Full text of Monthly Labor Review : June 1955, Vol. 78, No. 6
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Monthly
Labor
Review
JUNE
1955
VOL.
78
NO.
A Review of Automatic Technology
Union Security in 1954
New England Textile Unemployment
U N IT E D ST A T E S D E P A R T M E N T O F L A B O R
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
UNITED STATES DEPARTM ENT OF LABOR
James P. M itchell, Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
A ryness Joy W ickens , Acting Commissioner
H erman B. B yer , Assistant Commissioner
H enry J. F itzgerald, Assistant Commissioner
C harles D. Stewart , Assistant Commissioner
Joseph P. G oldberg, Acting Special Assistant to the Commissioner
W . D uane E vans , Chief Statistician
D obothy S. B ea dy , Chief, Division of Prices and Cost of Living
H . M . D outy , Chief, Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
L eon G re en b erg , Chief, Division of Productivity and Technological Developments
R ichard F. J ones , Chief, Division of Administrative Services
W alter G. K eim , Chief, Division of Field Service
P aul R . K erschbaum , Chief, Office of Program Planning
L awrence R . K lein , Chief, Office of Publications
H . E. R iley , Chief, Division of Construction Statistics
O scar W eigert , Chief, Division of Foreign Labor Conditions
F aith M . W illiams, Chief, Office of Labor Economics
Seym our L. W olfbein , Chief, Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics
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Monthly Labor Review
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR • BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Lawrence R. K lein , Editor
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CONTENTS
Special Articles
637
645
649
A Review of Automatic Technology
Unemployment in New England Textile Communities
Union-Security Provisions in Agreements, 1954
Summaries of Studies and Reports
659
663
666
671
658
Earnings in Synthetic-Textile Manufacturing, November 1954
Union Wage Scales in Local City Trucking, July 1, 1954
New Hires as a Source of Factory Workers, 1950-54
Family Income Distribution in the United States
Union Conventions Scheduled for July and August, 1955
Technical Note
673
The Collection and Analysis of Collective Bargaining Agreements
Departments
hi
679
683
685
691
700
The Labor Month in Review
Significant Decisions in Labor Cases
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Developments in IndustrialRelations
Book Reviews and Notes
Current Labor Statistics
June 1955 • Vol. 78 • No. 6
W ag e Differences and Establishment Practices
(B L S Bulletin 1173)
Seven articles based on studies conducted by the Bureau
of Labor Statistics during late 1953 and early 1954.
They
include:
• W age Differences among Labor Markets
• Coverage of Labor-Management Agreements
• Health, Insurance, and Pension Plans
• Types of W age Payment Plans
• Pay Provisions for Daily and W eekly Overtime
• Paid Holidays
• Paid
Vacations
The articles analyze occupational p ay levels and related practices
am ong these 17 major labor markets: Atlanta, Boston, C hicago, Dallas,
Denver, Detroit, Los Angeles, Memphis, Milwaukee, Minneapolis-St. Paul,
Newark-Jersey City, New Orleans, New York City, Philadelphia, Port
land (O reg.)/ St. Louis, and San Francisco-Oakland.
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Price, 35 Cents a Copy
The Labor Month
in Review
As th e first half of 1955 ended, the economy,
stimulated by heavy consumer demand, had risen
to levels which exceeded most expectations. The
extremely receptive market for autombiles, other
consumer durables, and housing was a major
factor. Other important influences were the com
pletion of inventory reductions and cessation of
cuts in national security outlays.
Employment had risen more than seasonally,
with overtime work fairly widespread. While
metal goods industries fared best, employment
recovery was extensive; but, typical of all recover
ies, the increase in employment lagged behind the
output of goods and services, reflecting, in part, a
longer workweek and rising productivity.
These developments have given many econo
mists optimistic hopes for the second half of the
year. Generally, those who presage continued
prosperity base their predictions on the momen
tum of the upswing, increasing worker purchasing
power, and large-scale capital investment.
T his w a s the improving economic milieu amidst
which recent labor events transpired. The most
dramatic of these was the collective bargaining
between the CIO Auto Workers and the Ford
Motor Co. Negotiations with both Ford and
General Motors had proceeded in somewhat
desultory fashion since the union’s convention in
early April. Extension of the General Motors
contract beyond the terminal date of that with Ford
enabled the union to concentrate its attention
upon negotiations with the latter. Strike votes
were taken among workers in plants of both com
panies, with more than 90 percent of those voting
favoring strike action in support of the guaranteed
wage demand. In the Ford plants, 73 percent of
the potential vote was cast.
The Ford Company on May 26 made a startling
offer to the union of both direct wage increases
and a combination “ income stabilization plan”
which included company-aided investment savings
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and severance pay. The union rejected the offer.
The terminal date of the existing contract was
extended and settlement was reached 4 days later,
on June 6, with a 3-year contract.
The terms provide for a company-financed lim
ited fund from which unemployment benefits will
be paid to hourly employees with at least a year
of service. The company contributes 5 cents per
hour to the fund. Weekly payments will be paid
after June 1, 1956, to eligible laid-off workers in
relation to years of service. The payment will
equal the difference between State unemployment
insurance benefits and 65 percent of weekly takehome pay (for 40 hours) for the first 4 weeks, with
the rate cut to 60 percent for the remaining 22
weeks. Duration of benefits is limited by seniority
and the condition of the fund.
The entire plan will be discarded by June 1,
1957, if States in which two-thirds of Ford em
ployees work have not sanctioned simultaneous
payment of unemployment insurance with the
fund benefits. It is also conditional on certain
interpretations of the Federal wage-hour and in
come-tax laws. The annual improvement factor
was raised by 1 cent and fringe benefits improved,
among other gains.
On June 13 substantially the same terms were
agreed to by General Motors.
T he 72-day strike of the CIO Communications
Workers against Southern Bell was settled May 24.
The new contract included general weekly wage
increases of $1 to $4, arbitration of suspensions
and discharges, and some reduction in working
hours. The union agreed to a no-strike clause,
but won the right of members to refuse to cross
picket lines of other companies. This will enable
local operating employees of the Southern Bell
system to respect picket lines established by
Western Electric or long distance operators. At
the end of May, Southern Bell sued the union for
$5 million for damages allegedly sustained during
the strike.
The arbitration to end the nearly 2-month-long
strike against the Louisville & Nashville Railroad
by 10 AFL unions resulted in essentially the same
health and welfare plan accepted last year by most
other railroads; however, the award compelled
the carrier to assume the full cost instead of half.
In other rail settlements in May, brakemen and
conductors on both passenger and freight trains
hi
won a long-contested demand for pay differentials
based on length of train. The unions in the
separate negotiations were the Brotherhood of
Railway Trainmen and the Order of Railway Con
ductors and Brakemen. In the negotiations con
ducted by the Trainmen, dining-car stewards
received a $5-a-month increase.
Railroads in England by mid-June had been
virtually stopped by a strike of engineers over
wage differentials. The situation was compounded
by a jurisdictional strike of dock workers.
The first break in the Fall River-New Bedford
textile strike came after 41 days, when the CIO
Textile Workers Union and the Wamsutta Mills
agreed to renew their contract with virtually no
change. By mid-June, about 13,000 members of
the union remained on strike against proposed
wage cuts.
T h e American delegation to the fourth biennial
congress of the International Confederation of
Free Trade Unions, cooperating under the leader
ship of AFL president George Meany, achieved
most of its organizational and political aims at the
May meeting. On the eve of the conference the
West German trade unions supported a resolution
for military defense of the free world, reversing
its previous stand; the ICFTU created a post of
organization director whose task will be to in
tensify the anti-Communist activities of the body’s
constituent trade union centers representing 54
million members; the director will function through
the Executive Board instead of through the Gen
eral Secretary, who has been accused of not vigor
ous enough action in the organizational fields;
three assistant organizational directors are ex
pected to be appointed and the AFL may suspend
its independent activities in the international field;
it strongly urged the trade secretariats of miners
and wood workers to eschew association with
Yugoslavian unions. The ICFTU will move its
headquarters from Brussels to Paris. Satisfied
with the developments, the United States delega
tion supported an increase in dues.
E a r l y in June another international conference—
the 38th session of the tripartite International
IV
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Labor Organization— got under way. As antici
pated, some of the agenda items elicited sharp
debate. In the Governing Body meeting preced
ing the Conference, the American delegation suc
cessfully pressed for investigation of forced labor
by the ILO. Secretary of Labor James P. Mitchell
made a vigorous attack against forced labor and
the general state of labor relations in Communist
countries. Meanwhile, the ILO named David L.
Cole, prominent American industrial relations ex
pert, adviser on a program emphasizing the
“ human” aspects of labor-management-relations.
The American employer delegation to the ILO,
in protest against seating of employer delegates
from the Soviet Union, withdrew from those com
mittees on which Soviet employer delegates sat,
claiming that employers in State controlled indus
tries were indistinguishable from the Government
itself. This led to a controversy within the
United States delegation.
Somewhat lost in the welter of other labor news
was the signing on May 20 of the Wisconsin Catlin
Act. It prohibits labor unions in the State from
contributing to political campaigns. Various labor
organizations plan a court test of the law’s con
stitutionality. A similar measure failed to reach
a vote in the Michigan legislature.
I n r e c e n t AFL union conventions, George Har
rison was reelected president of the Brotherhood
of Railway Clerks; Ralph Bellamy won a second
term as president of the 42-year-old Actors Equity
Association.
A United States Circuit Court of Appeals on May
26 held that a worker, unless he positively disas
sociates himself from a strike, is in fact a striker.
The case arose from a National Labor Relations
Board decision that the Taft-Hartley law was not
violated when the Marathon Electric Manufac
turing Co. discharged strikers in a walkout which
violated a union contract. The NLRB found
that “ nonparticipants” in the strike could be
discharged unless they had declared their non
participation. The union was Local 1113 of the
independent United Electrical Workers, expelled
from the CIO some years ago as Communistdominated.
A Review of Automatic Technology
The Meaning, Outlook, and
Implications of America's M ost Recent
Industrial Development
E dgar W einberg *
A utom atic te c h n o lo g y , automation, or autom
atization are terms widely and interchangeably
used to describe the most recent phase of American
industrial development. They cover the increas
ing use, both in offices and factories, of various
types of laborsaving equipment having virtually
continuous and, in some instances, self-regulating
operation. Instead of small changes to achieve
greater efficiency, as in traditional management
practice, recent innovations often involve exten
sively replanning the flow of work and the layout
of plants and offices, and completely redesigning
products for greater automaticity in production.
While these changes are hailed as the beginning
of a new era, they are in principle a continuation
of past trends.
The purpose of this article is to describe the
basic principles and some leading examples of
automatic technology, to set forth some factors
to be considered in estimating its rate of growth,
and to discuss some general implications.1
Background
Today’s technological developments carry for
ward the search begun in the 18th century for new
mechanical ways of displacing man as a source of
energy in production. The Industrial Revolu
tion, the first phase of this movement, marked the
transition from dependence on hand labor to the
application of power-driven machinery. Many of
the principles of automatic technology can be
traced to such early developments as Oliver Evan’s
continuous flour mill, Babbage’s calculator, Jac
quard’s card controlled loom, and Watt’s auto
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matic controls for his steam engine. The 19th
century saw the steady improvement in speeds,
capacity, and efficiency of machines, and their use
in virtually every activity of the economy.
The 1920’s ushered in the mass-production phase
of industrial development. Ewan Clague, in the
July 1926 Monthly Labor Review, described im
provements in machinery and processes of that
period as a “ new industrial revolution . . .
the most remarkable advance in productivity effi
ciency in the history of the modern industrial
system.” Machine operations in mass-production
plants were made uniform, reduced to routine, and
subdivided into simple tasks. The worker’s job
became a machine-paced operation on a highly
standardized product, with mechanical conveyors
employed to bring the work and carry it to the
next step of a sequence. This type of specializa
tion resulted in great increases in productivity
but also in greater monotony for the operator of
production machines and the man on the assembly
line.
Automatic technology, starting with the cumu
lative accomplishments of the past, introduces the
possibility of eliminating direct human interven
tion in operating, guiding, and feeding machines
and in controlling processes. Instead of the
worker, specialized mechanisms with capacity for
*Of the Bureau’s Division of Productivity and Technological D evelop
ments.
1 A more detailed discussion of the meaning of automation for industrial
relations was presented in an article b y Professors George B. Baldwin and
George P. Shultz in the February 1955 M onthly Labor Review (p. 165).
The information on current developments used in the present article was
drawn from files of trade, technical, and other source materials maintained
b y the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Division of Productivity and Technologi
cal Developments.
637
638
elementary sensing, discriminating, and counting,
can now perform routine tasks of handling mate
rials and information with a high degree of relia
bility.
As this new movement progresses, job oppor
tunities in more complex control, service, distribu
tive, and creative functions become relatively
more important in total employment. Many less
skilled jobs become obsolete. A growing aware
ness of the readjustments that may be required to
conserve human values is accompanying these
industrial changes. Automatic technology, wisely
applied, as Norbert Wiener suggests, holds promise
of “ more human use of human beings.”
Recent Developments
Recent innovations leading toward more auto
matic technology in industry may be grouped in
four categories: (a) automatic machinery; (b)
integrated materials handling and processing
equipment; (c) automatic control systems; and (d)
electronic computers and data-processing ma
chines. The first two categories cover examples
of advanced mechanization based on engineering
principles already familiar in industry. The latter
two encompass innovations largely developed out
of experience during World War II in the new
fields of electronics, control, and communication
engineering.
The emergence of this technology is part of the
general acceleration of the Nation’s economic
growth following World War II. The availability
of the results of wartime research, large expendi
tures for new plant and equipment, and the con
tinued need for a large volume of defense items
have greatly stimulated the production of new
types of equipment. Like Eli Whitney’s system
of interchangeable musket parts manufacture,
production principles found useful in speeding the
output of arms are now used to good advantage in
civilian industries.
Automatic Machinery. Some types of specialized
machinery which carries out a pre-set cycle of
operations with almost no human intervention is
found today in virtually all plants having a large
output of standardized goods. New models of
automatic glassmaking, textile-spinning, and
papermaking machinery, printing presses, and
wire-drawing machines are constantly being intro
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
duced. The basic principles are often unchanged,
but improvements in speeds and capacity may
greatly reduce the labor required for a unit of
output.
A recently developed automatic filling machine,
for example, packages cans with 4 ounces of semi
solid baby food, “ untouched by human hands,”
at the rate of 800 per minute. The worker’s
function is limited to manual pushbutton starting
and stopping, observing and adjusting the per
formance to correct malfunctioning, and repair
and maintenance of the mechanism. Such routine
decisions as determining when a can is filled are
made by tireless, highly accurate, specially
designed devices built into the machine.
New models of automatic machines frequently
incorporate devices to save labor in inspecting,
gaging, and testing, as well as fabricating opera
tions. Also, labor in servicing machinery is now
economized by means of automatic lubrication
systems which distribute a precisely measured
volume of oil to bearings at regular intervals
without direct human intervention.
The possibility of mechanizing an industry
through intensive research on the redesign of the
product as well as of the fabricating machinery is
illustrated by new techniques of producing elec
tronic parts. Previously, it has not been practical
to devise laborsaving mechanisms for duplicating
the complex hand manipulations of producing and
assembling electronic components. According to
a BLS study, assembling operations employed, in
January 1953, about 30 percent of the work force
in the electronics industry.2 With the tremendous
civilian and military demand for electronics out
put, the need for time-saving automatic fabricating
methods has become urgent.
A key development in the mechanization of
electronics manufacture is the fabrication of the
printed circuit board. Instead of hand-wired
circuits, conducting patterns are now etched or
stenciled on plates by means of specially designed
machines. The results are a considerable econ
omy in time and a high degree of uniformity of
manufacture.
Another important development is the manu
facture of equipment for attaching standard elec
tronic components to printed circuit boards.
Assembling these parts can now be done mechani2 Electronics Employment and Labor Force, M onthly Labor Review,
October 1953 (p. 1049).
A REVIEW OF AUTOMATIC TECHNOLOGY
cally at significantly higher rates of speed than by
manual methods. In Project Tinkertoy, a re
search program conducted by the National Bureau
of Standards in cooperation with private firms,
the components themselves are produced mechani
cally, using the modular principle of design.
Thus, parts of standard circuits are printed on
ceramic wafers which are then mechanically
joined in various combinations into a variety of
electronic components.
Integrated Materials Handling and Processing
Equipment. As faster and larger automatic ma
chines reduce the amount of labor directly engaged
in fabricating operations, engineers are turning
their attention to developing mechanical ways of
saving labor in the movement and handling of
materials. The importance of this function (in
terms of man-hours of employment) is illustrated
by the experience of one large manufacturer of
electrical apparatus. (See table.) The trend
toward more elaborate processing of raw materials
serves to make the moving of goods within plants
increasingly more significant. Manual loading
and unloading of goods in process, moreover, are
often too slow to permit full utilization of the new
high-speed production machinery.
The metalworking industries, notably auto
mobiles and ordnance, provide some of the most
striking examples of the integration of materials
handling and processing to achieve continuous
production. Indeed, the word “ automation” was
coined by D. S. Harder of the Ford Motor Co. to
refer to “ the automatic handling of discrete parts
between progressive processing operations.” Au
tomation in this sense is now applied in the
machining of engine blocks, pistons, ring gears,
crankshafts, and 155-mm. shells. Like the assem
bly line of the 1920’s, methods of materials
handling used in the automobile industry are also
being imitated by other metalworking plants
producing large volumes of standardized goods.
A basic feature of this type of automatic pro
duction is the linking together of high-speed
automatic machine tools so that a predetermined
sequence of boring and drilling operations can be
performed on a standardized part, such as an
engine block, with virtually no direct human labor.
Extensive use is made of specially built powered
* Case Study Data on Productivity and Factory Performance— Fertilizer.
BLS Report 63, M ay 1954.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
639
Distribution of productive man-hours in a large electrical
apparatus manufacturing company, by major operation, 1948
Percent of total pro
ductive man-hours
Operation
Total____ __
A ssem bling..-
_____ ___________________
.
.
_______
_ . . - ____ _____________________
..
T esting..
_
_______________
Finishing___________________ ________________
____
100.0
27 3
26.8
21.7
12. 9
4. 5
6.8
1 Does not include materials-handling work performed b y skilled labor as
part of normal activities.
S ource . Adapted from table 1 in an article entitled “ Materials Handling—
Current Experience and Evolving Principles,” b y R . W . Mallick, appearing
in American Management Association Production Series 184: Organizational
Teamwork in Production, N ew York, 1948.
conveyors, or “ shuttles,” to transport the work
from machine to machine; of pneumatic, hydraulic,
and electrical devices to turn, load, position, and
unload; and of timing mechanisms to synchronize
the movement of parts being processed. Inspec
tion after certain operations is also done auto
matically. The result is a continuous flow of
production, except for brief interruptions for
changing wornout tools and making repairs.
Integrated handling and processing equipment
is also being introduced to save labor in the metal
forming and finishing departments of metal
working plants. Conveyors and chutes are now
extensively used to move sand and heavy castings
in foundries. “ Iron fingers” automatically load
and unload heavy presses and stamping machines.
In one large plating plant, automobile bumpers
pass continuously through a 31-step process,
guided by a combination of shuttles and elevators.
Operators at an electrical control panel check
the process at numerous points.
Significant advances toward more automatic
operations have also been made in the handling
of bulk materials. New plants for processing
such bulk materials as cake mix and grain are
now built around a system of belt conveyors,
gravity chutes, and pneumatic tubes to provide
a continuous flow from raw material to finished
product. A fertilizer plant studied by the Bureau
of Labor Statistics,3 for example, combines several
processing operations* into a single automatic
sequence, from loading to bagging, by means of
automatic weighing hoppers, screw conveyers,
and chutes.
Longer, faster moving, and larger capacity
belt conveyers are increasingly used to reduce
manual handling in transporting coal in mines
640
and utilities, loading and unloading ships, and
moving bulk materials at construction sites. The
Riverlake Belt Conveyer Project proposes to
carry coal and iron ore between Lake Erie and
the Ohio River with a minimum of handling via
a 103-mile continuously moving “ rubber railroad.”
In summary, increasing integration of materials
handling and fabricating operations means fewer
workers on jobs involving primarily physical
strength. Greater use of machinery for these
tasks, however, requires workers skilled in the
repair and maintenance of costly equipment,
engineers trained in designing new machinery
and plant layouts, and management executives
capable of directing technicians and coordinating
mass production and mass distribution.
Wider Use of Automatic Controls. With the largescale use of automatic control devices in industry,
a new phase of the long process of substituting
mechanical for human energy begins. Hitherto,
technological progress has been concerned pri
marily with the transfer of manual skills from
man to machines, the worker remaining a con
troller and director. New developments involve
the use of improved devices for such operations
as sensing, measuring, comparing, and remem
bering, as well as operating in a predetermined
manner. Control of machines by other machines
or completely self-regulated production now be
comes possible.
Although automatic control devices have long
been used in the operation of the telephone
system and industrial furnaces, their diffusion on
a large scale was greatly speeded by new knowl
edge and experience gained during World War
II. The collaboration of engineers, scientists, and
mathematicians in designing servomechanisms
for gun positioning, radar, and so forth, as Pro
fessors Brown and Campbell of the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology have pointed out, “ soon
focused attention on the essential principles that
apply to all control systems.” 4
The basis for automatic control of industrial
processes is the technique of. “ feedback.” Briefly,
feedback control exists when information about
the output at one stage of a process is returned
or fed back to an earlier stage so as to influence
the process and hence change the output itself.
This closed loop between mput and output con
trasts with open-loop controls where a human
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
operator receives information about the results of
a process, mentally compares it with the desired
performance, and makes adjustments in the input,
if necessary, to achieve the predetermined stand
ard performance. Like the human nervous sys
tem, one scientist suggests,5 closed-loop systems
have the remarkable ability to control the applica
tion of a substantial amount of force with a
minimum expenditure of energy.
The operation of automatic control is exem
plified by the simple closed-loop circuit used to
control room temperature. In this familiar case,
a sensing device of the thermostat measures the
controlled variable, room temperature. The read
ing is then automatically compared with the pre
set desired value. If some deviation or error is
detected, a signal is transmitted to the servomotor
or starting switch of the furnace which operates
until the desired temperature is reached and then
stops. A new factor that alters the room tem
perature beyond the tolerance allowed sets off
this self-regulating system anew.
Plants converting raw materials into finished
products through some form of chemical process
ing are making increasing use of automatic
control instruments. Self-regulation of the tem
perature, pressure, flow, and level of liquids and
gases in these processes is often achieved by
networks of control instruments. Materials han
dling in and out of processing tanks, pipes, and
chambers is naturally continuous. The result is
completely automatic production, from the input
of raw material to the output of finished products.
Notable examples of whole plants built around
automatic controls are found in the petroleum
refining and chemical industries, including atomic
processing, which have expanded their capacity
fairly rapidly since the end of World War II.
Other industries where scientific experts believe
advanced planning now aims at fully automatic
plants are cement, beverages, paper products,
telephone and telegraph, and electric power.
Some industries, such as steel, make extensive use
of instrument control in important steps of the
processing.
As chemical processing is substituted for
mechanical operations in other industries such as
< G. S. Brown and I). P. Campbell, Control Systems.
American, N ew York, September 1952, p. 59.)
5
J. G. Kem eny, M an Viewed as a Machine.
N ew York, April 1955, p. 58.)
(In the Scientific
(In Scientific American,
A REVIEW OF AUTOMATIC TECHNOLOGY
metal refining, the use of automatic controls no
doubt will be extended. Improvements in meas
uring instruments also promise new applications.
For example, a new gage employing radioactivity
for continuous noncontact measurement of thick
ness makes possible more exact automatic control
in coating paper, plastics, or rubber with abrasives,
varnish, or adhesives.
An important objective of using automatic
controls in many of these already highly mech
anized operations is the finer adjustment and
better quality of products made possible, rather
than any large-scale saving of direct labor.
Direct labor is already a relatively small proportion
of the work force. A BLS study of synthetic
rubber plants, for example, indicated that workers
directly engaged in process operation in 1949
comprised only about a quarter of total plant
labor.6 Maintenance, administrative, engineer
ing, and other overhead labor were the most
important occupational categories.
The application of feedback controls to machine
tools introduces the possibility of automatic
production in industries other than those having
continuous processes. While suitable for mass
production of standardized parts, the automatic,
though not self-regulated, materials-handling
equipment and custom-built machine tools de
scribed earlier are generally not economical for
job-lot production.
Tape control of machine tools provides a flexible
method for producing small lots. With this type
of automatic control, the tool is guided over the
work without human intervention in response
to a series of instructions previously recorded in
code on such media as cards, paper tape, magnetic
tape, or film. These instructions can be changed
after each job. Punched-tape programming, for
example, is being applied to standard precision
boring machines. While the advantages of such
flexible automatic controls are recognized, “ much
development work still remains,” according to one
expert, “ before control systems can be developed
that are low cost, accurate, and versatile enough
for all-around use.” 7
L jfo aS* tiastf
6 Trends in Man-Hours Expended Per Unit: Synthetic Rubber and
Components: 1945-49. Bureau of Labor Statistics, processed, 1952.
7 J. Diebold, W hat’s Needed to Make Tape Control Take Hold. (In
Automatic Control, New York, April 1955, p. 48.)
8 Electronic Data Processing.
Novem ber 1953, p. 5.)
343876— 55--------2
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(In Research for Industry, Stanford, Calif.,
641
Electronic Computers and Data-Processing Ma
chines. As the economy grows in size and com
plexity, the work of information handling becomes
increasingly important. Although mechanization
of recordkeeping, accounting, and computing has
advanced, the proportion of the labor force en
gaged in clerical and related work has continued
to increase. Scientists and engineers in the past
10 years have therefore devoted considerable effort
to developing new and faster tools in this field.
A major advance is the electronic computer or
data-processing machine. The direct result of
organized research for military purposes, the elec
tronic computer applies principles of communica
tion engineering to the tasks of counting and
control. The broad stream of scientific research
that produced radio and television also contributed
to the development of this remarkable new tool.
Two general types of electronic computers are
the analog and the digital. The analog, the first
to be developed, is essentially a measuring device
and is used to derive answers to engineering prob
lems from the operations of a physical analogy of
the problem. Analog computers allow engineers
to study the operation and improve the design of
a complicated process, without costly experimenta
tion, by simulating its behavior. They are now
widely used tools for such problems as designing
guided missiles and analyzing the distribution
network of utilities.
The digital computer operates as a counting
rather than measuring device. Its principal fea
ture is the use of electrical impulses to perform
arithmetical operations at speeds far beyond hu
man capabilities. The electronic computer com
bines several data-processing operations into one
machine. The entire processing of data goes on
automatically, without the manual transferring of
data from one step to the next as in mechanical
systems.
The high computing speeds and reliability of
these machines have steadily been improved.
According to the Stanford Research Institute,
“ figures can be handled electronically at more
than 1,000 times the speed of conventional
punched card equipment.” 8 A machine intro
duced in 1953 had 25 to 35 times the speed and
capacity of the first large electronic computer
produced by the same company in 1948.
Two types of digital computers may also be
distinguished: the special purpose and general
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
642
purpose. Special purpose computers consist of
specially designed parts to perform a few fixed
sequences of computing operations or programs.
A large mail order firm, for example, uses a memory
unit and computer to keep an up-to-the-minute
inventory analysis, item by item, of 12,000 differ
ent lines. An airline employs a similar high-speed
computer to handle seat reservations. Special
purpose, high-speed computers are also used in air
traffic control and to analyze unit demand for re
tail merchandise in department stores.
The general purpose computer can be used for
a variety of operations not having a fixed built-in
program. Instead, a new program must be devel
oped in each application. Programming for the
computer, however, involves time-consuming anal
ysis of procedures and operations which is not
subject to mechanization.
The first digital computers were developed for
scientific and engineering research purposes in con
nection with military defense. Their ability to
telescope tremendous series of computations taking
months into a few hours’ work has been of incalcu
lable value in preparing ballistic tables, evaluating
airplane designs, and solving problems in nuclear
physics. New pathways in scientific research are
open because mathematical computations for
weather forecasts, interindustry economics, as
tronomy, seasonal trend analysis— too costly with
conventional methods— are now practical.
The marketing and rental in 1953 of high-speed
electronic machines specially designed for process
ing business data probably marked the beginning
of a new era in office work. According to a survey
made early in 1955, about a dozen large companies
have installed data-processing machines and nearly
30 others may have machines installed in the near
future.9
Although many firms eventually expect to use
the computers to obtain new information for man
agement, the first applications are being made on
tasks now being performed by slower methods.
A large appliance company uses its electronic
computer for preparing its payroll, scheduling ma
terials, and controlling inventories. A utility pre
pares customers’ bills. Insurance companies plan
to use high-speed computers on premium billing,
premium accounting, and actuarial computations.
The possibilities of savings in routine clerical
labor appear to be substantial. A chemical com
pany recently reports that its computer produces a
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
financial report in 2 hours that formerly took 320
man-hours and prepares 1,200 manufacturing cost
reports in 12 machine-hours, in contrast to the
1,800 man-hours formerly required. Although
these comparative figures take no account of the
long period needed for developing the complex
instructions for the machine, there is little doubt
that the electronic data-pro cessing machine
is a highly efficient tool for handling the ever in
creasing volume of information needed in business
enterprises for making decisions.
Outlook
Although the general direction of technological
change is toward greater automaticity, the actual
time it will take each industry to adopt automatic
equipment now commercially available depends on
a wide variety of economic factors and hence is
difficult to forecast. Piecemeal progress, with
some industries and processes affected more than
others, seems more probable than any abrupt
changeover in a short period.
Fragmentary data on past experience with
mechanization illustrate the gradualness of tech
nological change. “ One of the interesting re
sults,” Carroll D. Wright observed in his 1898
study of Hand and Machine Labor,10 after several
decades of mechanization, “ is the extent of the
hand method of production, even at the present
time.” W. Duane Evans estimated that hand
methods were still used in 1936 in making about
one-quarter of all long filler cigars, 19 years after
more economical machine methods had been in
troduced.11 Boris Stern, on the other hand, in
his study of the glass industry found that in 8
years a machine for making glass tubing had
entirely displaced the old hand process in the
industry.12 Other studies revealed a similar pat
tern of gradual change, with variations from
industry to industry, depending on economic
circumstances.
So far as the immediate future is concerned, a
brief review of some general factors accelerating
and retarding the spread of technological improve• P. B. Laubach and L. E. Thom pson, Electronic Computers: A Progress
Report. ([In Harvard Business Review, Boston, M arch-April 1955, p. 121.)
10 Thirteenth Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor, Washington,
Bureau of Labor, Vol. 1, 1898 (p. 6).
n Mechanization and Productivity of Labor in the Cigar Manufacturing
Industry, BLS Bull. 600, 1938 (p. 1).
12 Productivity of Labor in the Glass Industry, BLS Bull. 441, 1927 (p. 6).
A REVIEW OF AUTOMATIC TECHNOLOGY
merits suggests the likelihood of a fairly steady
growth but no economywide revolution. A sig
nificant accelerating factor is the increasing sup
ply of new equipment. A McGraw-Hill survey
made in 1955 13 found that firms in the electricalmachinery industry (covering producers of auto
matic control equipment as well as others) expect
to sell about 29 percent more in 1958 than in 1954.
Competition and large research and development
expenditures by this industry group promise a
continued flow of improvements.
Marketing by producing firms also appears to be
vigorous. Easier methods of financing the pur
chase of machine tools, such as tool lease and in
stallment arrangements, are offered to purchasers
as incentives to modernization. Four technical
journals, devoted exclusively to the field of auto
matic controls, are now being published.14 New
equipment is described in trade journals and dis
cussed before engineering societies, and manage
ment and trade associations.
The demand for laborsaving equipment in the
near future, on the basis of overall figures on
capital investment, is also likely to be fairly strong.
According to the survey of business expectations
by the United States Department of Commerce
and the Securities and Exchange Commission,
investment in new plant and equipment in 1955
by all industry may be close to the 1953 record
level.15 With competition and high operating costs
spurring the search for cost-cutting equipment,
many firms plan to spend larger amounts on mod
ernization rather than on expansion.
The continued expansion of the chemical
processing and petroleum-refining industries may
mean greater demand for automatic control, par
ticularly in new plants. Progress may also occur
in insurance and banking, Federal tax collection,
patent processing, and postal service, where special
committees are now studying ways of introducing
electronic data-processing machines. In several
large metalworking companies, separate auto13 See Business Week, April 23, 1955 (p. 26), New York, McGraw-Hill
Publishing Co.
14 These are: (1) Automatic Controls, Reinhold Publishing Co.. New York;
(2) Automation, Penton Publishing Co., Cleveland; (3) Control Engineering,
M cGraw-Hill Publishing Co., New York; and (4) Instruments and Automa
tion, Instruments Publishing Co., Pittsburgh.
15 Investment and Sales Anticipations in 1955. (In Survey of Current
Business, U. S. Department of Commerce, March 1955, p. 4.)
16See I. H. Siegel, Technological Change and Long-Run Forecasting (In
The Journal of Business of the University of Chicago, July 1953, p. 147).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
643
mation departments have been charged to find
new ways and areas for using laborsaving equip
ment.
Certain economic factors tend to retard the
development of automation. Because of the high
cost of the new types of equipment, automation is
generally limited to plants producing a large
volume of standardized goods of fairly stable
design. Most goods therefore may continue to be
produced on a mechanized but job-lot basis.
Because of the complexities, progress toward
greater mechanization of assembly work is likely
to be slower than in fabricating.
Another obstacle to rapid diffusion of automatic
technology is the long time needed for designing
and custom building the complex specialized
machinery. A large scale electronic scientific
computer, for example, took about 5 years of
research and development and involved the pro
duction and assembly of thousands of components
from nearly 300 manufacturers. A large insur
ance company required 2 years for analyzing its
methods in order to install a data-processing
machine.
Finally, internal factors within the modern cor
poration often create delays in introducing largescale changes.16 The purchase of costly automatic
equipment involves long-range planning and
complex decisions in the fields of corporate finance,
marketing, and personnel. Conflicting interests
of stockholders, executives, supervisors, and work
ers need to be resolved. Installing a high-speed
electronic data-processing machine in a large
company, for example, means changes in the
duties and status of certain executives as well as
workers, and their resistance to change may be an
obstacle. In brief, the elusive and sensitive
human factor may prove one of the important
brakes on the rapid diffusion of the new tech
nology.
Some Broad Implications
To clarify the broad implications of the growth
of automatic technology, it is useful to distinguish
between man’s role as a consumer and as a pro
ducer. Concerning his welfare as a consumer, it
is clear that the per capita amount of goods and
services consumed in any economy basically
depends on the percent of the population em-
644
ployed, average hours worked, and the output per
man-hour. An increase in the annual rate of
productivity growth of the private nonfarm econ
omy from 2 percent, the long-term rate, to 3
percent would mean an additional $54 billion
(based on constant prices) in national output in
1965, or on a per capita basis, $287 more. This
gain in material wealth would also allow for some
increase in leisure through shorter workweeks
and longer vacations. In short, increased pro
ductivity as a result of technological change may
be the source of higher living standards in the
United States.
The implications of the new technology for man
as a producer are more difficult to assess. Broadly
considered, one probable effect will be to intensify
the shifting of productive resources of workers,
management, and capital among various activities
of the economy. In this process of change, some
individual workers inevitably suffer losses as a
result of displacement; others are benefited, as a
result of up-grading. Employees in firms that do
not adopt advanced techniques of production may
become unemployed. Firms that are able to adopt
cost-cutting equipment may gain a significant com
petitive advantage and expand their employment.
The total extent of displacement as a result of
technological changes will always be difficult to
disentangle from other factors that cause economic
unbalance.
The record of the past provides considerable
support for believing that technological progress
may be accompanied by high levels of employ
ment. Carroll D. Wright in the 189(ys used the
phrase “ expansion of labor” to describe the rise
and growth of new industries providing new oppor
tunities to offset displacement in older and declin
ing industries. The shift of home activties to the
factory, the growth of urban transportation and
utilities, and the expansion of distributive, service,
and government activities opened new oppor
tunities in the past. In industries in an early stage
of growth, such as rayon, autos, and chemicals in
the 1920’s, Dr. Solomon Fabricant found that
productivity and employment both rose rapidly,
the gain in total output offsetting the reduction in
unit man-hour requirements.17
In the future, some accommodation to job dis
placement, as automatic technology is gradually
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
introduced, may come from a shorter workweek
and new sources of industrial expansion such as
atomic energy, aircraft, instruments, electronics,
and other industries producing equipment for the
new technology; industries catering to the leisure
needs (travel, home repair equipment, and recrea
tion); new products from industrial research and
development; and public programs for highway
building and school construction. If the progress
of automatic technology is gradual, these industries
may provide a source of new opportunities.
Public and private policies that contribute to
growth of the economy and to high levels of em
ployment will be a major contribution in meeting
the problems of job losses occasioned by greater
use of laborsaving equipment.
The need for adequate measures to ease the
hardships of displaced individuals, to train workers
with new skills, and to adjust conflicting interests
on the job are likely to be important issues of the
transition. These problems were discussed by
Professors Baldwin and Shultz in the February
1955 Monthly Labor Review. They constitute a
new framework for all groups having an interest
in the labor market. Labor, management, and
government agencies, responsible for education,
vocational training, employment services, unem
ployment insurance, apprenticeship, wages and
hours, and industrial relations, therefore, are likely
to be increasingly concerned with the problems
created by technological change.
One conclusion that follows is the ever increasing
importance of information about the human as
pects of technological change. Carroll D. Wright,
was aware of the pervasive influence of technology
on labor problems when he initiated his pioneering
studies of mechanization at the end of the last
century. Today a sound basis for policies and
programs for easing the transition to the new tech
nology requires a comprehensive system of timely
information about such subjects as productivity,
employment, unemployment, labor turnover, occu
pations, consumption, production, and leisure.
With broader understanding, automatic technology
and greater productivity become the basis for
enriching life in a free society.
17
S. Fabricant, Employment in Manufacturing, 1899-1939, New Y ork,
National Bureau of Economic Research, 1942.
Unemployment in
New England
Textile Communities
W illiam H. M iernyk *
E dito r ’ s N o te .— This article reviews the employ
ment problems faced, by the unemployed textile
worker. It is excerpted from a paper presented
at the spring meeting of the Industrial Relations
Research Association in Philadelphia, April
29, 1955. Suspension marks to denote unused
portions of text have been omitted in the interest
of easier reading.
Employment in New England by industry group, first quarter
1947 and first quarter 1955
Employment
(in thousands)
Industry group
First
quarter
1947
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
First
quarter
1955
N um
ber (in
thou Percent
sands)
Nonagricultural, total_______________
3,273.0
3,377. 5 +104.5
+ 3 .2
Manufacturing, to ta l..____ _______
Durable goods___________
Ordnance and accessories ____
Furniture and fixtures________
Electrical
machinery
and
equipment________________
Transportation equipm ent-.
Instruments and related products________________________
1,566. 2
706.3
14.2
18.2
1,425.3 -140. 9
680.1
-2 6 .2
15.7
+ 1 .5
19.7
+ 1 .5
-9 .0
-3 .7
+10.6
+ 8 .2
41.2
41.3
+ .1
+ .2
Lumber and wood products.. .
Stone, clay, and glass products.
Primary metal industries_____
Fabricated metal products____
Machinery (except electrical)__
52.5
21.8
66.6
116.3
202.3
40.4
20.8
56.3
101.2
165.8
-1 2 .1
- 1 .0
-1 0 .3
-1 5 .1
-3 7 .5
-2 3 .0
- 5 .6
—15. 5
-1 3 .0
-1 8 .0
Nondurable goods___ ____ _
Apparel and other finished textile products____ . . . .
Printing, publishing, and allied
industries________________
Leather and leather p roducts.. .
Miscellaneous manufacturing
industries_______________
859.9
745.2 -1 14 .7
Food and kindred products
Textile-mill products__________
Paper and allied products . . . .
Chemicals and allied products..
Rubber products_______
N e w E n gland textile employment has been de
clining since the early 1920’s. Except during
World War II and the immediate postwar years,
the decline has been almost continuous. Compe
tition from the low-wage South, technological
change, the loss of export markets, increasing
imports, the changing pattern of consumer prefer
ences, and interfiber competition have drastically
reduced the number of textile jobs in New Eng
land.1 Some of these factors have also contributed
to the general decline of textile employment in the
Nation as a whole.2
The loss of textile jobs has been primarily re
sponsible for the decline in New England manu
facturing employment in recent years. Manufac
turing employment in the region decreased by
141,000 workers, or 9 percent, between the first
quarter of 1947 and the first quarter of 1955 (see
table). During the same period, 129,000 textile
jobs were lost, accounting for 91.5 percent of the
net decline in manufacturing employment.
Employment in other industries increased. The
greatest gains were made by the electrical
machinery, transportation equipment, apparel,
and miscellaneous manufacturing industries. But
Change from
first quarter 1947
to first quarter
1955
Nonmanufacturing, total___
Contract construction_________
Wholesale and retail trade__ . . .
Finance, insurance, and real estate
Service and miscellaneous_______
Government_________ ______
Transportation and public utilities.
114.1
58.3
126.6
92.2
+12.5
+33.9
+11.0
+58.1
-1 3 .3
78.0
87.5
+ 9 .5
+12.2
54.7
115.5
58.8
115.7
+ 4.1
+ .2
+ 7 .5
+ .2
92.5
102.8
+10.3
+11.1
67.5
301.3
72.6
29.1
50.7
62.5
- 3 .2
172.4 -1 28 .9
71.7
-.9
28.7
-.4
45.3
- 5 .4
-4 . 9
-4 2 .8
—1.2
—1.4
-1 0 .7
1,706. 7
103.7
595.9
126. 7
327.2
327.3
1,952.2 +245. 5
128.3 +24.6
653.6 +57.7
158.1 +31.4
378.2 +51.0
422.2 +94.9
+14.4
+23. 7
+ 9 .7
+24.8
+15.6
+29.0
225.9
211.8
-1 4 .1
-6 .2
N ote : Individual items m ay not add to totals because of rounding.
Source : U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
these gains failed by a considerable margin to offset
the loss of textile jobs. Total nonagricultural
employment, however, increased during the 8-year
period because of an increase in the number of
nonmanufacturing jobs.3
♦Director, Bureau of Business and Economic Research, Northeastern
University, Boston.
1 The causes were discussed in the Report on the N ew England Textile
Industry b y Committee Appointed b y the Conference of New England
Governors, 1952, Cambridge, Mass., 1953 (pp. 19-33, 101-107;, which was
summarized in the M onthly Labor Review, August 1953 (p. 832). See also
William H. Miernyk and Arthur A . Bright, Jr., The Textile Industries of
New England, The Committee of New England of the National Planning
Association (c/o Eederal Reserve Bank of Boston), Staff Memorandum No.
10, August 1953 (pp. 1-20).
2 See statement of Solomon Barkin, Research Director, Textile Workers
Union of America (C IO ), before the Special Subcommittee to Investigate
Unemployment, Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare (84th
Cong.), March 23, 1955.
3 The first quarter of 1947 was chosen as the beginning of the period for
making this comparison, since in that year em ploym ent data were reclassified
from the Social Security code to the Standard Industrial Classification and
no detailed comparisons can be made with an earlier period.
645
646
Because of the rising employment in other
manufacturing industries, many New Englanders
feel that the displaced textile workers are being
absorbed by the region’s growth industries, such
as electronics. Others have assumed that the
workers are finding jobs in the expanding trade and
service occupations. A number of recent studies
of the experience of displaced textile workers
provide us with data to test the validity of these
assumptions.
Surveys of Displaced Workers
Professors Myers and Shultz of the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology studied the experience of
a sample of workers who lost their jobs through the
liquidation of a cotton-textile mill in New Hamp
shire in 1948. They found that a small group of
younger workers, who quit when the liquidation
was announced, were more successful in finding
jobs than those who waited to be laid off.
Eighty-six percent of the former were employed
when interviewed, but only 35 percent of the latter.
There was relatively little movement out of manu
facturing employment, and among the workers
who found new jobs, there was considerable down
grading in skill classification and earnings. Fortythree percent of the employed quit-group and 68
percent of the employed workers in the layoffgroup found new textile jobs.4
The Massachusetts Division of Employment
Security studied the experience of a sample of 416
millworkers who were displaced by the closing of a
worsted mill in 1952. Most of the workers had
been laid off at least 18 months by the time of the
survey. About two-thirds of the sample workers
were employed, 20 percent were unemployed, and
15 percent were no longer in the labor force.
One-third of the employed were still attached to the
textile industry, although they had had to move or
commute to other textile communities. As in the
previous study, there was a downgrading in skills,
and 69 percent of the employed workers were
earning less than they had in the liquidated mill.5
The most recent study of the postliquidation
employment experience of textile workers was
made by the Bureau of Business and Economic
Research at Northeastern University. This sur
vey included 6 case studies— 5 in Massachusetts
and 1 in Rhode Island— covering more than 1,700
workers over the period from 1951 to the middle
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
of 1954. About 45 percent of the sample workers
were employed at the time of the survey, 12 percent
had withdrawn from the labor force, and 43 per
cent were seeking jobs. Seventy-five percent of
the employed were in manufacturing and 36 per
cent were still in textiles. The electrical machin
ery industry employed 7 percent and apparel 6
percent. Employment in both of these industries
was expanding during the period covered by this
survey. Sixty-four percent of the employed
workers reported lower earnings. Again, a shift
to lower skill classifications was found and many
of the workers claimed a loss of job satisfaction.6
In another instance, a New Hampshire woolen
mill, which was liquidated during the last quarter
of 1948, displaced 175 workers. It was the only
manufacturing establishment of any size in the
community. In 1951, an attempt was made to
contact all of the displaced workers through their
records in the New Hampshire Division of Employ
ment Security.7 A followup survey of a sample of
workers remaining in the community was made in
the summer of 1953. (This is the only textile-mill
inquiry known to the writer where a repeat survey
was conducted some time after the initial study
was completed.)
After the mill closed, the building was occupied
by a firm which manufactures industrial leather
belting and packing. At the time of the first
survey, 69 percent of the original group were
known to have found employment. Of these, 43
percent were at work in the leather products
establishment; 26 percent had found other textile
jobs which involved moving or commuting to
other textile communities. Altogether, 82 percent
of the employed were still in manufacturing.
Five years after the liquidation, only 13 percent
of the sample workers were still in textiles, and
the proportion employed by the leather products
establishment had increased to 47 percent. During
the intervening years there had been a sharp
decline in textile employment in New Hampshire,
as many small woolen mills throughout the State
* Charles A. Myers and George P. Shultz, The Dynam ics of a Labor
Market, N ew York, Prentice-Hall, 1951 (pp. 32, 42-44).
s M ary E. Wilcox, The Displaced Textile Worker: A Case Study, Boston,
Research and Statistics Department, Massachusetts Division of Em ploy
ment Security, August 26, 1954.
6 William H. Miernyk, Inter-Industry Labor M obility, Boston, Bureau
of Business and Economic Research, Northeastern University, 1955 (pp.
10-26).
7 Inter-Industry M obility of Workers and the Transfer of Worker Skills
in N ew England, Boston, The Committee of New England of the National
Planning Association, Staff Memorandum No. 5, June 1952.
NEW ENGLAND TEXTILE UNEMPLOYMENT
were liquidated.8 After the mill closed some of
the younger, single workers left the community.
Fifty-eight percent of the workers in the original
mill were married at the time, and nearly half were
under 45. But of the sample workers remaining
in the community 5 years later, 81 percent were
married and 66 percent were past the age of 45.
In general, the displaced workers have exhibited
a relatively low degree of geographical and occu
pational mobility. To a large extent this is a
function of age rather than occupational attach
ment. Younger workers, particularly those with
out family responsibilities, will move elsewhere to
seek employment, but the older worker is more
reluctant to move. Younger workers, too, are
better able to find employment in nontextile manu
facturing industries. Many of the older workers
who have found nonmanufacturing jobs are doing
unskilled and relatively low-paying work as
janitors, porters, hospital attendants, and so forth.
The continued loss of textile jobs and the rela
tive immobility of the displaced workers have
produced a high level of chronic unemployment
in many New England textile towns since the end
of World War II. A number have been classified
as areas of “ very substantial labor surplus” (12
percent or more of the local labor force unem
ployed) even during periods of high level employ
ment in the Nation as a whole. In 1954, for
example, the four textile towns of Lawrence,
Lowell, Fall River, and New Bedford accounted for
9.2 percent of nonagricultural employment in
Massachusetts, but 25 percent of the State’s
unemployed. In the Providence labor market
area, monthly unemployment averaged 43,000
throughout 1954. There was one unemployed
worker for each 6.5 workers employed in non
agricultural occupations.9
Depressed conditions in the industry have
exerted downward pressure on textile wages.
8
William J. R oy, Textile Em ploym ent Changes in N ew Hampshire:
1947-1952, Concord, N ew Hampshire Division of Employment Security,
January 1953.
8 For a discussion covering a longer time period, see W illiam H. Miernyk,
Chronic Unemployment in N ew England from 1947 to 1951, Boston, The
Committee of New England of the National Planning Association, Staff
Memorandum No. 2, M a y 1952.
10 See Inter-Industry Labor M obility, op cit. (pp. 14-15, 17-18).
11 Econom ic Report of the President, January 1955 (p. 57).
J* Only two “ preference contracts’ ’ valued at $100,000 or more were awarded
to N ew England firms in labor surplus areas in 1954. The entire program
of granting tax amortization assistance was expected to create an estimated
9,000 jobs in the Nation’s labor surplus areas b y the end of 1954. See The
Labor Market and Employment Security, U. S. Department of Labor,
Bureau of Employment Security, March 1955 (pp. 16-17).
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647
Following arbitrated wage cuts in Maine and in
the Fall River-New Bedford area in 1952, the
unions voluntarily accepted wage reductions
throughout the cotton and rayon industry. These
came at a time of rising wages in the more pros
perous durable-goods industries. This year the
workers went on strike against some mills which
proposed a further reduction of 10 cents an hour
in wages and fringe benefits.
Remedies
What has been the reaction in the textile towns
to the adversity they have experienced since the
end of World War II? Local industrial develop
ment commissions have been formed to create new
jobs for the displaced workers. They have relied
heavily upon promotional activities, however, and
the development of industrial tracts with a few
small modern factory buildings offered as induce
ments to manufacturers to locate in these areas.
But, in general, they have assumed that the labor
market will take care of itself. They evidently
feel that if new industry can be attracted to the
textile towns, the displaced workers will find jobs
in the new factories.
To some extent this has been true. But the
growth industries have, in the main, offered jobs
to new entrants into the labor market or to
younger workers in general. Many of the displaced
textile workers are past the age of 45, however, and
they find their age a barrier to further factory
employment.10 Finally, much of the growth of
new industries has taken place outside the textile
towns.
The most recent Economic Report of the
President recommended that, “ for the time
being, at least, it is . . . desirable to continue
the policy of granting special tax amortization
benefits for new defense facilities located in surplus
labor areas and of placing Government contracts
as far as feasible in these areas.” 11 Unfortunately,
however, neither accelerated tax amortization
nor special Government contracts have reduced
the level of unemployment in the distressed textile
communities of New England.12 In 4 of the 6
communities included in the survey conducted
by the writer last year, unemployment was higher
at the beginning of 1955 than it was at the begin
ning of 1954. In only one of the communities,
a nontextile area in which the sole textile mill had
648
been liquidated about a year before the survey,
was there a substantial drop in unemployment.
This community, however, has not been among
the surplus labor areas in recent years. This was
recognized in the President’s report which stated
that “ these programs can make only a limited
contribution to relieving ‘spot’ unemployment
. . .” It was the belief “ that a large part of the
adjustment of depressed areas to new economic
conditions both can and should be carried out by
the local citizens themselves.” 13 It concluded
that the major contribution which the Federal
Government can make is to pursue policies that
will promise a high and stable level of employment
in the Nation as a whole.
Undoubtedly, a high level of employment in
the Nation is a prerequisite to a successful attack
on localized unemployment. Nonetheless, judging
by the experience to date, it is doubtful that the
distressed communities can solve their unemploy
ment problems entirely on their own. For one
thing, the surplus labor areas of New England
compete with many other communities through
out the Nation as eager as they to attract new
manufacturing establishments.
Secondly, they
have done little to increase the occupational or
geographical mobility of the displaced textile
workers.
Normal turnover in those mills which continue
to operate in the region has provided jobs for
many workers displaced by the liquidation of
other mills. However, take a community such as
Lawrence, Mass., where textile employment
declined from a peak of more than 25,000 workers
in the last quarter of 1950 to fewer than 5,000
during the first quarter of 1955. The only answer
is to help the displaced workers find nontextile
jobs locally or aid them in moving to other areas
where employment is available.14
The Textile Workers Union of America (CIO)
has been sharply critical of the Federal Govern
ment for failing to take specific measures to deal
with the textile problem. They have suggested
Government purchases of American textiles for
shipment to needy peoples abroad and have urged
Congress to make a full-scale investigation of the
problems facing the textile industries.
Union
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
spokesmen also have criticized the public relations
approach adopted by many of the depressed
communities. These communities, union leaders
say, “ offer inducements to the locating firms,
build new plants, grant tax exemptions; protect
the firms. But don’t insist upon aid or special
provisions for the unemployed and the distressed.
Such petitions might discourage the potential
new firms. A conspiracy of silence envelops the
areas only to be broken by the facts of reality
and the despair of the people.” 15
A program to encourage mobility should
provide for retraining and assistance in job
placement outside the depressed communities.
This is not a particularly novel suggestion. Such
a program would require extremely careful
planning. There would be little point in retraining
textile workers for nonexistent jobs. But a careful
inventory of job vacancies in the Nation, and an
analysis of the changing occupational structure
of American industry, might provide a clue to
the type of retraining necessary to bring vacant
jobs and idle workers together. Also, it might
be necessary to provide financial assistance to
those otherwise unable to relocate in other
communities.
New England has had a decade of experience
with community efforts to solve local unemploy
ment problems. While there have been some
individual successes, the overall results have not
been impressive. Efforts to provide employment
by attracting industry to surplus labor areas are
laudable and should be encouraged, but we should
also recognize the limitations of this approach.
There is no reason to believe that a balanced
labor supply can be achieved in every community
by bringing jobs to the workers. Unemployed
workers in surplus labor areas should also be
encouraged, and assisted if necessary, to move
to other areas where job opportunities are more
plentiful.
18 See footnote 11.
14 N ot all of the 20,000 textile workers who lost jobs in Lawrence are still
in the labor force. Approximately 18 percent of a large sample of workers
interviewed in Lawrence had withdrawn from the labor force between 2
and 2\<2 years after their displacement due to mill liquidation.
is Barkin, op. cit. Congressmen representing districts in which there is
substantial unemployment have been equally critical. See, for example, the
remarks of Congressman James M . Quigley of Pennsylvania in the Con
gressional Record, January 25,1955 (pp. A381-382).
Union-Security
Provisions
in Agreements, 1954
R ose T heodore*
F e d e r a l labor legislation since 1935 has safe
guarded the right of a majority of the employees
in a given unit to choose representatives for
collective bargaining purposes who would speak
for all employees. Through collective bargaining
union members have traditionally sought more
specific guarantees of the status of their unions
by the negotiation of clauses requiring that all
employees should be or become union members.
Federal and some State statutes currently in
effect, however, restrict the degree to which union
membership may be established by employers
and unions as a condition of employment.
The union-shop clause usually requires em
ployees already on the payroll to become union
members and new employees to join within a
specified time after hiring. It is the principal
type of union-security provision now found in
labor-management contracts, according to an
analysis made by the Bureau of Labor Statistics
of 1,716 collective bargaining agreements in effect
during all or part of 1954. Nearly two-thirds
contained union-shop clauses.1 Of the 7,405,000
workers covered by the agreements studied, 64
percent were employed under union-shop pro
visions.
Maintenance-of-membership clauses, which do
not require employees to join the union but to
maintain membership once acquired, appeared in
14 percent of the agreements. The remainder of
the agreements studied (21 percent) contained
sole-bargaining clauses which recognize the union
as the exclusive bargaining agent, but do not
specify membership requirements. In the South,
where the union-shop and maintenance-of-mem
bership provisions are prohibited in a number of
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
States under so-called “right to work” laws, union
status in two-thirds of the contracts examined
was limited to sole-bargaining clauses.
Three-fourths of the agreements had checkoff
provisions under which employers agreed to de
duct union dues from employees’ pay for transfer
to the union.
Most of the agreements analyzed for this study
covered 1,000 or more workers.2 No attempt was
made to balance the distribution of agreements
studied between those affected by the unionsecurity regulations of the Labor Management
Relations (Taft-Hartley) Act of 1947 (LMRA)
and those not covered by that act. The act
applies to establishments engaged in industries
affecting interstate commerce, excepting railroads
and airlines.3
A comparison of results of the present study
with the Bureau’s 1952 report4 reveals little
change in the prevalence of the union shop. To
some extent, this may be a reflection of the in
creased use of long-term agreements in recent
years, which tended to stabilize certain aspects of
collective bargaining.
Since 1952, 5 additional States have adopted
legislation outlawing union-security provisions,5
bringing the total with such laws to 18 as of
March 1955. However, passage of these five new
statutes had little effect on the results of the
present study, since agreements in these States
represented a relatively small proportion of the
agreements studied. Moreover, enactment of the
State laws did not affect agreements already in
existence.
*Of the Bureau’s Division of Wages and Industrial Relations.
1 Some excluded certain groups of workers from the membership require
ment. Provisions which required union membership before the date of
employment (com m only referred to as “ closed-shop” clauses) were included
in the union-shop category.
2 This selection of agreements represents an incomplete transition from
samples used in earlier studies, which were comprised of agreements covering
both small and large groups of workers, to a new basis for agreement analysis
limited to all agreements covering 1,000 or more workers. The collection and
analysis techniques used in the agreement analysis program are described
on p. 673 of this issue.
3 Railroad and airline agreements are not collected b y the Bureau and,
therefore, were not included in this study. Workers in these industries
come under the provisions of the Railway Labor Act, which was amended
in 1951 to permit negotiation of union-shop agreements.
4 See Union-Status Provisions in Collective Agreements, 1952, M onthly
Labor Review, April 1953 (p. 383). For earlier studies, see Union Status
Under Collective Agreements, 1950-51, M onthly Labor Review, N ovember
1951 (p. 552); Union-Security Provisions in Agreements, 1949-50, M onthly
Labor Review, August 1950 (p. 224); and Extent of Collective Bargaining
and Union Recognition, 1946, Bureau of Labor Statistics Bull. 909, June
1947 (11 pp.).
5 The 5 States are: Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and
Utah.
649
650
The Union Shop
When an employer negotiates a union-shop
provision, he agrees to require, as one of the con
ditions of employment, that all, or nearly all,
employees must join the union within a specified
time and must remain members in good standing.6
The development of harmonious relationships
between management and labor is often advanced
as one of the benefits to be gained from such
arrangements. One contract phrased this attitude
as follows:
(a) Both the company and the union feel that the
greatest amount of harmony will exist, that better labor
relations will prevail, and that employee interests will be
more adequately represented and better served if all
eligible employees become members of the union.
(b) Accordingly it is agreed that all eligible employees
should within 30 days from their hiring date become and
remain members of the union in good standing . . .
Types oj Provisions. Provisions for a union shop
were found in 1,122 or nearly two-thirds of the
1,716 agreements examined. (See tables 1 and
2.) A similar proportion of the workers were
covered by the union-shop provisions, which were
of several types. The type most common (60
percent of the union-shop agreements) required
that all present employees be or become union
members within a specified time 7 and that all
newly hired employees join within a specified
time after starting work. Under such agreements
there is no limitation on the employer in the se
lection of new workers, either in terms of hiring
only union members or of giving preference or
consideration to union members. For example,
one company guaranteed the union that it would
require:
(1) All present employees who are members of the
union, as a condition of continued employment, to main
tain their membership in the union during the life of this
agreement through payments to the union of uniformly
required initiation fees and dues, and (2) all other present
and future employees who, during the life of this agree
ment, are members of the bargaining unit but who are not
members of the union, as a condition of continued em
ployment, to join the union 30 days after the date of their
employment or the effective date of this agreement,
whichever is later, and thereafter maintain their member
ship in the union through payments to the union of uni
formly required initiation fees and dues.
p Exemption from the membership requirement
was granted to certain groups in the bargaining
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
unit (commonly designated as a modified union
shop) in 204, or 18 percent, of the 1,122 contracts.
In most instances, employees who were not union
members when the agreements became effective
were not required to join the union. A few con
tracts exempted only employees with relatively
long service; a few others required a specific pro
portion of new employees (e. g., 9 out of every
10) to become union members within a specified
time.
An escape period after 1 year, during which new
employees were permitted to withdraw from the
union, was provided in 42 agreements. These
covered about one-half of the workers under all
modified union-shop contracts, including a large
segment of the automobile industry. The follow
ing illustrates a modified union-shop clause with
an escape period:
(4a) Any employee who is a member of the union in good
standing on the effective date of this agreement shall, as a
condition of employment, maintain his membership in the
union to the extent of paying membership dues and inter
national and local union general assessments uniformly
levied against all union members . . .
(4b) Any employee who on the effective date of this
agreement is not a member of the union shall not be re
quired to become a member of the union as a condition of
continued employment. Any such employee, however,
who during the life of this agreement joins the union must
maintain his membership thereafter as provided in
paragraph (4a).
(4c) Any employee hired on or after the effective date of
this agreement shall become a member of the union upon
acquiring seniority and he shall, as a condition of employ
ment, maintain his union membership for 1 year . . . sub
ject to the following:
(1) If not more than 20 days and not less than 10 days
immediately preceding the first anniversary date of his
acquisition of seniority such employee notifies the corpora
tion and the union in writing that he has resigned from
union membership . . . [he] shall not be obligated there
after to maintain his membership in the union . . .
(2) In case no such notice is given, such employee shall
maintain his membership in the Union as a condition of
employment during the life of this agreement . . .
In 30 companywide or association agreements
which covered some plants in States banning
« National Labor Relations Board decisions have emphasized that unionmembership requirements under the L M R A m ay be fulfilled simply b y the
tender of initiation fees, where required, and periodic dues.
i The time allowed was generally 30 days, which is the minimum specified
b y the L M R A . A few agreements merely provided for a union shop “ to
the extent permitted b y law,” as in the national anthracite and bituminous
coal-mining agreements, which read in part: “ . . . It is further agreed that
as a condition of employment all employees should be or become members
of the United M ine Workers of America, to the extent and in the manner
permitted b y law. . . .”
UNION-SECURITY AGREEMENT PROVISIONS
6’51
union-shop arrangements, provision was made for
a union shop but workers in these States were
exempted.
The provisions of sections 1 and 2 of this article [union
shop] shall be deemed to be of no force and effect in any
State to the extent to which the making or enforcement of
such provisions is contrary to statute or constitutional
amendment of such State; provided, however, that whereever any such statute or constitutional amendment is
declared by the court of last resort having jurisdiction of
such questions to be invalid, the provisions of sections 1
and 2 of this article immediately thereupon will be deemed
to cover the employees directly affected by such declaration
of invalidity; and provided, further, that in any State
T
able
1. —
where the making or enforcement of such provisions is
lawful only after compliance with certain conditions pre
cedent, sections 1 and 2 of this article shall be deemed to
take effect as to the employees concerned immediately
after such conditions have been complied with.
Union-shop provisions in 69 agreements stipu
lated some degree of preference in hiring for union
members. Usually the union was permitted to
refer union members for job vacancies who would
be considered with other applicants on the basis
of their qualifications.
When the employer requires employees, the employer
agrees to notify the union of the number of employees and
Union-security and checkoff provisions in collective bargaining agreements, by industry and union
affiliation, 1954
T ype of union security
Number studied
Agree
ments
Workers
(thou
sands)
Percent
of agree
ments
Checkoff
Membership
maintenance
Union shop
Industry group and union affiliation
Percent
of
workers
Percent
of agree
ments
Sole bargaining
Percent
of
workers
Percent
of agree
ments
Percent
of
workers
Percent
of agree
ments
Percent
of
workers
B y industry
A ll agreements________________________
________
1, 716
7,404.6
65
64
! 14
17
21
19
74
78
____________ . . .
1,227
4,832. 4
64
62
16
22
20
16
83
87
Food and kindred products____________ . . . ._ ._
Tobacco manufactures___________ __________ _ . . .
Textile-mill products______________ . _ _ ______
Apparel and other finished textile products ______
Lumber and wood products (except furniture)____
Furniture and fixtures_________________
______ __
Paper and allied products_________ _
________
Printing, publishing, and allied industries_________
Chemicals and allied products______ ____ _________
Products of petroleum and coal_______ _ _______ .
Rubber products_____________________
________
Leather and leather products________ ____ _______
________
Stone, clay, and glass products________
Primary metal industries___ _______ _ . _
. _.
Fabricated metal products______ _ . _______ . . .
Machinery (except electrical)________ ________ _.
Electrical machinery______________ .
_ _______
Transportation equipment__________ . . _________
Instruments and related products_____ _ _______
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries___________
110
10
77
49
23
23
49
37
61
23
18
19
41
130
89
154
100
153
23
38
330.6
28.8
191.2
442.3
51.8
35.0
111.3
57.4
123.9
71.0
132.2
52.0
107.7
713.4
198.8
363.9
402.3
1, 296. 9
58.0
63.9
68
10
52
100
83
70
73
95
36
4
89
84
73
58
70
64
57
63
52
71
62
5
67
100
91
78
83
95
27
2
98
88
74
22
67
64
46
71
53
81
7
20
17
8
9
11
25
70
31
30
86
22
81
84
89
4
13
6
5
21
35
6
5
7
28
18
18
17
22
26
8
3
14
4
5
27
15
1
3
3
73
23
18
12
19
31
4
13
17
20
6
8
13
73
90
91
33
57
83
59
43
61
6
11
20
14
12
18
26
16
22
21
46
83
1
10
23
5
10
17
42
10
16
15
98
87
94
79
93
94
85
93
91
91
78
84
99
95
96
85
96
98
87
95
96
97
87
90
Nonmanufacturing________ __________ _____
489
2, 572. 2
69
68
7
7
24
25
53
60
Mining, crude-petroleum, and natural gas production ______ ____
. . . . . . _________ ....
Transportation >_ ________ _______ _ .
_ _____
Communications
______ . . .
_______ _
Utilities: electric and gas___ . . . _______ . . .
..
Wholesale trade____ _ ________________
_____
Retail trade_______________ _______ _ . _________
Hotels and restaurants__ . .
.
______ _____
Services.
__________ . . .
_____ _____
Construction
.
. . . . . .
...
Miscellaneous nonmanufacturing__________ _____
19
92
70
63
13
64
32
53
77
6
501.4
358.8
551.3
189.0
21.2
159.6
157. 5
137.2
473. 2
23.0
32
76
97
74
42
1
20
6
15
8
2
26
23
1
26
89
53
99
39
29
8
2
29
5
2
75
54
42
80
35
46
Manufacturing___________
65
77
91
91
92
91
83
60
85
90
97
85
93
93
2
(2)
23
h
10
9
1
69
57
6
14
53
61
17
7
50
76
B y union affiliation
All a g re e m e n ts..______ __________________________
1, 716
7,404. 6
65
64
14
17
21
19
74
78
American Federation of Labor____________________
Congress of Industrial Organizations----------------------Independent or unafiiliated_______________________
823
655
238
2, 735. 3
3,395. 2
1, 274.1
77
61
38
75
58
57
9
20
13
12
24
6
14
19
50
13
18
36
54
95
87
49
96
91
1 Excludes railroad and airline industries.
2 Less than 0.5 percent.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
N ote .—Because of rounding, totals in columns may not equal the sum of
components.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
652
classifications required. When the Union is requested to
furnish employees, the union agrees to supply the employer
with the most competent employees available.
A smaller group of agreements (47) required
that new employees have previous training or
employment in the industry. Such clauses were
generally found in situations in which employment
tended to be intermittent. Against a background
of extensive unionization prevailing for a long
period of time, such clauses may indirectly provide
a preference in hiring to union members. Under
these agreements, any nonmembers hired were
required to join within a specified time. An illus
trative clause from a contract in the construc
tion industry states:
. . . the parties hereto mutually agree that there shall
be no limitation upon the individual employer as to whom
he shall employ or discharge, except that in the hiring of
employees covered by this agreement preference shall be
given by the employer and the individual employers
covered hereby to persons who have been employed in
northern California between May 1, 1947, and April 30,
1953, on any work covered by the . . . master agree
ments . . .
The closed shop, which is the strongest form of
union security agreed to by employers in collective
bargaining, usually requires that only union mem
bers may be hired; however, if no union members
are available, other workers may be taken on
provided that they join the union prior to or
shortly after starting work. The closed shop is
forbidden in industries subject to the LM RA, but
it is still found in establishments not covered by
the act or by State bans. In the present study,
87 agreements, concentrated largely in local trade
and service industries, contained closed-shop pro
visions. These accounted for less than 8 percent
of the union-shop agreements.
(a) All employees, steady or extra, covered by this
agreement, shall be hired only through the office of that
union having jurisdiction over the particular employee.
Such employees shall be and remain in good standing in
the union and must obtain a work slip from the union
before going to work. If within a reasonable time, under
the circumstances, the union is unable to supply satis
factory help to the employer upon request, then the
employer may hire outside of the union, provided such
employee so hired shall obtain a work slip from the union
before going to work except in cases of emergency, then
the employee so hired shall obtain a work slip within 72
hours, and further provided that such employee makes
application to become a member of the union within 15
days after his employment and completes the application
within 30 days from date of employment.
(b) In the event an employee neglects, fails, or refuses
to comply with the provisions of section (a), the employer
agrees upon demand to remove any employee from the
job who is on the job in violation of section (a).
Legislation Affecting the Union Shop. Unionstatus provisions are negotiated within a frame
work of Federal and State legislation and are
affected by decisions of the National Labor Rela
tions Board (NLRB) and court rulings.8 The
8 See Union Security Under the Taft-Hartley Act, M onthly Labor Review,
April 1954 (p. 391).
T able 2.— Types of union-shop provisions in collective bargaining agreements, 1954
Workers covered
Agreements
T yp e of union-shop provision
Number
Percent
of total
studied
Total studied__________________________________________________ _____ ___________________
1,716
100.0
Union-shop agreements 1___________________ __________ ____ ________________________
1,122
65.4
87
47
69
685
Employees must be union members before date of em ploym ent2 ---------------------------- Previous training or employment in industry required 8__________
---------------------- -- A ll employees required to join union within a specified time, and union members given
some degree of consideration in hiring .............. ..........
.....
.......
All employees required to join union within a specified tim e------------- ------------------------------Interstate agreements covering some States which ban union shop; all employees required
to join within a specified time except in States where provision is illegal___________
_
Modified union shop (certain groups in bargaining unit exempted from membership requirements)___. . . _ . .
. _ _______________________________________ _______ _______
M odified union shop, and withdrawal of new employees permitted after 1 year----------------1121 of the 1,122 union-shop agreements also provided for a different form of
union security to become effective automatically, or to be negotiated, in the
event of a change in Federal or State laws, or if the present clause was found,
in violation of the law. The majority of these agreements were in the unionshop category which required all employees to join the union within a speci
fied time.
2 This is the closed shop which was outlawed in establishments covered b y
the Labor Management Relations Act. Although these figures are indicative
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Percent
of unionshop
agree
ments
Number
(thou
sands)
Percent of Percent of
workers
all workers
covered in
under
agreements union-shop
agreements
studied
7,404. 6
100.0
100.0
4, 752.8
64.2
100.0
5.1
2.7
7.7
4.2
338.3
233.0
4.8
2.9
7.4
4. 6
4.0
39.9
6.1
61.1
347.0
2,285.3
4. 7
30.9
7.3
48.1
30
1.7
2.7
420.1
5.7
8.8
162
42
9.5
2.4
14. 5
3.7
580.2
548.8
7.8
7.4
12.2
11.5
of the prevalence of the closed shop in major agreements, they are not neces
sarily representative of all agreements, because of the underrepresentation
in this study of agreements for small establishments.
8 Prevalence of unionization in the industry would grant indirect preference
to union members.
N ote .—B ecause of rounding, totals in columns may not equal the sum of
components.
UNION-SECURITY AGREEMENT PROVISIONS
Labor Management Relations Act of 1947, ap
plicable to industries affecting interstate commerce,
bans the closed shop but permits union-shop and
maintenance-of-membership provisions.9 The fol
lowing excerpt from the act relates to union
security:
Section 8 (a) It shall be an unfair labor practice for an
employer . . . by discrimination in regard to hire or
tenure of employment or any term or condition of em
ployment to encourage or discourage membership in any
labor organization: Provided, That nothing in this act,
or in any other statute of the United States, shall preclude
an employer from making an agreement with a labor
organization . . . to require as a condition of employ
ment membership therein on or after the thirtieth day
following the beginning of such employment or the effective
date of such agreement, whichever is the later.
State legislation prohibiting the requirement of
union membership as a condition of employment,
thereby outlawing the negotiation of closed- and
union-shops and maintenance-of-membership pro
visions, is given precedence over provisions of the
LM RA under section 14(b) of the act, which reads:
Nothing in this act shall be construed as authorizing
the execution or application of agreements requiring mem
bership in a labor organization as a condition of employ
ment in any State or Territory in which such execution
or application is prohibited by State or Territorial law.
By March 1955, such legislation was in effect in
18 States.10 Pertinent excerpts from Utah’s Right
to Work Law, enacted in February 1955, follow:
Section 8. No employer shall require any person to
become or remain a member of any labor union, labor
organization or any other type of association as a condition
of employment or continuation of employment by such
employer.
*
*
*
*
*
*
Section 10. No employer shall require any person to
pay any dues, fees, or other charges of any kind to any
labor union, labor organization, or any other type of as
sociation as a condition of employment or continuation of
employment.
*
*
*
*
*
*
Section 15. The provisions of this act shall not apply
to any lawful contract in force on the effective date hereof
but they shall apply in all respects to contracts entered into
thereafter and to any renewal or extension of any existing
contract.
s In 1951, the act was amended to eliminate a requirement for a majority
vote b y employees in favor of a union shop before such a clause could become
effective.
10 Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Louisiana, M is
sissippi, Nebraska, Nevada, North Carolina, North Dakota, South Carolina,
South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, and Virginia.
»¡T h is BLS report (see footnote 4) included regional data; the 1952 report
did not.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
653
Section 16. Nothing in this act shall be construed to
deny the right of employees to bargain collectively with
their employer by and through labor unions, labor or
ganizations, or any other type of associations.
Laws which otherwise regulate union security
are in effect in four States. Colorado, Kansas,
and Wisconsin ban union membership as a con
dition of employment unless an election has been
held and a specified percentage of the employees
have approved the provision. Massachusetts
permits discharge of an employee for nonmember
ship in a union, under an agreement requiring
union membership as a condition of employment,
only if membership is denied because the employee
does not qualify occupationally or he has violated
union discipline.
Prevalence. All of the major agreements in the
apparel industry group provided for the union
shop; none of the agreements for the communica
tions industry had such a proviso (table 1). On
the whole, union-shop provisions were more preva
lent in nonmanufacturing than in manufacturing,
despite their absence in the communications
industry.
Union-shop provisions were found in over threefourths of the agreements signed by unions affili
ated with the AFL; in three-fifths of the agree
ments of CIO affiliates; and in nearly two-fifths
of the agreements of unaffiliated or independent
unions (table 1).
The ranking of regions with respect to the prev
alence of union-shop provisions was substantially
similar to that found in 1950-51.11 The Pacific
region (California, Oregon, and Washington) con
tinued to account for the highest proportion of
union-shop contracts. In this area, 78 percent of
the contracts studied provided for a union shop,
in contrast to 16 percent in the West South Central
States (Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and
Texas). (See table 3.)
The overall impact exerted by agreements in the
18 States with “ right to work” laws on the Bu
reau’s findings was relatively slight since they ac
counted for a little less than 10 percent of the 1,716
agreements studied and approximately 5 percent
of the workers covered, exclusive of workers in
those States covered by interregional union agree
ments. Moreover, the five statutes most recently
enacted did not apply to agreements already in
effect.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
654
T a b le 3.— Union security and checkoff provisions in collective bargaining agreements, by region, 1954
T ype of union security
Checkoff
Number studied
Membership
maintenance
Union shop
Region
Agree
ments
All regions___________________
N ew England- __ -------------- . .
__________
M iddle Atlantic
East North C entral..
______
West North Central______
South A tlantic.. . ____ ______
East South Central____ ____
West South Central___________
M ountain________ _____
Pacific________ . . .
. . . ..
Interregional3_________________
Workers
(thousand)
Percent
of agree
ments
Percent
of
workers
Percent
of agree
ments
Sole bargaining
Percent
of
workers
Percent
of agree
ments
Percent
of
workers
Percent
of agree
ments
Percent
of
workers
1,716
7.404. 6
65
64
14
17
21
19
74
78
148
425
449
87
90
41
58
23
202
193
383.3
1,366.1
1,076. 6
176.9
258.8
87.9
121.8
52.7
998.0
2,882. 7
55
76
73
64
28
34
16
57
78
59
55
76
66
53
26
31
13
54
74
64
22
13
14
11
7
15
7
13
13
14
15
12
17
23
5
12
10
8
20
19
23
11
13
24
66
51
78
30
9
27
30
12
18
24
70
57
76
38
7
17
84
75
81
72
88
85
78
57
39
81
79
69
85
75
87
83
79
49
40
92
1 Regions referred to include the following States: New England— Connecti
cut, Maine, Massachusetts, N ew Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont;
Middle Atlantic—New Jersey, N ew York, and Pennsylvania; East North
Central—Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin; West North
Central—Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota,
and South Dakota; South Atlantic—Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida,
Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West
Virginia; East South Central—Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Ten
nessee; West South Central—Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas;
Mountain—Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, N ew Mexico,
Utah, and W yom ing; Pacific—California, Oregon, and Washington.
1 Each of these agreements covers two or more plants located in different
regions.
The most significant impact of the LM RA of
1947 on union-security provisions occurred during
the years immediately after its passage, when
union-shop provisions replaced the closed shop as
the predominant form of union security (chart 1).
In 1946, the date of the last Bureau study before
passage of the act, it was estimated that 33 percent
of all workers under agreement were covered by
closed-shop provisions and 17 percent were covered
by union-shop agreements, a total of 50 percent.
According to the Bureau’s study of agreements
effective in 1949-50, the importance of union shops
and closed shops combined12 had shifted only
slightly. However, less than one-tenth of the
agreements in this combined group required union
membership at the time of employment.
Since 1950, there has been an increase in the
prevalence of union-shop contract clauses, mainly
occurring prior to 1952. Between 1952 and 1954,
there has been little change in the prevalence of
union shops.
provide for an escape period immediately after
signing of the agreement to permit withdrawals
from the union. After this period, maintenance
of membership is generally required for the dura
tion of the contract.
Maintenance of Membership
Under a maintenance-of-membership provision,
the employee is not required to join the union, but
if he is a member when the clause becomes effective
or later chooses to become a member, he must there
after maintain his membership as a condition of
employment. Usually, however, such provisions
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
N ote .—Because of rounding, totals in columns m ay not equal the sum of
components.
All employees who, 15 days after the date of certifica
tion by the NLRB that all of the provisions of the LMRA
have been complied with by the union, and that the union
has been authorized pursuant to the provisions of such act
to enter into a maintenance-of-membership agreement, or
who, 15 days after the date upon which it becomes legal
to enter into a maintenance-of-membership agreement
without such certification, are members of the union in
good standing in accordance with the constitution and
bylaws of the union, and all employees who thereafter
become members of the union, shall as a condition of em
ployment, remain members of the union in good standing
for the duration of this agreement.
Any employee who wishes to withdraw from membership
in the union during the above 15-day period may do so
by written notification by registered letter to the union.
Some contracts permit withdrawal from the union
during an escape period beginning 1 year from the
effective date of the contract. If the employee
does not resign then, he is required to maintain
his membership for the duration of the agreement.
An additional escape period immediately prior
to renewal or renegotiation of the contract was
also found in some of the agreements examined,
as in the following:
13 Bureau reports issued since passage of L M R A have grouped closed and
union shops as “ union shops.”
UNION-SECURITY AGREEMENT PROVISIONS
. . . provided, however, that this provision shall not
apply to any employee who, within the 15 days next
preceding the end of this agreement, shall withdraw from
the union.
Another variation of membership-maintenance
clause, introduced in major steel agreements in
1952 and found in other industries, requires each
new employee to sign an application for member
ship in the union, with the option of canceling
the application between the 15th and 30th day
of employment. If not canceled during that
period, the application becomes effective and the
employee is required to maintain his membership
for the duration of the contract.13
1. Each employee who, on July 1, 1954, is a member of
the union in good standing in accordance with its consti
tution and bylaws and each employee who becomes a
member after that date shall, as a condition of employ
ment, maintain his membership in the union in good stand
ing for the duration of this agreement . . . .
2. Each new employee shall sign and furnish to the
company at the time of his employment an application
card, in duplicate, for membership in the Union, in a form
agreed to in writing by the company and the union. A
copy of such card shall be furnished to the employee.
Such application card shall provide that it shall not become
effective until the expiration of 30 days after the date of
his employment and that it shall not thereafter become
effective if such employee shall mail to the company a
written notice of his election not to become a member of
the union, which notice shall be postmarked not less than
15 days and not more than 30 days after the date of his
employment. The company shall promptly furnish to the
union a copy of each such notice received by it. If such
application shall become effective at the expiration of
such 30 days, one signed copy of it shall then be turned
over to the union. The union shall be given reasonable
opportunity to inspect all such notices which shall be
received by the company.
Another approach, found in a few agreements,
combines membership maintenance and the agency
shop. The agency shop requires all employees to
pay dues but does not compel them to join the
union. Thus, under provisions with such com
bined requirements, union members must main
tain their membership and all nonmember em
ployees must pay union dues.
Frequently, the negotiation of a maintenanceof-membership provision represents a compromise
13 This type of union security has on occasion been termed a modified
union shop, but the BLS classifies it as a maintenance-of-membership pro
vision because new employees have the option of choosing whether or not to
join the union.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
655
Chart 1. Union-Security Provisions in Collective
Bargaining Agreements. 1946, 1949- 50, and
19541
Percent of
Workers Studied
10<#
Sole B arg ain in g
< 80
M ain ten an ce
of M em bersh
60
40
Closed Shop
20
1946
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT Of LABOR
•UKEAU OF LASOR STATISTICS
> The 1946 estimates relate to the proportion of all workers under agreement
covered b y each type of union status. Closed- and union-shop clauses are not
shown separately for 1949-50 and 1954. Bureau reports issued since passage
of the Labor Management Relations A ct have classified closed shop as a type
of union shop.
2 Adjusted figures, reflecting inclusion of anthracite and bituminous coal
mining and Ford M otor Co. union shop agreements excluded from data in the
published 1949-50 study. See footnote 1 to table 1, in Union-Security Pro
visions in Agreements, 1949-50, op. cit.
between the union’s demand for a union-shop
clause and management’s objection to such a
provision. During World War II, membership
maintenance was granted by the National War
Labor Board in a number of cases. Under such
arrangements, the employee’s individual choice
is protected because membership is voluntary; the
union’s security is guaranteed to some extent
because membership, once acquired, must be
maintained. In comparison with the union shop,
however, membership maintenance increases the
union’s organizing job in recruiting members and
in retaining them if an escape clause is provided.
As pointed out earlier, contracts requiring mem
bership maintenance are permitted under the
LM RA but are banned in 18 States.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
656
Chart 2. Union-Security and Checkoff Provisions in
Collective Bargaining Agreements, 1954
Percent of Workers Studied
UNITED STATE* DEPARTMENT Of LABOR
it]BEAU Of LABOR STATISTICS
The prevalence of membership-maintenance
clauses has declined since World War II. The
Bureau estimated in 1946 that 25 percent of all
workers under agreement were covered by such
clauses; by contrast, 17 percent of the workers
under the agreements examined in 1954 were sim
ilarly covered (chart 1). Widely used in the major
steel agreements, this type of union security cov
ered nearly three-fourths of the workers in the
primary metal industries (table 1).
Sole Bargaining
All agreements, by their nature, assure sole
bargaining rights to the union.14 In most agree
ments, as already indicated, the union’s status is
further protected by requirements that employees
acquire or retain union membership as a condition
of employment. However, in 21 percent of the
agreements in this study, covering 19 percent of
the workers (table 1), the union had only the ex
clusive right to bargain for all employees in the
unit, union and nonunion alike.
The company hereby recognizes the association [union]
as the exclusive representative for the purposes of collective
bargaining in respect to rates of pay, wages, hours of em
ployment, and other conditions of employment of all
employees in the following units . . . .
Some contracts included a statement pledging
the employer to encourage union membership.
Such statements, often referred to as “ harmony”
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
clauses, were found in six of the sole-bargaining
agreements examined.
The company adopts the policy of encouraging union
membership for all its employees, both new and old, and
will cooperate with the union in advising its employees
that a contract exists between the company and the union,
so that all employees (except those excepted) may be prop
erly informed and thereby afforded a suitable opportunity
to join the union within a reasonable time and to remain
therein in good standing during the life of this agreement.
The company recognizes the right of the union to kn©w
of the employees newly employed or recalled to work and
will furnish their names to the union.
Five sole-bargaining agreements provided some
consideration in hiring to union members. A
fairly recent development, the agency shop, was
found in three agreements.
Under six contracts, hiring was to be done
through a union hiring hall. The union hiring hall,
traditionally operated prior to passage of the
LM RA for the benefit of union members, is per
mitted now only if it functions as a nondiscriminatory “ employment agency” for union and non
union workers.
Under the terms of 36 sole-bargaining agree
ments in States prohibiting union-security clauses,
some provision was made for union security if the
law should be changed. Two general approaches
were employed: (a) to incorporate a union-security
clause with the proviso that it would be inoperative
unless the law was changed; or (b) to provide for
negotiation of a union-security provision when
legally possible, as in the following examples:
It is understood that the foregoing provisions of this
section [establishing a union shop] shall not be operative
unless and until such times as any State or Federal laws
prohibiting the operation of such a provision are either
nullified or declared unconstitutional or are otherwise
complied with.
*
*
*
*
*
*
It is mutually agreed that during the teim of this agree
ment all of the employees of the company in the bargain
ing unit shall be eligible for membership in the association
and have the right to join or not to join the association as
they individually prefer.
» Direct reference to the status of unions as exclusive bargaining representa
tives is found in section 9 (a) of the L M R A , as follows: “ Representatives
designated or selected for the purposes of collective bargaining b y the major
ity of the employees in a unit appropriate for such purposes, shall be the
exclusive representatives of all the employees in such unit for the purposes
of collective bargaining in respect to rates of pay, wages, hours of em ploy
ment, or other conditions of em ploym ent.”
The union and the employer m ay voluntarily agree on exclusive recognition
or m ay request an N L R B election (under section 9 (c) of L M R A ) to deter
mine the issue.
UNION-SECURITY AGREEMENT PROVISIONS
The company and the association mutually agree to meet
and renegotiate as to union security if during the term of
this agreement there is any change in the law, State or
Federal, applicable to union-security provisions.
Agreements with sole-bargaining rights only
were most prevalent in the tobacco, petroleum
products, and communications industries, cover
ing over three-fourths of the workers under the
agreements for these industries studied (table 1).
In general, the agreements negotiated by inde
pendent or unaffiliated unions had a higher pro
portion limited to sole-bargaining provisions than
those of the AFL and CIO affiliates (table 1).
Sole bargaining was most common in the South
Atlantic and East and West South Central
regions, which included States with legislation
banning union security (table 3).
The proportion of workers under sole-bargain
ing agreements has dropped from 25 percent, as
estimated in the 1946 study, to 19 percent of the
workers covered by agreements analyzed in the
present study (chart 1).
Checkoff
Checkoff is a dues-collection method whereby
the employer agrees to deduct from the employee’s
pay his union dues, and in some instances, initi
ation fees, fines, and assessments, for transmittal
to the union at regular intervals.
The company will check off monthly dues, assessments,
and initiation fees each as designated by the international
secretary-treasurer of the union, as membership dues in
the union, on the basis of individually signed voluntary
checkoff authorization cards in forms agreed to by the
company and the union. * * *
Deductions on the basis of authorization cards sub
mitted to the company shall commence with respect to
dues for the month in which the company receives such
authorization card or in which such card becomes effective,
whichever is later. Dues for a given month shall be
deducted from the first pay closed and calculated in the
succeeding month.
In cases of earnings insufficient to cover deduction of
dues, the dues shall be deducted from the next pay in which
there are sufficient earnings, or a double deduction may
be made from the first pay of the following month, pro
vided, however, that the accumulation of dues shall be
limited to 2 months. The international secretary-treas
urer of the union shall be provided with a list of those
employed for whom double deduction has been made.
The union will be notified of the reason for nontrans
mission of dues in case of interplant transfer, layoff,
discharge, resignation, leave of absence, sick leave, retire
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
657
ment, death, insufficient earnings, or withdrawal from the
union.
Unless the company is otherwise notified, the only union
membership dues to be deducted for payment to the union
from the pay of the employee who has furnished an author
ization shall be the monthly union dues. The company
will deduct initiation fees when notified . . . and assess
ments as designated by the international secretarytreasurer. With respect to checkoff authorization cards
submitted directly to the company, the company will
deduct initiation fees unless specifically requested not
to do so by the international secretary-treasurer of the
union after such checkoff authorization cards have become
effective. The international secretary-treasurer of the
union shall be provided with a list of those employees
for whom initiation fees have been deducted under this
paragraph.
Checkoff is permissible under the LM RA only
on written authorization of the individual em
ployee. A few of the State “ right to work” laws
incorporate similar checkoff regulations. Under
LM RA, the employee’s authorization may be ir
revocable for a maximum of 1 year, or the duration
of the agreement, whichever is shorter.
Almost three-fourths of the contracts studied,
covering a slightly higher proportion of workers,
contained checkoff provisions (table 1). Dues as
T able
4.— Checkoff provisions
in
collective
bargaining
agreements, 195 4
Agreements
Workers
Item
Number
Percent
Number
(thou
sands)
Total studied___________________
1, 716
100.0
7,404. 6
100.0
N o provision for checkoffs _ . . .
W ith checkoff_____
_______
441
1, 275
25.7
74.3
1,648. 6
5, 756.1
22.3
77.7
Percent
B y type of p a ym en t1
D u e s _____________ __ __ _____
Initiation fees.. . . .
_____
Assessments__ __________ ______
Fines_________ ______ __________
Other 2____________
__________
1, 275
781
369
25
10
74.3
45.5
21.5
1.5
.6
5, 756.1
4,114. 3
2, 719. 7
70.1
21. 7
77.7
55.6
36.7
.9
.3
Combined types of payment
Dues only ______________ __
Dues and initiation fees . . .
_ _
Dues and assessments____
Dues, initiation fees, and assessments___
______ . . . _____
Dues, initiation fees, fines, and
assessments _
Other 2____ _ _____ . . . ______
448
448
36
26.1
26.1
2.1
1,542. 3
1,472.4
77.8
20.8
19.9
1.1
308
17.9
2, 571. 8
34.7
25
10
1.5
.6
70.1
21.7
.9
.3
1 Nonadditive. These items may appear singly, or in combination, in one
agreement.
2 Includes checkoff of dues in addition to various other items, such as
convention dues, “ assignments,” or “ indebtedness to the union.”
N ote .—B ecause of rounding, totals in columns m ay not equal the sum of
components.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
658
the sole deduction were stipulated in over onefourth of the 1,275 agreements with checkoff; dues
and initiation fees in a similar proportion; dues,
initiation fees, and assessments in less than onefifth (table 4).
Checkoff was more common in manufacturing
than in nonmanufacturing agreements. More
than four-fifths of the contracts examined in
manufacturing contained such provisions, com
pared with approximately one-half in nonmanu
facturing. Checkoff was least prevalent in the
apparel, printing, construction, and hotel and
restaurant industries, which have a relatively high
frequency of union-shop agreements. In some
industries where employment is casual or on a
day-to-day basis with various employers, the diffi
culty in administering checkoff provisions may
account for their infrequent use.
Checkoff provisions may be negotiated in con
nection with the union shop, membership mainte
nance, or sole bargaining (chart 2). Virtually all
agreements providing for membership mainte
nance and 88 percent of those with only sole
bargaining rights provided for checkoff, in con
trast to 66 percent of union-shop agreements.
Since all employees working under a union-shop
arrangement are subject to discharge for nonpay
ment of dues, the checkoff in these circumstances
is not essential in assuring that dues payments do
not fall in arrears. However, the checkoff is a
convenient method of collecting dues where large
numbers of workers are employed in a single plant.
Slightly over 40 percent of the workers under
agreement in 1946 were estimated by the Bureau
to be covered by checkoff arrangements, compared
with almost 80 percent of the workers under the
1950-51 contracts examined. The Bureau’s study
of agreements effective in 1952, as well as the
present study, showed a slight increase since
1950-51 in the number of agreements with check
off provisions, with virtually no change in the pro
portion of workers under such arrangements.
Union Conventions Scheduled for July and August, 1955
July
12
13
Name of organization
Place
Insurance Workers of America, CIO_____________________
Brotherhood of Utility Workers of New England, Inc.
(Ind.)
Detroit, Mich.
Boston, Mass.
Independent Watchmen’s Association___________________
Chemical Workers International Union, AFL____________
International Typographical Union, AFL________________
Photo-Engravers’ Union of North America, AFL________
American Federation of Teachers, AFL_________________
National Rural Letter Carriers’ Association (Ind.)_______
National Alliance of Postal Employees (Ind.)____________
International Mailers Union (Ind.)______________________
International Woodworkers of America, CIO____________
New York, N. Y.
St. Louis, Mo.
Boston, Mass.
Montreal, Canada
Ft. Wayne, Ind.
Buffalo, N. Y.
Indianapolis, Ind.
Akron, Ohio
Milwaukee, Wis.
August
1
8
13
15
15
16
16
22
22
July
11
25
State conventions
Place
Washington, AFL______________________________________
Oregon, AFL___________________________________________
Bellingham
Medford
Iowa, CIO______________________________________________
North Carolina, AFL____•______________________________
Ohio, AFL______________________________________________
Montana, AFL_________________________________________
California, AFL________________________________________
Utah, AFL_____________________________________________
Wisconsin, AFL________________________________________
Indiana, AFL__________________________________________
Davenport
Asheville
Toledo
Missoula
San Diego
Price
Oshkosh
Indianapolis
August
5
8
8
9
15
15
15
29
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Summaries of Studies and Reports
Earnings in Synthetic-Textile
Manufacturing, November 1954
Production workers in synthetic-textile mills
averaged $1.26 an hour, exclusive of premium pay,
in November 1954, according to a survey conduct
ed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Men, ac
counting for 55 percent of the 88,300 workers
employed in regular textile operations through
the cloth room,1 averaged $1.32, compared with
$1.19 for women workers.
Average earnings
in the Middle Atlantic region2 at $1.32 were
unchanged from those recorded in a similar
study made in March 1952.3 Workers in the
Southeast averaged 2 cents an hour more— $1.22
in November 1954, compared with $1.20 in March
1952— while the average for workers in New
England declined 4 cents during that period.
Fewer than 3 percent of the synthetic-textile
millworkers earned less than 90 cents an hour in
November 1954; 7.7 percent earned less than $1;
and 57.8 percent, less than $1.25 an hour.
Occupational pay levels were generally higher
in the Middle Atlantic and New England regions
than in the Southeast. Nationwide averages for
numerically important occupational groups were:
Men loom fixers, $1.74; men weavers, $1.54;
women weavers, $1.49; and women yarn winders,
$1.16 an hour.
Paid vacations were provided to nearly all
workers with 1 year’s service. Life insurance and
various types of health insurance benefits were also
available to a majority of the workers.
Industry Characteristics
The synthetic-textile industry, for purposes of
this survey, includes mills which produce yarn or
cloth from man-made fibers and from blends of
these fibers.4 Mills manufacturing textiles from
silk, a natural fiber, were also included, but they
account for only a small proportion of the total
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workers in the industry. Rayon and acetate are
used much more extensively than any of the other
synthetic fibers such as nylon, dacron, and orlon.
Man-made fibers, produced by chemical processes,
are developed in the form of a continuous thread
or filament. This filament may be used essential
ly in its original form for weaving or may be cut
to short lengths similar to natural fibers and then
processed into yarn in a manner comparable to
the manufacture of cotton yarn.
Synthetic-textile manufacturing is confined al
most entirely to the Southeast, Middle Atlantic,
and New England regions. Once considered as
essentially a Northeastern industry, it has rapidly
expanded and become increasingly important in
the Southeast. This region accounted for more
than three-fifths of the employment in mills with
in the scope of the Bureau’s survey.5 (See table
1.) The Middle Atlantic and New England regions
accounted for 22 and 14 percent of the workers,
respectively, substantially smaller proportions
than in early 1952. Between March 1952 and
November 1954, employment in New England
and the Middle Atlantic region declined 31 per
cent and 18 percent, respectively. By contrast,
the Southeast increased employment by 7 percent.
Integrated mills— those having both spinning
(or throwing) and weaving operations— employed
i
The earnings information presented in this report excludes data for ap
proximately 1,300 workers employed in bleaching, cloth dyeing and finishing,
and fabricating departments. Employment was about equally divided
between the 3 regions; and workers averaged $1.38 in New England, $1.59 in
the M iddle Atlantic, and $1.14 in the Southeast. The inclusion of these data
would not alter the averages presented herein.
3 The regions used in this study include: New England—Connecticut,
Maine, Massachusetts, N ew Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont;
Middle Atlantic—N ew Jersey, N ew York, and Pennsylvania; Southeast—
Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia.
The number of synthetic-textile workers employed in other regions is so small
that presentation of data is not warranted.
3 For the March 1952 study, see M onthly Labor Review, September 1952
(p. 281).
< The survey was limited to mills employing 21 or more workers. Mills
manufacturing blends were included when mixture contents were predomi
nantly synthetic; those producing glass textiles or blends containing 25 per
cent or more wool were excluded.
5
Based on previous BLS studies, the Southeast accounted for 42 percent of
the workers in July 1946 and 54 percent in March 1952.
659
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
660
65 percent of the millworkers in the Southeast and
38 percent in New England. Almost equal num
bers of workers in the Southeast and in the Middle
Atlantic region were in mills weaving fabrics;
however, such employment represented half of
the workers in synthetic-textile mills in the Middle
Atlantic States and less than a fifth in the South
east. In New England, 46 percent of the workers
were in weaving mills. Yarn mills, employing a
fifth of the industry’s total work force, are largely
confined to the Southeast and Middle Atlantic
regions, accounting for more than a third of the
workers in the latter region.
Labor-management agreements specified the
pay and working conditions for mills employing
nearly 70 percent of the workers in New England
and about 45 percent in the Middle Atlantic
region. About 5 percent of the workers in the
Southeast were employed in mills with labormanagement contracts.
Thirty percent of the millworkers were paid on
an incentive basis, usually piecework. Weavers
and winders were among the largest groups of
incentive workers.
Average Earnings
The general earnings level in the synthetictextile industry was $1.26 an hour, exclusive of
premium pay, in November 1954 (table 1). This
was 1 cent an hour, on the average, below that
recorded in a similar study made in March 1952.
This slight change in overall average earnings
during this period was caused by a combination
of several factors. No general wage increases
occurred in the industry. On the other hand, a
series of wage decreases in late 1952 and early
1953 were largely responsible for a decline of 4
cents (from $1.39 to $1.35) an hour for workers
in New England. Earnings stayed at an average
of $1.32 an hour for production workers in the
Middle Atlantic States. Although average earn
ings in the Southeast increased slightly, from $1.20
in March 1952 to $1.22 in November 1954, the
substantially greater proportion of the industry’s
work force concentrated in that region had the
effect of depressing the average for all synthetictextile mills combined.
Wages of workers in yarn mills averaged less
than those in weaving or integrated mills because
of the absence of skilled occupations required by
the weaving operations in the latter establishments.
Yarn-mill workers averaged $1.15 an hour in
November 1954—10 cents below the average for
workers in integrated mills and 20 cents below
the average for workers in weaving mills. Aver
ages of $1.15 and $1.13 an hour were recorded
in yarn mills in the Middle Atlantic and South
east regions, respectively.
Average hourly earnings of workers in mills
weaving fabrics from purchased yarn were $1.44
in the Middle Atlantic region, $1.38 in New
England, and $1.25 in the Southeast. In each
region, these workers averaged more than workers
in integrated mills, with differences ranging from
2 cents an hour in New England and the South
east to 10 cents in the Middle Atlantic region.
T able 1.— Number of workers and average straight-time hourly earnings 1 of production workers in synthetic-textile mills,
by specified characteristics, November 1954
United States 2
Item
All mills:
All production workers___ ___________________ ____________________________
M en__________________________________ ________________________________
W o m e n ________________________________________________________ ____ _
T yp e of mill:
Yarn or thread mills______________________ . ___ _ ________________________
Filament yarn or thread___ - ____________ _ ____ __ _ _ _ ______ ______
Spun yarn or thread________ _______ _______ _ _______ _
_ __
W eaving mills.
_ _____ _____ ___ _ _ ______ ________ _ _______ _
Integrated m ills_______ ____________________ ___________ __________ _ __
Predominant class of fabrics:3
Filament flat fabrics______ ____ __________________ _ ___
___ _ _____
Pile, upholstery, drapery, tapestry, and tie fabrics__________________________
N ew England
M iddle Atlantic
Southeast
Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average
hourly
hourly
of
hourly
hourly
of
of
of
workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings
88,284
48, 775
39, 509
$1.26
1.32
1.19
12,370
7, 296
5,074
$1.35
1.42
1.24
19, 708
8, 657
11,051
$1.32
1.46
1.22
56, 051
32,808
23, 243
$1.22
1.26
1.16
18,112
11,233
6,879
1.15
1.15
1.14
2,037
1,040
1.23
1.22
7,116
6,164
952
1.15
1.14
1.19
8,804
3,874
4,930
1.13
1.15
1.11
2 6 , 556
4 3 , 616
1 .3 5
1 .2 5
5 , 684
4 ,6 4 9
1 .3 8
1 .3 6
10, 273
2 ,3 1 9
1 .4 4
1 .3 4
10 , 599
3 6 ,6 4 8
1 .2 5
1 .2 3
2 4 ,6 2 4
1 1 ,3 9 3
23' 324
3 ^693
6', 378
1 .2 8
1 .2 8
1 .2 4
1 .4 1
1 .4 2
5 ,4 0 6
1 ,3 5 7
1 .3 8
1. 36
1 .3 1
5 ,3 9 6
1 .3 4
2 ; 3 86
1 3 ,8 2 2
9 , 581
2 0 ,6 1 0
1 .2 3
1 .2 6
1 .2 3
3 ,4 1 9
2 ; 530
1 .4 2
1 .6 2
2 ,9 6 0
1 .2 3
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
3 Includes data for weaving and integrated mills only.
2 Includes data for other regions in addition to those shown separately.
N ote .- Dashes indicate no data or insufflcent data to warrant presentation.
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SYNTHETIC-TEXTILE EARNINGS
Mills producing spun synthetic fabrics employed
nearly two-fifths of the workers in the Southeast
who averaged $1.23 an hour in November 1954.
Workers in mills producing filament flat fabrics,
an important product in each region, averaged
$1.23 in the Southeast, $1.34 in the Middle
Atlantic region, and $1.38 in New England.
Distribution of Earnings
Individual average straight-time earnings
ranged from as low as 75 cents to more than $2
an hour. However, earnings of a large majority
of the workers were within a comparatively
narrow range (table 2). Approximately half of
the workers in the Southeast earned between $1
and $1.20 an hour; a similar proportion of workers
in New England had earnings within the range
of $1.10 to $1.35 an hour. Earnings below 90
cents an hour were reported for 7.8 percent of the
workers in the Middle Atlantic region and 1.6
percent in the Southeast; virtually none of the
workers in New England earned below 90 cents
an hour.
Approximately 8 percent of the workers in the
Southeast earned less than $1 an hour, as compared
with less than 1 percent in New England and 12.4
percent in the Middle Atlantic region. Hourly
earnings of less than $1.25 were recorded for 42.3
percent of the workers in New England, 46.2
percent in the Middle Atlantic, and 65.5 percent
of those in the Southeast region.
Occupational Earnings
About 55 percent of the production workers in
the synthetic-textile industry were employed in
occupations for which averages are presented in
table 3. Nationwide averages for these job
categories, selected for study because of their
numerical importance and their representative
ness of the entire job-rate structure, ranged from
$1.02 for men janitors to $1.93 an hour for Jac
quard-loom fixers.
The 12,300 women employed as yarn winders
averaged $1.16 an hour. Other numerically
important women’s jobs and their averages were:
Battery hands, $1.08; cloth inspectors, $1.13;
ring-frame spinners, $1.17; and weavers, $1.49.
Numerically important men’s occupational cate
gories and their averages were: Hand truckers and
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661
T able 2. —
P e r c e n t a g e d i s t r ib u t io n o f p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s
i n s y n t h e ti c -te x ti l e m i l ls , b y a v era g e s t r a i g h t -t i m e h o u r ly
e a r n i n g s ,l N o v e m b e r 1 9 5 4
Average hourly earnings
(in cents)
United
States 2
N ew
England
0.6
.3
1.9
2.0
2.9
9.3
12.0
12.4
10.4
6.0
6.3
4.8
4.6
5.1
3.6
3.5
2.5
2.6
2.5
2.4
1.3
.8
.5
.4
.4
.3
.2
.6
(3)
(3)
0.2
.1
.7
4.3
16.8
13.8
6.4
8.5
4.7
6.1
6.8
5.3
5.3
3.5
2.7
7.8
2.4
1.7
.9
.5
.6
.3
.3
.1
.2
75 and under 8 0 - . - ___ _ _____
80 and under 85_________________
85 and under 90_____ - _____ _ 90 and under 95_________ _______
95 and under 100_____
______
100 and under 105__________
105 and under 110__ -_- _____
110 and under 115_______________
115 and under 1 2 0 . . - ___ _______
120 and under 125_____ ________
125 and under 130_______________
130 and under 135_______________
135 and under 140-. . __________
140 and under 145____ _________
145 and under 150_____ ____ ____
150 and under 155._____________
155 and under 160_______ _____
160 and under 165________ _____
165 and under 170-. . - _______
170 and under 175____________
175 and under 180____ _ - ___
180 and under 185_______ _______
185 and under 190 _.
_________
190 and under 195_________ _____
195 and under 200 ______________
200 and under 205_______________
205 and under 210 _
----210 and over_________________
M iddle
Atlantic Southeast
0 Ä
.6
6.7
3.4
1.2
4.7
5.1
7.0
9.5
7 5
9.5
6.4
4.2
4.9
3.4
4.3
2.5
2.8
1.9
2.0
1.6
1.8
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.2
.8
2.3
.3
.6
2.0
4.2
12.8
16.1
13.3
10.0
fi 5
4.6
4.2
4.4
4.8
3.2
2.8
2.3
2.5
1.6
2.5
1.1
.5
.1
.1
.1
(3)
(3)
(3)
T otal______________ ____ _
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Number of workers_____ _______
Average hourly earnings 1_____ -
88, 284
$1.26
12,370
$1.35
19, 708
$1.32
56,051
$1.22
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
2 Includes data for other regions in addition to those shown separately.
3 Less than 0.05 percent.
N ote .—Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily
equal 100.
bobbin boys, $1.07; weavers, $1.54; and loom
fixers, $1.74.
Establishment Practices
Minimum rates6 varied considerably among
mills, but definite regional patterns were apparent.
Minimum entrance rates of 75 cents an hour were
paid in mills employing a fourth of the workers in
the Middle Atlantic region and half the workers
in the Southeast; minimum entrance rates between
75 cents and $1 were reported by nearly all of the
other mills in these regions. In New England,
mills accounting for a majority of the workers had
entrance rates of $1 or more, with the greatest
concentration (one-third of the workers) employed
in mills reporting a rate of $1,105 an hour. Ad
vancement from the entrance rate to the job rate
in the synthetic-textile industry frequently in
volves either a formal training period of from 6 to
12 weeks, or a progression of rates based on length
6
M inim um entrance and minimum job rates, for purposes of this study,
relate to the lowest established rates for inexperienced and experienced work
ers, respectively, except watchmen, em ployed in regular textile departments.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
662
of service or merit rating. In many mills, how
ever, minimum entrance and minimum job rates
were identical. Minimum job rates in the South
east ranged from 75 cents to $1.05; concentrations
of workers were in mills with rates between 85 and
87.5 cents (16 percent), 97 cents (21 percent), and
$1.02 (13 percent). In New England, 85 percent
of the workers were in mills with minimum job
rates ranging from $1.07 to $1.20. In the Middle
Atlantic region, mills employing over half of the
workers had minimum job rates of more than
$1.07 an hour.
A 40-hour workweek was most common in the
New England and Middle Atlantic regions.
Southeast workers were divided about equally
between mills reporting 40- and 48-hour weekly
schedules.
Slightly over half of all workers in the industry
were employed on late shifts in November 1954.
T able 3.—
Premium pay for second-shift work was not
common. Third-shift workers, however, generally
received higher rates of pay than day-shift
workers. The most prevalent differentials were
5 cents an hour in the Southeast and 7 cents in
New England.
About 86 percent of the synthetic-textile millworkers in New England received 6 holidays a
year with pay. (See table 4.) In the Southeast,
approximately 17 percent of the production work
ers were employed in mills with provisions for paid
holidays, typically 2 days a year.
Vacations with pay after 1 year of service were
provided to nearly all production workers in each
of the 3 regions. New England mills typically base
vacation benefits on a specified percent of the
individual’s annual earnings—generally 2 percent
(approximately equal to a week’s pay) after 1 year
of service, 3 percent after 3 years, and 4 percent
A v e r a g e s t r a ig h t -t im e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s 1 o f m e n a n d w o m e n p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s i n s y n t h e ti c -te x ti l e m i l ls , h y selected
o c c u p a t io n s , N o v e m b e r 1 9 5 4
United States 2
Sex and occupation
Number
of
workers
Average
hourly
earnings
Number
of
workers
Average
hourly
earnings
191
505
725
487
1,061
5,104
1,060
460
3, 584
547
1,086
741
686
3,042
248
232
6,833
1,524
3,180
1,095
1,034
$1.42
1.11
1.26
1.24
1.02
1.74
1.77
1.93
1.71
1.53
1.44
1.27
1.28
1.07
1.33
1.58
1.54
1.55
1.49
1.74
1.49
20
37
45
57
80
958
67
36
855
74
230
39
$1.45
1.23
1.41
1.37
1.13
1.70
1.72
1.78
1.70
1.70
1.62
1.40
333
34
1.16
1.40
1,189
109
545
81
454
1.52
1.46
1.51
1.64
1.52
3,070
2,589
2,718
1,913
1,109
423
441
3,871
1,157
1,891
350
473
12,326
620
497
3,983
1.147
2.148
1,533
1.08
1.13
1.17
1.14
1.17
1.28
1.35
1.49
1.48
1.46
1.66
1.49
1.16
1.19
1.22
1.16
1.17
1.17
. 1.18
446
508
197
222
87
73
92
483
89
220
20
154
1,175
1.13
1.17
1.29
1.16
1.18
1.36
1.37
1.49
1.47
1.49
1.53
1.49
1.22
112
340
1.31
1.23
293
188
1.20
1.28
M en
Women
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
2 Includes data for other regions not shown separately.
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N ew England
M iddle Atlantic
Number
of
workers
Average
hourly
earnings
75
110
956
351
217
388
40
103
$1.43
1.12
1.92
1.90
2.17
1.81
1.85
1.51
448
68
116
2,096
777
426
690
203
1.14
1.52
1.70
1.65
1.60
1.50
1.86
1.47
305
276
1.06
1.16
922
499
139
249
1,548
741
416
290
101
4, 566
1.14
1.18
1.40
1.41
1.55
1.54
1.49
1.69
1.53
1.13
1,367
517
659
490
1.13
1.11
1.17
1.19
Southeast
Num ber
of
workers
Average
hourly
earnings
171
462
680
355
870
3,190
642
207
2,341
433
753
696
674
2,258
146
113
3, 548
638
2,209
324
377
$1.42
1.10
1.25
1.18
.99
1.69
1.70
1.71
1.69
1.47
1.37
1.27
1.28
1.04
1.22
1.46
1.48
1.49
1.49
1.50
1.46
2,319
1,805
2,369
731
499
211
100
1,840
327
1,255
40
218
6,513
481
322
2, 242
620
1,196
855
1.07
1.11
1.15
1.13
1.16
1.16
1.19
1.44
1.36
1.45
1.54
1.46
1.17
1.19
1.19
1.16
1.23
1.16
1.15
3 Includes data for workers not shown separately.
N ote .—Dashes indicate no data or insufficient data to warrant presentation.
SYNTHETIC-TEXTILE EARNINGS
663
T able
4. — P e r c e n t o f p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s e m p l o y e d i n
s y n t h e ti c -te x ti l e m i l ls w ith f o r m a l p r o v i s i o n s f o r s p e c ifie d
s u p p l e m e n t a r y w a g e b e n e f it s ,1 N o v e m b e r 1 9 5 4 -
Union Wage Scales in Local
City Trucking, July 1, 1954
Supplementary wage benefits 1
Paid vacations:3
After 1 year’s service 4 _____ ____
1 week— .
________
Over 1 and under 2 weeks___
After 5 years’ service 4__________
1 week____ __________ _____
2 w e e k s ___ ___________ ____
Paid holidays 6 4_ — —
_ — ___
2 days_____ _ ____________ ____
5 days_____________ _____ ______
6 days_____ —_ ________________
7 days________ ____ __________
Insurance and pension p lan s:7
Life insurance____ - - - _______
Accidental death and dismemberment insurance
- . _ __
Sickness and accident insurance—
Hospitalization insurance______
Surgical insurance _ _______ —
Medical in su ra n ce_____ ____ _
Retirement pension___ _ — ____
Retirement severance pay_______
United
New
M iddle South
States 2 England Atlantic
east
95
91
3
95
19
76
42
10
4
22
4
97
88
7
97
(6)
96
100
3
(5)
86
9
96
87
6
96
39
57
77
3
17
41
14
95
94
(»)
95
17
77
17
14
83
85
67
88
45
69
87
84
26
10
12
72
74
87
86
63
14
51
35
72
83
72
33
4
14
42
68
88
88
15
11
(5)
1 Supplementary wage benefits were considered applicable to all workers
if formal provisions in an establishment applied to half or more of the workers.
Because of length of service and other eligibility requirements, the proportion
of workers currently receiving the benefits m ay be smaller than estimated.
Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not always equal totals.
2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately.
3 Vacation payments, such as percent of annual earnings (typical in New
England) and fiat-sum amounts, are converted to an equivalent time basis;
vacation benefits applicable after 5 years’ service also are generally applicable
to longer periods of service.
* Includes provisions in addition to those shown separately.
5 Less than 2.5 percent.
6 Limited to full-day holidays provided annually.
7 Includes only those plans for which at least a part of the cost is borne b y
the employer and excludes legally required plans such as workmen’s compen
sation and social security.
after 5 or more years. In the other 2 regions,
workers are usually provided a week’s vacation
with pay after 1 year’s service and 2 weeks after
5 or more years. There have been no significant
changes in the vacation policies in New England
or the Middle Atlantic regions during the past few
years. On the other hand, the tendency in the
Southeast has been to increase the length of the
vacation period for workers with 5 or more years
of service from 1 to 2 weeks.
Life insurance, sickness and accident, hospitali
zation, and surgical benefits, financed at least in
part by the employer, were available to a majority
of the workers in all regions.
Pensions— providing regular payments for the
remainder of the worker’s life upon retirement—
applied to 11 percent of the workers in the South
east, 14 percent in New England, and 4 percent in
the Middle Atlantic region. Plans providing
lump-sum payments upon retirement applied to
51 percent of the production workers in New
England and 14 percent in the Middle Atlantic
region, but were virtually nonexistent in the
Southeast.
— A l e x a n d e r M oros
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
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P a y scales of workers engaged in local trucking
in cities of 100,000 or more population rose by an
average of 8 cents an hour, or 4.3 percent, in the
year ending July 1, 1954.1 Revisions in rates
during the 12 months brought the average union
scale for drivers and helpers combined to $1.95
an hour as of July 1, 1954.2
Slightly over 70 percent of the drivers and help
ers included in the Bureau of Labor Statistics
19th annual survey of union scales in local
trucking had their wage scales increased as a
result of labor-management negotiations effective
during the year. The upward adjustments typi
cally ranged from 5 to 15 cents an hour. For 1
of every 6 workers, however, the increase amount
ed to 15 cents or more an hour.
Standard weekly work schedules continued their
downward trend, averaging 41.1 hours on July
1, 1954. The most common straight-time work
schedule (40 hours) was stipulated in contracts
applicable to 4 of every 5 drivers and to approxi
mately the same proportion of helpers.
1 Union scales are defined as the minimum wage scales or maximum
schedules of hours agreed upon through collective bargaining between trade
unions and employers. Rates in excess of the negotiated minimum, which
m ay be paid for special qualifications or other reasons, are not included.
The information presented in this report was based on union scales in
effect on July 1, 1954, and covered approximately 260,000 drivers and 46,000
helpers in 52 cities with populations of 100,000 or more. Over-the-road
drivers and local city drivers paid on a mileage or commission basis were
excluded from the study. Data were obtained from local union officials
primarily b y mail questionnaire; in some cities, data were obtained from
regional or local officials of the union b y Bureau representatives.
Mimeographed listings of union scales are available for any of the 52 cities
included in the survey. A forthcoming bulletin will contain more detailed
information on the industry.
The current survey was designed to reflect union wage scales of local m otor
truck drivers and helpers in all cities of 100,000 or more population. All
cities with 500,000 or more population were included, as were most cities in
the population group of 250,000 to 500,000. The cities in the 100,000 to 250,000
group selected for study were distributed throughout the United States.
The data for some of the cities included in the study were weighted in order
to compensate for other cities which were not surveyed. In order to provide
appropriate representation in the combination of data, each geographic
region and population group was considered separately when city weights
were assigned.
2 The averages computed on the basis of the hourly scales are designed to
show current rate levels in effect on July 1, 1954. Individual scales are
weighted b y the number of union members receiving each rate. These
averages are not designed for precise year-to-year comparisons because of
fluctuations in membership and in classifications studied. Average centsper-hour and percent changes from July 1,1953, to July 1, 1954, are based on
comparable quotations for the various occupational classifications in both
periods, weighted b y the membership reported for the current survey.
The index series, designed for trend purposes, is similarly constructed.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
664
T
1.— I n d e x e s o f u n i o n h o u r ly w a g e ra tes a n d w e e k l y
h o u r s f o r m o to r tr u c k d r iv e r s a n d h e l p e r s , 1 9 3 6 - 6 4
able
[July 1, 1947-48-49=100]
Drivers and
helpers
Drivers
Helpers
Year
Wage Hours Wage Hours Wage
rates
rates
rates
1936: M ay 15_________________
1937: M ay 15________________
1938: June 1_________________
1939: June 1_________ ______
------------- -1940: June 1---1941: June 1__________________
1942: July 1__________________
1943: July 1__________________
1944: July 1__________________
1945: July 1__________________
1946: July 1_______
_______
1947: July 1__________________
1948: July 1 .. ______________
1949: July 1— - - - - - - - - - - 1950: July 1__________________
1951: July 1_________ _______
1952: July 1__________________
1953: July 1__________________
1954: July 1__________________
50.6
53.9
55.9
57.1
58.3
60.6
64.9
68.4
70.0
71.5
79.6
91.9
100.0
108.1
111.9
118.2
124.7
134.5
140.2
109.0
108.1
108.1
107.1
106.1
105.5
105.8
105.6
105.5
105.3
103.1
100.7
99.8
99.5
9 8 .8
98.7
98.3
96.4
95.6
(*)
54.3
56.3
57.5
58.7
60.9
65.0
68.5
70.1
71.6
79.6
91.9
100.0
108.1
111.7
117.9
124.1
133.8
139.3
(»)
108.4
108.4
107.5
106.6
105.9
106.0
105.8
105.7
105.4
103.3
100.6
9 9 .9
99.5
98.9
98.8
98.4
96.5
95.8
(')
51.3
53.1
54.5
55.6
58.3
63.4
67.0
69.1
70.7
79.3
90.9
100.7
108.4
113.2
119.6
127.7
137.9
145.0
Hours
0)
106.8
106.8
105.5
104.2
103.5
105.5
105.3
105.3
105.2
102.9
101.1
99.7
99.2
98.5
98.2
97.7
95.6
94.2
i Information not computed separately.
Trend of Union Scales, 1936-54
The Bureau’s index of union hourly wage scales
of local motortruck drivers and helpers has shown
a steady advance since 1936, at an average annual
rate of 5.8 percent. The actual rate of increase,
however, has varied from year to year (table 1).
By 1941, the level of union scales was 20 percent
above that of 1936. During the wartime years
1941-46, it rose 31 percent, with the highest
gain recorded in the year ending July 1, 1946.
The subsequent 8 years ending July 1, 1954,
saw a rise of 76 percent.
The patterns of wage movements for truckdrivers and for their helpers since 1936 were
similar, but the helpers’ scales advanced at a
slightly greater rate. The average annual rates
of increase for helpers and drivers were 6.3 and 5.7
percent respectively.
Scale Increases, 1953-54
Rate revisions during the year ending July 1,
1954, were primarily the result of negotiations on
contract expirations or reopenings.3 Negotiated
scales of motortruck drivers advanced, on the
average, 8 cents an hour, and helpers’ scales rose
8.5 cents. This compared with average raises of
14 and 12 cents, respectively, for the preceding
year. Percentagewise, the advances during the
last year studied represented gains of 4.1 percent
for drivers and 5.1 percent for helpers.
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Changes in rates for motortruck drivers and
helpers were widespread. Negotiated upward
scale revisions affected 70 percent of the drivers
and nearly 80 percent of the helpers included in
this study. Of the motortruck drivers affected by
scale changes, 9 percent had increases of less than
5 cents an hour, 36 percent from 5 to 10 cents, 33
percent from 10 to 15 cents, and 12 percent from
15 to 20 cents. For helpers, the comparable pro
portions were 6, 40, 29, and 18 percent.
In terms of the percent of increase, of every 100
drivers 23 had increases of less than 4 percent;
43, of 4 to 7 percent; 19, of 7 to 10 percent; and 10,
of 10 to 15 percent. Of every 100 helpers affected
by scale changes, 17 advanced their rate less than
4 percent; 41, from 4 to 7 percent; 23, from 7 to
10 percent; and 14, from 10 to 15 percent.
Actual rates of pay for motortruck drivers and
helpers differed widely among the cities. They
ranged from 88 cents to $3,395 an hour for drivers
and from 85 cents to $2.48 for helpers. Rates
specified for drivers varied from $1.75 to $2 an
hour for 34 percent, from $2 to $2.25 for a similar
proportion, and from $2.25 to $2.50 for 11 percent.
Truckdriver rates of less than $1.50 an hour
were applicable to 3 percent as were rates of $2.50
or more an hour. Among helpers, scales ranged
from $1.50 to $1.75 an hour for 37 percent, from
$1.75 to $2 for another 37 percent, and from $2
to $2.25 for 12 percent. About 4 percent of the
helpers had rates of less than $1.25 an hour; for 3
percent, the scale was $2.25 or more. For all
cities combined, drivers averaged $1.98 and
helpers $1.75 an hour.
Increased rates were recorded for some truckdriver classifications in each of the 52 cities
studied. Among individual cities, the average
increase in scales varied from 2.9 cents in Phila
delphia to 22.5 cents in Indianapolis. Part of the
increase in the latter city was attributable to a
reduction in the weekly straight-time hours for
several numerically important classifications of
drivers. Average hourly gains ranged from 5 to
10 cents in half of the cities and from 10 to 15
cents in a third. Higher wage scales were reported
for truckers’ helpers in 50 of the cities studied.
They averaged from 5 to 10 cents an hour in about
3
Labor-management contracts covering motortruck drivers and their
helpers are typically negotiated for a 1-year period. Contracts of more than
1 year’s duration usually provide for wage reopenings or for specified interim
or deferred increases.
665
UNION SCALES IN LOCAL TRUCKING
half of those cities and from 10 to 15 cents in a
fourth.
City and Regional Variations
Typically, wage scales for both drivers and
helpers vary from one city to another, depending
upon local factors. In addition, their wage scales
are affected by size and type of truck operated as
well as by the commodity hauled. However, city
differences in classifications and terminology pre
clude presentation of the city and regional aver
ages for drivers and helpers separately by type of
commodity handled, the industry served, or the
type or size of truck.
Among the cities surveyed, the averages for
drivers ranged from $1.32 in Charlotte, N. C., to
$2.24 in San Francisco-Oakland. Average rates
ranged between $1.50 and $1.75 in 13 cities, be
tween $1.75 and $2 in 19, and $2 or more in 14.
Levels below $1.50 were recorded in 6 cities.
Scales for helpers averaged highest in San
Francisco-Oakland and in Seattle ($2.02) and
lowest in Birmingham (99 cents). Pittsburgh and
Spokane had levels of $2 and $2.01, respectively.
Hourly rates averaged between $1.50 and $1.75 in
20 cities studied and between $1.75 and $2 in 17.
The average hourly rate for motortruck drivers
in the group of cities with 1,000,000 or more popu
lation was $2.07. It was 28 cents lower ($1.79)
for the 100,000 to 250,000 population size group.
T able 2.—
A v e r a g e u n i o n h o u r l y w a g e ra tes f o r m o to rtru c k
d r iv e r s and, h e l p e r s , b y r e g i o n ,1 J u l y 1 , 19 5 4 -
Average rate per hour
Region
Drivers and
helpers
Drivers
Helpers
$1.95
$1.98
$1.75
1.74
1.97
1.72
1.54
2. 04
1.91
1.60
1.76
2.13
1.78
2.01
1.77
1.60
2.05
1.93
1.62
1.80
2.14
1.62
1.78
1.56
1.26
1.88
1.85
1.52
1.48
1.97
1 The regions used in this study inelude: New England—Connecticnt,
Maine, Massachusetts, N ew Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont;
Middle Atlantic—N ew Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; Border States—
Delaware, District of Columbia, Kentucky, Maryland, Virginia, and West
Virginia: Southeast—Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Caro
lina, South Carolina, and Tennessee; Oreat Lakes—Illinois, Indiana, M ichi
gan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin; Middle West—Iowa, Kansas, M is
souri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; Southwest—Arkansas,
Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas: Mountain—Arizona, Colorado, Idaho,
Montana, N ew México, Utah, and W yom ing; Pacific— California, Nevada,
Oregon, and Washington.
343876— 55-------3
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Averages were identical ($1.98) for the 2 inter
mediate groups (500,000 to 1,000,000 and 250,000
to 500,000). For helpers, the average scale in the
2 largest sized city groups was approximately the
same—’$1.79 for the 5 cities of 1,000,000 or more
population and $1.80 for the cities in the next
lower size group. These averages were 4 to 5 cents
higher than for the 250,000 to 500,000 population
group and 16 to 17 cents higher than for the
100,000 to 250,000 group. For both drivers and
helpers, some overlapping of average scales ap
peared among cities in the different size groups.
Among drivers, for example, the averages for
Spokane and Peoria (in the 100,000 to 250,000
population group) were higher than the average
for all but 2 of the covered cities in the next
larger size group.
Regionally, wage rates for motortruck drivers
and helpers in cities of 100,000 or more population
averaged highest on the Pacific Coast and lowest
in the Southeastern States. The respective aver
ages were $2.14 and $1.60 for drivers and $1.97
and $1.26 for helpers. Drivers and helpers in the
Great Lakes and Middle Atlantic regions and help
ers in the Middle West region also had wage levels
which exceeded the national averages (table 2).
Standard Workweek
Straight-time weekly hours in local trucking
continued their downward trend, averaging 41.1
hours on July 1, 1954, for all drivers and helpers
studied, compared with 41.3 on July 1, 1953, 45.8
on July 1, 1945, and 48.1 on May 15, 1936.
Except for the years 1942-44, the Bureau’s index
of weekly hours for motortruck drivers and help
ers combined has shown a steady decline since
1936.
The workweek of 48 or more hours, which was
prevalent in 1936, has been virtually supplanted
by a 40-hour work schedule. Basic workweeks of
48 or more hours prevailed for over 80 percent of
the workers in 1936, but for less than 10 percent
in July 1954. Conversely, straight-time work
weeks of 40 hours were specified in labor-manage
ment contracts applicable to 10 percent of the
drivers and helpers in 1936 and to almost 80 per
cent in July 1954.
— Jam es P. C o r k e r y an d J ohn F. L a c isk e y
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
666
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
New Hires as a Source
BLS New-Hires Data
of Factory Workers, 1950-54
Data on new hires, available from July 1950
to date, are regularly reported by employers co
operating in the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ labor
turnover program. Under this program, em
ployers report each month on the total number
of accessions, or additions to their payrolls, on
the number of these that were new hires, and on
the number of separations, by type of separation
(quits, layoffs, etc.), during the month.
The volume of new hires, one aspect of labor
mobility, is a sensitive economic indicator. Newhires data can be used, in combination with other
measures, to plan for such activities as recruit
ment of factory workers by public employment
services and training, apprenticeship, and plant
safety education programs.
In using these data, certain qualifications
should, of course, be noted. The rates are based
on a sample of firms—predominately large ones.
Certain highly seasonal industries are specifically
excluded. The data do not include the separa
tions and accessions reported by firms incident to
a strike by their workers. With respect to new
hires, a small proportion of firms in the turnover
sample do not report these data.2
F rom mid-1950 to mid-1953, as industrial pro
duction approached the wartime peaks, about
three-fourths of all additions to the factory em
ployment rolls were newly hired employees.1
From that date, new hires fell sharply and reached
about 50 percent of all hirings in early 1954.
(See chart.)
The extent to which new hires rather than re
calls constitute labor supply for particular man
ufacturing firms is related to many factors. When
the economy begins to expand from low levels of
activity, employers are likely to meet much of
their demand for workers by rehiring out of a
pool of former employees. As expansion con
tinues, this source is exhausted and they turn
increasingly to new employees. Thus, on the
upturn, the growing volume of new hires in large
measure indicates work-force expansion more
than replacement of workers. As demand levels
out, new hires remain the most important portion
of total accessions, but are largely for replacement
purposes. If jobs become less plentiful, new
hires become less significant.
This over-simplified pattern of the changing
nature of total accessions is, of course, modified
by many influences. Individual firms and in
dustries do not expand or contract their activities
simultaneously, and individual workers may be
influenced in their job choice by both economic
and personal considerations. Moreover, many
firms are covered by union agreements in which
seniority influences hiring and layoffs. As a
plant resumes operations after a shutdown, it
probably will wish to or will have contractual ob
ligations to recall all its former employees first.
These workers are preferred because of their ex
perience and the fact that the recall practice
strengthens their attachment to the company
and reduces such costs as those associated with
recruitment, training, and recordkeeping. Fur
thermore, the tax provisions of many State un
employment insurance systems offer employers
the opportunity to reduce their tax rate if they
rehire their former workers who are receiving
unemployment insurance benefits. If a plant
characteristically has a high quit rate, it is likely
to hire outside of its regular work force.
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Trend of New Hires
The period from mid-1950 through 1954 was
one of rapid changes in labor turnover, and espe
cially in new hires. (See table 1.)
In July 1950, when production was accelerating
to meet the new demands arising from the Korean
conflict, factory hirings amounted to 47 per 1,000
employees and almost three-fourths of these
were newly hired employees. The total accession
rate was well above the rate at the beginning of
that year, as manufacturing employment increased
by 1 million to 14.9 million workers in July. The
accession rate rose again in August, with new hires
rising from 35 to 52 per 1,000. Although total
factory accessions declined in September, most
of the drop occurred in the recall rate (few firms
could find former employees to rehire), thus
i N ew hires are defined as permanent and temporary additions to the em
ploym ent roll that have not been specifically recalled b y the employer.
See Measurement of Labor Turnover, M onthly Labor Review, M a y 1953
(p. 519).
3 In addition, the BLS definition of new hires m ay be subject to some
variation in interpretation among employers.
NEW HIRES IN FACTORIES
raising new hires to 84 percent of total accessions—
an all time high.
All manufacturing firms experienced substantial
expansions during the last 6 months of 1950,
with the producers of durable goods, as would
be expected, showing substantially greater in
creases in employment, particularly in the ma
chinery and transportation equipment industries.
The workers newly hired by manufacturing firms
during the summer and early fall of 1950 probably
represented, for the most part, the filling of new
jobs created largely by the Korean crisis. How
ever, the new-hire activity also included some
eplacement needs, as workers were attracted to
ew, better paying jobs in booming defense
‘ndustries and the upsurge of consumer demand
ade it essential for employers in nondefense
'ndustries (less restricted than in World War II)
o replace workers who quit.
From the end of 1950 through early 1952, as
he rate of increase in manufacturing employent tapered off, new hires averaged, on a monthly
asis, 30 to 35 per 1,000 employees, accounting
or roughly 3 of every 4 additions to factory payoils. Throughout most of these months, the newire rate in durable-goods manufacturing was well
bove that for nondurables, as the former group
ontinued to add to their work force, in contrast
o small reductions in nondurables employment.
After July 1952, total manufacturing employent climbed steeply. But in that month,
rgely as a result of the steel strike, employment
ras more than half a million below earlier 1952
vels. Layoffs increased sharply and new hires
ropped severely, bringing total accessions down,
s firms dependent on steel supplies reduced operaons and, in turn, firms selling to these firms or
irectly to the steel industry had to cut back,
fter the strike ended and production resumed,
yoffs fell precipitously during August and
ccessions climbed, especially recalls, as employees
turned to their jobs. In the later months of
952, new-hire rates rose sharply as employment
panded markedly in response to the removal of
nsumer credit controls and the relaxation of
aterials controls. Manufacturing employment
se to 17.1 million in November, about 1 million
ove the total for the first half of 1952.
Through midsummer 1953, factories continued
increase their work forces, with new hires
nning close to 35 per 1,000 employees each
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667
New H ires as a Percent of Total Accessions, July
1950-December 1954
Percent
BUMA'J OF LABOR STATISTICS
month and accounting for about 80 percent of all
additions to payrolls. As usual, new hires, both
the rate and the proportion of total accessions,
were higher in the durable- than in the nondurablegoods industries.
The August 1953 new-hire rate, however,
remained at the July level, although in each of the
preceding 3 years it had increased substantially
between these 2 months. In September, factory
employment started to decline and, by May 1954,
reached a low of 15.8 million— 1.5 million below
the preceding May. New hires had dropped to
14 per 1,000 employees by that month—less than
half the rate of a year ago— and represented
about half of total accessions. The durabieand the nondurable-goods industries had reversed
their usual relationship owing to the greater
severity of the employment decline in the durables.
The upturn in manufacturing employment in the
late summer and early fall of 1954 was accom
panied by increases in both the new-hire and the
recall rate. When automobile plants began to
produce 1955 models, they and their supplier
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
668
plants recalled employees, thus reducing the newhire proportion for manufacturing to 50 percent
in October. As the buildup continued, the pro
portion of new hires recovered contraseasonally
to 52 percent of all payroll additions in December.
industry Comparisons
| In general, broad industry groups exhibited
substantially the same trend in new hires as did
T
able
1.—
all manufacturing from mid-19 50 through 1954.
(See table 2.) However, there were noteworthy
developments in 4 of the 17 groups included in
this study.
The new-hire rate in 'primary metals dropped
from 36 to 22 per 1,000 employees between mid1950 and 1953, but the relative importance of new
hires remained above the average, owing to sus
tained near-capacity production. The quick drop
in new hires to 8 per 1,000, or 36 percent of total
T o ta l a c c e s s io n a n d n e w -h i r e ra tes f o r m a n u fa c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s , tota l, d u r a b le , a n d n o n d u r a b l e g o o d s ,1 J u l y 1 9 5 0 —
D ecem ber 1 9 5 4
[Per 100 employees]
Total acces
sions
Rate
N ew hires
N ew hires
N ew hires
Year and month
Nondurable goods
Durable goods
Manufacturing
Percent of
total
Total acces
sions
Rate
Percent of
total
Total accessions
Rate
Percent of
total
1950: July_______
August____
September.
October___
N ovem ber.
D ecem b er-
4.7
6.6
5.7
5.2
4.0
3.0
3.5
5.2
4.8
4.3
3.2
2.3
74
79
84
83
80
77
5.0
7.2
6.4
5.8
4.4
3.4
3.8
5.8
5.4
4.9
3.6
2.6
76
81
84
84
82
76
4.2
5.6
4.6
4.2
3.4
2.4
3.0
4.1
3.8
3.3
2.6
1.7
71
73
83
79
76
71
1951: January___
February—
M arch____
A p ril..........
M a y ______
June______
July.............
August.......
September.
October----N ovem ber.
D ecem b er-
5.2
4.5
4.6
4.5
4.5
4.9
4.2
4.5
4.3
4.4
3.9
3.0
3.9
3.5
3.7
3.7
3.7
4.0
3.2
3.4
3.2
3.4
2.8
2.0
75
78
80
82
82
82
76
76
74
77
72
67
5.7
5.0
5.1
5.1
5.0
5.1
4.3
4.7
4.5
4.8
3.9
3.1
4.4
4.0
4.2
4.3
4.2
4.3
3.4
3.7
3.5
3.8
3.0
2.1
77
80
82
84
84
84
79
79
78
79
77
68
4.2
3.7
3.7
3.3
3.7
4.6
4.0
4.0
4.1
3.7
3.7
2.9
3.1
2.7
2.8
2.5
2.8
3.4
2.8
2.9
2.9
2.7
2.4
1.7
74
73
76
76
76
74
70
73
71
73
65
59
1952: January___
February...
M arch........
April........—
M a y ............
June______
July............
August____
September .
October—
N ovem ber.
December..
4.4
3.9
3.9
3.7
3.9
4.9
4.4
5.9
5.6
5.2
4.0
3.3
3.1
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.9
3.8
3.3
3.9
4.4
4.1
3.3
2.6
70
74
72
76
74
78
75
66
79
79
83
79
4.6
4.0
4.2
4.0
4.0
4.9
4.3
6.4
6.0
5.5
4.2
3.7
3.4
3.0
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.9
3.2
3.9
4.7
4.4
3.5
3.0
74
75
74
78
78
80
74
61
78
80
83
81
4.0
3.6
3.3
3.2
3.9
5.0
4.5
5.0
5.0
4.5
3.4
2.6
2.7
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.9
3.8
3.4
3.7
3.9
3.6
2.7
1.9
1953: January—
February..
M arch____
April______
M a y ______
June______
J u ly..........
August___
September.
October___
N ovem ber,
December..
4.4
4.2
4.4
4.3
4.1
5.1
4.1
4.3
4.0
3.3
2.7
2.1
3.4
3.3
3.5
3.5
3.3
4.2
3.3
3.3
3.0
2.4
1.7
1.1
77
79
80
81
80
82
80
77
75
73
63
52
4.7
4.4
4.8
4.6
4.1
5.2
4.1
4.3
4.0
3.3
2.7
2.2
3.7
3.5
3.9
3.8
3.4
4.3
3.3
3.3
3.0
2.3
1.7
1.1
79
80
81
83
83
83
80
77
75
70
63
50
3.9
3.7
3.6
3.7
3.9
4.9
4.1
4.3
4.0
3.3
2.7
1.9
2.9
2.7
2.8
2.8
3.0
3.9
3.3
3.3
3.1
2.5
1.8
1.2
1954: January...
February..
M arch____
April.........
M a y ______
June_____
July--------August___
September.
O ctober.. .
November.
December.
2.8
2.5
2.8
2.4
2.7
3.5
2.9
3.3
3.4
3.6
3.3
2.5
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.2
1.4
1.9
1.6
1.8
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.3
50
52
50
50
52
54
55
55
56
50
52
52
2.8
2.6
2.9
2.4
2.5
3.3
2.8
3.3
3.6
3.9
3.7
2.8
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.2
1.3
1.8
1.5
1.7
1.9
1.7
1.8
1.5
50
50
48
50
52
55
54
52
53
44
49
54
2.8
2.5
2.6
2.4
3.0
3.8
3.1
3.2
3.2
3.0
2.6
2.0
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.2
1.5
2.2
1.8
1.9
2.0
1.9
1.6
1.1
1 Excludes printing, publishing, and allied industries: canning and preserving fruits, vegetables, and seafoods: w om en’s, misses’ , and children’
outerwear; and fertilizers.
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NEW HIRES IN FACTORIES
T able 2.—
669
T o ta l a c c e s s io n a n d n e w -h i r e ra tes , a n n u a l a v era g es
1950 (July-Dee.)
1951
New hires
Industry group
Total
acces
sions
Rate
Per
cent
of
total
b y in d u s tr y g rou p
1952
New hires
Total
acces
sions
,* 1950-54,
Rate
Per
cent
of
total
1953
N ew hires
Total
acces
sions
2
Rate
Per
cent
of
total
1954
N ew hires
Total
acces
sions
Rate
Per
cent
of
total
N ew hires
Total
acces
sions
Rate
Per
cent
of
total
Manufacturing 3_____________________
Durable goods__________________
Nondurable goods_______________
4.9
5.4
4.1
3.9
4.4
3.1
80
81
76
4.4
4.7
3.8
3.4
3.7
2.7
77
79
71
4.4
4.7
4.0
3.3
3.5
3.0
75
74
75
3.9
4.0
3.7
3.0
3.1
2.8
77
78
76
3.0
3.1
2.9
1.6
1. 5
1.6
53
48
55
Ordnance and accessories_________ _
Food and kindred products__________
T obacco manufactures_______________
Textile-mill products ______________
Furniture and fixtures_______________
Paper and allied products____________
Chemicals and allied p r o d u c ts _____
Products of petroleum and coal______
Rubber products. . . . _ __ _______
Leather and leather products...............
Stone, clay, and glass products_______
Primary metal industries... ______ __
Fabricated metal products (except
ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipm ent)_________________
M achinery (except electrical)...... .........
Electrical machinery. _ . . .
Transportation equipment___________
Instruments and related products____
4.0
5.4
3.7
3.9
6.5
3.9
2.7
1.6
4.6
4.0
4.3
4.3
2.0
3.8
2.1
2.7
3.5
2.4
1.3
3.4
3.0
3.6
3.6
50
70
57
69
92
90
89
81
74
75
84
84
3.5
5.7
4.0
3.5
5.2
3.2
2.3
1.4
3.7
4.0
3.5
3.6
2.5
4.1
2.7
2.0
4.4
2.7
2.1
1.3
2.8
2.7
2.9
3.0
71
72
68
57
85
84
91
93
76
68
83
83
4.5
5.3
3.8
3.9
5.6
3.6
2.1
1.4
3.3
5.0
3.6
3.2
4.0
3.9
2.6
2.5
4.9
2.9
1.7
1.1
2.4
3.8
2.5
2.6
89
74
68
64
88
81
81
79
73
76
69
81
4.0
5. 2
3.0
3.3
4.7
3.5
1.9
1.2
2.9
4.1
3.1
2.8
3.4
3.8
2.1
2.2
4.0
2.9
1.6
1.0
2.1
3.0
2.3
2.2
85
73
70
67
85
83
84
83
72
73
74
79
2.0
4.0
2.3
3.0
3.7
2.3
1.4
.8
2.7
3.2
2.4
2.2
1.1
2.1
1.4
1. 5
2.3
1.6
1.0
.5
1.1
1.9
1.3
.8
55
53
61
50
62
70
71
63
41
59
54
36
5.6
4.9
5.0
7.2
3.8
4.7
4.0
3.9
5.0
3.3
84
82
78
69
87
4.5
4.3
4.4
6.7
3.3
3.6
3.8
3.1
4.6
2.9
80
88
70
69
88
4.9
3.6
4.0
6.6
2.9
3.5
2.8
2.9
4.4
2.4
71
78
73
67
83
4.8
2.9
3.5
5.5
2.4
3.7
2.3
2.8
3.8
1.9
77
79
80
69
79
3.7
2.0
2.5
4.1
1.5
1.7
1.1
1.2
1.6
.8
46
55
48
39
53
6.0
1 Arithmetic mean of monthly rates.
2 See footnote 1, table 1.
accessions, in 1954 closely followed the decline in
employment beginning in mid-1953. By the fall
of 1954, employment turned upward and recalls
and new hires increased, largely in response to the
increased demand generated by the automobile
industry.
The trend of new hires in ordnance was typical
of a rapid recovery from a depressed level of
activity. Although total accessions boomed im
mediately after the Korean outbreak, new hires
accounted for only half the additions. In 1952
and 1953, however, new hires amounted to 85
percent or more of total accessions, but as defense
outlays declined in late 1953 and 1954 there was a
particularly sharp drop in the new-hire rate.
Although transportation equipment plants in
creased their work forces substantially from mid1950 to mid-1953, new hires, ranging between 38
and 50 per 1,000, accounted for only about twothirds of all accessions. Reliance on recalls was
far heavier than in most other industries. The
1953—54 decline in employment caused new hires
to fall, finally stabilizing at about 15 per 1,000
employees. The employment recovery in the
last quarter of 1954 was composed largely of
recalls, which accounted for much more than half
of all accessions. New hires, however, went over
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3 Includes lumber and wood products and miscellaneous manufacturing
industries for which data are not shown separately.
the 50 percent mark in December, with the con
tinued expansion in the automobile industry.
In textile mills, unlike most industries, employ
ment spurted briefly in 1950 and then declined.
Through 1953, new hires averaged between 20 and
27 per 1,000 employees and from 57 to 69 percent
of all accessions. In 1954, new hires declined even
further, although showing some recovery by the
end of the period as employment stabilized. A
good portion of the new-hire activity over the
1950-54 period might be accounted for by replace
ment needs and the growing importance of the
southern textile industry.
When the 17 manufacturing industry groups
studied are ranked by the new-hire rate (table 3),
the 5 highest average rates for the July-December
1950 period were in durable-goods industries.
Ordnance was the only durables industry among
the 5 lowest rates. By 1954, 3 durable-goods in
dustries—furniture and fixtures, fabricated metals,
and transportation equipment— were still among
the top 5. The greatest drop was shown by the
nonelectrical machinery group, which fell from
4th to 11th.
The ordnance industry showed the widest fluc
tuations. In 1950, it ranked 16th; by 1952, it had
jumped to 3d from the top and, by 1954, had
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
670
T able 3.— Ranking o f industry grou p s 1 by new-hire rate and quit rate, annual averages,2 1 9 5 0 -5 4
Quit ranking
New-hire ranking
Industry group
1950
(JulyDee.)
Textile-mil] products^- _ __ _________________ ____
Ordnance and accessories......... ..............___ _ ______
Products of petroleum and coal____________________
* See footnote 1, table 1.
1951
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
7
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
2
1
5
4
6
3
8
7
11
10
8
11
16
15
11
14
17
1953
1
2
6
9
7
4
12
10
7
14
14
5
12
16
10
3
17
1
2
4
9
8
2
9
11
7
13
15
6
11
16
13
5
17
1954
1
5
4
11
10
2
9
15
5
12
15
3
7
14
8
11
17
1950
(JulyDee.)
1
2
3
13
8
4
8
8
7
6
14
5
8
15
12
16
17
1
3
5
6
9
2
9
8
9
6
15
3
13
16
12
14
17
1954
1953
1952
1951
1
4
5
11
6
3
14
11
6
11
15
2
9
16
6
9
17
1
3
4
12
7
5
12
14
8
10
15
2
8
16
10
6
17
2
6
9
11
6
4
11
15
6
11
14
1
3
15
4
10
17
1 Arithmetic mean of monthly rates.
fallen to 11th position. The group with least
movement was petroleum and coal products,
which had the lowest new-hire rate in each of the
years. Almost as stable, but at the other end of
the scale, was the furniture and fixtures group.
As already indicated, a high degree of correla
tion between new hires and quits in individual
industries would not be surprising. Almost with
out exception this relationship is clearly evident
during each of the years studied; industries with
high quit rates also have high new-hire rates.
Seasonal Pattern of New-Hire Rates
The movement of new-hire rates reflects not
only long-term growth and the cyclical rise and
fall of employment needs but also seasonal influ
ences. Monthly new-hire rates increased and de
creased with moderate regularity in each of the
years studied. (See table 1.) This seasonal pat
tern for the combined manufacturing industries is
substantially the same for the durable- and the
nondurable-goods subdivisions.
Typically, the new-hire rate increases from a
December low and falls moderately into a late
winter and spring plateau. The rate then jumps
to the year’s peak in June, declines in July, and
rises in August. The changes in the late summer
and fall months are mixed but in each year there
has been a sharp decline into the December low.
The mixed pattern of new-hire rates in the late
summer and autumn months apparently occurs
because cyclical and other pressures override
seasonal influences. During the 1950 and 1952
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1952
employment booms, new-hire rates rose to a peak
in August and September, respectively. The gen
eral stability and slight growth of 1951 show up as
a period of level new-hire rates in these months,
while the decline in 1953 corresponds to rapidly
falling new-hire rates in the fall of that year. The
employment recovery of the 1954 period is seen
in the relative stability of new-hire rates.
Relation to Other Turnover Rates
With few deviations, the movement of new-hire
rates in manufacturing parallels the movement of
quit rates, and, with lesser regularity, appears
often to move in the opposite direction from layoff
rates.
The relationship between quits and new hires
probably is due to identical factors affecting both
rates. To some extent, in times of expanding
activity, quits and new hires may be considered
as a stream of workers moving from their current
jobs to positions in other firms that they may con
sider more advantageous. Conversely, when em
ployment opportunities shrink, workers are less
able to find better jobs and so stay put.
For the same reasons, new hires tend to increase
when layoffs fall, and to decline when layoffs rise.
In this case, however, the relationship may not
always hold true because, for example, during a
period of rapid growth in employment and new
hires, layoffs may occur as plants are hit by a
shortage of supplies and thus close down.
— M ar t in L. M arim o n t
Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics
DISTRIBUTION OF FAMILY INCOME
671
Family Income Distribution
same time, the distribution as a whole has shifted
upward along with the rise in average incomes.
There was a 20-percent decline in the number of
families receiving below $4,000, while the number
with incomes in excess of that figure rose by more
than 70 percent. The total income received by
families averaging above $4,000 increased over 80
percent.
in the United States
A m erica n family income totaled $272 billion in
1954, $245.5 billion after taxes, according to pre
liminary estimates published by the United States
Department of Commerce.1 Total income after
taxes was about $4 billion more than in 1953 be
cause of the reduction in the Federal income tax.
Average after-tax income rose relatively less over
the year, however, because the number of family
units increased by nearly half a million.
In 1953, the average was $5,372 before taxes,
and the median income was $4,410.2 After-tax
income in 1953 averaged $4,778. The Federal in
come tax liability3 of the 50.5 million family units
(families and unattached individuals) was about
11 percent. Compared with 1929, average real
income measured in constant dollars has increased
roughly 30 percent; 40 percent on a per capita
basis, reflecting the smaller size of family.
The 1953 distribution of family income may be
regarded as representative of the consumer market
in 1954. This is suggested by the similarity of
the income figures for the 2 years, both the aggre
gate and the average, and by the stability in the
relative distribution of income during 1947-53,
one of the report’s major findings. The impact
of the Federal income tax was smaller in 1954 than
in the previous year, because of amendments to
the tax code and reductions averaging 10 percent
in tax rates.
Income Trends, 1947-53
Between 1947 and 1953, the average current
dollar income of American families increased 30
percent. Aggregate family income rose 50 per
cent. The dollar increases, reflecting in part the
rise in prices, were widely distributed among fam
ilies. The upward shift of real family incomes
was more moderate; the average increased 10 per
cent and the aggregate, both before and after
taxes, 25 percent.
The distribution of before-tax incomes received
I by successive fifths of family units was essentially
I stable during 1947-53. This was also true on an
I-after-tax basis, in 1950 to 1953, the only years for
I which such estimates have been prepared. At the
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Income Concentration
In 1953, the largest concentration of families
was found in the middle-income ranges, while the
lower brackets likewise showed considerable num
bers of consumer units. The greatest number of
families— 7.4 million—were in the $3,000 to
$4,000 range, but about 7 million each were in
the two next highest brackets. More than 40
percent of the 50.5 million consumer units received
between $3,000 and $6,000; almost 30 percent
exceeded $6,000; about another 30 percent had
less than $3,000.
The distribution of total income by $1,000
intervals showed the greatest concentration (13
percent of total income) in the $5,000-$6,000
group (in 1947, in the $3,000-$4,000 group). A
substantial proportion, also, went to families in
the ranges close to that interval, and families
with incomes between $3,000 and $7,000 accounted
for 45 percent of aggregate family income. Onefourth of the total went to the 7 percent of families
with incomes of $10,000 and over. Families with
1 See Income Distribution in the United States, 1950-53, in the March 1955
Survey of Current Business (pp. 15-27). The article presented revised 1950
estimates and new estimates for 1951 and 1953 (preliminary), bringing up to
date family income distributions published as a Supplement to the Survey
of Current Business, entitled Income Distribution in the United States, b y
Size, 1944-50 (1953, 65 cents). The Supplement provided a detailed descrip
tion of the definitions, sources, and methods of preparing the estimates. The
estimating procedures for 1953, and data revisions for 1950 and 1951, which
had involved some different integration of source materials (partly because
of the 1948 split-income provisions for filing Federal income tax returns), are
briefly explained in the Survey’s article. The main source materials were
the summary statistics prepared b y the Internal Revenue Service from
Federal individual income tax returns and the sample data from annual field
surveys of family incomes b y the Bureau of the Census and the Federal
Reserve Board.
2 Tabulations were not available from Federal income tax returns for 1953.
The 1953 data represent preliminary estimates extrapolated from 1951 tax
return information on the assumption (based on data for multiperson families
and unattached individuals, in the Surveys of Consumer Finances for both
1951 and 1953) of unchanged relative income differences.
2 Defined as “ the liability reported on individual income tax returns plus
an allowance for taxes collected through subsequent audit, minus liabilities
of military personnel not living with their families, minus liabilities on net
capital gains.” The estimates of tax liability in 1953 were “ extrapolated
from 1951 tax return information, on the basis of changes in statutory tax
rates and estimates of total liability derived from tax collections.”
672
incomes below $2,300 constituted the lowest fifth
of the consumer units, deriving about 5 percent
of total before-tax income. The next two fifths
($2,300-$3,750 and $3,750-$5,130) accounted for
proportions of before-tax income that were smaller
than the relative number of families. The remain
ing two groups ($5,130-$7,050 and $7,050 and
over) received a larger than proportionate share,
with the top fifth having almost 45 percent of
the income total. Thus, the upper income ranges
accounted for a much larger proportion of the
consumer market in terms of incomes than in
terms of number of families.
The more than 35.5 million nonfarm families,
with a $6,390 average income, received 84 percent
of total income in 1953. Moreover, the proportion
of nonfarm families having middle and higher
incomes was much above the proportion for the
approximately 5.5 million farm operator families
(tenant or owner) or the 9.5 million unattached
individuals (persons not living with relatives).
Only 6 percent of the nonfarm families had per
sonal incomes under $2,000, and fewer than 30
percent had incomes under $4,000. In contrast,
the corresponding figures for farm families were
37 and 72 percent, respectively; for individuals,
46 and 83 percent. Although higher than in most
other postwar years, the $3,460 average income
of farm operator families was below the 1951
peak. The year 1953 found relatively more fami
lies concentrated at the lower income levels— 37
percent whose incomes fell below $2,000, com
pared with 31 percent in 1951.
Differences in circumstances affect the com
parative distributions of the nonfarm and farm
operator families on the income scale. For ex
ample, “ it is generally agreed that price levels
are somewhat lower for rural than for urban
families,” and farm families, on the average, are
probably subject to lower effective tax rates.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
Also, food and fuel produced and consumed on
farms are valued at prices received by farmers,
whereas valuation at retail prices would have
taken some of the consumer units out of the
low-income range.
Family-size data should also be considered
when comparing income groups. Average family
size was substantially smaller in the lowest in
come fifth than farther up the scale; this lowest
group had the largest proportion of families with
out children and the family head was older, on
the average. In general, family needs and respon
sibilities tend to be smaller at the low-income
than at the higher income levels. In addition,
unattached individuals as a rule require less than
typical multiperson families; also, young couples
and many individuals, mostly young persons,
may have independent economic status in only
part of a year. There is a good deal of turnover
at the low-income levels, among both multi
person families and individuals, reflecting move
ment up and down the income scale as well as
temporary sickness, unemployment, and business
losses.
Income Tax Liability
Total Federal income tax liability amounted
to approximately $30 billion in 1953.4 The lowest
fifth of the consumer units was responsible for
1 percent of this liability, whereas the top fifth
accounted for 64 percent. Families in the $15,000and-over group received about 15 percent of
before-tax income, but were responsible for about
35 percent of the Federal income tax liability.
The relative share of after-tax income of the top
fifth as a whole was reduced somewhat as a
result of the tax.
4 Capital gains taxes were excluded from this total because the gains them
selves were not included in personal income.
Technical Note
The Collection and Analysis
of Collective Bargaining Agreements*
Background and Uses
Collective bargaining agreements and related
documents setting forth the provisions of health,
insurance, and pension plans provide a valuable
source of information on industry wage practices,
supplementary benefits, job and union security,
the timing of wage negotiations, the nature of
plant operations and working conditions, occu
pational wage levels, and many of the day-to-day
aspects of employer-employee and union-manage
ment relationships.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics has utilized these
basic industrial relations materials for public and
Government informational purposes in three major
ways, by (1) maintaining a file of current agree
ments and employee-benefit plans open to public
inspection and inquiry, (2) preparing reports
which reproduce representative agreement pro
visions or the variety of provisions relating to
similar problems, or digests of selected identified
agreements or benefit plans, and (3) preparing
studies measuring the prevalance and character
istics of specific types of agreement and benefit
plan provisions or of other aspects of collective bar
gaining such as multiemployer bargaining.
The studies of agreement provisions, and health,
insurance, and pension plans are of practical use to
companies and unions engaged in collective bar
gaining, to arbitrators and factfinding boards, to
administrators of company wage and industrial
relations programs, and to legislators and Govern
ment officials. Persons not directly involved in
collective bargaining or in related administrative
functions (e. g., teachers and students of labor
problems, writers for newspapers and trade and
technical journals, and foreign observers) find
343876— 55 --- 4
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'
value in the broader aspects of employer-employee
relationships revealed in these studies.
The development of industrial relations practices
that are now so widely prevalent is reflected in the
Bureau’s studies over the years. The Bureau’s
interest in the collection and analysis of union
agreements dates back over 50 years.1 Systematic
efforts to collect agreements began in 1912. The
first of a number of BLS bulletins devoted entirely
to the subject of collective bargaining agreements
appeared in 1925. A large number of reports and
bulletins, on a wide variety of industrial relations
subjects, have since been published.2
The Bureau’s responsibility in the field of agree
ment collection and analysis received additional
sanction and guidance in the Labor Management
Relations Act of 1947, section 211, which reads
as follows:
Sec. 211. (a) For the guidance and information of
interested representatives of employers, employees, and
the general public, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the
Department of Labor shall maintain a file of copies of all
available collective bargaining agreements and other avail
able agreements and actions thereunder settling or adjust
ing labor disputes. Such file shall be open to inspection
under appropriate conditions prescribed by the Secretary
of Labor, except that no specific information submitted in
confidence shall be disclosed.
(b) The Bureau of Labor Statistics in the Department
of Labor is authorized to furnish upon request of the
[Federal Mediation and Conciliation] Service, or employ
ers, employees, or their representatives, all available data
and factual information which may aid in the settlement of
any labor dispute, except that no specific information
submitted in confidence shall be disclosed.
‘ Prepared b y Joseph W . Bloch of the Division of Wages and Industrial
Relations. This article appeared initially as Chapter 13 of Techniques of
Preparing Major BLS Statistical Series, B L S Bull. 1168.
1 A bulletin of the Bureau of Labor (now the Bureau of Labor Statistics),
Number 42, September 1902, included this note: “ It is the purpose of this
[Bureau] to publish from time to time important agreements between large
bodies of employees and employers with regard to wages, hours of labor,
etc. The [Bureau] would be pleased to receive copies of such agreements
wherever m ade.”
2 M any of these studies appear first in the M onthly Labor Review and are
later brought together in bulletins. See, for example, Labor-Management
Contract Provisions, 1953, Bureau of Labor Statistics (Bull. 1166).
673
674
Concepts and Scope
Collective Bargaining Agreements. Although the
substance of collective bargaining rests partly upon
a foundation of unwritten industry, company, and
union practices, and upon various legal require
ments, the basic unit in agreement collection and
analysis is, of necessity, the written agreement
itself. The agreement may cover a single plant, a
number of plants of a multiplant company, or a
number of companies, in some cases over a
thousand, bound together formally or informally
in an association for collective bargaining pur
poses. It may express conditions of employment
in simple terms, leaving much of the administra
tive details and other matters to the day-to-day
relationships between the parties, or it may
attempt to cover all details and, thus, leave as
little as possible to later bargaining or haggling.
Agreements vary in size from a single sheet to over
a hundred pages of a pocket-sized booklet, re
flecting the diversity of employment conditions
among industries and companies and of the scope
of the issues over which bargaining takes place, as
well as differences in the degree of precision
sought and the language used.
Estimates of the number of agreements currently
in effect range upwards of 100,000. The number
of workers covered by agreements is estimated to
exceed 16 million. The Bureau presently main
tains a file of approximately 5,000 current agree
ments covering about 8.5 million workers.3 All
industries are represented in the file with the
exception of railroads and airlines. Since rail
roads and airlines are required to submit copies of
agreements to the National Mediation Board, the
Bureau does not attempt to collect these agree
ments.
The Bureau’s quantitative analysis of selected
agreement provisions can be grouped into five
major categories: (1) wage practices and supple
mentary benefits such as paid holidays, paid
vacations, shift differentials, and premium pay of
various types, (2) plant administration practices
such as layoff and recall procedures, technological
change provisions, and safety, (3) agreement ad
ministration procedures including grievance ma
chinery and arbitration provisions and no-strike
clauses, (4) types of union security (union shop,
etc.) and checkoff systems, and (5) other char
acteristics of collective bargaining revealed in the
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
agreements, such as the scope of the bargaining
units, and the term of agreements. The basic
assumption underlying quantitative agreement
analysis is that the variety of subjects in each of
these categories can be defined, classified, and
counted.
In its general analysis of agreements, as distinct
from special industry studies, the Bureau is con
cerned with these major objectives: (1) the
presentation of data by industry group and for
manufacturing and nonmanufacturing as a whole,
(2) the presentation of data by region or union
affiliation if the subject requires it, (3) a realistic
measure of representativeness in the agreements
studied, and (4) the study of practices which are
(as yet) relatively uncommon in collective bargain
ing agreements.
Since it would be prohibitively expensive for the
Bureau to base its provision studies on all agree
ments in its file (assuming that the file was a
representative sample), a selection of agreements
for analysis is required. In the absence of uni
verse data indicating the extent of collective bar
gaining by industry and region, precise sampling
procedures and the use of weighting comparable
to those used in the Bureau’s occupational wage
surveys are not feasible. During the past few
years, the Bureau has attempted to achieve its
objectives in agreement studies by means of a
large selective sample of from 2,000 to 3,000
agreements. Modifications in this approach, now
being made, provide for a study base comprising
all agreements (approximately 1,600) covering
1,000 or more workers.4
Health, Insurance, and Pension Plans. Health,
insurance, and pension plans have developed into
issues of major significance in collective bargain
ing during the past decade. Generally, these
plans are either negotiated in detail iD a supple
mentary agreement or reference is made to their
establishment in the basic contract. In the latter
case, the details and documents necessary to their
implementation, including trust agreements, in
surance contracts, rules and regulations, and de3
During much of the postwar period, the number of agreements on file
exceeded 12,000. In the most recent reduction in the size of the file, agree
ments covering fewer than 100 workers were eliminated.
< The number of establishments covered is always considerably greater
than the number of agreements because of the inclusion of m any multicom
pany or association agreements.
AGREEMENT COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
675
scrip tive booklets for distribution to employees, . fied collection of agreements for special reports,
are subsequently developed.
which the Bureau is occasionally called upon to
It is estimated that over 11 million workers
prepare. The extent to which these objectives are
are covered by health, insurance, and pension plans
fulfilled is obviously affected by the size of the file.
under collective bargaining. In line with its
A third guide— to construct a file which is truly
general responsibility in the field of industrial
representative of all agreements and thus provide a
relations and in keeping with the provision of the
firmer basis for sound generalizations on all agree
Labor Management Relations Act of 1947 cited
ments—has long been a goal of the Bureau;
above, the Bureau maintains a file of such plans
completion of this program, however, must await
and conducts studies dealing with their extent,
more precise information on the extent of collective
scope, and characteristics. At the present time,
bargaining, by industry, by region, and by size of
the Bureau’s plan file includes approximately
establishment.
1,000 health and insurance plans and 500 pension
The maintenance of a current file of agreements
plans, selected largely to provide broad industry,
is a continuous undertaking because of two factors:
union, and regional representation.
(1) the typical agreement has a duration of 1
During the past 10 years, the Bureau has con
year, after which it is no longer considered current
ducted several studies based upon its file of benefit
(unless notice of renewal without change has been
plans. This has become a part of the Bureau’s
received), and (2) submission of agreements to
continuing program. However, different types
the Bureau is voluntary on the part of employers
of studies are undertaken each year. These
or unions. To allow for the ratification and the
studies have included digests of selected plans,
printing of new agreements, requests for copies are
the analysis of plans in specific industries, and,
mailed about 2 or 3 months after the expiration
more recently, the analysis of a selection of plans
date indicated in the previous agreement or upon
considered representative of the entire field (e. g.,
other notice of contract change. As in other
pension plans). At this stage of the development
phases of the Bureau’s work, the voluntary cooper
of collective bargaining practices and general
ation of employers and unions is of utmost im
knowledge, the Bureau’s emphasis is placed on
portance. Any restrictions imposed by respond
describing the terms of these relatively new ele
ents on the public use of agreements are scrupu
lously observed by the Bureau.
ments in industrial relations rather than on meas
uring the prevalence of particular provisions.
To facilitate the use of the file in accordance
with the types of requests customarily made, each
Methods of Collection and Anatysis
agreement received is coded for a series of identify
ing features, which include: the name of the
Each of the four parts of this program— the
company or association and union, location,
maintenance of a current file of collective bargain
number of workers covered, industry, and effec
ing agreements, the maintenance of a file of em
tive and expiration dates.
ployee benefit plans under collective bargaining,
the analysis of agreements, and the analysis of
Agreement Analysis. The Bureau’s utilization of
employee benefit plans— presents different and
the agreements it collects has moved through
substantially independent methodological prob
different stages over the years, in pace with, or
lems.
controlled by, the increasing prevalence and
maturity of collective bargaining. During the
Collection of Agreements. The selection of agree
early years, significant agreements were repro
ments for the file is currently based on two guides :
duced in their entirety. With the spread of
to maximize the opportunities for public and gov
collective bargaining and the increase in the size
ernmental use of the file5 and to provide a diversiand representative character of the Bureau’s file,
attention was directed toward reproducing and
s The agreements file is located in the Washington Office of the Bureau’s
analyzing
the variety of agreement clauses relating
ivision of Wages and Industrial Relations. Agreements submitted to the
ureau with a stipulated limitation on public use are not available for
to the same general subject, culled from a large
nspection. Requests for information concerning specific agreements or
number of agreements. The Bureau’s widely
greement clauses are accommodated, depending upon the nature of the re
uest, within the limits of staff resources.
used Bulletin 908 (parts 1-19), issued during 1947,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
676
1948, and 1949, represents its most comprehensive
efforts along these lines to date. While illustra
tive clauses continue to be utilized in most of the
Bureau’s agreement studies, major emphasis
during recent years has been devoted to measuring
the prevalence and characteristics of particular
provisions and of types and levels of benefits. It
is in this kind of analysis that problems relating to
sampling and techniques of coding and analysis
come to the fore.
The number of agreements studied and the
method of analysis bear directly upon each other;
together, they control the nature of the Bureau’s
studies in this field. In a small sample study
(e. g., 300-400 agreements) there are virtually no
inherent limitations on the intensity and the scope
of the analysis. Many shadings of agreement
terms can be conveniently handled. A large
sample (e. g., 1,500-2,000 agreements) requires
machine tabulation techniques if the cost of analy
sis is not to be prohibitive. However, machine
tabulation for agreement analysis has its limita
tions. Thus, if the size of the sample is such as to
make machine tabulation an advantage or a neces
sity, some of the flexibility and thoroughness pos
sible under so-called “ hand” analysis must be
sacrificed.
In 1948 and 1949, when the Bureau’s file con
sisted of more than 12,000 agreements and the
potentialities of machine tabulation techniques
for agreement analysis were first explored, it was
decided that a sample of 3,000 agreements would
be feasible. The selection of specific agreements
was based on a number of factors, including in
dustry, worker coverage, location, union, and bar
gaining practices. Limited data upon which to
base a representative selection of agreements was
compensated for, at least in part, by extensive ex
perience with collective bargaining practices on
the part of the sample selectors.
During subsequent years, however, available
staff resources were not sufficient to deal with a
sample of this size. The reconstitution of a sample
of 1,500 to 2,000 agreements, which had become
the maximum workload and the installation of
appropriate safeguards against deterioration were
rejected as being beyond the resources of the staff
and the available data. The most advantageous
alternative, considering all things, was to base
the agreement studies on all agreements above a
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
predetermined size of worker coverage and, thus,
to avoid sampling. It is estimated that agree
ments covering 1,000 or more workers number
approximately 1,600. The Bureau’s file already
contains almost all of these; the Bureau’s Monthly
Report on Current Wage Developments is a ready
source of information on those that are not in
cluded. The total number of workers covered by
these 1,600 agreements is in excess of 7.5 million,
representing a very substantial worker coverage
in agreement studies. The number of establish
ments covered is not known.6
A key analysis list containing all agreements
covering 1,000 or more workers, while not the
ideal coverage, has definite advantages: (1) it
achieves maximum worker coverage in the studies
for a given investment of staff resources, (2) it
provides a simple, objective measure of the
coverage of the studies, (3) it permits the presen
tation of various combinations and breakdowns
of the data without the necessity of complicated
weighting schemes and without the bias resulting
from the lack of proper weighting, (4) it is safe
guarded against obsolescence since the Bureau is
best able to keep abreast of changes in agreements
of this size, and (5) it has a significant meaning
to users of these studies. Further experience will
presumably reveal any shortcomings in this
approach.7
The use of machine tabulation techniques in
large-scale statistical work is so commonplace in
Government and private industry that it ordi
narily merits little comment in describing a
Bureau program. However, the use of machine
tabulation techniques for the type of research
exemplified by agreement analysis is believed to
be quite uncommon. The distinguishing feature
of agreement analysis is that it deals mainly with
legalistic language, which requires interpretation,
rather than with numbers or other universal,
sharply defined attributes. The process of analy
sis with the use of machine tabulation consists of
interpreting provisions, reducing them to numbers
« The distinction between size of agreement (employees covered) and size
of establishment is an important one. A substantial proportion of these
agreements are association-negotiated and cover a large number of small
establishments. T w o agreements, for example, involving the United Mine
Workers (Ind.) cover most of the anthracite and bituminous-coal mines in
the country. Some association agreements in N ew Y ork State cover more
than a thousand firms.
i
The transition to the universe of all agreements covering 1,000 or mor
workers was in process at the time of this writing.
AGREEMENT COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
(codes), aggregating the numbers, and converting
the aggregates back to types of provisions and
prevalence. Data are presented in terms of
number of agreements and number of workers
covered. Since agreement provisions on the whole
are notable more for their variety of expression
and details than for their uniformity, the process
of analysis, particularly when done by machine,
becomes a simplification process by which some
of the original content and variety is lost. Under
such circumstances, the preplanning of studies
acquires a special importance if significant differ
ences are not to be buried.
The keystone of agreement analysis study is
obviously the interpretation of the agreement and
the assignment of the predetermined code number.
For some subjects, an agreement must be read
in its entirety; for others, only a portion. Long
and legalistic provisions must be reduced to their
essentials. Since the interpretation of agreement
provisions is often a troublesome matter for the
parties themselves (as reflected in the widespread
adoption of provisions for arbitration), misinter
pretations undoubtedly occur. These are kept
to a minimum by a staff experienced in agreement
analysis and by continuous efforts to assure con
sistency of interpretations.
Under present conditions, approximately 5 or 6
agreement provision studies are planned per year.
Over a period of 4 or 5 years most of the significant
provisions are covered. As agreements are re
ceived, they are coded for each item being studied;
hence each agreement is generally handled only
once. Coding over a period of a year accounts
for the bulk of the current agreements (those with
a l-year term); thus it generally takes a minimum
of a year from the start of a survey to the end of
coding. Preparing tabulations and analyzing the
results follow. As one study nears conclusion,
another is readied to take its place.
Health, Insurance, and Pension Plans. Different
techniques of collection and analysis are used for
health, insurance, and pension plans. This is due,
in large part, to the relatively recent spread of
employee-benefit plans and to the Bureau’s
allocation of resources as between agreement and
plan files and studies. There are, however, other
factors which tend to complicate the collection
^Pension Plans Under Collective Bargaining, Bull. 1147, 1953.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
677
of employee-benefit plans. In the first place,
these plans, as negotiated, frequently have no ex
piration dates or precise reopening dates as do
agreements. Employee-benefit plans are generally
established as long-range undertakings, although
they are, perhaps, dependent upon the continu
ance of collective bargaining relationships. Sec
ondly, employee-benefit plans, particularly health
and insurance plans, are subject to more frequent
modification than are basic agreements. These
changes may come about through such factors as:
adjustments to changing costs or premium rates,
recognition of the inadequacy or superfluity of
particular benefits, substitution of benefits, and
changing legal requirements and benefits. Revi
sions may be made through action of the trustees
or through mutual understanding or negotiations
between the parties. Since many changes can be
made within the cost limitations agreed to in col
lective bargaining, the process tends to be far less
formal than negotiating changes in the basic
agreement, which are usually permitted only at
specified times.
Because of the frequency of change, it is difficult
to maintain the employee-benefit plan file on a
current basis. The Bureau’s present practice is
to request copies of changed or new plans once a
year or upon learning of a change through various
informational sources such as the Bureau’s
Monthly Report on Current Wage Developments
and the commercial services in this field. When
a sample of plans is selected for an analytical study,
each plan is checked for currency before analysis
is begun.
The Bureau’s study of pension plans under col
lective bargaining,8 represents its most compre
hensive analysis of such plans to date. The study
was based on a selection of 300 current plans
from the Bureau’s file, chosen to represent various
industries, unions, and types of plans, and covered
such provisions as vesting, compulsory retirement,
and types and levels of benefits. Machine tabula
tion techniques were not applied to this study,
mainly because the small size of the sample and
the complexity and variety of the plans studied
were more adaptable to so-called “ hand” tabula
tion and a flexible approach.
The Bureau’s work in employee-benefit plan
analysis has yet to exploit fully the potentialities
of analysis applicable to this area of study. How-
678
ever, as in the case of agreement analysis, the con
trolling factors are the nature of the public de
mand for information, as gaged by the Bureau,
and the limitations of staff resources.
Limitations
The limitations of these studies of agreement
provisions and employee-benefit plans are deter
mined, in large part, by their application. For
studies of paid holiday provisions or other supple
mentary benefits, the fact that these studies cover
only the area of collective bargaining may con
stitute a limitation on generalizations applying to
all workers but not necessarily on their uses in
collective bargaining or in wage and employee
administration. On the other hand, these studies
do not show locality practice, which may reduce
their usefulness for some collective bargaining
purposes but not for broad generalizations relating
to workers under collective bargaining.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
Additional limitations of agreement provision
studies are inherent in the selection of agreements
for study— the exclusion of railroad and airline
agreements and, under the revised approach, of
agreements covering fewer than 1,000 workers—
and in the technique of analysis, as indicated
previously. There are also limitations connected
with the particular subjects studied, which are
pointed out in each study, e. g., the effect of legisla
tion on union security provisions.9 A funda
mental limitation which must be borne in mind in
connection with certain studies (e. g., grievance
procedure) is that they relate to written policy.
Practices which are not provided for in the agree
ments but are, instead, matters of company policy
going beyond the agreement, traditional industry
policy, informal acceptance by management and
unions, or arbitrators’ decisions, can be neither
detected nor measured in agreement analysis.
®See p. 649 of this issue.
Significant Decisions
in Labor Cases1
Labor Relations
Union’s Right to Recover Wages for Members. The
Supreme Court of the United States held 2 that
a labor union could not sue in the Federal courts
to recover wages allegedly due workers under the
terms of a collective bargaining agreement.
On one workday, four-fifths of the approxi
mately 5,000 employees covered by the agreement
remained away from work. The employer de
ducted their wages for that day. Thereupon, the
union brought suit in a Federal district court to
compel payment of these wages, claiming that the
collective bargaining agreement obligated the em
ployer to pay full salary to these employees during
the month, even though they missed a day’s work,
unless the absence was due to a “ furlough” or
“ leave of absence.” (The individual employees
were not named or made parties to the suit.)
The Supreme Court reviewed extensively cer
tain questions as to the constitutionality of section
301 of the Labor Management Relations Act. In
order to avoid the serious problems which were
presented, the court used the process of limiting
the application of the section. There was no in
dication, the court held, in the legislative history
of the act that Congress meant to open the Fed
eral courts to a potential flood of grievances based
on an employer’s failure to comply with the terms
of a collective agreement. In cases like this, in
dividual causes of action are involved. These
rights of employees have always been enforceable
in State courts, the court said. Thus, the court
concluded that Congress did not intend to burden
the Federal courts with suits of this type.
Federal Jurisdiction and State Court Action. The
Supreme Court of the United States upheld 3 the
ruling of a Federal district court which had denied
an injunction sought by the union against a State
court. The employer had obtained an injunction
in the State court against picketing by his employ
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
ees. The union alleged in the district court that
the State court had no authority to take this action
because it involved questions under the LM RA
and was exclusively a Federal problem.
The Supreme Court noted that the act was ap
plicable in this case, but it held that the district
court had no power to enjoin the proceedings in
the State Court, at the request of the union. The
Federal court could act if the National Labor Re
lations Board were to request such an injunction,
after issuing a complaint on the facts. The power
of a Federal court to enjoin State court proceed
ings is limited by statute,4 the High Court ob
served, noting that this case does not come within
certain statutory exceptions.
Traditionally, the Supreme Court stated, Con
gress has evidenced confidence in the State courts,
reinforced by a desire to avoid direct conflicts
between the two systems of courts. There is no
indication that State courts have not or will not
recognize the dividing line between Federal and
State authority, and decline jurisdiction over
exclusively Federal problems.5 The Supreme
Court noted that under certain circumstances,
where in bad faith an employer goes into a State
court complaining of conduct which is obviously
covered by the act, the Board holds such action
to be an unfair labor practice.
The Supreme Court concluded by stating that
until Congress legislates on the subject, there is
bound to be a shadowy area between State and
Federal authority touching industrial relations
wherein State litigation could run its course, with
potential High Court review.
State Court Jurisdiction. The Supreme Court of
the United States overruled6 a decision of the
Missouri Supreme Court on the ground that the
State court had no jurisdiction over the subject
matter of the case, which involved a jurisdictional
dispute.
1 Prepared in the U. S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor.
The cases covered in this article represent a selection of the significant de
cisions believed to be of special interest. N o attempt has been made to
reflect all recent judicial and administrative developments in the field of
labor law or to indicate the effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in
which contrary results m ay be reached, based upon local statutory provisions,
the existence of local precedents, or a different approach b y the courts to the
issue presented.
2 Association of Westinghouse Salaried Employees v. Westinghouse Electric
Corp. (U. S. Sup. Ct., Mar. 28, 1955).
3 Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America, et al. v. Richman Brothers
(U. S. Sup. Ct., Apr. 4, 1955).
* 28 U. S. C. 2283.
. 3 See Garner v. Teamsters Union, 346 U. S. 485.
8 Weber v. Anheuser-Busch, Inc. (U. S. Sup. Ct., Mar. 28, 1955.)
679
680
Negotiations during the dispute over assign
ment of work at the employer’s brewery had
broken down and a strike had occurred. There
upon, the employer filed unfair labor practice
charges against 1 of the 2 unions involved with
the Board, alleging a violation of section 8 (b) (4)
(D) of the act. The Board found that no dispute
existed under that section7 and dismissed the
complaint. Meantime, the employer obtained an
injunction against the union in a State court,
alleging violations of sections 8 (b) (4) (A), (B),
and (D) of the act and of the State restraint-oftrade laws, which was upheld by the State supreme
court.8
The Union then appealed the decision to the
Supreme Court of the United States, challenging
the State court’s jurisdiction to issue the injunc
tion. The High Court noted at the outset that
there was considerable controversy over the
respective limits of Federal and State jurisdiction
in cases of this type. The problem presented to
the State courts is not an easy one, the court
emphasized, especially where no clear “ unfair
labor practice” is shown in a particular case. The
LM RA leaves much to the States, although
Congress has not said how much, and many of
the problems which arise can be settled only in
the course of litigation.
In this case the Board ruled only on the question
of a violation of section 8 (b) (4) (D), which
prohibits secondary boycotts resulting from juris
dictional disputes. This being the only section
mentioned in the complaint, it was the only point
on which the Board could rule; its decision did
not constitute a determination that no unfair labor
practice existed. Alleged violations of sections
8 (b) (4) (D) and (B), which outlaw secondary
boycotts as a means of obtaining recognition,
were ruled upon by the State court, but, the High
Court said, the point is that the Board, and not
the State court, is empowered to pass upon such
issues in the first instance. Where the facts
reasonably bring the controversy within the
sections of the LM RA prohibiting these practices,
and where the conduct, if not prohibited by the
Federal act, may reasonably be deemed to come
within the protection afforded by that act, the
State court must decline jurisdiction. This holds
true, the court said, even though the ground of
State intervention—restraint-of-trade laws in this
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
case— is different from that on which Federal
supremacy has been exercised.
U n io n C am p a i g n Tactics—Misrepresentation.
The Board, after holding an election, certified 9
the union over the employer’s objections. The
employer maintained that, at a union meeting on
the night before the election, the union made mis
representations to the employees and that, in a
campaign pamphlet, the union falsely claimed to
have received pledge cards from a majority of the
employees. The Board, while not condoning such
conduct, held that there was no forged campaign
material or other campaign trickery such as to
mislead the employees and prevent their exercise
of a free choice so that its previous rule in Merck
and Co. applied.10
The employer contended that the Peerless Ply
wood rule,11 prohibiting speeches to employees on
company time and property during the 24-hour
period before an election, did not give him op
portunity to answer the union’s statements. The
Board rejected this view on the ground that the
employer could speak as he chose, off the com
pany property, if the employees’ attendance was
voluntary and on their own time. The Board
further pointed out that the Peerless Plywood rule
does not prohibit the circulation of literature or
other forms of campaign propaganda.
Permissible Union Campaign Tactics. The Board
held 12 that the union had not violated the LM RA
during the 2-month period immediately preceding
an election by obtaining cards signed by employees
which contained a pledge to vote for the union in
case a Board-conducted election was held.
The employer argued that, inasmuch as the em
ployees were never released from this pledge, they
could not have been free to make a choice in the
election. The Board found no indication that
these employees had been coerced or threatened
to obtain their signatures on the cards and, be
cause their free choice was safeguarded by a secret
ballot election, held that the cards in and of them1 District No. 9, International Association of Machinists and AnheuserBusch, Inc. (101 N L R B 346).
8 Anheuser-Busch, Inc. v. Weber (M o. Sup. Ct., 265 SW 2d 325).
» Comfort Slipper Corp. (112 N L R B 28, Apr. 15, 1955).
Merck and Co., Inc. (104 N L R B 1160).
h Peerless Plywood Co. (107 N L R B 106).
12 Frank Smith and Sons (112 N L R B 29, Apr. 13, 1955).
DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES
selves were not indicative of the employees’ intent
to vote for the union. Solicitation of these
pledges, the Board concluded, was a permissible
campaign tactic.
Discrimination. The Board held 13 that the em
ployer violated the act by entering into a prefer
ential hiring agreement with the union, and dis
criminating against an employee on account of
that agreement. The contract provided that all
work coming under the jurisdiction of the local
union must be done by union members.
An applicant for employment was told on three
occasions that he had to obtain a permit and
clearance from the union before he could be hired,
and on one occasion he was laid off because he
did not have a union permit. The union refused
to refer this man to permanent jobs because such
work was not given to nonunion men.
Accordingly, the trial examiner found that the
employer had violated sections 8 (a) (1) and 8 (a)
(3), not only by discriminating against the ap
plicant, but by entering into the illegal contract
in the first place. The Board, however, rejected
the latter finding, as no such violation had been
alleged by the Board’s General Counsel. How
ever, the Board agreed with the finding that the
employer was in violation for refusing to hire and
discriminating against the applicant. Also, the
union was held to be in violation of sections 8 (b)
(1) (A) and 8 (b) (2).
Illegal Union Security Contract Clause. The
Board found 14 that the union and employer were
in violation of the act, by reason of an illegal unionsecurity agreement and of causing the discharge
under the agreement’s terms of an employee for
alleged nonpayment of union dues.
The agreement provided, among other things,
that an employee who was separated from the
bargaining unit, at a time when he was a duespaying member of the Union, was to resume pay
ing dues immediately upon reemployment in the
bargaining unit. Since a new employee could not,
is J. W. Rylands Co. ( I l l N L R B 211, Mar. 31, 1955).
ii General Dynamics Corp. (I l l N L R B 185, Mar. 22, 1955).
i® Carpenters, A F L (Dennehy Construction Co.) (I l l N L R B 180, Mar. 21,
1955).
i® Jonesboro Grain Drying Cooperative (110 N L R B 67).
17
Marathon Electric Mfg. Corp. v. Industrial Commission (W is. Sup. Ct.,
Apr. 5, 1955).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
681
under the act, be required to do the same thing,
and since a rehired employee is in the position of a
new employee, the Board ruled that the clause
was discriminatory and illegal. By having main
tained this clause in effect during the period
covered, the union and the company violated
sections 8 (b) (1) (A) and 8 (b) (2).
Moreover, when the Board viewed the agree
ment as a whole, it found the lawful parts so inter
woven with the unlawful ones as to be tainted
with that illegality. Therefore, the discharge of
an employee at the request of the union because
of alleged nonpayment of dues was also in violation
of sections 8 (a) (1) and 8 (b) (1) (A).
NLRB Jurisdiction— General Contractor. The
Board assumed jurisdiction 15 in an unfair labor
practice case, finding that the employer— a general
construction contractor—met its jurisdictional re
quirements even though his own purchases of
materials and equipment did not amount to the
prescribed total.
The employer had a contract to build a hospital,
at a price of around $1,250,000. Because he sub
contracted the electrical, plumbing, heating,
plastering, flooring, roofing, tiling, and acoustical
work, his direct purchases of materials did not
meet the Board’s “ direct inflow” requirement of
$500,000.16 However, during the previous year,
over $1,000,000 worth of supplies and equipment—
more than half of them shipped in interstate com
merce— were used on the job, including substan
tial purchases by the various subcontractors.
Therefore, on the theory that the employer was
solely responsible for the performance and com
pletion of the job, the Board held that it would
consider the total amount of purchases by both
the employer and his subcontractors and found
that, under those circumstances, its jurisdictional
standards were met.
Unemployment Compensation
Discharge During a Labor Dispute. After a walk
out of his first-shift employees, an employer locked
the plant gates and sent letters to all of his em
ployees discharging them. As to claimants who
were not involved in the walkout, the Wisconsin
Supreme Court held 17 that they were entitled to
682
benefits after receipt of tbe letters, because their
unemployment was then no longer due to a labor
dispute.
Availability— Part-time Work. Under the New
Jersey unemployment compensation law, a claim
ant may restrict his availability to part-time work
if he worked part-time during a substantial por
tion of his base year and if there is a sufficient
amount of suitable work in the locality to justify
the limitation. The New Jersey Supreme Court
held 18 that a “ sufficient amount” of such work
exists in a claimant’s work area if there is a labor
market for part-time workers, and that the law
does not require that there be a certain number of
actual job vacancies.
Voluntary Quit— Burden oj Proof. Claimant left
his employment because of lack of work, having
been told that he would be called when more work
was available. A Michigan circuit court held,19
reversing the Appeal Board of the Michigan
Unemployment Compensation Commission that
the burden of proof is upon the employer to es
tablish the claimant’s disqualification for volun
tarily leaving without good cause attributable to
the employer, and this burden the employer failed
to sustain.
Abuse of Discretion. Where claimant, relying
upon the accuracy of information given to her in a
conversation with a Michigan Unemployment
Compensation Commission employee, failed to
protest a disqualification determination until after
the appeal period had expired and the appeal was
denied by the commission, a Michigan circuit
court held 20 that the commission abused its dis
cretion in not hearing the appeal. In sworn
testimony the claimant stated that she had been
misled by the erroneous information; the com
mission introduced its records to show that the
conversation never occurred, presumably on the
theory that if such a conversation had taken place
it would have been so annotated in the records.
In such a situation, the court stated, the sworn
positive testimony must prevail over testimony
which is purely negative.
18 Tung-Sol Electric, Inc. v. Board of Review (N . J. Sup. Ct., Mar. 14, 1955).
19 Borg v. Appeal Board (Cir. Ct. for W ayne Co., M ich., Feb. 28, 1955).
90 Buskin v. Appeal Board (Cir. Ct. for W ayne Co., M ich., Feb. 16,1955).
21 Covington Mills v. Mitchell (D. C., Dist of Col., Apr. 4, 1955).
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
Wages and Hours
Basis for Wage Determinations. The Federal
district court for the District of Columbia ruled 21
invalid a minimum wage determination by the
Secretary of Labor fixing a single minimum wage
rate throughout the cotton, silk, and synthetictextile industry for employees performing work
subject to the Walsh-Healey Public Contracts
Act.
The order of the Secretary had been issued
pursuant to section 1 (b) of the act, which requires
Government contractors subject to its terms to
pay not less than the minimum wage determined
by the Secretary of Labor “ to be the prevailing
minimum wages for persons employed on similar
work or in the particular or similar industries or
groups of industries currently operating in the
locality in which the materials, supplies, articles,
or equipment are to be manufactured or furnished
under said contract.” Members of the industry
attacked the Secretary’s order upon the ground
that the language cited does not authorize the
Secretary to fix prevailing minimum wage rates
for a particular industry on a nationwide basis.
The court rejected the Secretary’s contention
that the “ locality” test applies only to the last of
the three alternatives in section 1 (b)— “ similar
industries or groups of industries” — and ruled
that the phrase containing the “ locality” test
related back to all three alternatives provided by
the section. In making this ruling, the court
acknowledged that there is “ some ambiguity” in
the statute and that it is difficult to construe
“ according to strict grammatical requirements.”
Having ruled that the “ locality” test must be
met in wage orders issued under section 1 (b), the
court then decided that nationwide wage deter
minations are invalid because the entire United
States cannot reasonably be construed as a
“ locality.” To do so, the court concluded,
“ would be to place a tortured interpretation and
attach a distorted meaning to a simple English
word.”
Although impressed by arguments that admin
istrative difficulties might result if nationwide
determinations are not permitted and of the
desirability of nationwide determinations from a
social and economic viewpoint, the court com
mented that such arguments should be addressed
to the Congress and not to the courts.
Chronology of
Recent Labor Events
set minimum wages on a nationwide basis. The decision,
in the case of Covington Mills et al. v. Mitchell, declared
invalid a wage determination for the cotton-textile industry
(see Chron. item for Jan. 15, 1953, MLR, Mar. 1953).
April 6
T he Governor of Kansas signed an act amending the State
April 1, 1955
T he Oil, Chemical, and Atomic Workers (CIO), the Colgate
Independent Union, and the AFL Chemical Workers won
an 8}£-cent increase for about 4,450 employees of ColgatePalmolive Co., after a 19-day jointly conducted strike in
the company’s plants in Kansas City, Kans., Jeffersonville,
Ind., and Jersey City, N. J.
T he Federal district court for Maine, in United Textile
Workers of America, A F L , Local 1802, et al. v. OoodallSanford, Inc., holding that Federal courts have jurisdiction,
under section 301 of the Taft-Hartley Act, to restrain
violation of a collective bargaining agreement, enjoined the
employer for terminating the employment of workers for
any reason not specified in the contract. The employer
had indicated his intention of removing from his payroll
records the names of 1,800 workers already in layoff status,
on the ground that the department in which they had
worked had been completely shut down and would not
reopen, having previously taken similar action with respect
to 1,400 workers. The union, alleging breach of contract,
had requested that the dispute be submitted to arbitration
under the agreement terms.
April 4
T he Supreme Court of the United States ruled (5-3) in
Amalgamated Clothing Workers et al. v. Richman Brothers,
that Federal courts may not interfere in State court pro
ceedings in matters subject to the Taft-Hartley Act, except
upon the request of the National Labor Relations Board
pursuant to an unfair labor practice complaint. The
union had sought relief in a Federal court from a State
court injunction against peaceful organizational picketing
of the company’s retail stores in 16 States.
T he Supreme Court in the case of General Drivers . . .
Local 89 et al. v. American Tobacco Co., reversed a State
court decision ordering members of the union to cross a
picket line at the company’s Louisville, Ky., plant. The
union argued that the Taft-Hartley Act does not make it
illegal for an employee to refuse to “enter on the premises”
of a struck employer.
T he Federal district court in Washington, D. C., ruled that
the provision of the Walsh-Healey (Public Contracts) Act
requiring the Secretary of Labor to base minimum wage
determinations on wages for similar work in industries
“currently operating in the locality” did not permit him to
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Labor Relations Act, effective July 1, 1955, requiring prior
approval of strike action and union-shop agreements by a
majority of the employees concerned and outlawing juris
dictional strikes and secondary boycotts.
April 7
U nlicensed West Coast seamen, including about 2,500
formerly represented by the National Union of Marine
Cooks and Stewards which was barred from the ballot
(see Chron. item for Feb. 25, 1955, MLR, Apr. 1955)
voted in an NLRB representation election, 3,931 for the
Seafarers International Union (AFL) against 1,064 for
the International Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s
Union (Ind.).
T he United Rubber Workers (CIO) ended a 1-week strike
affecting approximately 35,000 employees of 19 plants of
the United States Rubber Co., after reaching agreement
on a new 2-year contract. The agreement, signed the
following day, provided liberalized vacation (for some
workers) and holiday benefits. Wages, pensions, and
welfare benefits were not involved.
April 11
T he Supreme Court of the United States denied review
in the case of Whitin Machine Works v. N L R B thereby,
in effect, upholding the NLRB ruling that a union is
entitled to receive from an employer essential wage data
for collective bargaining, including a list of the names and
wage rates of employees in the bargaining unit (see Chron.
item for June 28, 1954, MLR, Aug. 1954).
April 15
T he CIO Textile Workers Union and 5 Fall River, Mass.,
mills agreed to renew prevailing contracts, and 36 other
New England mills followed suit.
On April 16, the union called a strike of approximately
23,000 workers at 23 additional mills, rejecting company
proposals to reduce wages and welfare benefits.
On April 30, the union and the Bates Manufacturing Co.,
with 5 plants employing 6,000 workers closed by the strike,
renewed their contract for 3 years, with the proviso that
it be amended to accord with settlement terms reached at
other major mills involved in the strike.
April 18
T h e Supreme Court of the United States refused to review
an appellate court decision, in Pellicer v. Brotherhood of
683
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
684
Railway and Steamship Clerks . . . et al., that a collective
bargaining contract which modified seniority rights by
integrating Negro with other employees did not discrim
inate against white workers.
April 20
T he Governor of Minnesota signed a fair employment
practices act forbidding employers (of more than eight
persons), unions, and employment agencies to discriminate
against workers on the basis of race, creed, color, religion,
or national origin and creating a commission with powers
to issue enforceable cease-and-desist orders.
April 22
T he Federal court of appeals at St. Louis, in Lion Oil
Co. v. N L R B , declining to enforce the Board’s order
(see Chron. item for Aug. 5, 1954, MLR, Oct. 1954),
held that a union could not legally strike after expiration
of a 60-day notice of demands for contract modifications
because this notice did not satisfy the termination notice
requirements of the Taft-Hartley Act or of the contract
in question. The agreement specified that, if the parties
failed to agree on amendments within the 60-day notice
period, either could terminate by giving the other a 60-day
termination notice. (Source: Labor Relations Reporter,
May 2, 1955, 36 LRRM, p. 2037.)
April 25
T he Supreme Court of the United States upheld a lower
court’s decision in Local 175, International Brotherhood of
Electrical Workers (A F L ) v. United States of America that
a union violated the Sherman Antitrust Act by conspiring
with contractors to allocate contractors jobs, fix prices,
and bid collusively on contracts. The lower court had
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
held that the Clayton Act granted labor organizations
immunity from antitrust prosecution only in actions
involving terms and conditions of employment.
T he Masters, Mates and Pilots (AFL) signed a new con
tract retroactive to October 28, 1954, with 11 railroads,
providing a 3}£-percent wage increase (2 cents of this
amount in lieu of health and welfare benefits) for the ferry
boat and tugboat captains and deckhands employed at
railroad terminals in the port of New York.
April 28
T he Secretary of Labor found 8 small Tennessee coal mines
in violation of the Walsh-Healey Act’s safety standards
and, unless compliance is proven within 20 days, will bar
them from Government contracts. This act, used for the
first time to enforce safety in coal mining, provides the
only protection to workers in mines having fewer than 15
employees.
April 29
T he CIO Electrical Workers reached agreement with the
Philco Corp. providing a 5-cent-an-hour wage increase
and an increase of 2 cents for an established severance pay
plan for over 8,000 employees at 2 Philadelphia plants.
The contract also guarantees injured employees drawing
workmen’s compensation benefits 80 percent of their aver
age earnings and creates a review committee on problems
arising from the installation of automatic machinery.
April 30
r e s i d e n t E i s e n h o w e r laid the cornerstone of the new
$3)4-million national headquarters of the American Fed
eration of Labor in Washington, D. C.
P
Developments in
Industrial Relations
Strike idleness during April reached higher
levels than at any time during the first quarter of
1955, with the southern railroad and telephone
strikes continuing throughout the month and other
large stoppages occurring in textiles, electronics,
and rubber. A number of major settlements
were negotiated by the AFL Teamsters’ union.
The CIO United Auto Workers began formal
negotiations for new contracts, with the union’s
demand for a guaranteed employment plan the
key issue.
In Washington, April 6, the AFL-CIO unity
subcommittee agreed on most sections of a pro
posed constitution for the joint organization and,
on May 2, leaders of the two federations agreed
on the constitution, which is to be formally
approved in December. Longshore and maritime
unions reportedly were discussing both merger
plans and differences over an experimental bulkcargo agreement which provided for somewhat
reduced crews. Congressional hearings began on
proposed changes in the minimum-wage and
coverage provisions of the Fair Labor Standards
Act.
Work Stoppages, Settlements, and Negotiations
Work Stoppages. A strike of about 23,000 cottontextile workers closed more than a score of New
England mills on April 16, after the CIO Textile
Workers Union, seeking renewal of present con
tracts,2 rejected a proposal of the employers that
would reduce wages and supplementary benefits.
These mills account for about half of total employ
ment in this New England industry.
In the case of the Fall River-New Bedford
group, the employers’ proposals would eliminate
cost-of-living escalator clauses and a 3-cent hourly
wage increase currently being paid under such
clauses,3 reduce vacation benefits, eliminate 5 of
the existing 6 paid holidays,4 modify hospital,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
surgical, sickness and accident benefits, reduce
shift premiums, and eliminate retirement-separa
tion pay. The employers contended that “ the
difference between labor costs in our mills and
those in southern mills with whom we compete is
causing the loss of jobs and pay in this area.” 5
Approximately 6,000 of the strikers returned to
work on May 2, after Bates Manufacturing Co.
and the CIO Textile Workers Union signed a
3-year agreement covering 5 Maine mills. The
settlement provided that if any wage reduction
resulted from the negotiations between the union
and the Fall River-New Bedford group of mills,
such reduction would also apply to Bates. The
union agreed to “ protect” Bates against any in
crease in the existing North-South wage differ
ential.
M. Lowenstein and Sons, which owns Wamsutta
Mills in New Bedford, where workers are on strike
against a proposed 10-cent wage and fringe cut,
reached agreement with the CIO Textile Workers
Union on a 5-cent-an-hour wage increase for
approximately 2,600 workers at the Rock Hill
Printing and Finishing Co. at Rock Hill, S. C.
A nationwide strike lasting about a week and
involving about 35,000 employees at 19 plants of
the United States Rubber Co. ended April 7,
when the company and the CIO United Rubber
Workers agreed on a new contract. The agree
ment provided for liberalized vacations, an addi
tional paid holiday, and maintenance of pay for
workers called on jury duty. Wages were not an
issue.
Considerable violence and mass picketing
marked the work stoppage by about 9,300 pro
duction workers at several plants of the Sperry
1 Prepared in the Bureau’s Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
1 See M onthly Labor Review, April 1955 (p. 460).
3 The cost-of-living allowance was reduced from 4 to 3 cents an hour at the
end of March as a result of a decline in the BLS Consumer Price Index from
N ovem ber 1954 to February 1955.
4 Premium pay would continue for work on all 6 holidays.
8 A series of wage decreases were negotiated in N ew England mills during
late 1952 and early 1953. These decreases largely accounted for the reduction
of 6 cents an hour between March 1952 and N ovem ber 1954 in straight time
average hourly earnings in New England; average hourly earnings in the
Southeast region remained unchanged during this period, BLS wage studies
indicate. Paid vacations were provided in nearly all textile mills, but were
more liberal for workers with long service in the North. Virtually all textile
workers in N ew England received paid holidays, as against about 20 percent
of the workers in the South. Plans providing lump-sum payments upon
retirement applied to 84 percent of the workers in New England. This type
of arrangement was virtually nonexistent in the South. A bout 1 out of 5 of
the textile workers in the Southeast, however, were covered b y formal retire
ment pension plans, compared with about 1 out of every 16 N ew England
workers. See M onthly Labor Review, M ay 1955 (p. 533).
685
686
Gyroscope Co. in the New York area, and eventu
ally resulted in the company’s closing all plants
for several days for fear of possible damage. On
April 25, about 6,000 clerical, supervisory, and
engineering employees returned to work, after a
State Supreme Court judge signed a consent
injunction under which the union pledged to limit
the number of pickets. The striking employees,
members of the CIO International Union of
Electrical Workers, stopped work on April 19
when they failed to agree on a new contract.
Before the stoppage began, the union proposed
an immediate 18-cent-an-hour package increase;
the company offered a 12-cent wage increase to
be spread over a 3-year period.
A 3-day wildcat strike of 400 brakemen and
conductors employed by the South Buffalo Rail
road, a subsidiary of Bethlehem Steel Corp.,
reportedly idled about 18,000 employees of the
Bethlehem plant at Lackawanna, N. Y., and
1,000 other railroad workers. This stoppage,
apparently resulting from a wage dispute, was
terminated on April 18, in compliance with a
temporary court order.
The strike at the Louisville and Nashville
Railroad Co. and several affiliated railroads and
that at the Southern Bell Telephone and Tele
graph Co., both of which began March 14, con
tinued through April, despite repeated efforts of
officials of the States affected to achieve settle
ments. At various localities damage to telephone
equipment and railroad property was reported.
Three independent railroad brotherhoods (Rail
road Trainmen, Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen, and Train Dispatchers) and the AFL
Yardmasters, representing several thousand em
ployees of the L & N and its affiliates, actively
joined in the strike against these railroads in
mid-April, stating that their members were
threatened with dismissal for refusal to cross the
picket lines of the 10 AFL unions of nonoperating
employees that had called the strike. Demands
of the nonoperating unions included health and
welfare benefits (the most publicized issue),
premium pay for Sunday work, improved vaca
tion provisions, and other benefits.6
The CIO Communications Workers’ strike
against Southern Bell was supported by about
22,000 members of the CIO Steelworkers in the
Birmingham, Ala., area in a 1-day sympathy
strike on April 15. However, a threatened general
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
strike in the Birmingham area did not develop.
The Southern Bell strike stemmed from a dispute
over a no-strike clause, arbitration of disputes and
grievances, wages, and other issues.7
Settlements. A number of major agreements during
the month were concluded by the Teamsters
(AFL). One of the Nation’s large mail-order
and retail store chains averted a threatened strike
when a memorandum of agreement was signed
between this union and Montgomery Ward on
March 31. The agreement calls for the execution
of labor contracts for 9 Montgomery Ward
warehouses, employing approximately 15,000
workers, within 60 days. It was expected that
wage increases would be provided for those
employees who had not received increases granted
unilaterally by the company last November.
The agreement was reached during a spirited
contest over control of company management.
Charges that Montgomery Ward management had
reached the agreement with the union in return
for its votes in the stockholders’ proxy fight
were denied by company and union spokesmen.
Wage increases ranging from 7 to 10 cents an
hour and improved vacation clauses were agreed
to by the California Processors and Growers
Association and the Cannery Workers Union,
affiliated with the AFL Teamsters. The new
1-year contract covers approximately 55,000
workers, at the season’s peak. The union reached
agreement with 21 Northern California frozen
food packing companies for similar wage in
creases and additional fringe benefits, affecting
2,500 workers.
A reduction in the workweek from 37% to 35
hours, with maintenance of weekly pay; a further
6-cent hourly wage increase; a guaranteed work
week; and improved vacation, health, and wel
fare benefits were provided in a statewide contract
for about 7,000 brewery workers in California,
signed by the Teamsters and the California
State Brewers Institute.
Negotiators representing about 4,450 employees
of the Colgate-Palmolive Co., who are members
of 3 unions, jointly obtained an 8K-cent-an-hour
wage increase. The settlement followed renewal
of negotiations after a strike which ended March
28. The 3 unions, which had rejected a lower
6 See M onthly Labor Review, M a y 1955 (p. 576).
7 Ibid.
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
wage offer prior to the strike, were the Colgate
Independent Union, representing 2,500 workers
in New Jersey; the CIO Oil, Chemical, and
Atomic Workers— representing 750 employees in
Kansas; and the AFL Chemical Workers (1,200
workers in Indiana).
While the CIO Textile Workers were engaged
in a strike in the New England cotton industry,
they reached agreement with American Viscose
Corp. on a 5-cent-an-hour across-the-board wage
increase. The new contract, announced April 27,
included an additional %-cent an hour for “ adjust
ment of inequities.” The contract affects 11,000
workers in 7 plants in Pennsylvania, Virginia, and
West Virginia.
A 5-cent-an-hour wage increase, effective April 1,
1955, and a similar increase in April 1956, were
provided in a new agreement between the United
Metal Trades Association, an employer group,
and the Portland Metal Trades Council, which
includes 7 AFL unions. The settlement covers
8,000 metal trades workers in western Oregon.
A 3%-percent across-the-board wage increase
for deckhands and captains on ferryboats and
tugboats of 11 railroads in the Port of New York
was agreed to on April 25. The agreement, af
fecting approximately 2,000 harbor and waterfront
terminal workers represented by the AFL Masters,
Mates and Pilots union, is retroactive to October
28, 1954, and stipulates that 2 cents of the increase
is in lieu of health and welfare insurance. The
union characterized the settlement as a major
victory, in that “ we have broken away from the
flat penny increases to percentage increases.”
Typically, wage adjustments for this group of
employees have followed the cents-per-hour in
creases negotiated for many years by unions and
railroad carriers.
Eastern Airlines in mid-April reached agreement
with the AFL Machinists on rates for mechanics
and other contract improvements affecting approx
imately 3,500 ground service workers. The agree
ment is similar to the master settlement negotiated
in mid-March with Capital, National, Northwest,
Trans World, and United Airlines.8
Union wage scales were raised by 10 cents an
hour, effective May 1, for about 25,000 laborers
employed in the northern California construction
industry. The new basic rate of $2,175 an hour
8 See M onthly Labor Review, M ay 1955 (p. 577).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
687
was agreed to by the Northern and Central Cali
fornia Chapters of the Associated General Con
tractors of America and the AFL Hod Carriers
and Laborers.
An unusual settlement involving the Interna
tional Resistance Co. of Philadelphia, Pa., and
the International Union of Electrical Workers
(CIO) provided that a 9-cent hourty wage increase
is to be placed in a union-administered trust fund
as unemployment insurance. The union termed
the agreement, covering about 750 workers, “ the
first guaranteed wage in the industry.” A com
pany official, however, said that the fund would
“ more properly be called an unemployment insur
ance fund.” In the event of protracted layoff,
payments would be limited to the amount in the
fund. It cannot be used until April 1956.
Details of the handling of the fund are yet to
be worked out by the union and company officials.
If such administrative details cannot be worked
out within a year, the amount accumulated will
be paid as a direct 9-cent hourly w'age increase
to all employees, retroactive to April 1, 1955.
The International Resistance Co. is one of the
largest manufacturers of electrical resistors used
in radio and television sets and other appliances.
Negotiations. The United Auto Workers (CIO)
began formal negotiations with General Motors
Corp. on April 7, and with the Ford Motor Co.
on April 12. The key issue in the bargaining,
the union’s demand for a guaranteed employment
plan, has been described as the “ most crucial”
in the history of the auto industry. On April 29,
the union notified General Motors that it was
extending the contract, scheduled to expire on
May 29, until June 7. The Ford contract expires
on June 1. The Auto Workers’ contracts re
portedly cover about 135,000 Ford workers and
325,000 General Motors employees.
Contract discussions between the UAW and
American Motors began April 13, with the com
pany expressing the hope that a new labor contract
could be worked out tailored to its own needs
rather than the usual “ pattern settlement.”
Walter Reuther, UAW president, said that the
union expected to follow its usual policy of seek
ing the same contract terms from all car makers
and parts suppliers. Late in April, the company
agreed to a union request that agreements cover
ing wages, pensions, insurance, and holiday pay,
688
scheduled to expire June 1 and July 1, be extended
to August 12.
Meantime, at the first bargaining session, the
company and the union had signed an agreement
to integrate the seniority rights of about 200
Hudson workers, laid off last fall when Hudson
car production was shifted from Detroit to Wis
consin, with those of regular employees in the
Kenosha and Milwaukee plants. Under the pre
vious arrangement, Hudson workers who desired
to move to Wisconsin had to accept seniority im
mediately below that of regular Wisconsin plant
employees.
Early in April, UAW officials in the union’s
Chrysler Department, revealed that most of the
2,000 to 2,500 workers laid off from the Chrysler
Corp. Tank Plant, which is being placed on a
standby basis by the Government, are to be ab
sorbed into other Chrysler plants. The agree
ment may result in the “ bumping” of some of
Chrylser’s most recently hired employees.
Negotiations between the New York Transit Au
thority and the Transport Workers Union (CIO)
continued intermittently during the month on the
union’s demand for a 17-cent-an-hour wage in
crease. These discussions were broken off by the
TW U late in April and the union’s president for
mally called on Governor Harriman and Mayor
Wagner to intervene. Meantime, Governor Harri
man had vetoed a bill that would have compelled
the Transit Authority to allow any employee “ the
right to select a representative of his own choos
ing” on grievances. In a memorandum, he said
the proposal was “ in direct violation” of a 1954
agreement between the authority and “ several
employee organizations.” He said exclusive rights
to present grievances of hourly paid workers were
held by TW U -CIO and the AFL Street, Electric
Railway and Motor Coach Employees. The Gov
ernor signed new State sick-leave legislation,
effective May 1, under which a transit worker will
not be paid for the first day of illness, unless he is
away from work at least 9 days. He also signed
an act authorizing reorganization of the present
5-member unsalaried Transit Authority into a 3member full-time body, to begin operating July 1.
Direct negotiations between the Railway Con
ductors (Ind.) and the Nation’s railroads in their
dispute over graduated rates of pay 9 continued
during April. Late in the month, following expir
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
ation of the 30-day period of status quo provided
under the Railway Labor Act, the union sent
strike instructions to its local officials stating, “ A
strike will be called on a railroad or railroads when
it becomes apparent that direct negotiations with
the carriers will not bring about a fair settlement.”
Meanwhile, carrier representatives continued joint
bargaining with the Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen and the Trainmen’s union, both unaffili
ated, on a demand for a 28-cent-an-hour adjust
ment to men whose hours had been reduced to 40
a week in recent years. The Switchmen’s Union
(AFL) resumed negotiations with the carriers late
in April on a similar demand.
Union Developments
Longshoring. The Teamsters were reported to be
exploring merger, or possible mutual assistance
arrangements with the International Longshore
men’s Association (Ind.)10 prior to requesting the
AFL executive council to expand its jurisdiction to
include longshoremen. In response to a letter
from the secretary-treasurer of the AFL Inter
national Brotherhood of Longshoremen 11 regard
ing the proposed action, AFL president George
Meany expressed the view that no person or group
within the federation could change the decision
regarding the expulsion of the now unaffiliated
ILA except by formal convention action. The
AFL constitution provides for suspension of any
affiliate that gives “ representation or recognition”
to an expelled union. On May 2, the AFL
executive council announced that the Teamsters’
request for jurisdiction over longshoremen’s work
could not be granted, since the federation had
chartered another organization in that field.
On the West Coast, the International Long
shoremen’s and Warehousemen’s Union (Ind.)
denied that it was planning to merge with the
AFL Teamsters. Its president, Harry Bridges,
emphasized at the union’s 11th biennial conven
tion early in April that he was not planning to
retire. Convention activities also included a
resolution of continuing support of the ILA in its
» Ibid.
io See M onthly Labor Review, M a y 1955 (p. 579).
h Chartered (as the International Longshoremen’s Association, A L L ) b y
the A F L at the time its 1953 convention voted to expel the International
Longshoremen’s Association. See M on th ly Labor Review, Novem ber 1953
(p. 1166).
689
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
controversy with the New York-New Jersey
Waterfront Commission, and an indication that
discussions regarding bargaining matters on the
two coasts had been held with the ILA leader
ship. Later in the month, Captain David Brad
ley, ILA president, denied “ any connection
whatsoever” with the ILWU. He coupled his
disclaimer with a warning that “ stern disciplinary”
action would be taken against “ any local or any
individual” which dealt with Bridges’ union.
New hiring rules on the New York docks,
announced early in the year, 12 went into effect
April 1 and union leaders early in the month
headed off a treatened strike protesting the new
rules. Later, union leaders prevailed upon re
calcitrants to abandon an “ obey-the-rules-to-theletter” policy which had resulted in a slowdown
on some piers.
Meanwhile, one ILA local began an experiment
in labor relations education on the docks. It
undertook the schooling of its officials and shop
stewards with the aim of having “ better informed”
union men and “ improved relations” with the
employers. The course, held one evening for
each of 6 weeks, is administered by the New York
State School of Industrial Relations and is taught
by Walter Maggiolo of the Federal Mediation and
Conciliation Services regional staff.
Maritime. The Seafarers’ International Union,
in a National Labor Relations Board election
ordered last December,13 was chosen as the
bargaining representative for an estimated 6,000
unlicensed seamen sailing from West Coast ports
under contracts with the Pacific Maritime Associa
tion. The San Francisco office of the NLRB
recommended that this AFL union be officially
certified as the bargaining agent. Following
announcement of election results on April 7, the
ILW U-Ind, which also appeared on the ballot,
urged its members in the stewards’ department
immediately to apply for membership in the
Seafarers’ union (AFL) and to change their
registration in the Central Registration Office to
SIU-AFL to protect their job rights.
Elsewhere, sharp differences of opinion on the
plan 14 proposed by Harry Lundeberg, president of
12 See M on th ly Labor Review, March 1955 (p. 337).
is See M on th ly Labor Review, February 1955 (p. 223).
See M onthly Labor Review, M a y 1955 (p. 578).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
the Seafarers’ International Union, under which
the SIU-AFL would handle negotiations for all
workers on certain bulk cargo ships, continued to
divide AFL and CIO maritime unions. The
American Radio Association (CIO) announced
that it had reached agreement with Pacific Far
East Lines— (charterer of the Tonsina, the ship
now covered by the controversial contract)— to
cease using the vessel at the end of its present
voyage and to refrain from chartering ships under
similar crew contracts.
Joseph Curran, president of the National Mari
time Union (CIO), characterized the Tonsina
agreement as a “ bargain basement contract,” and
stated that such an approach was “ basically
wrong” as a solution to the problems of reduced
employment. Nevertheless, he urged the Sea
farers’ union to “ join with me in reconstituting
the Conference of American Maritime Unions”
as an “ instrument through which all legitimate
maritime unions can discuss their problems and
differences.”
National officers of the Masters, Mates and
Pilots (AFL) had voted early in April to repudiate
the action of their president in walking out of the
conference in mid-March. The officers of the
same union had also voted to accept an invitation
of the CIO Marine Engineers to resume negoti
ations for a merger of “ all non-Communist licensed
merchant marine officers” into one labor union.
Other Developments
Legislation. The Secretary of Labor, appearing
before the Labor Subcommittee of the Senate
Committee on Labor and Public Welfare recom
mended that Congress raise the minimum wage
from 75 to 90 cents an hour and consider extension
of coverage to multistate retail establishments and
to intrastate employees of firms principally en
gaged in the interstate field. In a news conference
late in April the President emphasized the desira
bility of bringing more workers under the FanLabor Standards Act. Leaders of the AFL, CIO,
and affiliated unions urged the adoption of a $1.25
minimum wage as well as coverage for additional
groups of workers. The Chamber of Commerce
of the United States opposed the proposal to
raise the minimum wage, holding that an increase
to 90 cents would have “ disemploying effects” and
690
also raise costs and prices to consumers. It also
expressed opposition to bringing more workers
under the law.
Court Actions. A permanent injunction barring
the Secretary of Labor from setting industrywide
minimum wages on Federal contracts in the
textile industry was granted by the Federal
district court of the District of Columbia. The
injunction, sought by 140 textile mills,15 princi
pally in the South, affects enforcement of rulings
under the Walsh-Healey (Public Contracts) Act.
Notice of appeal was filed by the Government.
The United States Supreme Court on April 11
let stand a ruling of the National Labor Relations
Board, previously upheld by the Federal court
of appeals in Richmond, Va., that an employer
must furnish the names and wage rates of his
employees if the union requests such information
in negotiations. The dispute involved the Whitin
Machine Works of Charlotte, N. C., and the CIO
Steelworkers.
The procedure of settling contract disputes in
the Pennsylvania hard coal mining industry
through the machinery of the Anthracite Board of
Conciliation— the Nation’s oldest continuing in
dustrial arbitration agency— was sustained April 6
in a decision of the Lackawanna (Pa.) County
Court. The legal action by the Moffat Coal Co.
was described as the first attempt by either party
to challenge the authority of the 52-year-old board.
The company had requested a court order to vacate
a decision by the board’s umpire directing renego
tiation of schedules setting local rates for 4 col
lieries of the company and a subsidiary. Vice
president Thomas Kennedy of the United Mine
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
Workers (Ind.) stated that the action, if successful,
would “ destroy the very foundation of peaceful
and orderly adjustment of grievances in the
anthracite industry.”
Antitrust. The Federal Trade Commission in midApril filed a restraint of trade complaint against
the Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union and the
Teamsters, both AFL affiliates, and 3 Los Angeles
area trade associations— The California Sportswear
& Dress Association, Associated Sportswear Manu
facturers, and the California Apparel Contractors
Association. The commission charged that the
associations and unions had entered into a series
of collective agreements to “ control 20 percent of
the [national women’s sportswear] industry.” The
agreements, the complaint stated, “ have a dan
gerous tendency to unduly hinder competition,
restrain trade, and create a monopoly in . . .
women’s sportswear.” The ILGWU denounced
the FTC charges as “ a complete distortion of the
facts,” saying, “ . . . our only interest is to elimi
nate substandard labor conditions and guard
against revival of the sweatshop practices that
once characterized our industry.” A public hear
ing on the charges is scheduled for June 14 in Los
Angeles.
The Attorney General’s National Committee to
Study the Antitrust Laws issued its final report on
March 31, culminating 19 months of study. It
included a qualified recommendation for “ appro
priate legislation” to prohibit union activities that
lessen competition— “ to the extent that” such
restraints exist— not “ effectively curbed” by
either the antitrust laws or the Taft-Hartley Act.
15 See M onthly Labor Review, June 1954 (p. 668); also p. 632 of this issue.
Book Reviews
and Notes
Special Reviews
A Policy for Skilled Manpower. A Statement by
the National Manpower Council, with Facts
and Issues Prepared by the Research Staff.
New York, Columbia University Press, 1954.
xxvi, 299 pp., bibliography. $4.50.
This volume calls attention to a group of work
ers whose critical importance for the economic
well-being and mobilization potential of the
Nation has been largely overlooked in the current
flood of discussion and reports on the adequacy of
the Nation’s resources of scientific and professional
manpower. It is divided into two parts. Part I
is a statement by the National Manpower Coun
cil—composed of leaders from industry, labor,
education, and public service—presenting rec
ommendations for programs and policies aimed
at strengthening the Nation’s resources of skilled
workers. Part II, entitled “ Facts and Issues
About Skilled Manpower,” prepared by the Coun
cil’s research staff, presents the factual back
ground upon which the Council’s conclusions and
recommendations were based.
The Council’s statement is focused upon five
major long-run objectives. Under each of these
are listed specific action programs that should be
carried on by governmental agencies, employers,
educational institutions, the Armed Forces, and
other organizations and individuals whose activi
ties influence in one way or another the develop
ment and maintenance of an effective skilled work
force. For example, to strengthen the contribu
tions of the secondary schools to the development
of skilled-manpower resources, the Council recom
mends that State and local education officials
reexamine existing vocational-education programs
to make sure that they reflect the hiring standards
and training programs of employers and current
changes in technology. To aid in developing a
more effective program for vocational guidance in
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
schools, the Council recommends that local educa
tion systems increase substantially and rapidly the
funds and staff available for guidance and counsel
ing purposes. To provide more equal opportuni
ties to acquire skill, it is urged that employers and
unions eliminate the practice, wherever it exists,
of barring individuals from admission to appren
ticeship programs because of their race or national
origin. As sound policy determination must be
based on accurate information, the Council recom
mends that “ the President direct the appropriate
agencies of the Government to provide periodic
and comprehensive appraisals of the country’s
available resources of skilled and technical workers
and to seek improvements in the methods of
estimating future manpower requirements.”
Part II, which constitutes the bulk of the book,
covers such topics as the relation between skills
and economic development; trends in skilled and
technical manpower; education and training of
skilled workers; the role of vocational guidance and
counseling in creating a skilled labor force; and
the influence of public policies upon skilled man
power resources. In the chapters dealing with
various economic and institutional aspects of the
skilled-worker problem, the research staff of the
Council has assembled a comprehensive picture of
the skilled work force, with emphasis on how it is
trained and how it can be improved, and has
pointed up the implications of this information for
skilled-manpower policy. For example, its chap
ter on how workers become skilled, by clarifying
the complex pattern of entry of workers into
skilled jobs, provides a basis for properly evaluat
ing all sources of qualified workers in developing
broad programs for expanding the Nation’s skilled
work force. The discussion of relationship be
tween vocational counseling and the development
of an adequate skilled work force gives a fresh
viewpoint on this problem.
The Manpower Council and its research staff
have covered, in their consideration of the skilled
work force, some workers who are commonly
classified as technicians, including draftsmen,
engineering aides, and medical technicians. It
was believed that these workers could most
effectively be included with the traditional skilledworker categories in the development of manpower
policy.
This book should be of interest not only to those
directly concerned with manpower policy but to
691
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
692
all who have any connection with training pro
grams for skilled workers, to secondary school
administrators, to guidance counselors and super
visors, and to students of labor problems. The
National Manpower Council and its research staff
have made a significant contribution to the deter
mination of manpower policy by bringing together
and summarizing a large amount of pertinent
information on the Nation’s skilled work force,
and by laying out a long-range program for en
larging it and improving its utilization. The
approach to the problem is broad, but the impli
cations brought out are specific and pointed.
— R ic h a r d H. L e w is
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Pension Planning—Experience and Trends. By
Walter J. Couper and Roger Vaughan.
New York, Industrial Relations Counselors,
Inc., 1954. 245 pp., bibliography, forms.
(Industrial Relations Monograph 16.) $5.
Scientific Employee Benefit Planning: Pensions,
Profit Sharing, and Stock Bonuses. By Howe
P. Cochran. Boston, Little, Brown and Co.,
1954. 354 pp., forms. $10.
“ To put it rather extremely, very little credit is
now given for installing a pension plan, but vigor
ous criticism may result from not having such a
plan.” This conclusion by Walter J. Couper and
Roger Vaughan in their study of pension planning
is based upon the new environment evolving out
of collective bargaining over pension plans during
the past 6 years. The study was conducted in
1952; it is the latest in a series on industrial
pension systems undertaken by Industrial Rela
tions Counselors for the guidance of employers
in 1932, 1938, and 1948. With this background
of experience, it is the authors’ view that the grow
ing universality of pension plans, and the legal
requirement making them subject to collective
bargaining, have “ considerably diluted” the man
agement-sought effects which a pension plan had
10 or 20 years ago as “ a powerful instrument for
the improvement of employee attitudes.”
The present study was undertaken to determine
the effects of the application of collective bargain
ing and of the 1950 Social Security Act amend
ments on pension plans. It was restricted to
current pension plans adopted prior to 1948, for
the better analysis of trends since that date.
The plans of 491 companies, in which 3% million
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
employees out of a total of 4% million participate,
are covered. These plans apply to over a quarter
of all pension-plan participants in this country and
most of the major “ pattern-setting” companies.
However, random sampling techniques were not
applied, and the authors are aware of the result
that financial and related businesses receive dis
proportionate representation. Furthermore, only
individual company plans are covered, and area
and multiemployer plans, such as those of the
construction or clothing industries, are not
represented. The authors state that the study
includes “ a reasonably representative group of
collectively bargained individual company plans.”
A major impact of collective bargaining has
been the development of noncontributory pension
plans, reversing the immediately preceding trend.
Equally significant has been the change from the
unfunded plans of 20 years ago, which amounted
to little more than “ expressions of good intentions
to give employees a retirement income” ; today,
funding arrangements are accepted as essential.
Similarly, earlier plans made no provision for
vesting rights either before or after retirement;
now it is standard practice to provide nonfor
feitable, legally binding rights, or vesting, upon
retirement, and there are increasing instances in
which employees who terminate employment
prior to retirement are given some rights to their
pension credits.
Employers are advised to proceed cautiously
and with foresight in establishing plans; cut-rate
plans are ill-advised, for an employer gets exactly
what he pays for. The caution is repeatedly
expressed that this is a field in which general
answers or conclusions may not be applicable to
particular cases. The general guide to the setting
of benefit levels, for example, is that they should
be set so that no criticism will be forthcoming from
employees or the community at large. The effect
of inflation on pension benefits is given some at
tention by the authors, and the investment of
pension funds in common stock, as a device for
meeting inflation, is treated at some length. Fi
nancing methods are discussed, and estimates
of probable costs in varying situations are provided.
Generally, the study should prove useful to
company officials considering the establishment
of a pension plan. Greater currency could have
been attained if case studies had been provided,
particularly of the adjustments made in unilat-
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
693
erally established plans to the requirements of
collective bargaining. By contrasting experience
under jointly administered plans and under com
pany-administered plans made subject to the
grievance machinery, the authors might have
added weight to their predilection for the latter.
The union role in the development and adminis
tration of pension plans, while not overlooked,
received little treatment.
The volume by Howe P. Cochran is an “ entirely
practical book” written primarily for the lawyer,
“ who is sleeping while this rich field is being taken
away from him.” The advice provided on em
ployee benefits plans and estate planning is also
intended for insurance salesmen, accountants,
bankers, and other business advisers. To the
owners of closely held corporations, the author
holds out the possibility of estate planning for
their own families combined with a program of
employee benefits, so that the latter “ often costs
nothing at all and frequently results in a profit.”
— J oseph P.
G oldberg
Bureau of Labor Statistics
The Structure and Government oj Labor Unions.
By Philip Taft. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard
University Press, 1954. xix, 312 pp. (Wertheim Fellowship Publications in Industrial
Relations.) $6.
Professor Taft’s book is a welcome addition to
the growing, but still far from adequate, body of
literature on the internal affairs of American
unions. While four of its chapters are revised
versions of articles that appeared in academic
journals, the material presented in the remaining
four is published for the first time. The detailed
information in the volume contributes to a firmer
understanding of problems involving internal
union politics and conflict, membership rights and
responsibilities, the way mechanisms for maintain
ing union discipline are used, and leadership func
tions and characteristics. It also illuminates some
of the structural differences among American
unions, and, as in the case of the unlicensed sea
faring unions, presents a history of organizational
developments in a field where the factors affecting
unionism are unique. As it was not Professor
Taft’s purpose to give a systematic description or
a formal analytic treatment of the structure and
government of labor unions, the title of his volume
may be regarded as somewhat misleading.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The student of labor will be grateful that the
author undertook to dig for and to compile the
data found in the chapters on “ Dues, Initiation
Fees, and Salaries of Union Officers” and “ Disci
pline and Appeals in Labor Unions.” The first of
these provides a basis for more accurate and bal
anced general assertions on the subjects with which
it deals. The second, a long chapter grounded
primarily in an intensive examination of the rec
ords of eight unions, contains a wealth of specific
information on the “ civil rights” of union mem
bers, the use of sanctions against members and
officers for violation of the rules touching the
union and the job, and the operation of union
judicial processes. The comparative treatment of
the automobile and steel workers’ unions and the
chapter which speculates on “ The Future of the
Teamsters’ Union” will, on the other hand, be far
less rewarding to the specialist.
Two questions lie at the center of Professor
Taft’s concern: the role of Communist influence
in American unionism and the reality of union
democracy. In treating the first, he tells a story
that is now more or less familiar, and reaches the
conclusion that the unions have on the whole “ re
sisted Communist infiltration and have played an
important role in reducing Communist influence.”
The full extent of this influence, the degree to
which the character of the union movement itself
at the close of the 1920’s and in the early 1930’s
facilitated Communist participation, the reasons
for the persistence of centers of relative Commu
nist strength, and the connection between racketeered and Communist unionism are problems
which require fuller examination than they
receive.
Professor Taft correctly emphasizes that “ the
degree of freedom enjoyed by the members” is a
key issue in union management, and cautions
against easy judgments on questions of union
democracy. He finds that the monetary contri
butions that union members are compelled to
make are, by and large, reasonable. Within ap
propriate limits, most union members enjoy a
significant freedom for individual judgment and
behavior, and do not hesitate to register com
plaints against their leadership. He sees a posi
tive and continuous relationship between the ac
tions of the union as an institution and the will
of its members, and concludes that “ the rights of
members and their protection in the union seem
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
694
on the whole adequate.” By implication, he
argues throughout the volume against applying
to the union the traditional tests for political
democracy, but he fails to make explicit the
meaning of the concept of democracy within the
context of the union as a private association.
— H e n r y D avid
Columbia University
The Management Team. Edited by Edward C.
Bursk. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard Uni
versity Press, 1954. 221 pp. §4.
Timestudy for Cost Control. By Phil Carroll.
New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.,
1954. 301 pp., bibliography, diagrams,
forms, illus. 3d ed. $5.
A Fair Day's Work. New York, Society for
Advancement of Management, Inc., 1954.
84 pp., bibliography, charts. $10 ($7.50 to
Society members).
Symposium on Human Factors in Equipment De
sign. Edited by W. F. Floyd and A. T.
Welford. London, H. K. Lewis & Co., Ltd.,
1954. 132 pp., bibliographies, diagrams,
illus. (Ergonomics Research Society Pro
ceedings, Vol. II.) $4, John de Graff, Inc.,
New York.
Current management considers itself a profes
sion with a body of principles and precepts to
guide its performance. Its practices are closely
studied and are described in detail. To help
develop this new status, business leaders have
spoken and written on the purposes and methods
or the general philosophy of management. The
business schools of management and management
associations have promoted the systematic de
velopment of this new discipline. They have
organized discussion groups, courses of study,
seminars, and conferences to disseminate their
views and practices. The new managerial com
petence can no longer be acquired in a haphazard
manner. New recruits have to be prepared and
older members of management have to be indoc
trinated in the philosophy, art, and practices of
“ scientific management.” As a result, extensive
training programs have been established. Publi
cations report on conferences or individual ex
periences or provide textbooks for the practice of
the new approach. Research into current prac
tices is being conducted by universities and
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
associations with the hope of systematizing the
knowledge and promoting the acceptance of
standard practices.
These efforts have one principle in common.
Their purpose is to improve the ability of business
leadership to manage its individual enterprises
without impairing its right to ultimate decision
making. Little thought is devoted to the ques
tions of democratizing the control of business or
the desirability of a business system with the
professional management class controlling its
destiny. The aim is to secure complete identifi
cation of the work force, including management,
supervision, and other employees, with the logics
and purposes of the controlling group in the
enterprise.
The speeches and discussion at the 24th
National Business Conference at the Harvard
Business School, reported in The Management
Team, were concerned with the development of
such a team. In the large organization, authority
must be delegated to release “ the full potential
of the management team.” The risks in such
delegation are inescapable, but satisfactory re
sults can be obtained by maintaining central
controls which check on performance but do not
stifle individual initiative and growth. The con
trols would insure high quality of performance
and conformance with management’s purposes
and would enable top management to select
promising individuals for greater responsibilities.
The volume is replete with discussions of the
experience with executive delegation and control
by practicing executives in many types of busi
nesses and job relationships. One caution runs
through the addresses, namely, that irrespective
of the degree of delegation or control the ultimate
responsibility must remain with the chief executive.
Typical of the textbooks on the application of
specific managerial techniques is Phil Carroll’s
Timestudy for Cost Control. In this third edition,
the author continues his special emphasis on the
standard-data technique in preference to indi
vidual job-time studies or predetermined timemotion procedures. The standard-data approach
produces time standards at lower costs and
possibly of greater consistency. No claim is made
for its greater validity. The procedure is ex
plained and illustrated. The book remains a
guide to the practice of the art of time study; it is
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
695
not a text for the science of the measurement of
human performance.
The continued criticism of the subjectivity of
the concepts of a “ fair day’s work” led the Society
for Advancement of Management to a research
project which produced a series of rating films of
24 operations. The time value for each oper
ation is a weighted average of the times allowed
by the raters (men in company groups judging
the film) for the operation on the basis of qualified
operators working at the rate of expected incentive
attainment on an 8-hour day. These films are
now used for training time-study men and for
standardizing and checking concepts of a “ fair
day’s work.” While the Society’s volume, A Fair
Day’s Work, considers methods for overcoming
such rating difficulties as anchoring, conservatism,
preferred numbers, and systematic and absolute
individual errors, it does not appraise the transferability of the training in the rating of films of
operations for speed-rating actual jobs on the
shop floors. The SAM has provided us with a
consensus of ratings but has answered few of the
basic challenges to the rating procedure.
While the practitioners are gaining more insight
into their own experience, and. tidying up their
own performance and practice, men from various
scientific disciplines are building up carefully
tested experimental and survey materials to pro
vide a factual base for a science of work perform
ance. On the European continent, the Ergo
nomics Research Society has followed up its
Symposium on Fatigue with a Symposium on
Human Factors in Equipment Design. Stimulated
by the needs of the military, a vast body of
research materials has been accumulated in the
fields of physical anthropology, applied psy
chology, anatomy, biology, and biomechanics
which is helping in the design of machines, tools,
clothing, and equipment better fitted to humans.
The symposium includes discussions on the effects
of climate and heat, problems of seating and
posture, and physical working capacity. The
Society is making a real contribution by organ
izing scientific discussions on specific problems of
work and work measurement. An American
counterpart to this organization is sorely needed
to stimulate scientific study of these problems.
— S olomon B arkin
Textile Workers Union of America
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Arbitration
By
Paul N. Taylor. Storrs, University of Connecticut,
Labor-Management Institute, 1954. 26 pp., bibli
ography. (Bull. 6.) Single copies free.
Arbitration Clauses in Connecticut Labor Contracts.
By Roland
C. Davis and others. Berkeley, University of Cali
fornia, Institute of Industrial Relations, [1954?].
36 pp. 50 cents.
Selected addresses from the 1954 Conference on Arbi
tration and Labor Relations conducted by the University
of California Institute of Industrial Relations in collab
oration with the American Arbitration Association and
other organizations.
Preparing and Presenting Arbitration Cases.
Child and Youth Employment
Wash
ington, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Em
ployment Security, U. S. Employment Service, 1955.
10 pp. 10 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.
Supplement to 1954 edition of the guide (30 cents,
Superintendent of Documents).
Job Guide for-Young Workers— 1955 Supplement.
Analysis of Child Labor in Ohio Industry,
1949-1954.
Columbus, Department of Industrial Relations,
Division of Women and Minors and Minimum Wage
and Division of Labor Statistics, 1955. 38 pp.
Shows frequency and number of injuries to minors under
18, by age, sex, and industry; and employment of minors
under 18, by education, type of work permit, industry, and
occupation.
The Protection of Young Agricultural Workers in Austria.
{In International Labor Review, Geneva, February
1955, pp. 195-206. 60 cents. Distributed in United
States by Washington Branch of ILO.)
Education and Training
Concepts in Vocational Guidance. By Herbert
Sanderson. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.,
1954. 338 pp., bibliography. $4.50.
Basic
Com
piled by Nathan M. Cohen. Washington, the Author
(1434 Harvard Street NW.), 1955. 191 pp. 2d ed.
$2.95.
Compilation of about 3,800 private and 600 public non
degree schools offering over 300 semiprofessional,technical,
and trade courses.
Vocational Training Directory of the United States.
Washington, U. S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Apprenticeship,
[1955]. 17 pp., chart. (Technical Bull. T-143.) Free.
Analysis of the status of a sample group of former
apprentices as to employment, mobility, relation of em
ployment to training, and extent to which training helps
in their work.
Follow-up Study of Former Apprentices.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
696
Washington, Pro
fessional Engineers Conference Board for Industry,
1955. 72 pp., bibliography, forms. (Executive Re
search Survey 4.) $2.
How to Train Engineers in Industry.
Training for Human Relations: A n Interim Report of a
Program for Advanced Training and Research in Hu
man Relations, 19 51-1954 . By F. J. Roethlisberger
and others. Boston, Harvard University, Graduate
School of Business Administration, Division of Re
search, 1954. xvii, 198 pp. $2.
Housing
The Problem of Ownership in Workers’ Housing Policy in
Western Europe. By Heinz Umrath. (In Interna
tional Labor Review, Geneva, February 1955, pp. 105- •
127. 60 cents. Distributed in United States by
Washington Branch of ILO.)
By Timothy
Sosnovy. New York, Research Program on the
U.S.S.R., 1954. xviii, 300 pp., bibliography, charts.
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Current Labor Statistics
A.— Employment and Payrolls
702
Table A -l:
703
707
710
Table A-2
Table A-3
Table A-4
710
711
712
713
Table
Table
Table
Table
A-5
A-6
A-7
A-8
Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours
worked, and sex
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries 1
Indexes of production-worker employment and weekly payrolls in
manufacturing industries 1
Federal personnel, civilian and military 1
Employment in nonagricultural establishments for selected States 2
Employment in manufacturing industries, by State 2
Insured unemployment under State unemployment insurance pro
grams, by geographic division and State
B.— Labor Turnover
714
715
Table B - l :
Table B-2:
Monthly labor turnover rates in manufacturing, by class of turnover
Monthly labor turnover rates in selected industries
C.— Earnings and Hours
717
Table C -l:
733
Table C-2:
733
Table C-3:
734
Table C-4:
734
Table C-5:
735
Table C-6:
Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory
employees 1
Gross average weekly earnings of production workers in selected
industries, in current and 1947-49 dollars 1
Average weekly earnings, gross and net spendable, of production
workers in manufacturing industries, in current and 1947-49
dollars 1
Average hourly earnings, gross and excluding overtime, of production
workers in manufacturing industries 1
Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours in industrial and construction
activity 1
Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing
industries for selected States and areas 2
1 Beginning with the June 1955 issue, data shown in tables A-2, A-3, A-4, A-5, C -l, C-2, C-3, C-4, and C-5 have
been revised because of adjustment to more recent benchmark levels. These data cannot be used with those appearing
in previous issues of the Monthly Labor Review. Comparable data for earlier years are available upon request to the
Bureau of Labor Statistics.
2 This table is included in the March, June, September, and December issues of the Review.
700
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
701
CURRENT LABOR STATISTICS
D .— Consumer and Wholesale Prices
742
Table D -l:
743
743
Table D -2:
Table D -3:
744
744
745
Table D -4:
Table D -5:
Table D -6:
747
748
749
750
Table
Table
Table
Table
D -7:
D -8:
D -9:
D-10
Consumer Price Index—United States average, all items and com
modity groups
Consumer Price Index—United States average, food and its subgroups
Consumer Price Index—United States average, apparel and its sub
groups
Consumer Price Index—United States average, all items and food
Consumer Price Index—All items indexes for selected dates, by city
Consumer Price Index— All items and commodity groups, except
food, by city
Consumer Price Index—Food and its subgroups, by city
Average retail prices of selected foods
Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
Special wholesale price indexes
E.— Work Stoppages
751
Table E -l:
Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes
F.— Building and Construction
752
753
Table F -l:
Table F-2:
754
Table F-3:
754
Table F-4:
755
Table F-5:
756
Table F-6:
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Expenditures for new construction
Contract awards: Public construction, by ownership and type of
construction
Building permit activity: Valuation, by private-public ownership,
class of construction, and type of building
Building permit activity: Valuation, by class of construction and
geographic region
Building permit activity: Valuation, by metropolitan-nonmetropol
itan location and State
Number of new permanent nonfarm dwelling units started, by
ownership and location, and construction cost
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
702
A : Employment and Payrolls
T able A - l : Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours worked, and sex
[In thousands]
Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over 1
1954 2
1955
Labor force status
April
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N o v .3
Oct.
S e p t.3
Aug.
July 3
June
M ay
Apr.
Total, both sexes
Total labor force
-------------------------- ------------
Civilian labor fo r c e ________________ ________
U nem ploym ent_________________________
Unemployed 4 weeks or less_________
Unemployed 5-10 weeks_____________
Unemployed 11-14 weeks__________ Unemployed 15-26 w e e k s ----------------Unem ployed over 26 w e e k s ----------Em ploym ent. _
--------------------------- ---------Nonagricultural- W orked 35 hours or m ore___ ____
W orked 15-34 hours____________
W orked 1-14 hours_________
W ith a job but not at work 4 ___
Agricultural _ _________ ________
W orked 35 hours or m ore________
W orked 15-34 hours. ___________
W orked 1-14 hours— ___ _______
67,784
64,647
2,962
958
538
355
664
447
61,685
55,470
43, 721
7,478
2,361
1,911
6,215
4,332
1,441
257
186
66,840
66,550
66,700
66,811
67,909
68,190
68,565
68,856
68,824
68,788
67, 786
67,438
63,654
3,176
964
795
356
615
447
60,477
54, 785
45, 248
5,618
2,241
1,678
5,692
4,273
976
249
194
63,321
3,383
1,138
893
377
524
450
59, 938
54,854
44, 741
5,935
2,265
1,914
5,084
3, 519
1,004
292
269
63,497
3,347
1,329
881
263
415
459
60,150
54, 853
44,074
6,606
2,170
2,004
5, 297
3,551
1,167
305
274
63,526
2,838
1,164
726
241
331
376
60,688
55,363
45,958
5,891
2,079
1,435
5,325
3, 788
977
302
259
64,624
2,893
1,274
705
183
379
352
61,731
55, 577
40,506
11,195
2,322
1,554
6,154
4, 598
1,126
259
171
64,882
2,741
1,129
635
181
406
391
62,141
54,902
43, 666
7,144
2,194
1,899
7,239
5,353
1,464
295
126
65,243
3,099
1,284
642
341
451
383
62,144
54,618
23,999
25, 559
1,984
3,076
7, 527
5,684
1,527
219
97
65,522
3,245
1,260
847
280
458
400
62,276
55,349
42, 514
5,727
1,753
5,355
6,928
5,164
1,214
327
221
65,494
3,346
1,394
853
250
510
339
62,148
54, 661
21,936
23,005
1,886
7,833
7,486
5,324
1,683
319
159
65,445
3,347
1,628
623
236
566
293
62,098
54,470
43,502
6,226
1,904
2,838
7,628
5,932
1,336
234
126
64,425
3,305
1,157
764
336
672
375
61,119
54,297
43, 962
6,211
2,133
1,991
6,822
4,957
1,436
285
144
64,063
3,465
1,160
854
403
740
307
60,598
54, 522
43,603
6,480
2, 379
2,060
6,076
4,231
1,336
283
226
Males
Total labor force-------------------------------------
47,590
47,226
46,922
47,044
47,005
47,426
47,586
48,007
48, 964
48, 948
48,619
47,791
47,671
Civilian labor force---------------------------------U nem ploym ent. ................ - ..................
E m ploym ent--------- ------- ------------------N onagricultural __................. ..........
W orked 35 hours or m ore____
W orked 15-34 hours_________
W orked 1-14 hours__________
W ith a job but not at work 4
Agricultural_________ 1---------------W orked 35 hours or m ore____
W orked 15-34 hours_________
W orked 1-14 hours---------------W ith a job but not at work A
44,493
2,093
42,400
37,113
31,211
3,688
1,049
1,165
5,287
4,052
862
201
172
44,078
2,283
41, 795
36,772
31,946
2,766
981
1,079
5,023
4,005
620
212
186
43,731
2,431
41,301
36,680
31,481
3,036
972
1,190
4,621
3,338
757
269
256
43,879
2,395
41,485
36, 732
31,041
3,454
972
1,265
4,753
3,378
864
266
245
43,759
1,996
41, 762
36,954
32,071
2,972
900
1,011
4,808
3,600
711
256
241
44,180
1,875
42,305
37,134
28,956
6,236
917
1,026
5,171
4,155
659
206
151
44,317
1,796
42, 522
36, 792
30,780
3, 782
864
1,366
5,730
4,579
822
201
128
44, 724
1,993
42,730
36,905
17,978
16,118
814
1,994
5,825
4,750
841
144
91
45,669
2,152
43, 518
37,712
30,699
3,156
727
3,129
5,806
4,578
745
270
213
45, 658
2,226
43,432
37,426
16,675
15,089
835
4,827
6,006
4,657
978
226
145
45,317
2,194
43,123
37,100
31,355
3,303
762
1,673
6,023
5,135
621
145
123
44,471
2,197
42,274
36,660
31,184
3,241
956
1,279
5,614
4,502
761
214
137
44,337
2,343
41, 993
36,682
31,100
3,257
981
1,344
5,311
3,987
891
224
209
20,559
19, 892
19,877
20,170
19,995f.
19,767
19,837
1,121
18, 716
17,235
5,263
7,916
1,051
3,006
1,481
669
705
92
14
20,129
1,153
18,975
17,370
12,141
2,922
1,142
1,164
1,605
797
716
89
4
19,954
1,108
18,846
17,637
12, 775
2,972
1,177
712
1,209
454
675
71
10
19, 726
1,121
18,605
17,840
12,503
3,223
1,398
715
765
244
445
58
17
Females
Total labor force - - ..........................—......... .
Civilian labor force------------------ -------------Unem ploym ent_____________________
Em ploym ent___________ _____ - ........ .
N onagricultural_________________
W orked 35 hours or m ore___
W orked 15-34 hours_________
W orked 1-14 h ou rs-------------W ith a job but not at work 4
Agricultural____________________
W orked 35 hours or m ore___
W orked 15-34 hours________
W orked 1-14 hours_________
W ith a job but not at w o r k 4
20,191
20,154
869
19, 284
18,357
12,510
3,790
1,311
745
927
280
579
55
14
19,614
19,576
893
18,683
18,014
13,302
2,852
1,259
600
669
269
356
37
8
19,628
19,590
952
18,638
18,174
13,263
2,898
1,293
720
464
181
247
22
14
19,655
19,617
952
18,666
18,122
13,034
3,151
1,198
739
544
173
303
39
29
1 Estimates are subject to sampling variation which may be large in cases
where the quantities shown are relatively small. Therefore, the smaller
estimates should be used with caution. All data exclude persons in institu
tions. Because of rounding, the individual figures do not necessarily add to
group totals.
2 Data beginning January 1954 are based upon a new Census sample in
230 areas and are not entirely comparable with previously published estimates
for earlier months. Revised m onthly data for 1953 were published in the
Census Bureau’s “ M onthly Report on the Labor Force: December 1954.”
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
19,806
19, 767
841
18,925
18,408
13,887
2,919
1,178
424
517
188
266
46
17
20,484
20,445
1,018
19,427
18,444
11,550
4,960
1,406
528
983
443
467
53
20
20,604
20, 565
945
19,619
18,110
12,885
3,362
1,330
533
1,509
775
642
94
0
20,520
1,106
19,413
17,712
6,020
9,441
1,169
1,081
1,701
933
686
76
6
19,853
1,093
18, 760
17,638
11,816
2,571
1,025
2,226
1,122
588
470
56
7
3 Census survey week contained legal holiday.
4 Includes persons who had a job or business, but who did not work during
the survey week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor dispute, or
because of temporary layoff with definite instructions to return to work
within 30 days of layoff. Also includes persons who had new jobs to which
they were scheduled to report within 30 days.
Source: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
703
A : EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T able A -2 : Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
[In thousands]
Annual aver
age
1954
1955
Industry
Apr.
Total employees-------- ---------------------M in in g s
_ __ __________
Metal_._ .
. .
------------- --
—
-------
-
--------
Bituminous-coal________________________
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
C on tract con stru ction ,
.
_
_______
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
1954
1953
48, 613 48,206 47,753 47, 741 49,463 48,808 48, 580 48, 490 48,123 47,866 48, 200 47,939 48,069 48, 285 49, 681
737
94.3
204.5
736
94.4
30.4
28.6
16.2
737
94.3
30.2
28.6
16.2
741
94.1
30.3
28.3
16.2
747
92.5
29.8
27.6
15.9
749
93.7
31.4
26.9
16.0
743
90.5
32.9
24.8
14.6
744
90.0
34.4
22.6
14.8
763
99.1
35.1
28.3
16.3
760
100.8
36.0
28.3
16.6
771
100.4
35.8
28.4
16.5
761
99.6
36.4
27.5
16.4
772
99.2
36.0
27.4
16.5
770
98.1
35.2
27.4
16.2
852
106.0
40.1
28.6
17.8
38.3
207.4
39.8
209.9
42.6
210.5
43.3
211.7
43.6
212.0
43.4
211.0
33.9
212.5
34.5
215.2
34.3
209.7
36.0
222.4
36.5
221.4
44.6
228.1
41.1
226.7
54.0
288.9
294.2
293.2
293.6
295.6
293.9
292.3
300.1
306.3
307.8
305.2
297.5
296.4
298.8
297.4
107.6
106.6
105.7
103.5
104.7
105.9
2,686
573
264.1
308.8
2,629
559
255.2
303.7
2,542
530
230.8
299.3
2,452
481
198.0
282.7
2,527
506
217.4
288.2
2,622
513
214.9
297.8
Crude-petroleum and natural-gas proNonmetallic mining and quarrying-------
Sept.
105.6
2,417
102.0
2,264
411
162.1
249.0
99.8
2,169
389
147.4
241.2
100.1
2,237
398
152.6
244.9
104.0
2,426
451
186.0
265.2
105.6
106.2
107.2
107.6
2,598
524
231.2
292.6
2,652
553
252.6
300.7
2,698
569
262.1
306.9
2,735
584
268.4
315.5
1,853
1,780
1,839
1,975
2,074
2,099
2,129
2,151
2,113
2,070
2,012
1,971
2,021
2,109
729.9
694.6
733.3
801.9
862.6
877.2
897.6
915.2
899.8
877.2
854.2
832.4
848.8
934.0
1,123.1 1,085. 6 1,106.1 1,173. 4 1,211.7 1,221.9 1,231.1 1, 236.2 1,213.3 1,192.3 1,158.0 1,138. 4 1,172. 7 1,175.1
' 266. 9 264. 7 ' 270. 6 283.1 288.1 291.1 291.4 293.1 286.3 280.7 276.7 276.1 283.4 288.9
130.7 121.7 121.6 135.5 144.2 148.4 157.0 160.2 154.6 150.2 138.9 134.4 141.4 148.1
143.3 144.6 148.5 153.7 155.4 155.5 155.0 158.6 159.9 157.6 154.5 153.1 156.5 159.7
582.2 554.6 565.4 601.1 624.0 626.9 627.7 624. 3 612.5 603.8 587.9 574.8 591.5 578.4
16,242 16,201 16,060 15,925 16,050 16,057 16,007 15,972 15,822 15,584 15,835 15,781 15,948 15,989 17,238
... .. .
— . —
10,105
Durable goods 2. , . , . ,
........... 9,410 9,322 9, 220 9,113 9,144 9, 121 9,002 8,887 8, 820 8,811 9,066 9,095 9,207 9,120
7,133
Nondurable goods 3._
------------- 6,832 6,879 6,840 6,812 6,906 6,936 7,005 7,085 7,002 6, 773 6,769 6,686 6, 741 6,870
M a n u fa ctu rin g
Ordnance and accessories. -----
-----------
136.4
137.4
137.2
139.9
141.2
142.1
143.9
145.8
145.0
147.6
151.7
156.8
168.2
160.8
234.3
F ood and kindred products........................ 1,433. 2 1, 420.1 1, 409. 7 1,430. 2 1, 490. 2 1, 538. 4 1,612.1 1, 703. 4 1, 677. 7 1, 594. 7 1, 519. 4 1, 464. 9 1,441. 2 1, 530. 2 1, 557.9
317.7 318.1 324.9 333.4 331.8 331.4 326.7 321.2 316.6 317.4 310.0 310.6 321.8 321.5
113.5 112.4 111.0 112.6 114.5 116.3 120.8 126.3 129.4 128.6 122.9 117.3 118.5 118.2
159.6 154. 4 164.0 180.6 208.9 274.1 379.1 351.3 265.8 201.2 179.1 169.1 224.2 238.2
117. 7 117.7 118.2 119.1 120.0 122.6 125.4 125.3 126.2 125.1 121.6 114.3 121.3 119.9
280.1 280.0 278.6 283.3 285.3 286.7 285.1 286.0 287.3 282.4 280.2 282.7 283.7 285.9
34.2
28.3
33.9
29.1
29.1
32.1
31.4
29.7
27.4
27.6
43.6
50.0
47.3
29.8
76.6
80.9
84.6
75.2
74. 5
72.6
79.2
85.2
88. 4
89.7
85.7
76.8
78.1
81. 5
194.5 189.6 191.8 200.7 204.9 207.7 211.7 218.6 226.1 219.1 209.6 205.1 208.7 214.9
132.8 131.8 130. 4 131.7 134.6 136.3 136.8 138.4 141.0 141.3 137.9 137.2 137.2 140.6
T obacco manufactures----------------------------
88.6
92.1
32. 5
38.7
7.5
13.4
97.1
32.1
39.4
7. 5
18.1
99.5
32.4
35.5
7.5
24.1
109.4
32.9
40.3
7.7
28.5
111.5
33.0
40.9
7.7
29.9
121.2
32.9
40.7
7.7
39.9
119.5
32.4
40.7
7.7
38.7
110.4
31.9
39.9
7.7
30.9
91.2
31.7
38.0
7.7
13.8
90.4
31.6
39.9
7.8
11.1
89.8
31.4
39.5
7.9
11.0
89.9
31.6
39.2
8.0
11.1
102.4
32.1
39.9
7.8
22.7
103.6
31.4
40.6
8.0
23.7
Textile-mill products------------------------------ 1,072. 7 1, 078. 8 1,078. 2 1,068.8 1,076.0 1,076. 4 1,072.6 1,071. 5 1,066.8 1, 038.3 1,066.0 1,055.0 1,066. 6 1,069. 4 1,185.8
6. 5
6. 5
6.7
6. 4
6.7
7.4
7.6
6.9
6.4
6.4
6.3
6.0
6. 9
6.7
131.3 131.1 130.0 129.2 129.2 127.9 127.3 126.9 123.2 127.1 125.4 127.6 127.6 145.8
473.0 474.3 472.0 470.9 468.3 467.8 468.0 468.2 458.6 473.2 469.3 473.6 472.1 530.4
30.2
29.9
30.3
31.8
30.2
29.5
30.2
29.9
30.4
30.8
31.2
31.1
31.7
31.3
218.9 216.9 212.9 221.1 225.8 225.5 225.3 222.4 212.8 217.8 213.2 212.6 218.0 236.1
87.5
87.9
93.4
86.5
86.1
85.6
87.6
86.5
88.3
90.2
89.5
89.6
90.3
89.9
51.4
52.9
57.6
50.1
50.2
49.3
50.1
51.2
51.2
50.7
50.3
50.1
50.7
50.8
12.6
13.2
12.2
16.3
13.3
13.3
13.6
13.6
12.9
12.9
12.5
13.1
12.2
12.5
63.0
62.6
67.7
61.7
58.6
61.8
61.4
61.5
63.2
63.9
62.3
64.4
63.5
64.5
Apparel
and
other
finished
textile
M en ’s and boys’ furnishings and work
Children’s outerwear__________________
Other fabricated textile products____ __
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1,189. 5 1, 238.1 1, 230. 5 1,199.3 1, 202. 7 1,188. 7 1,184. 4 1,185. 4 1,180.9 1,107.1 1,114. 4 1,111.2 1,158. 6 1,172. 5 1, 231.7
122.6 121.9 120.1 119.7 113.2 118.6 122.8 124.0 115.1 117.5 114.7 119.7 121.3 133.0
314.1
384.1
118.0
27.7
72.8
7.9
61.9
129.0
309.2
385.0
115. 5
27.0
74.1
8.6
61.7
127.5
300.1
376.4
112.9
23.7
71.1
10.3
59.8
124.9
300.3
374.1
114.6
21.2
69.5
12.3
63.1
127.9
304.7
355.1
117.0
19.5
69.9
13.1
65.4
130.8
304.2
345.4
116.7
21.6
71.1
11.6
65.1
130.1
301.6
352.2
113.9
22.3
71.2
12.1
63.9
125.4
296.5
356.9
110.5
21.8
72.1
11.7
62.2
125.2
273.9
334.3
103.6
17.4
71.8
12.2
57.9
120.9
288.5
321.5
109.1
13.7
72.1
12.9
58.8
120.3
287.9
324.1
111.5
15.9
66.2
10.9
57.2
122.8
294.1
353.2
112.9
21.1
66.2
8.9
58.3
124.2
295.3
355.3
112.1
20.9
70.1
11.3
60.8
125.4
311.4
363.1
115.5
21.9
71.2
12.1
64.3
139.1
704
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
T able A -2 : Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1— Continued
[In thousands]
1955
Annual aver
age
1954
Industry
Apr.
Manufacturing—Continued
Lumber and w ood products (except
furniture)__________ _______________
Logging camps and contractors____ _
Sawmills and planing m ills. . . .
M illwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products __________
W ooden containers. _____ _________
Miscellaneous wood products______ .
713.1
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
1954
1953
702.6
76.0
383.3
705.8
84.0
381.9
697.3
80.0
377.7
727.5
96.6
389.0
751.3
109.5
398.1
759.0
110.0
403.1
738.0
94. 8
399.3
658.2
81.0
353.9
649.4
77.7
346. 7
741.1
106.0
394.3
720.5
98.0
383.7
693.5
81. 7
373. 7
705.8
89. 6
378. 7
767.6
96 9
415.9
132.3
53.3
57. 7
130.6
53. 2
56.1
130.9
53.7
55.0
132.8
53.9
55.2
134.7
53.8
55.2
135.6
55.0
55.3
134.3
54.4
55.2
117.3
52.7
53.3
117.3
53.6
54.1
128.0
57.3
55.5
125. 9
57.1
55. 8
123.4
57. 6
57.1
126. 0
55. 8
55.6
130. 8
64.4
59. 5
353.5
251.9
352. 5
250.8
347.8
247.2
351.9
251.2
356.3
254.5
355.7
254.2
352.8
251.1
344.4
243.4
329.1
231.6
331.9
231. 2
333.4
233.6
340.1
239.7
345.2
374.6
41.6
41.3
41. 1
41.1
41.1
41.0
41. 7
41. 5
39.6
40.1
39. 7
40.1
40.8
42.7
34.1
34.2
33.5
33.3
34.3
34.3
34.0
33.4
31.6
33.6
33.2
33.4
33.8
35.7
Furniture and fixtures__________________
Household furniture____ ______. .
Office, public-building, and professional
fu r n itu re ..____ ___________________
Partitions, shelving, lockers, and fixtures.. ________ _ __ ______ _____
Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous furniture and fixtures______________ .
351.3
25.9
26.2
26.0
26.3
26.4
26.2
26.0
26.1
26.3
27.0
26.9
26. 9
26 9
29. 2
Paper and allied products.
____ _____
Pulp, paper, arid paperboard m ills____
Paperboard containers and boxes_____
Other paper and allied products______
539.0
534.8
264.5
144.8
125.5
531.9
263.9
143.5
124.5
531.9
263.9
144.3
123.7
536.3
264.7
147.7
123.9
537.7
263.6
149. 9
124.2
536.4
263.0
149.7
123.7
536.6
264.7
148.6
123.3
532.0
263.3
145.1
123.6
524.0
260.4
140.3
123.3
529.3
262.7
142.5
124.1
526.0
260. 2
142.1
123.7
525.7
259. 5
142.0
124. 2
530.6
261. 9
145.1
123.6
530.4
258.3
148. 2
123. 9
804.4
802.1
293.6
61.9
48.4
211.1
59.3
17.3
42.4
798.8
292. 3
62.3
47.6
209. 5
59.2
17.5
42.1
798.9
291. 8
63.0
47.5
210.3
58. 6
17.7
42.1
808.8
295.5
64.0
48. 2
211.3
60.6
19.2
42.5
807.8
294.7
64. 2
48.7
209.2
61.1
20.3
42.7
806.6
294.0
62. 9
49.3
209.7
61.0
19.8
43.1
802.9
292. 9
62.1
49. 2
209. 5
60. 4
19. 5
43.1
793.8
291. 4
60.6
48.6
205. 5
59.6
19.3
43. 4
792.2
291.1
60. 9
48. 4
205.7
58. 8
19. 0
43.0
797.6
292. 9
61. 4
48. 3
207.0
59. 6
19.1
42. 9
795.3
291. 5
61. 9
48.7
206.1
59. 9
18.1
42. 8
797.5
290.5
62. 9
48. 8
207. 2
60. 2
17. 9
43 0
800.1
292. 3
62. 6
48. 8
208 0
60 0
18. 8
42 9
791.9
289.1
62.3
49.9
205.1
57. 7
19.5
44 1
68.1
68.3
67. 9
67.5
66.9
66.8
66.2
65.4
65.3
66.4
66.3
67. 0
66. 7
64.1
Chemicals and allied p ro d u c ts __________
Industrial inorganic chemicals____ . . .
Industrial organic chemicals___________
Drugs and medicines. ____ __________
Soap, cleaning and polishing prepara_______
. .
_________
tions
Paints, pigments, and fillers. _________
Gum and wood chemicals_____ _______
............. .......
........
Fertilizers
Vegetable and animal oils and fats_____
Miscellaneous chemicals............ ............
809.4
809.3
104.2
303.6
93.0
794.7
102. 6
301.0
93.0
792.8
105. 0
299.0
92. 7
793.7
104. 5
298.7
92.4
793.6
103.9
297.7
92.8
793.1
103.3
295.5
92. 7
788.9
102. 7
295.4
92. 5
779.9
102. 3
295.8
92. 0
777.9
101. 6
297.1
91. 4
780.8
100. 7
297.7
90. 9
786.8
99. 6
297.0
90.8
796.3
99. 2
298.5
91.5
791.0
101 2
299.1
92.0
807.0
94,1
317.2
91.5
50.1
70.3
7. 8
47. 7
40.9
91. 7
50.3
69. 7
7.8
38. 2
41.4
90. 7
50. 4
69. 7
7. 7
35.9
42. 5
89.9
49.9
69. 8
7. 7
34.8
44. 5
91.4
50.1
69.8
7. 7
34.0
46.2
91.4
50.4
69. 5
7.7
35.1
47. 0
91. 9
50.8
70.1
7. 7
33 9
43.8
92.0
50. 5
70. 5
7. 2
31. 7
38. 5
91. 4
50. 0
70.4
7. 5
30. 5
38.1
91.3
50. 5
70. 6
7. 5
33.1
38.3
91. 5
50. 4
70.3
7 7
40 4
39.1
91 5
50
70
7
40
40
90
50
70
7
30
42
91
Products of petroleum and coal__________
Petroleum refining .
Coke, other petroleum and coal prod-
249.7
248.5
199. 8
247.4
199.7
248.3
201. 6
249.5
201.2
251.3
202.4
251.9
202. 9
254.2
204. 5
255.8
206.0
256.8
206.8
255.4
205.2
252.6
202.9
251.8
202.9
48. 7
47 7
46. 7
48 3
48.9
49 0
49 7
49 8
50 0
50 2
49 7
48 9
R ubber products_____________ _____ _ . . .
Tires and inner tubes____________ . . .
R ubber footwear___ __________________
Other rubber products___ _________ . .
269.2
269.2
114. 7
26.8
127.7
267.3
114.1
26. 8
126. 4
265.9
112. 9
27. 4
125. 6
264.5
112. 4
27.6
124. 5
259.0
108. 5
27. 5
123.0
257.5
111. 1
27. 0
119. 4
252.4
110.0
26.1
116.3
226.9
89 2
25. 8
111. 9
223.0
88. 5
25 3
109 2
251.6
109 2
25 0
117 4
250.1
107 9
25 0
117 2
Leather and leather products.. ___ _
Leather: tanned, curried, and finished..
Industrial leather belting and packing..
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings___
Footwear (except rubber)_______ _____
Luggage_________ _
___ _ . . . .
Handbags and small leather goods_____
Gloves arid miscellaneous leather goods.
375.8
385.7
43. 4
4.8
17.6
251. 5
16. 5
35. 4
16.5
384.4
48. 5
4.6
17.6
252.3
16.1
34. 7
15.6
376.7
43. 2
4.7
17.3
249. 7
15. 4
32 4
14.0
374.5
43.3
4. 6
16.4
245.8
16 2
31. 9
16.3
371.7
42. 7
4.6
15. 9
240. 5
17.0
33 2
17.8
369.2
42. 7
4 6
15 1
237. 6
17. 9
33 0
18.3
370.4
42 5
4 5
14 4
240 9
17 9
32 0
18.2
377.5
42 9
4 4
15 8
248 4
17 3
31 1
17.6
367.7
43 3
4 4
10 0
242 9
10 5
27 8
16.8
364.0
43 0
4. 7
10 1
241 3
10 3
25 5
16.5
354.0
525.9
32.1
89.8
16.9
42. 4
75. 7
54.1
519.0
32. 2
88. 7
16.9
42. 2
74.2
53.5
514.1
32.4
87. 5
16.7
42.4
74.4
52.3
520.3
32. 2
87.8
16.9
42. 5
76.1
53 0
521.9
31 7
88.6
16.7
42. 5
76. 6
53.6
521.4
30 2
89. 1
16.5
42 9
77.1
52.9
520.4
28 9
89 0
16.2
42 9
77. 5
52.6
516.6
27 Q
89 4
15.9
42 8
77. 5
50.8
506.8
80 0
15! 0
42 7
77 5
105.3
19. 7
103 3
19. 6
102 6
19. 2
104 6
20. 2
106 2
20.1
106 2
20.3
107 0
20.3
107 4
20.1
89.9
88.4
86.6
87.0
85.9
86.2
86.0
84.8
Printing, publishing, and allied industries . . . _______________ __________
Newspapers________ __________. . . ._
Periodicals_______________________ . . .
Books ______ . . . ______________ . . .
Commercial printing____ ._ . _ ___
Lithographing____ ~ ___________ ___
Greeting cards..
..
. . . _____
Bookbinding and related industries___
Miscellaneous publishing and printing
services______________________ _____
Stone, clay, and glass products___________
534.0
Flat glass
. . . . _____________ ______
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown.
Glass products made of purchased glass.
Cement, hydraulic . . . . _________ . .
Structural clay products_______________
Pottery and related p roducts.. . . . . .
Concrete, gypsum ,‘ and plaster products___
_____ .
. . . _____
Cut-stone and stone products ______ _
Miscellaneous norimetallic mineral
products__________________ _________ ............
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
243 7
267.0
5
4
7
8
4
0
43 1
90 0
253.0
203.6
260.4
206.3
249.1
107 5
24 5
117 1
250.2
100 0
90 0
278.0
43 1
364.5
43 3
4 8
370.1
386.2
47
234 4
15 5
25 8
15.6
241 7
14 9
28 8
15.2
10 9
30 9
16.2
31 4
18^0
509.9
509.6
511.0
514.2
543.2
91 0
15.5
40 5
70 3
51.4
91 0
15! 8
40 9
75 7
52.2
16.1
70 1
51.9
18! 2
41 8
7Q 1
47.3
90 0
15.3
39 4
77 4
50.4
100 8
18.8
105 0
19.6
103 5
19.7
101 7
20.0
103 0
19.7
18.7
83.9
84.1
84.0
84.9
86.0
95.0
6
6
7
9
8
5
51 1
74 2
7 9
55.8
A : EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
705
T able A -2 : Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry1— Continued
[In thousands]
1955
Annual aver
age
1954
Industry
Apr.
Manufacturing—Continued
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
mills- , - ___ _
___
._
- _
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
1954
1953
1,273.5 1,251.3 1,224. S 1,202. 5 1,191.7 1,177.8 1,161.1 1,156.0 1,160. 7 1,161. ! 1,178. 8 1,171. 5 1,185.4 1,185.0 1,332.7
607.4
229.1
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals. ____ _ __ .
_____
Secondary smelting and refining of
Bolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals.
_
. _________
Nonferrous foundries____ . __
Miscellaneous primary metal Industries........ . . . .
______________ ____
594. ]
221. 5
581. 5
216.2
577.2
212.0
65.5
65.2
65. (
64.6
12.6
12.4
12. £
12. £
109.1
84.9
108. Í
82.3
107.1
80.8
106. C
81.1
142.7
141.1
139.6
138.5
567. 1
207.2
570. (
206.9
570. f
209.2
573.2
208. 5
579. (
213.2
573. £
212.8
580.1
216. 6
581.0
213.0
64.4
61. 5
61. £
63 7
63.8
63. S
62. 5
62.3
62. £
61.0
12.4
12.5
12. C
12. £
12. £
12.4
12.6
12.7
12.4
13.5
104.8
80.0
103.4
77.0
98. 7
75.1
100. 7
71.3
99.4
72.9
100. £
75.0
100. s
74.6
100.3
77.2
102. 1
77.6
112 9
92.2
135.8
132.4
132. C
132.6
131.8
135.0
134.8
136.2
136. C
152.3
571. i
209. 1
653 3
247.6
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipm ent)__
___________ 1,076.4 1,066. 6 1,051. 5 1,043.0 1,050.3 1,050.8 1,035. 7 1,028.7 1,026. 6 1,015.9 1,038.1 1,039. 5 1,046.1 1,045. 2 1,139.3
54.4
Tin cans and other tinware_________
54. C
54.4
54.6
55.2
60.9
59.1
58.0
57.2
62.3
63.2
61.6
58.5
55.4
150.2 148.3 145.8 145.9 143.6 140.4 137.6 137.7 135.2 141.3 143.7 144.9 143.5 160.0
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware___
Heating apparatus (except electric) and
130. 4 128. C 125.4 127.6 130.6 130. 3 130.1 126.7 121.3 122. 9 120. 4 120.2 124.7 136 4
plumbers’ supplies. _________ ___
Fabricated structural metal products
264.0 262.2 262.8 268.6 273.2 277.0 280. 2 279.7 279.3 277.9 274.1 272.8 274.8 273 7
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving__ __ ___ _ ________________
220.8 215.6 213.4 212.9 212.0 201. 7 195. 8 196.8 197.6 207.4 213.8 218.0 212.0 254 2
48.4
46.4
Lighting fixtures . . .
47.7
46.2
45.6
41.1
42. 6
43.9
50 0
43. 6
41.8
40. 8
42. 5
43. 9
Fabricated wire products__ _ _ _ ___
63.5
62.9
62.6
62.8
60.6
57. 6
57.1
57.6
58.3
55.8
55. 5
55. 5
58. 4
65.7
Miscellaneous fabricated metal products____
_ _
134.9 132.8 132.2 131.7 130.0 127. 9 125.1 125. 9 124. 6 128.1 128.2 130.0 129. 5 144 1
Machinery (except electrical)___________ 1, 566. 5 1,544.8 1, 523.4 1, 506.0 1, 502.1 1,487. 9 1,489.2 1,498. 6 1,497. 2 1, 514. 9 1, 557.1 1,574. 7 1, 598.9 1, 551.1 1,707.9
Engines and turbines_______________
76.8
77.0
75.3
76.1
72. 2
74.1
88 5
71.8
72. 2
74.8
75. 9
76.8
77.5
76.0
161.7 157.6 151. 7 145.3 140.8 138.6 140.5 140.3 147.5 152.1 151.7 153.1 145.7 167 9
Agricultural machinery and tractors
122. 9 120.8 119.6 119.3 119.6 121.1 122.4 122. 9 123.7 125.1 125.1 126.2 123.7 133 9
Construction and mining m achinery.. .
251.4 249.8 249.9 251.5 252.1 253.3 257.5 258. 6 263. 5 270.4 275.2 281.5 270.8 306.0
Metalworking machinery. . . . .
Special-industry machinery (except
176.4 174.6 173.2 173.2 172.9 173.8 175.8 175. 6 176.1 179.1 180.1 181.8 178.5 189 3
metalworking m achinery)....... ..........
225.3 224.2 224.0 225.3 226.4 227.1 229.7 227. 5 227.7 231.8 233.1 236.3 232.9 245. 5
General industrial m achinery.. ______
106.1 105.0 104.2 105.1 103.9 104.9 103. 7 101. 9 102. 7 103. 5 103.3 104.8 104.7 109.3
Service-industry and household ma180.0 173.4 168.5 169.0 166. 5 165. 5 166. 7 164.0 165. 7 178.8 188. 4 193. 5 178.6 202 8
244.2 241.0 238.8 238.1 233. 5 230.8 230. 5 234.2 233. 2 240.4 241.0 244.2 240.4 264 8
Electrical machinery_________ ___________ 1,102.6 1,098.7 1,096.3 1,093.2 1,103. 2 1,104.7 1,091.6 1,077.5 1,060. 5 1,045.0 1,055.0 1,067.6 1,089.0 1,088.6 1,219.8
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial apparatus
. ___ _ ________________
368.5 365.9 364.8 365.3 360.5 360.1 354 7 355 7 357.2 363. 8 369. 0 373.5 367.8 402 8
Electrical appliances . ______ ____ ____
64.7
63.5
64.9
62.6
65. 2
65.6
65. 2
64 8
60.8
61.3
63. 0
64.6
61.8
70 8
25.5
25.3
25.5
_____ _
25.5
25.1
24 4
23.4
24.1
Insulated wire and cable.. .
25. 2
23.4
23. 2
23.5
31 5
22.6
76.4
Electrical equipment for vehicles..........
78.9
78.0
73.9
64. 9
72.4
71.6
67 3
66. 5
69.7
70.9
64.6
70.8
81 6
25.4
25.3
25.2
24.9
Electric lamps___________ ___________
24.8
24 5
24. 5
25.1
24.5
25. 3
25.7
25.4
24.6
27 6
490.6 494.1 495.0 504.1 511.0 505.3 495 5 483 7 468.1 466.4 470 5 483 4 490.1 556 n
Miscellaneous electrical products______
45.1
44.2
43.7
44.6
46.1
46. 3
46.8
45.3
45.5
45.5
45.3
45.8
49 5
46.3
Transportation equipment______________ 1,884. 9 1,867.8 1,844. 5 1,815.7 1, 788.6 1,744.9 1,657. 9 1,590. 7 1,649.3 1,693. 7 1,737. 7 1,751.8 1,793.6 1, 744. 9 1, 952.6
Automobiles
_______ _____ ____ ____
927.2 905.4 883.6 854.8 815. 9 730.1 653 5 713 7 743.5 776 8 781.2 807.4 780.6 928 9
Aircraft and parts_____________________
751.8 753.2 752.6 753.5 751.4 748 0 756 7 754.4 764.7 765.6 769 0 779.3 768.1 779 1
Aircraft.
_____ ________________
477.5 477.0 472.8 470.9 468. 2 466 2 471 2 474 9 474.5 470.2 472.9 476 1 473.4 472 4
Aircraft engines and parts___________
148.6 148.6 149.0 150.0 149.9 151.6 153.3 146.5 154. 9 158.4 161.5 166.5 158.9 174 7
14.1
13.9
14.3
15.3
15.7
16.4
16.5
16.6
12.5
13 2
16 1
16 7
15 9
17 7
111.8 113.5 116.5 117.3 117.6 114 1 115 8 116 5 118 7 120 3 122 1 123 5 119 9 114 2
Ship and boatbuilding and repairing.. .
125.6 122.3 120.3 120.8 118.0 120.3 119.0 119. 9 127.4 129.9 134.4 135.3 129.3 153.6
Shipbuilding and repairing_____
101.7
98.8
98.2 100.4
98.8 102.1 100.9 100.6 106 3 107 6 111 1 114 0 108 4 131 2
Boatbuilding and repairing___ ____
22.1
23.9
23.5
20.4
19.2
18.2
21.1
22. 3
23. 3
22 4
19.3
21.3
20.9
18 1
Bailroad equipment. . . . . . . . _______
54.5
55.1
51.2
58.2
57.4
51.9
49.9
48.9
50. 7
62.9
50.8
48.3
55.9
79.7
Other transportation equipment______
8.7
8.5
7.3
8.3
9. 5
9.0
9.7
10.6
10.8
10.5
9.8
8.7
9.3
11 3
Instruments and related products..
Laboratory, scientific, and engineering
instrum ents__________. . . .
Mechanical measuring and controlling
instrum ents________ _ . _________
Optical instruments and len ses____ .
Surgical, medical, and dental instruments.
Ophthalmic goods. _ _________ ______
Photographic apparatus______
___
Watches and clocks___________________
311.6
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
459.1
Musical instruments and parts________
T oys and sporting goods.
_ . . . ___
Pens, pencils, other office supplies____
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions____
Fabricated plastics products. ________
Other manufacturing industries............
See footnotes at end of table.
3 4 3 8 7 6 -5 5 -
6
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
311.5
308.9
308.7
309.6
309.0
308.9
308.8
305.1
305.9
310.9
316.3
321.3
315.7
334.8
49.6
49.3
49.5
49.4
49.2
48 7
48 3
47.9
50 0
50.8
53.0
54.2
51. 7
55.5
85.0
12.8
39.4
23.7
66.7
34.3
83.9
12.7
39.4
23.5
66.3
33.8
83.9
12.8
39.4
23.3
66.4
33.4
83.6
12.9
39.6
23.2
66.7
34.2
83.2
13.0
39.5
23.2
66.6
34.3
83.0
13.3
39.5
23.1
66.7
34.6
82.1
13. 5
39.8
22. 9
67.5
34. 7
80.6
13.3
39.6
22.7
66.7
34.3
80.8
13.2
39.6
22.7
66.7
32.9
79.0
13.6
39.8
24.0
66.2
37.5
81.2
13.7
39.7
24.3
66.1
38.3
81.6
14.1
40.0
24.7
66.9
39.8
82.0
13.7
40.1
24.0
67.0
37.3
82.1
14.9
43.3
26.9
67.9
44.3
461.7
52.4
17.7
79.1
28.8
66.3
74.9
142.5
456.3
52.9
17.7
75.9
28.5
67.1
73.1
141. ll
444.6
53.3
17.4
70.6
28.4
65.6
71.8
137.5
457.4
54. 9
17.6
74.5
29.6
65.2
72.9
142.7
474.5
56. 2
17.6
85. 5
30.0
67.2
72.9
145.1
478.0
56.3
17.5
90.4
29.8
67.7
71.1
145.2
470.1
54. 3
17.1
88.7
29.7
66.2
69.9
144.2
456.3
51. 7
16.6
84.9
29.2
64.6
68.0
141.3
440.5
50.1
15.8
81.6
28.5
60.0
66.1
138.4
453.7
51.4
15.9
82.9
29.2
62.1
69.5
142.7
453.3
51.9
16.2
82.1
29.3
59.6
69.9
144.3
459.7
52.9
16.5
80.9
29.4
60. 7
71.4
147.9
463.3
53. 7
16.8
82.8
29.5
63.6
71.2
145.7
498.5
53.6
17.4
94.3
29.5
67.0
77.2
159.5
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
706
T a b le A - 2 : Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1— Continued
[In thousands]
Annual aver
age
1954
1955
Industry
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
N ov.
Dec.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
1954
1953
3,944 3,963 3,937 3,927 3,996 3,986 4,005 4,023 4,018 4,029 4,017 3,993 3,991 4,008 4,221
Transportation_________________________ 2,652 2,645 2,625 2,617 2,683 2,672 2,690 2,701 2,686 2,694 2,694 2,676 2,674 2, 688 2,899
1,156.1 1,152.3 1,152.9 1,186.8 1.185.7 1, 202.9 1, 212. C 1,220.2 1, 227.8 1, 224.5 1,211.6 1,202.0 1, 215.4 1,376.9
1,010.6 1,008.7 1,009. 4 1,029. 2 1.036.7 1,055.1 1,064.0 1, 070.7 1,078. 2 1,074.7 1,062. 4 1,052.4 1,064.6 1,206.5
120.4 121.1 121.7 122.6 123.0 124.0 124.8 125.5 126.5 127.0 128.0 130.1 126.9 129.1
Local railways and bus lines__________
742.0 732.3 724.3 748.0 741.0 737.0 732.1 715.7 711.1 709.5 703.8 706.2 719.7 731.4
Other transportation and services____
626.1 618.8 617.7 625.9 622.0 625.8 631.8 624.5 628.9 633.0 632.4 636.0 626.3 661.3
45.7
46.1
45.8
51.4
45. S
46. C
46.0
44.1
44. 1
45.4
43.2
43.3
44. C
44.5
Air transportation (com m on carrier) _
108.1 107.2 106.1 105.5 104.8 104.4 105.1 104.5 106.6 105.9 105.4 105.5 105.2 104.9
741
741
741
742
747
744
747
Communication- __
_ _ ____ _ ___ 715
738
742
735
736
736
736
737
Telephone__________________________
700.2 696.1 693.4 694.2 694.3 693. S 696.2 702.7 705.1 698.8 698.6 699.6 698.8 702.2
41.2
41.4
41.2
41.2
41.5
43.7
41.1
41.2
40.9
41.5
41.0
40.8
40.6
41.0
579
576
582
576
575
577
579
584
588
575
588
Other public utilities___________________
575
578
577
576
Gas and electric utilities _
______
554.3 553.3 553.1 554.7 555.2 556.4 560.8 565.1 565. C 559.6 553.4 552.5 556.3 552.4
248.0 247.6 247.2 247.4 247.6 248.0 250.9 252.4 252.5 250.2 247.9 247.9 249.0 248.2
Gas utilities ________
________
138.6 138.2 138.5 139.2 139.5 140.1 140.7 142.0 141.9 140.5 138.5 137.8 139.1 133.2
Electric light and gas utilities combined _
___ ____ __ ___
167.7 167.5 167.4 168.1 168.1 168.3 169.2 170.7 170.6 168.9 167.0 166.8 168.2 171.1
23.2
22.1
22.4
23.1
22.5
22.3
Local utilities, not elsewhere classified22.1
22.2
22.5
22.8
23.1
22.1
22.3
22.0
T ransportation a n d p u b lic u tilities ________
W h olesale a n d retail trade __ _
Wholesale trade______ ____________ _
Retail t r a d e . . ___ ___ _______________
General merchandise stores _________
Food and liquor stores..- _____
Automotive and accessories dealers___
Apparel and accessories stores.- _ - - Other retail trade________________ _
Finan ce, insurance, an d real e s t a t e ______
Insurance carriers and agents
2,171
2,154
537.8
75.8
782.2
757.8
2,132
535. 7
74.2
778.3
744.1
2,124
531. 8
72.4
776.2
743.3
2,136
532.6
70.8
777.5
754.6
2,134
530.3
70.0
776.4
756.9
2,136
529. 5
69. 2
775.8
761.2
2,141
531.0
68.8
775.8
764.9
2,151
538.0
69.2
779.9
763.6
2,150
538.4
68.3
779.6
763.6
2,128
529.4
66.8
770.3
761.1
2,103
525.0
65.8
765.8
746.8
2,096
526.3
65.4
766.3
737.9
2,114
529.3
67.3
770.6
746.4
2,038
513.5
65.7
739.4
719.3
5,670
5,572
464.8
5,536
461.5
5,533
456.3
5,588
462.9
5,622
465.6
5,660
474.4
5,719
511. 6
5,750
578.9
5,755
579.8
5,715
521. 6
5,672
496.7
5,611
482.6
5,629
498.0
5,538
504.3
325.3
154.2
228.8
324.0
150.3
224.4
326. 2
152.7
224.4
327.1
155.1
225.5
328.3
158.4
229.9
329.5
159.8
236.7
329.1
157.3
239.7
332.2
155.8
239.7
337.9
161.7
238.8
337.3
166.8
238.1
333.6
166.3
237.6
330.8
166.2
233.5
331.4
160.7
231.5
339.2
166.2
234.0
____
_ __ _
Hotels and lodging p la c e s _____ ________
Personal services:
Service an d m iscella n eou s____
M otion pictures-
10,504 10,394 10,309 10,419 11,354 10,745 10,548 10,447 10,321 10,351 10,389 10,351 10,474 10,498 10,527
2,803 2,813 2,806 2,817 2,860 2,849 2, 819 2, 789 2, 784 2,784 2,761 2,750 2, 768 2,796 2,784
7, 701 7, 581 7,503 7,602 8,494 7, 896 7, 729 7, 658 7, 537 7, 567 7,628 7,601 7,706 7,702 7,744
1,355.0 1, 296.6 1, 269. 2 1,326.6 1,903.0 1, 518.1 1, 398.4 1,348.9 1, 280.3 1, 281.4 1,316.3 1,330.9 1,400.0 1,395.8 1,444. 5
1,481.1 1,472.7 1,467.4 1,462.3 1,493.6 1,471.8 1,460. 2 1,444.0 1, 434. 4 1,442. 2 1,449.0 1,442.5 1,444.9 1,446. 2 1,395.3
759.8 754.4 749.4 749.3 767.1 754.3 749.4 753.1 760.1 763.7 764.8 763.2 763.6 764.6 798.8
592.5 579.3 555.3 579.0 723.2 614.4 597.5 580.3 535.4 545.2 583.5 588.3 646.9 592.4 598.6
3,512. 2 3,478.3 3,461. 6 3,485.1 3, 607.4 3, 537. 4 3,523. 2 3, 531.8 3,526. 5 3, 534.3 3,514.4 3,476.5 3,450.8 3,502.8 3,506.1
___ _______ ________
__ __ _ ______ ________
6,928 6,922 6,873 6,835 7,166 6,917 6,829 6,746 6,563 6,551 6,716 6,736 6,725 6,751 6,645
Federal___ _______ _____ _______ _ ___ 2,154 2,148 2,142 2,139 2,457 2,165 2,147 2,142 2,157 2,161 2,164 2,160 2,167 2,188 2,305
State and loca l4__________________ _
4, 774 4, 774 4,731 4, 696 4, 709 4, 752 4,682 4,604 4,406 4,390 4,552 4, 576 4,558 4, 563 4,340
G overn m en t
1
The Bureau of Labor Statistics series on employment in nonagricultural
establishments are based upon reports submitted b y cooperating firms.
These reports cover all full- and part-time employees in private nonagricul
tural establishments who worked during, or received pay for, any part of the
pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. Because of this, persons
who worked in more than one establishment during the reporting period will
be counted more than once. In Federal establishments the data generally
refer to persons who worked on, or received pay for, the last day of the
month. Proprietors, self-employed persons, unpaid family workers, and
domestic servants are excluded. These employment series have been ad
justed to first-quarter 1954 benchmark levels indicated b y data from govern
ment social-insurance programs.
Data for the 2 most recent months are subject to revision without notation;
revised figures for earlier months will be identified b y asterisks the first month
they are published.
These data differ in several respects from the nonagricultural employment
data shown in the M onthly Report on the Labor Force (table A -l, civilian
labor force), which are obtained b y household interviews. This M R L F
series relates to the calendar week which contains the 8th day of the month.
It includes all persons (14 years and over) with a job whether at work or not,
proprietors, self-employed persons, unpaid family workers, and domestic
servants.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 Durable goods include: ordnance and accessories; lumber and wood
products (except furniture); furniture and fixtures; stone, clay, and glass
products; primary metal industries; fabricated metal products (except
ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment); machinery (except
electrical); electrical machinery; transportation equipment; instruments and
related products; and miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
3 Nondurable goods include: food and kindred products; tobacco manufac
tures; textile-mill products; apparel and other finished textile products; paper
and allied products; printing, publishing, and allied industries; chemicals and
allied products; products of petroleum and coal; rubber products; and leather
and leather products.
4 State and local government data exclude, as nominal employees, elected
officials of small local units, and paid volunteer firemen.
See footnote 1, p. 700.
N ote.— Information on concepts, methodology, etc., is
given in a technical note on Measurement of Industrial
Employment, which appeared in the September 1953
Monthly Labor Review.
A : EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
707
T able A -3 : Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries 1
[In thousands]
1955
Annual aver-
1954
Industry
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
1954
1953
M ining:
M etal.............................................................
Iron__________________ ____________ _
Copper___ _____ _______ _____________
Lead and zinc................. .............. ............
80.9
26.2
24.4
13.9
80.7
26.0
24.4
13.9
80.3
25.8
24.2
13.8
78.6
25.3
23.5
13.5
79.9
27.0
22.8
13.6
76.7
28.4
20.7
12.2
76.0
29.7
18.6
12.3
84.9
30.4
24.2
13.8
86.7
31.3
24.3
14.1
86.0
31.0
24.3
13.9
85.4
31.8
23.4
13.8
84.8
31.3
23.2
13.9
83.9
30.5
23.3
13.7
91.6
35.4
24.5
15.1
Anthracite____ _________________________
B ituminous-coal____________ ___________
34.7
189.9
36.2
192.5
38.5
192.4
39.3
192.9
39.5
193.1
39.7
192.4
29.1
193.8
29.4
196.5
28.9
189.2
29.8
202.6
32.5
202.4
40.7
208.5
36.7
207.3
50.3
267.5
Crude-petroleum and natural-gas pro
duction:
Petroleum and natural-gas production
(except contract services)....................
123.6
123.9
124.9
125.2
126.1
127.4
131.5
135.7
136.5
134.2
129.0
128.7
130.0
131.4
Nonmetallic mining and quarrying_____
87.1
85.0
85.2
88.8
90.1
91.2
92.0
92.1
92.4
91.2
90.8
88.7
89.6
91.3
Manufacturing___________________________ 12,812 12,787 12,649 12,523 12,645 12,657 12,612 12,577 12,418 12,179 12,437 12,394 12,548 12,588 13,833
Durable goods 2_____________________ 7,462 7, 383 7,282 7,182 7, 218 7,198 7, 081 6,965 6,890 6, 876 7,130 7,163 7, 266 7,184 8,148
Nondurable goods 3_____ _____ _____ 5,350 5,404 5,367 5,341 5,427 5,459 5,531 5,612 5,528 5,303 5,307 5, 231 5,282 5,404 5,685
Ordnance and accessories__________ ____
92.8
94.4
F ood and kindred products____________ 1,001.1
Meat products____________ ___________
Dairy products_______________ ______
Canning and preserving._____________
Grain-mill products___________________
Bakery products_________________ ____
Sugar___________________________ _____
Confectionery and related products___
Beverages____________________________
Miscellaneous food products.................
991.5
247.9
73.7
129.6
84.8
167.4
22.1
62.7
109.2
94.1
93.9
96.0
97.4
98.0
99.9
101.8
100.8
104.0
107.4
111.8
122.1
115.5
179.9
985.3 1,007. 0 1, 061. 9 1,110.8 1,180.4 1, 267. 5 1, 238.1 1,152. 2 1, 085. 6 1,036.8 1, 016. 2 1,100. 4 1,136. 2
249.6 256.0 264.2 263.5 262.2 257.0 250.7 245. 9 246.9 238.6 241.1 251.9 254.9
73.2
72.2
72.1
75.3
76.3
87.4
79.2
87.3
83.1
80.4
79.9
84.7
78.9
125.2 134.9 151.3 179.3 244. 2 347.2 319.6 234.6 171.7 149.4 140.0 194.4 207.0
84.5
85.3
86.3
87.1
89.5
92.4
93.2
92.2
92.7
89.3
81.9
88.7
87.8
168.9 168.0 172.6 174.5 175.1 172.9 174.2 175.5 173.5 171.9 174.2 173.9 180.1
22.3
24.5
38.0
43.8
41.0
24.3
23.8
23.0
26.7
26.0
23.8
28.4
28.6
63.7
66.8
74.1
75.3
70.6
61.2
71.5
65.0
58.1
60.3
62.0
70.4
66.6
105.1 106.8 113.7 117.5 118.6 122.1 126.8 132.5 127.3 121.8 117.1 120.0 126.2
92.8
92.5
93.1
98.2
95.7
101.1
97.8
98.9 100.8
98.6
97.7
97.7 100.9
Tobacco manufactures-..............................
Cigarettes__________ _________________
Cigars______________ _______ _________
T obacco and snuff_____ ______________
T obacco stemming and redrying______
80.3
83.9
29.5
37.0
6.5
10.9
88.7
29.2
37.5
6.5
15.5
91.1
29.5
33.7
6.4
21.5
100.1
29.6
38.4
6.5
25.6
102.7
30.0
38.9
6.6
27.2
111.6
29.7
38.7
6.6
36.6
110.3
29.4
38.7
6.7
35.5
102.0
29.2
37.9
6.7
28.2
82.9
28.8
36.1
6.6
11.4
82.4
28.7
37.9
6.7
9.1
81.5
28.3
37.5
6.7
9.0
81.7
28.6
37.2
6.8
9.1
Textile-mill products___________________
Scouring and combing plants.................
Y a m and thread m ills________________
Broad-woven fabric m ills........................
Narrow fabrics and smallwares________
Knitting m ills................... .......... ........ .
Dyeing and finishing textiles__________
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings____
Hats (except cloth and m illinery).........
Miscellaneous textile goods____________
980.0
986.8
6.3
121.5
446.1
27.9
197.7
78.5
42.6
10.9
55.3
984.5
6.1
121.4
446.1
27.3
195.8
79.2
42.6
11.1
54.9
976.6
5.8
120.6
444.3
27.3
192.3
78.7
42.3
11.1
54.2
983.4
5.8
119.8
443.1
27.1
200.1
79.2
42.2
11.7
54.4
982.6
5.4
119.6
440.3
26.8
204.0
78.5
42.7
11.5
53.8
979.4
5.7
118.4
439.8
26.5
204.2
77.5
42.9
11.4
53.0
978.4
6.3
117.9
439.8
26.4
204.4
76.9
42.8
12.1
51.8
973.6
7.0
117.4
439.7
26.1
201. 7
75.6
41.7
12.1
52.3
945.5
6.8
113.8
430.4
25.7
192.0
75.1
40.6
11.7
49.4
973.3
5.9
117.6
445.1
26.4
197.0
75.6
41.1
12.0
52.6
960.8
6.1
115.7
440.4
26.1
192.2
76.0
41.0
10.9
52.4
972.3
5.9
118.0
444.6
26.5
191.6
77.1
43.8
11.1
53.7
983.5
103.1
990.2
104.7
988.3 1,033.0 1,046.2 1,102.9
101.9 106.6 108.7 119.8
251.9
295.9
90.9
15.1
65.3
9.2
51.4
100.7
266.7
286.6
96.5
11.5
65.6
9.8
52.1
99.7
265.4
286.8
98.7
13.8
60.0
8.2
50.6
102.9
271.4
314.2
100.2
18.9
60.2
6.3
51.4
103.8
272.5
315.7
99.4
18.6
63.8
8.4
54.1
105.1
288.5
322.7
102.9
19.4
64.7
9.3
57.1
118.6
Apparel and other finished textile prod
ucts________________________________ 1,061.0 1,110.3 1,100. 7 1,068.9 1,073.0 1,060.4 1,056.6 1,058. 7 1,054.2
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats______
110.2 110.1 108.0 107.6 100.7 106.4 110.6 111.5
M en’s and boys’ furnishings and work
clothing_____________________________
290.3 284.8 275.7 276.9 281.7 281.4 277.9 273.4
W om en’s outerwear________ __________
343.3 343.1 334.5 332.2 314.7 305.1 312.1 317.0
W om en’s, children’s undergarm ents...
105.8 103.0 100.3 101.7 104.3 103.5 101.3
97.5
M illinery______ __________ ___________
25.1
24.3
21.1
18.9
17.2
19.2
19.9
19.4
Children’s outerw ear...............................
66.1
67.2
64.3
63.4
62.7
64.6
64.9
65.8
Fur goods____________________________
5.9
6.3
7.5
10.0
8.9
9.3
8.7
9.0
Miscellaneous apparel and accessories..
55.2
54.9
53.0
56.4
58.5
58.3
57.2
55.8
Other fabricated textile p rod u cts..........
108.4 107.0 104.5 107.3 109.9 109.4 105.8 104.9
Lumber and wood products (except fur
niture)______________________________
Logging camps and contractors..............
Sawmills and planing mills___________
M illwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products.................
W ooden containers____________________
Miscellaneous wood products_________
Furniture and fixtures_______ _____ _____
Household furniture__________________
Office, public-building, and profession
al furniture_________________________
Partitions, shelving, lockers, and fix
tures________________________________
Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous fur
niture and fixtures__________________
See footnotes at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
644.4
295.4
93.9
29.1
37.9
6.7
20.2
95.1
28.4
38.5
6.8
21.4
975.7 1,090. 2
5.9
6.2
118.0 135.8
443.6 500.6
26.3
28.1
197.0 215.2
82.5
77.2
42.8
48.6
11.8
14.8
53.2
58.4
634.7
69.4
353.3
639.3
77.6
353.1
631.3
73.2
349.5
661.4
90.0
360.4
684.6
103.0
369.0
691.6
103.6
374.2
671.7
88.3
371.1
591.5
74.7
325.4
583.0
71.4
318.2
674.0
99.4
365.5
653.7
91.5
355.0
627.3
76.0
344.7
639.3
83.3
350.1
698.0
90.0
385.0
111.5
49.3
51.2
110.0
49.2
49.4
110.5
49.7
48.4
112.6
49.7
48.7
114.4
49.7
48.5
114.5
50.8
48.5
113.5
50.2
48.6
96.3
48.4
46.7
96.4
49.3
47.7
107.4
52.8
48.9
105.5
52.6
49.1
103.3
53.1
50.2
105.5
51.5
48.9
110.5
59.7
52.8
297.8
218.2
296.4
217.0
292.6
214.1
296.9
218.4
301.4
221.7
301.3
221.8
298.4
218.8
290.1
211.3
274.6
199.4
277.2
198.6
279.0
201.0
285.4
206.8
290.5
211.0
319.9
233.9
35.0
33.7
33.3
33.1
33.1
33.1
32.9
33.5
33.4
31.7
32.1
31.9
32.2
32.9
26.3
26.2
25.6
25.3
26.1
26.2
25.9
25.3
23.3
25.4
25.1
25.3
25.7
27.8
19.6
19.9
19.8
20.1
20.5
20.4
20.2
20.1
20.2
21.1
21.0
21.1
21.0
23.3
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
708
T able A -3 : Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries 1— Continued
[In thousands]
Annual aver
age
1954
1955
Industry
Apr.
M a n u fa ctu rin g —Continued
Mar.
Feb.
Dec.
Jan
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
1954
Apr
1953
443.9
221.5
124.0
98.4
444.6
223.7
122.9
98.0
439.3
121.7
97.5
444.0
221.6
124.1
98.3
119.1
98.0
433.1
220.3
114.9
97.9
438.6
222.5
117.2
435.2
220.6
116.3
98.3
435.2
219.8
116.3
99.1
439.3
221.4
119.5
98.5
441.8
219.6
122.2
99.9
519.4
147.7
25.5
29.4
171.6
46.1
14.1
33.5
518.1
146.8
26.0
29.7
169.2
46.7
15.1
33.7!
519.5
147.3
26.1
30.1
169.6
46.7
14.7
34.1
518.3
146.1
25.8
30.2
170.4
46.3
14.7
34.2
509.1
144.0
25.0
29.5
166.7
45.6
14.3
34.4
508.4
144.1
24.8
29.2
167.3
45.0
14.2
34.1
514.4
146.7
25.5
29.1
167.9
46.0
14.2
33.9
510.7
145.5
25.6
29.2
166.5
46.1
13.2
33.6
512.
144.
26.
29.
168.
46.
13.
33.
514.0
145.3
25.8
29.4
168.7
46.0
13.9
33.8
512.5
145.1
26.6
29.3
167.5
44.6
14.8
34.8
437.1
221.2
118.1
97.8
441.8
118.3
99.2
437.2
221.6
117.3
98.3
517.4
515.2
145.6
26.2
29.4
171.2
45.0
12.5
33.5
512.0
145.3
26.0
28.7
169.5
44.7
12.6
33.1
512.
145.
25.
28.
170.
43.
12.
33.
51.8
52.1
51.9
51.5
50.9
50.9
50.6
49.6
49.7
51.1
51.0
51. 2
50.1
Chemicals and allied products---------------Industrial inorganic chemicals------------Industrial organic chemicals---------------Drugs and medicines--------------------------Soap, cleaning and polishing prepara
tions_________ _____ ___________ ____
Paints, pigments, and fillers--------------Gum and w ood chemicals............ .........
Fertilizers------------------------------------------Vegetable and animal oils and fats___
Miscellaneous chemicals_____________
547.5
548.3
72.4
211.8
57.6
535.3
72.1
209.2
57.4
534.4
74.3
207.0
56.9
534.2
73.8
206.3
56.8
533.3
73.3
204.6
57.6
533.9
73
529.4
72.2
200.9
57.5
520.0
72.2
201.1
56.5
517.3
71.7
201.2
56.0
521.2
71.8
201.3
56.0
529.1
71.3
201.0
56.2
537.
70.
201.
56.
531.7
71.8
203. 8
57.0
552.5
67.2
31.0
44.2
31.
44.
31.9
46.9
6.6
6.
31.8
27.6
59.4
38.
29.
58.
31.0
44.3
6.5
28.3
30.3
58.8
Products of petroleum and coal____ ____
Petroleum refining___________ ____ —
Coke, other petroleum and coal prod
ucts______________________ __________
171.6
178.6
138. 4
176. 2
137. 0
177.1
137.3
186.5
142.4
Paper and allied products----------------Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills.
Paperboard containers and boxes...
Other paper and allied products—
Printing, publishing, and allied indus
tries..........................................................
Newspapers___________________ - ..........
Periodicals.—-------- -------- --------------------Books______________________ ___ _____
Commercial printing-------------------- ------Lithography............................. .................
Greeting cards...........................................
Bookbinding and related industries—
Miscellaneous publishing and printing
443.6
439.7
222.2
Rubber products________
Tires and inner tu b es..
Rubber footwear______
Other rubber products.
211.6
Leather and leather products---------v-------Leather: tanned, curried, and finishedindustrial leather belting and packing..
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings...
Footwear (except ru bb er).-------- ---------Luggage----------------------------------------------Handbags and small leather goods------Gloves and miscellaneous leather
goods----- ---------------------------------- -------
335.4
Stone, clay, and glass p rod u cts...........
Flat glass____________________________
Glass and glassware, pressed or blow n.
Glass products made of purchased glass
Cement, hydraulic___________________
Structural clay products-------------------Pottery and related products------------Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products,
Cut-stone and stone products_________
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
products-------------------------- ---------------
449.2
See footnotes at end of table
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
866.5
222.0
56.9
31.2
44.3
6.5
25.5
31.5
59.8
30.7
44.4
30.4
44.3
6.4
27.1
29.9
57.7
30.8
43.9
6.5
26.3
34.0
59.4
23.2
26.8
59.0
22.0
26.3
59.0
30.9
44.3
6.4
24.6
26.8
59.1
169.7
131.6
168.6
131.8
171.5
132.8
173.3
134.0
174.5
135.1
177.1
137.2
179.3
139.1
181.2
140.6
181.1
140.3
38.1
36.8
38.7
39.3
39.4
39.9
40.2
40.6
40.8
40.2
39.2
39.8
44.1
192.4
80.4
19.2
92.8
194.7
79.7
20.7
94.3
220.5
92.8
23.7
104.1
325.4
38.8
3.6
14.0
217.8
12.6
25.6
330.6
39.0
3.6
14.2
219.0
13.8
27.1
346.8
42.4
4.4
15.1
225.8
15.3
28.1
30.8
44.1
38.5
28.2
58.9
29.3
28.6
57.9
170.8
131.9
38.9
6.6
6.6
211.2
87.4
21.4
102.4
209.4
86.5
21.5
101.4
208.5
85.3
22.1
101.1
206.
84.
346.2
38.8
3.7
15.8
227.8
14.0
31.8
344.5
39.1
3.6
15.8
227.8
13.6
31.2
336.3
38.8
3.6
15.4
224.9
12.8
29.0
334.9
39.0
3.5
14.7
221.5
13.6
28.6
22.
6.1
202.1
81.2
22.3
201.6
83.
21.9
95.8
196.3
82.6
21.0
92.7
174.9
65.9
20.5
88.5
171.0
65.2
20.1
85.7
195.6
82.2
19.8
93.6
194.2
81.1
19.8
93.3
332.1
38.4
3.5
14.2
216.2
14.5
29.9
329.6
38.4
3.5
13.3
213.1
15.5
29.9
330.9
38.1
3.5
12.8
216.6
15.4
28.8
337.9
38.5
3.4
14.1
223.8
14.9
27.9
327.8
38.9
3.4
14.2
218.1
14.1
24.6
324.3
39.1
3.6
14.3
216.7
13.9
22.3
315.5
38.6
3.6
13.2
100.
210.8
13.1
22.7
6. 8
29.0
31.6
60.3
15.6
11.8
14.0
15.4
15.9
15.7
15.3
14.5
14.4
13.5
13.0
436.6
28.9
74.7
14.6
35.6
67.7
47.1
85.4
17.8
438.3
28.6
75.5
14.5
35.7
68.4
47.5
86.7
17.6
437.6
27.1
75.9
14.2
36.0
47.
83.
17.
430.1
29.2
74.1
14.5
35.5
66.1
46.3
83.1
16.7
46.9
86.8
17.8
437.1
25.7
75 7
13.9
36.1
69.1
46.7
87.7
17.9
433.5
24.7
76.2
13.7
36.0
68.8
45.0
423.7
25.0
73.6
12.9
35.9
68.8
41.5
87.7
16.4
427.0
24.9
77.6
13.2
32.7
69.1
44.5
85.7
17.1
426.6
24.7
77.9
13.3
33.7
67.8
45.3
84.7
17.2
427.9
25.0
78.4
13.7
34.2
67.1
46.0
82.7
17.7
65.
64.6
64.8
63.8
64.3
64.3
63.1
61.9
62.2
62.0
63.1
64.
72.9
1,012. 7 1, 002.2
988.0
969.4
965.3
967.3
968.5
982.1
974.4
989.5
990.
1,131.0
497.8
188.4
493.0
184.5
486.7
181.4
481.2
179.2
485.0
178.6
483.5
181.3
485.4
181.0
488.1
185.5
483.3
184.9
490.8
188.5
492.
185.
559.6
217.9
52.9
52.8
52.5
49.4
49.6
52.3
52.1
51.5
50.9
50.9
51.
50.5
9.2
9.2
9.2
9.0
9.1
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.3
9.
10.0
85.7
66.6
112.1
84.6
66.
111.3
83.6
65.7
108.9
82.5
62.7
105.4
77.7
60.6
105.0
79.7
56.3
105.1
78.6
57.9
104.4
79.9
60.0
107.9
79.4
59.3
107.3
79.5
61.7
108.8
81.1
62.7
108.7
91.7
77.0
124.3
13.4
441.7
28,
76.5
14.6
35.5
67.4
48.2
85.8
17.2
434.
29.
75.
14.
35.
67.7
66 .
Primary metal industries_______________ 1,082. 8 1,060. 6 1,031.
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
523.1 508.
mills________________________________
201.4 193.
Iron and steel foundries----------------------Primary smelting and refining of non53.4
53.
ferrous metals__________ ____ _______
Secondary smelting and refining of
9.5
nonferrous metals----------------------------Rolling, drawing, and alloying of non87.3
ferrous metals______________________
70.8
Nonferrous foundries_________________
115.1
Miscellaneous primary metal industries.
Fabricated metal products
(except
ordnance, machinery, and trans
portation equipment)_______________
T in cans and other tinware-----------------Cutlery, handtools, and hardware____
Heating apparatus (except electric)
and plumbers’ supplies____________
Fabricated structural metal p rod u cts ..
M etal’stamping, coating, and engraving.
Lighting fixtures-------------------------------Fabricated wire products____________
Miscellaneous fabricated metal products
57.8
51. 7
30.4
44.1
6.5
25.0
33.0
58.8
30.5
43.7
14.3
202.0
222.2
30.2
44.2
6.5
25.9
31.7
58.8
30.2
44.1
6.6
222.6
68.6
88.2
17.8
13.9
431.
26.
76.
13.
34.
67.
45.
84.
17.
460.1
28.2
84.8
15.8
35.2
70.8
49.5
86.4
16.5
857.1
47.2
123.5
843.
46.
122.
834.4
47.2
119.3
842.7
47.5
119.2
844.1
48.0
116.9
829.4
50.0
113.5
821.0
54.8
111.0
820.0
55.8
111.0
809.2
54.2
108.6
830.7
53.7
114.5
832.3
52.2
116.7
837.
50.
117.
837.5
51.3
116.6
930.4
48.6
132.1
102.3
196.8
185.5
39.0
53.2
109.6
100.
194.
180.
38,
52,
107,
97.4
195.2
178.4
37.2
52.3
107.4
99.9
200.
178.2
37.4
52.4
107.2
103.1
206.1
177.3
36.4
50.4
105.9
102.8
210.1
167.2
34.5
47.6
103.7
102.3
212.5
161.1
32.8
45.7
100.8
99
212.4
162.2
32.3
45.5
101.3
94.0
213.1
162.
32.0
45.
99.
95.8
211.9
171.5
33.6
46.7
103.0
93.2
208.7
177.3
33.7
47.4
103.11
92.
207.
181.
34,
48.
105,
97.2
208.5
176.3
34.9
48.2
104.7
108.9
211.1
214.5
40.9
55.3
119.1
A : EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
709
T able A -3 : Production, workers in mining and manufacturing industries 1— Continued
[In thousands]
1955
Annual aver
age
1954
Industry
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
1954
1953
Manufacturing— Continued
M achinery (except electrical)................... _ 1,164.2 1,145.8 1,125.0 1,109. 3 1,105.9 1,092.0 1, 092. 5 1,097.0 1, 094. 5 1,110. 7 1,154.0 1,169. 7 1,191. 5 1,147.8 1,303.1
Engines and turbines__________ _________ _____
54.6
54.8
54.2
53.6
50.5
52.3
50.2
50.4
52.7
53.7
54.4
54.7
53.6
64.7
Agricultural machinery and tractors-..................
121.4 117.6 112.1 106.0 101.6
99.6 100.2
99.8 106.6 111.8 111.6 112.9 105.8 126.2
Construction and mining m achinery...................
88.9
86.5
85.6
85.0
85.2
86.7
88.0
88.4
89.5
90.8
91.6
90.8
89.4
99.6
Metalworking machinery...... ...................... ......... 191.5 190.1 189.6 191.5 192.5 193.3 196.4 197.0 201.8 208.4 212.2 217.9 208.5 242.6
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking m achinery)_____________ ____
125.2 123.5 122.4 123.2 122.7 123.5 124.7 124.8 124.7 128.2 129.3 130.8 127.8 138.9
General industrial machinery_________________
152.1 150.7 150.4 151.1 152.4 152.7 154.7 152.2 152.7 157.6 159.3 162.0 158.3 173.1
Office and store machines and devices_________
83.2
82.6
82.3
83.2
82.1
83.0
82.1
80.4
80.8
82.8
81.7
81.3
82.8
88.5
Service-industry and household ma- ______
138.4 131.9 126.8 127.1 124.6 123.5 123.8 120.3 121.8 134.2 143.3 147.8 134.5 157.8
chines_______________ ____ __________
Miscellaneous machinery parts................... ........
190.5 187.3 185.9 185.2 180.4 177.9 176.9 181.2 180.1 187.6 187.5 191.0 187.1 211.9
Electrical machinery___________________
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial appa
ratus____________________________ _
Electrical appliances._____ ___________
Insulated wire and cable_________ _____
Electrical equipment for vehicles______
Electric lamps_______________ ______
Communication equipment____ ____
Miscellaneous electrical p rod u cts.........
Transportation eq u ip m en t..____ _____
Automobiles_______ ________________
Aircraft and parts__________________
Aircraft___________________________
Aircraft engines and parts________
Aircraft propellers and parts______
Other aircraft parts and equipment.
Ship and boatbuilding and repairing.
Shipbuilding and repairing_______
Boatbuilding and repairing_______
Railroad equipment.......... ...............
Other transportation equipment____
807.6
805.8
803.4
799.5
809.1
810.7
799.9
785.4
766.3
750.5
760.9
776.3
796.1
794.6
925.1
258.6
51.7
20.5
64.6
22.1
355.0
33.3
256.4
50.5
20.3
63.7
22.0
358.1
32.4
255.0
49.5
20.6
62.2
21.9
358.3
32.0
256.0
51.9
20.7
59.7
21.6
366.6
32.6
250.9
52.8
20.4
57.4
21.4
373.5
34.3
250.6
52.7
20.4
50.6
21.3
370.1
34.2
244.6
52.3
19.6
53.3
21.2
359.9
34.5
244.5
49.3
18.5
50.3
21.2
347.7
34.8
245.2
48.1
18.0
52.3
21.2
331.9
33.8
253.0
48.7
18.6
55.7
21.8
329.3
33.8
259.2
50.7
18.8
56.8
22.1
334.7
34.0
263.3
53.1
19.0
58.0
22.4
346.4
33.9
257.1
52.2
19.4
56.6
22.1
353.1
34.1
290.7
59.0
26.1
67.1
24.2
419.9
38.1
1,465.2 1,448.3 1,426.4 1, 399.8 1,374. 7 1,333.8 1,249.0 1,182.9 1,238.4 1, 279.4 1,327.8 1,346.0 1,384.1 1, 334.9 1, 542.9
772.0 750.1 729.5 701.8 665.1 579.6 504.2 562.0 589.8 623.5 630.3 654.5 628.4 767.1
520.0 523.2 523.1 525.1 523.6 522.1 530.6 528.1 537.3 542.7 548.1 557.7 544.3 568.7
328.1 329.6 325.8 325.9 324.0 323.5 328.4 332.9 332.1 331.9 336.7 339.9 333.8 343.0
99.0
99.7
99.8 100.2 100.3 102.0 103.5
96.4 104.1 108.0 110.8 115.7 108.8 124.7
9.6
9.8
10.0
11.1
10.8
11.3
11.5
11.7
12.0
11.9
8.7
8.9
11.3
13.1
83.3
84.1
87.5
88.2
88.2
85.3
87.2
89.2
90.8
87.1
91.9
93.2
90.5
88.0
109.1 105.6 103.7 104.2 101.4 103.8 102.7 103.3 110.8 113.1 117.4 117.8 112.3 135.1
88.2
85.0
85.1
84.3
86.6
88.4
87.2
86.8
92.4
93.5
99.1
96.8
94.1 115.1
19.4
20.9
20.5
17.6
16.4
15.4
18.4
15.5
16.5
19.6
20.6
18.7
18.3
20.0
40.2
40.8
37.8
37.0
35.7
36.4
36.2
34.7
33.4
40.7
43.0
47.1
42.3
62.4
7.0
6.6
8.0
6.7
5.7
8.8
9.0
8.8
8.1
7.8
7.2
7.0
7.6
9.6
Instruments and related p ro d u cts ........... 219.8
Laboratory, scientific, and engineering
instruments________________________________
Mechanical measuring and controlling
instruments________________________________
Optical instruments and lenses____ _____ _____
Surgical, medical, and dental instru
ments_____________________ ________________
Ophthalmic goods____ _______________________
Photographic apparatus................ ...................... .
Watches and clocks...... .............. ............. .............
219.4
216.4
216.5
217.7
217.6
217.5
217.7
213.8
214.0
218.7
223.5
228.1
223.3
243.7
30.0
29.7
29.8
29.7
29.7
29.0
28.7
27.9
29.3
30.0
31.5
32.7
31.0
34.8
60.7
9.8
59.6
9.8
59.8
9.9
59.4
10.0
59.1
10.1
58.7
10.4
58.2
10.6
56.6
10.6
56.6
10.5
54.6
10.7
57.0
10.7
57.4
11.0
57.8
10.7
59.1
11.7
27.4
18.7
44.5
28.3
27.2
18.5
43.9
27.7
27.2
18.4
44.1
27.3
27.3
18.3
45.0
28.0
27.1
18.3
45.1
28.2
27.2
18.3
45.4
28.5
27.5
18.1
46.0
28.6
27.3
18.0
45.0
28.4
27.4
17.8
45.2
27.2
27.7
19.0
45.4
31.3
27.7
19.3
45.2
32.1
28.0
19.7
45.8
33.5
27.9
19.0
45.7
31.1
31.0
21.6
47.4
38.2
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.. 374.1
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware__________
Musical instruments and parts....... .....................
T oys and sporting good s.-------------------------------Pens, pencils, other office supplies____________
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions____________
Fabricated plastics products__________________
Other manufacturing industries_______________
377.1
42.0
15.0
65.5
21.4
55.9
61.6
115.7
370.9
42.3
15.0
62.2
21.1
56.5
59.6
114.2
360.0
43.2
14.9
57.1
20.9
55.0
58.3
110.6
373.0
44.6
15.1
61.0
22.1
54.6
59.3
116.3
389.8
46.0
15.1
71.9
22.6
56.3
59.2
118.7
393.0
45.7
15.1
76.3
22.4
56.9
58.0
118.6
386.4
44.4
14.6
74.8
22.4
55.7
56.8
117.7
373.3
41.8
14.2
71.2
21.9
54.2
55.0
115.0
358.2
40.2
13.4
68.1
21.3
49.7
53.6
111.9
370.6
41.4
13.4
69.4
22.0
51.8
56.7
115.9
369.7
41.8
13.7
68.7
22.1
49.1
57.2
117.1
376.0
42.6
14.0
67.7
22.1
50.5
58.7
120.4
379.0
43.6
14.4
69.2
22.2
53.2
58.2
118.4
413.4
43.8
15.1
81.1
22.3
56.2
64.6
130.4
1 See footnote 1, table A -2. Production and related workers include work
ing foremen and all nonsupervisory workers (including leadmen and trainees)
engaged in fabricating, processing, assembling, inspection, receiving, storage,
handling, packing, warehousing, shipping, maintenance, janitorial, watch
man services, products development, auxiliary production for plant’s own
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
use (e. g., powerplant), and recordkeeping and other services closely associ
ated with the above production operations.
2 See footnote 2, table A -2.
3 See footnote 3, table A -2.
See footnote 1 on p. 700.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
710
T able A -4 : Indexes of production-worker employment and weekly payrolls in manufacturing industries1
1947-49 = 100]
Period
E m ploy
ment
W eekly
payrolls
29.9
34.0
49.3
72. 2
99.0
102.8
87 8
81.2
97.7
105.1
66 2
71.2
87.9
103.9
121.4
118.1
104.0
97. 9
103 4
102.8
E m ploy
ment
Period
1954: Average________ _____
1954: A pril_________________
July.......... .......................
1 See footnote 1, tables A -2 and A-3.
W eekly
payrolls
93.8
99.6
106.4
106.3
111.8
101.8
97.2
111.7
129.8
136.6
151.4
137.7
101.4
100.2
100.5
98.5
134.5
134.6
135.8
131.9
E m ploy
ment
Period
W eekly
payrolls
1954: August----------------------September__________ .
October_______________
N ovem ber____________
Decem ber____________
100.4
101.7
102.0
102.3
102.2
134.8
138.0
139.1
142.2
143.1
1955: January____ _______ _
February. ___________
M arch________________
A pril_________________
101.2
102.3
103.4
103.6
141.5
144.4
147.0
See footnote 1 on p. 700.
T able A -5 : Federal personnel, civilian and military
[In thousands]
Annual average
1954
1955
Branch and agency
Mar.
Total Federal civilian em
ployment 1_______________ 2,148
Feb.
2,142
Jan.
2,139
Dec.
2,457
N ov.
2,165
Oct.
2,147
Sept.
2,142
Aug.
2,157
July
2,161
June
2,164
M ay
2,160
Apr.
2,167
Mar.
2,173
1954
2,188
Executive 2____________ 2,122.1 2,116.4 2,113. 2 2,431.1 2,138. 7 2,121.3 2,115. 9 2,130. 9 2,135.4 2,137. 6 2,134. 0 2,141. 4 2,147. 0 2,161. 6
Department of D e
fense.. ___________ 1, 019. 9 1, 016. 8 1,014. 6 1,011.9 1,011.7 1,011.1 1, 012. 6 1, 020.6 1,022.1 1,025. 2 1, 029. 0 1, 036. 0 1,041.4 1,027.3
Post Office Depart
529.2
502.6
507.4
502.4
500.8
503.3
504.8
506.2
501.8
505.7
808.4
504.8
502.1
503.7
ment
. . ______
605.1
602.8
604.8
606.0
607.6
602.6
608.3
599.9
604.6
620.9
610.8
593.7
Other agencies_______
600.1
595.8
Legislative_____________
J u d icia l_______________
21.8
4.0
21.8
4.0
21.7
4.0
22.0
4.0
22.1
4.0
22.1
4.0
22.0
4.0
22.0
4.0
22.0
3.9
21.9
4.0
21.8
3.9
21.8
3.9
21.8
3.9
1953
2,305
2, 278.8
1,130.6
526.5
621.7
21.9
4.0
22.2
3.9
228.2
227.6
226.7
230.7
226.9
226.4
225.7
227.3
228.3
228.5
226.4
227.5
227.3
227.5
240.9
Executive 2___ . . . . .
Department
of
De
fense.. ______________
Post
Office Depart
m ent______ _ . . . . . .
Other agencies_________
207.5
207.0
206.1
209.8
206 0
205.5
204.7
206.4
207.4
207.7
205.7
206.7
206.6
206.7
219.8
88.0
87.7
87.4
87.0
87.0
86.8
86.5
87.0
87.2
87.2
86.4
87.1
87.3
87.1
90.4
8.7
110.9
8.8
110.5
8.8
109.9
13.0
109.8
8.7
110.2
8.7
110.0
8.7
109.5
8.8
110.6
8.9
111.3
8.9
111.6
9.0
110.3
9.2
110.5
9.1
110.2
9.3
110.4
9.5
119.8
Legislative_____________
Judicial_______ _______
20.0
.7
19.9
.7
19.9
.7
20.1
.7
20.2
.7
20.2
.7
20.2
.7
20.2
.7
20.2
.7
20.1
.7
20.0
.7
20.0
.7
20.0
.7
20.1
.7
20.3
.7
3,341
3,372
3, 326
3,309
3, 331
3, 331
3,356
3,286
3,318
3,209
3,261
3,231
Total military personnel4 . 3,134
3,188
A rm y__________________ .1, 263. 0 1, 300. 3 1, 334. 0 1, 326.1 1, 351. 9 1, 368. 3 1,385. 0 1,394. 9 1,405. 2 1, 404. 6 1,416. 8 1,425.1 1, 438. 6 1,402. 0
932.3
946.0
953.3
947.9
939.8
958.3
936.8
947.2
966.4
965.1
961.7
955.9
952.9
957.0
Air Force______________
736.4
744.9
749.8
725.1
714. 1
719.2
725.7
702.0
711.1
686.5
692.7
689.4
698.5
N a v y .. _______________
675.4
221.1
219.2
222.0
224.0
223.9
218.5
223.8
221.5
221.8
221.8
214.2
217.6
220.7
210.5
Marine Corps__________
29.9
30.4
29.5
28.9
29.2
29.5
28.9
28.9
28.8
28.0
28.0
28.5
27.9
27.7
Coast Guard___________
3,545
1, 508.9
957.9
792.7
250.6
34.7
District of C olu m bia3. . . .
1 Data refer to Continental United States only.
2 Includes all executive agencies (except the Central Intelligence Agency)
and Government corporations. Civilian employment in navy yards,
arsenals, hospitals, and on force-account construction is also included.
3 Includes all Federal civilian employment in Washington Standard Metro-
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
politan Area (District of Columbia and adjacent M aryland and Virginia
counties).
4 Data refer to Continental United States and elsewhere.
See footnote 1 on p. 700.
711
A : EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T able A -6 : Employment in nonagricultural establishments for selected States 1
[In thousands]
Annual average
1954
1955
State
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
1954
1953
664.4
665.4
662.3
660.4
661.3
672.2
671.6
653.8
653.6
662.1
675.3
668.9
660.1
669.3
Alabama___________________
201.4
202.5
201.7
202.3
197.5
196.6
198.3
199.0
208.9
205.2
202.3
206.8
205.6
209.8
Arizona,. _________________
306.2
305.9
304.9
306.0
302.1
305.6
308.6
308.7
308.3
302.6
304.2
314.1
309.9
305.9
Arkansas 2 ________________
3,874.7 3,837.1 3, 815. 7 3, 951. 2 3,887.5 3,902. 5 3, 914. 7 3,884. 8 3,835.4 3,823.8 3,810. 6 3, 796.3 3, 785.0 3,849. 6
California________________
391.5
387.5
400.6
405.5
394.7
408.5
411.8
409.7
400.4
410.3
410.0
393.9
395.0
397.2
Colorado__________________
679.9
202.4
316.1
3, 895.3
412.2
851.2
491.5
861.6
892.2
131.1
879.3
508.9
835.7
906.2
134.9
Illinois 2____________________ 3, 257.3 3, 231.7 3,240.3 3,343. 7 3,303. 5 3,295.7 3,298.1 3,265.0 3, 243.5 3, 282.9 3,269.9 3,272. 4 3, 250.3 3, 280.3
Indiana____________________ 1,334.0 1,318.3 1,313.1 1,343. 2 1,324 9 1,318.0 1,317.6 1, 284. 6 1, 289.8 1,303. 4 1,307.1 1,320.0 1,321.7 1,318.8
606.2
615.2
613.2
618.8
623.2
629.5
618.8
621.8
611.9
627.3
629.8
630.9
617.0
610.3
Iowa_____________________
531.1
542.1
541.3
538.8
543.7
544.6
545.9
551.7
552.4
549.6
536. 4
533.4
552.6
541.2
Kansas____________________
684.9
693.2
691.4
692.4
689.3
692.6
690.7
701.9
699.3
695.8
676.7
678.1
681.1
709.0
Louisiana2________________
3,411.4
1,423. 6
633.0
546.4
696.4
255.1
255.8
266.6
264.8
277.2
275.9
276.0
265.1
268.6
271.3
260.2
268.3
259.5
258.2
Maine 2____________________
779.9
789.6
784.7
791.2
784.2
798.3
797.2
796.7
789.7
796.7
774.2
775.3
800.1
M aryland__________________ 788.2
1,
748. 5
1,
749.8
1,
743.0
Massachusetts__________ -- 1, 725.5 1, 710. 6 1,714.4 1,774.3 1, 744.6 1, 744. 8 1,745.8 1, 745. 7 1,737.0 1, 756.0 1,747.1
M ichigan______ _____ _____ 2,354. 9 2,331.1 2,325.6 2,376.0 2,323.0 2,257.3 2,194.1 2, 217. 9 2,238. 5 2, 286.2 2, 287. 7 2,307.6 2,306.2 2, 288.1
815.9
845.8
841.8
829.8
872.9
858.3
846.9
859.9
862.8
864.8
822.0
855.8
814.2
814.3
Minnesota 2____________ ---
274.7
806.5
1,815.6
2, 455.1
865.9
336.0
334.7
331.5
334.5
332.2
333.1
332.0
341.3
343.6
349.2
344.0
336.3
338.3
Mississippi____________ ____ 341.0
M issouri2__________________ 1,246.9 1, 233. 2 1, 235.3 1, 276.3 1, 250.6 1,246. 6 1,248.9 1, 243. 0 1,246. 6 1, 252. 3 1, 251.1 1, 258.0 1,255.1 1,253. 2
152.8
155.1
150.7
147.1
161.4
160.3
150.2
152.2
161.3
150.6
152.3
143.2
143. 6
Montana 2_________________
143.9
344.6
344.8
340.4
335.6
348.9
346.9
347.4
351.8
349.8
351.3
348.8
334.3
335.3
337.5
Nebraska__________________
73.2
71.4
69.8
72.9
76.9
76.6
75.2
73.2
76.4
73.9
74.8
72.2
73.0
N evada________________
73.8
341.5
1,292.0
154.2
348.2
71.1
173.4
169.9
170.0
169.6
176.4
176.3
179.1
177.8
173.3
173.8
175.5
171.5
171.6
171.1
N ew H am pshire.. .
.
N ew Jersey______ _ _____ 1, 749.4 1,729. 6 1,730. 8 1,785. 8 1, 772.1 1, 778.0 1, 785. 2 1, 775. 7 1,770. 9 1, 778.1 1, 767. 7 1, 774. 9 1,774.0 1,775.7
174.2
169.9
171.2
172.8
175.4
175.0
174.6
177.3
177.6
177.6
179.7
173.9
178.1
175.1
N ew M exico_______________
N ew York 2____ ___________ 5,784.0 5, 743. 8 5, 749. 7 5, 970. 7 5,908.8 5, 909.7 5, 893. 7 5,860.7 5, 817. 6 5,826. 9 5,815.7 5, 841. 3 5,819. 2 5,856.3
991.9
982.2
975.0
977.3
983.7
988.0
972.0
994.4 1, 023.1 1, 013.1 1,014. 2 1, 005.0
998.3
994.8
North Carolina 2
... ...
175.8
1, 834. 2
178.1
5,973.0
1,012.0
114.3
114.8
110.6
107.1
119.4
119.2
118.7
116.4
119.2
119.5
107.9
115.0
108.2
107.6
North Dakota 2____________
Ohio 2______________________ 2, 941. 3 2,909.2 2,910. 7 2,999. 8 2,959. 8 2, 953.4 2, 954. 0 2, 907. 2 2,902. 7 2,949. 9 2,946. 5 2, 962. 5 2, 964. 4 2,956. 0
535.4
535.0
535.3
529.6
537.6
539.
2
537.5
533.5
546.4
538.0
540.7
531.3
530.6
534.3
Oklahoma_____
451.0
433.7
444.3
451.7
456.0
439. 5
458.7
461.3
483.0
460.2
471.1
437.0
Oregon_______ . . . . ._ . . .
440.0
436.8
Pennsylvania_____________ 3,557.7 3, 528. 2 3, 540.1 3, 658.9 3, 622.0 3, 615. 0 3, 590.1 3,572. 8 3, 574. 2 3, 595. 0 3, 585. 3 3, 634.1 3, 638.1 3, 619. 6
112.7
3,108.3
539.0
465.8
3,859. 5
288.8
285.8
282.0
284.8
285.0
291.4
286.7
281.6
297.2
302.0
299.4
292.8
292.7
294.7
Rhode Island 2_____________
509.4
510.1
512.6
505.4
506.0
500.4
505.1
515.0
513.3
511.9
509.4
520.4
515.6
511.3
South Carolina____________
116.6
120.5
122.1
119.9
119.0
123.2
121.9
121.4
123.
5
123.6
117.3
121. 6
118.0
116.1
South D akota_____________
818.3
814.4
809.4
812.6
811.7
826.2
826.2
817.0
812.8
843.0
829.4
819.2
813.4
816.7
Tennessee 2. . .
._ _______
2,189.
6
2,173.4
2,157.
7
2,168.
4
2,192.
5
2,191.
9
2,187.
5
2,
218.
8
2,
206.
0
2,
205.8
Texas 2________ __________ 2, 211.9 2,195.4 2,191.1 2, 253. 9
302.4
532.5
121.0
831.8
2, 227. 9
Connecticut________________
District of Columbia_______
Florida____________________
Georgia____________________
Idaho 2___________________ -
847.1
490.4
908.6
915.2
125.2
843.1
486.6
909.3
905.1
124.7
843.9
487.9
903.4
902.9
125.4
866.2
501.7
911.0
923.7
131.3
853.3
494.0
873.9
911.8
132.9
851.5
492.6
843.3
905.8
137.4
846.6
492.2
828.0
896.0
140.1
843.6
491.2
819.8
884.6
138.2
838.2
491.1
817.0
872.6
136.1
848.2
491.9
828.4
884.3
133.2
843.6
489.1
851.3
884.7
130.3
852.1
490.5
888.2
887.9
125.6
851.0
488.6
889.6
886.4
123.0
208.9
101.2
881.6
723.1
464.7
216.5
103.8
900.2
736.0
506. 0
Wisconsin 2________ . . . . . 1,049. 2 1, 038.8 1,037. 5 1,065.3 1,059. 0 1,064. 0 1,076. 3 1, 068. 7 1, 078.1 1, 057.9 1,046.9 1, 043.1 1,037. 6 1, 057. 3
84.1
83.2
78.8
79.7
87.6
86.2
87.2
89.6
88.7
84.4
78.4
82.8
W yom ing_______ _____ ___
79.0
78.6
1, 093.8
87.5
U tah______________________
V erm on t2_____________
Virginia___________________
W ashington____________ _ .
W est Virginia 2____________
208.1
97.6
882.7
710.2
454.9
205.9
97.6
876.7
702.8
450.8
206.0
97.3
877.2
704.2
447.2
217.5
101.0
909.1
736.1
465.8
214.9
100.5
897.8
736.7
461.5
217.8
101.4
896.2
750.7
461.1
1 Data for earlier years are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics or the cooperating State agency. State agencies also make available
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
218.2
102.0
888.5
753.2
460.4
210.3
102.8
877.5
718.1
458.6
207.7
102.0
873.8
716.9
455.7
205.6
102.7
876.5
735.7
461.4
205.2
100.2
874.1
728.7
462.3
203.7
101.3
872.7
717.9
466.6
201.9
100.4
869.1
707.0
468.9
more detailed industry data. See table A -7 for addresses of cooperating State
agencies.
. . .. .
2 Revised series; not comparable with data previously published.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
712
T a b l e A -7 : Employment in manufacturing industries by State 1
fin thousands]
Mar.
230.7
29. 5
81.4
1,047. 0
62.0
416.0
54. 7
16.0
136.6
320.6
20.3
1, 226. 2
599.9
164.8
130.4
155. 2
144. 0
102. 3
248.7
667.4
1,142.1
' 198.8
97.9
383.5
17.4
55. 7
4 7
80.4
769.6
17.2
1,884.0
438.8
6.4
1,311.1
Oklahoma_________________
86.6
128.4
1,432 9
' 133.8
224.8
11. 3
276.1
423.3
30.0
35.4
240. 9
187.0
126.9
434.4
W yom ing__________________
6.2
Annual average
1954
1955
State
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
1954
226.2
28.9
80.0
1,030.6
61.1
413.4
54.2
15.8
139.3
317.0
20.7
1, 215. 6
591.8
162.8
130.6
157.1
143.5
104.1
245.0
663.5
1,125. 9
196.5
96.2
381.0
17.5
55. 5
4 6
80. 9
762. 5
16.8
1,874.1
438. 5
6. 3
1,294. 5
85.3
129. 3
1,420.7
134.0
222.6
11.2
274. 3
421.6
29.8
35.3
240.8
186.3
126.5
427. 3
6.2
223.5
28.2
79.4
1, 018. 7
60.9
409.2
53.8
15.8
138.8
314.3
21.4
1, 207.8
582. 2
162. 5
132.5
158.8
143.7
103.1
243.6
658.8
1,111.5
' 197.8
95.6
378.2
17.6
55. 9
4.6
80.4
757. 7
16. 5
1, 864. 2
437.8
6. 5
1,282.1
84.3
127.6
1,412.1
132. 9
221.6
11.5
274.4
424.1
29.4
34. 7
241.4
185.1
123.4
421.2
6.4
225.8
28.2
79.7
1,031.9
63.9
411.6
54.1
16.0
138.6
315.0
22. 4
1, 213.9
579.1
162.3
134.6
157.4
152.9
103.3
244. 2
663.4
1,098.3
201.9
96.2
375.7
18.7
57.8
4.5
79.5
762.8
16. 5
1,899. 7
442.4
6.9
1,281.6
84.1
134.7
1,427.0
134.1
222.7
12.1
274.7
426.0
31. 5
35.5
244. 9
190.3
124.7
421.3
7.0
226.8
28.1
79.8
1,045.3
66.2
410.9
54.1
16.2
134.8
315.9
24.8
1, 208.5
576.3
160.3
136.0
150. 7
157.4
103. 5
247.5
661.5
1,073.1
204.6
97.2
372.3
19. 7
58.1
4.5
79.0
767.7
16.6
1,920.4
' 445. 7
7.0
1,274. 4
84.7
142.0
1,428.8
134.6
223.0
12.4
273.1
427.0
32.3
35.9
246.9
195.7
126.1
424.3
7.2
227.3
27.4
80.4
1,061. 9
67.3
410.5
55.6
16.2
125.2
313.4
26.4
1, 204.8
572.3
161.2
135.1
150.5
154.6
105.6
252.9
662.3
1,009. 6
204.9
97.4
368.3
17.1
59.8
4.5
77.7
770.1
16.6
1,925. 7
448.9
7.0
1,269.6
84.4
147.1
1,426. 2
134.3
220.5
12.1
272.3
426.9
33.8
35.9
247.8
203.5
125. 7
425.7
7.5
226.8
26.5
80.8
1,086. 7
66.0
408.0
58.9
16.4
121.9
309.9
27.8
1, 208. 7
575.6
162.1
131.6
150.3
151.4
107.4
254.0
661.7
951.8
217.0
96.9
371.9
17.0
58.5
4.4
78.9
776.7
16.6
1,919. 9
444.6
6.8
1,271.3
83.2
155.1
1,418.4
130.5
220.7
12.0
275.6
426.9
35.5
36.2
245.7
204.9
125.7
438.3
6.9
222.0
25.7
79.1
1,083. 0
64.1
407.0
60.0
16.2
119.6
306.2
27.4
1,197. 5
550.3
163.4
131.9
148.7
150.9
112.3
259.1
664.2
991.6
211.1
96.4
376.6
19.7
58.1
4.4
79.7
771.6
16.4
1,906.9
435.7
6.9
1, 243.1
83.8
133.3
1,420.3
128.9
219.4
12.0
273.9
426.8
31.7
36.3
242.1
175.5
125.2
438.2
6.8
220.6
26.9
79.2
1,037.1
62.8
401.5
56.4
16.0
118.6
296.4
26.1
1,178. 2
554.1
159.8
131.9
145.5
148.2
110.3
252.6
654.1
1,009. 5
210.4
95.4
377.7
19.9
58.6
4.3
78.1
762.2
16.4
1,855.2
' 420.1
7.0
1,236. 9
84.4
119.8
1,422. 9
124.8
213.5
11.9
272.6
425.1
32.3
35.6
237.6
174.4
122.2
447.1
6.8
223.8
26.4
80.4
1, 022. 3
62.8
414.3
57.8
16.3
122.8
304.6
24.6
1, 208.0
567.5
161.2
132.7
147.0
148.9
111.2
250.8
665.4
1, 044. 3
207.0
95.6
379.3
19.4
59.3
4.2
78.9
771.2
16.2
1, 866. 8
421.3
7.1
1,279.6
83.6
140.7
1,428.6
127.5
216.4
11.9
271.0
424.7
30.2
37.0
237.9
197.2
125.2
428.6
6.6
223.3
26.2
80.5
1,020. 7
61.1
416.2
57.3
16.2
128.1
305.3
22. 9
1, 203. 6
571.2
158.4
131.2
146.6
148.3
103.3
247.0
663.0
1, 051. 2
205.1
94.3
380.4
18.0
58.2
4.0
77.1
767.5
15.9
1,870. 2
419.1
6.2
1,282.3
82.5
136.8
1,436.8
125.0
216.2
11.5
272.1
422.2
29.8
36.5
237.1
193.3
124.0
425.4
6.2
226.2
26.1
81.1
1,019. 9
60.9
424.8
56.7
16.1
132.0
307.7
20.6
1, 215. 8
583.1
159.0
131.5
147.7
149.4
97.8
247.6
674.0
1, 073. 4
206.4
96.1
388.6
17.2
56.9
4.1
78.2
779.1
15.7
1,905. 7
424.8
6.0
2,197. 8
82.9
131.6
1,468.6
127.2
218.5
11.3
272.8
421.5
29.4
38.2
236.7
189.2
124.2
427.5
6.1
228.0
25.7
81.1
1,018.4
61.1
431.8
57.5
16.7
132.4
309.3
19.7
1, 229.2
595.1
159.7
131.7
150.7
149.1
101.3
249.1
687.5
1,088.9
209.6
95.2
394.6
16.8
57.1
4.2
80.2
800.9
15.6
1,959.4
428.8
5.9
1,321.1
82.7
127.3
1,496.4
130.3
218.8
11.2
274.9
423.1
29.3
38.2
239.5
185.8
126.1
435.5
6.0
225.7
26.6
80.2
1,039.1
63.5
418.5
57.0
16.4
128.6
308.5
23.5
1, 212. 5
579.7
160.6
132.5
150.5
151.4
105.5
250.9
670.5
1,052.0
208.6
95.6
382.1
18.1
58.1
4.3
79.0
778.4
16.1
1,910.9
433.1
6.6
1,287.2
83.4
134.3
1,451.3
130.0
219.0
11.7
273.7
424.8
31.2
36.8
242.0
188.9
125.7
432.9
6.6
1 Data for earlier years are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics or the cooperating State agency. State agencies also make avail
able more detailed industry data.
1953
234.9
27.9
83.3
1,063.7
68.0
458.0
62.1
17.4
122.4
318.1
23.7
1,324.4
674.2
172.5
137.9
159.5
160.9
114.3
268.9
737.9
1, 219.4
225.1
98.6
416.3
18.3
61.0
4.4
82.4
844.8
16.4
2,027.1
448.7
6.4
1,423.7
85.0
143.5
1,619.3
145.1
225.7
12.0
291.1
437.8
32.4
40.4
256.4
195.8
136.0
472.5
6.6
2 Revised series; not comparable with data previously published.
Cooperating State Agencies
Alabama—Department of Industrial Relations, M ontgomery 4.
Arizona—Unemployment Compensation Division, Em ploym ent Security
Commission, Phoenix.
Arkansas—Employment Security Division, Department of Labor, Little
Rock.
California—Division of Labor Statistics and Research, Department of In
dustrial Relations, San Francisco 1.
Colorado—U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Denver 2.
Connecticut—Employment Security Division, Department of Labor, Hart
ford 15.
Delaware—Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, Philadelphia 1.
District of Columbia—U. S. Em ploym ent Service for D . C ., Washington 25.
Florida—Industrial Commission, Tallahassee.
Georgia—Employment Security Agency, Department of Labor, Atlanta 3.
Idaho—Em ploym ent Security Agency, Boise.
Illinois—State Employment Service and Division of Unemployment Com
pensation, Department of Labor, Chicago 54.
Indiana—Employment Security Division, Indianapolis 9.
Iowa—Em ploym ent Security Commission, Des Moines 8.
Kansas—E mployment Security Division, Department of Labor, Topeka.
Kentucky—Bureau of Employment Security, Department of Economic
Security, Frankfort.
Louisiana—D ivision of Em ploym ent Security, Department of Labor, Baton
Rouge 4.
M aine—Employment Security Commission, Augusta.
Maryland—Department of Employment Security, Baltimore 1.
Massachusetts—Division of Statistics, Department of Labor and Industries,
Boston 8.
Michigan—Employment Security Commission, Detroit 2.
Minnesota—Department of Employment Security, St. Paul 1.
Mississippi—Em ploym ent Security Commission, Jackson.
Missouri—Division of Em ploym ent Security, Jefferson City.
Montana—Unemployment Compensation Commission, Helena.
Nebraska—Division of Employment Security, Department of Labor, Lin
coln 1.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Nevada—Employment Security Department, Carson City.
N ew Hampshire—Division of Em ploym ent Security, Department of Labor,
Concord.
N ew Jersey—Bureau of Statistics and Records, Department of Labor and
Industry, Trenton 10.
N ew Mexico—Employment Security Commission, Albuquerque.
N ew York—Bureau of Research and Statistics, Division of Employment,
State Department of Labor, 1440 Broadway, New York 18.
North Carolina—Division of Statistics, Department of Labor, Raleigh.
North Dakota—Unemployment Compensation Division, W orkm en’s C om
pensation Bureau, Bismarck.
Ohio—Division of Research and Statistics, Bureau of Unemployment C om
pensation, Columbus 16.
Oklahoma—Employment Security Commission, Oklahoma C ity 2.
Oregon—Unemployment Compensation Commission, Salem.
Pennsylvania—Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, Philadelphia 1 (mfg.);
Bureau of Research and Information, Department of Labor and Industry,
Harrisburg (nonmfg.).
Rhode Island—Division of Statistics and Census, Department of Labor,
Providence 3.
South Carolina—Em ploym ent Security Commission, Columbia 1.
South Dakota—Em ploym ent Security Department, Aberdeen.
Tennessee—Department of Employment Security, Nashville 3.
Texas—Employment Commission, Austin 19.
Utah—Department of Employment Security, Industrial Commission, Salt
Lake C ity 10.
Vermont—Unemployment Compensation Commission, Montpelier.
Virginia—Division of Research and Statistics, Department of Labor and
Industry, Richmond 14.
Washington—Em ploym ent Security Department, Olympia.
W est Virginia—Department of Employment Security, Charleston 5.
Wisconsin—Statistical Department, Industrial Commission, Madison 3.
W yom ing—Employment Security Commission, Casper.
713
A : EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T able A -8 : Insured unemployment under State unemployment insurance programs,1 by geographic
division and State
%
[In thousands]
1955
1954
1953
Geographic division and State
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
1,657.0 1,879.8 1,962. 3 1,666.2 1,463.3 1,465.8 1,580.4 1,691.7 1,861.9 1,924.0 2,070.4 2,181.6 2,174.8
M iddle Atlantic____________________
West North Central__________
District of Columbia_________
North C arolin a __________
U tah_________________ _______
Mar.
1,014.5
124.0
11.2
7.6
5.4
60.3
15.3
24.2
140.4
12.8
7.5
5.8
70.1
16.8
27.4
150.4
14.0
8.2
5.0
75.2
17.2
30.8
128.9
12.4
8.0
4.0
64.5
13.6
26.4
116.1
11.0
8.2
3.4
56.9
12.0
24.6
117.5
8.2
9.8
3.1
56.7
13.5
26.2
128.9
8.3
10.8
2.9
60.8
19.0
27.1
130.6
9.2
9.2
2.9
58.5
18.7
32.1
143.5
9.9
9.5
2.9
64.7
21.2
35.3
147.7
11.1
10.6
3.6
68.6
22.1
31.7
168.3
16.6
13.7
4.3
75.2
26.7
31.8
172.8
18.1
32.3
3.5
78.4
28.3
32.2
160.9
13.7
9.7
3.4
76.1
28.0
30.0
76.3
8.1
6.0
1.6
39.3
12.9
8.4
507.4
226.9
84.0
196.5
557.3
251.8
91.7
213.8
587.0
266.3
94.6
226.1
501.5
230.2
78.7
192.6
445.4
194.1
71.3
180.0
445.8
184.5
70.8
190.5
459.1
184.5
69.7
204.9
494.5
196.2
76.3
222.0
575.9
254.7
86.6
234.6
609.7
279.3
89.1
241.3
623.2
275.8
94.9
252.5
622.0
277.3
91.9
252.8
589.4
261.7
87.9
239.8
301.4
157.8
43.7
99.9
279.2
72.7
28.7
91.7
59.8
26.3
337.9
89.0
36.7
110.2
69.0
33.0
365.8
96. 2
41.8
116.4
75.8
35.6
329.8
87.2
36.0
101. 6
72.1
32.9
311.4
77.7
32.6
95.0
80.3
25.8
360.9
79.2
34.6
101.9
121.6
23.6
424.1
87.2
40.9
113.0
159.1
23.9
428.9
91.7
50.0
133.9
131.0
22.3
431.9
95.0
48.4
148.1
115.6
24.8
426.4
97.3
51.0
161.4
89.2
27.5
465.7
105.3
56.8
168.0
103.9
31.7
486.7
113.5
64.1
153.3
118.9
36.9
480.4
116.2
67.0
124.5
129.9
42.8
122.3
26.9
12.9
45.1
24.4
13.0
120.3
40.7
11.3
38.2
6. 4
3.3
7.5
12. 9
137.7
43.4
14.0
44.4
6.7
3.8
9.0
16.4
128.8
40.2
12. 5
45.0
5.9
3.1
8.0
14.1
98.4
29.6
8.4
39.7
3.7
1.8
4.7
10. 5
78.2
20.2
5. 7
39.4
1. 5
.8
2.6
8.0
70.8
16.0
5.3
39.5
.4
.4
2.0
7.2
69.1
15.4
5.3
38.6
.3
.4
2.0
7.1
71.9
18.0
6.5
36.5
.3
.5
2.6
7.5
77.5
20.0
7.3
38.9
.4
.5
2.8
7.6
84.2
23.0
8.1
41.2
.6
.5
2.9
7.9
103.0
31.6
9.6
46.6
1.3
.9
3.8
9.2
123.1
40.4
12.1
47.6
3.6
1.9
5.6
11.9
130.3
41.1
15.6
43.2
5.1
3.0
7.7
14.6
68.9
25.1
8.0
18.6
4.2
1.9
4. 7
6.4
160. 9
3.8
19.0
6.5
15.5
26.1
40.8
13.1
23.1
13.0
184.1
4.4
25.1
7.5
17.9
29.8
43.3
15.1
26.5
14. 5
198.1
4.3
27.0
6.6
18.0
32.8
44.4
16.8
31.9
16.3
168.2
3.3
23.1
5.0
14.3
28.9
36.2
15. 5
27.0
14.9
147.4
2.9
20.1
4.4
12.0
27.4
29.3
14.4
22.0
14.9
154. 4
2.9
20. 5
4.2
12.9
29.4
28.6
14.1
22.1
19. 7
176.0
3.0
24.5
4.3
15.4
33. 2
32.1
14.9
24.8
23. 8
205. 2
3.4
28.6
4.9
20.1
36.7
38.3
17.1
30.1
26.0
236.1
3.0
31.8
5.1
26.5
40.1
51.5
19.7
34.0
24.4
237.7
2.8
32.3
5.2
30.5
43.3
52.3
18.9
34.2
18.2
241.6
3.3
33.6
5.6
23.8
46.6
58.8
20.7
33.8
15.4
237.9
4.0
32.0
6.6
21.6
47.2
59.1
21.0
32.8
13.6
224.9
4.5
26.8
7.6
23.0
41.4
54.5
20.8
31.9
14.4
104.1
1.3
10.6
3.5
9.3
17.6
28.3
10.8
14.0
8.7
118. 7
41.1
42.3
20.4
14.9
128.2
41. 2
46.4
23.4
17.2
134 4
39.3
49.8
26.6
18.7
118.3
36.3
43.3
23.9
14.8
108.1
34.4
39.1
23.1
11.5
105.1
34.9
37.4
22.6
10.2
110.3
37. 2
37.7
24.6
10.8
127.7
42. 9
42.1
29.0
13.7
141.9
44.6
48.7
31.3
17.3
150. 5
49. 2
52.1
31.7
17.5
156.9
53.9
54.9
30.3
17.8
159.8
52. 8
57.0
31.6
18.4
154.4
49. 7
54.9
30.4
19.4
71.3
20.0
22. 9
16.9
11.5
87.5
16.8
24.0
14.3
32.4
101.0
20.0
27.8
17.3
35.9
97.6
20.1
25.4
17. 8
34.3
77.6
15. 4
19. 8
13.9
28. 5
64.4
12.1
16.7
11. 5
24.1
60.0
10.4
15.5
10.5
23. 6
62.1
10. 7
16. 2
10.9
24.3
71.8
13.3
19. 2
12. 2
27.1
79.0
15.1
22.0
12.4
29. 5
83.8
15.3
22.4
13.1
33.0
93.5
18.3
23.1
14.9
37.2
101.9
20.4
24.4
16.2
40.9
106.5
20.5
26.0
17.7
42.3
58.2
12.9
15.6
11.9
17.8
45.8
8.0
8.8
3.6
5.7
4.9
5.3
6.6
2.9
52. 5
8.1
9.9
3. 9
6.9
5.7
6.3
8.4
3.3
48.4
6. 5
9.4
3.2
6.3
5.4
6.1
8.0
3.5
32. 9
3.8
6. 7
1.8
4. 5
3.9
4.6
4.9
2.7
23.1
2.2
3.7
1.0
3.4
2.8
4. 2
3. 5
2.3
18.3
2.2
1.9
.7
2.5
2.4
4.3
2.7
1.6
20.0
2.2
1.9
.6
2.6
2.8
5.1
3.3
1. 5
21. 5
1.3
2.1
.8
3.1
3.5
5.1
4.1
1. 5
23. 7
1.4
2.2
1.3
3.8
3.9
5.2
4.4
1.5
25.7
2.0
2.5
1. 2
3.8
4.1
5.5
4.9
1.7
33.3
3.3
3.8
2.1
5.5
4.8
5.9
6.0
1.9
47.4
5.9
6.7
3.1
8.0
5.9
6.7
7.8
3.3
57.7
7.2
9.7
3.9
10.1
6.5
7.0
9.6
3.7
29.1
6.3
6.1
1.4
3.2
2.7
3.6
4.4
1.4
213.6
45.7
27.2
140.7
240.7
51.6
30.2
158.9
251.8
56.3
32.8
162.7
210.5
46.2
27.3
137.0
169.3
36.1
20.6
112.6
132.6
26.5
14.4
91.7
130.6
24.9
13.1
92.6
139.6
25.9
14.4
99.3
152.1
23.0
15.8
113.3
158.0
18.2
11.8
128.0
185.2
23.7
15.0
146.5
229.9
33.9
22.9
173.1
270.6
47.6
32.5
190.5
182.7
34.4
24.2
124.1
1
Average of weekly data adjusted for split weeks in the month. For a Source : U . S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security.
technical description of this series, see the April 1950 M onthly Labor Eeview
(p. 382). Figures m ay not add to exact column totals because of rounding.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
714
B : Labor Turnover
T able B - l : Monthly labor turnover rates in manufacturing, by class of turnover 1
[Per 100 employees]
Year
Jan.
Feb.
M ar.
Apr.
M ay
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
N ov.
Dec.
Annual
average
Total accession
1948
_________________________
1949
..........................................
1950 _ _______________________
1951____________________________
1952 ___________________________
1953 _____ _____________________
1954 _________ _________________
1955
...................................
4.6
3.2
3.6
5.2
4.4
4.4
2.8
3.3
3.9
2.9
3.2
4.5
3.9
4.2
2.5
3.2
4.0
3.0
3.6
4.6
3.9
4.4
2.8
3.6
4.1
3.5
4.4
4.5
3.9
4.1
2.7
4.0
2.9
3.5
4.5
3.7
4.3
2.4
5.7
4.4
4.8
4.9
4.9
5.1
3.5
4.7
3.5
4.7
4.2
4.4
4.1
2.9
5.0
4.4
6.6
4.5
5.9
4.3
3.3
5.1
4.1
5.7
4.3
5.6
4.0
3.4
4.5
3.7
5.2
4.4
5.2
3.3
3.6
3.9
3.3
4.0
3.9
4.0
2.7
3.3
2.7
3.2
3.0
3.0
3.3
2.1
2.5
4.4
3.5
4.4
4.4
4.4
3.9
3.0
5.1
4.0
4.2
5.3
4.6
4.8
3.5
5.4
4.2
4.9
5.1
4.9
5.2
3.9
4.5
4.1
4.3
4.7
4. 2
4.5
3.3
4.1
4.0
3.8
4.3
3.5
4.2
3.0
4.3
3.2
3.6
3.5
3.4
4.0
3.0
4.6
4.3
3.5
4.4
4.1
4.3
3.5
3.4
1.8
2.9
3.1
3.0
2.9
1.4
3.9
2.1
3.4
3.1
3.5
3.1
1.8
2.8
1.5
2.7
2.5
2.8
2.1
1.2
2.2
1.2
2.1
1.9
2.1
1.5
1.0
1.7
.9
1.7
1.4
1.7
1.1
.9
2.8
1.5
1.9
2.4
2.3
2.3
1.1
0.4
.3
.4
.4
.3
.4
.2
0.4
.2
.4
.3
.4
.4
.2
0.4
.2
.4
.4
.4
.4
.2
0.4
.2
.3
.3
.4
.3
.2
0.3
.2
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
0.4
.2
.3
.3
.3
.4
.2
1.2
1.8
.6
1.4
1.0
1.3
1.7
1.0
1. 8
.7
1.3
.7
1.5
1.7
1.2
2.3
.8
1.4
.7
1.8
1.6
1.4
2.5
1.1
1.7
.7
2.3
1.6
2.2
2.0
1.3
1.5
1.0
2.5
1.7
1.3
2.4
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.3
1.9
0.1
.1
.4
.4
.3
.3
.3
0.1
.1
.4
.4
.3
.3
.2
0.1
.1
.3
.4
.3
.3
.1
0.1
.1
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
0.1
.1
.2
.5
.3
.3
.2
Total separation
1948____________________________
1949 _____ ____ ________________
1950 ___________________________
1951 ___________________________
1952
___
__________
1953____________________________
1954 ___________________________
1955
4.3
4.6
3.1
4.1
4.0
3.8
4.3
2.9
4.7
4.1
3.0
3.8
3.9
3.6
3.5
2.5
4.5
4.8
2.9
4.1
3.7
4.1
3.7
3.1
4.7
4.8
2.8
4.6
4.1
4.3
3.8
4.3
5.2
3.1
4.8
3.9
4.4
3.3
4.5
4.3
3.0
4.3
3.9
4.2
3.1
4.4
3.8
2.9
4.4
5.0
4.3
3.1
Quit
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
__ _______________________
„
_____________________
___________________________
__________ ____ ___________
............... ................... - .......... ______________ ______ ______
___________________________
2.6
1.7
1.1
2.1
1.9
2.1
1.1
1.0
2.5
1.4
1.0
2.1
1.9
-2.2
1.0
1.0
2.8
1.6
1. 2
2.5
2.0
2.5
1.0
1.3
2.8
1.6
1.6
2.8
2.2
2.7
1.0
3.0
1.7
1.3
2.7
2.2
2.7
1.1
2.9
1.5
1.7
2.5
2.2
2.6
1.1
2.9
1.4
1.8
2.4
2.2
2.5
1.1
Discharge
1948
____ ___________________
1949 ___________________________
1950 ____ ________________ ____
1951
_____________________
1952
______ _________________
1953 ___________________________
1954 ___________________________
1955
---
0.4
.3
.2
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
0. 4
.3
.2
.3
.3
.4
.2
.2
0.4
.3
.2
.3
.3
.4
.2
.3
0.4
.2
.2
.4
.3
.4
.2
0.3
.2
.3
.4
.3
.4
.2
0.4
.2
.3
.4
.3
.4
.2
0.4
.2
.3
.3
.3
.4
.2
Layoff
1948
_____________________
1949 ___________________________
1950 ___________________________
1951.................... ..............................
1952____________________________
1953 ___________________________
1954 ___________________________
1955
. __________________
1.2
2.5
1.7
1.0
1.4
.9
2.8
1.5
1.7
2.3
1.7
.8
1.3
.8
2.2
1.1
1.2
2.8
1.4
.8
1.1
.8
2.3
1.3
1.2
2.8
1.2
1.0
1.3
.9
2.4
1.1
3.3
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.9
1.1
2. 5
.9
1.0
1.1
.9
1.7
1.0
2.1
.6
1.3
2.2
1.1
1.6
Miscellaneous, including military
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
___________________________
_________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
0.1
.1
.1
.7
.4
.4
.3
.3
0.1
.1
.1
.6
.4
.4
.2
.2
0.1
.1
.1
.5
.3
.3
.2
.2
0.1
.1
.1
.5
.3
.3
.2
1 Data for the current month are preliminary.
N ote .—Month-to-month changes in total employment in manufacturing
industries as indicated b y labor turnover rates are not comparable with the
changes shown b y the Bureau’s employment series for the following reasons:
(1) Accessions and separations are reported for the entire calendar month;
the employment and payroll reports, for the most part, refer to a 1-week pay
period ending nearest the 15th of the month.
(2) The turnover sample is not so large as that of the employment sample
and includes proportionately fewer small plants; certain industries are not
covered. The major industries excluded are: printing, publishing, and allied
industries; canning and preserving fruits, vegetables, and seafoods; wom en’s,
misses’, and children’s outerwear; and fertilizers.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0.1
.1
.1
.4
.3
.3
.2
0.1
.1
.1
.4
.3
.3
.2
0.1
.1
.2
.4
.3
.3
.2
0.1
.1
.3
.4
.3
.3
.3
(3)
Plants are not included in the turnover computations in months when
work stoppages are in progress; the influence of such stoppages is reflected,
however, in the employment figures.
Beginning with data for October 1952, components m ay not add to total
separation rate because of rounding.
Information on concepts, methodology, etc., is given in
a technical note on Measurement of Labor Turnover,
which appeared in the May 1953 Monthly Labor Review.
715
B : LABOR TURNOVER
T a b l e B -2 : Monthly labor turnover rates in selected industries
[Per 100 employees]
Separation rate
rate
Total
Industry
M ar.
1955
Manufacturing
All m anufacturing.. .
. . . . . . . ------Durable goods-----------------------------------Nondurable goods____________
___
Ordnance and accessories___ ____________
Food and kindred products___________ _
Meat products.
_______ . . . . . .
Grain-mill products------ --- ------------Bakery products________________ ____
Beverages:
M alt liquors___________
____
T obacco manufactures____
__________
Cigarettes____________________ _____
Cigars__________ . . .
---------- . . . ..
Tobacco and snuff____ .
. _____
Textile-mill products___________ . . ___
Yarn and thread mills____
Broad-woven fabric mills____ _______
Cotton, silk, synthetic f i b e r . . ___
W oolen and worsted. . . . . . _
Knitting mills___ _____
_______
Full-fashioned hosiery_______
Seamless h o s ie ry ______ . . . . .
Knit underwear_____ . . _______
Dyeing and finishing textiles___. . .
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings___
Apparel and other finished textile prod
ucts_______________ ______ . . . . . . ____
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats______
M en’s and boys’ furnishings and work
clothing______________________ . . . .
Dumber and wood products (except fur
niture)_______ . . . . ---------------------- . . .
Logging camps and contractors...........
Sawmills and planing mills____ . . .
M illwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products_____
Furniture and fixtures_____________ . . _
Household furniture__ .
. . .
Other furniture and fix t u r e s ..._____
Paper and allied products________________
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills___
Paperboard containers and boxes___ .
Chemicals and allied products_________ .
Industrial inorganic chemicals___ _ .
Industrial organic chemicals_________
Synthetic fibers___________ ______
Drugs and medicines________________
Paints, pigments, and fillers_________
Products of petroleum and coal__________
Petroleum refining___________________
Ttubber products_________________
____
Tires and inner tubes__ ______
.
Rubber footw ear... . . . ___ _____
Other rubber products_______ ____ _
Leather and leather products____ ______
Leather: tanned, curried, and finished.
Footwear (except ru b b e r)... _______
Stone, clay, and glass products___________
Glass and glass p rod u cts... ________
Cement, hydraulic__________________
Structural clay products. _________ .
Pottery and related products_________
Prim ary metal industries........ . .
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
m ills ______ _ _____ _____ _ . . . ._
Iron and steel foundries______________
Gray-iron foundries. . _________
Malleable-iron foundries.. ______
Steel foundries . _______
___
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals:
Primary smelting and refining of
copper, lead, and z i n c . . . ______
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals:
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of
copper_________________________
Nonferrous foundries___________ . . . .
Other primary metal industries:
Iron and steel forgings___________
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Feb.
1955
Mar.
1955
Quit
Feb.
1955
Mar.
1955
Discharge
Feb.
1955
Mar.
1955
Mise., inel.
military
Layoff
Feb.
1955
Mar.
1955
Feb.
1955
Mar.
1955
Feb.
1955
3.6
4.0
2.9
3.2
3.5
2.8
3.1
3.3
2.8
2.5
2.5
2.4
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.0
1.0
1.1
0.3
.3
.2
0.2
.2
.2
1.3
1.5
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.5
3.3
3.6
1.9
2.1
2.7
3.6
4.6
3.4
2.9
3.0
3.8
4.5
3.2
2.3
2.4
3.6
5.6
2.7
2.4
1.0
1.1
.8
1.2
1.5
1.1
.9
.7
1.1
1.1
.2
.2
.2
.3
.2
.4
.2
.2
.3
.3
1.7
2.4
3.4
1.6
.5
.9
2.4
4.5
1.1
.9
5.7
1.5
2.0
1.3
.7
3.0
3.5
3.0
2.8
4.2
3.6
2.2
4.0
3.7
1.8
1.9
3.2
2.2
1.3
3.2
1.0
2.9
2.6
3.1
2.8
5.7
3.4
2.4
3.2
4.1
2.5
1.9
4.1
2.3
1.4
3.2
1.8
3.2
3.6
3.0
2.9
3.8
3.8
2.0
6.4
2.0
2.2
2.6
2.1
1.7
1.2
2.3
.9
2.5
2.6
2.6
2.5
3.5
2.6
1.7
3.4
2.4
2.0
2.0
.3
1.3
1.2
1.5
.7
1.5
1.8
1.5
1.6
1.2
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.4
.9
1.1
.3
1.1
.8
1.4
.5
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.1
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.5
1.0
.5
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.3
.3
.3
.1
.2
.1
.2
.2
.1
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.3
.1
3.6
.7
(0
1.3
.6
1.3
1.3
1.0
.9
2.4
1.9
.3
4.4
.4
.8
1.1
1.6
.4
.1
.7
.1
.9
1.0
.8
.7
2.1
1.0
.2
1.8
.8
.6
1.1
3.9
2.5
4.1
3.1
3.5
2.6
2.7
2.5
2.2
1.2
1.9
1.6
.2
.1
.1
.1
1.0
1.2
.7
.7
.1
.1
.1
.1
4.4
4.7
3.4
2.9
2.6
1.9
.3
.1
.4
.8
.1
.1
(2)
(2)
3.1
3.8
4.1
4.0
(2)
(2)
4.0
3.6
4.8
3.8
(2)
(2)
1.5
1.6
1.9
1.6
.3
.2
.5
.1
(2)
(2)
2.0
1.5
2.1
1.9
.1
.3
.3
.2
4.3
3.5
3.5
3.7
2.5
1.4
3.3
2.1
1.6
2.0
2.2
.7
1.7
1.3
.7
2.3
1.9
1.8
2.8
3.2
1.8
3.4
2.9
2.6
1.7
3.4
2.8
3.9
2.7
3.2
3.3
2.9
2.3
1.4
2.4
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.8
.7
1.3
.8
.4
2.5
1.9
2.0
3.2
3.3
3.1
3.4
2.5
2.6
1.0
2.9
2.7
3.7
3.3
4.0
4.1
3.7
2.0
1.3
2.8
1.6
1.3
1.4
1.0
1.0
1.6
.9
.7
1.9
1.2
2.5
2.6
3.0
2.3
3.1
2.1
2.3
1.3
1.6
2.8
1.9
2.0
3.6
3.6
3.1
2.0
1.2
3.0
1.1
1.2
.8
.8
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.0
2.3
1.7
2.7
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.7
2.0
2.7
1.0
2.3
1.6
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.1
.6
1.7
.7
.7
.5
.4
.5
.9
.3
.3
1.0
.7
1.4
1.2
1.9
.6
2.1
.8
.6
.6
.8
1.3
1.0
1.0
1.4
1.5
1.0
.9
.5
1.2
.5
.7
.3
.3
.6
.6
.2
.2
.9
.6
1.6
1.1
1.6
.7
1.8
.6
.4
.5
1.0
1.0
.7
.2
.3
.4
.1
.2
.1
.4
.1
.1
.1
.1
.5
1.8
1.6
1.7
.7
.4
1.3
.4
.4
.2
.3
.3
.2
.4
.5
1.0
.8
.8
1.3
.7
1.6
.6
1.0
2.0
.1
.8
.2
.7
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.1
.2
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
3.6
5.6
5.5
6.5
5.3
3.4
5.1
5.5
7.0
3.6
1.3
3.0
3.4
3.2
2.4
1.0
2.5
3.0
2.7
1.6
.7
1.8
2.2
2.2
.9
3.4
1.6
2.1
1.3
1.8
5.3
1.5
4.5
1.2
2.6
3.4
4.0
2.5
0)
(2)
(2)
.2
.2
.2
.2
0)
0.2
.2
.1
0.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.1
0)
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.1
.3
0)
(2)
(2)
.3
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.2
.1
(>)
(>)
.2
.1
.3
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.4
.3
.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.2
1.1
1.9
1.9
1.7
.5
.4
.6
.6
.2
.6
.4
.3
.3
.3
.2
.6
.3
.8
1.0
.8
1.4
.6
.9
1.3
(>)
.3
1.3
.5
.5
1.2
1.5
1.4
.7
.1
.5
.6
.6
.3
.1
.5
.5
1.0
.2
.2
.5
.4
.1
.9
.3
.7
.9
.2
.6
.3
.1
.1
.2
.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
.2
1.4
.5
.2
.2
.3
.2
.2
.4
1.0
2.5
.5
1.6
.4
1.2
.3
.3
.1
.3
.2
.5
.3
.7
.1
.2
.1
.2
2.5
.9
.9
.2
.2
1.3
1.2
.1
.2
.3
.4
.4
.4
.2
.1
.3
.2
.3
.1
0)
(>)
.2
.1
0)
(0
.1
(')
0)
.2
.2
.2
.1
.1
.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.3
.3
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.2
.3
.3
(>)
.2
716
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
T a b l e B -2: Monthly labor turnover rates in selected industries—Continued
[Per 100 employees]
Separation rate
Total accession
rate
Total
Quit
Industry
M ar.
1955
Manufacturing—Continued
Fabricated metal products (except ord
nance, machinery, and transportation
equipment)____________________________
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware----Cutlery and edge tools. -------------Handtools_______________________
Hardware------------------------------------Heating apparatus (except electric)
and plumbers’ supplies---------------- -Sanitary ware and plumbers’
supplies___________ _________ _
Oil burners, nonelectric heating
and cooking apparatus, not elsewhere classified------- -----------------Fabricated structural metal products.
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving-------------------- ---------------- -----Machinery (except electrical)------------------Engines and turbines.. . ----------------Agricultural machinery and tractors..
Construction and mining m achinery..
Metalworking machinery------------------Machine tools------------------ ---------Metalworking machinery (except
machine tools)-------------------------Machine-tool accessories-------- . . .
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery) -------- .
General industrial machinery----Office and store machines and devices.
Service-industry
and
household
machines__________ ____ __________
Miscellaneous machinery parts---------Electrical machinery.......................... ..........
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial apparatus----------------------------------------------Communication equipment----- ------Radios, phonographs, television
sets, and equipment ---------Telephone, telegraph, and related
equipment------ ------- -----------------Electrical appliances, lamps, and mis------cellaneous p roducts.. . ------Transportation equipm ent.. ----------------Automobiles----- --------------------------Aircraft and parts------------------------------Aircraft----------------- ------- --------------Aircraft engines and parts-----------Aircraft propellers and parts-------Other aircraft parts and equipm ent____ ______________________
Ship and boat building and repairing.
Railroad equipm en t3------------------------Locomotives and parts 4 — ------Railroad and street cars . ---------Other transportation equipment. . . . .
Instruments and related products-----------Photographic apparatus--------------------Watches and clocks.. ---------------------Professional and scientific instruments.
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..
Jewelry, silverware, and plated w are..
Nonmanufacturing
Metal m ining.. ------------------------------- . . .
Iron mining--------------- ------------------- Copper m in in g __________________
Lead and zinc mining------------------------Anthracite mining_____________ ________ _
Bituminous-coal m ining---------------- ---------Communication:
Telephone_______ ______
... - - ...
T elegraph6. . ----- ----------------- - . . .
Feb.
1955
4.2
3.8
4.8
3.5
3.6
3.4
3.1
2.5
2.5
3.7
5.0
5.1
Mar.
1955
Feb.
1955
3.0
2.9
2.6
2.1
3.5
2.7
2.6
2.8
2.6
2.6
4.0
2.7
3.3
3.4
4.9
3.4
4.5
2.5
5.3
3.6
4.5
4.4
4.2
3.1
2.6
Feb.
1955
Mar.
1955
M ise., incl.
military
Layoff
Feb.
1955
Mar.
1955
Feb.
1955
Mar.
1955
Feb.
1955
1.3
1.5
.9
1.0
2.1
0.9
1.0
.8
.7
1.2
0.3
.4
.1
.2
.6
0.2
.2
.1
.1
.2
1.2
.9
1.5
.7
.7
1.3
1.2
1.5
1.5
.9
0.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
0.3
.3
.3
.2
.3
2.5
1.4
1.2
.5
.3
.6
.8
.1
.1
2.8
2.0
1.2
.7
.6
.5
.9
.1
.1
2.3
2.7
2.2
2.3
1.2
1.0
1.1
.7
.4
.3
.2
.1
.7
1.2
.8
1.4
.1
.1
.2
.1
4.3
2.9
2.9
4.5
3.1
2.4
2.1
3.8
2.2
2.1
2.0
1.8
2.0
2.0
3.2
1.8
1.5
1.9
1.5
1.9
1.7
1.5
.9
.7
.7
.8
.8
.7
.7
.4
.2
.1
.2
.3
.2
.1
.3
.1
.1
.3
.2
.1
.1
1.6
.8
.9
.3
.3
.7
.8
1.6
.7
.5
.5
.4
.9
.7
.2
.2
.2
.1
.1
.2
.3
.5
1.0
.9
1.4
1.1
.9
.8
2.0
4.9
1.8
4.0
1.1
2.8
1.7
2.5
.5
1.3
.6
1.1
.2
.3
.1
.1
.2
1.0
.9
1.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
2.9
3.1
2.9
2.1
2.4
2.0
2.1
2.3
2.3
1.8
2.0
1.4
.8
1.1
1.1
.8
.8
.8
.2
.2
.1
.1
.2
.1
.8
.8
.9
.7
.9
.4
.1
.3
.1
.1
.1
.1
6.0
2.6
4.1
2.8
2.7
3.2
2.3
1.7
1.7
1.4
.9
.6
.6
.3
.2
1.4
1.0
1.3
1.0
1.7
.2
.2
2.2
.1
.1
.1
.7
.8
3.6
.2
.2
.2
.8
.2
.2
2.1
3.1
2.3
(2)
1.8
2.3
.9
.7
1.2
.2
.1
.2
.9
.9
.7
.2
.2
.2
4.4
2.6
.1
.2
.2
.4
.8
.2
.1
.1
.2
.3
.5.
3.2
2.5
0
3.4
3.1
0
2.8
3.5
4.9
6.0
2.3
2.0
2.5
(2)
2.6
4.3
4.6
2.4
2.6
2.1
.7
4.1
13.3
7.3
(2)
6.0
5.0
1.8
1.1
1.9
1.9
5.0
2.4
2.4
11.9
9.1
(2)
10.4
4.4
1.6
.8
2.1
1.9
5.4
2.0
4.7
12.8
6.8
0
7.9
1.5
1.7
.9
1.5
1.9
5.2
2.1
7.0
11.0
4.2
0
4.5
.8
1.4
1.1
1.3
1.7
3.0
2.3
5.1
1.5
4.3
1.4
.9
1.5
3.8
1.5
4.6
1.9
1.1
1.7
5.5
1.6
5.3
2.1
16.7
1.9
3.5
1.6
3.4
1.6
1.7
1.2
0
0
1.2
1.2
(2)
(2)
1.2
0
3.8
4.3
4.4
2.8
2.4
3.7
0
3.1
2.6
2.4
2.0
2.0
3.9
0
.7
1.3
1.5
1.9
1.1
1.1
1.3
0
.7
1.2
.8
.5
.6
.8
2.1
1.2
4.2
.2
4.4
1.3
.3
.4
2.0
1.0
0
0
.3
0
.1
.9
.2
.1
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.0
.8
.5
.3
.4
.2
.1
.2
.2
.3
.1
.1
.1
.1
.9
.7
.5
.4
.6
.5
1.4
1.2
0
2.5
.2
2.8
1.0
.7
.3
.9
.6
.3
.7
.1
0
.1
.1
.3
.1
.4
.2
0
.5
.1
0
.1
0
0
.2
3.0
9.8
5.2
0
.2
.1
0
0
.1
0
6.4
.1
2.4
.1
.1
.2
.8
0
.6
.1
.5
.8
2.5
.6
.7
.2
.4
1.0
1.0
.7
.7
1.0
.2
.6
16.2
1.3
.5
1.1
.1
.4
1.0
.5
.2
.3
.2
.1
.1
.1
0
0
.1
.3
0
0
5.8
9.0
2.2
0
.2
0
.7
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.3
.2
.3
0
1.1
1.5
.7
1.2
.7
1.0
3.2
0
.1
0
.1
.2
.1
.3
.2
.1
.2
0
.9
2.0
2.0
1.2
1.4
1.1
2.2
0
.4
0
2.2
0
.2
.4
.2
.1
0
0
.2
0
.9
1.5
.8
1.3
2.1
.7
0
0
1.3
1.7
0
2.3
1 Less than 0.05. 2 N ot available.
3 January 1955 rates are: 11.2, 4.2, 0.5, 0.2, 3.0, and 0.5, respectively.
4 January 1955 rates are: 8.8, 2.9, 0.2, 0.1, 1.9, and 0.9, respectively.
3 Data relate to domestic employees except messengers and those com
pensated entirely on a commission basis.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Mar.
1955
Discharge
0
0
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.9
0
.9
0
.2
.4
.1
.1
.2
.1
.2
.3
.3
.1
.2
.2
.1
.2
N ote .—See footnote 1 and note on table B -l, p.714. For industries ineluded in the durable- and nondurable-goods categories, see table A -2, footnotes 2 and 3 (exceptions are contained in the note to table B - l) .
717
0 : EARNINGS AND HOURS
C : Earnings and hours
T a b l e C - l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1
Mining
Coal
Metal
Year and month
Total: Metal
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
1953: Average______ $88. 54
1954: Average______
84.46
M arch_____ _ 82.42
A pril_________
80. 99
M a y _________
81.40
June____ - _
83.64
July--------------83.42
August_______
83.64
September___
83.62
O cto b e r.......... 83. 41
N ovem ber___
84.85
December____
87. 57
1955: January______
90. 31
February___ . 88.20
M arch_______
88. 41
43.4
40.8
40.4
39.7
39.9
40.6
40.3
40.8
40.2
40.1
40.6
41.7
42.8
42.0
42.1
Iron
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
bom s
$2.04 $90. 74
2. 07 82.03
2.04 83.03
2.04 76. 74
2.04 77.80
2.06 81.32
2.07 83.82
2. 05 82.94
2. 08 80. 81
2.08 80.30
2.09 78. 94
2.10 81.92
2.11 86.19
2.10 83.98
2.10 84.26
42.4
37.8
38.8
36.2
36.7
38.0
38.1
38.4
36.4
36.5
35.4
36.9
39.0
38.0
38.3
Copper
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$2.14
2.17
2.14
2.12
2.12
2.14
2.20
2.16
2.22
2.20
2. 23
2. 22
2.21
2.21
2. 20
Lead and zinc
Avg.
A vg.
wkly. Avg. hrly.
wkly.
earn
bom s earn
ings
ings
$91. 60
45.8 $2.00
87.33
42.6
2.05
83.22
41.2
2.02
84.25
41.5
2.03
84. 25
41.5
2.03
42.4
87. 34
2.06
83.03
40.5
2.05
84.22
41.9
2.01
87. 54
42.7
2.05
86.94
42.0
2.07
90.25
43.6
2.07
91.10
43.8
2.08
95. 72
45.8
2.09
44.5
2.06
91.67
94.02
45.2
2.08
A vg.
wkly.
earn
ings
$80.06
76.73
73.10
75.24
75. 76
74.07
74.19
75.20
74.03
75.30
80.56
83. 96
83.30
82.06
80. 48
A vg.
wkly.
horns
41.7
40.6
39.3
39.6
40.3
39.4
40.1
40.0
39.8
40.7
42.4
43.5
42.5
42.3
41.7
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Bituminous
Anthracite
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
horns
$1.92 $72. 91
1. 89 75.60
1. 86 63.74
1.90 64.45
1.88 62. 74
1.88 96.20
1.85 73. 58
1.88 82.50
1. 86 56.88
1.85 86.27
1.90 85.26
1.93 89.86
1. 96 76.88
1. 94 94.74
1. 93 80. 50
29.4
30.0
25.6
26.2
25.4
36.3
29.2
33.0
23.6
34.1
33.7
35.1
31.9
36.3
32.2
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
A vg.
wkly.
earn
ings
$2.48 $85.31
2. 52 80.85
2.49 73.06
2.46 71.67
2.47 76.32
2. 65 83.00
2. 52 75. 39
2.50 82. 09
2. 41 81.17
2. 53 87. 54
2. 53 88.29
2. 56 92.01
2. 41 92.01
2. 61 94. 50
2. 50 91.26
Avg.
wkly.
horns
34.4
32.6
29.7
28.9
30.9
33.2
30.4
33.1
32.6
35.3
35.6
37.1
37.1
37.8
36.8
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$2.48
2.48
2.46
2.48
2. 47
2.50
2.48
2.48
2.49
2.48
2.48
2. 48
2.48
2. 50
2.48
Contract construction
M ining—Continued
Petroleum and nat
N onbuilding construction
ural-gas produc Nonmetallic mining Total: Contract con
tion (except con
Total: Nonbuilding
and quarrying
struction
H ighway and street
tract services)
construction
1953: Average______ $90. 39
41.2 $2.07
40.9 $2. 21 $75. 99
44.7 $1.70 $91. 61
37.7 $2.43 $90. 27
40.3 $2.24 $85. 28
2.14
1954: Average...........
2.31 86. 88
40.6
91. 94
40.5
2.27 77.44
44.0
37.0
40.2
1. 76 93.98
2. 54 92. 86
M arch_______
2.05
39.5
90. 45
2.25 74.22
42.9
2. 27 80.98
40.2
1. 73 93.24
37.0
2.52 90.12
39.7
A pril_________
39.3
2.10
90.45
43.4
39.3
2.
28
82.
53
40.2
2.25 75.08
1. 73 93.24
37.0
2.52 89.60
M a y _________
2.17
41.0
94. 58
41.3
2.29 77.88
40.6
2. 32 88. 97
44.5
1.75 94.50
37.5
2.52 94.19
2.15
June_________
42.7
2.
31
91.81
40.1
2. 26 78. 58
44.9
1.75 95.63
38.1
2. 51 96. 56
90.63
41.8
July--------------43.9
2.17
2. 31 95. 26
92. 57
2. 28 80.46
45.2
2.52 97. 71
42.3
40.6
1.78 96.01
38.1
2.18
August_______
93.09
42.7
41.9
41.4
2.32
93.98
2.27 79.83
45.1
1.77 96.52
38.0
2. 54 97.21
September___
40.9
2.17
39.9
2. 33 88. 75
93.02
40.8
2. 28 79.57
44.7
36.8
2. 55 92. 97
1.78 93.84
2.16
October______
40.4
86.62
40.1
40.2
2. 26 79. 92
44.9
37.4
2. 56 94.13
2. 33
90. 85
1.78 95. 74
N ovem ber___
40.8
2.18
2.34 88.94
1. 77 94. 32
90. 85
40.2
2.26 78.59
44.4
36.7
2. 57 94.30
40.3
2.13
38.4
37.8
December____
43.4
36.4
2. 33 80. 51
40.3
2.25 76.38
2.59 89.47
90. 68
1. 76 94.28
36.7
2.09
1955: January______
35.4
2. 31 76.70
95.49
2.29 75.05
42.4
36.8
41.7
1.77 91.69
2. 59 85.01
2.09
February_____
37.7
37.9
2. 33 78. 79
89. 38
39.9
2.24 74.05
41.6
1.78 91.43
35.3
2. 59 88. 31
M arch_______
2.06
40.3
2. 30 83.02
39.5
40.3
1. 77 94.06
36.6
2. 57 90.85
92.29
2.29 77. 88
44.0
Building construction
Other nonbuilding
construction
39.6 $2. 37
$93. 85
39.9
2. 44
97. 36
2. 41
95.92
39.8
2. 41
39.3
94.71
40.3
2.43
97.93
41.1
2. 44
100.28
40.9
2. 43
99.39
2. 44
41.3
100. 77
2.47
39.0
96. 33
2.47
40.7
100. 53
39.9
2.47
98. 55
2.47
38.9
96. 08
2.45
36.8
90.16
2.47
94.11
38.1
2. 46
95.94
39.0
Special-trade contractors
Total: Building con
struction
1953: Average........... $91. 76
1954: Average______
94.12
M arch_______
94.28
A p r il.............
93. 91
M a y _________
94.69
June_________
95.72
July...............
95.20
August______
96.20
September___
94.32
October______
96.26
N ovem ber___
94.15
December____
95.40
1955: January____
93.02
February_____
91.96
M arch_____ _ 94.68
37.0
36.2
36.4
36.4
36.7
37.1
36.9
37.0
36.0
36.6
35.8
36.0
35.1
34.7
36.0
General contractors
$2.48 $87. 75
2.60 89. 41
2. 59 90.41
2.58 89. 55
2.58 89. 67
2. 58 90.04
2.58 89. 55
2.60 91.51
2. 62 89.00
2. 63 91.62
2.63 89. 61
2. 65 90.83
2.65 88. 55
2. 65 85. 59
2.63 88. 89
37.5
36.2
36.9
36.7
36.6
36.9
36.7
36.9
35.6
36.5
35.7
35.9
35.0
34.1
35.7
$2. 34
2.47
2. 45
2.44
2. 45
2.44
2.44
2.48
2.50
2. 51
2. 51
3.53
2.53
2.51
2. 49
Total: Special-trade
contractors
$94. 79
36.6 $2. 59
98.01
36.3
2. 70
2. 69
97.11
36.1
97.28
36.3
2.68
98.36
36.7
2.68
99.70
37.2
2.68
99.43
37.1
2.68
2. 69
37.0
99.53
36.2
2.71
98.10
36.7
2. 71
99.46
2. 71
97.02
35.8
98.28
36.0
2.73
35.2
2.73
96.10
2.73
35.0
95. 55
98.46
36.2
2.72
Special-trade con
tractors— Continued
Other special-trade
contractors
1953: Average______ $91.04
1954: Average......... . 93.19
M arch_______
91.87
A pril_________
93.10
M a y ________
94.68
June_________
95.89
July__________
96.15
August_______
96.10
September___
94.08
October______
94.87
N ovem ber___
93.90
Decem ber____
91.77
1955: January______
88.78
February_____ 89.24
M arch____
93. 37
35.7
35.3
34.8
35.4
36.0
36.6
36.7
36.4
35.5
35.8
35.3
34.5
33.5
33.3
35.1
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Painting and decor
Plumbing and heat
Electrical work
ating
ing
39.3 $2.84
34.7 $2. 51 $111.61
38.1 $2.58 $87.10
$98.30
2. 92
38.6
2.62 112.71
2.71 90. 39
34.5
37.9
102. 71
38.9
2.89
2. 59 112.42
34.2
101.68
2. 69 88.58
37.8
38.4
2.89
2.58 110. 98
34.6
101.41
37.7
2.69 89.27
2.92
38.9
2.58 113. 59
34.8
37.9
101.95
2. 69 89.78
2.90
39.1
35.4
2.60 113. 39
38.3
2.70 92.04
103. 41
2.95
38.1
35.4
2.61 112.40
2.70 92.39
38.2
103.14
2.92
39.0
2.63 113.88
35.1
38.2
2.71 92.31
103. 52
2.92
37.7
2. 66 110.08
34.8
102.92
37.7
2.73 92. 57
39.0
2. 95
35.0
2.65 115.05
103.63
38.1
2. 72 92. 75
2.96
37.9
34.1
2. 65 112.18
2.72 90.37
100.10
36.8
2. 92
38.8
34.0
2.68 113.30
2. 77 91.12
107.20
38.7
2. 92
38.7
2.66 113.00
32.6
2.78 86.72
38.0
105.64
2. 92
38.1
2. 68 111.25
33.6
2. 75 90.05
103. 40
37.6
2. 93
38.7
2.67 113.39
34.8
103. 95
2. 75 92. 92
37.8
Manufacturing
Total: Manufac
turing
$2. 55 $71.69
2.64 71.86
2.64 70. 71
2.63 70.20
2.63 71.13
2.62 71.50
2.62 70.92
2.64 71.06
2.65 71.86
2.65 72. 22
2.66 73. 57
2.66 74.12
2. 65 73. 97
2.68 74. 74
2.66 75. 30
40.5
39.7
39.5
39.0
39.3
39.5
39.4
39.7
39.7
39.9
40.2
40.5
40.2
40.4
40.7
Durable goods 8
$1.77 $77.23
1.81 77.18
1.79 76.00
1.80 75.43
1.81 76.21
1.81 76.40
1.80 75.83
1.79 76. 59
1.81 77.39
1.81 77.97
1.83 79.15
1.83 80.15
1.84 80.16
1.85 80.56
1.85 81.56
41.3
40.2
40.0
39.7
39.9
40.0
39.7
40.1
40.1
40.4
40.8
41.1
40. S
41.1
41.4
Nondurable goods 3
$1.87 $63.60
1.92 64. 74
1.90 64.02
1.90 62.87
1.91 63.91
1.91 64. 57
1.91 64.74
1.91 64.68
1.93 65.24
1.93 65.07
1.94 65.97
1.95 66.47
1.96 66.02
1.96 66.36
1.97 66.70
39.5
39.0
38.8
38.1
38.5
38.9
39.0
39.2
39.3
39.2
39.5
39.8
39.3
39.5
39.7
Total: Ordnance
and accessories
$1.61 $77. 90
1.66 79.60
1.65 79.19
1.65 78.21
1.66 78.80
1.66 79.40
1.66 79.80
1.65 80.20
1.66 80.60
1.66 81.41
1.67 81.81
1.67 82.21
1.68 81.20
1.68 82.22
1.68 82.01
41.0
40.2
40.2
39.7
40.0
40.1
40.1
40.1
40.1
40.5
40.7
40.7
40.0
40.5
40.4
$1.90
1.98
1.97
1.97
1. 97
1.98
1.99
2.00
2.01
2.01
2.01
2.02
2.03
2.03
2.03
Food and kindred
products
Total: Food and
kindred products
41.2 $1.61
$66.33
1. 67
41.0
68.47
1.68
67.70
40.3
1.68
67. 54
40.2
1.68
40.8
68.54
1.67
41.4
69.14
1.67
41.5
69.31
1.64
41.2
67. 57
1.65
41.5
68.48
1.67
40.9
68.30
1.70
41.2
70.04
1.71
70.79
41.4
1.72
40.8
70.18
1. 73
70.07
40.5
1.73
70.24
40.6
718
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
T able C - l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
Manufacturing—Continued
Food and kindred products—Continued
Year and month
Meat products 4
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
1953: Average______ $74. 57
1954: Average______
76. 86
M arch___
73.05
A p r i l ________
72.68
M a y ____ _ . .
74.74
June_________
75.85
July__________
77. 98
August_____ _ 76. 07
September___
77. 87
October______
78. 02
83.03
N ovem ber___
81. 75
December____
1955: January______
79. 65
February_____
76. 00
M arch........ .
77. 36
Avg.
wkly.
hours
41.2
41.1
39.7
39.5
40.4
41.0
41.7
40.9
41.2
41.5
42.8
42.8
41.7
40.0
40.5
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$53.18
54. 57
53.95
53.00
54. 86
53. 27
54. 77
56. 03
56. 30
53.13
51. 75
55. 39
54. 67
56.15
56.06
39.1
38.7
36.7
36.3
38.1
38.6
39.4
40.6
40.8
38.5
36.7
38.2
37.7
38.2
38.4
41.3
40.9
40.8
40.9
41.0
41.4
41.1
40.8
41.0
40.7
40.6
40.9
40.4
40.5
40.5
39.3
39.3
39.1
38.7
38.7
39.7
38.4
39.4
40.2
39.4
39.6
39.9
39.7
40.0
39.6
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
A vg.
wkly.
hours
41.3
41.3
39.9
39.4
40.3
41.1
41.8
41.1
41.4
41.9
43.2
43.2
42.4
40.4
41.1
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.88 $73.39
1.93 76. 22
1.90 72.44
1.90 73. 93
1.91 76. 36
1.91 76.41
1.94 77. 83
1.92 76. 96
1.96 76.78
1.95 76.30
2. 01 79.80
1.97 79.00
1.96 78.09
1.95 76.00
1.96 75.41
Seafood, canned and
cured
29.8
30.4
26.8
27.5
29.7
31.6
36.6
30.4
30.7
27.4
29.3
32.7
29.0
32.1
33.5
Avg.
wkly.
hours
41.7
41.2
39.8
40.4
41.5
41.3
42.3
41.6
41. 5
40.8
42.0
41.8
41.1
40.0
39.9
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
40.7
40.3
38.6
38.1
39.8
40.5
40.1
41.7
42.0
40.0
38.6
39.8
40.1
39.8
40.0
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
$1.76 $68.05
1. 85 70. 04
1.82 69.12
1.83 68. 85
1.84 69.01
1.85 71.36
1.84 71.81
1.85 69. 98
1.85 71.07
1.87 70. 47
1.90 68. 26
1.89 69. 34
1.90 70. 58
1.90 71. 45
1. 89 71.61
Canned fruits, vege
tables, and soups
$1. 51 $55. 76
1. 54 56. 82
1. 54 57.13
1.55 55. 63
1.57 57.31
1. 42 56.70
1.54 54.94
1.50 57. 82
1.52 58. 38
1.39 55. 60
1.66 53. 27
1.66 56. 91
1. 55 58.15
1.51 58. 90
1.49 58. 80
Dairy products 4
41.4
41.2
40.9
41.2
41.4
41.5
41.3
41.2
41.3
41.0
41.0
41.3
40.7
40.7
40.9
$1.60 $58. 92
1.68 61.45
1. 65 61.66
1.66 60.83
1.67 60. 68
1.68 63.24.
1. 70 61. 75
1. 70 60. 76
1. 71 62.40
1. 71 61. 93
1.71 61.00
1. 71 61.39
1. 72 61.54
1. 73 62.33
1. 72 61.23
Confectionery
$1. 36 $51. 74
1.42 53.70
1. 42 53. 29
1.43 53.93
1.43 53.13
1.44 55.04
1.43 51.79
1. 42 53.70
1.42 54.94
1.41 53.84
1.40 53.46
1.41 54.26
1.43 54. 65
1.44 55.60
1.44 54. 91
39.2
39.2
38.9
38.8
38.5
39.6
37.8
39.2
40.1
39.3
39.6
39.9
39.6
40.0
39.5
41.2
39.9
40.3
39.5
39.4
40.8
40.1
39.2
40.0
39.7
39.1
39.1
39.2
39.7
39.0
$1.37 $71. 44
1.41 74.42
1.48 71.38
1.46 71.94
1.44 73.37
1.40 76. 32
1.37 76.73
1.39 74. 59
1.39 77. 46
1.39 75.31
1.38 75. 60
1.43 74. 48
1.45 75. 26
1.48 74.74
1.47 73. 96
$1.32 $76.04
1.37 78.59
1.37 77.79
1.39 78. 57
1.38 78.18
1.39 80.56
1.37 82.17
1.37 78. 76
1.37 79.17
1.37 78. 78
1.35 79. 00
1.36 78. 21
1.38 77. 62
1.39 78. 61
1.39 80.20
41.1
40.3
40.1
40.5
40.3
41.1
41.5
40.6
40.6
40.4
39.9
39.5
39.4
39.7
40.3
43.9
43.5
43.2
43.3
43.4
44.6
44.6
43.2
43.6
43.5
42.4
42.8
43.3
43.3
43.4
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
$1. 55 $69. 77
1. 61 71.73
1.60 70. 04
1. 59 70. 51
1.59 71.75
1. 60 75. 05
1.61 74.08
1.62 71.42
1.63 74.54
1.62 70. 31
1.61 70. 44
1.62 70. 44
1.63 72. 45
1. 65 71.81
1.65 72.41
44.1
44.3
43.0
43.6
44.2
45.7
45.4
44.4
45.3
44.3
43.7
43.3
43.5
43.2
43.0
$1.62 $75.65
1. 68 79. 74
1.66 73.36
1.65 74.70
1.66 76.39
1.67 78. 23
1.69 81.35
1.68 79. 57
1. 71 84.64
1. 70 82. 45
1.73 84.73
1.72 80. 55
1.73 82.08
1.73 79. 74
1.72 78.12
Sugar 4
$1.43 $71.18
1. 54 73.01
1.53 76. 79
1. 54 68. 99
1. 54 72. 92
1.55 72.63
1.54 72.57
1.55 71. 75
1.56 72. 75
1.56 68. 06
1. 56 78.16
1.57 73. 78
1.57 74. 45
1. 57 73. 51
1.57 73.35
Beverages 4
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Condensed and evap
orated milk
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
45.9
45.4
44.9
45.2
45.7
47.2
46.3
45.2
46.3
44.5
44.3
44.3
45.0
44.6
44.7
43.4
43.2
42.9
39.2
41.2
41.5
41.0
41.0
41.1
41.5
50.1
47.6
42.3
41.3
40.3
$1.64 $74. 94
1.69 76.26
1. 79 82. 53
1. 76 72. 31
1. 77 77.33
1. 75 76.86
1.77 77.15
1. 75 75.62
1. 77 77.00
1.64 74.03
1.56 79.84
1. 55 74.96
1. 76 73.66
1.78 77.14
1. 82 77. 57
42.6
41.6
41.0
41.7
41.1
42.7
43.2
42.2
42.5
41.9
40.5
40.5
40.3
40.7
41.8
42.1
41.0
43.9
39.3
41.8
42.0
41.7
41.1
41.4
39.8
41.8
40.3
39.6
40.6
40.4
M alt liquors
$1.42 $89. 79
1.48 92.80
1.48 91.37
1. 47 92.46
1.47 92. 92
1.49 95.30
1.48 97.00
1.47 93.03
1. 45 93.60
1.47 91.80
1.48 92.20
1.50 93. 53
1.47 91. 96
1.47 93.06
1.47 94.64
41.0
40.0
39.9
40.2
40.4
40.9
41.1
40.1
40.0
39.4
39.4
39.8
39.3
39.6
40.1
A vg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
43.0
42.6
42.6
42.4
42.2
43.2
44.2
42.4
43.1
42.7
41.7
42.0
41.9
42.6
42.7
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1. 59
1.68
1.66
1.66
1.65
1.67
1.68
1. 67
1.69
1.68
1.69
1. 70
1.70
1.73
1. 71
Prepared feeds
$1.70 $69.30
1.78 71.87
1. 71 70. 28
1. 69 70. 47
1.74 70. 53
1. 75 74.10
1.78 72.85
1.78 72.05
1.84 73. 92
1.82 72.19
1.85 71.44
1.81 71.72
1.82 70.79
1.80 71.34
1.80 71.56
Cane-sugar refining
Bottled soft drinks
$1.85 $60. 49
1. 95 61.57
1. 94 60.68
1. 94 61.30
1. 94 60.42
1. 96 63.62
1.98 63.94
1.94 62.03
1. 95 61.63
1. 95 61.59
1.98 59.94
1.98 60. 75
1.97 59.24
1.98 59.83
1.99 61.45
44.5
44.8
42.9
44.2
43.9
44.7
45.7
44.7
46.0
45.3
45.8
44.5
45.1
44.3
43.4
Ice cream and ices
$1.52 $68.37
1.58 71. 57
1.56 70.72
1.56 70.38
1. 57 69. 63
1. 59 72.14
1.60 74.26
1.58 70.81
1.61 72.84
1.58 71.74
1.59 70. 47
1.59 71.40
1.61 71. 23
1.61 73.70
1.62 73.02
Grain-mill p roducts4 Flour and other grainmill products
Bread and other bakery Biscuits, crackers, and
products
pretzels
$1. 57 $66.24
1. 66 69.22
1. 63 67.49
1. 64 68.39
1.65 69.14
1.65 69. 72
1.67 70. 21
1.67 70.04
1.68 70.62
1. 68 70.11
1. 68 70.11
1.69 70. 62
1. 69 70.00
1.70 70.41
1.69 70.35
C onfectionery a n d
related products 4
1953: Average____
$53.45
1954: Average______
55.81
M arch_______
55. 52
A p r i l ___ __ . .
55.34
M a y _________
55.34
June . . . . . . .
57.17
July--------------54. 91
A ugust_______
55.95
57.08
September___
October ___
55. 55
N ovem ber___
55.44
December___ _ 56.26
1955: January ___
56. 77
February_____
57.60
M arch_______
57.02
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
$1.36 $45. 00
1. 41 46. 82
1.47 41.27
1.46 42. 63
1.44 46. 63
1.38 44. 87
1.39 56.36
1.38 45.60
1.38 46.66
1.38 38. 09
1.41 48. 64
1.45 54.28
1.45 44. 95
1.47 48. 47
1.46 49. 92
Bakery products 4
1953: Average______ $64. 84
1954: A verage.. . . .
67. 89
M arch_____
66.50
A p ril.._ _ . . .
67.08
M a y _____ _
67.65
June_____
_
68.31
July__________
68. 64
A u gu st.......... . 68.14
September___
68. 88
October______
68.38
N ovem ber___
68. 21
December____
69.12
1955: January______
68.28
February___
68.85
M arch_______
68.45
Sausages and casings
$1.81 $77. 64
1.87 79. 71
1.84 75. 81
1.84 74.86
1.85 76.97
1.85 78. 50
1.87 81.09
1.86 78. 91
1.89 81.14
1. 88 81.71
1.94 86.83
1.91 85.10
1.91 83.10
1.90 78.78
1. 91 80. 56
Canning and pre
serving <
1953: Average______
1954: A v e r a g e .____
M arch. ____
A p ril.._ _____
M a y _________
June________
July--------------A ugust.. ___
September___
October . _ _
N ovem ber___
December____
1955 January______
February_____
M arch____
Meatpacking, whole
sale
45.0
45.2
44.2
44.6
45.5
47.5
46.4
45.6
46.2
45.4
44 1
44.0
43.7
43.5
43 9
$1.54
1.59
1.59
1.58
1.55
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.60
1.59
1.62
1.63
1.62
1.64
1.63
Beet sugar
$1. 78 $69. 80
1.86 73.08
1. 88 70.20
1.84 66. 97
1.85 71.38
1. 83 70.88
1. 85 70.80
1.84 72.16
1.86 71. 28
1. 86 67. 78
1. 91 80.02
1. 86 75.14
1. 86 81.09
1.90 72. 71
1. 92 70.49
42.3
43.5
39.0
37.0
40.1
40.5
40.0
41.0
40.5
42.9
49.7
46.1
44.8
39.3
37.9
$1.65
1.68
1.80
1.81
1.78
1.75
1. 77
1. 76
1. 76
1.58
1.61
1.63
1. 81
1. 85
1.86
Distilled, rectified, and
blended liquors
$2.19 $71.42
2.32 74.88
2.29 73. 73
2.30 75.26
2.30 73.53
2.33 74.31
2.36 75. 66
2.32 73.73
2.34 74.11
2.33 76.25
2. 34 80.60
2.35 72. 64
2.34 75.75
2.35 77.37
2.36 77.37
38.4
38.6
38.6
39.2
38.7
38.5
39.2
38.4
38.2
39.1
40.1
36.5
37.5
38.3
38.3
$1.86
1.94
1. 91
1. 92
1.90
1. 93
1.93
1. 92
1.94
1.95
2.01
1.99
2.02
2.02
2.02
719
C : EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
C - l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1— Continued
Manufacturing—Continued
Food and kindred products—Continued
Year and month
Miscellaneous food
products *
Avg.
wkly.
earntags
Avg.
wkly.
hours
1953: Average____ _ . $63.If
1954: Average_____ . 66.3t
M arch______ _ 65.3f
65. If
A pril________ .
M a y ...... ........ _ 65.78
65.3]
June................ .
July_________ _ 66.10
66.99
August______ .
September___ .
66. &
October______ . 67.68
Novem ber___ .
68.26
December____.
66.98
1955: January______.
66.82
February____
66. 65
M arch.......... .
65.19
41.
42.
41. £
41.5
41. S
41.0
42.1
42.4
42.1
42.;
42.4
41.6
41.5
41.4
41.0
A vg.
hrly.
earnings
Corn sirup, sugar, oil,
and starch
A vg.
wkly.
earnings
$1.51 $80. 94
1.58 83. 6<
1.56 81.02
1.57 79.4Í
1.57 82.8¿
1.57 80. 9(
1.57 84.71
1.58 90.29
1. 51 84.97
86.96
1.6(
1.61 85.7f
1.61 82.06
1.61 81. 06
1.61 82.1C
1.59 80.48
Avg.
wkly.
hours
A vg.
hrly.
earntags
Total: Tobacco
manufactures
Manufactured ice
Avg.
wkly.
earntags
$1.90 $63.34
1.96 65.64
1.92 64.3(
1.92 65.42
1.94 65. 71
1.94 64.18
1.98 67.45
1.98 66.46
1.99 66.27
1.96 65.86
1.98 65.85
1.94 66.28
1.94 65. 56
1.95 65.83
1.93 64.92
42.6
42.7
42.2
41. <
42.7
41.7
42.8
45.6
42.7
43.7
43.;
42.;
41.8
42.1
41.7
Tobacco manufactures
A vg.
wkly.
hours
A vg.
hrly.
earntags
A vg.
wkly.
earntags
$1.38 $47.37
49. 01
1.4;
1.41 47.52
1.41 49. 01
1.41 49.98
1.42 51.71
1.42 51.54
1.42 49. 67
1.45 48.86
1.47 49.72
1.46 47. 6C
1.46 49. 92
1.47 50.14
1.45 49. 58
1.43 51.65
45.9
45.6
45.6
46.4
46.6
45.2
47.5
46.8
45.7
44.8
45.1
45.4
44.6
45. 4
45.4
1953: Average______
1954: Average______
M arch_______
A pril________
M a y . ............
J u n e ...............
July................
August_______
September___
October. ..........
Novem ber___
December____
1955: Jan uary..........
February_____
M arch_______
$50.90
52. 73
49. 76
51. 80
53. 02
53. 02
51.97
55.10
55.63
54.53
53.20
54. 20
53.28
50.54
54.02
37.7
37.4
35.8
37.0
37.6
37.6
36.6
38.8
38.9
38.4
37.2
37.9
37.0
35.1
37.0
Tobacco stemming
and redrying
$1.35 $39. 73
1.41 39.43
1.39 41.54
1.40 44.53
1.41 45.14
1.41 47. 00
1.42 42.12
1.42 37. 86
1.43 38. 21
1.42 39. 96
1.43 34.17
1.43 39. 59
1.44 39. 70
1.44 40.43
1.46 44.40
38.2
37.2
35.2
36.2
36.4
37.9
35.1
36.4
39.8
41.2
33.5
37.7
37.1
36.1
37.0
hours
38.2
37.7
36. C
36.3
37.3
38.3
37.6
38.5
39.4
40.1
36. S
38.4
37.7
37. C
37.7
Avg.
hrly.
earnmgs
A vg.
wkly.
earntags
A vg.
hours
$1.24 $58. 59
1.3C 63.27
1.32 56.68
1.35 60.96
1.31 61.6C
1.35 65.53
1.36 67.32
1.26 68.3C
1.24 66.91
1.24 66. 99
1.26 61.88
1.3C 67.73
1.33 66.33
1.34 b3. 63
1.37 65.93
38.8
39.3
36.1
38.1
38.5
40.7
41.3
41.9
41.3
41.1
38.2
41.3
40.2
38.8
40.2
A vg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
earntags
$1.51 $42. 71
1.61 42.32
1.57 41.52
1.6C 40.25
1.6C 42.09
1.61 42.21
1.63 41.86
1.63 42.90
1.62 43. 73
1.63 44.66
1.62 44. 96
1.64 42. 57
1.65 41.88
1.64 42.35
1.64 42.12
A vg.
wklv.
hours
A vg.
hrly.
earntags
37.8
36.8
36.1
34.7
36.6
36.7
36.4
37.3
37.7
38.5
38.1
36.7
36.1
36.2
36.0
$1.13
1.15
1.15
1.16
1.15
1.15
1.15
1.15
1.16
1.16
1.18
1.16
1.16
1.17
1.17
Textile-mill products
Tobacco manufactures—Continued
Tobacco and snuff
A vg.
Cigars
Cigarettes
Total: Textile-mill
products
$1.04 $53. 57
1.06 52.09
1.18 52.06
1.23 50.46
1.24 51.10
1.24 51.41
1.20 51.41
1.04 52.36
.96 52. 50
.97 53. 70
1.02 54. 53
1.05 55.07
1.07 54. 25
1.12 55. 20
1.20 54. 66
39.1
38.3
38.0
37.1
37.3
37.8
37.8
38.5
38.6
39.2
39.8
40.2
39.6
40.0
39.9
Scouring and com b
ing plants
$1.37 $62. 01
1.36 60.53
1.37 60.04
1.36 58.09
1.37 61.30
1.36 65. 03
1.36 65. 51
1.36 62. 78
1.36 60. 61
1.37 55.03
1.37 56. 25
1.37 60.28
1.37 63. 29
1.38 62. 22
1.37 61.35
39.0
38.8
38.0
37.0
38.8
40.9
43.1
41.3
39.1
35.5
35.6
39.4
41.1
40.4
40.1
Yarn and thread
mills 4
$1.59 $48.39
1.56 46.00
1.58 45.14
1.57 43. 90
1.58 45. 00
1.59 45. 50
1.52 45.88
1.52 46.88
1.55 46. 75
1.55 47.00
1.58 48.13
1.53 49. 00
1.54 49. 01
1.54 49. 77
1.53 49. 90
38.1
36.8
36.4
35.4
36.0
36.4
37.0
37.5
37.1
37.6
38.5
39.2
38.9
39.5
39.6
Yarn mills
$1.27 $48. 26
1.25 45.63
1.24 44.39
1.24 43. 65
1.25 44.50
1.25 45.13
1.24 45. 51
1.25 46. 25
1.26 46.49
1.25 47.13
1.25 48. 00
1.25 48.63
1.26 48.38
1.26 49.25
1.26 49.77
38.0
36.5
35.8
35.2
35.6
36.1
36.7
37.3
36.9
37.7
38.4
38.9
38.7
39.4
39.5
$1. 27
1.25
1.24
1.24
1.25
1.25
1.24
1.24
1.26
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.26
Cotton, silk, synthetic fiber
Broad-woven fabric
mills *
United States
1953: Average______
1954: Average______
M arch_______
A pril_________
M a y _________
June_________
July__________
August.........
September___
October______
Novem ber___
December____
1955: January______
February_____
M a rc h ......... .
$49. 53
47.50
48. 89
45. 47
47.37
47.63
48.01
49. 28
49. 02
44.80
47. 74
50.82
51. 21
52.13
52.37
39.0
37.4
38.8
35.8
37.3
37.5
37.8
38.5
38.3
35.0
37.3
39.7
39.7
40.1
40.6
small wares
1953: Average........... $54.53
54.37
1954: A verage..........
54.65
M arch_______
A pril................. 53.96
54.65
M a y _________
54.23
June_________
J u ly ................ 53. 68
53.98
August_______
54.39
September___
54.60
O cto b e r..____
55.30
N ovem ber___
55.74
December____
54. 92
1955: January______
56.17
February____
M arch_______
56.30
39.8
39.4
39.6
39.1
39.6
39.3
38.9
39.4
39.7
39.0
39.5
40.1
39.8
40.7
40.8
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1. 27 $52. 80
1.27 50. 69
1. 26 50.16
1.27 48. 73
1. 27 48.97
1.27 49. 63
1.27 49. 52
1.28 50. 69
1.28 51.08
1.28 52.14
1.28 53. 20
1.28 53. 59
1. 29 52.67
1.30 53. 33
1. 29 52.80
39.4
38.4
38.0
37.2
37.1
37.6
37.8
38.4
38.7
39.5
40.3
40.6
39.9
40.1
40.0
$1. 34 $51. 09
1.32 49. 28
1.32 48. 76
1.31 47. 36
1.32 47.34
1.32 47.49
1.31 47.87
1. 32 49.15
1.32 49.54
1.32 50. 96
1.32 52.26
1.32 52.52
1.32 51.74
1.33 52. 40
1.32 51.74
39.3
38.2
37.8
37.0
36.7
37.1
37.4
38.1
38.4
39.5
40.2
40.4
39.8
40.0
39.8
South
North
$1.30 $56.37
39.7 $1.42 $49.78
1.42 47. 88
1.29 55.10
38.8
1. 29 54. 43
38.6
1.41 47. 50
1.41 46. 00
37.9
1.28 53.44
1.29 53. 72
38.1
1.41 45.86
1. 28 54. 53
38.4
1.42 46.13
38.4
1.41 46.50
1.28 54.14
1.41 47.88
1.29 54.57
38.7
1.42 48.26
1. 29 55.38
39.0
1. 29 55.81
1.42 50.17
39.3
1.30 57. 77
40.4
1.43 51. 05
1.30 58. 06
40.6
1.43 51.31
1.42 50.42
1.30 57. 51
40.5
1. 43 51. 07
1.31 57. 92
40.5
1.42 50.42
40.2
1. 30 57.08
FulL-fashioned hosiery
s m itin g mins *
United States
$1.37 $48. 75
1.38 48. 60
1.38 48. 71
1.38 46. 73
1.38 47. 65
1. 38 48. 34
1.38 47. 58
1.37 48. 88
1.37 49. 13
1. 40 50.17
1.40 50. 82
1.39 50. 56
1.38 49.37
1.38 50. 81
1.38 50.42
37.5
37.1
36.9
35.4
36.1
36.9
36.6
37.6
37.5
38.3
38.5
38.3
37.4
38.2
38. 2 :
$1.30 $56. 70
1.31 55.50
1.32 57.83
1.32 54. 53
1.32 55.12
1.31 54.09
1.30 52.98
1.30 54.46
1.31 54.31
1.31 54.96
1.32 56. 79
1.32 57. 92
1.32 56. 45
1.33 58.31
1.32 58.31
37.3
37.5
38.3
36.6
36.5
36.3
35.8
36.8
37.2
37.9
38.9
39.4
38.4
39.4
39.4
$1.52 $57. 00
1.48 55. 65
1.51 58.83
1.49 52.35
1. 51 54. 87
1.49 54. 96
1.48 54. 81
1.48 53.79
1. 46 54.24
1.45 53. 00
1.46 56. 45
1.47 57.18
1.47 55.20
1.48 56. 92
1.48 56. 09
South
North
37.5
37.1
38.2
34.9
36.1
36.4
36.3
36.1
36. 9
36.3
38.4
38.9
37.3
38.2
37.9
39.2
38.0
37.7
36.8
36.4
36.9
37. 2
38.0
38.3
39.5
40. 2
40.4
39.7
39.9
39.7
$1. 52 $56. 24
1.50 55.80
1.54 57.07
1.50 56.02
1.52 55.20
1.51 53. 58
1. 51 51. 83
1.49 54.68
1.47 54. 46
1.46 56.12
1.47 56.84
1.47 58.36
1.48 56.79
1.49 59. 20
1.48 59.35
37.0
37.7
38.3
37.6
36.8
36.2
35.5
37.2
37.3
38.7
39.2
39.7
38.9
40.0
40.1
$1.27 $61. 93
39.7 $1. 56
1. 26 61.05
39.9
1. 53
1.53
1. 26 59. 21
38.7
39.0
1. 54
1. 25 60. 06
40.1
1.55
1.26 62.16
1.54
1.25 62.68
40.7
39.9
1. 52
1. 25 60. 65
40.1
1. 51
1. 26 60. 55
40.4
1. 52
1. 26 61. 41
1.52
40.0
1.27 60.80
1.52
1.27 61.86
40.7
1.51
1.27 62.67
41.5
1. 51
1. 27 61.31
40.6
41.1
1. 50
1.28 61. 65
41.3
1.51
1.27 62.36
Seamless hosiery
United States
$1.52 $40. 26
1.48 40. 77
1.49 39. 87
1.49 37.97
1. 50 39.31
1.48 40.63
1.46 39.74
1.47 41. 78
1.46 41.58
1. 45 43.66
1.45 43.66
1.47 43.09
1.46 42.11
1.48 42. 57
1.48 ' 41.75
36.6
36.4
35.6
33.9
35.1
36.6
35.8
37.3
36.8
38.3
38.3
37.8
36.3
36.7
36.3
$1.10
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.11
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.14
1.14
1.16
1.16
1.15
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
720
T able
C - l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1— Continued
M anufacturing— C ontinued
Textile-mill products— Continued
Seamless hosiery— Continued
Year and month
Avg.
w kly.
earn
ings
1953: Average______
1954: Average______
M arch_______
A pril_________
M a y _________
June_________
July--------------August_______
September___
October______
N ovem ber___
December____
1955: January______
February_____
M arch_______
$43.88
43.07
43.32
39.63
42. 72
44.25
43.88
44.46
43. 52
44.72
44.25
43.44
43.32
43.80
44.77
A vg.
wkly.
hours
37.5
36.5
36.1
33.3
36.2
37.5
37.5
38.0
37.2
37.9
37.5
36.5
36.1
36.2
37.0
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
40.8
40.2
40.3
39.5
39.3
39.3
39.5
40.7
41.4
41.3
40.5
41.3
41.3
41.2
42.0
A vg.
wkly.
earn
ings
$1.17 $39.31
1.18 40.40
1.20 39.52
1.19 37.74
1.18 38.85
1.18 40.15
1.17 39.05
1.17 41.29
1.17 41.10
1.18 43.39
1.18 43.78
1.19 42.83
1.20 41.75
1.21 42.32
1.21 41.27
Carpets, rugs other
floor coverings 4
1953: Average______ $70.58
1954: Average______
69. 95
M arch_______
69. 72
April— ............ 67. 94
M a y ......... .......
68.38
June_________
68.38
July--------------69.13
A u g u s t,.-.......
71.63
September___
73. 69
October______
72.28
Novem ber___
70.47
December____
71.86
1955: January______
72.69
February_____
71. 69
M arch_______
73. 50
K nit outerwear
K nit underwear
South
North
A vg.
w kly.
hours
36.4
36.4
35.6
34.0
35.0
36.5
35.5
37.2
36.7
38.4
38.4
37.9
36.3
36.8
36.2
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.08 $50.81
1.11 51.85
1.11 50.46
1.11 49.90
1.11 51.32
1.10 52.13
1.10 52. 03
1.11 52. 72
1.12 53.65
1.13 53.38
1.14 54.00
1.13 52. 36
1.15 51.10
1.15 51.57
1.14 52.16
Wool carpets, rugs,
and carpet yarn
$1.73 $69.08
1.74 66.95
1.73 67.69
1.72 66.26
1.74 65.19
1.74 65.02
1.75 65.57
1.76 67.99
1.78 69.65
1.75 67.82
1.74 65.84
1.74 69.20
1. 76 70.30
1.74 70.12
1.75 71.40
39.7
38.7
38.9
38.3
37.9
37.8
37.9
39.3
39.8
39.2
38.5
40.0
40.4
40.3
40.8
A vg.
wkly.
earn
ings
A vg.
wkly.
hours
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
38.2
37.3
36.3
35.9
36.4
37.5
37.7
38.2
38.6
38.4
38.3
37.4
36.5
37.1
37.8
$1.33 $45.12
1.39 44. 53
1.39 43.44
1.39 41.97
1.41 43. 68
1.39 45.02
1.38 44.53
1.38 45.13
1.39 45.26
1.39 45.74
1.41 46.49
1.40 45.13
1.40 45.87
1.39 47.72
1.38 48.34
Hats (except cloth
and millinery)
$1.74 $56.10
1.73 54.66
1.74 53.10
1.73 46.11
1.72 52.39
1.72 54.96
1.73 53. 76
1.73 59.90
1. 75 54.60
1.73 53.59
1.71 57.82
1.73 60. 76
1.74 56. 54
1.74 61.69
1.75 58.28
37.4
36.2
35.4
31.8
35.4
36.4
35.6
38.4
36.4
34.8
37.3
39.2
37.2
38.8
37.6
A vg.
wkly.
earn
ings
A vg.
wkly.
hours
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
37.6
36.5
35.9
34.4
36.1
36.9
36.8
37.3
37.1
37.8
37.8
37.3
37.6
38.8
39.3
40.8
40.1
40.2
39.4
39.5
39.8
39.3
39.9
40.1
40.3
40.8
41.7
41.2
42.0
41.8
1953: Average______ $65.19
1954: Average______
67. 89
M arch_______
67. 65
A pril_________
66. 66
M a y ____ ____
69.14
June_________
64. 71
July— ............ 67. 60
August_______
65. 67
September___
64.19
October______
67. 57
N ovem ber___
70. 73
December____
75. 41
1955: January______
72. 76
February_____
77. 33
M arch_______
73. 87
41.0
40.9
41.0
40.4
41.4
39.7
40.0
39.8
38.9
41.2
42.1
44.1
42.8
44.7
43.2
$1. 59 $51.30
1.66 51.41
1.65 50. 51
1. 65 50. 02
1.67 51.73
1.63 51.29
1.69 52.03
1.65 50. 68
1.65 51.83
1.64 52. 08
1.68 52. 58
1.71 53.20
1.70 53. 20
1. 73 52.45
1.71 53.32
M en’s and b o y s ’
fu rn ish in g s and
work clothing 4
1953: Average______ $41.18
1954: Average______
40.81
M arch_______
41.15
A pril_________
39.10
M a y _________
39. 67
J u n e -......... .
40. 0C
July__________
39. 76
August_______
41. 7C
September___
41. 81
October______
41. 58
N ovem ber___
41. 61
December____
40.91
1955: January______
40. 68
February_____ 41.92
M arch_______
42.15
37.1
35.8
36.1
34.6
34.8
35.4
35.5
36.9
36.7
36.8
36.5
36.2
36. C
37.1
37.3
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Processed waste and
recovered fibers
42.4
41.8
41.4
41.0
42.4
41.7
42.3
41.2
41.8
42.0
42.4
42.9
42.9
42.3
43.0
Shirts, collars, and
nightwear
$1.11 $41. 40
1.14 41.04
1.14 41.50
1.13 39.22
1.14 39. 67
1.13 39. 67
1.12 39. 55
1.13 41.47
1.14 42. 44
1.13 42. 75
1.14 43.82
1. 13 42. 41
1.13 41.61
1.13 42. 41
1.13 41.92
37.3
36.0
36.4
34.4
34.8
34.8
35. C
36.7
36. C
37.5
38.1
37.2
36.5
37.2
37.1
44.5
43.3
42.7
42.5
42.4
43.5
40.9
42.4
44.2
44.0
45.2
45.8
45.4
46.2
46.6
37.5
36.1
37.6
35.6
34.8
34.6
35.7
36.1
36.5
35.7
35.6
36.6
36.6
37. C
38.0
Cordage and twine
$1.80 $53.33
1.83 53. 02
1.81 53. 84
1.81 51. 41
1.83 52. 20
1.83 52. 06
1.81 52.88
1.80 53. 99
1.84 53.31
1. 86 53. 54
1. 87 52. 61
1.88 53.70
1.91 53. 96
1.92 55.20
1.92 55.20
Separate trousers
$1.11 $44.63
1.14 43.32
1.14 45. 87
1.14 42. 72
1.14 41.41
1.14 40.83
1.13 41.77
1.13 43. 32
1.15 43.44
1.14 42.13
1.15 42. 36
1.14 43. 55
1.14 43.1C
1.14 45.1C
1.13 45. 22
41.1
40.8
40.9
39.9
39.7
40.2
40.0
40.5
40.6
41.5
42.6
43.0
42.3
42.7
42.2
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
A vg.
w kly.
earn
ings
$1.50 $61.65
1.51 61.35
1. 52 62.06
1.50 59.60
1.50 59.30
1.49 59.64
1.50 59. 60
1.51 60.90
1.51 61.05
1.51 62. 55
1. 53 65.06
1.54 66.10
1.52 64.60
1.53 65.06
1.51 63.60
A vg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
41.1
40.9
41.1
40.0
39.8
40.3
40.0
40.6
40.7
41.7
42.8
43.2
42.5
42.8
42.4
$1.50
1.50
1.51
1.49
1.49
1.48
1.49
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.52
1.53
1.52
1.52
1.50
41.3
40.0
40.1
39.8
38.4
40.8
39.9
39.8
39.8
40.8
40.9
41.0
40.4
41.1
40.8
$1.72 $61.85
1.74 60.80
1.70 60. 59
1.72 58.81
1.72 57.96
1.75 60.31
1.75 60.39
1.74 61.55
1.77 62.54
1.76 61.38
1.76 62.05
1.76 64.62
1.75 62. 32
1. 76 63.91
1.77 63.36
38.9
37.3
37.4
36.3
36.0
37.0
36.6
37.3
37.9
37.2
38.3
39.4
38.0
38.5
38.4
$1.59
1.63
1.62
1.62
1.61
1.63
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.62
1.64
1.64
1.66
1.65
Apparel and other finished textile products
Artificial leather, oil
cloth, and other
coated fabrics
$1.21 $80.10
1.23 79. 24
1.22 77. 29
1.22 76. 93
1.22 77. 59
1.23 79. 61
1.23 74. 03
1.23 76. 32
1.24 81. 33
1. 24 81. 84
1.24 84. 52
1.24 86.10
1.24 86. 71
1.24 88.70
1.24 89. 47
A vg.
wkly.
hours
Dyeing and finishing
textiles (except wool)
Pelt goods (except
woven felts and hats)
$1. 53 $71.04
1.56 69. 60
1.54 68.17
1.54 68.46
1.55 66.05
1.55 71.40
1.57 69.83
1.55 69.25
1.56 70. 45
1.56 71.81
1. 57 71.98
1.58 72.16
1.58 70.70
1.59 72. 34
1. 59 72. 22
Textile-mill products— Continued
Paddings and uphol
stery filling
A vg.
wkly.
earn
ings
$1.20 $61.65
1.22 61.61
1. 21 62.17
1.22 59.85
1.21 59.55
1.22 59.90
1. 21 60.00
1. 21 61.16
1.22 61.31
1.21 62.67
1. 23 65.18
1.21 66. 22
1.22 64. 30
1. 23 65.33
1.23 63.72
Miscellaneous textile
goods 4
$1.50 $62.42
1.51 62.56
1.50 61.91
1.45 60. 68
1.48 61.23
1.51 61.69
1.51 61.70
1.56 61.85
1.50 62. 56
1.54 62.87
1.55 64.06
1.55 65.89
1.52 65.10
1.59 66.78
1.55 66.46
Dyeing and finishing
textiles4
39.5
38.7
39.3
37.8
38.1
38.0
38.6
39.7
39.2
38.8
38.4
39.2
39.1
40.0
40.0
Work shirts
$1.19 $34. 32
1.20 33. 63
1. 22 33. 79
1.2C 34. 69
1.1C 34. 20
1.18 34.04
1.17 33.37
1.2C 34.78
1.1C 33.44
1.18 33. 65
1.19 32. 59
1.1C 33.12
1.18 33. 28
1.1C 33. 56
1.19 35. 62
36.9
35.4
35.2
36.9
36.0
36.6
35.5
37.0
35.2
35.8
34.3
34.5
35.4
35.7
37.1
Total: Apparel and
other finished tex
tile products
$1.35 $48. 41
1.37 48.06
1.37 49. 59
1.36 45. 62
1.37 46.07
1.37 46. 55
1.37 47.17
1.36 48. 87
1.36 48. 82
1.38 47. 84
1.37 48. 37
1. 37 49. 01
1.38 48. 60
1.38 49. 55
1.38 49. 85
36.4
35.6
36.2
34.3
34.9
35.0
35.2
36.2
35.9
35.7
36.1
36.3
36.0
36.7
37.2
$1.33 $57.93
1.35 56.05
1.37 57.32
1.33 52.64
1.32 52. 97
1.33 55. 08
1.34 56. 80
1.35 57. 05
1.36 57.35
1.34 53. 63
1.34 55. 09
1.35 58.32
1.35 57. 87
1.35 59. 66
1.34 60. 47
W om en’s outerwear4
$0.93 $52.65
.95 52. 05
.96 54. 93
.94 49.01
.95 49.76
.93 48. 53
.94 50. 81
.94 53.15
.95 52.17
.94 50. 40
.95 51.65
.96 53. 55
.94 53. 40
.94 54. 21
.96 53. 87
35.1
34.7
35.9
33.8
34.8
33.7
34.1
35.2
34.1
33.6
34.9
35.7
35.6
35.9
36.4
M en’s and boys’
suits and coats
36.9
34.6
35.6
32.9
32.9
34.0
35.5
35.0
35.4
32.9
33.8
36.0
35.5
36.6
37.1
$1.57
1. 62
1.61
1.60
1.61
1.62
1.60
1.63
1.62
1.63
1.63
1.62
1.63
1.63
1.63
Women’s dresses
$1. 50 $52.15
1.50 52. 20
1.53 55.18
1.45 52. 25
1.43 53. 45
1.44 47. 91
1.49 48. 67
1.51 52. 69
1.53 52. 86
1. 50 52. 05
1.48 52.50
1.50 53. 70
1. 50 53. 49
1. 51 53. 04
1.48 54.68
35.0
34.8
36.3
34.6
35.4
33.5
33.8
35.6
34.1
33.8
35.0
35.8
35.9
35.6
36.7
$1. 49
1.50
1. 52
1.51
1.51
1.43
1.44
1.48
1.55
1.54
1.50
1.50
1.49
1.49
1. 49
O: EARNINGS AND HOURS
721
Table C - l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1— Continued
M anufacturing— C ontinued
Apparel and other finished textile products— Continued
Year and month
Household apparel
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
1953: Average______ $39. 74
1954: Average______
39.82
M arch_______
41.18
A pril_________
40.04
M a y ............... . 39.79
June_________
38. 86
July--------------37.66
A u gu st............
38. 91
September___
39. 96
O c to b e r _____
40.18
N ovem ber___
41.63
December____
40.70
1955: January___ _
39. 38
February_____
39.93
M arch_______
40. 92
Avg.
wkly.
hours
36.8
36.2
37.1
36.4
36.5
34.7
35.2
35.7
36.0
36.2
37.5
37.0
35.8
36.3
37.2
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$44.53
45.14
46.63
42.11
44. 29
45. 38
45. 38
46.62
45.26
44.16
44. 77
43.92
45.26
46.00
45.86
36.5
36.7
37.3
34.8
36.6
37.2
37.2
37.9
36.5
36.2
37.0
36.3
37.1
37.4
37.9
Underwear and night
wear, except corsets
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
$1.08 $64. 81
1.10 63. 31
1.11 65. 47
1.10 51.43
1.09 51. 44
1.12 60. 59
1.07 66.44
1.09 66.92
1.11 63.60
1.11 59.40
1.11 60. 87
1.10 66.25
1.10 67.42
1.10 68. 36
1.10 64.55
Children’s outerwear
1953: Average...........
1954: Average______
M arch........ .....
A p r i l...._____
M a y . . . ____
June_____ . . .
July..................
August_______
September___
October...........
N ovem ber___
December........
1955: January______
February_____
M arch_______
Women’s suits, coats,
W om en’s and chil
and skirts
dren’s undergarments
Avg.
wkly.
hours
32.9
32.3
32.9
27.5
28.9
32.4
33.9
33.8
31.8
29.7
30.9
33.8
34.4
34.7
33.1
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
37.1
36.1
36.2
34.1
35.4
35.2
35.1
36.3
36.7
37.2
37.3
37.3
35.8
36.4
36.9
Avg.
wkly.
hours
$1.97 $44. 28
1.96 44.04
1. 99 44.65
1. 87 42. 58
1.78 43. 67
1. 87 43.91
1. 96 42.24
1.98 43.80
2. 00 44. 65
2.00 45.50
1. 97 45. 51
1.96 43.92
1.96 43. 56
1. 97 44.17
1.95 45.25
Miscellaneous apparel
and accessories
$1.22 $44. 52
1.23 43.68
1. 25 43.80
1. 21 40.92
1.21 43.19
1.22 42. 59
1.22 42.12
1.23 43.92
1. 24 44. 77
1.22 45. 38
1.21 45. 51
1.21 45.13
1.22 43. 32
1.23 44. 04
1.21 44.65
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
36.9
36.1
36.6
34.9
35.5
35.7
35.2
36.2
36.9
37.6
37.3
36.3
36.0
36.5
37.4
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.20 $41. 58
1.22 41.27
1.22 41. 95
1.22 39. 79
1.23 40.14
1.23 40. 24
1.20 39.78
1.21 41.02
1. 21 41.92
1.21 43.05
1.22 43. 09
1.21 41.02
1.21 40.68
1.21 41.70
1. 21 43.09
Other fabricated
textile products 4
$1.20 $47. 75
1.21 47. 99
1.21 47.60
1.20 46.70
1.22 47. 47
1.21 47.23
1.20 46.85
1. 21 48.00
1.22 48.76
1.22 49. 02
1.22 49.79
1.21 50.18
1.21 49.13
1.21 49.91
1.21 50.04
37.6
37.2
36.9
36.2
36.8
36.9
36.6
37.5
37.8
38.4
38.6
38.6
37.5
38.1
38.2
Avg.
wkly.
hours
36.8
36.2
36.8
34.9
34.9
35.3
35.2
36.3
37.1
38.1
37.8
36.3
36.0
36.9
37.8
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
37.0
36.9
36.8
35.9
36.0
35.7
35.9
37.2
38.1
39.0
39.1
38.4
36.5
38.0
37.6
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
$1.13 $48.10
1.14 48. 24
1.14 48. 64
1.14 46.63
1.15 48. 78
1.14 48. 51
1.13 45.89
1.13 48. 01
1.13 48. 55
1.13 49.18
1.14 49. 28
1.13 48.78
1.13 48.11
1.13 48.11
1.14 48.81
Curtains, draperies,
and other house-fur
nishings
$1.27 $42.18
1.29 42. 80
1.29 42.69
1. 29 41.64
1.29 41.40
1. 28 41.41
1. 28 41.29
1.28 42.78
1.29 44. 58
1.28 45. 24
1.29 45. 75
1. 30 45. 31
1. 31 43.07
1.31 45.22
1. 31 44. 37
Corsets and allied
garments
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
37.0
36.0
36.3
34.8
36.4
36.2
35.3
36.1
36.5
36.7
36.5
36.4
35.9
35.9
36.7
38.1
37.9
37.5
36.4
37.1
37.0
37.9
39.1
39.9
38.3
38.8
38.4
37.7
37.5
38.2
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
$1. 30 $58. 48
1. 34 58.16
1.34 67.20
1.34 45.90
1. 34 44.68
1.34 52.33
1. 30 55.71
1. 33 62. 58
1.33 64. 51
1.34 59.13
1. 35 51.90
1.34 53. 50
1. 34 56. 21
1.34 64. 71
1.33 66.42
Textile bags
$1.14 $49. 53
1.16 50.79
1.16 49. 50
1.16 48. 78
1.15 49.71
1.16 49. 95
1.15 50.79
1.15 53.18
1.17 54.26
1.16 51.71
1.17 52.38
1.18 52.22
1.18 51.65
1.19 51. 38
1.18 51.95
Millinery
Avg.
wkly.
hours
36.1
35.9
40.0
30.6
29.2
32.5
34.6
37.7
38.4
36.5
33.7
35.2
36.5
39.7
41.0
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.62
1.62
1. 68
1. 50
1. 53
1.61
1.61
1.66
1.68
1.62
1. 54
1.52
1.54
1.63
1.62
Canvas products
$1.30 $51. 09
1. 34 52.38
1.32 50.76
1.34 51.84
1. 34 53.33
1. 35 53.19
1.34 52. 27
1.36 52.26
1.36 55. 58
1. 35 52.50
1.35 51.84
1.36 52. 67
1.37 50.57
1.37 53. 33
1. 36 53.87
39.0
38.8
37.6
38.4
39.5
39.4
39.3
39.0
39.7
38.6
38.4
39.6
38.6
39.5
39.9
$1.31
1. 35
1.35
1. 35
1. 35
1. 35
1. 33
1.34
1.40
1.36
1.35
1.33
1.31
1.35
1. 35
Lumber and wood products (except furniture)
Total: Lumber and
wood products (ex
cept furniture)
1953: Average______
1954: Average______
M arch______
A pril_________
M a y ________
June_________
July--------------August______
September___
October______
N ovem ber___
December____
1955: January______
February_____
M arch_______
$65. 93
66.18
64.40
65.53
66.63
68.30
62.83
65. 57
67.40
69. 72
68.64
66.91
66.34
66.50
66.58
40.7
40.6
40.0
40.2
39.9
40.9
40.8
41.5
40.6
41.5
41.1
40.8
40.7
40.8
41.1
$1.62 $79. 00
1.63 73. 72
1. 61 72. 96
1.63 80.30
1.67 76. 80
1.67 79.18
1.54 63.00
1.58 67. 30
1. 66 68.16
1.68 77.03
1. 67 76.05
1.64 73.53
1.63 74.03
1.63 71.24
1. 62 66.98
Millwork, plywood,
and prefabricated
structural w ood
products 4
1953: Average______ $68.89
1954: Average______
70.97
M arch_____ _ 68.54
A p r i l ________
68. 78
M a y . . ______
69.77
June_________
71. 90
July------ --------- 69. 72
August______
71.99
September___
71.28
October_____ _ 74.12
N ovem ber____ 73.43
73.78
December____
72.73
1955: January______
February_____ 72.28
M arch_______
72.98
41.5
41.5
40.8
40.7
40.8
41.8
41.5
42.6
41.2
42.6
42.2
42.4
41.8
41.3
41.7
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Logging camps and
contractors
39.5
38.0
36.3
37.7
36.4
39.2
37.5
38.9
35.5
39.3
39.0
38.7
39.8
38.3
36.4
Millwork
$1.66 $68. 55
1.71 70.81
1. 68 68. 47
1.69 67. 73
1. 71 69.55
1. 72 71. 99
1.68 70. 90
1.69 72.84
1.73 72.85
1. 74 73.96
1.74 72. 93
1.74 72.50
1.74 70.04
1. 75 70.45
1.75 71.48
41.8
41.9
41.0
40.8
41.4
42.6
42.2
43.1
42.6
43.0
42.4
42.4
41.2
41.2
41.8
Sawmills and plan
ing mills 4
$2.00 $65. 37
1.94 66. 83
2.01 64. 96
2.13 65. 77
2.11 67.23
2.02 68. 80
1.68 64.64
1.73 67.10
1.92 70.06
1. 96 70.81
1.95 68. 89
1.90 66. 67
1.86 66.75
1.86 67.57
1.84 67. 97
40.6
41.0
40.6
40.6
40.5
41.2
41.7
42.2
41.7
41.9
41.5
40.9
40.7
41.2
41.7
Plywood
$1.64 $71. 32
1.69 73.08
1. 67 71.31
1.66 71. 62
1.68 71.10
.1.69 71.81
1.68 66.50
1.69 68.69
1.71 71.81
1.72 77.51
1. 72 76. 72
1.71 78.68
1. 70 80.99
1. 71 79. 90
1.71 79.28
42.2
42.0
41.7
41.4
40.4
40.8
40.8
42.4
40.8
43.3
43.1
44.2
44.5
43.9
43.8
Sawmills and planing mills, general
South
United States
$1. 61 $66.18
1.63 67.40
1.60 65. 37
1.62 66. 34
1.66 67.64
1. 67 69. 38
1. 55 65. 21
1.59 67.68
1. 68 70.47
1.69 71.40
1.66 69.31
1.63 67. 08
1.64 67.16
1.64 67.98
1.63 68. 39
40.6
41.1
40.6
40.7
40.5
41.3
41.8
42.3
41.7
42.0
41.5
40.9
40.7
41.2
41.7
$1.63 $43. 78
1.64 44.20
1.61 43.26
1.63 43.68
1.67 43.26
1.68 44. 20
1. 56 45.15
1.60 45. 57
1.69 45.68
1.70 46.11
1. 67 45.36
1.64 45.47
1.65 43. 99
1.65 45.26
1.64 46.10
W ooden containers 4
$1. 69 $51. 25
1.74 50.00
1.71 49.08
1.73 49.20
1.76 49.97
1.76 51.16
1. 63 49. 48
1. 62 48. 98
1. 76 50. 82
1.79 51.82
1. 78 50.50
1.78 50. 53
1.82 49.23
1.82 49. 97
1.81 51. 50
41.0
40.0
39.9
40.0
40.3
40.6
39.9
39.5
39.7
40.8
40.4
40.1
39.7
40.3
41.2
42.5
42.5
42.0
42.0
41.6
42.5
43.0
43.4
43.5
43.5
43.2
43.3
42.3
43.1
43.9
West
$1.03 $83.81
1.04 85. 06
1.03 82.68
1.04 84.10
1.04 84. 85
1.04 86. 76
1.05 85. 69
1.05 89.42
1.05 86.19
1.06 88.44
1.05 86.94
1.05 83. 81
1.04 85. 63
1. 05 86.29
1.05 85. 02
Wooden boxes, other
than cigar
$1. 25 $51.34
1.25 49. 48
1. 23 49.20
1.23 49.45
1.24 49.85
1.26 51. 56
1.24 49. 20
1.24 47. 95
1.28 50. 43
1. 27 51. 56
1.25 50. 38
1.26 50. 38
1.24 49.20
1.24 50.84
1. 25 52.25
41.4
39.9
40.0
40.2
40.2
40.6
40.0
39.3
39.4
40.6
40.3
40.3
40.0
41.0
41.8
38.8
39.2
39.0
39.3
39.1
39.8
38.6
40.1
39.0
40.2
39.7
38.8
39.1
39.4
39.0
$2.16
2.17
2.12
2.14
2.17
2.18
2.22
2.23
2.21
2.20
2.19
2.16
2.19
2.19
2.18
Miscellaneous wood
products
$1.24 $55.46
1.24 54.95
1.23 54. 54
1.23 54.54
1.24 54.68
1. 27 55. 08
1.23 53.07
1.22 54.13
1.28 56.17
1.27 56.72
1.25 57.13
1.25 57.13
1.23 57.13
1.24 57.41
1.25 57.96
41.7
40.7
40.7
40.7
40.5
40.8
39.9
40.7
40.7
41.1
41.1
41.4
41.1
41.6
42.0
$1.33
1.35
1.34
1.34
1. 35
1.35
1. 33
1.33
1. 38
1. 38
1. 39
1.38
1.39
1. 38
1.38
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
722
T a b l e C - l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1— Continued
M anufacturing— C ontinued
Furniture and fixtures
Total: Furniture
and fixtures
Year and month
A vg.
wkly.
earn
ings
A vg.
w kly.
hours
$63.14
62.96
62.56
61.00
60.53
62.17
61. 86
63. 74
September __
64. 46
65.10
October______
64.62
Novem ber - - D ecem ber.,. . 65.83
63.99
February. .
65.67
65.67
1954: Average----------
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
41.0
40.1
40.1
39.1
38.8
39.6
39.4
40.6
40.8
41.2
40.9
41.4
40.5
41.3
41.3
Wood household fur
niture (except up
Household furniture4
holstered)
A vg.
wkly.
earn
ings
$1.54 $60.38
1.57 60. 25
1. 56 59. 85
1.56 58.20
1. 56 57. 30
1.57 59.19
1.57 59.04
1.57 61.00
1.58 61.71
1.58 62.62
1.58 62.17
1.59 63.19
1. 58 60.85
1.59 62. 78
1.59 62.78
Avg.
wkly.
hours
40.8
39.9
39.9
38.8
38.2
39.2
39.1
40.4
40.6
41.2
40.9
41.3
40.3
41.3
41.3
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
A vg.
wkly.
earn
ings
$1.48 $55. 21
1. 51 54. 54
1. 50 54. 54
1.50 52.92
1.50 52. 52
1.51 54.26
1. 51 52.92
1.51 54. 81
1.52 55.08
1. 52 56.44
1. 52 56.44
1.53 57. 27
1.51 56.17
1.52 56. 85
1.52 56. 70
Avg.
wkly.
hours
41.2
40.4
40.4
39.2
38.9
39.9
39.2
40.6
40.5
41.5
41.5
41.8
41.3
41.8
42.0
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Wood household fur
niture, upholstered
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
$1.34 $65. 45
1.35 64.29
1.35 63. 57
1.35 62.16
1.35 58.48
1.36 61.13
1.35 62.10
1.35 65.27
1.36 67.49
1.36 68.89
1.36 69.14
1.37 70. 98
1.36 62.43
1.36 68.14
1.35 68.54
Avg.
wkly.
hours
40.4
39.2
39.0
37.9
36.1
37.5
38.1
39.8
40.9
41.5
41.4
42.0
38.3
40.8
40.8
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Mattresses and bedsprings
A vg.
wkly
earn
ings
$1.62 $66.23
1.64 66.86
1.63 65. 97
1.64 64.30
1.62 63. 74
1.63 65.63
1.63 67.70
1.64 69.38
1.65 69. 97
1.66 68. 95
1.67 66.19
1.69 66.70
1.63 69. 72
1.67 70.18
1. 68 68.74
$61.71
59.15
59.10
56.17
57. 75
58.80
58.84
July__________
61. 69
September___
60. 68
60. 49
N ovem ber___
58. 20
D ecem ber.. . .
60.90
60.05
February.
60.49
61.35
1954: Average-------M a r c h ______
40.6
39.7
39.4
37.2
38.5
39.2
40.3
41.4
41.0
40.6
38.8
40.6
40.3
40.6
40.9
Metal office furniture
$1. 52 $75. 70
1.49 77. 55
1.50 77. 71
1.51 75.98
1.50 75. 60
1.50 77.14
1.46 75.64
1.49 77.39
1.48 78.36
1.49 78. 34
1.50 79. 32
1.50 80.70
1.49 80. 90
1.49 82. 64
1.50 81.29
40.7
40.6
40.9
40.2
40.0
40.6
39.6
40.1
40.6
40. 8
41.1
41.6
41. 7
42.6
41.9
Partitions, shelving,
lockers, and fixtures
$1.86 $73.85
1.91 75.01
1.90 73.05
1.89 72. 68
1.89 73. 84
1.90 75.14
1.91 73.90
1.93 75.05
1.93 77.39
1.92 75.84
1.93 76.99
1.94 76. 78
1.94 75. 79
1.94 78.38
1.94 77.18
40.8
39.9
39.7
39.5
39.7
40.4
39.1
39.5
40.1
39.5
40.1
40.2
40.1
40.4
40.2
Screens, blinds, and
miscellaneous fur
niture and fixtures
$1.81 $62.31
1.88 64.43
1.84 62. 58
1.84 62.42
1.86 64. 48
1.86 64.74
1.89 64.90
1.90 64.84
1.93 65.00
1.92 65.41
1.92 64.78
1.91 68.16
1.89 65.19
1.94 65. 83
1.92 67.39
42.1
41.3
40.9
40.8
41.6
41.5
41.6
41.3
41.4
41.4
41.0
42.6
41.0
41.4
41.6
1954: Average_____
M arch_______
August____ __
September___
October______
N ovem ber___
December. .
M a r c h .!_____
$67.68
68.97
66. 75
66.33
67.89
69.14
69.05
70.56
70.98
71.23
71.83
70.22
69. 7C
70.38
71. 65
42.3
41.3
40.7
40.2
40.9
41.4
41.1
42.0
42. C
42.4
42.5
41.8
41. C
41.4
41.9
Paperboard boxes
$1.60 $67.42
1.67 68. 72
1.64 66.34
1.65 65.93
1.66 67.65
1.67 69.06
1.68 68.39
1.68 70.47
1.69 70.47
1.68 71.14
71.74
1.6Í
1.68 69.97
1.70 69.46
1.70 70.14
1.71 71.40
Books
Periodicals
1953: Average______
M arch____ _
June______
..
September___
October. . .
N ovem ber___
December . . .
M arch_______
$86.98
88. 7C
88. 58
86.63
86.14
85.63
87. 58
91.03
89.95
89. 55
88.82
87.12
88. 76
90.68
92.00
39.9
39.6
39.9
39.2
38.8
38.4
39.1
40.1
39.8
39.8
39.5
39.6
39.1
39.6
40.0
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
42.4
41.4
40.7
40.2
41.0
41.6
41.2
42.2
42.2
42.6
42.7
41.9
41.1
41.5
42.0
$2.18 $73.84
2. 24 76.24
2. 22 75.84
2. 21 73.92
2.22 75.27
2.23 75.66
2.24 75.66
2.27 78.98
2. 26 78.18
2.25 76.82
2.26 77.22
2. 20 78.41
2.27 77.42
2.29 78. 21
2.30 79.40
39.7
39.2
39.5
38.5
38.8
39.2
39.2
40.5
40.3
39.6
39. (
39.6
39.1
39.3
39.7
Fiber cans, tubes,
and drums
$1.59 $71.65
1.66 73.02
1.63 71.69
1.64 71.20
1.65 71.82
1.66 72.47
1.66 74. 21
1.67 73.63
1.67 74.48
1.67 74.8C
1.68 72.71
1.67 75. 52
1.69 74. 96
1.69 74.19
1.70 74.37
41.9
39.9
40.5
40.0
39.9
39.6
39.9
39.8
39.2
40. C
39.3
40.6
40.3
40.1
40.2
Commercial
printing
$1.86 $84.42
85. 72
1.94
1.92 85. 57
1.92 84. 5(
1.94 84.46
1.93 85.02
85. 72
1.9;
1.95 85.10
1.94 85.89
1.94
86.2Í
1.98 86.9(
1.98 88.84
1.98 87. 52
1.99 87. 96
2.00 89. 65
40.2
39.5
39.8
39.3
39.1
39.0
39.5
39.4
39.4
39.4
39.5
40.2
39.6
39.8
40.2
A vg.
w kly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
$1.66 $71.06
1.68 71.10
1.67 70. 93
1.67 68.97
1.66 69. 32
1.67 69. 32
1.68 69.66
1.68 72.73
1.69 72.56
1.69 72. 98
1.68 72. 34
1.68 74.27
1.73 73.46
1.72 74. 52
1.71 73.99
Total: Paper and
allied products
$1.48 $72. 67
1. 56 74. 03
1.53 72.83
1. 53 71.97
1.55 72.83
1.56 74.20
1.56 74. 62
1.57 74.98
1.57 75. 40
1.58 76.01
1. 58 76.18
1.60 76.01
1.59 75.72
1.59 76.08
1.62 76.43
41.8
41.1
41.0
40.1
40.3
40.3
40.5
41.8
41.7
41.7
41.1
42.2
41.5
42.1
41.8
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.70
1.73
1.73
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.74
1.74
1.75
1.76
1.76
1.77
1.77
1. 77
43.0
42.3
42.1
41.6
42.1
42.4
42.4
42.6
42.6
42.7
42.8
42.7
42.3
42.5
42.7
Pulp, paper, and
paperboard mills
$1.69 $78. 76
1.75 80.04
1.73 78.99
1.73 77. 47
1.73 78.19
1.75 79. 79
1.76 81. 47
1.76 81.10
1.77 81.97
1.78 82.16
1.78 81.91
1.78 82.34
1.79 82.16
1.79 82.34
1.79 82. 97
44.0
43.5
43.4
42.8
43.2
43.6
43.8
43.6
43.6
43.7
43.8
43.8
43.7
43.8
43.9
$1.79
1.84
1.82
1.81
1.81
1.83
1.86
1.86
1.88
1.88
1.87
1.88
1.88
1.88
1.89
Printing, publishing, and allied industries
Paper and allied products--Continued
Paperboard con
tainers and boxes 4
39.9
39.8
39.5
38.5
38.4
39.3
40.3
41.3
41.4
40.8
39.4
39.7
40.3
40.8
40. 2
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Paper and allied products
Furniture and fixtures—Continued
Wood office furniture
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Office, public-build
ing, and p r o f e s sionalfurniture4
Other paper and
allied products
$1.71 $65.31
1.83 66.67
1.77 66.01
1.78 65.37
1.80 66.42
1.83 66.83
1.86 66.83
1.85 66.83
1.9C 66.67
1.87 67.65
1.85 68.23
1.86 68.39
1.86 67.73
1.85 68.23
1.85 68.39
41.6
40.9
41.0
40.6
41.0
41.0
41.0
41.0
40.9
41.0
41.1
41.2
40.8
41.1
41.2
$1.57 $85. 58
1.63 87.17
1.61 86. 85
1.61 86.11
1.62 86. 71
1.63 87.32
1.63 86.94
1.63 87.40
1.62 88.39
1.65 87.94
1.66 88. 55
1.66 90. 09
1.66 88.24
1.66 89.47
1.66 90. 79
Lithographing
$2.10 $85. 26
2.17 87. 21
2.15 87.05
2.15 84.32
2.16 85. 97
2.18 88.91
2.17 88. 66
2.16 89.54
2.18 89.98
2.1<
88. 0(
2. 2(
88.01
2. 21 87.16
2. 21 86. 58
2. 21 88.70
2.23 89.38
40.6
40. (
40.3
39.4
39.8
40.6
40. Í
40.7
40.9
40. (
40. (
39.8
39. (
39.6
39.9
T o t a l: P rin tin g ,
p u b lish in g , and
allied industries
38.9
38.4
38.6
38.1
38.2
38.3
38.3
38.5
38.6
38.4
38.5
39. C
38.2
38.4
38.8
$2.20 $91.22
2.27 92.98
2. 25 90.68
2. 26 92. 26
2.27 93.86
2.28 93. 50
2. 27 92.01
2. 27 91.85
2.29 94.68
2.29 94.32
2 .3C 94. 32
2.31 97. 52
2.31 91.52
2.33 93.01
2.34 95.14
Greeting cards
$2.10 $48. 50
2.18 53. 06
2.16 53. 20
53.16
2.14
2.16 54.05
2.19 51.65
51.06
2 .2(
2.20 53.62
2. 20 53.34
2. 2(
52.68
55. 91
2. 2(
54.31
2 .1Ï
2.22 56.31
2.24 55.94
2.24 58. 52
37.6
37.1
38.0
37.7
37.8
37.7
37. C
38.3
38.1
37.9
39.1
38. (
38.1
37.8
38.0
Newspapers
36.2
35.9
35.7
35.9
36.1
36.1
35.8
35.6
36.0
36. C
36.0
36.8
35.2
35.5
35.9
$2.52
2. 59
2.54
2.57
2.60
2.59
2.57
2. 58
2.63
2.62
2.62
2.65
2. 60
2.62
2.65
Bookbinding and
related industries
$1.29 $66.30
1.4C 67. 82
1.40 67. 82
1.41 66. 91
1.43 67.64
1.37 68.34
1.38 67.91
1.40 67.60
1.40 67.47
1.39 68.38
1.43 68. 95
1.43 69.87
1.48 68.2Í
1.48 67. 79
1.54 69.92
39.7
39.2
39.2
38. f
39.1
39.5
39.5
39.3
39.0
39.3
39.4
39.7
38.8
38.3
39.5
$1.67
1.73
1.73
1.72
1.73
1.73
1.72
1.72
1.73
1.74
1.75
1.76
1.76
1. 77
1.77
723
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C - l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1— Continued
M anufacturing— C ont inued
Printing, publishing,
and allied indus
tries—Continued
Year and month
Miscellaneous pub
lishing and print
ing services
T o t a l : C h e m ic a ls
and allied prod
ucts
A vg.
wkly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
1953: Average______ $104.15
1954: Average______ 104. 91
M arch_______ 106. 79
A p ril............ . 102. 98
M a y _________ 104.13
June_________ 103.60
J u ly.— ........ . 104.49
August_______ 105. 30
September___ 105.84
October______ 104. 99
N ovem ber___ 106.11
December____ 106.77
1955: January.......... 107.32
February_____ 111.35
M arch_______ 112.84
A vg.
wkly.
hours
39.6
39.0
39.7
38.0
39.0
38.8
38.7
39.0
39.2
38.6
39.3
39.4
39.6
40.2
40.3
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
$2.63 $75. 58
2.69 78. 50
2.69 76.86
2. 71 77.27
2.67 77.71
2.67 79.10
2.70 79.35
2. 70 78.94
2. 70 79. 52
2. 72 78.69
2.70 79. 71
2. 71 79.90
2. 71 79. 73
2. 77 80.34
2.80 80.32
Synthetic rubber
1953: Average______
1954: Average______
M arch_______
A pril_________
M a y .________
June_________
July--------------August......... .
September___
October______
N ovem ber___
December____
1955: January______
February........
M arch.......... .
Chemicals and allied products
$87. 29
90.76
89.20
89.69
89.20
90.76
91.39
91.39
94. 92
91.39
92.89
92. 80
93.02
93.07
94.76
40.6
40.7
40.0
40.4
40.0
40.7
40.8
40.8
42.0
40.8
41.1
40.7
40.8
41.0
41.2
1953: Average........... $76.08
1954: Average........— 77.87
76.11
M arch_______
77.04
April____ ____
77.87
M a y _________
79.04
June_________
79.65
July__________
78.88
August.........
77.93
September___
77.90
O ctober...........
79. 27
N ovem ber___
79.68
December____
1955: January---------- 78.72
79. 71
February_____
81.12
M arch_______
41.8
41.2
40.7
41.2
41.2
41.6
41.7
41.3
40.8
41.0
41.5
41.5
41.0
41.3
41.6
41.3
41.1
41.1
41.1
40.9
41.2
40.9
40.9
41.2
41.2
41.3
41.4
41.1
41.2
41.4
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
39.7
40.1
39.5
39.6
40.1
40.7
40.6
39.6
40.6
40.0
40.4
40.5
40.2
40.5
40.7
41.7
41.0
40.6
40.6
41.1
41.4
41.6
41.1
40.5
40.7
41.3
41.2
40.8
41.2
41.7
Avg.
wkly.
hours
41.2
40,8
40.7
40.7
40.7
40.9
40.6
40.6
40.7
40.8
40.9
40.9
40.6
41.0
40.9
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
39.6
39.8
39.5
39.2
39.7
40.0
38.8
39.7
39.9
39.6
40.0
40.1
40.3
39.7
39.6
41.7
42.2
41.7
42.7
41.1
42.6
43.5
43.0
42.0
42.1
42.2
42.4
42.3
42.0
42.7
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
A vg.
hrly.
earnings
$1.89 $68. 71
1.96 72.16
1.94 72. 45
1.95 70.64
1.96 71.46
1.96 71.81
1.96 71.46
1.97 71.63
1.97 72.34
1.97 73.34
1.98 72.80
1.97 73.39
2.00 73.21
2.00 74.93
2.00 73.62
40.9
41.0
41.4
40.6
40.6
40.8
40.6
40.7
41.1
41.2
40.9
41.0
40.9
41.4
40.9
1953: A v e ra g e -........ $74. 29
1954: Average---------- 77.46
75.75
M arch_______
75.58
April_________
75.99
M a y .................
77.98
June_________
78.88
July__________
78.66
August_______
78.43
September___
October........... 77.63
80.08
N ovem ber___
78.32
December____
78.26
1955: January______
78.75
February_____
M arch_______
79.28
45.3
45.3
44.3
44.2
44.7
45.6
46.4
46.0
45.6
45.4
45.5
45.8
45.5
45.0
45.3
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Miscellaneous
chem icals4
$1.64 $69.94
1.71 71.51
1.71 71.10
1.71 70.53
1.70 70.93
1.71 71.28
1.70 70.98
1.71 71.33
1.72 71.73
1.71 72.09
1.76 72. 54
1.71 73.49
1.72 73. 53
1.75 74.07
1.75 75.07
40.9
40.4
40.4
40.3
40.3
40.5
40.1
40.3
40.3
40.5
40.3
40.6
40.4
40.7
40.8
38.7
38.7
38.5
38.6
38.4
38.9
37.6
38.5
38.8
39.2
39.2
39.3
38.5
39.2
39.5
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
42.4
42.4
43.8
44.2
42.4
42.4
42.0
41.7
41.6
41.8
41.7
41.8
41.5
40.8
45.4
41.3
41.1
41.2
40.7
41.1
41.4
40.9
41.2
41.5
40.8
41.0
41.5
41.3
41.3
38.4
Plastics, except syn
thetic rubber
A vg.
wkly.
earnings
$1.90 $85.90
1.99 89.19
1.96 88. 58
1.96 87.29
1.97 88. 56
1.98 89.19
1.99 89.16
2.01 90.86
2.01 91.74
2.01 89. 54
2. 02 89. 98
2. 03 91.91
2.04 91.02
2.04 91.46
2.01 80.00
Vegetable and animal
oils and fa ts4
Fertilizers
$1.54 $59.36
1.60 61.48
1.56 61.32
1.59 62.76
1.61 62.33
1.59 61.90
1.59 62.16
1.60 61.30
1.67 62.40
1.60 60.19
1.64 60.88
1.60 61.86
1.64 61.01
1.62 59.16
1.63 64.47
Essential oils, per
fumes, cosmetics
$1.71 $57.66
1.77 60.37
1.76 60.45
1.75 60.22
1.76 59. 90
1.76 60.68
1.77 58.28
1.77 59.68
1.78 60.14
1.78 60. 76
1.80 60.76
1.81 62.09
1.82 61.60
1.82 63.50
1.84 64.78
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
$1.68 $78.47
1.76 81.79
1.75 80.75
1.74 79.77
1.76 80.97
1.76 81. 97
1.76 81.39
1.76 82.81
1.76 83.42
1. 78 82.01
1.78 82.82
1.79 84.25
1.79 84.25
1.81 84.25
1.80 77.18
$1.40 $64.89
1.45 68.24
1.40 67.33
1.42 68. 25
1.47 68.53
1.46 69.89
1.48 70. 78
1.47 69.99
1.50 67.74
1.44 67.68
1.46 69.41
1.48 68.36
1.47 68.24
1.45 69.46
1.42 68.39
Avg.
wkly.
hours
A vg.
hrly.
earnings
45.7
45.8
45.8
45.2
44.5
44.8
44.8
44.3
46.4
47.0
46.9
46.5
45.8
45.4
44.7
41.1
41.1
41.2
40.6
41.0
41.1
40.9
41.3
41.7
40.7
40.9
41.4
41.0
41.2
36.2
$2.09
2.17
2.15
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.20
2. 22
2.22
2.22
2.21
Vegetable oils
$1.42 $59.67
1.49 63.16
1.47 62.44
1.51 63.66
1.54 63.35
1.56 64.53
1.58 64.96
1.58 64.37
1.46 62.38
1.44 63.10
1.48 64.74
1.47 63.32
1.49 62.88
1.53 63.84
1.53 62.16
45.9
46.1
46.6
45.8
44.3
44.2
43.6
43.2
46.9
47.8
47.6
46.9
45.9
45.6
44.4
$1.30
1.37
1.34
1.39
1.43
1.46
1.49
1.49
1.33
1.32
1.36
1.35
1.37
1.40
1.40
Products of petroleum and coal
Chemicals and allied products—Continued
Animal oils and fats
Industrial organic
chemicals 4
40.7 $1.97 $82. 88
42.5 $1.95
$1.99 $80.18
2.00
2.05 83.80
41.9
40.6
2.09 83.23
40.2
2.02 81.34
41.5
1.96
2.05 81.20
1.97
82.62
41.7
40.3
2.05
82.15
2.06
2.04 82.76
1.98
40.5
41.8
2.05 82.62
2.00
84.05
41.0
2.05
83.60
41.8
2.06
2.02
41.1
40.5
2.08 >83.02
2.13 84.24
2. 01
41.8
2.12 83.43
40.5
2.06 84.02
2. 02
2.08 85.24
42.2
40.9
2.15 85.07
2.03
40.6
2.06 85. 87
42.3
2.14 83.64
2.02
40.9
2.07 85. 85
42.5
2.12 84.66
2.02
41.0
42.3
2.06 85.45
2.11 84.46
2.02
40.7
2.07 '84. 23
41.7
2.13 84. 25
2.03
40.8
2.08 S84. 85
41.8
2.12 84.86
2.04
41.0
2.09 85.88
42.1
2.11 85.69
Soap, cleaning and
Soap and glycerin
polishing preparaDrugs and medicines
tions 4
41.4
40.1
40.4
40.4
40.1
39.6
39.2
39.8
39. 7
40.5
40.5
40.1
39.6
40.6
40.3
Gum and w ood
chemicals
$1.79 $64.22
1.86 67.52
1.84 65.05
1.84 67.89
1.86 66.17
1.86 67. 73
1.86 69.17
1.87 68.80
1.87 70.14
1.87 67.36
1.88 69.21
1.89 67.84
1.89 69.37
1.89 68.04
1.91 69.60
Alkalies and chlorine
$2.01 $82.39
2.11 83.81
2.08 82. 82
2.08 83. 22
2.09 82. 21
2.10 81.58
2.14 83.50
2.13 84. 38
2.17 85. 36
2.14 86.67
2.14 85.86
2.14 84.61
2.15 84.35
2.15 86.07
2.15 85.03
Explosives
$1. 76 $74.84
1.82 78.01
1.79 76.63
1.83 76.44
1.82 77.81
1.82 78.40
1.85 76.05
1.82 78.21
1.86 78.60
1.81 78.01
1.81 79. 20
1.81 79.00
1.81 80.60
1.84 79.40
1.84 79.20
Paints, varnishes,
lacquers, and enamels
$1.82 $74.64
1.89 76.26
1.87 74.70
1.87 74. 70
1.89 76.45
1.90 77.00
1.91 77.38
1.91 76.86
1.91 75.74
1.90 76.11
1.91 77.64
1.92 77.87
1.92 77.11
1.93 77.87
1.95 79.65
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
$1.83 $82.81
1.91 86.09
1.87 84.66
1.88 84. 66
1.90 85.06
1.92 85.89
1.94 86.88
1.93 86.48
1.93 88. 32
1.91 87.31
1.93 87. 53
1.93 87.53
1.94 87.29
1.95 88.15
1.94 87.94
Synthetic fibers
$2.15 $69.87
2.23 72.98
2. 23 70. 71
2. 22 72.47
2.23 72. 98
2. 23 74.07
2.24 75.11
2.24 72.07
2.26 75.52
2.24 72.40
2.26 73.12
2. 28 73.31
2.28 72.76
2.27 74. 52
2.30 74.89
Paints, pigments,
and fillers4
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Industrial inorganic
chemicals 4
Compressed and
liquefied gases
$1.49 $80.37
1.56 82.32
1.57 80.10
1.56 82.06
1.56 81.29
1.56 81.71
1.55 82. 52
1.55 82. 71
1.55 83.13
1.55 82. 74
1.55 83.60
1.58 84.60
1.60 84.40
1.62 84.60
1.64 85.63
42.3
42.0
41.5
42.3
41.9
41.9
42.1
42.2
42.2
42.0
41.8
42.3
42.2
42.3
42.6
Total: Products of
petroleum and coal
$1.90 $90.17
1.96 92. 62
1.93 90. 45
1.94 91.08
1.94 93. 52
1.95 93.98
1.96 94.53
1.96 93.07
1.97 95.58
1.97 92. 57
2.00 93.66
2.00 92.57
2.00 93.02
2.00 91.25
2.01 92.97
40.8
40.8
40.2
40.3
41.2
41.4
41.1
41.0
41.2
40.6
40.9
40.6
40.8
40.2
40.6
Petroleum refining
$2.21 $94.19
2.27 96.22
2. 25 94.47
2.26 94.87
2.27 97.17
2. 27 97.17
2.30 97. 51
2. 27 96.05
2. 32 97.85
2.28 95.75
2.29 97.10
2.28 96.22
2.28 96.93
2. 27 94.87
2.29 96.08
40.6
40.6
40.2
40.2
41.0
41.0
40.8
40.7
40.6
40.4
40.8
40.6
40.9
40.2
40.2
$2.32
2.37
2.35
2.36
2.37
2.37
2.39
2.36
2.41
2.37
2.38
2.37
2.37
2.36
2.39
724
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
T able C - l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1— Continued
Manufacturing—Continued
Products of petro
leum and coal—
Continued
Year and month
Coke, other petro
leum
and
coal
products
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
1953: A vera ge.......... $78. 81
1954: Average______
80. 73
M a r c h .......... . 75.98
A pril_______ _ 76.95
M a y _______
80. 06
June_________
83.27
July--------------83.78
A u g u s t____ . 83.13
September___
87.67
October______
82.17
N ovem ber___
81. 79
December____
79. 58
1955: January . . . _
79. 79
February_____
79. 00
M arch_______
83. 36
Avg.
wkly.
hours
41.7
41.4
40.2
40.5
41.7
42.7
42.1
42.2
43.4
41.5
41.1
40.6
40.5
40.1
42.1
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
1953: Average______ $68. 23
1954: Average______
69.17
M arch_______
67.64
A pril____ ____
67.34
M a y . ____
68.25
June____ ____
69. 70
July--------------68.43
A u gu st.......... . 68.99
September___
68.32
October______
69. 60
N ovem ber___
71.64
December____
72.18
1955: January______
71.46
February_____ 71. 42
M arch_____ _ 71.96
39.9
39.3
39.1
38.7
39.0
39.6
39.1
39.2
38.6
39.1
39.8
40.1
39.7
39.9
40.2
Total: Rubber
products
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
$1.89 $77. 78
1. 95 78. 21
1. 89 74. 31
1.90 74. 88
1.92 77. 81
1.95 79.60
1.99 76.44
1.97 75. 85
2.02 77.42
1. 98 81.20
1. 99 83. 02
1.96 84. 85
1.97 83.84
1.97 84.25
1.98 83.44
Leather: tanned,
curried, and finished
Avg.
wkly.
hours
40.3
39.7
38.5
38.8
39.7
40.2
39.4
39.1
39.3
40.4
41.1
41.8
41.3
41.3
40.9
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
41.7
39.7
38.9
39.1
38.0
39.4
38.8
40.1
39.9
39.6
40.4
40.6
39.8
39.4
40.0
Tires and inner
tubes
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
$1.93 $88. 31
1.97 87. 85
1.93 80. 89
1.93 84.14
1. 96 88. 65
1. 98 92. 06
1.94 87.01
1.94 85.65
1.97 86.18
2. 01 90.39
2. 02 94. 54
2.03 98.18
2.03 97.41
2.04 96.46
2. 04 95.27
Industrial leather
belting and packing
$1. 71 $67. 97
1.76 66.30
1.73 64. 57
1.74 64.91
1.75 61. 94
1.76 65. 01
1.75 63.63
1. 76 66.97
1.77 66.63
1.78 66.53
1.80 68.68
1.80 69.02
1.80 68.06
1.79 67.77
1.79 68. 80
39.6
38.7
36.6
37.9
39.4
40.2
38.5
37.4
38.3
39.3
40.4
41.6
41.1
40.7
40.2
1953: Average______ $44. 04
1954: Average______
44.64
M arch_______
44.27
A pril____ . . .
43.77
M a y _____ . .
44.02
June_________
43. 65
July--------------43.79
A ugust..
44.90
September___
45.14
October.
45.38
N ovem ber___
46. 50
Decem ber____
45.00
1955: J a n u a ry .__
45.38
February_____ 46. 00
M arch. _. _
46.25
36.4
36.0
35.7
35.3
35.5
35.2
35.6
36.5
36.7
36.6
37.5
36.0
36.6
37.1
37.0
$1.63 $50.16
1.67 49.71
1. 66 50. 52
1.66 48. 06
1.63 48. 96
1. 65 50.12
1.64 49. 50
1.67 48.55
1. 67 49. 68
1.68 47. 66
1. 70 50. 05
1.70 52.52
1.71 52.39
1. 72 52.52
1.72 51.68
38.0
37.1
37.7
35.6
36.0
37.4
37.5
36.5
36.8
35.3
36.8
38.9
39.1
38.9
38.0
1953: Average______ $60.01
1954: Average______
70. 75
M arch_______
60.49
A pril_________
59.19
M a y _________
59.10
J u n e ... __ . .
58.29
July--------------59.95
August_______
61.76
September___
62.47
October______
63. 72
N ovem ber___
63. 57
December____
64.30
1955: January . . . .
61.56
February ___
60.74
M arch_______
61.51
41.1
40.5
40.6
39.2
39.4
38.6
39.7
40.9
41.1
42.2
42.1
42.3
40.5
39.7
40.2
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
$2.23 $65. 60
2.27 67.43
2.21 65. 51
2.22 63. 58
2.25 65.46
2.29 67. 30
2.26 68. 45
2.29 66.40
2. 25 66. 08
2.30 71.34
2.34 71.51
2.36 71.69
2.37 68. 97
2. 37 69.72
2.37 69.72
Avg.
wkly.
hours
40.0
39.9
39.7
38.3
39.2
40.3
40.5
40.0
39.1
41.0
41.1
41.2
40.1
40.3
40.3
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
$1.64 $70.93
1.69 71.91
1. 65 70. 22
1.66 69. 30
1.67 70.98
1.67 70. 98
1.69 70. 62
1. 66 77.15
1.69 72. 36
1.74 74.98
1.74 75. 71
1.74 76.44
1.72 76. 08
1.73 76. 86
1.73 76.13
Footwear (except
rubber)
$1.32 $49.10
1.34 48.15
1.34 49. 98
1.35 46.42
1.36 45.89
1.34 47. 75
1. 32 48.73
1.33 48.71
1.35 46. 68
1.35 45. 62
1. 36 47.39
1. 35 49.10
1.34 49.88
1.35 51. 59
1. 36 51.05
37.2
36.2
37.3
34.9
34.5
35.9
37.2
36.9
35. 1
34.3
35.9
37.2
37.5
38.5
38.1
Avg.
wkly.
hours
41.0
40.4
39.9
39.6
40.1
40.1
39.9
40.2
40.2
41.2
41.6
42.0
41.8
42.0
41.6
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
39.1
37.7
37.2
36.4
38.4
39.0
38.4
38.0
38.8
40.0
39.2
36.2
37.0
40.7
40.6
Avg.
wkly.
hours
$1.73 $51. 65
1.78 50.92
1.76 52.40
1. 75 49. 48
1.77 49. 21
1.77 51.01
1.77 51.38
1. 77 51.24
1.80 49. 96
1.82 49.62
1.82 51.43
1. 82 52.16
1.82 52.68
1.83 53.93
1. 83 54.04
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
37.7
36.9
37.7
35.6
35.4
36.7
37.5
37.4
36.2
35.7
37.0
37.8
37.9
38.8
38.6
$1.37
1.38
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.39
1. 37
1.37
1.38
1.39
1. 39
1. 38
1. 39
1. 39
1.40
Handbags and small
leather goods
Luggage
$1.32 $57. 09
1. 33 56.93
1.34 56.17
1. 33 54.60
1.33 57. 60
1.33 58.11
1.31 56.83
1.32 56.24
1. 33 59. 36
1.33 61. 20
1.32 59.58
1. 32 54.66
1.33 55. 50
1.34 62. 68
1. 34 62.93
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
$1. 46 $46. 99
1.51 48.00
1. 51 49. 38
1.50 45. 00
1. 50 45.18
1.49 47.13
1. 48 46. 62
1.48 47. 82
1.53 48. 09
1.53 48. 63
1. 52 50. 02
1. 51 49. 88
1.50 47.85
1.54 48.83
1.55 49.75
38.2
38.4
39.5
36.0
35.3
37.7
37.9
39.2
39.1
38.9
39.7
39.9
38.9
39.7
39.8
$1.23
1. 25
1.25
1.25
1. 28
1. 25
1.23
1. 22
1.23
1.25
1.26
1.25
1.23
1.23
1.25
Stone, clay, and glass products
Total: Stone, clay,
and glass products
$1.21 $70.35
1.24 71.86
1.24 70. 47
1.24 70.35
1.24 71.10
1.24 70.88
1.23 71.33
1.23 72. 04
1.23 72.85
1.24 73.34
1.24 74. 57
1.25 73.98
1.24 73. 49
1.24 73.49
1.25 74. 57
Glass products made
of purchased glass
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Total: Leather and
leather products
Other rubber
products
R ubber footwear
B oot and shoe cut
stock and findings
Leather and leather
products—Continued
Gloves and miscella
neous leather goods
Leather and leather
products
Rubber products
40.9
40.6
40.5
40.2
40.4
40.5
40.3
40.7
40.7
41.2
41.2
41.1
40.6
40.6
41.2
$1.72
1.77
1.74
1. 75
1.76
1.75
1.77
1.77
1.79
1.78
1.81
1.80
1.81
1.81
1.81
Cement, hydraulic
$1.46 $73.39
1.50 75.71
1.49 73.81
1. 51 74.05
1.50 73.98
1.51 77.10
1. 51 78.44
1.51 76.36
1.52 80.22
1. 51 76. 91
1.51 76.13
1.52 75.53
1.52 76.59
1.53 75.95
1.53 76.13
41.7
41.6
41.7
41.6
41.1
41.9
41.5
41.5
42.0
41.8
41.6
41.5
41.4
41.5
41.6
Glass and glassware,
pressed or blown 4
Flat glass
$97.34
100.61
96.00
96.80
99.38
96.64
97.84
96.29
100. 44
102.12
111.11
109.04
114. 04
110. 34
110.85
40.9
40.9
40.0
40.0
40.4
40.1
40.1
39.3
40.5
42.2
42.9
43.1
44.2
43.1
42.8
$2.38 $67.89
2.46 70.77
2.40 70.49
2.42 68.94
2.46 69.81
2.41 69.45
2. 44 69. 50
2.45 70. 77
2.48 71.53
2.42 72.25
2.59 72. 91
2.53 73.08
2.58 72.31
2. 56 72.47
2.59 73.26
Structural clay
products 4
$1.76 $64. 06
1.82 66.26
1.77 64.08
1.78 65.85
1.80 66. 74
1.84 66.33
1.89 66.17
1.84 67.23
1.91 67.49
1.84 67.40
1.83 67.65
1.82 67.57
1.85 66.26
1.83 66.09
1.83 68.31
40.8
40.9
40.3
40.9
41.2
41.2
41.1
41.5
40.9
41.1
41.0
41.2
40.4
40.3
41.4
39.7
39.1
39.6
38.3
39.0
38.8
38.4
39.1
39.3
39.7
39.2
39.5
39.3
39.6
39.6
$1.71 $69. 60
1.81 72.47
1.78 72.80
1.80 72. 52
1.79 73.38
1.79 72.83
1.81 70.98
1.81 73.45
1.82 71.41
1.82 73.63
1.86 73.63
1.85 73.84
1.84 72. 71
1.83 74. 21
1.85 75.43
Brick and hollow tile
$1.57 $61.77
1.62 64.63
1.59 62.31
1.61 65. 53
1.62 65. 82
1.61 65.23
1.61 65.21
1.62 66.40
1.65 65.76
1.64 65.79
1.65 66.19
1.64 65.79
1.64 63. 54
1.64 63. 54
1.65 66.07
42.6
42.8
42.1
43.4
43.3
43.2
42.9
43.4
42.7
43.0
42.7
43.0
41.8
41.8
42.9
Glass containers
40.0
39.6
40.0
39.2
40.1
39.8
39.0
39.7
38.6
39.8
39.8
39.7
39.3
39.9
39.7
$1.74 $65. 46
1.83 68.15
1.82 67. 47
1.85 63.81
1.83 65.25
1.83 65.25
1.82 66.75
1.85 66.85
1.85 71.96
1.85 70.31
1.85 72.19
1. 86 71.92
1.85 71.92
1.86 70.74
1.90 70.53
Floor and wall tile
$1.45 $67.47
1.51 68.17
1.48 67.54
1.51 67.03
1.52 68.40
1.51 70.18
1.52 68.68
1.53 69.19
1.54 69.08
1.53 68.28
1.55 67.26
1.53 68. 74
1.52 68.80
1. 52 67. 42
1.54 69.03
40.4
40.1
40.2
39.9
40.0
40.8
40.4
40.7
40.4
40.4
39.8
40.2
40.0
39.2
39.9
Pressed and blown
glass
39.2
38.5
39.0
37.1
37.5
37.5
37.5
38.2
40.2
39.5
38.4
39.3
39.3
39.3
39.4
$1.67
1.77
1.73
1.72
1.74
1.74
1.78
1.75
1.79
1.78
1.88
1.83
1.83
1.80
1.79
Sewer pipe
$1.67 $64.56
1.70 66.99
1.68 64.96
1.68 66.26
1. 71 68.06
1.72 67.57
1.70 68.64
1.70 69.22
1.71 68.45
1.69 69.19
1.69 68.95
1.71 66.23
1.72 64. 52
1.72 64.02
1.73 68.80
40.1
40.6
40.1
40.4
41.0
41.2
41.1
41.7
40.5
40.7
40.8
39.9
39.1
38.8
41.2
$1.61
1.65
1.62
1.64
1.66
1.64
1.67
1.66
1.69
1. 70
1. 69
1. 66
1.65
1.65
1 67
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
725
T able C - l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—-Continued
Manufacturing—Continued
Stone, clay, and glass products—Continued
Year and month
Clay refractories
Avg.
wkly.
earnmgs
1953: Average..........
1954: Average.........
M arch_______
A p ril.......... .
M a y ............... .
June_________
July_________
August______
September___
October.........
N ovem ber___
Decem ber____
1955: January______
February____
M arch.......... .
$66.47
67.16
65.16
64. 44
66.06
64. 98
66.06
67.16
69. 33
68. 63
70.13
72.00
71.62
72.37
73.70
A vg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
$79. 98
76.44
75.47
74. 69
75. 86
75. 27
73.06
73. 48
75.04
78. 20
80.40
83. 84
83. 03
84. 46
83. 64
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Concrete, gypsum,
and plaster prod
ucts 4
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
38.2 $1.74 $62. 04
37.6 $1.65 $72. 87
1.82 61.69
36.5
1.69 73. 92
36.9
36.4
1. 68 72.38
1.79 62. 66
37.3
1.79 61.32
36.5
1.68 73.04
36.0
36.2
36.7
1.68 73.48
1.80 60. 82
36.0
1.68 73. 54
36.1
1.80 60.48
34.2
1. 70 75.99
36.7
1.80 58.14
1.82 60. 50
1.69 76.05
36.9
35.8
36.3
1.91 60. 86
35.8
1.70 75.82
36.9
37.8
1.70 76.27
1.86 64.26
38.3
1.70 75. 24
37.5
1. 87 65.11
1. 71 74.12
38.5
1.87 63.10
36.9
1.73 72. 50
1.87 61.07
35.3
38.3
36.3
1. 72 72.59
38.7
1.87 62.44
39.2
1.88 64.88
37.5
1.73 74.97
Stone, clay, and glass products— Continued
Abrasive products
1953: Average...........
1954: Average......... .
M arch_______
April— ...........
M a y _________
June.......... ......
July-------------August______
Septem ber___
O ctober______
N ovem ber___
December____
1955: January_____
February____
M arch.......... .
Pottery and related
products
40.6
38.8
38.7
38.3
38.9
38.8
36.9
37.3
37.9
39.1
40.0
41.3
40.9
41.4
41.2
Asbestos products
$1.97 $76. 43
1.97 77. 42
1.95 74.52
1.95 74. 37
1. 95 77.23
1.94 79. 71
1.98 78.40
1.97 78. 25
1.98 79. 57
2.00 78. 66
2. 01 79. 04
2. 03 79. 99
2.03 80. 98
2.04 80. 56
2.03 82.13
Electrometallurgical
products
42.7
41.4
40.5
40.2
41.3
42.4
41.7
41.4
42.1
41.4
41.6
42.1
42.4
42.4
43.0
36.3
34.0
32.9
31.5
31.3
30.6
32.1
33.3
34.7
36.0
37.4
37.2
37.3
36.4
38.0
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
$1.66 $71. 56
1.68 71.88
1.66 70.79
1.66 70.56
1.67 71. 44
1.66 72.45
1.70 73.35
1. 69 73. 51
1.70 72. 86
1. 71 74.09
1. 71 72. 27
1. 70 70. 58
1.69 68.69
1.70 68. 85
1.70 72.37
Nonclay refractories
$1.79 $71. 51
1.87 67.66
1.84 65.14
1. 85 61. 74
1.87 61.04
1.88 60.28
1.88 63.24
1.89 65. 93
1.89 68. 71
1.90 72.00
1.90 75. 55
1.90 75.89
1.91 76.09
1.90 74. 98
1.91 76.76
Iron and steel
foundries 4
43.9
44.0
43.6
44.0
44.0
44.3
44.7
45.0
44.6
44.6
44.0
43.6
42.9
42.7
44.1
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Concrete products
43.9
44.1
43.7
44.1
44.1
45.0
45.0
45.1
44.7
44.9
43.8
43.3
42.4
42.5
44.4
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
40.9
38.7
38.0
38.0
38.4
38.8
38.3
38.4
38.5
38.9
39.5
40.0
40.4
40.6
41.1
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
A vg.
hrly.
earnmgs
Miscellaneous nonmetallic
mineral
products 4
A vg.
wkly.
earnings
$1.63 $63. 91
41.5 $1.54 $74.07
41.1
1.63 64. 53
1.57 73.66
41.1
1. 62 64.12
1. 56 72.50
41.2
1.60 64. 27
1. 56 71.02
1.62 65.16
41.5
1. 57 72. 52
1.61 63.18
40.5
1.56 73.47
1.63 62. 87
40.3
1. 56 72.73
1.63 64.78
41.0
1. 58 73. 68
1.63 65. 35
41.1
1.59 74.64
1.65 66.04
41.8
1. 58 75. 58
1.65 66. 36
42.0
1.58 76. 33
1.63 66.56
41.6
1.60 77.30
1.62 64. 21
40.9
1.57 78. 09
1.62 63.67
40.3
1.58 78. 09
41.4
1.63 65. 83
1. 59 77.46
Primary metal industries
Total: Primary
metal industries
$1.97 $84. 25
1.99 80. 88
1.98 78.28
1.96 77. 90
1.95 79. 49
1.97 80.70
1.97 80. 81
1. 98 80.64
1.98 82. 39
2.00 82.86
2.02 84. 53
2.04 85.60
2.04 87. 26
2.06 87.29
2.02 88. 78
Gray-iron foundries
A vg.
wkly.
hours
Cut-stone and stone
products
Blast furnaces, steel
works, and rolling
mills 4
40.7
39.6
39.4
38.6
39.2
39.5
39.1
39.4
39.7
40.2
40.6
40.9
41.1
41.1
41.2
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
$1.82
1. 86
1.84
1.84
1.85
1.86
1.86
1. 87
1.88
1. 88
1.88
1.89
1.90
1.90
1.88
Blast furnaces, steelworks, and rolling
mills, except electro
metallurgical prod
ucts
$2.16 $87. 48
40.5 $2.16
2.20 83.16
37.8
2.20
2.15 79.12
36.8
2.15
2.14 79.18
2.14
37.0
2.16 81.22
37.6
2.16
2.19 83. 22
2.19
38.0
2.24 84.00
37.5
2.24
2. 21 82.43
37.3
2.21
2. 27 84. 90
37.4
2. 27
2. 24 84. 45
2.24
37.7
2. 25 87.30
38.8
2.25
2. 25 87. 98
2. 25
39.1
2.27 90.12
39. 7
2.27
2.26 89. 95
39. 8
2.26
2. 27 91.71
40.4
2.27
Primary smelting and
Steel foundries
refining of nonfer
rous m etals4
$2.06 $87. 48
2. 09 83. 38
2.06 79.12
2.05 79.39
2.07 81. 22
2.08 83. 22
2.11 84.00
2.10 82.43
2.14 84.90
2.13 84. 45
2.14 87.30
2.14 87.98
2.16 90.12
2.15 89. 95
2.16 91. 71
Malleable-iron
foundries
A vg.
wkly.
hours
40.5
37.9
36.8
37.1
37.6
38.0
37.5
37.3
37.4
37.7
38.8
39.1
39.7
39.8
40.4
40.7 $1.84 $76.95
40.6 $1.88 $74.89
40.5 $1.90 $79. 98
40.6 $1.97 $80.93
41.5 $1. 95
41.0 $1. 96 $76.33
1953: Average--------- $80.36
39.2
1. 88 73.92
1.92 75. 82
38.9
1.91 73. 70
1.99 74.30
38.5
1.99 80.00
38.1
40.2
1.99
79.80
40.1
1954: Average--------38.4
1. 86 74. 68
1.89 71.42
39.1
38.5
1. 91 76.43
38.6
39.7
1.94 72. 77
1. 98 78. 20
39.9
77.02
1.96
M arch_______
72.56
38.8
1.87
72.
96
38.4
1.90
72.58
37.8
1.92
37.4
1.97
40.7
1.97
73.68
78.01
39.8
1.96
80.18
April________
38.8
1. 87 72.01
1.90 72.56
38.3
37.7
1.91 73.48
37.3
1.97 78.40
1.97 72. 77
1. 96
39.8
40.0
78. 41
M a y . . . .........
39.2
1. 87 71.25
1.99 73.53
38.7
1.90 73.30
37.7
1.89 74. 45
37.6
1.98 79.39
1.97
79. 00
39.7
40.3
June........ ........
39.1
1. 86 69. 55
1.89 72.73
38.6
36.8
1. 89 75.04
37.9
1.98 79.60
39.8
79.80
39.7
2.01 72. 95
2.00
July--------------39.3
1. 87 75.07
1.90 73.49
1.92 75. 62
39.0
39. 1
1.99 79. 79
39.5
2.00 74.10
38.0
40.3
1. 98
79.00
August______
39.1
1.88 74.11
1.91 73. 51
38.2
1.94 75.62
38.8
1.99 79. 59
40.6
2.04 74.11
38.0
39.4
2. 02
82.82
September___
39.5
1.90 77. 02
39.2
1.93 75.05
1.94 76. 00
39.7
40.4
2.03 75. 66
38.0
2.00 80. 40
40.0
2.01
82. 01
O ctober.........
1. 91 78. 60
39.8
39.4
1.93 76.02
40.1
1. 96 75. 60
37.8
2.00 80. 60
2. 00
40.4
2.04 76.04
40.3
82. 42
N ovem ber___
1.94 77.76
40.5
1.92 79.17
40.2
1.95 78.38
2.03 77.99
40.6
38.8
2.02 81.00
40.6
40.5
2.00
82. 42
December___
40.6
1.93 79. 79
40.4
1. 95 78. 36
40.5
1. 97 79. 79
39.5
2.02 81.61
40.9
2.04 78. 78
40.6
2.01
83. 44
1955: January.........
1.95 82.76
41.6
41.4
1.97 81.12
1. 98 83.44
41.8
40.7
2.05 81.20
40.4
41.7
2. 07 81.56
2.01
February-------_ 86.32
41.7
1.95 83.16
41.6
1.98 81.32
42.0
1. 98 84.67
41.1
2.06 81.20
40.4
2. 01
41.4
2. 05 82.37
M arch_______ . 84.87
Primary smelting and Primary refining of Secondary smelting Rolling, drawing, and Rolling, drawing, and Rolling, drawing, and
a n d refining o f
alloying of nonfer
refining of copper,
aluminum
alloying of copper
alloying of aluminum
nonferrous metals
rous m etals4
lead, and zinc
1953: Average_____ _ $80.41
1954: Average......... . 76.61
M arch______ . 74.66
April________ . 74.28
M a y ________ . 74.66
June________ . 76.21
July— .......... . 75.85
A ugust.......... . 76.59
Septem ber.. . . 74.69
October_____ . 76.43
77.60
Novem ber__ .
December___ . 77.97
3.1955: January-------- . 79.37
February____ _ 78.18
M arch______ _ 78.18
42.1
39.9
39.5
39.3
39.5
39.9
39.3
40.1
38.3
39.6
40.0
40.4
40.7
40.3
40.3
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1.91 $81. 81
1.92 85.05
1.8Ê 83. 81
1.89 84.45
1.89 84. 45
1.91 84. 45
1.93 85.21
1.91 84. 82
1.95 85.01
1.93 86.46
1.91 86.90
1.93 86.46
1.95 86.21
1.94 86.03
1.94 86.24
40.5
40.5
40.5
40.6
40.6
40.6
40.1
40.2
40.1
40.1
40.8
40.1
40. a
40.2
40.3
$2.02 $73.63
2.10 74. 80
2.07 72. 85
2. 08 72. 85
2. 08 73. 80
2.08 75.12
2.11 73. 31
2.11 72.67
2.12 75.99
2. 11 77.15
2.12 77. 56
2 .14 78. 31
2.14 77. 79
2.14 79. 52
2.14 80.56
41.6
41.1
40.7
40.7
41.0
41.5
40.5
40.6
41.3
41.7
41.7
42.1
41.6
42. S
42.4
$1.77 $82. 29
1.82 80.8C
1.79 78.01
1. 79 78. 41
1. 80 80.4C
1. 81 81.19
1. 81 79. 4C
1. 79 80. 6C
1. 84 83. 2S
1.85 83. OS
1.86 85.49
1.86 85.69
1.87 87.35
1.88 86. 91
1.90 87. 98
42.2
40.1
39.6
39.6
40.1
40.8
39. f
40.1
41. C
40.7
41.7
41.8
42.2
42. C
42.3
$1.95 $85.37
2.0C 81. 2C
1. 97 76.43
1.98 76.22
1.99 79. 8C
1.9E 82.01
1.9C 81. 4C
2.01 80.4C
2.0E 84. 46
2. 01 83. 61
2.05 88. 4C
2.05 87. 56
2. 07 89.02
2.07 89. 45
2.08 92.00
42.9
40.2
38.6
38.5
39.9
40.8
40.7
40. C
41.1
40.6
42.5
42. S
42.6
42.8
43.6
$1.99 $77. 74
2.02 79. 7E
1.98 77. 9£
1. 98 79.58
2.0C 79.58
2.01 79. 77
2. OC 75.85
2.01 80.0C
2.04 82. 22
2.06 81.61
2.08 81.81
2.07 82. 82
2.09 85. 07
2. OC 84.05
2.11 83.64
40.7
40.3
40.2
40.6
40.6
40.7
38.5
40. C
40.5
40.4
40.5
40.8
41.7
41.2
41.0
$1.91
1.98
1. 94
1.96
1.96
1. 96
1. 97
2. 00
2. 03
2. 02
2. 02
2.03
2.04
2. 04
2.04
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
726
T able C - l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1— Continued
Manufacturing— Continued
F a b r ic a t e d m e t a l
products
(except
ordnance, machin
ery, and transpor
tation equipment)
Primary metal industries— Continued
Year and month
Nonferrous foundries
Miscellaneous pri
mary metal indus
tries 4
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
1953: Average______ $80.97
1954: Average______
80. 60
M arch___ . . .
79.00
A pril____ _
78.01
M a y ________
79.00
June_________
79.19
July--------------77. 79
A u g u s t--------79.80
September___
80. 39
October _ ------- 84. 25
N ovem ber___
84.85
December____
84. 66
1955: January.- - _
84.03
February_____
84.45
M arch___ _
85.90
Avg.
wkly.
hours
41.1
39.9
39.5
39.2
39.5
39.4
38.7
39.7
39.6
40.9
40.6
40.9
40.4
40.6
41.1
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.97 $87. 57
2.02 84.74
2.00 82.29
1. 99 81.66
2.00 83. 53
2.01 85. 39
2.01 84.10
2.01 84. 53
2.03 85. 75
2.06 86.18
2.09 86.80
2.07 90.45
2.08 91.94
2.08 92.57
2.09 94.33
Tin cans and other
tinware
1953: Average______ $75. 71
1954: Average______
80. 95
M arch_______
79.32
A pril_________
78.94
M a y _________
82.74
June_________
83.13
July__________
82.12
August----------83.13
September___
81.34
O ctober.-80.00
N ovem ber___
79.20
December. . . .
83. 21
1955: January______
81.00
F ebru ary.. . .
81.00
M arch_______
80.40
41.6
41.3
41.1
40.9
42.0
42.2
41.9
42.2
41.5
40.2
39.8
41.4
40.3
40.3
40.2
39.6
39.7
39.4
37.8
39.2
40.1
39.7
40.5
39.2
40.4
40.9
40.5
40.2
40.0
40.2
1953: Average______ $80. 22
78. 76
1954: Average______
M arch_______
77.59
A pril_________
77.18
M a y ___ _ __ 79. 73
79.93
June________
79.54
July--------------79.37
August_______
79.17
September___
October______
78.78
N ovem ber___
78.20
December........ 80.57
1955: January______
78.20
February_____
79.18
M arch_______
81.16
42.0
40.6
40.2
40.2
41.1
41.2
41.0
40.7
40.6
40.4
40.1
40.9
40.1
40.4
41.2
41.5
39.6
39.0
38.7
39.4
39.9
39.3
39.5
39.7
39.9
40.0
41.3
41.6
41.7
42.3
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
$2.11 $91.12
2.14 86. 75
2.11 85. 58
2.11 83.22
2.12 84.04
2.14 84.42
2.14 84.80
2.14 86.08
2.16 85. 79
2.16 87.46
2.17 88. 76
2.19 91.88
2.21 94. 25
2.22 96.00
2.23 98.70
Cutlery, handtools,
and hardware 4
Avg.
wkly.
hours
41.8
38.9
38.9
38.0
38.2
38.2
38.2
38.6
38.3
38.7
39.1
40.3
40.8
41.2
42.0
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Wire drawing
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
$2.18 $84.87
2. 23 85.03
2.20 81.33
2.19 81. 33
2.20 84. 21
2. 21 86.92
2. 22 84.80
2.23 85.65
2.24 87.10
2.26 87. 33
2.27 87.74
2.28 91.15
2.31 91.36
2.33 92. 21
2. 35 94.16
Cutlery and edge
tools
Avg.
wkly.
hours
41.0
40.3
39.1
39.1
40.1
41.0
40.0
40.4
40.7
41.0
41.0
42.2
42.1
42.3
42.8
Handtools
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Welded and heavyriveted pipe
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
$2.07 $84.45
2.11 84.40
2.08 82.16
2.08 82.97
2.10 84. 85
2.12 86.09
2.12 85.24
2.12 83.16
2.14 86.03
2.13 85. 22
2.14 82.89
2.16 87. 53
2.17 89.60
2.18 87.31
2.20 86.48
Avg.
wkly.
hours
40.6
40.0
39.5
39.7
40.6
40.8
40.4
39.6
40.2
40.2
39.1
40.9
41.1
40.8
40.6
Hardware
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Total: Fabricated
metal products
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
$2.08 $77.15
2.11 77. 33
2.08 75. 95
2.09 75. 39
2.09 76. 92
2.11 76. 92
2.11 75.60
2.10 76.95
2.14 77.74
2.12 78. 53
2.12 79.52
2.14 80.70
2.18 80.15
2.14 80.34
2.13 80. 73
Avg.
wkly.
hours
41.7
40.7
40.4
40.1
40.7
40.7
40.0
40.5
40.7
40.9
41.2
41.6
41.1
41.2
41.4
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.85
1.90
1.88
1.88
1.89
1.89
1.89
1.90
1.91
1. 92
1. 93
1.94
1.95
1.95
1.95
Heating a p p a r a t u s
(except electric) and
plumbers’ supplies 4
41.3 $1. 63 $74.70
41.5 $1.80 $75.89
41.7 $1.82 $73. 57
40.2 $1.83
41.6 $1.78 $67. 32
1. 66 73.26
40.8
40.0
1.84 66.40
39.6
1.85 77. 52
40.3
39.7
1.90 74.24
1.87
1.64 73.05
39.9
1.84 74. 03
39.8
39.7
39.8
1.81 65.44
39.3
1.86 73.10
1.86
38.9
39.4
1. 63 72.10
40.4
1.83 75.95
38.4
1.88 70. 66
39.9
1.82 63.41
1.84
40.0
1. 65 72.31
1.84 78.50
41.1
40.4
39.3
39.4
1.91 73.28
1.84 66.00
1.86
39.6
39.2
1.84 75.01
1.66 72.13
39.9
1.88 74. 59
39.7
40.1
1.83 65.74
1.86
1.64 70.84
39.2
38.5
1. 84 75. 79
39.1
39.5
1.83 64.29
40.1
1.89 72.34
1.85
40.1
1.65 73.26
39.6
1.85 77.93
40.8
40.4
1.91 75.14
40.4
1.85 66.17
1.86
40.3
41.1
1.66 73. 26
1.85 78.50
1. 91 75.20
1.85 66.90
39.6
40.0
1.88
40.6
40.6
1.68 73.10
39.3
41.3
1.92 76.92
1.86 79.30
40.7
1.89
40.7
1.86 68.21
41.4
1.69 74. 21
39.9
41.2
40.9
1.87 69. 97
1.86 79. 52
40.1
1. 93 75. 79
1.89
41.2
1.70 74. 59
42.4
41.6
1.89 70.04
40.1
1.86 83.10
40.2
1. 96 76. 78
1.91
40.4
1.69 75. 33
40.5
42.6
1.86 83.92
39.3
1.97 75.06
41.7
1.90 68.28
1.91
40.0
1.69 75. 55
40.4
41.9
1.91 67. 60
43.1
1.87 85. 77
39.8
1.99 76.02
1. 91
40.7
40.3
1.70 75.36
42.5
40.2
1.87 84.15
1.91 69.19
1.98 76. 78
1. 91
41.7
Oil burners, nonelec
tric heating and Fabricated structural Structural steel and Metal doors, sash,
cooking apparatus,
ornamental metal
frames,
molding,
Boiler-shop products
metal products 4
work
and trim
not elsewhere classi
fied
$1.82 $74.05
1.96 74.15
1.93 72.04
1.93 72.62
1.97 74. 34
1.97 72.65
1.96 72.29
1.97 74.74
1.96 75.11
1.99 75.70
1.99 76.48
2.01 78.62
2.01 79.23
2.01 80.03
2.00 79.65
Sanitary ware and
plumbers’ supplies
1953: Average______ $75.64
1954: Average..
77.42
M arch_______
76.04
A p r i l - . - _____
72.58
M a y .. ____
75.66
June___ _ .-_
77. 79
July--------------75.83
A u g u s t______
79.38
September___
76.44
O c to b e r _____
79. 59
N ovem ber___
81.39
December___
81.00
1955: January______
80.40
February.
80.00
M arch_____ _
80.80
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Iron and steel forg
ings
40.4 $1.79 $80. 75
42.5 $1.90 $81.27
$1.91 $72.32
43.0 $1.89 $78.44
41.5 $1.89 $80. 94
42.6 $1.90
1.84 79. 52
41.2
40.4
1.93 80.45
41.9
1.92 78.38
1.95 73.05
39.7
1.94 79.35
40.9
1.94
1. 91 79. 99
41.3
42.1
1.93 71.92
39.3
1.83 78.88
1.90 76. 21
39.9
41.3
1.91 79.30
1.92
41.0
1.92 69.87
40.9
1.81 78. 31
1. 91 79.42
41.8
1.90 76.42
39.8
38.6
1.92 78.94
1.93
42.1
1.92 80.41
41.3
1.91 76.99
1.93 72. 29
39.5
1.83 79.30
40.1
1.92 78. 74
40.8
1.93
1. 92 81.75
41.8
42.8
41.2
1.94 73.38
40.1
1.83 80.26
1.91 79.10
40.8
1.92 78.74
1.93
41.0
1.91 70.62
1.82 79.13
1.93 79. 46
1.91 79.35
40.9
40.1
41.6
38.8
1.94 77. 79
1. 94
1.94 80.87
40.4
1.82 79.73
41.1
41.9
1.93 78.38
40.4
1.96 73.53
1.94 78.76
40.6
1.94
40.9
41.3
1.85 79.35
1.94 79.30
1.92 79. 79
40.5
1. 95 74. 56
40.3
40.8
1.94
1.97 79.15
41.4
1.86 79.56
1.95 79.90
40.8
1.97 75. 89
40.8
1.93 80.19
40.5
40.2
1.98 78.39
1.95
1.93 79. 79
1.99 73.63
39.8
1.85 79. 56
1.95 80.10
40.8
41.5
40.3
40.6
1.98 79.17
1.95
41.1
41.2
1.93 83.40
2.00 74.80
1.87 80.15
1.95 79.52
41.7
40.0
2.00 79. 77
1.96
40.7
40.3
1.92 79.40
2.00 72.74
38.9
40.3
1.95 77.38
40.1
40.4
1.87 78. 59
1.98 79.59
1.97
40.1
1. 95 77. 20
40.0
1.93 79.39
40.3
39.9
2.00 73.84
39.7
1.86 78. 20
1.96
1.97 78.20
40.2
40.6
1. 95 78.36
2.01 74.77
1.86 79.17
40.6
40.8
40.0
1.93 79. 97
1.95
1.96 78.00
M etal
stam ping,
Vitreous enameled
Stamped and pressed
Fabricated wire prod
coating, and en
Lighting fixtures
Sheet-metal work
products
metal products
ucts
graving 4
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1. 91 $78.81
1.94 80. 57
1.93 77.97
1.92 78.18
1.94 80.36
1.94 79.58
1.94 76.44
1.95 78.40
1.95 80. 78
1.95 82.98
1. 95 85.02
1.97 85.43
1.95 85.87
1.96 85.87
1.97 86.28
41.7
40.9
40.4
40.3
41.0
40.6
39.2
40.0
40.8
41.7
42.3
42.5
42.3
42.3
42.5
$1.89 $59.06
1.97 61.18
1.93 60.83
1.94 60.83
1. 96 61.06
1.96 59.01
1.95 56.13
1.96 59.73
1.98 61.24
1.99 63.18
2.01 63.34
2.01 63.43
2.03 64.31
2.03 62.95
2.03 64.96
38.6
38.0
38.5
38.5
38.4
36.2
35.3
37.1
37.8
39.0
39.1
39.4
39.7
39.1
40.1
$1. 53 $81.90
1.61 83.02
1.58 80.19
1.58 80.60
1.59 83.01
1.63 82.21
1.59 79.40
1.61 80. 60
1.62 83.84
1.62 85.90
1.62 87.98
1.61 88.18
1.62 89.45
1.61 89.24
1.62 90.09
42.0
41.1
40.5
40.5
41.3
40.9
39.5
40.1
41.1
41.9
42.5
42.6
42.8
42.7
42.9
$1.95 $72. 50
2.02 73.38
1.98 70.13
1.99 70.35
2.01 71.82
2. 01 71.10
2.01 71.28
2.01 70.71
2.04 72. 32
2.05 76.48
2.07 79.68
2.07 80.51
2.09 78.96
2.09 78.53
2.10 76.76
40.5
40.1
39.4
39.3
39.9
39.5
39.6
39.5
40.4
40.9
41.5
41.5
40.7
40.9
40.4
$1. 79 $72.62
1.83 73.53
1.78 72.76
1.79 71.46
1.80 72. 58
1.80 72.80
1.80 72.94
1.79 73.12
1.79 72.76
1.87 73.89
1. 92 76.18
1.94 77. 93
1.94 75.48
1.92 76. 26
1.90 76.45
40.8
40.4
40.2
39.7
40.1
40.0
40.3
40.4
40.2
40.6
41.4
41.9
40.8
41.0
41.1
$1.78
1.82
1.81
1.80
1.81
1.82
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.82
1.84
1.86
1.85
1.86
1.86
727
O: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T a b le C - l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1— Continued
Manufacturing—Continued
Machinery (except
electrical)
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)—Continued
Year and month
Miscellaneous fabri
cated metal products ‘
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
$78. 51
75. 70
74. 34
72. 47
73. 78
M a y _________
74. 56
73.28
July__________
74. 00
August___ - 75. 70
September___
October____ ... 77. 08
N ovem ber___
79. 38
80.75
December____
81.22
81.98
February_____
82. 41
M arch_______
Average______
Average______
M arch_______
A vg.
wkly.
hours
42.9
40.7
40.4
39.6
40.1
40.3
39.4
40.0
40.7
41.0
42.0
42.5
42.3
42.7
42.7
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
M e t a l s h i p p i n g b a r r e ls ,
d ru m s, k eg s, an d p a ils
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
$1.83 $82. 35
1.86 83.03
1.84 82. 61
1.83 80. 60
1.84 85. 68
1.85 84. 84
1.86 77. 99
1.85 85. 08
1.86 83. 44
1.88 83. 64
1.89 83. 22
1.90 84. 86
1.92 85. 90
1.92 86.53
1.93 86. 94
A vg.
wkly.
hours
41.8
40.7
41.1
40.1
42.0
42.0
38.8
41.1
40.7
40.6
40.4
40.8
41.3
41.8
41.8
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
S te a m e n g in e s , tu r a n d w a t e r w h e e ls
$85. 28
86. 05
86.28
83.39
M a y . ..
_ _ 86. 07
83.81
85. 44
July__________
84. 77
August_______
85. 84
S eptem ber...
85. 97
N ovember _
86.86
90.03
D ecem b er...
January... . . 88. 99
89. 42
88.78
M arch____ .
Average___ -
41.2
40.4
40.7
39.9
40.6
40.1
40.3
39.8
40.3
39.8
40.4
41.3
41.2
41.4
41.1
$2. 07 $93. 66
2.13 94. 94
2.12 99.03
2. 90 89.60
2. 12 94. 76
2. 09 86.14
2.12 92. 34
2.13 95.17
2.13 93.94
2.16 97. 34
2.15 100. 67
2.18 97. 75
2.16 94. 71
2.16 90.78
2.16 89. 55
Construction and
mining machinery 4
$79.42
79.17
79.93
78. 74
79. 76
M a y .. ______
79. 95
78.00
July__________
78. 59
August_______
77. 62
September___
78. 01
O ctober.. . _
79.00
N ovem ber___
80.78
Decem ber.. .
January____ _ 80.39
81.79
February____
84.02
M arch_______
Average______
M arch___ _ .
41.8
40.6
41.2
40.8
40.9
41.0
40.0
40.3
39.6
39.8
40.1
40.8
40.6
41.1
41.8
M a ch in e-to o l
a c c e s s o r ie s
Average_____
March _____
M a y _____ . . .
July__________
September___
October_____
N ovember . .
December____
January______
February_____
M arch_______
$100.93
98. 72
97.66
98.08
99.62
99.36
99. 59
100.02
98.18
98.60
97.29
97. 55
96.28
95.85
97.16
46.3
43.3
43.6
43.4
43.5
43.2
43.3
43.3
42.5
42.5
42.3
42.6
42.6
42.6
42.8
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
42.0
41.1
42.5
40.0
41.2
38.8
40.5
41.2
41.2
40.9
41.6
40.9
40.3
39.3
38.6
41.5
40.2
40.8
40.4
40.5
40.5
39.8
39.6
39.7
39.6
39.8
40.6
40.6
41.0
41.9
$2.18 $81.32
2.28 79. 54
2.24 80.67
2.26 79.13
2.29 79.15
2.30 78. 55
2.30 77.78
2.31 77. 59
2.31 78.98
2.32 79.37
2.30 79.95
2.29 80.93
2.26 80.16
2.25 80. 56
2.27 81.93
42.8
41.0
41.8
41.0
40.8
40.7
40.3
40.2
40.5
40.7
41.0
41.5
40.9
41.1
41.8
42.2
39.3
39.3
38.3
37.9
39.1
38.6
38.0
37.4
38.7
41.5
41.1
42.1
42.9
42.3
A vg.
hrly.
earnings
41.0
40. 2
40.0
39.9
40.4
40.6
40.3
39.2
39.9
39.4
39.9
41.4
41.5
42.2
42.0
42.4
41.5
42.0
41.8
41.9
42.1
40.3
41.9
39.4
40.3
40.7
41.1
40.5
41.3
41.7
42.7
41.3
42.4
41.3
41.1
40.8
40.4
40.6
40.7
40.4
40.4
41.1
40.6
40.9
41.0
Avg.
wkly.
hours
42.8
40.3
39.6
39.2
39.2
39.4
38.7
39.5
40.8
41.1
41.9
43.0
43.4
43.2
43.4
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
S c r e w -m a c h in e
p rod u cts
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
39.8
39.5
40.1
39.6
39.8
39.7
39.3
39.3
39.4
38.6
39.2
40.0
40.4
40.6
41.0
45.8
42.6
43.6
42.8
42.6
42.3
42.1
42.3
41.8
41.7
41.5
41.9
42.0
42.1
42.4
$1.91 $71.93
1.97 70.22
1.98 71.33
1.97 70.05
1.97 69.52
1.96 69.65
1.96 67.16
1.96 68.60
1.97 68.64
1.97 70.18
1.98 71.63
1.99 72.86
1.99 72.39
2.00 73.28
2.01 74.40
41.1
39.9
40.3
39.8
39.5
39.8
38.6
39.2
39.0
40.1
40.7
41.4
40.9
41.4
41.8
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
.
39.6
39.4
39.9
39.3
39.4
39.0
39.0
39.2
39.8
38.6
39.6
40.4
41.1
41.0
41.4
46.3
42.6
44.6
43.2
42.6
41.8
41.0
41.4
41.6
41.7
41.1
41.8
41.8
42.0
42.5
44.3
43.2
44.5
43.2
43.2
43.6
42.7
42.0
42.7
42.1
42.7
43.7
42.5
43.1
43.7
A vg.
wkly.
earnmgs
A vg.
wkly.
hours
42.3
40.6
41.1
40. 5
40.6
40. 5
40.1
40.2
40.3
40.2
40.4
40.9
40.8
41.0
41.4
A vg.
hrly.
earnings
$1.96
2.01
2.00
1.99
2.01
2. 00
2.01
2. 01
2.03
2.03
2. 03
2. 04
2. 03
2.04
2. 05
A g r ic u l tu r a l m a c h in e r y
(e x c e p t tra ctors)
$2.00 $75. 20
2. 05 76. 03
2. 04 77. 38
2.04 76. 61
2. 05 76. 99
2.02 77.97
2.02 75.45
2. 05 74. 67
2. 07 75.46
2. 06 73.73
2. 07 74.69
2. 08 77. 02
2.10 77. 42
2.11 79.19
2.11 81.40
40.0
39.6
40.3
39.9
40.1
40.4
39.5
39.3
39.1
38.6
38.9
39.7
39.7
40.2
40.7
$1.88
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.93
1.91
1.90
1.93
1.91
1.92
1.94
1.95
1.97
2.00
M e t a l w o r k i n g m a c h in
e r y ( e x c e p t m a c h in e
to o ls)
$2.05 $89.52
2.09 85.08
2. 09 86.10
2.07 84. 46
2. 08 84. 46
2.09 84. 87
2.08 86.10
2.08 85.70
2.10 84. 45
2.11 83. 41
2.10 83.21
2.11 85.06
2.10 85.28
2.11 85.69
2.14 86.32
P a p er-in d u s trie s
m a c h in e r y
$1.75 $82. 84
1.76 82.94
1.77 84.11
1.76 82.08
1.76 82.94
1.75 83.28
1.74 81.98
1.75 81.06
1.76 83.27
1.75 82.10
1.76 83.27
1.76 86. 53
1.77 83.30
1.77 84.91
1.78 86.09
Total: Machinery
(except electrical)
$1.83 $82. 91
1.84 81.61
1.82 82. 20
1.82 80. 60
1.83 81.61
1.83 81.00
1.83 80. 60
1.82 80. 80
1.84 81.81
1.86 81.61
1.87 82.01
1.87 83.44
1.87 82.82
1.89 83. 64
1.89 84. 87
M a c h i n e tools
$2.11 $94. 92
2.18 89.03
2.15 93. 21
2.16 89. 42
2.18 88. 61
2.19 87.36
2.19 85.28
2.19 86.11
2. 20 87.36
2. 21 87.99
2.19 86.31
2.19 88. 20
2.17 87. 78
2.18 88. 62
2.19 90.95
T e x t i l e m a c h in e r y
44.3
40.9
41.0
39. 7
40.5
40.4
39.3
39.9
40.9
41.1
42.3
42.9
41.9
42.9
43.0
r p
$1.94 $79. 20
1.98 80. 77
1.97 81.40
1.98 80.17
1. 98 80. 77
1.97 78. 78
1.96 78. 78
1. 97 80.36
2. 00 82.39
1.99 79. 52
2.00 81.97
2.01 84. 03
2. 03 86.31
2. 04 86. 51
2. 06 87.35
Metalworking ma
chinery 4
$1.91 $96.64
1.98 92.87
1.95 93. 74
1.96 92.45
1.97 92.87
1.96 92.64
1.96 92.20
1.98 92.64
1.98 91.96
1.98 92.16
2.00 90.89
1.99 91.76
1.98 91.14
2.00 91.78
2.00 92.86
Avg.
wkly.
hours
$1.85 $81. 07
1.89 75. 26
1.86 74. 62
1.85 72. 25
1.86 74.12
1.87 73.93
1.89 71.92
1.88 72.62
1.90 75. 26
1.92 76.45
1.93 79.10
1.94 80. 22
1.97 78.35
1.97 81.08
1.98 81.27
Agricultural machinery and tractors 4
$2.01 $77. 21
2. 05 78. 21
2. 03 79. 00
2.03 78.41
2. 05 78.80
2. 05 78. 21
2. 06 77.03
2. 05 77. 42
2. 07 78. 80
2. 07 76.81
2.04 78.40
2.10 80.40
2.09 82. 01
2.11 82.82
2.11 84.46
F o o d -p r o d u c ts
m a c h in e r y
$1.90 $81. 56
1.94 81.36
1.93 83.95
1.93 81.36
1.94 80.97
1.93 79.97
1.93 79.18
1.93 79. 58
1.95 80.18
1.95 79. 59
1.95 79.99
1.95 81.79
1.96 80.79
1.96 81.80
1.96 82.41
A vg.
wkly.
earnings
$1.97 $79.18
1.99 76.17
1.96 73. 66
1.96 72. 52
1.98 72. 91
1.99 73.68
1.97 73.14
1.96 74. 26
1.96 77. 52
1.99 78. 91
2. 06 80. 87
2. 07 83. 42
2.10 85. 50
2.12 85.10
2.11 85. 93
O ilfie ld m a c h in e r y
a n d to o ls
$1.90 $80.98
1.94 82.17
1.93 81.90
1.92 81.93
1.94 82. 54
1.95 82.52
1.94 78.99
1.94 82.96
1.95 78.01
1.95 79.79
1.96 81.40
1.97 81.79
1.98 80.19
1.99 82.60
2.01 83.40
Special-industry machinery
(except
metalworking machinery)4
Avg.
wkly.
hours
D i e s e l a n d o th e r i n t e r n a l c o m b u s tio n e n g in e s , n o t e l s e w h e r e
c la s s ifie d
$2.23 $82. 41
2.31 82. 41
2.33 81.20
2. 24 81.00
2.30 82.82
2. 22 83.23
2.28 83. 02
2.31 80.36
2. 28 82. 59
2.38 81.56
2. 42 81.40
2. 39 86. 94
2.35 86.74
2.31 89. 04
2.32 88.62
C o n s tr u c tio n
and
m in in g m a c h in e r y ,
e x c e p t fo r o ilfie ld s
$1.90 $78.85
1.95 77.99
1.94 78. 74
1.93 77. 57
1.95 78. 57
1.95 78.98
1.95 77.21
1.95 76.82
1.96 77. 42
1.96 77.22
1.97 78.01
1.98 79.98
1.98 80.39
1.99 81.59
2.01 84. 22
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
$1.97 $83.13
2. 04 78. 21
2. 01 77. 03
2.01 75. 07
2.04 75.04
2.02 77. 81
2. 01 76.04
2. 07 74. 48
2.05 73.30
2. 06 77. 01
2. 06 85.49
2. 08 85. 08
2. 08 88.41
2. 07 90. 95
2. 08 89. 25
Engines and turbines4 b i n e s ,
B o l t s , nuts,_ w a s h e r s ,
a n d riv e ts
S te e l s p r i n g s
44.1
41.1
42.0
41.0
40.8
41.0
41.0
41.2
40.6
40.1
40.2
40.7
41.0
41.0
41.3
$2.03
2.07
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.07
2.10
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.07
2.09
2.08
2.09
2.09
P r in tin g -tr a d e s m a ch in er y a n d e q u ip m e n t
$1.87 $94. 59
1.92 89.01
1.89 92.23
1.90 87.74
1.92 91.56
1.91 87. 53
1.92 90.73
1.93 85.86
1.95 87. 72
1.95 88.32
1.95 88. 56
1.98 88.34
1.96 87.67
1.97 90.03
1.97 92.84
44.2
41.4
42.5
41.0
42.0
40.9
42.2
40.5
40.8
40.7
41.0
40.9
40.4
41.3
42.2
$2.14
2.15
2.17
2.14
2.18
2.14
2.15
2.12
2.15
2.17
2.16
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.20
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
728
T able C - l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1— Continued
Manufacturing—Continued
Machinery (except electrical)—Continued
Year and month
General industrial
m achinery4
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
A vg.
w kly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Pum ps, air and gas
compressors
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
w kly.
hours
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Conveyors and conveying equipment
A vg. A vg.
wkly.
wkly.
earn
hours
ings
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Blowers, exhaust and
ventilating fans
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
A vg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Industrial trucks,
tractors, etc.
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
A vg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Mechanical powertransmission equip
ment
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
43.3 $1.95 $76.50
42.5 $1.80 $83. 50
42.6 $1.96 $85.93
43.4 $1.98
43.0 $1.94 $81. 98
1953: Average........... $83. 42
42.7 $1.92 $84.44
40.1
1.96 81.40
2.00 74. 59
1.86 77. 42
1.96 81.00
1.98 78.99
40.7
39.5
2.00
1954: Average______
80.19
40.3
40.5
40.5
39.9
1.83 76. 63
40.4
1.94 81.16
41.2
39.5
1.94 79.40
40.1
M arch_______
1.96 78.38
1.97 73.02
1.98
79. 77
40.7
40.0
1.81 77.02
1.94 79.20
40.0
1.96 78.18
40.3
1.94 79. 79
40.5
1.97 72.40
39.7
1.98
A pril...............78.99
40.3
41.0
2.00 73.38
40.1
1.83 77.42
1.94 82.00
1.95 79.79
40.3
M a y _________
79.39
40.3
1.97 76.63
39.5
39.7
1.98
41.1
2.01 74.93
40.5
1.85 78.78
June_________
1.98 77.60
40.0
1.94 82.61
40.4
1.95 80.00
40.2
1.99
80.19
40.5
39.4
42.1
2.02 73.68
1.87 75. 65
38.4
1.97 78.80
40.1
1.98 77.81
39.9
1.95 85.04
39.6
1.99
July..............
79.40
40.1
2.01 74. 77
40.2
1.86 77.82
40.1
August_______
40.1
39.5
1.97 79.80
80.20
40.3
1.99 79.00
1.97 80.60
1.99
1.90 78.41
40.0
2.02 75.62
39.8
39.4
1.99 80.80
1.98 80.80
40.2
2.01
80.80
40.4
2.00 80.19
September___
40.5
40.0
40.0
2.01 82.62
1.91 81.41
40.5
1.98 81.20
2.03 76.40
October______
2.03
81.20
40.4
2.01 80.39
40.6
40.7
39.8
1.89 78.61
N ovem ber___
80.00
40.0
2.00 78. 40
40.0
1.96 78.38
38.8
2.02 75.22
39.5
1.99 83.03
2.04
40.7
1.90 79.40
40.3
2.03 75.43
39.7
39.9
1.99 83.44
2.01 79.98
40.6
1.97 81.81
40.9
2.04
December........ 81.41
40.5
1.88 80.60
40.3
2.00 83.85
39.3
2. 05 74. 64
39.7
40.9
81.20
40.4
2.01 79. 79
40.5
1.97 80. 57
2.05
1955: January______
1.90 80.60
39.9
40.1
2. 01 84.05
February_____ 81.61
2.01 80. 99
1.99 80.98
39.5
2.05 75.81
41.2
2.04
40.6
40.7
39.9
1.89 84.46
41.4
2.04 85.70
41.0
40.1
2.06 75.41
41.6
2.06
M arch_______
83.03
40.9
2. 03 82.00
2.00 82. 61
Mechanical stokers
Service-industry and
Computing machines
Office and store ma
Domestic laundry
Typewriters
and industrial fur
household m achines4
and cash registers
equipment
chines and devices4
naces and ovens
1953: Average........... $81.02
42.2 $1.92 $77.38
1954: Average______
81.00
2.00 79.20
40.5
M arch_______
41.3
1.98 77.62
81.77
80.19
A pril_________
40.5
1.98 77.82
M a y ..............
79. 60
40.2
1.98 77.42
80. 00
June_________
2.01 78.41
39.8
J u ly .................
78.61
1.99 79.40
39.5
August_______
79.00
1.99 79.40
39.7
September___
82.01
40.8
2. 01 80.00
October______
81.41
2.02 79.80
40.3
N ovem ber___
80.20
2.01 81.20
39.9
81.00
December____
40.3
2.01 80.60
1955: January______
80. 20
40.1
2. 00 81.00
February_____ 84. 04
41.4
2.03 79.60
M arch_______
41.2
2.03 80.80
83.64
Commercial laundry,
dry-cleaning, and
Sewing
pressing machines
40.3
39.8
39.6
39.5
39.3
39.6
39.7
39.7
40.0
39.9
40.2
40.1
40.1
39.6
40.2
42.2 $1. 81 $77.01
1953: A verage........... $76. 38
40.4
1.85 79.60
1954: A verage........... 74. 74
M arch........ .
75.11
1.85 79.60
40.6
A pril_________
75.62
41.1
1. 84 78.80
M a y ................
75.85
41.0
1.85 79.60
40.3
June................. 74. 56
1. 85 79.80
July__________
39.4
1.83 78.21
72.10
August_______
75.17
40.2
1. 87 77.82
73. 42
39.9
1.84 79.20
September___
74. 59
October______
40.1
1. 86 80. 40
Novem ber____ 74.15
40.3
1. 84 81. 41
December____
74.93
40.5
1. 85 81.81
39.4
1.84 80.00
1955: January______
72. 50
74. 37
February........
40.2
1.85 80. 59
M arch_______
41.1
76.04
1.85 80. 79
Machinery (except
electrical)— Con.
39.9
39.8
40.0
39.6
39.8
40.1
39.5
39.5
39.6
40.2
40.5
40.5
39.8
39.7
39.8
Machine shops (job
and repair)
1953: A verage.......... $80.28
1954: A verage........... 79.32
M arch.......... .
79. 71
A p ril.......... .
77.74
M a y _________
79.52
79.32
June_________
July__________
78. 55
August_______
78.55
79. 38
«' September___
79. 54
O ctob er..........
79. 95
N ovem ber.......
81.95
December____
82. 35
1955: January______
February_____ 82. 96
M arch_______
83. 95
42.7
41.1
41.3
40.7
41.2
41.1
40.7
40.7
40.5
41.0
41.0
41.6
41.8
41.9
42.4
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1.92 $83.21
1.99 85.17
1.96 84.61
1.97 83.74
1.97 83.10
1.98 84.10
2. 00 86.80
2.00 86.40
2.00 85.97
2. 00 85.93
2. 02 87.64
2. 01 87.64
2. 02 87.85
2.01 86.15
2.01 87.02
machines
$2. 07 $70.93
2.14 73.23
2.11 69.89
2.12 71.74
2. 12 72.13
2.14 73.63
2.17 72.86
2.16 73.23
2.16 75. 48
2.17 74. 70
2.18 76.89
2.18 76.52
2.18 75.41
2.17 74. 26
2.17 75.74
Refrigerators and
air-conditioning units
$1.93 $79. 76
2. 00 77. 81
1.99 78. 61
1.99 76. 44
2.00 78. 01
1.99 75.86
1. 98 74.69
1.97 75.66
2.00 78.21
2.00 79.40
2. 01 78.80
2. 02 80.40
2.01 80. 20
2.03 83.23
2.03 83. 85
40.9
39.3
39.7
38.8
39.2
38.9
38.3
38.6
39.3
39.7
39.4
40.2
39.9
40.8
40.9
40.3
39.8
38.4
39.2
39.2
39.8
39.6
39.8
40.8
40.6
40.9
40.7
39.9
39.5
40.5
$1.76 $79.15
1.84 77.82
1.82 78. 01
1.83 76.05
1.84 77. 22
1.85 75.85
1.84 75.27
1.84 76. 44
1.85 78.80
1.84 79.80
1.88 78.80
1.88 80.00
1.89 79.20
1.88 81.61
1.87 83.03
Miscellaneous
machinery parts 4
$1.95 $78. 85
1.98 78.00
1.98 78.18
1.97 76. 81
1.99 77.60
1.95 77. 79
1. 95 76.05
1. 96 77. 03
1.99 78.80
2. 00 78.61
2.00 79.99
2.00 80.99
2.01 81. 59
2.04 82. 40
2. 05 83.42
41.5
40.0
40.3
39.8
40.0
40.1
39.2
39.5
39.8
39.7
40.4
40.7
41.0
41.2
41.5
40.8
39.5
39.8
38.8
39.2
39.1
38.8
39.2
39.8
40.1
39.6
40.2
39.8
40.6
40.9
$1.94 $78. 57
1.97 79.80
1.96 79.20
1.96 74.25
1.97 74.88
1.94 75.27
1.94 79.79
1.95 81.20
1.98 85.90
1.99 87. 35
1.99 84.26
1.99 81.81
1.99 80. 00
2.01 81.61
2.03 85.08
Fabricated pipe,
fittings, and valves
$1.90 $77.90
1.95 78.60
1.94 79.18
1.93 77.60
1.94 78.40
1.94 78.20
1. 94 75. 27
1. 95 76. 44
1.98 80. 20
1. 98 78. 20
1. 98 81.20
1. 99 80. 60
1. 99 80.00
2.00 80. 20
2. 01 80. 40
41.0
39.9
40.4
40.0
40.0
40.1
38.6
38.8
40.1
39.1
40.4
40.3
40.2
40.1
40.2
40.5
39.9
39.8
37.5
38.6
38.6
40.5
40.4
41.7
42.2
41.1
40.5
39.8
40.4
41.5
$1.94
2.00
1.99
1.98
1.94
1.95
1.97
2.01
2.06
2.07
2.05
2.02
2.01
2.02
2.05
Ball and roller
bearings
$1.90 $77. 71
1.97 76.25
1.96 75.08
1.94 73. 73
1.96 74.50
1.95 75. 46
1.95 74.69
1.97 75. 46
2.00 75. 66
2. 00 77. 42
2.01 78. 61
2.00 80.60
1. 99 83.01
2.00 85.04
2.00 86.90
40.9
39.1
38.9
38.4
38.8
39.1
38.5
39.1
38.6
39.1
39.7
40.5
41.3
42.1
42.6
$1.90
1.95
1.93
1.92
1.92
1.93
1. 94
1.93
1.96
1.98
1.98
1. 99
2.01
2. 02
2.04
Electrical machinery
Total: Electrical
machinery
$1.88 $71. 81
1.93 72. 44
1.93 71.68
1. 91 70. 56
1.93 71. 50
1.93 72. 07
1.93 71.53
1.93 72.04
1.96 72. 98
1.94 74. 34
1.95 74.89
1. 97 74.52
1.97 74. 56
1. 98 74.74
1.98 75.11
40.2
39.8
40.1
39.5
39.2
39.3
40.0
40.0
39.8
39.6
40.2
40.2
40.3
39.7
40.1
40.8
39.8
39.6
39.2
39.5
39.6
39.3
39.8
40.1
40.4
40.7
40.5
40.3
40.4
40.6
Electrical generating,
transmission, distributton, and indus
trial apparatus 4
$1.76 $77. 83
1.82 77. 59
1.81 76.40
1.80 75.45
1. 81 76.22
1.82 76. 61
1.82 76.42
1.81 77. 78
1. 82 78. 76
1.84 78. 76
1.84 79.15
1.84 79. 56
1.85 78. 38
1.85 79.17
1.85 79.15
41.4
40.2
40.0
39.5
39.7
39. S
39.8
40.3
40.6
40.6
40.8
40.8
40.4
40.6
40.8
Wiring devices and
supplies
$1.88 $68. 54
1.93 67.72
1.91 67. 4t
1.91 65.23
1.92 66. 08
1.92 66.47
1.92 65. 7E
1.93 67. 6C
1. 94 68. 85
1. 94 69.89
1.94 70. 58
1.95 71.17
1.94 69.03
1.95 69.08
1.94 70.30
40.8
39.6
39.7
38.6
39.1
39.1
38.7
39.3
39.8
40.4
40.8
40. S
39. S
39.7
40.4
Carbon and graphite
products (electrical)
$1.68 $77.83
1.71 74. 8C
1.7C 74.42
1. 6E 74. 61
1.6Î 74.82
1.7C 74.07
1.7C 73. 4Ç
1.72 74. 8C
1. 72 74.8C
1. 72 74.96
1. 72 74.34
1.74 76.07
1. 72 76. 67
1. 74 76. 72
1.74 76. 92
41.4
40. C
39.8
39. Ç
39.8
39.4
39.2
40. C
40. C
40.2
40.1
40.9
41. C
40.6
40.7
Electrical indicating,
measuring, and re
cording instruments
$1.88 $73. 57
1.87 72. 8C
1.87 72. 25
1.87 71. 5C
1.88 72. 41
1.88 72. 98
1.87 72. 58
1.87 73.16
1. 87 74. 52
1.86 74. 8f
1.81 74.15
1.86 71. 8E
1.87 72.62
1. 81 73.05
1.89 74. 00
41.1
40. C
39.7
39.5
39.8
40.1
40.1
40.2
40.5
40.7
40.5
39.5
39.9
39.7
40.0
$1. 79
1.82
1.82
1. 81
1.82
1.82
1.81
1.82
1. 84
1.84
1.84
1. 82
1.82
1.84
1.85
729
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C - l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1— Continued
Manufacturing—Continued
Electrical machinery—Continued
Year and month
M o t o r s , g e n e r a t o r s , a n d P o w e r a n d d is tr ib u t io n S w itch g e a r, sw itch b oa rd ,
tr a n sfo rm er s
m o t o r - g e n e r a t o r s e ts
a n d in d u s t r ia l c o n t r o ls
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
1953: Average___
1954: Average___
M arch____
April______
M a y ______
June______
July_______
August____
September.
October___
N ovem ber.
December—
1955: January___
February. _
M arch____
Avg.
wkly.
hours
$84.03
82.82
82.01
80. 5f
80. 78
80.9£
81.8(
83.61
85.08
84.87
84.05
83. 81
84.25
84.87
84.67
41.6
4 0 .4
40.2
39.7
39.6
39.7
40.1
40.6
41. 1
41. C
40.8
40.5
40.7
41.2
41.3
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
$2.02 $76.33
2.05 78. 59
2.0!
78.2!
2. o;
76. 44
2.04
79. It
2.0¿ 78.59
2.04
77.02
2. 06 78. 98
2. 07 76.14
2.07 79.76
2.06 80. 77
2.07 84. 58
2.07 81. 95
2.06 82. 5£
2. 05 81.77
Electric equipment
for vehicles
1953: Average____
1954: Average____
M arch_____
April______
M a y _______
June_______
July..............
August____
Septem ber..
October____
N ovem ber..
Decem ber...
1955: January____
February__
M arch..........
$76.70
75.84
73. 32
72.19
78.17
75.26
73. 54
74.10
74. 50
81.18
79.59
79.38
80. 78
84.82
84.60
40.8
39.5
39. C
38.4
40.5
39.2
38.3
39.0
38.8
41.0
40.4
40.5
40.8
42.2
42.3
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
40.6
40. Í
40.1
39.2
40.2
40. Í
39.7
40.5
40.5
40. £
41. C
42.5
41.6
41.5
41.3
A vg.
hrly.
earnings
$1.88 $75.84
1.95 75.95
1.95 74.37
1.95 73.66
1.97 74.99
1.95 75. 36
1.94
75.39
1.95 75. 98
1.88 76.76
1.95 76. 78
1.97 79.32
1.9£ 79.12
1.97 76. 4C
1.99 76. 99
1.98 77.18
Electric lamps
$1.88 $65. 21
1.92 64.91
1.88 65. 24
1.8$ 64.19
1.93 64.85
1.92 63. 69
1.92 60. 42
1.90 63.69
1.92 65.63
1.98 67. 77
1.97 68. 51
1.96 68. 51
1.98 68.17
2.01 68. 91
2.00 69. 60
40.5
39.1
39.3
38.9
39.3
38.6
36.4
38.6
39.3
40.1
40.3
40.3
40.1
40.3
40.7
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
41.9
40.4
40.2
39.6
40.1
40.2
40.1
40.2
40.4
40.2
41.1
41. C
40. C
40.1
40.2
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
$1.81 $85.20
1.88 83.21
1.85 80.56
1.86 83. 72
1.87 81.9£
1.87 83.42
1.88 83.22
1. 8£ 86.48
1.9C 87. 55
1.91 83.61
1.92 83.61
1.92 84.81
1.91 83.02
1.92 84.66
1.92 86. 51
Communication
equipm ent4
$1.61 $66.66
1.66 68.68
1.66 67. 55
1.65 66.30
1.65 67. 42
1.65 68. 51
1.66 67.64
1.65 69.03
1.67 69.55
1.69 70.88
1.70 71.23
1.70 70. 53
1.70 70. 53
1.71 70.40
1.71 70.58
E l e c t r i c a l w e ld in g
a p p a ra tu s
40.4
39.7
39.5
39.0
39.2
39.6
39.1
39.9
40.2
40.5
40.7
40.3
40.3
40.0
40.1
Avg.
wkly.
hours
42.6
41.4
41.1
42.5
41.2
41.5
40.8
42.6
42.5
41. C
41.2
42. C
41.1
41.5
42.2
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
39.9
39.7
39.1
38.9
39.1
39.6
39.3
39.8
40.2
40.3
40.5
40.3
40.3
39.6
39.7
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
$2.00 $76.92
2. 01 75.81
1.96 76.0Í
1.97 75. 26
1.9!
76. 22
2. 01 74.68
2.04
75.46
2. o;
75.46
2.06 76.45
2 .0¿ 73.75
2.03 79.17
2.02 78.38
2.02 77.81
2. 0¿ 77.01
2.05 79.35
R a d io s , p h o n o g r a p h s ,
te le v is io n s e t s , a n d
e q u ip m e n t
$1.65 $64. 64
1.73 67.49
1.71 66. 59
1.70 65.35
1.72 66.08
1.73 67.32
1.73 67. 20
1.73 67.66
1.73 68. 34
1.75 69.32
1.75 69.26
1. 75 69. 32
1.75 69. 32
1.76 68.11
1.76 68.68
Electrical appliances
Electrical machinery—Continued
Miscellaneous elec
trical products 4
1953: Average___
1954: Average___
M arch........
A pril______
M a y ______
June______
July_______
August........
September.
October___
N ovem ber.
Decem ber—
1955: January___
F ebruary...
M arch____
$67. 94
68.95
69.13
68. 73
67.51
69.52
68. 43
67.25
67. 82
69. 48
70. 98
70.53
70.17
72. 58
70.88
40.2
39.4
39.5
39.5
38.8
39.5
39.1
39.1
39.2
39.7
40.1
39.4
39.2
40.1
39.6
$1. 69 $76. 67
1.75 76. 82
1.75 74. 69
1. 74 75.84
1.74 75. 66
1.76 79.00
1.75 76.24
1. 72 75.06
1.73 75. 66
1.75 78. 60
1. 77 81.80
1. 79 77. 62
1.79 76. 64
1.81 81.80
1. 79 78. 41
M o t o r v e h i c le s , b o d ie s ,
p a r t s , a n d a c c e s s o r ie s
1953: Average___
1954: Average___
M arch____
A pril______
M a y ............
June______
July.............
August.......
September.
October___
N ovem ber.
Decem ber..
1955: January___
F ebruary...
M arch........
$88. 78
89. 95
85.10
88.07
89.16
85. 85
86.07
88. 58
89. 95
91. 35
97.18
100.11
97. 63
99.65
101.00
41.1
40.7
39.4
40.4
40.9
39.2
39.3
39.9
39.8
40.6
43.0
44.1
43.2
43.9
44.3
See footnotes at end of table.
343876— 55--------7
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
S to ra g e b a tte ries
41.0
39.6
38.9
39.5
39.2
40.1
39.3
39.3
39.0
39.9
40.9
39.4
39. 1
40.9
39.4
$1. 87 $59. 20
1.94 59.04
1. 92 60.74
1.92 60.28
1.93 57.91
1.97 59.19
1.94 58.35
1.91 57.90
1.94 58. 26
1.97 58. 35
2.00 58.20
1.97 59.13
1. 96 59. 74
2.00 60. 83
1.99 60.28
T r u c k a n d b u s b o d ie s
$2.16 $74. 26
2.21 75. 98
2. 16 74. 89
2.18 74. 96
2.18 77.08
2.19 77.71
2. 19 74.10
2. 22 78.09
2.26 76. 22
2. 25 75.83
2. 26 76.80
2. 27 78.38
2. 26 76. 82
2. 27 80. 93
2.28 83. 73
40.8
40.2
40.7
40.3
41.0
40.9
39.0
41.1
39.7
39.7
40.0
40.4
39.6
41.5
42.5
P r i m a r y b a t t e r ie s
(d r y a n d w e t)
40.0
39.1
39.7
39.4
38.1
39.2
38.9
38.6
39.1
38.9
38.8
38.9
39.3
39.5
39.4
$1.82 $73. 60
1. 89 76.19
1.84 72. 89
1.86 72. 68
1.88 76.17
1.90 78. 72
1.90 74. 29
1.90 73. 70
1.92 74. 50
1.91 79.90
1.92 82. 32
1.94 82. 68
1.94 78.38
1.95 80. 77
1.97 83.18
40.0
40.1
39.4
39.5
40.3
41.0
39.1
39.2
38.6
41.4
42.0
42.4
40.4
41.0
41.8
$1.89 $72.24
1.92 70. 47
1. 92 68. 57
1.92 67. 77
1.92 69.14
1.91
69. 77
1.92 70.30
1.92 69. 95
1.95
73.3£
72.3!
1.95
1.95 74.82
1.04
73. 6!
1.95 73.34
1.93 73.93
1.94 73.39
Avg.
wkly.
hours
42.0
40.5
40.1
39.4
40.2
40.1
40.4
40.2
41.7
40. £
41.8
41.4
41.2
41.3
41.0
Avg.
hrly.
earnmgs
$1.72
1.74
1.71
1.72
1.72
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.76
1.77
1.79
1.78
1.78
1.79
1.79
T e l e p h o n e , t e le g r a p h ,
a n d ~ y e la t e d e q u i p m e n t
tu b es
40.7
39.4
39.1
39.5
39.4
39.3
38.5
39.8
39.5
40.6
40.9
39.6
39.3
40.0
39.8
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
$1.53 $82. 49
1.61 80.40
1.57 78. 9£
1.57 77.03
1.59 78. 41
1.61 79. 40
1.61 78.21
1.61 80.60
1.62 81.60
1.65 83.43
1.65 84. 66
1.64 83. 64
1.63 85. 90
1.64 86.53
1.62 86. 94
42.3
40.4
40.3
39.5
39.8
39.9
39.5
40.3
40.8
41.1
41.5
41.2
41.7
41.8
42.0
$1.95
1.99
1.96
1.95
1.97
1.99
1.98
2.00
2.00
2.03
2.04
2.03
2.06
2.07
2.07
Transportation equipment
X - r a y a n d n o n r a d io
e le c tr o n ic tu b e s
$1.48 $72. 36
1.51 78.18
1. 53 80.32
1.53 77.57
1. 52 77. 59
1.51 76. 62
1.50 79. 79
1.50 77.60
1.49 78.41
1.50 79. 00
1.50 78. 98
1.52 81.16
1.52 77. 03
1.54 78.60
1.53 77. 61
T r a i le r s (t r u c k a n d
a u t o m o b i le )
40.7
39.5
39.6
39.2
39.7
39.1
39.5
39.5
39.6
38.2
40.6
40.1
39. £
39. £
40.9
Radio
$1.62 $62.27
1.7C 63.43
1.6£ 61.38
1.68 62.02
1.6£ 62.65
1.7C 63.27
1. 71 61.99
1.7C 64.08
1.7C 63. 99
1.72 66. 99
1.71 67. 49
1.72 64.94
1.72 64.06
1.72 65.60
1.73 64.48
A vg.
hrly.
earnings
Insulated wire and
cable
40.2
40.3
41.4
40.4
40.2
39.7
40.3
40.0
39.8
40.1
40.5
41.2
39.3
40.1
39.8
T otal: Transporta
tion equipment
$1.80 $85. 28
1.94 86. 67
1.94 84. 21
1.92 84. 82
1.93 85. 67
1.93 84. 59
1.98 84. 38
1.94 85. 63
1. 97 86. 40
1.97 87. 26
1.95 91.12
1.97 93.08
1.96 92. 62
1. 96 93. 28
1.95 94.15
Aircraft and parts 4
$1. 84 $83. 80
1.90 85. 07
1. 85 84. 46
1. 84 83.43
1.89 83. 84
1.92 84. 86
1.90 84. 66
1.88 85. 27
1.93 85. 68
1.93 85.47
1.96 87. 34
1.95 87. 77
1.94 88.81
1. 97 87. 95
1.99 87.95
41.9
40.9
41.0
40.5
40.7
40.8
40.7
40.8
40.8
40.7
41.2
41.4
41.5
41.1
41.1
$2.00 $82.19
2.08 85. 07
2. 06 84. 67
2. 06 83.22
2. 06 83.84
2.08 84. 86
2.08 84. 86
2.09 85. 07
2.10 85. 89
2.10 85.47
2.12 87. 77
2.12 87. 56
2.14 89. 44
2.14 88. 80
2.14 88. 58
41.2
40.5
40.1
40.2
40.6
39.9
39.8
40.2
40.0
40.4
41.8
42.5
42.1
42.4
42.6
A ircr a ft
41.3
40.9
41.1
40.4
40.7
40.8
40.8
40.9
40.9
40.7
41.4
41.3
41.6
41.3
41.2
Automobiles 4
$2. 07 $87. 95
2.14 89.32
2.10 84. 93
2.11 87.26
2.11 88. 34
2.12 85.28
2.12 85.06
2.13 88.00
2.16 89.15
2.16 90. 54
2.18 96. 53
2.19 99. 44
2. 20 96. 75
2. 20 98. 99
2. 21 100. 33
41.1
40.6
39.5
40.4
40.9
39.3
39.2
40.0
39.8
40.6
42.9
44.0
43.0
43.8
44.2
$2.14
2.20
2.15
2.16
2.16
2.17
2.17
2.20
2. 24
2. 23
2.25
2. 26
2.25
2. 26
2. 27
A i r c r a f t e n g in e s a n d
p a rts
$1. 99 $87. 29
2.08 85.06
2.06 84. 24
2.06 83.84
2. 06 83. 42
2.08 84. 65
2.08 86. 51
2.08 86.10
2.10 84. 63
2.10 84. 63
2.12 85. 46
2.12 87. 34
2.15 87. 54
2.15 86. 69
2.15 87. 33
43.0
40.7
40.5
40.5
40.3
40.5
41.0
41.0
40.3
40.3
40.5
41.2
41.1
40.7
41.0
$2.03
2. 09
2.08
2.07
2.07
2.09
2.11
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.13
2.13
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
730
T able C - l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees ^Continued
Manufacturing— Continued
Transportation equipment—-Continued
A ir c r a ft p r o p e lle r s
an d p a rts
O th e r a i r c r a f t p a r t s
a n d e q u ip m e n t
Ship and boat building and repairing 4
S h ip b u i ld in g a n d
r e p a ir in g
Railroad
equipm ent4
B o a tb u ild in g a n d
re p a ir in g
Year and month
A vg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
A vg.
w kly.
hours
41.9
39.4
40.6
39.6
38.4
38.4
38.4
39.3
39.5
39.7
40.1
40.1
40.0
39.8
39.7
$85. 90
82.35
85. 67
82. 76
79. 87
80.26
June________
79. 87
82.53
August_____
83.35
September___
83.37
October______
N ovember
84.21
December____
84.21
1955: January______
83.60
February..- . 84.38
M arch_______
84.16
1954: Average______
M arch_______
A pril______ ..
A ugust.. . .
Septem ber..
October . . . . .
N ovem ber___
December____
1955: J an u a ry___
February_____
M arch_______
$82.00
84.16
82.97
81.97
82.78
85.22
84.38
86.43
78.81
83. 71
86. 40
89. 38
88. 51
88.26
88. 75
Avg.
w kly.
hours
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
A vg.
wkly.
hours
$2.05 $85.17
42.8 $1. 99 $79.37
41.2
2. 08 80.70
2.09 85.70
41.2
2. 04 81. 95
2.11 84. 05
40.9
2. 05 80. 70
2.09 83.85
41.3
2.06 80. 94
2. 08 85.08
2.09 84.87
41.2
2.06 80. 55
40.5
2. 07 80.11
2.08 83.84
2.09 81.12
40.6
2.10 84. 85
2.10 78. 83
2.11 86.10
41.0
41.2
2.12 81.02
2.10 87.34
41.5
2.12 80.22
2.10 87. 98
2.14 83.10
42.1
2.10 90.09
2.13 82. 74
41.5
2.09 88.40
40.9
2.12 82.95
2.12 86.71
41.2
2.12 83.16
2.12 87.34
Transportation equipment— Continued
L o co m o tiv e s an d p a r ts
1953: Average___
1954: Average______
A vg.
wkly.
earn
ings
40.0
39.7
39.7
39.6
39.8
40.2
39.8
40.2
37.0
39.3
40.0
41.0
40.6
40.3
40.9
R a ilr o a d a n d stree t
ca rs
$2.05 $79.19
2.12 81.20
2.09 81.30
2.07 78.79
2. 08 79.13
2.12 78.33
2.12 78. 70
2.15 78. 49
2.13 77.23
2.13 81.38
2.16 87.38
2.18 88.40
2.18 87.34
2.19 84.80
2.17 83. 64
39.4
38.3
38.9
37.7
37.5
37.3
37.3
37.2
36.6
37.5
39.9
40.0
39.7
38.9
38.9
39.1
38.8
39.4
38.8
39.1
39.1
38.7
39.0
37.9
38.4
38.2
39.2
39.4
39.5
39.6
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
40.6
39.3
39.4
39.1
40.3
41.1
38.9
39.8
40.0
38.5
38.3
38.9
40.4
40.3
41.3
A vg.
wkly.
hours
$2.03 $80. 91
2.08 82.39
2.08 84.28
2.08 82.18
2. 07 82.82
2.06 82. 64
2.07 82.22
2.08 83.03
2.08 80.09
2.11 82. 51
2.10 81.86
2.12 85.36
2.10 85.46
2.10 85.85
2.10 85.63
Other transportation
equipment
$2.01 $73. 49
2.12 72.31
2.09 71.31
2.09 71.16
2.11 73.35
2.10 77.27
2.11 71.97
2.11 74.43
2.11 74. 40
2.17 71.23
2.19 70. 86
2.21 71.19
2.20 75.14
2.18 74. 56
2.15 77.23
A vg.
wkly.
earn
ings
38.9
38.5
39.2
38.4
38.7
38.8
38.6
38.8
37.6
38.2
37.9
38.8
39.2
39.2
39.1
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
41.4
40.0
40.2
39.6
39.6
39.8
39.5
39.5
39.9
40.1
40.3
40.5
40.2
40.5
40. 5
A vg.
wkly.
hours
Laboratory, scien
tific, and engineer
ing instruments
$1.78 $89.25
1.83 83.20
1.81 83.43
1.82 82.18
1.82 81.56
1.83 82. 59
1.84 79.72
1.83 82. 59
1.85 84.63
1. 85 84.63
1. 85 86.30
1. 86 87.97
1.87 86.92
1.88 88. 81
1.87 88. 81
42.5
40.0
40.5
39.7
39.4
39.9
38.7
39.9
40.3
40.3
40.9
41.3
41.0
41.5
41.5
Instruments and related products--Continued
Optical instruments
and lenses
$79.00
75.17
73.20
72.65
74. 52
75.41
74. 64
July ________
73.68
76.73
September___
O ctober.._ . . .
76. 78
N ovem ber----78.3:
December _
78. 09
76.38
1955: January___ _
February_____
76.9'
March ---------76.9'
Í
42.7 $1.85 $66. 74
40.2
1.87 66.80
1.83 67.23
40.0
1.83 66.30
39.7
1.84 65. 97
40. 5
39.9
1.89 67.13
39.7
1.88 65. 97
39.4
1. 87 67. 47
40.6
1.89 67.13
40.2
1.9:
65.46
l. 9:
66. 47
41. C
41.:
1. 9C 67.13
40.2
1. 9C 67.3C
40.3
l. 9:
67. 5'
40.3
1. 91 67. 54
Jewelry, silverware,
and plated ware 4
1953: Average______
1954: Average______
M a y . . . -----June___ ____
J u l y ________
August______
Septem ber-_.
O ctober.. . . .
N ovem ber___
December___
February..
March . .
_
$68.8.
68. If
67.24
65.6Í
66. Of
65. 8,
64.0Í
66.2(
70. 0c
71.7
71.8
71. 4Í
67. 82
68.8
71. Of
1
42. £
41.3
41.
40.3
40.
40.
39.3
40. Í
42.
43.2
43.
42.8
41. :
41.'
42.3
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Surgical, medical, and
dental instruments
41.2
40.0
40.5
39. 7
39.5
40.2
39.5
40.4
40.2
39.2
39.8
40.2
40.:
40.2
40.2
$1.62 $58. 69
1.67 58. 80
1.66 58. 71
1.67 58.20
1.67 58.20
1.67 58. 50
1.67 58.35
1.67 56.70
1.67 59. 65
1.67 59.0'
1. 67 59. 7C
1. 67 59.1C
1.6'
58. 65
1. 65 59. 8C
1.65 60.0C
J e w e lr y a n d fin d in g s
$1.63 $65. 41
1. 6£
65. 0C
64.12
1.6'
1.63 63.31
1. 6c
62. 8C
1.63 62.93
1.63 60.3C
1.63 62. 55
1 .6
66. 99
1.6
68. 89
1.6
68. 3'
1.6'
67. 55
1.6
64. 53
65.3(
1.6
1. 68
67.3(
42.2
41.'
41.:
40. É
40.
40. t
38.2
40.
42.
43.
43.
42.
41.
41.
42.
Ophthalmic goods
79. 42
43.1
41.1
40.5
39.'
40.
39.
39. £
40. Í
41.
42.2
43.
43.2
41.2
41.'
42.'
Photographic appa
ratus
$1.46 $77.49
1.50 80.39
1.49 79. 98
1.50 79.99
1.50 79.79
1. 50 80.98
1.50 79. 59
1.50 79.79
1.51 80.60
1.5:
81.2(
1.5C 81. 6(
1.5C 8 2 . o:
1.5C 82.82
1.5:
82.2:
1.5C 82.21
S ilv e r w a r e a n d p l a t e d
w are
$1. 5£ $75. 8(
1.5'
73.95
73. 02
1. &
1. 51 70. 2"
1.5"
71. 6C
1 .5 c
70. 62
1. 5c
71.02
1. 59 74.02
1. 55
76. 65
1.55
77. 6c
1.59
78. 8'
79. 6'
1. 5(
74. 5’
1. 5'
1. 5(
75. 7(
1. 60
40.2
39.2
39.4
38.8
38.8
39.0
38.9
37.8
39.5
39.1
39.8
39.'
39.:
39.
40.
74 . g.
40.8
40.3
39. £
38.8
38.
39.'
39.1
40.
41.2
42.2
42. :
41.5
40.1
40.'
40.
A vg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
41.6
39.0
39.4
38.3
38.4
37.6
38.6
38.5
39.5
40.'
39.6
39. £
39.3
39.8
39.8
40.2
38.9
39.2
38.
39.1
38.'
38.:
39.2
39.
39. €
39.1
38.
38.
39.
39.
$2.03
2.12
2.09
2.08
2.10
2.11
2.11
2.13
2.12
2.15
2.18
2.20
2.19
2.18
2.16
Mechanical measur
ing and controlling
instruments
Total: Miscellaneous
manufacturing in
dustries
$1.61 $64.06
1.65 64.24
1.64 64.00
1.63 62.72
1. 64 63.43
1. 64 63.36
1.65 62.40
1.66 63.44
1.67 64. 40
1.66 65.21
1.66 65.21
1.67 66.18
1.69
65.93
66.42
1. 7(
1.69 66.91
T oys and sporting
goods
$1. 7C $60. 7C
1. 79 58. 74
1. 7£ 59. 98
1. 7£ 57. 7C
1. 7€ 59.01
1.79
57. 6C
1. 79 56. 7'
1. 75 58. 41
1.85
58. 5(
1.8' 59. 4C
1. 81 58. 5(
1.8C 58.7'
59. 52
1. 8i
1.85
60. 0C
1.8C 60. 92
39.6
38.8
39.2
38.5
38.5
38.6
38.2
38.4
36.8
38.2
39.9
40.4
40.1
39.4
39.6
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$2.10 $74.16
41.2 $1.80
2.08 74.59
1.86
40.1
1.83
2.06 74.12
40.5
1.84
2. 07 73.60
40.0
1.84
2.07 73. 60
40.0
2. 07 74. 77
40.2
1. 86
2.06 74.24
39.7
1. 87
1.86
2.07 72. 54
39.0
39.5
1. 88
2.10 74.26
2.10 75. 39
40.1
1.88
2.11 75. 58
40.2
1.88
1.89
2.13 77.49
41.0
2.12 75. 79
1. 89
40.1
2.14 77. 74
1.91
40.7
2.14 77.74
1.91
40.7
Miscellaneous man
ufacturing industries
Watches and clocks
$1.89 $66.98
1.98 64.35
1.97 64.62
1. 98 62.43
1.98 62.98
1.98 61.66
1.97 63.69
1.97 63.91
2.00 65.97
2. 0(
67. 06
2.00 65.7'
2 . o: 65.63
2.02 66.42
2. 02 67.66
2.02 67.26
Musical instruments
and parts
$1. 7C $71. 81
1. 8C
72.1
1. 79 69.1C
1. 7" 67.9C
1.79
67. 0C
1. 7'
71.01
1. 75 70.85
1.81
71.2(
1.82
74. 95
1.8'
7 7 .6 c
1.82
77.0'
1.8'
76. 4C
1.8
73. 05
74. O'
1.82
1. 8 6 ¡
41.0
40.6
40.6
40.4
40.3
40.9
40.4
40.5
40.3
40.6
40.8
40.8
41. (
40.7
40.7
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$2.08 $70. 58
40.1 $1.76 $80.39
40.2
2.14 71.15
1. 77 82.26
40.3
1. 76 81.93
2.15 70.93
40.9
1.75 80.08
2.14 71.58
2.14 72.34
41.1
1. 76 80.85
1.75 81. 45
2.13 71.23
40.7
39.4
1. 75 80. 60
2.13 68. 95
2.14 70. 75
40.2
1.76 81.79
2.13 71.06
1.79 78.02
39.7
39.9
2.16 71.82
1.80 82.13
2.16 70. 49
39.6
1.78 86. 98
41.1
1.74 88. 88
2.20 71. 51
40.2
2.18 70. 75
1.76 87.82
1.73 85. 89
2.19 70. 07
40.5
2.19 71.38
41.5
1. 72 85. 54
Instruments and related products
Total: Instruments
and related products
$1.81 $73. 69
1.84 73.20
1.81 72. 76
1.82 72. 07
1.82 72.07
1. 88 72.83
1.85 72. 68
1.87 72.29
1.86 73.82
1.85 74.19
1.85 74. 56
1.83 75.33
1. 86 75.17
1. 85 76.14
1.87 75. 74
A vg.
wkly.
earn
ings
G a m e s , t o y s , d o ll s , a n d
c h i ld r e n ’ s v e h ic le s
$1.51 $61. 3£
1. 51 58.82
1. 53
61.1£
1.52 58. 52
1. 51 59.13
1.49 57.28
1.49 56. 09
1.49 58.31
1.5C 58.2C
1.5C 59. 4c
1. 51 58. 51
1. 5:
57. 6Í
1.59
59. 7c
1.54
59. 91
61.31
1. 5£
40.8 $1. 57
39.9
1.61
40.0
1.60
39.2
1.60
39.4
1.61
39.6
1.60
39.0 - 1.60
39.9
1.59
1.61
40.0
40.5
1.61
40.5
1.61
40.6
1.63
40.2
1.64
1.64
40.5
1.64
40.8
40.1
38.7
39.2
38.
38.9
38.'
37.9
39.
39.1
39.9
39.
38.2
38.
38.9
39.
$1.53
1.52
1. 56
1.54
1.52
1.48
1.48
1. 48
1.49
1.49
1.50
1. 51
1.54
1.54
1.56
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
731
T able C - l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees !— Continued
Manufacturing— Continued
sportation and
pu blic utilities
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries— Continued
Year and month
Sporting and athletic
goods
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
1953: Average—........
1954: Average______
M arch_______
April_________
M a y _______
June.................
July--------------August_______
September___
October...........
N ovem ber___
December____
1955: January______
February_____
M arch..............
$60.3£
59.04
58. 6£
56. 77
58. 71
58.20
57.98
58.74
58.98
59. 58
59.04
59.80
59.28
59. 98
60.37
Avg.
wkly.
hours
40. £
39.1
39.1
38.1
39.4
38.8
38.4
38.9
38.8
39.2
39.1
39.6
39.0
39.2
39.2
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Pens, pencils, other
office supplies
Avg.
w kly.
earn
ings
$1.4£ $58. 98
1. 51 60. 9C
1. 5C 60. 79
1. 49 61.61
1.49 61.31
1.50 61.05
1. 51 59. 30
1. 51 59.35
1. 52 60.45
1.52 62.58
1.51 63.76
1. 51 61. 50
1.52 61.46
1.53 62. 97
1.54 63.42
Avg.
wkly.
hours
40.4
40.6
40.8
40.8
40.6
40.7
39.8
40.1
40.3
40.9
41.4
41.0
40.7
41.7
42.0
Costume jewelry,
buttons, notions
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
$1. 46 $59.0E
1. 5C 57.0£
1.49 57.89
1. 51 55. 63
1.51 56.4£
1.50 57.77
1.49 56.21
1.48 56.74
1. 50 56. 50
1.53 57.77
1.54 57.82
1. 50 58.58
1.51 59.54
1. 51 58.84
1. 51 59. 71
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Fabricated plastic
products
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
40.2
39.1
39.6
38.1
38.4
39.3
38.5
39.4
38.7
39.3
39.6
40.4
40.5
40.3
40.9
1953: Average____ _ $77.12
1954: Average...........
78.19
M arch_______
77.33
A pril_________
77.58
M a y _________
77.94
June_________
79.10
July--------------78. 51
August_______
78.26
September___
78.14
October______
78. 32
N ovem ber___
77. 78
December........ 79.49
1955: January______
78.63
February_____ 79.37
M a rch .............
79. 00
45.1
43.2
43.2
43.1
43.3
43.7
42.9
43.0
42.7
42.8
42.5
43.2
42.5
42.9
42.7
Switchboard opera
ting em ployees6
Tel ephorie
$1.71 $65.02
1.81 68.46
1.79 65.70
1.80 66.09
1.80 67.38
1.81 67.34
1.83 68. 60
1.82 67.69
1.83 71.60
1.83 72.04
1.83 72.65
1.84 70. 74
1.85 69.63
1.85 70.98
1. 85 70.02
38.7
38.9
38.2
38.2
38.5
38.7
39.2
38.9
40.0
39.8
39.7
39.3
38.9
39.0
38.9
$1.68 $54.39
37.0
1.76 56. 61
37.0
1. 72 53. 64
36.0
1.73 54.09
36.3
1. 75 56.98
37.0
1.74 56.39
37.1
1.75 57.15
37.6
1.74 56.47
37.4
1.79 58. 90
38.0
1.81 60.04
38.0
1.83 60.86
37.8
1.80 56.83
36.9
1. 79 56. 89
36.7
1.82 58.62
37.1
1.80 56.98
37.0
Transportation and public utilities—Continued
$1.47
1.53
1.49
1.49
1.54
1.52
1.52
1.51
1. 55
1.58
1.61
1.54
1. 55
1.58
1. 54
1953: Average______ $81. 56
1954: Average........... 84.67
M arch_______
82.61
A pril_________
82.41
M a y _________
83. 23
84.46
June.............
July--------------86. 32
August _____
85. 28
September___
87. 57
October______
87. 36
86.73
N ovem ber___
85.90
December____
1955: January______
85.06
February_____ 85.05
M arch........ .
85.47
41.4
41.3
41.1
41.0
41.0
41.4
41.7
41.4
41.9
41.6
41.3
41.3
40.7
40.5
40.7
$1.97 $76.41
2.05 79.13
2.01 76. 92
2. 01 77.33
2.03 78.55
2.04 77. 95
2.07 79. 54
2.06 78. 94
2.09 80.36
2. 10 81.36
2. 10 80.95
2.08 80.97
2.09 81.18
2.10 82.61
2.10 80.60
41.3
41.0
40.7
40.7
40.7
40.6
41.0
40.9
41.0
41.3
41.3
41.1
41.0
41.1
40.5
$1.85 $82.15
1.93 84. 25
1.89 81.79
1.90 82.60
1.93 82.61
1.92 83.63
1.94 84.45
1.93 84.04
1.96 86.73
1.97 89.88
1.96 85.49
1.97 85.28
1.98 85.28
2.01 85.28
1.99 84. 67
40. £
39.8
40.0
39.5
39.6
39.7
38.9
39.9
39.9
40.1
40.0
40.3
39.9
40.1
40.4
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
A vg.
wkly.
earn
ings
$1.60 $76.33
1.67 78.74
1. 66 78. 66
1.65 78. 50
1. 67 76.05
1.67 79.84
1.68 77.59
1.67 79.10
1. 66 80.32
1.66 78.38
1.66 80. 90
1.70 81. 64
1.72 78. 78
1.72 83.36
1.71
Avg.
wkly.
hours
40.6
40.8
41.4
41.1
39.2
41.8
40.2
41.2
41.4
40.4
41.7
42.3
40.4
42.1
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.88
1.93
1.90
1.91
1. 94
1.91
1.93
1.92
1.94
1.94
1.94
1.93
1.95
1.98
Other public utilities
Retail trade
Electric light and gas
utilities combined
Gas utilities
$64.80
66.47
66.40
65.18
66.13
66.30
65.35
66.63
66.23
66. 57
66.40
68. 51
68.63
68.97
69.08
A vg.
wkly.
hours
Class I railroads 8
L i n e construction,
installation, a n d
Total: Gas and
Telegraph
maintenance em
electric utilities
ployees 7
$92.23
42.5 $2.17 $74. 23
41.7 $1.78 $80. 51
41.5 $1.94
97. 61
43.0
2. 27 76.13
41.6
1.83 83.01
41.3
2.01
93. 91
42.3
2.22 73. 75
41.2
1. 79 80. 77
41.0
1.97
93.46
42.1
2.22 75.78
42.1
1.80 80.77
41.0
1. 97
93.88
42.1
42.1
2.23 75. 78
1.80 81.59
41.0
1. 99
94. 75
42.3
2. 24 77.15
41.7
1.85 82.40
41.2
2.00
96.95
42.9
2. 26 77.15
41.7
1.85 83.83
41.5
2.02
95.18
42.3
2.25 77.33
41.8
1.85 83.43
41.3
2.02
105. 77
2. 34 77.93
45.2
41.9
1.86 85. 49
41.7
2.05
104.13
44.5
2.34 78.31
42.1
1.86 86.94
42.0
2.07
104.08
44.1
2.36 76.78
41.5
1.85 85. 28
41.4
2. 06
103.66
44.3
2.34 77.00
41.4
1.86 84.87
41.4
2. 05
98. 41
42.6
2.31 76.82
41.3
1.86 84. 25
40.9
2.06
100. 42
43.1
2.33 76.82
41.3
1.86 84.66
40.9
2.07
99. 56
43.1
2.31 77.19
41.5
1.86 84. 05
40.8
2.06
Wholesale and retail trade
Other public utilities—Continued
Electric light and
power utilities
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
$1.47 $67.97
41.7 $1.63
1.46 67.87
40.4
1.68
1.46 67.46
40.6
1. 66
1.46 65.40
39.4
1.66
1.47 66. 86
39.8
1.68
1.47 67.20
40.0
1.68
1.46 67. 60
40.0
1.69
1.44 68. 61
40.6
1.69
1.46 69.36
40.8
1.70
1.47 69.53
40.9
1.70
1.46 70.38
41.4
1.70
1.45 71. 04
41.3
1.72
1.47 70. 76
40.9
1.73
1. 46 72. 56
41.7
1. 74
1. 46 71.62
41.4
1.73
Transportation and public utilities— Continued
Communication
Local railway s and
bus line
Other manufacturing
industries
Wholesale trade
$1.97 $71.69
40.5 $1. 77
2.03 73.93
40.4
1.83
1.99 72.76
40.2
1. 81
2.00 73.16
40.2
1.82
2.01 73.93
40.4
1.83
2.02 73.93
40.4
1.83
2.03 74. 34
40.4
1. 84
2.03 74.34
40.4
1. 84
2.07 74.74
40.4
1.85
2.10 74.93
40.5
1.85
2.07 74.74
40.4
1.85
2.06 75.89
40.8
1.86
2. 07 75.14
40.4
1. 86
2.06 74. 96
40.3
1.86
2.06 76.14
40.5
1.88
Wholesale and retail trade—Continued
41.7
41.5
41.1
41.3
41.1
41.4
41.6
41.4
41.9
42.8
41.3
41.4
41.2
41.4
41.1
Retail trade (except
eating and drink General merchandise
stores 4
ing places)
$54.88
39.2 $1.40 $38.96
35.1 $1.11
39.2
56.84
1. 45 40. 71
35.4
1.15
55. 91
39.1
1.43 40.13
35.2
1.14
55.91
39.1
1.43 40.12
35.5
1.13
56.41
38.9
1.45 40.25
34.7
1.16
39.3
57. 38
1.46 41. 30
35.3
1.17
39.8
58.51
1. 47 42.35
36.2
1.17
57. 96
39.7
1.46 41. 76
36.0
1.16
39.1
57.09
1. 46 40.83
35.2
1.16
38.9
57.18
1.47 40.48
34.9
1.16
56. 50
38.7
1.46 40.14
34.6
1.16
56.88
39.5
1.44 41.92
37.1
1.13
57. 57
38.9
1. 48 41. 65
35.3
1.18
57. 57
38.9
1. 48 41.07
35.1
1.17
57.42
38.8
1. 48 41.07
35.1
1.17
Retail trade— Continued
Department stores and
general mail-order
houses
35.9
1953: Average........... $44.88
36.3
1954: Average........... 46.83
M arch.............. 45.49
36.1
A pril________
45.74
36.3
35.8
M a y _________
45. 82
36.2
June_________
47. 06
47.84
July--------------36.8
47.32
36.4
August _____
36.1
46.93
September___
46.41
35.7
October______
46.05
N ovem ber___
35.7
38.4
December........ 49.15
1955: January______
35.9
47.03
February_____ 46.28
35.6
M arch_______
46. 77
35.7
See footnotes at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Food and liquor
stores
$1.25 $58.89
1.29 60.83
1.26 59.75
1.26 59. 75
1.28 59.66
1. 30 60.92
1.30 62.57
1.30 62.09
1.30 61. 53
1.30 60.80
1.29 61.34
1.28 61.44
1.31 61.18
1.30 61. 02
1.31 60. 70
39.0
38.5
38.3
38.3
38.0
38.8
39.6
39.3
38.7
38.0
38.1
38.4
38.0
37.9
37.7
Automotive and
accessories dealers
$1.51 $73.92
1. 58 74.42
1.56 73. 26
1.56 74. 76
1.57 75. 75
1. 57 76. 37
1. 58 76.37
1. 58 75.75
1. 59 74.70
1.60 74. 70
1.61 74. 70
1.60 76.37
1.61 75.68
1.61 76.91
1.61 78. 59
44.8
44.3
44.4
44.5
44.3
44.4
44.4
44.3
44.2
44.2
44.2
44.4
44.0
44.2
44.4
Apparel and
accessories stores
$1.65 $44.96
1.0S 46. 51
1. 65 45. 80
1.68 46. 37
1.71 45.37
1. 72 46. 51
1. 72 47.29
1.71 46.70
1.69 46.51
1.69 46. 95
1.69 46.68
1. 72 47.92
1. 72 47. 08
1.74 46.24
1.77 45.24
35.4
35.5
35.5
35.4
34.9
35.5
36.1
36.2
35.5
35.3
35.1
36.3
35.4
35.3
34.8
$1.27
1. 31
1.29
1.31
1.30
1.31
1.31
1.29
1.31
1.33
1.33
1. 32
1. 33
1. 31
1.30
Other retail trade
Furniture and
Lumber and hard
appliance stores
ware supply stores
$62.31
42.1 $1.48 $64.65
43.1 $1.50
63.72
42.2
1. 51 67.24
43.1
1. 56
62.46
42.2
1.48 65.33
1. 53
42.7
62.31
42.1
1.48 66.22
43.0
1.54
62. 73
42.1
1.49 67.39
43.2
1. 56
63.30
42.2
1. 50 67.70
43.4
1. 56
42.3
64.30
1. 52 67.86
43.5
1.56
63.84
42.0
1. 52 68.45
43.6
1. 57
63.99
42.1
1. 52 67.98
43.3
1.57
42.2
64.99
1. 54 68.85
43.3
1.59
42.2
64. 99
1.54 67.94
43.0
1.58
66.81
43.1
1. 55 67.78
42.9
1.58
65. 30
42.4
1.54 66.41
42.3
1.57
63.87
42.3
1.51 66.83
42.3
1.58
64. 60
42.5
1. 52 67.20
42.8
1.57
732
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
T able C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1— Continued
Finance, insurance, and real estate8
Service and miscellaneous
Personal services
Year and month
Banks and
Security
trust
dealers and
companies exchanges
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
1953: Average—......................
1954: A verage.—....................
M arch________ ____ —
April_________________
M a y . ._____ ________ .
June_________________
July--------------------------August_______________
September-----------------October---------------------N ovember ---------------December— _________
1955: January______________
February ---------------March ________ — .
$54.84
57.39
56.47
56.76
57.19
57.09
57.66
57. 75
57.71
58.02
58.11
58.51
58.97
59.02
58.63
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
$82.94
95.02
89. 53
92.09
91.53
92.97
94.89
97.66
96.75
97.24
100.09
111.75
110.82
108.37
101. 77
Insurance
carriers
Hotels, year-round9
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
$67.29
70.08
69.06
68.99
69.72
69.78
71.12
71.09
70.68
70-90
70.79
71.29
72.22
71.79
71.84
Avg.
Avg.
A vg.
Avg.
Avg.
Avg.
A vg.
Avg.
A vg.
wkly.
wkly.
wkly.
wkly.
hrly.
wkly.
wkly.
hrly.
hrly.
earnings hours earnings earnings hours earnings earnings hours earnings
$38.40
40.13
39.81
39.62
40.13
39.81
40.03
40.13
40.64
40.87
41.16
41.38
41.26
40.96
40. 45
1 Data are based upon reports from cooperating establishments covering
both full- and part-time employees who worked during, or received pay for,
any part of the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. For mining,
manufacturing, laundries, and cleaning and dyeing plants, data refer to pro
duction and related workers only. For the remaining industries, unless
otherwise noted, data relate to nonsupervisory employees and working
supervisors.
Data for the most recent month are subject to revision without notation;
revised figures for earlier months will be identified b y asterisks the first month
they are published.
3See footnote 2, table A-2.
3See footnote 3, table A-2.
* Italicized titles which follow are components of this industry.
5Figures for class I railroads (excluding switching and terminal companies)
are based upon monthly data summarized in the M-300 report b y the Inter
state Commerce Commission and relate to all employees who received pay
during the month, except executives, officials, and staff assistants (IC C
Group I).
6Data relate to employees in such occupations in the telephone industry as
switchboard operators, service assistants, operating-room instructors, and
pay-station attendants. During 1954 such employees made up 43 percent of
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Cleaning and dyeing
plants
Laundries
42.2
41.8
41.9
41.7
41.8
41.9
41.7
41.8
41.9
41.7
42.0
41.8
42.1
41.8
41.7
$0. 91
.96
.95
.95
.96
.95
.96
.96
.97
.98
.98
.99
.98
.98
.97
$39. 69
40.10
39.60
40.80
40.30
40. 50
40.00
39.40
40.50
40.50
40.40
40.70
40.40
40.20
40. SO
40.5
40.1
39.6
40.4
40.3
40.5
40.0
39.4
40.1
40.5
40.0
40.3
40.0
39.8
40.1
$0.98
1.00
1.00
1.01
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.01
1.00
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
$45.71
47.12
46.26
50.40
47.32
49.20
45.78
45.46
47.24
47.72
46.77
47.01
46.41
45.22
46.65
40.1
39.6
39.2
42.0
40.1
41.0
38.8
38.2
39.7
40.1
39.3
39.5
39.0
38.0
39.2
$1.14
1.19
1.18
1.20
1.18
1.20
1.18
1.19
1.19
1.19
1.19
1.19
1.19
1.19
1.19
M otion
picture
production
and distri
bution 810
A vg.
wkly.
earnings
$81.52
89.09
83.54
84.36
88. 57
92.08
93.38
92.34
89.81
92.95
89.44
92.74
93.98
90.54
93. 53
the total number of nonsupervisory employees in telephone establishments
reporting hours and earnings data.
7Data relate to employees in such occupations in the telephone industry as
central office craftsmen; installation and exchange repair craftsmen; line,
cable, and conduit craftsmen; and laborers. During 1954 such employees
made up 25 percent of the total number of nonsupervisory employees in
telephone establishments reporting hours and earnings data.
8Data on average weekly hours and average hourly earnings are not avail
able.
9M oney payments only; additional value of board, room, uniforms, and
tips not included.
N ew series beginning with January 1951; not comparable with previously
published data.
See footnote 1 on p. 700.
N o t e .— Information on concepts, methodology, etc., is
given in a technical note on Hours and Earnings in Nonagricultural Industries, which appeared in the April 1954
Monthly Labor Review.
I
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
733
T a b l e C-2: Gross average weekly earnings of production workers in selected industries, in current and
1947-49 dollars1
Manufacturing
Bituminouscoal mining
Laundries
Year
Cur
rent
1939:
1940:
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1954:
Manufacturing
Bituminouscoal mining
Laundries
Year and month
Average................ __ $23.86
Average_________ _ 25.20
Average.................... 29. 58
A v e r a g e ..________
36.65
Average___________
43.14
Average....................
46.08
Average___________
44.39
Average____ _______ 43.82
A vera g e__________
49.97
Average____ ______
54.14
Average______ ____
54.92
Average___________
59.33
Average___________
64. 71
Average___________
67. 97
Average___________
71.69
71.86
Average................
1947-49
Cur
rent
1947-49
Cur
rent
1947-49
$40.17
42.07
47.03
52. 58
58.30
61.28
57.72
52.54
52.32
52.67
53.95
57. 71
58.30
59.89
62.67
62.60
$23.88
24. 71
30.86
35.02
41.62
51.27
52.25
58.03
66. 59
72.12
63.28
70.35
77.79
78.09
85.31
80.85
$40.20
41.25
49.06
50.24
56. 24
68.18
67. 95
69.58
69.73
70.16
62.16
68.43
70.08
68.80
74. 57
70. 43
$17. 64
17.93
18. 69
20.34
23.08
25.95
27.73
30.20
32. 71
34.23
34.98
35. 47
37.81
38.63
39.69
40.10
$29.70
29. 93
29.71
29.18
31.19
34. 51
36.06
36. 21
34.25
33.30
34.36
34.50
34.06
34.04
34.69
34. 93
1 These series indicate changes in the level of average weekly earnings prior
to and after adjustment for changes in purchasing power as measured b y
the Bureau’s Consumer Price Index, the years 1947-49 being the base period.
1954: M arch......................
April_______ ______
M a y _________ ____
Ju n e._____ _______
July....... ...................
A u g u st___________
September________
October__________
N o v e m b e r _______
D ecem b er________
1955: January___________
February__________
March 3. .................
Cur
rent
1947-49
Cur
rent
1947-49
Cur
rent
$70. 71
70.20
71.13
71.50
70.92
71.06
71.86
72.22
73. 57
74.12
73.97
74. 74
75.30
$61. 59
61.26
61.85
62.12
61.56
61.79
62.65
63.07
64.20
64.85
64.72
65.39
65.88
$73.06
71.67
76.32
83.00
75.39
82.09
81.17
87. 54
88.29
92.01
92.01
94.50
91.26
$63. 64
62.54
66.37
72.11
65.44
71.38
70. 77
76. 45
77.04
80.50
80. 50
82.68
79.84
$39.60
40.80
40.30
40. 50
40.00
39.40
40.50
40. 50
40.40
40.70
40.40
40.20
40. 50
1947-49
$34.49
35.60
35.04
35.19
34.72
34. 26
35.31
35.37
35.25
35.61
35.35
35.17
35.43
3 Preliminary,
See footnote 1 on p. 700.
T a b l e C -3: Average weekly earnings, gross and net spendable, of production workers in manufacturing
industries, in current and 1947-49 dollars 1
Net spendable average weeklyearnings
Net spendable average weekly
earnings
Gross average
weekly earnings
Worker with no
dependents
Year
Amount
1939:
1940:
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947;
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1954:
A v e ra g e_____ ____
Average___________
Average___________
Average___________
Average___________
Average___________
Average___________
Average-............... .
Average___________
Average___________
Average___________
Average___________
Average___________
Average___________
Average___________
Average___________
$23.86
25. 20
29.58
36. 65
43.14
46.08
44.39
43.82
49. 97
54.14
54.92
59.33
64. 71
67. 97
71.69
71.86
Index
(194749=100)
45.1
47.6
55.9
69.2
81.5
87.0
83.8
82.8
94.4
102.2
103.7
112.0
122.2
128.4
135.4
135.7
Worker with 3
dependents
Cur
rent
1947-49
Cur
rent
1947-49
$23. 58
24.69
28.05
31. 77
36.01
38. 29
36. 97
37.72
42.76
47.43
48.09
51.09
54.04
55.66
58.54
59. 55
$39. 70
41.22
44. 59
45.58
48.66
50.92
48.08
45. 23
44.77
46.14
47.24
49. 70
48.68
49.04
51.17
51.87
$23. 62
24.95
29. 28
36.28
41.39
44. 06
42.74
43.20
48.24
53.17
53.83
57. 21
61.28
63.62
66. 58
66. 78
$39. 76
41.65
46. 55
52.05
55.93
58.59
55. 58
51.80
50. 51
51.72
52.88
55. 65
55.21
56.05
58.20
58.17
1 N et spendable average weekly earnings are obtained b y deducting from
gross average weekly earnings, Federal social security and income taxes for
which the worker is liable. The amount of income tax liability depends,
of course, on the number of dependents supported b y the worker as well as
on the level of his gross income. N et spendable earnings have, therefore,
been com puted for 2 types of income-receivers: (1) A worker with no depend
ents; (2) A worker with 3 dependents. See footnote 1, table C-2.
The computation of net spendable earnings for both the worker with no
dependents and the worker with 3 dependents are based upon the gross
average weekly earnings for all production workers in manufacturing indus
tries without direct regard to marital status and family composition. The
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Gross average
weekly earnings
Worker with no
dependents
Year and month
Amount
1954: M arch................... . $70. 71
A pril______________
70.20
M a y ______________
71.13
June____________ - 71.50
July----------------------70.92
August____________
71.06
September................ 71.86
October________ _
72. 22
Novem ber_____ _
73. 57
December_________
74.12
1955: January___________
73.97
February__________
74.74
M arch_____ ____
75. 30
Index
(194749=100)
Cur
rent
1947-49
133.5
132.6
134.3
135.0
133.9
134.2
135.7
136.4
138.9
140.0
139.7
141.2
142.2
$58.63
58.22
58.97
59.26
58.80
58.91
59.55
59.84
60.92
61.36
61.15
61.76
62.19
$51. 07
50.80
51.28
51.49
51.04
51.23
51.92
52.26
53.16
53.68
53. 50
54.03
54.41
Worker with 3
dependents
Cur
rent
$65.83
65.41
66.18
66.48
66.00
66.12
66. 78
67. 07
68.18
68.63
68.41
69. 02
69.47
1947-49
$57.34
57.08
57.55
57. 76
57.29
57.50
58. 22
58.58
59.49
60.04
59.85
60.38
60.78
primary value of the spendable series is that of measuring relative changes
in disposable earnings for 2 types of income-receivers.
See footnote 1 on p. 700.
N o t e .— Information on concepts, methodology, etc., is
contained in a technical note on the Calculation and Uses
of the Net Spendable Earnings Series (Revised May 1954),
which is available upon request to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
734
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
T able C -4: Average hourly earnings, gross and excluding overtime, of production workers in manu
facturing industries 1
Durable
goods
Manufacturing
Excluding
overtime
Year
Gross
amount
Amount
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1954:
Average____
Average____
A verage.. .
Average___
Average____
A verage.. . .
Average____
Average____
Average____
Average____
Average____
A verage.. .
Average____
Average___
$0. 729
.853
.961
1.019
1.023
1.086
1.237
1.350
1.401
1.465
1.59
1.67
1.77
1.81
$0.702
.805
.894
.947
2 .963
1.051
1.198
1.310
1.367
1.415
1. 53
1. 61
1.71
1.76
Index
(194749=100)
Gross
Excluding
over
time
Nondurable
goods
Gross
54.5 $0.808 $0.770 $0.640
62.5
.947
.881
.723
69.4 1.059
.976
.803
73.5 1.117 1.029
.861
274.8 1.111 21.042 .904
81.6 1.156 1.122 1.015
93.0 1.292 1. 250 1.171
101.7 1.410 1.366 1.278
106.1 1.469 1.434 1.325
109.9 1.537 1.480 1.378
118.8 1.67
1.60
1.48
125.0 1.77
1.70
1.54
132.8 1.87
1.80
1.61
136.6 1.92
1.86 1. 66
Durable
goods
Manufacturing
Excluding
over
time
Excluding
overtime
Year and month
Gross
amount
$0.625
.698
.763
.814
2 .858
.981
1.133
1.241
1.292
1.337
1.43
1.49
1.56
1.61
A pril_______
M ay__
July------------August____
September
October____
November
D ecem ber. .
1955: January____
February___
M a rch 3____
1 Overtime is defined as work in excess of 40 hours per week and paid for
at time and one-half. The computation of average hourly earnings excluding
overtime makes no allowance for special rates of pay for work done on holidays.
These data are based on the application of adjustment factors to gross average
hourly earnings, as described in Eliminating Premium Overtime From
Gross
Amount
Index
(194749 = 100)
$1.75
1.75
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.74
1.76
1.76
1.77
1.77
1.78
1.78
1.78
135.9
135.9
136.6
136.6
136.6
135.1
136.6
136.6
137.4
137.4
138.2
138.2
138.2
$1.79
1.80
1.81
1.81
1.80
1.79
1.81
1.81
1.83
1.83
1.84
1.85
1.85
$1.90
1.90
1.91
1.91
1.91
1.91
1.93
1.93
1.94
1.95
1.96
1.96
1.97
Nondurable
goods
Excluding
over
time
Gross
$1.85
1.85
$1.65
1.65
1.86 1.66
1.86 1.66
1.86 1. 66
1.86 1.65
1.87
1.66
1.66
1.87
1.88 1.67
1.88 1.67
1.89
1.68
1.89
1.68
1.89
1.68
Excluding
over
time
$1.61
1.61
1.62
1.62
1.62
1.60
1.61
1.61
1. 62
1.62
1.63
1.63
1.63
H ourly Earnings in Manufacturing, M onthly Labor Review, M a y 1950;
reprint R . 2020.
211-month average; August 1945 excluded because of V-J holiday period.
3Preliminary.
See footnote 1 on p. 700.
T able C -5 : Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours in industrial and construction activity 1
[1947-49=100]
1955
Annual
average
1954
Industry
M ar.2
Feb.
Jan.
Dee.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
1954
1953
113.3
100.8
99.9
102.9
103.5
103.0
102.3
102.2
99.5
101.4
99.7
99.3
101.2
101.5
M ining division__________________________
76.2
76.4
76.8
77.4
76.5
75.8
73.5
77.3
74.8
78.1
74.5
73.5
76.0
76.6
87.5
Contract construction d iv is io n ___________
101.0
92.4
96.0
108.9
118.2
123.5
123.8
129.8
127.5
124.6
118.2
112.1
106.4
115.9
123.1
T o t a l3________________________________ ___ 103.2
103.6
102.0
103.8
103.2
101.9
101.2
99.9
97.1
99.6
98.8
99.1
102.1 101.1
113.6
Durable goods. __________ _______ _____
Ordnance and accessories_____________
Lumber and w ood products (except
furniture)___________________________
Furniture and fixtures________________
Stone, clay, and glass products_____ ._
Primary metal industries__ __________
Fabricated metal products (except
ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipm ent)___
_____ ______
Machinery (except electrical)_________
Electrical machinery__________________
Transportation equipment____________
Instruments and related products_____
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries________________________________
113.8
412.8
111.5
411.6
109.4
415.6
110.5
429.0
109.4
431.7
106.6
437.9
103.9
441.8
102.9
437.4
101.6
451.3
106.3
466.1
106.6
484.0
107.4
524.6
109. 8
583.9
107.5
502.2
125.2
798.5
85.4
85.5
101.3
99.8
103.2
84.2
98.0
98.9
100.7
88.4
101.7
92.2
94.0
98.7
96.2
92.8
89.2
100.7
100.7
91.5
80.4
97.4
99.9
91.6
78.0
89.6
96.7
91.4
90.3
90.9
97.8
93.9
85.5
89.6
97.6
92.3
82.6
92.4
97.3
92.6
81. 5
97.0
98. 2
94.3
85.0
96.5
99.0
94.5
93.0
108.5
106. 6
113.9
109.1
97.6
125.7
147.1
110.6
95.1
128.7
139 2
112.9
107.9
94.8
125.9
125.9
112.3
106.2
95.4
122.9
118.1
111.9
105.7
95.0
119.0
124.4
108.7
102.9
96.1
114.9
127. 2
108.8
107.5
100.9
117.5
132. 2
106.7
104.0
112.2
107.7
102.4
119.7
136.4
114.0
121.6
112.2
111.5
97.5
127.7
146.0
113.7
109.1
107.0
125.6
140. 6
108.3
100. 6
123.4
135. 0
114.9
123.4
119.0
147.1
158. 6
129.9
Nondurable goods______________________
Food and kindred products. _______
Tobacco manufactures________________
Textile-mill products_________________
Apparel and other finished textile
products___________ ________ ____ _
Paper and allied products_______ _____
Printing, publishing, and allied industries.. . _______________________ _
Chemicals and allied products_________
Products of petroleum and coal_______
Rubber products_______________
Leather and leather products________
Manufacturing d ivision ................. ................ 105.4
101.8
103.1
107.3
112.8 110.6
102.0 102.6
101.6 102.1 102.2
102.4
127.5
154.2
114.6
99.6
126.6
150.9
112.9
99.7
97.4
93.9
98.3
102.4
103.2
100.3
96.7
90.5
95.3
94.5
95.5
121.0
100.0
98.0
109.5
95.3
80.6
78.5
83.0
94.2
79.8
81.4
83.0
93.2
82.3
85.4
81.4
95.8
95.8
91.7
94.0
82.4
96.3
96.7
96.3
111.0
102.1
80.9
97.9
105.2
107.9
79.5
97.4
78.9
91.8
95.6
78.1
75.2
91.7
89.9
78.4
77.4
89.4
84. 6
75.5
75.4
89.3
81.7
73.5
75.9
92. 9
81.8
75.0
78.6
93.5
90.3
87.8
78.7
99.7
93.7
90.1
89.8
109.8
110.4
107.6
109.3
102.4
108.7
103.6
110.7
101.8
111.7
100.3
111.4
101.1
111.1
101.4
109.9
92.1
108.0
92.2
109.3
91. 8
107.6
94. 2
106.3
106.4
108.4
99.0
109.2
111.6
105.7
107.4
91.9
108.5
98.4
104.0
104.4
90.3
108.6
98.6
103.3
103.9
91.2
108.3
94.0
107.0
104.7
92.2
108.5
93.3
105.4
104.3
93.8
104.3
90.6
105.4
104.1
94.0
102.3
105.6
103.3
96.7
96.9
88.3
103.5
100.7
97.5
100. 2 101.8 102.6
103.0
104.1
103.2
98.6
84.7
90.6
99.3
98.7
87.7
97.4
96.9
82.3
103.2
104. 5
94.0
93. 7
85.4
104. 7
105. 6
94.0
95.1
93.8
104.4
103.5
95.7
97.0
89.9
105.4
108.1
100. 9
111. 6
96.5
88.0
95.4
83.2
1 Aggregate man-hours are for the weekly pay period ending nearest the
15th of the month and do not represent totals for the month. For mining and
manufacturing industries, data refer to production and related workers. For
contract construction, the data relate to construction workers.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
86.8
86.0
93.1
2Preliminary.
3Includes only the divisions shown.
See footnote 1 on p. 700.
139.0
116.4
106. 9
735
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C -6 : Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas 1
Alabama
Arizona
Birmingham
State
Mobile
Arkansas
Phoenix
State
State
Year and month
1953: Average...........
1954: Average.........
1954: M arch_______
A pril____ ____
M a y _________
June_________
July--------------August_____
September___
October______
N ovem ber___
December........
1955: January______
February_____
M arch_______
A vg.
A vg.
w kly.
w kly.
earn
hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
A vg.
w kly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
$55.32
55.91
54. 57
54.24
54.67
55.06
55.24
56.23
57.28
57.60
58.44
58.29
57.42
58. 55
58.98
$1.39 $69.20
1.43 71.68
1.41 70.13
1.42 68.85
1.42 70.09
1.43 70.71
1.42 72. 50
1.42 71.86
1.45 73.08
1.44 72.07
1.45 72. 47
1.45 72.47
1.45 72.83
1.46 74.00
1.46 74. 96
40.0
39.6
39.4
38.9
39.6
39.5
39.4
39.7
39.5
39.6
39.6
39.6
39.8
40.0
40.3
39.8
39.1
38.7
38.2
38.5
38.5
38.9
39.6
39.5
40.0
40.3
40.2
39.6
40.1
40.4
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
A vg.
wkly.
earn
ings
A vg.
wkly.
hours
$1.73 $63.04
1.81 66.90
1.78 65.12
1.77 64.87
1.77 67.32
1.79 64.96
1.84 67.89
1.81 67.87
1.85 67.89
1.82 67.37
1.83 69.32
1.83 72.28
1.83 66.63
1.85 66.76
1.86 68.74
39.9
40.3
40.2
39.8
41.3
40.6
40.9
40.4
39.7
40.1
40.3
41.3
39.9
39.5
40.2
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
A vg.
wkly.
earn
ings
$1.58 $78.96
1.66 80.93
1.62 79.04
1.63 79.10
1.63 79. 71
1.60 81.83
1.66 77.03
1.68 83. 95
1.71 83.38
1.68 82.78
1.72 81. 56
1.75 80. 77
1.67 82.19
1.69 80.16
1.71 80.97
Arkansas—Con.
$48.38
49.13
48.20
49.08
49.37
48.96
49.41
48.28
49.65
50. 55
49.82
51.34
50.96
50.88
51.63
41.0
40.6
40.5
40.9
40.8
40.8
40.5
39.9
40.7
41.1
40.5
41.4
41.1
40.7
41.3
42.0
41.5
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
A vg.
wkly.
earn
ings
$1.88 $76.45
1.95 79.17
41.6
41.2
41.3
42.4
39.5
42.4
41.9
41.6
41.4
41.0
41.3
40.9
41.1
1.90
1.92
1.93
1.93
1.95
1.98
1.99
1.99
1.97
1.97
1.99
1.96
1.97
78.12
77. 55
76.97
79.10
72.38
82.78
83.20
82.81
80.60
79. 79
82.00
78.39
78. 79
Avg.
w kly.
hours
41.1
40.6
40.9
40.6
40.3
41.2
37.5
41.6
41.6
41.2
40.5
40.3
41.0
40.2
40.2
A vg.
w kly.
earn
ings
Avg.
w kly.
hours
$1.86 $49.49
1.95 51.00
1.91 50.92
1.91 50.84
1.91 50.22
1.92 51.38
1.93 51.66
1.99 51. 53
2.00 51.53
2.01 52. 20
1.99 51.69
1.98 52.48
2.00 51.73
1.95 51.97
1.96 52.99
40.9
40.8
41.4
41.0
40.5
41.1
41.0
40.9
40.9
41.1
40.7
41.0
40.1
40.6
41.4
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
State
$1.18 $78.82
1.21 81.05
1.19 79.68
1.20 79. 54
1.21 80.85
1.20 81.44
1.22 80. 43
1.21 81.24
1.22 81.56
1.23 81.98
1.23 82.09
1.24 83.27
1.24 83.47
1.25 83.95
1.25 84.38
Los Angeles
Fresno
$1.97 $67.37
2.03 70.37
2.02 69. 50
2.02 70.82
2.03 72.11
2.04 70.86
2.03 70.32
2.01 73.76
2.03 68.47
2.04 71.33
2.05 67.65
2. 06 72.93
2.08 71.15
2.08 70. 52
2.09 69.44
40.1
39.9
39.5
39.4
39.8
39.9
39.6
40.4
40.2
40.2
40.0
40.3
40.0
40.3
40.5
$1.80 $79.03
1.86 81.03
1.84 79.68
1.87 79.25
1.89 80.26
1.86 81.17
1.87 80.48
1.87 81.19
1.85 81.41
1.84 81.51
1.85 82. 50
1.91 83.78
1.92 84.16
1.92 83.99
1.90 84.78
37.4
37.8
37.8
37.9
38.2
38.1
37.7
39.5
37.0
38.8
36.5
38.1
37.0
36.7
36.6
40.7
40.3
40.0
39.8
40.1
40.3
40.0
40.4
40.2
40.3
40.6
41.1
40.8
40.7
41.1
Sacramento
$1.94 $74. 77
2. 01 77.07
1.99 75.85
1.99 72.01
2.00 78.03
2.01 77.10
2.01 77.36
2.01 69.47
2.02 85.23
2.02 81.11
2.03 77. 51
2.04 79.14
2.06 78.47
2.06 78. 73
2.06 79.97
39.0
38.5
37.1
36.3
39.9
38.7
37.7
36.4
42.6
40.4
37.7
38.4
37.8
37.8
38.1
1953: Average______
1954: Average______
1954: M arch_______
A pril________
M a y _________
June_________
July--------------August_______
September___
October_____
N ovem ber___
December____
1955: January______
February_____
M arch_______
$75.59
81.31
78.82
79.99
81.35
80. 79
81. 77
81.91
80. 87
81.37
83. 25
85.16
83.75
87.05
87. 52
39.1
39.8
39.2
39.4
40.1
39.6
39.9
39.8
39. 2
39.5
40. 2
40.7
39.8
41.1
41.2
$1.21
1.25
1.23
1.24
1.24
1.25
1.26
1.26
1.26
1.27
1.27
1.28
1.29
1.28
1.28
San FranciscoOakland
$1.93 $80. 30
2. 04 82. 90
2.01 81.80
2.03 81.20
2. 03 83.18
2. 04 83. 33
2. 05 82. 76
2. 06 83. 48
2. 06 83.16
2. 06 83. 85
2. 07 83.46
2. 09 84.89
2.10 83. 77
2.12 84.83
2.12 85.27
39.2
39.1
38.8
38.4
39.2
39.3
39.1
40.1
39.7
39.4
38.8
39.4
38.8
39.2
39.2
$2.05 $75.36
2.12 76.85
2.11 76.24
2.12 75.30
2. 12 77. 35
2.12 78. 94
2.11 74. 07
2.08 78.81
2.10 76. 60
2.13 76.97
2.15 74. 79
2.16 79. 32
2.16 79.35
2.16 82.29
2.17 81.71
San BernardinoRiverside-Ontario
$1.92 $76. 78
2.00 78. 52
2.05 76.13
1.98 76.00
1.95 77. 51
1.99 79.43
2. 05 78. 80
1.91 80.37
2.00 80.47
2.01 80.47
2.06 80.68
2.06 78.31
2.08 79.63
2.08 80. 71
2.10 81.08
40.3
40.0
39.6
39.3
39.8
40.3
40.1
40.7
40.4
40.4
40.6
39.3
39.8
4.02
4. 05
$1.91
1.96
1.92
1.93
1.95
1.97
1.97
1.97
1.99
1.99
1.99
1.99
2.00
2.01
2.00
Colorado
California—Continued
San Diego
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
California
Little R ock-N orth
Little Rock
1953: A verage..........
1954: Average______
1954: M arch_______
April_________
M a y _____ . . .
June_________
July--------------August........... .
September___
October___ _
N ovem ber___
December____
1955: January..........
February_____
M arch_______
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Stockton
San Jose
40.2
40.1
38.9
37.8
38.8
39.2
39.9
43.9
42.2
40.4
37.9
39.1
38.5
39.8
39.9
$1.88 $74.17
1.92 75.48
1.96 75.44
1.99 75.35
1.99 75. 66
2.01 77.79
1.85 75. 03
1.79 71.98
1.81 76.01
1.91 76.38
1.97 74.70
2.03 76. 85
2.06 78. 06
2.07 78. 56
2.05 78.53
39.4
39.1
38.1
38.6
39.0
• 40.0
38.7
39.0
40.5
40.3
38.1
38.8
38.3
38.8
39.2
Denver
State
$1.88 $71.34
1.93 72. 94
1.98 72.32
1.95 71.78
1.94 72. 76
1.94 74. 75
1.94 75.17
1.85 73. 03
1.87 71.82
1.89 70.23
1.96 75. 03
1.98 73. 23
2. 04 75.17
2.03 75.17
2. 00 75. 55
41.0
40.3
40.4
40.1
40.2
41.3
41.3
40.8
39.9
38.8
41.0
39.8
40.2
40.2
40.4
$1.74 $71. 28
1.81 73.16
1.79 72. 72
1.79 73. 44
1.81 73. 20
1.81 74.30
1.82 73. 53
1. 79 72. 32
1.80 72. 83
1.81 74.15
1.83 74. 96
1.84 73.45
1.87 74. 00
1.87 74.37
1.87 75. 70
41.2
40.2
40.4
40.8
40.0
40.6
40.4
40.4
39.8
40.3
40.3
39.7
40.0
40.2
40.7
$1.73
1.82
1.80
1.80
1.83
1.83
1.82
1.79
1.83
1.84
1.86
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.86
Connecticut
State
1953: Average______
1954: Average...........
1954: M arch_______
April_______ .
M a y _________
June___ . .
July__________
August_______
September___
October______
Novem ber____
December____
1955: January.
February.........
M arch_______
$74.87
72.76
71.96
71.10
71.82
72. 40
72.00
72. 36
73.12
73. 57
75.03
75.38
75. 67
75.85
77.00
42.3
40.2
40.2
39.5
39.9
40.0
40.0
40.2
40.4
40.4
41.0
41.3
40.9
41.0
41.4
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Bridgeport
$1. 77 $75. 71
1.81 75.17
1.79 75. 52
1.80 73. 47
1.80 74. 80
1.81 75.17
1.80 74. 40
1.80 74. 03
1.81 75. 58
1.82 75. 79
1.83 77. 30
1.83 77. 90
1.85 77. 55
1.85 78. 55
1.86 80. 32
41.6
40.2
40.6
39.5
40.0
40.2
40.0
39.8
40.2
40.1
40.9
41.0
40.6
40.7
41.4
$1.82 $80. 96
1.87 77.23
1.86 76.07
1.86 75. 48
1.87 75. 30
1.87 76. 26
1.86 77.68
1.86 76. 67
1.88 77.64
1.89 77.23
1.89 78.81
1.90 79.80
1.91 81.06
1.93 80.87
1.94 80. 45
Hartford
44.0
41.3
40.9
40.8
40.7
41.0
41.1
41.0
41.3
41.3
41.7
42.0
42.0
41.9
41.9
N ew Britain
$1. 84 $73.95
1.87 70.84
1.86 71.69
1.85 70. 62
1.85 70. 27
1.86 70.31
1.89 70. 53
1.87 70.13
1.88 68. 71
1.87 69.60
1.89 71.42
1.90 71.42
1. 93 72. 00
1.93 72. 22
74.48
1.92
42.5
39.8
40.5
39.9
39.7
39.5
39.4
39.4
38.6
39.1
39.9
39.9
40.0
39.9
40.7
N ew Haven
$1.74 $70. 64
1.78 69. 03
1.77 67.49
1.77 66.35
1. 77 68. 28
1.78 68.85
1.79 70. 64
1.78 69. 49
1.78 69. 60
1.78 70.30
1.79 70.53
1.79 71.63
1.80 70. 75
1.81 69.83
1.83 70. 93
41.8
39.9
39.7
38.8
39.7
39.8
40.6
40.4
40.0
40.4
40.3
40.7
40.2
39.9
40.3
$1.69 $80.45
1.73 79.98
1. 70 80. 57
1. 71 79.59
1.72 78. 99
1.73 78. 39
1.74 75.84
1. 72 80.78
1.74 81.16
1.74 82. 81
1.75 82. 42
1. 76 81.40
1. 76 79. 99
1. 75 80. 60
1.76 81.40
Stamford
41.9
40.6
40.9
40.4
40.3
40.2
39.5
40.8
41.2
41.2
40.8
40.7
39.6
40.1
40.1
$1.92
1.97
1.97
1.97
1.96
1. 95
1.92
1.98
1. 97
2. 01
2.02
2.00
2.02
2. 01
2.03
736
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
T a b le C -6: Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas 1— Continued
Connecticut—Con.
Florida
Delaware
W aterbury
Wilmington
State
Georgia
Tam pa-St. Peters-
State
State
Year and month
A vg.
A vg.
w kly.
w kly.
earnhours
ings
A vg.
hrly.
earnmgs
A vg.
w kly.
earnings
A vg.
w kly.
hours
$1.77 $69.89
1.80 70.90
40.8
39.9
1953: Average______ $75. 93
1954: Average______ 72.36
42.9
40.2
1954: M arch_______
A pril______
M a y _________
June________
40.0
1. 80 69. 30 39.4
38. 7
1. 79 69. 53
38.8
39.6
1.79 71. 02
39.9
40. 1
1. 81 71. 21 40. 6
40. 5
1. 81 72. 36 40. 2
40.2
1. 80 68. 29 40.7
40.9
1.81 69. 29
39.8
1.82 70.84
39.8
40.9
41.5
1.84 73. 77
40.2
40.6
1. 83 74.44
40.7
40.0
40.6
1.85 73. 36
41.4
1.87 75.36
40.3
1.88 78.11 41.0
41.9
Georgia—C ontinued
72.00
69. 27
70.88
72. 58
73. 30
August_______ 72.36
September___ 74.03
O c t o b e r ..___ 74.44
N ovem ber____ 76.36
December____ 74. 30
1955: January______ 75.11
February___ _ 77.42
M arch_______ 78. 77
$62.83
63. 04
40.8
39.9
$1.54 $63. 57
1. 58 66. 04
42.1
41.8
60. 45
61.86
62.41
62. 25
63.36
August___ . . . 62.80
September___ 62.02
October__ . . .
63.04
N ovem ber___
65. 77
December____ 65. 93
1955: January. ___ 64. 56
February_____ 64.88
M arch..’ ____
66. 42
39.0
39.4
39. 5
39.4
40.1
40.0
39.5
39.9
40.6
40.7
40.1
40.3
40.5
1.55 64.64
1.57 64.37
1. 58 64.17
1. 58 64. 74
1. 58 65. 94
1.57 68.43
1.57 65. 85
1.58 66. 82
1.62 69. 21
1.62 69. 93
1.61 67.20
1.61 68. 26
1.64 68.64
Iowa
41.7
41.8
41.4
41. 5
42.0
42.5
40.9
41.5
42.2
42.9
42.0
42.4
42.9
1954: March ______
A p ril.. . . . . . .
M a y ________
June_________
40.8
40.4
1954: M arch_______
39.9
39. 7
40.1
40 5
40.1
40.3
40.6
41.2
40.6
41.6
41.3
40. 5
41.1
M a y _________
___
June__
J u ly.. ______
August_______
September___
October______
N ovem ber___
December____
1955: January--------M a rch ..'_____
69.24
69.10
70.57
71.26
70.87
70.41
72.45
73.04
72.24
74.99
74.41
73.05
74. 83
$1.69 $73. 98
1.76 75.50
1.73
1.74
1.76
1 76
1. 77
1.75
1.79
1.77
1.78
1.80
1.80
1. 81
1.82
41.7
41.3
1954: M arch_______
41.1
40.4
41.2
41.8
41.0
40.8
41.6
41.2
42.6
42.4
40.7
41.1
41.9
65.35
64.64
M a y _________ 65.92
June______ _ 66.46
July_________ 66.42
August_______ 64.87
Septem ber___ 65.73
October______ 64. 27
N ovem ber___ 64. 75
December ..
65. 72
1955: January. . .
66. 75
February . . . 66. 99
M arch______
68. 72
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1. 71 $82. 28
1. 78 84.23
41.2
40.3
81.03
83. 82
84. 23
85.32
85. 25
83. 25
83.33
84. 22
86.99
88. 86
85. 73
88. 01
90.28
39.8
40. 2
40.3
40.9
40.5
40.1
39.7
39.8
40.9
41.6
40.4
40.8
41.7
Idaho
1. 76
1. 79
1. 78
1. 75
1.80
1.68
1. 74
1.78
1.84
1.83
1.83
1. 87
1.91
73. 58
74.23
77. 73
77. 30
73.93
76.21
77. 20
77. 73
73.50
78.44
78.49
79 34
80.49
$1.53 $89.02
1.58 91.84
$1.51 $76.48
1.58 78. 28
40.0
39.2
39.4
39.8
40.1
40.1
38.1
39.0
39.2
39.7
38.4
39.3
39.4
39. 2
39.8
Louisiana
1.59
1.60
1.60
1.59
1.62
1.59
1.58
1.56
1. 52
1.55
1.64
1.63
1.64
91.65
92.32
92. 74
93.41
94. 89
91.58
93.56
90. 76
92. 75
90. 54
91.17
90.76
93.20
41.6
41.0
41.1
41.4
41.4
41.7
40.9
40.7
40.5
40.7
40.5
40.6
40.7
40.7
40.7
A vg.
w kly.
earnings
A vg.
wkly.
hours
$2.00 $55.36
2.09 56,44
55. 74
56.01
55.07
55.62
55.62
56.17
56.17
56.30
57.13
58. 23
57.95
57.12
57. 53
A vg.
hrly.
earnings
2.04
2.09
2.09
2.09
2.11
2.10
2.12
2.08
2.13
2.14
2.12
2.16
2.17
State
1. 55
1. 54
1.55
1. 56
1.57
1. 61
1. 61
1. 61
1.64
1.63
1.60
1.61
1.60
73. 02
75.36
78.34
80.12
82.84
76.76
82. 26
79.46
78.35
79.15
80.10
76. 40
77.11
1.87
1. 87
1.94
1 94
1. 94
1.96
1.97
1.96
1.91
2.00
1.99
2.03
2.02
76.12
76.45
78.15
76. 77
78. 20
79. 37
80.06
80.35
81.66
81.48
81.61
80. 25
81.86
39.9
40.3
40.8
41.3
42.7
40.4
42.4
41.6
41.9
42.1
41.5
40.0
40.8
$1. 87 $76.39
1. 90 76.34
1.83
1.87
1. 92
1.94
1. 94
1. 90
1.94
1. 91
1. 87
1.88
1.93
1.91
1.89
75.42
74. 63
75.32
76.25
75. 71
75.89
77.49
76. 76
78. 03
78.87
79. 05
79. 60
80. 37
41.3
41.8
41.1
41. 3
42.0
41.6
42.1
42.2
42.2
42.1
42.4
42.4
42.2
41. 7
42.5
65.85
63. 80
66.83
66.83
66.57
67.47
66.66
66.73
65. 57
65.90
65.07
65.40
66. 97
40.1
40.0
40.4
38.9
40. 5
40.5
40.1
40.4
40.4
40.2
39.5
39. 7
39.2
39.4
40.1
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
A vg.
wkly.
hours
42.2
41.5
$1.31 $54. 53
1.36 56. 03
42.0.
41.2
41.6
41.8
41.1
40. 9
40.6
41.0
40.7
40.8
41.7
42.5
42.3
42. 0
42.3
1.34 53. 60
1.34 55.06
1.34 54. 93
1.36 54. 80
1.37 55. 20
1.37 56.16
1.38 55.48
1.38 56.98
1.37 59.50
1.37 59. 50
1.37 58.10
1.36 57.96
1.36 55.49
Illinois
40.3
41.4
41.3
41. 2
40.0
40.4
40.2
40.7
41.9
42.5
41.5
41.4
40.5
41.1
40.0
39.8
39.4
39.6
40.1
39.7
40.0
40.4
40.0
40.5
40.7
40.5
40.7
40.9
Kansas
$1. 79 $66.62
1.88 71.90
1.85
1.85
1.86
1.84
1.86
1.88
1.90
1.91
1.93
1.92
1.93
1.93
1.93
66.61
67.02
69.24
72. 88
63. 57
65.03
78.84
78. 79
80.20
83. 31
85.11
72. 27
79. 44
41.1
41.8
40.8
40.4
41.0
42. 5
39.3
39.4
43.1
42.8
43.8
45.0
44.8
39.6
42.3
$1. 86 $79.84
1. 91 78. 92
1.89
1.89
1. 90
1. 90
1. 91
1. 90
1. 92
1.92
1.93
1.94
1. 95
1. 96
1. 97
77.81
76. 63
78.04
79.28
78.51
78.80
79. 79
78.36
80. 94
82. 01
82.01
82. 56
83.17
40.6
39.9
57.07
55. 55
54.74
56.20
56. 75
55. 82
55.38
56.34
57.55
59.06
59.26
58.50
58. 52
40.3
39.2
38.9
40.2
40.3
39.9
38.8
39.2
39.7
40.8
41.0
40.9
40.7
1.63
1.64
1.65
1.65
1.66
1.67
1.65
1.66
1.66
1.66
1.66
1.66
1.67
A vg.
w kly.
hours
$1.30 $50. 27
1.36 49. 66
39.9
39.1
$1. 26
1.27
38.7
38. 2
38.0
38.5
38. 7
39. 2
39.1
40.1
40.5
40.1
39.7
39.8
40.1
1. 26
1. 26
1. 26
1. 26
1.33
1. 33
1.33
1.33
1.38
1.39
1.38
1.40
1.42
1.40
1.40
1.40
1.37
48. 76
48.13
47. 88
48. 51
48.38
49.00
49. 27
50.93
52. 65
52.53
51.61
51. 74
52.53
41.3
39.8
39.6
39.1
39.4
40.0
39.4
39.7
40.1
39.2
40.4
40.7
40.4
40.6
40.8
40.9
41.9
81.04
81.22
81.70
80.12
82.40
85.20
85.40
83.06
84.66
86.28
85. 27
84.35
1.88 85.67
Maine
41.5
41. 7
41.7
41.0
42.4
42.8
42.8
41.8
42.7
43.1
42.7
42.3
43.1
1.63
1.66
State
$1.93 $76. 96
1.98 76. 27
1. 96
1. 96
1.98
1. 98
1. 99
1. 98
1.99
2.00
2.00
2.01
2.03
2. 03
2. 04
1.42
1.42
1.41
1.40
1.41
1.40
1.43
1.44
1.45
1.45
1.44
1.43
1.44
60.80
61.45
59. 67
60. 64
61.46
61.56
61.33
61.56
61.16
61.10
63.02
61.72
61.34
41.6
40.6
40.8
40.8
40.5
41.1
41.2
40.9
40.5
40.3
39.6
40.2
41.3
40.7
40.1
40.6
39.6
75.02
39. 2
74.14
38.7
75. 77
39.5
75. 70
39.5
75.29
39.0
75. 20
39.3
75. 29
39.7
40.1
77. 54
79.37
40.5
80.43
40.8
80.35
40.6
81. 88
41.2
41.0
81. 73
Kentucky
$1.89
1.93
1. 91
1.92
1.92
1. 92
1.93
1.91
1.89
1.93
1. 96
1. 97
1.98
1. 99
1. 99
State
$1.86 $68.00
1.97 366.17
1.95
1.95
1.96
1.96
1.94
1.99
2.00
1.99
1.98
2.00
2.00
1.99
1.99
41.9
239.8
64.88
39.4
64. 58
38.9
64. 95
39.5
65. 85
39.4
65.99
39.7
40.2
66.64
67.63
39.8
40.4
68.07
68.43 40.1
67.66
40.6
67. 30
40.4
68.43 40.7
40.9
69.67
Maryland
$1.62
31.66
1.65
1.66
1.64
1.67
1.66
1.66
1.70
1.68
1.71
1.67
1.66
1.68
1.70
State
Portland
$1.40 $59.57
1.42 60.91
1.25
1.25
1. 26
1. 27
1. 30
1.31
1.30
1. 30
1.31
Indiana
$1.62 $76.33
1.72 82. 36
1.69
1.72
1.62
1.65
1.83
1.84
1.83
1.85
1.90
1.82
A vg.
hrly.
earnmgs
A vg.
wkly.
earnings
Wichita
State
$1.56 $56.88
1.64 56. 52
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Chicago
Topeka
N ew Orleans 2
$2.14 $62. 56
2.24 65.60
2. 23
2. 23
2.24
2.24
2. 32
2. 25
2.31
2.23
2. 29
2. 23
2.24
2.23
2. 29
40.9
41. 2
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
State
State
$1.85 $74.18
1.93 78.48
Baton Rouge
State
1953: Average______ $63.80
1954: Average______ 65.25
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Des Moines 2
State
1953: Average______ $69.08
1954: Average______ 71.01
A vg.
wkly.
earnings
Savannah
Atlanta
1954: Average______
A vg.
hrly.
earnings
$1.43 $67.35
1.50 68. 58
40.7
39.8
$1.66
1.72
68.18
67.30
40.0
39.3
39.7
40.2
39.6
40.2
39.9
39.7
40.3
40.6
40.3
40.4
40.6
1.71
1.71
1.72
1.71
1.74
1.69
1.71
1.73
1.76
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.80
1.49
1.51
1.47
1.48
1.49
1.50
1.52
1.53
1.54
1.52
1.53
1.52
1.53
68.20
68.62
68. 92
67. 92
68.28
68.48
71.00
72. 30
71.77
72.06
72.94
737
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C -6: Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas1—Continued
Massachusetts
Maryland—Con.
N ew Bedford
Fall River
Boston
State
Baltimore
Springfield-Holyoke
Year and month
Avg. Avg.
wkly. w kly.
earn
hours
ings
40.9
40.1
40.2
39.7
40.0
40.2
40.3
40.2
40.2
39.8
40.4
40.9
40.7
40.4
40.7
1953: Average______ $71.73
1954: Average______ 72. 71
1954: M arch_______ 71.66
A pril_________ 70. 97
M a y _________ 72.16
June_________ 72.49
July--------------- 73.79
A u g u s t______ 73.16
September___ 73.48
October______ 73.07
N ovem ber___ 74.66
December____ 76.26
1955: January______ 75. 57
February_____ 75.22
M arch_______ 75.99
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
A vg.
w kly.
earn
ings
$1.76 $66. 60
1.82 65.55
1.78 65. 90
1.79 64.02
1.80 64.57
1.80 65.24
1.83 65.07
1.82 65. 57
1.83 65.24
1.83 65.13
1.85 65.80
1.87 67.20
1.86 66.80
1.86 67.13
1.87 67.87
Avg.
wkly.
hours
40.4
39.4
39.7
38.8
38.9
39.3
39.2
39.5
39.3
39.0
39.4
40.0
40.0
40.2
40.4
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg. Avg.
wkly.
wkly.
earn
hours
ings
$1.65 $68.09
1.67 68.54
1.66 68.90
1.65 67.69
1.66 68.78
1.66 68.16
1.66 68.21
1.66 68. 51
1.66 69.30
1.67
1.67
1.68
1.67
1. 67
1.68
68.29
68.82
69.87
69.30
70.05
70.22
40.1
39.3
39.6
38.9
39.3
39.4
39.2
39.6
39.6
38.8
39.1
39.7
39.6
39.8
39.9
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
A vg.
A vg.
wkly. w kly.
earn
hours
ings
$1.70 $53.46
1.74 52.06
1.74 51.79
1.74 52.47
1.75 50.46
1.73 51.34
1.74 51.99
1.73 47. 79
1.75 50.46
1.76 53.93
1.76 54.60
1.76 54.32
1.75 54.49
1.76 53. 79
1.76 53.65
39.7
39.2
39.0
39.6
39.0
39.5
39.0
39.5
39.0
40.4
39.6
40.2
40.4
$1. 76 $86. 65
1.79 87.84
1.76 85.10
1.77 85.97
1.78 86.31
1.80 85.47
1.80 85.13
1.80 86.65
1.80 87.85
1.81 89.72
1.81 91.98
1.84 95.26
1.82 93. 76
1.84 94. 64
1.85 95.65
41.5
40.8
40.2
40.4
40.5
39.9
39.8
40.3
40.3
41.1
42.0
43.2
42.6
42.9
43.2
$2.09 $89.18
2.15 91.85
2.12 88.70
2.13 87.87
2.13 89.34
2.14 88.44
2.14 88. 71
2.15 91.68
2.18 92. 57
2.18 94.96
2.19 96.89
2.21 101.30
2.20 96.05
2.21 97.05
2.22 98.21
41.0
40.5
39.9
39.6
40.1
39.2
39.2
40.0
39.8
41.0
42.0
43.7
42.0
42.4
42.7
$2.18 $99.19
2.27 94.79
2.23 87.87
2.20 99.59
2.23 97.59
2.26 89.20
2.26 89.09
2.29 92. 52
2.33 95.20
2.32 92. 56
2.31 99.05
2.32 98.73
2.29 106.86
2.29 106.17
2.30 108.34
$86.40
83.23
78.49
84.33
82.05
84.81
80.87
82.01
84.19
88. 54
86.44
87.19
88.33
90.14
89.46
41.2
40.4
40.7
40.2
38.3
39.3
41.3
40.5
40.6
42.0
42.4
40.3
38.6
40.8
40.5
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
43.2
40.7
39.7
41.3
40.4
40.6
39.8
40.3
40.3
42.2
41.6
41.7
41.9
42.2
42.0
State
Jackson
1953: Average______ $49.44
1954: Average______ 50.90
1954: M arch_______ 50.47
April_________ 50.65
M a y _________ 48 26
50.70
J u n e ............
July--------------- 52.45
August_______ 51.44
September___ 52.78
October______ 52.50
N ovem ber___ 53.85
December____ 51.18
1955: January........... 50.18
February_____ 50. 59
M arch_______ 51.84
37.8
36.3
37.4
38.3
38.6
38.7
40.0
38.7
38.3
39.6
39.1
39.6
39.5
Avg.
wkly.
hours
$1.42 $70.38
1.44 71.33
1.42 71.40
1.42 69.52
1.44 70.80
1.45 71.96
1.43 72.14
1.41 70.98
1.46 70.62
1.48 70.80
1.48 71.73
1.45 72.85
1.45 72. 50
1.46 72.67
1.45 74. 52
40.9
40.2
40.8
39.5
40.0
40.2
40.3
40.1
39.9
40.0
40.3
40.7
40.5
40.6
41.4
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.72
1.77
1. 75
1.76
1. 77
1.79
1.79
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.78
1.79
1.79
1. 79
1.80
$1.20 $67.56
1.26 67.63
1.24 67.35
1.26 66.92
1.26 67.51
1.29 67.33
1.27 67.00
1.27 67.32
1.30 67.58
1.25 67.75
1.27 68.92
1.27 69.50
1.30 69.36
1.24 69.32
1.28 70.21
39.9
39.0
39.1
38.6
38.8
38.8
38.7
39.4
39.0
39.1
39.3
39.6
39.4
39.5
39.9
$2.00 $72.56
2.05 74.03
1.98 73.43
2.04 72.98
2.03 73.46
2.05 74.32
2.03 73. 72
2.04 72.05
2.09 73.50
2.10 74.73
2.08 77.15
2.09 76.38
2.11 76.44
2.14 75. 94
2.13 76.24
41.2 $1.76 $71.16
1.82 74.62
40.6
40.4
1.82 71.14
1.83 71.38
40.0
40.2
1.83 73.73
1.83 71.59
40.7
1.79 76.07
41.1
39.6
1.82 78.76
1.81 75.59
40.6
1.84 75.97
40.7
1.86 77.76
41.4
1.86 75.66
41.1
1.87 75.60
40.9
1.87 75.17
40.6
1
.88 75.07
40.6
Missouri
Kansas C ity
$1.69 $74.53
1.73 75.02
1.72 74.08
1.74 74.53
1.74 75.46
1.73 75.20
1.73 74.70
1.71 75.19
1.74 75.07
1.74 76.32
1.75 78.61
1.76 78.26
1.76 79.68
1.76 78.03
1.76 79.53
40.5
39.8
39.7
39.4
39.7
39.9
39.5
40.0
39.9
40.2
40.7
40.5
41.1
40.3
40.9
$1.84 $71.60
1.88 73.13
1.87 72.06
1.89 71.51
1.90 72.54
1.88 73.69
1.89 73.15
1.88 72.48
1.88 73. 71
1.91 74.32
1.93 74.47
1.93 75.78
1.94 75.51
1.93 76.26
1.95 76.54
39.0
39.2
38.9
39.4
39.7
39.0
40.0
40.1
39.3
38.2
38.8
39.4
39.0
38.9
38.7
Lansing
Grand Rapids
$2.21 $80. 54
2.23 81.37
2.16 80.08
2.24 81.45
2.23 79.93
2.20 80.40
2.19 80.06
2.21 78.63
2.28 81.13
2.25 82.01
2.24 81.87
2.25 84.34
2.31 83.47
2.31 84.19
2.34 85.63
44.8
42.6
40.7
44.5
43.8
40.6
40.7
41.9
41.7
41.1
44.2
43.8
46.2
45.9
46.4
Duluth
State
Saginaw
Muskegon
$82.76
40.0 $2.07
2.09
38.9
81.15
2.08
81.48
39.1
38.3
2.08
79.66
38.5
2.07
79.73
37.5
2.07
77.78
38.2
2.10
80.14
38.2
2.07
79.15
2.08
39.2
81.38
2.10
83.17
39.7
39.7
2.10
83.37
2.10
40.4
84. 96
2.11
86.47
41.0
2.13
88.83
41.8
2.12
41.0
87.08
M ississippi—C on.
39.3
38.3
A vg.
wkly.
earn
ings
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
42.1
41.2
40.9
41.2
40.8
41.0
40.6
40.2
41.1
41.4
41.1
41.9
41.3
41.7
42.1
$1.91 $94.87
1.98 92.85
1.96 92.82
1.98 96.26
1.96 96.70
1.96 94.01
1.97 88.11
1.96 88. 53
1.97 88.82
1.98 88.20
1.99 94.40
2.01 94.55
2. 02 99. 59
2.02 107.46
2.03 106.12
43.5
41.9
42.5
43.3
43.6
42.1
40.4
40.5
40.1
40.0
41.9
42.4
43.7
46.0
45.8
$2.18
2. 23
2.18
2. 22
2.22
2.23
2.18
2.19
2.22
2.21
2.25
2.23
2.28
2.34
2.32
Mississippi
Minnesota
M ichigan— C ontinued
1953: Average______
1954: A verage..........
1954: M arch_______
April_________
M a y _______
June_________
July--------------August_______
September___
October______
N ovem ber___
December____
1955: January______
February_____
M arch_______
$1.37 $55. 55
1.38 55. 01
1.37 53.68
1.37 51. 55
1.39 53.86
1.38 55. 54
1.39 55.20
1.35 54. 57
1.36 58.40
1.39 57.27
1.40 56.68
1.40 57.42
1.39 56.70
1.39 57.82
1.39 57.28
Flint
Detroit
State
Worcester
40.9
39.4
39.0
37.7
37.8
38.3
36.3
37.2
37.4
35.4
37.1
38.8
39.0
38.8
39.2
38.7
38.6
A vg. A vg.
wkly. w kly.
earn hours
ings
Michigan
Massachusetts—Con.
1953: Average........... $71.81
1954: Average........... 70. 65
1954: M arch_______ 69.87
A p ril.— _____ 69.38
M a y _________ 69.42
June_________ 71.28
July--------------- 70.20
August_______ 71.10
September___ 70.20
71.49
October_____
N ovem ber____ 70. 59
D e cem b er...— 74.34
1955: January______ 72.07
February_____ 73.97
M arch_______ 74. 74
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
M inneapolisSt. Paul
$1.83 $74.42
1.90 76.14
1.83 74.90
1.81 75.02
1.86 74.99
1.84 76.19
1.90 75.79
1.96 75.44
1.92 76.30
1.99 78.29
2.01 79.26
1.92 77.98
1.94 77.78
1.93 77.40
1.94 78.03
41.0 $1.82
1.89
40.2
1.87
40.0
1.88
39.8
1.88
39.8
1.89
40.3
1.90
39.8
1.91
39.6
1.91
39.9
1.92
40.7
1.94
40.9
1.93
40.5
1.93
40.4
1.92
40.2
1.93
40.4
Montana
St. Louis
State
40.1
39.3
39.3
38.7
39.0
39.3
39.0
39.3
39.3
39.5
39.4
40.1
39.8
40.0
40.2
41.4
39.9
39.0
39.3
40.2
39.7
38.7
40.7
39.8
41.3
40.0
39.9
40.9
40.5
40.6
$1.79 $79. 76
1.86 79.20
1.83 76.77
1.85 77.54
1.86 78.25
1.88 78. 09
1.88 77.57
1.85 81.52
1.88 80.73
1.88 82.25
1.89 80.20
1.89 79.82
1.90 83.05
1.91 82.96
1.91 83.21
State
$46.63
48.14
47.33
47.04
46.10
47.56
47.67
48.56
50.09
48.38
48.43
48.96
47.88
48.14
49.27
$1.14
40.9
1.18
40.8
1.16
40.8
1.15
40.9
39.4
1.17
1.16
41.0
1.18
40.4
1.17
41.5
1.21
41.4
1.18
41.0
1.19
40.7
1.20
40.8
1.20
39.9
1.18
40.8
1.19
41.4
Nebraska
State
$1.93 $65.40
1.99 67.70
1.97 65.84
1.97 66.21
1.95 67.43
1.97 68.00
2.01 68.24
2.00 66.70
2.03 67.89
1.99 68.46
2.01 70.85
2.00 70.65
2.03 68.60
2.05 67.10
2.05 67.52
41.7
41.7
40.7
41.3
42.1
42.7
42.7
41.9
41.7
41.8
42.1
42.3
40.7
40.4
40.6
$1.57
1.62
1.62
1.60
1.60
1.59
1.60
1.59
1.63
1.64
1.68
1.67
1.69
1.66
1.66
738
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
Table C -6: Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas 1— Continued
Nebraska— Con.
Nevada
Omaha
New Hampshire
State
State
N ew Jersey
Manchester
State
Newark-Jersey C ity
Year and month
Avg.
w kly.
earn
ings
1953: Average......... $67. 85
1954: Average........... 70.64
1954: M arch_______ 68.13
A pril_________ 68. 34
M a y .. ______ 70.07
June_________ 70.05
July--------------- 70. 63
August_______ 69. 98
September___ 70.07
O ctober.......... 71. 67
N ovem ber___ 75. 72
December____ 74.91
1955: January........... 72. 74
F e b ru a ry ____
M arch____ _
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
w kly.
earn
ings
A vg.
wkly.
hours
41.6 $1.63 $86. 74
41.4 1. 71 86.43
40.6 1.68 83. 56
41.0 1.67 83. 50
41.7 1. 68 86.00
41.5 1.69 85.32
41.4 1. 71 87.42
41.3 1.69 85.10
40.3 1.74 90.80
41.8 1. 72 86. 76
42.0 1.80 86.37
42.8 1.75 87.02
41.9 1. 74 87.05
85.10
85.10
41.7
40.2
39.6
39.2
40.0
39.5
40.1
39.4
40.9
39.8
39.8
40.1
40.3
39.4
39.4
Avg.
wkly.
hours
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
A vg.
wkly.
earn
ings
$2.08 $57. 37
2.15 57.46
2.11 57.34
2.13 55.48
2.15 55. 58
2.16 57. 31
2.18 57.34
2.16 58.18
2.22 56.45
2.18 57.13
2.17 58. 84
2.17 59. 62
2.16 59. 60
2.16 60. 44
2.16 60. 71
Avg.
wkly.
hours
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
A vg.
wkly.
earn
ings
40.4
39.9
40.1
38.8
38.6
39.8
40.1
40.4
39.2
39.4
40.3
41.4
41.1
41.4
41.3
$1.42
1.44
$54. 53
53. 68
55.34
50. 62
50.98
53.68
54.18
54.29
50. 84
52.62
54.14
56.77
56. 49
57.46
57.71
1. 43
1. 43
1.44
1.44
1.43
1.44
1.44
1.45
1.46
1. 44
1.45
1.46
1.47
A vg.
w kly.
hours
38.4
37.8
38.7
35.9
35.9
37.8
38.7
38.5
35.8
36.8
37.6
39.7
39.5
39.9
39.8
N ew Jersey—Continued
Paterson
1953: Average______
1954: Average______
1954: M arch_______
April_________
M a y _________
June_________
July--------------August_______
September___
October______
N ovem ber-----December____
1955: January______
February_____
M arch___ . . .
$74. 66
75.05
74.44
73. 01
74.29
75.99
74.59
74. 47
75. 97
75. 85
77.11
78. 31
76. 82
77.09
77.40
41.0
40.5
40.5
39.7
40. 2
40.9
40.1
40.3
41.0
40.8
41.3
41.7
41.1
41.2
41.3
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
A vg.
wkly.
hours
$1.42 $74. 32
1.42 74.43
1.43 74. 01
1.41 72.38
1.42 74.08
1.42 74.85
1. 40 74.03
1.41 74.45
1.42 74.85
1.43 74.70
1.44 76.05
1. 43 76.95
1.43 76. 46
1.44 77. 30
1. 45 76. 88
40.9
39.8
39.9
39.0
39.7
39.9
39.4
39.9
39.9
39.8
40.3
40.5
40.2
40.6
40.4
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
A vg.
w kly.
hours
$1.82 $75. 83
1. 87 75. 55
1.85 75. 21
1. 86 73.94
1.87 75. 55
1.88 76.13
1.88 74.95
1.87 75.20
1.88 75.93
1.88 76.24
1.89 76.38
1.90 77.51
1.90 77. 36
1.90 78. 32
1.90 77.04
41.1
39.7
39.9
39.1
39.7
39.9
39.3
39.6
39.9
40.0
39.8
40.2
40.0
40.6
40.0
New Mexico
Perth A m boy
Trenton
41.1
40.0
39.9
38.9
40.2
40.4
40.5
40.6
40.5
39.8
40.2
40.6
40.6
40.7
40.7
40.9
39.6
39.4
38.9
39.3
39.9
39.5
39.8
40.3
40.2
39.9
40.8
40.6
41.4
41.4
$1.82 $75. 30
1.85 75.48
1. 84 74. 61
1. 84 72. 82
1.85 75. 54
1.86 75. 91
1.86 76.10
1.85 76. 41
1.85 76.50
1.86 75. 74
1. 87 76.50
1.88 78.07
1.87 77.91
1. 87 78.27
1. 87 78. 71
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.83 $73. 78
1.89 72.03
1. 87 71.31
1. 87 69. 67
1.88 70.50
1.88 72. 38
1.88 72.01
1.88 72.12
1.89 73. 67
1. 90 73. 85
1. 90 73.70
1.92 76. 01
1.92 76.08
1.92 78.29
1.93 76. 79
State
$1.80 $74.16
1.82 78.91
1. 81 76.11
1.79 76.36
1.79 77. 38
1.81 77.19
1. 82 78.17
1. 81 79. 46
1.83 81.32
1.84 81. 36
1. 85 82.01
1.86 82.20
1. 87 85.28
1. 89 81.80
1. 87 80.20
41.2
41.1
40.7
40.4
41.6
41.5
41.8
41.6
41.7
41.3
40.8
41.1
41.4
40.9
40.1
$1. 84
1.90
1.88
1.89
1.90
1.91
1. 91
1.90
1.90
1.91
1. 92
1. 93
1.93
1.93
1.93
N ew York
Albuquerque
$1.80 $71.10
1.92 74. 39
1.87 72. 45
1. 89 72. 45
1. 86 73.92
1. 86 73.22
1.87 75.90
1.91 75. 71
1. 95 75.85
1.97 76. 67
2.01 74.96
2.00 78.02
2.06 76.48
2.00 75. 30
2.00 73.82
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
41.1
41.1
40.7
40.7
42.0
41.6
42.4
41.6
41.0
42.0
40.3
41.5
40.9
40.7
39.9
State
$1.73 $71.12
1. 81 71.50
1.78 71.58
1. 78 69. 57
1. 76 70. 60
1. 76 71.11
1.79 71.29
1.82 71.22
1.85 71.84
1.87 72.06
1. 86 73.12
1. 88 73.61
1.87 73.52
1. 85 74. 26
1.85 74.26
39.7
38.8
39.0
38.1
38.6
38.7
38.7
38.8
39.0
39.0
39.4
39.5
39.0
39.3
39.4
$1.79
1.84
1.84
1.83
1.83
1.84
1.84
1. 84
1.84
1. 85
1. 86
1. 87
1.88
1.89
1.88
N ew York— Continued
A lbany-SchenectadyTroy
1953: Average______
1954: Average.........
1954: M arch_______
A pril_________
M a y _________
June_________
July--------------August_______
September___
October______
N ovem ber___
December____
1955: January______
February_____
M arch_______
$76.57
76.08
75. 91
74.39
74.14
75.02
74.86
75.91
77. 72
77.39
78.78
78.50
77.47
78.39
78.75
40.4
39.6
39.4
38.9
39.1
39.3
39.1
39.7
40.5
40.0
40.4
40.1
39.5
39.8
40.3
Binghamton
$1.90 $67.08
1.92 65.62
1.93 65.17
1.91 64.50
1.90 63.86
1.91 65.13
1.91 65.94
1.91 65.56
1.92 64.58
1.94 65.86
1.95 66.97
1.96 68.14
1.96 65. 77
1.97 68.73
1.96 69.93
39.4
37.7
37.7
37.1
36.8
37.5
38.1
37.7
36.9
37.5
38.2
39.0
37.5
38.8
39.4
Buffalo
$1.70 $83.04
1.74 82.96
1.73 80.02
1.74 79.49
1.74 82.70
1.74 82.42
1.73 82. 56
1.74 81.49
1.75 82. 77
1.76 84.26
1.75 87. 62
1.75 88.36
1.75 86.98
1.77 87. 71
1.78 86.65
41.6
40.3
39.7
39.4
40.5
40.1
39.8
39.7
39.7
40.5
41.3
41.8
41.2
41.4
41.0
Nassau and Suffolk
Counties
Elmira
$1.99 $72.05
2.06 73.67
2.01 72.93
2.02 73. 58
2.04 73.03
2.06 73.53
2.08 73.05
2.05 72. 76
2.08 74.36
2.08 75.38
2.12 74.87
2.11 75.43
2.11 74. 59
2.12 73.68
2.11 74. 52
40.6
40.4
40.5
40.6
40.5
40.6
40.5
40.1
40.5
40.8
40.5
40.5
39.9
39.9
40.2
$1. 78 $83. 77
1.82 83.21
1.80 82. 75
1.81 80.67
1.80 82. 52
1.81 84.89
1.80 84.18
1.82 83.20
1.84 84.32
1.85 86.83
1.85 86. 27
1.86 85. 56
1.87 84.04
1.85 84.24
1.85 84.88
42.5
41.0
41.2
40.1
40.7
41.5
41.2
41.0
41.5
42.0
41.8
41.4
40.9
41.2
41.3
N ew York— Continued
Rochester
1953: Average______ $76.54
1954: Average______ 76.51
1954: M arch_______ 75.65
A pril_________ 74.62
M a y ____ _
75.45
June___ ____
76.86
July--------------- 76. 76
August_______ 76.55
September___ 77.05
October______ 76.84
N ovem ber___ 77.62
December........ 77.23
1955: January______ 77.54
February_____ 78.04
M arch_______ 79.03
41.6
40.0
39.9
39.3
39.6
40.0
39.9
39.8
40.2
40.0
40.3
40.0
40.1
40.2
40.4
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Syracuse
$1.84 $77.02
1.91 74.43
1.90 73.49
1. 90 72.74
1.91 73.20
1.92 72.88
1.92 73.64
1.92 74.23
1.92 75.14
1.92 77.01
1.93 75. 94
1.93 76.92
1.93 76.80
1.94 76. 23
1.96 78.31
42.2
40.3
40.2
39.9
39.9
39.7
39.9
40.1
40.5
40.9
40.6
40.8
40.7
40.4
41.0
40.8
39.5
39.4
38.9
39.5
39.4
39.2
39.4
39.4
40.0
40.3
40.1
40.1
39.9
40.2
$1.97 $67.49
2.03 68.66
2.01 70.01
2.01 66.61
2.03 67.36
2.05 67.77
2.04 68.36
2.03 68.53
2.03 69.31
2.07 68.96
2.07 69. 73
2.07 70.23
2.05 70.63
2.04 71.68
2.06 71.74
37.9
37.4
37.8
36.5
37.2
37.3
37.2
37.4
37.7
37.5
38.0
38.0
37.5
37.9
38.1
$1.78
1.84
1.85
1.82
1.81
1.82
1.84
1.83
1.84
1.84
1.83
1.85
1.88
1.89
1.88
North Carolina
U tica-Rom e
$1.83 $69.21
1.85 69.03
1.83 68. 55
1.82 67. 64
1.83 68.62
1.83 68. 72
1.84 68.37
1.85 68. 27
1.85 69. 67
1.89 70.27
1.87 71.10
1.89 70.88
1.89 71.75
1.89 70. 92
1.91 71.01
New Y ork City
Westchester County
$1.70 $70.11
1.75 71.58
1.74 71.12
1.74 72.17
1.74 71.58
1.75 71.37
1.75 70.18
1.73 71.78
1.77 71.70
1.76 70.64
1.76 75.45
1.77 75.21
1. 79 71.52
1. 78 72. 67
1.77 73.39
40.0
39.2
39.2
39.1
39.0
38.9
38.5
39.5
39.6
39.3
40.7
40.5
39.0
39.7
40.0
$1.76 $48.34
1.82 47.88
1.82 47.25
1.85 46.38
1.83 46. 75
1.84 47.25
1.82 47.25
1.82 48.38
1.81 48. 75
1.80 49.75
1.85 50. 27
1.86 50.93
1.83 49. 78
1.83 50.29
1.84 50.93
State
39.3
38.3
37.8
37.1
37.1
37.8
37.8
38.7
39.0
39.8
39.9
40.1
39.2
39.6
40.1
Charlotte
$1.23 $51.33
1.25 52.66
1.25 53.06
1.25 52.39
1.26 51.87
1.25 52.40
1.25 50.96
1.25 51.61
1.25 53.06
1.25 53.84
1.26 54.52
1.27 54.10
1.27 53.06
1.27 55.46
1.27 54.93
40.1
40.2
40.5
40.3
39.9
40.0
39.2
39.7
40.5
41.1
41.3
41.3
40.5
41.4
41.3
$1.28
1.31
1.31
1.30
1.30
1.31
1.30
1.30
1.31
1.31
1.32
1.32
1.31
1.33
1.33
739
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C -6 : Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas 1— Continued
North Carolina—Con.
Year and month
Greensboro-High
Point
A vg.
wkly.
earn
ings
1953: Average...........
1954: Average______ $47. 73
1954: M arch........ .
45.44
April_________ 44. 29
M a y _________ 44.93
June_________ 46. 59
July--------------- 47.36
August.......... 49.02
September___ 49. 01
O c to b e r _____ 50. 44
N ovem ber___ 50. 57
December........ 50.96
1955: January______ 49. 66
February_____ 50. 05
M arch_______ 50. 44
Avg.
wkly.
hours
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
37.0
35.5
34.6
35.1
36.4
37.0
38.0
37.7
38.8
38.9
39.2
38.2
38.5
38.8
$1.29
1.28
1. 28
1.28
1.28
1. 28
1.29
1.30
1.30
1.30
1. 30
1.30
1.30
1.30
Ohio
North Dakota
Fargo
State
A vg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
$65.26
67.55
63.16
63.25
66. 42
69.92
70.74
70.21
66.36
70. 96
69. 71
66. 94
65.68
68. 54
66.62
44.2
44.3
42.4
42.9
44.1
45.8
46.1
45.9
43.7
45.9
45.4
43.9
43.0
44.2
43.7
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
A vg.
wkly.
hours
$1.48 $63. 79
1.52 369. 70
1. 49 62.20
1.47 62.23
1.51 66. 51
1.53 73. 85
1.53 71.93
1.53 71.95
1.52 68.36
1.55 76.35
1. 54 76.43
1. 53 74.60
1. 55 74.64
1. 55 73.08
1.54 70.20
42.2
3 41.9
38.8
39.6
40.8
44.8
43.2
43.0
40. 5
44.7
42.8
43.7
45.3
44.9
43.8
$1.51 $79.86
31. 66 78.88
1.60 76. 66
1.57 76.93
1.63 77.70
1.65 78. 09
1.67 78. 50
1.67 78. 62
1.69 79. 29
1. 71 80. 54
1.78 81.47
1.71 82.72
1.65 83.40
1.63 83. 56
1.60 84.32
41.0
39.6
39.0
39.1
39.3
39.4
39.3
39.6
39.7
40.1
40.2
40.7
40.7
40.7
40.9
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
State
1953: Average.
1954: A verage..........
1954: M arch_______
April_________
M a y _________
June_________
July--------------A u gu st...........
September___
October______
N ovem ber___
December____
1955: January______
February_____
M arch_______
$70.14
72.04
41.5
41.4
71. 55
70. 69
71.69
72.21
72. 45
72.98
72.69
71.69
72.73
71.86
72.04
70. 52
71.28
41.6
41.1
41.2
41.5
41.4
41.7
41.3
41.2
41.8
41.3
41.4
41.0
41.2
43.2
42.8
42.6
42.9
42.4
43.3
43.0
42.7
43.0
42.3
42.5
42.7
41.9
41.4
42.3
Avg.
wkly.
hours
$1.95 $73.86
1.99 74. 78
41.5
40.4
40.4
40.0
40.1
39.9
39.6
40.5
40.8
41.0
41.1
41.4
40.2
40.6
41.1
1.96
1.97
1.98
1. 98
2.00
1.99
2. 00
2.01
2.03
2.03
2.05
2.05
2.06
73. 47
73.09
73. 69
73. 45
73.13
74.76
75.78
77.07
77.84
78. 67
76.78
77.44
78.85
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
A vg.
wkly.
hours
$1.78 $84.87
1. 85 81.70
1.82 79.86
1.83 80. 58
1.84 80. 56
1.84 81.12
1.85 80.35
1.85 79.94
1.86 79.96
1.88 82.65
1.89 84.12
1.90 86.12
1.91 86.59
1.91 86. 27
1.92 87.11
41.6
39.8
39.2
39.5
39.4
39.5
39.1
39.1
38.9
40.0
40.6
41.3
41.2
41.1
41.4
$1.57 $75.26
1.63 78.12
1. 62 78.94
1.62 77.36
1. 62 78.53
1.64 78.14
1.63 77.52
1.63 77.90
1.65 77. 71
1.62 77.71
1.63 79. 42
1.62 78.12
1.63 78.12
1.61 77.52
1.62 79.30
40.9
40.9
40.9
40.5
40.9
40.7
40.8
41.0
40.9
40.9
41.8
40.9
40.9
40.8
41.3
$1.84 $82. 04
1.91 83. 81
1.93 82.31
1.91 83. 77
1.92 84.89
1.92 82.96
1.90 82.30
1.90 85. 39
1.90 80.13
1.90 85.42
1.90 86.64
1.91 86.76
1.91 87. 95
1.90 86. 45
1.92 85. 97
38.7
38.8
38.5
38.8
38.8
38.3
38.6
39.7
37.2
39.2
39.4
39.6
39.6
39.1
38.9
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$2.04
2.05
2.04
2.04
2.04
2.05
2.05
2.04
2.06
2.07
2.07
2.09
2.10
2.10
2.10
Pennsylvania
State
Portland
State
Tulsa
Oklahoma C ity
$1.69 $67. 82
1.74 69.76
1.72 69.01
1.72 69.50
1.74 69. 69
1.74 71.01
1. 75 70.09
1.75 69. 60
1.76 70. 95
1.74 68.53
1. 74 69. 28
1. 74 69.17
1. 74 68.30
1.72 66. 65
1. 73 68.53
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Oregon
Oklahoma
Cleveland
Cincinnati
State
$2.12 $76.19
2.16 77.44
2.14 76.23
2.16 78.31
2.19 77. 80
2.17 77. 45
2.13 76.92
2.15 76. 99
2.15 75.34
2.18 78. 66
2. 20 78.03
2.19 80.23
2. 22 81. 81
2. 21 80. 56
2.21 79. 85
38.4
38.3
38.0
38.5
38.1
37.8
38.5
39.0
37.5
38.9
38.1
38.7
39.2
38.9
38.5
$1. 98 $71.38
2.02 70.10
2.01 70.01
2. 03 68.00
2.04 69. 32
2. 05 69. 62
2. 00 69.60
1. 97 69.46
2.01 70. 33
2.02 70. 52
2. 05 71.53
2.07 72.16
2.09 72. 20
2. 07 72.63
2. 07 72.22
39.9
38.4
38.7
37.5
38.1
38.3
38.1
38.2
38.5
38.5
38.9
39.1
38.9
39.1
39.4
$1.79
1.82
1.81
1.81
1.82
1.82
1.83
1.82
1.83
1.83
1. 84
1.85
1.86
1.86
1.87
Pennsylvania— Continued
Allento wn-Bethlehem-Easton
1953: A vera ge..........
1954: Average______
1954: M arch_____
A pril_________
M a y _________
June_________
July__________
August_______
September___
O ctober......... .
N ovem ber___
December____
1955: January_____
February_____
M arch_______
$67.05
64.11
64.94
62.94
62.08
62.22
63.00
64.21
65.10
65.20
65.69
63.68
65.73
66.59
68.11
38.8
36.8
37.6
36.3
35.7
35.8
35.9
36.9
37.2
37.3
37.6
36.6
37.2
37.9
38.5
$1.73 $75. 21
1.74 74.49
1.73 75.99
1.73 73.48
1.74 73. 50
1.74 73.28
1.76 73.50
1.74 72.25
1.75 75.25
1.75 75.77
1.75 74.77
1.74 76.44
1.77 78.43
1.76 78.80
1.77 80.34
Erie
41.1
39.9
40.4
39.4
39.6
39.4
39.6
38.8
40.5
41.0
39.9
40.4
41.0
41.0
41.5
Harrisburg
$1.83 $63.80
1.87 59.45
1.88 59.97
1.87 56.60
1.86 58.55
1.86 60.40
1.86 61.36
1.86 58.93
1.86 57.52
1.85 58.08
1.87 58.95
1.89 58.73
1.91 59.73
1.92 61.68
1.94 63.30
39.6
37.2
37.6
35.4
36.8
37.7
38.3
37.3
36.5
36.3
36.8
37.1
37.1
38.1
38.6
$1.61 $62. 50
1.60 63.07
1.60 62. 51
1.60 60.37
1.59 63.06
1.60 63.90
1.60 63.07
1.58 63.55
1.58 65.24
1.60 64.07
1.60 64.55
1.58 63.55
1.61 64.00
1.62 63.91
1.64 64.99
Lancaster
41.2
40.2
40.3
39.1
40.3
40.7
40.3
40.4
40.9
40.6
40.6
40.4
40.3
40.4
41.0
Philadelphia
$1.52 $73.91
1.57 74.12
1.55 74.15
1. 54 71.58
1.56 73.59
1.57 73.97
1.57 73.94
1.57 74.88
1.60 74.89
1.58 75.33
1.59 76.13
1.57 76.97
1.59 75.37
1.58 75.63
1.59 76.37
40.5
39.3
39.8
38.4
39.0
39.2
39.0
39.6
39.5
39.5
39.9
40.3
39.5
39.7
39.9
Scranton
1953: Average...........
1954: Average______
1954: M arch_______
A pril_________
M a y _________
June.................
July--------------August.______
September___
October______
N ovem ber___
December____
1955: January______
February.........
M arch.............
$66.15
63.31
64.19
61.35
63.47
63.78
63.88
63.13
62.80
62.23
64.94
65.03
64.74
65.05
66.90
39.9
38.0
38.6
36.8
37.8
38.1
38.6
37.8
37.9
37.4
39.0
3.88
38.4
38.7
39.4
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1.66 $54.62
1.67 54.13
1.66 54.73
1.67 51.73
1.68 54.40
1.67 53.65
1.66 54.07
1.67 54.20
1.66 54.63
1.66 54.61
1.67 54.52
1.68 53.78
1.69 54.93
1.68 55.66
1.70 54.93
39.1
37.8
37.9
36.1
38.2
37.7
38.0
37.9
38.2
38.0
38.1
37.4
38.2
38.6
38.2
Wilkes-BarreHazleton
$1.40 $51.06
1.43 50.33
1.44 51.70
1.43 47.16
1.42 50.53
1.42 49.31
1.42 48.05
1.43 50.77
1.43 50.66
1.44 50.01
1.43 51.32
1.44 51.85
1.44 50.86
1.44 50.63
1.44 52.13
37.6
36.9
37.6
34.2
37.1
37.1
35.7
38.0
37.5
36.4
37.6
37.9
37.4
27.5
38.3
$1.83 $81.89
1.89 80.37
1.86 79.00
1.86 77.34
1.89 78.42
1.89 79.33
1.90 79.93
1.89 79.04
1.90 82.10
1.91 80.47
1.91 82.26
1.91 84.21
1.91 85.52
1.91 84.70
1.91 86.67
40.4
38.6
38.5
37.8
38.2
38.4
38.1
37.8
38.8
38.3
38.8
39.5
40.0
39.6
40.2
$2.03
2.08
2.05
2.05
2.05
2.07
2.10
2.09
2.12
2.10
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.14
2.16
Rhode Island
P ennsyl vania—C ontinued
Reading
Pittsburgh
$1.36 $63.08
1.36 62.11
1.38 63.31
1.38 60.60
1.36 60.84
1.34 62.27
1.35 60.81
1.34 62.42
1.35 61.12
1.37 62.30
1.37 62.20
1.37 62.85
1.36 62.28
1.35 63.21
1.36 63.69
State
York
41.8
40.1
40.4
38.6
38.8
40.7
39.9
41.2
40.0
40.3
40.1
40.6
40.3
40.6
40.8
$1.51 $60.50
1.55 60.44
1.57 60.10
1.57 59.28
1.57 59.89
1.53 60.59
1.52 59.74
1.52 59.85
1.53 61.45
1.55 59.83
1.55 60.53
1.55 61.86
1.55 61.29
1.56 61.48
1.56 61.30
39.8
39.5
39.8
39.0
39.4
39.6
39.3
39.9
39.9
38.6
38.8
40.7
40.4
40.4
40.6
Providence
$1.52 $60.45
1.53 61.10
1.51 61.00
1.52 59.65
1.52 60.40
1.53 61.10
1.52 60.34
1.50 60.25
1.54 62.12
1.55 61.35
1.56 61.05
1.52 62.78
1.52 62.02
1.52 62.27
1.51 61.71
40.3
40.2
40.4
39.5
40.0
40.2
39.7
39.9
40.6
40.1
39.9
41.3
40.8
40.7
40.6
$1.50
1.52
1.51
1.51
1.51
1.52
1.52
1.51
1.53
1.53
1.53
1.52
1.52
1.53
1.52
740
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
T able C -6 : Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas 1—Continued
South Carolina
State
South Dakota
Charleston
Tennessee
State
Sioux Falls
State
Year and month
A vg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
A vg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
1953: Average____ _________ $49.60
1954: Average_________ ____
49.64
1954: M arch_______ _
49. 50
April__________ _
48.26
M a y ____________
48.13
June_________
48.89
July--------------- ---------- - 49.01
August_______________
49.39
September________ _
50.29
October______________
50. 93
Novem ber— .
51.82
D ecem b er___________
51.94
1955: January______
52.10
February_____________
52.61
M arch_______________
52.86
40.0
39.4
39.6
38.3
38.2
38.8
38.9
39.2
39.6
40.1
40.8
40.9
40.7
41.1
41.3
$1.24
1.26
1.25
1.26
1.26
1.26
1.26
1.26
1.27
1.27
1. 27
1.27
1.28
1.28
1.28
$50. 27
52.00
39.9
39.1
50.31
49.27
52. 27
51.08
53. 20
53.20
54.14
52.88
53. 46
52.78
54.53
53.86
54.40
39.0
37.9
39.6
38.7
39.7
39.7
40.1
38.6
39.6
39.1
39.8
39.6
40.3
$1.26
1.33
1.29
1.30
1.32
1.32
1.34
1.34
1.35
1.37
1.35
1.35
1.37
1.36
1.35
$63.95
67.39
60. 78
60.94
63.95
64.37
67. 74
66.11
67.25
74. 56
75.00
70.47
73.37
71.74
67. 51
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrlv.
earn
ings
A vg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
A vg.
wkly.
earn
ings
A vg.
wkly.
hours
43.5
43.8
40.0
40.7
42.3
42.5
44.9
43.5
42.8
48.0
47.2
45.0
47.0
45.9
42.9
$1.47
1.54
1.52
1.50
1.51
1.51
1.51
1.52
1. 57
1.55
1. 59
1.57
1.56
1.56
1.57
$71.10
73.84
65.47
65.26
70. 77
69.81
71.37
71.95
77. 48
83. 95
83.30
81.17
82.15
79.39
70. 90
45.0
45.3
40.2
40.3
43.8
43.3
44.2
44.1
47.6
51.3
50.1
49.4
50.2
48.8
44.1
$1.58
1.63
1.63
1.62
1.62
1.61
1.61
1.63
1.63
1.64
$56.84
57. 71
57.02
56. 88
56.88
57.60
56. 59
57.20
59.13
58.18
57.86
59.54
58.76
59.30
59. 64
40.6
39.8
39.6
39.5
39.5
40.0
39.3
40.0
40.1
40.4
39.9
40.5
39.7
39.8
40.3
1.66
1.64
1.64
1.63
1.61
Tennessee— Continued
Chattanooga
1953: Average_____ ____ . .
$57.49
1954: Average__________
57.48
1954: M arch________
56.15
April________________
55.86
M a y _________
57.04
June____________
56.84
July---------------------------- 54.99
August—. ............. ........
56. 59
September__________
59.15
October______________
59.90
N ovem ber___________
59.60
December____________
60. 25
1955: January_______
60.34
February__________ .
60. 25
M arch___________
60. 25
40.2
39.1
38.2
38.0
38.8
39.2
39.0
39.3
39.7
40.2
40.0
39.9
39.7
39.9
39.9
Knoxville
$1.43
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.45
1.41
1.44
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.51
1.52
1.51
1.51
$65. 53
66. 47
65. 52
64.98
65. 23
66.86
65. 62
67. 97
67.08
67.94
69. 65
68.85
67.69
68. 29
68. 99
40.7
39.1
39.0
38.0
38.6
39.1
38.6
39.3
39.0
39.5
39.8
39.8
38.9
38.8
39.2
1.68
1. 71
1.69
1.71
1.70
1.73
1.72
1.72
1.75
1.73
1. 74
1.76
1.76
$64. 57
64.06
65.10
65.10
64.94
66. 57
61.41
62.42
64.26
66. 53
58.65
69.01
67.68
68. 53
69.39
42.2
41.6
42.0
42.0
41.9
42.4
40.4
40.8
42.0
43.2
39.1
43.4
42.3
42.3
43.1
Nashville
$1.53
1.54
1.55
1.55
1.55
1.57
1.52
1.53
1.53
1.54
1.50
1.59
1.60
1.62
1.61
$58.18
59.20
57.96
59. 79
59. 45
60.09
59.00
59.09
59. 40
59. 79
60. 79
60.09
59.45
58.80
61.16
Utah
State
1953: A verage..........
$72. 39
1954: Average_____ ____ ___
73. 42
1954: M arch_______________
76.04
A pril____________ . . .
72. 54
M a y _________________
73. 28
June___________ .
74.40
J u ly._____ ___________
73.35
August_______________
72.31
Septem ber-. ________
69. 70
October_________ ____
69. 52
N ovem ber___________
75. 62
Decem ber____________
76.14
1955: January______________
75. 81
February_____________ 75. 81
M arch_______________
77.16
40.5
39.9
41.1
39.0
39.4
40.0
40.3
39.3
39.6
38.2
41.1
40.5
39.9
39.9
40.4
1.86
1. 86
1.82
1.84
1. 76
1.82
1.84
1.88
1.90
1.90
1. 91
40.4
40.0
39.7
40.4
39.9
40.6
39.6
42.0
39.6
40.4
40.8
40.6
39.9
39.2
40.5
$74.05
74. 89
72. 68
73.26
75. 33
76.04
75. 58
75. 40
72. 83
72.94
74. 44
76. 73
74.77
74. 00
74.92
41. 6
40.7
39.5
39.6
40.5
41.1
41.3
41.2
39.8
40.3
40.9
41.7
40.2
40.0
40.5
$1.78
1.84
1. 84
1. 85
1. 86
1.85
1. 83
1.83
1.83
1. 81
1.82
1. 84
1.86
1.85
1.85
State
1953: Average__________
$55. 58
1954: Average______________
56. 66
1954: M arch__________
56.48
A p ril____ ____ ___
56.20
M a y _________________
55.81
June________________
56. 66
July__________________ 56.77
August_______________ 56. 94
Septem ber-. . _______
57.10
October______________
56. 42
N ovem ber_____. . . .
57. 79
Decem ber__________
57. 92
1955: January_______ ______
57.02
February_____ _____
58.32
M arch__ ____________
58. 75
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
39.7
39.9
39.5
39.3
39.3
39.9
39.7
40.1
40.5
40.3
40.7
40.5
39.6
40.5
40.8
$62. 49
59. 83
62. 58
60.35
59. 53
59.14
58. 59
58.93
59. 26
59. 44
58. 75
59. 26
59. 94
60.73
62. 01
$69.99
72.04
71.10
70.76
71.69
72. 04
72. 69
72. 21
72. 28
72.04
72.98
73.33
72. 80
73. 39
73.92
41.8
41.4
41.1
40.9
41.2
41.4
41.3
41.5
41.3
41.4
41.7
41.9
41.6
41.7
42.0
$1.68
1.74
1.73
1.73
1.74
1.74
1.76
1.74
1.75
1.74
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.76
1.76
42.8
40.7
41.7
40.8
40.5
40.1
40.2
40. 6
40.6
40.9
40.3
40.5
40.9
41.1
41.7
$1. 46
1.47
1. 50
1.48
1.47
1.47
1.46
1.45
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1. 47
1. 48
1.49
$58. 86
59. 25
59.41
58.18
59.05
58. 00
57.18
57. 96
58. 82
59. 98
59. 99
59.51
59. 55
58.65
58. 84
39.5
39.5
39.1
39.1
39.5
39.4
38.5
39.7
39.1
39.9
40.2
39. 6
39.4
39.1
39. 6
$59. 28
62.12
60.60
61. 65
61.20
61. 61
60. 30
60.95
60.70
61.24
65. 67
65. 57
64. 87
65. 83
68. 53
40.6
40.6
40.4
41.1
40.0
40.8
40.2
40.1
40.2
41.1
41.3
41.5
40.8
41.4
43.1
Springfield
$1.49
1. 50
1. 52
1.49
1.50
1.47
1.48
1.46
1.50
1.50
1.49
1.50
1.51
1. 50
1. 49
$80. 81
71.63
78. 75
73. 26
69.85
68. 71
66. 97
66.60
68.47
67.48
69.13
70. 25
70. 71
72. 56
73. 03
45.4
40.7
43.3
41.3
40.1
39.0
38.3
38.9
39.8
39.5
39. 6
40.3
40.8
41.6
41.6
$1.78
1.76
1. 82
1.78
1.74
1.76
1.75
1.71
1.72
1.71
1.75
1.75
1. 73
1. 74
1.82
Washington
N orfolk-Portsmouth
$1.40
1.42
1.43
1.43
1.42
1.42
1.43
1.42
1. 41
1.40
1. 42
1.43
1.44
1.44
1. 44
$1.44
1.48
1.46
1.48
1.49
1.48
1.49
1.47
1.50
1.48
1.49
1.48
1.49
1.50
1.51
Burlington
Virginia
State
State
Vermont
Salt Lake C it y 2
$1.79
1.84
1.85
1. 86
$1.40
1.45
1.44
1.44
1.44
1. 44
1.44
1.43
1.46
1. 44
1.45
1.47
1.48
1.49
1.48
Texas
Memphis
$1.61
1.70
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.46
1.53
1.50
1.50
1.53
1.51
1. 50
1. 52
1.51
1.49
1.59
1.58
1.59
1. 59
1. 59
Richm ond
$59. 39
60.25
58. 86
58.50
59.34
60.55
62. 42
61.31
61.31
60. 25
60.28
64.06
60.13
62. 52
63.40
40.4
39.9
39.5
39.0
39.3
40.1
40.8
40.6
40. 6
39.9
39.4
41. 6
39.3
40.6
40.9
State
$1.47
1. 51
1.49
1.50
1.51
1.51
1.53
1. 51
1.51
1.51
1.53
1.54
1.53
1.54
1.55
$78. 99
81.31
80. 21
81.38
80.94
82. 20
80. 48
81.47
79.10
82. 43
82. 29
83.45
85.09
84. 64
82.56
38.8
39.0
38.6
38.9
38.9
39.2
39.2
39.3
38.3
39.5
38.7
39.3
39.6
39.4
38.6
Seattle
$2. 04
2. 09
2.08
2.09
2.08
2.10
2. 05
2. 07
2. 07
2.09
2.13
2.12
2.15
2.15
2.14
$76.45
78.53
78. 56
77.51
77. 84
78. 32
76. 44
77. 04
78.42
79. 53
79. 33
80.38
81.74
81.83
81.13
38.4
38.4
38.7
38.1
38.3
38.4
37.8
38.2
38.5
38.6
38.0
38.6
38.8
38.8
38.7
$1.99
2.04
2.03
2. 03
2. 03
2.04
2. 02
2. 02
2.04
2.06
2.09
2.08
2.11
2.11
2.10
741
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T a b l e C-6. Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas 1—Continued
Washington —Continued
Tacoma
Spokane
Wisconsin
West Virginia
Charleston
State
Kenosha
State
Y ear and month
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
w kly.
hours
1953: A verage...
1954: A verage...
$77.87
81.28
39.4
39.9
1954: M arch____
A pril.........
M a y ______
June______
July---------August___
September.
October___
November.
December.
1955: January...
February..
M arch____
77.70
81.91
83.17
81.73
81.47
81.74
83.21
82.63
83.30
82.62
87. 74
85. 52
85.21
38.9
40.9
41.1
40.4
39.6
39.6
40.0
39.8
39.8
40.0
42.1
40.9
40.8
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
A vg.
w kly.
earn
ings
A vg.
wkly.
hours
$1.97 $76.67
2.04 80.08
38.5
39.1
78.17
79.94
79.98
81.63
82.16
80.96
78.62
81.59
79.41
81.22
82.19
82.31
82.18
38.7
39.1
38.9
39.5
39.3
40.6
39.7
40.1
37.8
38.7
39.3
39.2
38.9
2.00
2.00
2.02
2.02
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.08
2.09
2.06
2.08
2.09
2.09
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
A vg.
wkly.
hours
$1.99 $70.84
2.05 70.64
39.8
38.6
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
2.02
2.05
2.05
2.06
2.09
1.99
1.98
2.03
2.10
2.10
2.09
2.10
2.11
68.94
69.69
70.64
70.66
70.31
70.05
70.86
71.13
72. 25
72. 52
71.80
72.34
72.73
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
$1.78 $85.67
1.83 87.91
40.6
39.6
85.75
88.09
91.54
88. 58
89.20
86.72
89.10
87. 86
88.09
90.85
89.33
89. 60
91.20
39.7
39.5
39.8
39.9
40.0
39.6
39.6
39.4
39.5
40.2
39.7
40.0
40.0
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
38.3
38.5
38.6
38.4
37.2
38.7
38.3
39.3
39.7
39.2
38.6
39.1
39.1
1.80
1.81
1.83
1.84
1.89
1.81
1.85
1.81
1.82
1.85
1.86
1.85
1.86
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
A vg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
$2.11 $74.73
2.22 74.79
41.9
40.8
2.16
2.23
2.30
2.22
2.23
2.19
2.25
2.23
2.23
2.26
2.25
2.24
2.28
74.80
74.10
75.28
75.31
72.95
73.81
73.36
75.13
76. 57
77.36
77. 29
78.03
79. 65
40.8
40.2
40.7
40.9
40.8
40.7
40.5
40.8
41.1
41.3
41.1
41.3
41.8
W isconsin--Continued
Madison
La Crosse
1953: A verage...
1954: A v e r a g e -
$73.10
75. 58
39.6
40.0
1954: M arch___
A pril_____
M a y _____
June_____
July...........
August___
September
O ctob er...
Novem ber
December.
1955: Jan uary...
February..
M arch___
75.49
72.89
75.02
76. 79
74.68
73.42
76. 66
76.11
77.15
83.10
79. 56
76. 56
76.98
40.2
38.7
39.8
40.8
40.3
40.1
40.1
40.1
40.2
42.1
40.8
39.3
39.5
$1.84 $75.91
1.89 78.61
1.88
1.88
1.89
1.88
1.85
1.83
1.91
1.90
1.92
1.97
1.95
1.95
1.95
77.06
76.45
77.35
78.40
76.80
77.32
76.05
80.36
83.84
79.82
77. 44
77.42
76.71
40.2
40.1
39.4
39.3
40.0
40.3
39.9
40.1
39.3
40.6
41.6
40.0
38.8
38.9
38.7
1.95
1.94
1.94
1.94
1.93
1.93
1.93
1.98
2.01
2.00
2.00
1.99
1.98
80.49
79. 55
81.09
81.48
81. 56
81.65
81.59
81.26
82.08
82. 50
82.18
83.34
84.84
1 Data for earlier years are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics or the cooperating State agency. State agencies also make available
more detailed industry data. See table A -7 for addresses of cooperating
State agencies.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
41.4
40.0
40.1
39.4
39.9
40.2
40.0
40.0
40.0
39.9
40.2
40.3
40.0
40.3
40.8
A vg.
wkly.
earn
ings
A vg.
wkly.
hours
$1.78 $76.92
1.83 77.98
39.3
39.1
$1.96
1.99
39.4
38.7
38.3
39.1
38.7
39.7
39.9
40.2
39.9
40.4
41.8
42.2
44.3
1.97
1. 97
1.98
1.98
1.99
2.00
2.01
2.01
2.02
2. 05
2.12
2.12
2.18
1.84
1.84
1.85
1.84
1.79
1.81
1.81
1.84
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.89
1.91
77.72
76.23
75.82
77. 50
76.92
79.26
80.05
80. 58
80.58
82.91
88. 63
89.36
96. 58
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
W yom ing
Milwaukee
$1.89 $81.33
1.96 81.22
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Racine
$1.96 $78. 59
2.03 78.64
2.01
2.02
2.03
2.03
2.04
2.04
2.04
2.04
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
77.88
77.35
76.83
79.49
77.40
79.43
79.15
79.74
79.85
81.72
82.71
85.15
85.41
41.0
39.9
39.7
39.4
39.2
39.9
39.4
40.4
40.1
40.2
40.0
40.5
40.8
41.6
41.7
State
$1.92 $80.20
1.97 84.03
1.96
1.97
1.96
1.99
1.96
1.96
1.97
1.98
2.00
2.02
2.03
2.05
2.05
81.93
82.11
85.44
84.80
83. 56
83. 62
84.66
81.20
85.45
85.90
82.37
81.59
82.18
40.3
40.4
39.2
39.1
40.3
40.0
39.6
40.2
40.7
40.2
42.3
41.9
39.6
39.8
39.7
Casper
$1.99 $92.86
2.08 95.30
2.09
2.10
2.12
2.12
2.11
2.08
2.08
2.02
2.02
2.05
2.08
2.05
2.07
95.53
92.63
93.09
97.52
97. 29
96.29
97.23
95.18
95.44
94.80
95.82
95.58
98.17
40.2
38.9
$2.31
2.45
41.0
40.1
40.3
41.5
41.4
40.8
41.2
40.5
40.1
40.0
40.6
40.5
40.4
2.33
2.31
2.31
2.35
2.35
2.36
2.36
2.35
2.38
2.37
2.36
2.36
2.43
2 Revised series; not comparable with data previously published.
3 N ot comparable with preceding data shown.
742
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
D : Consumer and Wholesale Prices
T a b le D - l : Consumer Price Index 1—United States average, all items and commodity groups
[1947-49=100]
Housing 3
Year and month
All
items
Total
food 2
Total
apparel
T o t a l3
Rent
Gas and
Solid
House
House
electric fuels and furnish hold op
ings
fuel oil
eration
ity
R eading Other
Trans
and
goods
porta M e d ica l Personal
care
recrea
care
and
tion
tion
services4
Average-----------Average................
Average................
Average_________
Average------------Average------------Average------ - _
Average-------------
95.5
102.8
101.8
102.8
111.0
113.5
114. 4
114.8
95.9
104.1
100.0
101.2
112.6
114.6
112.8
112.6
97.1
103.5
99.4
98.1
106.9
105.8
104.8
104.3
95.0
101.7
103.3
106.1
112.4
114.6
117.7
119.1
94.4
100.7
105.0
108.8
113.1
117.9
124.1
128.5
97.6
100.0
102.5
102.7
103.1
104.5
106.6
107.9
88.8
104. 4
106.8
110.5
116.4
118.7
123.9
123.5
97.2
103.2
99.6
100.3
ill.2
108.5
107.9
106.1
97.2
102.6
101.1
101.2
109.0
111.8
115.3
117.4
90.6
100.9
108.5
111.3
118.4
126.2
129.7
128.0
94.9
100.9
104.1
106.0
111.1
117.2
121.3
125.2
97.6
101.3
101.1
101.1
110.5
111.8
112.8
113.4
95.5
100.4
104.1
103.4
106.5
107.0
108.0
107.0
96.1
100.5
103.4
105.2
109.7
115.4
118.2
120.1
1952: January------------February______
M arch__________
A pril____ _____
M a y ____________
June________ --July------------------August_________
September______
October_________
Novem ber______
December............
113.1
112.4
112.4
112.9
113.0
113.4
114.1
114.3
114.1
114.2
114.3
114.1
115.0
112.8
112.7
113.9
114.3
114.6
116.3
116.6
115.4
115.0
115.0
113.8
107.0
106.8
106.4
106.0
105.8
105.6
105.3
105.1
105.8
105.6
105.2
105.1
113.9
114.0
114.0
114.0
114.0
114.0
114.4
114.6
114.8
115.2
115.7
116.4
116.0
116.4
116.7
116.9
117.4
117.6
117.9
118.2
118.3
118.8
119.5
120.7
103.5
103.8
103.8
103.9
104.1
104.3
104.2
105.0
105.0
105.0
105.4
105.6
117.7
117.6
117.7
117.3
115.6
115.8
118.6
119.0
119.6
121.1
121.6
123.2
110.2
110.0
109.4
108.7
108.3
107.7
107.6
107.6
108.1
107.9
108.0
108.2
110.9
110.8
111.0
111.0
111.2
111.2
111.8
111.9
112.1
112.8
113.3
113.4
122.8
123. 7
124.4
124.8
125.1
126.3
126.8
127.0
127.7
128.4
128.9
128.9
114.7
114.8
115.7
115.9
116.1
117.8
118.0
118.1
118.8
118.9
118.9
119.3
111.1
111.0
111.3
111.6
111.7
111.9
112.1
112.1
112.3
112.4
112.5
111.0
107.2
106. 6
106.3
106.2
106.2
106.8
107.0
107.0
107.3
107.6
107.4
108.0
113.2
114.4
114.8
115.2
115.8
115.7
116.0
115.9
115.9
115.8
115.8
115.9
1953: January________
February_______
M arch_________
A pril-----------------M a y ___________
June________ --July------------------August_________
September______
October_________
N ovem ber______
December______
113. 9
113.4
113.6
113.7
114.0
114.5
114.7
115.0
115.2
115.4
115.0
114.9
113.1
111.5
111.7
111.5
112.1
113.7
113.8
114.1
113. 8
113.6
112.0
112.3
104.6
104.6
104.7
104.6
104.7
104.6
104.4
104.3
105.3
105.5
105. 5
105.3
116.4
116.6
116.8
117.0
117.1
117. 4
117.8
118.0
118.4
118.7
118.9
118.9
121.1
121.5
121.7
122.1
123.0
123.3
123.8
125.1
126.0
126.8
127.3
127.6
105.9
106.1
106.5
106.5
106.6
106.4
106.4
106.9
106.9
107.0
107.3
107.2
123.3
123.3
124.4
123.6
121.8
121.8
123.7
123.9
124.6
125.7
125.9
125.3
107.7
108.0
108.0
107.8
107.6
108.0
108.1
107.4
108.1
108.1
108.3
10S. 1
113.4
113.5
114.0
114.3
1J4. 7
115.4
115.7
115.8
116.0
116.6
116.9
117.0
129.3
129.1
129.3
129.4
129.4
129.4
129.7
130.6
130.7
130.7
130.1
128.9
119.4
.119.3
119.5
120.2
120.7
121.1
121. 5
121.8
122.6
122.8
123.3
123.6
112.4
112.5
112.4
112.5
112.8
112.6
112.6
112.7
112.9
113.2
113.4
113.6
107.8
107.5
107.7
107. 9
108.0
107.8
107.4
107.6
107.8
108.6
108.9
108.9
115.9
115.8
117.5
117.9
118.0
118.2
118.3
118.4
118.5
119.7
120.2
120.3
1954: January------------February_______
M arch__________
April___________
M a y____________
June_____
___
July____________
A u g u s t _______
S eptem ber_____
O c to b e r_______
Novem ber______
December_______
115.2
115.0
114.8
114.6
115.0
115.1
115. 2
115.0
114.7
114.5
114.6
114.3
113.1
112.6
112.1
112.4
113.3
113.8
114.6
113.9
112.4
111.8
110.4
104.9
104.7
104.3
104.1
104.2
104.2
104.0
103. 7
104. 3
104.6
104.6
104.3
118.8
118.9
119.0
118. 5
118.9
118.9
119.0
119.2
119.5
119.5
119.5
119.7
127.8
127.9
128.0
128.2
128.3
128.3
128.5
128.6
128.8
129.0
129.2
129.4
107.1
107.5
107.6
107.6
107.7
107.6
107.8
107.8
107.9
108.5
108.7
109.1
125.7
126.2
125.8
123.9
120.9
120.9
121.1
121.9
122.4
123.8
124.2
125. 5
107.2
107.2
107.2
106.1
105.9
105.8
105.7
105. 4
106.0
105.6
105.4
105.4
117.2
117.3
117.5
116.9
117.2
117.2
117.2
117.3
117.4
117.6
117.8
117.7
130.5
129.4
129.0
129.1
129.1
128.9
126.7
126.6
126.4
125.0
127.6
127.3
123.7
124.1
124.4
124.9
125.1
125.1
125.2
125.5
125.7
125.9
126.1
126.3
113.7
113.9
114.1
112.9
113.0
112.7
113.3
113.4
113.5
113.4
113.8
113.6
108.7
108.0
108.2
106.5
106.4
106.4
107.0
106.6
106.5
106.9
106.8
106.6
120.3
120.2
120.1
120.2
120.1
120.1
120.3
120.2
120.1
120.1
120.0
119.9
1955: January_________
February______
M arch__________
A pril___________
114.3
114.3
114.3
114.2
110.6
110.8
110.8
111.2
103.3
103.4
103.2
103.1
119.6
119.6
119.6
119.5
129.5
129.7
130.0
129.9
109.4
109.9
110.3
110.3
126.1
126.2
126.2
125.7
104.6
104.8
104.6
104.5
117.7
117.7
117.9
118.1
127.6
127.4
127.3
125.3
126.5
126.8
127.0
127.3
113.7
113.5
113.5
113.7
106.9
106.4
106.6
106.6
119.9
119.8
119.8
119.8
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1954:
111.1
i A major revision was incorporated in the Consumer Price Index beginning
January 1953. The revised index, based on 46 cities, has been linked to the
previously published “ interim adjusted” indexes for 34 cities and rebased on
1947-49=100 to form a continuous series. For the convenience of users, the
“ All-items” indexes are also shown on the 1935-39=100 base in table D-4.
T he revised Consumer Price Index measures the average change in prices
of goods and services purchased b y urban wage-earner and clerical-worker
families. Data for 46 large, m edium, and small cities are com bined for the
United States average.
For a history and description of the index, see: The Consumer Price Index—
A Laym an’s Guide, Bulletin 1140; The Consumer Price Index, in the F eb
ruary 1953 M onthly Labor Review; The Interim Adjustment of Consumers’
Price Index, in the A pril 1951 M onthly Labor Review; Interim Adjustment
of Consumers’ Price Index, Bulletin 1039; and the following reports: Con
sumers’ Price Index, Report of a Special Subcommittee of the House C om
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
mittee on Education and Labor (1951); and Report of the President’s Com
mittee on the Cost of Living (1945).
M imeographed tables are available upon request showingindexesforthe
United States and 20 individual cities regularly surveyed b y the Bureau for
“ All items” and 8 major components from 1947 to date. Indexes are also
available from 1913 for “ All item s,” food, apparel, and rent, for all large cities
combined, and from varying dates for individual cities.
2 Includes “ F ood away from home” (restaurant meals and other food
bought and eaten away from hom e); prior to January 1953, prices for this
category were estimated to m ove like prices for “ F ood at hom e” but, since
that date, have been measured b y prices of restaurant meals.
2 Includes “ Other shelter.”
4 Includes tobacco, alcoholic beverages, and “ miscellaneous services” (such
as legal services, banking fees, and burial services).
D : CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
743
T able D -2 : Consumer Price Index 1— United States average, food and its subgroups
[1947-49=100]
Food at home
Total
Year and month fo o d 2
Total
food
at
home
95.9
104.1
100.0
101.2
112.6
114.6
112.8
112.6
113.1
111.5
111.7
111.5
112.1
113.7
113.8
114.1
113.8
113.6
95.9
104.1
100.0
101.2
112.6
114.6
112.5
111.9
112.9
111.1
111.3
111.1
111.7
113.7
113.8
114.1
113.5
113.3
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1954:
1953:
A v g ______
A v g _ _____
A vg -------A v g .........
A v g ______
A v g ______
A v g ______
A v g _____
Jan_______
F eb ______
M ar______
A p r______
M a y _____
June______
July______
A u g...........
Sept--------Oct_______
Cereals Meats,
and
poul
bakery
try,
prod
and
fish
ucts
94.0
103.4
102.7
104.5
114.0
116.8
119.1
121.9
117.7
117.6
117.7
118.0
118.4
118.9
119.1
119.5
120.3
120.4
93.5
106.1
100.5
104.9
117.2
116.2
109.9
108.0
110.9
107.7
107.4
106.8
109.2
111.3
112.0
114.1
113. 5
111.1
Food at home
Dairy
prod
ucts
Fruits
and
vege
tables
Other
foods 3
Year and month
96.7
106.3
96.9
95.9
107.0
111.5
109.6
106.1
111.6
110.7
110.3
109.0
107.8
107.5
108.3
109.1
109.6
110.1
97.6
100.5
101.9
97.6
106.7
117.2
113.5
111.9
116.7
115.9
115.5
115.0
115.2
121.7
118.2
112.7
106.6
107.7
100.1
102.5
97.5
101.2
114.6
109.3
112.2
114.8
109.7
107.3
109.1
110.4
110.3
110.9
112.3
114.4
116.7
117.4
1 See footnote 1 to table D -l . Indexes for 18 food subgroups (1935-39=
100) from 1923 to December 1952 were published in the M arch 1953 M onthly
Labor Review and in previous issues.
1953: N o v ______
D e c______
1954: Jan_______
F eb ______
M ar______
A p r_____
M a y _____
June______
July______
A u g---------Sept_____
Oct_______
N o v ______
D ec______
1955: Jan_______
F eb ______
M ar______
A p r______
Total
fo o d 2
112.0
112.3
113.1
112.6
112.1
112.4
113.3
113.8
114.6
113.9
112.4
111.8
111.1
110.4
110.6
110.8
110.8
111.2
Total
food
at
home
111.4
111.7
112.6
112.0
111.4
111.8
112.8
113.3
114.2
113.3
111.6
110.9
110.1
109.2
109.4
109.6
109.7
110.1
Cereals Meats,
and
poul
bakery
try,
prod
and
ucts
fish
120.6
120.9
121.2
121.3
121.2
121.1
121.3
121.3
121.6
122.3
122.6
122.7
123.1
123.3
123.4
123.8
123.9
123.9
107.0
107.8
110.2
109.7
109.5
110.5
111.0
111.1
109.7
107.6
106.7
103.9
103.5
102.2
102.4
102.5
102.3
103.0
Dairy
prod
ucts
Fruits
and
vege
tables
Other
foods 3
110.5
110.3
109.7
109.0
108.0
104.6
103.5
102.9
104.3
105.1
105.8
106.7
106.6
106.8
106.4
106.1
105.4
104.6
107.4
109.2
110.8
108.0
107.8
110.0
114.6
117.1
120.1
114.7
110.5
111.1
109.6
108.4
110.6
110.7
112.0
117.5
114.8
113.5
113.5
114.0
112.3
113.6
114.5
115.2
117.3
119.6
116.0
115.7
113.7
112.0
111.3
112.1
111.9
109.4
2 s ee footnote 2 to table D - l .
3 includes eggs, fats and oils, sugar and sweets, beverages (nonalcoholic),
and other miscellaneous foods.
T able D -3 : Consumer Price Index 1— United States average, apparel and its subgroups
[1947-49=100]
Year and month
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1954:
1953:
A v g _____________
A v g _____________
A v g _____________
A v g ___________ A v g _____________
A v g _____________
A v g ____ ________
A v g _____________
Jan______________
F eb _____________
M a r________ ____
A p r______________
M a y _____________
June_____________
J u ly .------------------A u g--------------------S e p t...
----------O c t - - - -------------
Total
apparel
.
97.1
103.5
99.4
98.1
106.9
105.8
104.8
104.3
104.6
104.6
104.7
104.6
104.7
104.6
104.4
104.3
105.3
105.5
M en’s
and
boys’
97.3
102.7
100.0
99.5
107. 7
108.2
107.4
106.8
107.1
107.3
107.3
107.3
107.4
107.2
107.4
107.3
107.5
107.6
W om en’s
and
girls’
98.0
103.8
98.1
94.8
102.2
100.9
99.7
98.9
99.7
99.3
99.6
99.4
99.4
99.2
98.9
98.7
100.5
100.8
F oot
wear
94.5
103.2
102.4
104.0
117.7
115.3
115.2
116.4
114.3
114.6
114.5
114.8
115.1
115.3
115.0
115.0
115.3
115.8
Other 2
apparel
(3)
108.6
93.2
92.0
101.6
92.1
92.1
90.7
92.0
92.3
92.4
92.1
92.5
92.3
92.2
92.0
92.5
92.3
1 See footnote 1 to table D -l .
'
2 Includes diapers, yard goods, and an unpriced group of items represented
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Year and month
1953: N o v _____________
D ee_____________
1954: Jan______________
Feb______________
M a r ,,_______
____
A p r ___
M a y ____________
J u n e -- -------July_____________
A u g--------------------Sept_____ - - - __
Oct--_ ------------N o v _____________
D ec_____________
1955: Jan_______ _ _
F eb______________
M a r___________
A p r___________
Total
apparel
105.5
105.3
104.9
104.7
104.3
104.1
104.2
104.2
104.0
103.7
104.3
104.6
104.6
104.3
103.3
103.4
103.2
103.1
M en’s
and
boys’
107.8
107.6
107.4
107.4
107.2
107.1
107.3
107.0
106.6
106.4
106.4
106.4
106.5
106.5
105.5
105.6
105.6
105.5
W om en’s
and
girls’
100.7
100.5
99.8
99.5
99.0
98.4
98.5
98.5
98.2
97.7
99.0
99.6
99.5
99.0
97.6
97.7
97.4
97.1
F oot
wear
116.2
116.1
116.2
116.1
116.1
116.1
115.9
116.3
116.5
116.9
116.5
116.7
117.0
116.9
116.7
116.6
116.7
116.9
Other 2
apparel
91.3
90.
90.4
90.4
90.0
90.4
90.9
91.0
90.8
90.7
90.9
91.1
91.2
91.1
90.5
90.6
90.4
90.2
in the index b y the weighted average of prices for all priced items in the total
apparel group.
3 N ot available
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
744
T able D -4 : Consumer Price Index 1—United States average, all items and food
1947-49=100
1947-49=100
1935-39=100
1935-39=100
Year and month
Year
All
items
Total
food 2
42.3
42.9
43.4
46.6
54.8
64.3
74.0
85. 7
76.4
71.6
72.9
73.1
75.0
75.6
74.2
73.3
73.3
71.4
65.0
58.4
55.3
57.2
58. 7
59. 3
61.4
60.3
59.4
59.9
62.9
69.7
74.0
75.2
39.6
40.5
40.0
45.0
57.9
66. 5
74.2
83.6
63.5
59.4
61.4
60.8
65.8
68.0
65.5
64.8
65.6
62.4
51.4
42.8
41.6
46.4
49.7
50.1
52.1
48.4
47.1
47.8
52.2
61.3
68.3
67.4
1943: Average______
1944: Average______
All items
70.7
71.8
72.5
77.9
91.6
107.5
123.8
143.3
127.7
119.7
121.9
122.2
125.4
126.4
124.0
122.6
122.5
119.4
108.7
97.6
92.4
95.7
98.1
99.1
102.7
100.8
99.4
100.2
105.2
116.6
123.7
125.7
1935-39=100
1947-49=100
Year and month
1945: Average______
1951: January— —
September___
October______
All
items
Total
food 2
76.9
83.4
95.5
102.8
101.8
102.8
111.0
113.5
114.4
114.8
108.6
109.9
110.3
110.4
110.9
110.8
110.9
110.9
111.6
112.1
112.8
113.1
113.1
112.4
112.4
112.9
113.0
113.4
114.1
114.3
114.1
114.2
68.9
79.0
95.9
104.1
100.0
101.2
112.6
114.6
112.8
112.6
109.9
111.9
112.0
111.7
112.6
112.3
112.7
112.4
112.5
113.5
114.6
115.0
115.0
112.6
112.7
113.9
114.3
114.6
116.3
116.6
115.4
115.0
All items
128.6
139.5
159.6
171.9
170.2
171.9
185.6
189.8
191.3
191.9
181.5
183.8
184.5
184.6
185.4
185.2
185.5
185.5
186.6
187.4
188.6
189.1
189.1
187.9
188.0
188.7
189.0
189.6
190.8
191.1
190.8
190.9
1952: Novem ber___
December____
1953: January______
February —_
M arch_______
A pril_________
M a y _________
June_________
July_________
August___. . .
September___
October. . . .
N ovem ber__
December____
1954: January...........
F e b r u a r y ___
M arch_______
A pril_________
M a y _________
J u n e.. . . - .
July__________
August_______
September__
October______
N ovem ber___
Decem ber____
1955: January______
February. . .
M a r c h . . . ___
A pril_______ .
All
items
Total
food 2
114.3
114.1
113.9
113.4
113.6
113.7
114.0
114.5
114.7
115.0
115.2
115.4
115.0
114.9
115.2
115.0
114.8
114.6
115.0
115.1
115.2
115.0
114.7
114.5
114.6
114.3
114.3
114.3
114.3
114.2
115.0
113.8
113.1
111. 5
111.7
111.5
112.1
113.7
113.8
114.1
113.8
113.6
112.0
112.3
113.1
112.6
112.1
112.4
113.3
113.8
114.6
113.9
112.4
111.8
111.1
110.4
110.6
110.8
110.8
111.2
All items
191.1
190.7
190.4
189.6
189.9
190.1
190.6
191.4
191.8
192.3
192.6
192.9
192.3
192.1
192.6
192.3
191.9
191.6
192.3
192.4
192.6
192.3
191.8
191.4
191.6
191. 1
191.1
191.1
191.1
190.9
1 See footnote 1 to table D - l .
2 See footnote 2 to table D - l .
T able D -5 : Consumer Price Index 1—All items indexes for selected dates, by city
1935-39
= 100
1947-49=100
C ity
Aug.
1954
July
1954
June
1954
M ay
1954
Apr.
1954
June
1950
114.5
114.7
115.0
115.2
115.1
115.0
114.6
101.8
(3)
(3)
116.3
115.2
(3)
(3)
(3)
117.6
115. 5
(3)
(3)
(3)
113.5
117.1
(3)
117.4
114.3
(3)
117.7
(3)
113.8
118.0
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
117.3
114.2
117.3
(3)
112.9
116.5
(3)
101.6
102.8
102.8
101.2
115.3
116.9
116.7
(3)
115.0
(3)
116.0
(3)
115.7
114.8
(3)
116.2
(3)
(3)
115.4
115.3
116.8
116.5
(3)
115.1
(3)
117.5
(3)
115.6
114.9
(3)
117.1
(3)
(3)
115.7
115.3
116.9
116.7
(3)
115.9
(3)
116.7
(3)
115.5
115.7
(3)
102.8
103.8
(3)
101.3
(3)
196.1
(3)
185.5
191.3
(3)
112.2
115.6
(3)
(3)
(3)
112.7
115.9
116.9
112.6
116.1
114.3
115.2
(3)
112.7
116.2
C3)
(3)
113.0
116.2
(3)
(3)
117.3
113.3
116.3
115.4
115.5
(3)
112.9
115.9
(3)
(3)
(3)
112.9
115.3
(3)
(3)
116.3
112.5
115.1
114.5
114.8
102.1
100.9
101.6
101.1
(3)
193.8
185.9
192.7
193.5
197.8
115.4
115.7
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
115.7
116.2
(3)
C3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
112.4
116.2
114.1
(3)
117.4
116.8
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
112.3
116.3
113.7
(3)
C3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
101.1
100.9
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
C3)
(3)
Mar.
1955
Feb.
1955
Jan.
1955
Dec.
1954
N ov.
1954
Oct.
1954
United States average 2_____________
114.2
114.3
114.3
114.3
114.3
114.6
Atlanta, Ga.................... ...............................
Baltimore, M d_
. . . ________________
Boston, Mass____________________________
Chicago, 111— ___________________________
Cincinnati, Ohio- . ________ . _________
(3)
(3)
113.4
116.9
(3)
115.3
114.9
(3)
117.0
113.4
(3)
(3)
(3)
117.1
(3)
(3)
(3)
113.0
117.0
(3)
115.7
114.8
(3)
117.0
113.3
C3)
(3)
(3)
117.6
(3)
Cleveland, Ohio_________________________
<*>
Detroit, M ich ____________ _______ _____ _ 116.2
Houston, Tex. _______ __________________
(3)
Kansas C ity, M o ____________ __________ _ 115.2
Los Angeles, C alif. _____________________ 114.5
(3)
116.3
(3)
(3)
115.1
114.9
116.3
115.7
m
114.7
(3)
116.0
(3)
115.3
115.4
(3)
116.2
(3)
(3)
115.3
Minneapolis, M in n ______________________
New York, N . Y ________________________
Philadelphia, P a .._____ _________________
Pittsburgh, P a ___________ _________ ____
Portland, O reg.. _______ _______ ______
117.0
112.3
115.8
113.8
114.2
(3)
112.4
115.8
(3)
(3)
(3)
112.5
115.7
(3)
(3)
116.5
112.3
115.4
113.8
114.6
St. Louis, M o ___________________________
San Francisco, Calif. ___________________
Scranton, P a .. ________________________
Seattle, Wash _. _______________________
Washington, D . C _______________ ____ _
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
115.6
115.6
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
111.7
116.3
113.2
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
1 See footnote 1 to table D -l. Indexes are based on time-to-time changes
In the cost of goods and services purchased b y urban wage-earner and clericalworker families. T hey do not indicate whether it costs more to live in one
city than in another.
2 Average of 46 cities beginning January 1953. See footnote 1 to table D - l.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Revised
series
Apr.
1955
Sept.
1954
Apr.
1955
(3)
(3)
(3)
112.3
115.7
113.5
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
C3)
(3)
(3)
190.9
(3)
(3)
182.6
199.1
(3)
s Prior to January 1953, indexes were computed m onthly for 9 of these cities
and once every 3 months for the remaining 11 cities on a rotating cycle.
Beginning in January 1953, indexes are com puted m onthly for 5 cities and
once every 3 months for the 15 remaining cities on a rotating cycle.
D : CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
745
T able D -6 : Consumer Price Index 1— All items and commodity groups, except food,2 by city
[1947-49=100]
All items
Personal care
Medical care
Reading and
recreation
Transportation
Other goods and
services
C ity and cycle of pricing
April
1955
United States average________
M onthly:
Chicago, 111______________
Detroit, M ich____________
Los Angeles, Calif_______
N ew York, N . Y _________
Philadelphia, Pa_________
Jan., Apr., July, and Oct.:
Boston, Mass____________
Kansas City, M o ------------Minneapolis, M in n . ___
Pittsburgh, Pa----------------Portland, Oreg-----------------
April
1954
April
1954
April
1955
April
1954
April
1955
April
1954
April
1955
April
1954
April
1955
April
1954
114.2
114.6
113.7
112.9
127.3
124.9
125.3
129.1
106.6
106.5
119.8
120.2
116.9
116.2
114.5
112.3
115.8
116.5
116.7
115.7
112.5
115.1
115.3
119.5
117.3
108.4
117.8
113.2
119.1
116.6
107.5
117.0
128.0
132.4
121.4
125.4
135.1
122.8
122.5
122.5
123.9
123.7
129.6
120.8
122.3
129.4
137.1
132.4
120.7
127.3
134.1
137.2
113.1
108.8
97.3
104.9
112.4
107.5
111.0
100.5
104.1
110.1
118.1
124. 7
114 3
121. 0
123.5
118
125
115
121
113.4
115.2
117.0
113.8
114.2
112.9
115.5
116.3
114.5
114.8
111.6
116. 2
115.7
116.5
109.9
112.3
115.6
115.7
116.5
110.6
124.5
136.2
146.7
127.4
126.5
124.4
135.4
141.9
127.8
121.4
134. 0
123. 5
117.5
137.7
123.0
140.9
129.8
120.9
138.6
124.6
107.1
114.6
117.5
98.6
114.6
104.7
113.4
114.1
96.8
111.3
118.4
117.0
125.6
120.4
118.5
118 5
117 5
125 1
120 5
118.7
March
1955
M ar., June, Sept., and Dec.:
Atlanta, Ga______________
Baltimore, M d __________
Cincinnati, Ohio. _______
St. Louis, M o ________ . . .
San Francisco, Calif---------
April
1955
March
1954
115.3
114.9
113.4
115.6
115.6
March
1955
117.0
114.8
114.2
116. 9
116.5
March
1954
114.7
107.6
109.0
113. 5
110.9
March
1955
116.6
108.6
110.2
114.6
113. 0
122.8
134.4
127.4
140.3
123.5
March
1954
120. 8
133.3
124.6
134.6
123.2
March
1955
123.6
136.8
123.8
134.8
140.8
March
1954
March
1955
127.3
138.2
128.2
136.2
143.4
March
1954
107.2
115.7
101.0
92.7
108.7
112.0
113.7
99. 8
99. 4
105.7
March
1955
118.0
122. 6
116.1
115 0
115.2
8
n
2
8
123.4
1954
118
128
118
115
2
8
1
7
116.3
February February February February February February February February February February February February
1955
1954
1955
1954
1955
1954
1955
1954
1955
1954
1955
1954
Feb., M ay, Aug., and N ov.:
Cleveland, Ohio_______ _
Houston, Tex----- .
_ .
Scranton. P a .------ -----------Seattle, W a s h ----------------Washington, D . C _ --------
114.9
115.7
111.7
116.3
113.2
115.2
116.9
113. 2
116.2
114.1
114.5
119.6
111.5
116.0
111.3
115.0
120.3
113 0
111.3
112.4
131.0
120.0
119.6
130.6
118.2
129.2
119.2
119.6
129.5
117.1
119.5
123.7
128.2
128.5
129.0
123.1
125. 5
128.4
132.9
128.1
116.4
109.7
118.5
107.4
104.3
117.3
112.0
117.7
111.0
110.5
119.1
118. 8
116.1
125.9
129.8
110 8
110 fi
110 8
127 2
127.2
Apparel
Total
April
1955
United States average...........
M onthly:
Chicago, I l L - --------------Detroit, M ich __________
Los Angeles, Calif______
N ew York, N . Y _ ............
Philadelphia, P a _______
Jan,, Apr., July, and Oct.:
Boston, Mass___________
Kansas City, M o _______
Minneapolis, M in n _____
Pittsburgh, P a -------------Portland, Oreg_________
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
April
1955
April
1954
April
1955
April
1954
Footwear
April
1955
Other apparel3
April
1954
April
1955
1954
104.1
105.5
107.1
97.1
98.4
116.9
116.1
90.2
90.4
104.0
101.9
103.4
101.4
104. 5
108.1
102.6
103.8
104.0
105.7
109.6
106.5
107.6
105.6
104.1
114.0
109.4
109.5
106.5
105.3
94.6
94.7
96.5
93.9
102.5
101.2
94.5
96.9
98.5
104.2
120.8
113.0
118.0
115.9
111.5
117.5
112.5
115.0
115.4
110.8
92.5
87.1
82.3
92.9
92.0
93. 6
8
82 2
93. 8
92.6
102.6
102.3
103.5
102.7
106.0
101.1
103.8
105.5
103.4
104.6
103.5
105.9
107.5
104.9
109.3
103.2
107.7
109.4
107.1
110.3
97.5
96.3
97.6
96.1
98.9
95.3
98.0
100.4
96.6
95.3
112.5
114. 2
112.8
115.7
119.9
112.0
114.7
113.7
114.9
119.9
103.6
86.8
91.6
98.2
94.6
102.0
87. 6
91. 8
98.3
93.6
108.4
102.7
103.4
104.1
103.1
February
1955
Feb., M ay, Aug., and N ov.:
Cleveland, Ohio..............
Houston, T ex................
Scranton, P a ___________
Seattle, W ash__________
Washington, D C ...........
April
1954
W om en’s and girls’
103.1
March
1955
Mar., June, Sept., and Dec.:
Atlanta, Ga......... ............
Baltimore, M d _________
Cincinnati, Ohio..............
St. Louis, M o __________
San Francisco, Calif........
M en’s and boys’
103.6
106.3
105. 4
106.2
101.2
March
1954
March
1955
March
1954
March
1955
March
1954
March
1955
March
1954
March
1955
111.2
102.4
103.1
104.5
103.5
110.9
101.2
103.8
107.6
104.9
114.6
101.3
106.1
109.7
105.6
102.2
99.5
98.8
96.7
98.7
105.8
98.9
96.8
96.8
100.0
123.2
116.7
123.0
119.0
116.3
122.6
117.5
122.6
117.8
113.5
91.0
94. 4
86.2
96.0
87.8
February
1954
February
1955
February
1954
February
1955
February
1954
February
1955
February
1954
February
1955
104.7
106.5
106.4
106.0
103.4
107.8
104.9
106.8
109.4
105.2
108.9
106.0
107.4
109.6
105.6
95.9
100.3
100.2
100.8
94.8
97.9
100.7
101.9
100.9
99.1
117.6
128.4
120.4
118.6
114.7
116.7
127.4
120.5
117.5
114.6
92.7
90.7
91. 5
86.8
90.1
1954
91.3
93.1
85.1
95. 6
87.8
February
1954
92.4
88. 7
90.8
85. 7
90.3
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
746
T able D -6 : Consumer Price Index1—All items and commodity groups, except food,2by city— Continued
[1947-49=100]
Housing
C ity and cycle of pricing
Total housing
April
1955
United States a vera ge----------M onthly:
Chicago, 111 ____________
Detroit, M ich -----------------Los Angeles, Calif_______
N ew York, N. Y ------Philadelphia, Pa_________
Jan., Apr., July, and Oct.:
Boston, Mass____________
Kansas City, M o ________
Minneapolis, M i n n -------Pittsburgh, Pa----------------Portland, Oreg---------------
April
1955
April
1954
April
1954
April
1955
Solid fuels and fuel
oil
April
1955
April
1954
House furnishings
April
1955
April
1954
Household opera
tion
April
1955
April
1954
119.5
118.5
129.9
128.2
110.3
107.6
125.7
123.9
104.5
106.1
118.1
116.9
128.2
121.9
122.8
115.3
114.9
124.9
122.1
123.3
115.0
113.5
(4)
140.1
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
138.1
«
w
110.5
108.7
113.6
109.0
102.3
106.2
110.3
109.5
108.7
102.3
126.2
119.9
(4)
130.2
126.9
124.0
119.4
W
129.4
123.2
106.1
107.6
107.0
105.1
105.6
107.5
110.1
107.5
106.6
109.1
121.1
112.1
108.3
119.1
114.3
120.5
109.9
107.4
118.6
113.4
120.4
121.3
122.8
116.2
118.3
117.5
118.3
119.8
116.5
119.4
(4)
138.3
W
124.0
(4)
(4)
133.5
«
122.8
(4)
111.7
118.0
118.8
120.5
107.8
108.9
105.2
110.0
116.7
105.2
128.1
113.2
117.2
118.8
128.9
122.6
113.2
114.8
123.2
127.6
105.5
102.3
102.4
105.2
106.3
104.1
106.4
106.3
104.6
108.9
117.2
124.8
120.2
120.0
112.3
113.1
120.9
121.0
119.8
111.6
March
1955
M ar., June, Sept., and Dec.:
Atlanta, Ga--------------- --- Baltimore, M d ------ ------Cincinnati, Ohio-------------St. Louis, M o ___ - ----San Francisco, Calif---------
April
1954
Gas and electricity
Rent
123.9
115.9
117.3
119.4
115.9
March
1954
124.1
113.8
116.7
119.1
118.0
March
1955
132.3
125.0
(4)
(4)
(4)
March
1954
130.5
123.7
W
«
(4)
March
1955
March
1954
113.3
100.1
118.7
103.8
132.5
112.0
97.5
115.4
103.8
130.1
March
1955
119.5
127.2
127.2
139.6
(4)
March
1954
119. 5
126.9
127.2
135.1
«
March
1955
107.4
98. 5
100.1
101.7
103.9
March
1954
112.0
100.9
102.9
106.7
106.9
March
1955
128.5
110.9
122.3
119.4
109.3
March
1954
128.2
109.7
121.5
119.0
109.6
February February February February February February February February February February February February
1954
1955
1954
1955
1954
1955
1955
1954
1955
1954
1955
1954
Feb., M ay, Aug., and N ov.:
Cleveland, Ohio_________
Houston, T ex____________
Scranton, Pa-------------------Seattle, W ash____________
Washington, D . C . ............
121.2
123.0
115.9
120.6
116.4
119.1
123.6
116.4
118.3
117.7
1 See footnote 1 to table D -l .
s See tables D -2, D -4, D -7, and D-8, for food.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
142.5
138.9
(4)
136.7
(4)
138.8
138.3
(4)
134.8
(4)
109.1
106.8
119.4
88.5
118.2
'
106.8
106.5
112.2
88.5
118.1
124.1
(4)
133.2
127.6
134.7
124.3
(4)
139.9
127.3
133.3
3 See footnote 2 to table D-3.
4 N ot available.
102.7
101.3
100.3
103.5
105.2
104.0
102.2
102.3
106.1
108.2
111.8
127.0
109.9
114.2
116.9
111.4
129.0
107.6
111.5
114.7
D : CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T4Y
T able D -7 : Consumer Price Index 1—Food and its subgroups, by city
[1947-49 = 100]
Food at home
Total food 2
Total food at home
City
Apr.
1955
Mar.
1955
Apr.
1954
Apr.
1955
Mar.
1955
Cereals and bakery products
Apr.
1954
Apr.
1955
Mar.
1955
Meats, poultry, and fish
Apr.
1954
Apr.
1955
Mar.
1955
Apr.
1954
United States average 3______
111.2
110.8
112.4
110.1
109.7
111.8
123.9
123.9
121.1
103.0
102.3
110.5
Atlanta, G a _______ ____ ____
Baltimore, M d ______________
Boston, Mass________________
Chicago, 111. ______ __
. .
Cincinnati, Ohio_____________
110.8
111.6
109.0
109.0
112.5
110.0
111.7
109.0
108.3
111.7
112.8
113.9
109.3
110.4
113.7
109.1
110.1
107.5
107.6
111.6
108.2
110.3
107.6
106.6
110.7
111.9
113.1
108.1
109.8
113.2
117.9
121.9
119.1
118.9
126.4
117.9
122.0
119.1
119.2
125.1
116.1
122.0
119.2
117.2
118.4
107.0
103.3
100.6
97.2
103.9
105.3
103.7
100.0
95.4
102.8
117.9
113.0
106.0
105.8
115.5
Cleveland, Ohio__________ . .
Detroit, M ich_________ _____
Houston, T ex_____ ______ . .
Kansas City, M o _____ _____
Los Angeles, Calif_______ . . .
108.1
113.3
111.1
107.0
113.0
108.6
113.0
110.7
106.9
112.0
110.2
116.1
112.1
109.0
113.1
106.8
111.9
110.0
105.5
110.7
107.4
111.6
109.5
105.2
110.2
109.4
115.2
111.0
108.4
111.8
120.5
120.2
118.7
120.8
127.9
120.4
120.0
118.8
120.7
127.8
116.6
117.8
118.5
120.3
122.5
98.8
100.7
101.2
98.7
102.1
99.7
100.1
100.8
96.9
101.6
107.6
109.8
107.0
107.7
109.6
Minneapolis, M inn___ _____
N ew York, N . Y _____________
Philadelphia, P a .. .
_____
Pittsburgh, Pa_________ __ . .
Portland, Oreg_______________
111.5
111.6
113.4
111.5
110.0
111. 3
111.0
113.3
109.7
112.1
111.0
114.3
113.3
112.2
110.8
110.7
112.3
110.7
109.6
110.7
110.0
112.1
110.1
109.0
111.9
110.6
113.4
112.6
112.0
126.1
128.2
121.0
124.5
124.3
125.9
128.2
121.0
124.4
124.2
124.7
125.2
120.8
121.1
115.6
98.7
106.6
107.0
99.3
102.1
97.5
106.4
106.3
98.3
101.6
103.8
110.4
112.4
107.0
114.0
St. Louis, M o ____ ______ _
San Francisco, Calif____ .
Scranton, Pa____________ . . .
Seattle, W ash ... _____ _____
Washington, D . C . . . _ _____
112.5
113.5
109.0
111.9
111.5
111.8
113.1
108.7
112.4
110.9
114.9
113.9
111.8
112.6
111.0
110.1
112.8
108.9
111.3
110.2
109.2
112.3
108.6
111.9
109.5
113.3
113.1
111.3
112.5
110.4
118.9
130.9
118.6
127.3
122.2
118.9
130.7
118.6
127.5
122.3
116.5
127.5
119.4
122.0
118.6
102.5
107.4
102.0
100.5
100.5
101.3
106.2
100.9
101.7
100.1
110.4
110.4
110.0
110.5
105.6
111.0
Food at home—Continued
Dairy products
C ity
Apr.
1955
United States average_______ _ _
Mar.
1955
Other foods at home 4
Fruits and vegetables
Apr.
1954
Apr.
1955
Mar.
1955
Apr.
1954
Mar.
1955
Apr.
1955
Apr.
1954
____
104.6
105.4
104.6
117.5
112.0
110.0
109.4
111.9
113.6
Atlanta, Ga_________ ___ _
Baltimore, M d ___________ __________ _
Boston, Mass___ ________ _ _________ _ _
Chicago, Ill__
_______
Cincinnati, Ohio___________________________
108.0
108.2
105.3
105.5
106.4
108.4
108.3
108.0
105.5
106.5
108.3
107.8
104.3
104.4
103.6
117.2
114.6
112.0
114.1
115.6
110.0
110.0
107.8
108. 5
109.5
105.8
110.2
103.2
105.6
105.9
101.5
108.9
105.1
114.7
115.3
103.9
112.1
107.2
117.3
117.9
107.3
112.2
107.5
120. 1
119.4
Cleveland, Ohio_________
___ _ _ ______
Detroit, M ich_________ _________________ _
Houston, T e x _ _ _ ____ ______ __
_______
Kansas City, M o _____ _ _ _________ _____
Los Angeles, Calif________________ ________
96.7
102.1
108.7
104.5
102.9
99.6
102.8
108.8
108.0
102.9
97.7
105.9
109.2
99.7
103.2
111.0
131.6
119.8
108.0
121.6
105.9
124.9
116.6
103.0
115.6
105.1
123.8
111.0
105.0
113.6
113.4
110.6
109.3
103.1
108.1
116.4
114.3
109.6
105.5
111.2
117.6
116.0
111.8
109.2
111.7
Minneapolis, M in n __________________ ___
N ew York, N . Y ____ __ ___ _ ___ ___
Philadelphia, Pa____ _______ _ _ _ ______
Pittsburgh, Pa_____________________________
Portland, Oreg_______ ___________________
102.9
104.1
106.3
106.9
103.5
103.1
104.2
109.2
109.7
103.5
102.4
101.8
105.5
107.1
107.1
123.1
111.4
119.9
115. 6
117.5
118.3
105.4
114.3
107.5
114.4
120.2
103.4
110.0
107.7
111.0
117.2
111.5
110.8
118.4
109.3
121.9
113.3
112.8
120.9
109.4
118.0
115.6
115.8
123.4
112.0
St. Louis, Mo_
_ ____________ __ _______
San Francisco, Calif_______ _
Scranton, P a ___ __ ________ _
_ _______
Seattle, Wash__
_ _ ______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Washington, D . C___ _ __________________
90.3
104.6
105.1
108.2
110.1
91.5
104.9
107.7
108.2
111.0
96.7
105.5
107.0
103.9
111.9
125.9
121.8
115.2
124.2
115.2
118.5
118.2
108.5
122.0
107.8
119.6
118.8
104.3
115.6
106.1
118.3
108.4
108.2
108.2
110.0
120.8
110.4
111. 1
110.5
112.1
122.3
109.3
114.1
111.9
111.5
1 See footnote 1 to table D -l . Indexes for 56 cities for total food (193539=100 or June 1940=100) were published in the March 1953 M onthly Labor
Review and in previous issues. See table D -8 for U. S. average prices for 46
cities combined.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 See footnote 2 to table D - l .
3 Average of 46 cities beginning January 1953.
1 See footnote 3 to table D -2.
See footnote 1 to table D - l
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
748
T able D -8 : Average retail prices of selected foods
Com m odity
Cereals and bakery products:
Flour, wheat________ _______
____ 5 poun ds..
Apr.
1955
Mar.
1955
Apr.
1954
Cents
54.1
27.4
Cents
54.1
27.4
17.8
19.0
Cents
53.8
27.5
12.5
19.7
18.5
17.7
27.0
23.8
17.7
27.0
23.8
17.0
27.1
23.6
90.8
51.6
71.6
39.9
91.0
52.1
71.5
39.7
110.5
88.3
51.2
69.1
40.7
110.9
74.3
66.7
59.4
12.6
17.8
19.0
Cornflakes 4_________________ -------- 12 ounces..
Bread____
_______________ _______ pound.
Soda crackers_______________
_______ do__Vanilla cookies 5_____________ -------- 7 ounces-.
Meats, poultry, and fish:
Beef and veal:
Round steak 1____________ ----------- p oun d-.
Chuck roast 6____________ -------------- d o___
R ib roa st 1______________ __ ----------d o ___
Hamburger_____ _____ -------------- d o___
Veal cutlets 1_____________ -------- __.do____
Pork:
Pork chops, center cut___ _________ d o___
Bacon, s lic e d ___________ ___
__do___
Ham, whole A ________
_________ do_ __
Lamb, leg 1............................
Other meats:
Frankfurters_____________
Luncheon meat, canned .
. 12 ounces..
Poultry:
Frying chickens:
Dressed 7____________ ___
pound.
Ready-to-cook A ___ _________ d o___
Fish:
Ocean perch fillet, frozen 5 _____ _ do__
Haddock, fillet, frozen A... ------------ do_ _
Salmon, pink____________ .16-ounce ca n ..
Tuna fish_____
...7-ounce can
Dairy products:
M ilk, fresh (grocery) . . . _
___ ____ quart
M ilk, fresh (delivered ) 1_______ _ __
_do___
Ice c r e a m ..____
B u t te r ___
Cheese, American process . .
M ilk, e v a p o ra te d ..______
1416-ounce can..
All fruits and vegetables:
Frozen fruits and vegetables:
Strawberries9. . .
Orange juice concentrate. . . . .6 ounces .
Peas, green____ . . .
Beans, green__________
Fresh fruits and vegetables:
Apples_____________
Bananas__________
Oranges, size 200_____
L em on s ... . . .
Grapefruit*.. .
22.0
110.1
12.6
22.0
21.8
77.8
65.9
58.9
68.7
68.1
88.5
88.4
72.8
74.1
53.3
44.3
53.4
45.4
56.0
51.7
50.3
61.7
48.9
59.4
45.4
54.6
42.9
47.3
54.9
37.7
42.7
47.5
54.6
37.9
44.0
49.8
51.2
39.3
21.6
22.6
21.8
30.6
17.9
19.6
24.2
30.8
17.7
19.5
24.2
21.5
22.5
29.6
70.0
57. 7
14.0
fA*
I
36.7
16.7
19.2
24.5
15.3
17.0
49.9
18.3
9.9
14.3
17.0
48.2
18.1
9.5
15.9
16.3
50.1
18.0
9.6
29.1
70.8
57.6
13.7
22.9
29.2
71.0
57.8
13.7
s 42 cities.
644 cities.
7 g cities.
8 36 cities.
,„S
T^c -'lfication R anged from 12 ounces to 10 ounces, effective October 1954.
: unit changed to 10 pounds, effective January 1955.
11 Formerly No.
can, change eflective April 1955.
12 40 cities.
13 Specification changed from N o. 2 can to N o. 303 can, effective October
1954.
* 45 cities.
* 39 cities.
* 33 cities.
: 37 cities. _
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Com m odity
Apr.
1955
All fruits and vegetables—Continued
Cents
Fresh fruits and vegetables—Continued
____ .pou nd.
35.8
_______ "..p in t..
______ p ou n d..
___ ____ do. .
70.6
P otatoes 10__________ _____ ___ 10 pounds .
15.4
Sweetpotatoes......... ............ ______ p o u n d ..
8.5
Onions............. ........ .......... ............. _do___
12.7
Carrots........... ............ .......... ________ d o___
17.6
L ettu ce..................... ........... ________ head-.
14.9
C elery................................... _____ p o u n d ..
9.4
Cabbage_________________ ________ d o ___
32.3
Tom atoes_____ ____ ______ ............_ .d o ___
24.4
Beans, green_____________ _______ d o ____
Canned fruits and vegetables:
32.8
Orange juice....... .................. .46-ounce ca n ..
33.5
Peaches_________________ ...N o . 2% can ..
___
N
o.
2
ca
n
..
32.8
Pineapple 11_______________
Fruit cock ta il 1 1 ...... ............ ..N o . 303 ca n ..
26.5
Corn, cream style________ _________ d o___
17.0
Peas, green_______________ _________ d o ___
21.5
T om atoes 1313_____________ _________ d o___
15.1
B aby foods_______________ ..4)4 -5 ounces..
9.7
Dried fruits and vegetables:
32.9
Prunes__________________ ______ pound _
N avy beans_________ ____ ________do____
18.9
Other foods at home:
Partially prepared foods:
Vegetable s o u p __________ 11-ounce ca n ..
14.1
Beans with pork_________ .16-ounce ca n ..
14.9
Condiments and sauces:
28.2
Pickles, s w e e t________ . . . ___ 1]4 ounces..
Catsup, tom ato___________ ____ 14 ounces..
22.3
Beverages, nonalcoholic:
Coffee______ ____________ ___ ..p o u n d ..
92.5
T e a ..
________ ________ ____ Va. pou n d..
41.1
Cola drink___________carton of 6, 6-oun ce..
32.6
Fats and oils:
35. 0
Margarine, co lored 6______ ........... ___do-._
29.1
L ard_____________________ _________ do_ _
20.8
Salad dressing____________ -------------- p in t..
35.4
Peanut butter___________ _______ p ou n d..
54.3
Sugar and sweets:
Sugar_____________________ ___ 5 p oun ds..
52.1
Corn syrup_______________ ___ 24 ounces..
23.7
Grape jelly ______________ ____ 12 ounces..
25.9
Chocolate bar 14 ______
____ % oun ces..
4.6
Eggs, fresh... .
__________ _______ d ozen..
54.9
Miscellaneous foods:
Gelatin, flavored_________ ___ 3-4 ounces
8.5
Mar.
1955
Apr.
1954
Cents
Cents
38.7
54.5
15.1
7.4
13.0
17.4
15.5
7.8
34.2
66.9
13.4
6.6
12.4
15.1
12.6
22.8
7.4
28.6
25.2
32.7
33.4
39.0
40.7
17.0
21.4
15.0
9.7
32.8
32.9
38.6
41.1
18.4
21.3
17.2
9.8
32.7
18.8
30.0
17.3
14.2
14.8
14.3
14.4
28.2
22.3
30.1
94.2
40.2
32.5
113.6
33.4
31.1
21.1
35. 2
29.2
35.5
53.4
34.5
29.5
26.7
35.8
49.1
52.2
23.7
25.9
4.6
60.2
52.5
23.6
25.1
4.5
55.5
8.6
8.5
22.2
14 Specification changed from 1-ounce to %-ounce bar, effective January 1955.
* Priced only in season.
N ote .—The United States average retail food prices appearing in table
D -8 are based on prices collected m onthly in 46 cities for use in the calculation
of the food component of the revised Consumer Price Index. Average retail
food prices for each of 20 large cities are published m onthly and are available
upon request. Prices for the 26 medium-size and small cities are not published
on an individual city basis.
D : CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
749
T able D -9 : Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities 1
[1947-49=100]
A p r .2 Mar.
1955
1955
Feb.
1955
Jan.
1955
Dec.
1954
N ov.
1954
Oct.
1954
Sept.
1954
Aug.
1954
July
1954
June
1954
M ay
1954
Apr.
1954
A ll commodities.............................................................
110.5
110.0
110.4
110.1
109.5
110.0
109.7
110.0
110.5
110.4
110.0
110.9
111.0
100.2
Farm products...... .........................................................
Fresh and dried produce______________________
Grains. ____________ _________________________
Livestock and poultry________________________
Plant and animal fibers___________________ _
Fluid m il k .._______ _______ _________________
Eggs. ................................................— ................H ay and seeds____ ______ ____________________
Other farm products...........................................
94.2
120.9
91.0
84.0
102.7
90.5
77.9
89.9
142.3
92.1
104.4
92.2
79.9
102.9
90.5
82.2
93.1
143.0
93.1
103.8
93.1
80.7
104.3
92.0
90.1
93.2
139.4
92.5
105.2
93.5
79.4
104.4
92.4
65.1
94.3
156.4
89.9
96.9
92.5
74.0
105.0
93.6
64.0
93.8
157.7
93.2
103.2
63.5
76.4
104.5
95.1
83.5
92.0
164.6
93.1
101.9
92.9
77.5
107.1
93.8
82.5
91.7
159.6
93.6
99.8
93.6
80.7
107.4
91.7
77.3
87.5
164.6
95.8
108.3
91.2
83.4
106.7
89.7
86.4
94.2
168.8
96.2
110.9
88.1
83.2
107.2
87.7
84.4
94.8
184.0
94.8
96.6
86.5
87.7
106.9
83.7
70.8
96.0
181.7
97.9
104.4
91.2
93.0
107.0
84.1
69.0
95.3
181.2
99.4
97.4
92.9
94.9
105.5
88.3
77.9
96.5
182.2
94.5
89.8
89.6
99.8
107.3
81.6
70.6
87.6
122.4
Processed foods___ ______________ ________ _____
Cereal and bakery products ________________
Meats, poultry, fish_____ ____ _______________
Dairy products and ice cream. . ___________
Canned, frozen, fruits and vegetables_________
Sugar and confectionery_____ ____ ______ ____
Packaged beverage materials_________________
Animal fats and oils....................................... .......
Crude vegetable o i l s .................................. ..........
Refined vegetable oils_________________ ____ _
Vegetable oil end products____________________
Other processed foods_______________________ _
102.5 101.6
116.8 116.5
86.0
83.3
106.9 107.2
104.5 *104. 8
110.8 110.8
180.2 180.4
72.9
68.0
63.6
63.5
71.1
70.9
82.1 *82.1
100.9 100.8
103.2
116.3
86.9
107.2
104.4
112.6
186.4
69.2
65.1
73.7
83.6
100.7
103.8
116.9
87.6
107.0
104.6
111.3
203.7
74.4
64.8
73.9
83.4
98.2
103. 5
116.8
85.2
108.2
106.0
111.6
203.4
77.3
65.6
73.7
83.5
98.4
103.8
116.5
86.3
108.8
105.5
112.3
197.8
84.8
65.1
73.2
83.1
97.8
103.7
114.5
85.8
108.7
105.5
112.0
206.3
84.5
65.0
76.4
84.5
99.8
105.5
113.8
92.0
106.6
105.0
113.0
206.0
96.2
69.0
76.5
87.3
103.5
106.4
113.2
92.0
105.9
104.8
114.5
226.5
96.9
73.5
78.8
87.3
109.6
106.5
114.0
94.1
105.1
104.7
113.7
231.3
94.0
72.2
79.1
87.3
101.4
105.0
113.5
92.3
102.4
104.7
113.3
231.3
90.0
73.0
79.1
87.3
96.8
106.8
113.3
98.3
101.7
104.5
113.1
229.6
99.7
71.8
76.4
87.2
101.3
105.9
113.2
94.3
103.0
103.3
112.6
229.6
108.5
72.1
76.5
84.4
102.9
96.8
96.5
102.4
90.0
98.0
94.7
136.9
63.9
67.9
67.4
79.2
106.6
114.8
114.5
114.4
114.4
114.3
114.2
114.5
114.5
102.2
94.9
88.4
110.1
85.6
123.9
98.1
79.0
94.8
88.3
109. 5
85.2
131.6
98.2
78.8
94.7
88.5
109.2
84.6
132.3
98.2
78.9
93.3
90.0
105.3
91.3
88.8
92.7
96.3
Com m odity group
June
1950
A ll commodities other than farm and foods. _______ 115.7
115.6
115.7
115.2
114.9
Textile products and apparel_____________________
95.1
Cotton products_____ _______________ _______ _ 90.4
W ool products.___________ ___________________ 106.0
Synthetic textiles_____ . . . . . . _______________
87.2
Silk products_________ _________ _____ ____ _
122.8
Apparel___________ _________________________
98.2
Other textile products_______ ______ _________
76.4
95.3
90.8
106.1
*87.5
121.1
*98.3
76.6
95.2
90.6
106.3
86.7
122.4
98.2
78.0
95.2
90.2
106.6
87.3
124.1
98.2
77.3
95.2
89.9
106.7
87.2
123.9
98.4
76.9
95.2
89.9
106.6
86.9
127.4
98.4
77.6
95.4
89.9
108.4
86.1
127.0
98.6
80.9
95.3
89.2
109. 6
85.8
128.4
98.6
80.3
95.3
89.1
110.3
85.7
126.3
98.6
79.8
95.1
88.9
109.8
85.7
124.2
98.4
79.1
Hides, skins, and leather products________________
Hides and skins_________________ ______ _____
Leather. _______ ______ _____________________
Footwear ______ ___________________________
Other leather products_______________________
93.2
56.9
83.6
111.5
95.9
92.2
50.7
82.1
111.5
*95.7
92.3
51.6
82.2
111. 5
95.8
91.9
49.5
81.2
111.6
95.8
91.8
47.4
81.5
111.6
95.9
92.8
52.7
82.0
111.7
96.0
92.4
49.5
82.1
111.8
96.1
93.0
51.5
82.9
111.8
96.5
94.0
55.8
84.4
111.8
96.7
94.9
58. 2
86.5
111.8
97.0
95.6
60.6
87.4
111.9
97.5
96.0
62.5
87.6
111.9
97.5
94.6
56.5
86.0
111.9
97.4
99.1
94.3
98.2
102.7
95.2
Fuel, power, and lighting materials_______________
Coal_______________________ ______ __________
Coke__________________ _____ ________________
Gas. ______________ ______ ______ __________
E lectricity... _ _____ ,____ __________________
Petroleum and products______________________
108.2 *108. 5
102.2 105.1
133.4 132.4
116.6 *116.6
99.5 *99. 5
111.5 111.7
108.7
105.2
132.4
116.3
100.1
111.7
108.5
105.2
132.4
113.0
100.7
111.7
107.5
105. 2
132.4
110.2
100.7
110.4
107.4
105.1
132.4
107.3
103.0
109. 5
106.9
105.1
132.4
105.8
101.8
109.3
106.9
105.5
132.4
106.0
101.2
109.4
106.9
105.2
132.4
105.4
102.4
109.3
106.2
104.9
132.4
105.4
101.8
108.2
107. 8
104.7
132.4
107.8
101.8
110.9
108.2
104.6
132.4
109.0
101.8
111.7
108.6
104.1
132.4
112.3
101.8
112.1
102.4
104.8
115.6
94.8
101.3
103.1
Chemicals and allied products___ ________________
Industrial chemicals__________________________
Prepared paint ________ ___________________
Paint materials_______________________________
Drugs and pharmaceuticals 3. . _____________
Fats and oils, inedible________________________
M ixed fertilizer______________ _____________ .
Fertilizer materials. _________________________
Other chemicals and products 3_______________
107.1 *106. 8
118.0 117.5
114.8 114.0
96.1
95.9
93.2
93.1
55.2 *55.4
108.8 108.9
113.5 113.6
107.6 *107. 6
107.1
117.4
113.1
96.1
93.3
61.0
109.0
113. 5
108.0
107.1
117.3
112.8
95.8
93.6
61.8
108.8
113.6
107.7
107.0
117.4
112.8
96.2
93.6
59.3
108.9
113.3
107.9
107.0
117.7
112.8
96.6
93.6
57.8
109.1
112.2
107.6
106.9
117.6
112.8
97.2
93.6
56.5
109.2
112.1
107.6
106.8
117.4
112.8
97.0
94.0
54.0
109. 3
112.3
107.6
106.8
117.4
112.8
97.8
94.0
53.5
109.8
112.1
107.6
106.7
117.1
112.8
97.6
94.0
52.0
109.7
112.1
107.9
106.8
117.0
112.8
96.8
94.0
55.7
109.9
111.6
107.7
107.1
117. 3
112.8
95.3
94.0
59.3
109.9
114.0
108.1
107.2
117.4
112.8
94.7
94.0
59.8
109.9
114.1
108.1
92.1
96.3
98.0
86.8
91.3
48.8
101.2
98.5
« 91.1
R ubber and products_________________________ . . .
Crude rubber________________________________
Tire casings and tubes________________________
Other rubber products________________________
138.3 138.0
143.8 142.8
142.3 142.3
130.4 *130. 3
140.6
151.3
142.4
132.0
136. 8
146.0
139.9
127.9
132.0
137.6
134.9
125.2
131.4
134.1
134.9
125.4
128.5
132.0
129.6
125.2
126.9
125.6
129.6
124.0
126.4
123.5
129.6
123.7
126.8
126.5
129.3
123.7
126.1
122.8
129. 3
123.7
125.1
117.5
129.3
123.7
125.0
117.0
129.3
123.7
109.5
129.0
106.1
103.6
Lumber and wood p roducts:. . . _________________
Lum ber______________________________________
M illwork_____________________________________
P lyw ood . . _____________________ ____ ______
122.2 *121.4
122.7 *121.8
129.3 128.7
104.8 104.8
121.2
121.4
129. 0
104.8
120.3
120.0
130.4
104.7
120.0
119.8
130.3
104.3
119.9
119.6
130.2
104.3
119. 8
119. 5
130.2
104.3
119.3
119.0
130. 2
103.2
119.1
118.7
129.7
105.4
119.1
118.6
130.7
103.0
116.3
115.5
130.8
99.7
116.1
115.0
130.8
101.4
116.2
115.3
130.8
100.7
112.4
113.5
110.9
<=91.1
Pulp, paper, and allied products__________________
W oodpulp_______ ___________________________
Wastepaper . . . _____________________ _______
Paper _______________________________________
P aperboard______ _ _______ _____________ _
Converted paper and paperboard_____________
Building paper and board . _________________
117.4
113.8
89.4
128.0
126.0
111.5
129.7
116.6
110.0
90.2
128.0
124.0
111.5
129.4
116.3
110.0
90.2
127.5
124.0
111.1
127.6
115.9
109.6
85.5
126.9
124.1
111.0
127.6
116.0
109.6
87.3
126.5
124.1
111.3
127.6
116.3
109.6
83.8
126.5
124.2
111.9
127.6
116. 3
109.6
80.0
126.5
124.2
112.0
127.6
116.3
109.6
80.0
126.5
124.2
112.0
127.6
116.2
109.6
79.2
126.5
124.2
111.9
127.9
115.8
109.7
70.1
126.5
124.2
111.5
127.9
115.8
109.7
67.2
126. 5
124.4
111. 5
127.9
116.3
109.7
83.2
126.8
124.8
111.8
127.9
95.9
90.6
79.0
103.3
97.2
93.2
106.3
Metals and metal products_______________________
Iron and steel.
. . . ____________ .
_____
Nonferrous metals____________________________
Metal containers. ____ _____ _______ ________
Hardware______ ________________ ___________
Plumbing equipment_________________________
Heating equipment-_______ _________________
Structural metal products ___________________
Nonstructural metal products._______________ !
132.8 131.9
136.3 136.2
138.2 134.3
131. 6 131.6
144.4 *144.4
123.3 123.0
113.6 113.6
118.2 117.9
125.9 125.9
131.5 130.1
135.8 135.8
133.7 127.9
131.6 131.6
143.3 142.6
118.7 118.7
113.7 113.9
118.0 117.8
125.8 1 125.8
129.8
135.0
127.6
131.6
142.3
118.7
114.3
117.8
125.9
129.9
135.5
127.2
131.6
142.0
118.7
114.3
117.4
126.2
129.7
135.0
127.4
131.2
141.6
118.7
114. 3
117. 9
126.0
129.1
134.1
126.2
131.2
140.9
118. 5
114.1
118.0
126.0
128.6
133. 8
125.1
131.2
138.9
118. 5
114.1
117.7
126.0
128.0
133.6
124.2
130.3
138.2
118.5
114.0
115.9
125.3
127.1
131.8
123.7
130.0
137.9
118.5
113.8
115.9
125.3
127.1
131.8
123.6
130.0
137.9
118.2
113.9
116.5
125.3
126.8
131.1
123.4
130. 0
138.5
118.2
114.5
116.6
125.3
108.8
113.1
101.8
109.0
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
116.8
110.0
89.4
128.0
125.7
111.5
129.7
111.1
103.2
102.0
100.1
113.2
750
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 195C
T able D -9 : Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities 1— Continued
[1947-49=100]
Com m odity group
Apr.
1955 2
Mar.
1955
Feb.
1955
Jan.
1955
Dec.
1954
N ov.
1954
Oct.
1954
Sept.
1954
Aug.
1954
July
1954
June
1954
M ay
1954
Apr.
1954
Machinery and m otive products____________
Agriculture machinery and equipment. _____
Construction machinery and equipment______
Metalworking machinery and equipment_____
General purpose machinery and equipment___
Miscellaneous machinery___________________ _
Electrical machinery and equipment_________
M otor vehicles____________ __________ _______
126.2
121.5
134.1
137. 0
131.0
126.8
126.4
121.7
*126.1
*121.5
*133.8
*136. 9
*130. 4
*126.8
*126. 4
121.5
126.1
121.6
133.8
136.6
130.3
126.4
126.7
121.5
125.8
121.5
133.2
135.1
128.6
126.4
126.8
121.7
125.7
121.2
132.6
134. 7
128.2
126.0
126.8
121.7
125.3
121.3
131.8
134.0
128.1
126.0
126.7
121.0
124.3
122.0
131.6
134.0
128.1
126.1
125.2
118.6
124.4
121.9
131.6
133. 3
128.1
125.9
125.6
118.9
124.3
122.1
131.5
132.7
127.9
125. 6
125.7
118.9
124.3
122.3
131.5
132.6
127.8
125.5
125.8
118.9
124.3
122. 3
131.5
132.6
128.2
125.5
125.9
118.9
124.4
122.6
131.5
132.6
128.2
125.2
126.0
118.9
124.4
122.3
131.6
132.6
128.2
125. 2
126.5
118.9
106.3
108.3
108.1
108.8
107.0
105.0
102.1
106.7
Furniture and other household durables__________
Household furniture_______________________ __
Commercial furniture.. ____ _______________
Floor covering__________________________ . . . .
Household appliances. _____________________
Television and radio receivers. _____________
Other household durable goods______________
115.1 115.1
112.8 112.7
128.6 128.6
125.0 124.4
107.3 *107.2
93.1
93.1
131.9 132.0
115.4
112.6
128.6
124.4
108.5
93.2
132.0
115.5
112. 5
128.6
124.2
108.7
93.5
131.9
115.7
112.9
128.6
124.0
109.4
(4)
131.5
115.6
112.9
128.6
124.0
109.1
115.3
112.8
126.2
124.4
109. 4
(4)
130.5
115.3
112. 9
126.2
123.5
109.7
(4)
130.4
115.3
112.8
126.2
122.7
109.7
(4)
130.4
115.4
113.1
126.2
122.6
109.8
(4)
130.4
115.5
113.5
126.2
122.6
109.9
(4)
130.4
115.6
113.6
126.2
122.6
109.9
(4)
130.4
103.1
101.8
106.2
109.1
100.1
131.5
115.6
112.8
127.3
124.0
109.5
(4)
131.3
Nonmetallic minerals—structural_________________
F latglass.. ________________________________
Concrete ingredients_________________________
Concrete products______ ___________________ .
Structural clay products____ _________ _______
Gypsum products____________________________
Prepared asphalt roofing_____________________
Other nonmetallic minerals____ _____________
122.2 121.9
124.9 123.9
124.6 124.1
118.2 118.2
136.8 *136. 5
122.1 122.1
121.8
123.9
123.9
117.0
136.1
122.1
122.0
123.9
123.1
116.7
135.8
122.1
121.8
123.9
122.3
117.4
135. 4
122.1
121.8
123.9
122.1
117.4
135.4
122.1
121.9
123.9
122.1
117.8
135.4
122.1
121.7
123.9
122.1
117.8
135.4
122.1
120.5
124.7
122.2
117.9
132.3
122.1
120.4
124.7
122.1
117.7
132.0
122.1
119.1
124.7
120.1
117.5
132.0
122.1
119.3
124.7
120.0
117.3
132.0
122.1
120.8
124.7
119.8
117.3
132.0
122.1
105.4
105.6
105.7
104.5
110.5
9 8 .5
1 1 9 .2
* 9 8 .8
1 1 9 .2
1 0 0 .4
1 1 9 .2
1 0 6 .1
1 1 9 .2
1 0 6 .1
1 1 9 .5
1 0 6 .1
1 1 9 .5
1 0 6 .1
1 2 0 .8
1 0 4 .1
1 2 0 .8
9 8 .6
1 2 0 .8
9 8 .5
1 2 0 .2
9 4 .2
1 2 0 .2
9 6 .3
1 2 0 .2
1 0 8 .4
1 2 0 .2
1 0 2 .3
9 8 .9
1 0 5 .7
Tobacco manufactures and bottled beverages_____
Cigarettes________ _______ _____ _____________
Cigars.. . ________ ___________________ ______
Other tobacco products. _______ _____________
Alcoholic b e v e ra g e s..___ _____ ______________
Nonalcoholic beverages._____ ________________
1 2 1 .6
1 2 4 .0
1 0 3 .7
1 2 1 .4
1 1 4 .7
1 4 8 .1
1 2 1 .6
1 2 4 .0
1 0 3 .7
1 2 1 .4
1 1 4 .7
1 4 8 .1
1 2 1 .6
1 2 4 .0
1 0 3 .7
1 2 1 .4
1 1 4 .6
1 4 8 .1
1 2 1 .4
1 2 4 .0
1 03 . 7
1 2 1 .4
1 1 4 .3
1 4 8 .1
1 2 1 .4
1 2 4 .0
1 0 3 .7
1 2 1 .4
114 . 3
1 4 8 .1
1 2 1 .4
124 , 0
1 0 3 .7
1 2 1 .4
1 1 4 .3
1 4 8 .1
1 2 1 .5
1 2 4 .0
1 0 3 .7
1 2 1 .4
1 1 4 .3
1 4 8 .1
1 2 1 .5
1 2 4 .0
1 0 3 .7
1 2 1 .4
1 1 4 .3
1 4 8 .1
1 2 1 .5
1 2 4 .0
1 0 3 .7
1 2 1 .4
1 1 4 .3
1 48 .1
1 2 1 .4
1 2 4 .0
1 0 3 .7
1 2 1 .4
1 1 4 .2
1 4 8 .1
1 2 1 .4
1 2 4 .0
1 0 3 .5
1 2 0 .7
1 1 4 .2
1 4 8 .1
1 2 1 .4
1 2 4 .0
1 03 . 5
1 2 0 .7
1 1 4 .3
1 4 7 .9
1 2 1 .5
1 2 4 .0
1 0 3 .5
1 2 0 .7
1 1 4 .6
1 4 7 .9
1 0 1 .4
1 0 2 .8
1 0 0 .6
1 0 3 .3
1 0 0 .9
1 0 0 .8
Miscellaneous____________________________________
Toys, sporting goods, small arms_____________
... .
Manufactured animal fe e d s ___
Notions and accessories________
Jewelry, watches, photo equipm ent.. _______
Other miscellaneous__________________
9 4 .0
1 1 3 .2
8 0 .1
9 2 .3
1 0 2 .9
1 2 1 .3
9 5 .6
1 1 3 .2
* 8 3 .0
9 2 .3
1 0 3 .1
1 2 0 .6
9 7 .1
1 1 3 .1
85. 8
9 2 .3
1 0 3 .2
1 2 0 .6
9 7 .0
1 1 3 .2
8 4 .9
1 0 1 .3
1 0 3 .6
1 2 0 .3
9 8 .0
1 1 2 .9
8 6 .8
1 0 1 .2
1 0 3 .5
1 2 1 .0
9 7 .0
1 1 2 .8
8 5 .0
1 0 1 .2
1 0 3 .5
1 2 0 .9
9 6 .7
1 1 2 .7
8 4 .3
1 0 1 .2
1 0 3 .5
1 2 0 .8
9 9 .1
1 1 2 .7
8 9 .0
1 0 1 .2
1 0 3 .2
1 2 1 .2
1 0 2 .3
1 1 3 .4
9 5 .2
1 0 1 .6
1 0 2 .8
1 2 1 .2
1 0 3 .9
1 1 3 .5
9 8 .3
1 0 1 .6
1 0 2 .7
1 2 1 .2
1 0 5 .1
1 1 3 .6
1 0 0 .6
1 0 1 .6
1 0 2 .7
1 2 1 .3
1 0 9 .2
1 1 3 .6
1 0 9 .1
9 3 .5
1 0 2 .3
1 2 1 .3
1 1 0 .3
1 1 3 .6
1 1 1 .1
9 3 .5
1 02 . 7
1 2 1 .3
9 6 .9
1 0 4 .8
9 3 .7
8 8 .7
9 6 .6
1 0 5 .4
i The revised wholesale price index (1947-49=100) is the official index for
January 1952 and subsequent months. The official index for December 1951
and previous dates is the former index (1926=100). The revised index has
been computed back to January 1947 for purposes of comparison and analysis.
Prices are collected from manufacturers and other producers. In some cases
they are secured from trade publications or from other Government agencies
which collect price quotations in the course of their regular work. For a
more detailed description of the index, see A Description of the Revised
Wholesale Price Index, M onthly Labor Review, February 1952 (p. 180), or
reprint Serial N o. R . 2067.
(4)
June
1950
(4)
106.8
Beginning with the final wholesale price index for January 1955, the index
weights are based on an average of the dollar value of primary market trans
actions in calendar years 1952 and 1953. Previously, the weights were based
on the dollar value of transactions in 1947. The weight revision does not
affect the comparability of the indexes.
2 Preliminary.
3 Cosmetics and related products moved from drugs and pharmaceuticals
subgroup to other chemicals and products subgroup.
4 N ot available.
’ Revised.
c Correction.
T able D -10 : Special wholesale price indexes 1
[1947-49 = 100]
1955
1954
1950
Commodity group
All foods. ____ _______
All f is h ______ . _.
Special metals and metal products_______________
Metalworking machinery
________________
Machinery and equipment________ ______ _______
Total tractors. __ ___________________
Steel mill products ___
Building materials—_ __________
Soaps.. ___ ______ _ . . .
__ _
Synthetic detergents____ _______
Refined petroleum products___________________ _.
East coast petroleum______ _. ________ ______
Mid-continent petroleum.. ________ . . . . .
Gulf coast petroleum.. . ._ _________ . . .
Pacific coast petroleum
.. .
_______
Pulp, paper and products, excl. bldg, paper_______
Bituminous coal, domestic sizes.
Lumber and wood products, excl. millwork_______
All commodities except farm products____ . . . __
1 See footnote 1, table D-9.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Apr.2 Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
102.5
98.7
129.9
143.0
128.7
122.5
145.8
123.3
97.3
91.5
109.8
106.1
107.5
117.7
105.4
117.1
101.8
121.3
113.4
102.5
101.8
128.9
142. 7
128.6
122.4
145.8
122.5
98.9
93.4
109.9
105.5
107.5
118.5
105.4
116.4
112.1
120.1
113.4
101.9
105.7
128.0
140.7
128.1
122.2
145. 7
122.1
97.4
93.4
109.9
105.3
107.5
117.9
106.9
116.0
112.2
118.9
113.2
101.0
100.5
127.7
140.1
127.9
121.9
145.8
122.0
96.9
93.4
108.4
105.3
105.5
116.9
103.1
115. 7
112.2
118.6
112.9
102.7
102.8
127.6
140.1
127.7
122.0
145.8
121.9
96.4
93.4
107.4
102.9
105.2
115.9
102.6
115.8
112.3
118.4
112.8
102.4
101.8
127.1
140.2
127.4
123.2
145.8
121.7
96.1
93.4
107.2
102.9
104.6
115.9
102.6
116.0
112.1
118.4
112.5
103.7
113.9
126.6
140.2
127.4
123.2
145.7
121.3
96.1
93.4
107.3
101.1
104.0
114.9
108.8
116.0
110. 8
117.8
112.8
105.5
111. 1
126.3
140.2
127.2
123. 2
145.6
120.8
96.0
93.4
107.2
101.1
103.7
114.9
108.8
116.0
108.5
117.6
113.0
105.6
103.5
125.8
139.9
127. 2
123.9
145.6
120.5
96.6
93.4
105.9
104.7
102.8
109.0
108.8
115.9
106.7
117. 4
112.9
102.7
97.4
125.2
139.9
127.3
123.9
141.9
118.5
96.3
93.4
109.1
106.1
104.8
113.1
115.9
115.5
104.2
114.3
112.6
104.6
103.7
125. 2
139.9
127.4
123.9
141.9
118.6
97.1
93.4
110.0
107.3
105.4
113.1
118.8
115.5
103.6
114.0
113.1
103.9
105. 7
125.0
139.9
127.5
123.9
141.9
119.0
97.1
93.4
110.5
108.1
105.7
114.1
118.8
116.1
103.7
114.1
112.9
100.8
100. 7
*129. 2
*143. 2
*128. 6
122.4
145.8
122.8
*98.5
*91.5
110.1
106.1
107.5
118.5
105.4
116.5
111.8
*120. 5
113.1
2 Preliminary.
’ Revised.
June
95.0
92.4
108.3
109.8
106.1
107.5
114.9
107.5
80.9
82.9
102.1
98.1
101.8
109.7
94.1
95.6
106.8
112.6
101.2
? E : WORK STOPPAGES
751
E : Work Stoppages
T able E - l : Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes 1
N u m b e r o f sto p p a g e s
W o r k e r s i n v o l v e d in s to p p a g e s
M a n - d a y s id le d u r in g m o n t h
or year
M onth and year
B e g in n in g In
m o n t h or y e a r
1935-39 (average)
1947-49 (average)
I n e ffe ct d u r in g m o n t h
B e g in n in g in
m o n t h or y e a r
I n e ffe c t d u r in g m o n t h
N um ber
P e r c e n t o f e stim a ted w o rk
in g t im e
1946 __________
1947 __________
1948 __________
1949 __________
1950 __________
1951 __________
1952
__________
1953
........... .
1954-........... ..........
2,862
3, 573
4,750
4,985
3,693
3,419
3,606
4,843
4,737
5,117
5,091
3,468
1954: A pril______
M a y ______
June______
July----------August____
September..
October___
Novem ber D ecem ber. .
330
384
358
370
328
315
285
220
153
501
559
577
580
525
526
488
387
293
113, 000
208,000
196, 000
238, 000
143, 000
126, 000
164, 000
71, 000
29, 000
187, 000
244, 000
281, 000
376, 000
300, 000
304, 000
259, 000
129, 000
78,000
1, 220,000
2, 010,000
2, 390, 000
3, 800, 000
3, 740, 000
2,410, 000
1, 820, 000
1, 310, 000
486, 000
.13
.24
.26
.44
.41
.27
.21
.15
.05
1955: January 2__.
February 2_
M arch 2___
A p r il2____
225
250
300
325
325
380
450
500
50, 000
90, 000
165, 000
210, 000
80, 000
125, 000
220, 000
310,000
400,000
570, 000
1, 600,000
2,600,000
.05
.07
.17
.30
1945
_________
1All work stoppages known to the Bureau of Labor Statistics and its
various cooperating agencies, involving six or more workers and lasting a
full day or shift or longer, are included in this report. Figures on “ workers
involved” and “ man-days idle” cover all workers made idle for as long as one
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1,130,000
2,380, 000
^ 470, 000
4, 600, 000
2 ,170, 000
1, 960j 000
3, 030, 000
2, 410, 000
2, 220, 000
3^ 540| 000
2' 400j 000
1,530,000
16,900 000
39 700 000
38 000 000
116 000 000
34 600 000
34,100 000
50, 500 000
38, 800, 000
22,900 000
S9 100 000
28’ 300 000
22 600* 000
O 27
46
47
1 43
41
37
59
44
23
57
2ft
21
shift in establishments directly involved in a stoppage. T hey do not measure
the indirect or secondary effects on other establishments or industries whose
employees are made idle as a result of material or service shortages.
2Preliminary.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
752
F: Building and Construction
T a b l e F - l : Expenditures for new construction 1
[Value of work put in place]
Expenditures (in millions)
1954 2
1955 2
T ype of construction
M a y 8 Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
19542
1953 2
Total
Total
T otal new construction4-------------------------- $3,537 $3,261 $2,974 $2,697 $2,819 $3,092 $3,329 $3,503 $3,674 $3,693 $3,556 $3,385 $3,140 $37,577 $35,271
Private construction ------------------------------- 2,490
Residential building (nonfarm)---------- 1,364
N ew dwelling units______________ 1,220
117
Additions and alterations.. . . . . .
Nonhousekeeping 8------ ---------------27
593
Nonresidential building (nonfarm )« ...
184
Industrial_______________________
235
Commercial-------- ---------------------Warehouses, office, and loft
88
buildings_______ _____ ____
Stores, restaurants, and ga147
174
Other nonresidential building-----59
Religious____________________
37
Educational______________ —
Social and recreational. . ----20
Hospital and institutional L .
30
28
Miscellaneous................ ............
131
Farm construction---------------------------386
Public utilities______________________
29
Railroad----- ------- ---------------------Telephone and te le g r a p h ...------60
297
Other public utilities------ ------------16
All other private 8.......................... .........
Public construction. ----------------------------- 1,047
Residential building 9---------------22
Nonresidential building (other than
388
military facilities)---------------------------86
Industrial_____ . . . -------------------206
E d u c a t io n a l.----------------------32
Hospital and institutional-----------64
Other nonresidential
-------- —
90
M ilitary facilities 10. . ----------------------360
Highways___________________________
97
Sewer and water
.. ... . _
Miscellaneous public service enterprises11. . -------------------------------------19
57
Conservation and developm ent---------14
A ll other public 12____________________
2,349
1,298
1,170
105
23
563
184
214
2,179
1,170
1,070
79
21
559
186
208
2,003
1,049
960
68
21
549
187
199
2,072
1,122
1,030
71
21
542
186
188
2,358
1,293
1,175
96
22
564
178
203
2,420
1,321
1,195
102
24
554
170
202
2,460
1,327
1,195
107
25
558
162
210
2,457
1,313
1,175
110
28
556
159
210
2,387
1,267
1,125
113
29
551
158
206
23,877
11,930
10,555
1,108
267
5,680
2,229
1,791
2,273
1,193
1,050
114
29
530
161
192
2,116
1,107
970
111
26
490
162
170
76
72
958
739
116
98
177
158
42
47
45
41
20
17
28
28
37
30
157
145
382
365
30
31
58
58
277
293
9
11
1,112 * 1,024
31
26
1,254
2,008
593
529
228
337
321
1,560
4,341
353
655
3,333
121
11.809
336
1,052
1,660
472
426
163
317
282
1,731
4,416
442
615
3,359
120
11.394
556
25,768
13,496
12,070
1,130
296
6,250
2,030
2,212
84
82
83
84
87
90
89
88
88
81
130
165
54
40
17
28
26
114
360
28
55
277
14
912
22
126
165
53
41
16
28
27
103
333
25
55
253
14
795
23
116
163
53
39
17
28
26
95
297
19
50
228
13
694
21
104
168
55
42
18
28
25
92
302
20
50
232
14
747
22
105
176
57
45
19
29
26
93
348
28
51
269
12
829
22
113
183
59
48
21
29
26
106
383
28
55
300
12
971
22
113
182
59
49
22
29
23
126
407
38
56
313
12
1,083
23
122
186
58
50
22
30
26
153
410
28
57
325
12
1,214
24
122
187
56
50
22
29
30
167
409
26
58
325
12
1,236
25
125
187
52
48
21
29
37
164
393
30
58
305
12
1,169
24
378
86
200
31
61
87
255
89
354
81
190
28
55
83
180
83
316
70
178
23
45
78
150
70
342
90
182
25
45
82
155
77
351
102
181
25
43
88
214
77
366
104
185
28
49
95
320
83
390
105
193
31
61
101
389
88
410
106
197
33
74
98
492
91
437
130
195
37
75
97
479
94
420
130
189
34
67
90
440
89
407
129
183
35
60
90
400
85
394
132
177
34
51
78
342
81
4,641
1,506
2,134
365
636
1,030
3,750
982
4,346
1,771
1,714
365
496
1,307
3,160
883
16
51
14
14
45
13
11
38
10
13
45
11
15
52
10
16
58
11
19
61
12
23
63
13
25
64
15
25
67
14
22
68
14
19
65
14
218
704
148
200
830
112
1 Joint estimates of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of
Labor, and the Business and Defense Services Administration, U. S. Depart
ment of Commerce. Estimated construction expenditures represent the
monetary value of the volume of work accomplished during the given period
of time. These figures should be differentiated from permit valuation data
reported in the tabulations for building permit activity (tables F-3, F-4,
and P-5) and the data on value of contract awards reported in table F-2.
s Includes revisions made annually in M ay.
* Preliminary.
4 Includes major additions and alterations,
s Includes hotels, dormitories, and tourist courts and cabins.
6 Expenditures b y privately owned public utilities for nonresidential
building are included under “ Public utilities.”
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2,263
1,258
1,150
86
22
552
184
192
1 1ncludes Federal contributions toward construction of private nonprofit
hospital facilities under the National Hospital Program.
8 Covers privately owned sewer and water facilities, roads and bridges, and
miscellaneous nonbuilding items such as parks and playgrounds.
9 Includes nonhousekeeping public residential construction as well as.
housekeeping units.
10 Covers all construction, building as well as nonbuilding (except for
production facilities, which are included in public industrial building).
u Covers primarily publicly owned airports, electric light and power
systems, and local transit facilities.
io Covers public construction not elsewhere classified, such as parks, play
grounds, and memorials.
F : BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION
*
753
Table F-2: Contract awards. Public construction, by ownership and type of construction 1
Value (In millions)
1955
Ownership and type of construction 2
1954 3
M ar.4 Feb.3 Jan.3
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
1954«
1953 3
Total
Total
All public construction....... .................. $775.8 $506.4 $521.5 $728.4 $566.1 $734.2 $723. 5 $657.0 $815.3 $925.2 $700.9 $836.2 $637. 4 $8,293.8 $8,470.8
Federally owned______ ______________
Residential building_______________
Nonresidential building___ ________
Educational___________________
Hospital and institutional....... __
Administrative and general____
Other nonresidential b uildin g...
Airfield building_____ ___
Industrial__________________
Troop housing______ ______
Warehouses________________
All other___
_ . _ . . _
Airfields__________________________
Conservation and development____
H ighway_________ ____ ______ . . .
Electric power utilities____________
All other federally o w n e d ...
_ __
State and locally owned________________
Residential building_______________
Nonresidential building________ . . .
Educational____ _______ _____
Hospital and institutional______
Administrative and general____
Other nonresidential build in g...
H ighway___ ____________________
Sewerage system s.. ____ _______ _
Water supply facilities________ . . .
Utilities___________________________
Electric power_________ ____ _
Other utilities....... . __________
All other State and locally o w n e d ...
139.7
0
98.3
(5)
5.8
4.4
88.1
17.5
47.3
6.0
7.5
9.8
16.2
11.9
6.0
4.3
3.0
636.1
16.5
260.7
206.0
10.6
24.5
19.6
248.3
44.0
28.2
29.0
2.0
27.0
9.4.
77.6
8.3
29.6
(5)
.4
2.0
27.2
4.9
10.5
.6
6.3
4.9
10.6
20.8
2.9
3.1
2.3
428.8
16.6
183.9
137.6
12.2
15.1
19.0
161.0
28.1
24.0
8.2
3.9
4.3
7.0
82.4
0
44.8
(5)
6.8
3.8
34.2
14.8
6.8
3.7
1.5
7.4
22.3
6.0
2.8
1.3
5.2
439.1
7.9
224.3
132.1
20.3
28.0
43.9
121.4
35.8
27.6
12.7
4.3
8.4
9.4
87.2
0
33.4
.1
.4
1.4
31.5
9.5
10.9
3.2
2.3
5.6
5.9
19.2
6.7
15.6
6.4
641.2
9.8
246.7
172.8
21.8
14.8
37.3
270.2
33.3
28.9
42.4
27.4
15.0
9.9
92.8
(5)
62.9
(5)
16.5
4.1
42.3
7.7
29.0
.9
.4
4.3
7.0
16.0
2.8
1.4
2.7
473.3
12.1
203.6
153.0
16.1
12.9
21.6
179.7
29.3
23.7
15.8
11.6
4.2
9.1
1 Prepared jointly b y the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department
of Labor and the Business and Defense Services Administration, U. S.
Department of Commerce. Includes major force account projects started
principally b y T V A and State highway departments.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
136.4
0
81.6
3.1
8.1
2.5
67.9
6.4
22.1
29.8
3.0
6.6
11.9
32.2
6.0
3.6
1.1
597.8
10.1
225.7
165.6
14.7
23.0
22.4
244.0
64.3
26.7
10.5
3.4
7.1
16.5
109.1
.3
55.9
1.3
4.2
4.7
45.7
1.7
23.5
8.5
1.6
10.4
14.1
23.8
6.4
5.0
3.6
614.4
28.7
261.4
177.8
22.5
39.2
21.9
240.9
37.1
25.5
12.4
3.3
9.1
8.4
73.7
(5)
42.8
.2
1.8
2.9
37.9
.5
20.6
3.2
3.4
10.2
11.2
7.4
6.3
1.8
4.2
583.3
22.1
248.6
185.4
19.5
24.8
18.9
226.0
36.3
23.2
17.0
12.3
4.7
10.1
96.5
0
66.1
1.2
.5
3.3
61.1
3.6
19.6
.8
25.1
12.0
12.5
6.6
7.2
.7
3.4
718.8
37.5
292.5
206.9
37.4
20.3
27.9
292.7
46.4
24.8
13.7
7.1
6.6
11.2
188.0
.2
119.6
.4
15.3
7.6
96.3
13.4
44.1
6.0
7.1
25.7
14.3
29.9
8.6
6.2
9.2
737.2
42.6
293.3
214.5
19.1
37.1
22.6
299.7
47.4
24.3
21.9
6.0
15.9
8.0
117.2
(5)
70.6
1.6
13.6
2.3
53.1
5.6
20.4
8.5
6.1
12.5
16.5
16.9
3.2
3.9
6.1
583.7
18.5
243.7
195.4
18.8
16.2
13.3
225.5
35.8
35.6
11.5
4.2
7.3
13.1
258.1
2.4
198.9
.1
1.4
3.0
194.4
17.2
142.8
2.9
24.4
7.1
20.3
23.3
4.6
4.6
4.0
578.1
14.5
227.1
171.1
19.4
19.3
17.3
223.4
54.0
27.6
17.7
15.3
2.4
13.8
84.3
.5
41.4
.3
4.2
3.1
33.8
10.4
11.3
.9
5.8
5.4
8.3
12.4
6.6
6.9
8.2
553.1
28.0
266.6
174.5
12.9
13.8
65.4
171.0
45.4
16.9
17.6
9.8
7.8
7.6
1,407.1
3.9
863.8
14.6
72.9
38.7
737.6
89.7
390.3
68.5
82.3
106.8
152.9
199.7
62.4
66.7
57.7
6,886.7
' 254.6
2,869.4
2,077.9
245.1
253.5
292.9
2,684. 6
472.7
292.7
197.4
105.3
92.1
115.3
2,154.2
15.0
1, 525.2
13.4
29.7
45.7
1,436.4
71.9
1,151.9
60.7
64.7
87.2
103.9
225.5
52.9
156. 8
74.9
6, 316.6
331. 5
2,258.7
1, 629.3
237.3
147.8
244.3
2,662.8
469.4
282.7
185.3
72.4
112.9
126.2
2 Types not shown separately are included in the appropriate “ other”
category.
3Revised.
4 Preliminary,
6 Less than $50,000.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
754
T able F -3: Building permit activity: Valuation, by private-public ownership, class of construction,
and type of building 1
Valuation (in millions)
Public________________________________________
Nonhousekeeping buildings________ _________
1954
1955
Class of construction, ownership, and
type of building
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.2
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
$1, 785. 5
1, 638. 7
' 146.8
$1,220.2
1,100.0
120.1
$1,126.8
1,038. 7
88.1
$1,226. 7
1, 098. 6
128.1
$1,345.2
1,225.9
119.3
$1, 471. 5
1,349.3
122.1
$1, 446. 6
1,318.0
128.5
$1,539.3
1,387.8
151.5
$1, 519.2
1,396. 0
123.2
1,153.9
1,136.0
1,127.8
1,034.7
26.1
8.3
58.8
8.2
17.9
487.2
146.9
6.0
3.0
12.2
39.2
86.5
185.0
127.3
25.4
32.2
13.2
74.0
24.3
24.4
19.5
144.3
756.8
742.5
723.3
673.9
14.9
6.5
28.0
19.3
14.3
363.1
122.2
12.6
2.7
8.5
31.0
67.5
129.2
84.3
22.9
22.0
5.5
49.7
16.2
28.4
11.9
100.2
711.5
702.6
699.9
647.9
12.8
6.2
33.0
2.7
8.9
320.4
106.8
6.2
5.0
8.8
29.8
57.1
121.3
77.4
21.7
22.2
5.8
44.7
16.6
13.2
12.1
94.9
742.6
729.4
718.1
665.5
16.1
7.6
28.9
11.3
13.2
389.9
143.1
7.0
3.4
9.0
53.4
70.3
139.1
96.7
20.2
22.2
6.8
50.8
18.4
20.0
11.7
94.3
838.2
830.1
827.2
767.4
17.3
6.8
35.7
2.8
8.1
398.3
141.2
5.0
4.3
10.8
41.8
79.4
139.0
80.6
28.5
29.8
13.0
42.1
35.9
12.7
14.4
108.7
894.1
881.6
879.6
816.5
16.9
9.2
37.0
2.0
12.5
457. 0
134.5
8.3
7.8
10.6
25.8
82.1
153.8
96.7
18.7
38.4
17.6
82.9
28.6
20.3
19.1
120.3
912.6
905.0
892.0
837.0
17.4
6.8
30.8
13.0
7.6
408.0
134.4
7.9
6. 5
11.0
37.1
71.8
143.3
89.1
23.3
30.8
19.2
48.1
32.8
14.4
15.9
126.0
928.8
920.6
906.4
847.5
18.2
6.3
34.4
14.2
8.2
470.1
143.3
9.6
3.3
12.2
41.5
76.7
166.1
106.2
24.5
35.3
18.2
53.1
48.6
21.1
19.8
140.5
923.7
908.3
892.4
824.5
19.7
6.3
41.9
15.9
15.4
455.6
189.0
7.2
6.4
11.0
90.6
73.8
162.9
109.3
20.4
33.2
17.6
47.3
13.9
11.6
13.3
139.9
1 These statistics on building construction authorized b y local building
permits measure building activity in all localities having building-permit
systems—rural nonfarm as well as urban. Such localities (over 7,000) in
clude about 80 percent of the nonfarm population of the country, according
to the 1950 Census. The data cover both federally and nonfederally owned
projects. Figures on the amount of construction contracts awarded for
Federal projects and for public housing (Federal, State, and local) in permit*
issuing places are added to the valuation data (estimated cost entered by
builders on building-permit applications) for privately owned projects;
Annual
total
$16,464.9
14,806.8
1, 658.2
9,990.7
9,854. 5
9, 695.2
8, 918.3
210.7
87.6
478.7
159.2
136.2
5,005.8
1, 591. 5
97.6
60.1
119.9
454.6
859.3
1,870. 5
1,173.6
335.5
361.5
166.4
662.3
304.6
209.4
201.1
1, 468. 4
construction undertaken b y State and local governments is reported b y
local officials. N o adjustment has been made in the building-permit data
to reflect the fact that permit valuations generally understate the actual
cost of construction, nor for lapsed permits or the lag between permit issuance
or contract-award dates and start of construction. Therefore, they should
not be considered as representing the volume of building construction started.
Components m ay not always equal totals because of rounding.
2 Revised.
T able F -4: Building permit activity: Valuation, by class of construction and geographic region 1
Valuation (in millions)
1954
1955
Class of construction and geographic region
Annual
total
Feb.
Jan.2
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
All building construction3_ . ___ - - . . . ---------.
$1, 785. 5
Northeast................................
. . ............... . . .
385.8
501.4
North Central_______________________________
South________________________________________
457.2
441.0
W est__________________________________________
$1,220.2
218.9
312.8
378.1
310.3
$1,126.8
250.1
238.6
341.1
296.9
$1,226.7
256.3
326.4
320.1
323.9
$1,345.2
287.4
385.8
339.7
332.4
$1,471.5
298.2
435.2
386.2
351.9
$1,446. 6
288.2
431.0
389.9
337.5
$1,539.3
361.1
480.0
354.3
344.0
$1, 519. 2
369.0
465.5
346.6
338.0
$16,464.9
3,657.1
4,834.3
4,133. 0
3,840.4
1,136. 0
244.8
314.1
281.8
295.3
487.2
107.0
142.9
130.8
106.5
144.3
31.7
42.7
36.9
33.0
742.5
124.9
182.3
226.0
209.3
363.1
71.4
107.6
113.7
70.5
100.2
20.2
22.1
32.3
25.5
702.6
141.8
142.4
206.3
212.0
320.4
86.9
74.4
101.1
58.0
94.9
19.6
20.6
31.8
22.9
729.4
141.1
181.0
184.0
223.3
389.9
93.9
117.0
106.5
72.5
94.3
20.2
23.5
26.3
24.2
830.1
167.0
237.9
206.8
218.3
398.3
96.0
117.8
102.6
82.0
108.7
23.4
28.4
29.0
28.0
881.6
174.7
268.1
210.7
228.1
457.0
96.0
126.8
144.1
89.6
120.3
25.7
37.8
29.2
27.6
905.0
186.1
283.1
225.0
210.8
408.0
74.6
110.1
129.5
93.8
126.0
26.1
36.2
32.1
31.6
920.6
210.3
284.1
214.5
211.8
470.1
117.9
154.2
100.6
97.3
140.5
31.8
39.5
36.8
32.3
908.3
204.8
285.5
203.9
214.0
455.6
127.9
134.2
98.8
94.7
139.9
34.6
41.2
37.1
27.1
9,854.5
2,157.1
2,905.8
2,340.3
2, 451.2
5,005.8
1,145.5
1,489.2
1,363.1
1, 007. 9
1,468. 4
335.9
404.0
391.2
337.3
Mar.
N ew dwelling units (housekeeping on ly )__________
N o r t h e a s t ...____ . . . _____ _
- _________
N orth Central___________ ______
________ ._
South________________________
___
W est—. -----------------------------------------------N ew nonresidential buildings . . ___ ____________
Northeast____________________________ ________
N orth Central____ ___________________________
S o u th ...
. . . . _________________
W est_______ __________ ___________________
Additions, alterations, and repairs_________________
N ortheast.. _________________ . _____________
North Central____ . . . . . . . . . . ......................
South. . . . . . ______________________________
W est_______________ ____ ____ _ . ___________
1 See table F-3, footnote 1.
2 Revised.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
in clu d es new nonhousekeeping residential building, not shown separately.
F : BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION
755
T a b l e F -5 : Building permit activity: Valuation, by metropolitan-nonmetropolitan location and State1
Valuation (in millions)
1955
State and location
1954
Feb.
Jan.2
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
Annual
total
$1,220. 2
990.8
229.4
$1,126.8
926.1
200.7
$1, 226. 7
1, 010. 2
216.5
$1,345. 2
1,078. 8
266.4
$1, 471. 5
1,145. 9
325.6
$1, 446. 6
1,146. 9
299.7
$1, 539.3
1,236.8
302.5
$1, 519. 2
1,227. 9
291.3
$1, 649.1
1,304.2
344.9
$16,464.9
13,161.1
3,303.8
14.3
15.4
4.2
209.9
18.0
9.9
12.1
4.1
206.3
23.1
7.8
12.5
6.1
222.9
24.2
12.5
11.0
4.6
226.6
17.0
14.2
16.8
3.8
214.7
26.8
12.7
10.9
6.0
220.1
22.9
13.4
11.3
5.5
231.7
26.3
12.3
12.5
5.1
231.1
23.3
12.5
12.8
7.0
256.5
24.1
135.8
145.1
77.4
2, 571.0
245.3
Connecticut________________________ ____
Delaware_____________________________
District of Colum bia_______ ____ — ..........
Florida________________________
Georgia___________________________________
17.3
2.3
5.0
61.2
23.7
17.1
2.9
2.3
57.2
24.7
21.4
1.5
9.5
56.7
20.1
28.2
2.4
18.6
55.9
17.9
28.2
4.5
3.2
60.7
18.8
29.9
4.7
5.3
58.1
22.4
31.5
5.0
2.1
49.9
21.1
27.4
5. 7
2.9
57.1
19.5
36.0
6.9
9.6
58.6
49.6
320.4
49.6
72.7
649.7
267.8
Id a h o -. __________________
Illinois_______________
_____________
Indiana___ _____________________ .
Iowa_ __________ ____________
Kansas__________ ________________________
1.7
63.0
19.8
5.9
14.3
.7
49.8
18.2
5.5
9.5
1.4
70.2
20.0
7.8
13.8
3.0
83.5
26.1
15.2
24.9
3.2
87.9
33.0
12.0
12.9
3.4
89.2
27.7
12.9
12.6
2.6
95.7
34.7
12.0
11.8
2.5
98.0
28.2
14.5
12.6
4.1
92.0
32.3
16.0
17.1
30.5
985.9
340.8
141.3
168.8
K entucky_____________________________
Louisiana_______________________________
M aine________________ _______ .
Maryland_________________________ .
Massachusetts______________ _______ .
8.4
34.6
1.7
42.3
24.3
10.7
27.1
.5
35.3
20.4
6.6
16.3
4.7
30.9
27.7
11.8
17.4
2.7
32.9
36.6
10.4
17.6
2.7
39.8
38.6
12.7
21.3
2.5
39.1
25.5
12.3
18.8
2.7
37.1
36.0
12.3
22.9
3.0
34.4
38.5
19.3
19.9
3.5
41.7
35.0
170.7
216.8
30.2
402.5
391.8
M ichigan_______________________
Minnesota, ____________ ________ .
Mississippi____________ ,
___ _
Missouri____________________________
M ontana__________________________
62.2
16.1
4.7
28.1
.8
54.8
12.8
3.3
19.0
1.3
69.7
25.0
7.7
23.5
2.9
68.4
27.8
4.2
20.6
3.9
100.5
34.5
4.8
22.6
2.9
86.7
32.2
5.8
24.9
3.5
93.4
40.4
6.7
26.6
2.3
106.8
33.3
4.1
32.7
3.5
100.7
29.3
6.3
42.1
5.1
1,007. 8
358.1
62.4
304.6
39.7
Nebraska_____________________________
N e v a d a ___ ______ _________________
N ew Hampshire______ _ _____________
N ew Jersey___________ ______________
N ew M exico________________________
2.7
7.5
.8
44.3
5.8
3.2
6.2
.9
48.9
6.8
4.5
8.7
4.4
49.4
3.7
8.1
6.3
3.1
55.8
5.9
7.4
9.1
2.2
61.2
5.8
7.9
4.0
1.7
50.6
7.3
7.0
5.8
2.5
59.7
5.8
6.3
4.1
2.1
62.0
5.3
9.3
13.3
2.9
65.7
7.0
77.8
82.0
27.6
686.3
72.3
N ew Y o rk ____________________________
N orth Carolina______________________
N orth Dakota_______ _______ _
Ohio______________ _ , _____________
Oklahoma_____________________________
79.2
19.7
.3
64.2
11.9
98.4
15.8
.3
50.1
10.4
101.8
12.9
1.1
65.8
8.8
100.9
11.5
2.2
76.0
12.8
97.7
12.8
3.9
82.2
11.4
111.1
16.1
3.6
96.9
11.9
155.3
19.4
2.9
104.7
14.2
161.1
14.4
3.8
106.2
10.0
117.8
16.1
3.6
95.2
13.2
1, 412.8
181.6
29.8
985.1
137.4
Oregon__________________________________
Pennsylvania_______________ _______
Rhode Island___________________________
South Carolina________________________
South Dakota_________ _______ ___________
13.3
49.3
1.9
6.0
1.0
8.3
60.4
3.4
6.1
1.1
9.7
44.1
2.1
5.9
1.8
10.7
45.8
3.8
5.4
3.0
13.9
63.8
3.1
5.1
2.8
16.0
62.7
2.7
6.3
2.8
17.5
67.8
3.5
6.4
6.3
11.7
70.9
3.2
5.3
2.9
18.3
79.6
5.6
5.7
3.0
151.0
734.3
44.5
67.3
32.7
Tennessee_______________ — ______ .
Texas____ ________________________________
Utah__________ _____ __________________
V erm ont.. ______ _________________
Virginia___________________________________
14.3
89.0
4.1
.2
33.7
18.9
83.8
3.1
.2
26.6
13.2
87.5
4.9
.8
25.9
14.5
83.3
9.0
.6
30.0
20.5
92.6
16.7
16.7
79.7
10.9
2.1
40.1
21.9
78.5
10.2
54.2
18.5
98.3
11.1
1.4
46.2
32.6
32.1
81.9
10.8
.3
34.5
209.9
946.4
105.1
9.3
420.1
Washington___________________________
W est V irg in ia __________ __________ _
Wisconsin_______
________ _
W y o m in g ..____ _____________________
3 3 .3
2.7
35.2
.9
27.9
2.1
14.2
1.1
31.2
2.6
23.0
1.8
37.2
4.0
29.9
1.8
39.3
11.6
35.3
2.7
35.6
5.4
33.6
2.7
27.6
5.9
44.5
2.1
31.9
7.6
40.1
33.5
8.2
51.0
375.3
65.1
401.5
2 .1
2 .1
2 3 .2
All States_______ _________ ______
Metropolitan areas 3_________________________
Nonmetropolitan areas_______ ____ _________
A la b a m a .......... ........ ............ .........................
Arizona______ ____ ______ _____
Arkansas— ______________________ „
California ________________ .
Colorado............. .......... .......................
1 See table F-3, footnote 1.
2 Revised.
2 Comprised of 168 Standard Metropolitan Areas used in 1950 Census.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
.8
.8
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JUNE 1955
756
T ab le F -6: Number of new permanent nonfarm dwelling units started, by ownership and location,
and construction c o s t1
Num ber of new dwelling units started
Estimated construction cost
(in thousands)
Location 2
Period
Total
1,396,000
1,091,300
1,127,000
1,103, 800
1,220,400
257,100
72,100
79, 200
105, 800
M arch. T------------------------324,300
111,400
108,300
104,600
June____________________
285,000
96,700
93,200
95.100
September______________
237,400
90.100
81, 500
65,800
236, 800
66,400
75,200
95, 200
332, 700
107, 700
108, 500
116, 500
346,000
116, 000
H i 300
115, 700
304,900
110,700
103,600
90, 600
December______________
294, 600
87, 600
90,000
117,000
March A -------------------------
1, 352, 200
1,020,100
1,068,500
1,068, 300
1,201, 700
238,100
68, 200
73,800
96,100
315,000
107, 400
105, 600
102,000
280, 700
96, 400
92,200
92.100
234, 500
90.100
79, 900
64, 500
232,200
65,100
73,900
93,200
326,500
106, 500
107, 400
112, 600
339,300
112, 900
113,000
113,400
303, 700
110, 500
103,300
89,900
292,000
87, 300
88, 600
116,100
127,000
126, 500
______ _________
_ _ _________ ____
........................
(
_____________ ____
1954_____________________________
1QR0 4
TQM
1
Privately Publicly
owned
owned
A pril8_________________
M etro
politan
places
Nonmetro North North
South
politan
Central
east
places
43,800 1,021,600
776,800
71, 200
794,900
58, 500
803, 500
35, 500
896,900
18, 700
184,400
19,000
51,300
3,900
56,300
5,400
9,700
76,800
9,300
238,100
80,400
4,000
81,100
2, 700
76,600
2,600
207,800
4, 300
71,500
300
1,000
67,300
69,000
3,000
173,200
2,900
63, 800
(5)
1,600
59, 500
49,900
1,300
174,300
4, 600
49, 700
1,300
1,300
53, 500
2,000
71,100
244,000
6,200
79,400
1,200
77,100
1,100
3,900
87, 500
252,800
6, 700
3,100
87, 500
82, 600
1,300
82, 700
2, 300
225, 800
1,200
80,400
200
300
75,700
69,700
700
2,600
218,400
68,100
300
64,800
1,400
85, 500
900
500
93,300
1 The data shown here do not include temporary units, conversions,
dormitory accomodations, trailers, or military barracks. T hey do include
prefabricated housing, if permanent.
These estimates are based on (1) m onthly building-permit reports (adjusted
for lapsed permits and for lag between permit issuance and the start of con
struction), (2) continuous field surveys in non-permit-issuing places, and
(3) reports of public construction contract awards.
Beginning with January 1954 data, the estimating techniques for the pri
vately owned segment of the housing starts series were revised to combine
(1) a m onthly reporting system expanded to include almost all buildingpermit-issuing localities (accounting for nearly 80 percent of total nonfarm
population), with (2) a newly designed sample of counties that permits more
efficient operations and a greater degree of accuracy than previously. The
new series is continuous with statistics for earlier dates except that the urban
and rural-nonfarm distribution shown previously is replaced b y metro
politan-nonmetropolitan and regional estimates. Data on type of structure
(1-family versus rental-type structures) are continued from the old to the
new series, and are available on request.
The error in the total private nonfarm estimate due to sampling in the
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
West
Total
Privately
owned
$11,788, 595 $11, 418,371
374,400
0
0
0
0
9,800,892
9,186,123
314, 500
0
0
0
0
9, 706, 276
10, 208,983
332,100
0
0
0
0
10,488,003
10,181,185
300,300
0
0
0
0
323,500 243,100 325,800 359,700 291,800 12, 478, 237 12,309,200
2,183,710
2,346,213
72,700
641,703
610,344
20,800
0
0
0
0
720,
234
674,399
22,900
0
0
0
0
984, 276
898,967
29.000
0
0
0
0
3,083, 256
3,000,120
86,200
1,022,836
1,057,899
31.000
0
0
0
0
1, 001,693
1,027,221
27, 200
0
0
0
0
975, 591
998,136
28,000
0
0
0
0
2,739,268
2,
777,
607
77, 200
941,943
938, 871
25, 200
0
0
0
0
902, 501
911,681
25, 900
0
0
0
0
923,983
897, 896
26,100
0
0
0
0
2,258,087
2,280,927
64,200
883,455
882,838
26,300
0
0
0
0
764,774
777, 479
22,000
0
0
0
0
610, 475
619, 993
15,900
0
0
0
0
2,199,446
2,240,448
62, 500 47, 400 52,700 77, 600 59,100
605,951
618,313
16, 700 13,000 13,300 22, 500 17, 600
690,760
701,934
21,700 13, 300 16,200 26,100 19,600
902,735
920,201
24,100 21,100 23, 200 29,000 21,900
3,454,571
3, 398, 898
88,700 67,300 98,400 90, 900 76,100
1,095, 557
1,106,809
28,300 21, 700 31,100 29, 300 25,600
1,128,751
1,137, 562
31,400 21, 600 32,900 30,000 24,000
1,174, 590
1,210,200
29,000 24,000 34,400 31, 600 26, 500
3, 528,471
3,590,366
93,200 72, 500 97,800 99,900 75,800
1,213,311
1,182,830
28,500 25, 300 33,300 32,200 25,200
1,175,766
1,186,019
31,700 24,800 32, 600 31, 700 25,200
1,191,036
1,169,875
33,000 22,400 31,900 36,000 25,400
3,182,385
3,192,852
79,100 55,900 76,900 91, 300 80, 800
1,160, 300
1,158,338
30,300 21, 600 30,100 31, 800 27,200
1,083, 449
1,080, 578
27,900 19,000 26,800 31, 500 26.300
943, 469
949,103
20, 900 15,300 20,000 28,000 27.300
3,012, 862
3,036,304
76,200
892,794
890,092
19, 500 16,000 15, 600 30, 600 25,400
903, 720
916, 550
25,200
0
0
0
0
1,219,050
1,226, 960
31,500
0
0
0
0
33,700
0
0
0
0
0
Publicly
owned
$370, 224
614, 769
502, 707
306,818
169,037
162, 503
31, 359
45,835
85, 309
83,136
35,063
25, 528
22, 545
38,339
3,072
9,180
26,087
22,840
617
12,705
9, 518
41,002
12, 362
11,174
17,466
55,673
11,252
8,811
35,610
61,895
30,481
10,253
21,161
10,467
1,962
2,871
5, 634
23, 442
2,702
12,830
7,910
0
0
nonpermit segment is such that for an estimate of 100,000 starts the chances
are 19 out of 20 that a complete enumeration of all nonpermit areas would
result in a total private nonfarm figure between 98,000 and 102,000. For
metropolitan-nonmetropolitan or regional components, the relative error
is somewhat larger.
2 Data b y urban and rural-nonfarm classification for periods before January
1954 are available upon request. Annual metropolitan-nonmetropolitan
location data not available before 1950; m onthly figures not available before
1953; regional data not available before January 1954.
2 Private construction costs are based on permit valuation, adjusted for
understatement of costs shown on permit applications. Public construction
costs are based on contract values or estimated construction costs for in
dividual projects.
4 Housing peak year.
2 Less than 50 units.
8 Preliminary.
7 Revised.
8 N ot yet available
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Military Manpower Requirements and Supply, 1955-59.
14 pp.
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