, and finished
Industrial leather belting and packing
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings..
Footwear (except rubber).....................
Luggage_________________________
Handbags and small leather goods___
Oloves and miscellaneous leather goods
See footnotes at end of table.
348.4
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
896.5
329.8
64.9
64.7
230.4
69.2
20.5
47.9
893.7
328.1
65.7
64.1
229.7
68.5
20.9
47.6
895.0
329.2
66.3
64.1
230.6
67.8
20.7
47.6
904.2
333.3
65.5
64.5
232.4
69.5
69.1
69.1
873.0
103.6
338.7
102.9
6.2
66.1
6.2
941.8
5.4
103.1
389.1
28.8
217.7
89.0
43.3
9.8
65.6
77.8
38.2
25.4
6.3
7.9
78.5
37.7
25.6
79.1
37.9
25.6
89.2
37.4
27.1
9.1
9.4
18.1
961.7
5.5
106.6
393.7
29.5
225.5
90.1
44.0
956.3
5.4
105.7
392.9
29.3
969.0
5.5
10.1
10.1
955.1
5.3
105.9
305.3
29.4
217.5
89.9
45.8
9.6
56.4
56.
6.2
221.6
89.9
44.9
56.5
, 237. 7 l, 188.0 1,215. 9 1, 207.9
116.6 109.4 116.1 115.0
6.2
6.6
110.0
398.5
29.5
220. 1
88.4
46.6
10.1
57.3
90.4
36.4
29.1
6.5
18.4
941.5
5.2
108.2
399.9
27.5
207.0
84.9
44.8
10 1
53.9
1,211.2 1.210.7 1,156.8
114.3
111.4
107.3
359.3
343.4
118.8
19.5
73.9
7.
61.4
137.3
349.5
328.2
113.0
16.5
74.8
7.3
57.2
132.1
357.6
329.0
118.6
13. 1
75.6
7.4
61.7
136.8
353.7
328.1
118.4
14.9
73.2
6.9
69.6
138.1
349.6
335.7
60.2
137.4
338.3
344.7
118.9
18.5
74.4
9.2
60.3
135.0
311.3
339.7
114. 1
17.9
73.6
10.7
56.7
125.0
567.0
279.2
153.0
134.8
560.5
275.0
150.9
134.6
567.0
278.3
152. 6
136.1
662.7
274.4
151.7
136.6
662.3
274.0
152. 2
136.1
559.9
273.8
153. 5
132. 6
647.1
269.4
149.6
128.1
895. 1 890.4
331. 0 331.4
62.8
61.9
63.8
63.1
229.3
230
68. 7 68.2
892.0
331.4
62.3
62.3
229.4
886.3
327.7
63.9
62.3
229.3
68.6
885.9
329.
62.7
62.2
227.3
68.4
852. 2
316.4
61.6
55.0
220.7
65.7
22.0
22.6
48.4
20.6
48.1
48.0
2.05
48.0
868.3
322.6
62.4
58.0
224.0
66.3
120.0
17.8
69.6
6.6
47.3
910.2
333.8
65.7
64.5
233.6
70.1
23.7
48.0
908.2
332.5
65.3
64.4
233.5
69.7
24.2
48.2
900.9
331.2
64.5
64.4
233.0
69.3
23.0
48.3
68.8
69.7
70.8
70.4
67.2
66.
66.4
67.0
67.3
66.0
68.0
68.4
866.5
103.6
337.8
102.9
870.0
104.5
338. 5
104.8
873.0
105.0
340.5
105.3
875.0
105.1
340.9
105.5
878.9
105.2
340.9
105.6
879.8
105.8
343.2
106.5
882.2
106.7
347.3
107.7
878.9
106.1
347.4
107.8
877.8
105.8
343.7
106.6
879.6
104.7
340.2
105.4
882.3
104.6
338.3
105.5
847.8
102.5
325.6
104.0
820.9
54.3
74.5
7.6
43.8
37.2
110.4
53.8
74.5
7.6
37.8
38.9
109.6
54.0
75.0
7.7
36.7
39.7
109.1
54.2
75.5
7.7
35.0
40.9
108.9
54.1
76.3
7.7
33.7
41.9
109.8
54.3
77.1
7.7
34.7
42.0
111.4
54.4
77.8
7.8
33.9
39.1
111.3
54.3
79.1
7.8
31.7
36.6
111.0
52.8
79.0
7.9
31.6
36.3
110.0
53.1
78.4
7.9
35.8
36.6
109. 9
62.8
77.8
7.9
44. 1
37.5
109.2
52.7
77.3
7.8
48.8
39.2
108.1
51.0
75.5
7.7
36.0
40.0
104.6
101.0
216.2
175.1
215.6
175.1
217.2
175.6
218.2
176.7
221.6
224.8
178.7
226.2
180.3
229.8
182.4
230.2
183.4
232.5
184.0
231.9
183.2
232.4
183.7
233.4
186.2
238.2
192.1
41.1
40.5
41.6
41.5
44.1
46.1
45.9
47.4
46.8
48.5
48.7
48.7
47.2
16.1
239.4
95.2
22.7
121.5
240.3
93.1
22.5
124.7
246.7
96.6
21.9
128.2
250.5
98.1
251.6
99.8
258.1
100.4
258.4
21.1
22.6
22.0
130.7
135.1
132.0
260.2
104
22.5
133.3
244.6
22.1
257.1
103.4
21.9
131.8
259.8
130.3
252.6
103.1
21.5
127.9
258.1
103.5
22.4
134.4
257.1
103.0
20.9
122.9
360.1
32.3
4.7
363.5
32.5
4.7
20.3
245.8
13.6
33.4
13.2
360.1
33.6
4.8
20.7
244.2
13.6
31.5
11.7
359.3
34.1
4.6
19.7
242.3
13.8
31.9
12.9
362 0 360.8
34. 1 34.2
4.6
4.7
19. 1 18.3
240.2 238.1
16.5
15.7
33.5
33.9
14 7 15.2
364.2
34.4
4.7
18.2
242.0
16.4
32.7
15.8
373.9
34.6
4.6
19.3
249
17.3
32 4
16.2
365.5 365.7
34.5
34.4
4.3
43
19. 5 19.5
246.0 245.4
16.0
16.4
30
30.1
14.8
15.8
357
34.0
359.3
34
4.4
18.6
240.1
15.6
30.9
15.6
372.2
37.1
357.2
37.9
4.1
18.2
238.1
15.0
29.9
14.0
20.1
242.4
13.9
32.7
14.0
22.0
177.5
101.6
22.6
48.6
22.1
22.0
132. 6
4
18.7
238. 8
15
30.2
15.9
6 8.6
20 8
46.2
101.6
136.2
4
19.4
248.9
15.3
31.2
15.4
20.0
44.5
102.2
310.6
102.9
49.3
73.0
7.8
35.6
38.5
100.8
670
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1961
T a b l e A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1961
1960
Annual
average
Industry
Apr.3 Mar.3
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
1959
1958
Transportation and public utilities..............
3,746 3,746 3,75S 3,763 3,843 3,868 3,889 3,907 3,921 3,939 3,942 3,924 3,917 3,902 3,903
Transportation.......................................... Ì, 420 2,418 2,430 2,432 2,507 2,528 2,546 2,553 2,560
2, 573 2,592 2,585 2, 579 2, 559 2,531
Interstate railroads..... ..........................
813.0 816.6 817.7 849.2 852.2 869.: 876. ( 904.6 912.2 919.5 914.5 909.8 930.6 963.8
Class 1 railroads.................................
705.8 708.8 711.0 734.6 743.5 759.9 766.2 792.9 800.7 807.4 801.9 796.6 815.3 840.8
Local railways and buslines................
88.4
88.6
88.7
88.8
89.<
88.2
90. f
90. i
91.1
91.1
91.4
90.4
92.3
96.4
Trucking and warehousing..................
849.0 850.7 854.1 880.9 898.2 902.2 891.7 877.4 879.1 887.1 880.: 880.6 853.2 792.5
Other transportation and services..........
667.6 673.6 671.2 687.6 688.: 686.1 694.5 687.4 690.2 694.6 698.6 697.6 683.3 678.5
Buslines, except local............................
39.4
39.2
40.4
39.7
39. f
40. C 41.1
41. t
40.8
41.7
40.0
38.8
40.4
41.7
Air transportation (common carrier)..
147.1 149.3 149.3 150.6 150.9 151.3 152.7 153.3 152.4 152.1 153.0 153.1 145.9 140.3
Pipe-line
transportation
(excopt
natural gas).......... ........................ .
23.5
23.5
23.6
23.6
24.1
23.7
23.8
24.7
24.6
24.1
24.1
25.1
24.5
25.8
Communication............. ..........................
161
731
732
733
736
741
745
739
752
744
751
741
740
743
771
Telephone...............................................
694. 4 695.1 696.3 699.3 701.8 703.8 707.8 713.5 714.0 707.0 704.0 702.6 705.5 732.4
Telegraph...... ........................................
35.7
35.8
36.0
36.5
36.5
36.4
36.6
37. 3 36.4
36.6
37.0
36.3
37.2
38.3
Other public utilities................................
595
597
597
598
600
602
609
601
614
610
606
598
598
600
Qas and electric utilities_____ _____
—
573.8 573.4 574.4 576.9 577.6 578.7 584.7 585.2 589.2 582.5 574.6 574.2 576.6 601
578.
Electric light and power utilities__
252.2 252.1 252.5 253.3 253.6 254.2 257.2 259.3 260.0 257.3 2.54.1 254.0 255.9 258.36
—
Gas utilities........................................
154.7 154.5 155.0 155.3 155.5 155.5 156.9 163.6 156.7 155.3 153.2 153.4 153.3 151.5
Electric light and gas utilities com
bined....... ........ ...................... .........
166.9 166.8 166.9 168.3 168. 5 169.0 170.6 172.3 172.5 169.9 163.3 166.8 167. 4 168.7
Local utilities, Dot elsewhere classified .....
23.3
23.3
23.3
23.4
23.5
23.6
24.0
24.4
23.9
24.5
23.7
23.8
23.2
22.9
Wholesale and retail trade_____________ 11,364 11,337 11,279 11,464 12,405 11,842 11, 742 11,665 11,592 11,591 11,637 11,543 11,620 11,385
11,141
Wholesale trade....................................... ,088 3,094 3,102 3,116 3,161 3,163 3,162 3,153 3,153 3,138 3,129 3, i'll 3,120 3,070 3,013
Wholesalers full-service and limitedfunction............................................
1,828.9 1,833. 7 1,843.7 1,880.1 1,878.6 1,879.0 1,876.8 1,879. 6 1,870. 9 1,867.1 1, 851.4 1,856. 4 1, 819. 2 1, 752.0
Automotive.............................. ..........
139.6 139.5 139.9 140.8 140.8 141.5 142.2 142.7 142.2 141.5 140.5 139.6 135.2 126.6
Groceries, food specialties, beer,
wines, and liquors______________
317.8 319.5 320.5 325.8 325.8 318.7 315.5 314.9 315.4 314.1 313.0 315.1 309.7 303.1
Electrical goods, machinery, hard
ware, and plumbing equipment...
440.9 441.5 444.4 449.0 451.0 452.2 454.7 458.4 459.5 458.1 455.2 455.5 448.0 439.2
Other full-service and limited-func
tion wholesalers___________ ____
930.6 933.2 938.9 964.5 961.0 966.6 964.4 963.6 953.8 953.4 942.7 946.2 926.3 883.2
Wholesale distributors, other___ ____
1,265.1 1,268.2 1,271.9 1,280.8 1,284.0 1, 283.0 1,275.7 1,273.6 1,267.0 1,261.6 1,259.3 1,263.1 1, 250.7 1, 261.4
Retail trade............................................... ,276 8,243 8,177 8,348 9,244 8,679 8,580 8,512 8,439 8, 453 8,508 8, 432 8,500
8,315
General merchandise stores.... .............
436.8 1,434.2 1,391.7 1,476.2 2,021.9 1,654.6 1, 553. 5 1,504.1 1,452.5 1,433.1 1,462.5 1, 465.6 1, 511.0 1,483. 5 8,128
1,433.8
Department stores and general mail
order houses__________________
917.1 896.9 954.6 1,308.8 1,070. 9 994.0 951.8 922.9 917.2 934.2 932.1 944.8 953.4 925.1
Other general merchandise stores__
517.1 494.8 521.6 713.1 583.7 559.5 552.3 529.6 515.9 528.3 533.5 566.2 530.1
Food and liquor stores......... ................
629.6 1, 631. 5 1,641.3 1,640.8 1,682.7 1,659.3 1, 652.1 1,640.7 1,640.9 1,659.9 1, 655.6 1,648. 7 1, 649.0 1,613. 6 1, 508.7
598.8
Grocery, meat, and vegetable markets.
1,198. 2 1,206.0 1,208.4 1,228.9 1,217.3 1,210.8 1,195.2 1,190.3 1,204.8 1,203.7 1, 200.7 1,199.8 l, 175.3 1,149.4
Dalry product stores and dealers__
214.3 213.3 213.0 216.7 216.4 217.6 223.7 228.4 229.6 226.8 222.8 220.2 222.7 227.4
Other food and liquor stores______
—
219.0 222.0 219.4 237.1 225.6 223.8 221.8 222.2 225.5 225.1 225.2 229.0 215.6 222.0
Automotive and accessories dealers__
785.0 782.9 786.9 793.7 827.9 813.5 813.4 814.7 819.9 824.6 827.4 819.0 815.0 791.0 764.5
Apparel and accessories stores..............
597.1 606.7 576.3 614.0 749.4 649.7 633.5 619.7 585.6 597.8 628.3 626.7 679.6 606.0 592.1
Other retail trade..................................
827.1 3, 787.6 3,780.4 3,823.3 3,961. 7 3,901.4 3, 927.1 3,933.0 3,940.2 3,937.5 3,933.9 3.872,2 3,845.5 3,820. 4 3,738.4
Furniture and appliance stores.........
388.0 387.8 394.7 415.5 406.0 404.7 398.7 396.8 398.1 397.0 399.0 397.4 393.8 390.2
Drug stores.........................................
391.7 389.9 399.4 430.9 405.6 407.8 406.8 400.1 398.6 398.6 392.0 396.4 378.2 355.8
Finance, insurance, and real estate_____
Banks and trust com panies..................
Security dealers and exchanges.......... ......
Insurance carriers and agents...............
Other finance agencies and real estate..
Service and miscellaneous_____
Hotels and lodging places____
Personal services:
Laundries........ ........ .............
Cleaning and dyeing plants.
Motion pictures..... ..................
Government..................... ...........
Federal *....... .........................
Executive..........................
Department of Defense..
Post Office Department.
Other agencies...............
Legislative..... ........... .........
Judicial....... ........................
State and local *.................... .
State__________ _____ _
Local______________ ___
Education.......................... .
Other........................ ..........
2,524
—
6,672
2,506
684.6
105.6
954.7
761.1
2,494
684.0
103.3
952.3
754.6
2,490
681.7
101.5
946.9
760.1
2,504
684.9
101.5
949.0
768.3
2,499
683.2
101.4
945.4
769.3
2,501
680.6
101.6
941.4
776.9
2,515
680.9
102.0
946.3
785.6
2,536
686.8
103.4
952.8
793.4
2,530
682.9
102.9
946.8
797.1
2,496
671. 2
100.4
930.8
793.6
2,469
662.9
99.9
922.3
783.5
2,463
663.2
99.9
922.5
777.4
2,425
638.4
94.5
904.0
787.8
2,374
615.3
84.6
895.0
779.5
6,562
441.1
6,527
441.4
6,518
436.8
6,612
448.5
6,665
455.4
6, 698
465.7
6,698
508.9
6,685
590.8
6,715
591.7
6,745
524.5
6,717
497.1
6,644
479.3
6,525
5Ó5.4
6,395
511.3
297.8
175. 7
182.9
296.6
173.3
180.9
299.8
175.3
181.8
301.4
176.5
183.3
303.6
179.2
186.1
305.5
179.9
188.9
306.7
175.0
193.6
310.3
170.9
195.4
315.6
175.5
192.1
314.6
181.3
190.7
311.5
179.4
190.3
308.4
177.4
189.7
310.9
170.6
187.0
312.7
167.4
189.8
8,726 8,705 8,674 8,608
194 2,186 2.179 2,173
2,158.5 2,151.2 2,145.7
909.0 908.2 907.0
566.1 564.2 565.1
683.4 678.8 673.6
22.6
22.5
22.5
5.0
5.0
5.0
532 6,519 6,495 6,435
1,643.1 1,635. 8 1, 620.1
4, 876.1 4,859.0 4,815.2
3,175. 8 3,169.9 3,128.2
3,343. 4 3,324.9 3,307.1
8,917 8,636 8,586 8,474 8,140 8,145 8,409 8,449 8,553 8,127 7,893
2, 471 2,182 2,182 2,185 2,206 2,205 2,204 2, 212 2,334 2,197 2,191
2, 443.5 2,154.4 2,154.1 2,157.6 2,178.0 2,177.3 2,176. 6 2,184.6 2,306.8 2,169. 4 2,164.2
906.6 907.9 909.4 910.8 919.2 919.1 922.8 917.1 916.5 941.3 960.3
862.8 570.1 565.0 565.9 566.5 564.8 560.0 553.3 553.0 572.9 562.8
674.1 676.4 679.7 680.9 692.3 693.4 693.8 714.2 837.3 655.2 641.1
22.4
22.4
22.4
22.6
22.8
22.8
22.8
22.5
22.5
22.5
22.1
5.0
5.0
4.9
5.0
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.9
47
4.8
6, 446 6, 454 5,404 6,289 5,934 5,940 6,205 6,237 6, 219 5, 930 5,702
1,618.9 1.618.7 1, 614. 4 1.580.0 1,530.3 1,539.2 1, 575.2 1, 578. 8 1, 572.8 1, 524.3 1, 470.8
4,826. 7 4,834. 9 4, 789. 6 4, 709. 4 1, 403.9 4, 400. 6 4, 629. 9 4, 658.0 4, 646. 4 4, 405. 7 4, 231.1
3,139.3 3.137. 4 3,098. 4 2,926.6 2, 525. 8 2, 538. 8 2, 851.3 2, 978. 5 2. 987. 4 2. 721.5 2, 563.7
3,306.3 3,316.2 3, 305. 6 3,362.8 3, 408. 4 3,401. 0 3, 353. 8 3, 258. 3 3, 231.8|3, 208. 5 3,138.3
i Beginning with the August 1958 issue, figures for 1956- 58 differ from those
previously published because of the adjustment of the employment estimates
to 1st quarter 1957 benchmark levels Indicated by data from government
social insurance programs. Statistics from 1957 forward are subject to revis on when new benchmarks become available.
These series are based upon establishment reports which cover all full- and
part time employees in nonagricultural establishments who worked during,
or received pay for, any part of the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the
month. Therefore, persons who worked in more than 1 establishment
during the reporting period are counted more than once. Proprietors, selfemployed persons, unpaid family workers, and domestic servants are ex
cluded.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3 Preliminary.
3 Data relate to civilian employees who worked on, or received pay for
the last day of the month.
* State and local government data exclude, as nominal employees, elected
officials of small local units and paid volunteer firemen.
Source : U.S. Department of l abor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except those for the Federal Government, which are prepared by the
U.S. Civil Service Commission, and that for Class I railroads, which is
prepared by the U.S. Interstate Commerce Commission,
671
A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
[In thousands]
Annual
average
1960
1961
Industry
Apr.2 M ar.2
479
69.9
22.5
24.9
Mining__________
Metal----- --------I r o n ................
Copper.............
Lead and zinc..
Anthracite...........
Bituminous coal.
Crude-petroleum and natural-gas pro
duction.............. ...................................
Petroleum and natural-gas production
(except contract services)--------------Nonmetallic mining and quarrying...........
Contract construction---- ------ -------------
Nonbuilding construction....................
Highway and street construction—
Other nonbuilding construction----Building construction..........................
General contractors--------------------Special-trade contractors...................
Plumbing and heating--------------Painting and decorating------ -----Electrical work...............................
Other special-trade contractors----
Manufacturing-------------- -------------------
Durable goods...................................
Nondurable goods---------------- -----Durable yood*
Ordnance and accessories-------------------Lumber and wood products (except fur
niture)----- -------------------------------Logging camps and contractors..........
Sawmills and planing mills-------------Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products-------------Wooden containers..............................
Miscellaneous wood products-----------Furniture and fixtures________________
Household furniture_______________
Office, public building, and professional
furniture----------------------- -----------Partitions, shelving, lookers, and fix
tures----- ----------------------------------Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous fur
niture and fixtures....... ........ ............ .
Stone, clay, and glass products------------Flat glass-------------------- ----------------Glass and glassware, pressed or blown.
Glass products made of purchased glass
Cement, hydraulic________________
Structural clay p ro d u cts.....................
Pottery and related products..... .........
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products
Cut-stone and stone products----------Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
products_______________________
Primary metal in d u stries-----------------Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
m ills----------------------- ---------------Iron and steel foundries........................ .
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals..... ........... ................. .
Secondary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals................... ........ ..........
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals----------------------------Nonferrous foundries---------- ------- —
Miscellaneous primary metal industries
Fabricated metal products (except ord
nance, machinery, and transporta
tion equipment).... ............................
Tin cans and other tin w are-----------Cutlery, handtools, and hardware-----Heating apparatus (except electric) and
plumbers’ supplies......................—
Fabricated structural metal products..
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving
Lighting fixtures..............................
Fabricated wire products----------- ----Miscellaneous fabricated metal prod
ucts............................................- ........See footnotes at end of table.
594911— 61------ 7
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Feb.
479
69.9
22.2
8.2
25.0
7.2
122.4
8.7
124.7
195.0
8.2
194.2
Jan.
487
73.3
23.9
26.6
8.4
8.7
123.9
196.0
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
8.7
126.4
503
73.6
24.4
26.6
7.9
9.4
128.7
512
76.4
27.7
26.4
7.6
10.4
131.0
198.7
196.4
196.7
498
74.0
24.9
26.6
8.1
Sept.
Aug.
July
130.6
9.7
136.0
507
78.4
29.4
25.3
8.9
9.0
119.1
200.0
202.6
202.3
516
77.3
28.2
26.3
525
78.4
29.6
25.8
10.2
8.1
8.2
June
May
Apr
1959
1958
534
80.4
30.5
26.0
9.1
532
80.0
30.5
25.6
533
79.3
29.5
25.7
10.1
10.0
144.3
10.0
10.5
147.7
11.5
149.5
14.6
149.2
572
76.5
26.1
23.4
10.5
18.5
173.8
202.9
198.3
199.5
210.2
211.1
9.7
532
65.1
22.7
18.0
99.0 101.9 103.1 103.9 103.2 101.2 101.8 106.1 112.9
98.5
96.1
97.5
95.7
93.1
95.9
96.4
97.8
92.5
91.9
97.6
98.3
97.5
94.7
81.8
84.6
2,433 2,585 2,545 2,705 2,669 2,558 2,420 2,190 2,372 2,278
1,864 1,984
2,021
424
513
506
558
573
497
554
676
539
342
487
320
355
245. 8 281.2 286.4 296.1 292.6 286.7 256.6 196.2 245.4 231.8
156.9 134.8 148.1
193.9 212.2 241.4 258.1 267.2 279.5 280.1 271.0 256.8 227.4 260.5 265.1
198.5 184.
1,666 1,544 1,642 1,759 1,946 2,046 2,091 2,129 2,096 2.000 1.907 1, 766 1,866 1,781
751.9 752.4 714.7 675.1 609. 5 662.4 658.1
556.2 512.5 553. 8 599.5 673.0 706.0 732.
1,109. 7 1,031. 1,088.4 1,159.2 1,272. 1,340. 4 1,358.3 1,377.0 1,343. 1,285.4 l, 232.0 1,156.3 1,203.2 1,122.6
268.7
262.0
262.
5 256. 2 253.4 246.7 235.4 252.8 247.0
249.2
255.
238.3 233.8 242.3
168.8 146.2 154.4 174.5 200.1 212.5 222.6 233.6 229.5 212.7 201.3 176.3 181.7 153.3
161.
158.6
166.0 159.9 149.6 139.4 133. 3 138.3 138.2
140. 5 148.1 153
137.0 135.
611.3 630.4 584.1
698.3 669.7 644.
565.6 516.1 551.2 587.4 663.2 707.3 705.1 714.
11,413 11,423 11,395 11,502 11,745 12,037 12,226 12,399 12,265 12,145 12,332 12,292 12,334 12, 237 11, 658
7,123
7,084
, 955 6, 507
6,382 6,363 6,359 6,456 6, 613 6,786 6,863 6,949 6,833 6,888 7,056
5,031 5,060 5,036 5,046 5,132 5,251 5,363 5,450 5,432 5,257 5,276 5,208 5,211 5,282 5,161
98.6
89.7
2,147
388
176.2
73.6
510.3
302.8
409.7
74.7
757.3
73.2
73.6
73.8
72.2
73.5
72.0
72.3
72.4
73.0
73.8
72.9
606.
110.9
293.1
606.1
114.6
291.4
617.4
118.6
296.0
592.6
586.0
556.8
80.1
283.6
499.3
73.0
244.6
495.6
73.0
243.3
507.5
80.6
247.0
518.2
82.3
251.8
546.8
94.8
264.5
580.6
276.4
598.4
114.8
285.0
99.3
35.3
47.1
301.7
225.6
97.5
35.1
46.7
303.1
226.5
98.5
35.0
46.4
302.7
224.5
101.7
35.8
46.6
309.5
229.0
103.2
36.8
47.5
320.5
237.6
107.2
37.8
48.6
327.0
241.9
110.5
38.5
49.6
328.2
241.5
112.8
39.7
50.4
327.2
241.2
110.9
39.9
49.3
320.9
235.6
35.5
35.3
35.7
36.5
37.5
38
39.6
39.0
24.3
24.5
24.6
25.4
26.4
27.4
28.0
16.3
401.5
23.3
12.9
28.2
54.3
36.4
83.5
14.8
16.8
395.6
23.2
84.9
13.2
27.4
52.1
36.5
81.9
14.6
17.9
400.
25.3
82.7
13.0
28.9
53.7
36.6
82.9
14.5
18.6
416.1
26.6
85.5
14.2
30.1
57.3
36.9
85.9
15.3
19.0
431.1
25.6
87.8
14.3
31.5
60.6
38.8
89.9
15.7
18.9
441.7
26.4
89.6
14.2
33.1
62.3
39.9
92.5
16.0
62.0
830.1
61.8
829.0
63.2
837.8
64.3
851.2
66.
870.3
385.3
167.4
380.6
168.8
377.4
173.5
381.4
177.8
40.
86.1
834.6
73.1
86.1
288.8
281.6
591.1
92.3
291.5
112.0
40.8
50.0
326.7
240.4
111. 7
40.8
49.4
324.3
240
110.9
39.7
50.3
327.2
242.7
117.7
40.2
49.4
321.2
240.8
106.5
40.6
46.0
297.3
38.4
38.8
37.6
38.0
35.
34.2
28.3
28.1
28.1
26.8
27.2
25.6
25.6
19.1
449.2
26.1
92.4
14.0
34.2
64.0
40.3
93.1
16.2
18.7
451.5
25.5
90.8
13.8
35.2
65.7
40.4
95.8
16.0
18.8
449.9
25.8
90.0
13.4
35.3
40.9
94.8
15.2
19.4
456.1
26.2
93.2
13.6
35.3
65.
42.2
95.0
15.8
19.6
451.6
26.6
90
13.7
34
65.9
41.7
93.2
15.6
448.2
27.5
89.3
13.7
33.7
64.5
42.3
91.0
15.4
18.9
449.1
28.7
84.7
15.0
34.4
65.5
41.3
94.3
15.8
17.4
417.8
23.5
80.5
13.3
34.6
63.4
37.6
86.9
15.7
67.7
891.4
68.9
905.0
68.3
909.
68.4
923.8
69.0
970-3
70.8
69.9
992.6 1019.8
916.4
62.3
891.0
394.6
180.6
409.2
182.8
417.6
185.7
430.8
179.6
438.7
187.1
468.9
193.1
495.3
188.8
510.6
194.0
416.6
192.2
436.8
167.4
43.2
110.6
66.1
101.8
220.1
41.7
43.0
43.7
43.7
44.2
44.8
45.8
46.3
46.6
43.1
47.2
40.0
8.2
8.0
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.9
9.1
9.0
8.6
8.6
8.9
9.1
9.1
8.2
80.4
44.0
103.
80.3
44.7
104,
80.9
46.0
108.5
82.5
47.3
109.9
82.6
47.9
84.0
49.3
114.5
83.7
48.6
112.4
82.7
47.6
112.8
85.2
.50.3
117.6
84.2
49,
119.7
85.6
51.2
112.2
83.9
49.3
113.1
122.1
89.2
53.3
116.0
80.8
46.4
108.4
748.1
48.9
95.0
754.5
47.4
96.6
770.6
46.6
99.6
794.3
47.3
816.
47.
103.9
833.8
49.8
103.9
835.0
53.3
102.5
819. 4
55.8
817. 3
55.4
98.6
840.1
55.6
103.8
836.5
54.3
104. 4
836.8
51.7
105.4
831.6
51.9
106.2
795.8
50.6
78.3
189.2
164.0
34.6
38.8
77.3
190.1
168.1
35.2
39.7
79.1
192.9
176.2
35.4
40.2
80.0
86.0
182.4
36.0
43.1
87.8
208.1
192.8
37.9
45.2
88.1
211.7
193.7
38.6
44.2
85.9
213.4
180.2
36.4
43.4
86.4
184.7
37.3
41.3
85.1
81.5
206. 1 210.8
193.2 196. 6
38.4
38.7
42.4
43.9
204.4
192.9
37.0
45.9
88.5
199.7
193.7
38.6
46.6
89.5
203.4
187.8
38.5
45.4
99.3
100.1
100.6
100.5
103.5
105.0
105.0
104.2
105.3
108.9
109.5
112.6
108.
102.2
201.0
100.1
210.1
100.1
83.3
220.0
169.4
34.2
41.7
€72
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1961
T able A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagriculturai establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1961
1960
Annual
average
Industry
Apr.2 M ar.2 Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
1959
1968
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable good»--Continued
M achinery (except electrical)........... ........ 1,083.5 1,077. 1,076. 1,074. 1,080.' 1,085.;
Engine and turbines............................
58..
59.
58
59.
Agricultural machinery and tractors... ................... 109. C 105.7 101. (
97. Ç 93.
Construction and mining machinery... —
75.
75.3
74.
74.;
75.:
Metalworking machinery___________
177. ( 177.
179.
176.6 177.
Special-Industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)______ .... ................... 117.8 119.0 119.4 120. S 121.7
General industrial machinery_______ —
130.3 131.0 133.2 135.6 137. S
Office and store machines and devices...
90. 7 91. 5 0 91.6
92.2
92.6
Service-industry and household ma
chines_________ ________________
133.41 132.9 130.4 129.1 130.
Miscellaneous machinery parts______
185. 4 185.9 189.3 193.4 195. g
Electrical machinery_________________ 825.0 831.3 835.2 842.1 843.6 866. 8
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial appa
ratus___________________________
266.7 266.8 268.6 269.9 270.2
Electrical appliances_______________
27. 2 26.1
27.2
25.7
31.;
Insulated wire and cable____________ —
21.6
21.6
22.1
21.7
22.4
Electrical equipment for vehicles_____ —
48. 8 50.3
55.6
53.1
56.2
Electric lamps.......................................... —
22.6
23.0
23.9
24.3
23.4
Oommunication equipment_________
410. 4 413.6 415. 5 410.1 426.2
Miscellaneous electrical products_____
34.0
33.8 34 1 34.8
36 2
1,086. 1,104. 1, 111. 1,130. 1,154. 1,159.; 1.176.1 1,134. 1 039.3
fi1
61.
58
ÛL i
94.
93.
97.1
98G 101.
101.' 105.
112.1
94.7
81.
78.
83.:
85.1 87. ‘
89.6
91.
89.
82.4
179.
181. C 181.
190.2 195.6 195.
196.4 175.
162.1
122.; 122.
122.
122.4 124.2 123. £ 123.1 114.fi 108, 5
139.
142.
143.
143.7 146.5 146.5 147.6 141.fi 138.1
92.
92.8
92.2
92.6
92.9
92.3
92.9
89.7
84.0
123.1 130.0 129.7 136.5 143.0 146.9 148.4 138.1 123 2
198.7 199.3 200.4 199.5 200.1 198.3 205.4 206.0 185.6
839.1 876.9 861. 4 849.6 858.7 655.1 860.4 839.7 750.1
253.1
so.;
22.2
56.1
20.0
422.8
34 6
278.5
30.2
21.6
55.6
24, 4
430.1
.3fi fi
276.7
28.6
21.0
51.3
24.9
422. 8
276.0 277.6 279.3
28 7 29. 4 29.1
21.8
20.4
22.0
54.6
52.9
54.3
24.5
25.4
25.8
410.8 413.7 408.8
283.1
29.5
21.8
56.0
25.9
408.8
Transportation equipm ent____________ 994.4 1,013.0 1,012.4 1,067.9 1,124.6 1.146.6 1,149.3 1.135.1 1, 036.2 1,101.8 1,127.2 1, 173. 6 1,187.1
Motor vehicles and equipment_______
491.0 491.7 541. 9 595.8 610.4 613. 9 597.4 508.7 573.9 614.9 615.8 622.9
Aircraft and parts_________________ —
366.5 366.0 367.2 368.8 372.3 365.7 367.0 364. 7 358. 4 347.6 388.0 398.1
Aircraft_________________________
204. 6 203.5 206.2 207. 7 212.0 212.9 211.5 212.4 212.2 214.2 223.5 229.1
Aircraft engines and parts_________ —
83.3
82.4
73.9
77.8
81. 2 80.7
79.6
58.4
74.5
82.4
69.8
83.3
Aircraft propellers and parts_______ —
7. 3
7.2
6.7
6.8
6.6
6.6
6.5
6.6
2.7
5.9
8.6
8.5
Other aircraft parts and equipm ent.. —
71.3
72.9
73.7
74.1
71.1
73.0
72.4
71.2
72.2
70.5
73.6
77.2
Ship and boat building and repairing... —
11 /. 4 115. 6 117.0 116.5 117.3 118.8 118.8 117.8 119. 4 111. 1 114.7 113.1
Shipbuilding and repairing______. . .
100.2
99.0 100.4 101.2 100. 7 102.9 103.0 102.4 103.2
91.4
93.0
90.9
Boatbuilding and repairing________ —
17.2
16.6
36.6
16. 6 15.3
15.9
15.8
15.4
19.7
21.7
16.2
22.2
Railroad equipm ent______ __________ —
31.2
32.4
37.1
35.9
39.5
42.6
43.3
36.4
45.6
46.7
44.8
44. 7
Other transportation equipment_____
6.9
6.7
6.4
7.1
8.6
5.9
8.3
8.6
8.1
8.4
S3
8.3
instruments and related products______ 210.3 210.7 211.4 215.3 218.2 222.0 222.9 225.4 226.1 223.4 227. 5 227.7 229.8
Laboratory, scientific and engineering
instrum ents_____________________
35.0
35.1
35.9
36.1
36.2
35.8
38.0
35.9
35.7
35.8
35.8
36.0
Mechanical measuring and controlling
instrum ents___________________ _ ____
61.6
62.7
62.2
62. 6 63.3
64.2
62.7
64.7
66.2
66.4
64.4
66.8
Optical Instruments and lenses.............
12.4
11.9
11.8
12.1
12.4
12.5
12.6
12.5
12.7
12.7
12.3
12.7
Surgical, medical, and dental Instru
m ents__________________________
29.7
29.8
29.8 29.7
29.8
29.8
30.1
30.0
30.4
30.1
30.2
30.4
Ophthalmic goods_________________ —
19.4
18.4
18.7
18.9
20.2
20.1
20.6
21.0
21.1
21.3
21.5
21.7
Photographic apparatus.......... ...............
35. 7 36.1
37.7
39.1
36.9
39.6
39.6
39.7
38.7
38.7
39. i
38.7
Watches and clocks________________ —
18. 4 17.7
20.3
21. 7 21.3
19.2
22.6
22.2
22.5
20.6
22.4
23.5
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.. 380.6 375.7 372.6 363. 5 382.7 405. 8 418.0 417.5 410.4 389.1 405.2 397.3 395.1
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware.
—
36.4
34.7
35.5
35.4
37.3
38.2
37.5
37.4
36.5
35.3
36.3
36. 5
Musical instruments and parts............. —
15.3
14.3
14.3
14.3
15.6
15.8
15.6
15.7
15.2
14.6
15.3
15.7
Toys and sporting goods......................... —
70.7
67.6
66. 5 59.8
82.1
89.1
89.6
85.8
83.5
78.5
80.0
73.4
Pens, pencils, other office supplies____ —
23.3
23.2
23.8
23.3
24.3
24.9
24.6
24.5
23.8
24.0
23.6
23.4
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions...... —
42.7
45.1
43.3
46.8
42.7
48.9
48.8
49.0
45.9
47.8
46.8
47.9
Fabricated plastics products.................
69.7
70.1
6. 97 71.6
74.3
74.0
75.1
74.1
74.8
71.5
74.2
74.9
Other manufacturing industries______
120.3 119.7 118.3 122.9 125.4 126.8 126.8 123.9 117.8 123.6 122.6 123. 3
Nondurable good«
Food and kindred products..................
944.8
M eat products......................................... —
Dairy products____________________
Canning and preserving____________ —
Grain-mill products................................
Bakery products___________________
Sugar.................................... ................. .
Confectionery and related products..... —
Beverages________________________ _
Miscellaneous food products.................. .....
932.9
229.8
59.6
147.4
74.0
157.7
19.9
55.1
103.4
86.0
925.1
230.2
58.2
140.2
73.7
158.3
19.5
56.9
101.3
86.8
Tobacco manufactures..............................
63.4
Cigarettes.______ ____________ . . .
Cigars...................................................... ..
Tobacco and snufi............................ ......... —
Tobacco stemming and redrying............. .........
See footnotes at end of table.
68.2
32.1
21.7
4.9
9.5
72.1
32.2
22. 3
4.9!
12. 7i
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
943.2 984.4 1,035. 7 1,112.3 l, 170.9 1,142.3 1,064.1 1,015. 4 967. 4
237.1 242.4 248.4 248.8 248.3 245.8 243.4 241.8 235. 7
59.8
58.3
60.4
62.8
65.6
69.0
70.4
70.3
66.7
141.4 156.6 188.1 254.1 324.8 297.2 219.3 173.1 150.8
74. 7 74.3
74.2
76.9
76.2
77.5
76.6
78.3
75.0
158.4 162.0 163. 1 165.0 163.8 162.9 165.0 164.4 160.9
32.0
26.2
36.7
22.4
33.6
20.6
20.4
21.3
19.8
61.0
57.3
63.6
64.5
62.4
58.9
52.6
55.3
54.8
102.1 107.9 110.9 114.3 114.1 115.9 117.8 117.9 112.2
88.4
87.7
90.3
92.3
93.3
94. 5 96.0
95.6
91.5
75.4
32.4
22.2
4.9
15.9
78.3
32.4
23.4
5.0
17.5
82.0
32.6
23.9
5.1
20. 4l
94.3
32.7
24.0
5.0
32.8
97.2
33.1
23.8
5.0|
35.31
81.2
33.5
23.6
5.2
18. 9
68.7
33.4
22.7
5.2
7.4
67.9
33.1
23.8
5.2
5.8
68.3
32.5
23.7
5.2
6.9
273.7
28.2
21.6
54.4
23.9
401.6
247.8
25. 4
19.3
47.0
22. 5
355. 4
1,189. 5 1,124.0
674.2 480. 0
451.1 479.3
268.1 291. 5
86.5
89.9
9.1
12. 2
87. 4 85. 7
118.8 121.4
99.9 105.1
18.9
16.3
37.1
36.1
8.3
7.2
222.3
205.3
35.1
31.8
62.4
10.7
55.8
9.4
28.7
20.6
39.3
25.5
27.3
18.4
39. 7
22.9
386.6
36.1
15.0
70.7
22.8
48.8
72.9
120.3
361.0
34. 5
13.6
67. 6
22.3
46. 4
64.8
111.9
959.5 1,025. 3 1, 035.3
232.1 240.6 243.5
63.7
66.7
152.0 189.2 186.6
74.4
77.9
79. 6
161.7 162.1 164.9
20.8
25.3
25.9
55.4
59.4
61.6
108.9 111.8 112.4
90.5
93.6
94.2
69.1
32.6
24.0
2.5
7.3
78.9
32.2
25.4
6.5
15.8
80.1
31.5
27.4
5.4
15.8
678
A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
Annual
average
1960
1961
Industry
Jan
Dec.
806.2
4.2
89.4
343.2
24.0
186.4
73.5
35.1
806.6
4.3
89.1
344.9
24.0
183.3
73.8
35.2
819.0
4.3
91.0
347.5
24.2
188.5
74.7
35.8
832.3
4.4
91.8
349. 4
24.5
197.5
75.2
35.9
42.3
43.9
44.8
45.7
Apr.2 M ar.2 Feb.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr
1959
1958
873.9
5.0
101.5
370.5
25.9
199.7
76 6
38.9
8.9
46.9
850.8
4.7
99.7
372.4
23.9
186.8
73.7
36.7
9.0
43.9
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods—Continued
Textile-mill products...... ............. - ........
Scouring and combing plants.............
Yam and thread mills------------------Broad-woven fabric mills--------------Narrow fabrics and small wares..............
Knitting mills_____________________
Dyeing and finishing textiles.................
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings----Hats (except, cloth and m illinery)-..
Miscellaneous textile g o o d s..........—
811.9
807.6
4.4
89.4
341.5
23.9
190.9
74.0
34.6
7.5
41.4
8.1
8.1
8.2
7
839.9
4.5
92.9
351.4
24.7
201.4
75.4
35.9
7.8
45.9
849.5
4.7
94.3
355.8
25.5
203.1
75.4
36.5
8.2
46.0
Apparel and other finished textile prod
037.7 1,051.5 1,079. 3 1,078. 1,094.5
ucts..............- ...................................... 1,032.1 1,070.9 1,063.1
103.5
100.6 100.
101.1 101.9 102.
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats--------Men’s and boys’ furnishings and work
325.3
306.7
307.7
309.3
317.
301.1
311.
clothing.....................- ..........................
299.3
311.6 304.0 293.6 294.6 302.8 291.
Women’s outerwear------------------------105.6
101.3 100.7 99.0 102.4 105.7 108.
Women’s, children’s undergarments—
16.8
21.3
15.1
16,
21.3
17.1
14.3
M illinery........................... - ....................
64.3
65.6
63
61.7
63.9
63.6
63.6
Children’s outerwear----------------------6.4
4.5
6.
4.4
5.9
4.9
6.7
Fur goods..........................-........... - - ......
55.3
51.3
55.
51.6
48.5
51.1
55.0
Miscellaneous apparel and accessories..
118.0
108.9 107.4 108.
112.9 117. 4 118.
Other fabricated textile products...........
434.9 432.5 431. 5 434.2 437.2 444.8 448.8 452.1
Paper and allied products---- --------216.7 216.2 217.4 218.7 221.3 223.1 225.4
Pulp, paper, and paperboard m ills..
115.1 116.4 118.9 122.
124.0 123.8
114.
Paperboard containers and boxes------101.7 102.9
99.6 100.
101.0 100.2 100.4
Other paper and allied products--------Printing, publishing, and allied indus
tries. ...................................— ...........
Newspapers--------------------------------Periodicals----------------------------------Books----------------------------------------Commercial printing---------------------Lithographing.......................................
Greeting cards..............----------........
Bookbinding and related Industries —
Miscellaneous publishing and printing
services________________________
Chemicals and allied products...............
Industrial inorganic chemicals............
Industrial organic chem icals...............
Drugs and medicines------------------—
Soap, cleaning and polishing prepara
tions..................... ------......................
Paints, pigments, and fillers-------------Gum and wood chemicals------------Fertilizers-........................... .
Vegetable and animal oils and fats_.
Miscellaneous chemicals-------------Products of petroleum and coal...... ........
Petroleum refining............................. .
Coke, other petroleum and coal prod
ucts........................ ..............................
571.7
163.2
28.0
39.4
184.8
52.6
13.8
37.4
52.5
53.1
540.4
534.1
205.2
55.2
525.4
67.
202.7
55.3
31.
43.1
68.2
6.2
33.
25.1
65.6
143.2
571.1 578.8
166.6
163
28.0
28
39.0
38,
184. 7 186.6
53.0
51
15.3
14.1
36.6
36.
584.4
167. 2
28.5
38.
187.6
53.3
17.0
37
584.6
166.6
28.6
39.1
187.
53.0
17.6
37.6
578.4
165.3
28.5
39.3
187. 1
52.7
16.6
37.8
866
847.8
19
94.9
360.4
25.1
196.6
76.7
35.9
5.
97.
364.
25.
204.
77.
36.
417
45.
8.6
8.
862.9
4.9
97.6
364.7
25.6
200.7
77.7
37.2
8.9
45
861.
4.
97.
366.
25.
196
77.
38.
8.
45.
107.3 1,059.7 1,085.3 1,079.1 1,082.4 1,080.0 1,027.0
99.5
95.0
97.8 104.7 103.5 102.3
104.7
308.5
318.8
283.9
322.9
327.6 318.0 328.0
308.0 302.7
309.1 2913 293.9 293.0 300.
105.6 100.5 105.2 105.5 107. 5 106.2 101.9
16.3
15.
15.7
13.0
11.3
14.7
17.5
61.9
66.3
65.1
65.5
67.9
67.1
66.2
4.9
8.2
5.2
7.1
5.6
6.0 5.7 55.7
54.4
54.4
50.9
53.8
51.2
55.3
115.3 110.4 115.0 116.7 115.8 113.7 103.6
104.9
448.3
222.5
121.3
104. 5
448.6
223.1
122.9
102.6
439.3
220.7
119.6
99.0
566,
164.0
27.0
37.4
182
51.8
14.6
37.7
567.5
162.9
27.7
37.6
184.6
52.1
14.5
37.6
557.5
161.0
26.6
35.5
180.2
50.1
15.0
36.3
545.4
157.2
25.5
33.7
177.5
49.7
14.2
35.0
449.2
222.2
451.8
225.7
122.0
121
102.8
119.8
102.5
104.1
572.7
164.2
27.5
38.7
184.8
52.1
16.4
38.0
568.3
163
26.6
38.0
183.9
51.8
16.0
37.5
571.9
165.0
26.8
37.5
184.5
52.0
16 6
38.0
451.3
226.4
122.1
4415
222.8
53.7
54.6
54.2
51.1
51.0
50.
51.5
51.8
50.5
52.8
52.6
533. 4
69. 4
206.0
56.2
538.1
69.4
205.
56.5
537.4
69.4
207.1
57.2
537. 6
69.9
210.3
57.9
536. 9
69,
211.3
58.3
540.4
69. 5
546.7
69.2
203.7
55. 6
530.8
69.3
205.3
56.0
211.1
210.0
57.5
56 6
551.0
69.3
208.9
56.7
630.9
68.4
203.3
57.1
512.2
67.3
191.8
57.6
31.6
43.1
31.9
43.7
32.0
44.0
31.9
44.7
23.6
29.0
66.4
21
21.6
23.8
67.6
31.3
46.6
6.4
25.8
23.9
68.3
30.8
46.3
6.4
34.1
24.9
68.4
30.8
46.1
6.4
38.7
26 5
67.6
30.3
45.4
6.3
26.9
27.2
30.1
43.7
25.0
28.0
65.0
31
46. 7
6.4
26.6
27.0
64.6
32.5
46.1
6.3
23
26.6
68.5
32.2
46.
6.4
27.7
26.5
64.5
32.4
45.5
6.3
24.6
29.3
68.3
154.9
116.7
154.4
116.3
155.4
118.4
6.2
53.7
527.
68.
6.1
6.2
6.2
211
68.3
66.0
64
26.1
26.1
63.1
157.0
142.0
111.7
143.
112.4
145.1
112.9
147.2
113.2
149.7
114.0
150.5
115.1
153.5
116.7
153.2
117.0
155.6
117.6
31.0
30.3
31.4
32.2
34.0
35.7
35.4
36.8
36.2
38.0
38.2
38.1
37.0
35.8
180.
66.9
18.
95.0
187.5
70.4
18.3
190.6
71.5
18.4
100.7
192,
73.1
17.4
197.8
74.5
18.5
104.8
196.1
75.7
18.2
102.1
197.
73.8
18.5
105.6
191.7
75.9
17. 6
98.2
197.9
76.6
18.2
103.1
197.6
77.0
18.1
102.5
200.7
78.1
18.5
104.1
199.4
74.6
17.9
106 9
186 0
74.7
16.7
94.6
321.6
28.4
3.7
18.1
219.7
11.3
29.1
11.3
318.2
29.4
3.7
18.5
218.1
11.3
27.3
9.9
316.6
29.8
3.6
17.4
215.6
11.5
27.6
319. 3
30.0
3.6
16.8
213.6
13.4
29.2
12.7
318.1 321.2
30.1
30.0
3.6
3.6
16.0
16.1
211.4 215.4
14.1
14.3
28.2
29.5
13.2i 13.8
322.2
29.9
3.2
17.3
218.9
14.1
25.9
12.9
323.2
30.2
3.2
17.3
218.9
13.8
26.0
13.8
315.2
29.7
3.1
16.6
212.3
13.5
26.0
14.0
316 9
29.8
3.3
16.6
213.7
13.3
26.5
13.7
331.6
32.8
3.8
17.4
223.7
13.0
27.3
13.6
317.7
33.7
3.1
16 2
213.8
12.5
26.1
12.3
142.
111.
Rubber products...........
Tires and inner tubes..
Rubber footwear...........
Other rubber products.
181.4
180.
69.4
19.1
92.4
Leather and leather products.-------Leather: tanned, curried, and finisned..
Industrial leather belting and packing
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings..
Footwear (except rubber).....................
Luggage...................................... - ........
Handbags and small leather goods----Gloves and miscellaneous leather goods.
Ses footnotes at end of table.
306.8
318.1
28.0
3.6
17.9
216.7
11.3
28.4
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
568.3
162.1
27.5
38.5
184.0
52.0
14.0
37.1
571.6
858.
4.
96.
359.
25.
205.
76.
36.
12.2
11.1
102.2
331.0
30.4
3.5
17.2
222.8
15.0
28.0
14.1
121.2
674
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1961
T a b l e A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry ^ C ontinu ed
[In thousands]
1961
1960
Annual
average
Industry
Apr.« Mar.« Feb.
Transportation and public utilities:
Other public utilities............................... .
Gas and electric utilities______ _____
Electric light and power utilities.......
Gas utilities-................................ ........
Electric light and gas utilities com
bined..................................................
Local utilities, not elsewhere classified
Wholesale and retail trade:
Wholesale trade...___ _______________
Wholesalers, full-service and limitedfunction________________ _____
Automotive.......... .............................. .
Groceries, food specialities, beer,
wines, and liquors....................... .
Electrical goods, machinery, hard
ware, and plumbing equipment__
Other full-sendee and limited-func
tion wholesalers________________
Wholesale distributors, other________
Retail trade:
General merchandise stores...................
Department stores and general mail
order houses___ ________ ____ ___
Other general merchandise stores___
Food and liquor stores..........................
Grocery, meat, and vegetable mar
kets...................................... ...... ......
Dairy-produet stores and dealers___
Other food and liquor stores........ ......
Automotive and accessor!as dealers___
Apparel and accessories stores....... ........
Other retail trade (except eating and
drinking places)................................
Furniture and appliance stores.........
Drug stores____________________
Jan,
Dee.
Oct.
527
506.3
216.1
138.1
526
506.1
216.0
138.0
528
507.9
216.6
138.9
531
510.1
217.3
139.3
531
510. 3
217.3
139.3
533
511.8
218.1
139.4
152.1
152.1
20.2
20.1
152.4
153.5
20.5
153. 7
154.3
20.6
21.0
20.2
Sept.
Aug.
July
140.7
540
517.9
223.2
137.2
544
522.1
224.4
140.2
155.6
21.4
157. 6
21.7
157.5
21.7
538
517.0
220.
June
537
515.7
221.6
139.0
155.1
21.1
May
Apr
529
508.0
218.2
136.9
530
508.8
218.9
137.6
152.9
20.9
152.4
20.9
1959
1958
534
613.0
537
516.4
223.2
137.5
221.8
138.0
153.2
20.6
155.7
20.4
2,642
2,662 2,710 2, 712 2, 715 2,704 2,705 2,693 2,687 2, 670 2, 679 2,651 2,622
1,576. 5 1, 581. , 591. 7 1,631. 3 1,629.0 1,631. 6 1,628. 9 1,632. 7 1,625 1 1,621.8 1, 606.3 1,612. 6 1, 588.8
119.3 119.4 119. 8 120.8 121.0 122.1 122.9 123.5 123. 2 122.3 121.0 120.5 117.5 1,536.7
110.0
281.6 283.1 283. 9 289.6 289.0 283.0 279.9 279.6 280.4 278.9 277.9 279.8 276.9 272.2
375.2 377.1 379.0 383. 0 386.0 387.5 390.1 393. 8 394. 7 394.0 392.4 392.6 388.1 382,1
800.4 802.3 809.0 837.9 833.0 839.0 836.0 835.8 826.8 826.6 815.0 819. 7 800.3 772.4
1,065.8 1,067.1 , 070. 6 1,078 9 1,082.6 1,083.6 1,074.7 1,072.2 1,067. 7 1.065.4 1.063.7
1,066.7 1,061.8 1,084.9
1, 328.3 1,282.8 1,367. 4 1,912. 4 1, 546. 3 1.443.9 1.395.2 1,344.5 1, 328. 4 1, 359.5 1,362.4 1,407. 7 1, 383.6 1.334.7
843.8j 820.6 879.2 1,232. 9 995.0 918.5 876. 6 847.2 842.9 861.3 859.4 872.0 882.6 855.9
484. 5i 462.2 488. 2 679. 5 550.4 525.4 518.6 497.3 485.5 498.2 503.0 535.7 501.0 478.8
, 484.3jl, 491.2 ,495.1 1,538.3 1, 515. 5 1.510.9 1,497. 7 1.496.0 1,518. 4 1.513.4 1, 508.6
1,5)2,6 1,485.3 1,483.2
, 117.9Î1,126.4 , 129. 9 1,154.0 1,143.0 1,138.2 1. 122.3 1.114.1 1,131.3 1.129.0 1,126.2 1,127.8 1 102.0 1.078.7
179.81 178.3 178.3 181
181.4 182.7 188.4 193.7 194.7 192.4 188.7 185.8 190.1 198.5
186.6! 186. 5 186.9 202.5 191.1 190.0 187.0 188.2 192.4 192.0 193.7
0 193. 2 206.0
684.9- 689.3 696.1 730.0 715.8 715.7 717.4 723.1 728.1 729.4 722.5 199.
720.0 699.8 677.2
548.5 518. 6 555. 5 689.1 591. 6 575.4 562.5 529. 5 542.8 571.7 570.2 623.8
554. 7 .542.0
,056.112,059.5 , 084. 4 2,194. 5 2,131.2 2,131.6 2,134. 6 , 131.6 2,139. 7 2.129.0 2,095. 4 2,096. 5 2,090. 3 2.056.7
347.6j 347.9 354.0 374.8 365. 8 364.6 358.0 356.3 357. 9 356.9 358.7
356.5 354.3
370.51 367.6 377.0 408.9 384. 1 386.1 385. 7 378.1 377.9 378.2 371.6 358.4
375.4 357.7 337.0
l J 'or comparability of data with those published in issues prior to August
1958 and coverage of the series, see footnote 1, table A-2.
Production and related workers Include working foremen and all nonsupervisory workers (Including ieadmen and trainees) engaged in fabricating, proc
essing, assembling, Inspection, receiving, storage, handling, packing, ware
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Nov.
,
housing, shipping, maintenance, repair, janitorial, watchman services,
product development, auxiliary production for plant’s own use (e.g., power
plant), and recordkeeping and other services closely associated with the
aforementioned production operations,
2 Preliminary.
675
A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able A--4. Unemployment insurance and employment service programs, selected operations 1
[All Items except average benefit amounts are in thousands]
1960
1961
Item
Mar.
Employment service: 1
New applications for work............. ...........
Nonfarm placem ents.,_______________
895
417
949
342
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
820
378
1,065
365
881
430
Sept.
Oct.
858
517
811
584
Aug.
839
556
June
July
7SS
491
1,008
537
Mar.
Apt.
May
811
534
762
511
836
450
State unemployment Insurance programs: •
1,232
1,387
1,162
1,426
1,197
1,407
1,393
1,744
1,206
2,175
2,381
1,919
1,709
Initial claims4 «______ _________ _____
Insured unemployment * (average weekly
1,939
2,209
1,682
1,588
1,686
1,678
1,657
1,598
2, 039
2,639
3,266
3,168
3,394
volume) - ____________________ _
4. 9
5.7
4.3
4.0
4.3
4.2
4.2
6.6
5.1
4.0
8.1
7.8
8.4
Rate of insured unemployment f..............
9,114
7, 527
6,365
6,670
5,848
6,435
5,861
6,238
7,054
9,105
Weeks of unemployment compensated-.. 13,334 11,935 11,975
Average weekly benefit amount for total
$32. 50 $32. 39
unemployment - ____________________ $34.37 $34.45 $34.34 $34.18 $34.01 $33. 73 $33. 54 $32.99 $32. 37 *32.33 $32. 24
$287,142
Total benefits paid__________________ $461,543 $399,264 $397,609 $300,204 $231,114 $189,891 $201,805 $206,276 $183,775 $198,938 $204,883 $237,391
Unemployment compensation for ex-servicem en:8 9
39
33
35
Initial claim s4................ ....................... —
Insured unemployment • (average weekly
86
91
91
volume)--------------------------------------355
355
370
Weeks of unemployment com pensated...
$11,017
$11,618
$11,002
Total benefits paid.............................. ...
36
33
29
27
32
30
27
22
23
29
71
279
$8,597
59
227
$7,016
50
190
$5,870
49
210
$6,445
52
223
$6,850
49
180
$5,470
45
195
$5,957
45
197
$6,004
54
230
$7,032
61
272
$8,345
Unemployment compensation for Federal
civilian employees:10 9
Initial claim s4............ ........... ....................
Insured unemployment *(average weekly
volume)........................... .................. ......
Weeks of unemployment compensated.. .
Total benefits paid __________________
12
13
19
14
14
14
12
13
15
12
12
11
12
40
160
$5,504
41
162
$5,534
40
164
$5,605
35
142
$4,817
33
131
$4,464
30
115
$3,934
28
120
$4,059
30
130
$4,418
30
107
$3,546
29
128
$4,383
30
126
$4,205
33
144
$4, 799
38
173
$5,730
Railroad unemployment Insurance:
31
20
99
23
21
38
13
10
Applications 11........... .................. ...............
Insured unemployment (average weekly
65
82
107
95
103
123
113
106
volume)............................ ............. ..........
152
192
227
194
226
266
242
270
Number of payments 19...... .......................
$78.
72
$77.50
$81.52
$80.90
$81.60 $80. 99 $82. 69 $82. 46
Average amount of benefit paym ent11—
Total benefits paid !4 ..... ......................... $22,274 $19,706 $22,208 $18,793 $16,036 $15,222 $18,532 $12,139
81
6
5
6
59
61
97
$75.74
$7,434
39
104
$71.08
$7,502
1,826
1,700
All programs:
Insured unemployment *8 ------------------
3, 403
3,638
3,515
2,847
i Data relate to the United States (Including Alaska and Hawaii), except
where otherwise Indicated.
1 Includes Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands.
»Includes data for Puerto Rico, beginning January 1961 when the Com
monwealth’s program became part of the Federal-State UI system.
* Initial claims are notices filed by workers to indicate they are starting
periods of unemployment. Excludes transitional claims.
* Includes Interstate claims for Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands for the
entire period.
s Number of workers reporting the completion of at least 1 week of unem
ployment.
i The rate Is the number of Insured unemployed expressed as a percent o(
the average covered employment In a 12-month period.
8 Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with other programs.
9Includes Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2,225
1,839
1,781
1,804
54
63
45
164
104
133
$72.19 $74.66 $77. 35
$7,909 $10,414 $13.374
1,801
2.078
2,370
m Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with State programs,
ii An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker at the beginning
of his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no application is required
for subsequent periods in the same year,
ii Payments are for unemployment in 14-day registration periods,
u The average amount is an average for all compensable periods, not
adjusted for recovery of overpayments or settlement of underpayments,
u Adjusted for reoovery of overpayments and settlement of underpayments.
» Represents an unduplicated count of Insured unemployment under the
State, Ex-servicemen and UCFE programs, the Railroad Unemployment
Insurance Act, and the Veterans’ Readjustment Assistance Act of 1952 (not
presented separately In table), which terminated January 31, i960.
Source : U .8, Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security for
ail items except railroad unemployment insurance, which is prepared by the
U.S. Railroad Retirement Board.
676
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1961
B.—Labor Turnover
T able B -l.
Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1
[P e r 100 e m p lo y e e s]
1961
1960
Annual
average
Major Industry group
M ar.1 Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
1959
1958
Accessions: T o ta l8
Manufacturing ....
....
2.7
2.7
3.1
1.9
2.3
2.8
3.8
3.8
2.9
3.9
3.2
2.8
2.7
3.6
3.0
Durable goods_________
Ordnance and accessories________
Lumber and wood products______
Furniture and fixtures.....................
Stone, clav. and class products
Primary metal industries...........
Fabricated metal products
Machinery (exceDt electrical)..........
Electrical machinery............ ...........
Transportation equipment__
Instruments and related products..
Miscellaneous manufacturing.........
2.9
1.7
3.2
2.8
3.4
2.9
3.8
2.1
2.4
2.9
1.3
5.3
2.8
2.2
3.3
2.5
3.0
2.8
3.2
2.2
2.6
3.2
1.5
4.3
3.4
2.3
4.6
2.8
2.4
3.4
4.2
2.7
3.2
3.9
1.6
5.0
2.0
2.1
2.0
1.9
1.3
2.1
2.3
1.7
1.8
2.4
1.3
2.2
2.3
2.4
1.8
2.1
1.5
2.1
2.5
1.9
2.3
3.3
1.6
2.8
3.0
3.9
3.4
2.7
2.2
2.3
3.3
2.1
2.8
4.3
1.5
3.7
4.2
3.3
4.1
3.5
2.9
2.9
4.3
2.6
3.5
8.2
1.8
5.5
4.1
2.7
4.4
5.3
3.2
3.0
5.5
2. 5
3.4
6.3
2.9
5.6
2.9
2.2
4.2
3.5
2.6
2.3
2.9
2.3
2.7
3.1
1.6
4.8
3.8
3.2
8.3
4.0
3.3
2. 4
3.9
3.1
3.8
3. 5
3.0
5.2
3. 2
2.1
6.9
4.0
2.8
1.8
3.9
2.3
2.8
3.3
2.0
4.9
2.8
1. 9
5.6
3. 5
2. 8
1.6
3.2
1. 9
2. 1
3.1
1.8
4.8
2. 7
2.1
3. 7
3.3
2. 3
1. 7
3. 0
2.3
2. 5
3.1
1. 7
5.1
3. 8
28
4. 7
4. 0
3.1
2.9
4. 4
3.2
3.6
4. 5
2. 5
4.8
3.2
2.8
4.1
3. 4
2. 9
2. 8
3.6
2. 5
2.8
4. 0
1. 8
4.0
Nondurable goods *___
Food and kindred pro d u cts...........
Tobacco manufactures_____
Textile-mill products.
Apparel and other finished textile
products__________________
Paper and allied p roducts..............
Chemicals and allied products____
Products of petroleum and coal___
Rubber products_______________
Leather and feather products_____
2.5
3.1
1.0
3.2
2.5
3.3
1.2
2.5
2.5
3.5
1.4
2.5
1.8
2.9
.5
1.6
2.2
3.2
.9
2.2
2.5
3.8
1.4
2.5
3.1
4.5
1.8
2.8
3.3
4.0
2.6
3.5
2.9
3.9
1.5
2.9
4.1
5.4
1.7
3. 5
3.3
4.6
2.5
3.3
2.8
4.4
1.3
2.8
2. 6
3.1
1. 4
3.1
3.1
4.1
1. 8
32
2.7
3. 8
1.6
3.0
2.7
1.7
1.3
.5
2.5
3.5
3.5
1.6
1.2
.8
1.9
3.6
3.1
2.0
1.2
.8
2.6
4.0
1.8
1.2
1.0
.4
1.4
3.7
2.2
1.5
1.0
.5
1.6
4.4
2.7
1.9
1.3
.7
2.2
3.9
3.9
2.6
1.8
.9
2.9
3.7
4.2
2.4
1.8
1.1
3.6
4.2
3.8
2.4
1.6
.8
1.9
4.0
4.2
4.0
3.3
1.8
3.1
6.1
4. 0
2.5
1.7
1.2
2. 7
5.1
3. 4
2.2
1.4
.7
1. 7
3.0
3. 4
2.1
1. 6
.8
1. 5
3.1
4.2
2.6
1.8
1.0
2. 7
4.1
3.4
2« 1
1.3
.7
2. 0
3.3
N onmanufacturln g:
Metal mining__________________
Anthracite mining....................
Bituminous coal mining_________
Ï.7
2. 7
2.8
1.2
4. 3
2.7
1.5
1.7
3.6
1.0
1 fi
1. 4
1.2
2 1
1.5
1.0
24
1.6
1.2
2.4
2.7
L5
1.0
1.8
.9
L0
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.0
.9
1.6
2.3
1.6
1.2
Accessions: New hires
Manufacturing____ _________ _____
1.0
0.9
1.0
0.7
1.0
1.5
1.9
1.9
1.7
2.3
1.7
1.4
1.5
2.0
1.3
Durable goods.........
Ordnance and accessories...............
Lumber and wood products
Furniture and fix tu res.................
Stone, clay, and glass products__
Primary metal industries________
Fabricated metal products
Machinerv (except electrical)
Electrical machinery_______
Transportation eq u ipm ent..........
Instruments and related products..
Miscellaneous manufacturing____
.9
.8
1.7
1.4
.7
.4
1.1
.7
1.0
.7
.7
1.8
.8
1.1
1.4
.9
.5
.3
.8
.7
1.0
.9
.9
1.6
.9
1.2
1.9
1.0
.6
.4
.9
.8
1.0
.9
.9
1.6
.7
1.1
1.1
.9
.4
.3
.6
.5
.7
.8
.6
1.1
.9
1.4
1.1
1.2
.6
.3
.9
.7
1.2
1.1
.9
1.6
1.5
2.6
2.6
1.8
1.1
.4
1.5
.9
1.7
2.0
1.0
2.5
1.8
1.9
3.6
2.7
1.3
.6
1.9
1.2
2.2
1.9
1.2
3.9
1.8
1.7
3.6
4.4
1.4
.6
2.0
1.3
1.8
1.6
1.7
4.2
1.5
1.6
3.8
2.7
1.3
.4
1.4
1.1
1.4
1.1
1.2
3.2
2.1
1. 6
6.3
2. 7
2.1
.7
2.0
1.7
2.1
1.4
2.3
3.5
1.6
1. 4
5. 5
2.6
1.5
.6
1. 7
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.3
2.6
1. 4
12
3.7
2.1
1. 2
6
1. 4
1.1
1. 0
1.1
1. 4
2.3
1. 4
1. fi
2. 6
2. 3
1. 2
8
1. 5
1. 4
14
.9
1. 2
2. 5
20
19
3. 7
28
18
1 fi
2 1
18
2. 2
1 fi
1.9
3.0
1. 3
17
2. 7
ï 7
.9
^5
1.4
.9
14
Nondurable goods *___
Food and kindred products__
Tobacco manufactures_______
Textile-mill products__
Apparel and other finished textile
products.................................
Paper and allied products_____
Chemicals and allied products__
Products of petroleum and co al...
Rubber products__ . . . .
Leather and leather products_____
1.1
1.0
.5
1.4
1.0
.9
.4
1.0
1.1
1.1
.7
1.1
.8
1.0
.2
.7
1.1
1.3
.4
1.1
1.5
2.0
.9
1.4
2.0
2.5
1.2
1.8
2.1
2.3
1.2
2. 2
1.9
2.3
1. 9
2.2
13
2. n
1 fi
1. 7
0
17
i
9 0
13
1 fi
1.9
2. 7
3.1
10
24
1.6
.9
.8
.2
.6
1.7
1.5
.7
.7
.3
.5
1.7
1.6
.8
.6
.3
.5
2.4
.8
.6
.5
.2
.3
2.1
1.3
.9
.3
.5
2.0
1.9
1.3
.8
.5
.9
2.0
2.9
1.8
1.4
.6
1. 7
2.5
3.2
1.7
1.2
.6
1. 4
2.8
2.9
1. 7
1.2
.6
.8
2.9
2. 9
3. 0
2. 6
1. 3
1. 2
4.0
2.8
18
1. 2
.8
.7
2.6
2. 6
1 fi
1.0
.5
2. fi
13
11
.4
1.6
1.6
30
10
13
.6
17
2.6
Nonmanufaeturing:
Metal mining___________ .
Anthracite mining____________
Bituminous coal mining_________
1.0
.2
.3
1.2
.8
.8
9
1 fi
.2
1n
14
1.7
1. 4
.7
.2
.4
.5
.4
.5
.4
.5
.5
.4
.3
.4
.3
8ee fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
7
5
n
14
17
90
22
? 1
.O
ï a
.9
1.9
g
1.5
18
13
jj
jj
1.7
B .—
677
LABOR TURNOVER
T able B - l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1—Continued
[Per 100 employees]
Amiual
ave rage
1960
1Ö61
Major Industry group
M ar.2 Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
1959
1958
Separations: T o ta l3
Manufacturing.
3.1
3.6
4.3
4.1
3.9
3.8
4.4
4.3
3.6
3.3
3.3
3.6
3.7
3.4
3.6
3.9
3.1
4.9
4.2
3.1
3.6
4.4
3.2
3.7
4.8
2.1
4.9
4.1
2.2
5.3
3.6
3.6
3. 6
5.1
2.9
4.0
5.4
1.9
4.3
3.5
2.3
4.6
3. 7
2.8
2.3
4.3
2.7
2.8
5.2
2.1
4.7
3.9
2.9
4.2
3.7
3. 6
3.3
4» 3
3.3
3.1
5.1
2.4
4.7
Durable goods......... ...............................
Ordnance and accessories-----------Lumber and wood products--------Furniture and fixtures.....................
Stone, clay, and glass products.......
Primary metal Industries!----------Fabricated metal products..............
Machinery (except electrical).........
Electrical machinery........................
Transportation equipment---------Instruments and related products..
Miscellaneous manufacturing-------
3.2
2.6
3. 9
3.8
3.4
2.4
3.8
2.6
2. 8
3.9
2.0
4.1
4.1
2.5
4.0
3.3
3.2
3.2
5.1
2.7
2.9
7.6
1.8
4.0
4.9
2.8
4.8
4.1
5.0
4.1
6.9
3.1
3.8
7.7
1.9
4.9
4.5
2.4
5.0
4.0
4.6
4.6
6.6
2.8
3.2
5.3
1.8
9.1
4.2
2.5
6.7
4.6
3.8
4.7
4.4
2.9
3.4
4.6
2.2
6.9
4.0
2.7
6.0
4.8
3.1
4.6
4.9
3.2
2.8
4.3
1.7
5.3
4.6
4.1
6.6
4.7
4.3
4.6
5.0
4.1
3.6
4.8
3.3
5.3
4.6
2.2
5.7
4. 1
3.6
4.5
5.0
3.8
2.9
7.4
2.8
5.0
4.0
2.5
4.6
3.7
3.2
4.4
4.9
3.0
2.6
6.1
2.2
3.6
3.7
2.8
4.2
3.3
3.5
4.4
4.0
3.3
3.1
4.2
2.2
4.0
3.5
2.2
3.9
3.5
2.8
4.4
3.4
3.1
3.1
3.8
2.3
3.9
Nondurable goods <.......................- .......
Food and kindred products.
Tobacco manufactures......... ...........
Textile-mill products.......................
Apparel and other finished textile
products.............................—.......
Paper and allied products----------Chemical and allied products------Products of petroleum aud coal---Rubber products----------------------Leather and leather products.........
2.8
3. 7
1. 9
2.9
2.8
4.2
1.6
2.8
3.2
4.1
2.1
3.7
3.3
4.4
1.7
3.5
3.4
4.4
1.6
3.1
3.4
4.0
1.8
3.7
4.2
5.2
1.9
4.5
3.6
4.5
2.3
4.0
3.0
3.6
2,1
3.4
2.6
3.1
1.6
2.8
2.9
3.7
1.5
2.9
3.1
3.6
1.7
3.5
3.0
4.1
2.0
2.9
3.0
4.0
1.9
3.3
3.0
3.8
2.1
3.4
2.9
2.1
1. 5
.9
2.9
4.6
2.8
2.3
1.4
.7
4.2
3.8
3.5
2.7
1.7
1.2
3.9
3.6
3.7
2.8
1.8
1.8
3.7
3.4
4.4
2.8
1.9
1.5
3.8
3.5
4.1
2.8
1.5
2.3
3.4
5.0
4.4
4.2
3.2
2.6
3.3
4.8
4.4
2.9
2.0
1.4
3.1
4.8
4.2
2.3
1.4
1.6
2.3
3.4
3.0
2.3
1.4
1.1
2.6
3.3
4.0
2.3
1.3
.9
2.7
4.2
4.0
2.2
1.5
1.1
3.8
4.8
3.6
2.4
1.4
.9
4.1
4.8
3.8
2.6
1.6
1.1
2.5
3.9
3.8
2.4
1.8
1.3
2.7
3.7
4.0
2.4
2.5
3.2
7.2
4.2
1.5
6.2
5.7
5.0
4.3
3.1
2.0
3.6
8.1
1.9
4.3
2.9
1.8
3.7
1.8
3.3
3.3
7.7
10.0
3.2
3.8
3.1
2.7
3.1
4.0
2.6
3.2
3.8
3.1
1. 1.
1. 9
2.6
2. 9
3.6
3.9
4.3
2.5
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.3
0.9
1.0
.8
2.2
1.7
.8
.5
1.0
.8
1.0
.8
.8
1.5
1.0
1.0
2.3
1.9
.7
.5
1.0
.9
1.0
.8
.9
1.6
.9
.8
1.8
1.4
.7
.5
.9
.8
L 1,
.7
.8
1.5
1.2
1.1
2.3
1.7
.9
.7
1.1
.9
1.3
1.0
1.0
1.8
.8
.8
1.7
1.1
.7
.4
.8
.6
.9
.8
.7
1.2
N onmanufacturlng:
Metal ruining..................
Anthracite mining..........
Bituminous coal mining.
Separations: Quits
Manufacturing-
0.7
0.6
0.7
0.6
0.7
1.0
1.9
1.5
Durable foods--------------------- ----------Ordnance and accessories------------Lumber and wood products--------Furniture and fixtures---------------Stone, clay, and glass products-----Primary metal Industries-----------Fabricated metal products...........
Machinery (except electrical)------Electrical machinery........................
Transportation equipm ent............
Instruments and related products.
Miscellaneous manufacturing........
.6
.8
.9
.9
.5
.3
.6
.5
.7
.4
.6
.9
.5
.7
1.0
.7
.4
.3
.4
.4
.7
.5
.6
1.0
.6
.8
1. 2
.9
.6
.3
.5
.5
.9
.6
.6
1.0
.5
.6
.9
.8
.4
.2
.4
.4
.7
.4
.6
.9
.6
.7
1.1
.9
.5
.3
.5
.5
.8
.5
.7
1.2
.9
.9
1.6
1.6
.7
.4
.8
.6
1.0
.8
.7
1.8
1.7
1.9
4.0
2.5
1.6
.7
1.6
1.2
1.8
1.2
1. 7
3.0
1.3
1.1
3.1
2.3
1.1
.5
1.2
.9
1.2
.9
1.2
2.4
1.0
.9
2.4
1.6
.8
.4
.8
.7
.9
.8
.8
1.8
1.0
.8
2.4
1.5
.8
.5
.9
.8
1.0
.9
.9
1.6
Nondurable good» *-----------------------Food and kindred products--------Tobacco manufactures...................
Textile-mill products---------------Apparel and other finished textile
products____________________
Paper and allied products..............
Chemicals and allied products----Products of petroleum and co al...
Rubber products............................
Leather and leather products------
.9
.6
.6
l.i
.8
.6
.8
.9
.9
.8
.9
1.0
.7
.6
.6
.8
1.0
.9
.7
1.0
1.2
1.1
.9
1.4
2.3
2.1
1.2
2.2
1.8
1.6
1.2
2.1
1.4
1.1
1.2
1.7
1.3
1.1
1.0
1.6
1.3
1.1
.9
1.6
1.3
1.0
.9
1.7
1.2
.9
.8
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.1
1.6
1.0
.9
.9
1.2
1.6
.5
.4
.2
.5
1.7
1.6
.5
.4
1.7
.6
.5
.2
.5
1.6
1.3
.5
.2
.4
1.4
1.8
.6
.4
.3
.5
1.6
2.3
.9
.6
3.2
1.5
1.0
.6
.9
3.0
2.8
.9
.6
.3
2.6
1.0
.6
.3
.8
2.0
2,3
,8
.5
.3
2.2
2.1
1.0
.6
.3
.8
2.2
2.4
.9
.6
.3
.6
1.9
3.0
2.5
1.9
1.1
1.1
3.0
1.9
1.6
2.5
1.2
.7
.4
.9
2.1
1.7
.8
.5
.3
.6
1.5
.9
(')
.2
.9
.1
.2
.8
.2
.2
.9
.1
.3
1.8
.5
.4
1.6
.2
.3
1.6
.1
.4
1.2
.5
.2
1.8
1.7
.3
.3
2.1
.3
.2
1.4
.3
3
1.2
.Ö
.3
N onmanufacturlng:
Metal mining...................................
Anthracite mining..........................
Bituminous coal mining................
See footnotes a t end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
.4
1.5
.6
.4
.3
.2
.4
.4
.7
.7
.3
.7
.7
678
MONTHLY LABOR‘REVIEW, JUNE 1961
T able B-l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1—Continued
[Per 100 employees]
1961
1960
Annual
average
Major industry group
Mar.»
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Ang.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
1959
1958
Separations: Layoffs
Manufacturing.......................................... .
1.9
2.5
3.0
3.0
2.7
2.2
2.0
2.2
2.0
1.7
1.6
2.0
2.2
1.6
2.3
Durable goods_____________________
Ordnance and accessories.......... .
Lumber and wood products______
Furniture and fixtures________ _
Stone, clay, and glass products___
Primary metal Industries________
Fabricated metal products_______
Machinery (except electrical).........
Electrical machinery.......................
Transportation equipment..............
Instruments and related products..
Miscellaneous manufacturing.........
2.1
.9
2.6
2. 3
2.4
1.7
2.7
1. 5
1. 5
3.1
1.0
2.6
3.0
1.1
2. 5
2.0
2.4
2.4
4.2
1.8
1.6
6.7
.7
2. 5
3.7
1.2
3.1
2.5
4.0
3.3
5.8
2.1
2.1
6.6
1.0
3.3
3.5
1.1
3.7
2.7
3.8
3.9
5.8
1.9
1.9
4.4
.8
7.7
3.1
1.2
5.1
3.2
2.8
3.9
3.4
2.1
1.9
3.5
1.2
5.2
2.6
1.4
3.8
2.6
1.9
3.7
3.5
2.1
1.2
2.8
.7
2.8
2,2
1.5
1.9
1. 5
2.2
3.3
2.8
2.3
1.0
2.8
1.2
1.4
2.7
.7
1.9
1.2
1.8
3.5
3.2
2.4
1.1
5.8
1. 1
1.7
2.5
1.3
1.5
1.5
1.9
34
3.5
1.8
1.1
4.7
1.0
1.2
2.1
1.5
1.2
1.2
2.2
3.4
2.5
1.9
1.4
2.7
.8
1.6
1.9
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.5
3.4
1.8
1.8
1.4
2.4
1.0
1.7
2.3
1.7
1.9
1.7
1.8
2.5
2.9
1.8
1.9
3.4
.8
2.7
2.6
1.0
2.8
1.7
2.4
2.4
3.7
1. 6
2.3
4.0
.7
2.2
1.8
.7
1.7
1.4
1.4
1.0
2.7
1.2
.9
3.6
,6
2.3
2,6
18
2 1
2.2
2. 5
2. 6
3.1
24
1. 8
3.8
1.3
3.1
Nondurable goods L ................................
Food and kindred products______
Tobacco manufactures__________
Textile-mill products____________
Apparel and other finished textile
products___________ _________
Paper and allied products..... ..........
Chemicals and allied products____
Products of petroleum and coal___
Rubber products..............................
Leather and leather products____
1.5
2.6
.9
1. 5
1.6
3.2
.6
1. 5
1.8
2.9
.9
2.2
2.1
3.3
.8
2.3
2.0
3.1
.7
1.7
1.7
2.3
.5
1.9
1.4
2.6
.4
1.7
1.2
2.4
.6
1.4
1.1
2.0
.7
1.2
.8
1.6
,2
.8
1.1
2.1
4
9
1.4
2.1
.6
14
1.4
2.7
.8
1.0
1.2
2.4
.ñ
1.2
1.7
2.5
.9
1.8
l.i
1. 1
.7
.5
2.0
2. 5
.9
1.4
.6
.2
3.3
1.6
1.5
1.5
.9
.3
2.9
1.6
2.1
1.8
1.1
1.1
2.9
1.4
2.3
17
1.1
.9
2.9
1.4
1.5
1.4
.6
1.3
2.3
2.5
1.0
1,0
.8
.9
1.7
1.1
.8
.8
.5
.5
1.7
1.1
,8
.8
.4
.8
1.2
.7
.6
.7
.4
.4
1.3
.7
1.0
.8
.4
.3
1.6
1.6
1.1
.8
.6
.5
2.7
2.1
9
1.0
.6
3
2.9
2.6
.9
.9
.5
.4
1.1
1.2
1. 8
1. 3
1.0
.Q
1. 8
1.8
Nonmanufacturing:
Metal mining__________________
Anthracite mining______________
Bituminous coal m in in g ................
3.3
.8
1. 5
2.7
5.4
2.0
1.0
3.9
4.5
4.4
2.8
2.4
1.4
2.0
7.3
1.3
1.6
1.3
1.0
1.0
.6
2,6
1.1
6.1
8.7
,3
1.9
2.6
.2
1.6
3.5
.2
1. 8
3.1
.8
.2
1.4
.6
1.7
3.1
2.2
3.7
2.0
• Month-to-month changes In total employment In manufacturing and
nonmanufacturing Industries as Indicated by labor turnover rates are not
comparable with the changes shown by the Bureau’s employment series for
the following reasons:
(1) The labor turnover series measures changes during the calendar
month, while the employment series measures changes from midmonth to
midmonth;
(2) Industry coverage Is not identical, as the printing and publishing
industry and some seasonal Industries are excluded from turnover;
(3) Turnover rates tend to be understated because small firms are not as
prominent in the turnover sample as In the employment sample; and
(4) Reports from plants affected by work stoppages are excluded from the
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
turnover series, but the employment series reflects the influence of such
stoppages.
* Preliminary.
’ Beginning with January 1959, transfers between establishments of the
same firm are Included in total accessions and total separations; therefore,
rates for these items are not strictly comparable with prior data. Transfers
comprise part of other accessions and other separations, the rates for which
are not shown separately.
4 Excludes the printing, publishing, and allied Industries group, and the
following Industries: Canning and preserving; women’s, misses’, and chil
dren’s outerwear; and fertilizer.
1 Less than 0.05.
0 —EARNINGS AND HOURS
679
C.—Earnings and Hours
T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry
Annual
average
1960
1961
Industry
Mar.2 Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Sept.
Oct.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
1959
1958
Average weekly earnings
Mining______________________________ $104.37 $107.71 $109. 60 $106.38 $105. 32 $108.41 $107. 47 $108.67 $111.22 $110.83 $110.70 $111.38 $110.98 $107.73 $100.10
M etal............... ............................. ......... 108.94 109.35 110. 30 111.79 108.54 110.43 112, 74 111.49 111.37 110.27 114.01 113.58 111.30 103.31 96. 22
Iron................................................... 106. 56 106.56 109.74 108.92 108.59 110.21 115. 95 113.88 117.67 110.98 120.22 120.80 115. 66 107. 34 100. 27
Copper......................... —................ 115.13 114.97 114.86 117.02 115.18 115.72 116. 75 116.24 112.14 115.46 115.54 114. 06 114. 66 106.17 94. 62
88.88 92.57 91.43 91.60 87.10 86.79 87. 17 88.62 91.66 95.04 94.68 93.71 92. 52 90. 63 85. 93
Lead and zinc........ ................... —
90.32 106.19 107.90 95.35 94.46 95.22 84. 39 94, 26 93.50 93. 23 82.29 80.88 99.91 84,98 76.01
A nthracite.................. ..........................
98.15 110.85 112.52 109.54 104.33 111. 51 108. 23 114.10 121.60 121. 69 119.03 122. 30 127.26 118.30 102. 38
Bituminous coal.....................................
Crude-petroleum and natural-gas pro
duction:
Petroleum and natural-gas produc
117. 68 118.48 124. 74 114.05 115.18 115. 87 116. 44 112.44 116.16 113.52 116.03 115.18 113. 52 114.93 109. 75
tion (except contraci services)..
95.08 95. 68 97.02 95.17 98.18 102.12 101. 66 102.37 102.60 101.70 98.78 98. 55 92.89 95.48 89.63
Nonmetallíc mining and quarrying---C ontract co n stru ctio n ---------------------------
Nonbuilding construction....................
Highway and street construction..
Other nonbutldlng construction...
Building construction......... ..................
General contractors........................
Special-trade contractors...............
Plumbing and heating______
Painting and decorating..........
Electrical work..........................
Other special-trade contractors
119.64
116. 79
104.06
126.36
120.41
109.65
125.63
135. 77
115.91
156. 36
116. 86
122.40
118. 78
105.03
128.44
123.19
113.56
127.78
136.52
116. 55
154.39
120.36
122.72
120.17
108.64
128.95
123.53
114.48
128.15
138. 71
115.55
153.60
120.37
115.26
113. 39
101. 80
122. 62
115.56
106. 23
120.24
133, 22
11Q.72
148.92
110. 53
117.20
114.64
106.75
122.68
117.99
109.02
122. 82
130.32
113.88
149.31
116. 25
125. 50
128.65
126.43
131.02
125.17
114. 66
129.93
137. 52
122.11
155.62
124.23
123. 13
126. 42
123. 98
128. •NS
122. 40
112. 73
127. 44
134. 61
119. 70
151. 70
121. 80
124, 31
126. 90
124.26
129. 97
123.68
113. 52
12 a ®
135. 58
119.65
151. 32
124.65
123.61
124.91
122.36
127.80
123.68
113. 77
128.83
135.20
120. 70
160. 93
124.21
121.18
121.06
117.43
125.15
121.24
111 13
126. 69
134.87
118. 62
149.38
121.41
119.56
118.03
111.90
123.86
119.91
110. 26
124.93
132. 68
116. 60
148. 23
119. 70
119.19
117.96
112. 36
123. 51
119,19
109.50
124.57
131.98
115.58
147.07
118. 99
115. 60
116 91
105.89
124. 26
115. 60
104.83
120. 74
130.27
113. 91
146.69
112.83
114. 82
113. 24
108.09
118. 40
115.28
106. 39
120.27
128. 66
113.40
142.08
113.80
110.47
109. 47
104.14
114. 26
110.67
102. 63
115.28
123. 23
107, 95
135. 97
109. 31
Average weekly hours
Mining________________________
M e ta l...............— ......................
Iro n .................... ..........-........
Copper..................................
Lead and zinc____________
Anthracite................................ —
Bituminous coal..........................
Crude-petroleum and natural-gas pro
duction:
Petroleum and natural-gas produc
tion (except contract services)—
Nonmotallic mining and quarrying—
38.8
40.2
36.0
42.8
39.5
33.7
30.2
39.6
40.5
36.0
42.9
40.6
37.0
33.9
40.0
40.7
37.2
42.7
40.1
38.4
34.2
39.4
41.1
37.3
43.5
40.0
34.8
33.6
39.3
40.2
37.0
42.5
38.2
34.6
32.1
40.3
40.6
38.4
42.7
37.9
34.6
34.1
40.1
41.6
40.4
43.4
37.9
30.8
33.2
407
41.0
40.1
43.7
38. /
34.4
35.0
41.5
41.4
41.0
42.0
40.2
34.0
37.3
41.2
41.3
38.4
43.9
41.5
33.9
37.1
41.0
42.7
41.6
44.1
41.3
29.6
36,4
41.1
42. 7
41.8
44.1
41.1
29.2
37.4
40.8
42.0
40.3
44.1
40.4
36.2
38.8
40.5
40.2
37 4
12.3
40.1
30.8
36.4
38.1
38.8
36.2
39.1
39.6
28.9
33.9
40.3
41.7
40.3
41.6
42.0
42.0
40.3
41.2
40.7
42.5
40.8
44.4
41.0
44.2
40. 3
44.8
40.9
45.0
40.4
45.2
41.0
43.9
40.7
43.8
40.4
41.1
40.9
43.8
40.8
43.3
Contract construction_________________
Nonbulkllng construction.....................
Highway and street construction..
Other nonbuilding construction...
Building construction.................
General contractors..............
Special-trade contractors.................
Plumbing and heating....... —
Painting and decorating____
Electrical w o rk ........................
Other special-trade contractors
35. 5
38.8
38.4
39.0
34.8
34.7
34.8
37.3
33.5
38.8
33.2
36.0
39.2
38.9
39.4
35.4
35.6
35.2
37.3
33.3
38.5
34.0
36.2
39.4
38.8
39.8
35.6
36.0
35.4
37.9
33.3
38.4
34.1
34.1
37.3
36.1
38. 2
33.4
33.3
33.4
36.0
32.0
37.7
31.4
35.3
38.6
38.4
38.7
34.5
34.5
34.5
36.2
33.2
37.8
33.5
37.8
42.6
43.9
41.2
36.6
36.4
36.6
38.2
35.6
39.1
35.8
37.2
42.0
43.5
40.4
36.0
35.9
36.0
37.6
35.0
38.7
35.1
37.9
42.3
43.6
41.0
36.7
36.6
36.7
38.3
35.4
38.9
36.1
37.8
42.2
43 7
40.7
36.7
36. 7
36.6
38.3
35.5
3a 7
35,9
37. 4
41.6
42.7
40.5
36.3
36.2
36.3
38.1
35.2
38.7
35.5
86.9
40.7
41.6
39.7
35.9
35.8
35.9
37.8
34.6
38.5
35.0
36.9
41.1
42.4
40.1
35.9
35.9
35.9
37.6
34.4
38.3
35.1
35.0
39.1
39.0
39.2
34.2
33.6
34.4
36.8
33.8
38,1
32.8
36.8
40. 3
41.1
39.6
35.8
35.7
35.9
37.7
35.0
38.4
34.8
36.7
40.1
41.0
39.4
35.7
35.6
35.8
37.8
34.6
38.3
34.7
Mining____ _______________ _________ $2.69
2.71
M etal.----- ----------------------------------2.96
Iron.................... .................... ........ 2.69
Copper.............................................
2.25
Lead and zluc_________________
Anthracite....... .... ...... ............................ 2.68
3.25
Bituminous coal___________________
Crude-petroleum and natural-gas pro
duction:
Petroleum and natural-gas produc
2.92
tion (except contract services)...
2.28
Nonmetallíc mining aDd quarrying....
$2.72
2. 70
2.96
2.68
2.28
2.87
3.27
$2.74
2. 71
2. 95
2.69
2.28
2. 81
3. 29
$2.70
2. 72
2.92
2. 69
2.29
2.74
3.26
$2.68
2.70
2.87
2. 71
2. 28
2. 73
3. 25
$2,69
2. 72
2.87
2,71
2.29
2.76
3.27
$2.68
2.71
2.87
2.69
2.30
2. 74
3.26
$2.67
2 68
2.84
2. 66
2.29
2.74
3 26
$2. 68 $2. 69
2. 69 2. 67
2.87
2.89
2. 67 2. 63
2.28
2.29
2. 75 2.76
3.28
3.26
$2.70
2. 67
2.89
2.62
2. 29
2.78
3.27
$2.71
2. 66
2.89
2.80
2.28
2. 77
3.27
$2.72
2. 65
2. 87
2.60
2.29
2. 76
3.28
$2. 66
2. 57
2.87
2. 51
2. 26
2. 76
3.25
32.56
2.48
2.77
2.42
2.17
2. 63
3.02
2.94
2.30
2.97
2.31
2.83
2.31
2.83
2.31
2.84
2.30
2.84
2.30
2.79
2.28
2.84
2. 28
2.81
2.25
2.83
2.25
2. 83
2.25
2.81
2. 26
2.81
2.18
2.69
2.07
3.37
3.01
2.71
3.24
3.46
3.16
3.61
3.64
3.46
4.03
3.52
3.40
3.03
2.70
3.26
3.48
3.19
3.63
3.66
3.50
4.01
3.54
3.39
3.05
2.80
3.24
3.47
3.18
3.62
3.66
3.47
4.00
3. 53
3.38
3.04
2.82
3.21
3.46
3.19
3.60
3.64
3. 46
3.95
3.52
3.32
2.97
2.78
3.17
3. 42
3.16
3. 56
3.60
3. 43
3.95
3 47
3.32
3.02
2.88
3.18
3,42
3.15
3. 55
3.60
3, 43
3.98
3.47
3.31
3.01
2. 85
3. 19
3.40
3.14
3. 54
3.58
3.42
3.92
3.47
3.28
3.00
2.85
3.17
3 37
3 11
3.51
3. 54
3.38
3.89
3. 45
3.27
2. 96
2.80
3 ¡4
3 37
3. 10
3. 52
3.63
3.40
3.90
3. 46
3. 24
2,91
2.75
3.09
3.34
3.07
3.49
3.54
3.37
3.86
3. 42
3.24
2.90
2.69
3.12
3.34
3.08
3.48
3. 51
3.37
3.85
3.42
3.23
2. 87
2.65
3.08
3. 32
3.05
3. 47
3.51
3. 36
3.84
3. 39
3.30
2.99
2.71
3.17
3.38
3.12
3.51
3. 54.
3.37
3.85
3, 44
3.12
2.81
2.63
2.99
3.22
2.98
3.35
3.41
3.24
3.70
3.27
3.01
2.73
2.54
2.90
3.30
A verage hourly earnings
Contract conuirnctiori-------------------------Nonbuilding construction____ _____
Highway and street construction..
Other nonbiiildlng construction...
Building construction.......................... .
General contractors._____ _____
Special-trade contractors.............—
Plumbing and heating............
Painting and decorating..........
Electrical work____________ _
Other special-trade contractors
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2.88
3. 22
3.26
3.12
3.55
3.15
680
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1961
T a b l e C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1961
1960
Annual
average
Industry
M ar.s
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
1959
1958
Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing................ ............................ . $90.71 $90.25 $90.25 $89. 55 $90.39 $91.31 $91.08 $90.35 $91.14 $91.60 $91.37 $89.60 $90.91 $89. 47
Durable goods.......................... ...........
97.57 97.07 97.22 96.97 97.42 98.89 98.15 97.20 97.76 98.98 98.58 97.36 98.74 97.10
Nondurable goods..................... ............. 82.04 81.02 81. 41 80.18 81.48 81.51 81.72 81.77 82.37 82.16 81.35 79.52 79.93 79.60
$83.50
90.06
75.27
Durable goods
Ordnance and accessories....................... 109.62 109.48 109.48 108.14 109.34 108.27 108.14 105.60 105.20 107.30 107.79 106. 49 108. 73 105. 06
Lumber and wood products...................
Sawmills and planing mills______
Millwork. plywood, and prefabricated structual wood products—
Wooden containers........ ....... ...........
Miscellaneous wood products.........
Furniture and fixtures...........................
Household furniture_____ ____ _
Office, public-building, and professional furniture_______________
Partitions, shelving, lockers, and
fixtures_____________________
Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous
furniture and fixtures_____ ____
101. 43
77.21
74.30
76.23
73.54
77. 60
74.11
77. 59
74.30
77.18
74.30
81.58
77. 61
84.19
80.00
81.97
80.00
81.35
79.00
83.84
81.18
81.40
78.94
80.20
77.95
77.60
75.27
79.79
77.74
75.41
73.23
83.18
58.71
67.87
80.70
58.71
67.37
80.88
57. 51
66.97
81. 54
56. 85
66.36
79.93
59.19
68.28
83.20
60.89
69.70
82.56
59.37
69.19
84.00
60.74
68.45
82.89
63.14
68.61
83.37
62.42
70. 55
84.42
62.47
69.29
82. 97
60. 70
68. 04
81.95
59.10
68.38
84.05
59.79
66.42
79.38
56. 88
63.62
72. 35
67.73
71.98
67.20
71.24
66. 33
75.01
70.80
74.05
69. 52
75. 55
71.10
75. 74
71.46
75.89
71.23
74.40
69.30
74. 77
63.83
74.19
69.65
73.82
69.83
72. 73
67.94
74.44
70.93
70.31
66.76
85.81
85.84
84. 99
86. 43
85. 81
88.99
88. 58
89.03
88. 40
88.40
87. 54
86.88
87. 74
85. 49
79.79
93.12
94.71
92. 88
92.49
94.95
95.83
95.20
97.27
97.68
96. 76
94.60
92.10
93.26
91.66
85.97
77.03
75.47
75.86
76.44
77.79
79.95
77.20
77.76
76. 57
77.38
76.78
72.91
74.80
73.93
71.56
39.9
40.4
39.3
39.3
39.9
38.6
39.7
40.3
38.8
40.3
40.8
39.6
39.2
39.5
38.8
Average weekly hours
Manufacturing_______________________
Durable goods_____________________
Nondurable goods........ ........ ................ .
39.1
39.5
38.7
38.9
39.3
38.4
38.9
39.2
38.4
38.6
39.1
38.0
39.3
39.6
38.8
39.7
40.2
39.0
39.6
39.9
39.1
39.8
40.0
39.5
39.8
39.9
39.6
40.0
40.4
39.5
Durable goods
Ordnance and accessories___________
40.6
40.7
40.7
40.2
40.8
40.4
40.5
40.0
40.0
40.8
41.3
40.8
41.6
41.2
40.9
Lumber and wood products_________
Sawmills and planing mills______
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated structural wood products..
Wooden containers___ __________
Miscellaneous wood products____
38.8
38.9
38.5
38.5
38.8
38.6
38.6
38.9
38.4
38.9
39.6
39.8
39.9
40.2
39.6
40.2
39.3
39.9
40.5
41.0
40.1
40.9
39.9
40.6
38.8
39.0
40.5
40.7
39.8
39.8
39.8
39.4
40.4
38.8
39.4
40.1
38.7
38.6
40.1
39.2
37.9
39.5
38.8
39.2
40.4
40.0
39.8
41.0
39.6
38.3
40.7
40.0
39.7
40.5
39.1
41.0
40.6
39.7
40.8
41.5
40.2
41.1
41.0
39.7
40.2
40.5
39.4
39 4
40.7
41.0
40.4
41.0
40.6
39.5
40.2
38.9
38.7
38.7
38.4
38.3
37.9
39.9
40.0
39.6
39.5
40.4
40.4
40.6
40.6
40.8
40.7
40.0
39.6
40.2
39.9
40.1
39.8
39.9
39.9
39. 1
38.6
40.9
41.0
39.5
39.5
Furniture and fixtures..........................
Household furniture.... ....................
Office, public-building, and professional furniture_____
Partitions, shelving, lockers, and
fixtures_____________________
Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous
furniture and fixtures_________
40.1
40.3
39.9
40.2
40.1
41.2
41.2
41.8
41.5
41.5
41.1
40.6
41.0
41.1
39.5
38.8
39.3
38.7
38.7
39.4
39.6
39.5
40.7
40.7
41.0
40.6
39.7
40.2
40.2
38.9
39.5
38.7
38.9
39.2
40.1
41.0
40.0
40.5
40.3
40.5
40.4
39.2
40.0
40.4
40.2
$2.29
2.44
2.07
$2.28
2.24
2.06
$2.29
2.45
2.06
$2.22
2.38
2.01
$2.13
2.28
1.94
Average hourly earnings
Manufacturing__ ____________________ $2.32
Durable goods........................................ 2.47
Nondurable goods_________________
2.12
$2.32
2.47
2.11
$2. 32
2. 48
2.12
$2.32
2. 48
2.11
$2.30
2. 46
2.10
$2.30
2. 48
2.09
$2.30
2. 46
2.09
$2.27
2.43
2.07
$2.29
2.45
2.08
$2.29
2. 45
2. 08
Durable goods
Ordnance and accessories___________
2. 70
2.69
2.69
2.69
2.68
2.68
2.67
2.64
2.63
2.63
2.61
2.61
2.62
2. 55
2.48
Lumber and wood products
Sawmills and planing mills_____
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated structural wood products..
Wooden containers___________
Miscellaneous wood products____
1.99
1.91
1.98
1.91
2. 00
1.92
2. 01
1.91
2.01
1.91
2.06
1.95
2.11
1.99
2.07
1.99
2.07
1.98
2.07
1.98
2. 03
1.93
2.01
1.92
2. 00
1.93
1.97
1.91
1. 89
1.84
2.09
1.49
1.68
2. OS
1.49
1.68
2.09
1.49
1. 67
2. 08
1.50
1.68
2.06
1.51
1.69
2.08
1.53
1.70
2.09
1.55
1.70
2.10
1.53
1.69
2.12
1.54
1.69
2.10
1. 53
1. 70
2.10
1.52
1.69
2.09
1.51
1.68
2. 08
1.50
1. 68
2.05
1.48
1.62
1.90
1.44
1.58
1.86
1.75
1.86
1.75
1.86
1. 75
1.88
1.77
1.87
1.76
1.87
1.76
1.87
1. 76
1.86
1. 75
1.86
1.75
1.86
1. 75
1.85
1.75
1.85
1. 75
1.86
1. 76
1.82
1.73
1. 78
1. 69
2.14
2.13
2.13
2.15
2.14
2.16
2.15
2.13
2.13
2. 13
2.13
2.14
2.14
2.08
2.02
2.40
2.41
2.40
2. 39
2. 41
2.42
2.41
2.39
2.40
2.36
2.33
2.32
2.32
2.28
2.21
1.95
1.95
1.95
1.95
1.94
1.95
1.93
1.92
1.90
1.91
1.90
1.86
1.87
1.83
1.78
Furniture and fixtures......... ...... ...........
Household furniture..................
Office, pubiic-building, and professional furniture...................
Partitions, shelving, lockers, and
fixtures_________________
,
Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous l
furniture and fixtures__________
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
681
0.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Annual
average
1960
1961
Industry
M ar.2 Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov. I Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
1959
1958
Average weekly earnings
Mairafac taring—C ontinued
Durable goods—Continued
Stone, clay, and glass products.......—
Flat glass......... ........... ....................
Glass and glassware, pressed or
blown..............................................
Glass products made of purchased
glass..............................................
Cement, hydraulic_____________
Structural clay products..................
Pottery and related products_____
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster
products........... ..............................
Cut-stone and stone products.........
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
products......... _.................. ..........
Primary metal industries----------------Blast furnaces, steel works, and
rolling mills....... ...........................
Iron and steel foundries...................
Primary smelting and refining of
nonferrous metals_____________
Secondary smelting and refining
of nonferrous metals___________
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of
nonferrous metals_____________
Nonferrous foundries........................
Miscellaneous primary metal In
dustries_____________________
Stone, clay, and glass products_______
Flat glass....... ................................—
Glass and glassware, pressed or
blown___ ___________________
Glass products made of purchased
glass..___ ____________ _____
Cement, hydraulic_____________
Structural clay products.................
Pottery and related products....... .
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster
p ro d u cts...___ ______________
Cut-stone and stone products____
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
products____________________
Primary metal industries___________
Blast furnaces, steel works, and
rolling mills........................... ........
Iron and steel foundries_________
Prim ary smelting and refining of
nonferrous metals..........................
Secondary smelting and refining
of nonferrous metals......................
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of
nonferrous metals_____________
Nonferrous foundries____________
Miscellaneous primary metal in
dustries_____________________
$92.63 $91. 54 $91. 54 $91.48
122.30 121.99 124.03 130.29
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
91.25
92.86
89. 47
91.88
88.13
85.76
70. ,50
97.66
79. 78
SI. 79
73.45
98. 98
80. 39
79.80
71.55
92. 92
75.25
73.24
87.08
72.20
91.96
75. 44
86.43
73.31
96.40 96.24 96.24 96.23
108.68 107.73 107. 82 105. 28
97.04 97.77 97. 53 98, 49 97.20 96. 96 97.44 95.84 98.29 96.93
104.72 106.12 106. 78 106.68 108.75 109. 70 109. 70 112.29 114.29 112. 72
87.96
100.97
115.13 113.77 114.25 109.34
94.63 93.25 92.62 94.12
106.86 109.63 110.60 1.10.53 113.83 115. 74 116.21 122.22 122.89 122.28
94.13 95.76 95. 76 95.98 97.61 97.61 96. 61 95. 48 99.00 97.44
108.00
85.93
108.14 109.89 109. 75 110.43
110.83 110.29 111.61 110. 43 109.74 108.24 108.47 112.25 108.05 105.93
94.07
92.90
91.26
74.50 74. 50 73.91 78.38
103.46 101. 00 101. 65 103.06
80. 78 79.17 79. 97 79.56
82. 72 81.31 79.79 80.14
93.02
77. 49
91.24
75.43
91.94
75. 95
90. 61
74. 67
93.60 92. 57
79.32
105.56
81.60
83.76
95.48
76.73
93.50 95.91
75.98 78.28
96.36
78.62
95.26
75.89
92.86
94.60
77. 27
93.15
93.74
78.81
92.02
77.61
88.84
113.02 110.00 110. 42 108.63
102.00 103.17 101.89 101.38
110.42 110.42 110.15 109. 89 111.78 110. 83 108.54 106. 53 107.87 110. 62
101.09 102.11 101.96 101. 96 101.81 101.91 101.50 97.32 100.60 100. 28
100.90
93.06
108. 53 108. 81 108. 25 108.64
108.74 109.42 109.42 108.47 109, 57 109. 85 110.12 110.40 115.08 113.85
Average weekly hours
102.31
95.20
98.01
94.47
96.48 96.08
95.20
40.1
39.2
39.8
39.1
39.8
39.5
39.6
41.1
40.7
42.7
40.9
41.9
40.5
40.3
41.0
40.2
94.00
40.8
39.7
93. 67
41.0
39.9
95.06
94.77
99.05
94.16
96.16
94. 40
91.54
$84.80
113.10
79.10 78.34 74.48 74.84 73. 71 72.95 71.82
104.75 105.18 103. 57 106.71 105.63 104.14 101.18
82.01 81.60 83.64 82.22 83. 43 83.23 83.03
83.76 80.41 83.28 79.21 82.46 81.70 81.75
94.24
40.9
39.8
40.3
39.8
95.06
39. 9
39.6
41.1
41.6
40.0
38.6
40.1
40.2
39.7
39.0
40.0
39.9
39.5
40.2
39.8
40.2
40.5
38.9
40.3
39.7
39.7
38.6
40.1
39.6
37.6
38.6
39.3
39.0
37.3
38.9
39.4
39.2
36.6
40.4
40.1
39.0
37.1
41.1
40.6
40.0
38.6
41.2
40.6
40.2
38.6
40.8
40.3
40.0
37.4
39.2
40.3
41.0
38.2
39.6
41.2
40.5
36.5
39.0
41.1
41.3
38.0
38.6
41.0
41.0
38.0
38.0
40.8
40.7
38.2
37.3
39.7
39.3
38.4
39.7
40. 9
40.6
38.0
39.1
40.4
39.4
35, 9
41.9
41.0
41.1
39.7
41.6
40.4
41.0
39.3
42. 5
40.2
43.4
41.2
43.4
40.6
410
41.6
44.1
40.8
44.0
41.1
43.4
41.7
42.8
41.6
40.6
38.2
44.0
41.0
43.0
40.5
40.0
38.0
40.1
37.8
40.1
37.7
39.6
37. 2
40.1
37.4
40.4
37.9
40.3
38.0
40.7
38.1
40.5
38.7
40.4
38.9
40.6
38.9
40.1
39.4
41.3
40.1
41.6
40.4
39.8
38.1
36.9
37.7
36.7
37.3
36. 5
36.9
35. *
37.2
35.5
37.5
36.3
38.0
36.5
38.0
36,6
38.7
37.2
39.2
37.7
39.2
38.1
38.8
39.3
38.5
39.9
39.6
39.7
40.1
37.5
37.2
40.1
40.5
40.7
40.8
40.9
41.2
41.0
41.3
40.9
41.1
41.0
41.4
42.2
41.4
40.9
39.9
39.5
40.5
39.2
40.2
40.2
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.2
40.8
40.5
40.8
41.3
40.2
40.8
40.0
40.0
40.3
40.3
39.8
39.5
39.6
40.3
39.8
40.3
40.2
40.2
40.3
40.4
40.3
41.4
40.4
41.2
40.6
40.5
40.6
39.9
39.4
40.4
40.4
41.9
41.1
40.2
39.6
38.9
39.0
38.8
38.8
39.4
39.5
39.8
39.3 39.7
39.5
Average hourly earnings
39.9
40.0
41.1
41.4
39. 2
Stone, clay, and glass products_______ $2.31 $2.30 $2. 30 $2.31
3.17
3.14
3.12
Flat glass__________ ___________ 3.12
Glass and glassware, pressed or
2.34
2. 34 2.34
blown............................... ............ 2.35
Glass products made of purchased
1.94
1.90
1.93
glass........................... ................ — 1.93
2.57
2. 58 2.57
Cement, hydraulic______________ 2.58
2.04
2.04
2.03
Structural clay products_________ 2.04
2.16
2.18
2.20
2.18
Pottery and related products____
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster
9,. 9,1
2.21
2.22
2.22
products____________________
1. 88 1.90
1.90
1.89
Cut-stone and stone products____
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
2. 40 2.43
2.40
products................ ......... .............. 2.41
2.85
2. 86 2.83
2.86
Primary metal industries___ _______
Blast furnaces, steel works, and
3.08
3.13
3.10
rolling mills............. ........... .......... 3.12
2.53
2.51
2. 51 2.50
Iron and steel foundries_________
Primary smelting and refining of
2.69
2.70
nonferrous metals_____________ 2. 67 2.70
Secondary smelting and refining of
2.41
nonferrous metals.......................... 2. 41 2. 41 2.42
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of
2. 74 2.75
2. 75
nonferrous metals_____________ 2.77
2. 56 2.56
2.56
2.55
Nonferrous foundries......................
Miscellaneous primary metal in
2.80
dustries_____________________ 1 2.79
2.79 ■ 2.79
See footnotes a t end of table.
$94.02 $94.07 $92. 75 $93.89 $93.02 $93.07 $92.84 $91.08 $90.57 $90.83
135.79 133.66 126. 64 125. 42 124.26 125.29 124.97 123. 78 124. 74 113.46
$2.31 $2.30
3.18 3.19
$2.29
3.14
$2.29
3.12
$2.28
3.13
$2.27
3.14
$2. 27
3.14
$2.26
3.11
$2.27
3.15
$2.21
3.16
$2.12
2. 93
2.34
2.32
2. 31
2.31
2.30
2.31
2. 30
2.30
2.28
2.22
2.16
1.93
2.60
2.04
2.17
1.92
2.58
2.04
2.17
1.92
2. 61
2.04
2.15
1.90
2. 57
2.04
2.18
1.89
2. 59
2.03
2.17
1.89
2. 57
2.02
2.17
1.89
2. 54
2.03
2.15
1.89
2. 4S
2.04
2.14
1.89
2.46
2.03
2.13
1.85
2.42
3.98
2.10
1.83
2. 30
1.91
2.04
2.20
1.89
2.21
1.90
2.20
1.89
2.19
1.89
2.16
1.86
2.15
1.88
2.16
1.89
2.15
1.87
2.15
1.89
2.09
1.84
2.01
1.81
2.42
2.80
2.42
2.80
2.42
2.81
2.42
2.80
2.40
2.81
2.40
2.82
2.40
2.82
2.39
2.85
2. 38
2. 85
2 33
2 79
2.21
2.65
3.01
2. 51
3.02
2.52
3.03
2.52
3 02
2.48
3.06
2.49
3.07
2.49
3.05
2.49
3.11
2.18
3.08
2. ,50
3,08
2. 43
2.88
2.31
2.69
2.69
2.70
2.70
2.67
2.64
2.62
2.66
2. 61
2.59
2. 47
2.40
2.39
2.38
2.36
2.35
2.33
2.33
2.34
2.33
2.28
2.21
2.74
2.54
2. 74
2.54
2.74
2.53
2 72
2.53
2.70
2.52
2.69
2. 51
2.68
2.50
2.67
2.47
2.67
2.49
2.64
2.44
2. 51
2.36
2.76
2.77
2.77
2.76
2.76
2.7«
2. 76
2.76
2.80
2. 75
2.61
682
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1961
T a b l e C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1961
Industry
Mar.2 Feb.
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable good*—Continued
Fabricated metal products__________
Tin cans and other tinware............
Cutlery, bandtools, and hardware..
Heating apparatus (except elec
tric) and plumbers’ supplies___
Fabricated structural metal prod
ucts.............................................
Metal stamping, coating, and en
graving......................................... .
Lighting fixtures..............................
Fabricated wire products...... .........
Miscellaneous fabricated metal
products.........................................
Machinery (except electrical)________
Engines and turbines__________
Agricultural machinery and trac
tors................................................ .
Construction and mining machin
ery......................................... .......
Metalworking machinery...... ........
Special-industry machinery (ex
cept metalworking machinery)..
General industrial m achinery____
Office and store machines and de
vices________________________
Service-industry and household
m achines......................................
Miscellaneous machinery parts___
Annual
average
1960
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
June
July
May
Apr.
Mar.
1959
1958
Average weekly earnings
$97.81 $96. 82 $97.07 $96.58 $98.15 $100.04 $100.94 $100.45 $99.63 $100.21 $99. 96 $96. 56 $98. 42 $97.41 $90.80
114.90 115.87 116. 72 114.45 114.90 114.09 115. 79 119. 26 119.94 118.40 116. 47 111.66 108. 94 112. 36 104.42
92. 67 89.15 92. 28 93.30 95.27 95.34 94. 56 94.77 93.83 93.60 93.90 90.85 92.63 92.25
86.15
94. 47
93. 60
92. 54 91.06
99.75
99.40
99.60
99.94
85.95
92.00
98.42
86.33
93.32
92.90
92.98 92.28
89.71
91.42
91.83
87.91
99.10 100.94 101. 68 102.18 101. 84 102. 26 102.09 100.86
98.74
97.60
96.72
93.43
97 27 98 94 101 24 104 70 10Q fi2 107 17 103 97 107 33 103 00 102 21 105 57
86. 71 86.41 89.04 94.48 93. 79 89.24 87.02 91.08 89.60 86.02 88.44
92.00 89.24 89.72 90.35 90.12 89.60 88.75 88. 75 89. 38 87.91 90.32
87^72
89.60
80.17
83. 74
95.83 94.47 94. 47 93.99 95. 52 96. 48 94.64 95.91 95.20 95.68 95.75 93.77 98.29 97.44
105.06 104.92 104.92 103.74 103.46 104.49 103. 57 103. 68 105.11 105.88 106.14 104.04 105. 47 103.25
114. 90 113.81 112. 84 114.45 113.65 112. 80 113.08 114.90 112.33 114.26 113.15 108.38 112.20 110.42
88.53
94.25
102.26
90.30
93.30
93. 38 92. 51
105.72 108.00 106.13 106. 27 104.94 104. 80 104. 66 104. 12 102.43
102. 80 102.91 102.80 102,82 104.09
95.59
101. 91 101. 77 101.12 101.77 101. 24 101. 49 100.86 100. 84 102. 00 102. 77 102. 47 101.05 100.65 101.35
113.96 113. 96 112. 61 ill. 23 109.62 111.25 109.62 110. 84 118.30 122.24 123.36 120.37 123. 76 114.06
91.89
101.38
99.88 100. 61 100.12 100. 21 100.53 101. 50 101.02 101. 46 102.37 102. 61 102.12 99.66 102. 43 98.05
102.00 102.51 102.11 100. 98 102.11 102.87 102.72 103. 22 102.66 103. 91 103.16 101.34 101. 84 100.94
89. 55
93.06
106. 25 106. 63 106. 37 104.66 105.97 106.60 105.30 101.63 105.88
98.89
93.30
100.19 98. 78 100. 84 99. 54 98.50 98.70 98.46 96. 87 96.62 98.65 99.14 98.00 96.62 97.20
102.00 101. 75 102. 26 99.96 100.69 101.85 101.20 100. 65 100.25 101. 25 100.85 98.70 100. 85 101.43
Average weekly hours
Fabricated metal products__________
39.6
39.2
40.5
40.9
39.3 39.1
39.9
40.7
41.0
40.5
40.8
39.9
40.5
41.1
Tin cans and other tinware............. 40.6
40.8
41.1 40.3
40.6
40.6
42.9
41.8
43.3
42.9
42.2
40.9
40.2
42.4
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware. 39.1
40.2
40.4
38.1
39.9
40.6
40.0
40.3
39.1 39.2
40.1
39.5
40.1
41.0
Heating apparatus (except elec
tric) and plumbers’ supplies____ 39.2
39.0
39.2
39.2
39.4
38.4 38.1
38.1
39.2
39.4
39.1
38.5
38.9
40. 1
Fabricated structural metal prod
ucts.......... .......................... ........... 39.9
39.6
40.7
41.0
41.2
41.4
40.0 39.8
41.4
41.5
41.0
40.3
40.0
40.3
Metal stamping, coating, and en
graving..................... ...................... 39.5
38.9
39.7
40.9
38.6 38.8
42.0
41.7
40.3
41.6
41.7
40.4
41.4
41.7
Lighting fixtures_______________
38.2
38.2
39.4
40.9
39.2
38.2 37.9
40.6
40.2
40.3
40.0
39.1
40.2
40.8
Fabricated wire products...... .......... 40.0
40.4
39.7
39.8
40.0 3S.8
40.0 39.8
39.7
39.8
39.9
39.6
40.5
41.1
Miscellaneous fabricated metal
products____________________
39.6
39.2
40.2
39.2 39.0
39.8
39.6
40.3 40.0
40.2
40.4
39.9
41.3
42.0
Machinery (except electrical).............. 40.1
40.2
40.2 39.9
40.5
40.1
40. 5 40.9
41.2
40.3
41.3
41.2
40.8
41.3
Engines and turbines___________
40.6
40.5
40.3 40.3
40.3
40.0
40.1
40.6
41.1
40.7
40.7
39.7
41.1
41.2
Agricultural machinery and trac
tors.................................................. 39.3
40.0
39.6
4*0
39.6 39.8
40.1
40.2
40.0
40.2
39.7
40.0
39.7
40.5
Construction and mining machin
ery............................... .................. 39.5
39.6
39.5 39.6
39.7
39.8
39.4
39.7
40.5
40.3
40.1
40.0
40.1
41.2
Metalworking machinery________ 40.7
40.7
40.8 40.3
40.3
40.9
40.6
40.9
43.9
42.4
43.5
43.3
44.2
42.4
Special-industry machinery (ex
cept metalworking machinery).. 40.6
40.9
41.2
41.6
41.4
42.1
42.4
40.7 40.9
42.3
42.2
41.7
42.5
41.9
General industrial machinery____
40.0
40.2
40.2 39.6
40.2
40.5
40.6
40.8
40.9
41.4
41.1
40.7
40.9
41.2
Office and store machines and de
vices________________________ 40.4
40.7
40.6 40.1
41.0
40.6
40.5
39.7
40.4
41.2
40.5
40.0
40.6
40.2
Service-industry and household
machines... .................................... 39.6
39.2
39. 7 39.5
39.4
39.8
39.7
39.7
40.1
40.3
39.6
40.0
39.6
40.5
Miscellaneous machinery parts___ 40.0
39.9
40.1
40.1 39.2
39.8
40.0
40.1
40.1
40.5
40.5
39.8
40.5
41.4
Average hourly earnings
Fabricated metal products..................... $2. 47 $2.47 $2.47 $2.47 $2.46 $2. 47 $2.48 $2.45 $2. 46 $2.45 $2.45 $2. 42 $2.43 $2.37
Tin cans and other tinware............. 2. 83 2. 84 2. 84 2.84
2.83
2. 81
2. 77 2.78
2. 76
2. 77
2.76
2. 73
2. 71
2.65
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware... 2.37
2.34
2.36
2. 36 2.38
2.37
2.37
2.34
2.34
2.34
2.33
2.30
3.31
2.25
Heating apparatus (except elec
tric) and plumbers’ supplies___
2.41
2.40
2. 41 2.39
2.37
2.37
2.38
2. 37 2.36
2. 36 2. 33
2.36
2. 35
2.29
Fabricated structural metal prod
ucts......................................... ........ 2.50
2. 51 2.49
2.49
2.48
2.48
2. 48
2.46
2. 46
2.47
2.46
2. 45
2 44 2,40
Metal stamping, coating, and en
graving.......................................... 2. 53 2. 53 2.52
2.55
2. 55 2.56
2.61
2 57 2. 58
2.59
2.53
2.58
2. 55
2. 46
2. 25 2. 26 2. 27 2.28
Lighting fixtures_______________
2. 31
2.26
2.31
2.22
2. 24 2.20
2. 22
2.26
2. 20
2. 15
Fabricated wire products............... 2. 30 2. 31
2. 30 2.30
2.26
2.27
2.27
2.23
2. 24 2.23
2.24
2. 22
2.23
2.18
Miscellaneous fabricated metal
2.41
2.41
2.41
products.--------------------- --------- 2.42
2.40
2.40
2.39
2.38
2.38
2.38
2.37
2.35
2.38
2 32
Machinery (except electrical)................ 2. 62 2. 61 2. 61 2.60
2. 58 2.57
2.58
2.5«
2. 57
2.57
2. 57 2.55
2. 56 2.50
Engines and turbines.................— 2.83
2.81
2.84
2.80
2.82
2.82
2. 82
2.83
2.76
2. 78 2.78
2. 73 2. 73 2 68
Agricultural machinery and trac
2.70
tors...........— ................................. 2.69
2. 68 2.67
2.65
2.62
2.61
2. 59 2. 58
2. 56 2.57
2.57
2. 59 2. 57
Construction and mining machin
ery................................................... 2. 58 2.57
2. 56 2.57
2.55
2.55
2. 56 2.54
2. 55 2.55
2. 53 2. 52
2.51
2.46
2.80
Metalworking machinery................ 2.80
2.76
2.76
2.72
2.72
2. 70 2.71
2.79
2 81
2.81
2. 78 2. 80
2.69
Special-industry machinery (ex
2.46
2.46
cept metalworking machinery)
2. 46 2.45
2.44
2.44
2. 44
2. 41 2. 42
2.42
2.42
2.39
2. 41
2.34
2. 55 2. 54 2. 55 2.54
General industrial m achinery____ 2. 55
2. 54 2.53
2.53
2. 51
2.51
2.51
2.49
2.49
2. 45
Office and store machines and de
2. 62 2.62
2.61
vices................. ............................ 2. 63
2.60
2.61
2.60
2.56
2. 57
2.56
2.55
2.53
2. 54
2.46
2. 53
2. 52
Service-industry and household
2. 54 2.52
2. 50 2. 48
machines-............... ......................
2. 48 2.44
2. 44
2.46
2.46
2.45
2. 44
2. 40
2.55
2. 55 2. 55 2.53
2. 54
Miscellaneous machinery parts___ 2.55
2 53 2.51
2. 50
2.50
2.49
2.48
2.49
2.45
See footnotes at end of table.
90.68
92.73
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
103.42 103.28 101.20 103.12
40.0
41.6
39.7
39.6
40.1
40.1
39.3
39.5
39.7
39.6
40.1
39.5
39.1
39.6
39.8
39.6
39.7
39.6
39.8
$2.27
2.51
2.17
2.22
2.33
2 31
2.04
2.12
2.23
2.38
2. 55
2.42
2.35
2.56
2. 25
2. 35
2.35
2. 29
2,33
683
0.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1961
Annual
average
1960
Industry
Mar.3 Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
1959
1958
Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
D u ra b le
goods—Continued
Electrical machinery----------------------Electrical generating, transmis
sion, distribution, and industrial
apparatus-----------------------------Electrical appliances___ ________
Insulated wire and cab le...............
Electrical equipment for vehicles...
Electric lamps_____________ ____
Communication equipment......... .
Miscellaneous electrical products...
$93.53 $93.77 $93.77 $92.28 $93.20 $93.09 $93.03 $91. 77 $90.39 $92.23 $91.37 $88.98 $91. 43 $89.91
94.19
89. 27
87.15
96.56
88. 13
86.86
88.94
89.72
85.36
86.11
89. 47
80.57
81.97
85.03
Transportation equipment....................
Motor vehicles and equipment.......
Aircraft and parts_____ _________
Ship and boat building and
repairing------------------------------Railroad equipment_____ ______
Other transportation equipment...
109.69 109.25 108.14 111. 44 112.16 115.49 112.96 108. 90 110.15 110.97 111. 66 107.59 110.84 107.73
107.80 105. 56 104.81 111.79 113.77 119.39 118.52 108.64 111.20 112.87 113. 85 108.23 113.83 110.16
113.58 114.82 114.13 113. 44 112.61 111.93 111.24 110.84 110.97 110. 57 110.29 107.07 109.34 106. 63
100. 69
99.98
101.91
108.47 108.98 108.31 106.12 105.98 109. 53 103. 97 108. 23 106. 90 105.60 105. 46 103. 49 103.62 101. 40
107.26 103.49 106.02 106.39 103. 58 108.67 106. 96 107.24 107. 90 110.65 111. 39 110.26 112.18 107.41
92.06 90.00 87.94 88.09 86.94 88.46 86. 75 83.63 84. SO 86.36 86.63 84.58 84.10 89.13
98.00
100.70
82. 74
98.15
95.59
87.34
99.18
89.70
90.91
88.48
98.00
94.38
87.57
94.75
89.93
91.20
92.52
97. 91
93.56
88.19
96.64
86.33
91.43
94.54
97. 57
89. 68
85. 50
98.94
81.98
89.54
91.20
97.11 96.16 96.80
90.48 92.00 89.93
87.76 89.21 87.76
98.53 101.85 102. 77
89.67 89.65 86.08
90.45 90.94 90.05
90.72 90.58 89.60
96.80
90.00
88.20
95.59
87.47
88.80
89.82
96.80
90.62
88.40
98.21
85. 25
85.69
89.15
96,88 96. 24
91.25 91. 80
89.68 88.62
97. 32 98. 55
86.75 87. 30
89.24 87.34
88. 43 89.65
94. 25
89.17
84. 66
95.40
86. 41
85.19
89.20
96.15
91.10
89. 46
96.53
88. 36
88.18
89.60
$85.14
Average weekly hours
Electrical machinery____ ___________
Electrical generating, transmis
sion, distribution, and industrial
apparatus___________________
Electrical appliances____________
Insulated wire and cable.................
Electrical equipment for vehicles...
Electric lamps.................... ............
Communication equipment______
Miscellaneous electrical products...
39.8
39.9
39.9
39.1
40.0
40.3
40.1
39.9
39.3
40.1
39.9
39.2
40.1
40.5
39.6
39.9
39.5
41.2
39.2
39.0
39.7
39.5
40.0
39.0
41.5
37.9
39.1
40.0
40.4
39.8
38.5
41.6
38.5
37.7
40.1
40.4
39.5
38.0
39.4
38.8
35.8
39.1
40.0
39.8
39.0
41.2
39.1
39.5
40.2
40.5
39.9
40.0
41.3
40.1
40.2
40.6
40.8
40.0
39.1
41.2
40.3
38.6
40.2
40.0
40.0
39.3
41.8
38.7
39.4
40.0
40.1
40.0
39.4
41.5
39.6
38.4
38.6
39.8
40.2
39.5
42.8
39.4
38.9
40,2
38.3
40.1
39.4
42.2
39.9
39.5
39.7
40.2
39.6
38.6
40.9
39.1
39.1
38.0
40.0
40.4
39.1
42.6
39.4
39. 8
39.9
40.0
40.6
39.5
41.9
40.4
40.8
40.4
40.8
39.7
38.8
41.4
38.9
39.3
39.6
40.3
Transportation equipment--------- -----Motor vehicles and equipment.......
Aircraft and parts.............................
Ship and boat building and
repairing_____ _______________
Railroad equipment............... ........
Other transportation equipment...
39.6
38.5
41.3
39.3
37.7
41.6
38.9
37.3
41.5
39.8
39.5
41.1
40.2
40.2
41.1
41.1
41.6
41.0
40.2
40.8
40.6
39.6
38.8
40.9
40.2
40.0
41.1
40.5
40.6
40.8
40.9
41.1
41.0
39 7
39.5
40.1
40.6
40.8
40.8
40.5
40.8
40.7
39.8
39.2
40.8
39.3
37.9
40.2
39.2
36.7
39.3
39.1
37.2
38.4
37.9
37.2
38.3
38.4
36.6
38.3
39.4
38.4
38.8
37.4
38.2
38.9
39.5
38.3
37.5
39.3
38.4
38.2
39.7
39.1
38.9
40.1
39. 5
39.2
39.5
39.1
38.8
39.4
39.5
38.4
39.0
39.2
40.7
39.2
38.0
39.4
Average hourly earnings
Electrical machinery_______________ $2.35
Electrical generating, transmis
sion, distribution, and Industrial
2.46
apparatus___________________
Electrical appliances____________ 2.42
Insulated wire and cable_________ 2.12
Electrical equipment for vehicles... 2.53
Electric lamps________ _________ 2.30
Communication equipment______ 2.29
Miscellaneous electrical products... 2.24
$2.35
$2.35
$2.36
$2.33
$2.31
$2.32
$2.30
$2.30
$2.30
$2.29
$2. 27
$2.28
$2.22
$2.15
2.45
2.42
2.11
2.50
2.30
2.28
2.29
2.46
2.43
2.12
2.51
2.29
2.28
2.34
2.47
2.36
2.17
2. 55
2.29
2.29
2.28
2.44
2.32
2.13
2.52
2. 27
2.25
2.24
2.41
2.30
2.16
2.54
2.23
2.24
2. 22
2.42
2.30
2.13
2. 55
2.23
2. 24
2.24
2.42
2.29
2.11
2. 47
2.22
2.22
2.24
2.42
2.30
2.13
2.48
2.22
2.22
2.24
2.41
2.31
2.12
2. 47
2. 23
2, 22
2.25
2.40
2.33
2.10
2. 47
2.21
2.20
2.23
2. 38
2. 31
2.07
2. 44
2.21
2.19
2.23
2. 38
2.33
2.10
2. 45
2. 22
2. 21
2.24
2. 32
2. 26
2.08
2.39
2.16
2.15
2.18
2. 26
2.20
2.08
2.30
2.05
2.07
2.11
2.77
2.80
2.75
2.78
2.80
2.76
2. 78
2.81
2.75
2.80
2.83
2.76
2.79
2.83
2.74
2.81
2.87
2.73
2. 81
2. 87
2. 74
2. 75
2.80
2.71
2.74
2. 78
2.70
2.74
2. 78
2.71
2. 73
2.77
2.69
2.71
2.74
2.67
2.73
2. 79
2.68
2.66
2. 70
2.82
2.53
2.55
2.51
2.76
2.83
2.29
2.78
2.82
2.29
2.77
2.85
2.29
2.80
2.86
2.30
2.76
2.83
2.27
2. 78
2.83
2.28
2.78
2.80
2.23
2.74
2.80
2.23
2.72
2.81
2.22
2. 66
2. 83
2.22
2. 63
2. 82
2.21
2. 62
2.82
2.18
2.63
2.84
2.19
2.60
2. 74
2.19
2. 50
2. 65
2.10
Transportation equipment---------------Motor vehicles and equipment___
Aircraft and parts__________ ____
Ship and boat building and
repairing______ ______________
Railroad equipment........................
Other transportation equipment...
See footnotes at end of table.
594911— 61------ 8
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
684
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1961
T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1961
1960
A nnual
a v er a ge
I n d u s tr y
M a r .3
Feb.
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
S e p t.
O ct.
A ug.
J u ly
June
M ay
A pr.
M ar.
1959
1958
A v e r a g e w e e k ly ea r n in g s
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
Durable goods— C o n tin u e d
I n s tr u m e n ts an d r e la te d p r o d u c ts ______
L a b o r a to r y , s c ie n tific , a n d e n g in e e r in g in s t r u m e n t s .............................
M e c h a n ic a l m e a su r in g a n d co n tr o llin g in s t r u m e n t s .........................—
O p tic a l in s tr u m e n ts a n d le n s e s .........
S u r g ic a l, m e d ic a l, a n d d e n ta l in s t r u m e n t s — ..........- .................................
O p h th a lm ic p o o d s .....................................
P h o to g r a p h ic a p p a r a t u s .......................
W a tc h e s a n d c lo c k s ------------------------M isc e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu r in g in d u 3 t r i e s ___________ __________ ____________
J e w e lr v , s ilv e r w a r e , a n d p la te d
w a r e ...................................... - ......................
M u s ic a l in s tr u m e n ts a n d p a r t s . . . . .
T o y s a n d sp o r tin g g o o d s ___________
P e n s , p e n c ils, o th e r o ffice s u p p l i e s . .
C o stu m e je w e lr y , b u tto n s , n o t io n s .
F a b r ic a te d p la s tic s p r o d u c ts ..............
O th e r m a n u fa c tu r in g in d u s tr ie s ___
$97.53
$96. 64
$96.63
$95.99
$95.44
$95. 99 $95.75
$95. 65 $94. 77 $93. 43 $95.88
$93.25
$87.38
118.28
114.62 119.14
113.83
116.34
116.34
115.51
115.79
115.37
114.95
112.88
110. 97
116. 75
111.14
103.07
94 .2 4
99 .7 2
91.8 0
100.12
94.7 1
101.09
92.97
98.81
92.04
98.8 8
91.8 7
97.17
92 .5 7
98.77
93.9 0
98. 77
93.90
98.3 6
92.80
94.13
9 5 .0 6
96.0 0
92 .6 2
92.25
86.72
88. 51
84 .0 2
80.85
8 5 .0 6
8 5 .8 8
79.56
77.32
77.95
7 8 .1 6
109. 76 109. 89 110. 29 109. 59
79.18
76.9 6
76.2 4
73.46
86. 51
77.81
109.33
77.42
85. 68
77.95
108.14
76.43
85.06
79.80
110.27
80.0 0
85.48
78. 78
108. 94
79.00
85.89
81.20
107.12
78.01
83.6 2
80.4 0
106. 34
77.41
81.80
79.20
105.82
75.65
8 4 .6 6
79.18
106. 86
77.03
82 .8 2
77.59
104. 65
77.41
78,00
71.41
97.53
73. 71
95.68
98.3 3
84.0 2
80.9 8
109.62
81.3 9
94.8 0
97. 69
$96.88 $94.47
78.61
78.80
78. 41
76.0 3
78.4 0
78.20
77.03
77.60
76.44
77.41
77.41
76.05
78.18
76. 57
73.26
78.2 0
89.7 8
74.87
70.5 3
70.2 3
84.24
81.1 6
78. 21
90.0 9
75.65
71.50
70.20
83.4 2
81.97
78.41
91.35
75. 46
67.8 9
70.2 3
83.01
81.37
75.83
91.94
69.56
68.56
67.15
80.91
79.54
8 4 .0 0
94.2 4
72.1 3
7 1 .1 0
7 1 .1 0
8 3 .2 3
8 0 .1 9
82.37
95.34
71.28
72.80
70. 71
83.44
80.19
76.03
93. 56
71.13
71.94
65.82
84.05
80.40
79.77
90.5 8
70. 59
72.00
68.56
83. 64
80.60
77.22
88. 66
68. 20
66.0 6
67.64
84.0 5
80. 79
80.3 6
90.17
69. 63
69. 95
70. 22
83.03
80.19
80. 77
87.38
71.16
72.18
68.29
83 .0 3
81.00
80.1 6
86.58
69.32
69. 05
66. 33
80.40
79.59
80. 54
88.32
71. 53
70. 88
68. 73
83.0 2
82.01
79.46
88.9 9
69.1 7
70.58
68.90
83.20
79.40
75.70
83.79
66.91
67. 72
65.18
79.17
76.04
39.9
A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s
I n s tr u m e n ts a n d r e la te d p r o d u c t s ...— .
L a b o r a to r y , s c ie n tific , a n d e n g in e e r in g in s tr u m e n ts ______________
M e c h a n ic a l m e a s u r in g a n d co n tr o llin g in s t r u m e n t s ______________
O p tic a l in s tr u m e n ts a n d le n s e s ____
S u r g ic a l, m e d ic a l, a n d d e n ta l in s t r u m e n t s ................................... ...............
O p h th a lm ic g o o d s ................. —...............
P h o to g r a p h ic a p p a r a tu s ........................
W a tc h e s a n d c lo c k s ________________
M isc e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu r in g in d u st r ie s ....................................................................—
J e w e lr y , s ily e r w a r e , a n d p la te d
w a r e ............................................... - ............
Musical instruments and p a rts.....
Toys and sporting goods..................
Pens, pencils, other office supplies. .
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions.
Fabricated plastics products-------Other manufacturing industries—
4 0 .3
40.1
4 0 .2
3 9 .2
4 0 .6
40. 5
40.1
40. 5
4 0 .4
4 0 .7
4 0 .5
40.1
4 0 .8
4 0 .9
4 1 .5
4 0 .5
42.1
3 9 .8
4 2 .0
41.7
41 .4
4 1 .8
4 1 .5
4 1 .8
4 1 .5
41.1
4 2 .3
42.1
40.9
4 0 .2
4 0 .3
4 0 .0
4 0 .2
40.1
4 0 .7
3 8 .9
4 1 .2
4 0 .3
4 1 .6
39. 9
4 1 .0
39 .5
41 .2
3 9 .6
4 1 .0
3 9 .9
4 1 .5
4 0 .3
4 1 .5
4 0 .3
4 1 .5
4 0 .0
40.4
4 0 .8
41 .2
40 .8
4 1 .0
39.6
40 6
4 0 .2
3 9 .5
4 0 .3
3 9 .7
4 0 .7
3 9 .0
4 0 .5
3 9 .2
4 0 .2
3 8 .4
4 0 .4
38.1
3 8 .5
3 7 .9
41 .0
37 .1
4 0 .7
3 8 .5
4 1 .2
3 8 .9
4 1 .0
39 .1
41.1
3 9 .7
4 0 .8
38 .4
4 0 .5
3 8 .6
40 .7
3 9 .7
4 1 .3
4 0 .2
4 0 .9
3 9 .0
4 0 .8
3 9 .7
4 0 .9
4 0 .4
4 1 .2
3 9 .2
4 0 .2
4 0 .4
4 0 .9
3 8 .0
3 9 .9
3 9 .8
4 0 .7
38 .4
40 .7
39 .2
41.1
39.1
4 0 .6
4 0 .2
41 .2
3 9 .9
40.0
38.6
40.3
39.0
3 9 .5
3 9 .6
3 9 .4
3 8 .4
4 0 .0
40.1
3 9 .5
4 0 .0
3 9 .4
3 9 .9
39 .9
3 9 .2
40 .3
4 0 .3
3 9 .6
3 9 .1
3 9 .5
3 9 .8
3 8 .3
4 2 .0
41 .6
3 8 .4
40 .7
3 9 .6
41 0
40.8
38.9
39.3
39.9
40.7
39.7
4 1 .0
39.0
39.1
40. 1
38.8
40.9
39.9
40.9
39 0
38.3
39.3
37.9
39.8
39.4
41.3
40.7
39.3
39.6
39.5
41.1
40.4
41.6
41.2
39.3
40.1
39.6
41.6
40.1
40.7
30.9
38.9
39.6
38.8
40.6
39.4
$2.19
39.9
39.2
39.4
38.8
40.5
39.4
40.4
39.4
39.5
39.0
40.3
39.6
40.6
39.3
37.3
38.8
40.1
39.5
40.5
37.4
38.3
37.1
38.9
38.8
41.7
39.2
39.5
39.5
40.6
39.5
42.0
39.0
40.0
39.5
40.7
39.7
41.4
39.3
39.1
37 4
41.0
39.8
40.8
39.0
40.0
39.4
41.0
39.9
40.3
38.1
36.7
39.1
40.8
39.8
Average hourly earnings
Instruments and related products------- $2.42 $2.41
Laboratory, scientific, and engineering instruments ..................... 2.85
2.83
Mechanical measuring and controlling instrum ents.............. —
2. 38 2. 37
Optical instruments and lenses__
2.43
2.44
Surgical, medical, and dental instrum ents----- ------------------------ 2.09
2.09
Ophthalmic goods______________ 2.05
2.04
Photographic apparatus.................. 2.72
2.71
Watches and clocks......... ................ 2.05
2.02
Miscellaneous manufacturing Industries....................... ................................ 1.99
1.99
Jewelry, silverware, and plated
ware................................................ 2.00
1.98
Musical instruments and parts....... 2.25
2.23
Toys and sporting goods....... .......... 1.91
1.92
Pens, pencils, other office supplies _. 1.79
1.81
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions. 1.81
1.80
Fabricated plastics products........... 2.08
2.07
Other manufacturing industries—
2.07
2.06
See footnotes at end of table,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2. 41
$2.41
$2.38
$2.37
$2.38
$2.37
$2. 37
$2. 35
$2.34
$2.33
$2.35
$2.28
2.83
2.86
2.77
2.79
2.79
2. 77
2. 78
2. 75
2.72
2.70
2.76
2.64
2.52
2.35
2.45
2.36
2.43
2.35
2.43
2. 33
2.41
2.33
2.40
2.32
2.37
2. 32
2.38
2.33
2.38
2.33
2.37
2.32
2.33
2. 33
2. S3
2.27
2.25
2.19
2.18
2.09
2.03
2.72
2.02
2.10
2.04
2.69
1.98
2.11
2.03
2.66
1.96
2.11
1.99
2.66
1.95
2.10
2.03
2.67
1.98
2.09
2 01
2.67
1.99
2.09
2.02
2. 67
1. 99
2.10
2.01
2.60
1.99
2.08
1.99
2.60
1.99
2.05
1.99
2.60
1.97
2.08
2.02
2.60
1.97
2.04
1.93
2. 54
1.94
1.95
1.85
2.42
1.89
1.99
1.98
1.96
1.95
1,95
1.94
1.94
1.94
1.94
1.94
1.94
1.90
1. 85
1.97
2.22
1.92
1.82
1.81
2.07
2.06
1.98
2.27
1.86
1.79
1.81
2.08
2.05
2.00
2.26
1.84
1.80
1.80
2.05
2.03
1.98
2.27
1.80
1.82
1.79
2.05
2.02
1.98
2.26
1.81
1,84
1.76
2.05
2.02
1. 96
2.22
1.81
1.80
1. 74
2.04
2.02
1.95
2.20
1. 79
1.80
1.73
2.06
2.03
1.96
2.21
1.79
1.78
1.76
2.04
2.02
1.97
2.19
1.82
1.80
1.76
2.03
2.03
1.96
2.17
1.81
1.78
1.75
2. 02
2.02
1.95
2.17
1.82
1.79
1. 74
2. 02
2.03
1.91
2.16
1.76
1.76
1.74
2.00
1.98
1.86
2.10
1. 72
1.71
1.68
1.95
1.93
685
O.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T a b l e C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers/ by industry—Continued
Annual
average
1960
1961
Industry
M ar.1 Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Sept.
Oct.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
1959
195S
Average weekly earnings
Maim far. taring—C ontin ued
Nondurable goodt
Food and kindred products...... ........ —
Meat products..................................
Dairy products.................................
Canning and preserving-------------Grain-mill products.........................
Bakery products----------------------Sugar..................... - ..........................
Confectionery and related products.
Beverages..........................................
Miscellaneous food products-------Tobacco manufactures------------ -------Cigarettes-------------------- — .........
Cigars____________ ____- ........—
Tobacco and snufl...........................
Tobacco stemming and redrying...
$90.17 $89.78 $90. 45 $89.24 $89.10 $88.97 $89.02 $88. 58
100.10 99.29 101.56 101.59 102.18 101.11 102.51 99.70
90.20 90.01 90.01 88.94 89.40 89.40 91.76 90.30
70.12 69.93 68.82 67.71 64.79 72.00 74.69 74.03
97.18 97. 65 100.57 99. 21 99.44 101.93 99. 46 98.35
89.38 90.23 88.31 88.53 89.91 89.51 89.06 88.48
101.64 103.09 103.26 102.91 102.11 92.64 98.25 96.96
73. 66 73.05 73.42 69.30 70.88 72.85 74.66 73.12
99.94 96.86 97.36 97.61 99. 75 99.20 99.29 100.53
88.97 90.47 89. 79 88.10 90.07 89.67 89.02 86.93
66.43
79.08
52. 27
70. 31
54.45
66. 59
80. 77
52.56
69. 38
53.44
66. 53
80. 81
54.31
70.68
54.29
69.95
86.69
54.68
72.52
57.92
65.60
83.07
58.26
67.90
45.14
65.21
82.32
56.79
70.49
53.26
63.27
78.58
55.01
69.19
53.97
64.81
79.13
54.72
70.47
49.87
$89.60 $88.51 $88.91 $87.16 $86.94 $85.68
100.94 98.90 99.55 95.74 95.01 97. 23
91.79 90.73 89.01 89.21 87.53 86.32
70. 71 67.86 70.05 69.75 69.75 67.64
99.01 94. 61 94.18 92.87 94.61 92.66
89.16 88. 54 87.05 85.79 85.39 83. 21
101.92 99.84 97.61 95. 88 98.77 93.10
72.10 72.62 71.50 68.92 70.67 68.90
102.42 100.37 99.79 100.19 95.16 96.80
86. 74 86.11 85.90 84.85 84.85 84. 65
$81.81
91.08
81.90
66.13
89.79
79.00
89.73
66.30
92.23
80.95
68.43
80.88
53.58
67.52
69.93
71.53
85.07
54.38
70.46
64.34
68.58
80.26
54.43
68.08
61.78
64.80
77.17
49. 48
66.06
58.32
59. 86
67.47
63.06
62.10
50.81
65.40
81.80
53. 02
66.82
52.40
62.56
77.55
61. 79
62.79
49.92
Average weekly hours
Confectionery and"related products
Beverages----------------- -------------Miscellaneous food products..........
39.9
40.2
41.0
37.1
43.0
39.9
42.0
39.6
39.5
41.0
39.9
39.4
41.1
37.8
43.4
40.1
42.6
39.7
38.9
41.5
40.2
40.3
41.1
37.4
44.5
39.6
44.7
39.9
39.1
41.0
40.2
40.8
40.8
36.8
43.9
39.7
51.2
38.5
39.2
40.6
40.5
41.2
41.2
36.4
44.0
40.5
50.8
39.6
39.9
41.7
41.0
41.1
41.2
40.0
45.1
40.5
42.3
40.7
40.0
41.9
41.6
41.5
41.9
42.2
44.8
40.3
40.6
40.8
40.2
41.6
41.2
41.2
42.0
40.9
44.5
40.4
40.4
40.4
40.7
41.2
41.1
41.2
42.3
39.5
44.8
40.9
41.6
39.4
41.3
41.5
40.6
40.7
42.2
37.7
43.4
40.8
41.6
39.9
40.8
41.4
40.6
40.8
41.4
38.7
43. 4
40.3
40.5
39.5
40.4
41.3
39.8
39.4
41.3
37.7
42.6
39.9
40.8
38.5
40.4
40.6
39.7
39.1
40.9
37.5
43.2
39.9
41.5
39.7
39.0
40.6
40.8
41.2
41.7
39.1
43.5
40.2
43.3
39.6
40.5
41.7
40.7
40.3
42.0
39.6
43.8
40.1
44.2
39.7
40.1
41.3
Tobacco manufactures— ---------------Cigarettes-----------------------------Cigars_________________ _____
Tobacco and snuff_____________
Tobacco stemming and redrying..
36.7
37.3
35.8
37.4
36.3
37.2
38.1
36.0
37.5
36.6
37.8
38.3
37.2
38.0
37.7
39.3
40.7
37.2
39.2
39.4
37.7
39.0
39.1
36.7
34.2
40.5
39.2
38.9
37.9
43.3
40.3
37.6
38.2
37.4
44.6
37.9
38.6
38.0
38.3
36.4
37.6
38.7
36.7
37.1
36.1
39.3
40.9
37.5
38.5
38.3
38.1
38.4
37.8
37.2
37.9
36.0
37.1
34.6
36.1
36.0
34.8
33.4
37.1
34.5
34.1
39.4
40.9
37.6
38.4
39.4
39.1
40.6
37.8
37.6
38.7
$2.19 $2.19
2. 43
2.43
2.14
2.16
1.86
1.85
2.19
2.18
2.14
2.15
2.38
2.35
1.78
1.79
2. 48 2.44
2.09
2.09
$2.10
2.36
2.07
1.73
2.13
2.07
2.15
1. /4
2.39
2.03
$2.01
1.72
2.02
1.43
1.80
1.49
1.66
2.00
1.41
1.74
1.33
1.60
1.91
1.37
1.67
1.29
Food and kindred products_________
Meat products--------- ------- - .........
Dairy products----------- ------------Canning and preserving— ............ .
Grain-mill products------------------Bakery products-----------------------
Average hourly earnings
Food and kindred products____ ____ $2.26
2.49
Meat products-------- ----------------Dairy products------ ------- ----------- 2. 20
Canning and preserving.................. 1.89
2. 26
Grain-mill products------------------Bakery products.......................... — 2. 24
Sugar................................................. 2.42
Confectionery and related products. 1.86
2.53
Beverages_____________________
2.17
Miscellaneous food products--------
$2.25
2.52
2.19
1.85
2.25
2.25
2.42
1.84
2.49
2.18
$2.25
2.52
2.19
1.84
2.26
2.23
2.31
1.84
2.49
2.19
$2.22
2.49
2.18
1.84
2. 26
2.23
2.01
1.80
2.49
2.17
1.81
2.12
1.46
1.88
1.50
1.79
2.12
1.46
1.85
1.46
1.76
2.11
1.46
1.86
1.44
1.78
2.13
1.47
1.85
1.47
Tobacco manufactures_____________
Cigarettes------------------------ -----Cigars_______________________
Tobacco and snufl. „ .............. ......
Tobacco stemming and redrying..
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2.20 $2.17
2. 48 2. 46
2.17
2.17
1.80
1.78
2.26
2.26
2.21
2.22
2.19
2.01
1.79
1.79
2. 50 2.48
2.14
2.16
1.74
2.13
1.49
1.85
1.32
1.61
2.10
1.46
1.86
1.23
$2.14 $2.15
2. 47 2. 42
2.15
2.19
1.81
1.77
2.22
2.21
2.19
2.21
2.40
2.42
1.81
1.83
2. 47 2.47
2.11
2.14
$2.18
2. 45
2.17
1.79
2.21
2.18
2. 45
1.83
2.48
2.09
$2.18
2.43
2.15
1.80
2.18
2.17
2.40
1.82
2.46
2.08
$2.19
2. 44
2.15
1. 81
2.17
2.16
2. 41
1.81
2.47
2.08
1.71
2.05
1.44
1.84
1.37
1.82
2.09
1.46
1.82
1.66
1.82
2.08
1.45
1.83
1.68
1.80
2.09
1. 44
1.83
1.63
1.57
2.09
1.44
1.85
1.21
1.80
2.08
1.43
1.83
1.62
2.26
1.95
1.67
2.05
1.97
2.03
1.67
2.30
1.96
686
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1961
T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1961
1960
Annual
average
Industry
Mar. * Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
1959
1958
Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods— Continued
Textile-mill products.................... ......... $63.41 $62.76 $61.56 $61.88
Scouring and combing plants____ 72.10 70.18 71.28 66.95
Yarn and thread mills__________ 57.53 56.70 55.12 56.10
Broad-woven fabric mills________ 62.72 61.69 61.53 62.17
Narrow fabrics and smallwares___ 66.07 65.90 64.24 63.46
Knitting mills______ __________ 57.29 56.76 54.57 54.57
Dyeing and finishing textiles____ 73.57 74.52 69.92 69.70
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings 78.59 78.59 78.20 78.40
Hats (except cloth and millinery).. 59.62 61.01 62.39 57.80
Miscellaneous textile goods............ 75.62 73.70 75.03 73.91
Apparel and other finished textile
products.......................... .............. .
56.76 55.81 54.70 52.44
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats__ 65.39 66.34 66.91 62.75
M en’s and boys’ furnishings and
work clothing_____ __________ 47.30 46.90 46.10 45.28
Women’s outerwear____________ 61.94 59.31 56.70 53.63
Women’s, children’s undergar
ments___________ ____ ____ .... 52.93 51.77 51.48 49.39
Millinery_____________________ 70.67 74.84 63.03 53.94
Children’s outerwear___________ 51.62 53. 73 52.41 46.48
Miscellaneous apparel and acces
sories_______________________ 53.58 52.27 52.64 50.27
Other fabricated textile products... 64.57 62.79 62.36 62.53
$63.18 $63.24 $62.05 $64.31 $64.31 $05.53 $65.36 $63.76 $63.83 $63.43
66. 78 67.82 67.25 72.45 75.50 74.03 73.15 70.69 70.18 72.16
57.53 56.63 56.02 58.29 58.98 59.74 59.89 59.49 68.59 58.95
62.65 62.88 61.92 64.88 65.37 66. 58 66.01 64.96 65.12 63.29
65.07 64.51 64.18 66.80 65.57 68.30 66.50 65.11 66.17 65.53
57.38 57.99 57.15 58.29 57.60 58.67 58.22 55.95 55. 48 57.51
71.86 71.20 67.94 70.58 70.62 75.00 74.05 71.28 71.05 71.48
79.56 79.97 79.17 80.75 79.59 79.60 79.00 78.99 79.97 81.51
61.32 59.07 57.59 60.80 57.95 62.53 61.66 58.64 59.49 61.71
75.62 76.78 75.64 75.58 75.41 76. 55 75. 58 73.42 74.37 73.71
$58.29
64.86
52.36
56.26
60.37
64. 75
66,83
77.30
58.74
63.95
55. 77
67.26
56.45 55.93
69.52 69.72
57.62
72.38
56.42
70.67
55.90
72.58
55.90
69.12
53. 70
65. 49
55.85
66. 95
55.63
65.47
53.45
60.37
46.42
58.45
47.75 48.55
57.85 57.70
49.37
61.08
49.24
58.65
49.37
56.95
48.84
59.00
47.29
56.10
47.35
59.69
48. 76
59.51
46. 08
57.63
52.99
58.74
50.84
53.65 52.05
69.52 67.04
51.84 50.22
52.11
69.48
53.42
50.26
67.03
53.28
51.12
58.56
53.05
51.00
55.94
51.62
48.99
54.65
48.79
50.41
67.13
51. 70
51. 29
62.93
51.10
49.59
64.05
50.23
52.33
67.03
55.20 53.13
66.30 63.08
53.95
61.56
52.85
63.79
52.27
61.94
52.27
61.66
51.26
58. 67
52.71
60.96
52. 54
59. 59
50. 78
56.85
Average weekly hours
Textile-mill products______________
Scouring and combing plants____
Yam and thread mills__________
Broad-woven fabric mills................
Narrow fabrics and smallwares___
K nitting mills_________________
Dyeing and finishing textiles..........
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings
Hats (except cloth and millinery)...
Miscellaneous textile goods........... .
Apparel and other finished textile
p ro d u cts.............................................
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats..
Men’s and boys’ furnishings and
work clothing_____ __________
Women’s outerwear____________
Women’s, children’s undergar
ments_______________ _______
Millinery_____________________
Children’s outerwear__ _________
Miscellaneous apparel and acces
sories.................... .....................
Other fabricated textile products..
38.9
41.2
38.1
39.2
39.8
37.2
41.1
40.3
35 . y
39.8
38.5
40.1
37.3
38.8
39.7
37.1
41.4
40.3
36.1
39.2
38.0
40. 5
36.5
38.7
38.7
35.9
39.5
40.1
36.7
39.7
38.2
38.7
37.4
39.1
38.0
35. 9
39.0
40.0
34.2
38.9
39.0
38.6
38.1
39.4
38.5
37.5
40.6
40.8
36.5
39.8
38.8
39.2
37.5
39.3
38.4
37.9
40.0
40.8
35.8
40.2
38.3
39.1
37.1
38.7
38.2
37.6
38.6
40.6
34.9
39.6
39.7
41.4
38.6
40.3
40.0
38.6
40.1
41.2
37.3
40.2
39.7
42.9
38.8
40.6
39.5
38.4
39.9
40.4
34.7
39.9
40.2
42.3
39.3
41.1
40.9
38.6
41.9
40.2
37.0
40.5
40.1
41.8
39.4
41.0
40.3
38.3
41.6
40.1
36.7
40.2
39.6
41.1
39.4
40.6
39.7
37.3
40.5
40.3
34.7
39.9
39.4
40. 8
38.8
40.7
40.1
36. 5
40.6
40.8
36. 2
40.2
35.7
34.6
35.1
35.1
34.4
35. 4
33.4
33.2
35.3
35.4
35.5
36.4
35.4
36.5
36.7
37.7
36.4
38.2
36.3
38.2
36.3
38.4
36.1
37.0
35.3
34.8
35.0
33. 7
34.4
32.4
34.3
31.0
34.9
33.4
35.9
32.5
36.5
32.6
37.4
34.9
37.3
34.3
37.4
33.7
37.0
34.5
36.5
37.0
35.6
35.7
37.8
36.8
35.5
33.0
35. 9
34.3
29.8
3ü. 6
36.8
32.1
35.8
37.0
36.4
36.0
36.4
35.1
34.4
36.7
36.0
37.1
35.9
34.2
37.0
36.0
32.0
37.1
36.2
38.9
35.8
37.6
35.5f
36.9*
34.2
37.0
35.6
39.2
36.8
39.0
35.9
38.0
36.7
38.0
36.2
38.2
40. 4
38 6
42 2
40 6
40.1
41.1
40 7
38 6
41.8
41.8
37 4
38 8
3Q 2
37 fi
36 3
40.5
3fi 6
39.4
36.8
37.4
36 6
37.2
34.3
36.1
33.0
35.6
34.5
37 8
34.6
34 ! i
35.7
30.4
36.1
34.5
29.7
34.6
35. 5
35. 9
35.9
36 9
34.2
36.5
3rt 2
3rt 0
36. 4
37.3
38.0
30.3
38.3
35.6
36.9
36.1
38.1
37.0
38.2
37.4
40* «
40 Q
3K 4
Hfl 0
36 0
Average hourly earnings
Textile-mill products____ __________
Scouring and combing plants____
Yam and thread mills........... .........
Broad-woven fabric mills_______
Narrow fabrics and smallwares__
Knitting mills..................................
Dyeing and finishing textiles____
Carpets, mgs, other floor coverings
Hats (except cloth and millinery).
Miscellaneous textile goods______
Apparel and other finished textile
products_______________________
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats__
Men’s and boys’ furnishings and
work clothing______ _________
Women’s outerwear........................
Women’s, children’s undergar
ments.............................................
Millinery_____________________
Children’s outerwear___________
Miscellaneous apparel and acces
sories_______________________
Other fabricated textile products_
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1.63
1.75
1.61
1.60
1.66
1.54
1.79
1.95
1.67
1.90
$1.63
1.75
1.52
1.59
1.66
1.63
1.80
1.95
1. 69
1.88
$1.62
1.76
1.51
1.59
1.89
1.62
1.77
1.95
1.70
1.89
$1.62
1.73
1.50
1.59
1.67
1.52
1.76
1.96
1.69
1.90
$1.62
1.73
1.51
1.69
1.69
1.53
1.77
1.95
1.68
1.90
1.59
1.89
1.59
1.89
1.57
1.89
1.58
1.90
1.59
1.91
1.34
1. 78
1.34
1.76
1.34
1.75
1.32
1.73
1.33
1.75
1.45
1.91
1.45
1 . 46
1.45
1.98
1.45
1.91
1.46
1.44
1.81
1.43
1.48
1.66
1.46
1.67
1.48
1.69
1.47
1.69
1.5 9
1.66
$1.63 $1.62
1.73 1.72
1.51 1.51
1.60 1.60
1.68 1.68
1.53 1.52
1.78 1.76
1.96 1.95
1.65 1.65
1.91 1.91
$1.62
1.75
1.51
1.61
1.67
1.51
1.76
1.96
1.63
1.88
$1.62
1.76
1.52
1.61
1.66
1.50
1.77
1.97
1.67
1.89
$1.63
1.75
1.52
1.62
1.67
1.52
1.79
1.98
1.69
1.89
$1.63
1.75
1. 52
1.61
1. 65
1.52
1. 78
1.97
1.68
1.88
$1. 61
1.72
1. 51
1.60
1. 64
1.50
1. 76
1.96
1.69
1.84
$1.62
1.72
1. 51
1.60
1.65
1. 52
1.75
1.96
1. 69
1.85
$1.57
1.71
1.58
1.91
1.57
1.92
1.55
1.85
1.54
1.90
1.54
1.80
1.53
1.77
1. 56
1. 79
1. 52
1.70
1. 76
1.33
1.78
1.33
1.77
1.32
1. 75
1.32
1.71
1.32
1.69
1.32
1.71
1.31
1. 70
1. 33
1.73
1. 29
1.72
1 28
1.69
1.44
1 . 83
1.42
1.45
1.91
1.44
1.43
1.91
1.46
1.42
1.93
1.44
1.40
1.96
1.44
1.42
1.83
1.43
1.43
1.84
1.43
1.42
1.84
1.41
1.42
1.87
1.44
1.39
1. 84
1.40
1.87
1 R3
B38
1.47
1.71
1.50
1.70
1.48
1.66
1.47
1.62
1.46
1.67
1.44
1.63
1.44
1.61
1.44
1.59
1.46
1.60
1. 42
1. 56
1. 41
1, 52
1. 47
1. fi4
1. 61
1 49
1. 71
1. Qfi
1.70
1.82
$1.51
1 60
1 40
1 45
1M
1 46
1 65
1 RQ
1 65
1.75
1
F .\
0 —EARNINGS AND HOURS
687
T a b l e C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1961
1960
Annual
average
Industry
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
June
July
May
Apr.
Mar.
1959
1958
Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable good*— Continued
Paper and allied products_______ ____
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills.
Paperboard containers and boxes...
Other paper and allied products__
$96.98 $96.74 $96.28 $95.35 $96.37 $97.71 $98.14 $97. 75 $97.33 $97.13 $96. 05 $93.63 $94. 30 $94.16
105.78 105.53 105.29 105.47 105. 53 106. 76 107.20 106.82 106.87 106.19 104.64 Ì02.15 103. 29 102. 73
89. 51 88.66 88.22 85.24 88. 34 91.10 91.30 90.69 88.99 89.64 88. 34 86.43 86.03 87.78
87.53 86.48 85.44 85.01 85.68 85.06 85.68 85.90 85.49 85. 70 86.11 84. 26 84.87 83.42
$88.83
96.10
82.41
78.96
Printing, publishing, and allied Industries........ ...............................................
Newspapers___________________
Periodicals____________________
Books_____ ___________________
Commercial printing............ ...........
Lithographing___________ *____
Greetihg’eards..................................
Bookbinding and related Industries.
Miscellaneous publishing and
printing services......... ............. .
106.88
110.28
111.44
95.44
106.47
110.94
74.86
84.86
103. 41
108 28
118 15
90. 52
102. 96
106 40
70.07
80.50
97.90
103. 43
102 97
85.80
97. 22
98. 81
67.03
74.86
122.29 120.96 119.11 115.44 118.27 117.66 118.87 116. 73 119.81 116.18 115.97 115.06 117. 35 116.19
110.75
105.94
110.28
112.28
96.00
104.72
108.47
75.08
85.14
106.22
110 28
114 21
93.93
106.35
108 47
76.24
85.03
106.31
115.10
no 02
91.10
105.54
106 30
71.00
81.99
106.96
114 16
115 50
93.62
106.11
107 25
73. 68
83.71
107.14
113 40
117 83
93.77
106.92
107 64
74. 40
83.93
108.08
113 40
125 38
93! 53
108.80
110 48
73.66
82.56
106.09
n o 14
n o io
97.17
105. 72
112 16
71.55
82.64
106.20
111.47
120 10
92.97
105.18
100 07
73.30
82.60
105. 64 106. 37 103.95
112.10 113. 31 110.05
114 00 114. 37 Ilf). 30
93.43 94. 25 91.66
105.18 105.06 103.33
109. 53 110 55 106.23
69. 74 73.53 70.48
82.64 81.20 79.92
105. 05
108.72
lift 57
91.43
105.86
109. 20
73.54
82.01
Average weekly hours
Paper and allied products....... ...............
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills.
Paperboard containers and boxes...
Other paper and allied products...
41.8
43.0
40.5
40.9
41.7
42.9
40.3
40.6
41.5
42.8
40.1
40.3
41.1
42.7
39.1
40.1
41.9
42.9
40.9
40.8
42.3
43.4
41.6
40.7
42.3
43.4
41.5
40.8
42.5
43.6
41.6
41.1
42.5
43.8
41.2
41.1
42.8
43.7
41,5
41.4
42.5
43.6
40.9
41.8
41.8
43.1
40.2
41.1
42.1
43.4
40.2
41.4
42.8
43.9
41.8
41.5
41.9
42.9
41.0
40.7
Printing, publishing, and allied Industries............. .............................. ...........
Newspapers.......................................
Periodicals____________________
Books............... .......... .....................
Commercial printing...................... .
Lithographing_________________
Greeting c a r d s . . ____ _______
Bookbinding and related Industries.
Miscellaneous publishing and
printing services______________
37.9
34.9
39.8
40.1
39.0
39.2
38.0
38.4
37.7
34.9
40.1
40.0
38.5
38.6
38.5
38.7
37.8
34.9
40.5
39.8
39.1
38.6
38.7
38.3
37.7
36.1
39.9
38.6
38.8
38.1
36.6
37.1
38.2
35.9
40.7
39.5
39.3
39.0
39.4
38.4
38.4
35.8
41.2
39.9
39.6
39.0
40.0
38.5
38.6
35.8
42.5
39.8
40.0
39.6
39.6
38.4
38.3
35.3
41.1
41.0
39.3
40.2
39.1
38.8
38.2
35.5
41.7
39.9
39.1
39.7
39.2
38.6
38.1
35.7
40.6
40.1
39.1
39.4
37.9
38.8
38.4
36.2
40.7
40.8
39.2
40.2
38.1
38.3
37.8
35.5
40.6
40.2
38.7
39.2
36.9
37.7
38.2
35.3
40.9
40.1
39.5
40.0
38.3
38.5
38.3
35.6
40.7
39.7
39.6
39.7
38.5
38.7
37.8
35.3
39.3
39.0
39.2
38.9
38.3
38.0
38.7
38.4
38.3
37.0
38.4
38.2
38.1
37.9
38.4
37.8
37.9
37.6
38.1
38.6
37.8
Average hourly earnings
Paper and allied products___________ $2.32
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills. 2. 46
Paperboard containers and boxes.. 2.21
Other paper and allied products__ 2.14
Printing, publishing, and allied Industries.......................................................
Newspapers_______________ ____
Periodicals____________________
Books____ __________________
Commercial printing______ _____
Lithographing......... ................. ......
Greeting c a rd s ................................
Bookbinding and related industries.
Miscellaneous publishing and
printing services______________
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2.32
2.46
2.20
2.13
$2.32
2.46
2.20
2.12
$2. 32
2.47
2.18
2.12
$2.30
2.46
2.16
2.10
$2.31
2.46
2.19
2.09
$2.32
2.47
2.20
2.10
$2.30
2.45
2.18
2.09
$2.29
2.44
2.16
2.08
$2.28
2.43
2.16
2.07
$2.26
2.40
2.16
2.06
$2.24
2.37
2.15
2.05
$2.24
2.38
2.14
2.05
$2.20
2.34
2.10
2.01
$2.12
2.24
2.01
1.94
2.82
3.16
2.80
2.38
2. 73
2.83
1.97
2.21
2.81
3.16
2.80
2.40
2. 72
2.81
1.95
2.20
2. 81
3.16
2. 82
2.36
2. 72
2. 81
1.97
2.22
2.82
3.19
2, 78
2.36
2. 72
2.79
1.94
2.21
2. 80
3.18
2.84
2. 37
2.70
2. 75
1.87
2.18
2. 79
3.17
2.86
2.35
2.70
2.76
1.86
2.18
2.80
3.17
2.95
2.35
2.72
2. 79
1.86
2.15
2. 77
3.12
2.90
2.37
2.69
2.79
1.83
2.13
2.78
3.14
2.88
2.33
2.69
2.77
1.87
2.14
2.77
3.14
2.81
2.33
2.69
2.78
1. 84
2.13
2. 77
3.13
2.81
2.31
2.68
2. 75
1.93
2.12
2.75
3.10
2.84
2.28
2. 67
2.71
1.91
2.12
2. 75
3.08
2.85
2. 28
2.68
2. 73
1.92
2.13
2.70
3. 05
2. 78
2.28
2. 60
2.68
1.82
2.08
2. 59
2.93
2.62
2.20
2. 48
2. 54
1.75
1.97
3.16
3.15
3.11
3.12
3.08
3.08
3.12
3. OS
3.12
3.09
3.06
3.06
3.08
3.01
2.93
688
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1961
T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1961
1960
Annual
average
Industry
Mar.
Feb.«
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug,
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
1959
1958
Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods— Continued
Chemicals and allied products...............
Industrial inorganic chemicals........
Industrial organic chemicals...........
Drugs and medicines—.....................
Soap, cleaning and polishing preparations_____________________
Paints, pigments, and fillers...........
Gum and wood chemicals___ ____
Fertilizers.......... ........................ ......
Vegetable and animal oils and fats.
Miscellaneous chemicals............. —
$104.65 $104.30 $104.81 $104.30 $105.16 $104.24 $104.90 $104. 90 $106.08 $105.59 $103.58 $104.41 $102.01 $100.02 $94.48
116.60 115.62 117. 58 116.75 117.03 117.16 117.16 116.05 117.46 116. 20 114. 53 117. 45 113.02 111.64 104.70
111.66 110.98 110.98 111. 25 111. 65 110.16 110.97 110. 42 113.13 112.67 110.77 112.29 108. 62 106. 81 100.04
96.22 95.58 95.18 93. 53 95. 75 94.30 95.18 94.02 94.60 94.19 93.73 92. 75 92.97 90. 58 85.88
112.48 111. 38 111.93 109.89 112.19 113.30 112.19 114.93 111.51 113.82 110. 95 108. 24 111. 72 105.47 100.86
101. 50 99.85 100. 50 100.00 101.34 101.34 100.78 101. 27 101.11 103.07 102. 41 101.19 98.90 98.29 93.25
87.99 88.41 91.57 89. 46 88.20 88.41 93.09 88.62 93.10 90. 29 87. 74 86.29 84.20 83.36 80.45
83.17 80.89 81.94 82.03 80. 51 80.94 81.64 80. 37 81.90 80.70 79.74 85.44 74.07 78.12 74.03
88.54 88.91 91.35 87.81 90.09 90.94 90.35 90.50 92.42 92.17 89.42 87.23 87.96 85.44 82.21
97.12 97.12 97.12 95.44 97.27 96.22 95.99 95.18 95.99 94. 77 95.06 95. 71 94. 89 91.58 87.02
Products of petroleum and coal............. 121.60 120.80 124.42 119.07 117. 97 117.62 120.60 117.62 121.18 119.60 118.03 119. 54 116. 87 117.38 110.97
Petroleum refining........................... 127.08 126.36 129.90 123.32 122.91 121.80 124.53 120. 90 124.84 123.22 123.11 124.23 120.20 121.29 114.90
Coke, other petroleum and coal
products____________________ 103.34 99.18 104.40 102.96 102.31 104.70 108.52 107. 43 109.82 108.36 102.51 105.44 106.49 105.83 97.28
Rubber products__________________
Tires and inner tubes___________
Rubber footwear...___ _________
Other rubber products..-------------
97.15 97.27 98.81 99. 58 99. 57 101.49 98.28 100.15 103.53 102.72 100.04 94.60 97.71 101.60 92.69
109.37 110. 78 113. 54 118.59 114. 60 117.00 112.40 114.66 123.71 121.39 117. 51 107.38 113.68 120.01 106.04
82.92 85.60 82.32 79.00 82.16 82.59 79.18 81.40 82.21 82.82 81.40 77.01 78.61 79.19 76.62
90.62 90.16 91.01 89.40 92.17 93.73 92.10 92.75 91.66 92.34 90.12 88.43 89. 78 92.99 84.59
Average weekly hours
Chemicals and allied products..............
Industrial Inorganic chemicals____
Industrial organic chemicals...........
Drugs and medicines.......................
Boap, cleaning and polishing preparations...........................................
Paints, pigments, and fillers......... .
Gum and wood chemicals...............
Fertilizers..........................................
Vegetable and animal oils and fats.
Miscellaneous chemicals...... ...........
41.2
41.2
40.9
40.6
40.9
41.0
40.8
40.5
41.1
41.4
40.8
40.5
40.9
41.4
40.9
39.8
41.4
41.5
41.2
40.4
41.2
41.4
40.8
40.3
41.3
41.4
41.1
40.5
41.3
41.3
41.2
40.7
41.6
41.8
41.9
40.6
41.9
41.8
42.2
40.6
41.6
41.8
41.8
40.4
42.1
42.4
41.9
40.5
41.3
41.4
41.3
40.6
41.5
41.5
41.4
40.8
40.9
40.9
40.5
40.7
41.2
40.6
41.9
45.2
43.4
40.3
40.8
40.1
41.9
42.8
43.8
40.3
41.0
40.2
43.4
42.9
45.0
40.3
40.7
40.0
42.6
42.5
44.8
39.6
41.4
40.7
41.8
42.6
46.2
40.7
41.5
40.7
41.9
42.6
46.4
40.6
41.4
40.8
43.5
42.3
45.4
40.5
42.1
41.0
42.4
42.3
43.3
40.5
41.3
41.1
43.3
42.0
43.8
40.5
42.0
41.9
43.2
42.7
44.1
40.5
41.4
41.8
42.8
43.1
43.2
40.8
41.0
41.3
42.3
48.0
43.4
40.9
42.0
40.7
42.1
40.7
44.2
40.9
41.2
41.3
42.1
43.4
44.5
40.7
41.0
40.9
41.9
42.3
44.2
40.1
40.4
40.6
40.0
40.5
41.2
41.5
40.5
40.7
40.4
40.7
40.7
40.6
41.3
41.1
40.7
40.3
41.5
41.2
41.1
40.8
40.7
40.9
40.8
41.0
40.3
40.2
40.9
40.7
40.5
40.6
Products of petroleum and coal.........
Petroleum refining--------------------Coke, other petroleum and coal
products................ ......... ..........
39.9
38.0
40.0
39.6
39.5
40.9
41.9
41.8
42.4
42 0
40.2
40.4
40.8
41.5
40.2
Rubber products------ --------------- -----Tires and inner tubes___________
Rubber footwear----------------------Other rubber products.....................
38.4
36.7
39.3
39.4
38.6
37.3
40.0
39.2
38.9
38.1
39.2
39.4
38.9
39.4
37.8
38.7
39.2
38.2
39.5
39.9
39.8
39.0
39.9
40.4
39.0
38.1
39.2
39.7
39.9
39.0
40.1
40.5
40.6
41.1
40.3
40.2
40.6
40.6
40.6
40.5
39.7
39.7
40.1
39.7
38.3
36.9
38.7
39.3
39.4
38.8
39.5
39.9
41.3
43.1
40.2
41.7
39,4
38.7
39.7
39.8
Average hourly earnings
Chemicals and allied products..............
Industrial inorganic chemicals____
Industrial organic chemicals_____
Drugs and medicines___ ____ ____
Soap, cleaning and polishing preparations_____________________
Paints, pigments and fillers............
Gum and wood chemicals___ ____
Fertilizers__________ _________
Vegetable and animal oils and fats.
Miscellaneous chemicals_________
$2.54
2.83
2.73
2.37
$2. 55
2.82
2.72
2.36
$2. 55
2.84
2. 72
2.35
$2. 55
2.82
2. 72
2.35
$2. 54
2.82
2. 71
2.37
$2.53
2.83
2.70
2.34
$2.54
2.83
2.70
2.35
$2.54
2.81
2.68
2.31
$2.65
2.81
2.70
2.33
$2.52
2.78
2.67
2.32
$2.49
2.74
2.65
2.32
$2.48
2. 77
2. 68
2.29
$2. 47
2. 73
2. 63
2.29
$2.41
2. 69
2. 68
2.22
$2.31
2.66
2.47
2.11
2.73
2.50
2.10
1.84
2.04
2.41
2.73
2.49
2.11
1.89
2.03
2.41
2. 73
2.50
2.11
1.91
2.03
2.41
2.70
2. 50
2.10
1.93
1.96
2. 41
2. 71
2. 49
2.11
1.89
1.95
2.39
2. 73
2.49
2.11
1.90
1.96
2.37
2.71
2.47
2.14
1.93
1.99
2.37
2.73
2. 47
2.09
1.90
2.09
2.35
2.70
2.46
2.15
1.95
2.11
2.37
2. 71
2.46
2.09
1.89
2.09
2.34
2. 68
2.45
2.05
1.85
2.07
2.33
2. 64
2. 45
2.04
1.78
2.01
2.34
2.66
2.43
2.00
1.82
1.99
2.32
2. 56
2. 38
1.98
1.80
1.92
2.25
2.46
2.28
1.92
1.75
1.86
2,17
Products of petroleum and coal______
Petroleum refining....... ............. ......
Coke, other petroleum and coal
products_________________ ___
3.01
3.13
3.02
3.12
3.02
3.13
2. 94
3.03
2. 92
3.02
2.89
3.00
2.92
3.03
2.89
3.00
2.92
3.03
2.91
3.02
2.90
3,01
2.93
3.03
2.90
2.99
2. 87
2.98
2.74
2.83
2.59
2.61
2.61
2.60
2. 59
2.56
2.59
2.57
2.59
2. 58
2.55
2.61
2. 61
2.55
2.42
Rubber products________ _____ ____
Tires and inner tu b e s .._________
Rubber footwear_______________
Other rubber products.....................
2.53
2.98
2.11
2. 30
2.52
2.97
2.14
2.30
2. 54
2.98
2.10
2.31
2. 56
3.01
2.09
2.31
2.54
3.00
2.08
2.31
2.55
3.00
2.07
2.32
2.52
2.95
2.02
2.32
2.61
2. 94
2.03
2.29
2. 55
3.01
2.04
2.28
2.53
2. 99
2.04
2.28
2.52
2.96
2.03
2.27
2.47
2.91
1.99
2.25
2.48
2.93
1.99
2.25
2.46
2.92
1.97
2.23
2.35
2. 74
1.93
2.12
Bee footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
689
0.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T a b l e C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Annual
average
1960
1961
industry
M ar.2 j Eeb. | Jan.
Dec. | Nov.
j
Oct. | Sept.
Aug. | July | June | May | Apr. | Mar.
1959 1 1958
Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable good»— Continued
Leather: tanned j curried, and finished
___________________
Industrial leather belting and
packing___________ ________
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings
____________________
"Rout-wear (except rubber)_______
"Luggage
______ _________
Handbags and small leather goods.
Gloves and miscellaneous leather
goods......... ..................................
Transportation and public utilities:
Transportation:
Interstate railroads:
O]ass I railroads * _______ -__
Local railways and buslines.-........
Communication:
T elephone.............................. Telegraph L . ______________
Other public utilities:
f f f t S ami eleetric utilities___ ____
Electric light and power utilities.
Gas u tilitie s_______________
Electric light and gas utilities
combined________________
$61.79 $62.46 $62.91 $59.24 $60.42 $59. 59 $59.24 $62.48 $62.98 $62.37 $59.90 $58.06 $60.84 $60.70
83.64 81.96 82.60 82.39 84.07 84.74 84.10 84. 56 82.68 86. 27 83.07 81.66 81.87 80.94
$57.78
78.39
80.52
81.99
82.81
79.76
81.58
80.57
78.74
78.74
80.20
78. 21
77.03
73.53
76. 24
79. 56
76.62
59.04
59. 50
67.44
60.06
59.63
60.26
64.44
59.75
61.22
61.02
63.54
58.97
58.78
56.76
57.63
52.08
59.94
56.64
65.62
60.92
55.77
55.36
65.32
62.17
54.01
55.65
68.46
58.19
59.03
60.26
65.18
58.45
59.21
61.22
64.30
58.14
59.44
60.00
66.42
56. 30
58.25
66.80
65.07
57.07
55. 22
55. 52
62.87
63.61
57.82
58. 56
63. 63
58.05
57.30
58.34
65.18
56. 45
56.02
54.87
63. 46
55.54
54.10
54.24
52.77
54.09
55.13
54.67
53.22
54.52
53.43
54.24
52.71
51.41
52.20
51.89
50.40
107. 59 107.33 109.82 106. 43
99.79 97.78 97.78 94. 59
101. 50
90. 52
85.46
95. 99
78.72
90.06
109.34 108.94 108. 26 105.78
109. 61 108. 79 108.94 106.34
101.15 101. 25 100.85 99.39
100.37
101.43
94.83
116.18 115.62 113.96 110.56
103.63
115.02 108. 92 111. 04 106.92 108.39 107.18 110.33 107.42 110. 42
100.62 101.63 100.20 102. 62 99.72 98.83 99.96 100.22 100.22 100.92
90.48 90.71 90.48 91.64 92.92 92.00 95.47 89.27 89.95 88.26
103.17 102.01 103.00 100.77 100.98 103. 70 106.14 103.09 102.37 104.00
112.06 113.29 112.88 114. 40 113.30 112.89 115.37 110.16 110.02 109.34
112.19 112.33 112.61 113.57 113.03 111.66 116. 89 110.97 110.97 109.88
104.49 105.82 105.15 107.23 105.63 106. 97 104.04 102.21 102.21 101.15
119.02 120.60 119.48 121. 47 120.47 120. 64 123.06 115.87 115.34 115. 62
87.81
97.75
86.36
95.30
87.58
95.30
Average weekly hours
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable good»—Continued
Leather ami leather products________ 37.0
Leather: tanned, curried, and fin38.9
ished
___________________
Industrial leather belting and
38.9
packing
_________
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings
___________________ 36.9
36.5
“Footwear (except rubber)_______
38.1
Luggage__
_______ ________
Handbags and small leather goods.. 38.5
Gloves and miscellaneous leather
goods.- ___________________ 36.8
Transportation and public utilities:
Transportation:
Interstate railroads:
Class I railroads » ................. —
Local railways and buslines........... "4 2 .T
Communication:
39.0
T elephone_______________
41.6
Telegraph L _ _ ___________
Other public"utilities:
40.6
Electric light and power utilities. 40.5
Gas utilities________________ 40.5
Electric light and gas utilities
40.9
combined_______________
a ssi
37.4
38.3
37.9
35.9
36.4
35.9
35.9
38.1
38.4
37.8
36.3
35.4
37.1
37.7
36.8
38.6
38.5
39.1
39.6
39.3
39.7
39.0
40.5
39.0
38.7
38.8
39.1
39.0
39.3
38.6
38.6
40.1
39.3
39.1
38.1
38.7
40.8
39.7
40.2
39.1
39.6
37.5
37.2
36.2
38.3
38.5
37.9
35.9
37.8
37.2
35.7
34.1
33.6
37.7
35.4
38.6
38.8
35.3
34.6
38.2
39.6
34.4
35.0
39.8
37.3
37.6
37.9
38.8
38.2
38.2
38.5
38.5
38.0
38.1
37.5
39.3
36.8
37.1
¿5. 5
38. 5
37.3
35.4
34.7
37. 2
35.6
37.3
36.6
38.1
38.7
37.7
37.4
38.8
38.4
37.1
36.1
38.0
38.3
36.9
36.9
37.3
37.5
37.7
36.7
37.6
36.1
36.9
36.1
35.7
38.0
36.8
30.0
42.6
42.7
41.1
42.1
41.9
43.3
40.5
42.8
40.9
42.6
40.6
42.9
42.6
43.2
41.0
43.2
42.8
43.5
41.7
43.2
41.6
42.7
42.9
42.7
41.9
42.8
41.6
42.7
39.1
41.3
39.0
41.7
39.5
41.3
40.4
41.9
40.0
42.5
40.8
43.5
39.5
42.6
39.8
42.3
39.4
42.8
39.2
42. 5
38.9
41.8
39.1
41.8
39.2
42.1
38.4
41.5
40.9
40.7
40.7
40.9
40.8
40.6
41.3
41.0
41.4
41.2
41.1
41.1
41.2
40.9
41.3
41.8
42.2
40.8
40.8
41.1
40.4
40.9
41.1
40.4
40.8
41.0
40.3
40.8
40. 9
40.3
40.8
40.9
40.5
40.7
40.8
40.5
41.0
40.9
40.9
40.8
40.9
40.7
41.3
41.2
41.6
41.4
41.6
41.0
40.9
40.8
42.0
Average hourly earnings
41.2
41.0
40.7
41.1
40.8
39.8
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods—Continued
I,eat her and leather products________ $1.67 $1.67 $1.66 $1.65 $1.66 $1.66 $1.65 $1.64 $1.64 $1.65 $1.65 $1.64 $1.64 $1.61
Leather: tanned, curried, and fin2.07
2.11
2.11
2.13
2.13
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.14
2.15
2.14
2.14
2.14
2.15
ished
________________ Industrial leather belting and
1.97
1.95
1.93
1.97
1.99
2.04
2.00
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.
04
2.06
2.06
2.07
packing
_______________
Boot and shoe cut stock and find1.52
1.55
1.56
1.67
1.
56
1.55
1.57
1.57
1.58
1.59
1.
58
1.59
1.59
1.60
ings
___- ________ _
1.56
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.59
1.59
1.59
1.60
1.60
1.59
1.62
1.61
1.63
Footwear (except rubber)............
1.67
1.68
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.67
1.72
1.68
1.70
1.71
1.69
1.78
1.77
1.77
Luggage
__________________
1.47
1.50
1.51
1.53
1.
53
1.53
1.53
1. 57 1.56
1.57
1.55
1.56
1.56
Handbags and small leather goods.. 1.56
Gloves and miscellaneous leather
1.41
1.44
1.45
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.47
1.45
1.47
1.43
1.47
goods.............................................
Transportation and public utilities:
Transportation:
Interstate railroads:
2. 56 2.54
2.58
2. 58 2.58
2.62
2.59
2. 65 2.64
2. 65 2.64
2.70
2.65
Class I railroads *----------------2.29
2.21
2.29
2.31
2.32
2.32
2.32
2.33
2.33
2.32
2.37
2.38
Local railways and buslines............ " 2 .I 9" 2.38
Communication:
2.18
2.22
2.24
2.24
2.24
2.26
2.26
2.34
2.30
2.30
2.32
2.32
2.32
2.32
Telephone________________
2.28
2.28
2.28
2.30
2.42
2.43
2.42
2.44
2.44
2.41
2.44
2.47
2.47
2.48
Telegraph t______ _________
Other public"utilities:
2. 68
2.
66
2.67
2.68
2.68
2.69
2.70
2.74
2.76
2.75
2.77
2.
76
2.77
2.76
Gas and eleetric utilities-----------2.67
2. 60
2.66
2.68
2.68
2.70
2.70
2. 73 2.77
2.75
2.77
2.76
2.76
Electric light and power utilities 2.77
2.43
2.49
2.50
2.51
2.
51
2.53
2.53
2.
55
2.
59
2.
57
2.59
2.59
2.60
2.58
Gas utilities___ __________
Electric light and gas utilities
2.69
2.80
2. 82
2.
82
2.82
2.82
2.84
2.93
2.90
2.92
2.91
2.92
2.90
2.91
combined-----------------------See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1.57
2.01
1.93
1. 51
1.52
1.67
1.43
1.40
2.44
2.12
2.05
2.17
2.40
2.48
2.33
2.54
690
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1961
T able C 1. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1961
Industry
M ar.8 Feb.
Annual
average
1960
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct. | Sept. I Aug.
| J u ly
| June
May
Apr. I Mar.
1959
$93.60 $93.37 $94.07 $93.20 $93. 67 $93.90 $94.13 $93.56 $94.19 $93.09 $92.46 $91.83
$91.37 $90.27
/VO oo
68.26 69.00 69.00 67.11 68.25 68.44 68.43 69.32
67.69 67.48 86.95 67.06
49.20 49.35 49.69 49.56 48.53 48.87 49.30 50.26 50. 75 49. 74 48.87
48.99 48.33 48.37
54.90 54.74 55.09 56.00 53.90 54.90 55. 71 56.32 56.99 56.00 55.04 55.14 53. 69
54. 36
71.89 72.10 72. 31 71.25 73.69 72.01 72.27 72. 76 73.16 72.16 70.60 70.13
68.89 69.89
89.12 87.40 88.71 88.48 89. 79 89. 59 88.24 89. 96 91.29
91
73
9 3 Qt
91.29
90
87
88.24
52.39 53.85 53.74 53.28 52.51 52.82 52. 48 52.65 52. 59 52.82 51.56 53.48
50.85 51.90
76.70 76.14 76.95 79.30 77.74 77.14 77.30 77.49 76.70 77.08 75.07 75.44 74.80 75. 76
81. 51 80.73 81.34 80.12 81.93 83. 56 82.94 83.69 oo. OU
82.49 81.64 79.49 79.95
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
71.62 71.42 71.81 70.69 70. 31 70.69 69.76 69.75 70. 31 69,75 69. 75 69.94 69. 56 68.07
Banks and trust companies *
Security dealers and exchanges______ 133.41 128.32 117.40 115.76 108.81 112.25 115.61 113.14 117.33 117.16 111.54 113.61
67 139. 24
Insurance carriers............... A ............. . 89.37 89.22 89. 44 88.75 88.50 88.40 87.92 88.34 88.08 87.99 88.15 87.37 112.
87.68 85.79
Service and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, year-round ♦......................... 49.32 49.10 48.83 49.63 49.23 49.48 48.83 49.04 48.80 48.80 48.28 47. 52 48.00 47. 44
Personal services:
48.48 47.72 47. 85 47.48 48.22 48.83 48. 46 48.07
Laundries__ _______
48.68 48.00 46.68 46.45
Cleaning and dyeing plants............ 54.81 53.53 54.53 52.82 54. 57 56.20 54.67 53.02 54.43 48.68
57.06 55.95 57.94 52.68 53.29
Motion pictures:
Motion-picture production and
distribution..... ......................... 122.00 121. 50 117. 66 121.25 122.48 116.15 116. 45 118. 61 114.62 112.12 113.37 107.96 107. 23 108.36
Average weekly hours
Wholesale trade_______ _________ . . 40.0
39.9
40.2
40.0
40.2
40.3
40.4
40.5
40.3
40.2
40.1
39.9
40.3
Retail trade (except eating and drinking places)............................................. 37.3
37.5
37.5
37.7
37.5
37.4
38.3
37.6
38.2
37.8
37.4
37.7
37.4
38.1
General merchandise stores .
33.7
33.8
33.8
35.4
33.7
33.7
34.0
34.9
35.0
34.3
33.7
34.5
33.8
34.8
Department stores and general
34.1
mail-order houses_________
34.0
33.8
35.9
33.9
34.1
35.2
34.6
35.4
34.4
35.0
34.9
34.2
35.3
34.9
Food and liquor stores_______ .
35.0
35.1
35.1
35.6 35.3
35.6
36.2
36.4
35.9
35.3
35.6
35.3
36.4
Automotive and accessories dealers. 43.9
43.7
43.7
43.8
43.7
44.1
43.8
43.9
44.1
44 1
44 1 43 9
43.9
Apparel and accessories stores____ 33.8
34.3
33.8
34.6
34.1
34.3
34.3
35.1
34.6
34.3
33.7
34.5
3s! 9 34.6
Other retail trade:
Furniture and appliance stores. 40.8
40.5
40.5
41.3
40.7
40.6
40.9
41.0
40.8
41.0
40.8
41.1
41.0
41.4
Lumber and hardware supply
stores.. _________
41.8
41.4
41.5
41.3
41.8
42.2
42.1
42.7
42.6
42.5
42.3
42.3
41.4
42.3
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Banks and trust companies ‘.........
37.3
37.2
37.4
37.4
37.2
37.4
37.1
37.3
37.4
37.3
37.3
37.4
37.4
37.4
Security dealers and exchanges.......
Wholesale trade____________
Retail trade (except eating and drinking places)______________
General merchandise stores_____
Department stores and general
mail-order houses__________
Food and liquor stores____
Automotive and accessories dealers.
Apparel and accessories stores____
Other retail trade:
Furniture and appliance stores.
Lumber and hardware supply
stores________________ .
Service and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, year-round 8_____ _______
Personal services:
Laundries___________ ____ _____
Cleaning and dyeing plants...........
Motion pictures:
Motion-picture production and
d istribution............................ .
$87.02
64. 77
46.85
52.60
67.52
83.22
50.81
72. 31
77.04
66. 57
106.88
82.97
45.20
44.30
50. 82
98. 65
40.1
38.1
34. 7
35.3
36. 3
43.8
34.8
41.8
42.1
37.4
40.1
39.6
39.7
39.7
39.7
39.9
39.7
40.2
40.0
40.0
39.9
39.6
40.0
40.2
40.0
39.1
38.6
38.8
37.7
38.9
38.4
38.6
37.2
39.2
38.7
39.7
39.3
39.4
38.5
39.4
37.6
39.8
38.6
39.9
39 9
39.9
39.4
40.0
40.8
38.9
37.9
39.7
38.9
39.2
38. 5
$2.34
$2.34
$2.33
$2.33
$2.33
1.84
1.46
1.84
1.47
1.78
1.40
1.44
1.45
$2. 33
1 on
1.45
1.61
2 06
2.00
1.57
1.63
2.06
2.03
1.59
1. 56
2.03
2. 02
1.54
1.59
2.07
2.05
1.54
1.61
2.04
2.05
1.54
1.61
2.03
2.01
1.53
1.91
1.90
Wholesale and retail trade:
Wholesale trade__________
$2.34
Retail trade (except eating and drinking places)_______________
1 83
General merchandise stores
1.46
Department stores and general
mail-order houses____
1.61
Food and liquor stores..
2.06
Automotive and accessories dealers. 2.03
Apparel and accessories stores____
1.55
Other retail trade:
Furniture and appliance stores. 1.88
Lumber and hardware supply
stores_____ _____ _.
1.95
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Banks and trust companies s
1.92
Security dealers and exchanges
Insurance carriers
Service and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, year-round 8..........
1.23
Personal services:
Laundries______ .
1. 24
Cleaning and dyeing plants............. 1.42
Motion pictures:
Motion-picture p r o d u c t i o n a n d
distribution_________
Average hourly earnings
1.88
1.90
1.92
1. 95
1.96
1.94
1.92
1.92
1.89
1.89
1.89
1.24
1.24
1.43
1.24
1.23
1.25
1.23
1.42
1.23
1.42
1.23
1.42
, ^
c°mp&r8bility of data with those published in issues prior to August
1668 and coverage of these series, see footnote 1, table A-2
In addition, hours and earnings data tor anthracite mining have been re
vised from January 1953 and are not comparable with those published in
Issues prior to August 1958.
For mining, manufacturing, laundries, and cleaning and dyeing plants,
data refer to production and related workers; for contract construction, to
construction workers; and for the remaining industries, unless otherwise
noted, to nonsup orvisory workers and working supervisors.
* Preliminary.
* Figures for Class I railroads (excluding switching and terminal companies)
are based upon monthly data summarized in the M-300 report by the Inter
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1958
Average weekly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade:
1.41
$2.31
$2.32
$2.31
$2.30
$2.29
$2.29
$2.24
$2.17
1.81
1.44
1 82
1.45
1.82
1.45
1.81
1.45
1.79
1.42
1.79
1.43
1.76
1.39
1.70
1. 3Ô
1.60
2.04
1.50
1.61
2.01
2. 07
1.52
1.60
2.01
2.07
1.54
1.60
2.00
2.07
1.53
1. 58
1.97
2.08
1.55
1,57
1.98
2,03
1.50
1.54
1.92
2.01
1.50
1.49
1.86
1.90
1.46
1.89
1.89
1.88
1.88
1.84
1.84
1.82
1.83
1.73
1.97
1.90
1.96
1.95
1.95
1.93
1.92
1.89
1.83
1.88
1.87
1.88
1.87
1.87
1.87
1.86
1.82
1.78
1.23
1.22
1.22
1.22
1. 21
1.20
1.20
1.18
1.13
1.23
1. 42
1.22
1.41
1.22
1.41
1.22
1.43
1.22
1.42
1.20
1.42
1.20
1.39
1.17
1. 37
1.13
1.32
state Commerce Commission and relate to all employees who received pay
during the month, except executives, officials, and staff assistants (ICO
Group I).
1 Data relate to domestic nonsupervisory employees except messengers.
* Average weekly earnings have been revised beginning with January 1958
and are not strictly comparable with data for earlier years. Average weekly
hours and average hourly earnings are new series, available from January 1958.
# Money payments only; additional value of board, room, uniforms, and
tips not included.
S ouece : U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except that for Class I railroads. (See footnote 3.)
691
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T a b l e C-2. Average overtime hours and average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production
workers in manufacturing, by major industry group 1
Annual
average
1960
1961
Major industry group
M ar.J Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Sept.
Oct.
Aug.
July
■Juno
May
Apr.
Mar.
1959
1958
Average overtime hours *
Manufacturing____ ___________________
1.9
1.9
1.9
2.0
2.2
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.5
2.4
2.1
2.5
2.7
2.0
Durable goods......... ............. ... ........—
Ordnance and accessories________
Lumber and wood products.......... .
Furniture and fixtures__________
Stone, clay, and glass products----Primary metal industries________
Fabricated metal products....... —
Machinery (except electrical)........ .
Klectrical machinery-----------------Transportation equipment-—....... .
Instruments and related products..
Miscellaneous manufacturing____
1.7
1.6
2.2
1.7
2.5
1.2
1.8
1.9
1.4
1.5
1.8
1.9
1.7
1.8
2.2
1.5
2.4
1.2
1.7
1.9
1.6
1.6
1.7
2.0
1.7
1.6
2.2
1.6
2.3
1.4
1.7
1.8
1.6
1.5
1.8
2.0
1.9
1.9
2.3
2.3
2.5
1.3
1.8
1.9
1.9
2.1
1.9
2.2
2.0
2.0
2.5
2.3
3.0
1.2
2.0
1.9
1.7
2.4
2.1
2.4
2.4
2.1
3.1
2.7
3.1
1.3
2.6
2.1
2.1
3.1
2.2
2.7
2.5
2.2
3.1
2.8
3.1
1.6
2.9
2.3
2.1
2.9
2.2
2.5
2.3
2.1
3.2
2.8
3.2
1.4
2,8
2.3
1.9
2.3
2.2
2.3
2.3
1.9
3.1
2.3
3.1
1.7
2.5
2.5
1.6
2.2
2.2
2.1
2.4
1.9
3.4
2.4
3.1
1.6
2.7
2.7
1.8
2.4
2.0
2.1
2.4
1.9
3.2
2.4
3.1
1.5
2.6
2.7
1.7
2.6
2.0
2.2
2.1
1.6
2.9
2.4
2.8
2.0
2.1
2.4
1.2
1.9
1.7
1.9
2.5
2.0
2.8
2.4
2.7
2.1
2.5
2.8
1.9
2.8
2.3
2.4
2.7
2.1
3.4
2.9
3.4
2.6
2.9
2.7
2.2
2.5
2.3
2.6
1.9
2.0
2.9
2.1
2.8
1.3
2.1
1.7
1.5
1.9
1.5
2.1
Nondurable goods__________ _______
Food and kindred products______
Tobacco manufactures__________
Textile-mill products___________
Apparel and other finished textile
products........................ ...... .........
Paper and allied products_______
Printing and publishing____ ____
Chemicals and allied products___
Products of petroleum and coal__
Rubber products_______________
Leather and leather products........ .
2.1
2.8
.6
2.1
2.1
2.8
.6
2.0
2.0
3.0
.7
1.9
2.2
3.1
1.2
2.1
2.3
3.2
1.2
2.2
2.5
3.4
1.4
2.3
2.6
3.7
1.4
2.2
2.5
3.3
.9
2.6
2.6
3.5
1.2
2.6
2.5
3.2
1.2
2.9
2.5
3.1
1.0
2.9
2.2
2.8
.7
2.5
2.4
2.9
.5
3.0
2.7
3.3
1.2
3.1
2.2
3.0
1.3
2.1
1.3
3.7
2.6
2.2
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.1
3.7
2.4
2.0
1.2
1.6
1.4
.9
3.6
2.5
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.5
.9
3.6
2.9
2.0
1.5
1.6
1.2
1.2
3.8
3.1
2.1
1.8
1.8
1.2
1.3
4.1
3.3
2.4
1.7
2.3
1.3
1.3
4.4
3.4
2.4
2.2
2.3
1.2
1.4
4.3
3.1
2.3
1.8
2.3
1.6
1.3
4.3
3.0
2.5
2.3
3.0
1.4
1.3
4.3
2.9
2.4
2.1
2.7
1.3
1.3
4.3
3.0
2.5
1.6
2.2
1.0
3.7
2.6
2.9
' 1.7
1.7
I - 8
1.4
4.1
3.0
2.3
1.4
2.3
1.4
1.4
4.6
3.0
2.5
1.8
3.7
1.4
1.1
3,9
2.5
2.0
1.5
2.3
1.1
$2. 22
&
$2. 22
$2.15
$2.08
2.30
2.49
1.89
1.76
2.13
2.70
2.29
2.42
2.16
2.58
2.22
1.84
2.23
2.42
1.82
1.73
2.04
2. 61
1.0
A verage hourly earnings excluding overtim e4
Manufacturing_______ _______________
$2.26
$2.26
$2.27
$2.26
$2.24
$2.23
$2.23
$2.21
$2.22
$2.22
$2.22
Durable goods____________________
Ordnance and accessories...........
Lumber and wood products_____
Furniture and fixtures__________
Stone, clay, and glass products___
Primary metal industries...............
Fabricated metal products_______
Machinery (except electrical)____
Electrical machinery___ _______
Transportation equipment______
Instruments and related products..
Miscellaneous manufacturing.........
2.42
2.65
1.94
1.82
2.24
2.81
2.42
2. 56
2.31
2.72
2.37
1.95
2.42
2.63
1.92
1.83
2.23
2.80
2.42
2. 56
2.30
2.73
2. 36
1.95
2.42
2.64
1.94
1.82
2.24
2.81
2.41
2.55
2.31
2.73
2.36
1.95
2.42
2.63
1.95
1.82
2.24
2.79
2.41
2. 54
2.31
2.73
2.35
1.93
2.39
2.62
1.95
1.81
2.23
2. 75
2.40
2. 52
2.28
2. 71
2.33
1.90
2.39
2.61
1.98
1.81
2.22
2.75
2.39
2.51
2.25
2. 71
2.31
1.89
2.39
2.60
2.03
1.81
2.21
2.75
2. 39
2.50
2.26
2.71
2.30
1.89
2.37
2.57
1.99
1.80
2.20
2. 75
2.37
2. 49
2.25
2.68
2. 31
1.88
2.38
2.67
1.99
1.81
2.19
2.75
2. 38
2.49
2.26
2.67
2.31
1.89
2.38
2.57
1.99
1.81
2.19
2.76
2.38
2. 49
2. 25
2.66
2.30
1.89
2. 37
2. 55
1.95
1.80
2.19
2. 77
2. 37
2.49
2.24
2. 64
2.29
1.89
2.38
2.56
1.94
1.80
2.19
2.78
2.36
2.47
2.24
2. 64
2.28
1.89
2.38
2.58
1.93
1.81
2. 20
2.77
2.35
2. 47
2.23
2.64
2.28
1.88
Nondurable goods_________________
Food and kindred products............
Tobacco manufactures__________
Textile-mill products......................
Apparel and other finished textile
products....... .................................
Paper and allied products...........
Printing and publishing..................
Chemicals arid allied products___
Products of petroleum and coal__
Rubber products_______________
Leather and leather products____
2.06
2.18
1.80
1.59
2.06
2.18
1.77
1.58
2.07
2.17
1.75
1.58
2.06
2.14
1.75
1.58
2.04
2.12
1.71
1.58
2.03
2.09
1.58
1.58
2.02
2.05
1.55
1.57
2.01
2.07
1.69
1.57
2.02
2.09
1.79
1.57
2. 01
2.10
1.79
1.58
2.01
2. 11
1. 78
1.57
2.01
2.12
1.78
1.56
2.00
2.11
1.71
1.56
1.94
2.02
1.64
1.52
1.89
1.94
1.57
1.47
1.56
2.22
(5)
2.48
2.97
2.48
1.65
1.57
2.22
(»)
2. 49
2.97
2.47
1.63
1.57
2.22
(!)
2.49
2. 96
2.50
1.63
1.54
2.22
0
2.49
2.88
2.50
1.62
1. 56
2.20
(s)
2.48
2.86
2. 49
1.63
1.56
2.20
0
2.46
2.84
2.47
1.63
1.55
2.20
(5)
2.47
2.85
2.45
1.62
1.54
2.19
0
2.47
2.83
2.44
1.61
1.52
2.18
0
2.47
2.85
2. 46
1.61
1. 52
2.17
0
2.45
2. 84
2.45
1.62
1 51
2.15
0
2.42
2. 84
2.45
1.63
1.50
2.14
«
2.40
2.87
2.42
1.62
1.53
2.14
0
2. 40
2. 85
2.41
1.61
1.49
2.09
0
2.34
2.81
2. 36
1.58
(')
2.26
2. 69
2. 28
1.55
i For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to August
1958, see footnote 1, table A-2.
1 Preliminary.
*Covers premium overtime hours of production and related workers during
the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. Overtime hours are
those for which premiums were paid because the hours were in excess of the
number of hours of either the straight-time workday or workweek. Weekend
and holiday hours are included only if premium wage rates were paid. Hours
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 . 21
2.33
2 . 11
2. 47
2 . 16
1.80
1.49
2. 02
for which only shift differential, hazard, incentive, or other similar types of
premiums were paid are excluded. These data are not available prior to 1956.
4 Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of time and
i Not available as average overtime rates are significantly above time and
one-half. Inclusion of data for the group in the nondurable-goods total has
little effect.
692
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1961
T a ble C-3. Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction
activities 1
[1947-49=100]
1961
Annual
average
1960
Activity
Apr.2 M ar.2
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
1959
1958
Man-hours
Total.............................................................. 91.2
Mining............................................................. 56.2
Contract construction....... ............................ 111.8
Manufacturing________________________ 90.6
Durable goods........-................................
Ordnance and accessories_______ _
Lumber and wood products..........
Furniture and fixtures..................—
Stone, clay, and glass products___
Prim ary metal industries________
Fabricated metal products..............
Machinery (except electrical).........
Electrical machinery____________
Transportation equipm ent_______
Instruments and related products—
Miscellaneous manufacturing____
94.3
321.0
65.2
98.1
93.6
78.9
96.1
94.3
128.0
98.9
109.4
97.7
Nondurable goods............. ............
86.1
Food and kindred products______ 75.3
Tobacco manufactures__________
59.9
Textile-mill products___________
66.2
Apparel and other finished textile
products.......................................... 97.2
Paper and allied products________ 107.1
Printing and publishing_________ 114.0
Chemicals and allied products____ 105.5
Products of petroleum and coal___ 77.8
Rubber products_______________ 88.9
Leather and leather products.......... 79.9
89.9
56.4
101.4
90.5
88.7
57.5
95.0
89.9
90.1
59.2
101.7
90.6
91.5
59.5
103.5
91.9
96.8
60.0
121.6
95.7
101.0
62.6
138.3
98.2
102.1
62.9
139.3
99.4
102. 4
64.9
144. 9
98.8
101.3
63.8
142.9
97.8
102.3
66.8
135. 5
99.9
100.8
66.2
126.3
99.4
98.4
66.5
114.3
98.3
100.7
65.4
123.4
99.8
94.3
67.9
118.2
92.6
93.5
93.1
328.2 322.0
63.5
62.5
97.2
97.0
91.1
89.0
77.8
77.3
94.1
94.0
93.2
93.4
128.9 129.9
100. 2 99.3
109.5 109.2
96.2 95.8
94.4
322.4
64.5
95.9
90.2
77.7
96.3
93.2
130.9
103.8
111. 5
92.9
96.3
320.2
65.5
102.2
93.2
78.0
98.8
93.0
128.6
111.8
110.3
95.2
100.1
325.9
68.7
105.1
99.2
80.3
103.7
93.9
135.1
115.0
116.0
105.1
102.6
315.7
75.3
109.4
102.2
83.2
107.5
94.9
131.9
117.8
116.4
108.7
103.4
322.2
78.1
110.0
103.0
84.7
108.2
96.1
137.1
113.9
116.3
107.0
101.7
311.7
78.6
110.6
104.9
85.4
106.8
97.1
134.1
102.4
118.1
106.4
102.4
313.0
78.0
106.2
103.8
88.0
105.3
99.7
130.1
110.9
116.3
99.3
106.1
319.7
81.8
108.7
105.9
92.9
109.2
102.7
134.2
114.1
119.4
104.8
106.5
326.3
77.7
107.5
104.6
95.2
108.5
103.3
133.1
119.8
118.8
102.9
105.8
325.9
74.2
108.0
102.4
99.0
106.2
103.5
131.7
117.7
118.7
100.5
105.6
325.3
78.4
108.7
104.6
91.1
108.7
101.0
132.6
120.4
117.1
101.1
95.9
303.0
72.7
97.2
94.7
83.7
101.1
88.9
115.9
111.6
105.4
92.7
86.8
74.5
62.1
66.1
86.0
73.9
66.5
65.4
86.0
75.8
70.8
64.5
86.6
79.2
76.3
65.8
90.5
84.0
76.7
68.3
93.0
91.2
94.8
68.7
94.6
97.4
97.2
68.5
95.3
94.1
76.4
71.8
92.3
87.5
64.2
70.9
92.5
82.4
66.3
73.4
90.9
78.5
64.5
72.9
89.4
76.4
61.8
71.8
93.0
83.7
77.1
74.4
88.7
84.2
77.7
69.2
101.6
106.3
114.4
104.3
76.6
87.2
86.8
99.4
105.6
113.1
101.9
75.2
87.6
88.6
95.0
105.8
114.2
102.7
78.4
91.6
88.9
93.3
105.6
115.2
102.8
77.8
93.1
83.8
101.2
109.4
118.1
104.6
78.8
94.9
85.8
101.9
111.5
118.6
105.1
80.7
99.0
84.2
103.1
112.3
118.0
105.1
82.3
97.1
85.0
108.0
112.6
115.8
105.1
82.7
98.3
93.0
102.5
110.9
114.7
105.6
84.2
97.7
91.2
104.7
113.0
115.1
107.1
84.7
100.8
90.1
104.2
112.0
115.0
107.8
83.6
98.7
84.2
100.9
110.2
113.4
109.8
83.6
96.6
82.6
105.1
112.7
112.8
104.3
84.1
103.5
92.2
96.8
108.0
109.0
99.2
84.2
92.0
86.0
104.6
267.9
169.2
103.3
262.8
169.0
108.4
246.9
172.5
107.8
230.5
171.5
108.7
207.9
168.8
105.0
216.9
167.2
104.9
200.5
148.7
Payrolls
Mining______________ _______________
Contract construction__________________
M anufac taring............................................... 159. 2
91.6
192.6
158.2
94.5
181.7
157.1
97. 7
193.9
158.5
97.0
197.1
160.6
1 For comparability of data with those published In Issues prior to August
1958, see footnote 1, table A-2.
97.0
227.1
166.2
101.6
258.4
170.5
101.6
259.4
172.5
For mining and manufacturing, data refer to production and related work
ers; for contract construction, to construction workers.
2 Preliminary.
T able C-4. Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing,
in current and 1947-49 dollars 1
1961
Annual
average
1960
Item
Mar.2
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
1959
1958
Manufacturing
Gross average weekly earnings:
Current dollars___ ____ ____________ $90. 71 $90. 25 $90.25 $89.55 $90. 39 $91.31 $91.08 $90. 35 $91.14 $91.60 $91.37 $89.60 $90.91 $89.47
1947-49 dollars_____________________ 71.15 70.78 70.84 70.24 70. 95 71.73 71.83 71.37 71.99 72.41 72.34 71.00 72.32 71.81
Spendable average weekly earnings:
Worker wdth no dependents:
Current dollars.................. ...........
73.34
1947-49 dollars____ _____________ 57.52
Worker with 3 dependents:
Current dollars________________ 80.89
1947-49 dollars................................... 63.44
72.98
57.24
72. 98
57.28
72. 44
56.82
73.09
57.37
73.80
57.97
73.62
58.06
73. 06
57. 71
73.67
58.19
74. 03
58.52
73.85
58.47
72.48
57.43
73.49
58. 46
72.83
58.45
68.46
55.43
80. 53
63.16
80. 53
63.21
79.97
62.72
80.64
63.30
81.36
63.91
81.18
64.02
80.61
63. 67
81.23
64.16
81.59
64. 50
81.41
64.46
80.01
63.40
81.05
64.48
80.36
64.49
75.88
61.44
1 See footnote 1, table C-3.
Spendable average weekly earnings are obtained by deducting from gross
average weekly earnings, Federal social security and income taxes for which
the worker Is liable. The amount of tax liability depends, of course, on the
number of dependents supported by the worker as well as on the level of his
gross income. Spendable earnings have been computed for 2 types of income
receivers: (1) a worker with no dependents, and (2) a worker with 3 depend
ents. The primary value of the spendable series is that of measuring relative
changes in disposable earnings for 2 types of income receivers.
The computations of spendable earnings for both the worker with no de
pendents and the worker with 3 dependents are based upon the gross average
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$83.50
67.61
weekly earnings for all production workers in manufacturing without direct
regard to marital status, family composition, or other sources of income.
Gross and spendable average weekly earnings expressed in 1947-49 dollars
indicate changes in the level of average weekly earnings after adjustment for
changes in purchasing power as measured by the Bureau’s Consumer Price
Index.
* Preliminary.
N ote: For a description of these series, see The Calculation and Uses of
the Spendable Earnings Series (in Monthly Labor Review, January 1959,
pp. 50-54).
693
D._CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
D.-—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
T able D - l . Consumer Price I n d e x A l l - c i t y average: All items, groups, subgroups, and special
groups of items
[1947-49-100]
Annual
average
1960
1961
Group
July
June
May
Apr.
1960
1959
126.6
126.6
126.5
126.3
126.2
126.5
124.6
120.1
117.4
137.7
111.3
116.6
127.3
106.5
120.6
117.9
137.5
110.8
115.8
134.4
104.8
120.3
117.7
136.1
110.3
115.0
136.1
104.5
119.7
117.0
135.6
109.7
115.0
132.9
104.9
119.5
116. 7
135.8
109. 3
115.3
129.9
106.1
119.7
116.9
136.8
109. 3
116.8
128.3
106.8
118.3
115.9
134.2
110.7
114.3
125.1
106.1
Sept.
Aug.
127.3
123.8
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
All Items.......................................................... 127.5
127.5
127.5
127.4
127.5
127.4
Food >...............................................—
Food at home..... ........... - .............
Cereals and bakery products.
Meats, poultry, and fish...... ........~
Dairy products___________
Fruits and vegetables--------Other foods at home *______
121. 2
118 3
139.7
110 5
117 9
131 4
106.4
121.2
118.3
139.6
111.4
118.5
127.8
107.6
121.4
118.6
139.4
111.8
119.0
127.2
108.5
121.3
118.5
139.1
111.6
119.1
126.1
109.5
121.4
118.7
139.0
110.5
119.3
126.3
111.6
121.1
118.4
138.6
109.9
118.9
126.2
111.6
120.9
118.2
138.5
110.0
118.4
124.8
112.0
120.2
117.4
137.8
110.2
117.5
124.6
109.3
Housing «........................................................
Rent.........................................................
Gas and electricity.................................
Solid fuels and fuel o il.-------------------Housefurnishings---------------------------Household operation..............—.............
132.3
143.3
125. 8
139.9
103. 8
138.7
132.5
143.1
125.9
141.3
103.9
138.5
132.4 132. 3
143.1 , 142.9
125.9 125.9
141.3 139.6
103.7 103.6
138.3 138.3
132.3
142.8
125.6
137.0
103.9
138.3
132.1
142.7
125.7
136.3
104.0
138.3
132.2
142.5
125.7
136.1
104.0
138.1
132.0
142.1
125. 7
134.8
104.1
138.0
131.5
141.9
124.9
133.4
103.5
137.6
131.3
141.8
124.8
132.9
104.1
137.4
131.3
141.6
124.7
132.3
104.3
137.3
131.2
141.4
124. 7
132.9
104.3
137.2
131.4
141.4
124.4
136.3
104. 7
137.0
131.5
141.8
124.8
135. 6
104.2
137.4
129.2
139.7
119.9
136. 6
103.9
134.3
Apparel.............................................. -..........
M en’s and boys’__________________
Women’s and girls’________________
Footwear________________________
109. 5
111. 7
99.1
140.8
92.8
109.8
111.4
99.9
140.9
92.6
109.6
111.3
99.5
140.9
92.9
109.4
111.4
99.1
140.3
93.0
110. 6
112.0
101.1
140.7
94.0
110.7
112.0
101.4
140.3
94.1
111.0
112.2
101.8
140.5
93.9
110.6
112.2
101.1
140.2
93.8
109.3
110.5
99.7
139.9
93.1
109.1
110.2
99.4
139.8
93.1
108.9
109.8
99.1
140.1
93.1
108.9
109.7
99. 4
139.8
93.2
108.9
109. 5
99. 6
139.8
92.9
109.4
110.4
100.0
107.9
108.4
99.5
135.2
92.3
Transportation.
Private___
Public.........
145 8
133 4
206.5
145.7
133.4
205.7
146.2
133.9
205.7
146.2
134.0
205.5
146.2
134. 5
146.3
135.2
«192.7
Medical care.
159.9
159.6
159.4
158.5
146. 5 146.5 146.1 144.7 146.2 145.9 145.8 145.6 146.1
134.5 134.4 134.1 132.8 134.4 134.2 134.1 133.9 134. 4
202.9 «202.9 «201.2 «200.3 »199.3 «198.9 «198. 3 «198.0 ®198.0
158.0 157.9 157.3 156.9 156.7 156.4 156.1 155.9 155.5
156.2
150.8
Personal c a re .......................................
133.8
133.6
133.8
133.7
133.7
132.9
133.3
131.2
121.1
121.5
118.6
129.7
Reading and recreation____________
124.1
123.4
122.7
122.2
122.3
133.9
122.5
134.0
121.9
133.9
122.1
133.8
121.9
133.4
121.6
133. 2
121.1
133.2
121.4
139.9
93.3
Other goods and services.......................
132.6
132.6
132.6
132.6
132.7
132.7
132.7
132.7
132.4
132.2
132.0
131.9
131.9
132.2
Special groups:
All items less food_____________
AH items less sh e lte r....................
All commodities less food_______
130 8
125. 0
115.2
130 9 130.8
125.0 125.0
115.4 115.5
130.6
124.8
115.4
130.8
125.0
115.9
130.8
125.0
115.9
130.7
124.8
115.9
130.3
124.3
115.6
130.1
124.1
115.5
129.9
124.2
115.4
129.7
124.0
115.3
129.7
123.8
115.3
129.8
123. 7
115. 6
130.0
124.0
115.7
127.9
117. 9
120. 4
120.0
118.0
120.7
120.7
118.1
120.8
120.6
118.0
120.7
120.5
118.4
121.0
121.0
118.3
120.9
121.1
118.2
120. 7
120.9
117.7
120.3
120.9
117.6
119.9
120.1
117.7
120.0
119.9
117.6
119.8
119.6
117.3
119.4
119.4
117.4
119.4
119.7
117.5
119.6
116.6
118.1
118.3
129 0
110 7
101.9
130.0
109.9
102.0
130.1
110.3
102.1
130.0
110.2
102.4
130.0
110.8
102.8
130.0
110.7
102.8
129.5
110.9
102.8
129.8
110.0
103.0
129.4
103.0
129.2
111.1
103.0
128.7
111.5
103.2
128.4
111.9
103. 5
129.0
112.1
103.6
129.2
111.0
103.2
127.3
113.0
103.3
152.3
- 154.7
152.2
154.6
151.9
154.2
151.7
154.0
151.4
153.6
151.3
153.6
151.2
153.4
150.8
153.0
150.3
152.5
150.0
152.1
149.7
151.8
149.6
151.7
149.4
151. 5
150.0
152.1
145.8
147.5
140 5
188 5
107 7
- 137.5
140.4
188.2
167.3
137.6
140.2
187.7
167.1
137.1
140.1
187.6
165.9
137.2
140.0
186.8
165.3
136.8
140.1
187.0
165.1
136.7
140.1
186.3
164.3
136.8
139.8
185.8
163.6
136.5
139.2
185.2
163.3
136.0
139.1
184.9
163.0
135.5
138.9
184. 5
162.5
135.1
138.8
184.3
162.4
135.2
138.5
184.2
161.9
135.0
139.0
184.9
162.8
135.6
134.8
180.3
156.3
131.7
All commodities_____________
Nondurables » . . . _____ ________
Nondurables less food and
Durables *__________
Durables less cars.
All services •„
gas, and electricity___
Transportation services.
Medical care services__
Other services________
i The Consumer Price Index measures the average change in prices of
goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and clerical-worker
families. Data for 46 large, medium-size, and small cities are combined for
the all-city average.
,
i In addition to subgroups shown here, total food Includes restaurant meals
and other food bought and eaten away from home.
! Includes eggs, fats and oils, sugar and sweets, beverages (nonalcoholic),
and other miscellaneous foods.
,
,
* In addition to subgroups shown here, total housing includes the purchase
price of homes and other homeowner costs.
« Includes yard goods, diapers, and miscellaneous Items.
• Revised;
11ncludes food, house paint, solid fuels, fuel oil, textile housefurnishings,
household paper, electric light bulbs, laundry soap and detergents, apparel
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
120.1
111.6
122.2
115.1
(except snoe repairs;, gasoime, motor uu, presuripuuuB nuu u. f : '
goods, nondurable toys, newspapers, cigarettes, cigars, beer, and whiskey.
• Includes water heaters, central heating furnaces, kitchen sinks, sink
faucets, porch flooring, household appliances, furniture and bedding, floor
coverings, dinnerware, automobiles, tires, radio and television sets, durable
toys, and sporting goods.
.
• Includes rent, home purchase, real estate taxes, mortgage interest, prop
erty insurance, repainting garage, repainting rooms, reshingling roof, reflnishing floors, gas, electricity, dry cleaning, laundry service, domestic
service, telephone, water, postage, shoe repairs, auto repairs, auto insurance,
auto registration, transit fares, railroad fares, professional medical services,
hospital services, hospitalization and surgical insurance, barber and beauty
shop services, television repairs, and motion picture admissions
€94
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1961
T a b l e D-2. Consumer Price Index 1—All items and food indexes, by city
[1947-49-100]
1961
City
Apr.
Mar.
1960
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Annual average
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
1960
1959
All Items
All-city average *.
127.5
127.5
127.5
127.4
127.5
127.4
127.3
126.8
126.6
126.6
126.5
126.3
128.2
126.5
124.6
Atlanta, Ga...............
Baltimore, M d_____
Boston, Mass______
Chicago, IlL ..............
Cincinnati, Ohio.......
(s)
0
130.0
130.1
(3)
127.7
129.5
(3)
130. 2
124.8
0
(?)
Ov
130.5
(3)
(3)
0
129.3
130.4
(3)
127.7
129.3
(3)
130.6
125.0
(3)
(3)
(3)
130.5
(3)
0
0
129.1
130 7
0
127.9
128.7
0
130.4
124.8
0
0
0
130.3
0
0
0
128.7
130.4
0
127.1
128.3
0
130.1
124.6
0
0
0
129.6
0
0
0
128.3
129.5
0
127.2
128.3
128.4
129.9
124.4
125 4
126.8
125 8
128 1
123.1
Cleveland, Ohio........
Detroit, M ich............
Houston, Tex............
Kansas City, Mo___
Los Angeles, Calif__
(8)
125.6
(3)
129.5
131.1
(3)
125.8
(3)
0
130.9
128.3
126.4
125.1
(3)
131.4
(3)
126.3
(3)
127.6
131.2
(3)
125.8
(3)
0
131.0
127.9
125.7
126.4
(3)
130.6
0
125.7
0
128.2
130.3
0
125.4
0
0
129.8
127.4
125.6
126.1
0
129.2
0
125.8
0
127.9
129.5
0
125.1
0
0
129.7
127.1
124.3
125.1
0
129.8
0
124.2
0
126.6
130.1
127.1
124.9
125.8
127. 5
129.8
125 6
123. 8
124 6
125.9
127.4
Minneapolis, M in n New York, N .Y ____
Philadelphia, P a___
Pittsburgh, P a_____
Portland, Oreg_____
129.0
125.8
128.0
129. 2
128.3
(3)
126.1
127. 7
(3)
(3)
(3)
126.2
127.9
(3)
(3)
127.8
126.1
127.8
129.2
128.8
(3)
126.3
128.0
(3)
(3)
(3)
126.5
127.9
(3)
(3)
128.5
126.1
127.7
129.0
127.2
0
125.5
127.2
0
0
0
125.3
126.8
0
0
127.5
124.8
126.9
128.9
127.5
0
124.9
126.4
0
0
0
124.9
126.4
0
0
127.1
124.7
126.4
127.9
127.5
127.5
125 2
126. 7
128.3
127.5
125 6
122 8
124. 5
125. 5
125.7
8t. Louis, Mo............
San Francisco, Calif.
Scranton, P a.............
Seattle, Wash______
Washington, D .C__
(8)
(8)
(3)
(3)
(3)
128.9
133.8
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
0
123.5
130.8
124.5
(«)
(*)
(3)
0
(3)
127.9
133. 9
(3)
0
(3)
(3)
(3)
123.9
130.5
123.8
127.4
133.0
0
0
0
0
0
121.8
129.8
123.2
127.2
132.4
0
0
0
0
0
122.1
129.7
123.1
127.1
132.6
122.3
129.8
123.0
126 3
130.0
120.8
128.2
121.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Food
All-city averageJ__
121.2
121.2
121.4
121.3
121. 4
121.1
120.9
120.2
120.1
120.6
120.3
119.7
119.5
119.7
118.3
Atlanta, Ga_______
Baltimore, M d____
Boston, Mass_____
Chicago, 111...............
Cincinnati, Ohio___
117.0
121.2
120. 5
118.8
121. 7
117.4
121.0
120.3
118.7
121.5
117.9
120.9
121.0
119.3
122.1
118.1
121.0
120.5
119.2
122.4
118.2
121.2
121.0
119.1
122.2
118.7
120.7
120.5
118.7
121.9
118.7
121.0
120.3
118.6
122.6
118.2
120.1
120.4
118.1
121.3
118.1
120.7
119.9
118.4
120.8
117.4
121.2
120. 4
119.3
121.9
117.6
121.2
119.0
118.8
121.5
116.8
120.5
118.6
117.2
120.4
116. 8
119.7
119.2
116.7
120.4
117.0
119.8
119.4
117. 5
120. 5
115 7
118 0
118 7
115 8
118.8
Cleveland, Ohio___
Detroit, Mich_____
Houston, Tex...........
Kansas City, Mo__
Los Angeles, Calif...
116.3
121,3
116.7
115.3
128.3
115.9
121.1
116.0.;
115.5
128.1
116.9
121.3
116.3
113. y
128.2
116.8
120.9
116.2
114.6
128.4
116.8
120.1
116.2
114.8
128.1
117.1
119.4
116.5
114.5
127.3
117.0
119.6
116.2
113.9
127.0
116.2
118.9
115.8
113.1
128.5
116.7
120.0
115.8
112.9
125.5
317.0
120.6
115.6
113.9
126.6
117.1
120.0
114.8
114.0
126.4
116.4
119.0
114.4
112.7
126.1
115. 8
119.1
114.8
112.4
126.8
115.8
118.7
115.0
112.9
126.1
114 1
117 5
114 7
112 2
123.5
Minneapolis, M inn.
New York, N .Y ___
Philadelphia, P a___
Pittsburgh, Pa____
Portland, Oreg____
118.6
121.6
123.0
122.4
123.7
119.0
122. 5
123.3
122.6
122. 7
119.2
122.8
123.8
123.2
122.0
119.4
122.7
12d. 5
123.0
122.4
119.7
122.8
123.9
122.2
122.2
119.2
123.6
123.9
122.4
121.4
119. 7
123.2
124.0
122.6
121. 3
118.6
122. 5
123.1
121.6
121.1
118.7
122.5
123.0
121.0
120.4
118. 9
121.9
123.1
123.1
121.7
119.3
121.8
122.6
122.1
121.3
118. 1
121.8
121.7
122.2
120.4
118.6
121.4
121.2
121.0
121.2
118.4
122.0
122.1
121 2
121.0
118 n
120 .8
120 9
119 8
120.7
St. Louis, Mo_____
San Francisco, Calif.
Scranton, P a.............
Seattle, Wash_____
Washington, D .C __
121.7
126. 2
116.9
125.4
121. 4
121.4
126.6
117.7
124. 7 j
121.3
121.3
126.5
117.7
124.7
121.1
121.3
126.1
117.1
124.4
121.4
121.8
126.2
117.4
124.6
121.7
120.7
125.5
117.0
123.4
121.2
120.2
125.0
117.0
123.3
121.6
118.9
125. 2
115.9
123.2
120.8
119.6
124.0
114.8
123.1
120.1
119. 9
124.7
115.7
123.0
120.9
119.6
124.2
116.5
122.8
120.9
118. 5
124.3
115.8
122.6
120.4
118.0
124.6
115. 5
122.8
119.5
119 0
124 4
115 5
122 7
120.0
118 7
122 0
115 4
120 8
119.0
1 See footnote 1, table D -l. Indexes measure time-to-time changes in
prices of goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and clericalworker families. They do not indicate whether it costs more to live in one
city than in another.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 Average of 46 cities.
8 All items indexes are computed monthly for 8 dtles and once every 3
months on a rotating cycle for 15 other cities.
D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
695
T a b l e D-3. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities
[1947-49=100, unless otherwise specified]
1961
1960
A n n u al
average
C o m m o d ity g roup
A p r.5
M a r.
F eb.
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
S ep t.
Aug.
J u ly
Ju n e
M ay
A p r.
I9 6 0 5
1959
119.4
119.8
119.9
119.8
119.5
119.6
119.6
119.2
119.2
119.7
119.5
119.7
120.0
119.6
119.5
98.8
100.1
100.7
100.0
99.2
99.7
99.5
98.1
97.4
99.1
98.6
99.1
99.2
98.5
98.2
88.1
101.7
73.5
82.9
93.5
96.8
67.2
89.1
129.4
109.0
123.6
95.3
119.4
111.7
115.4
139.7
71.2
70.6
72.4
84.6
100.9
90.1
110.1
76.2
83.7
93.0
3 98.6
76.7
82.5
129.3
109.6
123.6
96.7
120.4
112.2
115.1
139.7
3 75.8
3 66.8
70.6
84.1
101.4
90.3
103.9
75.9
85.8
91.3
99.6
82.0
78.6
129.5
110.5
123. 6
100.2
119.7
112.6
115.8
139.7
75.9
63.2
67.9
80.1
101.3
89.7
106.7
75.3
84.8
90.8
101.1
75.2
77.6
128.0
109.8
123.5
98.3
121.2
112.3
116.2
139.7
64.4
57.2
64.6
78.1
101.1
88.7
99.5
72.7
82.8
90.7
102. 3
87.7
74.1
130.4
109.2
123.5
97.3
122.0
110.1
116.3
140.9
62.4
52.4
61.2
77.4
100.8
89.9
107.5
70.3
81.8
90.8
102.3
108.1
72.5
129. 1
109.1
123.1
96.6
121.7
109. 4
117.4
140.9
66.1
53.1
59.8
76.1
102.8
89.5
109.2
73.5
80.7
90.8
101.5
98.9
72.2
130.4
109.0
123.1
97.8
121.3
108.8
117.1
140.9
62.0
49.9
57.4
75.2
100.5
87.7
104.7
74.9
79.0
92.1
99.8
85.5
72.3
129.5
108.1
122.4
96.0
120.5
107.7
117.9
140.9
60.0
48.7
55.2
74.7
101.4
86.6
98.7
74.3
80.7
92.2
97.0
76.4
73.7
125.6
107.8
122.0
96.8
118.0
106.6
116.9
140.9
66.0
51.6
56.8
73.3
101.7
88.9
112.9
75.5
84.1
96.4
95.5
65.4
73.5
127.7
108.9
122. 5
99. 5
117.3
107.3
117.2
143. 5
62.1
50.3
65.5
72.7
103.3
89.0
109.7
77.5
85.1
96.7
93.3
64.2
74.4
128.0
107 6
121.2
98 1
116.0
106.9
114. 3
145, 2
56,9
50.3
56.3
72.7
103.9
90.4
116.9
77.8
85.8
96.6
92.7
69.6
76.5
128.3
107.3
121.2
98.5
114.9
106.3
114.3
145.2
56.0
48.7
57.0
71.5
102.2
91.1
111.5
79.4
85.7
96.3
95. 5
80.2
76.3
128.6
106. 8
120.9
96.7
115.6
105.8
114.1
145.2
57.6
47.5
56.7
71.5
102. 8
88.8
106.7
75.7
82.6
94.2
98.0
77.3
74.7
128.5
107.7
121.8
96.7
118.5
107.0
115.5
143.3
58.4
49.1
56.7
73.2
102.2
89.1
102.7
77.3
85.1
98.2
94.4
65.6
76.6
132.6
107.0
119.3
98.2
114.3
109.0
115.1
146.5
54.6
53.1
58.0
74.0
96.7
All co m m o d ities except farm p ro d u c ts _____ 124.6
All co m m o d ities except farm a n d foods____ 128.0
T e x tile p ro d u c ts a n d a p p a re l........ ................... 94.4
124.8
124.9
124.6
124.5
124.9
127.9
95.9
93.4
101.2
78.6
128.4
101.1
85.7
108.1
62.3
97.5
132.6
103.9
116.1
122.4
170.4
121.3
102.1
120.7
110.4
124.5
128.4
104.6
95.0
47.7
112.9
108.3
106.7
144.9
147.7
141. 3
146.6
118.7
117.9
135.5
96.4
133.0
121.2
77.4
145.4
135.9
124.6
128.2
124.8
128.0
94.8
90.1
99.8
77.5
129.3
100.6
101.4
108.2
62.3
97.5
132.8
103.7
117.8
123.5
170.4
122.3
102.2
123.1
110.4
123.3
132.1
105.0
94.7
54.3
111.9
112.1
105.9
140.2
136.3
137.1
144.6
114.9
113.4
134.7
91.8
132.8
114.5
75.5
145.7
130.4
124.8
128.0
95.0
90.7
100.0
77.4
130.8
100.7
99.6
108.3
62.7
97.9
132.7
103.9
117.3
123.5
170.4
121.1
102.3
122.4
110.0
123.1
131.5
105.0
94.2
50.1
111.9
112.2
105.8
124.4
128.1
94.7
90.1
99.3
77.0
129.5
100.6
100.5
3109.8
71.2
100.1
3132.7
3104.1
117.5
122.8
170.4
3121.7
102.4
122.8
110.6
123.4
132.1
105.3
94.7
3 57.1
112.3
112.0
3106.0
140.7
138.8
137.1
144.6
3115.8
3 114.6
134.5
92.9
3132.1
114.5
62.7
145.7
130.2
128.2
96.3
94.7
101.8
79.6
123.3
101.0
81.9
128.2
96.3
94.8
102.1
79.6
121.6
100.8
85.1
110.1
68.0
102.2
132.5
105. 6
110.3
67, 1
103.0
132. 5
106.4
128.7
96.3
05.0
102. 7
79.4
118.0
100.7
82.5
112.1
73.5
104.7
133. 5
107.3
113.8
120.3
170.4
114.4
102.0
117.9
110.4
124.7
128.4
103.8
95.1
47.8
110.3
110. 4
106.4
146.9
160.9
141.3
145.6
121.5
121.6
137.2
95.5
133. 5
121.2
82.3
145.9
135.9
112.3
119.5
170.4
112. 2
101.8
116.0
110.2
124.6
128.3
103.2
95.1
47.9
110.2
108.8
106.4
146.7
169.6
137.0
145. 6
122.4
123.1
136. 9
95.5
133. 5
121.2
82.3
145.9
135.9
128.2
96.3
94.8
102.4
79.7
118.7
100.6
86.8
111.2
72.9
103.5
132. 5
106.7
110.8
118.7
170.4
111.6
101.7
113. 6
110.2
124.6
128.3
103.0
94.8
50.2
110. 2
108.8
106.4
146.3
169.6
137.0
144.6
123.7
124. 9
130.9
95.7
133.4
121.2
83.2
145. 9
135.9
144.7
160.9
137.0
144.5
124.3
125.7
136. 8
96.1
133.1
121.2
88.4
145.1
135.9
124.7
128.3
96.1
94.2
102.1
79.1
122.9
100.9
85.2
110.3
68.1
101.5
133.0
105.8
113.8
121.8
170.4
116.6
101.9
117.5
110.2
124.2
128. 5
103.8
94.6
49.0
111.0
109.6
106.7
144.7
155.7
138.4
145.6
121.3
121.4
136.6
96.1
133.2
120. 6
83.7
145.4
135.3
128.2
95.0
91.7
101.6
81.1
113.5
100.0
76.8
114.3
00.7
111.8
129.5
109.0
112.7
122.6
169.8
110.9
100.8
116.6
109.9
123.8
128.3
101.9
93.4
56.7
109,5
106. 9
106.6
144.5
152.0
143.4
142.2
125.8
127.1
135. 9
101.2
132.2
121.2
112.5
143. 4
136.1
131.2 3131.4
145.3 145.7
153.0 152.8
170.9 170.6
132.7 132.4
156.6 156.6
175.3 3175.0
130.9 130.9
115.4 114.8
133.9 3134.0
130.6
145.7
153.8
170.0
139.0
153.9
174.3
132.1
119.4
134.7
127.5
146.4
153. 6
172.0
136.1
153. 7
173.0
130.1
121. 7
133.4
149.7
146.4
146.0
A ll co m m o d ities................... ........... .....................
F a rm p ro d u c ts a n d processed foods......... ..
F a r m p ro d u c ts ........ ............. ............. . .................
F re sh a n d d rie d fru its a n d v e g e ta b le s..
G ra in s _______________ _______________
L iv esto ck a n d live p o u ltry ____________
P la n t a n d an im a l fibers_______________
F lu id m i l k . . . ..................................................
E g g s ...................................................................
H a y , h ayseeds, a n d oilseeds___________
O th e r farm p ro d u c ts ________ ______ _
P ro cessed foods___ ____ _______ __________
C ereal a n d b a k e ry p ro d u c ts ......................
M e a ts, p o u ltry , a n d fish .........................
D a ir y p ro d u c ts a n d ice cre a m _________
C a n n e d a n d frozen fru its a n d vegetables.
S ugar a n d confectionery_____ _________
P ack a g ed b everage m a te ria ls __________
A n im a l fats a n d oils___________________
C ru d e v eg etab le oils___________________
R efin ed vegetable o ils_________________
V eg etab le oil en d p r o d u c ts ....................
O th e r processed foods_________________
C o tto n p ro d u c ts ______________________
W ool p r o d u c ts ...............................................
M a n m a d e fiber te x tile p r o d u c t s .............
Silk p r o d u c t s .................... .............. .............
A p p a re l.......... ......... ................... .....................
O th e r te x tile p ro d u c ts _________________
H id es, sk in s, le ath er, a n d le a th e r p ro d u c ts .
H id e s a n d s k in s _______________________
L e a th e r_______________________________
F o o tw e a r .........................................................
O th e r le a th e r p ro d u c ts ________________
Fuel, p o w er, a n d lig h tin g m a te ria ls ........... ..
C o al__________________________________
C o k e_________ _______________________
G as fuels A ................................ .....................
E le c tric pow er <__________ ____________
P e tro le u m a n d p ro d u c ts.........................
C hem icals a n d allied p ro d u c ts .........................
In d u s tr ia l ch e m ica ls__________________
P re p a re d p a in t________________________
P a in t m a te ria ls _______________________
D ru g s a n d p h a rm a c e u tic a ls ___________
F a ts a n d oils, in e d ib le ____ ___________
M ix ed fertilizer______________________
F e rtiliz e r m a te ria ls________________ _
O th e r ch em icals a n d allied p ro d u c ts ___
R u b b e r a n d ru b b e r p ro d u c ts ______________
C ru d e r u b b e r _________________________
T ire s a n d tu b e s _______________________
O th e r r u b b e r p ro d u c ts ________________
L u m b e r a n d w ood p ro d u c ts _______________
L u m b e r......................................... ............... ..
M ill w o r k ........................................................
P ly w o o d .......................... ...............................
Pulp, p a p e r, a n d allied p ro d u c ts __________
"W oodpulp______________________ _____
W a sto p a p e r...................................... ...............
P a p e r.................................... .............................
P a p e r b o a r d ....................................................
C o n v e rte d p a p e r a n d p a p e rb o a rd
p ro d u c ts ____________________________
B u ild in g p a p e r a n d b o a rd .......... ...............
M eta ls a n d m e tal p ro d u c ts ___________ ____
Iro n a n d stee l_________________________
N o n ferro u s m e ta ls ____________________
M e ta l c o n tain ers______________________
H a rd w a re _____________________________
P lu m b in g fixtures a n d brass fittin g s ___
H e a tin g e q u ip m e n t___________________
F a b ric a te d s tru c tu ra l m e ta l p r o d u c ts . .
F a b ric a te d n o n s tru c tu ra l m e ta l produ c ts ...... ................................................... ........
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
89.8
100.0
77.0
129.5
100.5
93.8
110.3
70.8
102.1
132.8
104.4
115.7
119.0
170.4
117.8
102.5
120.6
110.8
123.4
132.1
104.9
94.7
61.4
112.2
112.0
106.0
140.7
138.9
138.3
143.5
118.0
116.6
134.5
98.6
131.9
114.4
62.7
145.7
129.7
149.7
124.6
124.6
127. 9
95.4
91.7
101. 3
78.2
125. 9
101.0
92.1
140.1
135.5
137.2
144.5
115.7
114.3
135.6
92.5
132.6
114.5
67.8
145.7
132.4
127.9
95.2
91.2
100.8
77.8
125.7
101.0
92.6
108.8
64.9
99.4
132.5
103.9
116.2
123.1
170.4
120.0
102.3
120.8
110.4
123.5
130.3
104.4
94.1
48.5
111.8
111.9
107.3
141.2
136.5
137.1
146.8
116.5
115.0
135.5
95.1
132.3
114.5
67.8
145.7
132.4
108.5
65.8
97.1
132. 5
104.2
116.1
123.0
170.4
120.2
102.4
120.6
110.3
123. 5
128.4
104.8
94.1
48.9
112.1
111.9
107.4
143.6
140.3
141.3
146.8
116.9
115.1
135. 8
96.1
133.1
121.2
77.4
145. 7
132.4
124.6
128.0
95.8
92.8
101.1
78.5
128.5
101.1
91.3
108.5
64.1
98.1
132.5
104.0
116.2
122.5
170.4
120.9
102.1
121.0
110.3
123.6
128.4
104.5
94.4
47.8
112.9
111.2
107.3
144.7
146.5
141.3
146.8
117.7
116.3
135.3
97.1
133.4
121.2
77.4
145. 7
135.9
131.7
146.0
152.5
170.0
132.0
156.6
175.1
130.9
115.1
133.9
131. 7
145.4
152.3
169.5
131.9
156.6
174.9
130.9
115.3
133.9
131.1
145.4
152.2
168.6
133.9
153.6
174.7
130.8
116.8
133.9
131.1
145.4
152.3
168.5
135. 5
153.6
174.6
130.8
118.4
133.9
131.1
145.7
152.8
168.9
137.1
153. 6
174.6
130.8
119.3
134.0
130.6
145.3
153.5
169.7
138.4
153.6
174.5
131.5
119.3
134.2
130.5
145.5
153.6
169.9
138.7
153.6
174.5
131.5
118.8
134.7
131.0
144.2
153.4
169. 5
138. 6
153.6
174.5
131.3
118.7
134.6
130.9
145.1
153.8
169. 9
138. 9
153. 9
174.5
131.3
120.0
134. 9
130.6
145.1
154.2
170.4
140.0
154.8
174.2
132.7
120.2
134. 9
130.0
145.1
154.5
170.5
140.5
154. 8
174.0
132.1
120.1
135.3
149.6
149.6
148.6
146. 7
146.2
146.2
146.2
146.0
146.0
146 1
146.1
96.1
94.3
101.5
78.9
126.8
101.0
84.6
108.7
63.6
98.9
132. 5
104.7
115.3
121.3
170.4
116.6
102.1
120.0
110.6
124.6
128.4
105.0
95.4
48.9
112.3
108.2
106.7
145.3
151.4
141.3
145.9
119.6
119. 2
136. 7
94.7
133.0
121.2
77.4
145.2
135.9
112.2
119.0
170.4
115.6
101.8
115.4
110.2
124.5
128.3
102.9
94.5
51.7
110.2
108.8
106.4
124.5
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1961
696
T a b l e D-3. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities—Continued
[1947-49=100, unless otherwise specifiedl
1960
1961
Annual
average
Commodity group
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
I9602
1959
Machinery and motive products.................
Agricultural machinery and equipmentConstruction machinery and equip
m ent--------------- ------ ------------------Metalworking machinery and equip
m ent........ ............................. .............
General purpose machinery and equip
m ent............................................. ........
Miscellaneous machinery------ ----------Electrical machinery and equipment—
Motor vehicles____________________
152.8 5153.0
148.7 148.6
153.1
148.6
153.2
148.5
153.1
148.0
153.0
148.2
152.9
146. 7
151.4
146.2
153.3
146.1
153.3
146.0
153.2
145.9
153.3
145.7
153.7
145.6
153.4
146.1
153.0
143.4
171.9
Furniture and other household durables ...
Household furniture________ _______
Commercial furniture.............................
Floor coverings____________________
Household appliances------------- -------Television, radio receivers, and phono
graphs.------------------------------------Other household durable goods.............
122.5
126.1
156.0
128.2
99.8
122.2
126.0
156.0
128.2
99.8
122.2
126.0
156.0
128.1
100.0
90.6
158.3
90.7
156.8
Nonmetallic minerals—structural--- --------Flat glass_________ _______________
Concrete ingredients....... .......................
Concrete products_________________
Structural clay products.----------------Gypsum products_________________
Prepared asphalt roofing_______ _____
Other nonmetallic m inerals.................
Tobacco products and bottled beverages *„
Tobacco products 6_________________
Alcoholic beverages________________
Nonalcoholic beverages_____________
Apr. 2
178.1
178.1
177.6
177.0
177.3
176.7
176.7
176.7
175. 5
175.3
175.3
174.7
175.6
181.6 3182.7
182.7
182.6
182.3
182.1
181.2
181.0
180.1
179.9
179.7
179.1
178.5
179.9
174.5
166.2 3166.2 166.1 166.0
151.4 151.4 151.4 151.3
151.6 3152.1 3152.0 3152. 2
140.3 3140.2 140.5 140.7
166.1
150.9
152.4
140.7
166.3 166.5
150.7 150.4
152. 4 152.6
140.5 140.3
166.9
150.2
152.7
135.4
166.4
150.2
153.3
141.6
166.6
150.1
153.5
141.6
166.4
150.2
153.3
141.6
167.8
150.0
153.3
141.6
167.9
150.1
154.9
141.6
167.1
150.2
154.2
140.8
165.3
149.4
154.4
142.8
122.4
125.9
156.0
128.3
100.1
122.6
125.7
157.1
130.2
100.4
122.6
125.7
157.1
130.2
100.6
122.7
125.6
157.1
130.5
100.9
122.8
125.0
157.1
130.5
100.9
122.9
125.0
157.1
130.6
101.1
123.1
125.0
157.1
130. 6
101.7
123.0
124.9
156.7
130.6
101.7
123.2
125.0
156.7
130.8
102.1
123.5
124.9
156.7
130.8
103.1
123.1
125.1
156.8
130.4
101.9
123.4
124.1
155.2
128.1
104.7
90.4
156.8
91.0
156.9
91.2
156.6
90.5
156.6
90.5
156.8
91.1
157.6
91.1
157. 6
91.4
157.6
91.4
157.4
91.7
157.4
91.7
157.3
91.3
157.4
92.8
156.4
138.7 3138.7
132.4 132.4
142.6 142.6
131.3 3131.1
162.1 162.1
134.9 134.9
114.1 114.1
133.7 3133.6
138.4
132.4
142.3
130.9
162.1
134.9
114.1
132.9
138.6
132.4
142.3
131.2
162.1
134.9
114.1
133.5
137.9
132.4
142.0
131.0
162.3
133.2
106.6
133. 6
137.9
132.4
142.1
131.0
162.3
133.2
106.6
133.6
138.1
132.4
142.1
131.0
162.2
133. 2
106.6
135.0
138.0
132.4
142.2
131.0
162.1
133.2
106.6
134.5
137.8
130.2
142.2
131.1
162.0
133.2
106.6
134.6
137.8
130.2
142.1
131.3
161.8
133.2
106.6
134.6
137.8
130.2
142.1
131.3
161.7
133.2
106.6
134.6
137.9
130.2
142.1
131.5
161.7
133.2
106.6
134.6
138.3
135.3
142.1
131.3
161.5
133.2
106.6
134.4
138.0
132.7
142.1
131.1
161.8
133.2
107.3
134.2
137.7
135.3
140.3
129.7
160.2
133.1
116.4
132.4
132.1
130.8
121.2
171.7
132.1
130.8
121.3
171.7
132.1
130.8
121.2
171.7
132.1
130.8
121.2
171.6
132.0
130.8
121.1
171.4
132.0
130.8
121.1
171.4
132.0
130.8
121.1
171.4
132.0
130.8
121.1
171.4
131.8
130.8
120.6
171.4
131.7
130.8
120.6
171.1
131.7
130.8
120.6
171.1
131.7
130.8
120.6
171.1
131.8
130. 8
120.8
171.3
131.4
130.5
121.3
167.4
96.1 395.7
94.6
Miscellaneous products___________ . . . . . .
Toys, sporting goods, small arms, and
ammunition_____________________ 119.6 119.4 118.9
75.5
73.8
Manufactured animal feeds__________ 76.4
96.4
96.4
96.4
Notions and accessories..___________
Jewelry, watches, and photographic
equipment______________________ 111.5 111.6 111.5
Other miscellaneous products________ 131.5 3132.2 3132.7
95.4
92.4
90.6
90.3
91.1
89.9
90.8
90.9
91.1
95.4
92.1
94.5
118.9
75.1
96.4
118.6
70.0
96.4
118.6
66.8
96.4
118.6
66.2
96.4
118.6
67.7
96.4
118.5
65.6
97.3
118.6
67.3
97.3
118.3
67.6
96.4
118.3
68.0
96.4
118.3
75.6
97.2
118.3
69.6
96.9
117.5
75.1
97.3
111.5
132.7
111.0
132.4
110.9
132.1
110.9
132.6
110.9
132.5
110.9
132.3
110.7
132.5
110.2
132.6
110.5
132.5
110.5
132.1
110.7
132.2
108.3
132.2
178.2
132.1
130.8
121.3
171.7
1 As of January 1958, new weights reflecting 1954 values were Introduced
Into the index. Technical details furnished upon request to the Bureau.
2 Preliminary.
* Revised.
* January 1958=100.
5 This Index was formerly tobacco manufactures and bottled beverages.
# New series.
T able D-4. Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings 1
[1947-49=100]
Commodity group
All foods.......... ........ ....................... ..............................
All fish........ ....................................................................
All commodities except farm products......... ............ .
Textile products, excluding hard fiber products____
Refined petroleum products____________________
East Coast petroleum______________________
Midcontinent petroleum____________________
Gulf Coast petroleum______________________
Pacific Coast petroleum____________________
Bituminous coal, in domestic sizes........................... .
Soaps................................................................... ........ .
Synthetic detergents............................... .....................
Lumber and wood products, excluding millwork___
Softwood lumber_____________________________
Pulp, paper and products, excluding bldg, paper__
Special metals and metal products_______________
Steel mill products._____________________ _____
Machinery and equipment_____________________
Agricultural machinery, including tractors____ . . . .
Metalworking machinery___________ __________
Total tractors............................. ........... .......................
Industrial valves_____________________________
Industrial fittings___________ __________________
Antifriction bearings and components____________
Abrasive grinding wheels______________________
Construction materials________________________
1 See footnote 1, table D-3.
* Preliminary.
* Revised.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1960
1961
Apr.2 Mar. Feb.
Jan.
Dec. Nov.
106.2 107.9
125.4 131.9
124.6 124.8
88. S 89.0
119.0 121.7
115.1 116.4
123.8 125.3
122.2 127.3
104.3 106.1
117.8 126.4
107.5 3107.5
103.0 3103.0
115.3 3112.6
115.8 3113.2
131.6 131.8
149.9 149.8
187.5 187.6
159.3 159.7
150.7 150.6
189.1 189.2
159.4 159.4
202.4 3202.4
121.9 3121.9
130.7 3130.7
146.9 146.9
130.9 3130.0
107.7
130.9
124.8
89.5
121.2
114.2
126.1
125.6
107.3
127.9
107.5
102.7
112.3
112.2
132.3
149.6
187.6
159. 7
150.5
190.0
159.3
201.2
121.3
131.4
146.9
129.9
107.3
133.2
124.6
90.0
119.3
111.4
125.2
122.9
105.5
127.7
107.6
102.9
113.3
112.7
132.0
149.5
187. 6
159.6
150.0
189.6
158.9
201.2
121. 7
131.4
146.9
130.0
108.5
133.0
124.9
89.2
122.1
116.9
126.1
127.3
106.1
127.9
107.5
103.2
111.5
111.5
132.4
149.6
187.6
159.7
150.5
190.0
159.4
201.2
122.3
131.4
146.9
129.6
108.8
131.5
124.6
90.5
119.1
111.4
124.7
122.9
105. 5
127.4
107.6
102.9
113.7
112.8
132.8
149.5
187.6
159.6
150.3
189.3
158.9
201.2
121.7
132.9
147.6
130.3
Oct. Sept.
108.5
129.4
124.6
91.2
119.5
112.4
124. 7
122. 9
107.3
126.2
107.6
103.6
114.8
114.1
133.1
149. 7
187.6
159.4
148.6
188.0
157.4
202.8
122.4
132.9
147.6
130.5
106.6
128.1
124.4
91.6
119.2
111.4
124.7
122.9
106.0
126.1
107.6
101.2
116.0
118.0
132.7
148.7
187.6
159.5
148.0
187.7
156.9
206.5
122.5
132.0
147.6
131.1
Annual average
Aug.
July
June May Apr.
I9602
105.4
124. 4
124.6
92.2
118.3
111.0
123.2
122.9
104.1
124.4
107.6
101.2
116.8
117.6
132. 7
150.6
187.6
159.5
147.8
186.5
156.9
206.5
121.9
132.9
147.6
131.4
106.9
129.9
124.8
92.7
115.8
109.8
118.5
121.0
105.1
122.0
107.6
101.2
118.9
120.3
133.3
150.4
187.7
159. 5
147.8
186.5
155.9
206.5
125. 4
132.9
147.6
132.1
105.5
126.5
124.6
92.8
113.5
109.8
114.4
118.1
106.6
121.0
107.6
101.2
120.2
122.1
133. 2
150. 6
188.1
159. 4
147.7
186.5
155.8
206.5
125.4
134.5
147.6
132.9
106.0
126.7
124.7
92.2
115.4
111.0
117.0
120.4
105.8
124.7
107.6
101.7
118.9
120.4
132.9
150.5
187.9
160.0
147.9
186.7
156. 4
205.1
132.2
133.6
147.5
132.6
106.1
126.6
124.5
92.8
110.8
110.6
106. 2
118.1
108.1
119.2
107.6
101.2
121.7
124.5
133.1
151.0
188.3
159.5
147.5
185.5
155.8
206.1
144.6
134.5
147.6
133.9
105.8
123.3
124.9
92.9
112.9
110.2
113.1
117.8
105.7
119. 2
107.6
101.2
122.5
125.6
132.8
151.1
188.3
160.1
147.3
185.5
155.4
206.1
145.7
134.6
147.6
134.3
1959
104.4
124.5
124.5
91.4
114.2
108.9
115.7
118.4
108.2
124.9
109.5
101.4
124.5
128.1
131.8
150.8
188.2
158.5
144.8
181.8
153.3
196.9
139.0
136.1
152.5
134.6
N ote : For a description of these series, see Wholesale Prices and price
Indexes, 1958, BLS Bull. 1267 (1959).
697
D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T a b l e D-5.
Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by stage of processing and durability of product
[1947-49=100]
Annual
average
1960
1961
Commodity group
Apr.2 Mar. Feb. Jan.
Dec. Nov. Oct.
Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. I9602 1959
All commodities_________ _____ - ...............— ...............— 119.4 119.8 119.9 119.8 119.5 119.6 119.6 119.2 119.2 119.7 119.5 119.7 120.0 119.6 119.5
Stage of processing
Crude materials for further processing..................................
Crude foodstuffs and feedstuffs--------------- ------- -----Crude nonfood materials except fuel---------------------Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for manu
facturing..... ............................... — ....................—
Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for con
struction_________________________________
Crude fuel_____________________________________
Crude fuel for manufacturing................................
Crude fuel for nonmanufacturlng---------------------
94.4 95.2 95.2 94.5 93.3 93.0 93.3 92.9 92.7 94.8 95.3 96.0 96.3 94.5 96.7
85.5 3 86.8 87.6 87.2 85.5 85.1 85.1 83.9 83.8 86.1 86.8 87.6 88.0 85.7 86.8
108.0 107.1 105.5 104.3 104.1 104.1 104.8 106.1 105.9 107.7 108.2 108.9 108.8 107.5 112.2
Intermediate materials, supplies, and components—.......—
Intermediate materials and components for manu
facturing........................... .................. - ..........- .........
Intermediate materials for food manufacturing---Intermediate materials for nondurable m anu
facturing_________________________________
Intermediate materials for durable manufacturing
Components for m anufacturing...............................
Materials and components for construction-------------Processed fuels and lubricants.------ -------------------—
Processed fuels and lubricants for manufacturing.
Processed fuels and lubricants for nonmanufaeturing______________________________ _____
Containers, nonreturnable_______________________
Supplies. .1.........................- ------- ----------- --------------Supplies for manufacturing------ ----------------------Supplies for nonmanufacturing........ ........... ...........
Manufactured animal feeds_______________
Other supplies______________________ ____
126.9 126.8 126.6 126.7 126.4 126.5 126.6 126.8 126.8 127.0 127.0 127.1 127.6
128.1 128.0 127.9 127.8 127.9 128.1 128.4 128.5 128.7 129.0 129.1 129.2 129.5
103.8 103.6 103.5 102.3 101.3 101.7 100.7 100.0 99.8 100.1 99.0 98.6 98.3
105.2 3105.1 104.9 105.0 105.2 105.5 105.9 106.2 106.5 106.9 106.8 106. 8 106.9
156.0 3155.8 155.6 156.1 156.6 156.7 157.2 157. 7 157.8 158.1 158.4 158.8 159.0
149.6 3149.5 149.6 149.4 149.3 149.5 149.8 149.8 150.0 150.1 150.3 150.8 152. 0
134.4 3133. 7 133.4 133.6 133.7 133.9 134.2 134.6 134.8 135.3 135.8 136.4 136.7
110.7 112.1 112.1 111.9 111.6 111.6 111.7 111.4 111.0 109.6 108.3 106.3 107.3
110.6 111.8 111.7 111.5 111.3 111.3 111.3 111.0 110.6 109.4 108.3 106.7 107.4
Finished goods (goods to users, including raw foods and
fuels)_____________ ____________________ __ ______
Consumer finished goods------------------------------------ Consumer foods____________________________
Consumer erud8 foods____________________
Consumer processed foods_________________
Consumer other nondurable goods_____________
Consumer durable goods------------------ ------------Producer finished goods----- ---------------- --------------Producer finished goods for manufacturing--------Producer finished goods for nonmanufacturing----
106.0 3105.0 103.4 102.1 101.8 101.8 102.7 104.0 103.8 105. 8 106.3 107.1 107.0 105.5 110.8
142.6 142.6
122.4 3126.5
121.7 125.9
123.4 3127.4
142.3
127.2
126.6
128.0
142.3
126.8
126.3
127.7
142.0
126.3
125.8
127.1
142.1
126.2
125. 7
127.0
142.1
126.0
125. 5
126.9
142.2
126.1
125.6
127.0
142.2
124.1
123.6
124.8
142.1
122.7
122.2
123.4
142.1
121.5
121.1
122.2
142,1
120.7
120.3
121.4
142.1
122.0
121.5
122.8
142.1
124.4
123.9
125.2
140.3
123.4
122.9
124.1
127.0 127.0
128.9 129.0
99.3 98.5
106.4
158.1
150.7
135. 5
108.9
108.9
106.4
157.9
151.5
136.5
106.0
105.6
111.0 112.8
140.8 141.3
117.8 3117.8
148.0 3149.1
104.1 103. 7
70.7 69.6
123.8 123.7
112.8
141.6
117.1
148.6
103.0
67.8
123.7
112.7
141.5
117.5
148.7
103.4
69.1
123.6
112.3
139.4
116.1
149.6
101.2
64.2
123.0
112.3
139.3
115.2
149.6
100.1
61.0
123.1
112.4
139.2
115.1
149.8
99.9
60.1
123.2
112.1
138.5
115.4
149.7
100.3
61.7
123.0
111.8
138.3
114.8
149.5
99.5
59.3
123.1
109.9
138.3
115.3
149.8
100.1
61.2
123.0
108.4
138.9
115.4
149.8
100.2
61.6
122.9
105.6
139.1
115.4
149.5
100.4
62.0
122.9
107.4
138.2
117.3
148.8
103.2
69.8
122.8
109.1
138.6
115.8
149.3
101.0
63.8
122.9
106.8
136.7
116.6
143.5
104.1
74.7
121.3
121.3 3122.1
113.4 114.4
107.1 109. C
91.4 99.2
110.5 3111.1
114.5 115.1
125.6 3125.5
153.4 153.7
160.5 3160.4
147.2 3147.7
122.5
114.8
109. £
98.8
112.3
115.2
125.6
153.8
160.7
147.7
122.3
114.5
109.2
98. C
111.6
115.0
125.8
153. £
160.6
148.1
122.2
114.4
109. C
99.6
111. C
114.7
125.8
153.8
160.6
147.8
122.7
114.9
110.4
109.1
110.8
114.7
125.8
153.6
160.4
147.7
122.4
114.7
110.1
106.6
110. £
114.8
125.7
153.4
160.2
147.6
121. 5
113.7
108.2
100. 3
110. C
114.8
123.6
152. 5
159.2
146.6
121.5
113.6
107.1
94.3
109.8
114.6
126.2
153.7
160.2
148.0
121.8
113.9
108.4
96.5
110.9
114.1
126.3
153.6
160.0
147.9
121.1
113.1
106.9
93.4
109.8
113.6
126.2
153.4
159.9
147.7
121.2
113.2
107.5
98.3
109.5
113.2
126.3
153 3
159.6
147.8
121.4
113.4
107.5
100.2
109.1
113.7
126.5
153.6
160.1
147.8
121.5
113.6
107.7
98.0
109.7
114.1
126.1
153.8
160.0
148.4
120.6
112.5
105.5
91.9
108.4
113.4
126.5
153.2
158.1
149.1
Durability of product
145.0 3144.8 144.7 144.8 145.0 145.0 144.9 144.5 145.5 145.6 145.8 146.1 146.5 145.7 145.9
105.5 106.2 106.5 106.2 105. 6 105.8 105.8 105.3 104.9 105.6 105.2 105. 2 105.6 105.3 105.0
Total manufactures________________________________ 125.8 125.9 126.0 125.9 125.7 125.7 125.7 125. 5 125. 7 125.9 125.8 125.7 126.0 125.8 125. 5
Durable manufactures__________________________ 146.2 3146.0 146.0 146.1 146. l. 146. 4 146.3 145.8 146.8 140. £ 147.2 147.4 147.8 147.0 147.0
Nondurable manufactures__ ____ ________________ 109.6 109.9 110.2 110.0 109. ‘ 109.3 109.5 109.2 109.1 109.5 108.8 108.5 108.8 108.9 108.5
97.9 99.5 99.5 98.9 98.3 99.1 98.9 98.0 97.0 98.7 98.4 99.3 99.9 98.6 98.9
Total raw or slightly processed goods.......... ....................
Durable raw or slightlv processed goods____________ 111. 4 109.5 105.1 103. £ 101. i 101.4 102.9 107.'! 107.8 106. ( 105.8 107.1 108.2 107. ‘ 114.1
Nondurable raw or slightly processed goods------------- 97.1 98.9 99.1 98.6 98.1 99.0 98.7 97.4 96.3 98.3 97.9 98. S 99.4 98.1 98.1
Total durable goods__ _____________________________
Total nondurable goods.................... ............. - .....................
* See footnote 1, table
s Preliminary.
s Revised,
D -3 0 .
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N o t e : For description of the series by stage of processing, see N e w BL8
Economic Sector Indexes of Wholesale Prices (In Monthly Labor Review,
December 1955, pp. 1448-1453) ; and by durability of product and data begin
ning with 1947, see Wholesale Prices and Price Indexes, 1957, BLS Bull.
1235 (1958).
698
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1961
E.—Work Stoppages
T a b l e E - l . W ork stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes 3
Number of stoppages
Workers involved in stoppages
Man-days idle during month
or year
Month and year
Beginning in
month or year
1935-39 (average)___ ».
1947-49 (average)........ .
1945
................. .
1946
................. .
1947
................. .
1948
................. .
1949
................. .
1950
................. .
1951
.................... „ .....................................
1952
................. .
1953
................. .
1954
..................
1955
..................
1956
..................
1957
..................
1958
..................
1969................................
1960................................
In effect dur
ing month
2,862
3,573
4, 750
4,985
3,693
3,419
3,606
4,843
4,737
5,117
5,091
3,46S
4.320
3,825
3,673
3,694
3.708
3,333
Beginning in
month or year
In effect dur
ing month
1,130,000
2,380,000
3,470,000
4,600,000
2,170,000
1,960,000
3,030,000
2,410,000
2, 220,000
3, 540,000
2,400,000
1, 530,000
2, 650,000
1,900,000
1,390,000
2,060,000
1. 880,000
1,320,000
Number
Percent of esti
mated work
ing time
16,900,000
39,700,000
38,000,000
116,000,000
34, 600,000
34,100,000
50, 500,000
38,800,000
22,900,000
59,100,000
28,300,000
22, 600,000
28,200,000
33,100,000
16,500,000
23, 900,000
69,000, 000
19,100,000
0.27
.46
.47
1.43
,41
.37
.59
.44
.23
.57
.26
.21
.26
.29
.14
.22
.61
.17
1960: April.........
M ay_____
June_____
July.......... .
August___
September.
October__
November.
December-
352
367
400
319
361
271
258
192
110
535
574
629
530
554
500
432
368
250
150,000
156,000
214,000
125,000
134,000
131,000
106,000
53,300
27,500
222,000
236,000
314,000
233,000
221,000
209,000
146,000
85,000
53,200
1,930,000
2,110,000
2,950,000
2,140,000
1,700,000
1,650,000
1,500,000
732,000
458,000
.21
.23
.30
.24
.16
.17
.16
.08
.05
1961: January *„
February 3.
March s__
April *___
170
210
220
320
300
330
350
460
80,000
120,000
55,000
94, 000
100,000
150,000
75,000
126,000
700,000
940,000
610,000
1,180,000
.08
.11
.06
.14
• The data Include all known strikes or lockouts involving 6 or more
workers and lasting a full day or shift or longer. Figures on workers involved
and man-days Idle cover all workers made idle for as long as 1 shift In estab
lishments directly involved In a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect
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I
or secondary effect on other establishments or industries whose employees
are made idle as a result of material or service shortages.
* Preliminary.
Revised preliminary.
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