Full text of Monthly Labor Review : June 1949, Vol. 68, No. 6
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Monthly Labor Review
U N IT E D STATES DEPARTM ENT OF LABOR • BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
L awrence R. K l e in , Chief, Office of Publications
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CONTENTS
Special Articles
621 Family Food Expenditures in Three Cities, 1947
631 Four Meetings of International Groups Significant to Labor
631
ILO Coal Mines Committee: Third Session
632
ILO Regional Conference of American States
634
International Metalworkers Federation: Action of Central Com
mittee
636
Miners’ International Federation: Action of Executive Com
mittee
Summaries of Studies and Reports
638
641
642
646
650
656
659
661
637
663
663
664
Prices in the First Quarter of 1949
Gas and Electricity: Price Changes in 1948
Salaries of Office Workers: Philadelphia, January 1949
Salaries of Office Workers: Los Angeles, January 1949
Wage Chronology No. 6: Armour and Co., 1941-48
Recommendations for Career Pay in the Military Forces
Studies in Industry-Wide Collective Bargaining
Panel to Handle Atomic Energy Plant Disputes
Conference of International Trade Secretariats
New Jersey’s Institute of Management and Labor Relations
Labor-Management Disputes in May 1949
Labor Information in Second ECA Report
Technical Notes
666 Revised Series: Hours and Earnings, Contract Construction Industry
Departments
hi
669
677
679
685
The Labor Month in Review
Recent Decisions of Interest to Labor
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Publications of Labor Interest
Current Labor Statistics (list of tables)
June 1949 • Voi. 68 • No. 6
Two Notes to our Subscribers
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e
e
«
1. The Questionnaire
The editors of the Monthly Labor Review wish to thank
the hundreds of Review subscribers from all parts of the
United States and more than a dozen foreign countries who
cooperated by returning the questionnaires which were in
cluded with the April and May issues. We urge all persons
who have not filled out and returned the brief form to do so.
The purpose of the survey is to determine the uses you make
of the publication and to make it conform more closely
with your particular needs.
2. The Gift of Freedom
This book, excerpts of which were published in the April
issue, is now available for sale by the Superintendent of
Documents, Washington 25, D. C., at 55 cents a copy. The
Gift of Freedom is a study of the social and economic status
of the American wage earner. It was designed to inform work
ers in other countries how their American counterparts live.
In eight chapters it describes emplo3unent characteristics,
the economic basis for living standards, what an hour of
work will buy, living standards, the history and development
of the labor movement, and political and personal freedom.
It is a book which, the New York Times stated editorially,
“might well be in every American school and every American
home.”
The Labor Month
in Review
in the volume of industrial produc
tion, continuing in May 1949, was accentuated by
a sharp downturn in steel production from the
peak rates which had been sustained through
March. Output and employment in manufactur
ing were generally restricted as producers, faced
by falling industrial prices, tended to curtail
operations to avoid further inventory accumula
tion. Retail trade, however, was well sustained
in May, as it has been in recent months, and dollar
volumes compared favorably with levels of the
first half of 1948. Total employment was about
the same as a year ago, with farm activity up
and nonagricultural employment down. Follow
ing slight declines in the two preceding months,
unemployment rose about one-quarter million
in mid-May to a total of 3.3 million, compared
with a level of 1.8 million in the corresponding
period a year ago. The increase in May was
the result largely of the early entry of young
people into the labor market.
There were no large strike situations other than
that at the Ford Motor Co. during May. Negoti
ations for a new contract began in the coal
industry and were scheduled in the steel and auto
mobile industries. Congress took no final action
on any important legislation affecting labor during
the month.
T h e decline
Unemployment Up Slightly
Unemployment rose by 270,000 between April
and May, approximating 3,290,000 in the week
ending May 14, according to the estimates of the
Bureau of the Census. The rise in unemployment
appears to be largely due to the early entry into
the labor market of young persons of high-school
and college age in search of summer or post
graduate jobs. Unemployment in early May was
1,500,000 above a year ago.
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The number of persons involuntarily working
short time is also greater than that of a year ago.
Preliminary results of a special Bureau of the
Census survey indicate that about 1,500,000
persons with full-time jobs were working short
hours (generally 3 or 4 days) during the week
ending May 14, because of slack work, material
shortages, job turn-over, and similar factors.
Another 900,000 persons with part-time work
wanted full-time employment. Similar studies
in March and September 1948 showed only about
half as many persons in each of these groups.
After rising 900,000 over the month, total em
ployment was at about the level of a year ago.
The increase was largely due to an expansion in
agricultural activities which raised farm employ
ment by 1,150,000 to almost 9,000,000. The
number of nonagricultural workers was estimated
at 49,720,000, a decline of 280,000 from the
previous month. Within the nonfarm group, a
seasonal increase in construction employment
partly offset declines in manufacturing and other
industries.
Consumers’ Prices Hold
Consumers’ prices in recent months have not
maintained the downtrend, which from Septem
ber 1948 until February 1949 brought a 3.2 per
cent reduction in the consumers’ price index of
the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The second con
secutive advance in the index occurred between
March and April. The index on April 15, 1949,
was 169.7 percent of the 1935—39 average, 0.2 per
cent higher than a year ago, 27.3 percent above
June 1946, and 72.1 percent over the August 1939
level. It now appears that no large change oc
curred between April 15 and May 15.
Increased prices for certain food items—eggs,
meats, and fresh fruits and vegetables—were
mainly responsible for the rise in the index between
March and April. Average retail prices of ap
parel, on the other hand, declined for the sixth
consecutive month. After dropping 0.7 percent
over the month, average prices for apparel were
4.5 percent below October 1948 when the down
ward trend started.
Rents continued their small but steady upward
movement, rising 0.2 percent over the month.
The rent index in April, however, was only 20 perm
IV
THE LABOR MONTH IN REVIEW
cent above the 1935-39 average, reflecting the
continuation of rent control.
The index for fuel, electricity, and refrigeration
declined with substantial reductions in the retail
prices of coal and oil.
Wholesale price movements during May were
again within a narrow range, although some in
dividual commodity prices showed significant
fluctuations. Prices of farm products and of foods
moved upward slightly in the wholesale markets.
The increase in these groups was more than offset
by a decline of about 1.5 percent in the index for
all other commodities. The general wholesale
price index averaged about 0.5 percent lower in
May than in April. Price reductions were again
reported for nonferrous metals, building materials,
and textiles.
establishments, particularly in the construction
and printing industries.
The general terms of the contract between the
nonoperating unions and the railroads—7 cents an
hour increase and the same pay for a 40-hour week
starting in September as for the present 48 hours—
were adopted by the Pennsylvania Railroad and its
shop workers and the Railway Express Agency
and its employees. A general “standard of living”
increase of 3 cents an hour, provided by the
contracts between the United Auto Workers (CIO)
and the United Electrical Workers (CIO) and the
General Motors Corp., was granted GM workers
on May 29. However, the cost-of-living allow
ance, also established by the 1948 contracts and
adjusted quarterly to the BLS consumers’ price
index, was cut 1 cent an hour on June 1.
Ford Strike Settled
Factory Earnings Lower
The strike over the question of a speed-up in
assembly-line operations at the Ford River
Rouge plant was settled near the end of the month
by an agreement to arbitrate the issue. More than
100,000 Ford workers, in scattered plants through
out the country, were made idle by the stoppage.
The strike, which directly affected about 65,000
workers in Dearborn and Detroit lasted for more
than 3 weeks. As a result of this strike and a
number of relatively smaller ones during May,
time lost due to work stoppages rose to approx
imately 3,000,000 man-days.
Negotiations for a new contract were begun
during the month by the United Mine Workers
and the Southern Coal Producers Association.
The Mine Workers have requested separate
negotiations for the northern group of operators
and for the captive mines of the steel companies.
The outcome of the important negotiations pend
ing in the automobile and steel industries contin
ued uncertain.
Additional contracts were signed during May
which permitted the reopening of the matter of
wages before the end of the contract year. In
general, such agreements have carried relatively
small or no new benefits, but there is an expecta
tion that the wage question may be reopened if
significant gains are won by the major unions.
Numerous settlements, usual for this time of the
year, have been made in small and medium size
Weekly earnings of factory workers declined
$1 between March and April 1949 to $52.60.
Factory earnings have been declining for the past
few months and in April they were approximately
$2.50 below the high point reached in December
1948. This has been a reflection, to a large extent,
of the reduction in average hours worked during
the last few months. The reduction of hours
has also meant a smaller amount of premium pay
for overtime.
The length of the average workweek in manu
facturing dropped from 39.0 hours in March to a
new postwar low of 38.3 hours in April. This
was almost 2 hours below that of April 1948.
In the durable goods group of industries, the
decline in hours was moderate but rather wide
spread, extending even to the basic steel industry
In the nondurable goods industries, the average
workweek was reduced by a full hour over the
month, bringing weekly hours down to 37.6.
Substantial cut-backs—about 2 hours—were re
ported by textile, apparel, and leather plants.
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Labor Bill Debated
The Senate began debate on the Administration
sponsored labor relations bill in early June.
A number of issues remained in dispute, partic
ularly the question of “national emergency”
strikes. Other matters of labor legislation were
still in the committees.
Family Food Expenditures, 1947 and 1948
Annual Costs and Weekly Purchases of Food,
Housekeeping Families of Two or More Persons in
Washington, Richmond, and Manchester
H e len M . H um es 1
reached unprecedented levels in 1947
and 1948 and family food costs were a subject of
general interest and concern. Family expendi
ture studies, made by the Bureau of Labor Sta
tistics in the spring of 1948 in Washington (D. C.),
Richmond (Va.), and Manchester (N. H.), pro
vide data on average annual food costs for 1947
for housekeeping families of two or more persons
at different income levels, and the average quan
tity and cost of individual items of food purchased
during 1 week in February or March 1948.2 This
article presents a general summary and detailed
tabulations of these data.3
F ood prices
Annual Food Expenditure
Food expenditures in 1947 averaged about onethird of total family living costs in each of these
cities, but the relative importance and the average
dollar value of these expenditures varied widely
at different levels of income.
1 Of the Bureau’s D ivision of Prices and Cost of Living.
3 For a discussion of the survey procedures and a summary of findings as
related to major categories of expenditures, see April 1949 issue of M onthly
Labor Review—Fam ily Income and Expenditures in 1947 (p. 389) and Pro
cedures Used in 1947 Fam ily Expenditure Surveys (p. 434).
For a definition of housekeeping families see footnote 1, table 3. Averages
are based on all housekeeping families in the class and not the smaller number
of families purchasing a given item. Average expenditure for families who
reported expense for an item in tables 1 to 3 may be calculated by dividing
the average expenditure for all families by the percentage of families having
the expense. In small samples in which data are subdivided by classes,
some irregularities are to be expected, especially among items on which
expenditures may vary substantially in amount or may occur at infrequent
intervals—for example, expense for food while traveling. Adjustments have
not been made in any of the averages yielded by the original reports.
3 Detailed tables on quantities of individual food items purchased and
expenditures therefor during 1 week, by income class, for each city, will
appear in the reprint of this article.
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In Washington (D. C.), 95 percent of families
of two or more persons were housekeeping families
who purchased food to be prepared and eaten in
the home. Average expenditure for this food
ranged from $621.36 in the $l,000-$2,000 income
group (averaging 2.7 persons per family) to $1,485.08 for families in the $10,000 or more group
(averaging 4.0 persons per family). Per capita
expense for food at home for these groups was
$230.13 and $371.27, respectively.
Richmond housekeeping families representing
94 percent of all families of two or more averaged
3.0 persons at the $l,000-$2,000 income level and
3.8 persons in the $7,500-$10,000 income group.
Families at the lower income level spent an aver
age of $626.56 per family or $208.85 per person
for food at home. Such expenditures increased
with income and family size to an average of
$1,292.39 per family or $340.10 per person at the
higher level.
Manchester housekeeping families represented
96 percent of families of two or more. Average
expenditures for food at home were $752.59 per
family, or $301.04 per person in the $1,000$2,000 income group, and $1,569.34 per family or
$373.65 per person at the $6,000-$7,500 income
level. Families at these income levels averaged
2.5 and 4.2 persons, respectively.
In addition to expenditure for food at home,
housekeeping families at all income levels reported
expenditures for food away from home—at work,
at school, when “eating out,” or while traveling
outside the city. In Washington, cost of food
621
622
FAMILY FOOD EXPENDITURES
away from home averaged $13.33 for the $1,000$2,000 income group, the largest proportion of
this being for food at work. These expendi
tures increased as income and family size increased,
averaging $414.06 at the $10,000 and over level,
$184.69 of which was spent for food at work.
At this income level, 87.5 percent of the families
reported such expenditure, compared with 11.7
percent in the $l,000-$2,000 income class. At
Chart 1. Average Weekly Expenditure for Food at
Home, Spring 1948
all income levels, a larger proportion of families
reported purchase of food at work in Washington
than in either of the other cities. Provision for
cafiferia service in Government buildings prob
ably accounted to a large extent for this difference.
Costs for food away from home for Richmond
families in the $l,000-$2,000 income class aver
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MONTHLY LABOR
aged $34.42, and expense for between-meal
snacks accounted for the largest part of the total
expenditure. The $10,000 and over income class
averaged $713.80 for food away from home, with
food at work the largest single item. Substantial
amounts were spent also for food while traveling
outside the city and for family meals in restaurants.
Expenditures for food away from home for
Manchester families averaged $73.26 in the
$l,000-$2,000 income group; expenditures for
food at work and between-meal snacks were about
equally important. In the $6,000-$7,500 group,
the average expense for food away from home
was $320.45. Restaurant meals in Manchester
accounted for a substantial part of this total.
The custom of buying food for between-meal
snacks away from home appears to be well estab
lished in the eating habits of families in these
cities. Two-thirds or more of the families in
each of the three cities, at almost every income
level, reported such purchases, but the amounts
spent varied widely from one income group to
another. Expenditures for “eating out” increased
sharply with income as did the proportion of
families reporting such expense, with the marked
increase occurring at about the $5,000-$6,000
income level in each city.
Food expense while traveling or on vacation
also increased sharply with income. This wras
especially evident in Richmond where average
annual expenditures for such food purchases
were less than $25 for families with net incomes
under $6,000 and more than $99 in income classes
above $6,000. In Washington, the sharp increase
in expenditure for food while traveling or on
vacation occurred at the $5,000 level, and in
Manchester at $4,000. A larger proportion of
families with incomes under $4,000 in Man
chester, however, showed expenditures for such
food purchases than did families with comparable
income in the other two cities.
Expenditures for alcoholic beverages were
reported by 23 percent of the Washington families
with $l,000-$2,000 incomes, and by 41 percent
and 35 percent of Richmond and Manchester
families at this income level. Average annual
expenditures for these families were $16.89 in
Washington, $15.67 in Richmond, and $23.50 in
Manchester. At higher income levels, both the
proportion of families having expenditures for
alcoholic beverages and the average amount spent
REVIEW, JUNE 1949
T able
1.
FAMILY FOOD EXPENDITURES
623
Washington, D. C.: Percentage reporting expenditures and average amount spent for food and alcoholic beverages,
housekeeping families of 2 or more persons,1 by net income class and race, 19If7
All families: Annual money income after personal taxes 3
Item
$1,000 to
$2,000
$2,000 to
$3,000
$3,000 to
$4,000
$4,000 to
$5,000
$5,000 to
$6,000
$6,000 to
$7,500
$7,500 to
$10,000
$10,000
and over
Percentage having expenditure8
Food: T o t a l...___________________________
Purchased to be served at home 4__________
Purchased and eaten away from h o m e 8 .
In community—
A t w o r k _______________________
At school____________ _______ __________ .
Other________ _______________ _ . _
Between-meal snacks
.
____________
In another community—
Working_______ ___________________________
At school or college___________________________
Traveling or on vacation__________________
Alcoholic beverages7_______________________
100.0
100.0
84.2
100.0
100.0
93.2
100.0
100.0
90.0
100.0
100.0
97.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
94.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
11.7
0
11.7
68.4
42.7
6.0
12.8
71.2
48.2
6.6
29.4
66.2
76.1
12.2
30.5
78.9
78.5
7.1
58.8
75.3
82.5
15.5
58.7
82.0
60.7
5.1
45.6
79.7
87.5
12.5
87.5
62. 5
0
0
10.0
23.3
1.8
0
27.6
42.9
0
2.2
39.9
63.3
0
0
51.6
57.5
0
0
64.3
71.9
0
5.2
66.5
74.8
0
5.1
70.8
79.7
0
0
75.0
100.0
Average annual expenditure3
Food: T otal_______________________________ .
Purchased to be served at hom e4_______ ________
Purchased and eaten away from home 8______ _ _ _
In community—
A t w o rk ... _ . . ____________________ __ .
At school__________ _____________ ____ . . . _
Other_____ _ ._ ______ ______ . __ ____
Between-meal snacks 8______________________
In another community—
Working____ _________________________ . . . . .
At school or college_____________________________
Traveling or on v a c a tio n ._________ _____ _
..
Alcoholic beverages7. ______ _____________ _______________ .
Average family size.___________ ______________ _____ _________
$634. 69
621. 36
13. 33
$1,007. 39
920. 93
86.46
$1,107. 54
977.87
129.67
$1, 289. 26
1,065. 55
223.71
$1, 398. 20
1,090. 85
307. 35
$1,483. 62
1,148.74
334. 88
$1,885. 44
1,478. 80
406.64
$1,899.14
1,485. 08
414.06
6. 79
0
1.46
4. 93
45. 49
5.99
8. 96
13.39
64.57
5. 82
14.10
29. 26
144. 46
10.49
20. 54
30.16
158. 22
3.87
57. 81
25. 75
145.99
6. 82
76. 56
33.97
143. 78
1.09
97. 26
75.80
184. 69
17.06
125. 59
23.08
0
0
. 15
16. 89
4. 68
0
7.95
38.17
0
4. 42
11.50
45.90
0
0
18.06
64.17
0
0
61.70
119.02
0
17. 40
54.14
106.96
0
20. 99
67. 72
102.02
0
0
63.64
243. 33
2.7
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.1
3.5
3.9
4.0
White families: Annual money income after personal taxes 1
Item
$2,000
to
$3,000
$3,000
to
$4,000
$4,000
to
$5,000
$5,000
to
$6,000
$6,000
to
$7,500
$7,500
to
$10,000
$10,000
and
over
Percentage having expenditure 3
Food: T otal_______________________________________
Purchased to be served at home 4
_ _ ___
Purchased and eaten away from home 8______ __ .
In community—
At work _________________
____ _____
At school___________ . _ __ ______ ___
Other__________________________________
Between-meal snacks 8 __ _ . _________
In another community—
Working. .
. _____________________
At school or college ________ ___________
Traveling or on vacation________________
Alcoholic beverages 7. . . ............... ........................................
Negro families: Annual money
income after personal taxes *
$1,000 $2,000
to
to
$2,000 $3,000
$3,000
to
$4,000
$4,000
and
over
Percentage having expenditure 3
100.0
100.0
91.3
100.0
100.0
90.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
94.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
91.7
100.0
100.0
95.8
100.0
100 0
87.5
100.0
100.0
90.9
43.5
4.3
13.0
65.2
54.5
9.1
33.3
60.6
80.0
13.3
33.3
80.0
78.0
2.4
63.4
78.0
84.2
15.8
57.9
81.6
63.2
5.3
47.4
78.9
87.5
12.5
87.5
62.5
16.7
0
16.7
83.3
41.7
8.3
12.5
79.2
31.3
0
18.8
81.2
54.5
27.3
18.2
63.6
0
0
39.1
21.7
0
3.0
45.5
63.6
0
0
53.3
56.7
0
0
65.9
70.7
0
5.3
65.8
76.3
0
5.3
73.7
78.9
0
0
75.0
100.0
0
0
0
33.3
4.2
0
12.5
70.8
0
0
25.0
62.5
0
0
45.5
72.7
Average annual expenditure 3
Average annual expenditure3
Food: T otal___ _________ ______ ________________ $1,037. 53 $1,124.44 $1,310. 76 $1,366. 96 $1,484. 51 $1,907.55 $1, 899.14 $618. 27 $967. 78 $1,062.09 $1,459.15
Purchased to be served at home 4 _______________
946.58
978.19 1,074. 42 1,059. 28 1,144. 02 1,485.98 1,485.08 599. 76 887. 21
977.01 1, 261.19
Purchased and eaten away from home 8__________
90.95
146. 25
236.34
307. 68
340.49
421.56
414.06
18.51 80. 57
85.08
197.96
In community—
At work_____________ . . . . . . ___ _ . _.
48.45
154.10
70. 71
153.85
148.97
149.62
184.69
9. 68 41.60
48.59
118. 61
At school______________________________
1.02
11.44
7. 98
.41
6. 96
1.13
17.06
0
0
12.53
19.50
Other_______________________ __________
15.35
16.15
22.40
60.32
77. 71
101. 21
125. 59
2. 08
8. 59
.57
20.73
Between-meal snacks 6__. _____. . . ______
14.39
31.40
29.31
34.05
26.80
77.29
6. 75 12.08
23.08
23.52
25. 85
In another community—
Working_______________________________
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10. 83
0
0
At school or college___ __________________
0
6.06
0
0
17. 76
21.84
0
0
0
0
0
Traveling or on vacation..................... ...........
11.74
14.15
19.09
66.30
55.04
70.47
63.64
2.96
0
4.38
13.27
32.07
121. 74
Alcoholic beverages 7________ _____ _________________
20. 81
58.94
109.14
102. 26
24.09 60. 98
243.33
83.10
93.26
Average family siz e ............................ ...................................
See footnotes to table 3.
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3.7
3.2
3.5
3.0
3.5
3.9
4.0
3.0
3.2
4.2
4.2
MONTHLY LABOR
FAMILY FOOD EXPENDITURES
624
T able 2.— Richmond, Va.: Percentage reporting expenditures and average amount spent for food and alcoholic beverages, house
keeping families of 2 or more persons,1 by net income class and race, 19^7
All families: Annual money income after personal taxes *
$1,000
to
$2,000
Item
$2,000
to
$3,000
$4,000
to
$5,000
$3,000
to
$4,000
$10,000
and
over
$7,500
to
$10,000
$6,000
to
$7,500
$5,000
to
$6,000
Percentage having expenditure3
Food: T o ta l.-....................... ................- ..........
Purchased to be served at h o m e4____
Purchased and eaten away from home
In community—
At work____________________
A t school.....................................
Other..................................... ........
Between-meal snacks •_........... .
In another C om m unityWorking................ .......................
A t school or college__________
Traveling or on vacation.........
Alcoholic beverages 7........................................
100.0
100.0
68.2
100.0
100.0
76.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
96.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
83.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
4.5
9.1
9.1
50.0
30.0
20.0
24.0
72.0
40.6
12.5
21.9
87.5
73.1
7.7
30.8
76.9
70.0
30.0
50.0
90.0
61.5
15.4
46.2
92.3
50.0
0
50.0
66.7
100.0
20.0
60.0
80.0
0
0
18.2
40.9
2.0
2.0
10.0
36.0
0
3.1
31.2
37.5
0
0
26.9
53.8
0
0
40.0
60.0
0
0
61.5
69.2
0
0
50.0
66.7
0
0
60.0
80.0
Average annual expenditure 3
Food: Total..........................................................
Purchased to be served at home 4..........Purchased and eaten away from home *.
In community—
A t w o r k .,........................................
A t school..........................................
Other______ _________________
Between-meal snacks 8—..............
In another C om m unityWorking_____________________
At school or college___________
Traveling or on vacation_____
Alcoholic beverages 7..........................................
$660.98
626. 56
34.42
$985.32
879.86
105.46
$1, 051. 77
915.38
136.39
$1, 251.42
1, 005.49
245.93
$1, 374. 54
1,159.13
215.41
$1, 554.57
1,105.68
448.89
$1, 569.84
1, 292.39
277.45
$1, 975.80
1, 262.00
713.80
3.90
8.64
1.32
18.07
38.20
14. 31
7.07
30.05
61.83
13.27
9.48
39.33
161.24
4.59
13.68
54.05
114.18
23.59
24.20
29.14
199.21
8.31
72.15
69.85
70.78
0
47. 67
25.83
326.96
10.80
106.40
46.40
0
0
2.49
15.67
1.86
5.34
8.63
13.99
0
1.63
10.85
26.86
0
0
12.37
33.42
0
0
24.30
85.07
0
0
99.37
92.72
0
0
133.17
22.90
0
0
223.24
83.00
Average family size—..........................................
3Â)
3.6
3.1
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.8
3.8
Negro families: Annual
money income after
personal taxes 3
White families: Annual money income after personal taxes s
Item
$1,000
to
$2,000
$2,000
to
$3,000
$3,000
to
$4,000
$4,000
to
$5,000
$5,000
to
$6,000
$6,000
to
$7,500
$7,500
to
$10,000
$10,000
and
over
$3,000
and
over
Percentage having ex
penditure 3
Percentage having expenditure3
___________________ _______________
Food: Total-.
Purchased to bo served at home 4__ _ ___________
Purchased and eaten away from hom o3____________
In community—
At work __________ ______ ______________
A t school____________ ________ _____ ____
Other_____ ________ _____ ________ ____
Between-meal snacks 8_____ _____________
In another C om m unityW orking-_______________________................
A t school or college______________________
Traveling or on v acation _______________
Alcoholic beveragesC_________________ __________ ___
$1,000 $2,000
to
to
$2,000 $3,000
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1C0.0
77.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
80.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
56.2
10C.0
100.0
73.7
100.0
100.0
80.0
0
16. 7
33.3
66.7
29.0
19.4
29.0
71.0
42.9
14.3
17.9
100.0
77.3
4.5
31.8
81.8
77.8
33.3
55.6
88.9
61.5
15.4
46.2
92.3
60.0
0
60.0
80.0
100.0
20.0
60.0
80.0
6.2
6.2
0
43.7
31.6
21.1
15.8
73.7
30.0
10.0
30.0
70.0
0
6
16.7
16.7
3.2
3.2
16.1
41.9
0
0
35.7
35.7
0
0
31.8
50.0
0
0
33.3
55.6
0
0
61.5
69.2
0
0
40.0
60.0
0
0
60.0
80.0
0
0
18.8
50.0
0
0
0
26.3
9
10.0
10.0
70.0
Average annual ex
penditure 3
Average annual expenditure3
Food: Total ________________________ ______ _________ $465.09 $1,007.44 $1,066. 68 $1,224.38 $1,326.36 $1, 554. 57 $1,620.21 $1,975. 80 $734.44 $949. 23 $1,225.32
Purchased to be served at home 4____________ _____ 424.26
893.21
923.30
960.31 1,114. 58 1,105. 68 1,339.87 1,262.00 702.42 858.09 1,107.10
32.02 91.14
713.80
118.22
280.34
Purchased and eaten away from home 8___________
448.89
211.78
40.83
114.23
143.38
264.07
In community—
5.36
38.48
33.66
326.
96
84.94
A t work_______________________ __________
199.
21
0
70.12
175.
94
126.87
38.03
5.62
10.80
9. 62
9.00
0
A t school__________________________ ___ _
8.31
16. 67
17.18
15.16
26.22
1.33
0
10.63
6.20
57.20
106.40
Other_________
__________ _____
72.15
4.83
14.35
26. 89
4.89
10.05
46.40
44.16
17.98 32.41
31.00
Between-meal snacks •.............................. ........... 18. 33
69.85
27.02
28.60
35.65
57.83
In another C om m unity0
0
0
0
0
0
Working _______________________________
0
0
0
3.00
Q
5.20
0
0
0
0
At school or college_____________ _____
0
0
0
0
0
8.61
223.24
3.06
0
20.00
107.20
Traveling or on vacation ................. ............ 99.37
4. 78
1.00
13.92
14.62
12.40
19.04 11.32
77.06
83.00
23.70
92.72
Alcoholic beverages 7—.......... ..................................................
6.67
15.63
25. 63
29. 59
50.96
Average family siz e ......... ..........................................................
See footnotes to table 3.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2.3
3.3
3.1
3.4
3.4
3.6
4.0
3.8
3.2
3.9
3.8
REVIEW, JUNE 1949
625
FAMILY FOOD EXPENDITURES
T able 3.— Manchester, N. H.: Percentage reporting expenditures and average amount spent for food and alcoholic beverages,
families of 2 or more persons, 1 by net income class, 194-7
All families: Annual money income after personal taxes 2
Item
Under
$1,000
$1,000
to
$2,000
$2,000
to
$3,000
$3,000
to
$4,000
$4,000
to
$5,000
$5,000
to
$6,000
$6,000
to
$7,500
$7,500
and
over
Percentage having expenditure
_______________________________________
Food: TotaL ________ ...
Purchased to be served at home
______ ____________________
Purchased and eaten away from home 5__ _________________ . . .
In community—
At work. ______________________________________ . .
At school_______________________________________________
Other______________ _____________________ ___________
Between-meal snacks « ___ ____________________________
In another community—
Working__ _______ ____ ____________________________ _
At school or college__________________________ ,___________
Traveling or on vacation________________________________
Alcoholic beverages 7_____ __________________________ ______________
100.0
100.0
60.0
100.0
100.0
82.4
100.0
100.0
84.8
100.0
100.0
92.7
100.0
100.0
93.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
20.0
0
40.0
20.0
11.8
5.9
23.5
64.7
30.4
6.5
30.4
73.9
40.0
5.5
23.6
76.4
40.0
6.7
23.3
83.3
46.7
6.7
60.0
93.3
37.5
25.0
50.0
100.0
57.1
28.6
42.9
71.4
0
0
20.0
80.0
0
0
29.4
35.3
0
0
58.7
65.2
0
0
43.6
61.8
6.7
6.7
63.3
73.3
13.3
6.7
73.3
66.7
12.5
12.5
62.5
75.0
0
28.6
57.1
57.1
$950.45 $1, 060.66 $1, 451. 41 $1, 528.05 $1, 889.79
946.89 1, 215. 53 1, 211. 21 1, 569.34
847.28
316.84
320.45
113. 77
235.88
103.17
$1, 706.32
1, 282.37
423.95
Average annual expenditure
Food: T o ta l... ________ . . . _. _________________________ ________
Purchased to be served at home <-----------------------------------------------Purchased and eaten away from home 5________________ ______ _
In community—
At work. _ ___________________________________________ .
At school. . . ___ _ _______ _ . . . ______
____ ____
Other_____ . . _________________ ______________________
Between-meal snacks 6_— ___ _______ _______ . _ . . . . . . .
In another community—
Working---- ------------------------------- ----------------------------At school or college. ______ __________________ ______ ____ _
Traveling or on vacation_________________________________
Alcoholic beverages 6___
_________ ________ — ---------- .
-----------
$429. 55
398. 75
30.80
$825.85
752. 59
73. 26
18.48
0
5.92
5. 40
16.09
5. 06
9. 25
19. 59
44.59
1. 71
12.02
25.14
50.83
1. 55
9.91
38.66
75. 68
3.96
18.19
48.14
86.19
13.00
60.49
67.61
70.49
17.30
95.46
63. 72
194.43
6. 39
38.93
57.46
0
0
1.00
18.17
0
0
23. 27
23.50
0
0
19.71
51.73
0
0
12.82
73.12
25.00
32.72
32.19
78. 80
45.30
14.87
29.38
84.35
14.06
21.68
37.74
97.19
0
96.65
27.09
41.96
2.8
2.5
2.9
3.4
4.0
4.3
4.2
4.4
Average family size________________________________________________
1 Includes families who occupied a house, flat, or apartment with cooking
facilities, and who cooked at home during the period covered. Includes also
families sharing an entire dwelling, including the kitchen.
2 Families are classified by total income after payment of personal taxes
(Federal and State income, poll, and personal property) and occupational
expense.
3 Number of families not sufficient for reliable averages in following income
were substantially larger. At the $6,000-$7,500
income level, 75 percent of the Washington and
Manchester families, and 69 percent of the
Richmond families reported expenditures for
alcoholic beverages. These expenditures averaged,
respectively, $106.96, $97.19, and $92.72.
Weekly Food Purchases, February-March 1948
Washington families with $1,000-$2,000 net
incomes spent an average of $11.72 per household
or $4.71 per person for food for home use in 1 week
in early 1948. At the $7,500-$10,000 income level,
weekly food expenditures averaged $30.17 per
household or $8.29 per person (see table 4). In
Richmond, weekly food costs ranged from $16.15
per household or $4.88 per person in the $1,000$2,000 income group to $33.08 per household or
837474— 49-
-2
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
classes: Washington and Richmond, under $1,000; Washington white families,
$1,000- 12,000.
* Includes food prepared at home to be eaten away from home and value of
food brought home by the proprietor of a food store.
3 Includes tips and meals for friends.
3 Includes food bought to supplement meals carried from home.
1 1ncludes bottled drinks and drinks served at restaurants and bars.
$7.97 per person in the $10,000 and over group.
Average weekly costs for families in Manchester
rose from $15.43 in the $l,000-$2,000 income group
to $34.61 in the $6,000-$7,500 income group, or
$6.10 and $7.69 per person, respectively.
Variations in average weekly expenditures per
household between cities were due in part to food
price differences and in part to differences in
household size and kinds and quantities of food
purchased. Household-size differences were main
ly responsible for the variations in expenditures for
Washington and Richmond, in which the average
weekly per capita expenditure at each income
level below $7,500 was similar; for example, $4.71
and $4.88 in the $l,000-$2,000 group and $7.68
and $7.31 at the $6,000-$7,500 level. At all but
one income level in Manchester, average weekly
expenditures for food were higher than in the other
626
FAMILY FOOD EXPENDITURES
two cities. These differences reflect both the
larger household size for families with incomes
over $3,000, and the higher food prices in Man
chester.
No attempt was made to evaluate the effect on
per capita expenditures of differences in food
preferences or in quantities of food used.
Despite the differences in average expenditures
for all food purchased, there is a marked similarity
in the relative importance of expenditure for the
MONTHLY LABOR
major groups of food among income levels and
cities. In all three cities and at all income levels,
with few exceptions, families used the largest part
of the food dollar for meat, poultry, or fish
(approximately 30 to 35 percent). Expenditures
for dairy products and eggs were next in impor
tance (18 to 25 percent), followed in importance by
fruits and vegetables (15 to 20 percent) ; cereals and
bakery products (10 to 15 percent); and miscella
neous foods, including nonalcoholic beverages (6 to
T able 4.— Average expenditure for food for home use by housekeeping families of 2 or more persons, by annual money income
after taxes,1 1 week in February-March 1948
Annual money income after personal taxes 1
Food group
$1,000 to
$2,000
$2,000 to
$3,000
$3,000 to
$4,000
$4,000 to
$5,000
$5,000 to
$6,000
$6,000 to
$7,500
$7,500 to
$10,000
$10,000
and over
W A SH IN G T O N , D . C.
All food (excluding alcoholic beverages)______________________________
M eat, poultry, and f i s h ________________________________________
M eat____________________ _________________ . ______ _____
Poultry___________________ . ___________ ____ _________ .
Fish and other sea fo o d ____________ . . . . . . . . . . . . ______
Dairy products and eggs... _____________________________________
Dairy products______ . _ . ____________ _______ __________
Eggs----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Fats and oils __________________________________________________
Sugar and sweets . . . ._ _ ____ ______________ . . . . . _________
Cereals and bakery products. _________ _ _ . _______ _______
Fruits and vegetables______ _ __________ _____ . . . ............... .........
Fresh______ ______________________________ . . . . ______
Fruits_________________________________________________
Vegetables___ _ ___________ _ ________________________
Frozen_______ ____ _______ _________________________ . .
Canned____
___ __________ ______________ . . . ______ _ _.
Fruits________ _______________________ ________________
Vegetables_______ _ __________________ . . . . ________
Dried_____ . . . . ______ ___________ _. . . . . . ________
Miscellaneous foods_________________________ ___________________
Beverages. _______
. __________ _______ ___________ _
Other miscellaneous foods _____________________________ . . .
Alcoholic beverages___________
$11. 72
4.02
2.84
.84
.34
2. 76
2.00
.76
.39
.33
1.58
1.87
1.35
.38
.97
.07
.34
.19
.15
.11
.77
.51
.26
$18. 23
5.82
4.58
.88
.36
4. 45
3. 27
1.18
.89
.53
2.29
2. 79
1.86
.70
1.16
.10
.71
.29
.42
.12
1.46
.71
.75
$20.55
6.64
5.10
1.02
.52
4. 86
3.66
1.20
1.06
.67
2.46
3.13
1.97
.79
1.18
.20
.81
.31
.50
.15
1.73
.87
.86
$23.68
6.96
5.53
.80
.63
5.85
4. 52
1.33
.92
.70
2.64
4.26
2.66
1.11
1.55
.35
1.09
.65
.44
.16
2.35
1.02
1.33
$21. 52
6. 90
5. 52
.85
.53
5.20
4.02
1.18
.80
.63
1.97
4.02
2.31
.89
1.42
.40
1.23
.67
.56
.08
2.00
.95
1.05
$24. 72
7.23
5. 49
.94
.80
5.88
4.46
1.42
.97
.80
2.61
5. 02
2.85
1.15
1.70
.49
1.49
.86
.63
.19
2. 21
1.29
.92
$30.17
11.07
8. 86
1.51
.70
6.31
4. 59
1.72
.80
.66
3.04
5.91
3.86
1.61
2. 25
.33
1.50
.86
.64
.22
2. 38
1.26
1.12
$25.16
8.93
5.48
2.81
.64
5. 50
4.14
1.36
.73
.81
2.17
4. 55
3.20
1.43
1.77
.58
.66
.40
.26
.11
2.47
1.13
1.34
________ __________________________
.69
.91
.97
1.38
6. 75
1.66
.77
.18
Average household size 2_____________________ ______________________
2.5
3.3
3.4
3.4
3.0
3.2
3.6
3.5
$20.46
5. 99
4.28
1.15
.56
3.62
2.31
1.31
.64
.67
2.23
2. 97
1.44
.38
1.06
.13
1.22
.56
.66
.18
1.34
.60
.74
3.00
$23.82
8. 38
6.73
1.00
.65
5.11
3.30
1.81
1.16
.38
2.23
4.43
2.56
.95
1.61
.16
1.50
.74
.76
.21
2.13
1.29
.84
0
$24. 50
< 7.51
4.51
1.28
.39
5. 59
4.33
1.26
.63
1.00
3.15
4.10
2.73
1.14
1.59
.15
1.22
.58
.64
0
2. 52
1.20
1.32
0
$33.08
10.24
7.88
1.85
.51
9.05
5.45
3.60
1.18
.58
3.16
6.70
3.66
1.43
2.23
1.37
1.56
.51
1.05
.11
2.17
.98
1.19
0
.17
2.64
R IC H M O N D , VA.
All food (excluding alcoholic beverages)______________________________
M eat, poultry, and fish___________ . ___________ ______________
M eat________________________________________ ___________
Poultry___ __________ . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
Fish and other sea food_______ ______ ______ . . . . _. .
Dairy products and eggs____________________________________ . . .
Dairy products_______________________ ________________ _
E g g s...------------------------------------------------------------------------------Fats and oils_____________ __________ . . . . . . . . . . .
Sugar and sw e e ts... . . .
. . . . ____________. . . . . . . . .
. _ .
Cereals and bakery products___________________ . . . . . . . . . .
Fruits and vegetables_________ _______________________________
Fresh_________ ___ _
...
___________________ _____
Fruits___. . . _______________ . . . ____ . . _ ________
Vegetables_______ ____ . . . ______ . _________________
F r o z e n ___ __________ __________ _ ________ _ . .
Canned________ ___________________________________ ._ . .
Fruits. ._ _______________________________________ . .
Vegetables_______________________________________ ____
Dried___ __________ ____ __________ . . . . . ___ _ _ .
Miscellaneous foods _ ________________________________________
Beverages.. . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ______ .
Other miscellaneous foods. ______ . . . _____ _. _________ .
N ot specified expenditures______________________ ________________
$19. 57
6. 50
4.83
1.03
.64
3.82
2.80
1.02
.92
.76
2.24
2. 98
1.88
.82
1.06
.07
.87
.34
.53
.16
1.81
1.02
.79
.54
$22. 08
7.40
5.24
1.36
.80
4.19
2. 99
1.20
1.14
.63
2.54
4. 23
2.36
.95
1.41
.19
1.50
.76
.74
.18
1.95
.96
.99
0
1.11
.98
1.56
3.5
3.0
3.3
$16.15
6. 20
3.94
1.60
.66
2.47
1.55
.92
1.07
.59
1.92
2. 67
1.67
.45
1.22
0
.84
.42
.42
.16
1.23
.62
.61
0
$18.87
8 6.30
4.18
1.14
.69
3.61
2.48
1.13
1.08
.66
2.35
3.17
1.94
.76
1.18
.06
1.03
.44
.59
.14
1.70
.89
.81
0
Alcoholic beverages_______________________________ . . _________
.49
Average household size 2_______________________________ ____ ____
3.3
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2.
3.3
0
3.9
.90
4.2
REVIEW, JUNE 1949
T able 4.
FAMILY FOOD EXPENDITURES
627
Average expenditure for food for home use by housekeeping families of 2 or more persons, by annual money income
after taxes, 1 1 week in February-March 1948— Continued
Annual money income after personal taxes 1
Food group
$1,000 to
$2,000
$2,000 to
$3,000
$3,000 to
$4,000
$4,000 to
$5,000
$5,000 to
$6,000
$6,000 to
$7,500
$7,500 to
$10,000
$10,000
and over
M A N C H E ST E K , N . H.
All food (excluding alcoholic beverages)-.
M eat, poultry, and fish___
M eat__________ . . .
Poultry__ ____ . .
Fish and other sea food.. . .
Dairy products and eggs_______ .
Dairy produ cts.._________
Eggs-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Fats and oils __________
Sugar and sweets_____ _
Cereals and bakery products . . .
Fruits and vegetables__ . .
Fresh____________
Fruits_________________
Vegetables________ _____ .
Frozen ____
Canned-. . . . . .
Fruits_____________
Vegetables__ _
. . .
.
D ried ...
.
Miscellaneous foods______ . . . .
Beverages_____ ______ . _. . . .
Other miscellaneous foods ________ _
Alcoholic beverages. __ _ _ ______
.
Average household size 2 ._ __________
$15.43
4.68
4. 22
.14
.32
3.77
2. 77
1.00
.75
.60
2.34
2.16
1.43
.54
.89
.08
.52
.27
.25
.13
1.13
.70
.43
$20.88
5. 95
4. 99
.48
.48
4.90
3.99
.91
.84
.92
2. 82
3.04
1.97
.83
1.14
.07
.93
.33
.60
.07
2.41
1.07
1.34
$22. 63
6. 51
5.27
.59
.65
5.26
4. 27
.99
.89
.88
3.11
3.73
2. 44
1.09
1.35
.10
1.02
.49
.53
.17
2.25
1.05
1.20
$27.38
8. 77
7.09
.94
.74
5.88
4.72
1.16
1.10
1.26
3. 77
4.40
2.88
1.25
1.63
.21
1.09
.44
.65
.22
2.20
1.07
1.13
$30.66
9.40
8.41
.28
.71
6. 91
5. 51
1.40
1.01
1.19
4.02
5.13
3.18
1.54
1.64
.20
1.52
.80
.72
.23
3.00
1.48
1.52
$34.61
10.47
9.15
.47
.85
8.08
6.53
1.55
.92
1.35
4.67
6.33
3.85
1.91
1.94
.28
1.80
.74
1.06
.40
2. 79
1.58
1.21
.67
.89
1.43
1.19
3.42
2. 05
2.5
2.9
3.4
3.9
4.4
4.5
$30 31
10 10
8 16
96
98
7 86
6 56
1 30
28
1 66
3 02
4 92
3 35
1 58
1 77
29
1 17
61
56
11
2 47
1 32
1 15
0
4.1
1 Families are classified by total 1947 money income after payment of per
sonal taxes (Federal and State income, poll, and personal property) and occupa
tional expenses. Averages are based on all housekeeping families in the class
whether or not they purchased the item during the week.
Number of families in the “under $1,000” income class not sufficient for
reliable averages.
J Number of meal-equivalent persons in the household during the week
to which the data apply, with 21 meals eaten from the family food supply
equal to 1 person.
5 Meat, poultry, and fish total includes 0.29 expenditure not allocated.
< M eat, poultry, and fish total includes 1.33 expenditure not allocated.
10 percent). In Richmond and Washington and
for families with incomes under $2,000 in Man
chester, expenditures for fats and oils were rela
tively more important than for sugar and sweets
(3 to 6 percent as compared with 2 to 4 percent).
Among higher income families in Manchester,
expenditures for sugar and sweets were relatively
more important than for fats and oils (4 to 6 per
cent as compared to 1 to 4 percent).
The proportion of total food expenditures spent
for fruits and vegetables increased, in each city,
as incomes increased. Manchester families de
voted a larger proportion of their food expendi
tures to cereals and bakery products and sugar
and sweets and a smaller proportion to fruits and
vegetables than either Washington or Richmond
families.
Variations in the food consumption patterns for
these cities and for the different income groups
within each city can be ascertained from differ
ences in the quantities of individual foods pur
chased by families at the same income level. (See
footnote 3.) At the lower income levels in Rich
mond and Washington, food consumption patterns
of Negro families play an important part in the
inter- and intra-city differences in food items used.
In Washington, families at all income levels
bought about equal quantities of beef and pork
per person. In Richmond, except at the higher
income levels, families bought larger quantities of
pork, and Manchester families usually bought
more beef than pork. In Manchester, fish pur
chases were next in importance, and purchases of
lamb were more important than in either of the
other cities. In Washington and Richmond,
poultry purchases generally were next in impor
tance to pork and beef. Per capita purchases of
fresh milk in Manchester were higher at all income
levels than in Richmond, but similar to Wash
ington in the lower income groups and less than
Washington at the higher income groups.
The quantity of bread purchased per person in
Richmond was somewhat smaller than in the other
two cities, and the per-person purchase of cakes
and cookies in Manchester was substantially
higher than in the other two cities, particularly at
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FAMILY FOOD EXPENDITURES
628
the low-income levels. The total quantity of
fresh fruits and vegetables purchased in each city
increased as incomes increased.
T able 5.—Per capita quantities of selected food items pur
chased by housekeeping families in selected income classes
in Washington, Richmond, and Manchester, 1 week in
February-March 19^8
Annual money income
after personal taxes
Item
Wash
ington
Rich
mond
M an
chester
$1,000 to $2,000
Beef___________________________ _____ pound..
P o r k ...________________________ _______do____
Eggs---------------------------------------- ______ dozen..
Fresh milk_______
__________ ______quart..
Oleomargarine__________________ ______pound..
Butter____ ____________________ ______ _do____
Bread
--------------- ----------------- ________ do___
Cake and cookies.. ____________ _ _____ do_ _
Potatoes. _________ ____________ _ _ _ do___
Other fresh vegetables---------------- _______ do___
0.88
.98
.48
1.88
.16
.18
2. 21
.23
2. 77
2. 25
0.65
1.02
.42
.57
.15
.13
1.44
.20
2.38
1.54
1.13
1.04
.56
2. 04
.33
.33
2. 57
.54
3.38
1.42
MONTHLY LABOR
cities (except the $l,000-$2,000 level in Rich
mond), Negro families spent more and bought
larger quantities of meat, poultry, and fish than
did white families; but they spent less and bought
smaller quantities of dairy products and eggs, and
spent less for fruits and vegetables. In Rich
mond, Negro families had higher expenditure for
sugar and sweets as found in previous compari
sons of white and Negro family food purchases,
but in Washington white families had higher
expenditures for these items.
In Washington, an analysis of the individual
food items purchased by white and Negro families
with net incomes of $2,000-$3,000 i indicates that
Chart 2. Average W eekly Per Capita Expenditure for
Food at Home, Spring 1948
$3,000 to $4,000
Beef___ ______________ ______ ______ do____
Pork______ _______ _________ ________ do___
Eggs---------------------------------------- ______ dozen..
Fresh m ilk_______ _____________ ______ quart..
Oleomargarine_______________ _____pound..
B utter_________________________ ________ do___
_____do ___
B read .._ ____ _______________
_ __do___
Cake and cookies______________
__do_-_
Potatoes.- —_
_____________
Other fresh vegetables--------------- ____ do___
0.90
1.00
.55
2.87
.24
.17
2.04
.37
1.77
1.71
0.89
1.10
.52
2.19
.21
.23
1.60
.43
1.29
1.78
1.01
.75
.42
2.91
.21
.31
2.36
.70
3. 28
1.57
$6,000 to $7,500
Beef__________________________ _______ do___
Pork___________ __________ ._ ____ __do___
Eggs---------------------------------------- _ . . . .dozen ..
Fresh milk
__________ . .
. quart-.
_.p o u n d ..
Oleomargarine.-. _____________ .
_______
do ___
B u tter.. ____________ _______
Bread
...
. . . ---------------- ________ do___
Cake and cookies______________ ________ do_ __
Potatoes___ _____
. ------------- ______ do___
Other fresh vegetables--------------- ___ _ . do___
1.05
1.15
.67
3.14
.23
.27
2.34
.47
2.62
2.36
1.26
1.25
.92
2.24
.29
.22
1.64
.44
1.51
2.72
1.02
.89
.47
2.97
.03
.53
2. 50
.74
4.14
1.57
Food Purchases by White and Negro Families
An analysis of the individual foods bought by
white and Negro families, shows differences in
food purchasing habits of the two racial groups
similar to those observed in previous studies.
These differences may have had their origin in
differences in the economic status of the two races,
but they have persisted as income of the Negroes
has risen.
In both Richmond and Washington, Negro
families at a given income level generally spent
less for food per person than white families at the
same income level. (See table 6.) This differ
ence in cost arises largely from differences in the
kinds of foods purchased rather than the quanti
ties of food used. At each income level in both
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Negro households, averaging 3.2 persons, bought
larger quantities of meat, poultry, and fish than
white households, averaging 3.5 persons (12.7 as
compared with 8.8 pounds). In the selection of
individual meats, Negro families showed only a
4
This income group was selected because it provided the largest number
of expenditure reports on which to base a comparison. The differences in
food purchases of the other two income classes are generally similar to those
of this income group.
629
FAMILY FOOD EXPENDITURES
REVIEW, JUNE 1949
shortenings than white families, and among the
sugar and sweets items, white families had larger
purchases of jellies and candy.
At all income levels, white families had larger
dollar expenditure for fruits and vegetables than
did Negro families. There were no marked dif
ferences in the amounts of citrus fruits bought by
the two groups, but white families bought more
canned fruits and vegetables and Negro families
more dried fruits and vegetables. Among the
fresh vegetables, Negro families usually purchased
more potatoes (white and sweet), green beans,
cabbage, onions, spinach, and other greens, while
white families preferred carrots, lettuce, tomatoes,
and most other vegetables. White families had
substantially higher purchases of frozen fruits and
vegetables and also bought more canned soups
and other prepared foods than Negro families.
In the Richmond $2,000-$3,000 4 income class,
white households (averaging 3.4 persons) as
compared with Negro families (averaging 3.8
persons) purchased 6.7 and 3.3 quarts of fresh
milk, respectively, 1.7 and 2.7 cans (14^ ounces)
of evaporated milk, and 2 and 1.3 dozen eggs.
slight preference for pork over beef, and bought
substantially larger quantities of poultry and fish
than white families, as shown below.
P o u n d s p u rc h a se d by—
W h ite
fa m ilie s
N egro
fa m ilie s
Pork_________________________ 2. 4
Beef__________________________3. 0
Poultry_______________________ 1.1
Fish__________________________ . 5
3.
3.
2.
1.
9
4
7
3
White households in this income group bought
larger quantities of most dairy products than
Negro families. White families as compared
with Negro families purchased an average of
10.7 and 8.8 quarts of fresh milk, 2.6 and 2.1 cans
of evaporated milk, and 0.6 and 0.3 pounds of
cheese. Both groups bought an average of 1.8
dozen eggs. Negro families bought slightly more
butter than white families.
Among cereals and bakery products, Negro
families bought more flour and rice (5.0 and 0.6
pounds, respectively) than white families (2.2 and
0.2 pounds). White families bought larger quan
tities of bakery products and ready-to-eat cereals.
Among the fats and oils, Negro families bought
more lard and less oleomargarine and vegetable
*
See footnote, p. 628.
T able 6.— Purchase of food for home use by white and Negro housekeeping families of 2 or more persons, selected
income groups, 1 week in February-March 19^8
Annual money income, after personal taxes, of —
Negro families
W hite families
White families
Negro families
Major food group
$1,000
to
$2,000
$2,000
to
$3,000
$3,000
to
$4,000
$1,000
to
$2,000
$2,000
to
$3,000
$3,000
to
$4,000
$1,000
to
$2,000
$2,000
to
$3,000
$3,000
to
$4,000
$1,000
to
$2,000
$2,000
to
$3,000
$3,000
to
$4,000
Average weekly expenditure per person
Average weekly expenditure per household
W A SH IN G T O N , D . C.
All food (excluding alcoholic beverages)
------ -------- $12. 99
3. 07
M eat, poultry, and fish__________ ______ ____ --3.31
Dairy products and eggs------- -------------- -------- .56
Fats and oils______________________________ ___
.44
Sugar and sweets_______________________ ____
1.39
Cereals and bakery products----------------------------3.05
Fruits and vegetables__________________________
.80
Beverages---------------------- ------------------------------.37
Miscellaneous foods------------------------------------ --
$19.36
5.15
4.76
1.14
.68
2.52
3.19
.94
.98
$20.69
5.67
5.53
1.09
.67
2.34
3.59
.98
.82
$11. 24
4.38
2.54
.32
.30
1.66
1.49
.39
.16
$17. 09
6. 47
4.12
.67
.38
2.06
2.68
.50
.21
$20.16
8.56
3. 53
.99
.67
2.68
2.83
.66
.24
2.1
3.5
3.1
2.6
3.2
4.0
All food (excluding alcoholic beverages)-------------------- $18.54
7. 00
M eat, poultry, and fish-----------------------------------3.19
Dairy products and eggs ______________________
1.55
Fats and oils__________________________________
.40
Sugar and sweets______________________________
2.16
Cereals and bakery products----------------------------2.66
Fruits and vegetables____________________ ____ .92
Beverages---- --------------------------------------------------.66
Miscellaneous foods_______________________ ____
0
N ot specified----------- --------- ............ - .............. - .........
$18.65
5.29
4.06
1. 07
.64
2. 21
3. 43
.88
.62
.45
$19.59
6. 32
3. 96
.86
.74
2.20
3.18
1. 07
.64
.62
$15.43
5. 98
2.26
.91
.65
1.85
2.75
.53
.50
0
$19. 22
7.29
2.85
1.09
.67
2.57
3.15
.88
.72
0
$19.68
7.85
2.91
1.41
.91
2.49
3.03
.67
.41
0
2.7
3.4
3.0
3.5
3.8
2.8
$6.19
1.46
1.58
.27
.21
.66
1.45
.38
.18
$5.53
1.47
1.36
.33
.19
.72
.91
.27
.28
$6.67
1.83
1. 78
.35
.22
.75
1.16
.32
.26
$4.32
1.68
.98
.12
.12
.64
.57
.15
.06
$5.34
2.02
1.28
.21
.12
.64
.84
.16
.07
$5.04
2.14
.88
.25
.17
.67
.71
.16
.06
$6. 87
2.60
1.18
.57
.15
.80
.99
.34
.24
0
$5.49
1.56
1.20
.31
.19
.65
1.01
.26
.18
.13
$6.53
2.10
1.32
.29
.25
.73
1.06
.36
.21
.21
$4. 41
1.70
.65
.26
.19
.53
.79
.15
.14
0
$5.06
1.91
.75
.29
.18
.68
.83
.23
.19
0
$7.03
2.80
1.04
.50
.33
.89
1.08
.24
.15
0
R IC H M O N D , VA.
Average household size.........................................................
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
630
FAMILY FOOD EXPENDITURES
White families reported slightly larger butter
purchases than Negro families, but Negro families
had slightly larger purchases of cheese.
Although the Negro families in this income group
had only slightly larger dollar expenditures for
Chart 3. Average Weekly Per Capita Expenditure for
Food at Home, Spring 1948
comparable income (0.3 pounds). White families
purchased larger quantities of ready-to-eat cereals
and bakery products.
Negro families had larger average dollar expendi
tures than white families for meat, poultry, and
fish items, and traditional differences in the food
purchasing habits of the two groups were evident.
Negro families with net incomes of $2,000-$3,000
generally purchased larger quantities of pork,
poultry, and fish items, whereas white families
used relatively more beef and other meats, as
shown by the following figures.
P o u n d s purchased by—
cereals and bakery products, they reported
purchases of substantially larger quantities of
flour (7.2 and 4.8 pounds, respectively) and rice
(0.7 and 0.1 pounds) than did white families.
Also, as found in previous studies, Negro families
purchased considerably larger quantities of corn
meal (2.5 pounds), than did white families of
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W h ite
fa m ilie s
N egro
fa m ilie s
Pork____________________________2. 2
Beef____________________________ 2. 6
Poultry_________________________ 2. 1
Fish___________________________ .9
4. 2
3. 0
2. 4
3. 0
Total purchases of fats and oils were similar
for the two groups, but Negro families bought
larger quantities of lard than did white families
and less oleomargerine and vegetable shortenings.
Among sweets, other than sugar, Negro families
showed a preference for molasses, while white
families bought corn sirup, jellies, and preserves.
At comparable income levels Negro families
spent a little less than white families for fruits
and vegetables. They bought slightly more citrus
fruits but smaller quantities of other fresh fruits
than white families. Both groups purchased
about the same amount of white potatoes, but
Negro families reported greater purchase of sweetpotatoes. Among other fresh vegetables, Negro
families bought larger quantities of green beans,
cabbage, onions, and greens such as turnip or beet
greens, kale, etc., and white families bought
larger quantities of carrots, lettuce, squash, and
tomatoes. Negro families did not report purchases
of frozen fruits and vegetables, but purchases of
canned fruits and vegetables were similar to those
of white families at comparable income levels.
Four Meetings of
International Groups
Significant to Labor
labor participated in two tri
partite meetings of the International Labor
Organization, and trade-unions convened exec
utive committee meetings of two of the large
international trade secretariats during April and
May 1949. The ILO meetings were those of the
Coal Mines Committee held at Pittsburgh, Pa.,
and the Fourth Regional Conference of American
State Members at Montevideo, Uruguay; both
the central committee of the International Metal
workers Federation and the executive committee
of the Miners’ International Federation assembled
in Washington, D. C.
In large part, the ILO meetings were devoted
to the consideration of improved labor standards,
consumption, and production, and to methods of
obtaining and maintaining greater international
cooperation. Both the IMF and MIF were con
cerned with these same problems of betterment.
In addition, they gave serious attention to the
cleavages within labor’s ranks caused by differ
ences between totalitarian and democratic ideol
ogies. They took action looking toward repre
sentation on existing international bodies and
in support of a democratic international labor
federation.
In
the
A
m e r ic a s ,
ILO Coal Mines Committee:
Third Session1
The ILO Coal Mines Committee, the first of
the industry committees established by the Inter
national Labor Organization, held its third session
in Pittsburgh, April 20-30, 1949. The first
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
session, in London in December 1945, and
the second session, in Geneva in April-May 1947,
dealt mainly with urgent problems of manpower
required for the production of coal, on which
depended the restoration of economic life. The
third session, held under relatively favorable
conditions of production, dealt more largely with
normal problems of labor standards, such as hours
of work, protection of young workers, and rehabil
itation of disabled miners.
The countries represented, in addition to the
United States and Canada, were Belgium, France,
India, the Netherlands, Poland, Turkey, the
Union of South Africa, and the United Kingdom.2
Japan was represented by observers.
Discussions at the plenary meetings dealt
largely with the general report by the Office on
recent developments in the industry. The report
indicated marked progress toward recovery in the
volume of coal produced, although European
production continues somewhat below prewar
levels. The need for raising levels of output per
worker was emphasized. The report also in
cluded a detailed account of measures undertaken
in the various countries to give effect to the
Committee’s recommendations at its earlier
sessions. These measures related especially to
recruitment of workers, apprenticeship and voca
tional training, and miners’ housing, and also to
the Mineworkers’ Charter adopted at the first
session and designed to attain such goals as
higher wages and effectively less working time
in coal mining than in industry generally.
1 Information is from International Labor Organization, Coal Mines Com
mittee, Third Session, Pittsburgh, 1949, Report I, General Report; Report
II, Protection of Young Workers Employed Underground; Report III,
Vocational Training of Disabled Miners; Report IV, Hours of Work in Coal
Mines; and mimeographed reports of proceedings of the Third Session.
2 Representing the United States, the Government representatives were—
delegates: Harry Weiss, Director, Wage Determination and Exemptions
Branch, Wage and Hour and Public Contracts Divisions, Department of
Labor, and G. W . Grove, supervising engineer, Health and Safety Division,
Bureau of Mines, Department of the Interior, Pittsburgh Office; advisers:
W itt Bowden, economist, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Department of Labor,
Daniel Goott, Division of International Labor and Social Affairs, Depart
ment of State, and Louis Lister, Chief, Coal Branch, Industry Division,
Economic Cooperation Administration. The workers were—delegates:
Thomas Kennedy, vice president, UM W A, and J. T. Jones, president,
District No. 16, U M W A. The employers were— delegates: H . J. Connolly,
president, Pennsylvania Coal Co., Scranton, Pa., and R. P. Koenig, presi
dent, Ayrshire Collieries Corp., Indianapolis, Ind.; advisers: A. S. Wilson,
vice president and general manager, Boone County Coal Corp., Sharpies,
W. Va., M . D . David, labor-relations counsel, Ayrshire Collieries Corp.,
Indianapolis, Ind., and J. W. Haley, secretary and general counsel, National
Coal Association, Washington, D . C. Mr. Wilson was also a substitute
delegate.
631
632
MEETINGS OF INTERNATIONAL GROUPS
Resolutions Adopted
The subjects on the agenda of the third session
gave primary consideration to problems of ade
quate standards for normal situations. In respect
to one of these subjects—the protection of young
workers—the Committee expressed general agree
ment as to the limitation of underground employ
ment to workers not less than 16 years of age,
and a small majority favored a minimum of
17 years. Other resolutions relating to young
workers called for vocational guidance and train
ing, medical examination and periodic reexami
nations of young workers, rest periods, paid
vacations, limitation of night work, and adequate
measures for inspection and the enforcement of
protective regulations.
In its consideration of the problem of disabled
mine workers, the Committee adopted a resolution
supporting the organization of facilities not only
for medical treatment but also for the occupational
rehabilitation and appropriate placement of dis
abled workers. The resolution recommended that
placement of these workers in appropriate jobs in
the mining industry be arranged by mutual
agreement between mine operators and local
representatives of unions. It also recommended
that additional work be made available by
development of such industries as afford maximum
opportunities for disabled mine workers. The
resolution did not go so far, however, as to recom
mend the adoption, as in the United States, of an
over-all integrated program of facilities for all
stages of rehabilitation, to be made available to
all physically or mentally disabled persons capable
of reemployment.
Proposals for a draft convention on hours of
work, to replace the convention adopted in 1935
but not ratified by Member States, encountered
the opposition of many employers. The Com
mittee, however, adopted a resolution requesting
the Office to make a further study of the technical
problems involved and to draw up the text of a
proposed new draft convention. The Governing
Body was requested to place the subject on the
agenda of the Committee’s next session.
A number of resolutions related to matters
other than those on the agenda. One of these
requested the Office to take further measures to
develop for the industry such methods of uniform
reporting as can readily be used for comparative
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
purposes. Another asserted that increased produc
tivity or man-hour output is of primary import
ance for enabling the industry to maintain effec
tively its position as the major source of energy,
and at the same time for enabling workers pro
gressively to improve their living standards and
conditions of work. The Governing Body was
therefore invited to instruct the Office to undertake
a study of productivity in coal mining, in cooper
ation as far as practicable with appropriate
national and international agencies.
The Committee, in its limited field of work,
encountered many of the difficulties of interna
tional collaboration experienced by other agencies
with more extensive fields of interest. Disagree
ment was notably apparent between the Polish
delegates and those of other countries. The
nationalization of the coal industry in certain
countries has altered the earlier prevailing concept
of the tripartite representation of governments,
employers, and workers. Differences in modes of
regulation and in stages of technical progress in
the industry have given rise to difficulties in
reaching agreements in explicit terms applicable
to the various countries. Nevertheless, the Com
mittee exhibited much vitality; it served as an
agency for frank discussion, interchange of ideas,
and cultivation of mutual understanding; and it
achieved a measure of success even in formulating
specific agreements.
ILO Regional Conference
of American States3
Sixteen nations were represented at the Fourth
Regional Conference of American States, members
of the International Labor Organization, at
Montevideo, Uruguay, April 25-May 7, 1949.
Questions discussed by the delegates consisted of
the ILO Director General’s report covering indus
trialization, with special reference to relationships
of training and health conditions to the efficiency
of the labor force in the Latin-American countries.
Also on the agenda were examination of the condi
tions of life and work of the indigenous populations
of American countries, employment of agricultural
workers, and adjustment of labor disputes.
\
Representatives were present from Argentina,
* Information is from U. S. Department of Labor and International Labor
Office files.
REVIEW, JUNE 1949
MEETINGS OF INTERNATIONAL GROUPS
Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa
Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guat
emala, Haiti, Mexico, Panama, the United States,
and Uruguay.4 France, the Union of South Africa,
the United Kingdom, Italy, and Nicaragua sent
observers as did the United Nations, several spe
cialized agencies, the World Federation of Trade
Unions, and the Inter-American Federation of
Labor.
Following established ILO policy the ratio of
delegates for each country represented was two
for government to one each of workers and em
ployers.5
David Morse, Director General of the ILO, out
lined the Organization’s policy in Latin America.
He said that the need to maintain proper balance
between industry and agriculture was fully recog
nized. Concern over industrialization is in direct
relation to concern over standards of living, and
this accounted for the new emphasis of ILO policy,
namely to expand technical assistance along with
the legislative work. He added: ‘The ILO must
legislate but it also must act.”
Resolutions Adopted
Specialized and broad problems were dealt with
in the resolutions voted at the Montevideo meet
ing.
Regarding labor rights in Peru and Venezuela,
the ILO Director General was urged to keep the
ILO Governing Body informed on developments
and on alleged violations of freedom of association,
pending the establishment by the Governing Body
of special machinery for the investigation of such
violations.
4 Peru, Venezuela, and E l Salvador were not represented at the conference.
5 For the United States, the Government representatives were—dele
gates: Ellis 0 . Briggs, U . S. Ambassador to Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay;
and Ralph Wright, Assistant Secretary of Labor, U. S. Department of Labor. Ad
visers: James D . Bell, Second Secretary and Consul, American Embassy,
Santiago, Chile; Fernando Sierra Berdecia, Commissioner of Labor, San Juan,
Puerto Rico; Beatrice McConnell, Chief, Division of Legislative Standards
and State Services, Bureau of Labor Standards, U. S. Department of Labor;
Edwin E. Vallon, Attaché, American Embassy, Buenos Aires, Argentina;
and Aryness Joy Wickens, Asst. Commissioner for Program Operations,
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of Labor. Those for workers
were—delegate: Philip P. Hannah, secretary-treasurer, Ohio State Federa
tion of Labor, Columbus, Ohio. Adviser: Serafino Romualdi, Latin Ameri
can representative, American Federation of Labor, Washington, D . 0 .
Those for the employers were—delegate: James Tanham, ¡vice president,
T he Texas Company, N ew York, N . Y. Advisers: M ilton M . Olander,
director of industrial relations, Owens-Illinois Glass Company, Toledo,
Ohio, and Charles E. Shaw, manager, employer relations overseas, Stand
ard Oil Company of N ew Jersey, N ew York, N . Y . Maurice J. Broderick,
Second Secretary and Assistant Public Affairs Officer, American Embassy,
Montevideo, was secretary of the U. S. Delegation.
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633
The principle of equal rights and opportunities
without racial or national discrimination was
reaffirmed. ILO’s Governing Body was invited to
recommend to its member States a series of
measures, such as extended social security, de
signed to improve conditions of indigenous peoples.
Governments were invited to ratify the ILO con
vention on freedom of association. A resolution
dealt with the necessity for keeping a balance be
tween industry and agriculture. The convention
approved a resolution in favor of labor courts.
A detailed program of aid that the ILO might
give in the industrial development of Latin
America was proposed in a resolution. Specific
steps were outlined in the fields of manpower and
technical assistance. It was stated that activities
included in the comprehensive manpower program
already adopted by the Governing Body should be
extended to Latin America and adapted to meet
local needs, making full use of national labor
resources and, when appropriate, providing for the
effective use of foreign technicians and other work
ers. On manpower problems, ILO should cooper
ate with the United Nations Economic Commis
sion for Latin America and the Organization of
American States. Detailed plans should be formu
lated by governments aided by various interna
tional organizations, when appropriate. The reso
lution called for a Latin American manpower field
office and necessary information field offices, and
a meeting of experts giving special attention to
training and education.
Migration was held to have advantages in
furnishing skilled manpower. A warning was given
against action on all forms of migration without
advance plans. Finally, American States should
cooperate closely with ILO in solving migration
problems. Technical assistance was urged in the
attainment of the social objectives of economic
development, which include full and steady em
ployment and higher living standards. An ade
quate industrial relations and collective bargaining
system was pronounced to be the best measure for
obtaining the collaboration necessary to increase
production. The resolution also stressed wage poli
cies that are conducive to sustained economic de
velopment, measures for protecting health and
safety, and effective application of labor laws and
regulations.
In the section on agricultural workers, it is
634
MEETINGS OF INTERNATIONAL GROUPS
stated that the introduction of labor-saving
methods would permit greater food production
and, at the same time, would release manpower for
the development of new industries.
ILO should be equipped to furnish technical as
sistance in the fields covered by the resolution and
the Governing Body was urged to study the
measures suggested for practical action.
International Metalworkers Federa
tion: Action of Central Committee6
Worker representatives of 11 European na
tions—Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Ger
many, Great Britain, Luxembourg, the Nether
lands, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland—at
tended the conference of the central committee of
the International Metalworkers Federation in
Washington, D. C., April 20-22, 1949. The Inter
national Association of Machinists (Ind.), the sole
American affiliate of the IMF currently, was host
to the delegation and officially participated for its
membership in Canada and the United States. At
the session, the first held in this country during the
more than 40 years of the federation’s existence,
(1) solidarity with Spanish workers and continued
opposition to Franco were expressed; (2) a greater
voice for labor in the Ruhr was supported; and
(3) the groundwork was laid for all unions of
metalworkers in the United States to unite with
those in other democratic countries. Following the
Washington meeting, delegates made a brief tour
of metalworking centers in this country.
Historical Sketch of Federation
Unions of metalworkers were among the earliest
to recognize the need for international consolida
tion. They held their first international congress
in 1893, at which American, Austrian, Belgian,
British, French, German, Hungarian, and Swiss
unions were represented. Concrete results of this
meeting were the establishment of an information
office and an appeal to metalworkers throughout
the civilized world to join their body and to foster
adoption of the 8-hour day.
The International Metalworkers Federation as
such was established by delegates of 11 different
8 Information is from Labor Press Associates, vol. V, No. 43, April 22,1949;
The Machinist, vol. IV, Nos. 4, 5, and 6, April 21 and 28 and M ay fi, 1949;
transcripts of resolutions adopted by the IM F; and historical documents.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
countries at the fourth congress held in 1904.
By that time, 36 organizations with over 440,000
members had already affiliated with the bureau
of information. Highly divergent opinions ex
pressed at the 1904 meeting on fundamental and
tactical questions foreshadowed national and in
ternational differences among members.
The general strike weapon was rejected at the
next congress in 1907. At both that session and
the one that followed in 1910, approximately
750,000 workers were represented, but workers in
the United States were no longer participating by
1910. The membership had reached about 1
million at the last conference before World War I,
and over half of them were German. After a
7-year lapse, a congress was again convened in
1920, but it did not receive wholehearted support
from trade-unionists in allied or other countries.
The situation had improved in 1921 when 15
countries sent 59 delegates representing some 3
million workers to Lucerne.
Efforts were made to bring the Russian metal
workers into the IMF during the early period
following the First World War. Before any ac
tion could be taken, the Red trade-union interna
tional at Moscow had been established, and the
IMF held that no union could join two interna
tionals.
From the early 1920’s until 1939 the organiza
tion laid plans for fulfilling its large-scale interna
tional objectives. Unemployment and currency
depreciation made this difficult, however, and
members concentrated on national protective
measures for labor. The executive council of the
I AM voted to reaffiliate with the federation in
1927 and this action was approved by the con
vention in the following year.
War again interrupted international coopera
tion but, after World War II, the IM F started its
work with renewed vigor and the scope of its
activities, membership, and objectives are indi
cated by the recent central committee meeting.
IAM membership had again lapsed, owing to
hostilities, but was resumed in January 1947 on
condition that there would be no affiliation of the
IMF with the World Federation of Trade Unions.
The first postwar IMF congress took place in
Copenhagen in 1947. At that time, country rep
resentation was the same as at the recent Wash
ington meeting, except that France sent no
delegate.
REVIEW, JUNE 1949
MEETINGS OF INTERNATIONAL GROUPS
Action and Discussion
Details of the three resolutions which were
adopted at the April conference follow.
In view of the important economic problems to
be resolved, the need for the participation of
workers in the economic organization, and the
accomplishments of the American people under
the Marshall Plan in the reconstruction of Europe,
all United States metalworkers were invited to
join the IMF. Such participation was considered
desirable in order to achieve reconstruction and
defense of the free world. It would also make the
IMF “the largest international organization in the
world/’ according to the resolution.
Opposition was confirmed to the dictatorial
regime of Franco; solidarity was indicated with
the Spanish workers who have not yet been liber
ated in spite of victory of the democracies; and the
American trade-union position on this subject was
accepted, whereby any idea of collaboration with
Franco was rejected. It was emphasized “that
the working class organized freely constitutes the
most reliable ally for the economic reorganization
and for safeguarding democracy, liberty, and
peace.”
The central committee recognized the efforts of
the metalworkers and miners unions in France,
Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Ger
many to obtain a greater labor voice in the inter
national control of the coal and iron industries
in the German Ruhr for the extension of inter
national control to the coal and iron industries of
northwestern Europe. On this subject, the reso
lution adopted reads: “The central committee of
the IM F has reexamined the Ruhr problem and
takes cognizance of the decisions adopted by the
conference of Luxembourg held from March 14 to
18, 1949. It requests our delegates to continue
negotiation with the delegates of the miners of
the countries interested with the object of reach
ing specific proposals on the vital issues of the
Ruhr.”
On arrival in the United States to attend the
session, Conrad Ilg of Switzerland, general secre
tary of the IMF, announced that by this first
meeting in the United States, the Europeans were
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635
demonstrating that they as well as the Americans
had put aside isolationism. He reported “that the
march of totalitarianism in Western Europe has
been halted momentarily, at least. * * * All
the workers of Western Europe support the Mar
shall Plan except the Communists. All the work
ers of Western Europe also support the Atlantic
Pact—except the Communists.” He stressed the
importance of a united movement by free tradeunions.
At the dinner meeting, William Green, speaking
as president of the American Federation of Labor,
said, in part: “ The preservation of freedom de
pends on the establishment of strong, free tradeunions in every country of the world. * * *
We will stand together in defense of democracy
and in opposition to communism.” James
Brownlow, secretary-treasurer of the AFL Metal
Trades Department, offered “fraternal support”
to the IMF and expressed hope that “ in the near
future we shall all be banded together in your
organization.”
The United States Secretary of Labor referred
to the continuing need of the working people
which the international trade secretariats fill and
said: “ I trust that appropriate use will be made of
the inherent strength of the trade secretariats in
any new non-Communist international trade-union
organization which may develop.”
He spoke of the necessity to encourage and
strengthen democratic German labor. “ Their
free trade-unions are waging a valiant two-front
battle against both nationalistic reaction and
totalitarian communism. In Germany, free
unions have been part of the strong dike against
the treacherous waters seeking to engulf democ
racy. * * * Only by combining the truly
democratic elements in all countries can any one
country remain free in the long run. * * *
This ‘drive to make life worth living in every
free country’ is, I believe, the basic motivation
behind the European Recovery Plan and the
Atlantic Pact. And that is why the Communist
forces are bending every effort to impede and
wreck the plan. * * * Free trade -unions
have shown that they are capable of meeting this
challenge.”
636
MEETINGS OF INTERNATIONAL GROUPS
Miners’ International Federation:
Action of Executive Committee 7
Over 2 million trade-unionists in 12 countries of
North America, Europe, Asia, and Africa sent
their delegates to the meeting of the Miners’
International Federation executive committee in
Washington, D. C., May 4-6, 1949. In addition
to the miners from the United States and
Canada who were represented by the United
Mine Workers of America (Ind.), mine repre
sentatives attended from Austria, Belgium,
France, Germany, Great Britain, India, the
Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and the Union of
South Africa. Takeo Muto, president of the
Japanese Federation of Mine Workers, was an
observer. The UMWA was official host to the
executive committee which had never before
assembled in the United States, notwithstanding
that the M IF was founded in 1890.
The agenda at the session ranged over a broad
field which included wages, hours, safety condi
tions, and the problem of surplus coal supplies.
Statements were issued on the positive action
taken by the committee upon a number of ques
tions that are important to world labor, although
the meetings were closed to the public. It was
unanimously voted to continue the M IF policy
of nonparticipation in the World Federation of
Trade Unions and to hold a conference of mine
workers in Amsterdam during October 1949. A
resolution dealt with the improvement of work
standards for all mine labor “ because of the
important contributions these workers have made
to the economies of their countries.” Another
resolution called for recognition by the Inter
national Labor Organization of the M IF as the
sole body of mine workers entitled to representa
tion at ILO conferences. A pledge was given to
implement the decisions taken at the recent ILO
Coal Mines Committee conference in Pittsburgh.8
History of Federation
In a discussion of the MIF, the UMWA directed
attention to the continuity of the international
body’s operations as follows: “The M IF is the
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MONTHLY LABOR
oldest continuing international trade-union secre
tariat in the world. * * * The UMWA joined
the M IF in 1904. During the two World Wars
the international federation was kept alive by the
American and British mine workers’ organiza
tions.” Readmission of the German and Austrian
miners’ unions in the non-Communist zones was
voted at the executive committee’s meeting in
Germany during February.
When the congress of the M IF was reconvened
after the First World War, the International Labor
Office reported that 148 delegates representing 2.5
million workers in 13 nations were present. The
report continues: “Its [the congress! importance
was increased by the fact that the present indus
trial crisis is due very largely to the deficit in the
production of coal * * * .”
In opening the congress, the president stated
that the principal aim was the “elimination of
capitalism and its consequences” from the mining
industry. He appealed for solidarity in the
achievement of this aim. Discussion followed
upon the nationalization of coal mines, which had
been one of the continuing aims of the MIF since
its inception. Almost all of the speakers urged
nationalization as the only means of securing the
increased productivity which the world needed.
In the published record on the 1949 executive
committee meeting, mention was not made of the
organization’s stand on the nationalization of the
industry.
Mining Industry Conditions
Reports were made on conditions in the mining
industries of the participating countries. They
indicated general progress but a need for con
tinued effort.
Thomas Kennedy, vice president of the UMWA,
in discussing the United States and Canadian mine
situation, said he “was confident that the progress
achieved by the UMWA over the last quarter of a
century would be continued.”
The German delegate was quoted as being “very
hopeful that the mines in his country can be
7 Data were obtained in part from press releases issued by the IJMWA,
M ay 3, 5, and 6, 1949.
* For discussion of the Pittsburgh conference, see p. 631.
REVIEW, JUNE 1949
MEETINGS OF INTERNATIONAL GROUPS
637
restored to full productive capacity and that the
German mine workers will be enabled to enjoy
better standards.” He expressed the opinion
that the best means of combatting Communist
influences in the international labor movement is
to bring about better conditions for the workers.
Belgium’s mine worker delegate directed atten
tion to the need for tremendous effort in his
country’s coal industry. This, he said, would be
necessary to rehabilitate and stabilize the industry
to make good the damage done by the Nazi
Occupation during World War II.
“British coal miners, as a result of nationaliza
tion, now have a confidence in their industry and
feel that they are doing a job for their nation,”
according to Arthur Horner, secretary of the
National Union of Mineworkers of Great Britain.
Sir William Lawther of Great Britain, secretary
of the MIF, summed up the conference as follows:
“All reports from the delegates from the several
countries indicate that a great change has come
over the coal industry. Before the war this indus
try was despised and rejected by the workers
because of its hazards and poor working condi
tions. Today this is changing. Coal miners in
almost every country, even including India, are
working under improved standards.
“Everywhere there is coming about a realization
that the mining of coal is a specialist’s job. The
Miners’ International Federation is determined to
maintain and improve the work standards of coal
miners throughout the world. Our industry must
be accepted as one of the most important economic
factors in the well-being of all nations.”
He added that he “hoped that at our next con
ference in Amsterdam those miners’ unions that
are now outside the ranks of the MIF will return.”
“The miners’ cause is the same everywhere.”
Conference of
International Trade Secretariats 1
no delegates from the miners’ secretariat attended.
Decisions reached at the conference are subject
to ratification or rejection by the individual
secretariats.
By a resolution, responsibility was placed on
the coordinating committee for devising means
of dealing with the common problems of the mem
ber organizations. Any major decisions or recom
mendations which the coordinating committee
may make are to be acted upon at a future general
conference. The nine members elected to the
committee are workers in the following interna
tionals: general factory; postal, telegraph, and
telephone; public service; textile; transport; metal;
clothing; commercial, clerical and technical; and
building trades. M. Hewitson (Great Britain), of
the International Secretariat of General Factory
Workers, was elected chairman of the committee.
A c o o r d i n a t i n g c o m m i t t e e was established at
the general conference of International Trade
Secretariats held in England, March 8-10, 1949,
and the request of the World Federation of Trade
Unions for participation of the different secre
tariats in proposed industrial departments of the
WFTU was rejected. The March conference
was convened to map out methods of permanent
cooperation and coordination of action by member
organizations. Delegates of 17 secretariats totaled
40 and represented more than 30 million workers
in the various member trades and industries, but
1 Information is from International Free Trade Union News, vol. 4, No. 5,
M ay 1949 (p. 7).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Summaries of Studies and Reports
Prices in the
First Quarter of 1949
T h e g e n e r a l m o v e m e n t o f p r i c e s in the first
quarter of 1949 was a continuation of the down
ward trend from the peaks of mid-1948. Except
for some selected commodities, the decreases were
not extremely sharp. The price movements were
noticeably selective. Agricultural prices declined
through mid-February, and then turned compara
tively stable. About the same time, weakness
developed in the prices of scrap and nonferrous
metals and of fats and oils and continued through
the quarter.
The comprehensive primary market price index
declined almost 3 percent from December 1948
through February 1949 and then advanced frac
tionally in March. The consumers’ price index
took its sharpest monthly decrease since 1940
between January 15 and February 15, 1949, and
then rose slightly in March, mainly as a result of
higher retail food prices. Prices on organized
markets and exchanges failed to show any firm
ness during the quarter and declined on the aver
age 14 percent; by March 31 the sensitive index
of 28 commodities had declined 30 percent from
the peak reached at the end of 1947.
Composite price movements were similar in the
first quarter of 1948 and of 1949; in each year,
prices dropped during January and February, then
advanced in March at both the primary market and
retail levels. The main difference was that in
1949 weakness was evident in fuels, textiles, and
metals and in 1948 nonagricultural commodity
prices were moving steadily higher.
Although the general movement of prices was
downward during the first 3 months of 1949, some
prices and costs continued to rise. Early in Jan
uary railroad freight rates were advanced between
4 and 6 percent. Prices of heavy machinery and
electrical equipment were raised, with a long-run
638
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effect on the cost structure of many producers.
The California and Texas citrus and vegetable
crops were severely damaged by frost, with im
mediate effects on prices. In March, the Board of
Governors of the Federal Reserve System eased
the regulations governing the amount of down
payment and the time period of installment pur
chasing (regulation W). Also in March, an arbi
tration award increasing the wages of railroad
Chart 1. Trend of Prices
workers was made the basis of a request for still
higher railroad rates; but action on this request
is not likely to be taken for several months. The
Midwest and West were hit by a winter of recordbreaking severity which resulted in some livestock
losses (particularly sheep). This same weather,
PRICES—FIRST QUARTER 19Jh9
however, was ideal for the 1949 winter wheat
crop, which the initial forecast indicated would
exceed the 1948 harvest.
On March 30, Congress extended Federal rent
control for 15 months to June 30, 1950. The
new law eliminates the provision for any addi
tional 15-percent voluntary increase, and recon
trols some dwellings decontrolled by the 1947
and 1948 acts, such as apartment hotels in New
York and Chicago, and units not rented for a
Chart 2. Consumers’ Price Index, by Group
639
Retail Prices
Retail food {prices, after a steady decline of 8
percent during the 7 months July 15, 1948, to
February 15, 1949, advanced 1 percent by March
15. Prices of meats and dairy products moved
downward from midsummer through February
1949 and egg prices dropped very sharply after
November 15, but the general movement was
largely offset by rapidly rising prices of fresh fruits
and vegetables. Between November 15 and
March 15, the average price of fresh produce
advanced by almost one-fifth; this increase was in
large part a reflection of the weather damage to
crops on the Pacific coast and in the Southwest.
Both apparel and housefurnishings prices de
clined steadily after October 15, 1948; wide-scale,
well-advertised price reductions and stock clear
ances were featured by most retail stores immedi
ately after Christmas. The greatest emphasis
Chart 3. Retail Food Prices, by Group
2-year period. New construction and bona fide
conversions continue to be decontrolled.
Also continued by the 1949 law is the system
of local advisory boards introduced in July 1947,
with powers to recommend area-wide increases
or decontrol, subject to the approval of the
Expediter or the Emergency Court of Appeals.
However, in the consideration of individual or
area-wide adjustments, the new law directs the
local boards and the Expediter to observe the
principle of maintaining maximum rents so far
as practicable at levels which yield a “fair net
operating income.”
For the first time, the new law gives the States
and city governments power to decontrol an area.
The State legislature with the approval of the
governor, or over his veto, can decontrol all or
any portion of the State. A city council, after a
public hearing and a finding that a rental-housing
shortage no longer exists, can decontrol the city,
subject to the State governor’s approval. In
addition, rent control can be turned over to any
State whose governor certifies that the legislature
has provided for it.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
was placed on articles made of cotton, like sheets
and men’s furnishings, but almost all types of
housefurnishings and apparel, other than shoes,
were somewhat lower in price.
Rents, utility bills, hospital rates, street car
and bus fares, and newspapers in some cities were
higher in price in mid-March than they had been
at the end of 1948. The first postwar decline in
640
PRICES—FIRST QUARTER 19Jf9
automobile prices occurred late in February, but
the 1949 models of most cars were still more
expensive than the 1948 models.
Primary Market Prices
The trend of farm products and food prices was
sharply down through the middle of February,
but the prices of these commodities leveled off in
the last 6 weeks of the quarter. At the end of
March, they were still about 4 percent lower than
MONTHLY LABOR
at the end of 1948 and 14 percent below their post
war peak. Grain prices fluctuated around or
slightly under support levels, livestock prices con
tinued to move down through February, and dairy
products were 10 percent less than at the end of
1948; but fruit and vegetable prices advanced
about 9 percent.
Most industrial and home-heating oils dropped
steadily in price throughout the quarter, and coal
prices also declined at the end of this period.
Heavy stocks and the mild eastern winter were
Chari 4. Wholesale Price lndex7 by Group
largely responsible for the decrease. However, in
March, supplies of coal were drastically reduced
by a 2-week stoppage on the part of the miners
and by cut-backs in oil production by various
State regulatory agencies.
Prices of building materials averaged 1 percent
lower over the quarter. Advances in brick and
tile, cement, and prepared paint were more than
offset by sharp drops in the price of lumber (chiefly
the lower grades) and paint materials.
Prices of textile products continued the decline
which started a year earlier and dropped an addi
tional 2 percent from December through March.
In 1948, weakness had been largely confined to
cotton and cotton goods, but in 1949 price reduc
tions were spreading to woolen fabrics and rayon.
When the largest woolen companies opened their
fall lines in 1948 at either no change or 5-percent
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
reductions in price, the market was unresponsive.
Subsequently a quartermaster request for bids on
uniform serge was greatly oversubscribed at sizable
price concessions, which led to demands for lower
prices for civilian market production.
One of the most significant price movements of
the postwar period took place in primary and
scrap metals during the quarter. Scrap prices,
both ferrous and nonferrous, dropped from record
highs in January; by March, the declines for some
grades ranged as high as 50 percent. Primary
lead and zinc also had sharp price reductions dur
ing March (21 and 8 percent, respectively), which
were immediately reflected in products using lead
and zinc as raw materials, such as galvanized steel,
storage batteries, and various pigments. Although
copper prices were nominally unchanged, the
market was weak and prices finally broke in April,
REVIEW, JUNE 1949
GAS AND ELECTRICITY PRICES
Some premium price and small steel companies
reduced prices on individual products to meet the
competitive level of other producers.
The sharpest price change during the quarter
occurred in oils and fats—historically very sensi
tive to market changes; between December 1948
and March 1949 average prices of oils and fats
slumped 28 percent. The spot market quotation
for prime inedible tallow fell from 11 cents a
pound in December to less than 5 cents by March
31; lard went from 16 to 12 cents, and cottonseed
oil from 19 to 14 cents a pound. These declines
were reflected in lower prices for soap. Industrial
ethyl alcohol prices slid from 75 cents a gallon in
November 1948 to 21 cents in March 1949 as the
Gas and Electricity:
Price Changes in 1948
r i c e s o f b o t h g a s a n d e l e c t r i c i t y to domestic
consumers were higher in 1948 than in 1947,
continuing the upward trend of prices in these two
utilities which began in 1946 for electricity and
in 1945 for gas.
Percentage changes in bills for specified quan
tities of gas and electricity, from selected dates to
December 1948, were as follows:
P
,
Chart 5. Commodity Market Prices
Percent Change December 31,1948 to March 31,1949
641
Gas bills:
10.6 therms____________________
30.6 therms____________________
Electric bills:
25 kilowatt-hours_______________
100 kilowatt-hours_____________
P e r c e n t c h a n g e to
D e c e m b e r 1 5 ,1 9 4 8 ,
fr o m —
D ecernD ecernber 15,
ber 15,
+5. 3
+7. 1
i9S9
+4. 1
+4. 1
+0. 9
+1.3
—9. 0
—4.1
1947
Prices of Electricity
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
result of a contract with Cuba which tied the
purchase price of molasses to the selling price of
the alcohol.
As of March 31, prices of 28 commodities traded
on organized exchanges and spot markets averaged
20 percent below the levels of a year earlier, and
about the same as they were in October 1946, just
prior to ultimate decontrol. Barley, corn, tallow,
lard, and cottonseed oil were all below their June
1946 prices; hogs and steers were one-third below
their postwar peaks.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The annual increase for 100 kilowatt-hours was
greater in 1948 than in 1947, whereas the increase
for 25 kilowatt-hours was slightly less. Prices of
both increased in 9 of the 34 cities for which prices
are collected. In Cincinnati, Ohio, a considerable
increase for 100 kilowatt-hours occurred, but no
change for 25 kilowatt-hours. One of these
9 cities, New York, had increases in 5 of the 6
companies reporting; the sixth company reported
a decrease. In Milwaukee, there was a decrease
for both quantities.
Fuel adjustments were a factor in the increases
in New York and Baltimore, and in the decrease
in Boston. A rate change was also a factor in
Boston as it was in Atlanta, Cincinnati, Milwau
kee, Minneapolis, Portland (Maine), and Washing
ton, D. C. The addition of taxes caused increases
in Norfolk and Denver.
The composite result of price movements from
December 15, 1947 to December 15, 1948, was an
increase of 0.9 percent in bills for 25 kilowatthours and of 1.3 percent in those for 100 kilowatthours. Bills were still 9 percent and 4 percent
below the December 15, 1939, level.
642
SALARIES OF OFFICE WORKERS
Prices of Gas
Increases in the bills of domestic consumers of
gas during 1948 occurred in 15 of the 34 cities in
which prices are collected. There were slight
decreases noted in 7 cities. Increases occurred in
12 of the 16 cities using manufactured gas. These
resulted in an average increase of 8.9 percent in
bills for 10.6 therms and of 10.3 percent in bills
for 30.6 therms. Slight increases in 3 of the 14
cities using natural gas were offset by small
decreases in 5 other cities. The result was a
0.7-percent decrease in the 10.6 quantity and a
0.6-percent decrease in the larger quantity.
Among the 4 cities using mixed gas, decreases
occurred in Cincinnati and St. Louis, but the
other cities had no increases. Cincinnati changed
from mixed to natural gas in April 1948.
Fuel adjustments in Boston, Baltimore, Man
chester, and Portland, Oreg., were a factor in
increased rates in these cities. Higher rates were
put into effect in Boston, Portland (Maine),
New York, Philadelphia, Milwaukee, Jackson
ville, Norfolk, Savannah, and Seattle. Rates
were lowered in Atlanta, Minneapolis, and St.
Louis. Changes in the B. t. u. (Britishthermal
unit) content of the gas had slight effects on the
prices of gas in 11 of the 34 cities. In Denver, a
sales tax caused a slight increase in gas bills.
The average gas bill for 10.6 therms rose slightly
over 5 percent during the year, and for 30.6
therms, approximately 7 percent. For the 9-year
period, December 15, 1939 to December 15, 1948
combined prices for both quantities of gas rose
approximately 4 percent. Over the same period,
manufactured gas prices rose more than 17 percent
for each quantity; natural gas prices fell 15 percent
for 10.6 therms and 18 percent for 30.6 therms;
mixed gas prices were 20 percent below the 1939
level for each quantity.
Changes in typical bills were as follows:
P ercen t change
ber 16, 1948,
D ecernber 16,
Manufactured gas:
1H 7
10.6 therms__________________ + 8 . 9
30.6 therms__________________ + 1 0 . 3
Natural gas:
10.6 therms__________________ —0. 7
30.6 therms__________________ —0. 6
Mixed gas:
10.6 therms__________________ —3. 1
30.6 therms__________________ ____
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
to D e c e m
fr o m —
D ecem
ber 15,
1939
+17.7
+17.3
—15.7
—18.5
—19. 1
—20. 1
M ONTHLY LABOR
Salaries of Office Workers:
Philadelphia, January 1949 1
o m e n i n o f f i c e c l e r i c a l j o b s in Philadelphia
had average salaries ranging from $29.50 for office
girls to $55 for secretaries assigned to senior
executives in January 1949. In 18 of the 27
occupational groups studied, average weekly
salaries for women were between $35 and $45.
These jobs included the three numerically most
important groups surveyed—general stenographers
averaging $40 weekly, clerk-typists averaging
$35, and accounting clerks averaging $39.50 (see
accompanying table).
Salary data 2 were obtained for only a limited
number of office clerical occupations in this study;
no attempt was made to obtain information on all
office workers. However, a large proportion of
the women workers in Philadelphia offices were
employed in the jobs studied.
Men’s average weekly salaries in the 13 occu
pations for which data could be presented ranged
from $31 for office boys to $65 for hand book
keepers. General clerks, performing a variety
of duties without direct supervision, comprised
the largest group of men workers studied; their
salaries averaged $59.
On an hourly basis, the occupational averages
for women ranged from 78 cents for office girls
and 81 cents for routine file clerks to $1.26 for
hand bookkeepers and junior executives’ secre
taries and $1.45 for senior executives’ secretaries.
The hourly averages for the three largest groups
were $1.04 for general stenographers, 92 cents for
clerk-typists, and $1.03 for accounting clerks.
The lowest occupational averages for men, on
an hourly basis, were 81 cents for office boys and
87 cents for ditto- or mimeograph-machine
operators. General clerks, with an average of
W
1 Prepared in the Bureau’s D ivision of Wage Analysis by Paul E. War
wick, Regional Wage Analyst of the N ew York Office.
This article and a similar article relating to Los Angeles are the first of this
year’s series on salaries and working conditions of office workers in a group
of large cities in various sections of the country. These studies form part
of the Bureau’s program of surveys of salaries and working conditions of
white-collar workers. The 1949 studies of office workers are being made in
Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Dallas, Hartford, Los
Angeles, Minneapolis-St. Paul, N ew Orleans, N ew York, Philadelphia,
Portland, Oreg., Richmond, St. Louis, Seattle, and Washington.
2 Information refers to salaries for the normal workweek, excluding over
time pay and nonproduction bonuses, but including any incentive earnings.
The number of workers shown refers to estimated total employment in all
establishments within the scope of the study.
REVIEW, JUNE 1949
SALARIES OF OFFICE WORKERS
$1.51, and hand bookkeepers, at $1.71, were the
highest paid occupations among the men.
The range of salaries within each job was rela
tively wide, but in most of the occupations the
weekly earnings of a majority of women workers
varied by less than $10. The greatest spread in
women workers’ earnings was reported for secre
taries of senior executives—the highest-paid job
studied. Salaries of men workers within the
same job varied more widely than those of women.
Part of this difference was traceable to differences
in rates among industries.
A fairly well-defined industry wage differential
existed for clerical workers. In 5 of the 8 occu
pations for which data could be presented for all
industry groups studied, earnings were at least
$12 higher in the highest-wage group than in the
lowest. In the largest occuptional groups studied
(those of women general stenographers and clerktypists), the interindustry range in weekly earn
ings amounted to $8.50. Office workers generally
643
receive the highest salaries in transportation,
communication, and public utilities. Manufac
turing establishments ranked second, and, within
this group, durable-goods producers usually paid
higher average salaries than did nondurable-goods
producers.
A special comparison indicated that the differ
ence between bank and insurance-office weekly
salaries was generally small.
It typically
amounted to $3 or less a week, with the advantage
more frequently reported for banks. However,
average weekly hours in banks were generally
longer than in insurance companies.
Comparisons between salary levels in establish
ments of various sizes indicated that the largest
establishments in manufacturing generally paid
the highest salaries. In finance, insurance, and
real estate, and in wholesale trade, there were no
consistent variations with size of establishment,
though the largest offices frequently showed the
lowest average salaries.
Salaries 1 and weekly scheduled hours of work for selected office occupations in Philadelphia, by industry division, January 1949
Sex, occupation, and
industry division 2
Average—
E sti
mated
num
Week
ber of Week ly
Hour
work ly sal sched ly
ers
aries
uled rate
hours
M e
dian2 Salary range
week of middle
50 percent
ly
sal
of workers
aries
M EN
Billers, machine (billing
machine)______________
tdookkeepers, hand 4_
.
Manufacturing_________
Durable goods_______
Nondurable goods____
Wholesale trade_______
Retail trade ___ _ _ __
Finance, insurance, and
real estate__ ______
Transportation,
communication, and other
public utilities^ . . . . . .
Bookkeeping-machine operators, class B _________
Calculating-machine operators (other than Comptometer typ e)__________
Clerks, accounting_______
M anufacturing.. ______
Durable goods_______
Nondurable goods____
Wholesale trade____ . . .
Retail trade________ . .
Finance, insurance, and
real estate____ . . .
Transportation,
communication, and other
public utilities.. . . . . .
Services_______________
Clerks, file, class B 4 ._ . .
M anufacturing________
Clerks, general4____ ___
M anufacturing.. . . . . . .
Durable goods_______
Nondurable goods____
Sex, occupation, and
industry division2
Average—
E sti
mated
num
Week
ber of Week ly
Hour
work ly sal sched ly
ers
aries uled rate
hours
M e
dians Salary range
week of middle
50 percent
ly
sal of workers
aries
M E N —Continued
53 $42. 5C
552 65. 50
208 67.00
84 66. 00
124 68.00
114 71.00
56 65. 50
38. C
38.0
37.5
38.0
37.0
39.5
38. 5
126
37.0
59. 50
$1.11
1.71
1.80
1. 75
1.83
1. 78
1. 70
$39. 00
64. 00
69. 00
61.00
70. 00
75. 00
64. 50
$38. 00-$45 00
53-50- 75 00
52. 00- 78. 00
51. 50- 72. 00
53. 50- 78. 00
60.00- 80 00
58. 00- 67. 00
1.61 55. 00 52. 00- 70. 00
27
65. 00
39.5
1.65 66. 00 55. 00- 69. 00
43
46. 50
39. 5
1.17 48. 50 40. 00- 54.00
38
1,333
649
291
358
327
73
40. 00
49. 00
49. 50
47.50
50.50
50. 50
47.00
39.5
38.5
38.5
39.0
38. 5
38.5
39.5
1.00
1.28
1.28
1.22
1.32
1.32
1.19
178
43.00
37.0
1.16 41.00 37. 50- 50. 50
79
27
54
30
1,543
626
521
105
57.50
47.50
34. 00
39. 00
59.00
58. 50
58. 00
62.50
40.0
38.5
38.5
39.0
39.0
40.0
40.0
39.0
1.44
1.23
.89
1.00
1.51
1.47
1.45
1.60
See fo o tn o te s a t end o f tab le.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
40. 00
47. 00
45.50
47.50
43.00
50. 00
45. 00
61. 50
45. 00
34. 00
38. 00
59. 00
58.00
57.50
59.50
38.0040. 0040. 0040. 0040. 5044. 5044.00-
46. 0040. 0027. 5035. 0050. 5050.0050.0051.00-
40. 00
56.00
56. 00
56. 00
57. 50
57. 50
51. 00
61. 50
54. 50
38. 00
44. 50
67.00
68. 00
65. 50
70. 50
Clerks, general—Con.
Retail trade
Finance, insurance, and
real estate
Clerks, order 4.......................
M anufae r,uri ng
Nondurable goods____
Wholfisalp. trad ft
Clerks, pay r o ll4_________
Manufaeturing__ _____
Durable, goods
Nondurable goods
Transportation,
communication, and other
public utilities_____ .
Clerk-typists 4
Manufacturing
Transportation,
communication, and other
public utilities_______
D itto -o r m im eograp h m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s
(manufacturing industries only)
Office bovs 4__ _____ ____
Manufacturing_________
Durable goods
Nondurable goods__ .
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
Finance, insurance, and
real estate
Services
Stenographers, general.- _
140
59.50
39.5
1.51 61.00 57. 00- 67. 50
259
755
208
56 00
53. 00
03 00
36 5
1 52 52 00 46 QO 62 50
1.3 5 52 ! 00 43.00- 63. 50
1 61 64 00 50 00 69 00
105
420
285
212
158
54
62.’ 00
38.5
E 61 64. 00 50. 00- 71. 00
54.00
54.50
54 00
55. 00
39.5
39.5
3Q 5
38.5
1.38
1.38
1 37
l! 42
35
97
38
56.50
38 50
39! 50
39.5
3Q 0
40.0
1.42 53. 00 47. 00- 65. 00
QQ 3Q OO 35 no- 40 50
' 98 40 ! 00 3& 00- 40. 00
32
43.00
40.0
1.07 40. 50
27
784
312
175
137
150
32
32 50
31. 00
32.00
31. 50
32. 50
29.00
37. 5
38.5
39.0
39. 5
38.5
38. 5
210
63
72
29. 50
28. 00
50. 00
33.0 0
3 9 .5
3Q 0
3 9 .5
3 7 .5
38. 5
39.0
87
.81
.82
80
.86
. 84
.7 3
52. 50
52. 50
52 00
52! 50
32 00
30. 00
32.00
29 50
47. 5049.0046 00
52. 00-
61. 00
61. 00
61 00
60. 00
39 . 00- 49.00
30 0027.0027. 5027 0035.00 27. 5034 50 27. 5029. 00 25. 00-
35 00
35.00
36. 00
36. 00
37. 00
37. 00
32. 00
. 79 29 50 27 00- 31.00
. 73 30. 00 24 50- 30. 00
1.29 50. 00 44. 00- 55. 00
MONTHLY LABOR
SALARIES OF OFFICE WORKERS
644
Salaries 1 and weekly scheduled hours of work for selected office occupations in Philadelphia, by industry division, January 1949—
Continued
Sex, occupation, and
industry division 3
W OM EN
r
Billers, machine (billing
machine)4. . .....................
Manufacturing..................
Durable goods........ .......
Nondurable goods____
Wholesale trade................
Finance, insurance, and
real estate____________
Billers, machine (book
keeping machine) 4___
Manufacturing_________
Retail trade____________
Bookkeepers, hand 4______
Manufacturing_________
Durable goods.______
Nondurable goods____
Wholesale trade________
Retail trade___________
Finance, insurance, and
real state____________
Services_______________
Bookkeeping-machine op
erators, class A 4______
M anufacturing________
Wholesale trade________
(' Finance, insurance, and
real estate____________
Bookkeeping-machine op
erators, class B 4______
Manufacturing..................
Durable goods.. ____
Nondurable g o o d s ___
Wholesale trade _______
Retail trad e.. ________
Finance, insurance, and
real estate___________
Calculating-machine op
erators (Comptometer
ty p e )4---------------------M anufacturing_______
Durable goods______
Nondurable goods____
Wholesale trade _______
Retail trade_________ _
Finance, insurance, and
real estate. _________
Calculating-machine op
erators (other than
Comptometer ty p e )4. .
Manufacturing _______
Retail trade. _________
Finance, insurance, and
real estate___________
Clerks, accounting_______
M anufacturing________
Durable goods_______
Nondurable goods. . . .
Wholesale t r a d e _______
Retail trade. _________
Finance, insurance, and
real estate _________
T ra n sp o rta tio n , com
munication, and other
public utilities_______
Services. ___________
Clerks, file, class A 4_____
Manufacturing _______
Durable goods______
Nondurable goods____
Wholesale trade. ______
Finance, insurance, and
real estate___________
Services___ _________
Clerks, file, class B 4_____
Manufacturing_________
Durable goods_______
Nondurable g o o d s ___
Wholesale trade _______
Retail trade.. _______
Finance, insurance, and
real estate __________
Services_______________
A verageEstimated
Week*
num
Hour
ber of Week ly
work ly sal sched ly
aries uled rate
ers
hours
Sex, occupation, and
industry division 3
Average—
Estimated
Week
num
Hour
ber of Week ly
work ly sal sched ly
aries uled rate
ers
hours
M e
dian* Salary range
week of middle
50 percent
ly
sal of workers
aries
W O M E N —Continued
570 $41.00
293 41.50
152 42. 00
141 40.50
180 41.50
39.0 $1.05 $40.00 $35. 00-$46.00
39.0 1.06 41.50 36. 00- 45. 00
40.0 1.05 42.50 37. 00- 46. 00
38.0 1.07 39.00 35. 00- 44. 50
38.5 1.07 40. 00 33. 50- 48.00
33.50 32. 00- 39.50
34
36.00
37.0
341
42
222
713
230
27
203
186
87
38.00
42.00
38.00
49. 50
51.50
53. 00
51.50
52. 50
45.50
39.5
38.5
40.5
39.0
38.5
40.0
38.5
40.0
41.0
.96 38. 50
1.10 41.00
.94 37.00
1.26 49.50
1.34 50.00
1.33 54. 00
1.34 50.00
1.32 50.00
1.11 45.00
165
45
43. 00
56.00
38.0
38.5
1.13 40.00 37. 00- 47. 50
1.46 55.00 45.00- 63.00
284
54
84
44. 50
48.50
47.00
38.0
38.0
38.5
1.18 43.00 39.00- 50.00
1.27 46. 50 40. 00- 50. 50
1.22 46.00 45.00- 51.00
33. 0038. 5032. 5045.0047.0050.0045.0050.0045.00-
42. 50
47. 00
44.00
54. 50
55.00
55.00
55. 00
55.00
45.00
134
42.00
37.5
1.13 41.00 38.00- 49. 50
1,782
394
155
239
371
177
36.50
41.50
45.00
39. 50
41.00
35.00
39.0
38.5
39.0
38.0
39.0
40.0
.93
1.08
1.14
1.04
1.05
.88
818
31.50
39.0
1,581
748
567
181
315
377
40. 50
44.00
43. 50
45. 50
40.00
34. 50
39.0
39.0
39.0
38.5
39.0
40.0
65
31.00
38.5
.80 29.00 29.00- 32. 50
310
67
53
39.50
44.50
38.00
38.0
37.5
40.0
1.03 38.00 34. 50- 43.00
1.19 47. 00 41. 00- 53. 50
.95 40.00 35. 50- 42.00
98
3,466
1, 480
422
1,058
626
551
37. 50
39.50
40. 50
41.00
40.50
43.00
36.00
36.5
38.0
38.0
39.0
37.5
39.0
39.5
1.02 36.00 34. 50- 40.00
620
35.50
36.0
34.50 30.00- 39. 50
94
47. 50
40.50
39. 00
43.50
45. 00
42.00
37.00
39.0
38.5
38.0
38.5
39.0
38.0
39.0
1.21 48.50 40. 50- 52. 50
35.00
39.00
31.00
35. 00
36.50
31.50
32.00
28.00
37.0
38.5
38.0
38.5
39.5
37.5
39.0
40.0
27.00
29.50
37.0
39.5
95
541
186
83
103
116
164
33
2,541
930
576
t 354
297
240
1 !*■•
1 , ooc
53
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M e
dian 3 Salary range
w eek of middle
50 percent
ly
sal
of workers
aries
34.50
40.00
44.50
38.00
40. 50
34.00
31.0038.0040. 5037.0040.0032.00-
40. 50
46.00
49. 50
42. 50
44. 50
39. 50
.81 31.00 29.00- 33.00
1.03 41.00 35.001.13 43. 50 40. 501.11 43. 50 39.001.18 45. 00 42.001.02 40.00 35.0035.00 31. 50-
.86
38. 50
40. 00
39. 00
40.00
1.10 40.00
.90 34. 00
1.03
1.07
1.05
1.08
1.06 39.50
1.02 37. 00
1.13 42. 00
1.15 40. 00
1.11 42.00
.94 35.00
34. 5036. 0037.0035. 5037. 0031. 00-
39. 5034.0037.0038. 0037. 0032.00-
45. 00
47. 00
46.00
49. 50
42. 50
37.00
44.00
45.00
46. 00
45. 00
46. 50
40.00
40.00
42. 50
49. 50
54.00
45. 50
38.00
.95 32.00 31.00- 37.00
1.01 39.00 33.00- 44. 50
.81
.90
.93
.85
.83
.71
29. 50
34.50
37.00
31.00
30.00
27. 50
27.0030.0033. 0028.0028.0025.00-
34. 00
39. 50
41.00
34. 50
35.00
31. 00
.74 27.50 25.00- 29.00
.75 29.50 26.50- 32.00
Clerks, general 4....................
Manufacturing- ...............
Durable goods................
Nondurable goods____
Wholesale trad e...............
Retail trad e.......................
Finance, insurance, and
real estate......... ..............
Clerks, order4______ _____
Manufacturing_________
Wholesale trade________
Retail trade....... ................
Clerks, pay ro ll4...................
Manufacturing____ ____
Durable goods________
Nondurable goods____
Wholesale trade................
Retail trade. .....................
Finance, insurance, and
real estate____________
Clerk-typists____________
Manufacturing_________
Durable goods. ............
Nondurable goods.........
Wholesale trade.................
Retail trade....... ...............
Finance, insurance, and
real estate...................... .
Transportation,
com
munication, and other
public utilities................
Services.............. ...............
D itto- or mimeograph-ma
chine operators (manu
facturing
industries
only)................................
Durable g o o d s ............. .
Nondurable goods............
Key-punch operators *____
Manufacturing_________
Durable goods_______
Nondurable goods........
Wholesale trade................
Finance, insurance, and
real estate.____ ______
Transportation, commu
nication, and other
public utilities_______
Office girls 4...........................
Manufacturing_________
Durable g o o d s .............
Nondurable goods........
Retail trade.......................
Finance, insurance, and
real estate.......................
Secretaries, N o. 1.................
Manufacturing________
Durable g o o d s .............
Nondurable goods........
Wholesale trade......... ......
Retail trade........................
Finance, insurance, and
real estate......................
Transportation, commu
nication, and other
public utilities...............
Services______________ _
Secretaries, N o. 2________
M anufacturing............... .
Durable goods............. .
Nondurable goods____
Wholesale trade................
Retail trade.............. . ...
Finance, insurance, and
real estate....... ...............
Transportation, commu
nication, and other
public utilities...............
Services.............................
Stenographers, general___
Manufacturing................ .
Durable goods_______
Nondurable goods___
1,920 $47.00
1, 014 49.00
648 49. 50
366 49. 00
206 46. 50
99 36.00
38.5 $1.23 $47.00 $42. 50-$51.50
39.5 1.25 47. 00 44.00- 52.00
40.0 1.23 48.50 44.50- 51.50
38.5 1.28 46.00 44.00- 52.00
38.0 1.23 47. 00 41.00- 50.00
.90 34.00 30.00- 40.00
40.0
364
559
254
231
43
1,407
851
257
594
137
142
46. 50
41.50
45. 50
39.00
30.00
43. 50
44.50
44.50
44. 50
46.00
37. 50
36.0
38.5
38.0
39.5
39.0
38.5
38.5
39.5
38.0
37.5
39.5
1.29
1.08
1.21
.99
.77
1.13
1.15
1.12
1.16
1.23
.95
47.00
38.00
41.00
38.00
31.00
43.00
45.00
44. 50
45.00
47.00
36.50
42.0035.0037. 0035.0024.5037.0038.0035.5038.0042. 0032.00-
51.50
46.00
55. 00
40.00
32.50
49.50
50.00
50. 00
50.00
49.50
40.00
54
4,500
2,488
1,170
1,318
552
164
44.00
35. 00
37.00
38.50
35.50
33. 50
31.60
37.5
38.5
38.5
39.0
38.0
39.0
39.0
1.18
.92
.96
.98
.94
.87
.81
45.00
34. 50
36.00
37. 00
35.00
34. 50
32.50
39.0031.0033.0034-5032. 0030.0029.00-
45. 50
38.00
40.50
41.50
38. 00
38.00
35.00
1,034
32. 00
37.0
.86 31. 60 29.00- 34.50
87
175
40.00
34. 50
38.5
39.0
1.03 37.00 35.00- 44. 60
.88 33.00 32.00- 36.00
143
78
65
998
613
256
357
62
35.50
37.00
34.00
38.00
39.00
41.00
38. 00
44. 50
39.0
40.0
37.5
38.0
38.5
40.0
37.5
39.0
.91
.92
.90
1.00
1.01
1.03
1.00
1.15
253
34.00
36.0
26
627
350
101
249
55
39.00
29.50
31.50
32.50
31.00
28.00
38.5
37.5
38.0
39.0
37.5
40.0
154
1, 92C
822
303
519
482
53
24. 50
55,0C
60.00
60.50
59.50
51. 0C
48.50
36.0
.68 25.00 22.00- 27. 50
38. C 1.45 52. 0C 47.00- 61.50
38.5 1.57 59. OC 50.00- 69.00
39.5 1.53 58.5C 50.00- 66.00
37.5 1.59 59. Of 50.00- 69.00
37.5 1.35 50. 0C 45.00- 55.00
39.0 1.25 50.00 37.50- 55.50
360
51.50
38.5
1. 35 50.50 46.00- 54.50
53
150
2 ,95f
1,65(
556
1,094
481
137
63.50
50.5(
48. 0C
50.5C
53. 0C
49. 50
45.00
43.00
38.5
38.5
38. C
38.0
39.5
37.5
38.5
39.0
1.65
1.35
1.26
1.33
1.35
1.31
1.17
1.11
485
43.00
37.0
1.16 42.00 39.00- 46.56
63
140
5,381
2,74'
1,115
1, 624
62.50
44.00
40.0(
41. 0(
41.0(
41.50
39.0
38.5
38.5
38.5
39.5
37.5
1. 61
1.15
1. 04
1.07
1.0<
1.09
35. 50
38.00
33.00
38.00
39.00
40. 50
38.00
45.00
32. 5032.5032.0034.0035. 0038. 0034-50.
40.00-
39.00
41.00
36.00
42. 00
43.00
44. 50
41.00
45.00
.95 34.50 29. 50- 37.00
1.02
.78
.83
.84
.83
.71
38.00
30. 00
30. 00
33. 50
30.00
30.00
61.00
50. OC
47. OC
50. 5C
53.50
50. OC
45. OC
42.50
66.00
43. 0(
39. 0(
40.50
40. 5(
40.50
34.5026. 0029.0029. 5028.0026.00-
52.0044.0041.5045.0048.0043. 5041.0038.00-
54.0039.5035.5037.0037.0037.00-
41.50
33.00
33.50
35. 50
33.00
30.00
72.00
57. 50
53. 50
56. 50
57.50
55.00
49.00
49. 5#
71.06
47. 00
43.00
45.00
45.00
45.00
REVIEW, JUNE 1949
SALARIES OF OFFICE WORKERS
645
Salaries 1 and weekly scheduled hours of work for selected office occupations in Philadelphia, by industry division, January 19^9—
Continued
Sex, occupation, and
industry d ivision2
Average—
E sti
M e
mated
dian3 Salary range
num
Week
w eek of middle
ber of Week ly
Hour ly
50 percent
work ly sal sched ly
sal
of workers
ers
aries uled rate aries
hours
Sex, occupation, and
industry d ivision 2
WO M E N —C ontinued
W OM E N —C ontinued
Stenographers, general—
Continued
Wholesale trade...............
Retail trade......................
Finance, insurance, and
real estate___ _______
Transportation, commu
nication, and other
public utilities..............
Services_______________
Stenographers, technical 4_.
M anufacturmg...............
Durable goods..............
Nondurable goods___
Wholesale trade............. .
Finance, insurance, and
real estate___________
Switchboard operators___
Manufacturing.................
Durable goods_______
Nondurable goods____
Wholesale trade................
Retail trade.......................
Finance, insurance, and
real estate......................
Transportation, commu
nication, and other
public utilities...............
Services_______________
Switchboard o p e r a to r receptionists...................
M anufacturing.................
Durable goods...... ........
Nondurable goods____
Wholesale trade________
Retail trade______ _ . . .
Finance, insurance, and
real estate___________
Switchboard o p e r a to r receptionists—Con.
Transportation, communication, and other
public utilities_______
Services_______________
Transcribing-machine operators, g e n e r a l....... .
M anufacturing........ .........
Durable goods_______
Nondurable goods____
Wholesale trade________
Retail trade____________
Finance, insurance, and
real estate____________
Transcribing-machine operators (technical) 4___
Manufacturing_________
Finance, insurance, and
real estate.___________
Typists, class A 4________
Manufacturing..................
Durable goods_______
Nondurable goods____
Wholesale trade________
Finance, insurance, and
real estate____________
Typists, class B 4__ ______
Manufacturing_________
Durable goods_______
Nondurable goods____
Wholesale trade________
Retail trade____________
Finance, insurance, and
real estate___ ________
Transportation, communication, and other
public utilities_______
851 $41.00
319 37.50
39.0 $1.06 $40.00 $38. 00-$45.00
40.0
.94 36.50 34. 50- 41.50
1,084
36.00
37.0
.97 37.00 32. 00- 39.50
119
264
1,285
980
654
326
63
44.50
39. 00
46. 50
48. 00
48. 50
47.00
46.50
38.5
38.5
39.0
39.5
40.0
39.0
39.5
1.17
1.02
1.18
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.17
42. 50
38. 50
46. 00
47. 50
49. 00
45.50
44.00
38. 0037. 0042.0043. 0044. 0042.0040. 50-
50. 50
42. 00
50. 50
52.00
51.50
52. 00
50. 00
140
990
326
120
206
140
174
37.50
38.50
43.00
44. 00
42. 00
37.50
35.00
37.0
39.0
38.5
40.0
38.0
39.5
39.5
1.01
.99
1.11
1. 11
1.11
.96
.88
37.00
38. 00
42.50
44. 00
41.50
38.00
34. 00
34.5032. 0038. 5040.5035. 0032.0030.00-
38.00
44. 50
47. 50
48. 00
47.00
44. 50
38.50
276
33. 50
38.5
.88 31.00 27. 00- 39. 00
40
34
47. 50
40. 50
38.5
39.0
1.24 49.00 48.00- 49. 50
1.05 40.00 38.00- 44.50
1, 096
486
150
336
326
96
39. 50
41.00
41.50
41. 00
39.00
36.50
38.5
38.5
38.5
38.0
38.5
40.5
1.02
1.07
1.07
1.08
1.01
.91
109
36.00
38.0
39.00
41.00
41.00
40.00
38.00
32. 50
35.0036.0035. 5036. 0032.5030. 50-
43. 50
45.00
45.00
44. 50
42.00
40.00
.95 32.00 30. 00- 38.00
2
The study covered representative maufacturing and retail trade estab
lishments and transportation, communication, heat, light, and power com
panies (except railroads) with over 100 workers; and establishments with
more than 25 workers in wholesale trade, finance, real estate, insurance, and
Related Wage Practices
A 5-day week was observed in offices employing
more than nine-tenths of the women workers cov
ered by the study. Only two significant devia
tions from this pattern occurred. In retail trade,
a 5%-day week prevailed for about 1 out of 12
workers and a 6-day week for 1 out of 7 workers;
and in finance, insurance, and real estate, approx
imately 1 out of 13 worked 5% days.
In terms of total number of weekly hours,3 the
range was wide. About three-fifths of the clerical
workers had a 40-hour week and one-fifth a 37%hour week. In finance, insurance, and real estate
offices, almost two-thirds of the women worked
37% hours or less.
Overtime at time and a half was the predominant
rate paid for work exceeding 40 hours a week.
A few offices conpensated such work by equal
3
Hours refer to scheduled workweeks in effect for office workers in the
establishments studied.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Average—
E sti
Me
mated
dian3 Salary range
num
week of middle
Week
ber of Week ly
Hour ly
50 percent
work ly sal sched ly
sal
of workers
ers
aries uled rate aries
hours
34 $37.00
45 37.50
706
324
186
138
90
27
37.00
38. 50
39.00
38.00
36. 50
35. 50
39.5 $0.94 $37. 00 $34. 50-$40.00
39.0
.97 35. 50 34.50- 42. 50
38.5
38.5
39.5
37.5
39.0
42.0
.95
1.00
.99
1.02
.93
.84
37.00
38. 00
38.00
37.00
37. 00
37.00
32. 0034.0034.0034. 0035. 5030.00-
40.50
42.50
42. 50
44. 00
39.00
38. 00
195
34. 00
38.0
.90 35.00 29. 50- 37.00
190
58
45. 50
53.00
38.5
39.5
1.18 44.50 40. 50- 49. 50
1.34 52.00 48.50- 56.00
32
897
473
379
94
157
42. 00
41. 50
43. 50
43. 50
43.50
42. 00
38.5
38.0
39.5
40.0
37.5
37.0
1.09
1.09
1.10
1.09
1.16
1.14
43.00
42.00
44.50
45.00
43.00
40.50
40. 5037.5040. 5041. 5034. 5038.50-
44. 50
45. 00
46.00
45. 00
47. 00
44.50
183
2,452
1,037
700
337
283
276
36. 50
33.50
37.00
38.00
35. 50
34.50
31.50
35.5
38.5
38.5
39.0
38.0
39.5
39.5
1.03
.88
.96
.97
.93
.88
.79
34. 50
32.50
36. 00
37. 50
35. 00
32.00
31.00
33. 5029.0033. 5033.5030. 0032.0029.50-
39. 50
37.00
41. 00
41.50
39.50
37.00
34.00
728
30. 00
37.0
42
43. 00
39.0
.81 29.00 27. 50- 32.00
1.10 42.00
engineering, architectural, accounting, auditing, and bookkeeping firms;
motion pictures; and nonprofit membership organizations.
3 Value above and below which half of workers’ salaries fell.
4 Includes data for industry divisions not shown separately.
time off or by straight-time pay; and a few others
made no payment beyond an employee’s regular
weekly salary even though overtime was worked.
In those establishments with a scheduled work
week of less than 40 hours, work in excess of the
scheduled week but below 40 hours was paid for in
various ways. In about half the offices, the worker
received no additional compensation for hours of
work which brought the total up to 40; about a
fourth received straight-time pay for such work;
a few were granted compensatory time off; and
the rest received time and a half for all work in
excess of the scheduled workweek.
Paid vacations were provided to practically all
workers in offices (excepting not more than a
tenth of 1 percent). The few offices that provided
no vacations were in wholesale trade and services.
Three-fifths of the office workers in all industries
considered together received vacations with pay
after 6 months of service. All offices having formal
vacation policies gave vacations after 1 year of
646
SALARIES OF OFFICE WORKERS
service, but 77 percent of the workers with this
amount of service were granted 2 weeks of vacation
leave. After 2 years of service, 19 out of 20 work
ers were eligible for 2 weeks’ vacation. About 1
out of 25 received more than 2 weeks, after 5
years’ service.
Paid holiday provisions varied widely; a few
workers received no holidays with pay, but for
almost 10 percent of the office workers, more
than 13 holidays were provided. A third of
the employees received 6 paid holidays, a sixth
received 7, and a sixth received 8 holidays each
year.
All workers receiving 13 or more paid holidays
were found in the finance, insurance, and realestate group. Over three-quarters of the workers
in this group were granted 11 or more paid holidays.
About half the clerical workers in transportation,
communication, and other public utilities received
9 holidays.
Nonproduction bonuses were paid by offices
employing about 44 percent of the workers. For
most workers, this was a Christmas or year-end
payment. Profit-sharing and other types of pay
ments were made to relatively few workers.
Bonuses were most prevalent in retail and whole
sale trade, and were relatively rare in transporta
tion, communication, and other public utilities.
A greater proportion of the clerical workers in
nondurable-goods production than of workers in
durable-goods production worked in offices with
bonus systems.
Formal paid sick-leave provisions existed in
establishments employing slightly less than half
the office workers covered by the study. (In
formal arrangements whereby office workers, at
the discretion of their supervisors, are paid their
salaries when they are ill, were not studied.) In
practically all instances, these provisions became
effective after accumulation of a year (or less) of
service. Transportation, communication, and
other public utilities had the highest proportion
of workers receiving such leave; retail trade
ranked next. The amount of sick leave varied
from less than 5 days to more than 20 days a year.
About a third of the workers employed in offices
granting paid sick leave were eligible for 10 days’
leave after 1 year of service.
Insurance or pension plans of one or more types
were in effect in offices employing approximately
nine-tenths of the clerical workers studied. The
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
proportion employed in offices with insurance
plans was at least 4 out of 5 in all industry groups
except services, in which it dropped to 7 out of 10.
Life insurance plans were most widespread, and
retirement pensions were the next most prevalent
type of plan.
Salaries of Office Workers:
Los Angeles, January 1949 1
bo o k k eeper s,
among key Los Angeles
clerical jobs, had the highest level of salaries in
January 1949. Weekly salaries in this job aver
aged $62.50 for women and $70 for men. At the
other end of the scale were women engaged in
routine typing and routine filing, who averaged
$38.50 and $35.50, respectively. Office boys, who
averaged $39.50 weekly, were the lowest paid men
workers studied. Women general stenographers,
numerically the largest group surveyed, had
average earnings of $50 a week (see accompanying
table).
Salary data 2 were obtained only for a limited
number of office clerical occupations in this study;
no attempt was made to obtain information on all
office workers, although a large proportion of the
women workers in Los Angeles offices were em
ployed in the jobs studied.
Substantial proportions of the women employ
ees in some of the numerically important jobs
received salaries falling within a comparatively
narrow range around the averages for these occu
pations. Nearly half of the women clerk-typists,
for example, were paid between $37.50 and $45;
three-fourths earned between $35 and $50. At
least half of the routine file clerks and general
stenographers received salaries varying by no
more than $10. Greater variation occurred within
H and
1 Prepared in the Division of Wage Analysis by John Dana, Regional
Wage Analyst of the San Francisco office.
This article and a similar article relating to Philadelphia are the first of this
year's series dealing with salaries and working conditions of office workers
in a group of large cities in all sections of the country. These studies form
part of the Bureau’s program of surveys of salaries and working conditions of
white collar workers. This year, studies of office workers are being made in
the following cities: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Dallas,
Hartford, Los Angeles, Minneapolis-St. Paul, N ew Orleans, N ew York,
Philadelphia, Portland, Oreg., Richmond, St. Louis, Seattle, and Wash
ington.
1 Information refers to salaries for the normal workweek, excluding overtime
pay and nonproduction bonuses but including any incentive earnings.
The number of workers shown refers to estimated total employment in all
establishments within the scope of the study.
REVIEW, JUNE 1949
SALARIES OF OFFICE WORKERS
some of the higher-paid occupations; thus, salaries
of women hand bookkeepers ranged from $37.50
to more than $100.
Women's weekly salaries, converted to an hourly
basis to allow for differences in the length of the
workweek, showed occupational averages ranging
from 91 cents to $1.55. For 16 out of the 22 jobs
studied, average rates were $1.10 or more. Hourly
rates for men's jobs ranged from 99 cents to $1.72.
Part of the variation in individual worker’s
earnings was traceable to differences in salary
level among industries. The highest salary level
among the six broad industry groups studied was
647
found in the service group. Largely influencing
the averages for this group were rates in offices of
motion-picture producers. Office workers em
ployed by the studios enjoyed definite salary ad
vantages over other clerical employees in the Los
Angeles area. Next in line were manufacturing
and wholesale trade. In manufacturing, earnings
tended to be higher in nondurable- than in durablegoods production.
Comparisons of average salaries in different
sized establishments showed varying patterns
from one industry group to another, and did not
provide evidence that size was an important factor
Salaries 1 and weekly scheduled hours of work for selected office occupations in Los Angeles, by industry division, January 191^9
Sex, occupation, and
industry division 2
Average—
Esti
mated
num
Week
ber of Week ly
Hour
work ly sal sched ly
ers
aries
uled rate
hours
Median2 Salary range
w eek of middle
50 percent
ly
sal
of workers
aries
Sex, occupation, and
industry division 2
M EN
W OM EN
Billers, machine (billing
machine)______________
Bookkeepers, h a n d 4______
Manufacturing____ ____
Durable goods_______
Nondurable goods____
Wholesale trade________
Retail trade, except de
partment stores______
Finance, insurance, and
real estate____________
Bookkeeping-machine op
erators, class A 4—.........
Manufacturing_________
Clerks, accounting_______
Manufacturing_________
Durable goods...... .........
Nondurable goods____
Wholesale trade________
Retail trade, except de
partment stores______
Finance, insurance, and
real estate____________
Transportation, commu
nication, and other
public utilities_______
Services............................. .
Clerks, general4_____ ____
M anufacturing.................
Wholesale tra d e........... .
Finance, insurance, and
real estate_______ ____
Services..... .........................
Clerks, order4___________
Manufacturing_________
Durable goods...............
Nondurable goods.........
Wholesale trade________
Retail trade, except de
partment stores______
Clerks, pay ro ll4_________
Manufacturing..... ............
Transportation, commu
nication, and other
public utilities................
Services..............................
Clerk-typists............ ...........
Office boys 4___.....................
Manufacturing_________
Durable goods...............
Nondurable goods____
Wholesale trade________
Finance, insurance, and
real estate____________
S e r v ic es.._____________
Stenographers, general____
Billers, machine (billing
machine)4___________
Manufacturing________
Durable goods.............
Nondurable goods___
Wholesale trade_______
Transportation, commu
nication, and other
public utilities_______
Billers, machine (book
keeping machine) 4___
Manufacturing....... ..........
Bookkeepers, hand______
M anufacturing________
Durable goods_______
Nondurable goods____
Wholesale trade_______
Retail trade, except de
partment stores.........
Finance, insurance, and
real estate___________
Transportation, commu
nication, and other
public utilities...............
Services________ ____ _
Bookkeeping-machine op
erators, class A 4______
Manufacturing_________
Wholesale trade________
Finance, insurance, and
real estate____________
Bookkeeping-machine op
erators, class B 4........ .
Manufacturing_________
Durable goods_______
Nondurable goods____
Wholesale trade...... ..........
Retail trade, except de
partment stores______
Finance, insurance, and
real estate____________
Transportation, commu
nication, and other
public utilities_______
Calculating-machine oper
ators, (Comptometer
type) 4---------------------Manufacturing_________
Durable goods_______
Nondurable goods____
Wholesale trade________
Retail trade, except de
partment stores______
Transportation, commu
nication, and other
public utilities_______
Services_______ _______ _
95 $55.00
610 70.00
182 67.50
118 63.00
64 76.00
104 78.50
40.0 $1.37 $52.00 $52.00- $56.50
40.5 1.72 66.00 60-00- 80.00
42.0 1.60 65.50 61.00- 71.50
41.0 1.54 63.50 56. 50- 71.50
44.5 1.70 75.00 65. 50- 83.50
40.0 1.96 86.50 60.00- 95.00
38
83.00
43.0
1.94 76.50 62.50-115.00
118
58.50
39.5
1.47 57.50 52.00- 63.50
78
76
1,621
817
666
151
159
56.00
56.50
61.50
57.00
55.00
66.00
59.00
40.0
40.0
40.5
41.0
41.0
40.0
40.0
1.40
1.41
1.51
1.39
1.34
1.64
1.48
96
68.00
43.0
1.58 69.00 55.00- 80.00
106
46.00
40.0
1.15 46.00 40.50- 52. 50
59
384
1,103
236
524
55.50
74.50
54.00
55.00
51.50
40.0
40.0
39.5
40.0
40.0
1.39
1.87
1.36
1.38
1.29
53.50
77.00
52.00
56.00
50.50
49.0069.0046.0052.0046.00-
59. 50
80.00
61.00
58.50
52.00
195
110
1,337
247
110
137
940
50.50
70.50
61.00
60.00
60.50
59.50
61.50
37.5
41.0
40.5
41.0
41.0
41.5
40.0
1.34
1.72
1.51
1.45
1.48
1.43
1.53
48.50
74.00
58. 50
57.50
60.00
57.50
59.00
42.0063.0054.0053.0056. 5052.0054.00-
63.00
80.00
68.00
67.00
67.00
61.00
70.00
66
499
271
71.00
62.50
54.00
42.5
40.0
40.0
1.68 69.00 69.00- 80.50
1.57 62.50 48.00- 72.00
1.35 48.50 46.00- 65.00
42
149
73
716
131
54
77
110
59.00
77.50
48.00
39.50
44.00
45.50
43.00
38.50
40.0
39.5
41.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
1.48
1.96
1.16
.99
1.10
1.14
1.08
.96
185
209
72
36.50
40.00
51.00
39.5
40.5
40.0
.92 34. 50 34. 50- 38.50
.99 38.00 33.00- 44.00
1.27 49.50 46.00- 55.00
See footnotes at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
53.00
53.00
57.00
56.50
56.50
64.00
56.00
58.00
75.50
47.00
38.00
44.00
48.00
44.00
36.00
52.0052.0052.0050. 5050. 5054.0052.00-
54.0065.0042. 5034. 5040.5040. 5040.5034. 50-
57.50
57.50
70.00
61.00
57. 50
78.50
68.00
60.00
88.00
53.00
43.00
46. 50
51.00
44.00
40.50
Average—
E sti
Me
mated
dian2 Salary range
num
Week
week of middle
ber of Week
Hour ly
ly
50 percent
work ly sal sched ly
sal of workers
ers
aries uled rate aries
hours
563 $46.00
16C 46.50
7f 46.50
81 47.00
245 44.00
40.0 $1.15 $44.00 $40.00-$50.50
39.5 1.18 46.00 44.00- 50.00
40.0 1.17 45.00 43. 50- 50. 50
39.5 1.19 48.00 46.00- 50.00
40.0 1.10 42.00 40.00- 46.00
121
47.00
40.0
1.18 43.00 40. 50- 56.00
170
56
834
284
180
104
193
46.50
45.50
62.50
62.00
61.00
63.00
66.50
40.0
40.0
40.5
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.5
1.16
1.13
1.55
1.55
1.53
1. 59
1.64
45.00
47.00
60.00
57.50
57. 50
60.00
63.00
39.0045.0052.0053.0053.0054.0050.00-
50.00
48.00
70.50
70.00
70.50
70.00
80.50
86
55.00
41.0
1.34 57. 50 49. 50- 65.00
99
61.50
40.0
1.54 52.00 52.00- 57. 50
80
92
55. 50
70.50
41.5
39.5
1.33 55.50 52.00- 60.00
1.78 70.00 64. 50- 81.50
520
169
236
54.00
58.50
52. 00
40.0
40.0
40.0
1.35 52.00 48. 00- 57.50
1.47 54. 00 52.00- 65.00
1.30 52. 00 48. 50- 52. 00
66
50.00
39.5
1.26 48.50 45. 00- 57. 50
1,432
202
60
142
275
45.00
53.00
49.50
55.00
52.00
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
1.13
1.33
1.23
1.37
1.30
43. 50
54. 00
50.00
55.00
52. 00
39. 0048. 0047. 5048. 0045.50-
50.00
56.00
50. 00
62. 00
59.00
97
47.50
40.5
1.17 46.00 46. 00- 50. 00
773
40.00
40.0
1.00 39.00 37. 00- 43.50
73
46. 50
41.5
1.11 49.50 41.50- 50. 00
1,886
477
182
295
731
50. 50
47.50
44.50
49. 00
52. 00
40.0
40.5
40.0
41.0
40.0
1.25
1.17
1.11
1.20
1.30
399
51. 00
40.5
1.26 50. 50 43.50- 59.00
167
95
48.00
40.0
55. 001 39.5
1.20 48. 00 41.50- 54. 00
1. 40 58.50 47. 00- 62.00
49. 50
46.00
45. 00
49. 50
51.00
45.0042.5041. 0042. 5046. 00-
58.00
52.00
47. 00
54.00
59.00
MONTHLY LABOR
SALARIES OF OFFICE WORKERS
648
Salaries 1 and weekly scheduled hours of work for selected office occupations in Los Angeles, by industry division, January 1949—
Continued
Sex, occupation, and
industry division 3
Average—
E sti
mated
Week
num
Hour
ber of Week ly
work ly sal sched ly
rate
uled
ers
aries
hours
M e
dian3 Salary range
week of middle
50 percent
ly
of workers
sal
aries
40.0
41.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.5
40.5
40.5
39.5
40.0
39.5
39.5
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
39. 0
40.0
39.5
40.0
40.0
40.5
38.5
39.5
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
39.0
40.5
40.0
40.5
40.0
40.5
40.5
40.0
40.0
40.5
40.0
41.5
40.0
40.5
40.
40.
40.
40. f
40.
40.
41.
39.
38.
40.
Office girls4______________
Manufacturing_________
Î42.00-$50.
50
Durable goods_______
546.
00
$1.19
Nondurable goods.........
1.22 50.00 42. 00- 50.50
42.
0055.00
Wholesale
trade....... .........
47.
50
1.23
Finance, insurance, and
1.28 52. 00 50.00- 54.00
real
estate____________
45.0054.
00
1.25 51.00
Transportation, commu1.39 54. 00 53.00- 59.00
nication, and other
1.24 51.00 44. 00- 55.00
public u t ilitie s ---------____ _____
Services_____
43.
50
39.
0051.
00
1.14
Stenographers, general-----Manufacturing_________
37.
0045.
50
1.05 41.50
Durable goods-----------Nondurable goods-----Wholesale trade________
1.12 44. 00 40. 50- 49. 00
Retail trade, except de1.59 65. 00 55. OO- 71.00
partment stores___. . .
1.09 41.50 37. 00- 47. 00
Finance, insurance, and
40.5049.00
44.
00
1.10
real estate____________
1.11 44. 00 41. 50- 52.00
Transportation, commu1.07 42. 00 38. 00- 47. 00
nication, and other
1.10 46. 00 37.00- 50. 00
public utilities----------Services________ _______
.97 37. 50 32. 00- 41.50
Stenographers,
technical4—
51.0067.
50
1.47 60. 00
Manufacturing - ............ .
.91 35. 00 31. 00- 39. 00
Finance,
insurance,
and
38.
0042.
00
41.00
1.01
real estate____ ____
.99 38.50 36.50- 42. 00
Services_______________
Switchboard operators-----1.01 38. 00 33.50- 49. 50
Manufacturing------------Durable goods________
.82 31.00 29. 00- 33. 50
Nondurable goods.........
41.5051.00
46.
00
1.16
Wholesale trade...............
1.21 48. 00 45. 00- 52. 00
Retail trade, except de1. 22 49. 00 46. 00- 52.00
partment stores---------1.14 45.00 42. 00- 45.00
Finance, insurance, and
1.16 46.00 42.50- 47.00
real estate____________
Transportation, commu1.05 40.50 37. 00- 51.00
nication, and other
public utilities-----------1. 09 42.50 37. 00- 46. 50
Services.. -----------------Switchboard operatorreceptionists 4.................
1.25 51.00 46. 00- 56. 00
Manufacturing_________
1.29 50. 00 45. 00- 60. 00
Durable goods-----------1.22 49.50 43. 50- 53.00
Nondurable goods-----1.14 44. 00 42.00- 47. 00
Wholesale trade — . . . 1.30 53. 00 46.00- 59.00
Retail trade, except de1.28 50.00 45.00- 55.00
partment stores---------1.27 50. 50 45. 00- 54.00
Finance, insurance, and
1.22 48. 00 44. OO- 52.00
real estate........................
1.39 54. 00 51.00- 61. 50
Services..--------------------1.33 52.00 50. 00- 60. 00
Transcribing-machine operators, general4------ .
1.21 50.00 45. 00- 53.00
Manufacturing------------Wholesale trade________
1.16 46.00 43. 50- 48.50
Finance, insurance and
realestate ______ _ __
Typists,
class A 4------------1. IS 49. 0C 43. 00- 54. 00
Manufacturing------------1.43 46. OC 41. 50- 74.00
Wholesale
trade-------- . .
1.1C 42. OC 39.00- 47. 50
Finance, insurance, and
1.15 44. OC 41.00- 48.00
real
estate-----------------1.12 44. OC 41.00- 48.00
Transportation, commu1 . 2 : 45. 5C 40.00- 48.00
nication, and other
1.1C 44. OC 39.00- 52.00
pnhlie u t ilit ie s ._____
Services
____________
37.5C 37.00- 43.00
Typists, class B 4_____ ___
Manufacturing________
1.0C 39. OC 37.00- 41.50
Wholesale tr a d e _____
Finance, insurance, and
real estate---------------1.1 42. 5C 40.00- 47.00
40.0057.50
1.1« 43. OC
i Excludes pay for overtime.
3 The study covered representative manufacturing and retail trade estab
lishments (except department stores) and transportation (except railroads),
communication, heat, light, and power companies w ith over 100 workers;
and establishments with more than 25 workers in wholesale trade, finance,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Melian 3
week of middle
50 percdnt
ly
sal of workers
aries
W O M E N —Con.
W O M E N —Con.
Calculating-machine op
erators, (other than
154 $48. 00
Comptometer type) 4. .
72 50.00
Manufacturing..................
3,658 49.50
Clerks, accounting_______
911 51.50
M anufacturing.................
682 50.00
Durable g o o d s . .........
229 56.00
Nondurable goods____
746 50.00
Wholesale trade________
Retail trade, except de
240 46.00
partment stores______
Finance, insurance, and
894 41.50
real estate-----------------Transportation, commu
nication, and other
375 45. 00
public utilities_______
492 63. 00
Services_________ ____
478 43.00
Clerks, file, class A 4_____
170 44. 00
Manufacturing________
121
44. 50
Durable goods_______
42.50
Nondurable goods........
44. 00
Wholesale trade............ .
Finance, insurance, and
38.00
real estate___________
58.50
Services_________ _____ _
35.50
Clerks, file, class B 4_........ .
40.50
Manufacturing ..............
39. 50
Wholesale trade...............
Retail trade, except de
41.00
partment stores______
Finance, insurance, and
31.50
real estate.__________
46. 00
Clerks, general....... ............
Manufacturing................
48.50
Durable goods_______
48.50
46. 00
Nondurable goods____
Wholesale trade________
46.50
Retail trade, except de
138 42.00
partment stores______
Finance, insurance, and
real estate____________ 1,712 42.50
Transportation, commu
nication, and other
public utilities_______
50. 50
51. 50
Services_______________
49.50
Clerks, order 4.......... .............
45 50
Manufacturing_________
52. 50
Wholesale trade....... .........
51.50
Clerks, pay roll__________
Manufacturing____ ____
51. 00
Durable goods_______
48. 50
Nondurable goods____
8 56.00
7 53.00
Wholesale trade----- -----Retail trade, except de
partment stores...........
50. 00
Finance, insurance, and
real estate_______ ____
46.00
Transportation, commu
nication, and other
3 48.00
public utilities...... .........
1 57.00
Services.......... ............. .
6 44.00
Clerk-typists.........................
Manufacturing................ .
4 46.00
0 45.00
Durable goods...............
4 49.00
Nondurable goods____
1 46.00
Wholesale trade________
Retail trade, except de
4 40.0C
partment stores______
Finance, insurance, and
O
Ou. IA
real estate___________
Transportation, commu
nication, and other
5 43.0C
public utilities..............
7 48. OC
Services....... ......................
Sex, occupation, and
industry division3
Average—
Estimated
Week
num
Hour
ber of Week ly
work ly sal sched ly
uled rate
aries
ers
hours
545 $39.00
129 41.00
90 39.00
39 45. 50
61 42.00
40.0 $0.98 $38.00 $
40.0 1.03 41.00
.98 41.00
40.0
40.0 1.14 40.00
40.0 1.05 40.00 37.00- 45.50
.85 33.50 31.00- 34.50
116
33.00
39.0
103
108
6, 235
1,421
1,032
389
1,378
40.50
40.50
50.00
49.50
49.00
51.50
48.50
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.5
40.5
1.02
1.02
1.24
1.24
1.22
1.28
1.21
38.00
38.50
48.00
50.00
49.00
50.50
46.00
35.0033.0044.0046.0046.0047.0044.00-
44.00
47.00
53.50
52.00
52.00
54.00
53.00
297
47.50
40.5
1.17 46.00 43.00- 50. 50
1,685
45.00
39.5
1.14 46.00 41.50- 48.50
517
937
491
290
48.00
61.50
56.00
53.00
40.5
40.0
40.0
40.0
1.19
1.54
1.41
1.33
48.50
63.50
54.00
54.00
44.0053.5052.0051.50-
53.50
69.00
63.00
54.00
55
72
1,184
293
103
190
276
49.50
66.50
48.50
49.50
51.00
48.50
49.00
39.0
40.0
40.0
39.5
40.0
39.5
40.0
1.27
1.67
1.22
1.24
1.27
1.23
1.23
50.50
65.00
47.00
51.50
52.00
48.00
48.50
46.0065.0041.0042.5048.0040.0044.00-
54.00
72.00
54.00
54.00
54.00
51.50
56.00
46
43.50
41.5
1.05 40.00 38.00- 49.50
166
44.50
39.0
1.13 46.00 41. 50- 48. 50
189
43.00
56.00
40.5
40.0
1.07 41.50 39. 50- 45.50
1.40 56.00 52.00- 66.00
1,189
460
224
236
348
46.50
48.50
46.50
50.00
48.00
40.5
40.0
40.0
40.5
40.5
1.15
1.20
1.17
1.23
1.18
214
46.00
47.50
46.00
51.00
47.00
40. 5042.5042.0045.0042. 50-
52.00
52.00
52.00
53.00
53.00
93
43.50
41.5
1.04 41.50 40.00- 46.00
191
80
40.00
48.00
40.0
40.0
1.01 40. 50 37.00- 43.00
1.20 47.50 39.00- 55.00
451
60
70
42.50
50.00
43.50
39.5
40.0
40.0
1.07 42.50 38.00- 46.00
1.25 50. 50 50.00- 53.00
1.09 42.50 42.00- 45.00
22S
77
39. 5(
41.50
43.50
44.00
39. C 1.01 38.00 37.00- 42.50
39.0 1.07 39.00 34.50- 45.00
40.0 1.09 43. 50 40.50- 46.00
40.0 1.10 43.00 38.00- 44.50
52i
35.00
38.0
13i
201
1,28
12
27
41. 5C
55.5C
38. 5C
40.0C
42.0C
38. ( 1.09 40.00 37.00- 45.00
40. C 1.39 55.00 48.50- 61.00
39.
.9" 38.00 34.50- 41.00
.99 40.00 38.00- 42.00
40.
40.50 40.50- 42.50
40.
1.0.
45
33.5(
39.
1,239
29C
.91 34.50 33.50- 37.00
. 8( 33.50 30.00- 37.00
real estate, insurance and selected service industries (business service, such
professional services as engineering, architecture, accounting, auditing and
bookkeeping firms, motion picture and nonprofit membership organizations)
3 Value above and below which half of workers’ salaries fell.
4 Includes data for industry divisions not shown separately.
REVIEW, JUNE 1949
SALARIES OF OFFICE WORKERS
in interoffice salary differences. Large establish
ments appeared to have higher basic salary struc
tures in transportation, communication, and
public utilities, but this difference appeared to be
related to interindustry differences in salaries; the
large offices were primarily communication and
public utilities firms. In manufacturing and
wholesale trade, highest salaries were reported in
both large and small establishments as compared
with medium-sized firms. In contrast, there was
no clear salary advantage according to size a m o ng
finance, insurance, and real estate firms,
Related Wage Practices
A 40-hour workweek 3 was scheduled by offices
employing more than 85 percent of the women
within the scope of the study. A 6-day, 48-hour
workweek was in effect for only a small number of
women office workers, who were employed in the
transportation, communication, and public-utility
group. Workweeks of 44 hours were in effect for
about 9 percent of the women employees in three
industry groups: retail trade (except department
stores) ; transportation, communication, and other
public utilities; and services.
Schedules of less than 40 hours were confined
chiefly to finance, insurance, and real estate, and
were also found, to a lesser degree, in the service
industries. These were also the only industry
groups in which a 5%-day week was found to any
appreciable extent. Two-fifths of the workers in
finance, insurance, and real estate offices, and onefourth of those in the service industry offices were
on this workweek. The 5-day, 40-hour workweek
was most typical in manufacturing, prevailing for
all but a negligible number of office employees.
Paid-vacation provisions for office workers were
practically a universal practice in Los Angeles.
For 2 out of every 3 workers, vacations amounted
to 2 weeks or more after 1 year of service; for the
remaining workers a 1-week vacation was provided
after that amount of service. The most liberal
vacation plans were found in finance, insurance,
and real estate offices. Vacations of over 2 weeks
duration were not granted by most offices, even
after extended periods of employment.
3
Hours refer to scheduled workweeks in effect for office workers in the
establishments studied.
837474— 49-
-3
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
649
Paid holidays were granted to almost all Los
Angeles office workers. The typical provision was
for 6 holidays a year. More liberal arrangements
were reported in some industries, notably in
finance, insurance, and real estate and in trans
portation, communication, and other public utili
ties. In the former, offices with almost two-thirds
of the employees observed from 9 to 11 holidays
each year; and in the latter, offices with about
three-quarters of the employees allowed 8 holidays.
Nonproduction bonuses supplementing basic
salaries were paid in offices with about 1 in every 5
workers in Los Angeles. Most commonly, the
bonus was a Christmas or year-end payment.
These payments were most prevalent in the
finance, insurance, and real estate group. Offices
accounting for almost half of the employees in this
group had some type of bonus plan.
Paid sick leave after a year’s service was pro
vided, by formal plans, for almost half of the
office workers. (Informal arrangements, whereby
office workers, at the discretion of their supervisors,
are paid their salaries when they are ill, were not
studied.) Time allowances ranged from less than 5
to more than 20 days annually, 5 to 10 days being
the most typical arrangement. The amount of sick
leave allowed was about the same for 1 year as for
2 years of service, but was somewhat greater after
5 years than after shorter periods.
In a sizable proportion of offices, workers were
eligible for sick leave after only 6 months of serv
ice. Such plans were most widespread in manufac
turing, in retail trade (except department stores),
and in finance, insurance, and real estate. Few
offices required service periods of as long as 2 years
before workers were eligible.
Insurance and pension plans of some type were
wholly or partly financed by offices employing
more than three-fourths of the Los Angeles office
workers. Such plans were most prevalent in the
transportation, communication, and public utili
ties group, in which retirement pensions (in addi
tion to Federal old-age and survivors’ insurance)
covered a high proportion of the employees. Lifeinsurance plans were most widespread in the
service industry group.
650
WAGE CHRONOLOGY 6: ARMOUR AND CO.
Wage Chronology No. 6:
Armour and Co., 1941-481
M a j o r c h a n g e s in wage rates and related wage
practices provided by master agreements between
Armour and Co. and the two largest unions in the
meat-packing industry, and changes determined
by directive orders of the National War Labor
Board, are traced in this chronology.
The first master agreement negotiated by the
company and the United Packinghouse Workers
of America (CIO)—then called the Packinghouse
Workers’ Organizing Committee—became effec
tive in August 1941. Another agreement, cover
ing the plants represented by the Amalgamated
Meat Cutters and Butcher Workmen of America
(AFL) was signed in August 1943. Previously,
» Prepared in the Bureau of Labor Statistics by Willis C. Quant under the
direction of Joseph W. Bloch. For purpose and scope of wage chronology
series, see M onthly Labor Review, December 1948. Reprints of chronologies
are available on request.
M ONTHLY LABOR
each union was the recognized bargaining agency
for a number of plants, but single contracts
covering all the operations under the jurisdiction
of each union did not exist. Provisions of the
agreements reported as of August 11, 1941, for the
UPWA and as of August 14, 1943, for the MCBW
do not necessarily indicate changes in conditions
of employment existing before these dates.
The coverage of each master agreement has
changed over the years. During the postwar
period, approximately 32,000 workers in 23 of the
company’s plants were represented by the UPWA
and approximately 8,000 workers in 13 plants by
the MCBW. Several categories of employees in
each plant, generally other than production and
maintenance workers, have been excluded from
the coverage of the master agreements. The
current agreements between the company and
the unions, effective August 11, 1948, may be
terminated on August 11, 1949. They may be
reopened once by each party on the issue of a
general wage adjustment at any time during the
year.
A—General Wage Changes 1
Effective date
Provision
Aug. 11,
1941
(UPWA).
5 cents an hour increase___
Aug. 14, 1943
(MCBW).
1943-45 (UPWA
and MCBW).
Applications, exceptions, and other related matters
Increase of 8 percent, averaging approximately 5 cents an hour,
granted to all workers Apr. 21, 1941, prior to negotiation of first
master contract between company and UPWA. Minimum in
crease of 10 cents an hour in combined Apr. 21 and Aug. 11, 1941,
adjustments provided for women workers.
------------------------------------- No general wage change in first master agreement between company
and MCBW. Workers in plants represented by MCBW had 2
increases in 1941 similar to those noted above.
------------------------------------- Pursuant to various National War Labor Board directives, company
and unions agreed to the following interplant (area or geographical)
adjustments:
P l a n t lo c a tio n a n d e ffe c tiv e d a te
In crea se
(c e n ts p e r h o u r )
M en
W om en
Atlanta, Ga.: Nov. 13, 1944_______________ _______ 5
Baltimore, Md.: Sept. 1, 1944_____________________ 2%
Birmingham, Ala.: Apr. 30, 1945__________________ 6
East St. Louis, 111.: Aug. 11, 1943_________________ 2)4
Fort Worth, Tex.: Mar. 14, 1945__________________ ____
Green Bay, Wis.: Apr. 19, 1945___________________ 7
Kansas City, Kans.: May 7, 1945_________________ 2)4
Los Angeles, Calif.: Sept. 15, 1944_________________ 7)4
Memphis, Tenn.: Jan. 1, 1945____________________
8)4
North Bergen, N. J.: Apr. 30, 1945________________ ____
Oklahoma City, Okla.: Apr. 30, 1945______________ ____
Portland, Oreg.: Sept. 15, 1944____________________ 2)4
Prairie du Chien, Wis.: Apr. 19, 1945______________ 15
Reading, Pa.: Sept. 15, 1944______________________ 3
San Francisco, Calif.: Sept. 15, 1944_______________ 5
South St. Paul, Minn.: Sept. 29, 1944_____________
2)4
Spokane, Wash.: Sept. 15, 1944___________________ 4)4
See footnotes, p. 651.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
5
3
2
3
3)4
__
3
7)4
8)4
1
2
2)4
__
___
5
3
4)4
REVIEW, JUNE 1949
WAGE CHRONOLOGY 6: ARMOUR AND CO.
651
A—General Wage Changes1—Continued
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other related matters
Aug.
11,
1944
(UPWA) ; and
Feb. 1, 1945
(MCBW).
Intraplant (job) inequalitywage adjustments up to
an average of 2 cents an
hour for each plant.
Jan.
26,
1946
( U P W A and
MCBW).
N ov.
1,
1946
( U P W A and
MCBW).
16 cents an hour increase..
Pursuant to various NWLB directives, company and unions agreed to
increase wages by varying amounts to adjust intraplant inequalities,
the average increase in each plant not to exceed 2 cents an hour.
The adjustments for UPWA plants were made retroactive to Aug.
11, 1944, or earlier in some cases, and for MCBW plants, retroactive
to Feb. 1, 1945.
7]4 cents an hour increase.
In cases of employees receiving more than established job rates
amount of “over-rate” (not to exceed 2)4 cents) was deducted from
general wage increase when applied to individual rates.
In addition to the general wage increase the following interplant
adjustments were made:
P l a n t lo c a tio n
June
16,
1947
(U P W A a n d
MCBW).
June 30,
1947
(MCBW).
Jan.
12,
1948
(M C BW ); and
May 3, 1948
(UPWA).
Nov.
1,
1948
( U P W A and
MCBW).
6 cents an hour increase..
Atlanta, Ga__________________
Birmingham, Ala_____________
Columbus. Ohio______________
Denver, Colo________________
Fort Worth, Tex_____________
Forth Worth (Ratliffe), Tex___
Indianapolis, Ind_____________
Lexington, K y_______________
Los Angeles, Calif____________
Mason City, Iowa____________
Memphis, Tenn______________
Oklahoma City, Okla_________
Omaha, Nebr________________
Peoria, 111___________________
Reading, P a_________________
San Francisco, Calif__________
Sioux City, Iowa_____________
South St. Joseph, M o________
Tifton, Ga___________________
In c re a se
( c e n ts p e r h o u r )
M en
W om en
9
4
2 /2
2M
4
15 K
2/2
4
5
2H
4
4
2H
2)4
2 V2
(average
2%
2/2
9
7
4
3
2K
4
12
3
4
5
3
4
4
3
3
3
6 cts.)
3
3
7
General increase of 3)4 cents an hour in San Francisco plant.
9 cents an hour increase___
4 cents an hour increase___
1 General wage changes are construed as upward or downward adjustments
affecting a substantial number of workers at one time. N ot included within
the term are adjustments in individual rates (promotions, merit increases,
etc.) and minor adjustments in wage structure (such as changes in individual
job rates or incentive rates) that do not have an immediate and noticeable
effect on the average wage level.
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The changes listed above were the major adjustments in wage rates made
during the period covered. Because of fluctuations in incentive earnings the
omission of nongeneral changes in rates, and other factors, the total of the
general changes listed will not necessarily coincide with the change in straighttime average hourly earnings over the same period.
MONTHLY LABOR
WAGE CHRONOLOGY 6: ARMOUR AND CO.
652
B—Male Unskilled (Common Labor) Hourly Wage Rates
Effective date
Plant location
Union 1
Aug.
11,
1941
Aug.
14,
1943
Jan.
26,
1946
June
16,
1947
Nov.
1,
1946
Jan.
12,
1948
May
3,
1948
Nov.
1,
1948
(2) $0. 700 $0. 725 $0. 725 $0. 885 $0. 960 $1. 020 $1. 110 $1. 110 $1. 150
$0. 725 . 725 . 725 . 725 . 885 . 960 1. 020 1. 020 1. 110 1. 150
. 700 . 700 . 700 . 860 . 960 1. 020 1. 110 1. 110 1. 150
(2)
.700 . 700 . 700 . 700 . 860 . 960 1. 020 1. 020 1. 110 1. 150
. 700 . 725 . 725 . 725 . 885 . 960 1. 020 1. 020 1. 110 1. 150
1. 020 1. 020 1. 110 1. 150
. 700 . 700 . 700 . 7ÖÖ . 860 . 960 1. 020 1. 020 l. no 1. 150
. 725 . 725 . 725 . 725 . 885 . 960 1. 020 1. 020 1. 110 1. 150
. 700 . 700 . 700 . 725 . 885 . 960 1. 020 1. 020 l. no 1. 150
. 700 . 700 . 700 . 700 . 860 . 960 1. 020 1. 020 l. no 1. 150
. 725 . 725 . 725 . 725 . 885 . 960 1. 020 1. 020 l. no 1. 150
. 725 . 725 . 725 . 725 . 885 . 960 1. 020 1. 020 l. no 1. 150
. 725 . 725 . 725 . 725 . 885 . 960 1. 020 1. 020 l. no 1. 150
. 700 . 700 . 700 . 860 . 960 1. 020 1. 110 l. no 1. 150
(2)
. 725 . 725 . 725 . 885 . 960 1. 020 1. 110 l. no 1. 150
(2)
. 670 . 700 . 700 . 860 . 960 1. 020 1. 110 l. no 1. 150
(2)
.700 . 700 . 700 . 700 . 860 . 960 1. 020 1. 020 l. no 1. 150
. 700 . 700 . 700 . 700 . 860 . 960 1. 020 1. 020 l. no 1. 150
. 700 „ 700 . 700 . 700 . 860 . 960 1. 020 1. 020 l. no 1. 150
. 700 . 700 . 725 . 725 . 885 . 960 1. 020 1. 020 l. no 1. 150
Baltimore, Md---------Chicago, 111-------------Columbus, Ohio-------Denver, Colo-----------East St. Louis, 111----Eau Claire, Wis-------Indianapolis, Ind------Jersey City, N. J------Kansas City, Kans---Mason City, Iowa----Milwaukee, Wis-------New York, N. Y ------North Bergen, N. J__.
Peoria, 111---------------Pittsburgh, P a---------Reading, P a------------Sioux City, Iowa------South Omaha, Nebr__
South St. Joseph, Mo.
South St. Paul, Minn.
MCBW
UPWA
MCBW
UPWA
UPWA
UPWA
UPWA
UPWA
UPWA
UPWA
UPWA
UPWA
UPWA
MCBW
MCBW
MCBW
UPWA
UPWA
UPWA
UPWA
Los Angeles, Calif
Portland, Oreg----- San Francisco, Calif.
Spokane, Wash-------
UPWA
MCBW
MCBW
MCBW
. 700
(2)
(2)
(2)
. 700
. 750
. 725
. 730
.
.
.
.
Fargo, N. D ak---------Grand Forks, N. Dak_
Green Bay, Wis-------Huron, S. Dak----------
UPWA
MCBW
MCBW
MCBW
. 700
(2)
(2)
(2)
. 700
. 700
. 630
. 700
Fort Worth, Tex-------------Fort Worth (Ratliffe), Tex.
Oklahoma City, Okla-------
UPWA
UPWA
UPWA
. 640
Atlanta, Ga-------Birmingham, Ala.
Memphis, Tenn_.
Lexington, Ky —
Tifton, Ga---------
UPWA
UPWA
MCBW
MCBW
UPWA
1 Union representation in 1948.
M ayJune
1945
Sept.
15,
1944
210
160
220
160
1.
1.
1.
1.
250
200
260
200
. 935
. 935
. 935
. 935
. 995 . 995 1. 085
. 995 1. 085 1. 085
. 995 1. 085 1. 085
. 995 1. 085 1. 085
1.
1.
1.
1.
125
125
125
125
. 640
. 800
. 685
. 800
. 915
. 915
. 915
. 975
. 975
. 975
. 550
. 600
. 585
. 710
. 760
. 740
. 875
. 875
. 855
. 935 . 935
. 935 . 935
. 915 1. 005
. 915 1. 005
. 905 . 905
775
775
775
775
.
.
.
.
935
935
935
935
. 700
. 700
. 630
. 700
. 700
. 700
. 700
. 700
.
.
.
.
860
860
860
860
. 640
. 640
. 640
. 640
. 640
. 640
. 540
(2)
. 540
. 495
. 500
. 540
. 495
775
775
775
775
.
.
.
.
1.
1.
1.
1.
060
010
035
010
. 845
2 N ot covered by a master contract until Aug. 14, 1943.
1. 120
1. 070
*1. 130
1. 070
1.
1.
1.
1.
120
160
220
160
1.
1.
1.
1.
. 975 1. 065 1. 105
. 975 1. 065 1. 105
. 975 1. 065 1. 105
1.
1.
1.
1.
.
025
025
005
005
995
1. 065
1. 065
1. 045
1. 045
1. 035
3 Effective June 30, 1947.
C—Related Wage Practices 1
Effective date
Applications, exceptions, and other related matters
Provision
Guaranteed Time
Aug. 11, 1941 (UPWA). Minimum of 32 hours’ pay per week
guaranteed to all regular employees.
Aug. 11, 1942 (UPWA)
See footnotes, p. 654.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Employees laid off on first workday of the week not
covered by guarantee and paid only for hours
worked. Laid-off employees recalled to work in
regular seniority turn (not replacement) in same
workweek covered by 32-hour weekly guarantee.
32-hour weekly guarantee reduced by number of
workhours missed by employee because of tardiness
or personal reasons. Employees hired or employed
after start of pay-roll week (not replacement)
guaranteed only that portion of 32 hours not
already worked by group to which assigned.
REVIEW, JUNE 1949
WAGE CHRONOLOGY 6: ARMOUR AND CO.
653
C—Related Wage Practices1—Continued
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other related matters
Guaranteed Time— Continued
Aug. 14,1943 (MCBW)_
Similar provisions in first master agreement.
Feb. 20, 1945 (UPWA); Guaranteed time increased to 36 hours.. In accordance with NWLB directives of Dec. 7, 1944,
and May 1, 1945
and Feb. 20, 1945.
(MCBW).
Guaranteed Minimum Earnings for Piece- Work Employees 2
Aug. 11, 19413_______
Feb. 20, 1945 (UPWA) ;
and May 1, 1945
(MCBW).
Basic hourly rates for piece-rate jobs
guaranteed for all hours on piece
work, computed on weekly basis.
Piece-rate earnings computed on daily
basis in applying guarantee.
In accordance with NWLB directives of Dec. 7, 1944,
and Feb. 20, 1945.
Shift Premium Pay
Aug. 11, 1941 (UPWA). No provision for shift premium p a y .. _
Nov. 1, 1942 (UPWA 5 cents an hour premium pay for work Except when regular starting time after 7 a. m., in
which case premium paid for hours worked be
and MCBW).
performed between 6 p. m. and
tween 7 p. m. and 7 a. m.
6 a. m.
Nov. 1, 1946 (UPWA Premium pay increased to 7 cents an
and MCBW).
hour.
Overtime Pay
Aug. 11, 1941 (UPW A). No general provision covering overtime
pay.
Aug. 20, 1942 (UPWA
and MCBW).
Time and one-half for work in excess
of 8 hours per day or 40 hours per
week.
First master agreement provided that previous pre
vailing basis of daily and weekly overtime pay
ments at each plant remain in effect.
In accordance with NWLB directive of Feb. 8, 1943.
Premium Pay for Sunday Work
Aug. 11, 1941 * (UPWA). Double time for work on Sunday___ __ Except workers whose work regularly fell on Sunday.
Such workers provided another day of rest; any
work performed on that day paid for at double
time.
Similar provisions in first master agreement.
Aug. 14,19434(MCBW).
Holiday Pay
Aug. 11, 1941 4 (UPWA). Double time for work on 8 specified
holidays. No pay for holidays not
worked.
Aug. 14,19434 (MCBW).
Dec. 19,1946 (ÌJPWA) ; Eight paid holidays established for
and Dec. 23, 1946
which regular rate was paid. Work
(MCBW).
on a paid holiday paid for at regular
rate in addition to holiday pay.
Aug. 11, 1948 (UPWA
and MCBW).
Pay for work performed on the eight
paid holidays increased from regular
rate to double rate in addition to
holiday pay.
See footnotes, p. 654.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Holidays specified: New Year’s Day, Decoration
Day, Fourth of July, Labor Day, Armistice Day,
Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day, and Wash
ington’s Birthday.
Similar provisions in first master agreement.
Same holidays as above. Regular part-time em
ployees paid for number of hours normally worked.
Casual or probationary employees not compensated
for holidays not worked, but paid double rate for
time worked.
WAGE CHRONOLOGY 6: ARMOUR AND CO.
654
MONTHLY LABOR
C—Related Wage Practices1—Continued
Effective date
Applications, exceptions, and other related matters
Provision
Paid Vacations
Aug. 11, 1941 (UPW A). After 1 year’s service, employees were
eligible for paid vacations, as follows:
1 week, 1 to 5 years service, men and
women.
2 weeks, 5 to 20 years service, men; 5
to 15 years, women.
3 weeks, 20 years service and over, men;
15 years and over, women.
Aug. 14,1943 (MCBW)_
Vacation pay for each week was average weekly earn
ings made between end of previous calendar year
and date of vacation. Weeks in which holidays
occurred or employee lost time not included in this
computation.
Similar provisions incorporated in first master agree
ment.
Paid Sick Leave
Aug. 11, 1941 (UPWA). No provision for sick leave in contract..
Dec. 19,1946 (UPWA); 1 to 10 years of continuous service— Applicable only to regular (not casual or part-time)
employees on active pay roll at beginning of absence
one-half wage starting on 8th day of
and Dec. 23, 1946
and with disability caused by sickness or noncomabsence; 10 or more years of con
(MCBW).
pensable accident. Half wages computed on basic
tinuous
service—one-half
wage
workweek of 40 hours (basic weekly hours in case
starting on 1st day of absence. Max
of weekly paid employees); payment limited to 2
imum yearly payments— 2 weeks at
weeks for each year of continuous service, reduced
half wages for each year of continu
by number of weeks for which sick-leave payments
ous service.
were made in preceding 12-month period. Sickleave payments reduced by amounts paid, if any, as
required by law for sickness or noncompensable
accidents.
Reporting Time
Aug. 11,1941, (UPW A). Employees called to work provided
with 3 hours’ work or pay in lieu of
work.
Aug. 11, 1942 (UPWA). Minimum reporting time increased to
4 hours.
Aug. 14,1943 (MCBW).
Similar provisions
agreement.
incorporated
in
first
master
Call-Back Time
Aug. 11, 1941 (UPW A). Employees called back to work on same
day after once going home paid time
and one-half for all time worked and
guaranteed minimum of 3 hours’
work.
Aug. 11, 1942 (UPW A). Minimum call-back time increased to
4 hours.
Aug. 14, 1943________
1 The last entry under each item represents the most recent change.
N ot applicable to learners.
* Company practice not covered by early master agreements.
3
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Similar provisions incorporated in first master agree
ment.
4 During the period covered by Executive Order N o. 9240 (Oct. 1, 1942 to
Aug. 21, 1945) this provision was modified in practice to conform to that
order.
REVIEW, JUNE 1949
WAGE CHRONOLOGY 6: ARMOUR AND CO.
655
C—Related Wage Practices1—Continued
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other related matters
Clôthes-Changing Time
Aug. 11, 1941 (UPWA). No provision covering time spent in
changing clothes.
Aug. 11, 1943 (UPWA Employees paid at regular rates for 12
and MCBW).
minutes working time per day spent
in changing clothes.
In accordance with NWLB directives of Dec. 7, 1944,
and Feb. 20, 1945.
For pay-roll purposes clothes-changing time within
week computed as follows:
1 day, Yi hour; 2 days, )4 hour; 3 or 4 days, %
hour; 5 days, 1 hour; 6 days, 1)4 hours; 7 days,
1)4 hours.
Clothes Allowance
Aug. 11, 1941 (UPWA). No provision covering allowance for
work clothes.
Aug. 11, 1943 (UPWA Employees allowed 50 cents per week
and MCBW).
for furnishing work clothes.
Dec. 19, 1946 (UPW A).
Dec. 23, 1946 (MCBW).
In accordance with NWLB directives of Dec. 7, 1944,
and Feb. 20, 1945.
UPWA— Weekly clothes allowance applied to all
regular (not casual) employees who qualify for 4hour reporting guarantee and those who, after
reporting for work, are sent home because of illness
or injury.
MCBW— Weekly clothes allowance applied to em
ployees working 4 or more hours in the week.
Amended to provide full weekly allowance to regular
employees and allowance of 8 cents per day for
each day worked to part-time employees.
Amended to provide weekly allowance to any em
ployee (except part-time) who qualifies for 4-hour
reporting guarantee or who, after reporting for
work, is excused because of illness or injury.
Tools and Equipment
Aug. 11, 1941 (UPW A). No provision covering tools and equip
ment.
May 1, 1945 (MCBW); Company required to furnish knives,
and June 4, 1945
steels, whetstones, and meat hooks.
(UPWA).
Company to prepare tools for use or
permit employees to prepare them
as a work assignment.
Dec. 19, 1946 (UPWA);
and Dec. 23, 1946
(MCBW).
In accordance with NWLB directives of Dec. 7, 1944,
and Feb. 20, 1945.
Piece-rate employees paid basic hourly job rate when
engaged in tool and equipment preparation.
Meals and Meal Time
Aug. 11, 1941 (UPW A). No provision for paid meal time______
Aug. 11, 1942 (UPWA)_ Employees required to work more than
5 consecutive hours without meal
period paid time and one-half for
time worked in excess of 5 hours and
until meal period was provided.
Aug. 14, 1943 (MCBW)
Dec. 14, 1943 (UPWA) ; Added: Employees required to work
more than 10 hours (UPWA) or 10)4
and May 1, 1945
hours (MCBW) in 1 day furnished
(MCBW).
a second meal by company and
allowed 20 minutes eating time with
pay.
Dec. 23, 1946 (MCBW) Working time before second meal re
duced to 10 hours.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Not applicable to employees engaged in continuous
operations and entitled to eat lunch on company
time, or when 5)4 hours completed the day’s work,
or in case of mechanical break-down.
Similar provisions incorporated in first master agreement.
Not applicable to employees whose duties required
long hours outside of plant, such as country truck
drivers. 20-minute paid lunch period not pro
vided to employees engaged in continuous opera
tions and allowed to eat meals on company time.
656
CAREER PAY IN MILITARY FORCES
Recommendations for
Career Pay in the Military Forces
o m p l e t e r e a d j u s t m e n t of the service pay struc
ture to place it on a career basis was recommended
by the Advisory Commission on Service Pay
(Hook Commission) in its report to the Secretary
of Defense.1 After a comprehensive survey, the
Commission of Civilian Advisers also recom
mended a general upward revision of pay and a
program of appropriate retirement, severance, and
death benefits. The integrated series of 33
recommendations is directed toward the attain
ment of the Commission’s stated objective of
attracting and holding qualified military personnel
and of offering opportunities for pay and advance
ment comparable to those available in civilian
life. The proposals cover the Army, Navy, Air
Force, Marine Corps, Coast Guard, Coast and
Geodetic Survey, commissioned officers of the
Public Health Service, and their reserve compo
nents, all of which are under the same pay system.
A bill (H. R. 2553) introduced in Congress em
bodied these proposals with modifications.2
In presenting the program to the House Armed
Services Committee, Mr. Hook, chairman of the
Service Pay Commission, stressed the primary
obj ective of the Commission, namely, the provision
of a program fair alike to the man in the service
and to the taxpayer. He emphasized the fact
that the cost involved must and should be consid
ered a sound investment in good management.
The proposals are significant because of the
philosophy which motivated the Commission in
developing the 1948 report and because of the
basic considerations that affected their conclusions.
Surveys were made to determine compensation in
civilian positions at different levels of responsibility
and technical requirement (for both management
1Career Compensation for the Uniformed Forces: a Report and Recom
C
mendation for the Secretary of Defense by the Advisory Commission on
Service Pay. Washington, December 1948. 2 vols. The Committee con
sisted of Charles R. Hook, chairman, John J. Cavanaugh, Keith S. M cHugh,
and Lawrence H. Whiting. The staff consisted of John L. Hoen, executive
secretary, and Irving Ladimer, assistant, both of the Office of the Secretary of
Defense.
1 H. R. 2553 was rejected by the House of Representatives. On June 8,
a new bill (H. R. 5007) was introduced, providing reduced pay scales for
officers and enlisted personnel at higher levels. Basic principles of the Hook
report were retained, including such reforms as elimination of many special
pays, improvement of the disability retirement program, and gradual term
ination of the war emergency family allowance program.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
and nonsupervisory employment) that are com
parable with those in the armed forces.3 The
Commission then constructed a military compensa
tion scale based upon these findings in order “to
arrive at a pay scale that would attract and retain
the men and leaders which our national security
requires.” This method was a departure from
tradition in the establishment of military pay,
but it was “essential to have such a foundation
to insure success for the military establishment
under present and probable future conditions.”
The Commission estimated costs of its recom
mendations, stating that the increase in active
duty pay costs (based on strength of the service as
of March 31, 1948) would amount to 14 percent in
the first year and after 5 years the change would be
about 9 percent a year. These figures exclude
ultimate savings from the improved retirement
system.
As for the proposed retirement and death bene
fit structure, it was concluded that the cost would
be little or no more expensive than that existing
for any given scale of pay. Mr. McHugh a mem
ber of the Advisory Commission, was of the
opinion that with good administration the cost
might be reduced. In any event, the plan was
regarded as sounder than that in force and better
adapted to the maintenance of alert and vital
uniformed services.
Philosophy of Commission
If members of the service are to have commen
surate success and comparable security with
civilians they must also share the responsibilities
of citizens, according to the Commission. The
serviceman must support himself and his family
and participate in the cost of government as a
8In particular, information was obtained on the salaries in supervisory
and administrative jobs in 21 large reputable companies. The cooperating
companies were furnished with job descriptions of positions that were com
mon to the services and private industry. If a job in the service was identical
w ith or closely comparable to one in the private industry, the rate (and
range, if any) for that job was furnished by the company. If no comparable
description was available, the firm “slotted” the Commission’s description
into its organization, if reasonable to do so, and indicated, on the basis of its
wage and salary structure, the pay for such work. N aturally, no comparison
could be made between private industry positions and combat arms.
Weighted averages for each level of military responsibility were prepared
from the data and a smooth curve was drawn which seemed to the C ommission
to be an adequate representation of civilian income for comparable responsi
bility. In making recommendations on pay for enlisted men, the Commis
sion also used current surveys made by Army and Air Force Wage Boards
covering over 2 million workers whose work corresponds closely with that of
enlisted personnel.
REVIEW, JUNE 1949
CAREER PAY IN M ILITARY FORCES
taxpayer, once his compensation is placed on a
career basis. Essentially the military is a demo
cratic institution in a democratic country. In
peacetime, the Government as an employer must
recruit military personnel in competition with its
own civilian branches and with private employers.
Exceptional pay in various circumstances is
viewed by the Commission as inescapable but it
should be held to a minimum. Comparatively
early retirement for many military grades is also
required in order to insure youth in the forces—
an essential in the military establishment.
Neither a percentage increase based on existing
pay scales nor a cost-of-living adjustment would
correct existing inequalities. Starting rates in
each grade must be high enough to attract desir
able personnel. Length-of-service increments in
pay should provide a stimulus to do better work.
To build morale, such promotions should be made
more frequently in the early years of service than
later. In no case, should they be sufficient to
remove the incentive of striving for promotion.
A stimulus toward better work should be afforded
by making pay differentials between grades greater
than in-grade increases. The Commission recom
mended that longevity increases should cease in
each grade when it is reasonably expected that the
individual should have advanced to the next
grade. Under the recommendations, pay starts
in certain grades at certain, assumed years of serv
ice, so that persons directly commissioned, for
example, would not receive considerably less than
those who advanced normally through the grades.
Equality between military and civilian pay was
not advocated at all levels for reasons that the
Commission explained, in part, as follows :
“ Proposed military pay for officers is somewhat
higher than industrial compensation as determined
by the Commission’s survey, at the outset, reflect
ing the determination of the Commission to attract
the most capable young men. In designing these
junior officer rates, consideration was also given
to the earnings of selected, rather than average,
college graduates, since the military officer is also
selected. Proposed pay for officers in the grade
of colonel and above falls below that for compar
able civilian positions. At this stage, the accrual
of benefits proposed in the retirement program
becomes significant, and a comparatively rapid
turn-over in the higher grades permits a higher
837474— 19-
4
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657
percentage of entrants to reach top or near top
positions in the military services.”
“ The recommended pay for enlisted personnel
remains consistently higher throughout the career
than comparable pay in industry. The justifica
tion lies in the fact that part of their pay consists of
free goods and services and that some offset is
needed to cover decreases resulting from the
removal of certain special pays. Moreover, the
Commission desired a plan which would attract
and hold best qualified personnel.”
Pay and Allowances
A pattern of compensation was drawn up where
by basic pay is emphasized and special pay and
allowances are minimized. In each military
grade, a range of pay was proposed which is a
composite of proper return for responsibility plus
a far less significant factor for total length of
service. Current pay increments for length of
service frequently result in higher compensation
for officers and men filling positions of less responsi
bility than that afforded personnel having a
greater degree of responsibility. Special pays for
hazardous duty, for sea and foreign duty, and for
other reasons frequently produce the same result. ’
The effect of the recommended adjustments
would be to provide varying amounts of increase
for the different grades of officers and men, and
for the different kinds of duty, within the general
framework of service pay at comparable rates
with civilian pay for like responsibility.
Recommended increases were from about 30
percent to 50 percent for generals who as a class
have tended to be underpaid; 20-30 percent for
junior- and middle-grade officers; and 30-35 percent
for top-grade enlisted men who have demonstrated
that they have selected military service as a
career. Smaller increases were proposed for the
entry enlisted grades because total income in these
grades in the current market exceeds that of
civilians holding like jobs. For example, the
Commission estimated that a recruit’s basic pay
of $75 a month plus free food, clothing, and shelter
is the equivalent of about $183 a month; the
national average is $178 monthly for young men
starting work in industry. The recommended
pay, including free goods, for the four lowest
grades of enlisted personnel are consistently higher
658
CAREER PAY IN MILITARY FORCES
than comparable pay in industry. With respect
to proposed pay for higher grade officers which
admittedly fell below the civilian counterpart, it
was mentioned that at the time of the survey
civilian salaries were at relatively high levels and
that such pay is likely to fall off when business
drops.
In the discussion of basic allowances for sub
sistence and quarters, the Commission pointed to
the significant portion of total compensation that
they represent. Retention of such allowances was
advocated under existing conditions, but the Com
mission members anticipated a single payment in
future covering responsibility for work done and
reimbursement for subsistence and quarters.
On the basis of current costs, subsistence allow
ances were proposed at the rate of $45 a month
for officers and warrant officers and of $1.05 to $3
a day for enlisted personnel under different
conditions.
In fixing allowances for quarters, the existing
principle of higher allowances for officers with
dependents was recognized, and it was held that
this principle should be extended to career en
listed men who may reasonably be expected to
have dependents with them. The quarters allow
ance recommended is the maximum at which 75
percent (third quartile) of the civilians in equiva
lent income classes may reasonably be expected
to find adequate housing.
After studying the different types of duty for
which special pay is awarded, the Commission
concluded that hazard incentive payment should
be continued for fliers and submariners, in par
ticular, and for several other duties which include
gliding, parachuting, and diving. Flat-rate pay
ments were favored in place of the 50-percent
extra pay currently granted for flying and sub
marine duty, and the principle was established
that such pay should be offered as an incentive
and not as an indemnity. Also favored during the
present shortage were inducement pay for volun
teer service by physicians and dentists which
was instituted in 1947 and reenlistment bonuses.
Typical of special pays and allowances which
were deemed to be unnecessary are those for cooks
in the Marine Corps and marksmanship pay in
all services.
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MONTHLY LABOR
Retirement and Other Benefits
A single retirement, severance, and death
benefit system was recommended because the
service “must be kept alert and vigorous and
provide the kind of leadership necessary to win
wars.” This necessitates adoption of a program
which permits retirement of personnel at reason
able ages. Such a system must not encourage
voluntary or involuntary retirement of capable
men who can still make significant contributions
to their country.
Retention of retirement pay at 2% percent of
highest active duty pay (base and longevity) per
year of service was advocated. Further restric
tions on total service for retirement were pro
posed. For officers the Commission favored the
right to retirement after 20 years of service at the
age of 60 years, but 30 years of service were
recommended for retirement of younger officers.
Similarly, the Commission proposed to limit
voluntary retirement of enlisted men after 20
years of service to those who have reached the age
of 50 years and to permit retirement after 30
years of service regardless of age.
The distinction between voluntary and involun
tary retirement was continued. The Commission
held that an officer who was forced out after
considerable service through no fault of his own
(that is, if he failed to qualify for promotion) is
entitled to more liberal retirement benefits than
an officer who may have relatively little service or
who simply wishes to leave the service “and be
subsidized in a new career or in indolence.”
Attrition is an unfortunate necessity if the
military service is to be kept vital. Accordingly,
the Commission recommended the availability of
certain optional retirement or severance pay
arrangements to men subject to involuntary re
tirement after 20 years of service.
A modified disability retirement program should
apply equally to officers and to enlisted personnel.
At present, enlisted personnel with less than 20
years’ service are entitled to compensation from
the Veterans Administration only. To obtain
disability pay, however, the impairment would
have to be at least 30 percent under the Veterans
Administration standards which are developed in
REVIEW, JUNE 1949
INDUSTRY-WIDE COLLECTIVE BARGAINING
relation to civilian capabilities. For a lower degree
of impairment, severance pay was given support.
A significant recommendation is for a 5-year pro
bationary period during which disabled persons
would be reexamined and restored to duty if
recovery occurred. At present, no check is made.
Disability pay, currently equal in all cases to 75
percent of active duty pay upon retirement,
would be the same as other retirement pay, but
not less than 50 percent.
It was the Commission’s view that the existing
flat scale of severance pay per year of service is
unduly generous for the early years of service.
The alternative recommendation for those who
involuntarily leave the service and for those dis
abled but not entitled to annuities is a payment
according to a sliding scale which rises with length
of service. Persons in the Reserve components
should be eligible for such payments only if on
extended active service and if at least the last
5 years of their service have been continuous.
The latter requirement would be waived in dis
ability cases.
Free death benefits (but not continuous life
annuities) would replace in the future the con
tributory National Service Life Insurance avail
able through the Veterans Administration. Both
would be available for persons now in service.
The existing system, in the Commission’s opinion,
has the draw-back of being expensive to adminis
ter. It was made clear that the recommendation
for a change was not meant to interfere with rights
accruing under the currently operating policies.
Studies in
Industry-Wide Collective Bargaining
B a r g a i n i n g f o r a l a r g e r g r o u p than for the
employees of a single plant is not an isolated
phenomenon—over a fourth of all organized
workers are covered by the terms of agreements
with more than one plant. Bargaining on a
national, regional, or local or city-wide basis
dates back to the early 1900’s in some industries;
in others, the trend is relatively recent and is still
developing. It has been described in several
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659
ways—multiemployer, association, group, or in
dustry-wide bargaining. Too often, however,
these forms of bargaining have been treated as a
subject of controversy and not as matters of fact.
The term “industry-wide bargaining” has not
been defined precisely and information has been
lacking as to its nature and forms, its advantages
and disadvantages, and its social consequences.
The University of Pennsylvania has issued a
series of monographs on industry-wide collective
bargaining 1 in which basic concepts are described
and an effort is made to correct popular miscon
ceptions as to its form, features, and effects.
Theoretical as well as factual analysis is contrib
uted. Certain case histories are included. Po
tential effects on multiemployer bargaining of
the Labor Management Relations Act, 1947, are
also examined in a separate report. The dual
aim of the series is to establish standards for
evaluating group-employer bargaining and to
gage its impact on our economic system.
Among the questions asked are: Is industry
wide bargaining in accord with the broad social
objectives our economy is supposed to serve?
How are the long-term interests of workers,
employers, and the general public affected?
What are the objectives of management organi
zation for multiemployer bargaining? What con
trols may be desirable to assure reasonably uniform
administration of group collective-bargaining
agreements?
Throughout this series of reports the reader
is warned against oversimplification. Both within
and among industries, the types of multiemployer
bargaining are distinctly different, and they have
very different economic effects, which are in part
responsible for current conflicting opinions of
industry-wide bargaining. (The term “industry
wide bargaining” is itself a misnomer.) Conse
quently, it is meaningless to speak of the economic
results of multiemployer bargaining as a whole.
Contrary to general belief, it is shown that the
uniformity of behavior supposed to characterize
monopolistic or collusive action may result as
much from industry-wide unionization, or from
the practice of the “follow-the-leader” policy
among employers, as from industry-wide bargain
ing______
1 For list of monographs in this series, see under Industrial Relations section
of Publications of Interest to Labor, p. 681 of this issue of the Review.
660
INDUSTRY-WIDE COLLECTIVE BARGAINING
Case Studies
This conclusion is pointed up by the case
studies for specific industries. Area-wide bar
gaining in the Pacific coast pulp and paper
industry is analyzed in terms of the history and
processes of bargaining, method of wage deter
mination, contract administration and grievance
procedure, advantages and disadvantages to each
party, the disruptive elements, and the poten
tialities for industrial warfare. The authors
conclude that, in this industry, which is illustrative
of “peace with justice,” multiemployer bargaining
has made a contribution to industrial peace with
out domination by either side or joint collusive
action against the consumer.
In bituminous coal, on the other hand, the
factors present are quite different, in terms of
industry climate, and relative strength of the
parties. The economic forces present in this
overdeveloped, highly competitive, and widely
decentralized industry almost compelled industry
wide bargaining as an alternative to economic
chaos. The author of this monograph empha
sizes the fact that “ experience with labor relations
in this industry * * * verifies the conten
tion * * * that successful collective bargain
ing must embrace substantially all producing
fields serving common markets.” How well in
dustry-wide collective bargaining will work de
pends upon “ the economic statesmanship of the
representatives of the two parties. If both parties
will assume their responsibilities to each other
and the public, relate their demands to the reali
ties of economic life, and share the gains of prog
ress not only among themselves but with the
public, industry-wide bargaining can be success
fu l/’ But industry-wide bargaining in and of
itself is not necessarily antisocial. Only if one
of the parties fails in its responsibilities will
industry-wide collective bargaining “ fail to func
tion in the interest of society as a whole.”
The analysis of the functioning of collective
bargaining in bituminous-coal mining led to the
conclusion that once an industry is completely
organized, it is much easier for labor leaders to
push up wage rates and to secure improved terms
and conditions of employment. The miners have
made tremendous gains in the last 15 years—but
at a price. The impact of mechanization, more
effective utilization of coal, and inroads made by
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
competing fuels have produced a sharp decline in
employment opportunity.
Multiemployer bargaining in trucking can
aptly be called “ union-wide” bargaining. Because
most trucking employers deal with the same
union—the International Brotherhood of Team
sters—it is the union’s philosophy and practice
of collective bargaining which is significant. De
spite the union’s strong position, bargaining in the
trucking industry is not a union monopoly “ in
the sense of a device to restrict the labor supply
or drive up the price of labor, or a two-sided
monopoly, in the sense of a mutual device to
limit employment and output and push up wages
and prices at the expense of the consuming public.
It is, however, conducted with a view to taking
labor costs ‘out of competition,’ i. e., to achieving
uniformity in the direct labor costs of competing
firms.”
The steel industry is not characterized by in
dustry-wide bargaining. Nevertheless, one of the
principal aims and results of such bargaining—
wage uniformity—has been attained through the
wage leadership of United States Steel Corp. and
the follow-the-leader policy of most of the in
dustry. Factors of economics, geography, and
tradition have all favored uniformity; industry
wide bargaining is thus seen as only one of several
methods. The problem, therefore, is whether in
this industry the present follow-the-leader method
of developing an industry-wide wage policy is
preferable to formal, multiemployer bargaining.
General Analysis
The over-all analyses in this series of studies
are concerned with such matters as (1) the signif
icance of wage uniformity, (2) management prob
lems implicit in multiemployer bargaining, and
(3) the social implications of industry-wide bar
gaining. Here, too, it is shown that previous
writers on the subject set forth alleged advantages
and disadvantageous of multiemployer bargaining
as though they invariably existed in all such
arrangements.
The different economic consequences of attempts
in multiemployer bargaining to attain uniformity
of various selected elements of the wage bargain
are analyzed. It is pointed out that there is a
variety of types of wage uniformity which may be
achieved under multiemployer bargaining. How-
REVIEW, JUNE 1949
ATOMIC ENERGY PANEL
ever, each industry may be striving for a different
tjrpe of uniformity, resulting in different economic
effects. Conclusions or opinions with respect to
one type of uniformity do not have validity for all
types of multiemployer bargaining.
One of the reports discusses and analyzes the
process of employer organization, the methods of
handling selected subjects in negotiations, and the
rise of conflicting interests among employers.
The social gains and social costs of industry
wide bargaining are summed up in still another
report. After studying a wide range of industries
and collective bargaining situations, the author
clarifies the nature of the social costs which have
to be set off against the benefits of stabilized in
dustrial relations commonly achieved through
multiemployer collective bargaining. There are
advantages and benefits: cooperation in attempts
at industry stabilization; prevention of the de
moralization of work standards in the course of
competition; protection of the employer against
marginal competitors; a decreasing provincialism
on the part of labor; and an apparent decrease in
industrial conflict. Social costs are involved, too,
in terms of violation of minority interests of both
employers and employees and damage to the
public interest through the possibility of monopo
listic combination between employers and em
ployees. The author’s conclusion is that the
social gains outweigh the social costs; that
“industry-wide collective bargaining seems to be
a necessary stage of organization in our labor
relations.” From an over-all point of view, “the
ultimate effects of industry-wide collective bar
gaining will depend on the question whether
management and labor will be able to accept as a
working proposition the idea that there exists
between them a community of interest as pro
ducers and an interdependence between them and
other groups in the general population which
makes conflict more wasteful than cooperation.”
In general, then, “the impact of industry-wide
collective bargaining on institutional change in
our society seems to be rather a strengthening of
existing tendencies which result from collective
bargaining as such than the creation of any new
tendencies. This is only a logical consequence of
the fact that industry-wide collective bargaining
's simply an extension of collective bargaining as
uch, and not a generically new device which has
ome up in labor relations.”
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661
Panel to Handle
Atomic Energy Plant Disputes
P r e s i d e n t T r u m a n n a m e d William H. Davis
chairman of the Atomic Energy Labor Relations
Panel on April 26, 1949. He acted upon the
recommendations made by the President’s Com
mission on Labor Relations in the Atomic Energy
Installations.1 The Commission had stressed
management and labor responsibility for en
deavoring to settle disputes that may affect the
vital atomic energy operations by voluntary
procedures and mutual agreement without recourse
to work stoppages. The purpose of the Labor
Relations Panel is to fortify the principle of free
collective bargaining and not to provide a sub
stitute for employee-employer efforts to settle
their differences. In fact, the services of the
panel are to be utilized only when voluntary
methods fail. Such a panel, the Commission
stated, can be effective only if its help is invoked
infrequently and in the most difficult cases. No
special legislation was necessary to carry out the
recommendations.
Commission Report Summary
Questions of security peculiar to the atomic
energy program (secrecy and safety) are the
responsibility of the Atomic Energy Commission,
alone, the report states. Neither the security
rules nor their administration are subjects for
management-labor collective bargaining.
The Commission noted the positive values of
collective bargaining free from Government in
terference. Labor and management should deal
with the normal subjects of collective bargainingwages, hours, and working conditions—unham
pered by Government action. The sole excep
tions are in matters within the field of responsi
bility reserved to the Atomic Energy Commission
by law and in cases brought before the panel, if
established. It is desirable for any industry to
develop individual collective bargaining procedures
that are best suited to its needs. This is particui Information is from the Report of the President’s Commission on Labor
Relations in the Atomic Energy Installations (processed) and White House
releases of April 18 and 26,1949. Members of the Commission were William
H . Davis, chairman, Aaron Horvitz, and Edwin E. W itte. The President
appointed the Commission on September 3, 1948, and released the report
prepared by its members on April 18,1949.
662
ATOMIC ENERGY PANEL
larly important in atomic energy installations
“ where interruption of vital operations is
intolerable.”
Emphasis was placed upon the need for avoiding
interruption in vital atomic work by reason of
strikes and lock-outs and on the positive values of
collective bargaining. In disputes that do not
threaten vital work, the possibility of strikes or
lock-outs as a part of the ordinary processes of
collective bargaining were stated to be “ an ever
present pressure toward agreement.”
Specific Panel Proposals.
The Commission pro
posed a three-member labor relations panel to be
appointed by the President from nominations
submitted to him by the Atomic Energy Commis
sion. Tenure of the body should be for 2 or 3
years, subject to termination by the Atomic
Energy Commission at any time. A warning was
given “ that the mediation agency and its pro
cedures should protect to the utmost all possi
bilities of uninterfered-with voluntary agreement.”
Both the private contractors and the unions at
atomic energy installations would be required to
agree to certain restrictions before and after the
panel entered a case, according to the plan out
lined. Work stoppages and changes in existing
terms and conditions of employment would neces
sarily be avoided before the panel attempted to
mediate. The same conditions would be observed
until the panel disposed of the dispute. Then, for
30 days after the date on which the panel recom
mended terms of settlement, the parties would be
obliged to maintain the status quo. At the end of
the 30-day period, either party would be free to
reject the panel recommendations and engage in
a strike or lock-out. If the stoppage occurred in
an operation vital to the atomic energy program,
a national emergency would be created. In such
a contingency, the case would be one for handling
in accordance with the general provisions of the
emergency section of the National Labor Relations
Act.
Other Recommendations. In response to the Presi
dent’s special request to “study ways and means
of adapting to the atomic energy program the best
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M ONTHLY LABOR
of our experience in the complex field of labor
relations,” the Commission made the following
four recommendations.
(1) No strikes or lock-outs during the period covered
by the collectively bargained contract, with grievance
machinery including arbitration as the final step to
settle all disputes about the interpretation or appli
cation of the contract. This type of grievance ma
chinery, unanimously recommended by the President’s
National Management-Labor Conference of 1945, is
to assure uninterrupted operations throughout the
contract period.
(2) That, while “fully recognizing and safeguarding
the primary responsibility of local representatives for
sound and stable relations,” provision be made for
bringing into all critical disputes those individuals
at the very highest levels of management and labor
whose wider experience and heightened responsibility
are accompanied by relatively detached judgment
because they have not themselves been directly in
volved in the earlier stages of the dispute.
(3) That the determination of bargaining units and
representatives under the National Labor Relations
Act be made by agreement and consent election,
wherever possible, in preference to contested proceed
ings before the National Labor Relations Board, thus
avoiding at the start of the relationship attitudes and
actions “which give rise to hatreds and leave a residue
of bitterness” and also avoiding procedural difficulties
before the National Labor Relations Board in cases
which may affect security.
(4) That management and union should cooperate
“to integrate the union into the plant organization as
a two-way channel of communication and a medium
of understanding between management and workers.”
Emphasis is put on the value of “a sincere purpose by
both sides, once collective-bargaining representatives
have been designated, to make the union an integral
and responsible element of the plant organization by
training management supervisors and union officers to
recognize the function and responsibility of the union
and to have an accurate understanding of the provi
sions of the collectively bargained contract under
which they work.”
It is the stated view of the Commission that its
recommendations are no more than a skeleton
structure of a vital organism that may be built
by sincere people fully conscious of their great
responsibility for the general welfare. Maximum
productive efficiency in the atomic energy pro
gram requires “sound and creative labor-manage
ment relations at all atomic energy installations.”
REVIEW, JUNE 1949
LABOR-MANAGEMENT DISPUTES
New Jersey’s Institute of
Management and Labor Relations 1
S t u d e n t e n r o l l m e n t in the Institute of Manage
ment and Labor Relations at Rutgers University
during the first quarter of 1949 was at least half of
the total enrolled during the first 18 months of
activity (July 1947-December 1948).
Establishment of the institute was authorized
by act of the New Jersey Legislature, approved
June 19, 1947, and was designed “ to promote har
mony and cooperation between management and
labor, and greater understanding of industrial and
labor relations” in the State. The act called for
the establishment of programs of instruction at
convenient centers throughout New Jersey and
for a program of research. It also provided for
the appointment by the State University of a tri
partite advisory council consisting of equal num
bers of management, labor, and public represen
tatives, and authorized an expenditure up to
$50,000 by the university to carry out the act.
The demand for the institute’s services, noted the
report, exceeded the work that could be done
“ under the limited funds provided in the fiscal
year 1948-49. The expanded budget for the
coming fiscal year should enable the institute to
realize more nearly its potential usefulness.”
By November 1947, courses were announced.
Recruitment followed of a part-time teaching fac
ulty, drawn from industry, labor, colleges, public
schools, law, the State Mediation Board, and other
fields.
The institute’s programs of instruction are for
the benefit of management, labor, and the public,
respectively. By the end of 1948, student enroll
ment in management courses had totaled 1,098.
Among the topics covered were organization and
management, handling of grievances, improve
ment of relations with unions, and advanced
human relations. For the 1,396 labor students
the courses included such subjects as human rela
tions, collective bargaining, history of the Amer
ican labor movement, and public speaking. Film
discussions, strip-film and other forums, and lec
tures were also held. The public program, which
was the latest to be organized, had a student
1 Information is from Rutgers University (State University of N ew Jersey,
N ew Brunswick): The Institute of Management and Labor Relations,
Review of Activities, July 1, 1947, to March 31,1949.
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663
enrollment of 269, and covered such topics as
behind the headlines in labor-management rela
tions; collective bargaining; conciliation, media
tion, and arbitration; and Federal labor laws.
Courses of the three programs are flexible and
have been adapted to meet the needs of specific
groups. For example, because of the general
public’s lack of interest in the technical aspects of
labor-management relations, the public program
currently conducts discussion groups on subjects
primarily of a more general nature in the field of
industrial relations.
The research program completed and published
during 1948 the first case study on labor-manage
ment cooperation in New Jersey—the joint safety
program at a woolen textile plant. It carried for
ward, during the first quarter of 1949, a study on
the use of the cost-of-living factor in general wage
adjustments, which was initiated in 1948. It also
prepared for a conference on communications
scheduled for April 4, 1949, under the auspices of
the institute.
Labor-Management Disputes
in May 1949
T h e u p w a r d t r e n d in work stoppages noted
during the early months of 1949 continued in May.
The largest strike of the month involved over
60,000 workers employed at the River Rouge and
Lincoln plants of the Ford Mhtor Co. in Dearborn
and Detroit, Mich. Several stoppages involving
between 5,000 and 10,000 workers occurred in
various parts of the country.
The strike at the Singer Manufacturing Co.’s
sewing-machine plant in Elizabeth, N. J., which
began on May 2, involved approximately 9,000
workers. It was called by the United Electrical,
Radio, and Machine Workers of America (CIO)
following a break-down of contract negotiations
which had been in progress for nearly a month.
The company’s plant at Bridgeport, Conn., was
also affected 3 days later when about 2,000 workers
struck over failure to agree on a new contract.
The stoppages continued in both plants through
the end of May.
About 6,500 employees of the Philco Corp. were
664
LABOR IN F O R M A T IO N R E PO R T
out from May 2 to 7 at plants in the Philadelphia
area. The company’s contract with the United
Electrical, Radio, and Machine Workers expired
April 30. Union demands included a wage in
crease of 15 cents an hour and a pension plan.
The company offered a free hospital plan and two
additional paid holidays, but no wage increase.
The settlement on May 7 provided that the pre
vious agreement remain in effect for another year,
with the matter of wages reopenable at the request
of the union.
The stoppage at the South Bend, Ind., plant of
the Bendix Aviation Corp.,1 which began in April
continued throughout the month of May. This
dispute with the United Automobile Workers
(CIO) affects about 7,500 workers.
Ford Motor Co. Stoppage
Over 60,000 employees of the Ford Motor Co.
in the River Rouge and Lincoln plants in Dearborn
and Detroit, Mich., left their jobs May 5 in a
strike authorized by their international union—
the UAW-CIO. Within 10 days most Ford plants
throughout the Nation were either closed or were
making plans to close owing to the lack of materials
and parts supplied by the River Rouge plant. The
strike also had an immediate effect upon suppliers
of parts to the Ford Motor Co., resulting in shorter
hours or furloughs for many employees of these
firms. It was the first major strike against the
Ford Co. since 1941.
The dispute developed out of allegations of two
Ford locals that the company, in order to make up
for mechanical break-downs and other interrup
tions, was operating the final assembly lines at a
rate faster than that necessary to produce normal
daily quotas. The Ford-UAW contract provides
for the settlement of most grievances and disputes
by a grievance procedure leading through succes
sive steps to arbitration. According to the union,
disputes over production standards, allegedly im
pairing the health and safety of employees, at the
discretion of the union may or may not be proc
essed through the regular grievance procedures.
The company contended that no “ speed-up”
on the assembly lines had occurred which endan
gered the health or safety of the workers. It
offered to bring in an outside industrial engineer
* See M onthly Lahor Review, M ay 1949, (p. 546).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
to arbitrate the dispute, but the offer was rejected
by the union.
Company and union negotiations were broken
off for a few days when the strike began, but
talks were resumed May 10. Offers of mediation
by the mayors of Dearborn and Detroit were not
accepted by the company, and the Federal Medi
ation and Conciliation Service entered the case
May 20. The union proposed that negotiations
be expanded to deal also with terms of a new con
tract. The present contract expires July 15; the
union had notified the company early in May that
it desired to modify and amend the contract and
requested that negotiations begin not later than
May 16. The company insisted that the strike
should be settled and the issues arbitrated before
entering new contract negotiations.
An agreement was reached and ratified on May
29, referring the principal issue, the “ speed-up”
question, to arbitration. The specific point to be
arbitrated was not the “ fairness” of the production
standards as such, but whether the company has
the right to require employees to perform their
work at faster than established rates. Mainte
nance workers returned to their jobs on May 30,
but the company indicated that about 2 weeks
would be required for full production to get under
way in the many Ford plants affected by the 24.
day stoppage.
Labor Information
in Second ECA Report1
ecovery and
e x p a n s i o n of Western Europe’s
economy depend heavily upon improved distri
bution of the labor supply among industries and a
higher level of productivity, the Economic Coop
eration Administration stated in its second report
to Congress. Production per worker is generally
increasing but further advances are much needed.
Even where war damage was light, scarcities of
basic commodities and of materials for replace
ments of plant and equipment had lowered worker
R
1 Data are from Second Report to Congress of the Economic Cooperation
Administration, for the Quarter Ended September 30, 1948. Washington,
1949.
REVIEW, JUNE 1949
LABOR IN F O R M A T IO N RE PO R T
output at the end of World War II. Widespread
obsolescence of plant has likewise been a serious
handicap.
“ The constructive and progressive European
trade-unions have given vigorous support to the
European Recovery Program. They have banded
together to form an ERP Trade Union Advisory
Committee to aid, inform, and assist European
trade-union centers in their part in the recovery
program.” International trade secretariats, or
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
665
ganized on either a trade or an industry basis,
have also “ been extremely effective in countering
Communist anti-recovery drives in labor ranks and
in making clear the true purposes of the recovery
program.” The EC A sees a continuing need for
free and truly democratic trade-unions to reach
the great mass of people in Western Europe and
to inform them “ of the recovery program’s aims
and purposes in order to counteract Communist
propaganda.”
Technical Notes
Revised Series: Hours and Earnings,
Contract Construction Industry1
w i t h 1948 data, the Bureau of Labor
Statistics has revised its series on average weekly
hours and earnings of workers employed by con
struction contractors 2 in two important respects:
(1) a single series covering public and private
contract construction replaces that on private
construction only; and (2) the new series includes
construction workers engaged in site and off-site
operations, instead of site workers only. The
revision is designed to bring the series into closer
alignment with those for production workers in
manufacturing industries and to take cognizance
of changing methods of operation in the con
struction industry.
B e g in n in g
Public and Private Projects
Average hours and earnings are derived from a
relatively fixed sample of contractors who report
to the Bureau each month. Many of these con
tractors work on jobs financed by public funds
(Federal, State, county, etc.), as well as on private
projects, and shift workers from one job to another
as the need arises. In compiling hours and earn
ings data for private work alone, the averages
may fluctuate simply because contractors are
excluded from the sample whenever they transfer
their workers from private to public projects.
By combining data for private and public work,
hours and earnings averages will not change merely
because a contractor is arbitrarily removed from
the sample. The resultant averages are, of course,
influenced by differences in the type of labor re
quired for private and for public construction
» Prepared by Leon Greenberg of the Bureau’s Division of Construction
Statistics.
*
2
Series has been revised, effective as of January 1949, and has been adjusted
back to January 1948. See table C-6, p. 722.
666
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
jobs, and by fluctuations in the proportion of each
type of work performed. But these figures are
“ true” averages reflecting changing conditions.
In economic analysis or special industry studies,
it frequently may be necessary to compare earn
ings of workers on construction with those of
workers in other industries. The Bureau’s series
of average hours and earnings for production
workers in manufacturing industries makes no
distinction between work performed for private
groups and that performed under public contract.
In manufacturing, as in contract construction,
work paid for out of public funds is frequently
done by the same employers and the same em
ployees who work on jobs paid for by private
groups. It is therefore reasonable that average
hours and earnings of construction workers also
should be compiled for all types of projects,
whether financed by private or public funds.3
Available data reveal that hourly earnings on
privately financed projects average higher than
those on publicly financed construction jobs (see
table 1). This does not imply that workers receive
lower pay when employed on public than on
private jobs of the same kind. Variations are
primarily the result of differences in the type of
labor required. For example, from January to
December 1948, hourly earnings on private work
as a group, ranged from 11 to 21 cents higher than
on public work. However, when kind of con
struction activity is considered, the extent of
variation differs somewhat. Workers employed
by general contractors averaged from 8 to 16 cents
an hour higher (January to December 1948) on
private than on public work; for all special building
trades combined, earnings ranged from 1 cent an
hour less to 5 cents an hour more on private than
on public work; and for nonbuilding construction
private hourly earnings were 13 to 25 cents higher
than on public projects.
These differences in hourly earnings may also
be attributed largely to the fact that public and
private projects, though classified in the same
general industry group, are often dissimilar in
type of construction work done and in kinds of
labor required. In the nonbuilding group, for
example, are such varied kinds of construction as
highways, bridges, sewers, irrigation and flood
control projects, all largely public; and driveways,
’ The Bureau will continue to publish its series of average hours and earn
ings for workers who are employed on federally finance d construction projects.
667
TECHNICAL NOTES
When earnings on private and public projects
are combined and compared with earnings on
private work alone, the differences are, of course,
reduced. During the period studied (January to
December 1948), hourly earnings on private work
exceeded private plus public earnings by only 2 to
7 cents for all types of construction; they were 0.5
to 2 cents higher in building construction, and 6 to
13 cents higher in nonbuilding construction. This
last group also had proportionately more workers
employed on public projects than on private. If
public works should increase substantially, these
differences would be greater.
mining appurtenances, radio towers, and golf
courses, mostly private. In building construction,
public work is primarily nonresidential but perhaps
half of private building construction is residential.
The public projects are generally large-scale, per
mitting utilization of a higher proportion of un
skilled and semiskilled workers than on smaller
operations, and thus resulting in lower average
earnings. Large-scale operations may also enable
contractors to offer slightly lower rates of pay
than would be accepted otherwise, because they
can guarantee comparatively long-term employ
ment.
T able
1.—Average earnings and hours on construction projects, by ownership and type of contractor, 1948
Average hourly earnings
All types------------- ------ ---------------------------------------------- —
Private
Differ
ence
(private
minus
private
and
public)
Private
Private
and
public
$0.048
37.7
38.0
- 0 .3
$69.69
$68.38
$1.31
37.2
36.6
37.9
39.1
36.0
39.7
35.3
36.1
37.9
36.1
39.2
.2
.2
.1
.1
0
.3
.1
.5
-.1
.2
-.7
69.80
66.30
74.36
77. 24
69. 52
84.25
69.16
79. 79
68.35
62. 00
66.47
68.96
65.04
73.96
77.06
69.23
83.00
69.48
78. 59
68. 25
61.68
66.91
.84
1.26
.40
.18
.29
1.25
-.3 2
1.20
.10
.32
- .4 4
40.5
41.5
39.9
40.3
-.9
- 1 .7
-.3
-.5
69.14
65.88
71.64
66.41
66.69
62.55
69.93
66.12
2.45
3.33
1.71
.29
Private
Diflerence
(private
minus
private
and
public)
$1.846
$1.798
Building construction
__ ______ __ - _____ __ _
General contractors 2
_ ____ ____ _______ ________
Special building trades __ __ __ _ __- — — — -----Plumbing and heating
_ __ ______ ______________
Painting and decorating
_____ _____ ___ Electrical
______ _____ - — -- - - - Masonry
---- ----- --------- ---------- —
Plastering and lathing
___ _______ __________
Garpen try
__________________________
■Roofing and sheet metal
________ -Excavation and foundation __
_ _
1.869
1.800
1.955
1.971
1.929
2.104
1.957
2.179
1.807
1.709
1.727
1.856
1.777
1.952
1.971
1.926
2.089
1.971
2.177
1.799
1.707
1.708
.013
.023
.003
.000
.003
.015
-.0 1 4
.002
.008
.002
.019
37.4
36.8
38.0
39.2
36.0
40.0
35.4
36.6
37.8
36.3
38.5
___________
-- ------- -- -_______ - ______ —
_ _ ------ ----- ------------------ - - - ---- ------— - — -
1.745
1.654
1.811
1.669
1.645
1.507
1.752
1.640
.100
.147
.059
.029
39.6
39.8
39.6
39.8
NonbnUding construction
Pfigbway and street
pTcavy construction
Other
_
Differ
ence 1
(privat
minus
private
and
public)
Private
and
public
Private
and
public
Type of contractor
Average weekly earnings 1
Average weekly hours
i Hourly earnings, when multiplied by weekly hours of work, may not
exactly equal weekly earnings because of rounding.
2 Includes types not shown separately,
Average hours worked per week also varied
between private and public construction; workers
on private projects averaging 1.1 hours less per
week during 1948 than those on public. Hours
were shorter on private projects than on public
throughout most of the year in nonbuilding con
struction, averaging 1.7 hours per week less;
whereas in building construction private hours
were greater for each of the 12 months with an
average of 1 hour more per week for the year.
The average hours on public works showed
greater seasonal variation than those on private
work, both in building and nonbuilding construc
tion. Public construction reached a much higher
peak, proportionately, than private during the
summer and early fall. This sharp rise in average
hours worked was probably caused by more out
side work on public construction jobs than on the
others and the need for completing such work
during favorable weather conditions. The seasonal
peak was even more pronounced in nonbuilding
construction in which the public work includes a
high proportion of highway and street con
struction.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
On-Site and Off-Site Construction Workers
A rather recent development in the construction
industry has been the advent of precutting, pre
assembly, and other types of préfabrication. Some
of this work is done in factories and some in con
tractors’ shops either on or off the site of con
struction. That work performed in the con
tractors’ own shops is generally done by the same
668
TECHNICAL NOTES
type of construction worker who would ordinarily
be employed at the site.
In keeping with this development in the indus
try, the Bureau is currently collecting hours and
earnings data for all construction workers em
ployed by contractors, including workers at the
site of construction projects, as well as members
of the construction trades engaged in the employ
er’s shop or yard at jobs (such as precutting, pre
assembly, etc.) which ordinarily would be per
formed on-site. Excluded groups are employees
on nonconstruction work, whether on- or off-site,
such as persons above the working foreman level
(i. e., job superintendents), clerical workers, and
employees engaged in manufacturing operations.
The Bureau’s previous series covered all on-site
workers, including job superintendents, time
keepers, and other clerical workers. The new
series for the contract construction industry, cov
ering all construction workers, is thus more com
parable with the average hours and earnings series
for the manufacturing industries covering all
production workers.
T able 2. — Differences between two series on average earn
ings and hours on construction projects, December 194.8
Average for all construction
workers minus average for
on-site workers
Type of contractor
All types_______________________________
Average
hourly
earnings
Average
weekly
hours
Average
weekly
earnings
—$0.008
0.1
- $ 0 . 13
Building construction_______________ ____
General contractors_________________
Special building trades 1______________
Plumbing and heating____________
Painting and decorating__________
Electrical_____ __________________
Masonry________________________
Plastering and lathing____________
C arpentry-.. _________________ __
Roofing and sheet m etal__________
Excavation and foundation_______
-.0 0 8
-.0 1 1
-.0 0 6
-.0 1 1
-.0 0 1
-.0 0 5
-.0 0 2
-.0 0 2
-.0 0 7
.003
.001
.1
.4
-.3
- .1 1
-.4 0
- . 09
-.2 3
.54
.01
.13
- .0 7
- .2 7
.79
-.4 7
Nonbuilding____________________ _______
Highway and street____ _____________
H eavy construction. _____________ .
Other. _________ _____ ___________
-.0 0 6
-.0 0 7
-.0 0 6
-.0 0 3
.1
.1
0
.1
-.0 8
-.1 4
- .2 4
.04
1
0
.1
.1
.3
.1
.1
0
0
Includes types not shown separately.
Information is not available showing the extent
to which contractors are reducing their on-site
operations and utilizing labor on off-site construc
tion work. It appears that this shift is not yet
extensive. For example, the number of workers
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
included in the hours and earnings series rose
very little despite the addition of off-site workers;
the proportion of total employment covered in
creased only about 1%percent. Nevertheless, im
provements in precutting and presassembling
techniques and more effective use of construction
machinery may result in an increasing shift of
workers from on-site to off-site operations, even
though the general nature of the work they perform
may change little.
The difference between current average hours
and earnings of workers in the Bureau’s revised
series, compared with the previous series, is
practically insignificant. Firms for which in
formation was available on both bases for Decem
ber 1948 reported that average earnings of all
construction workers were not quite a cent an
hour lower than those for on-site workers only.
Among the different types of contractors, earnings
for all construction workers ranged from about 1
cent less to almost 4 cents an hour more than those
for on-site workers. The largest differences, those
of 3 to 4 cents an hour, occurred in three special
trades groups (not shown separately) that cus
tomarily do not employ many workers and in
which the averages can be considerably influenced
by one or two contractors. All construction
workers averaged one-tenth of an hour more per
week than on-site workers, with a range of threetenths of an hour less to seven-tenths of an hour
more among the different types of contractors.
The reasons for the small differences in the
number of workers covered and the averages
yielded by the two series are not clear. It is likely
that the addition of off-site workers was to some
extent counterbalanced by the exclusion of
superintendents and clerks. Also, while indica
tions are that less skilled work is required, in
general, for off-site than for site operations,4 the
amount of off-site precutting and preassembly
work has not yet become so widespread as to
affect significantly average hours and earnings in
the industry.
4
Table 2 shows that for most types of contract construction average hourly
earnings are lower in the series covering all construction workers than for
the site-worker series, while at the same time the average weekly hours are
slightly higher. The higher earnings for on-site work are therefore not due
to premium payments for overtime but are more likely the result of employ
ment of a relatively larger number of skilled highly paid workers on than off
the site.
Recent Decisions
of Interest to Labor
1
Wages and Hours 2
Fishery Exemption. The Court of Appeals for
the Third Circuit ruled3 as to coverage of sec
tion 13 (a) (5) of the Fair Labor Standards Act,
the seafood and fishery exemption. It extended,
the court held, to certain shoreside employees of
a fisheries company, even though they were not
directly and personally engaged in processing,
marketing, storing, or distributing fish products,
or in any other operations specifically exempted
by the act, if their services were necessary to
these operations.
The employees in question were a night watch
man, a cook, an office employee, carpenters, and
maintenance men at a plant manufacturing, from
fish caught by other employees, oil, fish scrap,
and fishmeal products used for fertilizer and for
poultry and cattle food. The fish had to be
processed within 10 or 12 hours after being caught
for the oil to be grade A and for the scrap to be
of good quality. After the fishing season, only
a skeleton staff (including the employees in
question) was retained to clear up fish particles,
replace wharf pilings, install, paint, and repair
machinery, and repair buildings and boats.
An injunction suit by the Wage and Hour
Administrator had been dismissed by the trial
1 Prepared in the Office of the Solicitor, U . S. Department of Labor. The
cases covered in this article represent a selection of the significant decisions
believed to be of special interest. N o attempt has been made to reflect all
recent judicial and administrative developments in the field of labor law or
to indicate the effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in which contrary
results may be reached, based upon local statutory provisions, the exist
ence of local precedents, or a different approach by the courts to the issue
presented.
1 This section is intended merely as a digest of some recent decisions involv
ing the Fair Labor Standards Act and the Portal-to-Portal Act. It is not to
be construed and may not be relied upon as interpretation of these acts by
the Administrator of the Wage and Hour D ivision or any agency of the
Department of Labor.
* M c C o m b v. C o n s o l i d a t e d F i s h e r i e s C o . (U. S. O. A. (3d), Mar. 31, 1949).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
court on the ground that the activities of the
employees in question were an integral part of
the operations specifically made exempt. This
decision was affirmed by the court of appeals.
The language of section 13 (a) (5), exempting
“employees employed in” the named operations
on fish products, was held to refer to workers
hired by an employer engaged in such operations,
and not just to employees actually performing
them. Congress was held to have intended to
exempt all employees in the fishery industry,
including those that did not personally participate
in the operations mentioned in the law.
The court stated that it was not deciding the
status of employees engaged in shoreside opera
tions after the first processing or at places other
than at a seashore processing plant.
Portal Act—Compensable Activities.
Two recent
decisions by a Federal court of appeals con
sidered the application of section 2 of the Portalto-Portal Act. That section relieves an employer
of liability under the Fair Labor Standards Act for
minimum wages or overtime compensation based
on any activity engaged in, prior to passage of the
Portal Act (May 14, 1947), except activities made
compensable by contract or by a custom or prac
tice at the place of employment.
(1) A court of appeals held4 that the only wage
claims barred by section 2 were those covering
activities not made compensable by either custom
or contract. Claims based on activities made
compensable by an express contract between
employer and union, it was held, were not barred.
The employer’s contention that all pre-existing
claims for overtime compensation were barred
was dismissed as without merit. The employer
had cited section 9. That section provided that
failure to pay overtime compensation for activi
ties engaged in prior to passage of the Portal Act,
for the reason that he relied on an administrative
ruling, order, etc., did not make the employer
liable under the FLSA. The court held that it
should be read in connection with section 2,
which charted the basic scope of the act. Further
more, the employer had pointed to no adminis
trative ruling or opinion which had been relied
upon.
4M ic h ig a n
1949).
W in d o w
C le a n in g C o.
v.
M a r tin o
(U. S. C. A. (6th), Mar. 21,
669
(2) The same court held in another case5 that
employee activities of a portal-to-portal nature
were not compensable merely because the con
tract of employment provided that overtime
premiums for work over 40 hours a week would be
paid when required by law or government regu
lations. The activities for which overtime com
pensation was claimed were walking, preparing
equipment for work, and other functions of like
nature performed immediately before and after
scheduled working hours. The employees claimed
that the contract, by referring to laws and regu
lations, expressly incorporated the Fair Labor
Standards Act, thereby making their preliminary
activities compensable and bringing them within
the exception to section 2 of the Portal Act,
which barred claims for noncompensable activi
ties. The court held that a contract did not make
such preliminary activities compensable unless it
specifically referred to them. Since the FLSA
did not specifically refer to such activities, its
incorporation in the contract did not make
them compensable.
However, the court stated, such activities were
compensable under a clause in the employment
contract, which provided for payment of overtime
“for hours worked in excess of 8” in a day. The
Supreme Court, it was pointed out, had held that
such incidental activities constituted “work”
within the meaning of the FLSA. The employees’
actions were, nevertheless, dismissed because all of
their individual claims were less than $3,000, the
amount necessary to give the Federal court
jurisdiction.
Portal Act—Statute oj Limitations. Section 6 (c)
of the Portal Act provided that the permission
granted to bring suits within 120 days of its en
actment did not revive actions barred by appli
cable State statutes of limitation. The Court of
Appeals for the Tenth Circuit ruled,6 however,
that section 6 (c) did not apply to an action
brought by the United States under the WalshHealey Act. State statutes of limitation were
held not ordinarily applicable to actions brought
by the United States nor to Walsh-Healey ac
tions prior to passage of the Portal Act. State
statutes of limitations previously inapplicable
were not made applicable by section 6 (c).
* N e w s o m v. D u
H a r p v. U n i t e d
MONTHLY LABOR
DECISIONS OF INTEREST TO LABOR
670
8-Hour Law—Civil Action by Employee.
A State
supreme court held7 that an employee might
bring a civil suit for overtime compensation under
the Federal 8-Hour Law. As originally enacted,
this law provided that every contract to which
the United States is a party shall contain a pro
vision that no laborer or mechanic working for a
contractor on a public work of the United States
shall be permitted to work more than 8 hours a
day. Subsequent amendments permitted work
over 8 hours a day, but provided that such over
time must be compensated at not less than one and
a half times the basic rate. The law provided
criminal penalties for violations, but did not
specifically grant to an employee the right to
bring action to recover overtime compensation.
However, the court, following a previous decision
of the New York Court of Appeals,8 held that
such a right was implied from the terms of the
amendments providing for payment for work over
8 hours at not less than one and a half times the
basic rate. That provision was held to be an
affirmative direction that overtime compensation
which had not been paid might be collected.
Production oj Goodsfor Commerce—War Contracts.
A decision 9 of the Court of Appeals for the Eighth
Circuit concerned employees of a plant operated
by a contractor with the United States Govern
ment on a cost-plus-fixed-fee basis. The con
tract, which was for manufacture of small arms
and munitions during World War II did not come
under provisions of the Fair Labor Standards
Act, but was covered by the Walsh-Healey Act.
Under the latter law, the remedy is through pro
ceedings instituted by the United States.
The employees sued the contractor for over
time compensation under the FLSA. The con
tractor admitted that he, rather than the United
States, was the employer. The lower court gave
judgment for the employees, holding that they
were covered by the FLSA.
In reversing the judgment of the trial court, the
court of appeals held that the employees, since
they were working exclusively on Government
contracts were obviously covered by the WalshHealey Act, and could not at the same time be
entitled to remedies under the FLSA, since the
P o n t a n d Co.
7B o g g s v. K e r s h a w , B u t l e r E n g i n e e r s , L t d . (Ark. Sup. Ct., Apr. 14, 1949).
8F i l a r d o v. F o l e y , see M onthly Labor Review, M ay 1948 (p. 535).
S ta te s
»U.
(U. S. C. A. (6th) Apr. 14, 1949).
(U. S. C. A. (10th), Mar. 28, 1949).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
S . C a r tr id g e C o .
v.
P o w e ll
(U. S. C. A. (8th), Apr. 12, 1949).
REVIEW, JUNE 1949
two acts were mutually exclusive. Congress
would never have intended to permit an employee
to elect between the differing remedies of the two
acts, said the court, when to do so would create
confusion in computing wages and collecting
claims. Nor would Congress have intended that
the United States, ultimately liable on these costplus-fixed-fee contracts, should be required to
pay employees of defaulting contractors, not
only their unpaid wages, but also an equal amount
as liquidated damages, and attorneys fees.
Another method of safeguarding the employees’
rights had been provided, which was less expensive
to the United States.
Labor Relations
State Antitrust Law—Applicability to Union.
The United States Supreme Court held 10 that
the Missouri antitrust law was constitutionally
applicable to certain labor-union activities, in
cluding peaceful picketing, notwithstanding con
stitutional guarantees of freedom of speech and
the press.
A local of the Ice and Coal Drivers and Handlers
Union (AFL), including among its members retail
ice peddlers driving their own trucks, started a
campaign to induce nonunion peddlers to join.
One objective was better wages and working con
ditions. In furtherance of the unionization drive,
the union made agreements with wholesale distrib
utors not to sell ice to nonunion peddlers. Union
members picketed one wholesaler who refused to
enter into such an agreement. The wholesaler
sought an injunction against the picketing in
the State courts, claiming it was a violation of the
State statute prohibiting combinations in restraint
of trade and transportation. The trial court
granted the injunction, which action the State
supreme court affirmed. The union appealed on
the ground that the injunction violated the Fed
eral constitution.
In upholding the State court’s decision, the
United States Supreme Court pointed out that
the unquestioned power of States to prohibit
combinations in restraint of trade includes power
to prohibit agreements not to sell goods to partic
ular persons. Labor unions were given no special
constitutional immunity from the application of
this power. Congress or the States could exempt
m O ib o n e y
v.
E m p i r e S to r a g e a n d Ic e C o .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
671
DECISIONS OF INTEREST TO LABOR
(U. S. Sup. Ct., Apr. 4, 1949).
labor unions from the application of antitrust
laws, but they are not compelled to do so, even
though unions are motivated by good intentions.
To hold unions constitutionally exempt from State
antitrust laws, the Court stated, would greatly
reduce a State’s power over its domestic economy.
The union contended that this injunction against
peaceful picketing violated its constitutional right
to freedom of speech in publicizing the truth about
a labor dispute. This contention was rejected by
the court on the ground that the publicizing could
not be isolated from its illegal object of restraining
trade. The picketing was held to be an integral
part of a course of conduct in violation of a statute.
Previous decisions which had held State laws
that banned picketing to be unconstitutional were
distinguished on the ground that in those cases
the ban on picketing was so sweeping that it pro
hibited all truthful publications about labor
disputes. Conduct otherwise unlawful was not
made immune by the fact that it was carried out
by means of spoken or written language.
Federal Antitrust Laws.—Provisions in
a contract
between jobbers in the women’s sportswear indus
try and an association of stitching contractors, re
quired jobbers to give all their work to association
members in good standing. The United States
Supreme Court held 11 this to be enjoinable as a
violation of the Sherman Antitrust Law.
The contract covered jobbers in the Boston
area. They purchased fabrics (mostly from other
States), cut them to the customer’s fancy, and
sent them to contractors who did the stitching and
added accessories. To induce jobbers to enter
into the agreement, the association threatened a
stoppage. In the trial court evidence was intro
duced to show that the association policed its
members to prevent price competition. The trial
court found that one purpose of the association
was to maintain the standard of prices, but it
refused to grant an injunction.
In reversing the lower court, the Supreme Court
held that the clear intent and effect of the agree
ment between jobbers and association was to
restrict competition and control prices and
markets, by calling for “ equitable” distribution of
work among members. The fact that the agree
ment concerned labor did not immunize it from
the antitrust law, since stitching contractors were
11 U .
S.
v.
W o m e n 's S p o r ts w e a r M f r s . A s s n .
(U. S. Sup. Ct., Mar. 28, 1949)*
672
DECISIONS OF INTEREST TO LABOR
capitalists rather than laborers. They furnished
machinery and worked on a profit basis. The
contract went beyond limiting work to union
shops, by limiting it to shops which were mem
bers of the association. There was no evidence
that a union participated in making the agreement.
Elections—Free Speech.
Statements were made
by a union organizer to an employee 3 days before
an election that “ if you don’t vote for the union,
the girls will refuse to work with you” and “ There
has been a lot of rough stuff at these union elec
tions.” These statements were held12 by the
NLRB to be sufficiently coercive to void a repre
sentation election, even though the union had
won by an overwhelming majority, and though
the employee to whom the statements were made
actually voted. While the secrecy of the polling
booth offered some protection from threats, it
was held not to suffice if threats might discourage
employees from even appearing at the polls.
Experience in the break-down of democratic
processes throughout the world, Chairman Herzog
said in a concurring opinion, demonstrates the
danger of permitting any group to use force or
threats to accomplish its purpose. The majority
of the Board held that an election serves its pur
pose only if it affords an opportunity for all
employees to register a free and uncoerced choice
of bargaining representative.
Two Board members dissented on the ground
that the decision tended to ignore the right of
union workers to refuse to work with nonunion
workers. The statement that a union repre
sentative made a prediction of economic loss which
might occur because of a strike was held to be no
more coercive than an employer’s statement that
if the union won, he might be forced by economic
conditions to close his plant. This statement
had been held protected as free speech.13 Further
more, the union representative’s prediction was
but an isolated incident of indiscretion, and a com
parable statement previously made by an
employer 14 had been held insufficient to void an
election.
Appropriate Unit.
Two NLRB decisions further
developed the doctrine that a group of employees
may become a separate bargaining unit although
12 I n
13 M
14 M
re O . H . H e s s , In c .
(82 N L R B No. 52, Mar. 29, 1949).
(78 N L R B 144).
A r k a n s a s (79 N L R B 1333).
a tte r o f M y ta n S p a r ta C o.
a tte r o f R ic e -S tix o f
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
only a portion, or nucleus, of those in the group
possess greater skills than other plant employees.
(1) The Board held 15 that a group of 265 tool
room employees might elect to comprise a separate
unit, although less than a majority of them
possessed special skills, and only a third of these
had served an apprenticeship. One member
dissented on the ground that the nucleus was not
large enough in proportion to number of other
employees affected to be the basis of a separate
unit.
(2) Journeymen machinists and auto mechanics
at a logging and sawmill operation were permitted
by the Board15a to vote on separate representation,
although there was no previous bargaining history
of such craft units in the lumber industry.
Jurisdictional Disputes.
The NLRB considered
another case16 involving the interpretation of
section (8) (b) (4) (D), of the amended NLRA
which prohibits strikes or boycotts in furtherance
of jurisdictional disputes, and section 10 (k),
providing for the Board’s determination of such
disputes.
A longshoremen’s union picketed an employer’s
lumber-mill plant because he assigned a barge
loading operation to his own employees, who were
members of the woodworkers’ union, rather than
to longshoremen, members of the Pacific Coast
Waterfront Employees Association. The long
shoremen’s union was not the bargaining repre
sentative of the sawmill employees and had no
members among them, but it claimed the right
to load barges by virtue of a contract with the
prior owner of the mill, from whom the employer
had purchased it. The employer pointed to the
express stipulation in his purchase agreement that
he did not assume any of the liabilities, contracts,
or labor agreements of the prior owner.
The employer claimed that the longshoremen’s
union was committing an unfair labor practice and
that a charge should issue under section 10 (b) of
the amended NLRA. But the Board held that
the act first required a determination under sec
tion 10 (k) as to which union was entitled to the
work. If, within 10 days after such determina
tion, the picketing did not cease, a charge would
15 I n r e W e y e r h a e u s e r T i m b e r C o . (82 N L R B No. 95, Apr. 6, 1949).
IS* I n r e I n t e r n a t i o n a l H a r v e s t e r C o . (82 N L R B No. 86, Apr. 5, 1949).
16 I n r e J u n e a u S p r u c e C o r p o r a t i o n (82 N L R B , No. 71, Apr. 1, 1949). For
previous decision in a similar case see M onthly A abor Review, M ay 1949
(p. 555).
REVIEW, JUNE 1949
DECISIONS OF INTEREST TO LABOR
issue. The Board also held, with one member
dissenting, that this was the sort of dispute which
Congress intended should be determined under
section 10 (k), regardless of the fact that the
employer was not neutral, and that the question
of bargaining representation was also present.
The woodworkers were held entitled to con
tinue their barge-loading operations, and the long
shoremen’s union was held to have no rights in
this respect, since it was not the bargaining repre
sentative of the mill employees, and its contract
with the prior owner was expressly made inappli
cable by the employer’s purchase agreement. The
question of tradition or custom in the industry
was held irrelevant in these circumstances. Fur
thermore, an employer was held to have the right
to assign work to his own employees, rather than
to other persons. The dissenting Board member
was of the opinion that the decision should have
been made according to which craft should do the
work, rather than upon the basis of representa
tion for bargaining purposes.
Secondary Boycotts—“Strike”.—In two cases, the
NLRB considered the definition of the word
“strike” as used in section 8 (b) (4) (A) of the
amended NLRA, prohibiting secondary boycotts.
(1) The Board held 17 that the quitting of work
by a single employee on a building project was
not a strike. A union business agent had asked
the employee to quit because the construction was
subcontracted to a nonunion contractor who was
on the union’s unfair list.
The employer had charged a strike in violation
of section 8 (b) (4) (A) of the amended NLRA
but the Board ruled that a strike was a combined
effort by at least two persons, because of the use
of the plural number in the language of that
section.
(2) More than a hundred electrician employees
of a contractor working on the Oak Ridge project
for the Atomic Energy Commission, simultane
ously quit work shortly after their employer had,
in opposition to a union official’s request, hired a
nonunion contractor to install certain lighting
fixtures. This stoppage was held18 to be a
secondary strike (prohibited by the amended
NLRA), with the object of compelling the strikers’
employer to cease doing business with another
17 I n r e D e n v e r B u i l d i n g
137, Apr. 13, 1949).
18 I n r e R o a n e - A n d e r s o n
and
C o.
C o n s tr u c tio n
T r a d e s C o u n c il
(82 N L R B No.
(82 N L R B , No. 79. Apr. 4, 1949).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
673
employer. The fact that the union made no de
mands on the employer and maintained no picket
line did not disprove other evidence of a strike.
Neither did the statement by the employees that
they were quitting to seek better jobs disprove it,
especially since 67 of them applied for their old
jobs after a district court had issued an injunction
and the union subsequently stated to its members
that it was not encouraging a work stoppage. No
grievances or complaints had been filed by em
ployees in the month prior to the stoppage.
The fact that the union had made arrangements
with the employer for emergency crews indicated
that the stoppage was union-sponsored. The
oral notifications to the employees to cease work
could not be considered free speech, but were
verbal acts not within the protection of section
8 (c) of the act.
The union claimed that its business agent was
unauthorized to call a strike, since the consent
of the international union had not been secured
as required by its constitution. This contention
was dismissed by the Board as without merit,
since the charge was against the local union and
its agent had authority to act in its behalf.
“Cease Doing Business.” A number of recent
decisions involve interpretation of the prohibition
in section 8 (b) (4) (A) of the amended NLRA of
strikes or boycotts which have the purpose of
compelling an employer to “cease doing business
with any other person.”
(1) A Federal district court held 19 that the
refusal of a union to supply plumbers to a plumbing
subcontractor, because of a dispute between the
union and the principal contractor, was not a
violation of section 8 (b) (4) (A). The court cited
a previous decision 20 of another district court to
the effect that a principal and subcontractor were
allies, and could not be considered to be “doing
business” with each other within the meaning of
the statute. Otherwise a principal contractor
with bad labor relations could hide behind a sub
contractor. “Doing business” did not include re
lations between parties to the same contract.
(2) On the other hand, the NLRB held 21 that
an electrical union’s picketing of one subcontractor
on private residential construction because another
19 M i l l s v. P l u m b e r s U n i o n (U . S. D . C., W . D . M o., Mar. 23, 1949).
20 D o u d s v. M e t r o p o l i t a n F e d e r a t i o n o f A r c h i t e c t s , see M onthly Labor Re
view, Apr. 1948 (p. 417).
21 I n r e D a n g e r (82 N L R B N o. 132, Apr. 12,1949).
DECISIONS OF INTEREST TO LABOR
674
subcontractor employed nonunion men was a
violation of section 8 (b) (4) (A), since it was an
attempt to force an employer to cease doing busi
ness with the nonunion subcontractor. However,
the union’s threat to picket the principal con
tractor’s business if he did not cease dealing with
the subcontractor was held not to be a violation
of the section, which did not bar threats to em
ployers to accomplish the objects covered by its
provisions.
“Commerce”—Jurisdiction of NLRB. The NLRB
refused to take jurisdiction of a case22 which
involved a complaint that a union caused an
employer who did a small local business to dis
charge nonunion plasterers. It was admitted that
the Board could have exercised jurisdiction in
view of the interstate aspect of both the building
construction industry and one of the jobs on which
the employer in question was working. The
majority of the Board members were of the opinion
that the Board could exercise its discretion in
refusing jurisdiction, as the business involved was
essentially local, and a labor dispute therein would
have only a remote and insubstantial effect on
commerce. Two members felt that the case could
be distinguished from secondary-boycott cases in
which jurisdiction had been assumed. Chairman
Herzog, while disagreeing with this opinion, con
curred in the view that jurisdiction need not be
taken, on the ground that the Board was not com
pelled in union-security cases to assert jurisdiction
in every instance in which it had power. Such
cases were distinguished from secondary boycott
cases. One member, dissenting, stated that when
the Board has once assumed jurisdiction over a
certain industry, as building construction, it has
chosen a path which should generally be followed,
no matter what the unfair labor practice charge,
unless the effect on commerce is minimal.
Veterans’ Reemployment
Duration of Seniority Rights.
The Court of Appeals
for the Eighth Circuit clarified 23 an opinion in a
previous decision. The former ruling had directed
the district court to order reinstatement of certain
veterans with seniority augmented by time spent
in military service, but to make its judgment
22 I n r e W a l t e r J . M e n t z e r
23 S p e a r m
an
v.
T hom pson
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(82 N L R B No. 39, Mar. 24,1949).
(U. S. C. A. (8th), Mar. 16, 1949).
MONTHLY LABOR
applicable only to benefits within the 1-year period
after reinstatement for which the reemployment
statutes gave protection.
The “temporary carman mechanics” to which
the ruling referred had been demoted within a year
from reinstatement after military service. The
court of appeals interpreted its decision sub
stantially as follows: The demotion resulted from
an improper failure to augment the veterans’
seniority as mechanics by the time spent in military
service. The reemployment statute thus had been
violated both by a failure to reinstate without loss
of seniority and by a discharge within 1 year after
reinstatement. The court of appeals directed the
district court to include two provisions in its order.
The first should require the employer to restore the
veterans to their positions as mechanics as of the
date they were discharged therefrom, with all the
seniority as mechanics that they would have had
under the contract in effect at the time of demo
tion, if they had remained on the job instead of
going into military service. The order was also to
award compensation equaling the difference be
tween the wages after demotion and the wages as
mechanics, from the date of demotion to the end
of the “statutory year.”
As to seniority after the year, the court said
that if the same contract continued in effect, the
seniority acquired by statute while the employees
were absent in military service would continue to
be included in the seniority established by con
tract. Moreover, such seniority as they “would
regularly have attained in their work during the
1-year period,” if they had not been improperly
demoted, also would be included. This entire
seniority under the contract will entitle them to
hold their positions as mechanics over others with
less seniority. The court denied, however, that the
reemployment statutes gave a court the power to
“ ‘freeze’ the contractual rights of the parties or of
these veterans to their jobs as mechanics after
the statutory 1-year period.”
Seniority—Termination of Employment Prior to
Entry into Service. The Court of Appeals for the
District of Columbia held24 that two veterans
had no protection under the reemployment statutes
because they had ceased to be employees before
they entered the service. The dismissal notices
which they had received prior to entering service
m E dw ards
v.
C a p ita l A ir lin e s
(U. S. C. A ., D . C., Mar. 14, 1949).
REVIEW, JUNE 1949
referred to reduction of operations and to their
“release.” One said the employer would be “un
able to employ you” after a certain date; the
other, “Your services are no longer required.”
The veterans contended they were merely laid off.
The court distinguished a lay-off, meaning a
temporary cessation of work, from this situation,
because the quoted expressions denoted finality
insofar as the company’s intention at that time
appeared.
The court was strongly influenced by its inter
pretation of the collective agreement, which pro
vided for forfeiture of seniority when services are
“permanently severed.” The agreement further
provided, the court pointed out, that a pilot “who
is released from the service of the company due
to reduction in force and who is subsequently
reemployed shall retain his seniority to the time
of release, but shall not continue to accrue senior
ity after release unless and until he is reemployed.”
The veterans had actually been reinstated and
given seniority from the date of original employ
ment. A “group grievance” resulting from this
was filed by the union involved and a decision
was made by a board of adjustment. The court
did not consider this decision final and binding
on the veterans, though the collective agreement
provided that it should be so. The board of
adjustment included representatives of the union.
The veterans were not union members and had
no voice in selecting the union members included
in the adjustment board. Further, the grievance
was presented by the union, which in fact and of
necessity supported the interest of its members—
an interest adverse to that of the veterans. For
these reasons, the court considered the veterans
not bound by the adjustment board’s award. It
decided that these veterans had a right to resume,
as of the date of their reemployment, the seniority
they had held on the date of their release, but
had no right to any seniority for the intervening
period.
Decisions of State Courts
California—Injunction o n Enforcing Union
Shop.—A collective agreement provided for rec
ognition of the union as sole bargaining agent for
employees who were union members; and that non
union workers presently employed or subsequently
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
675
DECISIONS OF INTEREST TO LABOR
hired must apply for membership within a stated
period. An employee suspended by the union was
required to be laid off within 7 days. The em
ployer was allowed to hire nonunion men when
the union was unable to furnish workers, but
was required to replace such nonunion workers
when union workers were available.
On the employer’s refusal to discharge men who
failed to join, the union petitioned for an injunc
tion to compel their discharge. An order of the
trial court granting the injunction was affirmed
by the California Supreme Court.25 It held that
the terms of the agreement put the employer
under obligation to discharge workers who failed
to join within the required period, although they
were not required to be union members when em
ployed. The court pointed out that, if the con
tract were interpreted otherwise, there would be
little value in the union’s right to represent union
members, since the employer could fill jobs with
nonunion men.
Terns—Picketing; “Labor Dispute.” Two recent
decisions of the Texas Supreme Court deal with
the right to engage in peaceful picketing in labor
controversies.
(1) A. State statute prohibiting secondary
strikes and boycotts was held 26 unconstitutional
insofar as it limited the labor disputes in which
picketing might be engaged to controversies be
tween an employer and a majority of his employees.
Discrimination by an employer against employees
of a laundry who were union members and dis
satisfaction with wages caused a strike, with peace
ful picketing by certain employees. A lower
court enjoined the picketing on the ground that
none of the picketers were employees of the
laundry and that picketing was prohibited by the
statute forbidding secondary strikes, which were
defined as “work stoppage by certain employees
where no labor dispute existed between the em
ployer and such employees.” The supreme court
reversed the decision. The statute, by restricting
the definition of a labor dispute, and consequently
of peaceful picketing, to a controversy between
an employer and a majority of his employees,
was held to violate the guarantees of freedom of
speech in the Federal Constitution. The statute
25S i l v a v. M e r c i e r (Cal. Sup. Ct., Mar. 31,1949).
28 I n t e r n a t i o n a l
23, 1949).
U n io n o f O p e r a tin g E n g in e e r s
v.
C ox
(Tex. Sup. Ct., Mar.
676
DECISIONS OF INTEREST TO LABOR
was not the less invalid because only a minority
of the employees were penalized.
(2) In another case 27 the same court held that
peaceful picketing might be enjoined. It was ac
companied in this instance by a direction to other
companies to boycott an employer and the em
ployer was given no opportunity to learn of the
union’s demands. Eleven employees, not mem
bers of any union, authorized the Teamster’s
Union to represent them. The following day the
employer’s president received a long-distance
telephone call from the union’s assistant business
agent, who asked him to sign a union contract
and stated that he, the business agent, would
come over to negotiate the contract. The agent
never came. The next day, the 11 employees
walked off their jobs and the union directed drivers
of other lines to boycott the company. The em
ployer’s request for an injunction against the boy
cott and against peaceful picketing of his plant was
held to be proper and not a denial of free speech.
There was no labor dispute, as no demands had
been presented by the union.
27 N o r t h
E a s t T e x a s F r e ig h t L i n e s
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
v.
D ic k s o n
(Tex. Sup. Ct., Mar. 23,1949).
Washington—Suspension of Local Union—Consti
tutionality. The Supreme Court of Washington
held 28 that the action of the president of an inter
national union could be enjoined as depriving
members of a local of their property without due
process of law. He had suspended officers and
members of the local union, suspended the local’s
meetings and its newspaper, and seized its funds,
without notice or hearing. Provisions of the in
ternational union’s constitution which authorized
this action were held to be contrary to the Federal
Constitution, especially in view of the fact that
many members had joined the union not volun
tarily but because of closed-shop agreements be
tween the union and employers in the shipbuilding
industry. The officers and members were held
not to be required to exhaust their remedies under
the union’s constitution, since the question at
issue was one of property rights of union members.
Therefore the court felt justified in departing
from its general rule of not interfering with the
internal affairs of unions.
28 B o i l e r m a k e r s
21, 1949).
Local
v.
B o ile r m a k e r s In te r n a tio n a l
(Wash. Sup. Ct. Feb.
April 18
Chronology of
Recent Labor Events
T h e P r e s i d e n t r e l e a s e d the report of a special commis
sion on labor-management relations in the atomic energy
industry. The commission, which had been appointed by
the President on September 3, 1948, recommended that
the Chief Executive establish a labor relations panel for
the atomic energy programs. (Source: White House re
lease, Apr. 18, 1949; for discussion, see p. 661 of this issue.)
On April 26, the President appointed William H. Davis
to head the panel. (Source: White House release, Apr. 26,
1949.)
NLRB, i n t h e c a s e o f Denver, Colo., Building &
Construction Trades Council, et al., and Gould & Preisner,
ruled unanimously that one man leaving his job at the
behest of a labor organization does not constitute a strike
as defined in the LMRA of 1947. This was the first
ruling made on this question under the existing law.
(Source: NLRB release R-187, Apr. 18, 1949.)
T he
April 14, 1949
T h e S e c r e t a r y o f L a b o r announced his determination of
a minimum wage of $1.05 an hour ($42 for a 40-hour week)
in the woolen and worsted industry for work performed
under the Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act. The deter
mination, dated April 6, became applicable to about
150,000 workers in some 750 establishments, on May 14,
1949. (Source: Federal Register, vol. 14, No. 71, Apr.
14, 1949, p. 1792.)
T h e N a t i o n a l L a b o r R e l a t i o n s B o a r d announced that
an organizer for the International Ladies Garment Workers
Union (AFL) was guilty of coercion against employees in
violation of the Labor Management Relations Act of 1947.
The organizer had told a meeting of Seamprufe, Inc.,
employees that “those who do not join the union will
eventually lose their jobs.” (Source: NLRB release
R-185, Apr. 14, 1949.)
April 15
T h e NLRB r u l e d on the case of Local 501 of the AFL
Electrical Workers Union, its business agent, William
Patterson, and Samuel Langer, Port Chester, N. Y. The
Board’s decision was that an illegal secondary boycott
against an electrical subcontractor doing a $325 wiring job
on a $15,200 dwelling was within its jurisdiction under
the LMRA of 1947 (see Chron. item for Jan. 2, 1949,
MLR Feb. 1949). The union and its business agent were
ordered to stop “picketing or related conduct” which would
encourage employees of any employer to take concerted
action compelling their employer to cease doing business
withLanger, a nonunion contractor. (Source: NLRB release
R-188, Apr. 15, 1949.)
April 17
T h e NLRB, i n t h e c a s e o f Russell Manufacturing Co.,
Inc., Roberta Mills, Inc., and Bettie Francis Cotton Mills,
Inc., announced its ruling that the three manufacturers, a
chief of police, and two police officers were guilty of unfair
labor practices under the LMRA of 1947. They had
interfered with the employees’ right to organize and were
ordered to cease such action. (Source: NLRB release
R-186, Apr. 17, 1949.)
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
April 19
T h e P r e s i d e n t a p p r o v e d the District of Columbia Rent
Extension Act whereby control was extended from April
30, 1949 (see Chron. item for Mar. 30, 1949, MLR, May
1949) to June 30, 1950. (Source: Congressional Record,
vol. 95, No. 67, Apr. 19, 1949, p. D -317; and Public Law
45, 81st Cong.)
April 20
NLRB, i n t h e c a s e s o f the National Maritime Union
(CIO) and the American Radio Association (CIO), held
that the unions had violated sections 8 (b) (2) and (3) of
the LMRA of 1947. The unions had demanded con
tinuance of their hiring halls as the sole source of seamen
and ship radio operators, respectively, on vessels plying
from Gulf and Atlantic ports. (Source: NLRB release
R-189, Apr. 21, 1949.)
T he
T h e c e n t r a l c o m m i t t e e of the International Metalwork
ers Federation convened in Washington, D. C., for the first
time in its 40-year history. (Sources: Washington Post,
Apr. 21, 1949, and The Machinist, Apr. 21, 1949; for dis
cussion, see p. 634 of this issue.)
April 25
T h e S u p r e m e C o u r t o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s declined to
review the decision of the United States Circuit Court of
Appeals at Chicago, in the case of Inland Steel Co. v. United
Steelworkers of America (CIO) (see Chron. item for Sept.
23, 1948, MLR, Nov. 1948). The Circuit Court had held
that the LMRA of 1947 compels employers to bargain
with unions on retirement and insurance plans. (Source:
U. S. Law Week, 17 LW, p. 3322.)
of the District of
Columbia, in the case of United Electrical Workers (CIO)
v. Lilienthal, held that the court lacked jurisdiction over
T h e U n i t e d S t a t e s D is t r i c t C o u r t
677
678
CHRONOLOGY OF LABOR EVENTS
the union’s damage and injunction action (see Chron.
item for Nov. 3, 1948, MLR, Dec. 1948). The Atomic
Energy Commission had directed the General Electric
Co. to withdraw recognition from UE on atomic work,
union officials having failed to comply with the nonCommunist affidavit requirements of the LMRA of 1947.
(Source: U. S. Law Week, 17 LW, p. 2507.)
T h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a b o r O r g a n i z a t i o n convened the
Fourth Regional Conference of American States Members
(for third conference, see Chron. item for Apr. 1, 1946,
MLR, Aug. 1946) at Montevideo, Uruguay. (Source:
U. S. Dept, of State release No. 291, Apr. 26, 1949; for dis
cussion, see p. 632 of this issue.)
T h e NLRB, i n t h e p e t i t i o n of the New York Newsboys
Union No. 471 of the International Printing Pressmen &
Assistants' Union of North America (AFL), ruled that the
licensed news venders of four New York dailies were
independent contractors. The newspapers, the Board
stated, were not compelled by Federal law to bargain with
the venders as employees. (Source: New York Times,
Apr. 26,1949.)
N e w Y o r k C i t y CIO C o u n c i l was organized to
take the place of the former Greater New York CIO
Council. The latter had been dissolved by the Congress
of Industrial Organizations because of its Communist
activities (see Chron. item for Nov. 20, 1948, MLR,
Jan. 1949). (Source: New York Times, Apr. 26 and 27,
1949.)
T he
April 28
Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers
(Ind.) rejected the finding of the President’s fact-finding
board (see Chron. item for Apr. 11, 1949, MLR, May 1949)
that an extra engineer on Diesel locomotives is unwar
ranted. (Source: New York Times, Apr. 29, 1949.)
O f f ic ia l s o f t h e
May 2
T h e S u p r e m e C o u r t o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , in the cases
of International Union, UAW, AFL, Local 232, et al. v.
Wisconsin Employment Relations Board et al., denied a
rehearing in its decision (see Chron. item for Feb. 28, 1949,
MLR, Apr. 1949) which had upheld the Wisconsin board’s
order directing the unions to cease interference with pro
duction by certain union activities. The NLRB and both
the AFL and the CIO had requested the Supreme Court
to reconsider its decision. (Sources: U. S. Law Week,
17 LW, p. 3328, and New York Times, May 3, 1949.)
case. (Source: Labor Relations Reporter, 24 LRR, p. 21,
May 9, 1949.)
May 4
T h e e x e c u t i v e c o m m it t e e of the Miners’ International
Federation convened in Washington, D. C. (Source:
United Mine Workers of America release of May 6, 1949;
for discussion, see p. 636 of this issue.)
May 5
of the United Automobile Workers
(CIO) went on strike in the Ford Motor Co. (River
Rouge and Lincoln plants). The union charged a speed
up, and negotiations failed to bring about a settlement.
(Source: New York Times, May 6, 1949.)
S o m e 62,ooo m e m b e r s
May 6
NLRB, i n t h e c a s e of Department Store Employees
Union Local 1250 {Ind.), unanimously found the local
guilty of conducting a strike aimed at nullifying a Board
certification. Following an election on August 2, 1948,
the Retail Clerks International Association (AFL) had
been certified as bargaining agent for 475 sales and office
employees in the Manhattan and Brooklyn stores of
Oppenheim Collins & Co., Inc. (Source: NLRB release
R-192, May 6, 1949.)
T he
T he
C o m m u n ic a t io n s
W orkers
of
A m e r ic a
( I n d .)
announced that their national 60-day referendum (see
Chron. item for Feb. 12, 1949, MLR, Apr. 1949) favored
affiliation with the CIO. The vote was 71,312 for affilia
tion, 34,419 for independence. (Source: Communications
Workers of America release of May 6, 1949.)
May 7
r e p o r t o f t h e e m e r g e n c y b o a r d appointed on
April 9, by the President, by Executive Order No. 10050,
to investigate the dispute between employees and the
Railway Express Agency in New York City (Federal
Register, vol. 14, No. 69, Apr. 12, 1949, p. 1731) was made
public. The board recommended a 40-hour week and a
wage increase of 7 cents an hour. (Source: Wall Street
Journal, May 7, 1949.)
On April 16, the members of the Brotherhood of Railway
and Steamship Clerks, Freight Handlers, Express and
Station Employes (AFL) had resumed work after their
5-week strike against the Railway Express Agency, Inc.
(Source: BLS records; for discussion see MLR, May 1949,
p. 547.)
T he
May 3
May II
NLRB d e n ie d a m o t io n by the counsel for the
American Newspaper Publishers Association that all five
current unfair labor practice cases against the Interna
tional Typographical Union (AFL) be combined into one
T h e American Federation of Hosiery Workers, which
the CIO recently suspended, voted unanimously at its
convention to return to the AFL. (Source: A F L Weekly
News Service May 13, 1949.)
T he
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Publications
of Labor Interest
Special Review
Profit Sharing: Democratic Capitalism in American Indus
try. By Kenneth M. Thompson. New York, Harper
& Brothers, 1949. 331 pp., bibliography. $4.
Present and prospective roles of profit sharing in Ameri
can industry and some implications of widespread sharing
of profits for labor unions, management, government, and
consumers are considered in this book. The effect of
profit sharing upon the relationships of management and
employees on a company level is also studied. The book
is primarily intended for those in the ranks of both manage
ment and labor who seek democratic solutions for the
problem of economic antagonism in industry.
Profit-sharing philosophy, the author states, combines
ethical idealism with hard practicality. Not just anything
labeled “profit sharing” will serve, because employees also
want to share, on terms of equality, the responsibility for
a program.
Organized labor's goals, as indicated by the course of
recent labor relations, should be “recognized and accom
modated” by any management contemplating a profitsharing program. Until recently, however, labor union
leaders in the United States almost solidly opposed profitsharing programs. Some decisive factors in labor’s
antagonism were lack of confidence in management’s
fairness, and belief that the practice would weaken the
union, rather than dislike of profit sharing itself.
Management’s “multitude of declared objectives,”
although not identical with labor’s objectives, Mr. Thomp
son finds, are often of mutual concern. “None of the
objectives reviewed is incompatible with the welfare of
labor organizations or the general public.” Disputed uses
of profit sharing include plans instituted in order to weak
en unions, to reward company executives, to provide a
substitute for pension obligations, or to secure tax advan
tages. Too often, industrial relations are impaired, the
author believes, by management’s disproportionate em
phasis on these purposes.
Because profit is a vital component of the private enter
prise system, “widespread misunderstanding of its role has
perpetuated labor discontent, while arousing managementowners to defend it as a private preserve. Sharing profits
with workers has provided some companies with a method
E ditor’s N ote.—Correspondence regarding the publications to which
reference is made in this list should be addressed to tho respective publishing
agencies mentioned. When data on prices were readily available, they have
been shown with the title entries.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
of removing this profit barrier to management-labor
cooperation.”
Maintenance of purchasing power and full employment
are increasingly recognized as vital goals for both manage
ment and labor. Profit sharing offers both parties a
common purpose in seeking solutions for these problems
on a company level. Since national economic problems
are merely a summation of many individual ones, the
author believes that such local efforts as profit sharing are
in the interest of the national welfare.
How does a company begin sharing profits? Mr.
Thompson devotes six chapters to this subject: “The
mechanics of profit sharing” classifies plan features and
notes reasons why some profit-sharing plans fail; “Repre
sentative profit-sharing plans”—for large and for small
businesses—analyzes a selected group of plans; “Profit
sharing and other employee plans” points out that pension
plans, employee stock ownership, bonus plans, and incen
tive management can be combined with profit-sharing pro
grams, if the latter alone do not meet employer-employee
needs; “Building a good profit-sharing program” gives
the prerequisites for plan adoption and the elements of a
sound plan; “Sources of aid in tailoring a plan” lists infor
mational sources, such as companies already operating
plans, labor unions, insurance and investment advisers,
independent counselors, and the Council of Profit Sharing
Industries; “Instituting a profit-sharing program” dis
cusses the drawing up of the plan, its presentation to the
employees, and its administration.
The final test of management sincerity is the instituting
of the profit-sharing plan, which should be legally binding
as well as intelligible to the employees. If “joint manage
ment-labor procedures are fostered through employee
profit participation, profit sharing becomes a means of
underwriting business success.”
As the goal and direction of successful profit sharing is
toward mutually profitable management-labor relations,
the study explores the forms of cooperation in new profitsharing programs. The trend appears to be toward unioncontract profit-sharing arrangements, union-security pro
visions, and joint union-management sponsored programs.
In themselves, Mr. Thompson states, “these programs
provide assurance that American industrial relations
problems are far from insoluble.”
This book, used in conjunction with the Profit Sharing
Manual of the Council of Profit Sharing Industries, says
Robert S. Hartman (executive secretary of the CPSI) in
the foreword to this study, furnishes management with a
“theoretical and practical tool to undertake profit sharing
no longer in the haphazard trial and error method of the
past but with a clear knowledge of engineering human
relations in industry.”— E. L. B.
Arbitration
Compulsory Arbitration of Labor Disputes in Public
Utilities. (In George Washington Law Review,
Washington, April 1949, pp. 367-380. $1.)
Discharge and Discipline Cases in Labor Arbitration. (In
Illinois Law Review, Chicago, January-February
1949, pp. 847-858.)
679
680
PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST
Cooperative Movement
Consumers’ Cooperatives [in the United States]: Operations
in 1947. Washington, U. S. Bureau of Labor Statis
tics, 1949. 26 pp., chart. (Bull. No. 948.) 20
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Sociétés Coopératives [en Bulgarie]. (In Bulletin Mensuel
de la Direction Générale de la Statistique, Sofia,
November-December 1948, pp. 196-216.)
Statistics on number, membership, and operations of
all types of Bulgarian cooperative societies in 1947 and
previous years.
Cooperative Production in France. Report of the Cooper
ative Productive Federation delegation’s visit to the
societies of the Confédération Générale des Sociétés
Coopératives Ouvrières de Production de France.
Hull, England, Cooperative Productive Federation,
[1947?]. 40 pp., illus. 2s.
Description and statistics (through 1946) of workers’
productive associations in France.
The People’s Year Book, 1949. Manchester, England,
Cooperative Wholesale Society, Ltd., [1949]. 132 pp.,
illus.
Contains detailed statistics on the cooperative movement
in Great Britain through 1947; also general articles dealing
with the development, condition, and outlook of the various
parts of the movement.
The Cooperative Movement in India, 1939-46. (In Review
of International Cooperation, London, January 1949,
pp. 15-20.)
Description and statistics of the various types of coopera
tives in India; an article on the consumers’ cooperatives
was published in the Review of International Cooperation
for February 1949 (pp. 38-43).
Cost and Standards of Living
Adequacy of American Diets. By Esther F. Phipard and
Hazel K. Stiebeling. (In Journal of the American
Medical Association, Chicago, February 26, 1949, pp.
579-585, charts. 35 cents.)
Discusses recent trends in food consumption in the
United States, and finds that “too little money for food is
still a major cause of poor diets.”
Have we Underestimated Increases in Rents and Shelter Ex
penditures? By Sherman J. Maisel. (In Journal of
Political Economy, Chicago, April 1949, pp. 106-117;
also reprinted.)
Measuring Intercity Differences in Living Costs. Washing
ton, U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1949. 7 pp.,
charts. (Serial No. R. 1952; reprinted from Monthly
Labor Review, March 1949.) Free.
Current Living Costs as Related to Standards of Public As
sistance in Pennsylvania, as of December 1948. Harris
burg, Department of Public Assistance, 1949. 27 pp.;
processed.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
Must We Have Food Surpluses? Washington, National
Planning Association, 1949. 47 pp. (Planning Pam
phlet No. 66.) 50 cents.
Described as a report of discussion in the National
Planning Association’s Agriculture Committee on National
Policy. The main questions discussed, usually without
definitive answers, are: As food surpluses come back should
we (1) eat them up at home, (2) send them overseas, or (3)
refuse to produce them? Farmers’ programs are viewed
as important but less so “than what the Nation does about
industry and consumer pay rolls.”
Labor, Life, and Poverty. By F. Zweig. London,
Gollancz, 1948. 201 pp. 7s. 6d. net.
Analyzes in popular style the spending habits of 200
British workers (mostly in London and all men), including
laborers, skilled manual workers, and a few clerical
workers. Interviews with the workers were supplemented
by talks with persons coming into contact with workers in
places providing amusement and in rehabilitation and
health centers. Author admits that statistical value of
study can be contested, but presents it as valid documenta
tion of patterns of behavior.
Employment and Unemployment
Employment Outlook in Electric Light and Power Occupa
tions. Washington, U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1949. 47 pp., illus. (Bull. No. 944.) 30 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
A Federal Tax Program to Promote Full Employment.
Washington, Congress of Industrial Organizations,
Department of Education and Research, 1949. 28
pp., charts. (Pamphlet No. 160.) $1.
Occupational Differences Among [Railroad] Unemployment
Beneficiaries, 1940-48. (In Monthly Review, U. S.
Railroad Retirement Board, Chicago, April 1949,
pp. 80-85.)
Gives statistics on benefits received and duration of
unemployment, by occupational groups, 1940-48.
Great Britain: Employment Policies and Production. By
Jean A. Flexner and Ann S. Ritter. Washington,
U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1949. 7 pp., chart.
(Serial No. R. 1951; reprinted, with additional data,
from Monthly Labor Review, March 1949.) Free.
Handicapped Workers
A Bibliography on Employment of the Physically Handi
capped. Chicago, National Society for Crippled
Children and Adults, Inc., Library, March 1949.
28 pp.; processed. Free.
How to Conquer Your Handicaps. By Marie Beynon Ray.
New York, Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1948. 336 pp. $3.
Narrative account of the methods used by various
organizations and by eminent doctors and surgeons in
aiding the handicapped to become useful and successful
REVIEW, JUNE 1949
PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST
persons. Having the will to do, with proper psychological
and physiological rehabilitation, the handicapped, accord
ing to the author, can achieve practically any goal they
set for themselves. That a successful and happy life is
possible in spite of, or because of, handicaps is demon
strated by the experiences of individual handicapped
persons— some of world renown.
Holidays and Vacations
Holidays with Pay in the Construction Industries, [Various
Countries]. (In International Labor Review, Geneva,
February 1949, pp. 173-191. 50 cents. Distributed
in United States by Washington Branch of ILO.)
Vacation Practices— 1949. By John J. Speed. (In Con
ference Board Management Record, National Indus
trial Conference Board, Inc., New York, February
1949, pp. 53-55, 85-92.)
Summarizes vacation provisions of 145 labor agreements
covering production employees and 47 covering whitecollar employees.
Industrial Hygiene
Health at Work. Abstracts of Proceedings of 13th Annual
Meeting of Industrial Hygiene Foundation of America,
Pittsburgh, November 17-19, 1948. Reported by
C. O. Sappington, M.D. (In Industrial Medicine,
Chicago, March 1949, pp. 117-129. 75 cents.)
Health Hazards in Aircraft Manufacturing. By Merril
Eisenbud. (In Industrial Medicine, Chicago, March
1949, pp. 99-102. 75 cents.)
Management of Common Occupational Skin Diseases. By
Nelson Paul Anderson, M.D. (In Journal of the
American Medical Association, Chicago, April 2, 1949,
pp. 912-922. 35 cents.)
Pneumoconiosis of Coal Miners— A Study of the Disease
After Exposure to Dust Has Ceased. By Alice Stewart.
(In British Journal of Industrial Medicine, London,
July 1948, pp. 120-140, bibliography, charts, illus.
7s. 6d.)
Follow-up study of nearly 3,500 miners who contracted
the disease in the anthracite and coal pits in South Wales.
The Work of State and Local Industrial Hygiene Agencies.
By Victoria M. Trasko. (In Public Health Reports,
Federal Security Agency, Public Health Service,
Washington, April 15, 1949, pp. 471-484. 10 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.)
Industrial Relations
Building Better Industrial Relations: A Summary of the
29th Annual Session of the Southern Industrial Rela
tions Conference, Blue Ridge, N. C., July 21-24, 1948.
Atlanta, Southern Industrial Relations Conference,
[1948?]. 122 pp.
837474— 49------ 5
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
681
Collective Bargaining Provisions: Union Management Co
operation, Plant Efficiency, and Technological Change
Washington, U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1949.
61 pp. (Bull. No. 908-10.) 20 cents, Superintendent
of Documents, Washington.
Employee Benefit Plans Under Collective Bargaining.
Washington, U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1949.
29 pp., bibliography. (Bull. No. 946; reprinted, with
additional data, from Monthly Labor Review for
January, May, and September 1948.) 20 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Industry-Wide Collective Bargaining Series: Collective Bar
gaining in the Bituminous Coal Industry, an Appraisal,
by Waldo E. Fisher ($1.50); Collective Bargaining in
the Pacific Coast Pulp and Paper Industry, by Clark
Kerr and Roger Randall (75 cents); Collective Bargain
ing in the Steel Industry, by Robert Tilove (75 cents);
Collective Bargaining in the Trucking Industry, by
Nathan P. Feinsinger (75 cents); Management Prob
lems Implicit in Multi-Employer Bargaining, by
Sylvester Garrett and L. Reed Tripp ($1); MultiEmployer Bargaining, Nature and Scope, by Frank C.
Pierson ($1); The Taft-Hartley Act and Multi-Employer
Bargaining, by Jesse Freidin (75 cents); The San
Francisco Employers' Council, by George O. Bahrs
(75 cents); The Significance of Wage Uniformity, by
Thomas Kennedy (75 cents); Social Implications of
Industry-Wide Bargaining, by Otto Poliak ($1.50).
Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Wharton
School of Finance and Commerce, Labor Relations
Council, 1948, 1949. Variously paged.
The studies listed above are summarized in this issue of
the Monthly Labor Review (p. 659). Additional studies of
the series are now in preparation.
“National Emergency” Disputes in 1948. Washington,
U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1949. 9 pp.;
processed. Free.
Chronology of appointments of boards of inquiry under
Taft-Hartley Act, and of subsequent developments, in
connection with seven disputes.
National Emergency Strikes and Public Interest. By Ben
jamin C. Sigal. (In North Carolina Law Review,
Chapel Hill, February 1949, pp. 213-219. $1.25.)
The author states four principal elements of the public
interest in the strike problem; shows how, in his opinion,
blanket governmental restriction violates these elements;
and urges “that the remedy should be prescribed for the
specific case when it arises.’'
The Effect of the Public Interest on the Right to Strike and to
Bargain Collectively. By Oscar S. Smith. (In North
Carolina Law Review, Chapel Hill, February 1949,
pp. 204-212. $1.25.)
A dispute in March 1948 at one of the atomic energy
plants is used to bring into sharper focus the problems of
maintaining equality in bargaining power when the right
to strike is abandoned, impaired, or prohibited.
PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST
682
MONTHLY LABOR
Strikes in the Public Service. By Leonard D. White. (In
Public Personnel Review, Chicago, January 1949,
pp. 3-10. $1.50.)
Varying views on strikes in the public service are cited.
The author concludes that conflicts in human relations are
not solved by prohibition, and warns against jeopardizing
freedom of group action.
Labor Legislation (General)
The President and Labor Disputes. By Clinton L. Rossiter.
(In Journal of Politics, Gainesville, Fla., February
1949, pp. 93-120.)
Good Faith Defenses Under the Portal to Portal Act of 1947.
(In George Washington Law Review, Washington,
April 1949, pp. 322-340. $1.)
Partners in Production— A Basis for Labor-Management
Understanding. A Report by the Labor Committee
of the Twentieth Century Fund, assisted by Osgood
Nichols. New York, Twentieth Century Fund, 1949.
149 pp. $1.50.
Summarized in May 1949 Monthly Labor Review (p. 539).
High Spots in State School Legislation Enacted in 1948.
Washington, National Education Association of the
United States, Research Division, 1949. 27 pp.;
processed.
Legislative changes affecting teachers are included.
Numbers of Workers
Canada, 1947,
Department of
255-260, chart.
Recopilación de Leyes del Trabajo, [Argentina]. By Julio
E. Colotti and Benigno Feito. Buenos Aires, Com
pañía Impresora Argentina, 1948. 2 vols., 885 pp.
Affected by Collective Agreements in
by Industry. (In Labor Gazette,
Labor, Ottawa, March 1949, pp.
10 cents.)
ILO Industry Committees
[Reports Prepared for Second Session of Building, Civil
Engineering, and Public Works Committee, Inter
national Labor Organization, Rome, 1949]: Report I,
General Report; Report II, Instability of Employ
ment in the Construction Industries; Report III,
Recruitment and Training in the Construction Indus
tries; Report IV , Industrial Relations. Geneva, Inter
national Labor Office, 1948,1949. 95,55, 56, 80 pp. 50,
35, 35, 50 cents, respectively. Distributed in United
States by Washington Branch of ILO.
[Reports Prepared for Third Session, Coal Mines Committee,
International Labor Organization, Pittsburgh, 1949]:
Report I, General Report; Report II, Protection of
Young Workers Employed Underground in Coal
Mines; Report III, Vocational Retraining of Disabled
Miners; Report IV , Hours of Work in Coal Mines.
Geneva, International Labor Office, 1948, 1949. 211,
40, 103, 58 pp. $1.25, 25, 75, 35 cents, respectively.
Distributed in United States by Washington Branch
of ILO.
[Reports Prepared for Second Session of Peti oleum Com
mittee, International Labor Office, Geneva, 1948]:
Report I, General Report; Report II, Recruitment and
Training; Report III, Safety in the Petroleum Industry;
Report IV , Industrial Relations. Geneva, Inter
national Labor Office, 1948. 64, 73, 18, 42 pp.
35, 50, 10, 25 cents, respectively. Distributed in
United States by Washington Branch of ILO.
[Reports Prepared for Second Session of Textiles Committee,
International Labor Organization, Geneva, 1948]:
Report I, General Report; Report II, Employment
Problems, with Special Reference to Recruitment and
Training; Report III, Industrial Relations. Geneva,
International Labor Office, 1948. 176, 119, 79 pp.
$1, 75 cents, 50 cents, respectively. Distributed in
United States by Washington Branch of ILO.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Labor and the Law. By Charles O. Gregory. New York,
W. W. Norton & Co., Inc., 1949. 523 pp. Rev. ed. $5.
Two new chapters of this book, originally published in
1946, add an account of the Taft-Hartley Act and a dis
cussion of the situation resulting from its passage.
Soviet Civil Law: Private Rights and Their Background
Under the Soviet Regime— Volume I, Comparative
Survey. By Vladimir Gsovski. Ann Arbor, Univer
sity of Michigan, Law School, 1948. xxxvii, 909 pp.
$15 for 2-vol. set (Vol. II not yet published).
A chapter on labor legislation discusses such subjects as
general trends in Soviet labor law, and measures concern
ing wages, salaries, and hours of labor, labor discipline,
labor record books, registration and compulsory transfer
of specialists and skilled workers, freezing on the job, draft
of youth for industrial training, draft of labor during the
war, and employment of disabled veterans.
Labor Organizations
Are Unions a Part of Your Business? By Glenn Gardiner.
San Francisco, California Personnel Management
Association, Research Division, 1948. 10 pp.; proc
essed. (Management Report No. 25.)
Financial Resources of Trade-Unions. By Nathan Belfer.
(In Journal of Political Economy, Chicago, April
1949, pp. 157-161. $1.50.)
State Labor Legislation, 1987-47: A Study of State Laws
Affecting the Conduct and Organization of Labor Unions.
By Sanford Cohen. Columbus, Ohio State Univer
sity, College of Commerce and Administration,
Bureau of Business Research, 1948. 150 pp., bibli
ography. $2.50.
Directory of Labor Organizations in the Territory of Hawaii.
Honolulu, Department of Labor and Industrial Rela
tions, Bureau of Research and Statistics, January
1949. 25 pp.; processed. (No. 14.)
British Trade Unionism. By Allan Flanders. London,
Bureau of Current Affairs, 1948. 64 pp., charts. 2s.
Histoire du Mouvement Syndical en France: Tome I, de
1789 á 1918; Tome II, de 1918 a 1948. By Paul
Louis. [Paris], Librairie Valois, 1947, 1948. 2 vols.,
327, 281 pp.
REVIEW, JUNE 1949
PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST
Medical Care; Sickness insurance
Health Programs in Collective Bargaining. By John M.
Brumm. Urbana, University of Illinois, Institute of
Labor and Industrial Relations, 1949. 22 pp., bibli
ography. (Publications Series A, Vol. 3, No. 1.)
5 cents.
Proceedings of a Conference on Medical Administrative
Problems in Commerce and Industry, Sponsored by
* * * Columbia University, May 5, 1948. New
York, Columbia University, [1948?]. 95 pp., charts.
New Disability Benefits Law, [New York]. (In Industrial
Bulletin, New York State Department of Labor,
New York, May 1949, pp. 2-5.)
Studies in Disability Insurance: I, State and Federal
Disability Insurance Systems; II, The Nature and
Extent of Voluntary Disability Insurance in New
York State; III, Basic Types of State Disability Insur
ance Systems; IV , The State-Wide Cost of Disability
Insurance for New York State; V, Costs of a Disability
Insurance System for New York State. New York,
State Department of Labor, Division of Research
and Statistics, 1949. Variously paged; processed.'
("Publication No. B-16, Parts I-IV .)
Union and Union-Management Health Insurance Plans in
New York State, January 1949. New York, State
Department of Labor, Division of Research and
Statistics, 1949. 31 pp.; processed. (Publication
No. B-19.)
The British National Health Service. By Burnet M. Davis,
M.D. (In Public Health Reports, Federal Security
Agency, Public Health Service, Washington, Febru
ary 11, 1949, pp. 161-191, bibliography. 10 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.)
Describes the program for providing free medical, dental,
and nursing care to the British population, under the
National Health Service Act, 1946, as it went into effect
July 5, 1948.
Health Services in Britain. New York, British Information
Services, Reference Division, 1948. 23 pp., bibliog
raphy, map. (I. D. 753, rev.)
Concise official account of the British national health
services program. The content of this report covers some
of the ground of the study listed above.
Prices
Economic Institute on Delivered Pricing and the Future of
American Business, Washington, D. C., December 9
and 10, 1948. Washington, Chamber of Commerce
of the United States, Economic Research Depart
ment, [1949?]. 232 pp. $1.50.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
683
Introduction to Agricultural Prices. By Warren C. Waite
and Harry C. Trelogan. Minneapolis, Burgess Pub
lishing Co., 1948. 227 pp., maps, charts; processed.
Treatise on price variations and price relationships
among agricultural products.
Primary Market Prices and Indexes for Agricultural Ma
chinery and Equipment. Washington, U. S. Bureau
of Labor Statistics, 1949. 30 pp., charts; processed.
Free.
Average wholesale prices for each year and by month,
1946-48, and index numbers by year, 1913-48.
Typical Electric Bills, Cities of 50,000 Population and
More— Typical Net Monthly Bills as of January 1,
1949, for Residential, Commercial, and Industrial
Services. Washington, Federal Power Commission,
1949. xviii, 33 pp., map, charts. 25 cents.
Pricing of Military Procurements. By John Perry Miller.
New Haven, Yale University Press, 1949. 292 pp.,
charts. (Studies in National Policy.) $4.
Analysis of the purchasing policies of the armed services,
with particular attention to matters of price.
Wages, Salaries, and Hours of Labor
General Wage Increases in Manufacturing Industries:
I, Production Workers, 1940-48; II, Clerical Workeis,
1945-48. New York, National Industrial Conference
Board, Inc., 1949. 40 pp. (Studies in Labor Sta
tistics, No. 1.)
Wage Chronology No. 8: United States Steel Corp., 193748. Washington, U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1949. 7 pp. (Serial No. R. 1949; reprinted from
Monthly Labor Review, February 1949.) Free.
Wage Chronology No. 4, Bituminous-Coal Mines, 193348, is available in Serial No. R. 1950 (reprinted from
Monthly Labor Review, March 1949).
Salaries of Office Clerical Workers in Philadelphia, January
1949. Washington, U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1949. 13 pp.; processed. Free.
Similar reports in this series on salaries of office workers
in various cities are also available for Atlanta, Ga.,
Chicago, 111., Hartford, Conn., Los Angeles, Calif., New
Orleans, La., Portland, Oreg., St. Louis, Mo., and Seattle,
Wash.
Salaries and Salary Schedules of City-School Employees,
1948-49. Washington, National Education Associa
tion, Research Division, 1949. 29 pp. (Research
Bull., Vol. XXVII, No. 2.) 50 cents.
Salaries and Working Conditions of Policemen in Various
Georgia Police Departments. By James E. Gates.
Athens, University of Georgia, College of Business
Administration, 1949. 15 pp.; processed. (Public
Administration Series, No. 4.)
PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST
684
Miscellaneous
Agricultural Economics Research: A Journal of Economic
and Statistical Research in the Bureau of Agricultural
Economics and Cooperating Agencies, Volume 1, No. 1.
Washington, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau
of Agricultural Economics, January 1949. 36 pp.,
charts. 20 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.
This initial issue includes notes on the journal; four
articles, including one on parity prices; and book reviews.
The Economic Reports of the President, As Transmitted to
the Congress, January 1949, January 1947, July 1947,
January 1948, July 1948, Together with the Joint
Congressional Committee Reports of 1947 and 1948.
New York, Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1949. 333 pp.,
charts. $2.75.
The Emerging Peacetime Economy. (In Survey of Cur
rent Business, U. S. Department of Commerce,
Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Wash
ington, February 1949, pp. 1-32, charts. 30 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.)
Presents the major business indicators for 1948 in
comparison with earlier periods, and includes detailed
discussion of the major movements in the economy.
The Gift of Freedom: A Study of the Economic and Social
Status of Wage Earners in the United States. Wash
ington, U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1949.
142 pp., bibliography, charts, illus.
55 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C.
Excerpts from this study were given in the Monthly
Labor Review for March 1949 (p. 284).
Labor in Postwar America. Edited by Colston E. Warne
and others. Brooklyn, Remsen Press, 1949. 765 pp.
$ 10 .
The 36 contributors to the present volume, in 32 chap
ters and several appendixes, have dealt with all major
phases of postwar labor. They have emphasized the
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changes in public policy, legislative, administrative, and
judicial, culminating in the “countermarch” of the
Taft-Hartlev Act against earlier policies more favorable
to labor. The volume was prepared in advance of the
change in outlook resulting from the 1948 elections.
Labor relations in 11 key industries, such as coal, steel,
and railroads, are discussed in some detail. Separate
chapters are devoted to special groups (women workers,
Negro labor, professional and clerical groups, young per
sons, workers in agriculture, and labor in Japan and in
the American Zone of Germany).
Memorandum on University Research Programs in the
Field of Labor, 1949. Washington, Social Science
Research Council, Committee on Labor Market
Research, 1949. 52 pp.; processed.
Estimates of Aged Population, by State, 1940-48. (In
Social Security Bulletin, Federal Security Agency,
Social Security Administration, Washington, Jan
uary 1949, pp. 23, 24. 20 cents, Superintendent of
Documents, Washington.)
Employment, Unemployment, Wages, Hours of Labor, Re
tail Prices, and Industrial Disputes [in Great Britain]
in 1948. (In Ministry of Labor Gazette, London,
January 1949, pp. 2-7. 6d. net, H. M. Stationery
Office, London.)
Report on Prices, Wages, and Labor Statistics of the Domin
ion of New Zealand for the Year 1947. Wellington,
Census and Statistics Department, 1948. 38 pp.,
charts. 2s. 6d., Government Printer, Wellington.
Le Peuplement des Nouveaux Territoires Polonais. By
Jean Daric. (In Population, Ministère de la Santé
Publique et de la Population, Institut National
d’Études Démographiques, Paris, October-December
1948, pp. 691-712, maps.)
Discussion, with historical comparisons, of settlement
by Polish people of the former German territories now
under Polish administration, with comments on the man
power situation and needs in Poland.
Current Labor Statistics
A.—Employment and Pay Rolls
687 Table A -l: Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours
worked, and sex
688 Table A-2: Wage and salary workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
division
688 Table A-3: Wage and salary workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry
group
689 Table A-4: Wage and salary workers in nonagricultural establishments for selected
States
690 Table A-5: Wage and salary workers in manufacturing industries, by State
691 Table A-6: Production workers in manufacturing industries
694 Table A-7: Indexes of production-worker employment in manufacturing industries
696 Table A-8: Indexes of production-worker weekly pay rolls in manufacturing
industries
699 Table A-9: Employees in selected nonmanufacturing industries
700 Table A-10 : Indexes of employment in selected nonmanufacturing industries
700 Table A -11 Indexes of weekly pay rolls in selected nonmanufacturing industries
701 Table A-12: Federal civilian employment by branch and agency group
702 Table A -l3: Federal civilian pay rolls by branch and agency group
703 Table A -14: Civilian Government employment and pay rolls in Washington,
D. C., by branch and agency group
704 Table A -l 5 Personnel and pay in military branch of Federal Government
B.—Labor Turn-Over
704
table B 1: Monthly labor turn-over rates (per 100 employees) in manufacturing
industries, by class of turn-over
705 Table B-2: Monthly labor turn-over rates (per 100 employees) in selected
groups and industries
C.—Earnings and Honrs
707 Table C -l: Hours and gross earnings in manufacturing and nonmanufacturing
industries
718 Table C-2: Flours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing in
dustries for selected States and areas
720 Table C-3: Average hourly earnings, gross and exclusive of overtime, of production
workers in manufacturing industries
721 Table C-4: Gross average weekly earnings of production workers in selected in
dustries, in current and 1939 dollars
721 Table C-5: Gross and net spendable average weekly earnings of production
workers in manufacturing industries, in current and 1939 dollars
722 Table C-6: Earnings and hours of contract construction workers, by type of
contractor
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685
CURRENT LABOR STATISTICS
686
M ONTHLY LABOR
D.—Prices and Cost of Living
724 Table D -l: Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families in large cities, by
group of commodities
725 Table D-2: Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families, by city, for
selected periods
726 Table D-3: Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families, by city and
group of commodities
727 Table D-4: Indexes of retail prices of foods, by group, for selected periods
728 Table D-5: Indexes of retail prices of foods, by city
729 Table D-6: Average retail prices and indexes of selected foods
730 Table D-7: Indexes of wholesale prices, by group of commodities, for selected
periods
731 Table D-8: Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
E.—Work Stoppages
732 Table E -l: Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes
F.—Building and Construction
732 Table F -l: Expenditures for new construction
733 Table F-2: Value of contracts awarded and force-account work started on federally
financed new construction, by type of construction
734 Table F-3: Urban building authorized, by principal class of construction and by
type of building
735 Table F-4: New nonresidential building authorized in all urban places, by general
type and by geographic division
736 Table F-5: Number and construction cost of new pertnanent nonfarm dwelling units
started, by urban or rural location, and by source of funds
N o t e .— Earlier
figures in many of the series appearing in the following tables are shown in the Handbook of
Labor Statistics, 1947 Edition (BLS Bulletin 916). The Handbook also contains descriptions of the
techniques used in compiling these data and information on the coverage of the different series. For
convenience in referring to the historical statistics, the tables in this issue of the Monthly Labor Review
are keyed to tables in the Handbook.
M L R
ta b le
H andbook
ta b le
A - l ________ _______
A -2________ _______
A -3________ _______
A -4________ --------------A -5________ _______
A -6________ _______
A -7________ --------------A -8________ _______
A -9________ _______
A -10_______ ---------------
M L R
ta b le
A-12 A - l l _______ _______
A -l A -12_______ _______
A-3 A -13_______ --------------0 ) A -14_______ _______
A-2 A -15_______ _______
A-4 B - l ________ _______
(2) B -2 ________ _______
A-5 C - l________ _______
A-6 C -2________ --------------0
C -3________ _______
1 N ew or revised series; not included in Handbook.
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H andbook
ta b le
M L R
ta b le
H andbook
ta b le
M L R
ta b le
A-6 0 - 4 ------------------------fi) D -8 .
A-8 C -5________________ C-10 E - l .
C -l F - l .
0 ) C -6________________
A-7 D - l ________________ D - l F -2 .
A-9 D -2 ________________ D -2 F -3 .
B -l D -3 ________________ D -2 F -4 .
B-2 D -4 ________________ D -4 F -5 .
C -l D -5 _________D -2 and D -3
D -4
0 ) D -6 __________
C-2 D -7 ________________
D -5
J N ot included in 1947 edition of Handbook.
H andbook
ta b le
D -6
E-3
H -l
H -2
H -4
REVIEW, JUNE 1949
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
687
A: Employment and Pay Rolls
T able A -l: Estimated Total Labor Force Classified by Employment Status, Hours Worked, and Sex
Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over 1 (in thousands)
Labor force
1949
Apr.
Mar.
1948
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.*
Oct.
Sept.»
Aug.
July >
June
M ay
Apr.
Total, both sexes
Total labor force •_.............................................
62,327
62,305
61,896
61, 546
62, 828
63,138
63,166
63, 578
64, 511
65,135
64, 740
61,660
61, 760
Civilian labor force..............................................
Unemployment..............................................
Employm ent........... ......................................
Nonagricultural________ _____ ___
Worked 35 hours or more_______
Worked 15-34 hours...... ................
Worked 1-14 hours 4 ______
With a job but not at work «____
A gricultural...____________________
Worked 35 hours or more____ _
Worked 15-34 hours........ .............__
Worked 1-14 hours 4....................
With a job but not at work «____
60,835
3,016
57,819
49,999
40,761
5,913
1,888
1,438
7,820
5,656
1,700
243
221
60,814
3,167
57,647
50, 254
40, 761
5,964
1,944
1,585
7,393
4,973
1,833
357
231
60,388
3, 221
57,167
50,174
40, 830
5,737
1,876
1,730
6,993
4, 591
1,776
367
260
60,078
2, 664
57,414
50, 651
41,314
5, 533
1,899
1,907
6, 763
4, 299
1,725
392
345
61,375
1,941
59, 434
52,059
43, 425
5,303
1,844
1,488
7,375
6,235
1,680
265
196
61, 724
1,831
59, 893
51, 932
40,036
8, 469
1,877
1, 549
7, 961
5,485
1, 997
279
201
61, 775
1, 642
60,134
51, 506
42, 451
5, 747
1, 726
1, 583
8, 627
6,811
1, 455
223
140
62, 212
1,899
60,312
51, 590
30,372
17,149
1, 596
2, 472
8,723
6,705
1,636
218
165
63,186
1,941
61,245
52,801
42,305
4,811
1,447
4,239
8, 444
6,122
1,669
249
405
63, 842
2, 227
61,615
52, 452
32, 404
12,147
1,394
6,508
9,163
7,011
1,767
203
184
63, 479
2,184
61, 296
51, 899
43, 240
4,910
1,403
2,348
9, 396
7,390
1,669
182
154
60,422
1, 761
58, 660
50,800
42, 726
4,886
1,637
1,550
7, 861
6,936
1,513
201
211
60, 524
2,193
58,330
50, 883
42,179
4,902
1,776
2,027
7, 448
5, 670
1,336
187
255
Males
Total labor force8. . . . . . .
45,143
45,000 | 44,721
44, 614
45,012
45,182
45, 229
45,453
46, 525
46, 715
46,039
44, 519
44, 589
Civilian labor force___________________
U nemployment___ ______ ________
Employm ent........... .................. .....................
N onagricultural...________________
Worked 35 hours or more_______
Worked 15-34 hours.........................
Worked 1-14 hours 4 ................... .
With a job but not at work •____
Agricultural_______________________
Worked 35 hours or m o re.............
Worked 15-34 hours........ ............ .
Worked 1-14 hours 4______ . .
With a job but not at work *____
43, 668
2,205
41,463
34,714
29,621
3,237
825
1,032
6,749
5, 372
1,023
153
201
43, 525
2,433
41,092
34, 622
29,425
3,286
802
1,109
6,470
4,738
1,294
223
216
43,229
2,417
40,812
34,689
29,425
3,199
825
1,239
6,123
4,344
1,263
270
246
43,161
2,011
41,150
35,193
29,888
3,075
879
1,352
5, 957
4,102
1,261
275
318
43,573
1,411
42,162
35, 991
31,469
2,678
763
1,082
6,171
4,813
1,046
143
170
43, 782
1, 231
42, 551
36,079
29, 442
4, 719
808
1,110
6, 472
5,007
1,120
163
182
43,851
1,088
42, 763
36, 016
31,081
3,092
711
1,132
6,747
5, 772
738
124
114
44,101
1,251
42,850
35, 960
23,115
10, 577
646
1,622
6,890
5,858
743
138
151
45, 215
1,326
43,889
36,836
31,226
2,599
563
2,448
7,053
5,663
882
179
330
45, 437
1,448
43, 989
36, 633
24,344
7, 766
563
3,962
7,356
6,152
903
145
157
44, 794
1,375
43, 420
36,162
31,700
2,535
597
1, 332
7,257
6,310
707
111
129
43, 298
1,239
42,058
35, 386
31,006
2,565
709
1,105
6,673
5, 525
862
136
150
43, 369
1,667
41,801
35, 352
30, 575
2,625
787
1,465
6,450
5, 321
816
124
189
Females
Total labor force • . . . ____ __________________
17,184
17,305
17,175
16, 932
17,816
17,956
17,937
18,125
17,986
18,420
18, 701
17,141
17,171
Civilian labor force............................... ..............
Unemplovment
..
Em ploym ent________________ _ .
Nonagricultural.......................................
Worked 35 hours or more _______
Worked 15-34 hours____________
Worked 1-14 hours 4. . .....................
With a job but not at work *____
Agricultural........... .............. ...................
Worked 35 hours or more...............
Worked 15-34 h o u rs.......................
Worked 1-14 hours 4.......................
With a job but not at work 4____
17,167
811
16, 356
15,285
11,140
2, 676
1,063
406
1,071
284
677
90
20
17, 289
734
16, 555
15,632
11,336
2,678
1.142
476
923
235
539
134
15
17,159
804
16,355
15,485
11,405
2,538
1,051
491
870
247
513
97
14
16,917
653
16,264
15,458
11,426
2, 458
1,020
555
806
197
464
117
27
17,802
530
17,272
16,068
11,956
2, 625
1,081
406
1,204
422
634
122
26
17,942
600
17,342
15, 853
10, 594
3, 750
1,069
439
1,489
478
877
116
19
17,924
554
17, 371
15, 490
11,370
2, 655
1,015
451
1, 880
1, 039
717
99
26
18,111
648
17, 462
15,630
7, 257
6, 572
950
850
1,833
847
893
80
14
17,971
615
17,356
15,965
11,079
2,212
884
1,791
1,391
459
787
70
75
18,405
779
17,626
15,819
8,060
4,381
831
2, 546
1,807
859
864
58
27
18,685
809
17,876
15, 737
11, 540
2, 375
806
1,016
2,139
1,080
962
71
25
17,124
522
16, 602
15, 414
11, 720
2,321
928
445
1,188
411
651
65
61
17,155
626
16, 529
15, 531
11,604
2,377
989
562
998
349
520
63
66
1 Estimates are subject to sampling variation which may be large in cases
where the quantities shown are relatively small. Therefore, the smaller
estim ates should be used with caution. All data exclude persons in institu
tions. Because of rounding, the individual figures do not necessarily add to
group totals.
* Census survey week contains legal holiday.
•"Total labor force consists of the civilian labor force and the armed forces.
4 Excludes persons engaged only in incidental unpaid family work (less than
15 hours); these persons are classified as not in the labor force.
• Includes persons who had a job or business, but who did not work during
the census week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor dispute, or
because of temporary lay-off with definite instructions to return to work
within 30 days of lay-off. Does not include unpaid family workers.
Source: U. 8. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
N ote.—Explanatory notes outlining briefly the concepts, methodology, size of the reporting sample, and
sources used in preparing data presented in tables A-2 through A-15 are contained in the Bureau’s monthly mimeo
graphed release, “Employment and Pay Rolls—Detailed Report,” which is available upon request.
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MONTHLY LABOR
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
T able A-2: Wage and Salary Workers in Nonagricultural Establishments, by Industry Division 1
fin thousands]
Annual
average
1948
1949
Industry division
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Nov.
Dec.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
1943
1939
Total employment____________ _____ ____ 43, 937 43,871 44, 016 44,350 46,088 45,739 45,877 45,889 45, 478 45,098 45,009 44,616 44, 299 42,042 30, 287
M anufacturing________________________ 15,338 15, 597 15, 774 15,890 16,283 16, 461 16, 597 16,697 16,441 16,172 16,115 15,892 15,950 17,381 10,078
917
845
935
817
922
952
950
938
941
948
925
939
914
922
919
M ining
____________________ ________
89
82
83
82
81
81
82
82
82
83
82
82
81
80
Anthracite
_ __________ ______
80
309
437
388
423
395
426
421
426
419
422
426
423
409
417
407
Bituminous coal______________ - ___
126
103
102
104
103
103
99
99
103
100
100
104
101
105
106
M etal
______________ ____ 90
76
95
93
97
98
97
95
96
98
87
93
87
85
91
Quarrying and nonmetallic__________
Crude" petroleum and natural gas pro
189
234
230
181
241
246
246
241
242
237
238
235
240
233
235
duction 1
_____________________
1,150
Contract construction 3__ ___ ___________ 1,937 1,838 1,820 1, 906 2, 079 2,162 2,206 2,239 2, 253 2, 219 2,173 2,052 1,933 1, 567
2,912
Transportation and public utilities
3,929 3,920 3,956 3, 978 4.066 4,066 4,091 4,092 4,139 4,136 4,105 4,042 3, 974 3, 619
2,080
2,746
2,809
2,
744
Transportation
___ _ . _ ________ 2, 679 2,671 2, 703 2,729 2,809 2,809 2,836 2,832 2,869 2,873 2,860
391
731
488
734
731
745
741
747
734
740
740
740
736
732
731
Communication __________________
441
385
502
499
518
511
519
523
517
515
517
515
517
517
519
Other public utilities__ ____________
6,705
Trade
- ________ - ______________ 9,685 9, 531 9,513 9,625 10,381 10,034 9,889 9,733 9,660 9,646 9,670 9,617 9,576 7,322
1,382
1,704
1,
401
1,
716
1,726
Finance - ____ ______ ____ __________ 1,728 1,718 1, 712 1, 716 1,722 1,720 1,723 1,732 1, 761 1, 754
3, 228
Service
_______ ___ _______________ 4,628 4,591 4, 560 4, 549 4, 624 4,644 4,641 4.647 4, 622 4,645 4,663 . 4, 738 4,768 3, 786
3,987
G overnm ent___________________________ 5,773 5,762 5, 759 5, 761 5,994 5,714 5, 789 5,801 5,650 5,604 5, 607 5,624 5, 577 6,049
898
Federal
_ _______________ ______ L885 1,877 1,877 1,876 2,156 1,856 1. 875 1,873 1,855 1,837 1,804 1, 788 1, 771 2,875
3,174
3,089
3,836
3,806
3.803
3,
767
3,928
3,
795
3,858
3,914
State and local______________________ 3,888 3,885 3, 882 3,885 3,838
Security Agency data through 1946 and have been carried forward from 1946
bench-mark levels, thereby providing consistent series. Data for the three
most recent months are subject to revision.
1 Includes well drilling and rig building.
a These figures cover all employees of private firms whose major activity is
construction. They are not directly comparable with the construction em
ployment series presented in table 2, p. 1111, of the June 1947 issue of this
publication, which include self-employed persons, working proprietors, and
force-account workers and other employees of nonconstruction firms or public
bodies who engage in construction work, as well as all employees of con
struction firms. An article presenting this other construction employment
series appeared in the August 1947 issue of this publication, and will appear
quarterly thereafter.
1 The Bureau of Labor Statistics series of employment in nonagricultural
establishments are based upon reports submitted by cooperating establish
ments and therefore differ from employment information obtained by house
hold interviews, such as the M onthly Report on the Labor Force (table A -l)
in several important respects. The Bureau of Labor Statistics data cover
all full- and part-time wage and salary workers in private nonagricultural
establishments who worked or received pay during the pay period ending
nearest the 15th of the month, in Federal establishments during the pay
period ending just before the first of the month, and in State and local govern
ment during the pay period ending on or just before the last of the month.
Persons who worked in more than one establishment during the reporting
period would be counted more than once. Proprietors, self-employed per
sons, domestic servants, unpaid family workers, and personnel of the armed
forces are excluded. Data have been adjusted to levels indicated by Federal
T able A-3: Wage and Salary Workers in Manufacturing Industries, by Major Industry Group 1
[In thousands]
Annual
average
1948
1949
Major industry group
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
1943
1939
All manufacturing__________ __________ 15,338 15, 597 15, 774 15,890 16,283 16,461 16,597 16,697 16, 441 16,172 16,115 15, 892 15,950 17,381
Durable goods... _____________ ______ 7,665 7,782 7,895 8,005 8, 222 8,303 8,318 8,294 8,188 8,165 8,122 8,114 8,164 10, 297
Nondurable goods ------- ----------------- 7,673 7,815 7,879 7,885 8,061 8,158 8, 279 8,403 8,253 8,007 7,993 7, 778 7,786 7,084
10,078
4,357
5, 720
Iron and steel and their products-------------- 1,788
664
Electrical machinery . . . ---------------------Machinery, except electrical ----------------- 1,442
Transportation equipment, except automo
565
biles
. . _______________________
969
A utom obiles...
. . . . --------------------424
Nonferrous metals and their products_____
805
Lumber and timber basic products.. ____
512
Furniture and finished lumber products. .
496
Stone, clay, and glass products----------------Textile-mill products and other fiber manu1,220
factures.
. ______ _______ ___ . . . . .
Apparel and other finished textile prod.ucts. 1,307
402
Leather and leather products____________
Food. _____ _____________ _____________ 1,707
95
Tobacco manufactures__________________
463
Psper and allied products-----------------------725
Printing, publishing, and allied industries.
758
Chemicals and allied products— ----------237
Products of petroleum and coal__________
226
Rubber products----- -- ------------------------533
Miscellaneous industries-------------------------
1,835
680
1,489
1, 865
699
1, 515
1,892
715
1,536
1,935
730
1,560
1,952
735
1,563
1,955
731
1,569
1,945
725
1,569
1, 928
716
1,564
1,897
714
1, 571
1,904
726
1,577
1,894
727
1,568
1,897
742
1,562
2,034
914
1, 585
1,171
355
690
574
951
437
787
519
510
577
952
449
793
527
518
580
972
455
800
529
526
588
980
468
870
552
539
588
977
474
908
562
544
583
982
473
918
562
545
572
985
469
930
558
541
542
953
465
930
552
538
561
984
457
912
542
527
562
918
469
881
550
535
565
964
467
851
548
530
589
979
475
833
561
526
2,951
845
525
589
429
422
193
466
283
465
385
349
1,271
1,364
412
1,696
95
471
724
774
237
232
539
1,313
1,366
412
1, 694
96
476
727
777
237
235
546
1,323
1,310
410
1,723
96
481
729
784
238
240
551
1,358
1,327
409
1,792
100
491
738
788
240
246
572
1,368
1,340
408
1,840
103
493
734
790
242
249
591
1, 371
1,353
421
1,931
103
491
735
789
240
248
597
1,384
1,348
425
2,009
101
487
725
785
245
246
588
1,397
1,329
429
1, 957
99
479
720
775
246
245
577
1,364
1,235
421
1,903
96
476
716
751
247
240
558
1, 418
1,263
419
1,786
98
477
719
762
245
243
563
1,416
1,247
404
1, 610
97
476
718
769
242
243
566
1,425
1,268
418
1,562
99
476
718
767
238
246
569
1,330
1,080
378
1,418
103
389
549
873
170
231
663
1, 235
894
383
1,192
105
320
561
421
147
150
311
i Data include all full- and part-time production and nonproduction
worker* ia manufacturing industries who worked or received pay during the
pay peried entti&s nearest the 15th of the month. Data have been adjusted
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
to levels indicated by Federal Security Agency data through 1946 and have
been carried forward from 1946 bench-mark levels, thereby providing consistent series. Data for the three most recent months are subject to revision.
REVIEW, JUNE 1949
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
689
T able A-4: Wage and Salary Workers in Nonagricultural Establishments for Selected S tates1
[In thousands]
1949
1948
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Annual
average
1945
243
90
1, 645
267
729
248
91
1, 662
273
739
251
92
1,680
276
751
*264
95
1. 755
288
*781
263
94
1.728
289
*778
*268
94
1,733
289
*780
*278
95
1,735
290
*780
*281
96
1,726
286
*774
*277
95
1,714
287
*772
*268
96
1,731
289
*778
*256
95
1,720
288
*777
*251
94
1,712
290
*779
*256
94
1, 720
292
*778
301
91
1,734
313
799
5, 429
1,517
3, 541
5, 454
1,523
3,549
5,481
1,538
3, 581
5, 699
1,586
3,701
5, 649
1,585
3, 671
5.661
1,594
3, 668
5, 653
1.604
3,660
5, 618
1, 599
3,627
5, 559
1,589
3, 586
5, 570
1,592
3,609
5,521
1,576
3, 579
5.508
1,568
3, 522
5,538
1,563
3,584
5, 268
1, 732
S, 480
1,154
3,086
957
1,165
3,112
961
1,176
3,157
971
1,225
3, 256
1,006
1, 215
3,230
1,000
1,220
3,228
1,003
1.237
3, 218
1,018
1.203
3,195
1,007
1,205
3,185
1,016
1,207
3,174
993
1,197
3,126
977
1,183
3,110
973
1,194
3,144
974
1,191
2, 557
S85
763
1,098
431
767
1,099
428
775
1,112
434
809
1.158
454
813
1,144
447
813
1,153
447
825
1,144
449
823
1,141
445
813
1,140
442
803
1,139
442
782
1,126
432
767
1,120
420
762
1,120
415
1,081
454
688
726
690
727
699
730
723
753
723
751
719
753
720
749
714
747
707
736
707
742
698
739
686
738
885
740
756
73*
715
715
722
751
749
754
757
756
745
744
741
733
734
669
291
464
1, 746
289
459
1, 744
295
462
1, 752
311
480
1,808
306
*476
*1, 778
308
*476
*1, 767
306
475
1,758
301
469
1, 746
299
407
1, 740
298
470
1, 725
294
459
1,702
28®
452
1,693
282
42®
1,67®
277
486
1,644
137
119
73
130
153
174
45
135
118
73
130
154
169
45
137
123
74
130
154
168
46
142
131
78
*132
159
184
48
142
132
79
*130
156
186
48
143
133
S3
*130
*155
191
48
143
132
87
133
154
195
49
142
121
87
132
*154
189
50
141
121
85
131
155
189
50
139
118
82
130
*155
184
49
136
116
75
128
*155
180
48
136
11*
72
124
156
171
48
133
115
70
122
*15®
173
47
117
191
S4
95
142
J 187
55
653
2,963
641
2,970
646
2,996
688
3,117
692
3, 086
704
3,123
707
3,162
693
3,147
687
3,109
671
3,078
648
3,046
665
3, 024
654
3,029
726
3,065
Region and State
N ew England:
M aine______
V erm ont 1 _____
Massachusetts, _
Rhode Island .
C on n e c tic u t.___
Middle Atlantic:
New York___
New Jersey ___
Pennsylvania._________
East North Central:
In d ian a ___
Illinois ..
Wisconsin______
West North Central:
Minnesota_______
M issouri..
Kansas______
South Atlantic:
M aryland_____
Georgia_____
East South Central:
T en nessee...
West South Central:
Arkansas____
Oklahoma____
Texas______
Mountain:
M ontana_____
Idaho______
Wyoming_______
New Mexico
Arizona______
U tah_______
N evad a 3
Pacific:
W ashington.. .
California.. .
1 Revised data in all except the first three columns are identified by an
asterisk for the first month’s publication of such data. Comparable series,
January 1943 to date, are available upon request to U. S. Department of
Labor or cooperating State agency. See table A-5 for addresses of cooperating
State agencies.
»37474— 4$
6
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
*5Does not include contract construction,
3 Average for 1943 may not be strictly comparable with current data.
m
MONTHLY LABOR
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
690
T able A -5 : Wage and Salary Workers in Manufacturing Industries, by State1
[In thousands]
1948
1949
Region and State
Mar.
New England:
102.0
M ain e3
____________
74.9
New H a m p sh ire..____________
33.4
Verm ont3
______
675.8
M assaohusetts
______
128. 2
Rhode, Island
367.4
C onnecticut3_________________
Middle Atlantic:
N ew York 3 __________________ 1, 790. 0
695.0
N ew J ersey__________________
Pennsylvania_________________ 1, 429.8
East North Central:
Ohio
__________________ 1,163. 7
In d ia n a ______________________ ' 519.4
Illinois
_ _ ______________ 1,171.1
941.6
M ichigan.. _____________ ____
407.8
Wisconsin 3___________________
West North Central:
189.0
M innesota3. _______ _______
149.9
Io w a 3
. _ _____________
337.8
M issouri3. . _________________
6.5
North Dakota_________________
11.8
South Dakota_________________
40.9
Nebraska_________________ ___
86.0
Kansas 3................................... .........
South Atlantic:
44.4
Delaware_____________________
215.6
Maryland____________________
17.1
District of Columbia _______
204.1
Virginia.. ___________________
126.6
West Virginia._____ __________
North Carolina______ _________ 351.2
South Carolina________________ 188.0
263. 5
Georgia 3_____________________
96.6
Florida3______________ _____ _
East South Central:
K entu ck y............................ ........... 120.2
Tennessee * ........... ............. ........... 234.2
Alabama 3______________ _____ 218.9
79.7
M ississippi_________ __________
West South Central:
72.4
Arkansas 3______ ______ _______
147.1
Louisiana 3___________________
62.8
Oklahoma3___________________
337.3
T e x a s _______________________
Mountain:
17.1
M ontana________ ___________
17.9
Idaho 3_______________________
5.9
Wyoming 3_________________ .
52.3
Colorado_____________________
9.0
New Mexico 3 . . _________ . .
15.2
Arizona 3_____________________
Utah 3________________________
25.9
3.1
N ev a d a 3___ __________________
Pacific:
170.4
Washington3_________________
102. 2
Oregon ____________________
690.3
California
. . . .
Oct.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
*113.3
82. 1
36.9
727.9
142.8
*400.6
*120.4
82.1
37.3
731.3
144.7
*399.9
*121. 5
83.6
37.9
725.6
144.1
*396.3
*117.1
82.1
37.1
710.0
144.8
*394.7
*111.8
82.7
37.8
726.1
146.5
*402. 5
*105.9
81.6
37.7
723.4
147.0
*405.8
*103. 6
82.6
38.0
729.7
149.9
*411.5
*111.2
84. 4
38. 7
745.7
153. 6
*418.1
144.4
77.0
41.3
835. 6
169.4
504.2
1, 809. 0 1, 807. 8 1, 853.1 1,884.7 1,896.9 1,900. 0 1, 878. 4 1,818.4 1, 842.7 1, 829.5 1,849.9 1, 904. 0
746.0 *754.2
740.7
732.8
741.8
750.4
740.9
743.9
724.7
747.8
702.3
707.2
1, 447. 0 1,461.7 1, 498.9 1, 504.0 1, 508.1 1, 508.1 1, 498. 0 1,481. 2 1,495. 4 1,489. 4 1,497. 5 1, 514. 3
2,115.7
951.1
1, 579.3
1,180.5 1,190.6 1 210.4 1, 224. 6 1, 226. 5 1,231.8 1,224. 5 1, 216. 4 1, 228. 2 1,221.3 1, 230.7 1, 244. 0
552.8
541.9
540.0
544.1
545.5
569.4
542.7
545.8
551.6
533.5 ’ 542. 9
' 528. 0
1,191.7 1,211.5 1,234. 5 1, 242. 7 1, 243.3 1, 243.8 1,231.0 1, 227. 4 1, 228.7 1,203. 5 1,198. 0 1, 253.5
998.5 1, 002. 7 1, 010.9
962.7
996.8
993. 4 1, 002.0 1,004.9
987.8
972.9
988. 5
947.4
426.3
432.5
420.0
429.7
447.9
426.5
430.7
431.8
445.9
434.5
411.4
415.5
1,363.3
633.1
1,263.7
1,181.8
442. 8
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
106.3
77.9
35.0
690.8
134.3
379.0
107.8
77.7
35.4
696.7
136.1
387.6
*109.9
79.2
36.3
715.5
139.5
*394.2
*110. 6
80.4
36.7
722.8
142.1
*399.8
189.7
152.3
339.3
6.4
11.6
41.6
86.0
191.7
153.9
342.0
6.6
11.7
42.4
86.6
197.5
155.9
345.5
6.6
12.0
42.9
87.8
200.8
153.8
347.2
6.9
12.2
44.1
87.8
201.9
153.8
349.8
7.0
11.9
43.6
88.3
210.2
153.9
347.3
6.8
11.6
42.4
87.5
210.0
153.0
349.1
6.9
11.7
43.1
87.6
206.6
152.1
345.7
7.0
11.8
43.6
87.6
203.3
149.8
343.9
7.1
11.9
43.0
87.6
190.9
135.1
339.3
6.7
11.3
36.1
80.7
188.7
133.8
339.9
6.4
11.3
34.9
75.4
198.0
153.7
346.6
6.3
11.0
42.4
79.8
215.1
161.7
412.9
5. 6
10.3
60.8
144.2
44.8
218.0
16.8
205.9
128.4
358.5
190.9
265. 7
99.5
44.5
219.1
16.7
206.3
129.6
360.1
188.8
266.6
99.3
44.8
227.7
17.1
211.3
132.3
367.2
193.0
271.7
99.7
45.2
233.0
17.0
215.5
132.7
369.3
193.6
277.6
97.3
46.3
235.3
16.9
218.4
134.1
370.8
193.8
279.9
90.7
48.9
242.4
17.0
217.7
132.9
375.4
194.3
279.4
89.9
48.2
239.2
16.7
214.5
133.7
378.9
196.9
280.1
88.2
46.6
232.8
17.2
211.5
133.3
362.9
195.8
273.6
88.0
46.6
229.4
17.1
211.1
133.9
381.7
200.5
276.3
90.0
45.8
228. 5
17. 2
210.8
132.4
381.4
199.3
275.0
93.2
46.6
228.2
17.4
212.8
131.9
382.6
199.3
276.5
96.5
46.5
228.9
17.1
213.7
130.9
385.8
200.5
281.1
99.4
55.2
348.8
15.6
231.9
132.2
399.9
191.8
302.9
136.0
121.7
237.4
220.8
81.2
122.7
237. 0
223.3
83.5
126.8
246.6
224.8
86.6
128.6
252.1
228.7
87.0
129.2
258.0
229.1
87.2
128.1
258.1
227.1
87.4
127.4
260. 4
228.3
90.6
126.8
256.9
228.9
91.3
127.0
256.9
227.4
89.5
125.9
258. 5
227.2
88.1
128.2
257.9
226.5
88.6
129.5
260. 0
230.9
90.0
131.7
255.9
258.5
95.1
70.9
147.4
63.5
337.9
74.7
148.6
64.3
343.1
77.1
150.9
66.7
353.3
79.0
152.6
67.4
358.0
80.2
153.6
67.9
352.8
79.5
155.7
67.2
351. 4
79.6
155.6
66.9
353.6
78.8
150.0
66.7
352.9
79.0
148.7
68.9
354.8
77.4
147.9
65.2
341.7
74.9
148.3
65.5
338.7
73.0
145.9
62.6
337.0
76.7
166.1
99.7
424.8
16.9
17.5
6.0
52.7
8.9
14.8
25.5
3.1
16.9
19.0
6.1
53.5
8.9
14.6
25.5
3.2
18.1
20.9
6.4
55.9
*8.9
15.2
27.7
3.3
18.6
23.4
7.1
59.2
*9.3
15.1
30.9
3.4
18.8
26.0
7.3
60.2
*9.5
14.8
31.6
3.4
18.1
24.8
6.7
58.3
9.8
13.8
32.8
3.5
18.0
20.1
6.9
56.9
9.8
15.1
29.1
3.6
18.1
20.6
6.9
56.5
9.8
15.8
29.4
3.4
17.7
18.8
6.8
56.3
9.5
15.4
26.7
3.4
17.1
18.1
6.1
53.3
9. 4
15.2
25.2
3.3
17.1
16.7
5.9
54.0
9.0
14.9
23.3
3.3
17.2
16.9
5.6
55.5
8.2
14.7
24.4
3.4
15.7
15. S
5.1
67.5
7.9
19.4
33.5
7.9
163.5
174.5
102. 9
109. 9
704.0 1 727.1
184.8
113. 3
738.3
192.9
118. 8
769. 2
192.8
121. 5
802.9
183.7
121.2
772.8
180.6
117.3
742.1
164.2
112.8
714.1
150. 5
174.5
110.2
110.7
696.5 ' 695.8
171.3
110.2
700. 4
285.6
192.1
1.165.5
163.4
102. 1
694.0
i Revised data in all except the first three columns are identified by an
asterisk for the first month’s publication of such data. Comparable series,
January 1943 to date, are available upon request to U . S. Department of Labor
or cooperating State Agency listed below.
* Average for 1943 may not be strictly comparable with current data for
those States now based on Standard Industrial Classification.
* Series based on Standard Industrial Classification.
C o o p e r a tin g S ta te A g e n c ie s :
Alabama—Department of Industrial Relations, Montgomery 5.
Arizona—Unemployment Compensation Division, Employment Secu
rity Commission, Phoenix.
Arkansas—Employment Security Division, Department of Labor,
Little Rock.
California—D ivision of Labor Statistics and Research, Department of
Industrial Relations, San Francisco 3.
Connecticut—Employment Security D ivision, Department of Labor
and Factory Inspection, Hartford 15.
Delaware—Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, Philadelphia 1, Pa.
Florida—Unemployment Compensation Division, Industrial Commis
sion, Tallahassee.
Georgia—Employment Security Agency, Department of Labor, Atlanta
3.
Idaho—Employment Security Agency, Industrial Accident Board,
Boise.
Illinois—Department of Labor, Chicago 1.
Indiana—Employment Security Division, Indianapolis 4.
Iowa—Employment Security Commission, D es Moines 9.
Kansas—Employment Security Division, State Labor Department,
Topeka.
Kentucky—Department of Economic Security, Frankfort.
Louisiana—D ivision of Employment Security, Department of Labor,
Baton Rouge 4.
Maine—Unemployment Compensation Commission, Augusta.
Maryland—Department of Employment Security, Baltimore 2.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Annual
average
1943 3
Sept.
Nov.
Massachusetts—Division of Statistics, Department of Labor and In
dustries, Boston 10.
Michigan—Department of Labor and Industry, Lansing 13.
Minnesota—Division of Employment and Security, Department of
Social Security, St. Paul 1.
Missouri—Division of Employment Security, Department of Labor
and Industrial Relations, Jefferson City.
Montana—Unemployment Compensation Commission, Helena.
Nebraska—D ivision of Employment Security, Department of Labor,
Lincoln 1.
Nevada—Employment Security Department, Carson City.
New Hampshire—Unemployment Compensation Division, Bureau of
Labor, Concord.
New Jersey—Department of Labor and Industry, Trenton 8.
New Mexico—Employment Security Commission, Albuquerque.
New York—Division of Placement and Unemployment Insurance,
Department of Labor, New York 17.
North Carolina—Department of Labor, Raleigh.
North Dakota—Unemployment Compensation Division, Bismarck.
Oklahoma—Employment Security Commission, Oklahoma City 2.
Pennsylvania—Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, Philadelphia 1
(manufacturing); Bureau of Research and Information, Department
of Labor and Industry, Harrisburg (nonmanufacturing.)
Rhode Island—Division of Census and Information, Department of
Labor. Providence 2.
South Dakota—Employment Security Department, Aberdeen.
Tennessee—Department of Employment Security, Nashville 3.
Texas—Bureau of Business Research, University of Texas, Austin 12.
Utah—Department of Employment Security, Industrial Commission,
Salt Lake City 13.
Vermont—Unemployment Compensation Commission, Montpelier.
Virginia—D ivisionof Research and Statistics, Department of Labor and
Industry, Richmond 21.
Washington—Employment Security Department, Olympia.
Wisconsin—Statistical Department. Industrial Commission, Madison 3.
Wyoming—Employment Security Commission, Casper.
REVIEW, JUNE 1949
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
691
T a b l e A -6: Production Workers in Manufacturing Industries
[In thousands]
1949
Annual
average
1948
Industry group and industry
Apr.
Ail manufacturing___
Durable goods____
Nondurable goods.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr
1943
12,131 12,393 12,560 12,673 13,059 13, 238 13,375 13, 488 13,,245 12,987 12,959 12,738 12, 791 14, 560
6,189 6,314 6, 420 6,525 6, 736 6, 810 6, 822 6, 803 6,,709 6, 681 6,662 6, 642 6, 683 8, 727
5,942 6,079 6,140 6,148 6,323 6, 428 6,553 6,685 6,536 6,306 6,297 6,096 6,108 5,834
1939
8,192
3,611
4, 581
D u r a b le goods
Iron and steel and their products-........
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
mills................................... ...................
Gray-iron and semisteel castings........
Malleable-iron castings______ ______
Steel castings_______________ ______
Cast-iron pipe and fittings....................
Tin cans and other tinware..................
Wire drawn from purchased rods___
Wirework________________________
Cutlery and edge tools.........................
Tools (except edge tools, machine tools,
files, and saws)________________
Hardware____ _____ ____________
Plumbers’ supplies..... ..........._...........
Stoves, oil burners, and heating equip
ment, not elsewhere classified______
Steam and hot-water heating apparatus
and steam fittings__ ______ _______
Stamped and enameled ware and gal
vanizing___________________ _____ _
Fabricated structural and ornamental
m etalw ork-.._________________
M etal doors, sash, frames, molding,
and trim_____________________ ___
Bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets______
Forgings, iron and steel________ ____
Wrought pipe, welded and heavyriveted_____ _____ _____________ _
Screw-machine products and wood
screws______________ _____ _______
Steel barrels, kegs, and drums..............
Firearms._____ _____ _____ _________
Electrical machinery..... ..............
Electrical equipment______
Radios and phonographs___
Communication equipment.
Machinery, except electrical.........................
Machinery and machine-shop products
Engines and turbines.......... ................ .
Tractors_____ ____ ______ ____ ______
Agricultural machinery, excluding
tractors................... ..........._...................
Machine tools______________________
Machine-tool accessories_____________
Textile m a c h in er y ..................................
Pumps and pumping equipment...........
Typewriters_______________ ____ ____
Cash registers; adding, and calculating
machines___ ______ ______ ________
Washing machines, wringers, and
driers, domestic___________ ______
Sewing machines, domestic and in
dustrial____________ ___ ____ ______
Refrigerators and refrigeration equip
m ent_____________________________
Transportation equipment, except auto
m ob iles............................................................
Locomotives________________________
Cars, electric- and steam-railroad_____
Aircraft and parts, excluding aircraft
engines___________________________
Aircraft e n g in es.......................... .............
Shipbuilding and boatbuilding_______
Motorcycles, bicycles, and parts______
1,498 1,545
547.3
101.6
33.5
70.5
28.8
42.7
27.0
39.9
21.9
23.2
49.3
37.4
486
1, 574
1, 597
1,638
547.
105.
34.
72.
28.
43.
27.
41.
22.
543.
109.
36.
73
29.
44.
28.
41.
23.
543.
113.
39.
74.
30.
46.
28.
42.
24.
538.1
115.5
38.6
75.1
29.9
47.0
28.7
42.1
25.0
535.0
115.8
38.5
75.0
29.3
48.7
29.1
42.1
24.3
535.1
114.9
38.6
74.7
29.4
50.1
28.6
42.8
23.9
23.
50.
39.
24.
52.
41.
24.
54.
42.
24.5
54.1
42.6
24.6
53.8
42.4
24.7
53.5
41.3
1,648
1,631
1,601
535.
526.
112.
110.
37.
73.
29.
49.
28.
42.
36.
71.
28.
47.
28.
41.
523.0
114,
37.9
73.3
28.9
44.7
28.7
40.2
22.
21.
24.
53.
40.
24.
52.
38.
1,600
1,603
1,761
991
22.1
517.7
112.9
37.3
72.1
28.4
42.8
29.4
41.1
23.1
511.8
116.6
37.2
72.3
27.6
42.1
30.1
41.9
23.7
516.7
88.4
28.8
90.1
18.0
32.4
36.0
32.8
21.8
30.4
15.4
25.1
52.7
40.3
25.2
54.6
39.3
25.5
55.9
39.4
27.8
45.3
25.0
15.3
35.7
26.2
388.4
62.2
19.2
32.1
17.6
31.8
22.0
61.
64.
76.
87.6
93.
92.0
81.
83.0
83.7
81.9
60.4
49.2
60.
63.
65.
66.1
66.
65.3
63.
60.
63.8
64.0
63.0
64.4
32.3
99.9
105.
106.
113.
117.6
116.5
114.3
114.
116-
116.9
116.8
118.1
97.0
59.2
62.9
64.
65.
65.6
65.8
66.3
65.0
64.
62.
62.8
63.2
63.
71.0
35.5
9.6
27.4
37.0
9.9
28.2
37.6
10.3
28.4
38.
11.0
28.7
38.4
11.3
28.
38. 2
11.2
11.0
10.
12.8
28.1
35.1
10.4
28.5
34.9
10.1
28.1
36.9
10.9
27.9
35.3
10.2
28.3
37.4
28.6
35.1
28.9
36.7
31.6
43.6
7.7
15.2
16.4
19.3
19.6
19.6
19.5
19.7
19.9
19.8
19.7
19.8
20.1
18.
18.8
28.4
8.9
32.9
6.9
22.9
33
7.3
22.4
35.1
7.6
35.9
7.8
22.4
35.5
7.9
35.0
35.1
8.0
8.1
21.7
21.4
35.9
7.9
21.4
36.8
7.7
22.1
35.2
7.9
21.5
36.4
7.6
22.6
35.7
7.8
22.4
21.2
21.0
53.8
8.5
71.7
18.0
6.5
5.3
505
339.8
83.8
81.3
521
347. 4
536
354.5
93
88.4
552
363.4
97.2
91.8
557
367.9
95.9
93.
553
367.1
93.1
92.4
548
368.6
89.7
89.7
538
363.9
86.9
87.5
535
362.3
85.9
87.0
547
367. 7
89.0
90.3
548
368.3
90.0
90.0
563
376.0
93.4
93.9
741
497.5
124.1
119.3
259
182.7
44.0
32.5
209 1,217 1 207 1,202
505.9 611.8 507.9 514.4
53.9
52.1
52.4
53.5
56.3
60.4
44.8
61.1
293
586.0
79.5
52.4
529
207.«
18.7
31.3
88.6
85.3
1,092 1,133 1,158 1,179 1,202
,209
,204
,202
,208
476.6 489.9 499.1 506.0 505.6 506.7 509.0 502.2
50.6
52.3
52.6
52.1
51.5
50.5
52.5
51.5
60.7
61.8
61.6
59.2
59.8
60.9
60.0
61.4
76.2
75.9
77,
76.5
76.2
72.6
72.8
76.0
42.5
44.1
47.6
47.3
47.8
47.5
48.0
43.3
50.9
53.5
54.4
54.7
55.3
54.5
55.1
52.0
40.2
41.2
41
41.6
41.8
41.8
41.6
41.0
66.4
68.6
69.4
69.1
67.9
69.1
68.9
67.7
15.1
18.4
16.8
22.1
20.6
18.9
21.0
16.1
40.8
42.4
44.1
43.8
44.2
44.6
44.9
41.5
431
1, 610
60.0
74.9
46.8
51.8
41
68.5
22.9
76.3
47.0
55.4
42.0
70.0
23.7
75.2
47.5
55.4
41.6
71.6
23.8
76.2
47.7
55.5
41.4
72.2
24.1
45.1
109. 7
105.4
28.5
92.8
12.0
28.5
36.6
25.8
21.9
24.9
16.2
45.2
45.8
45.6
46.3
34.8
19.7
8.6
9.6
10.2
12.5
15.5
15.7
15.7
15.6
15.7
16.4
16.0
16.2
13.3
7.5
15.2
15.0
15.1
15.0
14.9
14.8
14.6
14.3
14.0
14.0
13.9
13.8
10.7
7.8
72.9
73.8
76.3
79.3
79.5
81.0
81.7
82.3
84.3
84.8
82.5
79.7
54.4
35.2
439
25.9
55.4
442
25.9
56.7
444
25.7
56.2
453
26.5
56.1
453
26.5
55.9
449
26.6
54.5
439
26.5
54.5
414
17.2
54.6
430
26.4
54.5
434
26.3
55.0
438
26.4
53.9
462 2,508
34.1
26.6
60.5
53.9
159
6.5
24.5
151.9
28.7
83.8
8.9
151.8
28.7
87.8
9.5
151.6
28.5
92.7
149.8
28.0
94.5
13.6
145.3
27.5
97.3
13.8
138.5
26.7
97.5
13.3
133.5
130.3
25.6
103.4
127.6
25.9
108.9
12.4
125.1
25.1
116.1
12.9
137.3 794.9
24.8 233.5
122.5 1,225.2
14.4
10.0
39.7
8.9
69.2
7.0
776
784
780
782
788
763
787
739
767
772
714
402
385
398
404
403
399
395
388
399
398
406
449
229
Automobiles.
764
759
Nonferrous metals and th- r products____
Smelting and refining, primary, of
nonferrous metals....................................
Alloying; and rolling and drawing of
nonferrous metals, except aluminum.
Clocks and watches....................................
Jewelry (precious metals) and jewelers’
findings.___________ ______________
Silverware and plated ware.....................
354
368
378
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1,657
57.4
150.9
28.5
85.9
8.9
760
See footnote at end of table.
1, 654
12.0
21.6
99.5
11.6
10.8
41.1
40.6
40.7
41.2
41.4
41.2
40.2
41.4
41.9
42.0
41.4
41.0
56.4
27.6
48.9
22.8
52.6
23.1
54.4
24.2
54.7
27.0
54.5
28.2
54.6
28.8
54.3
28.6
52.9
27.5
51.9
25.9
52.6
28.3
52.6
28.3
53.7
28.5
75.8
25.2
38.8
20.3
25.5
26.0
26.0
26. 71
26.0
27.0
26.8
28.0
27.5
28.3
27.5
28.1
27.1
27.7
26.3
27.4
25.8
26.5
26.3
27.4
26.4
27.2
27.1
27.5
20.5
15.1
14.4
12.1
MONTHLY LABOR
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
692
T able A-6: Production Workers in Manufacturing Industries ^C ontinued
[In thousands]
Annual
average
1948
1949
Industry group and industry
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
1943
1939
D u r a b l e g o o d s —Continued
Nonferrous metals and their products—Con.
Lighting equip m ent--------- -------------Aluminum manufactures---------------- ...
Sheet-metal work, not elsewhere classi
fied---------- -----------------------------------
29.9
39.7
30.9
40.6
31.8
40.9
31.9
40.1
32.2
38.5
31.6
39.5
30.2
39.3
30.9
42.3
30.4
42.7
31.3
44.2
28.2
79.4
20.5
23.5
29.1
38.7
30.4
38.7
32.1
32.9
34.3
36.4
37.1
37.3
37.0
37.3
36.8
36.4
36.7
37.5
37.9
18.7
785
632.4
152.4
821
667.2
154.1
831
678.2
152.8
843
691.4
152.1
844
692.1
152.5
829
681.1
148.3
799
654.5
145.8
772
627.7
144.0
754
611.0
142.7
535
435.8
99.2
420
313.7
79.1
Lumber and timber basic products---------Sawmills and logging camps------------Planing and plywood m ills---------------
719
703
566.0
137.3
710
569.4
140.5
720
574.4
145.4
Furniture and finished lumber products—
Mattresses and bedsprings---------------Furniture--------------------------- -----Wooden boxes, other than cigar--------Caskets and other morticians’ goods..
Wood preserving_______ ____ _______
Wood, turned and shaped......... ............
423
429
32.0
234.8
30.6
17.5
16.8
32.1
437
31.8
240.5
30.8
18.0
16.5
32.1
440
31.4
242.1
31.8
18.7
10.6
32.5
462
33.4
254.1
35.1
18.8
17.0
33.4
470
■35.7
256.5
35.6
19.5
17.0
33.9
470
37.1
255.6
34.9
19.2
17.1
34.5
466
36.8
252. 5
34.4
19.5
17.3
34.3
461
35.2
249.7
34.6
19.4
17.7
34.6
452
33.2
244.4
35.6
18.9
17.2
33.6
459
33.4
248.1
35.6
19.4
16.8
35.4
458
33.3
249.6
34.8
19.9
16.5
34.3
470
34.9
256.2
36.0
20.3
16.2
35.0
366
21.7
200.0
35.4
14.2
12.4
26.4
328
20.5
177.9
28.3
13.9
12.6
24.6
433
109.4
440
111.2
448
113.6
462
118.8
467
121.8
468
123.2
464
122.9
461
119.7
450
114.9
458
120.5
454
121.5
451
121.8
360
99.8
294
71.4
13.2
36,2
77.3
59.7
7.4
14.0
36.4
78.5
60.4
7.3
' 14.4
' 36. 5
! 79. 9
60.2
7.4
14.7
37.0
83.1
61.6
7.5
14.7
37.2
83.5
61.5
7.8
14, 4
36.9
83.5
61.0
7.9
13.9
36.2
83.6
60.3
7.8
13.9
36.9
83.4
60.0
7.8
14.3
37.0
81.9
57.0
7.8
14.2
36.5
82.1
59.0
7.6
14.1
36.0
79.6
58.5
7.5
14.2
35. 5
77.9
57.9
7.5
11.3
27.1
52.5
45.0
4.5
10.0
24.4
58.0
33.8
4.9
12.6
10.3
13.2
10. 4
14.3
10.4
14.8
10.7
14.9
10.7
14.8
10.7
14.7
10.8
14.7
10.8
14.7
10.8
14.5
10.7
14. 5
11.0
14.5
11.1
11.1
9.3
8.1
9.5
19.1
19.7
22.4
18.9
20.1
23.2
18.4
20.6
24.1
19.2
20.6
25.3
19.0
20.5
25.8
19.0
20.6
25.7
18.9
20.5
24.9
19.0
20.7
25.1
18.7
21.1
24.1
18.5
20.5
25.0
18.1
20.1
25.1
17.9
20.1
25.2
12. 5
23.4
22.0
18.5
7.7
15.9
Stone, clay, and glass products.......................
Glass and glassware-------------------------Glass products made from purchased
glass_________ ____ ______ - ................
Cement____________________ _______ Brick, tile, and terra c o tta .-....................
Pottery and related products.................
Gypsum_____________ ____ __________
Wallboard, plaster (except gypsum),
and mineral wool___ ______________
Lime______________________________
Marble, granite, slate, and other prod
ucts......... ................................- ................
Abrasives_____________ _____________
Asbestos products
..............................N o n d u r a b le goods
Textile-mill products and other fiber man
1,099 1,149 1,190 1,200 1,236 1,245 1,249 1,261 1,274 1,243 1,295 1,293 1,301 1,237 1,144
ufactures___ ___________________ ____
Cotton manufactures, except small479.3 490.6 494.9 507. 5 508.9 511.4 516.9 521.5 509.9 527.7 524.7 526.4 526.3 418.4
wares_______________________ _____
14.4
14.6
17.8
13.4
14.1
13.5
14.0
13.4
13.4
12.7
12.8
13.1
13.3
12.6
Cotton smallwares______________ ____
108.5 114.9 118.0 120.8 122.0 122.4 122.1 121.5 116.5 121.2 120.3 120.1 104.1 126.6
Silk and rayon goods______ _____ ____
Woolen and worsted manufactures, ex
128.3 144.2 149.1 157.4 158.2 159.6 165.8 169.8 167.5 173.8 173.2 175.0 174.1 157.7
cept dyeing and finishing-----'______
136.9 139.0 137.7 140.5 142.3 141.7 141.7 143.7 135.3 145.6 147.0 149.7 125.9 168.0
Hosiery____________________________
11.5
11.8
11.1
11.2
12.6
11.5
11.2
11.1
11.3
10.9
11.2
11.5
10.9
10.9
Knitted cloth_______________________
33.4
30.3
33.1
33.8
34.8
29.7
31.7
31.8
31.4
32.8
33.2
31.3
33.9
32.0
Knitted outerwear and knitted gloves..
44.9
51.8
52.3
53.8
50.2
40.7
49.1
50.1
47.9
40.4
43.6
46.1
40.4
40.7
Knitted underwear-------------------------Dyeing and finishing textiles, includ
94.2
93.1
95.0
80.2
91.0
70.6
91.1
91.7
91.5
90.2
92.5
91.9
90.3
91.1
ing woolen and w orsted.....................
39.4
24.5
40.0
39.7
40.0
40.0
27.0
40.7
40.7
40.8
40.0
40.7
38.8
39.7
Carpets and rugs, wool______________
13.4
12.9
12.7
11.0
12.3
15.4
13.3
12.
5
11.5
11.7
11.7
12.0
11.1
11.6
Hats, fur-felt................... ........................... .
4.2
4.3
4.3
4.2
4.3
3.8
4.3
4.1
4.0
4.3
4.3
4.2
4.3
4.2
Jute goods, except felts______________
16.4
16.2
16.7
18.3
15.8
15.4
12.8
15.3
14.9
14.9
14.3
14.7
15.1
14.6
Cordage and tw ine........... ....................
Apparel and other finished textile prod
ucts_________ _______ ____ ____ ______ - 1,124 1,178 1.180 1,129 1,147 1,161 1,175 1,173 1,157 1,070 1,095 1,082 1,103
289. 5 290. 7 279.8 281.3 285.5 296.0 297.1 295. 7 274.8 291.3 287.0 287.1
M en’s clothing, not elsewhere classified
73.2
74.2
72.4
559. 6
68.5
70.1
63.5
70.7
66.8
70. ‘
68.6
67.4
Shirts, collars, and nightw ear................
18.4
18.7
16.7
18.’2
17.9
18.1
17.4
19.4
18.9
19.0
19.0
18.8
Underwear and neckwear, men’s_____
16.1
16.3
16.4
15.7
16.4
16.1
16.6
14.0
16.5
16.0
16.0
16.1
Work shirts_____ _____ ____________
W omen’s clothing, not elsewhere classi
_ 498.5 502.1 484.1 486.5 489.4 488.8 490.3 478.8 437.0 435.4 427.6 440.(5
fied_____________________ ________
18.1
18.5
19.2
17.3
18.6
19.0
19. F
19.3
18.4
18.8
19.4
18.
Corsets and allied garments_________
18.0
20. f
19.4
17.,
21.7
22.
21. f
22.1
24.9
19.4
24. F
20.9
M illin e r y ..._______________________
4.
5.1
5.0
4.
4.0
5.5
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.5
5.4
5.2
Handkerchiefs____________ ____ ____
20.1
21.1
19.1
19.5
21.8
21.3
20.
17. C 19.5
20.
20.1
20.1
Curtains, draperies, and bedspreads..
Housefumishings, other than curtains,
22.2
22.1
21.5
22.5
24.1
24.8
26.7
24. C 25.
26. F 25.5
24.
e t c ..------ ----------------------------- -----21.
21.5
22.3
21.,
22.
23.2
23.5
24.1
23. f
23. C 24.
23.8
Textile bags........... .............................. .
359
372
373
375
383
379
376
365
363
364
368
368
358
Leather and leather products_____ ____
47.;
47.5
47.
47.2
48. C 47.'
47.'
45.2
47. F
46.'
46.
46.
Leather_________________ ___ ______
17.
F
17.7
17.8
17.'
18.:
17.
t
17.5
17.
17.3
17.1
17.
17.
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings.
235.«
. 239.
237.2 232.1 229.1 238.5 241. C 244.8 239. f 236.5 225.
239.
Boots and shoes............. ................ .........
12.
12.5
12.8
12.
13.2
13.
C
12.
10.
12.
9.
10.
9.'
Leather gloves and m ittens________...
13. F
13.
13.F
13.
13.8
14. F
14.5
14.
12. (
13.1
11.
11.
Trunks and suitcases..............................
Food________ _______ _____________
Slaughtering and meat packing..
Butter________________________
Condensed and evaporated milk.
Ice cream_____________________
Flour................. .................................
Feeds, prepared................................
See footnote at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1,164 1,155 1,153
. 199.
205.
33.
33.
20. f
19.
24.
25.
39.7
40.
28.
28.
958
265.9
67.2
16.3
18.5
790
229.6
74.0
17.0
14.1
345.3
16.5
23.3
5.7
25.2
286.2
18.8
25.5
5.1
17.8
24. C
19.
340
46.5
19.5
205.
15.4
13."
11.2
12.6
347
50.0
20.0
230.9
10.0
8.3
855
1,182 1,253 1,306 1,400 1,537 1,418 1,364 1,257 1,091 1,047 1,056
104.5 174.
135.0
196.8 201. F 199.5 124.
195.
218.2 205.
197.
213.
39.
36.5
33.5
39.5
40.
20.1
38.
36.5
35.,
34.
33. F
34.1
21.5
19.5
23.5
20.
22.5
10.9
21.
21.:
20. F
19.
IS.'
19.
29. !
27.
31.5
23. C
32.8
17.6
29.i > 31.8
26.
23.
23.
24.,
41.
39. )
32.5
40.
42."
27.8
4L,> 42.
40.1
41.
41.{
41.
28.7
27. )| 26.5
25. C 17.3
29. F
29. F| 29.;
29.
28.1
28.
28.'
REVIEW, JUNE 1949
693
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
T able A-6: Production Workers in Manufacturing Industries1—Continued
[In thousands]
Annual
average
1948
1949
Industry group and industry
Apr.
N o n d u r a b le go o d s—
Mar. | Feb.
Jan.
N ov.
Dec.
Oct.
Sept,
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
1943
1939
Continued
-
Food—Continued
Cereal preparations
Baking
______________________
Sugar refining, cane
Sugar, beet
Confectionery
_____________
Beverages, nonalcoholic....................... ...
ATalt liquors
Canning and preserving
13.4
244.8
25.2
4.3
68.7
38.8
77.7
121.8
13.1
243.7
24.7
4.8
71.1
37.8
73.3
120.4
12. S
244.4
24.6
5.3
74.1
38.7
74.7
131.5
12.5
251.7
24.2
10.8
82.4
39.5
77.9
163.1
13.1
255.7
22.4
25.2
89.8
40.4
80.7
195.2
13.2
258.0
22.4
25.0
88.9
43.0
81.3
289.1
13.2
253.2
25.0
10.6
81.1
46.6
86.0
444.4
13.8
251.0
25.3
9.1
71.6
49.6
87.8
326.2
13.9
250.0
25.8
7.5
63.0
50.3
88.2
274.3
13.0
247.8
22.1
7.3
64.5
46.2
83.1
188.9
12.8
242.2
21.4
6.6
62.1
'13.4
73.6
153.2
12.2
239.5
20.8
5.7
67.1
40.5
77.3
140.7
11.4
211.3
16.7
10.1
59.5
32.2
54.3
188.5
8.4
190.4
15.9
11.6
55.7
23.8
40.5
150.3
83
32.8
42.3
83
33.5
42.1
87
34.1
45.2
90
35.1
47.2
90
35.1
46.5
88
34.9
44.9
86
34.5
44.1
83
33.6
41.7
85
33.3
43.6
84
33.1
43.7
86
33.2
45.2
91
33.9
47.5
93
27.4
55.8
Tobacco manufactures___________________
Cigarettes
Cigars
_ _ _____ _ _____
Tobacco (chewing and smoking) and
snuff
81
82
33.0
42.2
7.3
7.5
7.8
7.8
7.8
7.9
7.8
7.8
7.6
7.7
7.6
7.7
9.3
10. 1
Paper and allied products.. ...... ..............
Paper and pulp
Paper goods, other__________________
Envelopes
Paper bags
Paper boxes
375
381
200.3
61.0
12.6
16.1
90.2
386
202.4
61.5
12.7
16.4
91.9
391
204.5
62.2
12.8
16.5
94.5
401
207.0
63.5
13.1
16.7
99.9
403
206.6
63.6
13.1
17.0
101.5
401
206.0
63.5
12.9
17.8
99.8
398
206.7
62.7
12.6
17.8
97.0
394
206.7
61.8
12.3
17.7
94.8
388
205.8
60.5
12.3
17.4
90.9
390
204.2
61.7
12.5
17.5
92.8
389
204.7
61.5
12.7
17.6
91.4
389
203. 7
61.4
12.7
18.0
92.7
324
160.3
50.2
10.2
13.1
89.6
265
137.8
37.7
8.7
11.1
69.3
Printing, publishing, and allied industries...
Newspapers and periodieals
Printing; book and job
Lithographing
Bookbinding
432
432
152.2
181.0
29.5
33.4
433
150.4
184.2
29.5
33.4
436
149.7
186.5
30.1
33. £
443
152.3
188.7
31.3
34.5
442
151.0
187.8
31.4
35.1
442
150.7
188.8
31.4
34.9
436
149.4
185.4
31.1
34.4
432
147.7
183.1
31.2
34.8
430
146.8
183.0
31.2
33.3
433
146.9
184.4
31.1
35.1
432
146.4
184.2
30.9
35.1
432
145.0
183.2
31.3
35.9
331
113.0
138.7
25.9
29.4
328
118.7
127.6
26.3
25.8
Chemicals and allied products____________
Paints varnishes, and eolors
Drovs, medicines, and insecticides
Perfumes and cosmetics______________
Soap
Payon and allied products
Chemicals not elsewhere classified
Explosives and safety fuses
Compressed and liquefied gases
Ammunition, small-arms
Eireworks
Cottonseed oil
Fertilizers
570
586
45.3
65.8
10.8
26.4
63.6
202.7
26.5
9.1
6.8
2.5
20.6
38.8
594
588
597
47.6
46. C 47.1
64.4
66.5
66.'
11.2
12.2
11.0
26.5
26.3
26.'
64.8
65.2
65.1
204.7 209.' 211.2
27.4
26.7
27.]
9.5
9. Í
9. 1
7.2
7.]
7. C
2.4
2.6
2.6
25.7
21. 4
23.8
30. C 28.7
34.1
599
48.1
64.8
12.9
26.5
63.9
210.7
27.4
9.5
7.4
2.6
27.2
28.7
600
48.7
64.4
12.8
27.2
63.9
210.0
27.7
9.9
7.4
2.6
27.3
28.8
597
48.6
64.2
12.5
27.0
63.7
210.9
27.6
9.8
7.5
2.8
23.4
28.7
586
49.7
63.9
12.4
25.1
64.9
211.2
27.8
10.1
7.5
2.7
14.3
26.8
567
49.1
63.4
10.8
24.0
64.4
202.0
27.4
10.0
7.7
2.2
12.5
25.5
574
49.1
63.6
10.9
23.7
64.3
207.6
26.7
10.1
7.8
2.5
12.7
27.2
572
48.7
63.6
11.0
21.7
63.4
204.8
25.7
10.0
7.8
2.6
13.6
32.3
580
48.0
64.2
11.2
21.8
63.5
207.2
25.6
10.0
7.8
2.4
15.2
36 .7
734
38.2
56.0
14.1
17.9
54.0
144.5
112.0
7.8
154.1
28.2
20.4
27.5
288
28.3
27.5
10.4
15.3
48.3
69.9
7.3
4.0
4.3
1.2
15.3
18.8
Products of petroleum and coal________
Petroleum refining
Coke and bvproducts
Paving materials
"Roofing materials
162
162
112.8
31.9
2.3
13.5
162
113.1
32.0
2.2
13.5
162
112. S
32.3
2.2
13.'
164
113.3
32.1
2.6
15.1
167
113.7
32.2
2. S
17.2
162
107.6
32.1
2.9
18.1
168
114.0
32.4
2.9
18.0
170
115.9
32.4
2.8
17.8
170
117.0
31.8
2.7
17.4
170
116.6
31.7
2.6
17.7
167
114.7
31.1
2.4
17.3
164
113.6
29.7
2.3
17.4
125
83.1
25.5
2.1
13.1
106
73.2
21.7
2.5
8.1
Rubber products.... . ____ ______________
Rubber tires and inner tubes
R.nbher boots and shoes
Rubber goods, other
179
183
85.8
19.9
76.9
186
86.5
20.6
79.6
191
88.'
22.'
80.]
196
89.6
23.5
82.6
199
91.2
23.2
84.5
198
90. (
22.9
84.7
197
91.4
22.5
82.9
195
91.5
22.0
80.8
191
90. £
20.7
79.2
195
91. S
21.8
81.7
195
91.4
21.7
81.7
198
92.6
22.1
84.0
194
90.1
23.8
79.9
121
54.2
14.8
51.9
403
411
415
435
453
460
451
441
425
430
432
436
445
244
398
Miscellaneous industries_________________
Instruments (professional and scientific), and fire-control equipment . . .
Photographic apparatus
Optical instruments and ophthalmic
goods
_____ __________________
Pianos, organs, and parts____________
Games, toys, and dolls_______________
Buttons
. ______ ______________
Fire extinguishers............... ...................... ” ........
1
31.1
37.2
30.8
37.6
30. f
38.'
30.2
39.6
30.3
39.6
29.5
39. 7
29.0
39.7
28.1
39.7
28. C
39.0
27.7
38.3
27.5
37.8
27.6
38. A
86.7
35. 5
11.3
17 7
26.1
11.5
33.6
12.4
2.1
26.3
12.2
33.8
12.6
2.1
26.]
12.6
32.3
12.5
2.5
26.3
13.3
39.5
13. C
2.8
26. (
13.5
46.6
13.1
2.9
26.4
13.9
49.4
13.1
2.9
26.1
13.5
48.1
13.0
2.8
26.0
13.3
45.3
13.0
2.7
23. £
12.3
42.4
12.5
2.8
25.6
13.5
41.1
12.9
2.8
26.7
13.7
40.2
12.8
2.7
27. C
13.3
40.3
13.1
2.7
33.3
12.2
19.1
13.1
9.3
11.9
7.8
19.1
11.2
1.0
1 Data are based upon reports from cooperating establishments covering
both full- and part-time production and related workers who worked or
received pay during the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month.
Major industry groups have been adjusted to levels indicated by Federal
Security Agency data through 1946 and have been carried forward from_1946
bench-mark levels, thereby providing consistent series. Data for the indi
vidual industries comprising the major industry groups w ith ttm exception
of the industries in the transportation equipment except automobiles group,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
have been adjusted to levels indicated by Federal Security Agency data
through 1946 and have been carried forward from 1946 bench-mark levels,
thereby providing consistent series. Comparable data from January 1939
are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Such requests
should specify the series desired. Data shown for the three most recent
months are subject to revision without notation. Revised figures in any
column other than the first three are identified by an asterisk for the first
month’s publication of such data.
694
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
MONTHLY LABOR
T able A-7: Indexes of Production-Worker Employment in Manufacturing Industries
f1939 average=100]
1949
An
nual
aver
age
1948
Industry group and industry
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
1943
151.3
174.9
132.7
153.3
177.8
134.0
154.7
180.7
134.2
159.4
186.5
138.0
161.6
188.6
140.3
163.3
188.9
143.0
164.6
188.4
145.9
161.7
185.8
142.7
158. 5
185.0
137.7
158.2
184. 5
137.5
155. 5
183.9
133.1
156.1
185 1
133.3
177.7
241.7
127.4
155.9
140.9
163. 3
174.4
220.1
163. 5
134. 4
123.1
131.2
142.3
158.8
141.0
170.0
180.9
225.6
163.1
135.8
126.7
135.3
147.5
161.1
139.8
175.1
190.3
230.3
169.3
140.9
129.6
136.9
150.3
165.2
139.8
181.7
203.1
233.6
170.3
145.9
130.8
138.8
157.8
166.8
138.5
185.6
200.8
234.2
169.9
148.0
130.6
138.4
162.1
167.1
137.7
186.1
200.3
234.1
166.3
153.2
132.5
138.4
157.7
166.2
137. 7
184.7
200.8
233.1
167.0
157.7
130.3
140.8
154.9
164.5
137.9
180.5
194.6
228.1
167.8
154.4
129.1
139.6
146.0
161.4
135.5
177.4
188.0
224.1
164.5
148. 8
127.5
137.6
141.2
162.4
134.6
184.2
197.0
228.8
164.5
140.8
130.7
132.4
143.6
161.4
133.3
181.4
194.2
224. 9
161. 6
134.9
134. 0
135. 2
149.9
161. 7
131 8
187.3
193 6
225 5
157 0
132. 4
137.1
137 9
153.8
177.6
133.0
142.1
149.6
281.1
102.5
163.8
108.0
141.3
151.6
138. 3
142.6
152.5
142.4
151.0
157.1
146.1
157.9
159.3
152.0
161.5
160.3
151.8
162.4
160.8
150.9
161.7
161.6
150.0
157.2
160.6
148.8
154.0
160.8
146.4
147.8
163.9
147.9
153.7
164. 7
153. 2
149.8
106 7
156 8
150.3
181.5
127.1
95.3
122.2
125.7
130.3
155.3
178.3
189.8
187.2
180.1
166.4
168.8
170.4
166.7
122.9
177.9
168.9
185.8
178.7
196.1
179.8
202.3
191.9
204.7
198.8
206.4
196.9
202.3
193.1
198.1
194.2
185. 9
196.1
197.5
197.6
198 2
197.4
105 0
199.6
199.4
163.9
177.2
124. 5
180. 2
225.9
216. 6
182. 6
107. 0
429. 0
180.6
128.4
185.0
229.4
219. 9
187.6
113.2
421.3
182.9
133.0
186.6
232.6
219.3
194.5
118.1
424.9
184.7
141.7
188.4
234.2
219.2
197.8
120.6
421.3
185.3
145.7
186.3
233.2
220.7
199.3
120. 3
421.3
186.7
144.1
185.6
228.1
223.6
196. 8
122.1
414.9
183.0
142.1
184.6
225.1
222.2
194.3
124.2
406.4
180.8
141.2
183.1
215.6
221.1
194.5
125.9
401.0
176.0
134.2
184.5
214.5
222.1
195.3
122.4
403.0
176.9
133.7
187.3
213.3
225.1
199.1
121.7
402.6
178.0
131. 4
187 8
214. 2
211 0
202.1
117 7
397.9
170 8
120 0
180 8
222 0
210 8
204 4
110 5
395 ! 1
200.0
164.9
207.4
266.3
318.5
298.5
131.8
1346.4
187.5
194.9
186.0
190. 4
250.5
201.2
190.2
201.3
262.8
206.9
194.1
212.8
272.4
213.1
199.0
221.0
282.9
215.1
201.4
218.1
288.0
213.4
201.0
211.7
284.7
211.5
201.8
203. 8
276.2
207.7
199.2
197.6
269.5
206.6
198.3
195.3
268.1
211.1
201.3
202.3
278.2
211 6
201 ft
204 6
277.3
917 4
905* 8
919 9
289.3
285.9
272.4
282.0
367.5
Machinery, except electrical._____ ______________ 206.7
Machinery and machine-shop products..............
Engines and turbines..............................................
Tractors________________ _____ _____ ____ _
Agricultural machinery, excluding tractors.......
Machine tools_____________ ________________
Machine-tool accessories____________________
Textile machinery..................... ........................... .
Pumps and pumping equipment..........................
Typewriters.......................... .....................................
Cash registers; adding and calculating machines . .
Washing machines, wringers, and driers,
domestic.................... ..............................................
Sewing machines, domestic and industrial........
Refrigerators and refrigeration equipment.........
214.4
229. 5
271. 4
194.0
267.0
116.1
197.3
183.5
266.8
93. 3
207. 3
219.1
236.0
275.9
196.3
266. 5
118.2
201. 2
187.0
272.3
99.6
210.9
223.1
240.4
280.4
197.8
268.3
120.5
207.3
188.2
275.9
103.4
215.5
227.5
243.7
281.9
197.0
270.1
129.3
210.6
190.0
278.9
113.2
222.5
227.9
243.5
281.2
194.6
267.1
129.7
211.1
189.7
277.6
116.6
224.1
228.7
244.0
279.1
191.2
266.1
130.0
211.9
190.1
276.8
126. 8
224.8
228.7
245.1
270.8
189.4
255.2
131.2
214.0
190.7
278.0
129.8
228.1
227.4
241.9
276.3
192.0
254. 5
130.5
213.5
191.0
273.1
136.5
226.7
228.8
243.7
281.0
195.2
262. 6
127.9
200.7
188.9
275. 5
141.0
229.8
230.4
246. 5
279.5
193. 0
267.4
128. 4
214.5
191.6
281.4
145.9
232.9
228 5
244 ft
280 7
180 1
903 7
120 7
214 ! 4
189.8
988 n
147 0
231.8
997
120 4
214! 8
189.2
aon 9
148 7
235 ! 2
244.7
282.2
426.4
167.5
158.1
299.5
408.1
130.1
372.9
73.8
177.0
114.8
193.4
207.4
128.5
191.8
210.0
136.4
192.1
216.9
167.3
191.4
225.6
207.3
189.8
226.0
210.6
188.6
230.4
210.3
186.4
232.3
208.7
182.4
234.1
209.9
178.8
239.9
220.0
178. 6
241.3
214 0
177 2
234.6
917 O
175 Q
226! 7
178.8
136. 6
154.9
Transportation equipment, except automobiles___ 271.3
Locomotives_______ ______ _______ _________
Cars, electric- and steam-railroad........ ..............
Aircraft and parts, excluding aircraft engines...
Aircraft engines____________________________
Shipbuilding and boatbuilding.............................
Motorcycles, bicycles, and parts_____________
276.6
400.1
225.8
382. 8
322.4
121.0
128. 2
278.3
399. 8
231. 2
380.3
321.1
124.0
128.3
280.0
397.3
229.3
382.5
323.2
126.8
136.4
285.3
410.1
228.6
382.1
320.9
133.9
171.6
285.7
409.6
227.8
377.4
315.0
136.6
194.6
282.9
410.7
222.1
366.2
309.0
140.6
197.4
276.3
409.0
222.2
349.2
300.1
140.8
190.3
260.8
265.6
222.8
336.4
243.2
143.7
165.8
270.6
407.4
222.3
328. 5
287.4
149.3
154.4
273.7
406. 5
224.4
321. 5
290.8
157.2
177.5
270 0
407 7
219 6
310 3
282 4
107 6
185.2
900 9
410 5
All manufacturing........
Durable goods____
Nondurable goods.
D u r a b lt goods
Iron and steel and their products............. _................ 151.1
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling m ills...
Gray-iron and semisteel castings.........................
Malleable-iron castings________ _____ _______
Steel castings____________ ____ ________ _____
Cast-iron pipe and fittings........ .............................
Tin cans and other tinw are......... ................. .......
Wire drawn from purchased rods.........................
W ¡rework____________ ____ ________________
Cutlery and edge to o ls...___________ ________
Tools (except edge tools, machine tools, files,
and saws)........................... ................ ....................
Hardware___________ ____________ _________
Plumbers’ supplies........ ....................................
Stoves, oil burners, and heating equipment,
not elsewhere classified........................................
Steam and hot-water heating apparatus and
steam fittings___ _______ _____ ___________
Stamped and enameled ware and galvanizing..
Fabricated structural and ornamental metal
w ork.......................................................... ............
M etal doors, sash, frames, molding, and trim ..
Bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets............................
Forgines, iron and steel _______ _____________
Wrought pipe, welded and heavy-riveted.........
Screw-machine products and wood screws____
Steel barrels, kegs, and drums_______________
Firearms........................... .........................................
Electrical machinery___ _______________________
Electrical equipm ent_________ _____________
Badios and phonographs_______ ______ _____
Communication equipment_________________
4
947 7
98Q 1
142 4
907 0
710 7
340 0
978 4
170 8
206.0
102.0
1580.1
526.8
246.5
2003. 5
2625.7
1769.4
143.7
190.0
188.7
188.8
193.0
194.8
193.9
194.4
195.9
189.7
195.5
183.6
190.5
191.9
177.5
Nonferrous metals and their products....... ............... 154.3
Smelting and refining, primary, of nonferrous
m etals....................................................................
Alloying; and rolling and drawing of nonferrous
metals, except aluminum...... ........................ ..
Clocks and watches..................................... .............
Jewelry (precious metals) and jewelers’ findings
Silverware and plated ware.................................. .
Lighting equipm ent.............................................. .
Aluminum manufactures___________________
Sheet-metal work, not elsewhere classified____
160.7
164.9
168.0
173.6
176.1
176.0
173.9
172.4
169.2
173.9
173.7
176.9
196.0
148.8
147.1
147.3
149.1
150.0
149.1
145.5
150.0
151.7
151.8
149.8
148.4
204.3
126.0
112. 4
176.9
214. 5
142. 2
164.4
171.0
135.6
113. 9
180.3
219.8
148. 6
164.2
175. 4
140.1
119.3
180.3
223.0
146.1
168.6
182.7
141.0
133.3
185. 3
230. 8
151.0
172. 5
194.4
140.4
139.0
190.3
233.5
155.2
173.6
197.9
140.7
141.9
190.6
231.5
155.6
170.5
199.0
140.0
141.1
187.7
228.5
157.3
163.5
197.2
136.2
135.3
182.3
226.2
154.1
167.9
198.7
133.7
127.8
178.4
218.3
147.6
166.7
196.1
135. 5
139.5
182.1
225. 5
150. 8
179. 5
193.9
135 6
139 2
182 6
224 2
148 4
181 5
195.5
128 2
140 7
187 0
220 8
152 7
187 7
199.9
195.2
124.2
141.8
124.5
137.8
337.4
201.9
167.3
180. 5
173. 5
168.9
181. 5
177.7
171.2
183.1
183.8
186.7
201.6
192.6
195.4
212.7
194.8
197.7
216.2
193.2
200.6
220.4
192.3
200.8
220.7
192.8
197.3
217.2
187.2
190.0
208.7
184.2
183 6 170 4
200.1 104 8
182. Ö 180.4
127 3
139.0
125.4
Automobiles........................ ............... .............................
Lumber and timber basic products______________
Sawmills and logging camps..................................
Planing and plywood mills__________ _____ _
See fo o tn o te a t end of tab le.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
170.9
REVIEW, JUNE 1949
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
695
T able A-7: Indexes of Production-Worker Employment in Manufacturing Industries
Continued
[1939 average=100]
1949
An
nual
aver
age
1948
Industry group and industry
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
1943
128.8
130.8
156.0
132.0
108.1
125.6
133.7
130.6
133.2
155.0
135.2
108.8
129.2
131.0
130.7
134.1
152. 9
136.1
112. 2
134. 4
131.8
132.3
140.7
162.9
142.8
124.1
135.0
135.4
136.1
143.1
173.9
144.2
125.7
140.1
135.5
138.0
143.3
180.9
143.6
123.3
138.4
136.0
140.4
142.0
179.5
141.9
121.5
140.1
137.9
139.7
140.5
171.7
140.3
122.3
139.6
141.0
140.9
137.8
161.9
137.4
125.6
135.6
137.1
136.7
139.8
163.0
139.4
125.6
139. 7
133. 6
144.0
139.7
162.6
140.3
122.8
142.8
131.1
139.5
143.4
170.4
144.0
127.2
145.8
128. 7
142.6
111.7
105.9
112.4
125.0
102.4
98. 7
107.4
Stone, clay, and glass products.................................... 143.9
Glass and glassware_________________ _______
Glass products made from purchased glass___
Cem ent............ .........................................................
Brick, tile, and terra cotta.....................................
Pottery and related products................................
Gypsum............................. .................................. .
Wallboard, plaster (except gypsum), and m in
eral wool............................... .................................
Lime................... .........................................
Marble, granite, slate, and other products____ _______
Abrasives_______ _______ ________ ____ _____ _______
Asbestos products.......... ........................................ .......... .
147.6
153.4
131.8
148.6
133.2
176.5
148.9
150.0
155.8
140.0
149.5
135.2
178.5
148.8
152.5
159. 2
143.6
149. 8
137.7
177.9
150.4
157.4
166.5
147.0
152.1
143.1
182.0
151, 5
158.9
170.6
147.3
153.0
143.9
181.7
157.6
159.4
172.6
143.8
151.5
143.9
180.4
160.7
158.2
172.3
139.1
148.5
144.0
178.3
158.5
157.0
167.8
138.5
151.7
143. 7
177.3
157.1
153.2
161.0
143.0
151.8
141.0
168.6
157.4
156.0
168.9
142.0
150.0
141.4
174. 5
154.4
154.7
170.3
140.7
147.7
137.1
173.1
152. 5
153. 7
170. 7
142.1
145.9
134.3
171. 2
152.8
122. 5
139.9
113.1
111. 5
90. 5
132. 9
91.2
155.4
109.0
103.0
255.1
140.8
162.3
260.2
146.1
176.3
110.3
99.6
265. 7
151.8
181.9
112.7
103. Ö
266.9
159.4
183.6
112.6
102.6
264.6
162.5
182.6
113.4
102.9
265.7
161.7
181.7
114.1
102.1
264.6
157.0
180.8
114.3
102.5
267.4
157.9
180.6
114.6
101.0
272.7
151.7
178.5
113.3
99.6
265.0
157.5
179.0
116.1
97.8
260. 2
157.9
178.7
116. 9
96.6
260.4
158.3
137. 2
98. 7
67. 4
302.2
138.2
100.4
114.6
90.2
85.7
104.0
117.3
89.9
90.8
104.9
118.3
90. 7
93.2
108.0
121.3
93.2
95. 4
108.9
121.6
94.2
96.4
109.2
122.2
95.1
96.7
110.3
123.6
95.4
96.5
111.4
124.7
96.2
95.9
108.7
121.9
95.3
92.0
113.2
126.1
99.4
95.8
113.0
125.4
102.3
95.0
113.7
125.8
103.6
94.9
108. 2
125.8
126.6
82.2
81.4
81.5
94.2
105.2
99.1
91.5
82.8
94.9
107.7
99.9
94.6
82.0
94.8
105.7
99.3
99.8
83.6
97.2
111.8
107.1
100.4
84.7
99.3
114.2
113.3
101.2
84.4
98.0
110.2
117.7
105. 2
84.3
95.9
107.1
120.6
107.7
85.5
97.5
106.6
123.0
106.3
80.5
96. 7
101.8
123.2
110.3
86. 7
96.8
111. 5
127.1
109.9
87.5
99.4
113.8
128.3
111.0
89.1
101. 9
112.3
132.0
110.4
74.9
109.4
117.2
110.4
127.8
143.6
72.3
112.3
129.0
146.8
75.3
111.5
114.4
127.7
148.0
76.0
112. 2
115.1
130.9
150.7
75.8
113.5
116. 7
130.1
150.7
78.4
114.3
117.8
129.5
150.9
74.6
107.1
116.8
129.0
150.6
81.4
104. 5
119.5
129.8
148.1
86. 7
114.3
120.7
128.8
148.0
80.1
112.6
124.0
131.9
148.1
87.0
114. 2
127.0
133.3
146.8
84.2
112.0
128. 7
134.4
145. 7
82. 7
112. 8
130.9
113.6
90.8
71.3
110.6
143.4
149.2
126.1
92.7
149.5
126.6
91.2
111.8
111.0
113.1
174.2
98.0
97.4
105.5
113.2
239.0
187.4
114.2
175.7
98.0
95.3
103.0
112.9
222.3
190.5
143.0
121. 8
85. 9
102.6
99.4
169.1
100.4
86. 5
106.0
99. 2
214.5
188.5
145.3
122.5
90.3
111.9
112.9
170.0
103.4
82.0
107.6
109.9
228.8
190.9
147.0
124.4
95.2
114.3
117.1
171.0
102.8
76.0
108.4
116. 2
235.6
187.2
148.8
128.9
95.6
111.3
117.5
170.8
103.0
88.4
104.4
117.5
228.5
186.2
148.6
129.4
94.8
107.0
113.8
171.3
101.5
84.8
98.8
119.9
222.4
183.6
146. 5
128.8
94.1
105. 5
116.3
167.3
99.0
85.2
96.2
122.8
215.5
181.6
135.6
119.7
92.6
98.5
115 7
152.7
92.4
76.2
77. 7
107.5
198. 9
176.6
138.6
126.9
97.9
107.4
116.1
152.1
96.5
68.4
96.6
112.2
197.7
170.2
137.1
125.0
99.0
108.3
114.3
149.4
98.8
70.4
99.2
113.3
196. 3
168.6
139.8
125.0
100. 3
110.1
111.4
153.7
102.4
80.8
99.8
118.8
205. 5
168.2
121.4
115.8
90.9
96.3
131.3
120.6
88.1
91.5
113.1
141. 9
214.9
155.7
106.9
90.3
103.7
100.3
143.5
106.0
91.9
87.1
103.6
97.0
141.9
105.0
92.9
85. 9
102.7
93.6
132.3
104.8
94.6
85.1
100.5
106.0
157.3
104. 5
92.8
85.1
99.2
124.1
175.6
108.3
95.4
88.1
103.3
128.2
175.2
109.3
96.0
89.8
104.4
129.9
171.8
110.4
95.3
90.7
106.0
132.1
166.0
108.1
94.3
88.6
103.7
127.8
159.6
107.4
95.7
88.9
102. 5
128. 8
159.3
103.3
94.9
86.9
97.7
123.9
158.6
107.1
95.1
88. 7
102.2
121.9
160.1
98.1
92.9
96.0
89.0
153.7
161.2
135.2
148.0
168.1
183.5
144.9
142.9
167.4
159.7
128.6
159.1
37.2
123.3
162.8
192.1
81.0
134.9
151.9
164.5
176.7
138.4
146.3
167. 4
156.8
128.0
155.7
41.7
127.6
158. 5
181.3
80.1
138.3
157.8
165. 4
174.9
133.4
149. 2
166.1
152.8
128. 3
154.7
45.2
133.0
162. 2
184.7
87. 5
146.6
161.5
173.4
172.1
135.7
149.4
167. 6
149.8
132.2
152.8
93.0
147.9
165.7
192.5
108.5
152.9
152.0
172.1
179.6
137.8
150.2
167.3
156.8
134.3
141.4
217.0
161.2
169.7
199.5
129.9
163.8
146. 4
176.2
186.3
148.6
144.5
169.1
158.0
135.5
141.0
215.2
159.5
180.5
200.9
192.3
179.9
144.5
181.7
194.3
167.9
149.4
170.0
157.6
133.0
157.4
91.0
145.6
195.4
212.6
295.7
166.0
145.7
189.8
201.4
180.7
152.2
170.8
165.6
131.8
159.1
78.0
128.5
207.9
217.0
217.0
159. 7
149.1
196.8
207.4
186.3
153. 7
169.7
165.7
131.3
162.4
65.0
113.0
210.9
218.0
182.5
147.1
147.8
201.2
211.2
179.1
149.0
166.5
155.2
130.2
139. 1
63.0
115.8
194.0
205. 5
124.3
127.7
92.2
194.5
198.3
166.0
143.6
161.5
152.6
127.2
134.5
57.2
111.4
182.0
181.9
101.9
122.6
77.0
183.3
188.3
153. 9
144. 3
153.9
146. 4
125.8
131.3
49.3
120.5
170.1
191.2
93.6
123.5
128.9
165. 2
182.6
130.7
118.5
145.0
136.0
111.0
105.1
86.8
106.7
135.1
134.1
125.4
88.4
88.6
120.2
119.8
75.8
74.7
89.3
122.0
75.5
77.1
93.3
124.2
80.9
78.0
96.5
127.9
84.5
77.2
95.9
128.2
83.2
78.6
93.9
127.3
80.5
77.7
92.5
125.8
78.9
77.2
88.8
122.4
74.7
75.6
90.6
121.2
78.1
76.1
90.5
120.7
78.3
75.9
92.4
121.1
81.0
77.0
97.2
123.8
85.0
92.5
D u r a b l e g o o d s —Continued
Furniture and finished lumber products___
Mattresses and bedsprings.___________
Furniture.............. ........................................ .
Wooden boxes, other than cigar.-........... .
Caskets and other morticians’ goods___
Wood preserving............................. .............
Wood, turned and shaped_____________
m
110.2
102.2
N o n d u r a b le goods
Textile-mill products and other fiber manufac
tures.................................................................................
Cotton manufactures, except smallwares...........
Cotton smallwares________ _________________
Silk and rayon goods...............................................
Woolen and worsted manufactures, except dye
ing and finishing......... ..........................................
Hosiery......... .......................................... ....................
Knitted c lo th ..................................... ............... .
Knitted outerwear and knitted gloves................
Knitted underwear_________________________
D yeing and finishing textiles, including woolen
and worsted___________________ ____ _____
Carpets and rugs, w o o l............. ................. .........
Hats, fur-felt______ ______________ __________
Jute goods, except felts______ _______________
Cordage and tw ine_______________________ II
96.1
111.2
Apparel and other finished textile products___
M en’s clothing, not elsewhere classified___
Shirts, collars, and nightwear...... ...................
Underwear and neckwear, men’s ..................
Work sh irts._______
'
Women’s clothing, not elsewhere classified.
Corsets and allied garments....... .................. .
M illinery.......................................................... H!
Handkerchiefs_________
1111111111!
Curtains, draperies, and bedspreads. III"I"
Housefumishings, other than curtains, etc..
Textile bags...... ............................... ................. .
142.3
Leather and leather products.....................
Leather_____ ____ ____ ____ ____ HI
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings.
Boots and shoes____________ ____ _
Leather gloves and m ittens.................
Trunks and suitcases..............................
103.3
Food_________ ________________________
Slaughtering and meat packing.HUH'
Butter............................................. ...........
Condensed and evaporated milk_____
Ice cream____________
Flour...........................................II.H U H '
Feeds, prepared........................................ .
Cereal preparations____ ______ _____
B a k in g ......................................................
Sugar refining, cane.........................I.III!
Sugar, beet........ ............ ......................... .
Con fectionery....................................I .I !
Beverages, nonalcoholic......................... .
Malt liquors..............................................
Canning and preserving__________HI.
136.3
Tobacco manufactures____ __________________
Cigarettes.................................................. IIIIII
Cigars..................................................... ....... HI!
Tobacco (chewing and smoking) and snuff..
See footnote at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
86.8
86.5
75.6
72.6
MONTHLY LABOR
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
696
T able A-7: Indexes of Production-Worker Employment in Manufacturing Industries ^C ontinued
[1939 average=100]
An
nual
aver
age
1948
1949
Industry group and industry
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
1943
Paper iiml allied products ______________________ 141.4
p^ppr and pulp
Paper gonds other
_ ____
Envelopes
_______________
Ppppr hags
___________
Paper hox^s
___________
143.6
145.4
161.6
144.1
144.9
130.1
145.4
146.9
163.0
145.9
147.5
132.5
147.5
148.4
164.9
147.2
148.5
136.3
151.1
150,2
168.2
150.4
150.5
144.0
151.7
150. 0
168.6
150. 5
152.6
146.3
151.0
149.5
168.4
148.0
160.1
144.0
149.8
150.0
166.1
145.2
159.9
139.9
148.6
150.0
163.9
141.4
159.2
136.7
146.1
149.4
160.2
140.9
156.3
131.0
146.9
148.2
163.6
144.0
157.8
133.9
146.5
148.5
163.0
145.8
158.5
131.8
146.8
147.8
162.6
145.6
162.3
133.7
122.2
116.3
133.1
116.9
118.0
129.3
131.8
Printing publish in p, and allied industries _
Newspapers end periodicals
_ ______
Printing" hoolr and job
___________
Lithographing
__ _________ _
Bookbinding
131.6
128.3
141.8
112.4
129.7
132.1
126.8
144.3
112.3
129.5
132.9
126.1
146.2
114.5
131.5
135.2
128.3
147.8
119.3
133.8
134.7
127.2
147.1
119.7
136.0
134.8
127.0
147.9
119.7
135.3
133.0
125.9
145.3
118. 5
133.7
131.8
124.4
143.5
118.9
134.8
131.1
123.7
143.4
118.9
129.1
132.3
123.8
144.5
118.3
136.3
132.0
123.3
144.3
117.6
136.2
131.8
122.2
143.5
119.0
139.2
100.8
95.2
108.7
98.5
114.1
Chemicals and allied products _______________ 197.7
Paints, varnishes, and colors________________
Prups medicines and insecticides
___________
Perfumes and cosmetics
Roap
__________________
Pa von and allied products
_________
Chemicals not elsewhere classified _________
Fxplosives and safety fuses
Compressed and liquefied g a ses_____________
Ammunition, small-arms__________________
Fireworks
_ ___________________
Cottonseed oil ________________________
Fertilizers .
_ __________________
203.3
160.2
238.9
104.1
173.0
131.6
290.0
363.6
228.4
159.2
212.4
135.2
206.0
203.9
162.7
241.6
105.5
172.3
134.9
292.7
366.6
229.0
164.0
227.3
140.0
180.9
206.1
166.7
241.2
107.1
173.3
134.6
299.5
371.7
232.8
165. 7
227.2
155.6
162.2
207.0
168.2
233.9
116.8
173.5
134.0
302.1
375. 2
239.6
167.7
208.0
168.3
152.1
207.8
170.2
235.3
124.1
173.9
132.3
301.4
375.4
239.2
171.5
220.6
178.0
152.4
208.1
172.1
234.1
122.7
178.4
132.3
300.3
379.3
247.9
173.7
227.4
179.0
152.9
207.1
172.0
233.2
119.7
177.2
131.8
301.6
379.2
247.0
174.2
243.3
153.3
152.3
203.3
175.7
232.1
119.0
164.7
134.3
302.1
380.7
253.1
173.9
231.8
93.8
142.2
196.6
173.6
230.2
104.1
157.6
133.2
288.9
376.1
252.1
180.2
190.2
82.0
135.6
199.2
173.6
231.1
105.0
155.4
133.0
296.9
365.7
254.2
181.5
212.2
83.0
144.4
198.4
172.1
231.1
105.2
142.2
131.2
292.9
351.9
250.9
181.6
219.7
89.1
171.4
201.4
169.8
233.3
107.6
142.9
131.4
296.3
350.7
252.4
182.5
210.1
99.5
194.7
254.5
135.1
203.6
135.8
117.1
111.7
206.7
1536.9
197.3
3595.4
2426.5
133.4
146.2
Products of petroleum and coal________________
Petroleum refin ini?
___________
Coke and byproducts _
_ _____________
Paving materials . . ______________________
Roofing materials _________________________
153,2
152.6
154.1
146.9
92.8
167.3
152.8
154.4
147.4
87.8
167.2
153.0
154.2
148.9
91.4
165.8
155.0
154.8
147.8
105.0
186.7
157. 7
155.3
148.2
113.6
211.9
152. 7
146.9
147.8
117.2
223.3
159.1
155.7
149.2
118.0
222.7
160.3
158.3
149.3
113.5
219.4
160.7
159.8
146.7
108.8
215.5
160.3
159.2
145.9
107.1
218.2
157.3
156. 7
143.2
97.1
213.2
154.9
155.2
136.8
92.7
214.6
117.6
113.4
117.4
87.0
161.2
Rubber products _ _______ _________________
Rubber tires and inner tubes _______________
Rubber boots and shoes
________________
Rubber goods, other
________________
147.8
151.0
158.2
133.9
148.3
154.1
159.5
138.8
153.4
157.8
163.0
151.1
154.4
161.8
165.3
158.0
159.2
164.5
168.2
156. 2
162.9
163.5
165.9
154.0
163.4
162.8
168.6
151.2
159.9
160.9
168.7
148. 3
155.8
157.7
167.6
139.4
152.7
161.6
169.4
146.9
157.5
161.1
168.5
146.4
157.5
163.8
170.7
149.0
161.9
160.3
166.1
160.5
154.1
Miscellaneous industries
. _______________ 162.7
Instruments (professional and scientific), and
fire-control equipment __________________
Photographic apparatus
_ ____________
Optical instruments and ophthalmic goods___
Pianos, organs, and parts
__ ____
Games, toys, and dolls _ _________________
Buttons
__________________________
Fire extinguishers
_ _ ________________
164.8
167.9
169.4
177.7
184.9
187.8
184.2
180.1
173.9
175.7
176.6
178.4
181.7
274.6
210.4
219.6
147.7
175.9
110.0
202.7
272.2
212.8
221.5
156.3
177.1
112.0
204.5
270.4
217.1
219.6
161.8
168.8
111.1
246.0
267.1
223.9
221.5
170.8
206.9
116.2
272.6
268.1
224.1
218.7
173.7
243.9
116.6
281.0
261.0
224. 5
221.8
178.2
258. 7
117.0
281.8
256.7
224.4
219.7
173.6
251.7
116.1
271.3
248.8
224.5
218.3
170.4
236. 9
116.2
269.1
247.4
220.9
201.0
157.3
221.8
111.2
271.8
244.5
216.6
215.6
173.7
214.8
114.8
270.6
242.8
214.1
224.1
175.2
210.3
114.2
260.9
244.1
217.1
226.9
170.5
210.7
116.3
266.8
766.4
200.9
280.3
156.2
99.7
116.6
913.1
N o n d u r a b le
poods—Continued
1
1 See footnote 1, table A-6.
T able A -8 :
Indexes of Production-Worker Weekly Pay Rolls in Manufacturing Industries 1
[1939 average=100]
An
nual
aver
age
1948
1949
Industry group and industry
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
1943
All m anufacturing____________________________ 336.5
Durable goods_____________________________ 380.2
Nondurable goods.............................. ..................... 293.8
349.3
390.1
309.5
357.8
402.7
314.0
363.1
412.7
314.7
377.6
430.1
326.3
379.3
430.3
329.5
382.9
435. 7
331.2
382.2
423.7
341.6
374.7
418.8
331.6
360.0
403.0
318.0
359.0
401.3
317.6
346.7
390.8
303.6
347.1
393.4
301.9
334.4
469.5
202.3
336.7
299.8
345.1
382.6
470.6
424.4
306.1
241.0
312.1
338.8
348.4
303.7
376.2
424.9
496.7
460.6
306.5
257.9
323.0
353.8
356.7
304.6
395.8
468.6
506.0
475.5
317.7
268.3
332.0
371.2
371.4
305.1
424.1
520.8
525.2
471.2
340.3
271.4
334.7
394.3
373.6
303.4
429.4
505.7
528.0
470.9
334.7
271.3
331.6
405.8
376.0
305.0
436.1
512. 2
523.2
445.7
351.6
276. 2
333.2
392.1
365.0
300.3
433.3
493.1
504.4
437.1
391.7
263.8
322.5
374.9
360.5
295. 8
417.1
478.8
498.6
432.7
364.9
262.5
326.6
359.3
336.9
269. 9
398.2
448.8
464.3
414.3
353.2
242.8
315.1
335.7
340.5
268. 4
421.5
468.1
494.7
422.0
310.8
243.3
295.7
343.6
334.4
265. 4
394.3
460.3
478.5
401.4
286.1
249.8
298.2
357.8
329.6
2ôà. 0
415.6
453.0
477.3
370.0
274.9
255.3
302.0
364.6
311.4
222.3
261.1
278.9
493.5
177. 2
161.6
255.3
202.6
279.5
D u r a b le g o o d s
Iron and steel and their products___________ --- 320.1
Tilnst furnaces, steel works, and rolling mills __
Grav-iron and semisteel castings _ _________
Malleable-iron castings ___________________
Steel castings
_______________________
Cast-iron pipe and fittings
Tin cans and other tinware __ ______________
Wire drawn from purchased rods ___________
Wire work
______________________________
Cutlery and «dee tools-------- ------------------------ ___
See footnote at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
REVIEW, JUNE 1949
T able
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
697
A-8: Indexes of Production-Worker Weekly Pay Rolls in Manufacturing Industries1- Con.
[1939 average=100]
A n
nual
aver
age
1949
Industry group and industry
Apr.
D u r a b le
Mar.
Feb.
Jan
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr
1943
341.6
324.0
306.3
348.5
335.0
321.8
361.3
347.0
343.3
372.5
370.8
378.3
373.8
367.4
376.9
376.3
363.1
381.9
366.3
349.2
338.7
373.4
347.1
338.7
358.7
325.0
316.7
370.8
340.9
329.0
366.6
343.9
324.0
372.4
362.4
322.2
334.1
245.8
161.7
260.8
261.7
277.2
350.4
400.0
448.4
426.7
416.9
371.0
379.2
371.4
363.8
210.9
379.5
403.5
400.6
429.3
418.1
440.0
454.6
481.0
466.5
491.9
474.3
482.6
447.6
453.7
436.4
467.9
414.7
452.0
431.4
462.9
427.6
464.1
414.7
463.2
360.6
307.0
385.2 394.8 398.5 406.8 406.2
281.2 297.4 311.7 341.8 344.0
402.8 413.8 429.9 445.1 433.6
490.2 529.4 540.5 548.5 544.8
476.2 501.4 499.1 497.2 515.8
398.0 421.3 441.3 453.5 450.5
269.5 301.9 321.0 349.4 328.8
1016.1 1011.1 1007.6 1005.6 1018.0
409.4
340.1
428.0
533.6
505.1
453.0
329.8
998. 7
371.9
340.4
415.5
513.4
487.1
433.1
306.9
963.1
384.5
328.5
424.6
475.8
495.4
429. 4
338.0
927.8
346.7
287.5
401.0
449.6
473.0
426.8
301. 4
952.7
363.7
309.1
412.8
454.1
467.3
436.9
313.3
945.9
364.2
288.6
408.2
443.7
443.1
445.4
302.6
915. 6
358.7
283.9
416.7
467.6
437.7
452.0
298.1
906.0
364.3
292.6
382.0
507.9
610.9
560. 4
247.0
2934. 8
poods—Continued
Iron and steel and their products—Continued
Tools (except edge tools, machine tools, files,
and saw s). ________ ____ ____ _____ ______
Hardware_______________________________
Plumbers’ s u p p lie s ..___. . . ________
Stoves, oil burners, and heating equipment, not
elsewhere classified ... __________________
Steam and hot-water heating apparatus and
steam fittings __________ _______________
Stamped and enameled ware and galvanizing. __
Fabricated structural and ornamental metal
work_______
_ _______ . . . . .
M etal doors, sash, frames, molding, and tr im ....
Bolts, nuts, washers, and r iv e ts...___________
Forgings, iron and steel__ ____ . .
Wrought pipe, welded and heavy-riveted_____
Screw-machine products and wood screws____
Steel barrels, kegs, and drums...... .......................
Firearms_____ ________ __________ ______
Electrical machinery....................
Electrical equipment______
Radios and phonographs.
Communication equipment.
401.7
424.1
403.3
454.0
506.4
442.2
420.3
478.3
524.1
454.3
427.0
507.3
547.2
Machinery, except electrical........................................
Machinery and machine-shop products______
Engines and turbines.______________________
Tractors_____________ ______ _____ ___ _____ _
Agricultural machinery, excluding tractors____
Machine tools_________ ____ _______________
Machine-tool accessories____________________
Textile machinery_________________________
Pumps and pumping equipment_________ _
Typewriters___________________ ___________
Cash registers; adding, and calculating ma
chines_________ ________ _________________
Washing machines, wringers, and driers,
domestic________________________________
Sewing machines, domestic and industrial____
Refrigerators and refrigeration equipment____
423.4
448.5
484.7
579.2
358.0
601.2
201.6
463.0
501.9
601.9
366.8
607.6
218.6
367.4
429.2
619.9
220.4
473.7
517.7
609.9
374.6
599.0
224.2
384.0
437.8
609.7
229.5
456.3
461.8
236.4
479.4
430.1
259.4
481. 5
449. 8
Transportation equipment, except automobiles___ 573.9
Locomotives..............................................................
Cars, electric- and steam-railroad____________
Aircraft and parts, excluding aircraft engines...
Aircraft engines________________ _____ ______
Shipbuilding and boatbuilding____ ____ _____
Motorcycles, bicycles, and parts..........................
599.4
930.5
533.9
819.2
587.0
259. 5
264.1
Automobiles.
436.5
Nonferrous metals and their products___________
Smelting and refining, primary, of nonferrous
metals______ _______ _____________ _______
Alloying; and rolling and drawing of nonfer
rous metals, except aluminum_____________
Clocks and watches________________________
Jewelry (precious metals) and jewelers’ findings
Silverware and plated w are............................ .
Lighting equipment________________________
Aluminum m anufactures.._________________
Sheet-metal work, not elsewhere classified____
327.0
Lumber and timber basic products.
Sawmills and logging c a m p s...
Planing and plywood mills___
474.6
444.1
551.4
564.3
479.2
447.8
539.7
587.6
474.4
445.4
509.1
591.6
465.4
442.2
489.4
567.3
454.8
434. 7
468.9
550.6
436.3
418.3
456.9
513.4
440.0
419.2
458.6
534.8
431.6
410.3
451. 4
530.0
444.3
420.5
468.5
551.2
488.0
475. 6
505.0
538.2
491.6
532.6
369.8
613.7
249.3
395.7
461.4
632. 9
265.7
486.9
527.3
630.1
358.4
592.4
248.1
387.1
452.0
625.5
271.1
491.7
531.5
622.1
364.1
597. §
250.3
391.8
453.2
620.1
255.0
484.0
523.2
581.9
360.5
577.1
248.3
391.0
458.9
615.0
286.8
482.3
520.0
594.5
369.1
559. 3
246.8
400. 8
454.3
605.0
298.0
473.0
507.9
585.4
369.2
574.2
239.0
361.6
438.6
605.0
319.2
480.7
519.6
601.4
355.5
595. 4
242.9
383.5
459.1
616.5
325.2
466.4
509.3
617.6
285.4
571.2
240.7
389.9
444.8
630.7
325.0
463.8
511.9
611.7
248.9
571.9
240.2
392.6
441.3
630.2
336.8
443.7
601.8
849.4
256.7
298.6
503.9
671.1
230.1
761.8
143.8
474.2
494.2
487.9
481.3
492.3
489.2
507.0
505.9
489.4
504.7
341.6
274.5
490.1
460.8
316.6
504.1
490.0
470.0
501.9
486.2
484.2
491. 8
508.7
460. 6
478. 8
493. 3
469.3
460. 4
491.4
439.2
432.3
486.0
480.9
439.5
508.9
454. 2
428.0
472.3
465.3
399.9
450.4
301.5
282.3
264. 5
607. 5
891.4
563.4
829.8
604.9
261.7
260.7
610.3 635.5
934.4 1024.4
557.1 565.9
814.6 838.5
617.2 618.9
272.3 288.6
274.4 353.7
611.8
942.5
535. 4
830.7
601.3
262.4
468.2
613.3
909.4
526.6
794.9
599.7
291.2
474.3
581.8
948.4
477.3
746.1
570.0
283.1
424.5
547. 7
599.4
516.9
698.4
453.7
290.6
374.2
552.4
907.3
467.9
661.1
533.1
304.5
301.8
561.2
913.7
492.5
649.2
517.5
321.7
345.7
566.4
916.4
478.5
634.2
493.5
345.7
370.5
601.4
928.1
483.8
695.2
481.0
373.6
418.2
3080.3
1107.3
457.9
3496.3
4528.7
3594.7
253.6
415.7
441. 5
455.3
451.2
438.9
451.3
425.9
419.1
423.3
385.7
362.6
386.2
321.2
345.3
363.6
372.2
391.2
391.9
394.2
386.3
379.3
360.6
368.2
362.5
368.3
354.5
343.8
339.2
344.2
342.1
340.0
344.6
342.4
345.7
338.6
329.7
321.6
314.1
353.9
242.3
279.4
368.2
459.0
317.3
332.6
387.6
276.5
282.8
375.7
506.4
347.2
341.0
397.9
296.9
295.9
370.5
512.7
319.8
349.8
422.8
309.8
335.9
402.3
554.3
335.4
357.5
453.3
298.2
348.1
407.3
572.0
343.1
360.2
452. 3
308.0
353.0
397.0
565.0
340.0
355.7
467.4
307.0
348.6
383.8
555.4
345.6
325.8
443.9
298.5
334.9
365.9
519.4
328.2
332.9
454.5
284.3
304.5
345.7
481.8
317.0
316.8
434.1
278.3
332.2
372.5
627.4
305.9
338.5
438.1
268.9
327.4
362.4
522.4
293. 3
347.0
430.2
271.7
336.8
377.7
529.4
308.3
356.8
434.8
353.4
238.4
427.8
403.5
437.3
414.4
395.7
423. 1
425.6
418.2
450. 7
439.9
465.6
503.5
481.5
499.7
549. 7
484.9
519.2
575.3
491.9
523.3
584.4
478.6
538.8
604.6
485.4
502.9
563.3
455.3
488.5
543.3
456.1
461.1
496.8
445.1
433.4
471.0
435.4
215.1
238.3
197.8
Furniture and finished lumber products.
Mattresses and bedsprings________
Furniture______ __________:_______
Wooden boxes, other than cigar____
Caskets and other morticians’ goods
Wood preserving_________________
Wood, turned and shaped..................
299.2
310.7
346.8
313.8
258.9
256.5
366.7
313.8
315.7
343.5
320.5
263.7
269. 6
350.6
315.2
317.9
326.8
323.0
274.0
282. 6
362.1
317.3
345.4
351.3
354.4
313.9
282.4
372.4
331.1
349.2
371.2
356. 7
320.7
287.8
378.3
328.3
354.9
414.3
358.1
325.0
284.9
383.3
338.7
344.5
411.5
344.2
315.7
289.7
379.3
323.8
337.3
385.5
334.8
327.3
289.0
382.8
332.1
320. 4
354.1
317.5
318.6
273.4
378.0
313.9
326.0
347.9
325.7
325. 7
283. 4
358.1
322.8
325.6
340.2
328.6
301.1
289.2
351.5
325.1
333.0
359. 5
336.3
304.8
300.3
334.2
331.8
183.9
165. 7
185.3
215.8
159.3
181.9
175. 5
Stone, clay, and glass products__ _____ ______
Glass and glassware____________________
Glass products made from purchased glass.
Cement______ _________________________
Brick, tile, and terra c o tta ...___________
Pottery and related products____________
323.5
335.9
352.2
289.2
306.5
322.6
384.6
344.5
366.8
313.9
303.6
329.0
392.1
349.5
371.9
322.9
308.1
330.8
386.8
366.9
385.3
350.7
312.2
355.5
404.1
366.9
384.0
344.6
315.2
356.5
407.5
372.1
395.8
329.0
316.1
362.4
399.8
361.2
383.2
310.9
310.4
353.5
374.0
358.9
369.3
309.3
322.5
358.6
383.4
334.2
327.9
293.4
319.2
335.7
345.2
347.1
360.5
308.5
314.0
338.1
364.2
343.4
364.4
304.6
305.0
328.6
359.8
337.9
367.1
299.1
288.2
312.9
357.0 ‘
189. 1
208.3
165.9
156.5
135.8
191.9
See, footnote at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
211.8
359.7
423.7
594.0
«1.3
211.8
212.8
240.4
591.6
357.6
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
698
T able A - 8 :
M ONTHLY LABOR
Indexes of Production-Worker Weekly Pay Rolls in Manufacturing Industries 1—Con.
[1939 average=100]
An
nual
aver
age
1948
1949
Industry group and industry
Apr.
D u r a b le
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
1943
328.5
342.3
343.9
378.5
387.7
397.1
386.5
380.1
353.2
352.7
349.7
343.7
151.7
385.2
303.5
198.9
543.2
334.4
380.6
296.8
197.1
562. 7
351.9
454.9
304.3
190.6
574.9
362.2
493.0
313.0
204.2
580.7
398.9
495.7
322.3
190.9
583.3
406.7
493.8
326.9
196. 8
594.6
414. 5
491.8
323.8
194.2
588. 5
402.7
484.7
324.5
195.6
576.3
395.6
491.6
309.9
184.9
571.6
377.5
475.7
311.9
185.9
578.8
385.4
465.0
314.7
183.2
565.0
380.0
467.9
314.5
176.6
546.6
378.5
223.8
171.6
90.8
480.2
254.6
260.3
319.6
211.8
239.5
274.8
332.9
214.4
267.3
276.7
331.9
213. 8
276.2
291.9
352.7
224.2
293.4
291.9
348.9
222.1
299.1
291.2
350.0
222.5
299.4
295. 5
354.9
228.7
301.3
298.2
357.4
227.3
295.2
285.4
342.0
226.5
276.9
304.6
365.9
238.0
292.2
303.8
369.7
238.3
289.0
307.1
374.7
243.0
287. 6
178.9
215.9
214.6
138.6
good*—Continued
Stone, clay, and glass products—Continued
Gypsum______________ ___________ - ..............
Wallboard, plaster (except gypsum), and min
eral wool----------------- -------------- ---------------Lime...... ............................................................ ........
Marble, granite, slate, and other products____
Abrasives-------------------------------------------------Asbestos products............................................. —
N o n d u r a b le goods
Textile-mill products and other fiber manufactures.. 237.6
Cotton manufactures, except smallwares_____
Cotton smallwares________________ _________
Silk and rayon goods--------------------- ------------Woolen and worsted manufactures, except dye
ing and finishing................................. ....... .........
Hosiery.......................................................... ............
Knitted cloth....... ....................................................
Knitted outerwear and knitted gloves................
Knitted underwear.................................................
Dyeing and finishing textiles, including wool
en and worsted_____________ __________ __
Carpets and rugs, w ool_____________________
Hats, fur-felt_______________________ _______
Jute goods, except fe lts............. ................. ..........
Cordage and tw ine------ ------- -----------------------
208.7
190.5
229.1
256.8
240.2
245.6
193.6
225.4
260.7
235.9
258.5
192.2
226.3
258.1
231.0
275.0
201.8
227.0
264.6
256.1
268.8
210.3
232. 9
272.7
273.6
265.7
208. 8
228.7
249.8
291.2
286.1
201.1
219.7
250. 5
297.3
297.8
202.8
228. 4
244.1
313.2
295.5
184.2
224.4
228.2
305.2
311.5
199.8
223.2
260.8
324.9
307.9
197.6
223.1
266.4
326.5
308.6
203.5
237.1
261.2
344.5
199.5
109.6
174.7
192.7
183.3
320.1
362.8
160. 6
262.9
276.1
321.3
370.0
175.6
269.5
276.1
309.0
382.1
177.8
271.1
278.9
327.7
389.8
176.8
283.6
288.6
316.8
393. 5
164.5
285.9
291.5
311.6
393.2
162.9
266.8
284.7
310.7
387. 5
180.9
248.4
283.7
309.2
381.5
200. 3
282. 2
286.4
299.8
368.4
171.8
273.0
288.2
320.6
371.8
197.4
277.5
306.5
321.7
358.1
184.6
272.2
303.4
328.7
348.8
176.4
275.9
311.4
174.9
145.2
121.5
196.4
240.3
Apparel and other finished textile products............. 297.3
M en’s clothing, not elsewhere classified..____ _______
Shirts, collars, and nightw ear............................................
Underwear and neckwear, men’s . _____ ______ ______
Work shirts----------------------- ------ ---------------------------Women’s clothing, not elsewhere classified__________
Corsets and allied garm ents..--------------------------------M illinery................................................................................
Handkerchiefs-______ ___________ ______ __________
Curtains, draperies, and bedspreads........ .......................
Housefurnishings, other than curtains, etc__________
Textile bags--------------------- ------------------------------------
344.7
288.7
230.5
322.5
290.3
380.0
226.1
226.3
280.9
294.3
567.4
414.8
348.2
286.0
218. 7
312.8
289. 7
394. 4
224.4
213.4
286.0
289. 3
529.1
432.7
328.6
269.6
197.5
281.0
241.7
378.7
223.8
168. 2
279.7
240.4
483.9
438.9
329.2
271.9
211.5
320.3
271.0
370. 7
233.3
148.4
295.8
265.2
560.4
455.7
336.8
276.0
234.5
333.6
288.7
380.6
236.3
121.6
303.9
283. 8
576.2
438.7
325.0
280.5
231.8
309.9
309.7
351.0
233.1
169.2
289.3
286.2
553.1
441.0
348.1
301.1
230.0
301. 3
301.0
390.2
225.8
177.7
259.4
289. 5
502. 5
435.5
342.3
300.3
223.7
294.1
299.7
380.3
217.0
172.5
241.0
291.2
501.3
413.6
303.6
272.6
221.9
269.6
290.5
326.6
201.1
144.7
181.3
241.5
453.3
394.8
303.6
290.0
234.0
289.1
294.2
310.7
210.8
115.5
231.0
252.0
464.6
373.1
297.9
288.6
241.4
296.7
289.6
299.3
213.0
111.9
239.1
255.0
430.4
368.1
306. 5
293.7
248.4
297.0
278.5
307.1
229.1
149.9
251.5
265.3
462.2
353.5
185.2
174.9
143.6
166.5
220.4
184.4
137.1
123.3
184.0
230.2
370.3
233.0
Leather and leather products____________________ 222.0
Leather---- -------------------------------------------------- -------Boot and shoe cut stock and findings..............................
Boots and shoes--------------------------------------------------Leather gloves and mittens.................................................
Trunks and suitcases.............. ....................... ......................
239.6
195.3
180.6
240.8
203.6
313.0
240.1
202.2
184.4
239.6
201.1
301.2
235.0
204.6
177. 4
234.4
194.2
256.3
234.3
210.9
178.1
227.5
209.9
343.2
224.4
202.0
166. 5
212.3
259.4
417.5
236.8
206.3
175.3
227.6
266.8
401.4
245.1
206.5
185.2
238.7
274.5
393.3
248.3
207.3
189.5
242.9
285.4
376.2
236.5
203.6
178.6
230.6
267.4
339.5
233.4
205.2
179.9
225.3
273.6
339.5
215.4
201.1
169.6
202.8
256. 9
339.8
227.1
197.9
173.4
219.5
241.3
347.2
154.2
140.6
142.2
142.0
239.4
240.3
Food.................................................................................... 302.8
Slaughtering and meat packing.................................. .......
Butter........... ....... ................................................... ...............
Condensed and evaporated m ilk ............................ ..........
Ice cream_______ _____ __________ ________________
F lo u r ...____________ ______ _____ ________ _________
Feeds, prepared................................................................. .
Cereal preparations____________________ ___________
Baking___________ ___________________ ______ _____
Sugar refining, cane__________________ _____________
Sugar, beet...............................................................................
Confectionery.............. ............................................................
Beverages, nonalcoholic___ ________________________
Malt liquors............................................................... .............
Canning and preserving.......................................... .............
302.7
297.9
377.8
446.5
292.1
309.1
408.5
367.6
269.7
341.8
85.7
285.7
283.9
363.1
213.3
302.9
307.8
367.6
428.0
280.0
330.8
385.0
356.0
271.7
348.1
98.5
290.9
277.0
333. 8
215.6
312.1
343.8
369.3
416.1
265. 7
363.3
391.9
338.1
265.6
343.0
110.6
304.6
276.1
333.3
226.7
333.5
365.6
380.9
407.4
270.4
346.6
396.0
326.8
279. 5
316.9
194.2
347.0
284.7
359.5
280.0
340.7
336.2
379.0
424.4
273.9
351.9
405.9
342.3
280.8
285.3
528.9
388.7
287.1
377.4
313.7
358.2
305.4
384.7
435.6
291.2
355.2
405.8
341.6
286.6
286.4
455.8
376.4
298.6
371.8
537.1
389.8
303.5
397.8
473.7
333.5
360.7
415.4
326.0
282.6
348.2
207.7
345.7
340.9
417.2
835.0
351.3
296.0
418.5
492.5
348.4
368.6
405.0
349.5
273.5
369.5
161.1
296.2
349.0
419. 6
525.4
352.2
318.8
432.6
509.9
365.8
368.3
400.0
377.5
273.5
378.5
138.6
255.4
387.1
435.7
469.2
328.3
329.2
429.8
520.3
341.5
339. 9
391. 7
353.7
270.8
295.0
130.6
261.8
342.6
389. 9
314.8
281.3
226.4
407.2
477.9
311.3
314.6
367.4
333.6
259.2
274.4
117.0
235.5
311.6
332.8
260.4
267.4
192.5
381.0
438.1
286.4
304.7
337.1
313.0
250.7
275.8
100.6
265.2
289.9
350.3
240.8
180.9
188.6
231.0
268.5
170.6
182.9
230.0
223.3
153.0
152.8
119.6
157.6
163.2
180.5
216.0
Tobacco manufactures__________________________ 188.9
Cigarettes........................................................ ........................
Cigars.................... ..................... ..................... .....................
Tobacco (chewing and smoking) and snufl.....................
198.8
257.7
167.7
159.8
193.5
239.8
169.2
161.4
200.5
249.9
174.8
166.3
217.9
269.2
192.1
178.5
223.5
264.4
207.4
173.1
224.3
279.0
197.2
180.7
214.8
268.1
187.4
176.1
218.3
288.3
180.9
173.3
205.5
270.0
171.1
164.1
205.8
263.1
175.8
166.7
201.3
253.1
175.1
161.8
205.7
254.3
182.7
161.6
151.0
172.0
141.0
132.3
Paper and allied products.................. .......................... 317.0
Paper and pu lp......................................................... .............
Paper goods, other..............................................................
E nvelopes........................................................................... .
Paper bags......................... ............................... ......................
Paper boxes...................................... ......................................
327.6
332.2
368.1
292.4
358.1
292.5
335.3
341.0
380.5
297.8
358.7
296.5
341.9
348.6
381.2
302.8
355.4
305.6
356.5
357.9
394.7
317.5
364.5
335.3
362.2
364. 7
392.8
317.3
365.3
344.5
357.4
359.1
381.2
307.0
391.4
342.1
355.0
362.9
372.3
298.3
390.2
328.0
352.1
363.6
365.1
290.0
392.7
318.6
341.7
357.7
355.3
272.9
380.0
294.9
337.8
347.7
358.4
284.0
364.4
304.8
331.1
343.2
355. 0
283.3
355.4
290.4
325.7
333.3
350. 7
282.1
365.3
292.5
184.8
181.6
193.2
165.7
183.4
189.6
Printing, publishing, and allied industries.............. 274.4
Newspapers and periodicals________________________
Printing; book and job............ .............................. .............
Lithographing............... ........................... ....... ....................
Bookbinding........................................................... .. ..........
273.9
255.3
307.5
218.9
302.0
269.7
247.8
307.0
216.3
296.4
268.8
242.7
309.4
218.6
305.4
280.6
258.9
316.0
233.3
310.6
275.4
253.3
307.9
234.5
315.1
273.6
252.2
305.4
235.5
309.7
273.6
253. 6
304.8
233.1
307.8
264.8
240.6
297.6
231.8
310.2
260.1
235.5
296.0
223.5
291.8
264.9
238.1
299.3
230.3
310.0
262.2
236.5
296.7
224.1
302.9
259.5
234.6
291.0
221.4
304.0
124.7
111.7
137.3
124.9
174.8
See footnote at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
699
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
REVIEW, JUNE 1949
T able A-8: Indexes of Production-Worker Weekly Pay Rolls in Manufacturing Industries1—Con.
[1939 average=100]
An
nual
aver
age
1948
1949
Industry group and industry
Apr.
Mar’
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Chemicals and allied products.................................... 434.9
Paints, varnishes, and colors________________
Drugs, medicines, and insecticides___________
Perfumes and positi fit ins
Soap
_ _ _ _ __________________________
Rayon and allied products__________________
Chemicals, not elsewhere classified___________
Explosives and safety fuses ________________
Compressed and liquefied gases— .....................
Ammunition, small-arms___________________
______________________________
Fireworks
Cottonseed oil ___________________________
Fertilizers
________________ __________
449.0
311.4
529.9
221.4
384.5
294.7
609.3
714.4
491.3
346.9
537.9
401.7
591.0
454. 2
315.5
535.7
223. 2
385. 5
304.0
621.6
729.7
493.1
385.3
559. 9
409.9
506.8
459.1
317.2
534.5
230.3
385.0
304.5
639.3
707.6
487.7
380.6
587.4
470.2
453.2
462.3
325.5
514.4
247.4
404.1
305.3
639.7
746.9
483.8
395.2
541.4
539.9
427.5
461.9
329.9
514.9
261.9
405.3
300.1
637.5
749.1
491.0
403.7
544.2
555.4
415.3
460.1
338. 4
506. 9
252. 2
412.2
296. 7
628.6
763.8
488.5
409.4
552.7
559.8
430.8
462.5
339.3
491.1
243.0
400.7
297.5
641.6
796.0
513.9
411.2
621.0
459.3
436.1
450.6
345.1
485. 3
237.4
365.7
302.7
629.1
798.3
512.0
403.1
630.2
261.7
408.9
432.7
343.0
480.6
204.3
344. 3
289.6
000.4
760.2
518.2
420.8
507.0
230.1
396.7
434.9
335.6
486.7
213.7
343.1
280.2
613.6
737.6
505.4
411.2
572.5
228.3
414.5
422.5
329.9
481.5
209.7
322.9
275.1
589.6
683.8
491.7
404.1
594.9
245.9
470.4
422.1
422.5
315.9
197.2
479.9
286.3
215.1
180.6
321.8
174.5
168.2
274.6
591.1
336.9
648.3 2,361. 8
325.3
483.7
398.8 6,734.4
572.5 5, 963.9
270.2
230.4
530.1
272.2
Products of petroleum and coal_________________ 340.6
Petroleum refining_________________________
Coke and byproducts_______________________
Paving materials___________________________
Roofing materials
_ _ _ ___________
339.4
334.7
346.6
207.6
379.7
339.2
334. 2
351.0
191.3
373.1
349.6
346.4
358.4
185.8
368.5
345.5 354. 9
338.2 343.9
350.7 346.7
239.5 *240.2
413.2 507.0
344.8
324.7
349. 5
276.3
577.7
345.6
326.1
353.2
279.1
558.3
358.2
345.5
350.8
264.3
548.7
353.4
344.9
329.5
248.1
531.9
342.2
330.8
330.1
235.0
523.3
335.8
326. 2
320.6
222.8
508.5
316.7
310.9
287.3
206.5
495.6
184.3
176.7
183.4
144.8
267.2
Rubber products______________________________ 291.4
Rubber tires and inner tubes________________
Rubber boots and shoes_____ _______________
Rubber goods, other. _____________________
297.8
287.8
250.2
328.6
309.8
288. 8
301. 5
346.8
320.6
294.5
351.1
353.9
332.7
299.6
388.2
370.0
341.9
312.9
377.2
378.7
345.5
318.2
369.0
383.0
344.9
326.2
355.9
370.8
347.2
341.0
344.1
356.3
329.7
329.8
321.7
331.9
330.2
322.0
329.7
343.7
318.9
305.7
328.1
337.7
312.8
286.4
333.9
347.1
263.9
265.7
268.8
255.8
Miscellaneous industries_______________________ 359.5
Instruments (professional and scientific), and
fire-control equipment____________________
Photographic apparatus------ ------ -----------------Optical instruments and ophthalmic goods___
Pianos, organs, and parts__________ - ________
Games, toys, and dolls______________________
378.2
381.4
384.2
406.8
420.8
422.6
411.8
397.4
375.0
386.7
384.2
382.6
322.7
598.1
426.6
447.2
311.7
434.3
258.4
512.6
596.3
432.1
452.5
329.1
429.4
263.0
515.5
588.1
440.7
452. 9
341.3
410.2
267.4
601.7
578.6
455.1
455.7
381.2
601.4
281. 7
635.1
576.9
455.4
447.8
389.5
633.2
273.6
638.1
555.5
450.2
451.9
387.6
651.1
275.4
616.9
530.1
450. 5
444.4
369.1
613.5
271.9
606.1
505.9
444.1
439.6
361.7
566.8
275.3
566.7
487.2
443.8
393.1
327.9
521.2
254.0
573.0
491.0
438.8
421.6
362.7
510.6
271.7
595.6
492.6
409.7
426.7
367.8
496.7
269. 4
563.4
494.2 1,356.9
416.2
311.5
438.1
439.0
357.9
295.1
487.6
169.7
269.4
204.1
575.5 1,622.9
N o n d u r a b le g o o d s—
Fire extinguishers
1943
Continued
____ ____________________
1 See footnote 1, table A-6.
T able
A-9: Employees in Selected Nonmanufacturing Industries 1
[In thousands]
1949
Annual
average
1948
Industry group and industry
M ining:3 >
Coal:
Anthracite______________________
Bituminous---- ----------- ----------------M etal-------------- ---------------------------Iron__________ ___ _________
Copper _______________________
Lead and zinc_______ _________
Gold and silver______________ . .
M iscellaneous.-. ---------------------Quarrying and nonmetallic__________
Crude petroleum and natural gas pro
duction 4---------- ------- -----------------Transportation and public utilities:
Class I railroads
______________
Street railways and busses *-------------Telephone___ ________ _______ ______
Telegraph 7. -------------------------Electric light and power------- ----------Service:
Hotels (year-round)________________
Power laundries 2--------- ----------- . .
Cleaning and dyeing 3______________
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
1943
1939
74.9
389
94.8
33.3
27.6
17.0
9.1
7.9
81.4
75.3
392
94.1
32.1
27.8
17.1
9.2
7.9
78.2
76.2
399
92.8
32.0
26.7
17.0
9.1
8.0
76.6
77.2
401
89.8
32.0
24.2
16.9
8.9
7.9
77.8
77.0
405
90.1
32.3
24_4
16.9
8.7
7.9
83.4
77.0
403
88.5
32.1
23.9
16.6
8.2
7.7
85.3
76.6
404
92.0
32.8
27.0
16.2
8.1
7.9
86.6
77.5
408
89.4
33.4
26.9
13.0
8.2
7.9
87.8
77.7
408
88.4
33.7
26.5
12.0
8.1
8.0
87.8
76.2
378
91.7
33.7
26.6
15.0
8.4
8.0
87.1
77.4
407
92.8
33.7
26.7
16.2
8.3
7.9
86.8
76.4
405
91.4
32.7
26.5
16.4
8.1
7.7
85.1
76.9
296
91.7
32. 5
26.8
16.3
8. 5
7. 7
83.9
78.4
419
112.7
35.3
33.3
21.6
7.7
14.8
80.9
83.6
372
92.6
21.1
25.0
16.3
26.0
4.2
68.5
128.9
129.2
129.6
129.5
129.6
130.4
129.9
133.2
137.1
136.6
133.5
128.7
127.2
103.2
114.4
1,345 1,350
1,306 1,329
1,356 1,361 1,352 1,321 1,258 1,355
1,215 1,195 1,231
1,255
249
227
248
249
249
241
'242
242
244
245
246
'248
'246
243
630
402
642
643
647
644
633
630
640
642
637
637
638
642
36.9
46.9
34.5
34.7
35.1
36.0
36.1
36.3
32.4
32.4
34.2
32.8
33.3
33.9
274
273
211
279
282
281
284
286
283
283
282
281
282
283
988
194
318
37.6
244
344
252
78.0
323
196
58.2
360
216
88.0
361
216
84.1
364
217
83.3
365
221
84.5
1 Unless otherwise noted, data include all employees. Data for the three
most recent months are subject to revision without notation. Revised data
for earlier months are identified by an asterisk.
* Includes production and related workers only.
* Data have been adjusted to levels indicated by Federal Security Agency
data through 1946 and have been carried forward from 1946 benchmark
levels, thereby providing consistent series.
4 Does not include well drilling or rig building.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
370
224
86.3
372
224
87.5
375
229
89.4
373
232
88.7
369
233
89.7
375
239
92.6
379
238
94.7
377
233
93.4
377
232
92.5
« Includes all employees at middle of month. Excludes employees of
switching and terminal companies. Class I railroads include those with over
$1,000,000 annual revenue. Source: Interstate Commerce Comission.
9 Includes private and municipal street-railway companies and affiliated,
subsidiary, or successor trolley-bus and motor-bus companies.
7 Includes all land-line employees except those compensated on a commis
sion basis. Excludes general and divisional headquarters personnel, trainees
in school, and messengers.
700
.4: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
T able
MONTHLY LABOR
A-10: Indexes of Employment in Selected Nonmanufacturing Industries 1
[1939 average=100]
1949
An
nual
aver
age
1948
Industry group and industry
M ining:8 *
Coal:
Anthracite____________________________
Bituminous ___________________
_____
M etal_____________________________________
Iron____________________________ ______
Copper________ ______ _____ ___________
Lead and zinc__________________________
Gold and silver,____ ___________________
Miscellaneous,. _______ _____ __________
Quarrying and nonmetallic____________ . . . .
Crude petroleum and natural gas production L
Transportation and public utilities:
Class I railroads 4_____ _ __________ ____
Street railways and busses *___ ____ ______ _
Telephone_____ _____________ ____________
Telegraph 8 _____ _______________________
Electric light and power____________________
T rade:8
Wholesale_________________________________
R etail_________________________ _______ . . .
F o o d ...
______________ ____________
General merchandise____________________
A pparel---- -------------------------------------Furniture and housefum ishings_________
Automotive. ___
__________ _______
Lumber and building m aterials_________
Service:
Hotels (year-round)..................................................
Power laundries 8_ _____________ __________
Cleaning and dyeing8______________________
1 See
» See
8 See
4 See
footnote
footnote
footnote
footnote
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
1943
89.6
104.7
102.4
157.7
110.5
104.4
34.9
187.6
118.9
112.6
90.1
105.4
101.6
152.1
111.4
104.8
35.3
188.5
114.2
112.9
91.1
107. 3
100.2
151.7
106.8
104.3
35.1
191.7
111. 9
113.2
92.3
107.9
97.0
151.4
96.7
104.1
34.3
188.0
113.6
113.2
92.0
109.0
97.3
152. 7
97.7
103.6
33.6
189.4
121.8
113.2
92.1
108.3
95.6
152.1
95.6
101.9
31.6
183.2
124.6
114.0
91.7
108.8
99.3
155.4
107.9
99.8
30.9
188.6
126.5
113.5
92.7
109.7
96.5
158.2
107.7
79.8
31.4
188.9
328.3
116.4
92.9
109.7
95.5
159.6
106.0
74.0
31.1
390.0
128.2
119.8
91.1
101.8
99.1
159.5
106.6
92.2
32.2
191.3
127.3
119.4
92. 6
109.6
100.2
159.6
106.9
99. 7
31.9
188.6
126.8
116.7
91.4
108.9
98.7
155.0
106.0
100.6
31.3
182. 9
124. 2
112 5
91. 9
79. 7
99.0
153. 7
107.2
100. 4
32. 5
182 8
122 5
111 2
Q?, 7
112 6
121.7
167 4
188 2
182 7
20 7
8fi9 n
11« 2
9o! 2
123.0
124.3
200.4
86.1
116.0
121.0
124. e
200.5
86.0
115.7
124.6
125.1
201.6
87.1
115.6
127.1
125.4
200.8
88.6
115.1
132.2
125.9
202.2
90.0
115.6
134.6
126.2
202.1
90.7
115.5
136.2
126.9
201.9
91.6
115.1
136.7
127.9
202.3
92.3
136.2
137.3
128.1
203.7
93.3
117.1
137.9
127.2
202.8
95.7
115.8
136.9
128.3
199.4
96.0
114.1
133. 8
128. 5
198.4
96.3
112.3
127 3
128.3
198.3
97 9
111.7
187 2
117 0
126 7
124 7
86.3
114.0
113.0
112.6
128.2
123.9
89.2
108.2
116.0
114.5
109.3
112.7
119.0
108.8
89.8
107.1
114.0
114.9
109.1
111.8
118.7
106.3
90.1
107. 3
115.0
115.9
111.7
111.8
126.0
110. 9
91.1
108.9
117.6
117.8
129.0
114.6
177.1
135.0
97.5
113.7
123.9
118.3
119.4
113.8
146.4
122. 5
93.8
111. 7
126.6
118.1
116.0
113.8
135.3
119.4
92.2
110.0
127.8
117.3
113.4
112.0
127.2
113.9
91.8
110.1
128.0
137.0
111.2
112.3
120.8
105.1
90.1
111.1
129.6
116.2
112.0
113.8
121.3
108.0
90.5
109.8
128.2
115.3
113.6
115. 5
124.8
115.4
91.2
108.4
126.3
114.5
113.1
116. 3
123.7
115 2
91.9
107.0
123.7
114.8
112.8
116.1
123. 4
114 6
91 6
107 1
121.9
95. 9
99. 9
106 2
no! 9
no i
67 7
68 0
91.5
111.6
110.3
151.2
111.9
110. 1
144.5
112.8
110. 8
143.3
113.3
113.1
145.3
114.6
114.2
148.4
115. 3
114. 6
150.5
116.2
116.7
153.7
115.7
118.4
152.5
114.6
119.0
154.3
116.2
122.1
159.2
117. 6
121.5
162.9
117.0
119.0
160.6
116.9
118 3
159.0
106 6
12« 7
134.0
1, table A-9.
2, table A-9.
3, table A-9.
4, table A-9.
T able
s gee footnote 5, table A-9.
«gee footnote 6, table A-9.
r s e6 footnote 7, table A-9.
8Includes all nonsupervisory employees and working supervisors.
A -ll: Indexes of Weekly Pay Rolls in Selected Nonmanufacturing Industries 1
[1939 average—100]
1949
An
nual
aver
age
1948
Industry group and industry
M inin g:8 8
Coal:
Anthracite_______________ ____ ___ _____
Bitum inous. ______ ______ ___ ____ ______
M etal......................................... ........................... .
Iron..................................................................... .
Copper...............................................................
Lead and t i n e . .. ____ ___________________
Gold and silver______ _______ _____ ____ _
Miscellaneous__________________________
Quarrying and nonm etallic..________________
Crude petroleum and natural gas production4. .
Transportation and public utilities:
Class I railroads___________________________
Street railways and busses »________ _____ ___
Telephone_______________ _____ ___________
Telegraph 8_______ ________ ________________
Electric light and power_________ ____ ______
Trade:8
W holesale....................................... ........................
R etail______________________ ____ ___ ______
Food____ ________________ ______ _______
General merchandise____________ ______ _
Apparel______________ _________________
Furniture and housefumishings__________
Automotive_____ ____ _____ ____________
Lumber and building materials...................
Service:
Hotels (year-round)
............................................
Power laundries 8.......................... .........................
Cleaning and dyeing 8_______________ ____ _
1 See footnote 1,
8 See footnote 2,
8 See footnote 3,
4 See footnote 4,
8 N ot available.
table A-9.
table A-9.
table A-9.
table A-9.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
1943
195.7
326.1
235. 2
374.3
277.1
265.6
64.3
388.4
309.6
235.8
160.1
311.7
237.4
368.2
277.3
285.7
64.3
396.0
286.8
233.1
168.3
343.9
228.6
364.7
252.9
276.1
66.2
396.2
281.2
236.7
238.6
355. 3
225.1
363.1
241.2
280.3
61.9
410.3
290.2
245.1
224.6
355.0
224.4
358.0
244. 4
277.8
62.4
408.2
321.2
235. 7
216.0
343.1
215.3
353.2
232.2
266.4
56.6
374.1
329.5
235.3
260.4
358. 5
224.9
373.6
255.6
252.7
56.4
38«. 7
345.2
230.7
247.3
355.1
211.2
361.0
247.6
199.2
54.1
382.4
342.4
235.6
260.3
365.8
210.4
355.8
254.8
189.1
56.1
387.5
348.5
251.0
193.3
293.0
202.2
331.5
242.4
193. 2
57.1
383.0
329.7
240.8
246.0
344.2
208.2
345.0
232.9
238.1
54.2
360.7
329.1
227.1
246.2
344.3
206.1
336.3
232.6
238.9
54.6
352.5
312.5
223.4
195.4
167.4
201. 7
319. 7
232.6
235.8
55.2
343.1
295. 4
213.4
146.1
203.3
184.9
257.9
214.fi
220. 7
37.2
560.7
199.6
128.0
(')
226.5
342.0
210.6
208.1
(*)
228.7
344.9
206.8
206.0
(•)
230.6
346.2
208.6
206.2
(')
231.3
337.2
210.9
206.7
(*)
233.4
339. 7
212.6
206.4
(')
231.2
349.7
215.3
205.8
(*)
235.7
338.8
217.4
204.5
«)
233. 4
335.4
220.4
204.3
(')
235.2
331.7
225.5
204.9
«
232.2
336.1
233.2
202.8
(!)
231.2
327.1
228.6
196.4
(•)
228.1
326.1
231.1
392.1
(«)
227.1
317.7
224. 8
188.6
155. 7
144.9
159.3
109.2
218.7
223.4
234.4
244.0
238.1
176.1
220.3
237.7
217.4
214. 5
233.3
227.5
200.0
177.1
212.7
232.1
219. 3
214.4
232.4
225.0
198.7
180. 3
210. 4
234.4
222.7
222.6
231.9
248.3
211.9
186.8
216.5
239.8
224.0
251.4
234.8
340.8
254.7
201.1
224.7
251.0
224.2
228.4
229.7
270. 3
226.9
182.5
219.0
254.7
222.5
223.5
227.4
252. 7
222.2
184.3
215.6
261.3
220.8
219.4
226.0
238.3
210.8
179.9
217.0
258.3
220.6
218.1
229.0
231.8
195.5
178.5
219.6
264.6
215.3
218.6
232.9
233.6
202.1
176.7
213.4
257.3
211.8
218.3
231.9
236.5
214, 3
179.6
209.6
252.8
211.8
213.8
227.0
229.2
211.8
180.3
205.3
242.6
211.0
211.1
225.5
225.8
209.2
175.6
204.7
234.9
129.2
135.9
133.9
86.5
84.7
120.7
232.0
221. 2
308.9
233.0
219. 1
27S.9
236.2
219. 8
271.1
236.5
228.5
284.3
238.6
227.6
291. 3
237.9
226.8
289.3
238.7
227.6
300.0
235.3
232.9
296.8
233.7
228.1
287.2
234.4
240.6
308.0
236.3
238.3
324.8
234.6
232.3
312.4
233.4
231. 5
308.0
138.7
167.0
185.4
(»)
f
127.0
120.6
1 See footnote 7, table A-9.
8 See footnote 8, table A-10.
• Money payments only; additional value of board, room, uniforms, and
tips, not included.
REVIEW, JUNE 1949
T able
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
701
A-12: Federal Civilian Employment by Branch and Agency Group
E xecutive1
Year and month
All branches
Total
Defense
agencies4
Post Office
Department *
AH other
agencies
Legislative
Judicial
Government
corporations3
Total (including areas outside continental United States)
1939..
1943.
968,596
3,183,235
935, 493
3,138, 838
207,979
2,304, 752
319, 474
364, 092
408,040
469, 994
5,373
6,171
2,260
2,636
25, 470
35, 690
’948: April_____
M ay_____
June_____
July--------August___
September.
October___
November.
December.
2,009, 9Ö8
2,026.041
2,038,187
2,065,672
2,073, 720
2,083, 614
2,076,011
2,078, 623
2, 380,186
1,970, 371
1,986.428
1,998, 790
2,026,086
2,034, 538
2, 044,087
2,036, 951
2,039, 218
2, 340,902
903, 623
910,125
916,857
919, 784
924, 555
933,214
931,918
934, 509
937,178
438,824
442, 661
442, 588
452, 932
455, 549
457,003
458,414
459,685
759,268
627.924
633,642
639,345
653, 370
654,434
653,870
646,619
645,024
644,456
7,186
7,257
7, 308
7,305
7,341
7,377
7, 355
7,443
7,343
3,461
3,468
3,459
3, 477
3,495
3, 485
3,500
3,537
3,512
28, 980
28, 888
28, 030
28,804
28, 346
28, 665
28, 205
28, 425
28, 429
1949: January...
February.
March___
April____
2,089, 545
2,089,040
2,089, 806
2,095,813
2, 050, 385
2,049, 809
2,050, 601
2,056,192
933, 670
935,216
934, 433
934, 968
475, 836
475,022
474, 945
476,440
640,879
639,570
641,223
644, 784
7,414
7,420
7, 482
7,478
3, 538
3, 552
3, 558
3,572
28,208
28, 260
28,165
28,571
Continental United States
1939.....................
j 5943.....................
926,659
2, 913, 534
897, 602
2,875,928
179, 381
2,057,696
318.802
363, 297
399, 419
454,935
5, 373
6,171
2,180
2, 546
21, 604
28,889
1948: April........
M a y _____
June..........
July-------August___
September
October__
November.
December.
1,781,238
1, 795, 611
1,808,240
1,839, 560
1,854, 242
1, 868, 589
1,868,846
1, 876,443
2,181, 744
1, 748,658
1, 763,092
1, 775,838
1,806,926
1,821,574
1,836, 008
1,836,310
1,843,888
2,149,306
710,991
717,072
724,683
732,217
742,925
756, 500
762,682
770,286
777,474
437,242
441,076
440,977
451, 339
453, 926
455,372
456, 708
457.972
756,549
600.425
604,944
610,178
623,370
624, 723
624,136
616,920
615,630
615,283
7,186
7,257
7, 308
7, 305
7,341
7,377
7, 355
7, 443
7,343
3, 387
3,394
3,388
3, 406
3,424
3,409
3,426
3,462
3,437
21,706
21, 923
21,903
21, 795
21, 755
21, 650
21,658
1949: January...
February..
March___
April____
1,895, 969
1,897, 665
1, 897, 224
1,905,131
1,863, 573
1,865, 217
1,864,685
1,872, 635
777, 679
781,956
780, 782
784,077
474,100
473, 289
473, 215
474,679
611, 794
609,972
610, 688
613,879
7,414
7,420
7, 482
7,478
3,463
3,476
3,481
3,495
21, 519
21, 552
21,576
21, 523
1 Employment represents an average for the year or is as of the first of the
m onth. Data for the legislative and Judicial branches and for all Govern
ment corporations except the Panama R . R. Go. are reported directly to the
Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data for the executive branch and for the Pana
ma R . R . Co. are reported through the Civil Service Commission but differ
from those published by the Civil Servioe Commission in the following
respects: (1) Exclude seamen and trainees who are hired and paid by private
steamship companies having contracts with the Maritime Commission,
included by Civil Service Commission starting January 1947; (2) exclude
substitute rural mail carriers, included by the Civil Service Commission since
September 1945; (3) include in December the additional postal employment
necessitated by the Christmas season, excluded from published Civil Service
Commission figures starting 1942; (4) include an upward adjustment to Post
Office Department employment prior to December 1943 to convert temporary
substitute employees from a full-time equivalent to a name-count basis,
the latter being the basis on which data for subsequent months have been
reported; (5) the Panama R. R. Co. is shown under Government corpora
tions here, but is included under the executive branch by the Civil Service
Commission; (6) employment published by the Civil Service Commission
as of the last day of the month is presented here as of the first day of the next
month.
Data for Central Intelligence Agency are excluded.
s From 1939 through June 1943, employment was reported for all areas
m onthly and employment within continental United States was secured by
deducting the number of persons outside the continental area, which was
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
22,007
21,868
estimated from actual reports as of January 1939 and 1940 and of July 1941
and 1943. From July 1943, through December 1946, employment within
continental United States was reported monthly and the number of persons
outside the country (estimated from quarterly reports) was added to secure
employment in all areas. Beginning January 1947, employment is reported
monthly both inside and outside continental United States.
1 Data for current months cover the following corporations: Federal Reserve
banks, mixed ownership banks of the Farm Credit Administration, and
the Panama R. R. Co. Data for earlier years include at various times the
following additional corporations: Inland Waterways Corporation, Spruce
Production Corporation, and certain employees of the Federal Deposit
Insurance Corporation and of the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency,
Treasury Department. Corporations not included in this column are under
the executive branch.
4 Covers the National Military Establishment, Maritime Commission,
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, The Panama Canal, and
until their abolition or amalgamation with a peacetime agency, the agencies
created specifically to meet war and reconversion emergencies.
s For ways in which data differ from published figures of the Civil Service
Commission, see footnote 1. Employment figures include fourth-class post
masters in all months. Prior to July 1945, clerks at third-class post offices
were hired on a contract basis and therefore, because of being private em
ployees, are excluded here. They are included beginning July 1945, how
ever, when they were placed on the regular Federal pay roll by congressional
action.
MONTHLY LABOR
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
702
T able A-13: Federal Civilian Pay Rolls by Branch and Agency Group 1
[In thousands]
Execiitive *
Year and month
Legislative
All branches
Total
Defense
agencies4
Post Office
Department «
Judicial
All other
agencies
Government
corporations •
Total (including areas outside continental United States)
1939.....................................
1944«.— ..............................
$1, 757, 292
8, 301, 111
$1, 692, 824
8, 206, 411
$357, 628
6,178,387
$586, 347
864, 947
$748, 849
1,163,077
$14, 767
18,127
$6, 691
9,274
$43,010
67, 299
1948: April.................. .......
M ay_____________
J u n e ___________
Julv_____________
A ugust___________
September_______
October . _______
November_______
December________
*488, 293
474, 725
505, 345
528, 447
*543,481
547, 847
533, 871
550,353
624,586
*478, 773
465, 356
495, 792
518, 639
*533, 561
537,969
523,860
540, 393
614, 399
215, 279
205, 912
225, 440
223, 968
*229,273
232, 975
225,675
235, 507
245,159
100,894
100, 925
102, 653
121,677
122, 320
121,908
124,095
125,130
178,899
162, 600
158, 519
167, 699
172, 994
*181,968
183,086
174,090
179, 756
190, 341
2,482
2,469
2,536
2,600
2, 695
2. 694
2,656
2,682
2, 722
1,322
1,207
1, 279
1, 301
1,390
1,453
1, 454
1,419
1,468
5,716
5,693
5, 738
5,907
5,835
5, 731
5,901
5, 859
5,997
1949: January__________
February.. _____
March___________
April.......... .............
537,916
*518, 293
575,946
540,481
527,868
*508,471
565,652
530, 520
230, 653
*220,788
250,618
229, 254
121, 598
119, 978
124,348
125, 308
175,617
167, 705
190,686
175,958
2,657
2,650
2,763
2,720
1,352
1, 306
1,455
1,307
6,039
5, 866
6,076
5,934
Continental United States
1944«.......... .......................
$7,628,017
$7, 540,825
$5, 553,166
$862, 271
$1,125,388
$18,127
$8, 878
$60,187
1948: April____ ________
M ay_____________
June_____________
July_____________
August__________
September...............
October _______
N o v em b er........... .
D ecem ber...............
*449,294
434. 657
461,406
487,067
501,815
506,309
491, 324
509,114
581, 370
*440,448
426,011
452,529
478,016
492. 593
497, 084
482,045
499.801
571,845
*184,012
174,209
189,974
191, 686
197,058
200, 912
192, 530
203, 323
211,614
100, 543
100, 570
102, 306
121, 263
121,906
121,479
123, 633
124, 667
178,151
155, 893
151,232
160, 249
165,067
173, 629
174, 693
165, 882
171,811
182,080
2,482
2,469
2,536
2,600
2, 695
2,694
2,656
2,682
2, 722
1,287
1,174
1,242
1,263
1.351
1,414
1,413
1,379
1,428
5,077
5,003
5,099
5,188
5,176
5,117
5, 210
5,250
5, 375
1949: January__________
February________
March___________
April____________
498,625
*481,197
534,033
502,280
489, 363
*472,025
524, 509
493, 019
200, 204
*192,441
218. 474
200,136
121,154
119,540
123, 889
124, 843
168,005
*160, 044
182,146
168,040
2,657
2,650
2, 763
2,720
1,314
1,268
1,414
1, 272
5,291
5,254
5,347
5,269
i Data are from a series revised June 1947 to adjust pay rolls, which from
July 1946 until December 1946 were reported for pay periods ending during the
month, to cover the entire calendar month. Data for the executive branch
and for the Panama R. R. Co. are reported through the Civil Service Com
mission. Data for the legislative and judicial branches and for all Govern
ment corporations except the Panama R. R. Co. are reported directly to
the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data for Central Intelligence Agency are
excluded.
» From 1939 through M ay 1943, pay rolls were reported for all areas monthly.
Beginning June 1943, some agencies reported pay rolls for all areas and some
reported pay rolls for the continental area only. Pay rolls for areas outside
continental United States from June 1943 through November 1946 (except
for the National Military Establishment for which these data were reported
monthly during most of this period) were secured by multiplying employ
ment in these areas (see footnote 2, table A-12, for derivation of the employ-
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
ment) by the average pay per person in March 1944, as revealed in a survey
as of that date, adjusted for the salary increases given in July 1946 and July
1946. Beginning December 1946 pay rolls for areas outside the country are
reported monthly by most agencies.
* See footnote 3, table A-12.
4 See footnote 4, table A-12.
« Beginning July 1946, pay is included of clerks at third-class post offices
who previously were hired on a contract basis and therefore were private
employees and of fourth-class postmasters who previously were recompensed
by the retention of a part of the postal receipts. Both these groups wore
placed on a regular salary basis in July 1945 by congressional action.
* Data are shown for 1944, instead of 1943 as in the other Federal tables,
because pay rolls for employment in areas outside continental United States
are not available prior to June 1943.
* Revised
REVIEW, JUNE 1949
T able
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
703
A-14: Civilian Government Employment and Pay Rolls in Washington, D. C., by Branch and
Agency Group 1
Federal
Year and month
District of
Total
Columbia
government government
Executive
Total
All agencies
Defense
agencies *
Post Office
Depart
ment •
Legislative
Judicial
All other
agencies
Employment *
1939........................................................
1943..........................................................
143, 548
300,914
13,978
15, 874
129, 570
285, 040
123,773
278,363
18, 761
144, 319
5,099
8,273
99,913
125, 771
5, 373
6,171
424
606
1948: April............................................
M a y .._________ ___________
June______________________
J u ly ................................. ...........
A u g u st........... ...........................
September_________ _______
October.......... .............................
November___ _____________
December__________ _______
227,627
228,877
229, 526
233, 308
234, 253
235, 063
234, 544
236, 478
242,659
18, 626
18, 682
18, 848
19, 294
18, 882
18, 853
18, 564
19,065
18, 764
209,001
210,195
210, 678
214,014
215, 371
216, 210
215. 980
217,413
223,895
201,227
202, 350
202, 782
206.110
207, 438
208, 245
208,036
209, 373
215,955
66, 636
67,212
67, 592
69, 056
70, 217
70, 771
70, 666
71,084
72,219
7,396
7,380
7,387
7, 499
7,486
7,551
7, 589
7,702
12,015
127,196
127, 758
127, 803
129, 555
129,735
129, 923
129, 781
130, 587
131, 721
7,186
7,257
7,308
7, 305
7,341
7,377
7,355
7,443
7,343
588
688
588
599
592
588
589
597
597
1949; January___________________
February__________________
M arch____________________
April_____________________
237,526
238,909
239,896
241,389
18,880
19,062
19,093
19,305
218,646
219,847
220, 803
222,084
210, 629
211,823
212,719
214,004
71, 202
71,723
71,991
72,359
7,623
7,613
7,625
7, 750
131,804
132,487
133,103
133,895
7,414
7,420
7,482
7,478
603
604
602
602
Pay rolls (in thousands)
1939..........................................................
1943................. .........................................
$305,741
737, 792
$25, 226
32,884
$280, 515
704,908
$264, 541
685,510
$37, 825
352, 007
$12, 524
20, 070
$214,192
313, 433
$14, 765
17, 785
$1,209
1,613
1948: A p ril...........................................
M ay______________________
June..............................................
J u l y . .. .......................................
August............. ...........................
September..................................
October___________ ____ ___
November______ ______ ____
December_________________
•63,907
63,492
66, 658
67,208
71,251
73, 551
70. 755
73, 223
78,680
4, 495
4,422
4,561
3, 461
3, 480
4, 607
4, 450
4, 528
4, 742
•59,412
59,070
62,097
63, 747
67, 771
68, 944
66,305
68. 695
73,938
•56, 719
56,400
59, 350
60, 931
64, 848
66, 020
63, 421
65, 782
70,972
•17, 244
18,045
19.250
20, 235
21,114
22,141
20, 908
21, 656
22,526
2, 277
2, 234
2, 300
2,651
2, 695
2, 722
2,684
2, 750
3, 704
37,198
36,121
37,800
38,045
41,039
41,157
39, 829
41,376
44, 742
2,482
2, 469
2, 536
2, 600
2, 695
2, 694
2, 656
2, 682
2, 722
211
201
211
216
228
230
228
231
244
1949 January___________________
February__________________
March__ _ . ________ . . .
April............................................
71,434
68, 569
77,219
71,402
4,647
4,418
4,801
4, 574
66,787
64,151
72,418
66, 828
63,904
61, 283
69,411
63,882
20, 687
19,984
22,190
20, 284
2,132
2,070
2,121
2,125
41,085
39,229
45,100
41, 473
2, 657
2,650
2, 763
2,720
226
218
244
226
1 Data for the legislative and judicial branches and District of Columbia
Government are reported to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data for the
executive branch are reported through the Civil Service Commission but
differ from those published by the Civil Service Commission in the following
respects: (1) Include in December the temporary additional postal employ
m ent necessitated by the Christmas season, excluded from published Civil
Service Commission figures starting 1942; (2) include an upward adjustment
to Post Office Department employment prior to December 1943 to convert
temporary substitute employees from a full-time equivalent to a namecount basis, the latter being the basis on which data for subsequent months
have been reported; (3) exclude persons working without compensation or
for $1 a year or month, included by the Civil Service Commission from
June through November 1943; (4) employment published by the Civil
Service Commission as of the last day of the month is presented here as of
the first day of the next month.
Beginning January 1942, data for the executive branch cover, in addition to
the area inside the District of Columbia, the adjacent sections of Maryland
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
and Virginia which are defined by the Bureau of the Census as in the metro,
politan area. Data for Central Intelligence Agency are excluded.
* Covers the National Military Establishment, Maritime Commission,
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, The Panama Canal, and
until their abolition or amalgamation with a peacetime agency, the agencies
created specifically to meet war and reconversion emergencies.
1 For ways in which data differ from published figures of the Civil Service
Commission, see footnote 1.
‘ Yearly figures represent averages. M onthly figures represent (1) the
number of regular employees in pay status on the first day of th? month plus
the number of intermittent employees who were paid during the preceding
month for the executive branch, (2) the number of employees on the pay roll
with pay during the pay period ending Just before the first of the month
for the legislative and judicial branches, and (3) the number of employees on
the pay roll with pay during the pay period ending on or just before the last
of the month for the District of Columbia Government.
•Revised.
704
B: LABOR TURN-OVER
M ONTHLY LABO R
T able A -15 : Personnel and Pay in Military Branch of Federal Government1
[In thousands]
Type of pay
Personnel (average for year or as of first of month) *
Year and month
Total
Army »
1939
1943
345
8,944
* 192
* 6, 733
1948: April_______
M ay___ ___
June..... .........
July________
August_____
September__
October____
November__
December__
1,417
1,430
1,439
1,463
1,514
1,548
1, 585
1.610
1,628
538
541
546
552
579
609
636
647
662
1949: January____
F eb ru ary__
M a rc h e . . . .
April_______
1, 644
1,687
1, 681
1,660
677
712
703
689
Air Force
M arine
Corps
N avy
Coast
Guard
Total
Pay rolls 4
Mustering- Family al Leave pay
ments 5
out pay ! lowances *
124
1, 744
19
311
10
156
$331, 623
11,181,079
$331, 523
10,148, 745
368
375
384
388
400
401
406
410
410
412
403
407
420
430
432
438
446
449
79
80
82
84
86
86
84
85
85
20
20
20
20
21
21
21
21
22
285, 210
278,967
277,368
276, 590
278, 234
292,040
294, 843
298, 971
294, 061
247,452
242, 292
243, 239
246, 422
244, 547
251, 398
259,175
264,137
260. 046
$9,751
9,057
5, 756
2, 516
3, 955
9, 292
5, 818
5, 733
5, 221
25, 414
25, 736
26, 476
26,353
27, 756
28,115
28, 253
28,534
28, 605
$2,593
1,882
1,808
1,299
1,076
3,235
1,598
567
190
412
416
417
417
447
450
451
450
86
87
87
87
22
22
22
23
299,593
290,041
289,063
292,447
265,618
257,503
255,340
258,961
5,023
4,292
4,531
4,392
28,709
28,163
29,108
29,037
243
85
84
57
(S)
( i)
SI. 032, 334
count. Pay rolls for the N avy and Coast Guard include cash payments for
clothing-allowance balances in January, April, July, and October.
1 Represents actual expenditures.
• Represents Government’s contribution. The men’s share is Included in
the pay rolls.
1 Leave payments were authorized by Public Law 704 of the 79th Congress
and were continued by Public Law 264 of the 80th Congress to enlisted per
sonnel discharged prior to September 1, 1948, for accrued and unused leave,
and to officers and enlisted personnel then on active duty for leave accrued
in excess of 60 days. Value of bonds (representing face value, to which in
terest is added when bonds are cashed) and cash payments are included.
Lump-sum payments for terminal leave, which were authorized by Public
Law 350 of the 80th Congress, and which were started in October 1947, are
excluded hare and included under pay rolls.
! Separate figures for Army and Air Force not available, combined data
shown under Army.
1 Except for Army personnel for 1239 which is from the Annual Report of
the Secretary of War, ail data are from reports submitted to the Bureau of
Labor Statistics by the various military branches. Because of rounding,
totals will not necessarily add to the sum of the items shown.
s Includes personnel on active duty, the missing, those in the hands of the
enemy, and those on terminal leave through October 1, 1947, when lump-sum
terminal-leave payments at time of discharge were started.
* Prior to March 1944, data include persons on induction furlough. Prior
to June 1942 and after April 1945, Philippine Scouts are included.
* Pay r oils are for personnel on active duty; they include payment of per
sonnel w hile on terminal leave through September 1947. For officers this
applies to all prior periods and for enlisted personnel back to October 1, 1946
only. Beginning October 1, 1847, they include lump-sum terminal-leave
paym ents made at time of discharge. Coast Guard pay rolls for all periods
and Army pay rolls through April 1947 represent actual expenditures. Other
data represent estimated obligations based on an average monthly personnel
B: Labor Turn-Over
T able B -l: Monthly Labor Turn-Over Rates (Per 100 Employees) in Manufacturing Industries,
by Class of Turn-Over 1
Class of tum-over and year
Total accession:
1949..____ _________________________
1948_______________________________ . . .
1947_________ __ ___________________ . .
1946______________________
.
. .
1939«_________________ .
Total separation:
1949 _____________
.
1948...._____________
1947_________________________________
1946 ______________
1 9 3 9 3 ..._____________ ___________ .
Quit: 4
1949 ____________
1948___ ___ ______________
.
1947______________
1946______________ _______ ______
1939 3_________
Discharge:
...
1949 ____________
1948 ______________
1947_____________
1946____________
1939 8
Lay-off: 4
1949__________________
1948________________
1947__________________
..
1946__________________
1939«_______________
Miscellaneous, including m ilitary:4
1949
1948______________
....
1947__________________
. ...
1946___ ____ ___________
_ .
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
M ay
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
3.2
4.6
6.0
8.5
4.1
2.9
3.9
5.0
6.8
3.1
3 2.8
4.0
5.1
7.1
3.3
4.0
5.1
6.7
2.9
4.1
4.8
6.1
3.3
5.7
5.5
6.7
3.9
4.7
4.9
7.4
4.2
5.0
5.3
7.0
5.1
5.1
5.9
7.1
6.2
4.5
5.5
6.8
5.9
3.9
4.8
5.7
4.1
2 2.7
3.6
4.3
2.8
4. 6
4.3
4.9
6.8
3.2
4.1
4.2
4.5
6.3
2.6
2 4. 0
4.5
4.9
6.6
3.1
4.7
5.2
6.3
3.5
4.3
5.4
6.3
3.5
4.5
4.7
5.7
3.3
4.4
4.6
5.8
3.3
5.1
5.3
6.6
3.0
5.4
5.9
6.9
2.8
4.5
5.0
6.3
2.9
4.1
4.0
4.9
3.0
4.3
3.7
4.5
3.5
1 7
2.6
3.5
4.3
.9
Ç»
.4
.4
-5
,i
1. 4
2.5
3.2
3.9
.6
31 5
2.8
3.5
4.2
.8
3.0
3.7
4.3
.8
2.8
3.5
4.2
.7
2.9
3.1
4.0
.7
2.9
3.1
4.6
.7
3.4
4.0
5.3
.8
3.9
. 4.5
5.3
1.1
2.8
3.6
4.7
.9
2.2
2.7
3.7
.8
1.7
2.3
3.0
.7
.3
.4
.4
.5
.1
s. 2
.4
.4
.4
.i
.4
.4
.4
.1
.3
.4
.4
.1
.4
.4
.3
.1
.4
.4
.4
.1
.4
.4
.4
.1
.4
.4
.4
.1
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.3
.4
.4
.1
2.5
1.2
.9
1.8
32. 8
1.1
2.2
2.3
1.2
.8
1.7
1.9
1.1
1.1
1.2
2.5
1.0
1.0
.6
2.5
1.2
.8
.7
2.1
1.0
.9
1.0
1.6
Ì.2
.9
1.0
1.8
1.4
.8
.7
2.0
.9
1.0
2.7
.1
.1
2. 1
.1
.1
.1
t2
.1
.1
.1
.3
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
1 Month-to-month changes in total employment in manufacturing indus
tries as indicated by labor turn-over rates are not precisely comparable to
those shown by the Bureau’s employment and pay-roll reports, as the former
are based on data for the entire month, while the latter, for the most part,
refer to a 1-week period ending nearest the 15th of the month. The turn
over sample is not so extensive as that of the employment and pay
roll survey—proportionately fewer small plants are included; printing and
publishing, and certain seasonal industries, such as canning and preserving,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Apr.
1.2
.9
1.8
2.2
.1
.2
1.2
1.0
1.4
2.6
.1
.1
.2
1.4
1.5
2.7
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
.2
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
2.2
are not covered. Plants on strike are also excluded. See Note, table B-2.
3 Preliminary figures.
* Prior to 1943, rates relate to wage earners only.
* Prior to September 1940, miscellaneous separations were included with
quits.
s Including temporary, indeterminate (of more than 7 days’ duration), and
permanent lay-ofis.
REVIEW, JUNE 1949
705
B: LABOR TURN-OVER
T able B-2: Monthly Labor Turn-Over Rates (Per 100 Employees) in Selected Groups and Industries1
Separation
Total accession
Industry group and industry
Total
Mar.2
Feb.
Mar.2
Quit
Feb.
Mar.2
Discharge
Feb.
Mar.2
Miscellaneous,
including
military
Lay-ofl
Feb.
Mar.2
Feb.
Mar.2
Feb.
M A N U F A C T U R IN G
Durable goods ________ .
Nondurable goods ________
2.8
2.8
2.9
2.9
4.7
4.6
4.3
3.9
1. 4
1.6
1.3
1.5
0.2
.3
0.3
.3
3.0
2.6
2.6
2.0
0.1
.1
0.1
.1
2.4
2.2
3.5
1.5
1.4
1.5
4.7
1.1
1.6
2.2
1.9
2.6
1.8
2.2
1.7
3.4
1.5
1.7
3.8
2.3
7.8
8.8
9.1
3.1
3.3
3.2
5.2
3.4
1.8
5.7
7.5
3.7
2.8
6.6
2.5
3.2
1.2
1.2
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.0
1.1
.6
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.6
1.0
.8
1.6
.2
.2
.4
.3
.4
.1
.3
.2
.2
.2
.1
.5
.3
.2
.3
.4
.2
.2
2.2
.7
5.8
6.9
7.3
1.9
1.8
2.3
3.8
1.9
.4
3.8
5.7
2.2
.8
4.9
1.4
1.3
.2
.2
.1
.3
.2
.1
.1
1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.2
.1
.1
.3
.1
.1
D u r a b le goods
Iron and steel and their products ..
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling mills
Gray-iron eastings ________
Malleable-iron castings..............
Steel castings________ . . .
Cast-iron pipe and fittings_______
Tin cans and other tinware. .
Wire products__________
Cutlery and edge tools_____________
Tools (except edge tools, machine tools, files, and
saws)_______________ . . .
Hardware__________ . . .
Stoves, oil burners, and heating equipment
Steam and hot-water heating apparatus and steam
fittings___ _____
Stamped and enameled ware and galvanizing
Fabricated structural-metal products
Bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets..
Forgings, iron and steel________
1.4
1.9
3.3
1.8
1.6
3.6
3.5
6.1
7.0
3.5
5.5
10.2
.9
1.3
1.5
.9
1.4
1.4
.2
.5
.3
.3
.3
.4
2.3
4.2
5.1
2.2
3.7
8.3
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
2.3
3.9
3.9
1.1
3.6
2.1
3.6
3.4
1.2
1.7
5.9
5.1
4.6
2.9
3.9
5.0
5.5
4.0
2.9
3.9
1.8
1.6
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.0
1.3
1.1
1.0
.9
.2
.3
.2
.1
.2
.4
.2
.4
.2
.2
3.8
3.1
3.2
1.7
2.4
3.5
3.9
2.4
1.6
2.7
.1
.1
.2
.1
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
Electrical machinery________ .
Electrical equipment for industrial use
Radios, radio equipment, and phonographs
Communication equipment, except radios
2.1
1.8
3.6
.8
1.9
1.4
3.1
.8
5.2
3.5
7.9
2.5
3.7
2.3
6.7
2.5
1.3
1.1
2.1
.8
1.2
.9
2.0
.9
.2
.1
.5
.2
.2
.1
.4
.1
3.6
2.2
5.2
1.4
2.2
1.1
4.2
1.4
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
Machinery, except electrical . . . . .
Engines and tu rb in es________
Agricultural machinery and tractor's .
Machine tools___________ .
Machine-tool accessories.
M etal working machinery and equipment, not
elsewhere classified___
General industrial machinery, except pumps
Pumps and pumping equipment—
1.8
2.5
2.2
1.0
3.4
1.9
3.1
2.2
.9
2.3
4.0
6.8
3.9
3.2
3.9
3.5
3.6
2.9
3.0
3.8
1.0
1.0
1.5
.6
.8
1.0
1.0
1.3
.7
.6
.2
.2
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.3
.2
.1
2.7
5.5
1.9
2.2
2.8
2.2
2.2
1.1
2.0
3.0
.1
.1
.2
2
.1
.1
.2
.2
.1
.1
1.4
1.6
1.8
1.4
1.7
1.3
3.4
4.4
3.5
2.6
3.4
2.9
1.1
1.0
1.1
.9
1.0
.7
.3
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
1.9
3.0
1.7
1.3
2.1
1.9
.i
.]
.4
.1
.1
.1
Transportation equipment, except automobiles
A ir cr a ft.._______________
Aircraft parts, including engines
Shipbuilding and repairs...
5.3
3.8
2.3
6.1
4. 5
3.1
12. 5
6.6
4.0
1.7
(9
5.3
3.4
1.8
11.8
1.4
1.6
.9
(0
1.4
1.5
.8
1.6
.3
.2
.3
.2
_2
.3
.4
4.8
2.1
.4
(0
3.6
1.7
.6
9.7
.1
.1
.1
Automobiles___________ . . . . .
Motor vehicles, bodies, and trailers
Motor-vehicle parts and accessories
4.3
4.4
4.0
4.6
4.6
4.6
5.4
4.9
6.6
5.4
4.9
6.5
1.7
1.9
1.4
1.5
1.8
1.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
3.4
2.7
4.9
3.6
2.7
5.0
Nonferrous metals and their products
Primary smelting and refining, except aluminum
and magnesium.. . . . _.
Rolling and drawing of copper alloys
Lighting equipment_______
Nonferrous metal foundries, except aluminum and
magnesium__
_______
1.8
2.0
6.4
5.0
1.0
1.1
.2
.3
5.1
3.5
.1
.1
1.2
.4
2.9
1.4
.6
2.4
2.1
10.5
8.1
1.5
5.6
5.4
.7
.6
.6
.7
.6
1.2
.2
1.1
9.8
6.9
.4
4.8
4.0
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
2.1
2.1
6.7
7.1
1.3
1.4
(9
0)
(0
.1
.1
.1
.1
(0
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.5
.3
.1
.1
.2
.3
5.0
5.3
.2
.1
2.1
2.0
1.7
2.3
2.2
1.8
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
00
Lumber and timber basic products..
Sawmills___ . . . _______ _
Planing and plywood m ills__________
4.3
4.2
2.4
3.3
3.3
2.2
5.0
4.4
3.4
4.5
4.2
3.8
2.6
2.2
1.5
1.7
1.7
1.3
.2
.1
.2
.4
.2
.6
Furniture and finished lumber pro d u cts... . . .
Furniture, including mattresses and bedsprings...
2.9
2.7
4.0
4.0
6.1
6.4
6.3
6.2
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.9
.4
.4
.5
.5
3.7
4.0
3.9
3.7
.1
.1
.1
.1
Stone, clay, and glass products________________ . .
Glass and glass products____________________
C e m e n t________
. . . . . . ._ _______ . . .
Brick, tile, and terra cotta_____________________
Pottery and related products___________________
2.2
3.0
1.6
2.7
2.1
1.8
2.3
1. 2
2.0
2.1
3.7
4.7
1.4
3.1
3.6
3.8
5.2
1.7
4.2
3.0
1.2
1.0
.9
1.5
1.9
1.2
1.0
.9
1.5
1.7
.2
.2
.2
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.5
.3
2.2
3.3
.2
1.3
1.2
2.2
3.8
.5
2. 1
.9
.1
.2
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
.1
See footnotes at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(0
(0
.2
MONTHLY LABOR
B: LABOR TURN-OVER
706
T able
B-2: Monthly Labor Turn-Over Rates (Per 100 Employees) in Selected Groups and
Industries1—Continued
Separation
Total accession
Quit
Total
Industry group and industry
Mar.5
Feb.
Mar.2
Feb.
Mar.2
Feb.
Mar.2
Miscellaneous,
including
military
Lay-off
Discharge
Feb.
Mar.2
Feb.
Mar.2
Feb.
M A N U F A C T U R IN G —Continued
N o n d u r a b le goods
1. 5
1.8
1.4
.9
1.5
2.1
1.7
0.2
.3
.2
.2
.2
.1
.3
0.2
.3
.2
.1
.2
.1
.4
3.5
2.9
5.3
9.5
1.4
3.3
1.4
.8
.9
.3
.3
1.1
.6
2. 5
1.8
2.3
1.5
.2
.1
.2
.2
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.0
«
(3)
(3)
(3)
3.3
3.0
.2
.1
1.2
1.5
(3)
(3)
2.2
.9
2.4
2.1
.8
2.3
.3
.1
.3
.2
.1
.3
1.3
2.9
.9
.9
1.9
.8
.1
.1
.1
1.8
2.0
1.8
2.0
1.8
1.9
1.3
1.9
.3
.4
.6
.4
.4
.6
.3
.4
3.1
4.3
1.0
1.0
3.5
5.1
.6
.7
.1
.1
.2
.1
3.5
2.1
1.8
.5
.6
3.4
1.0
.1
.1
2.8
2.6
3.2
2.5
2.2
3.1
1.2
1.0
1.6
1.1
.9
1.4
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.1
1.0
1.4
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
1.0
1.0
.7
1.0
3.7
2.8
7.6
2.7
2.0
2.4
1.5
2.3
.6
.7
.5
.6
.6
.7
.5
.6
.2
.2
.3
.2
.1
.2
.1
.2
2.8
1. 8
6.8
1.8
1.2
1. 4
.8
1.4
.1
.1
(3)
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.7
.4
.6
.5
.8
.7
.9
.8
.3
.2
.3
.3
.1
(3)
.4
.4
.4
.4
.1
.1
.1
.1
Rubber products. ________________________________
Rubber tires and inner tubes___ _________ . .
Rubber footwear and related products................... Miscellaneous rubber industries_______ ____ ____
2.1
1.9
2.4
2.4
1.9
1.3
2.1
3.0
4.6
2.9
6.0
6.3
3.9
2.6
5.9
4.9
1.4
1.0
1.9
1.7
1.3
.8
2.2
1.6
.2
.1
.2
.3
.2
.1
.2
.3
2.9
1.7
3.8
4.2
2.3
1.6
3.3
2.9
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
Miscellaneous industries...................... ................ .............
2.4
2.5
3.7
3.1
.9
.9
.1
.2
2.6
1.9
.1
.1
3.8
2.6
5.3
3.9
3.4
1.5
5.3
3.2
3.4
1.6
5.0
3.9
3.3
2.2
4.2
2.8
2.7
1.0
4.4
3.2
2.1
.7
3.4
2.0
.2
.1
.2
.4
.3
.1
.3
.3
.3
.2
.3
.2
.7
1.2
.4
.3
.2
.3
.1
.1
.2
.2
.1
.2
Textile-mill products............................................................
Cotton_________________ ____ _________________
Silk and rayon goods-------- _ -------------------------Woolen and worsted, except dyeing and finishing.
Hosiery, full-fashioned______ ___ _______ ________
Hosiery, seamless...... ................................................
Knitted underwear__ __________ _____________
Dyeing and finishing textiles, including woolen
and w o r ste d ___ _______ _____________________
2.6
2.5
1.9
3.8
2.1
2.4
3.0
2.8
2.7
1.9
4.1
2.1
4.5
4.5
5.4
5.3
7.0
10.9
3.0
5.7
3.8
4.3
3.8
4.4
7.1
2.8
3.6
6.7
2.4
2.9
2.3
1.9
Apparel and other finished textile products ---------M en’s and boys’ suits, coats, and overcoats.......... .
M en’s and boys’ furnishings, work clothing, and
allied garments _____________________________
3.3
2.0
3.7
2.7
4.3
3.4
3.8
2.7
4.1
4.0
4.7
4.6
Leather and leather p r o d u c ts...........................................
Leather___ . ________ _______ ______ - ________
Boots and shoes-----------------------------------------------
2.5
1.9
2.6
3.0
1.9
3.2
3.9
4.0
3.7
3.3
2.9
3.5
Food and kindred products.......... .............. .......................
Meat products.. __________ _______ ___________
Grain-mill products_____ ______ _______________
Bakery products______________________________
4.3
4.8
1.8
3.9
4.4
4.9
2.4
4.4
5.3
6.8
3.6
3.5
5.8
7.8
2.2
3.1
Tobacco manufactures_____ _______________________
2.8
2.9
6.1
Paper and allied products__________________________
Paper and pulp___________ _______ - .................. .
Paper boxes---------------------- ------ -------- ------ --------
1.5
1.3
1.7
1.4
1.2
1.3
Chemicals and allied products_____________________
Paints, varnishes, and colors___________________
Rayon and allied products______________ _____
Industrial chemicals, except explosives__________
.9
1.2
.6
.8
Products of petroleum and coal___ _______ __________
Petroleum refining_______ _____________________
1.6
2.0
1.4
1.1
1.4
2.3
2.1
(3)
(3)
2.5
1.7
2.7
6.0
1.0
1.4
4.6
0.1
.1
.1
.1
(3)
(3)
(3)
0.1
(S)
.1
.1
.1
(3)
(3)
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
(3)
.1
N O N M A N U F A C T U R IN G
M etal mining___________________ _________________
Iron-ore_________________ ______ ______________
Copper-ore_____________________________ _____ _
Lead- and zinc-ore______________ ______ ________
Coal mining:
Anthracite__________________ ____ _______ ____ _
Bitum inous_____________ _____ _____ _____ _____
0)
(0
1.1
2.1
Public utilities:
T elep h o n e .............................. ................................... .
Telegraph____________________________ ________
(0
(«)
1.5
.9
0)
(4)
«
w
1 Since January 1943 manufacturing firms reporting labor turn-over informa
tion have been assigned industry codes on the basis of current products.
Most plants in the employment and pay-roll sample, comprising those which
were in operation in 1939, are classified according to their major activity at
that time, regard ess of any subsequent change in major products. Labor
turn-over data, beginning in January 1943, refer to wage and salary workers.
2.3
2.6
(4)
(4)
1.2
1.7
0)
«
(3)
.1
(0
«
.8
.7
(4)
(4)
.3
.1
1.3
2.0
(4)
(4)
1.0
0)
(4)
.1
(4)
(4)
.1
.8
.1
.1
(4)
1.0
«
Employment information for wage and salary workers is available for major
manufacturing industry groups (table A-3); for individual industries these
data refer to production workers only (table A-6).
2 Preliminary figures.
* Less than 0.05.
4 N ot available.
N o t e : Explanatory notes outlining the concepts, sources, size of the reporting sample, and method
ology used in preparing the data presented in tables B -l and B-2 are contained in the Bureau's
monthly mimeographed release. “Labor Turn-Over.” which is available upon request.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
.1
REVIEW, JUNE 1949
707
G: EARNINGS AND HOURS
C: Earnings and Hours
T able
C -l : Hours and Gross Earnings in Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing Industries 1
M A N U F A C T U R IN G
Iron and steel and their pro<lucts
All manufacturing
Durable goods
Nondurable goods
Total: Iron and steel
and their products
Blast furnaces, steel
works, and rolling
mills
Gray-iron and semisteel castings
Year and month
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1939: A verage_____ $23. 86
1941: January______ 26.64
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
37.7 $0.633 $26. 50
.683 30.48
39.0
38.0 $0.698 $21.78
.749 22. 75
40.7
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
37.4 $0. 582 $27. 52
.610 31.07
37.3
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
37.2 $0. 739 $29.88
.769 33.60
40.4
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
35.3 $0.845 $25.93
.869 30.45
38.7
37.1
41.2
$0. 699
.739
1948: M arch_______
April________
M a y .................
J u n e........... .
July_________
August______
September___
October______
November___
December.........
52.07
51.79
51.86
52. 85
52. 95
54.05
54.19
54. 65
54.56
55.01
40.4
40.1
39.9
40.2
39.8
40.1
39.8
40.0
39.8
40.0
1.289
1.292
1.301
1.316
1.332
1.349
1.362
1.366
1.372
1.376
55.25
64.96
54.81
56.13
56. 21
58.19
57. 95
59.41
58. 71
59.23
40.9
40.5
40.1
40. 5
40.0
40.7
40.0
40.9
40.4
40.7
1.352
1.357
1.366
1.385
1.407
1.431
1.448
1. 452
1.454
1.456
48.66
48.33
48.65
49.37
49. 49
49. 79
50.37
49.70
50.18
50. 52
39.9
39.6
39.6
39.8
39.5
39. 5
39.6
39.1
39.1
39.3
1.220
1.220
1.230
1.242
1.252
1.262
1.272
1.271
1.282
1.287
57.28
56. 49
57. 39
57. 70
57. 71
60. 52
60. 69
62.17
61.72
61.95
40.6
39.9
40.3
40.3
39.6
40.3
39.7
40.8
40.5
40.5
1.412
1.416
1.423
1.431
1.457
1.501
1.528
1.525
1. 526
1.528
59. 26
58.37
60. 54
59. 54
60.37
65.10
66.02
67.02
66.27
66. 00
39.4
38.6
39.9
39.3
38.7
39.6
39.3
40.4
40.0
39.8
1.510
1.513
1.515
1.515
1.559
1.642
1.679
1.657
1.657
1.656
58.47
56. 39
55.15
57. 85
56. 66
58.26
59. 44
59. 27
58.45
58.88
41.8
40.2
39.3
40.7
39.8
40.3
40.2
40.2
39.8
40.0
1.401
1.404
1.403
1.422
1.426
1.447
1.480
1.475
1.472
1.472
1949: January_____
February____
March_______
54.51
54.12
53.63
39.5
39.3
39.0
1.380
1.377
1.375
58.69
58.17
57.37
40.2
39.9
39.4
1.460
1.458
1.456
50.04
49.88
49.72
38.7
38.7
38.6
1.293
1.289
1.288
61.20
60.70
59.74
40.0
39.7
39.1
1.530
1.529
1.528
66. 34
65. 67
65.04
40.0
39.9
39.5
1.658
1.647
1.646
57.14
56.06
53.53
39.0
38.1
36.4
1.467
1.471
1.464
Iron and steel and their products—Continued
Malleable-iron
castings
Steel castings
Cast-iron pipe and
fittings
Tin cans and other
tinware
38.8 $0.611 $25.96
39.8
.639 28. 27
38.1 $0.683 $23.11
.712 25.90
39.7
39.1
40.5
$0.601
. 652
49.76
49. 65
50.98
53.04
56. 99
57.04
60.03
55. 46
54.51
56.23
39.8
39.8
40.2
41.0
42.0
41.6
42.8
40.3
40.1
41.3
1. 251
1.250
1.273
1.295
1.362
1.368
1.401
1.378
1.363
1.363
55. 70
54.96
55.11
55.82
57. 36
58. 11
56.91
59. 74
59.47
60.05
41.0
40.4
40.6
40.6
40.0
40.3
39.2
40.8
40.5
40.5
1.355
1.360
1.367
1.373
1.422
1.443
1. 451
1. 463
1.468
1.481
50. 20
49. 90
50. 22
60.36
50.03
51.77
51.25
52.49
52.89
52.78
41.5
41.4
41.2
41.4
40.5
41.6
41.3
42.0
41.7
41.6
1.207
1.205
1.217
1.216
1.235
1.245
1.240
1.248
1.267
1.269
54.45
54. 58
54.97
39.9
39.9
40.1
1.363
1.367
1.372
60.18
59.20
59.12
40.7
40.3
40.1
1.477
1.469
1.472
51.96
50.46
60.39
41.3
40.2
39.9
1.260
1.257
1.265
36.9 $0. 759 $21.33
41.4
.780 25.42
36.4 $0. 581 $23.61
40.5
.626 25.31
59.88
60.13
60. 49
61.60
58. 71
61.79
61. 27
63. 36
63.92
63. 79
41.3
41.2
41.3
41.7
40.0
41.4
39.8
41.0
41.3
41.2
1. 450
1.458
1.463
1.479
1.467
1.492
1. 539
1. 544
1.547
1.547
50. 21
48. 52
51.07
52. 74
51.94
52.84
53. 93
55. 08
56. 97
57.06
40.1
38.5
40.2
40.9
40.5
40.6
41.1
41. 7
42.9
42.9
1.248
1.258
1.271
1.288
1.281
1.302
1.309
1.319
1.326
1.330
62. 21
62. 57
60. 55
40.3
40.5
39.4
1.542
1.545
1.538
57.99
58.18
53.48
42.4
42.6
39.7
1.367
1.364
1.346
1939: Average........... $24.16
1941: January______ 28.42
36.0 $0.671 $27.97
40.2
.707 32. 27
1948: M arch_______
April________
M ay _________
June_________
J u ly ........... —
August______
September___
October _____
N ovem ber___
December____
57.79
56. 77
57. 21
57.46
57.37
59. 44
59.24
61. 58
60.71
61.49
40.8
39.8
40.4
40.1
39.9
40.2
39.4
40.6
39.9
40.1
1.414
1. 424
1.415
1.430
1.441
1.470
1.505
1.517
1.527
1.532
1949: January........... 59.08
February_____ 56. 49
M arch_______ 52.35
39.0
37.6
35.4
1.512
1.502
1.477
Cutlery and edge
tools
Wirework
Iron and steel and their products—Continued
Tools (except edge
tools,
machine
tools, files, and
saws)
1939: Average_____ $24. 49
1941: January........... 29.49
Hardware
39.7 $0. 618 $23.13
.662 25. 24
44.7
Plumbers’ supplies
38.9 $0. 693 $25.80
.621 27.13
40.9
Stoves, oil burners,
and heating equip
ment, not else
where classified
Steam
and
hotwater heating ap
paratus and steam
fittings
38.2 $0.676 $25. 25
39.0
.696 26.07
38.1 $0. 666 $26.19
38.7
.678 30.98
Stamped and enam
eled ware and gal
vanizing
37.6 $0.697 $23. 92
.732 26.32
42.6
38.1
39.4
$0.627
. 665
54. 68
54.15
54.01
54.96
54.11
56.53
55.09
56. 80
56. 54
56.80
42.6
41.9
41.6
42.1
41.2
42.2
40.6
41.6
41.2
41.5
1.287
1.293
1. 299
1.308
1.314
1.342
1.356
1.366
1.373
1.368
52.63
52.05
50.84
52. 22
50. 27
52. 62
52. 62
54.30
54.61
55.04
42.0
41.6
40.4
40.6
38.8
40.3
39.5
40.8
40.9
41.2
1.252
1. 251
1. 253
1.285
1.295
1.306
1.331
1.331
1.334
1.336
56. 54
56. 27
56.93
56. 51
56. 48
58.12
56.78
62.31
61.27
62.01
41.2
40.6
41.0
40.4
40.2
40.7
38.7
41.4
40.9
41.3
1.374
1.386
1.388
1. 401
1.405
1.429
1.466
1. 506
1.499
1.501
54.12
54.34
54.18
55.95
55.26
57.04
56.24
58.12
55.02
55.29
40.1
39.9
39.7
40.2
39.7
40.5
39.5
40.9
39.0
39.2
1.352
1.363
1.366
1.392
1.392
1.411
1.424
1. 423
1.410
1.412
56.53
66.13
56.90
67.68
59. 42
68.18
58. 39
60.66
60.17
59.34
40.9
40.7
40.7
40.7
41,0
40.3
40.3
41.0
40.6
40.3
1.380
1.378
1.396
1.418
1.448
1. 444
1. 450
1.479
1.482
1.478
52.78
62. 93
53. 76
53.54
52. 62
54.80
63. 37
55. 97
56.33
57.14
40.3
40.1
40.3
40.2
38.6
39.8
38.4
39.9
40.1
40.4
1.311
1.321
1.332
1.330
1.363
1.378
1.397
1.403
1.403
1.414
1949: January______ 55.85
February_____ 55. 52
March_______ 54.76
41.0
40.7
40.0
1.364
1.366
1.369
53.70
52.93
52.84
40.1
39.6
39.5
1.341
1.335
1.339
57.26
56.00
56.45
38.6
37.7
37.8
1.483
1.485
1.492
52.21
51.43
52.62
37.4
36.6
37.4
1.396
1.407
1.410
56.61
57. 25
56.29
38.9
39.3
38.6
1.454
1.457
1.459
55.63
54.92
54.78
39.3
38.9
38.9
1.414
1.411
1.408
1948: M arch_______
April________
M a y ..................
June..................
July_________
August______
September___
O c to b e r ..___
Novem ber___
December____
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
708
G: EARNINGS AND HOURS
MONTHLY LABOR
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings in Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing Industries l—Con.
M A N U F A C T U R IN G —Continued
Iron and steel and their products—Continued
Year and month
Fabricated s t r u c
tural and orna
m e n t a l m e ta l
work
M etal doors, sash,
frames, molding,
and trim
Bolts, nuts, washers,
and rivets
Avg.
wkly. Avg.
earn wkly.
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
1939: Average............ $27. 95
1941: January_____ 31.01
38.5 $0. 727
41.8
.743
1948: M arch_______
April.................
M a y .................
June________
July. _______
August— ........
September___
October______
November___
December____
56.15
55. 77
57.16
57. 84
55. 39
59. 92
57. 25
61.83
61.74
61.79
41.1
40.8
41.2
41.2
39.4
41.1
39.2
42.3
41.9
42.2
1.371 $57. 35
1.365 57. 97
1. 388 58. 55
1. 395 61.49
1. 398 56.45
1.447 61.80
1.448 63. 75
1. 462 62.98
1.472 62.43
1. 465 63.87
41.1 $1.385
41.2 1.392
41.0 1.412
42.7 1.439
39.4 1.435
42.2 1.465
42.7 1.489
42.4 1.478
42.1 1.483
42.9 1.488
1949: January______ 61.22
February____ 61.40
M a rc h ............. 61.01
41.5
41.6
41.3
1.468
1.470
1.476
42.0
41.4
40.7
$26.04
29.58
61.92
61.29
59.98
1.476
1.480
1.474
1939: Average___
1941: January___
$27.28
35. 09
1948: March_____
April______
M ay...........
June______
J u ly .............
August.........
September..
October___
November. .
D ecem ber...
1949: January.......
February__
M arch_____
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn
ings
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
S c r e w - m a c h in e
products and wood
screws
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn
ings
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
barrels, kegs,
and drums
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
38.4 $0. 767
45.0
.818
59. 20
58.44
57.88
58.76
57. 37
60.97
59. 43
60. 87
61.41
62. 77
43.1
42.5
42.2
42.3
41. 5
42.3
40.8
41.5
42.0
42.6
1. 372
1. 375
1. 371
1.386
1. 383
1.440
1. 454
1.464
1.458
1.472
64. 42
63.10
62.64
64. 74
63. 44
66. 59
68.82
70. 63
70. 61
71.27
40.8
40.0
40.0
40.7
40.0
40.4
40.6
41.4
41.2
41.7
1. 579 $56. 99
1.577 56. 30
1.566 56.06
1.580 55. 65
1.585 55. 85
1.647 56. 52
1.695 56.77
1. 708 58.61
1. 715 57.39
1.708 58.15
42.9 $1. 327 $53.16
42.4 1.327 53. 49
42.1 1. 331 55. 31
41.9 1.328 55. 41
41.2 1.355 53.24
41.2 1. 366 58. 39
41.0 1.386 53. 74
41.8 1. 400 58, 59
41.2 1.393 59.33
41.6 1.398 62.86
39. 5
39 2
40. 4
40. 5
38. 6
39. 9
36. 5
39. 7
40 1
41.6
$1 344
1 361
1. 369
1. 369
1. 381
1 462
1 468
1. 477
1.479
1. 511
60. 72
59.05
58.94
41.4
40.1
39.9
1.462
1.469
1.473
70.57
70.16
65. 85
41.3
41.1
39.3
1.708
1.706
1.675
41.2
40.7
39.5
39.7
38. 9
37.0
1 482
1 483
1.472
57.62
56.98
55.50
1.400
1.400
1.405
Electrical equipment
58. 85
57. 72
54. 50
Machinery, except
electrical
Electrical machinery
Total: Electrical
machinery
Steel
37.7 $0,690 $29. 45
41.9
.706 36. 75
Iron and steel and
their products—
Continued
Firearms
Forgings, iron and
steel
Radios and phono
graphs
Communication
equipment
Total: Machinery,
except electrical
41.3 $0.660 $27.09
48.6
.722 31. 84
38.6 $0. 702 $27. 95
42.4
.751 33.18
38.7 $0.722 $22. 34
43.4
.765 24.08
38.5 $0. 581 $28. 74
.632 32. 47
38. 2
38.3 $0. 751 $29. 27
41.4
.784 34. 36
39. 3
44.0
$0. 746
.781
62.33
61.16
61.42
63.10
63.06
61.73
63.23
64. 47
64. 44
63.76
42.7
41.8
41.9
42.1
42.4
42.1
42.3
42.3
42.2
41.4
1.460
1.463
1.466
1.489
1.489
1. 468
1.493
1. 523
1.528
1.541
54.41
53.86
53.70
54.86
55.46
57.49
57.72
58.17
58.29
58. 29
40.3
39.9
39.6
40.0
39.4
40.0
40.0
40.2
40.3
40.3
1.350
1.350
1.357
1.372
1.407
1.439
1.443
1.448
1.446
1.446
56.23
55.70
55.41
56.67
57.24
59.18
59. 37
60.04
60.18
60.45
40.5
40.2
39.9
40.3
39.5
40.0
40.0
40.3
40.3
40.5
1.388
1.387
1.390
1.408
1.449
1.478
1.486
1.492
1.493
1.493
47.00
47. 01
46.97
48.10
49.45
50. 21
50.66
50. 74
52.09
52.49
39.2
39.1
38.8
39.1
39.7
39.3
39.6
39. 5
40.4
40.3
1.199
1.201
1.211
1. 229
1.247
1.279
1.278
1.285
1.288
1.301
54.78
53.49
53. 59
54.06
53.82
57. 56
57. 80
58. 21
57.15
55.86
40.5
39.6
39.3
39.7
38.8
40.3
40.6
40.6
40.1
39.5
1.355
1.353
1.364
1.366
1.387
1. 429
1. 426
1.435
1.426
1.413
59.12
59.30
59.33
60.50
59,83
61.45
61.31
62. 25
61.92
62.68
41.6
41.4
41. 2
41. 4
40. 6
41.0
40.6
41.0
40. 7
41.1
1.421
1.431
1.441
1.461
1.473
1.498
1.510
1.518
1. 520
1.525
63.29
64.45
63.26
41.0
41.3
40.3
1.544
1. 554
1.571
57. 41
57. 57
56. 93
39.7
39.7
39.1
1.446
1.450
1.456
59. 53
59.82
58.73
39.9
40.0
39.2
1.492
1.498
1.498
50.18
50.08
50. 25
39.0
38.9
38.8
1.286
1.287
1.294
56.19
55. 59
56.43
39.5
39.2
39.1
1.424
1.413
1.443
61.60
61.34
60.66
40. 5
40.3
39.8
1.521
1. 522
1. 524
Machinery, except electrical—Continued
Machinery and ma
chine-shop products Engines and turbines
A g r ic u ltu r a l ma
chinery, excluding
tractors
Tractors
Machine tools
Machine-tool acces
sories
1939: A verage.......... $28.76
1941: January_____ 34.00
39.4 $0.730 $28.67
43.7
.777 36.50
37.4 $0. 767 $32.13
44.1
.827 36.03
38.3 $0.839 $26.46
41.5
.868 29.92
37.0 $0. 716 $32.25
39.5
.757 40.15
42.9 $0.752 $31.78
50.4
.797 37.90
40.9
50.0
$0. 777
.758
1948: March_______
April________
M ay________
June............ .
July...................
August______
September___
October______
November___
December____
58.29
58. 57
59.05
59. 51
58.81
60.73
60.42
61.76
61.46
62.11
41.8
41.6
41.6
41.6
40.7
41.3
40.7
41.3
41.0
41.5
1.395
1.408
1.418
1.432
1.444
1. 470
1.486
1.495
1.499
1.499
63.31
62. 47
63. 46
63. 59
61.53
63. 78
63.66
66.10
65.27
66.96
41.6
41.0
41.2
40.2
38.8
40.0
39.4
40.6
40.1
41.1
1. 525
1. 530
1.543
1.581
1. 588
1.599
1.621
1.634
1.629
1.632
59.43
60.08
54.12
61.83
63.30
64.33
63.70
63.76
61.67
62.84
40.6
39.4
35.5
40.8
41.1
40.5
40.4
40.4
39.3
40.0
1.464
1.526
1.526
1. 516
1.541
1.586
1. 578
1.578
1.569
1.572
59. 55
58.87
59.44
61.31
60.22
60.37
62.20
61.45
60.59
62.18
41.0
40.5
40.7
41.1
40.0
39.7
40.5
40.0
39.6
40.1
1. 451
1. 455
1.461
1.493
1.504
1.529
1. 537
1.534
1. 531
1.552
60.58
60.29
60.63
61.75
61.09
61.85
62.11
63.31
62.84
63. 09
42.3
42.0
42.0
42.0
41.6
41.6
41.6
41. S
41.5
41.6
1.433
1.437
1.443
1.469
1.469
1.486
1. 492
1. 514
1.513
1.516
62. 30
63.50
63.19
62.23
62. 71
65.17
63. 43
64.40
63.87
65.54
41.8
42.0
41.8
41.4
41.3
41.4
40.6
41.0
40.8
41.7
1.491
1.513
1.514
1.504
1.518
1.574
1.564
1.570
1.566
1. 572
1949: January............ 61.20
February____ 60. 52
March_______ 60.04
40.8
40. 4
40.0
1. 499
1.499
1.500
64.32
64.52
63.11
39.9
39.9
39.2
1.616
1.626
1.619
63. 46
62. 60
61.84
40.4
40.1
39.5
1.573
1. 563
1.567
61. 04
62.33
61.56
39.4
40.0
39.5
1.549
1.557
1.557
61.07
60.57
59.84
40.6
40.2
39.7
1.504
1.507
1.509
64.35
63. 65
63.63
41.1
40.6
40. 5
1.565
1.568
1.571
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
REVIEW, JUNE 1949
0: EARNINGS AND HOURS
709
1able C 1 : Hours and Gross Earnings in Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing Industries1—Con.
M A N U F A C T U R IN G —Continued
Machinery, except electrical—Continued
Year and month
Textile machinery
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
1939: Average1941: January.
Avg.
wkly.
hours
$26.19
30.13
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Typewriters
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
39.8 $0.660 $23.98
44.6
.677 26.40
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Cash registers; add
ing, and calculat
ing machines
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Washing machines,
wringers, and dri
ers, domestic
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
37.3 $0,643 $30.38
39.1
.675 34. 78
37.2 $0.821
41.4
.846
Sewing m a c h in es,
domestic and in
dustrial
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
1948: March______
A pril...............
M ay................
June________
July— ............
A ugust...........
September___
October_____
November___
December___
61.40
61.01
61. 28
62.53
60.61
62. 21
62.86
62. 26
62.24
63. 58
43.7
43.5
43.3
43.3
42.1
42.3
42.4
42.1
41.8
42.3
1.406
1.403
1.417
1.443
1.440
1.470
1.483
1.480
1.490
1.498
54.62
54.63
53.31
53. 75
54.62
52.78
53.31
48. 51
56.11
56.63
42.0
42.0
41.2
41.2
41.5
40.6
40.5
36.9
40.9
41.3
1.301
1.301
1.294
1.305
1.317
1.300
1.316
1.316
1.371
1.372
65.30
65.62
64.55
66.43
67.45
66.00
66.04
65. 51
66.63
67.99
42.2
42.1
41.5
41.5
41.5
40.8
40.4
40.0
40.8
40.9
1.561 $56.38
1.573 58.15
1.570 57.39
1.614 59. 29
1.639 57.05
1.628 61.27
1.646 59.32
1.646 62.13
1.644 61.04
1.673 51.12
41.2 $1,370 $63.90
42.1 1.383 61.01
41.3 1.390 64.89
41.8 1.417 65.99
39.5 1.445 65.19
41.2 1.486 68.04
39.5 1.500 69.17
41.5 1.498 70.20
40.7 1.499 71.30
35.1 1.458 71.02
1949: January-..
February.
March___
62.24
61.39
61. 78
41.6
41.0
41.1
1.490
1. 488
1.494
53.59
52. 39
52.16
39.5
38.9
38.6
1.356
1.348
1.350
67.33
66. 97
67.30
40.3
40.2
40.2
1.079
1.676
1.683
37.7
38.0
38.7
54.40
54. 56
55.68
1.444
1.436
1.438
68.94
67.83
66.98
Refrigerators and re
frigeration equip
ment
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
43.0 $1,483 $55. 51
42.3 1.434 55.99
41.8 1.551 56. 72
42.5 1.553 59.47
41.5 1.571 57. 22
43.1 1.578 59.40
43.1 1.604 60.07
43.7 1.608 62.60
44.0 1.618 61.02
44.0 1.608 61.60
39.9
40.2
40.5
40.5
38.6
39.2
39.5
40.6
40.0
40.0
$1.392
1.391
1.402
1.467
1.482
1.514
1.522
1.540
1.526
1.541
42.8
42.4
42.0
39.3
39.6
38.7
1.535
1. 539
1. 524
1.601
1.589
1. 583
60.32
60.94
58.99
Transportation equipment, except automobiles
Total: Transporta
tion equipment,
except automobiles
Locomotives
1939: Average______ $30. 51
1941: January........... 35.69
38.9 $0. 785 $28.33
43.1
.828 34. 79
1948: March ______
April________
M ay _____ . . .
June________
J u ly ........... .
August______
September___
O ctober_____
November___
December........
59.40
59.89
59.30
59.27
58.95
60.53
60. 74
62. 70
61.98
64.34
40.3
40.5
40.0
39.8
39.2
39. 7
39.0
39.8
39.3
40.6
1.472
1.478
1.481
1.489
1.503
1.527
1.556
1.575
1.579
1.585
1949: January............ 62.92
February___
63.04
March_______ 62.37
39.9
40.1
39. 7
1.577
1.572
1.571
Cars, electric- and
steam-railroad
36.0 $0. 741 $30.34
38.5
.768 34.13
41.5 $0.745 $36.58
44.7
.776 42.16
63. 46
64.96
64.57
64. 58
64.00
64. 76
66.52
63. 74
66.29
71.90
40.2
40.5
40.1
39. 7
38.4
38. 7
39.7
38.3
39.0
40.5
1.579
1.604
1.610
1. 626
1.665
1.674
1. 677
1.663
1.698
1.774
58.90
58.70
58.07
58. 46
56.19
61.81
57. 21
63.16
62.74
66.03
40.9
40.9
40.2
39.9
38.3
40.5
37.4
40.8
40.2
42.0
1.439
1.437
1. 446
1. 467
1.466
1.526
1.531
1.548
1.562
1.571
56.71
57. 75
57. 74
57.99
57. 89
59.68
61.38
62. 45
63.30
63.11
40.1
40.6
40.4
40.4
40.0
40.5
40.7
40.6
40.9
40.9
1.414
1.421
1.428
1.436
1.449
1. 475
1.507
1.537
1.548
1.541
67.71
64.20
66. 90
39.7
39.2
39.7
1.705
1. 637
1.687
64. 78
65.05
63.01
41.4
41.3
40.3
1.566
1.574
1. 562
61.24
62. 75
61. 56
39.8
40.6
39.9
1.537
1. 544
1.538
Automobiles
$32.91
37.69
$55.88
56.36
55. 54
54.07
54.28
62. 67
61.79
66.51
66.68
57.12
1949: January ____ 55.69
February____ j 56.24
March_______ 57.02
44.1 $0.835 $31.91
47.2
.892 37.69
38.0
42.0
$0.835
.893
59. 53
60.33
61.02
62.14
64.79
65.11
66. 26
67.73
66.61
67.30
40.6
40.5
40.9
40.6
40.6
41.1
41.2
41. 7
41.2
41.7
1.467
1.491
1.494
1.532
1.594
1.583
1.609
1.623
1.617
1.616
62.07
62.04
60. 40
59. 76
59. 49
58.87
58. 62
60. 52
56.16
63.21
40.3
40.2
39.4
39.2
38.8
37.7
36.6
37. 5
35.0
39.1
1.539
1.541
1.531
1. 525
1.532
1.564
1. 606
1.616
1.607
1.614
66.63
65.74
63.60
41.3
40.9
40.0
1.615
1.606
1.591
62.97
61.78
62.80
39.0
38.6
39.1
1.614
1.601
1.605
T otal: N onferrous
metals and their
products
Smelting and refin
ing, primary, of
nonferrous metals
Alloying; and rolling
and drawing of nonferrous metals, ex
cep t alum inum
Clocks and w atches
35.4 $0.929 $26. 74
38.9
.969 30. 47
38.9 $0.687 $26. 67
41.4
.736 29. 21
38.2 $0. 699 $28. 77
38.7
.755 35. 96
39.6 $0. 729 $22. 27
44.0
.818 23.90
37.9
38.9
$0. 587
.614
40.4 $1,384
40.3 1.398
39.4 1.410
37.5 1.442
37.6 1.445
41.6 1. 508
41.1 1.503
42.9 1. 551
43.6 1.529
38.8 1.472
59. 81
59.14
54. 44
61.30
63.48
64. 67
62. 74
67. 29
65.41
66. 90
38.9
38.6
35.2
37.7
38.5
38.9
37.4
39.9
38.6
39.4
1. 539
1.533
1.548
1.624
1.649
1.664
1.676
1.689
1.693
1.696
55. 23
54. 87
54.96
55. 91
56.34
57.97
58. 73
59.25
58.80
59.45
41.1
40.9
40.6
40.8
40.1
40. 7
40.8
41.2
40.8
41.2
1. 344
1.343
1.355
1.369
1.404
1.424
1.438
1. 440
1.440
1.444
55. 31
56. 49
57. 33
57. 96
59.75
61.74
63. 39
62.01
60.78
61. 59
40.5
41.1
41.5
41.3
41.2
41.4
41.6
41.4
40.6
41.0
1.366
1.375
1.380
1.403
1.449
1.493
1.522
1.497
1. 498
1.503
58. 25
56. 84
57.42
59.35
61.61
63.37
63.36
63. 20
61.33
63.34
40.8
40.0
40.1
41.2
40.8
41.0
40.8
40.8
39.8
41.0
1.429
1.422
1.431
1.440
1.511
1. 547
1.552
1.549
1.541
1.546
49.15
49.09
48. 27
48.89
48.96
50. 80
50. 76
51.11
51.47
51.78
41.1
40.8
40.1
40.1
39.8
40. 7
40.3
40. 4
40. 3
40.1
1.196
1.205
1.205
1.219
1.230
1.249
1.259
1.266
1.277
1.292
37.9
38.3
39.1
68.10
67. 66
63.69
39.8
39.8
38.0
1.711
1.700
1.676
58.48
58.31
56.58
40.5
40.3
39.4
1.444
1. 447
1.436
62.88
61. 88
61.62
41.1
40.8
40.9
1.531
1.516
1.505
61.43
59.12
55.67
40.1
38.7
36.7
1. 533
1.528
1.516
50. 78
50.73
50. 79
39.7
39.5
39.6
1. 281
1.286
1.283
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Shipbuilding and
boatbuilding
Nonferrous metals and their products
Motorcycles, bicycles,
and parts
1948: M arch_____
April________
M ay________
June________
July_________
A ugust______
September___
October______
November___
December____
Aircraft engines
36.7 $0. 771 $26.71
42.8
.814 29.57
T r a n s p o r ta tio n
equipment, except
automobiles—-Con.
1939: Average...........
1941: January...........
Aircraft and parts,
excluding aircraft
engines
1.468
1.467
1.458
G: EARNINGS AND HOURS
710
M ONTHLY LABOK
Table C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings in Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing Industries 1—Con.
M A N U F A C T U R IN G —Continued
Lumber and timber basic products
Nonferrous metals and their products—Continued
Year and month
Jewelry
(precious
metals) and jewel
ers’ findings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1929* Average______ $26.36
1941: January........... 26.43
Silverware and plated Lighting equipment
ware
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
39.4 $0.660 $26.03
.664 27.37
39.1
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Aluminum manu
factures
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
37.1 $0.693 $27. 49
39.3
.717 32.85
40.7 $0.643 $25.73
.666 28.19
41.4
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Total: Lumber and
timber basic products
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Sawmills and
logging camps
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
39.3 $0.699 $19.06
.782 20. 27
42.0
39.0 $0.489 $18.29
.521 19.59
38.9
38.4
38.4
$0.476
.510
52.17
51.31
50. 59
52.10
49.30
51.07
51.86
52. 74
54.35
55. 23
42.2
41.2
39.8
40.9
39.8
40.3
40.3
40 8
41. 5
41.7
1.237
1.246
1.271
1.274
1.240
1.267
1.290
1.296
1.310
1.326
63.81
62.09
62.00
62. 24
58. 55
60.79
64.35
64.67
64 78
63. 50
46.5
45.7
45.5
45.5
43.7
44.6
46 2
46.0
46.0
45.0
1.374
1.360
1.363
1.367
1.340
1.365
1.392
1.407
1.409
1.409
53.22
52.90
61.75
53.19
56.31
55.88
57.64
57.13
57. 91
58.05
39.2
38.8
37.7
37.5
38.6
38.4
39.4
39.3
39.7
39.7
1.350
1.364
1.373
1.419
1.460
1.454
1.463
1.453
1.460
1.463
52.05
52. 53
52.83
52.13
52.79
55.16
55.41
58.04
57 73
57.68
39.4
39.7
39.7
39.1
37.3
38.9
38.7
40.2
40. 1
40.1
1.322
1.323
1.332
1.333
1.414
1.419
1.432
1.444
1.440
1.437
45.32
45. 59
47.39
48.43
48.14
50.64
49. 22
49.60
48. 30
47.02
42.3
42.1
42.5
42.8
41.9
43.1
41.8
42.5
41.6
41.4
1.071
1.083
1.115
1.131
1.149
1.175
1.178
1.167
1.160
1.136
43.86
43.99
45! 06
47.37
47.29
49.90
48.31
48.45
47. 14
45.54
42.0
41.6
41.3
42.6
41.7
42.9
41.6
42.2
41.3
41.0
1.046
1.057
1.095
1.113
1.133
1.162
1.162
1.148
1.14)
1.110
1949? January
52. 25
February------- 52. 77
March . . ___ 52, 70
40.4
40.6
40.4
1.295
1.301
1.305
60. 79
60.94
56. 58
43.4
43.3
41.0
1.401
1.408
1.380
57.34
61.18
58.39
39.0
40.1
38.5
1.472
1.527
1.515
57.41
57.38
55.88
40.2
40.2
39.5
1.428
1. 426
1.416
46.07
44.15
45. 50
41.1
39.7
40.3
1.121
1.112
1.129
44. 90
42.44
44.12
41.0
39.3
40.0
1.095
1.080
1.103
1Q 48-
M arch_______
A p r il_______
M a y ........ .........
J u n e ..............
July _______
A u g u st-------September___
October_____
November----December------
Lumber and timber
basic products—Con.
Planing and
plywood mills
$22.17
22.51
1949:
Total: F u r n it u r e
and finished lum
ber products
41.1 $0.540 $19.95
.554 20.90
40.5
Caskets and other
morticians’ goods
Furniture
38.5 $0.518 $20.51
. 540 21.42
38.7
Wood preserving
38.9 $0.530
.552
39.0
51.06
51.94
52. 53
52.61
51.91
53. 88
53. 27
54.47
53.41
53.12
43.8
44.0
43.9
43.8
42.7
43.9
42.8
43.9
42.9
42.9
1.166
1.181
1.197
1.213
1.220
1.231
1.247
1.246
1.243
1.238
47.08
46.34
46.39
46. 54
46.30
47.68
48.16
49. 20
48.41
48. 70
41.8
41.0
40.8
40.7
40.3
41.0
40.8
41.5
40.8
41.1
1.126
1.131
1.136
1.145
1.149
1.163
1.181
1.184
1.188
1.186
48. 58
47.64
47.60
47. 57
46.95
48.47
49. 25
50. 56
50. 17
50.42
42.1
41.1
40.8
40.6
40.0
40.7
40.7
41.5
40.9
41.1
1.156 $49. 21
1.161 48.23
1.167 47.48
1.174 47.61
1.176 47.37
1.189 48.56
1.211 48. 54
1.217 48.20
1. 226 48.39
1.227 49.25
January _____ 51. 00
February____ 51.01
March... .......... 50. 84
41.7
41.4
41.3
1.221
1.233
1.235
47 08
47. 28
47.36
39.8
40.0
39.9
1.183
1.182
1.187
48. 26
48.14
48.54
39.4
39.6
39.5
1.225
1.223
1.231
194R: March_______
April________
M a y ________
J u n e ________
July-------------A u g u st-. —
September___
October_____
November___
December------
Stone, clay, and
glass products
Furniture and finished lumber products
49.59
48.93
47.89
Total: Stone, clay,
and glass products
$23.94
25.02
37.6
37.4
$0.637
.669
42.3 $1.156 $39.59
41.3 1.167 41.09
40.7 1.165 42. 29
40.6 1.172 42. 45
40.0 1.177 43.51
40.6 1.195 42. 77
40.5 1.194 43.45
40.4 1.189 44.54
39.9 1.209 43.99
41.0 1.200 43.45
38.6
39.8
40.3
40.4
41.1
40.9
40.7
41.7
41.2
40.8
1.026
1.033
1.050
1.050
1.059
1.046
1.068
1.069
1.069
1.066
51.41
51.77
52.30
52.45
51.50
54.07
53. 98
55.11
54.31
54.83
40.8
40.7
40.7
40.6
39.4
40.9
40.2
41.0
40. 1
40.6
1.260
1.271
1.286
1.292
1.307
1.322
1.344
1.345
1.354
1.352
40.3
40.2
39.4
40.8
40.4
40.7
1.063
1.043
1.064
53. 87
53.97
53.62
39.7
39.8
39.6
1.357
1.356
1.354
1.227
1.223
1.219
43. 40
42.19
43. 25
Stone, clay, and glass products—Continued
Glass products made
Glass and glassware from
purchased glass J
1929* Average
1941- J a n u a r y
$25.32
28.02
35.2 $0.721
36.3
. 772
Brick, tile, and
terra cotta
Cement
$26.67
26.82
Pottery and
related products
38.2 $0.699 $20.55
37.9
.709 21.74
37.8 $0.543 $22.74
36.9
.587 22.92
37.2 $0.625
36.4
.635
Gypsum
54.42
54.12
53.44
53.32
50.90
54.88
55. 57
57.00
55. 58
57.18
40.0
39.9
39.3
39.2
37.0
39.5
39.0
40.0
38.4
39.4
1.362 $43.96
1.355 43.16
1.360 45.53
1.361 45.75
1.376 43.32
1.393 47.14
1.428 47.18
1.427 48.35
1.448 49.38
1.453 50.34
40.5 $1.085
39.6 1.089
40.4 1.131
40.3 1.136
37.4 1.158
40.6 1.161
40.3 1.172
41.4 1.168
41.2 1.200
42.1 1.200
51.72
53.27
55.85
56.38
56.61
57.35
56.48
56. 26
55. 42
55.27
42.0
42.0
42.6
42.7
42.1
42.7
41.4
41.7
41.2
41.5
1.231
1.269
1.311
1.321
1.346
1.344
1.365
1.348
1.346
1.333
47.54
48.39
49.75
49.66
49.52
52.05
51.25
52. 48
51.75
51.92
40.5
40.6
41.1
40.8
40.2
41.4
40.3
41.0
40.4
40.6
1.166
1.186
1.206
1.210
1.227
1.254
1.265
1.270
1. 274
1.271
48.17
48.45
48.09
48.42
47.30
49.96
48.31
51.33
51.86
51.34
39.4
39.2
38.7
38.6
37.6
39.3
37.7
39.4
39.0
38.9
1.233 $55. 71
1.249 58.98
1.263 60.17
1.272 59.91
1.293 58.86
1.294 63.44
1.305 63.95
1.325 64.81
1.338 64.60
1.326 65.61
45.0
46.8
47.2
46.2
44.2
47.1
46.4
47.2
47.0
47.9
$1.237
1.261
1.275
1.298
1.332
1.347
1.378
1.372
1.375
1.370
1949: January............ 57.61
February....... . 58.11
M arch.......... . 57.15
39.2
39.4
39.1
1.469
1.479
1.467
39.9
39.7
39.0
55.44
54.89
55. 58
41.3
41.3
41.6
1.342
1.328
1.336
50.17
50.73
50.17
39.2
39.7
39.3
1.268
1.269
1.271
50.13
50.56
50. 61
37.8
38.0
37.6
1.344
1.342
1.343
44.6
44.7
43.2
1.346
1.352
1.339
1948: M arch_______
April________
M a y ........ .........
June________
July_________
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December____
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
47.42
46. 98
46.44
1.187
1.184
1.178
60.09
60.43
57.90
REVIEW, JUNE 1949
711
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings in Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing Industries1—Con.
M A N U F A C T U R IN G —Continued
Textile-mill products and other fiber
manufactures
Stone, clay, and glass products—Continued
Marble, granite, slate,
and other products
Lime
Year and month
Avg.
wk ly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn
ings hours
$26.18
24.29
1939: Average_____
1941: January_____
1948: M arch_______
April________
M a y ________
June_________
J u ly .................
A ugust______
September___
October_____
Novem ber___
December........
$50. 58
52. 08
52. 41
53.32
52.46
54.78
54.75
55.45
55.24
53.89
1949: January_____
February____
March_______
53. 56
52. 27
54.17
Abrasives
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Asbestos products
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
36.9 $0. 714
34.6
.708
$24.43
27.26
Total: Textile-mill
products and other Cotton manufactures,
except smallwares
fiber manufactures
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w7kly. wkly.
earn earn
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
39.0 $0 627 $16 84
41.3
.660 18.01
36 6 $0 460 $14 26
36. 9
. 488 lfi 60
36 7
37 2
$0 3RQ
419
45.8 $1.102
46.3 1.127
46.1 1.136
45.9 1.153
44.4 1.169
45.8 1.192
45.0 1.217
45.8 1.203
45.4 1.213
44.5 1.203
47. 57
47.97
49.44
49. 21
48. 27
50.32
50.05
50. 34
48.76
51.80
40.9
40.9
41.3
40.9
39.8
41. 1
40.9
41.2
39.3
41.6
1.162 $60. 62
1.160 59.02
1.193 61.04
1.198 61.39
1.209 58. 53
1.219 60.17
1.221 62. 09
1.220 62.30
1.238 61.37
1.246 60. 57
42.6 $1. 424
41.5 1.423
41.9 1. 457
42.2 1.456
41.3 1. 423
41.5 1. 449
42.0 1.479
41.8 1. 492
41.4 1.482
40.7 1.490
54. 49
55.11
55. 45
56. 17
57.18
57. 52
58.81
58.85
57.45
57.67
41.3
41.2
41.3
41.7
41.7
41.4
42.0
41.6
40.9
41.2
1.318
1.338
1.340
1.348
1.373
1.391
1.400
1.415
1.406
1.399
46.32
45.46
45. 22
45.29
44.15
45. 07
45.12
44.94
45.17
45.55
40.6
39.9
39.6
39.5
38.6
38.5
38.0
37.9
38.0
38.3
1.140
1.138
1.142
1.147
1.145
1.170
1.188
1.187
1.190
1.189
43.98
43.08
42. 64
42.00
40.63
41.61
41.69
41.60
41.60
42. 21
40.7
40. 1
39.6
39.1
38.0
37.7
37.1
36.9
37.0
37.5
1.081
1.076
1.078
1.075
1.070
1.106
1.125
1.127
1.125
1.126
1.192
1.207
1.203
50. 46
50. 77
50.45
40.6
40.8
40.4
1.243
1.237
1.249
40.5
40.9
40.0
54.92
55.46
54. 57
39.8
39.9
39.5
1.381
1.389
1.381
44. 47
44. 44
43.66
37.4
37.5
37.0
1.189
1.185
1.180
40 74
41.14
40. 58
36.3
36.6
36.2
1.125
1.124
1.122
44.7
42.8
44.5
60.03
60. 01
59.06
1.487
1.473
1.481
Textile-mill products and other fiber manufactures—Continued
Cotton smallwares
Silk and rayon
goods
Woolen and worsted
manufactures, ex
cept dyeing and
finishing
Hosiery
Knitted cloth
Knitted outerwear
and knitted gloves
1939: Average............ $18.22
1941: January........... 19.74
39.0 $0. 474 $15.78
39.3
.503 16.53
36.5 $0. 429 $19.21
.461 21.78
35.7
36.4 $0. 528 $18.98
37.9
.576 18. 51
35.6 $0. 536 $18.15
33.8
.550 19.90
38.4 $0.468 $17.14
37.9
.503 17.65
37.0
35.8
$0.461
.489
1948: March_______
A p r il.............
M ay...................
June_________
July_________
August______
September___
October............
November___
December____
43.31
43.03
42. 72
43. 98
43. 48
43. 40
44.09
42. 87
43.19
44.12
40.2
39.6
39.3
39.8
39.3
38.9
39.0
38 0
38.3
39.4
1.080
1.087
1.089
1. 106
1. 107
1. 115
1.130
1. 129
1.130
1.122
48. 53
48. 31
48. 38
48. 47
47. 69
48. 85
49. 62
49. 13
49.26
48.81
42.2
41.8
41.8
41.8
41.6
41.3
41.2
41. 1
41.1
40.8
1.151
1.156
1.157
1.159
1.147
1.182
1.206
1.195
1.200
1.197
53.49
52. 33
52. 61
53.10
52. 31
52.13
51.19
49. 37
50. 25
51.66
40.7
39.9
40.1
40.3
39.5
39.6
38.8
37.6
38.1
39.1
1.313
1.311
1.314
1.320
1.327
1.317
1.323
1.315
1.320
1.321
42. 80
41. 61
41.14
42.01
41. 52
42. 98
43. 38
45. 11
45. 26
43.90
38.6
37.4
36.7
36.6
36.1
36.8
36.2
37. 5
37.4
36.6
1.108
1.112
1.120
1.146
1.148
1.167
1.200
1.204
1.209
1.200
45. 84
44.39
42. 79
43. 94
44. 21
44.70
43. 72
44. 61
44.82
44.66
41.9
41.4
39.7
40.7
40. 5
40.8
39.1
39.1
39.3
39.2
1.094
1.072
1.078
1.079
1.091
1.097
1.117
1.141
1.141
1.140
39.08
38. 73
39. 00
38.84
37.28
37.89
38. 91
37. 78
39.85
39.37
38.6
38.4
38.5
38.3
37.2
37.3
37.7
36.6
38.2
38.0
1.004
1.007
1.012
1.004
.987
1.000
1.016
1.021
1.029
1.021
1949: January______ 43. 26
February____ 43.76
March_______ 43.19
38.8
39.0
38.6
1.114
1.122
1.118
47.00
46. 75
44.40
39.8
39.3
37.4
1.181
1.190
1.188
51.37
50. 40
48.13
38.8
38.1
36.7
1.325
1.322
1.301
42. 73
42.68
43.01
35.6
36.2
36.2
1.199
1.179
1.180
45.65
45. 72
46.80
40.0
39.8
40.7
1.140
1.141
1.138
40. 63
40.15
40.32
38.3
37.7
38.3
1.044
1.049
1.045
Textile-mill products and other fiber manufactures—Continued
Knitted underwear
Dyeing and finish
ing textiles, in
cluding
woolen
and worsted
Carpets and rugs,
wool
Hats, fur-felt
Jute goods, except
felts
Cordage and twine
1939: Average______ $15. 05
1941: January______ 16.06
36.9 $0. 410 $20. 82
36.0
. 446 21. 65
38.6 $0. 535 $23.25
.551 25.18
39.3
36.1 $0. 644 $22. 73
37.3
.675 27.12
32.2 $0. 707
36.2
.755
1948: M a rch .............
April________
M ay_________
June
July_________
August______
September___
October______
November___
December.........
38. 89
38. 72
37. 88
38 09
36. 98
38.05
36. 80
37. 00
36.19
35.89
39.5
39. 1
38.3
38 4
37.3
37.3
35.8
36.0
35.3
34.9
.981
.988
.987
. 994
.990
1.016
1.023
1.023
1.025
1.023
51.85
51.44
50. 67
51 05
48. 76
49. 86
50.47
50. 54
50.98
52.36
42.3
41.8
41.3
41. 5
39.9
40.1
39.9
39.7
39.9
41.2
1.227
1.229
1. 226
1 229
1.221
1.241
1.264
1.271
1.274
1.269
55. 79
55.18
56.22
57 86
57. 42
59. 36
59. 30
60. 08
60.27
59. 75
42.1
41.4
41.8
42.0
40.7
41.3
41.3
41.1
41.0
40.8
1.327
1.336
1.348
1. 380
1.412
1. 439
1.438
1.464
1.471
1.466
50. 36
48. 58
49. 94
51. 72
49. 52
52. 52
50. 54
49. 78
47.87
53.07
37.2
35.3
36.7
37. 7
37.1
37.3
35.7
35.5
33.9
37.6
1.348 $42. 44
1.379 42. 93
1.364 42. 69
1. 375 42 65
1.338 42. 58
1.411 43. 37
1. 414 41.77
1.397 43. 77
1.407 43.91
1.413 43.89
40.0 $1. 060 $43. 65
40.6 1.057 42. 21
40.1 1.064 41.82
40 2 1 060 42 68
40.6 1.048 41.08
41.1 1.056 41.82
40.3 1.036 41.85
41.3 1.059 42.90
41.4 1.062 43.54
41.2 1.066 43.79
40.6
39.1
38.5
30 0
37.7
38.0
37.4
38.4
38.3
38.4
$1.079
1.079
1.084
1 094
1.088
1.101
1.120
1.119
1.136
1.139
1949: January______ 34.95
February......... 35.47
March_______ 36.59
34.1
35.1
35.9
1.019
1.010
1.017
50. 59
52.03
52.29
39.7
40.8
40.9
1.274
1.276
1.277
59. 57
58. 22
58.26
40.7
39.9
39.8
1.464
1.460
1.467
53.19
53.03
50.37
37.2
37.4
35.8
1.432
1.421
1.404
39.2
39.5
38.3
37.7
37.5
38.1
1.141
1.143
1.146
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
42. 43
42. 44
41.54
1.081
1.074
1.084
42.99
43.05
43.67
T
MONTHLY LABOR
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
712
able
C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings in Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing Industries1—Con.
M A N U F A C T U R IN G —Continued
Apparel and other finished textile products
Year and month
Total: Apparel and
other finished tex
tile products
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1939: Average______ $18.17
1941: January______ 18.76
M en’s clothing, not
elsewhere classi
fied
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
34.5 $0. 527 $19.32
33.5
.560 20.40
Shirts, collars, and
nightwear
U n d erw ea r and
neckwear, m en’s
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Women’s clothing,
not elsewhere clas
sified
Work shirts
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. Wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
33.2 $0. 581 $13. 75
33.4
.607 14. 22
34.6 $0.398 $14.18
.431 14.85
33.0
35.4 $0. 401 $11.03
33.6
.442 12.33
35.8 $0.309 $19. 20
.367 19. 47
33.6
33.9
33.2
$0.519
.553
40.09
37. 61
37.24
37.61
38.74
40. 27
40.38
37.77
39. 40
38.95
36.7
36.2
35.8
35.6
35.8
36.4
36.1
34.8
35.9
35.4
1.092
1.040
1.040
1. 055
1.081
1.106
1.117
1.087
1.099
1.101
44. 73
44.31
43.50
43.19
43. 03
43.98
43.81
41.07
41. 78
41.95
37.4
37.3
36.8
36.4
36.8
36.8
36.7
35.0
35.4
35.3
1.188
1.173
1.171
1.169
1.160
1.180
1.178
1.160
1.167
1.180
35. 02
34.39
33.83
33.00
33.14
32.88
as. 59
33. 44
34.04
32. 26
37.4
36.9
36.3
35.5
36.2
35.7
35.9
35.9
36.1
34.2
.934
.928
.927
.925
.924
.921
.933
.931
.942
.944
35. 77
34. 35
34.80
34.00
34. 54
35.31
35.74
35.29
37.07
36.37
36.3
36.0
36.8
35.6
36.0
36.5
36.0
35.9
36.9
36.6
.984
.954
.946
.950
.950
.968
.993
.982
1.004
.997
26.50
26. 85
27.22
27.21
26. 67
27. 70
28. 41
28.34
26.46
25.75
36.9
36.8
36.5
37.1
36.9
37.4
37.4
37.6
35.1
33.3
.718
.730
.744
.732
.735
.739
.759
.751
.754
.771
48.10
43.20
43. 27
43.94
46.09
49. 06
49.15
44.39
48.05
47.34
36.1
35.1
35.1
35.0
34.9
36.0
35.6
33.5
35.7
35.1
1.310
1.201
1.206
1.239
1.304
1.336
1.352
1.302
1.321
1.317
1949: January______ 39.53
February____ 40.10
M arch_______ 39. 75
35.2
36.0
36.2
1.123
1.114
1.098
41.52
42. 79
43.21
34.8
36.0
36.3
1.180
1.176
1.175
31. 75
33.20
34. 45
33.7
35.2
36.5
.945
.932
.938
34.90
35. 99
36.72
35.3
36.0
36.5
.995
1.000
1.012
26.09
27.14
27.46
34.4
35.2
35.5
.763
.770
.776
48.69
48.73
47. 50
35.2
35.6
35.6
1.358
1.343
1.306
1948' March_______
April________
M ay— ........ —
June_________
J u ly .. ..............
August_______
September___
October______
November____
December____
Apparel and other finished textile products—Continued
Corsets and allied
garments
1 9 3 9 : Av e r a p e
1941 • J a n u a r y
1948:
1949:
Millinery
Handkerchiefs
Curtains, draperies,
and bedspreads
H ousefurnishin gs,
other than cur
tains, etc.
Textile bags
$17 15
17 24
37. 5
35 6
$0 456
. 482
$ 2 2 19
2 2 .3 1
33. 8
30. 5
$ 0 .6 3 6
. 648
M a r c h _____
A pril- ____
M ay—........ —
June........ .........
July------------August- ____
September___
O cto b er.-___
November___
December____
3 8 .1 4
3 7 .3 9
3 5 .8 5
3 6 .5 8
3 6 .1 0
3 6 . 51
3 7 .0 7
3 7 .6 6
38. 25
37. 58
3 8 .5
3 7 .8
3 5 .8
3 6 .2
3 6 .0
.9 9 3
.9 9 1
1 .0 0 3
1. 0 1 3
1. 0 0 3
36.6
.999
3 7 .1
3 7 .0
3 7 .8
3 7 .3
1 .0 0 2
1 .0 1 9
1 .0 1 2
1 .0 0 9
5 2 .7 7
4 9 . 95
4 2 .8 2
4 5 .2 9
50. 99
5 4 .2 6
5 5 .6 4
5 1 .3 7
42. 97
4S. 68
3 6 .9
3 6 .0
3 1 .5
3 2 .7
3 4 .8
3 6 .7
3 6 .5
3 4 .0
3 0 .4
3 4 .3
1. 3 9 4
1 .3 5 3
1 .3 3 3
1 .3 5 2
1 .4 1 4
1 .4 4 9
1 .4 6 7
1 .4 6 7
1 .3 8 1
1 .3 9 1
$ 3 4 . 21
33. 09
3 1 .6 6
3 1 .4 0
30. 62
3 2 .7 9
3 4 .3 4
3 6 .2 4
3 6 . 70
3 6 .0 0
3 7 .1
3 6 .1
3 4 .8
3 4 .3
3 3 .8
3 5 .7
3 7 .2
3 8 .7
3 8 .9
3 8 .1
$0. 922
.9 1 7
.9 0 9
.9 1 7
.9 0 7
.9 2 0
.9 2 4
.9 3 7
.9 4 4
.9 4 6
$31. 40
3 0 .1 7
3 0 .4 1
30. 50
30. 33
3 1 .9 7
32. 54
3 2 .8 6
3 2 .9 3
3 2 .4 9
3 5 .4
3 3 .1
3 2 .9
3 3 .6
3 4 .6
3 5 .8
3 5 .8
3 6 .0
3 6 .6
3 5 .2
$0. 882
.8 9 1
.9 1 2
.8 9 8
.8 9 2
.8 9 8
.9 2 2
.9 2 0
.9 0 9
.9 2 0
$ 3 8 . 29
3 8 .4 6
37. 52
4 0 .1 9
3 9 .0 1
3 9 .7 2
3 8 .6 5
4 1 .3 3
4 1 .7 8
4 1 .8 5
3 8 .1
3 8 .2
3 7 .2
3 9 .1
3 8 .2
3 8 .6
3 6 .7
3 9 .4
3 9 .8
3 9 .7
$1. 000
1 .0 0 1
.9 9 8
1. 0 1 9
1 .0 1 0
1 .0 1 4
1 .0 3 2
1 .0 3 6
1 .0 3 8
1 .0 4 1
$ 3 5 .8 0
3 6 .3 5
3 7 .9 4
3 8 .1 0
3 8 .9 3
3 9 .6 8
4 1 .3 4
4 1 .4 2
4 0 .9 8
4 1 .8 1
3 7 .1
3 7 .2
3 8 .4
3 8 .3
3 8 .9
3 9 .2
3 9 .7
4 0 .2
39 8
4 0 .3
$ 0 .9 6 4
.9 7 7
.9 8 7
.9 9 6
1. 00 1
1 .0 1 2
1 .0 4 2
1. 0 3 0
1 .0 2 9
1 .0 3 8
January______
February____
M a r c h ______
3 7 .1 0
3 8 .0 6
3 8 .4 6
3 6 .4
3 6 .9
3 7 .4
1 .0 2 1
1 .0 3 2
1 .0 3 1
52. 24
5 9 .9 9
6 2 .2 3
3 5 .2
3 7 .9
3 9 .2
1 .4 5 7
1. 5 3 0
1 .5 3 7
3 4 . 56
3 6 .3 7
3 4 .6 9
3 6 .7
3 8 .2
3 7 .3
.9 4 2
.9 5 2
.9 3 6
3 2 .6 8
34. 50
3 5 . 01
3 5 .2
3 7 .5
3 7 .4
.9 3 0
.9 2 4
.9 3 8
3 8 .3 7
4 0 . 50
4 0 .3 2
3 7 .0
3 8 .6
3 8 .4
1 .0 3 2
1 .0 4 2
1 .0 5 1
4 0 .9 3
40. 05
3 9 .1 4
3 9 .4
3 8 .5
3 7 .4
1 .0 4 0
1 .0 4 3
1 .0 4 6
Leather and leather products
Total: Leather and
leather products
Boot and shoe cut
stock and findings
Leather
Boots and shoes
$17. 83
19.58
Trunks and suit
cases
35.7 $0. 503
37.0
.530
1939: Average-......... $19 13
1941: January_____ 20.66
36. 2 $0. 528 $24. 43
. 554 25.27
37. 3
1948: March.............
A p r il-.............
M a y .................
June..................
J u l y . .. ............
A ugust--------September___
October_____
November___
December.........
41.87
40. 34
39.65
41.38
41.64
42.80
42.65
41. 56
40. 84
42.61
37.8
36.2
35.5
37.0
37.4
37.9
37.3
36.3
35.5
37.2
1.106
1.116
1.118
1.118
1.114
1.128
1.143
1.145
1.151
1.146
51.91
51.59
52.38
53.11
53.39
53.70
53.13
53. 52
53. 82
55.39
39. 4
39.1
39.4
39.5
39.5
39.8
38.9
39.1
39.1
40.1
1.315 $40.55
1.318 39.90
1.330 39.72
1. 345 41.24
1.351 41.09
1.856 42.62
1. 367 42.00
1.368 40.46
1.377 39. 73
1.381 42. 51
37.6 $1,086
36.5 1.107
36.3 1.105
37.4 1.108
37.4 1.104
38.8 1.105
38.1 1.117
36.2 1.125
35.6 1.134
37.6 1.137
40.21
38.09
36.79
39.00
39.41
40.65
40. 61
39.15
37.97
40. 23
37.5
35.3
34.3
36.4
37.0
37.4
36.8
35.6
34.4
36.6
1.071 $33.82
1. 080 33.18
1. 074 34.77
1.074 35.78
1.069 35.01
1.087 35.79
1.104 35. 41
1.102 34.72
1.105 34. 74
1.101 33.15
36.0 $0 940 $45. 83
35.4
.938 45.35
.991 45.06
35.2
.999 44.86
35.8
35.8
.988 44.42
36.3 1. 005 47.19
35. 6 1.002 47.65
35.1
.995 47.61
34.9 1. 004 49.26
34.4
.962 45.24
40.6
40.1
39.6
39.0
38.8
40.6
40.7
40.0
41.4
38.2
$1,135
1.130
1.137
1.150
1.152
1.168
1.175
1.193
1.193
1.183
1949: January______ 42. 41
February......... 42.86
M a rc h ............ 42. 79
37.2
37.6
37.5
1.140
1.140
1.141
54.61
54. 38
53. 34
39.7
39.5
38.8
1.375
1.377
1. 374
37.6
38.5
37.6
40.40
40. 99
41.15
36.8
37.3
37.3
1.097
1.099
1.102
35.8
36.1
35.2
40.17
43.93
44.93
35.0
37.5
38.2
1.148
1.164
1.173
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
38.7 $0. 634
38. 3
.662
Leather gloves and
mittens
41.95
43. 00
42. 56
1.127
1.122
1.126
34.68
34. 34
33.66
.973
.961
.964
REVIEW, JUNE 1949
T able
713
0 : EARNINGS AND HOURS
C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings in Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing Industries1—Con.
M A N U F A C T U R IN G -C ontin ued
Food
Total: Food
Year and month
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Slaughtering and
meat packing
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn
ings
ings hours
1939: Average.
1941: January.
$24. 43
24.69
40.3 $0.607 $27.85
39.0
.633 26.84
40.6 $0.686 $22.60
.681 22.84
39.3
1948: M arch______
A p r il...............
M a y ________
June............ .
July------------A ugust.......... .
September___
December___
49.36
50.95
51.26
52. 09
51.77
49. 74
51.76
51.47
51.83
52. 86
41.6
42.4
42.5
42.8
42.6
41.0
42.6
41.8
41. 6
41.8
1.207
1.217
1.215
1.214
1.216
1.232
1. 249
1.264
56. 62
68.51
67. 66
61.24
58. 75
55. 71
57.64
57.38
61.07
62.63
43.6
48.1
46.7
44.1
42.9
41.2
42.3
41.9
43.1
44.5
1.301
1.425
1.424
1.383
1.368
1.351
1.361
1.367
1. 416
1.404
45.92
47.16
47. 52
48. 42
49. 66
49.82
49.58
49.43
49.87
49.62
45.8
45.6
45.9
46.3
46.9
46.6
45.8
45.8
46.0
45.0
February.
M arch___
52. 62
52. 24
52.07
41.5
41.3
41.0
1.268
1.265
1.270
60.30
56.04
55.61
43.1
40.6
40.2
1.397
1.381
1.384
50.48
50. 49
50.58
45.4
44.9
45.1
1.187
1.201
Condensed and
evaporated milk
Butter
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn
hours
ings
ings
46.7 $0.484
44.6
.509
$29.24
29.41
1.011 $52.28
1.032
1.033
1.043
1.063
1.067
1.081
1.079
1.083
1.100
1.110
1.120
1.122
Ice cream
Flour
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn
ings
ings hours
46.2 $0.626 $25.80
44. 2
.653 25. 27
42.3
41.0
$0.605
.608
60. 99
53.07
55.12
57.48
60.05
61.14
60. 77
62.03
. 94
58. 34
43.7
45.3
46.1
47.8
48.4
48.1
46.3
47.9
45.6
45.2
1.167
1.173
1.196
1. 204
1.241
1.271
1.315
1.297
1.291
1.293
61.55
57.18
54.97
46.7
44.8
43.3
1.319
1.278
1.265
53.51
55.36
56.66
56.42
56.07
55. 99
53. 71
54. 29
54. 29
46.4 $1.126
46.7 1.147
47.5 1.165
48. 5 1.168
47.6 1.186
47.7 1.174
47.0 1.191
45.4 1.183
45.9 1.182
45.5 1.192
51.44
50.86
51.11
52. 22
53. 58
52.81
54.46
53. 92
54. 45
54.66
45.4
45.3
45.0
45.8
46.2
44.7
45.3
44. 5
44.3
45.0
1.095
1.087
1.086
1.103
1.125
1.147
1.173
1.163
1.177
1.161
54. 78
55.53
56.00
45.0
45.7
45.4
54.39
55.49
54.94
45.1
46.1
44.9
1.161
1.162
1.163
1.218
1.216
1.230
Avg.
hrly.
earn
tags
68
Food—Continued
1939: Average.
1941: January.
$25. 70
26.46
1948: M arch______ $52. 46
54. 50
April_______
M a y ................ 55. 64
June________ 58. 00
J u ly ............... 57.92
53. 66
August_____
52. 61
September__
October........ . 54.98
November___ 55. 53
December____ 55.49
1949: January...
February.
M arch___
56.10
57. 77
58. 53
41.7 $0.621 $23.91
41.1
.644 22.73
38.7 $1,356
39.8 1.370
40.4 1.377
41.6 1.398
41.7 1.391
39.2 1.368
37.8 1.391
39.4 1.395
39.3 1. 413
38.7 1.435
47.38
48.00
49. 09
50.03
50.01
49.77
51.11
50.89
50. 41
50.88
41.9
42.1
42.7
42.9
42.7
42.5
42.8
42.4
41.9
42.0
1.421
1.427
1.447
49. 96
51.54
50. 74
40.9
42.2
41.6
39.5
40.5
40.4
Sugar refining,
cane
Baking
Cereal preparations
1.131
1.138
1.148
1.165
1.168
1.169
1.191
1.197
1.202
1.210
1.218
1.220
1.223
Sugar, beet
42.9 $0.585 $18.64
36.5
.630 19.19
38.1 $0.492 $24. 21
37.6
.511 25.28
43.6
42.0
$0. 556
.602
49.30
52.57
51.08
53.14
57.73
67. 52
54.79
51.04
50.69
50.86
41.0
43.2
41.9
44.0
45.9
45.6
43.7
41.5
41.9
40.0
1.296
1.302
1.339
1.303
1.321
1.326
1.362
1.226
1. 257
1.349
40.48
40.83
39. 21
42.15
41. 83
42.98
44.20
43.93
44. 67
43. 52
39.1
38.6
37.5
39.5
39.3
40.2
40.7
40.7
41.4
40.6
1.050
1.060
1.036
1.069
1.078
1.088
1.087
1. 077
1. OSI
1.074
44.93
45. 46
45. 75
47. 20
49.39
45.18
47.05
44.45
45.48
46.18
43.0
43.7
43.9
45. 0
46.1
42.5
43.8
41.8
42.6
42.9
1.044
1.041
1.041
1.052
1.076
1.059
1.073
1.061
1.069
1.080
54. 67
55.15
52.99
42.4
41.1
40.0
1.488
1.434
1.446
42.17
42.20
42.97
39.2
38.9
39.4
1.077
1.084
1.090
45.74
46. 94
46.86
45.8
43.3
43.3
1.077
1.088
1.090
1.202
50.11
50.19
50. 27
50. 71
51.94
50.73
1.272
52.12
60. 20
51.58
38.7
38.4
37.5
38.9
39.4
38.2
41.3
42.5
47.9
38.2
1.275
1.327
1.308
60.25
58.23
56.78
40.5
40.6
39.3
1. 217
1.220
1.207
1.258
1.261
1. 254
1.229
1.210
66.21
Tobacco manufactures
Canning and pre
serving
Total: Tobacco
manufactures
1939: Average............ $35. 01
1941: January_____ 34. 57
38.3 $0.916 $16. 77
36.4
.952 16. 67
37.0 $0. 464 $16.84
33.0
.510 17.89
1948: March_______
April________
M ay________
June............ —
July_________
August______
September___
October..........
November___
December.........
67. 45
67.14
41.2
42.5
42.5
42.9
44.1
42.9
43.4
41.1
41.1
41.5
1.516
1.532
1.537
1.578
1.610
1.612
1.618
1.606
1. 639
1.613
40. 77
41.63
41.35
41.16
41.78
39. 50
46.01
45.32
39.02
42.02
36.5
37.0
36.8
38.0
39.0
36.1
41.4
39.5
35.4
36.3
1949: January.......... 65.05
February____
. 41
March_______
40.3
40.4
41.1
1.616
1.643
1.652
42.04
43.67
42. 71
36.6
38.1
37.2
62.57
65. 24
65.31
67.74
71.35
69.14
70. 27
66.11
66
68.01
See footnotes at end of table.
837474— 49-
-7
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Beverages, non
alcoholic
37.6 $0. 636 $24.68
35.0
.650 24.03
Food—Continued
Malt liquors
Confectionery
Cigarettes
Tobacco (chewing
and smoking) and
snufl
Cigars
35.4 $0.476 $20.88
35.7
.501 22.38
37.2 $0.561 $14. 59
37.3
.600 15.13
34.7 $0. 419 $17.53
35.0
.432 18. 60
34.1
34.9
$0. 514
.537
37.7
38.2
37.7
37.8
38.0
39.0
38.0
38.9
37.8
38.1
42.99
44.35
44.32
45.84
46. 59
48.39
44. 47
45.95
43.61
45.74
38.2
39.6
38.9
39.1
39.8
41.5
38.4
40.0
36.6
37.9
1.124
1.119
1.139
1.172
1.171
1.167
1.159
1.149
1.193
1.207
32.12
32.13
31.80
31.73
32. 24
32.29
32. 84
33.43
34.63
33.55
37.5
37.4
36.9
36.8
36.7
37.1
37.6
38.0
38.8
38.1
.852
.857
.858
.863
.877
.867
.870
.876
.889
.878
35.78
36.32
36.91
37. 93
37. 59
38.81
39.11
39, 63
38.62
39.31
36.9
37.1
37.3
37.6
37.1
38.4
38.2
39.2
37.5
39.2
.971
.979
.991
1.009
1.015
1.153
1.107
1.162
36. 52
37.19
37.12
37.86
38.51
39.26
37. 97
38.78
38.37
38. 78
1.031
1.003
1.151
1.143
1.145
37.13
36.08
37.29
36.4
35.3
36.1
43. 22
42. 29
45.26
35.5
34.7
37.2
1.218
1.218
1.217
32.61
31.43
31.20
37.2
35.7
35.2
.871
.872
.880
37. 07
37.46
38.16
36.4
35.9
36.5
1.019
1.037
1.038
1.120
1.130
1.125
1.090
1.083
1.105
1.121
.968
.973
.984
1.003
1.014
1.008
1.000
.998
1.016
1.018
1.020
1.022
1.033
1.012
1.011
1.023
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
714
T able
M O N TH LY LABOR.
C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings in Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing Industries1—Con.
M A N U F A C T U R IN G —Continued
Printing, publishing,
and allied industries
Paper and allied products
Year and month
Total: Taper ana
allied products
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
$23.72
25.16
Avg.
hrly.
earn
mgs
Paper and pulp
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
40.1 $0,592 $24.92
.629 27.02
40.0
Avg.
hrly.
earnmgs
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earnmgs
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
43.1
42.7
42.8
42.8
42.5
43.1
42.7
42.9
42.9
42.6
1.249
1.250
1.269
1.292
1.317
1.320
1.334
1.328
1.336
1.330
58. 50
58.02
59.47
60.40
61.49
62.32
62.21
61.77
62. 50
61.24
44.5
44.1
44.6
44.1
43.9
44.4
43.8
43.8
44.0
43.4
1.313 $46.30
1.313 46. 26
1.334 46.34
1.368 47.02
1.400 45.87
1.402 49.02
1.419 49.10
1.409 49. 56
1.419 49.90
1.409 49.97
1949: January_____
February____
M arch. J..........
55. 44
55. 27
54.70
41.5
41.4
41.1
1.336
1.335
1.331
60.24
59. 58
58. 50
42.7
42.4
41.9
1.409
1.405
1.401
48. 61
48.16
48.18
41.1 $1,144 $45.69
40.8 1.149 45.14
40.8 1.150 44.93
41.3 1.158 46.29
40.6 1.148 48. 61
41.5 1.194 49.32
41.5 1.203 48.69
41.4 1.213 48.78
41.8 1.206 47.64
41.7 1.211 48.20
40.2
40.3
40.2
1.222
1.211
1.218
47.58
48.31
48.83
$37. 58
38.15
36.1 $1,004 $30.30
35.4 1.052 31.64
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
40.2 $0.547 $32.42
38.8
.576 33.49
S7.4
37.8
$0.866
.886
40.7 $1,121
40.5 1.113
39.8 1.126
40.8 1.130
41.6 1.167
41.3 1.193
41.0 1.192
41.0 1.192
39.8 1.195
40.2 1.197
49.14
48.32
48.64
50. 48
49.87
SI. 75
52. 05
52. 79
52.23
51.58
41.8
41.0
40.7
41.6
40.7
42.0
41.9
42.6
42.2
41.9
1.177
1.180
1.199
1.216
1.229
1.334
1.245
1.243
1. 239
1.234
63. 97
64.62
65.08
65.48
65. 08
«5.26
67.39
66.48
66.98
68.11
39.5
39.2
39.1
89.1
38.9
39.2
39.4
38.9
39.1
39.6
1.621
1.646
1.663
1.676
1.675
1.683
1.712
1.709
1. 713
1.722
39.5
40.2
40.7
49.58
49. 39
49. 64
40.1
40.0
40.2
1.241
1.243
1.241
66.51
66. 87
68.09
38.6
38.5
38.6
1.723
1.737
1.764
1.203
1.200
1.197
Chemicals and allied products
Printing, publishing, and allied industries—Continued
Printing: book and
job
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
$21.78
22.26
53.82
53.36
54.28
55.34
55. 97
56. 94
56. 98
56.95
57.35
56.66
Newspapers and
periodicals
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
40.3 $0.620
.662
40.8
1948: M arch_______
April________
M ay___ _____
June________
July__
August______
September___
October_____
November- ...
December____
Total: Printing, publishing, and allied
industries
Paper boxes
Paper bags
Envelopes
Lithographing
Total: Chemicals
and allied products
$25. 59
27.53
38.3 $0.804
.810
39.6
Paints, varnishes,
and colors
Drugs, medicines,
and insecticides
39.5 $0.649 $28. 48
.690 29.86
39.9
40.5 $0.704 $24.16
.741 24.68
40.3
39.7
39.3
$0. 592
.619
71.32
72. 79
73.04
73. 26
72.39
73. 69
76. 80
75. 47
76. 04
77. 41
38.4
38.5
38.4
38.0
37.8
38.4
38.9
38.5
38.3
38.6
1.843
1.870
1.877
1.896
1.894
1.908
1.954
1.942
1. 956
1.973
60.96
61. 26
61.92
62.25
62.06
62.32
63.02
61.96
62.83
64.18
40.3
39.9
39.8
39.7
39.7
39.8
39.8
39.1
39.6
40.3
1.528 $62.92
1.551 61.78
1.570 63.24
1.579 64. 60
1.576 62.45
1.578 64. 55
1.595 65. 38
1.597 65. 71
1.600 65.34
1.605 65.17
40.3 $1. 560
39.5 1.565
39.5 1.601
40.0 1.616
38.6 1.618
39.8 1.621
39.9 1.638
40.4 1.627
40. 5 1. 612
40.6 1.608
54.15
54. 38
55. 24
56. 64
57. 21
57. 69
58.20
57. 60
57. 87
58.09
41.2
41.0
41.0
41.4
41.1
41.0
41.3
41.4
41.4
41.4
1.315
1.327
1.347
1.369
1.390
1.407
1.410
1.390
1. 398
1.403
55. 71
55. 54
57. 22
57. 84
59. 24
59.03
59.34
59.10
58. 22
58.18
41.7
41.5
42.2
42.4
42.9
42.2
42.2
42.1
41.3
40.9
1.338
1.344
1.358
1.365
1.385
1.399
1.410
1.407
1.411
1.422
48. 44
48.36
48.91
49. 56
49.21
49. 48
49 75
50.98
51. 50
51.76
40.2
39.8
39.4
39.5
39.0
39.1
39.7
40.0
40. 2
40.6
1.205
1.216
1.241
1.257
1.260
1.266
1.255
1. 276
1. 283
1.276
1949: January_____ 73.58
February____ 74. 56
M arch..'.......... 75.89
37.3
37.5
37.6
1.956
1.969
2.002
63.55
63. 66
64.89
39.6
39.3
39.3
1.614
1.628
1.656
38.6
38.6
38.8
1.660
1.671
1.684
57.71
57.63
57. 25
40.9
40.7
40.6
1.411
1.416
1.410
57.36
58.19
58.15
40.7
40.4
40.4
1.429
1.441
1.442
52.15
52.28
52.38
40.1
40.1
40.2
1.302
1.305
1.304
1948: M arch_______
April________
M a y ________
June_________
J u ly ________
A u g u st_____
September__
O c to b e r .____
November___
December____
63.66
64. 64
65.37
Chemicals and allied products—Continued
Rayon and allied
products
Soap
1939: Average_____ $28.11
1941: January_____ 29.58
39.8 $0. 707 $24.52
.740 27.26
40.0
Ammunition smallarms*
Chemicals, not else Explosives and safety
where classified
fuses
37.9 $0.646 $31.30
.696 33.10
39.2
40.0 $0. 784 $29.99
.822 31.56
40.3
38.8 $0. 773 $22.68
37.8
.835 24.05
Cottonseed oil
39.0 $0.612 $13.70
38.6
.623 15.55
44.3
44.6
$0.302
.338
1948: M arch..............
April ______
M a y ________
June . . ___
July ______ . .
August ____
September___
October_____
N ovember. . .
December____
62.83
64. 29
64. 99
63. 09
62. 44
63. 49
64. 76
66. 24
66. 79
66. 72
42.8
42.1
42.1
41.5
41.0
41.6
42.3
42.9
42.3
42.3
1.467
1.528
1.543
1.521
1.523
1.525
1.532
1.543
1.579
1.575
50.68
51.29
51.46
51.72
53.38
55.32
55.31
54.99
55. 55
55.79
39.5
39.8
39.7
39.8
40.1
39.8
39.5
39.2
39. 5
39.5
1.284
1.287
1.296
1.298
1.330
1.391
1.400
1.402
1. 406
1.413
60.84
60.97
61.48
63.17
63. 49
63.80
65. 27
64. 02
64.65
64. 72
41.0
41.1
41.2
41.9
41.3
41.1
40.9
41.0
41.1
41.1
1.483
1.484
1.493
1.509
1.539
1.552
1.596
1.563
1.574
1.574
58.24
56.47
59. 34
61.58
61.65
63. 93
64. 01
61.26
60. 71
60.58
40.5
39.6
40.6
41.9
41.8
41.8
41.9
40.8
40.3
40.3
1.437
1.427
1.462
1.471
1.473
1.529
1. 527
1.501
1.508
1.502
49.04
49. 37
50. 28
51. 48
53. 05
52. 64
53. 61
53. 55
53. 46
53.53
40.7
40.8
41.3
41.2
41.2
41.0
41.5
41.7
41.4
41.5
1.204
1.209
1.218
1.257
1.294
1.285
1.291
1.283
1.291
1.290
37.95
37. 50
38. 07
37.94
38. 77
38. 59
41.64
43. 69
43. 56
44. 56
50.3
49.4
49.0
48.0
47.6
49.0
52.3
55. 3
55.5
55.7
.755
.759
.778
.791
.816
.787
.796
.790
.785
.800
1949: January ____
February____
M arch. ____
63.63
64.16
63. 75
41.0
41.1
41.1
1. 552
1. 561
1.551
55. 44
55.21
54.96
39.1
39.0
38.7
1.411
1.414
1.419
65.11
64.95
64. 40
41.1
40.7
40.4
1.584
1. 596
1.593
57. 77
60.39
59. 56
38.2
40.1
39.4
1.507
1.506
1.510
52.16
53.35
49. 50
40.6
41.0
37.7
1.284
1.301
1.313
41.95
40.74
41.34
52.8
51.0
51.6
.794
.798
.801
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1
REVIEW, JUNE 1949
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
715
T a b l e C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings in Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing I n d u s t r i e s C o n .
MANUFACTURING-Oontinued
Chemicals and allied
products—Con.
Products of petroleum and coal
Total: Products of
petroleum and coal
Fertilizers
Year and month
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg. Avg.
w kly. wkly.
earn
ings hours
Coke and by
products
Petroleum refining
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Rubber products
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Total: Rubber prod
ucts
Roofing materials
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly. wAvg.
kly.
earn hours
ings
ATg.
hrly.
earn
ings
1939: Average______ $14.71
1941: January_____ 14. 89
35.8 $0. 412 $32.62
34.8
.429 32. 46
36.5 $0.894 $34. 97
36.6
.887 34. 46
36.1 $0.974
35.7
.970
1948: March___
April........ .........
M ay_________
June__ . . . ...
July-------------August. _____
September.......
O ctob er..........
November____
December.........
36.25
36.49
37.40
39. 34
40.82
40.32
40. 37
39.37
37. 86
38.69
41.6
41. 5
41.4
41.2
42.1
40.7
40.4
39.9
38.4
39.5
.871
.880
.904
.954
.970
.990
1.001
.988
.985
.980
64.62
64. 45
67.16
67.18
69. 45
70. 71
68. 72
71.48
71.17
70.20
40.6
40.3
41.2
40.7
40.8
41.2
39.3
41.1
40.4
40.3
1. 593
1. 600
1.631
1.650
1. 703
1.716
1.748
1.738
1. 763
1.743
67.77
68.50
71.14
70. 96
74.01
75.13
72.09
76.14
76. 35
75.03
40.1
40.2
40.9
40.2
40.4
41.0
38.5
40.8
40.3
40.4
1.692 $56. 74
1.704 53. 54
1. 740 57.01
1. 763 57. 84
1.832 57. 44
1.832 59. 97
1.873 60. 59
1.868 60.51
1.894 60.03
1.857 61.10
40.3 $1.408 $59.51
38.4 1.395 58. 84
40.2 1. 419 60. 66
40.3 1.437 61.09
39.8 1.443 62. 78
39.9 1.503 63.58
39.1 1. 551 63.67
39.9 1. 517 65.69
39.5 1.521 60.58
40.0 1. 529 56.13
44.3 $1.342
44.0 1.338
44.9 1.352
44.7 1.367
45.2 1.390
44.9 1.415
44.5 1.431
45.6 1.440
42.5 1. 425
40.3 1.394
53. 24
53.39
55.45
57.14
58.37
60. 47
59.31
59.19
58. 27
57.68
37.8
37. 8
39.0
39.7
39. 7
40 3
39.4
39.3
38 6
38.5
1.40*
1.412
1. 424
1.439
1 472
1 500
1. 504
1. 507
1 50$
1.499
1949: January............ 38.38
February____ 38.00
March__ . . .
38.94
39.9
40.6
41.6
.962
.936
.936
72.18
69.84
70.01
41.2
40.0
40.1
1. 752
1. 746
1.746
77.20
74. 34
74.60
41.6
40.1
40.2
1. 857
1.853
1.854
40.2
39.7
39.4
40.3
40.2
40.8
56.89
56. 40
55.57
37.9
37 5
37.0
1.501
1 504
1.502
$27 M
SO ss
61.95
61.05
60. 51
1.543
1.537
1. 532
Rubber products—Continued
Rubber tires and
inner tubes
Rubber boots and
shoes
56.42
56.62
57.81
1.402
1.410
1.416
36 Q $0 754
3P 0
Miscellanous industries
Rubber goods, other
Total: Miscellaneous
industries
Instruments (profes
sional and scien
tific), and fire-con
trol equipment
Pianos, organs, and
parts
1939: Average........
1941: January____
$33.36
36.67
35.0 $0.957 $22. 80
37.7
.975 26. 76
37.5 $0. 607 $23.34
41.9
.639 24. 97
38.9 $0.605 $24.48
39.4
.639 25.35
39.2 $0.624
39.3
.645 $35.33
45.7 $0. 773
1948: March_____
April.............
M ay ..............
,June_______
July—............
August_____
September....
October____
N ovem ber...
December__
55.54
56. 54
61.15
63.96
66.30
68. 29
65. 27
64.82
62. 79
61.10
34.8
35.3
37.4
38.8
39.3
39. 5
37.7
37.2
36.2
35.6
1.599
1.603
1.636
1.651
1.684
1.730
1.732
1.734
1.735
1.721
51.42
50. 59
50.61
50. 69
52.12
52.53
53.38
53. 86
54. 29
55.23
42.2
41.7
41.7
41.7
42.3
41.5
41.6
42.2
41. ö
42.4
1.219
1.214
1.214
1.215
1.231
1.266
1.283
1.278
1.305
1.303
50.60
50.16
50.34
51.15
51.07
53.70
54.35
55.08
54.61
54.49
40.4
39.9
40.0
40.2
39.4
40.9
40.8
40.8
40.5
40.5
1.251
1.256
1.260
1.272
1.296
1.312
1.333
1.350
1.347
1.346
49.84
49.60
50.19
50.92
50.02
51.24
51.63
51.86
52. 47
52. 79
40.6
40.4
40.3
40.3
39.4
40.3
40.3
40.6
40.8
40.5
1.229
1.228
1.244
1.262
1.269
1.271
1.280
1. 279
1.287
1.302
57. 54
58.16
58.35
57. 73
56. 68
58. 44
59.26
60. 90
61.80
62.18
40.1
40.5
40.2
39.7
39.7
40.0
40.1
40.4
40.9
40.7
1.407 $51.82
1.413 52.34
1.430 52.36
1.434 52.11
1.448 52.07
1.458 52. 42
1.472 52. 54
1.4S7 53.73
1.487 55.41
1.504 55. 26
40.3
40.8
40.8
40.9
40.9
40. 7
39.9
40.3
40.8
40.4
$1,288
1. 286
1. 286
1. 280
1. 283
1. 293
1.322
1.339
1.365
1.375
1949: January____
February___
M arch_____
60.78
61.21
61.56
35.3
35.5
35.9
1.721
1.723
1. 719
52.24
48.81
41.98
40.3
37.8
33.4
1.297
1. 290
1.259
53.93
53.20
52.13
40.1
39.6
39.1
1.345
1. 344
1.333
52.11
52.11
52. 46
39.9
39.9
39.8
1.306
1.306
1.318
62. 51
62. 86
62.50
40.6
40.7
40.5
1.515
1. 519
1.521
38. 9
38.5
38.8
1.342
1.353
1.346
52.24
52.14
52.20
N O N M A N U F A C T U R IN G
Mining
Coal
Anthracite 3
Metal
Bituminous 3
Total: Metal
Iron
Copper
Lead and zinc
1939: Average........... $25. 67
1941: January______ 25.13
27.7 $0. 923 $23.88
27.0
.925 26.00
27.1 $0. 886 $28. 93
29.7
.885 30.63
40.9 $0. 708 $26.36
41.0
.747 29.26
35.7 $0.738 $28.08
39.0
.750 30.93
41.9 $0. 679 $26. 39
41.8
.749 28.61
38.7
38.2
$0. 683
.749
1948: March..............
A p r il..............
M ay......... .........
June___ _____
July_________
A ugust______
September.......
October______
November____
December____
71.59
55. 05
69.89
68. 91
55.11
72. 77
69. 35
73. 74
60.90
63. 39
40.3
32.1
39.4
39.4
31.7
38.3
36.6
38.7
33.4
34.0
1.776
1.708
1.774
1.749
1.736
1.901
1.897
1.904
1.824
1.862
74. 84
49. 53
74. 08
73. 87
67. 62
78.10
75.51
76.40
73. 52
75.79
40.6
27.0
40.3
39.9
34.2
39.4
37.9
38.6
37.1
38.5
1.842
1.821
1.841
1.850
1.936
1.967
1.970
1.959
1.951
1.960
57.90
57.84
59.26
58. 79
58.00
62. 49
62. 07
64.18
63.84
65.50
42.4
42.1
42.8
42.4
40.6
42.9
41.4
42.7
42.5
43.3
1.366
1.373
1.384
1.386
1.427
1.455
1.501
1.502
1.504
1.513
56.04
55. 48
57. 91
57.41
55. 30
59. 21
60.77
63.56
61. 71
62.45
41.3
40.7
42.1
41.5
40.3
41.6
40.4
42.2
41.5
41.6
1.357
1.364
1.377
1.383
1.371
1.424
1.504
1.506
1.487
1.502
61.25
61.04
61.73
61.33
63. 99
67.62
64. 67
66.62
68.26
70.36
44.7
44.6
45.0
44.5
43.6
45.1
42.8
44.6
44.8
46.0
1.371
1.369
1.373
1.378
1.468
1.498
1.513
1.494
1.525
1.530
59.04
59.58
60.27
60.42
53.11
64.95
63. 26
64.19
66. 04
67.77
41.6
41.7
41.8
41.7
35.3
42.9
41.4
41.5
42.3
43.3
1.415
1. 430
1.442
1. 449
1.505
1.515
1.529
1. 544
1.560
1.569
1949: January........... 67.11
February____ 48.14
M arch_______ 46. 04
36.0
26.2
25.0
1.873
1.841
1.847
76.84
74.31
68.41
39.3
38.0
36.3
1.949
1.964
1.964
65. 92
64.64
66.08
43.0
42.5
43.5
1.533
1.521
1.519
63. 41
63.29
63.70
42.2
42.2
42.4
1.504
1.500
1.502
70.15
66.23
69.61
45.3
43.5
45.9
1.549
1.528
1.523
68.63
67. 72
69. 76
42.2
42.2
43.2
1.629
1.606
1.615
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T able
MONTHLY LABOR
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
716
C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings in Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing Industries 1—Con.
N O N M A N U F A C T U R IN G —Continued
Public utilities
Mining—Continued
Quarrying and
nonmetallic
Crude petroleum and
natural gas production
Street railways
and busses i
Telegraph 8
Telephone *
Electric light
and power
Year and month
Avg. Avg.
w kly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly.
earn- earn- w kly.
ings hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg. Avg.
w kly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly.
earn- earn- wkly.
ings
ings hours
45.9 $0. 714 $31.94
45.3
.731 32. 52
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. w kly.
earn- earn- hours
ings
ings
38.3 $0. 873 $33.13
37.7 0. 885 33. 63
51.04
52. 83
54. 73
55. 38
55.83
58. 72
57. 82
59. 08
57.22
56.93
42.9
43.7
44.4
45.0
44.1
45.9
45.0
45.8
44.3
44.1
1.190
1.206
1.226
1. 228
1.266
1.281
1.284
1. 288
1.291
1.290
63. 44
63. 96
65. 88
64. 88
67.17
69. 59
67. 58
67. 67
68. 80
69.12
39.7
40.0
40.2
39.5
40.1
41.3
39.6
39.7
39.6
40.0
1.605
1.599
1.646
1.636
1.676
1.682
1.711
1.716
1.734
1. 730
61.36
60.10
60. 32
61.21
62.01
62. 68
62. 29
63.40
62. 51
63. 26
47.3
46.6
46.8
46.8
47.0
47.5
46.3
46.4
46.1
46.4
1.295
1. 293
1.302
1.315
1.328
1.327
1.355
1.380
1.383
1.392
47.31
47. 56
48. 82
48. 67
49.19
48. 35
49. 21
49. 81
51.37
49.95
38.7
38.8
39.4
39.5
39.8
39.4
39.4
39.5
39.4
38.7
1.223 $56.19
1.225 59. 45
1.240 62.12
1.232 61.63
1.237 63.10
1.229 62.59
1. 250 61.83
1.263 61.46
1.305 61.44
1.290 61.20
1949: January_____ 55.36
February____ 54.81
March '_____ 54.96
42.5
42.2
42.5
1.299
1. 297
1.297
72.35
69. 72
68. 71
41.2
40.0
39.6
1. 770
1. 758
1.751
62.91
62.93
62.46
45.6
46.9
46.7
1.414
1.383
1.380
49. 91
51.02
51.00
38.4
38.7
38.4
1.301
1.321
1.328
1948: M arch_______
April________
M a y ________
June_________
July_________
A u g u s t______
September__
October______
N ovem ber___
December____
$21.61
22.06
61. 66
62. 03
62. 27
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$34. 38
35.49
39.6
39.4
$0.869
.903
44.4 $1. 267
44.1 1.349
45.0 1.381
45.1 1.367
45.8 1.379
45.6 1.373
44.8 1.379
44.5 1.380
44.5 1.381
44.2 1.385
58. 27
59.10
59. 83
60. 41
61.46
61.46
61.75
62. 38
62. 57
62.72
41.6
41.8
41.7
41.8
41.8
42.1
41.6
41.6
41.8
41.9
1.408
1.427
1.444
1.455
1.483
1.472
1.490
1.509
1.508
1.508
44.4
44.6
44.7
63.09
62.87
62. 75
41.9
41.5
41.4
1.517
1.520
1.523
39.1 $0. 822
.824
39.7
39.2 $0. 550 $34.09
38. 2 0. 576 33.99
1Q 3 Q * A v p i r a f f t
1 Q 4 1 : .T a n n a r y
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. w kly.
earn- earn- hours
ings
ings
1.388
1.390
1.392
Trade
Retail
Wholesale
Food
Total: Retail
1939: Average______ $29.85
1941: January______ 30.59
41.7 $0.715 $21.17
40.6
.756 21.53
43.0 $0.536 $23.37
.549 23. 78
42.9
General merchandise
43.9 $0.525 $17. 80
43.6
.537 18.22
Furniture and housefurnishings
Apparel
38.8 $0. 454 $21.23
38.8
.466 21.89
38.8 $0.543 $28.62
39.0
.560 27.96
44.5
43.9
$0,660
.666
55.17
55.84
56. 61
56.00
56.54
57.51
57.67
57. 54
57.60
57.69
40.9
41.0
41.2
41.1
41.2
41.3
41.2
41.0
41.2
41.3
1.334
1.346
1.363
1.353
1.365
1.379
1.378
1.381
1.383
1.380
38.89
39. 27
39. 84
40. 52
41.19
41.19
40. 48
40.32
39. 67
40.62
39.8
39.8
39.9
40.3
40.8
41.0
40.2
39.7
39.5
40.2
1.044
1.055
1.064
1.070
1.077
1.080
1.086
1.080
1.084
1.072
46.14
46.66
47.08
48.52
49.44
49.35
48. 86
48.15
48.69
49.47
40.0
39.6
39.6
40.6
41.0
41.1
40.3
39.8
39.4
39.9
1.123
1.150
1.148
1.159
1.162
1.160
1.177
1.172
1.186
1.191
32.28
33.17
34.04
35.04
35.30
35.03
34.20
34.10
33.77
35.69
35.3
35.3
35.2
35.8
36.5
36.5
36.5
35.9
35.7
37.3
.878
.895
.907
.915
.915
.914
.903
.902
.907
.894
37. 50
38.23
38.54
39.33
39. 48
39.17
38. 96
39.43
38.81
39.68
36.2
36.6
30.5
36.9
37.2
37.1
36.8
36.3
36.2
37.1
1.025
1.030
1.040
1.049
1.045
1.043
1.050
1.063
1.060
1.058
51.30
50. 24
50.96
50. 86
51.31
51.33
50. 87
51.79
51.65
54.17
43.7
43.5
43.4
43.4
43.3
43.7
43.2
42.9
43.0
43.8
1.242
1.261
1.281
1.281
1.284
1.280
1.290
1.297
1.306
1.320
1949: January_____ 58. 41
February____ 57. 91
M arch_______ 57.48
41.1
40.8
40.7
1.402
1.397
1.395
41.79
41. 56
41.48
40.0
40.0
39.9
1.110
1.104
49.92
49.92
49. 72
39.5
39.3
39.3
1.226
1.230
1.229
35. 54
34.19
34. 22
36.5
36.3
36.3
.921
.911
.909
40. 20
39.03
38. 45
37.0
37.4
36.8
1.063
1.039
1.035
52.90
52.11
51.38
43.0
43.0
43.2
1.332
1.312
1.313
1948: M arch. ______
A p r il_______
M a y _________
June____ ___
July ______
A u g u s t_____
September__
O cto b er_____
N ovember. . .
December____
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 .1 0 2
REVIEW, JUNE 1949
T able
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
717
C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings in Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing Industries1—Con.
NONMANUFACTURING—Continued
Trade—Continued
Finance 7
Service
Retail—Continued
Year and month
Automotive
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Lumber and build
ing materials
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Bro
ker
age
Insur
ance Hotels 8 (year-round)
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly. wkly. wkly.
earn- earn earn hours
infs
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Power laundries
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Cleaning and dyeing
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
1939: Average ___________ $27.07
1941: January. __________ 28. 26
47.6 $0. 571 $26. 22
46.8
.606 26.16
42.7 $0.619 $36.63 $36.32 $15. 25
41.7
.634 38. 25 37. 52 15.65
46.6 $0.324 $17. 69
45.9
.338 18.37
42.7 $0.417 $19. 96
42.9
.429 19.92
41.8
41.9
$0.490
.488
1948: March_________ ____
A p r il.. ____________
M a y _______________
June________________
July________________
August
__________
September__________
October.. . . . . . . . .
November__________
December. ________
52.98
54. 53
54.49
54. 65
55.03
56.04
55.87
55. 53
55.99
56.44
44.6
45.5
45.5
45.5
45.1
45.6
45.3
45.4
45.3
45.7
1.202
1.216
1.220
1.221
1.237
1.251
1.247
1.241
1.265
1.250
49.24
49. 64
50. 32
51.08
51.31
52.51
52.00
52. 68
51.92
52.85
42.5
42.6
42.8
43.2
42.8
43.4
42.4
42.7
42.0
42.5
1.170
1.175
1.193
1.202
1.216
1.220
1.231
1.233
1.235
1.230
62.60
65.76
71.15
69.35
68.12
65.42
63.59
66.27
65.38
66.97
55.51
54.94
56.22
54. 75
55.22
55.09
54.35
53.97
55.12
56.10
30.96
31.59
31.70
31.88
32.04
32.34
32.21
32.45
32. 52
33.06
44.0
44.2
44.2
44.1
44.0
44.9
43.9
44.2
44.1
44.1
.695
.700
.707
.711
.714
.709
.725
.726
.734
.739
33.74
34. 29
34.22
34.36
34. 55
33.70
34. 56
34.16
34. 51
34.72
42.0
42.2
41.8
41.8
42.2
41.1
41.8
41.3
41.5
41.7
.805
.810
.817
.823
.820
.822
.828
.829
.836
.836
37.96
39.18
39.13
40.14
39.02
37. 55
39.36
39.42
39.01
39.97
41.5
42.1
42.0
42.4
41.7
39.8
41.1
41.0
40.9
41.4
.924
.933
.936
.947
.942
.951
.963
.970
.962
.968
1949: January __________
February___________
March______ _______
56. 55
56.03
56.76
45.5
45.8
46.1
1.260
1.250
1.264
53.09
53.09
52.98
42.0
42.1
42.4
1.254
1.262
1. 265
66.91
66. 65
65.16
57.20
56.99
57.16
33. 30
33. 47
33.28
43.9
43.7
43.9
.748
.754
.751
35.25
34. 64
34. 55
42.0
41.3
41.2
.841
.842
.845
39. 71
38. 57
39.34
41.1
40.1
40.6
.969
.967
.970
5 These figures are based on reports from cooperating establishments cov
ering both full- and part-time employees who worked or received pay during
the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. As not all reporting
firms supply man-hour data, the average weekly hours and average hourly
earnings for individual industries are based on a slightly smaller sample
than are average weekly earnings.
For manufacturing, mining, power laundries, and cleaning and dyeing
industries, the data relate to production and related workers only. For the
remaining industries, unless otherwise noted, the data relate to all nonsupervisory employees and working supervisors. Data for 1939 and January
1941, for some industries, are not strictly comparable with the periods cur
rently presented. All series, by month, are available upon request to the
Bureau of Labor Statistics. Such requests should specify the series desired.
Data for the two current months are subject to revision without notation.
Revised figures for earlier months are identified by an asterisk for the first
m onth’s publication of such data.
s N ew series beginning with month and year shown below; not comparable
with data shown for earlier periods:
G l a s s p r o d u c t s m a d e f r o m p u r c h a s e d g l a s s .—M ay 1948; comparable
April data are $44.36 and $1,121.
A m m u n i t i o n , s m a l l - a r m s — June 1948; comparable M ay data are
$1,232.
April 1948 data reflect work stoppages.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
4 Data include private and municipal street-railway companies and affil
iated, subsidiary, or successor trolley-bus and motor-bus companies.
8 Prior to April 1945 the averages of hours and earnings related to all em
ployees except executives; beginning with April 1945 these averages reflect
mainly the hours and earnings of employees subject to the Fair Labor Stand
ards Act. At the same time the reporting sample was expanded to include
a greater number of employees of “long lines.” The April 1945 data are
$40.72, 42.9 hours, and $0,952 on the old basis, and $37.50, 40.6 hours, and
$0,926 on the new basis.
8 Data relate to all land-line employees except those compensated on a com
mission basis. Excludes general and divisional headquarters personnel,
trainees in school, and messengers.
7 Data on average weekly hours and average hourly earnings are not avail
able.
8 M oney payments only; additional value of board, room, uniforms, and
tips, not included.
N oth: Explanatory notes outlining briefly the concepts,
methodology, size of the reporting sample, and sources
used in preparing the data presented in tables 0 -1
through 0 -5 are contained in the Bureau’s monthly
mimeographed release, “ Hours and Earnings—Industry
Report,” which is available upon request.
718
MONTHLY LABOR
G: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C-2: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers in Manufacturing Industries for
Selected States and Areas1
Arizona
Connecticut
Delaware
State
State
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
California
State
State
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
San Francisco Bay
Los Angeles
Year and month
1948: M arch___
April_____
M a y ..........
June_____
July______
August___
September
O ctober...
November.
December.
$54. 98
58. 71
57.43
55. 11
55. 51
55. 97
57.63
57. 49
57.12
56.88
1949: January___
February...
March____
55.32
56.12
56.01
38.6 $1. 491 $58.11
38.5 1.495 58.09
38.9 1.516 59.02
39.0 1.532 58.75
38.8 1. 542 59. 27
38.9 1. 555 60.94
38.7 1. 558 59.83
39.6 1. 560 60. 56
38.4 1. 579 60.87
38.7 1. 586 61.17
39,2 $1.482 $58.16
39.1 1.485 58. 56
39.3 1.501 60. 65
39.0 1. 507 61.20
39.0 1.521 61.95
39.6 1.538 61.17
38.6 1 552 61.01
39. 1 1. 550 64.37
39.1 1.558 61.99
39.0 1.566 63.99
37.6 $1. 547
37.8 1. 548
38.7 1.567
38.5 1.590
38.6 1.604
38.2 1.600
38.3 1.594
39.9 1.614
37.6 1.648
38.8 1.651
54.94
54. 21
53. 52
54. 51
54.86
56.02
56.33
56. 64
56. 78
57. 04
41.9
41.4
40.9
41.1
40.8
41.2
41.0
41. 1
41.2
41.1
39.8
40.4
40.5
38.5
38.7
38.4
38.7
38.9
38.6
38.8
38.6
38.2
1.680
1.658
1.650
55.96
54.67
53.02
40.4
39.7
38.6
1.390
1.389
1. 383
61.45
61.61
61.09
Florida
Wilmington
State
$55.43
55. 68
55.27
55.99
57.14
58.15
57.03
58. 78
58.35
61.07
1949: January__
February..
March____
61. 49
60.80
58.68
1. 596
1.592
1.591
61.03
61.07
60.64
40.6 $0.962 $56. 98
41.8
.963 57.14
42.1
.979 56.77
42.3
.974 58.06
42.6
.973 57. 92
41.1
.981 59.26
.984 60. 01
41.8
.992 60. 43
41.5
.965 60.05
42.6
44.1
.956 60.60
41.2
40.9
40.3
41. 0
40.5
40.9
41.0
41.0
40.6
41.0
42.2
41.3
40.5
44.2
43.5
43.3
40.4
40.1
39.7
42.48
41.63
41.44
.961
.957
.957
59. 81
59. 44
58. 65
1949: January___
February. _
March..........
65.03
64.64
61.60
$1.38 $58.60
1. 40 58.85
1.41 58. 79
1.41 59. 76
1.43 59. 70
1.45 61.51
1.46 62.03
1.47 62.06
1.48 61.78
1.48 62.30
1.48
1. 48
1.48
61.20
60. 58
59.91
40.7
41.1
40.7
41.1
41.3
41. 2
40.9
41.2
$1.44
1.45
1.47
1.50
1.50
1.51
1.51
1.51
$55.96
56.13
55.53
57.19
57. 51
58.37
57.75
59.93
59. 95
60.58
40.5
40.1
39.7
1.51
1.51
1.51
59.30
58. 96
58.38
40.0
40.4
39.9
40.0
39.6
40.1
41.6
40.2
39.3
40.2
$1.177
1.177
1.165
1.183
1.207
1.161
1.122
1.200
1. 248
1.269
51.38
50. 97
49.73
40.5
39.6
39.3
1.269
1.286
1.264
1.38
1.38
1. 37
Indiana
Massachusetts
State
State
40. 7 $1.375 $51.39
40.5 1.385 51.07
40.1 1.386 51.28
40.6 1.407 51.76
40.2 1.431 51.44
40.6 1.436 52. 29
40.5 1.427 52. 42
40. 9 1.466 50. 74
40.8 1. 470 50.87
40.9 1.480 52.13
40.2
40.1
39.7
1.476
1. 471
1.469
Duluth
State
51.47
51.72
51. 43
—
............
N ew Jersey
Minneapolis
St. Paul
State
40.1 $1. 488 $51.58
39.7 1.489 52. 22
38.0 1.500 53.19
39.7 1. 539 52.46
39.9 1.568 53. 78
40.1 1. 584 53. 07
39.4 1.610 53.70
40.4 1.608 54. 87
39.7 1.636 55.79
40.3 1. 611 56.14
41.0 $1.258 $52.07
40.8 1.280 51.48
41.3 1. 288 52.25
40.7 1.289 52. 59
41.4 1. 299 57.43
40.7 1.303 58. 98
41.0 1.311 54. 78
41.0 1.338 57.14
41.5 1.344 56. 04
41.5 1.353 57.11
40.4 $1. 289 $50. 52
40.0 1. 287 50.94
40.1 1.303 51.67
39.9 1.318 53.42
41.5 1.384 53. 99
42.1 1. 401 54. 81
39.1 1.401 53. 38
40.7 1. 404 54.18
40.0 1.401 54.54
40.3 1.417 54.81
40.0 $1.263 $52. 48
40.3 1.264 53.03
40.4 1.279 52.54
40.5 1.319 52.32
40.5 1.333 54. 89
41.0 1.337 56.03
39.6 1.348 55. 35
40.1 1.351 55. 50
40.4 1.350 55.73
40.6 1.350 55.23
41.1 $1. 277 $56. 71
41.3 1.284 56.29
40.6 1.294 56. 49
40.0 1.308 57. 38
41.0 1.339 57.73
41.2 1.360 58.57
40.7 1.360 59.25
40.6 1.367 59. 01
40.8 1.366 59.03
4d 4 1.367 59. 97
41.1
40.8
49.7
40.9
40.7
40.8
40.9
40.6
40.5
49.9
$1.379
1.380
1.387
1.403
1.419
1.435
1.448
1.452
1.457
1.485
39.9
40.0
38.6
40.8
40.3
40.2
39.3
39.8
39.6
39.0
40.0
39.7
40.1
40.1
40.0
40.4
40.2
40.0
1. 487
1.463
1.467
See footnote at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Chicago city
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.31 $47.11
1.28 47. 49
1.31 46. 51
1.33 47.37
1.34 47. 75
1.36 46. 62
1.37 46. 62
1.38 48. 24
1.38 49.05
1.39 51.08
Minnesota
State
$59.68
59. 04
56. 75
60. 81
62.57
63.44
63. 32
64.86
64. 40
64. 81
64. 41
64.00
63.03
State
41.1 $1.343 $39.06
41.1 1.345 40.25
40.9 1.361 41. 22
40. 7 1.384 41. 20
40.6 1.419 41. 44
40.7 1.424 40.32
40.5 1. 422 41.13
41.1 1.429 41.17
40.4 1.442 41.11
41.6 1.468 42.16
1.458
1. 473
1.448
1.577
1.570
1. 571
Illinois
Michigan
1948: March____
April_____
M a y______
June______
July---------August____
September.
October___
November.
D ecember..
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
42.0 $1.309 $57. 51
42.8 1.325 57.56
42.7 1.345 59. 05
41.5 1.328 59.69
41.0 1.354 59.81
41.4 1.352 60. 51
41.7 1.382 60.36
41.9 1.372 61.72
41.3 1.383 60. 54
41.1 1. 384 61. 35
Delaware—Con.
1948: M arch____
April..........
M ay.......... .
June..........
July........... .
August___
September.
October__
November.
December..
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
1.633
1.617
1. 600
55. 49
54. 96
55.02
1.360
1.370
1.370
55.37
56.72
56.43
1.410
1.430
1. 430
53.16
54.80
54. 51
1.360
1.370
1.370
55.74
55.38
56. 52
1.390
1.390
1.410
59. 07
58. 89
58. 68
T able
719
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
REVIEW, JUNE 1949
C-2. Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers in Manufacturing Industries for
Selected States and Areas1—Continued
N ew York
Albany-Schnectady-Troy
State
Syracuse
Rochester
New York City
Buffalo
Year and month
Avg.
wkly. wAvg.
kly.
earn hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$56.88
55. 49
55.94
56.97
57. 57
58. 36
59.39
57. 47
59. 42
59.73
39.8
39.3
39.2
39.5
39.4
39.4
39.6
38.4
39.5
39.6
$1.43 $54.98
1.41 54.94
1.43 55.27
1.44 55.95
1.46 56.56
1.48 58.54
1.50 59.91
1.50 58.04
1.51 61.10
1.51 61.96
1949: January......... . 59.22
February------- 59.13
March_______ 58. 69
38.9
38.9
38.6
1948: M arch..............
April....... .........
M a y________
J u n e.................
July...................
August---------September___
O ctober..........
November___
December........
1948: M arch..............
April.................
M a y ..................
June_________
J u ly .................
August______
September___
October............
November___
December____
1.52
1.52
1. 52
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
40.2
40.0
39.7
40.0
39.3
40.1
40.5
39.8
41.3
41.2
40.3
39.8
39.1
59.81
57.81
57.93
North Carolina
Oklahoma
State
State
$41.30
40. 54
40.12
39. 80
39. 20
40. 36
40.75
41.58
41.40
41.58
1949: January........... 40. 50
February____ 40. 36
March............... 39.88
40.0 $1.032
39. 4 1.028
38.9 1.031
38.4 1.036 $53.15
37.8 1.037 53.03
38.1 1.059 55.30
37.7 1.082 55. 70
38.4 1.084 54.74
38.0 1.090 54.15
38.1 1.093 55.46
37.0
37.0
36.5
1. 096
1.091
1.092
54.82
54.87
53.56
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
$1.37 $56.99
1.37 56. 56
1.39 57. 59
1.40 58. 32
1.44 59.34
1.46 60.70
1.48 61.61
1.46 61.71
1.48 61.71
1.50 62.13
1.49
1.45
1.48
1948: March............ .
April........... ..
M ay.................
June..................
July............. —
August.............
September___
October______
November___
December____
$52. 31
51. 98
52. 25
53. 43
51.71
53. 74
54. 26
65.39
56. 23
54.80
1.337
1.332
1. 324
1949: January............ 52.95
February____ 53.91
M arch.............. 54.24
38.8
39.4
39.5
See footnote at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1.374
1.375
1.380
$49.91
49.63
50.32
50.38
50. 25
52.20
52.73
53.39
53. 24
53. 39
52.92
52.77
52. 51
47.17
46.58
46.42
1.53
1.52
1.53
62. 79
63. 40
63.08
37.5
37.6
37.5
1.69
1.70
1.69
58.04
57.88
57.47
40.2
40.1
39.8
40.1
40.1
39.9
40.2
39.7
40.0
39.6
39.7
39.4
39.0
$1.38 $54. 74
1.39 55.16
1.39 54. 20
1.44 55. 72
1.43 54.62
1.45 55. 78
1.45 57. 24
1.46 56. 78
1.46 56.42
1.47 55.87
1.46
1.47
1.47
56. 28
55.78
55.81
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
41.8
41.9
41.2
42.0
40.6
40.9
41.5
41.0
40.7
39.9
$1.31
1.32
1.31
1.33
1.35
1.36
1.38
1.39
1.38
1.40
40.6
40.3
40.2
1.39
1.38
1.39
Allentown-Bethlehem
1.189
1.175
1.168
40.0 $1. 246 $51.10
39.6 1.252 49.25
39.9 1.260 52.65
39.8 1.267 51.15
39.2 1.282 51.78
39.5 1.320 52.88
39.5 1.335 54. 06
39.9 1.339 54.65
39.7 1.342 53.77
39.7 1.344 53.44
39.2
39.2
39.0
1.350
1.346
1.348
54. 34
53. 36
53.21
Philadelphia
39.5 $1. 299 $54.91
37.8 1.303 55. 22
38.8 1.340 55.19
38.8 1.349 55.44
38.4 1.372 55. 60
38.5 1.392 56.88
38.8 1.407 57.37
39.5 1.386 57.42
38.8 1.392 57. 78
38.7 1.385 57.96
38.9
38.6
38.3
1.406
1.387
1.391
57.17
56.89
56. 56
Pittsburgh
41.3 $1,310 $57.96
40.3 1.355 57. 55
40.1 1.356 58. 54
40.1 1.364 58. 55
39.9 1.374 58.07
40.0 1.404 62.34
40.1 1.415 62. 32
39.9 1.422 63. 46
40.2 1.438 62. 51
40.2 1. 443 62. 73
39.9
39.5
40.3
39.7
39.1
40.0
39.2
40.3
39.6
39.7
$1,421
1.437
1.433
1.455
1.490
1.566
1.586
1.575
1.578
1. 580
39.4
39.1
39.3
39.5
39.6
39.2
1.586
1.581
1. 561
1.451
1.454
1.438
62. 74
62.63
61.23
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
State
State
State
State
41.3 $1.115 $50. 36
41.0 1.113 49. 82
41.8 1.132 49. 60
41.9 1.132 49. 82
41.2 1.147 49. 52
41.4 1.150 47.85
40.5 1.136 48. 37
42.0 1.146 44. 87
41.3 1.156 47.57
40.9 1.179 49.18
40.3
40.5
40.4
$1.60 $55.49
1.55 55.58
1.57 55. 33
1. 59 57.74
1.64 57. 39
1.66 57.61
1.68 58.37
1.66 57.88
1.67 58. 56
1.66 58.25
38.3
37.7
37.6
37.8
37.9
37.9
37.9
35.6
37.7
37.9
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Rhode Island
York-Adams
40.5 $1.304 $45.49
40.2 1.307 44. 72
40.6 1.305 46.49
40.7 1.317 46. 34
39.5 1.324 46.26
39.7 1.362 46.76
39.4 1.393 45. 49
40.1 1.388 47.33
40.4 1.396 46.87
39.6 1.390 47.43
$1.41 $60. 53
1.41 58.19
1.43 59.09
1.45 60.09
1.47 61.61
1.49 62.39
1. 52 63.22
1.53 58.86
1.52 62. 59
1.53 62.63
State
Pennsylvania—Continued
Reading-Lebanon
39.9
39.9
39.7
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Pennsylvania
42.5 $1. 250
41.5 1.277
42.7 1.296
42.2 1.320
42.6 1.286
41. 7 1.297
42.3 1.310
41.0
41.2
40.5
60.90
60. 81
60.60
40.5
40.0
40.2
40.2
40.5
40.7
40.5
40.5
40.6
40.7
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
48.26
48.29
47.90
41.3 $1,220 $41.86
40.7 1. 225 41.67
40.4 1. 228 41.67
40.1 1. 241 42.03
39.9 1.242 43.13
39.0 1.228 43.09
39.0 1.242 42.85
36.1 1.244 43. 63
37.9 1.254 43.80
39.2 1.254 43.98
38.8
38.8
38.8
1.245
1.245
1.233
43.80
42.90
43.47
40.8 $1,026 $48.43
40.3 1. 034 50.19
40.3 1. 034 52.10
40.3 1.043 53.05
40.5 1.065 51.54
40.5 1.064 53.39
39.9 1.074 53. 71
40.4 1.080 55.09
40.0 1.095 53.11
40.2 1.094 53.93
39.5
39.0
39.2
1.109
1.100
1.109
53. 42
53.13
53.17
41.5 $1,167 $52.50
42.5 1.181 50.05
43.2 1.206 53.04
43.7 1.214 53.99
42.7 1.207 51.73
43.3 1.233 53.28
42.8 1.255 53.45
43.9 1.255 53.73
42.8 1.241 56.99
42.9 1.257 56.56
40.7
39.1
40.8
40.9
40.1
41.3
40.8
39.8
41.3
40.4
$1.29
1.28
1.30
1.32
1.28
1.28
1.31
1.35
1.38
1.40
58.87
56. 63
57.25
40.6
39.6
40.6
1.45
1.43
1.41
42.5
42.0
41.8
1.257
1.265
1.272
720
G: EARNINGS AND HOURS
MONTHLY LABOR
T able C-2: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers in Manufacturing Industries for
Selected States and Areas1—Continued
Wisconsin
State
Kenosha city
LaCrosse city
Madison city
Milwaukee county
Racine city
Year and month
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn
ings hours
1948: March_______
April................
M a y .................
June________
J u ly ......... .......
A ugust-...........
September___
October...........
November___
December___
1949: January_____
February........
March______
$55. 56
55.11
65. 73
56. 69
54.97
56. 46
55. 74
58. 04
58.16
58.15
57.30
57.14
56. 40
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
42.3 $1.313 $60.41
42. 0 1.314 57.12
42. 0 1.326 58.38
42.1 1. 347 62.89
41. 6 1.320 65.92
41.9 1.346 61.38
41. 5 1.342 61.79
42.0 1.384 61.73
41.9 1.388 60. 72
41.7 1.396 61.22
40. 9 1.401 59.30
40. 9 1.398 61.03
40.4 1.397 60.90
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
41.4 $1.460 $50.17
39.6 1.443 49. 60
40.1 1.455 49.60
41.1 1. 531 49.67
40.1 1.644 50.13
39.5 1.552 53.35
40.0 1. 545 54.32
39.7 1. 554 52. 61
39.2 1. 548 53.92
39.3 1.558 55. 24
38.2 1.554 55.25
39.2 1. 557 55.66
39.1 1. 559 56.79
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
40.3 $1. 246 $50.97
39.7 1.250 55. 54
39.7 1. 249 59.10
39.5 1. 257 58.12
39.6 1.267 54. 70
39.2 1.362 54.15
39.7 1.369 52. 56
38.7 1. 361 54. 55
39.4 1.369 56. 27
40.1 1.378 57.98
39.9 1.385 55.16
39.8 1.400 53.46
40.0 1.418 54.68
1 State and area hours and gross earnings are prepared by various cooper
ating State agencies. Owing to differences in methodology the data may
not be strictly comparable among the States or with the national averages.
Variations in earnings among the States and areas reflect, to some extent,
differences with respect to industrial composition. Revised data for all ex-
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
39.5 $1.289 $59.09
41.4 1.343 58.77
42.9 1.377 58.82
42. 0 1.385 60. 20
39.7 1.377 60.92
39. 5 1.372 61.44
38.5 1.364 61.81
40.1 1.362 63. 09
41.2 1.364 62.69
40.9 1.416 62. 54
39.3 1.403 61.57
38.5 1.389 60.96
39.0 1.403 59.44
Avg. Avg.
Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn
ings
ings hours
41.7 $1. 418 $61. 49
41.4 1.419 60.64
41.0 1. 434 62. 03
41.2 1. 461 63.35
41.1 1.481 63. 46
41.3 1.489 65. 39
40.8 1. 515 65.18
41.5 1.521 65. 28
41.3 1.516 65. 78
41.2 1. 516 64.83
40.5 1.520 65.07
40.2 1.517 64. 81
39.4 1.510 63. 74
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
41.8
41.3
41.8
42.1
42.0
42.1
41.6
41. 4
41. 5
40.9
40.9
40. 7
40.2
$1.470
1.470
1. 485
1.504
1. 509
1.554
1. 568
1.575
1. 585
1. 586
1.593
1.591
1.587
cept the two most recent months are identified by an asterisk for the first
months publication of such data. A number of States also make available
more detailed industry data, as well as information for earlier periods which
may be secured directly upon request to the appropriate State agency as
listed in footnote 1, table A-5.
T able C-3: Average Hourly Earnings, Gross and E xclusive^ Overtime, of Production
Workers in Manufacturing Industries 1
All manufacturing
Year and month
January 1941_____
January 1945_____
July 1945_________
June 1946-.- _____
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
Average____
Average____
Average____
Average____
Average____
Average____
Average____
Average____
Durable goods
Nondurable goods
Gross
Exclud
ing
over
time
Gross
Exclud
ing
over
time
Gross
$0.683
1.046
1.033
1.084
$0.664
.970
.969
1.053
$0. 749
1.144
1.127
1.165
$0. 722
1.053
1.052
1.134
$0.610
.891
.902
1.003
$0.601
.840
.854
.972
.729
.853
.961
1.019
1.023
1.084
1.221
1.327
.702
.805
.894
.947
». 963
1.049
1.182
1.287
.808
.947
1.059
1.117
1.111
1.156
1. 262
1.401
.770
.881
.976
1.029
* 1.042
1.122
1.250
1. 357
.640
.723
.803
.861
.904
1.012
1.145
1.247
.625
.698
.763
.814
5.858
.978
1.109
1.211
Exclud
ing over
time
i Overtime is defined as work in excess of 40 hours a week and paid for at
time and one-half. The computation of average hourly earnings exclusive of
overtime makes no allowance for special rates of pay for work done on holi
days. See Note, table 0-1.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
All manufacturing
Year and month
Durable goods
Nondurable goods
Gross
Exclud
ing
over
time
Gross
Exclud
ing
over
time
Gross
1948:March___ _
April_______
M ay_______
June___ _
July________
August— -.
September__
O ctob er____
N ovem ber-..
December . . .
$1.289
1.292
1.301
1.316
1.332
1.349
1.362
1.366
1.372
1.376
$1. 248
1.253
1. 262
1.275
1. 295
1.309
1.323
1.323
1.333
1.334
$1.352
1.357
1.366
1.385
1.407
1.431
1.448
1. 452
1.454
1.456
$1.306
1.314
1.324
1.341
1.369
1.385
1.408
1.403
1.411
1.410
$1. 220
1. 220
1. 230
1.242
1.252
1.262
1. 272
1. 271
1.282
1.287
$1.183
1.184
1.194
1.204
1.216
1.228
1.235
1.236
1.247
1.251
1949: January. _
February 3 ...
March 3____
1. 380
1.377
1.375
1.344
1.342
1.343
1.460
1.458
1.456
1.419
1.419
1.423
1.293
1.289
1.288
1.262
1.258
1.259
Exclud
ing
over
time
» Eleven-month average; August 1945 excluded because of VJ-day holi
day period.
* Preliminary.
REVIEW, JUNE 1949
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
721
T able C 4: Gross Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers in Selected Industries, in Current
and 1939 Dollars 1
All manufacturing Bituminous-coal
mining
Electric light and
power 8
Year and month
Current
dollars
1939
dollars
Current
dollars
1939
dollars
Current
dollars
1939
dollars
January 1941.
January 1945.
July 1945____
June 1946___
$26. 64
47. 50
45.45
43.31
$26. 27
37.15
34.91
32.30
$26.00
54.11
50.66
64.44
$25. 64
42.32
38. 92
48.05
$35.49
48. 90
50.34
52.07
$35.00
38. 24
38. 67
38.83
1939: Average.
1940: Average1941: Average1942: Average.
1943: Average1944: Average.
1945: Average1946: Average..
1947: Average1948: Average..
23. 86
25. 20
29. 58
36.65
43.14
46.08
44.39
43.74
49. 25
53.15
23.86
25.00
27.95
31. 27
34.69
36.50
34.36
31.21
30. 75
30.86
23. 88
24. 71
30.86
35.02
41.62
51.27
52. 25
58.03
66.86
72. 57
23.88
24. 51
29.16
29.88
33. 47
40. 61
40.45
41.41
41. 75
41.87
34.38
35.10
36. 54
39.60
44.16
48.04
50.05
52.04
57.12
60.85
34.38
34.82
34. 53
33. 79
35.51
38.05
38. 75
37.13
35.66
35.29
; -*•
a
d
ujuii.-uu u n a n g e s m m e l e v e l oi weeKiy eammgs prior to and
after adjustment for changes in purchasing power as determined from the
Bureau’s consumers’ price index, the year 1939 having been selected for the
tese period. Estimates of World War II and postwar understatement by
the consumers’ price index were not included. See M onthly Labor Review,
March 1947, p. 498. See N ote, table C -l.
T able
All manufacturing Bituminous-coal
mining
Electric light and
power 8
Current
dollars
1939
dollars
Current
dollars
1939
dollars
Current
dollars
1948: March______
April_______
M ay_______
June______
July________
August_____
Septem ber...
October_____
N ovem ber....
December__
$52.07
51. 79
51.86
52.85
52. 95
54.05
54.19
54.65
54.56
55.01
$31.01
30.41
30.23
30.60
30.30
30. 79
30. 87
31.29
31.49
31.90
$74. 84
» 49. 53
74.08
73. 87
67.62
78.10
75. 51
76. 40
73.52
75.79
$44. 57
» 29.08
43.19
42.76
38.70
44.49
43.01
43.75
42. 44
43.95
$58. 27
59.10
59.83
60.41
61.46
61.46
61. 75
62.38
62.57
62. 72
$34. 70
34.70
34.88
34.97
35.17
35.01
35.17
35. 72
36.12
36. 37
1949: January_____
February 4___
M arch4..........
54.51
54.12
53.63
31.70
31.83
31.45
76.84
74.31
68.41
44.69
43.71
40.12
63.09
62. 87
62.75
36.69
36. 98
36.80
Year and month
1939
dollars
* Data relate to all nonsupervisory employees and working supervisors.
8 April data reflect work stoppages.
4 Preliminary.
C-5: Gross and Net Spendable Average Weekly Earnings o f Production Workers in
Manufacturing Industries, in Current and 1939 Dollars 1
N et spendable average weekly
earnings
Year and month
Gross
average
weekly
earn
ings
Worker with no
dependents
Worker with
three dependents
Current
dollars
1939
dollars
Current
dollars
1939
dollars
January 1941..
January 1945..
July 1945____
June 1946____
$26.64
47.50
45.45
43.31
$25.41
39.40
37.80
37.30
$25.06
30.81
29.04
27.81
$26.37
45.17
43. 57
42.78
$26.00
35.33
33.47
31.90
1939: Average1940: Average.
1941: Average.
1942: Average1943: Average.
1944: Average1945: Average1946: Average1947: Average1948: Average-
23.86
25.20
29.58
36. 65
43.14
46.08
44.39
43. 74
49. 25
53.15
23. 58
24.69
28.05
31.77
36.01
38. 29
36. 97
37. 65
42.17
46. 60
23.58
24. 49
26. 51
27.11
28. 97
30.32
28.61
26. 87
26.33
27.05
23.62
24. 95
29. 28
36.28
41.39
44. 06
42. 74
43.13
47. 65
52. 34
23.62
24. 75
27.67
30.96
33.30
34.89
33. 08
30. 78
29. 75
30. 39
‘ J A C I s p c u u a u i e a v e r a g e w een y eammgs are oh tamed by deducting from
gross weekly earnings, social security and income taxes for which the specified
type of worker is liable. The amount of income tax liability depends, of
course, on the number of dependents supported by the worker as well as on
the level of his gross income. N et spendable earnings have, therefore, been
computed for two types of income-receivers: (1) A worker with no dependents:
(2) A worker with three dependents.
The computations of net spendable earnings for both the factory worker
w ith no dependents and the factory worker with three dependents are based
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
N et spendable average weekly
earnings
Year and month
Gross
average
earn-
Worker w ith no
dependents
Worker with
three dependents
Current
1939
dollars dollars
Current
dollars
1939
dollars
1948: March___
April.........
M ay........ .
June_____
July...........
August___
September
O ctober...
November.
December-
$52.07
51. 79
51. 86
52.85
52. 95
54.05
54.19
54.65
54. 56
55.01
$45. 69
45. 45
45. 51
46.35
46. 48
47.35
47.47
47.86
47.78
48.16
$27. 21
26. 68
26. 53
26.83
26.60
26.97
27.04
27.40
27.58
27.93
$51.43
51.19
51.25
52.08
52.22
53.09
53.21
53.60
53.52
53.90
$30. 63
30. 05
29. 88
30.15
29. 88
30.24
30. 31
30.69
30.89
31.26
1949: January_
February8
March4 . . .
54. 51
54.12
53.63
47.74
47.41
47.00
27. 77
27.88
27.56
53.48
53.15
52.74
31.11
31.26
30.93
upon the gross average weekly earnings for a l l production workers in manu
facturing industries without direct regard to marital status and family com
position. The primary value of the spendable series is that of measuring
relative changes in disposable earnings for two types of income-receivers.
That series does not, therefore, reflect actual differences in levels of earnings
for workers of varying age, occupation, skill, family composition., etc. See
Note, table 0-1 .
8 Preliminary.
M ONTHLY LABOR
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
722
T
able
C-6: Earnings and Hours of Contract Construction Workers, by Type of Contractor 1
Building construction
All types of con
tractors
Special building trades
Total building
General contractors
Plumbing and heat
ing
All trades 2
Year and month
Painting and deco
rating
Aver
Aver age
Aver Aver Aver Aver Aver Aver Aver Aver Aver Aver Aver Aver Aver Aver Aver Aver
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
hourly
age hourly weekly
weekly weekly aourly weekly weekly hourly weekly weekly lourly weekly weekly
weekly weekly
weekly hourly
earn
earn hours earn earn hours earn earn hours earn earn hours earn earn hours earn earn
ings 3 hours ings
ings
ings 3
ings
ings ings 3
ings 3
ings
ings 3
ings
ings 8
1948: Average............
M arch_______
April________
M a y ................July________
August______
September----October______
November----December____
$68. 25
65. 22
65.91
66.28
68.88
69. 84
70. 47
71.07
70.51
68. 28
71.65
1949: January______ 70.14
February____ 69.96
March 4_____ 69.09
38.1 $1. 790 $68. 85
37.3 1.749 65.87
37.7 1.751 66. 45
37.8 1.756 67.22
38.9 1. 770 69.53
38.9 1.793 70. 47
39.1 1.803 70. 91
38.9 1.827 71.29
38.6 1.826 70. 59
37.1 1.840 69. 39
38.5 1.862 72.33
37.5
37.3
37.0
1.869
1.877
1.867
70.88
70.53
69.66
37.3 $1.848 $64.64
36.9 1. 786 61.52
36.7 1.804 61.80
37.0 1. 815 63.09
37.9 1.836 65.49
37.8 1.862 66.38
37.8 1.874 66.87
37.6 1.895 67.07
37.3 1.892 66.53
36.4 1.906 64. 97
37.8 1.915 68.60
37.0
36.5
36.2
1.918
1.930
1.926
66.84
66.84
66. 54
38.0 $1.946 $76. 83
37.5 1.894 74.15
37.6 1.910 74.09
37.9 1.908 75.20
38.5 1.935 78.23
38.5 1.956 78.15
38.4 1.976 79.31
38.3 1.992 78.68
38.0 1.988 77.49
37.3 2.006 76.34
38.1 2.017 80.71
36.6 $1. 766 $73.87
36.3 1.695 70.91
36.1 1.713 71.86
36.3 1.740 72.23
37.3 1. 756 74. 44
37.2 1.785 75. 32
37.3 1.793 75. 88
37.0 1.813 76.23
36.7 1.815 75. 51
35.6 1.824 74. 72
37.4 1. 835 76. 86
36.5
36.1
35.9
1.833
1.853
1.854
37.5
37.1
36.5
75. 50
75.13
73.65
2.012
2.027
2.017
79.08
78.16
77.29
39.2 $1.960 $69. 77
39.2 1.892 66.89
38.8 1.907 67. 91
39.1 1.925 70.17
39.9 1.959 70. 74
39.3 1.989 71.49
39.2 2. 024 71.09
38.8 2.030 71. 77
38.7 2.004 71.15
38.0 2.010 70. 61
39.7 2.031 71. 59
36.3
35.8
36.3
37.0
36.8
37.1
36.6
36.8
35.9
35.3
35.9
$1.925
1.866
1.872
1.898
1.923
1.927
1.944
1.951
1.982
2.003
1.991
68. 33
68.92
69.86
34.4
34.9
35.6
1.985
1.974
1.964
39.1
38.8
38.6
2.022
2.014
2.003
Building construction—Continued
Special building trades—Continued
Year and month
Plastering and
lathing
Masonry
Electrical work
Roofing and sheet
metal
Carpentry
Excavation and
foundation
Aver Aver Aver Aver Aver Aver Aver Aver Aver Aver Aver Aver Aver Aver Aver Aver Aver Aver
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age hourly
age hourly
age hourly
age hourly
age hourly
age hourly
weekly weekly
weekly weekly
weekly weekly
weekly weekly
weekly weekly
weekly weekly
earn hours earn earn hours earn earn hours earn earn hours earn earn hours earn earn hours earn
ings
ings ings 3
ings ings 3
ings ings 3
ings ings 8
ings ings 3
ings 8
1948: Average______
M a r c h ______
April.................
M a y________
June. _______
July_________
August______
September___
October______
November___
December........
$83.01
81.85
80.97
80.99
81.91
82.68
84.37
84. 35
84.68
85.11
87. 58
1949: January_____ 87. 49
February......... 86.35
M arch4............ 84.95
39.8 $2.084 $69. 61
40.4 2.025 61. 78
39.7 2.040 64.91
39.6 2.044 67. 26
39.8 2.057 71.19
39.8 2. 078 75.14
40.2 2.100 73.70
39.5 2.135 74. 21
39.6 2.138 73. 87
39.2 2.172 73.44
40.4 2.171 72. 76
40.0
39.2
38.8
Sec footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2.186
2.201
2.192
70.08
65.83
65.44
35.4 $1.969 $78. 52
32.8 1.881 74. 29
34.1 1.904 75.83
34.9 1.930 77. 81
36.0 1. 977 82.83
37.6 1.997 82. 25
36.9 1.997 80.80
36.9 2.009 82.68
36.3 2. 033 79. 82
36.1 2.036 75. 91
35.9 2.027 78. 77
34.5
32.2
32.1
2.030
2.044
2.038
76. 82
78.66
76.24
36.1 $2.175 $67.98
35.5 2.091 62.60
36.3 2.086 67.60
36.5 2.131 69.03
37.4 2. 212 70.49
37.3 2.207 69.59
36.6 2.206 70. 36
36.8 2.248 70. 25
35.5 2.248 69.87
34.0 2.231 67. 78
35.3 2.233 69.92
34.4
35.4
34.5
2.230
2.221
2. 208
68. 98
64.95
64.41
37.9 $1.792 $62. 47
35.4 1. 768 56. 58
37.8 1.787 59.00
38.7 1.782 59. 74
39.5 1.783 63.46
39.3 1.772 64.90
39.7 1.774 65. 53
38.6 1.821 66.88
37.8 1.848 65.98
37.2 1.824 65.36
38.2 1.831 65.46
37.9
35.9
35.7
1. 821
1.810
1.802
62. 71
58.91
58.81
36.5 $1. 710 $66.44
34.5 1.638 60.73
35.7 1.654 62.42
35.9 1.662 64. 63
37.1 1.712 67. 87
37.5 1. 729 67.06
37.9 1.729 68. 67
38.0 1.759 70.85
37.6 1.754 70. 25
37.0 1. 766 69.00
36.9 1.776 65.93
38.9
36.5
38.1
39.0
40.6
39.9
39.8
40.2
40.3
38.2
37.7
$1.709
1.662
1.640
1.656
1.674
1.682
1.724
1. 761
1.744
1.807
1. 749
64. 53
68.00
66.11
36.5
37.4
36.6
1.767
1.818
1.807
35.5
33.6
33.6
1.768
1.754
1.748
REVIEW, JUNE 1949
T able
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
723
C-6: Earnings and Hours of Contract Construction Workers, by Type of Contractor1—Con.
Nonbuilding construction
Year and month
Total nonbuilding
Average Average
weekly
weekly
earnings3 hours
Highway and street
Average Average Average
hourly
weekly
weekly
earnings earnings 3 hours
H eavy construction
Average Average Average
hourly
weekly
weekly
earnings earnings3 hours
Other
Average Average Average
hourly
weekly
weekly
earnings earnings3 hours
Average
hourly
earnings
1948: Average_______________
March________________
April____ ___________
M ay________ _________
June ________________
July__________________
August— ________ . .
September. __________
October____ _______
November __________
December_____________
$66.61
63.09
64.30
63.69
67.28
68. 33
69. 40
70. 56
70. 40
65.31
69.64
40.6
38.8
40.2
39.8
41.7
41.8
42.3
42.4
42.1
39.1
40.7
$1,639
1.628
1.600
1.600
1.614
1.634
1.639
1.663
1.672
1.671
1.712
$62.41
55.88
58.12
58. 99
62. 75
64.47
65. 70
67. 30
67.42
61.54
62.62
41.6
37.6
40.1
40.4
42.1
43.1
43.8
44.1
43.7
40.6
40.7
$1,500
1.487
1.449
1.460
1.489
1.494
1.501
1.526
1.541
1.514
1.538
$69. 69
66. 74
67.91
66. 85
71.15
70.83
72. 57
73.66
73.18
67. 53
74.47
39.9
39.2
40.0
39.4
41.5
40.6
41.1
41.0
40.7
37.5
40.6
$1.746
1.702
1.696
1.699
1.715
1.744
1.665
1.795
1.799
1.803
1.833
$66.16
62.15
64.42
64.01
66. 36
69. 36
69.59
69.82
69.74
67.00
69.03
40.4
38.8
40.5
39.6
41.0
42.0
41.9
41.9
41.7
39.8
40.6
$1. 637
1.604
1.591
1.615
1.619
1.652
1.662
1.666
1.671
1.683
1.702
1949: January_______________
F ebruary-____ _ ____
March 4_______________
67.54
68.06
67.24
39.5
39.7
39.7
1.710
1.714
1.694
59.98
61.17
61.96
39.2
39.8
40.8
1.530
1.536
1.520
73.00
72.34
70.77
39.7
39.6
38.9
1.839
1.827
1.820
67.52
67.88
67.57
39.6
39.9
39.8
1.705
1.701
1.698
1 Covers contract construction firms reporting to the Bureau during the
month» shown (over 14,000), but not necessarily identical establishment*.
The data cover all employees engaged on-site or off-site in actual construction
work (including pre-assembly and pre-cutting operations) on both privately
and publicly financed projects. Excluded are all nonconstruction workers,
on or off the site. This series revised in coverage, effective with January
1948 data. An article, “Revised Series: Hours and Earnings,in Contract Con
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
struction Industry,” explaining the revisions, appears in this issue of the
M onthly Labor Review, p. 666.
1 Includes types not shown separately.
•Hourly earnings, when multiplied by weekly hours of work, m ay not
exactly equal weekly earnings because of rounding.
4 Preliminary.
MONTHLY LABOR
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
724
D: Prices and Cost of Living
T able
D - l : Consumers’ Price Index 1 for Moderate-Income Families in Large Cities,
Commodities
by
Group
of
[1935-39=100]
Fuel, electricity, and refrigeration2
Year and month
All items
Food
Apparel
Rent
Total
Housefurnishings
Gas and
electricity
Other
fuels
Ice
Miscella
neous 3
70.7
71.7
79.9
81.7
69.3
69.8
92.2
92.2
61.9
62.3
G)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
59.1
60.8
50.9
52.0
December______________
June-. -----------------------Average________________
Average______ ____ ____
118.0
149.4
122.5
97.6
149.6
185.0
132.5
86.5
147.9
209.7
115.3
90.8
97.1
119.1
141.4
116.9
90.4
104.8
112.5
103.4
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
0)
(4)
(4)
(*)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
121.2
169.7
111.7
85.4
83.1
100.7
104.6
101.7
1939: Average_______________
August 1 5 _____________
1940: Average_______________
1941: Average_______________
January 1 ____________
December 15___________
99.4
98.6
100.2
105.2
100.8
110.5
95.2
93.5
96.6
105. 5
97.6
113.1
100.5
100. 3
101.7
106.3
101.2
114.8
104.3
104.3
104.6
106.2
105.0
108.2
99.0
97.5
99.7
102.2
100.8
104.1
98.9
99.0
98.0
97.1
97.5
96.7
99.1
95.2
101.9
108.3
105.4
113.1
100.2
100.0
100. 4
104.1
100.3
105.1
101.3
100.6
100.5
107.3
100.2
116.8
100.7
100.4
101.1
104.0
101.8
107.7
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
A verage----------------------Average________________
Average________________
Average_______________
August 1 5 _____________
116.5
123.6
125.5
128.4
129.3
123.9
138.0
136.1
139.1
140.9
124.2
129.7
138.8
145.9
146.4
108.5
108.0
108.2
108.3
(!)
105.4
107.7
109.8
110.3
111.4
96.7
96.1
95.8
95.0
95.2
115.1
120.7
126.0
128.3
131.0
110.0
114.2
115.8
115.9
115.8
122.2
125.6
136.4
145.8
146.0
110.9
115.8
121.3
124.1
124.5
1946: Average________________
June 15________________
November 15_____ _____
139.3
133.3
152.2
159.6
145.6
187.7
160.2
157.2
171.0
108.6
108.5
(«)
112.4
110.5
114.8
92.4
92.1
91.8
136.9
133.0
142.6
115.9
115.1
117.9
159.2
156.1
171.0
128.8
127.9
132.5
1947: Average.............................. December 15___________
159.2
167.0
193. 8
206.9
185.8
191.2
111.2
115.4
121.1
127.8
92.0
92.6
156.1
171.1
125.9
129.8
184.4
191.4
139.9
144.4
1948: Average_________ ______
April 15_______________
M ay 15 _______________
June 15________________
July 15_________________
August 15_ _______ - ____
September 15_________ .
October 15- ___ _______
November 15___________
December 15______ _____
171.2
169.3
170.5
171.7
173.7
174.5
174.5
173.6
172.2
171.4
210.2
207.9
210. 9
214.1
216.8
216.6
215.2
211.5
207.5
205.0
198.0
196.4
197.5
196.9
197.1
199.7
201.0
201.6
201.4
200.4
117.4
116.3
116.7
117.0
117.3
117.7
118.5
118.7
118.8
119.5
133.9
130.7
131.8
132.6
134.8
136.8
137.3
137.8
137.9
137.8
94.3
93.9
94.1
94.2
94.4
94.5
94.6
95.4
95.4
95.3
183.4
176.1
178.5
180.6
185.0
190.1
191.0
191.4
191.6
191.3
135.2
133.2
133.7
134.2
136.5
137.3
137.6
137.9
138.0
138.4
195.8
194.7.
193.6
194.8
195.9
196.3
198.1
198.8
198.7
198.6
149.9
147.8
147.5
147.5
150.8
152.4
152.7
153.7
153.9
154.0
1949: January 15 ..........................
February 15_____________
March 15_______________
April 15....... ............ ............
170.9
169.0
169.5
169.7
204.8
199.7
201.6
202.8
196. 5
195.1
193.9
192.5
119.7
119.9
120.1
120.3
138.2
138.8
138.9
137.4
95.5
96.1
96.1
96.8
191.8
192.6
192. 5
187.8
139.0
140.0
140.4
140.5
196.5
195.6
193.8
191.9
154.1
154.1
154. 4
154.6
1913: Average_______________
1914: July___________________
1918:
1920:
1929:
1932:
1 The “ Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families'in large cities,”
formerly known as the “ Cost of living index” measures average changes in
retail prices of selected goods, rents, and services weighted by quantities
bought in 1934-36 by families of wage earners and moderate-income workers
in large cities whose incomes averaged $1,524 in 1934-36.
Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletin 699, Changes in Cost of Living in Large
Cities in the United States, 1913-41, contains a detailed description of methods
used in constructing this index. Additional information on the consumers’
price index is given in a compilation of reports published by the Office of
Economic Stabilization, Report of the President’s Committee on the Cost
of Living.
Mimeographed tables are available upon request showing indexes for each
of the cities regularly surveyed by the Bureau and for each of the major
groups of living essentials. Indexes for all large cities combined are available
since 1913. The beginning date for series of indexes for individual cities
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
varies from city to city but indexes are available for most of the 34 cities since
World War I.
2 The group index formerly entitled “Fuel, electricity, and ice” is now des
ignated “ Fuel, electricity, and refrigeration” . Indexes are comparable with
those previously published for “ Fuel, electricity, and ice.” The subgroup
“ Other fuels and ice” has been discontinued; separate indexes are presented
for “ Other fuels” and “Ice.”
3 The miscellaneous group covers transportation (such as automobiles
and their upkeep and public transportation fares); medical care (including
professional care and medicines); household operation (covering supplies and
different kinds of paid services); recreation (that is, newspapers, motion
pictures, and tobacco products); personal care (barber- and beauty-shop
service and toilet articles); etc.
4 Data not available.
8 Rents not surveyed this month.
REVIEW, JUNE 1949
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
725
T able D-2: Consumers’ Price Index for Moderate-Income Families, by City,1 for Selected Periods
11935-39=1001
City
Apr. 15, Mar. 15, Feb. 15, Jan. 15, Dec. 15 N ov. 15 Oct. 15, Sept. 15, Aug. 16, July 15, June 15, M ay 15, Apr. 15,
June 15, Aug. 15,
1949
1949
1949
1949
1948
1948
1948
1948
1948
1948
1948
1948
1948
1946
1939
Average.
169.7
169.5
169.0
170.9
171.4
172.2
173.6
174.5
174.5
173.7
171.7
170.5
169.3
133.3
980
Atlanta, Ga___
Baltimore, Mel
fi os ton, M ass...... ........
Buflalo, N . Y ...............
Chicago, 111_________
Cincinnati, Ohio___
Cleveland, Ohio___ _
Denver, Colo______
D etroit, M ich____ ____ ___
Houston, Tex______
(2)
(2)
171. 6
162. 4
168. 3
175. 0
170. 7
(2)
169. 9
171.1
171. 0
(2)
173.9
171. 8
162. 5
(2)
174. 5
170.7
(2)
00
170.8
170.2
170.1
(2)
171.7
161.4
(2)
172.9
169. 7
172. 5
0
170.7
170.2
(2)
00
173.7
163.9
169.8
174.9
172.0
(2)
171.0
171.6
172.6
173.7
(0
174.0
0
174.8
175.0
164.7
166.7
(2)
(2)
175.4
175.9
172.2
173.8
3 176.2
(0
(2)
(2)
172.8
173.1
173.8
173.9
(2)
0
176.9
167.8
172.7
178.1
175.5
(2)
171.0
174.6
174.7
(2)
179.2
178.6
169.0
(2)
175.4
176.3
(2)
(2)
175.4
175.4
176 2
0
179.3
168.7
0
178.8
175.7
179.3
0
176.1
175.2
0
0
177.0
168.6
173.1
178.6
175.9
0
172.5
175.9
173.7
(0
176.1
174.7
166.1
0
176.2
173.5
(0
(0
174.5
172.5
170.8
0
173.7
164.1
0
174.9
172.3
173.7
0
173.2
171.5
0
0
172.7
163.6
167. 2
172.1
170.8
(0
188.5
171. 8
171.4
133.8
13Ä. fi
136. 5
127.9
132. fi
130. 9
132. 2
135. 7
131.7
136. 4
130.5
98.0
98.7
98.5
97.1
98.5
98.7
97.3
100.0
98.6
98.5
100.7
Indianapolis, Ind.................
Jacksonville, Fla...... .......
Kansas City, M o . . . .......... .
Los Angeles, Calif_________
Manchester, N . H ._ .............
M emphis, T enn___ _______
Milwaukee, W is__________
Minneapolis, M inn................
M obile, Ala_______ _______
N ew Orleans, L a..... ..............
N ew York, N . Y ..... ..........
171.9
(*)
163. 3
171.2
170.6
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
168.1
(2)
174.3
0
171.0
(!)
173.3
0
169.3
171.1
C2)
167. 4
(2)
(2)
0
3 171. 3
(2)
0
168.7
(2)
00
173.2
166.8
173.6
(2)
165.1
172.7
172.3
(2)
00
(2)
(2)
00
169.2
(0
176.2
(>)
172.7
(2)
174.3
(0
170.8
173.5
(2)
169.2
(2)
(2)
0
172.2
(2)
(2)
171.2
(2)
(2)
176.6
171.0
178.0
(2)
167.5
171.8
176.5
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
171.7
(2)
179.1
(2)
171.0
00
177.1
(2)
173.8
177.3
00
173.3
0
0
0
171.0
0
0
174.5
0
0
179.8
173.3
176.5
0
166.3
170.3
178.1
0
0
0
(«)
0
172.6
0
178.3
0
168.8
(0
174.7
(0
171.4
173.5
(0
169.1
0
0
0
169.1
0
0
171.1
0
(0
178.5
167.5
172.5
0
163.3
169.3
172.0
0
0
0
0
0
167.0
131.9
138. 4
129.4
136.1
134.7
134. 5
131.2
129.4
132.9
138.0
135.8
98.0
98.5
98.6
100.5
97.8
97.8
97.0
99.7
98.6
99.7
99.0
Norfolk, Va................
Philadelphia, Pa___
Pittsburgh, P a____
Portland, M aine___ ,
Portland, Oreg......... ,
Richmond, Va...........
8t. Louis, M o........... .
San Francisco, Calif-.
Savannah, Ga_____ .
Scranton, Pa............. .
Seattle, Wash______
Washington, D . C ...
(2)
169. 0
173.0
0
177. 6
164. 2
(2)
(2)
174. 9
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
169. 0
172. 7
165.0
(2)
(2)
169.0
174. 6
(2)
(2)
(2)
0
170.6
168.5
172.1
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
166.8
174. 3
164.1
(2)
170.4
174.6
0
178.6
166. 5
00
(2)
176.7
00
(2)
(2)
(2)
170.6
174.9
167.1
(0
0
171.1
176.7
(2)
(2)
(!)
(2)
174.0
171.7
175.9
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
0
(2)
169.4
174.3
167.1
(2)
174.1
177.1
(2)
180.1
170.0
(2)
(2)
178.4
(2)
(2)
(2)
00
174.8
178.3
170.7
00
0
175.0
177.1
0
0
0
0
176.2
174.8
178.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
174.7
176.2
169.2
0
172.9
177.8
0
180.3
168.9
0
0
180. 2
0
0
0
(0
172.1
175.7
167.4
0
0
172.1
174, 2
0
0
(0
0
171.9
170.4
173.5
0
0
(0
0
(»)
0
170.2
174. 3
166.7
0
169.3
171.9
0
175.8
163.4
0
0
177.6
0
0
0
135.2
132.5
134. 7
128. 7
140.3
128.2
131. 2
137. 8
140.8
132. 2
137.0
133.8
97.8
97.8
98.4
97.1
100.1
98.0
98.1
99.3
99 ’3
96.0
100.3
98.6
services purchased by moderate-income families in large cities. They do not
indicate whether it costs more to live in one city than in another.
*Through June 1947, consumers’ price indexes were computed monthly for
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
21 cities and in March, June, September, and December for 13 additional
eities; beginning July 1947 indexes were computed monthly for 10 cities and
once every 3 months for 24 additional cities according to a staggered schedule;
3 Corrected.
726
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
T able
MONTHLY LABOR
D-3: Consumers’ Price Index for Moderate-Income Families, by City and Group of
Commodities 1
[1935-39=100]
Fuel, electricity, and refrigeration
Food
Apparel
Rent
Housefurnishings
Total
City
Miscellaneous
Gas and electricity
Apr. 15, Mar. 15, Apr. 15, Mar. 15, Apr. 15, Mar. 15, Apr. 15, Mar. 15, Apr. 15, Mar. 15, Apr. 15, Mar. 15, Apr. 15, Mar. 15
1949
1949
1949
1949
1949
1949
1949
1949
1949
1949
1949
1949
1949
1949
Average_____________
202.8
201.6
192.5
193.9
120.3
120.1
137.4
138.9
96.8
96.1
191.9
193.8
154.6
154.4
Atlanta, Oa_________
Baltimore, M d ______
Birmingham, Ala____
Boston, M ass________
Buffalo, N . Y ________
Chicago, 111__________
Cincinnati, Ohio ___
Cleveland, Ohio______
Denver, Colo___Detroit, M ic h .. . . . . . .
Houston, T ex________
197.5
212.4
198.3
191.3
195.5
208.5
203.2
209.2
208.1
197.0
212.6
198.3
212.9
197.4
190.9
195.0
205.9
201.9
210.2
207.0
195.1
209.6
0
(0
192.1
(0
199.3
183.3
189.8
196.7
188.5
CO
187.7
186.9
204.4
(0
117.1
201.1
183.8
(0
198.6
191.4
(0
(0
190.4
204.1
151.3
148.2
135.6
155.0
143.6
131.4
146.4
145.8
112.1
152.7
99.4
83.3
121.3
79.6
118.5
101.3
83.5
101.9
105.6
69.2
92.0
81.5
83.3
121.9
79.6
117.1
101.3
83.5
101.9
105.6
69.2
91.9
81.5
(i)
(i)
186.4
181.1
192.4
177.7
187.1
0
213.9
199.8
190.1
0
198.5
188.2
182.0
0
182.1
188.7
0
0
201.2
193.3
0
0
150.7
146.0
159.7
156.5
156.0
(i)
152.8
167.1
153.5
0)
154 7
150.7
145.9
(i)
156.5
155.7
(0
(i)
167.0
153.4
Indianapolis, I n d ____
Jacksonville, F la .____
Kansas City, M o_____
Los Angeles, Calif____
Manchester, N . H ____
M emphis, T enn______
Milwaukee, W is _____
Minneapolis, M inn___
Mobile, A la_________
New Orleans, L a ____
New York, N . Y _____
196.7
206.6
189.8
212.1
199.7
214.9
205.8
193.1
203.9
212.4
203.7
197.9
206.0
189.8
211.2
199.3
211.9
3 203.2
192.4
206.9
211.0
202.4
185.5
(0
184.7
186.6
182.1
(0
(0
(0
(0
(0
192.1
(0
191.3
(0
188.0
(0
206.6
(0
198.4
198.8
(0
192.4
184.4
(0
181.4
183.7
198.2
0)
C1)
(0
160.8
(i)
155.0
155.3
148.3
0
(0
0
(i)
159.1
(0
160. 7
(i)
154.8
0
144.7
(!)
159.7
145.7
0
159.1
Norfolk, V a__________
Philadelphia, Pa ____
Pittsburgh, P a . . . ........
Portland, M aine_____
Portland, Oreg_______
Richmond, V a . . . ____
St. Louis, M o________
San Francisco, C a lif...
Savannah, Qa_______
Scranton, P a _________
Seattle, W ash................
Washington, D . C ____
205.2
197.9
206.1
190.0
221.6
195.5
207.5
222.1
212.2
202.2
212.8
200.1
203.5
196.7
204.6
191.5
222.5
197.1
207.6
216.3
212.4
201.1
213.5
198.8
189.1
227.4
(0
191.1
192.0
(0
(0
189.4
(0
(0
(0
0
152.7
147.1
0
157.0
144.3
0
0
156.4
0)
0
(0
(0
152.6
147.4
151.8
0)
0
145.2
165.6
0
(0
0
0
(0
(0
(0
190.0
227.9
194.0
(0
(0
197.5
190.0
(0
(0
(0
(0
(0
(0
(0
124.3
(3)
116.4
(0
(0
(0
124.5
127.9
(0
139.0
115.7
(0
(0
(0
(0
145.7
143,5
133.9
153.1
140.9
129.3
143.8
145.3
112.0
151.8
99.4
130.2
(0
124.4
(0
113.4
(0
(0
(0
(0
128.1
(0
(0
(0
130.3
(0
131.1
126.2
0
0
157.0
146.9
128.2
94.5
152.6
140. 6
146.1
141.9
129.9
113.4
136.9
158.5
146.9
128.5
94.5
154.6
140.6
146.1
142.1
129.9
113.4
135.2
86.6
100.5
66.4
89.3
100.3
77.0
104.5
78.9
84.0
75.1
106.8
86.6
100.5
67.1
89.3
98.7
77.0
104.5
78.9
84.0
75.1
102.3
«
183.0
0
187.6
0)
186.7
(!)
182.7
0
189.8
174.8
0
183.3
0
154.1
140.3
137.9
148.0
135.9
142.9
132.5
82.7
152.2
141.0
128.0
134. 8
154.1
144.7
140.3
152.9
138.2
143.3
135.3
82.7
356.9
144.4
128.0
138.5
102.6
103.0
103.4
108.3
92.4
95.6
88.4
72.7
108.6
91.8
93.2
98.6
102.6
103.0
103.4
308.3
94.2
95.6
88.4
72.7
108.6
91.8
93.2
98.6
0
194.4
196.3
0
183.1
199.6
(0
(0
201.0
(0
0
0
0
195. 5
198.1
ISO. 9
(0
0
173. 5
166.6
0
0
0
0
(0
(0
108.5
(0
(0
(0
120.4
(0
(0
113.4
125.9
114.8
(0
(0
118.0
(0
(0
(0
(0
(0
119.8
116.2
(0
(0
(3)
(0
(0
1 Prices of apparel, housefurnishings, and miscellaneous goods and servioes
are obtained monthly in 10 cities and once every 3 months in 24 additional
cities according to a staggered schedule.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(0
(0
« Rents are surYeyed every 3 months in 34 large cities according to a staggered schedule,
> Revised.
REVIEW, JUNE 1949
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
727
T able D -4: Indexes of Retail Prices of Foods,1 by Group, for Selected Periods
11935-39=100]
Year and month
Cere Meats,
als
poul
All
and
foods bakery try,
prod and
Total
fish
ucts
A verage........ . 124.0
Average_____ 137.4
Average_____ 132.5
A verage_____ 86.5
Average_____
95.2
August______
93.5
1940: Average........... 96.6
105.5
115.7
107.6
82.6
94.5
93.4
96.8
1923:
1026:
1929:
1932:
1939:
101.2
117.8
127.1
79.3
96.6
95.7
95.8
Meats
Beef
and
veal
Pork
Fruits and vegetables
Eggs
Lamb
Dairy
prod
ucts
Chick Fish
ens
96.6
95.4
94.4
101.1
99.6
102.8
88.9
88.0
81.1
99.5
98.8
99.7
93.8
94.6
94.8
101.0
99.6
110.6
129 4
127.4
131.0
84.9
95.9
93.1
101.4
Can
ned
Sugar
Bever Fats
and
and
ages
oils
sweets
Dried
Total
Fresh
136 1
141. 7
143.8
82 3
91.0
90.7
93.8
1fiQ fi
210 8
169 0
103 fi
94.5
92.4
96.5
173 fi 124 8
22fi 2 122 9
173 5 124^3
10fi Q 01 1
92 ! 3
95.1
92.8
91.6
92.4
97.3
17fi A
1fi2 4
0
Q1 2
93 ! 3
90.3
100.6
131 fi
170 4
1fi4 8
94.9
92.5
87.7
84.5
82.2
100.6
95.6
96.8
104.2
171
9 5 .5
157 2
1942:
1943:
1944;
1945:
1941: Average_____
December........
Average_____
Average_____
Average_____
Average_____
August______
105.5
113.1
123.9
138.0
136.1
139.1
140.9
97.9
102.5
105.1
107.6
108.4
109.0
109.1
126.0
133.8
129.9
131.2
131.8
106.5
109. 7
122.5
124.2
117.9
118.0
118.1
110.8
114.4
123.6
124.7
118.7
118.4
118.5
100.1
103.2
120.4
119.9
112.2
112.6
112.6
106.6
108.1
124.1
136.9
134.5
136.0
136.4
102.1
100.5
122.6
146.1
151.0
154.4
157.3
124.5
138.9
163.0
206.5
207.6
217.1
217.8
112.0
120.5
125.4
134.6
133.6
133.9
133.4
112.2
138.1
136.5
161.9
153.9
164.4
171.4
103.2
110,5
130.8
168.8
168.2
177.1
183.5
132.8
178.0
177.2
188.2
196.2
97.9
106.3
121.6
130.6
129.6
130.2
130.3
106.7
118.3
136.3
158.9
164.6
168.2
168.6
101.5
114.1
122.1
124.8
124.3
124.7
124.7
94.0
108.5
119.6
126.1
123.3
124.0
124.0
106.4
114.4
126.5
127.1
126.5
126.5
126.6
1946: Average_____
June______...
November___
159.6
145.6
187.7
125.0
122.1
140.6
161.3
134.0
203.6
ICO. 8
120.4
197.9
150.5
121.2
191.0
148.2
114.3
207.1
163.9
139.0
205.4
174.0
162.8
188.9
236.2
219.7
265.0
165.1
147.8
198.5
168.8
147.1
201.6
182.4
183.5
184.5
190.7
196.7
182.3
140.8
127.5
167.7
190.4
172.5
251.6
139.6
125.4
167.8
152.1
126.4
244.4
143.9
136.2
170.5
107.5
111.1
111.0
1947: Average—:____
193.8
155.4
217.1
214.7
213.6
215.9
220.1
183.2
271.4
186.2
200.8
199.4
201.5
166.2
263.6
186.8
197.6
180.0
1948: Average............
A pril.......... .
M ay________
June________
July_________
A ugust.. -----September___
October______
November___
December____
210.2
207.fi
210.9
214.1
216.8
216.6
215.2
211.5
207.5
205.0
170.9
171.0
171.1
171.2
171.0
170.8
170.7
170.0
169.9
170.2
246.5
233.8
244.2
255.1
261.8
267.0
265.3
256.1
246.7
241.3
243.9
229.5
242.0
255.2
263.0
269.3
265.9
254.3
243.1
235.4
258.5
241.2
255.8
273.9
280.9
286.2
280.8
269.8
262.4
255.1
222.5
212.3
219.1
223.5
233.8
246.1
247.9
233.9
214.4
206.2
246.8
232.6
253.5
271.2
275.0
266.6
256.6
249.4
246.5
238.6
203.2
198.4
202.1
207.6
209.3
207.8
209.4
204.0
200.5
208.0
312.8
307.2
305.0
299.3
301.6
304.4
314.9
325.9
328.1
328.1
204.8
205.8
204.8
205.9
209.0
211.0
208.7
203.0
199.5
199.2
208.7
184.7
184.9
194.2
204.3
220.2
226.6
239.0
2413
217.3
205.2
217.4
218.0
214.9
213.4
199.6
195.8
193.5
189.4
192.3
212.4
228.4
229.4
225.2
223.2
204.8
199.6
197.3
192.4
196.2
158.0
156.4
156.4
157.4
157.7
157.8
159.0
158.9
159.4
159.4
246.8
252.1
250.0
248.0
248.0
249.2
249.1
238.1
230.6
229.8
205.0
204.4
204.6
205.1
205.2
205.3
205.6
205.9
206.4
207.8
195.5
191.4
196.6
200.5
200.8
197.8
196.8
193. 0
189.4
184.4
174.0
173.6
173.0
170.0
170. 9
172.3
173.2
173.1
173.3
173.0
1949: January______ 204.8
February____ 199.7
M arch_______ 201.6
April________ 202.8
170.5
170.0
170.1
170.3
235.9
221.4
229.6
234.4
228.2
212.3
222.5
228.5
244.5
220.5
230.3
233.3
203.1
196.3
206.4
209.5
234.4
228.4
240.7
271.0
208.9
199.0
198.9
201.2
331.7
327.2
325.9
321.3
196.0
192.5
190.3
184.9
209.6
179.6
180.1
183.8
205.2
213.7
214.5
218.6
213.3
224.9
226.0
231.5
159.2
158.6
158.0
157.1
228.4
224.6
227.9
228.3
208.7
209.0
208.5
208.2
174.7
159.8
165.1
149.8
173.4
174.3
2175.6
176.2
1 The Bureau of Labor Statistics retail food prices are obtained monthly
during the first three days of the week containing the fifteenth of the month,
through voluntary reports from chain and independent retail food dealers.
Articles included are selected to represent food sales to moderate-income
families.
The indexes, based on the retail prices of 50 foods, are computed by the
fixed-base-weighted-aggregate method, using weights representing (1) rela
tive importance of chain and independent store sales, in computing city aver
age prices; (2) food purchases by families of wage earners and moderate-
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
income workers, in computing city indexes; and (3) population weights, in
combining city aggregates in order to derive average prices and indexes for all
cities combined.
Indexes of retail food prices in 56 large cities combined, by commodity
groups, for the years 1923 through 1947 (1935-39=100), may be found in Bulletin
No. 938, “ Retail Prices of Food—1946 and 1947,” Bureau of Labor Statistics,
U. S. Department of Labor, table 3, p. 42. Mimeographed tables of the same
data, by months, January 1935 to date, are available upon request.
2 Revised.
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
728
M ONTHLY LABOR
T able D -5: Indexes of Retail Prices of Foods, by City
[1935-30=100]
June
1948
M ay
1948
Apr.
1948
June
1946
216.8
214.1
210.9
207.9
145.6
93.5
212.4
227.7
218.0
210.2
214.4
209.9
225.3
212.7
204.1
210.3
207.9
221.6
209.6
199.2
207.5
204.7
217.8
207.5
198.2
201.4
141.0
152.4
147.7
138.0
139.1
02.5
94.7
90.7
93.5
93.2
213.0
215.1
222.2
208.0
223.6
212.9
216.6
224.4
211.4
224.7
211.6
214.7
224.3
208.1
221.3
207.9
207.4
219.7
206.7
218.4
200.2
201.3
217.0
204.8
212.2
140.2
139.7
148.2
140.8
142.8
94.6
04.1
95.1
92.3
218.0
225.6
200.8
217.3
210.5
218.1
229.0
202.2
215.2
213.1
220.4
226.2
201.0
213.3
217.0
216.3
223.7
199.2
210.8
216.5
213.5
218.0
195.3
210.5
213.3
210.1
213.0
193.1
206.7
208.5
141.4
149.3
136.4
142.4
145.3
90.4
03.6
88.1
91.7
92.7
204.4
209.1
220.8
211.8
218.6
207.6
211.6
223.7
216.0
220.7
210.1
213.5
223.8
217.1
220.6
213.2
214.1
222.1
212.6
220.8
211.3
211.3
220.0
211.8
216.7
208.0
207.2
218.1
208.0
218.0
203.9
201.2
219.3
205. 7
218.3
145.4
138.1
144.0
141.5
150.6
90.6
95.4
97.8
90.7
212.6
198.5
233.8
202.4
213.7
217.5
201.1
236.7
206.5
213.1
219.3
204.4
241.6
212.0
212.1
220.7
205.4
244.6
212.4
212.7
222.8
204.4
241.7
213.4
213.1
222.0
204.4
238.4
210.0
212.1
217.3
202.2
236.2
209.2
212.6
214.7
197.9
233.9
206.4
213.9
150.8
134.8
165.6
139.1
154.8
95.8
91.6
94.0
94.9
196.6
203.6
217.9
205.0
195.6
198.9
204.8
219.0
207.5
197.8
201.7
210.4
223.7
211.2
202.2
207.2
215. 5
227.8
216.3
206.0
207.4
217.8
227.1
218.8
209.2
206.8
218.4
229.8
218.3
208.2
203.8
213.0
226.7
215.3
206.2
201.6
208.9
223.2
213.7
206.0
108.2
204.9
222. 2
210.9
203.0
135.6
144.4
153.6
144.3
137.5
92.1
94.9
89.7
91.1
95.0
214.5
200.1
195.1
2 213. 2
205.3
211.8
201.2
194.5
216.1
204.3
211.3
203.9
199.6
218.0
208.7
213.8
205.8
203.5
220.5
211.5
222.1
211.1
205.3
227.7
216.2
222.7
212.6
205.6
228.5
216.9
222.5
212.8
208.3
233.2
217.9
219.8
209.9
205.4
227.3
213.9
217.0
204.7
201.2
223.0
210.0
216.3
203.0
197.7
228.7
208.6
149.8
147.9
140.4
157.6
149.2
95.5
96.6
93.7
97.6
95.8
202.0
195.7
207.9
195.0
202.2
208.7
198.0
215.7
200.4
208.0
209.8
203.1
216.8
199.3
208.0
211.8
205.6
218.0
202.0
211.0
217.1
210.2
222.1
208.4
215.1
220.2
210.3
230.3
212.0
219.5
220.5
211.1
230.8
212.5
220.9
216.9
208.6
224.9
210.9
222.3
214.4
210.1
227.3
209.4
219.6
213.3
207.2
223.8
205.0
213.7
210.5
202.5
217.0
202.8
209.8
146.0
139.5
151.3
143.5
147.1
93.8
92.3
93.4
03.0
92.5
191.5
222.5
206. 4
197.1
193.3
189.7
220.4
202.9
193.5
192.1
194.3
224.2
210.1
200.3
195.5
195.0
223.5
209.2
201.5
196.5
198.0
222.9
211.7
203.6
196.7
204.1
227.7
218.4
209. 7
200.7
207.0
231.4
223.8
214.1
207. 3
209.8
234.1
227.2
211.7
209.7
209.7
233.7
224.9
209.4
211.2
204.1
228. 2
222.0
206.3
208.8
199.4
229.5
217.0
203. 4
205.1
197.0
223.2
213.1
200.6
200.8
138.4
158.4
144.9
138.4
142.5
95.9
96.1
93.7
92.2
92.3
207.5
191.0
206.6
222.1
212.2
207.6
190.4
207.3
216.3
212.4
207.1
188.9
207.4
219.3
208.5
212.4
192.9
211.8
223.2
215.3
212.2
192.1
209.8
221.1
216.0
213.1
194.8
208.8
219.5
215.0
217.4
199.7
211.2
223.0
219.2
223.0
203.1
214.7
224.2
222.4
225.3
204.5
216.0
224.3
223.3
224.2
204. 7
217.1
223.2
228.3
222.0
203. 7
215.8
221.6
224.5
218.2
203.5
216.8
223.4
223.3
213.6
200.5
212 9
219. 5
221 4
147.4
137.3
151.7
155.5
158.5
93.8
94.3
94.0
93.8
96.7
202.2
212.8
208.0
200.1
215. 3
198.3
201.1
213.5
207.5
198.8
215.1
197.8
196.0
213.6
206.0
195.2
213.0
195.6
201.6
214.4
214.0
202.4
219. 0
203.7
201.1
211.8
214.4
201.8
220.4
206.6
202.8
213.4
215.2
203. 5
222.2
206.1
209.2
217.5
219.5
209.2
220.0
212.7
213.2
221.0
226.4
212.9
223.0
215.6
217.3
221.9
227.0
214.9
224.7
215.8
218.2
223.4
224.9
215.1
226. 7
212.9
216.1
220.3
224.4
215.4
226. 4
209.5
212.2
221.4
219.3
209.7
225.3
208.4
208.9
216.5
212.6
205 1
220. 3
206.0
144.0
151.6
150. 1
145.5
154. 4
145.3
92.1
94.5
94.1
94.1
City
Apr.
1949
Mar.
1949
Feb.
1949
Jan.
1949
Dec.
1948
Nov.
1948
Oct.
1948
Sept.
1948
Aug.
1948
July
1948
United States------- ------------
202.8
201.6
199.7
204.8
205.0
207.5
211.5
215.2
216.6
Atlanta, Ga______________
Baltimore, M d ____________
Birmingham, Ala_________
Boston, M a s s ., ___ _______
Bridgeport, Conn........... .......
197.5
212.4
198.3
191.3
198.8
198.3
212.9
197.4
190.9
197.9
194.7
210.3
195.8
187.8
194.9
202.1
213.5
202.0
194.1
200.0
203.3
214.6
204.8
194.2
201.0
205.9
218.7
205.4
199.2
205.9
208.3
224.5
210.8
202.6
209.3
214.2
228.7
216.3
207.2
212.7
215.7
228.9
219.3
208.8
214.6
Buffalo, N . Y _____________
Butte, M ont______________
Pprjnr "RnpidSj Towa 1
Charleston, S. C ________
Chicago, 111.......... ........ ..........
195.5
204.6
209.0
195.2
208.5
195.0
201.3
207.8
193.8
205.9
191.4
201.5
206.8
190.8
202.7
197.9
205.0
211.5
196.9
207.3
200.0
205.7
211.8
197.1
208.2
201.6
209.3
214.4
198.9
211.9
206.4
214.9
218.0
204.9
218.0
210.1
214. 5
220.2
207.7
221.4
CHnninnftti, Ohio___
Cleveland, Ohio____ ______
Columbus, Ohio............. .......
Dallas, T ex_______________
Denver, C o lo ..________ __
203.2
209.2
185.6
204.4
208.1
201. 9
210.2
184.3
202.0
207.0
199.7
207.2
182.3
200.7
204.5
205.5
212.8
188.6
207.1
209.6
205.2
213.0
189.4
208.2
211.0
209.4
217.0
193.1
212.7
207.7
214.4
220.9
197.2
214.7
208.3
Detroit, M ich_____________
Fall River, M ass__________
Houston, T ex___ ________
Indianapolis, I n d . . . .............
Tank son, Mias.1 __
197.0
199.4
212.6
196.7
203.1
195.1
199.6
209.6
197.9
203.7
194.5
195.3
208.0
195.5
205.4
197.3
199.8
215.7
200.9
209.5
198.7
200.4
218.1
204.8
213.8
199.9
202.5
217.6
206. 8
212.7
Jacksonville, F la ._________
Kansas City, M o_________
Little Rock, Ark_..... ............
Los Angeles, Calif_________
206.6
189.8
220. 5
201.2
212.1
206.0
189.8
222.1
198.0
211.2
201.2
189.2
221.3
197.2
210.8
210.6
194.6
230.0
199.8
215.5
209.9
194.7
233.9
201.6
214.9
Louisville, K y ------------------Manchester, N . H ------------Memphis, T enn____ _____
Milwaukee, W is____ ______
Minneapolis, M inn _______
187.6
199.7
214.9
205.8
193.1
187.7
199.3
211. 9
3203. 2
192.4
189.2
196.4
212.2
200.8
190.1
193.9
201.8
217.1
206.5
195.3
Mobile, A la ...........................
Newark, N . J . . . __________
New Haven, Conn_______
New Orleans, La__________
New York, N . Y ........... .
203.9
199.7
194. 3
212.4
203. 7
206.9
197.6
193.6
211.0
202.4
207.4
196.3
190.9
210.2
200.0
Norfolk, V a ................ ...........
Omaha, Nebr..........................
Peoria, 111________________
Philadelphia, Pa__________
Pittsburgh, Pa......................
205.2
196.4
211.1
197.9
206.1
203.5
196.5
210.8
196.7
204.6
Portland, M aine__________
Portland, Oreg.___________
Providence, R, I ___ _____ _
Richmond, Va____________
Rochester, N . Y _________
190.0
221.6
206.8
195. 5
194.3
St. Louis. M o .____________
St. Paul, M in n ......................
Salt Lake City, U tah_____
San Francisco, Calif_______
Savannah, Ga____ ____ .. _
Scranton, P a .......... ...........
Seattle, Wash.................. .......
Springfield, 111____ ___ ____
Washington, D . C _________
Wichita, K ans1. . . .
Winston-Salem, N . C .* ___
1 June 1940=100.
3 Revised.
3
Estimated index based on half the usual sample of reports. Remaining
reports lost in the mails. Index for Feb. 15 reflects the correct level of food
prices for New Orleans.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Aug.
1939
REVIEW, JUNE 1949
729
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
T able D -6: Average Retail Prices and Indexes of Selected Foods
Commodity
Cereals and bakery products:
Cereals:
Flour, wheat................. ..5 pounds..
Corn flakes_____ ____ . 11 ounces. .
Corn meal__________ .......pound..
Rice 1— ............... ............ . ___do___
Rolled oats 1_________ .20 ounces.Bakery products:
Bread, w hite________ ___ pound..
Vanilla cookies........ . . . ..........do----M eets, poultry, and fish:
Meats:
Beef:
Round stea k .......... _____do___
Rib roast________ ..........do___
Chuck roast______ _____do___
Hamburger8 ____ ..........do___
Veal:
Cutletfi__________ .......... do___
Pork:
C hops................... . ........ .d o ___
Bacon, sliced .. . . . . ........ _do___
Ham, whole .......... _____do___
Salt pork________ .......... do___
Lamb:
Leg-------------------- ..........do___
Poultry________________ ___ do___
Frying chickens:5
New York dressed. _____do___
Dressed and drawn _____do___
Fish:
Fish (fresh, frozen) 8. . . _____do___
Salmon, p in k 8_____ 16-ounce can..
Dairy products:
B utter._________________ ___ pound..
Cheese.......... ................ ......... ..........do___
M ilk, fresh (delivered)___ ____quart..
M ilk, fresh (grocery)_____ _____do___
M ilk, evaporated... .14^-ounce can..
Eggs: Eggs, fresh------------------ ____dozen..
Fruits and vegetables:
Fresh fruits:
Apples______________ — pound..
Bananas______ ____ _ _____do___
Oranges, size 200 ___ _ ____dozen..
Fresh vegetables:
Beans, green_________ ___ pound..
Cabbage____________ _____do___
Carrots______________ ___bunch..
Lettuce_____________ ......... head..
Onions______________ ___ pound..
Potatoes_________ . . . 15 pounds..
Spinach_____________ ___ pound..
Sweetpotatoes_______ ------- do___
Canned fruits:
P ea ch es.......... ............No. 2U can ..
Pineapple........ .............. ........ -do___.
Canned vegetables:
Corn________________ .N o . 2 can ..
Peas______ ____ _____ ........ _do___
Tomatoes____ ____ _ _____do___
Dried fruits: Prunes_____ ___pound..
Dried vegetables: N avy beans...d o___
Beverages: C o f f e e . .......... ....... ------- do----Fats and oils:
Lard____________________ .......... do___
Hydrogenated veg. shortening n_.do___
Salad d r e ssin g .................... ..........p in t..
Margarine......................... ___ pound..
Sugar and sweets:
Sugar.................................. —..........do-----
Average
price
Apr.
1949
Indexes 1935-39=100
Apr.
1949
Mar.
1949
Feb.
1949
Jan.
1949
Dec.
1948
Nov.
1948
Oct.
1948
Sept.
1948
Aug.
1943
July
1948
June
1948
M ay
1948
Apr.
1948
48.0
16.8
9.5
19.1
16.5
186.0
178.2
184.7
107.5
150.0
186.3
178.0
185.1
107.3
151.8
186.4
177.8
186.4
107.4
152.2
187.0
177.4
189.0
107.2
155.6
185.7
177.8
194.9
107.6
155.8
184.0
177.6
199.5
109.4
155.2
184.2
177.2
210.5
112.1
155.5
184.9
177.1
214.0
121.1
155.6
185.7
177.1
215.2
121.5
155.4
186.9
176.8
215.5
120.6
155.2
188.4
177.2
213.7
119.6
155.0
189.4
175.7
215.7
118.6
154.8
189.6
175.8
216.4
118.4
154.8
(>)
14.0
45.5
164.0
194.5
163. 5
194.4
163.3
194.3
163.2
195.6
163.0
194.9
162.8
194.1
162.7
193.0
163.1
192.4
163.1
191.7
163.1
192.1
163.5
190.3
163.5
188.8
163.2
189.2
93.2
(‘)
81.3
65.2
53.2
50.0
240.7
226.5
237.3
161.8
234.5
224.1
235.0
161.9
218.5
213.8
224.3
156.8
248.3
241.7
257.7
175.9
261.1
253.1
276.8
181.7
269.3
262.0
291.5
184.6
277.3
267.2
301.1
193.7
292.5
277.6
315.0
199.2
299.5
283.1
322.2
202.5
294.4
276.6
315.5
199.3
287.6
266. 7
309.6
194.7
267.3
249.9
283.4
178.6
250.7
238.2
263.3
166.3
102.7
97,4
97.1
(‘)
C e n ts
S
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
82.1
92.7
90.7
(»)
100.4
251.5
250 0
251.9
248.7
248.7
248.4
253.6
258.5
259.6
256.1
252. 5
245.6
234.9
101.1
75.7
67.4
65.0
35.0
229.6
176.8
221. 2
167.5
223.5
178.8
217. 2
169.7
201.6
179.5
213.3
171.1
203.4
190.0
222.5
191.6
204.6
195.8
233.3
211.6
219.7
200.7
227.2
200.1
254.1
207.0
239.4
200.2
278.6
207.2
253.3
196.1
276.5
206.3
251.1
194.1
252.7
204.5
244.2
196.0
238.1
201.9
231.2
196.6
233.5
199.1
223.7
203.5
223.2
191.3
220.9
209.9
90.8
80.9
92.7
69.0
78.1
275.3
201.2
244.5
198.9
232.1
199.0
238.1
208.9
242.4
208.0
250.4
200.5
253.4
204.0
260.7
209.4
270.8
207.8
279.4
209.3
275.6
207.6
257.6
202.1
236.3
198.4
95.7
94.6
(4)
«
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
650.8
764.7
(4)
(4)
O’)
60.4
261.4
460.7
266.8
462.7
267.2
466.3
272.4
468.3
268.5
466.0
268.1
467.0
270.2
452.6
264.0
429.2
254.4
417.1
253.9
408.1
251.8
405.2
261.3
399.7
264.9
397.1
98.8
97.4
71.7
59.1
20.8
19.6
13.3
63.6
197.0
227.5
170.1
174.4
186.5
183.8
201.8
230.9
176.2
179.8
192. 5
180.1
203.6
234.0
177.5
182.4
200.2
179.6
205.9
245.8
179.9
185.7
204.6
209.6
207.6
246.8
184.5
189.4
208.0
217.3
205.7
246.6
185.3
191.4
210.0
244.3
212.7
259.0
186.0
191.1
216.9
239.0
232.7
264.1
185.4
189.4
220.8
226.6
245.6
268.6
182.0
187.8
218.3
220.2
252.0
262.1
177.1
182.1
212.8
204.3
249.8
254.6
174.0
179.3
210.9
194.2
254. 2
248.1
171.5
177.3
202.1
184.9
255.4
241.5
174.3
179.0
197.2
184.7
84.0
92.3
97.1
96.3
93.9
90.7
16.0
16.5
49.0
306.2
272.8
173.2
289.8
275.2
175.8
275.5
272.7
165.7
255.7
267.7
168.4
241.5
269.3
153.7
229.1
270.6
151.0
220.7
269.9
192.1
216.7
269.3
187.2
225.1
270.7
183.3
265.3
269.3
169.2
269.2
261.7
155,1
229.1
257.8
149.2
208.2
256.3
142.9
81 8
97 3
98 9
22.8
7.5
9.7
20.0
6.4
88.9
13.7
13.9
209.4
197.8
181.0
243.2
155. 3
246.5
190.4
268.5
194.3
211.9
184.3
223.3
148.1
237.2
213.8
234.2
222.0
179.2
196.7
220.2
153.9
237.9
259.4
220.9
234.6
163.7
199.9
185.9
155.7
225.5
202.3
211.4
173.3
142.5
184.2
170.8
156.9
208.3
163.2
198.1
224.9
133.7
184.3
158.9
154.6
199.1
155.1
181.9
155.1
139.7
191.6
163.0
147.8
202.4
161.2
181.1
172.0
136.5
190.8
156.2
154.2
210.8
183.9
196.2
176.0
139.2
183.6
143.1
176.3
223.5
205.0
235.5
187.7
155.1
202.1
177.8
251.9
248.4
174.7
286.9
185.1
180.1
263.2
164.1
262.4
263.5
145.0
273.4
229.1
202.3
310.1
200.7
291.0
261.7
158.4
225.2
229.5
250.5
254.3
159.9
440.9
253.6
167.4
213.1
61.7
103.2
84.9
97.6
86.8
91.9
118.4
115.7
32.5
39.7
168.4
182.5
168.2
182.5
168.4
182.6
169.0
180.4
168. 2
181. 3
168.2
17S.1
166.5
176.2
165.1
174.4
163.0
170.0
161.6
168.5
160.8
168.1
160.8
166.7
160.6
166.3
92.3
96.0
19.7
15.0
15.8
23.0
16.7
52.2
158.8
115.0
175.4
226.4
227.4
207.8
159.8
115.3
177.1
224.0
230 0
208.1
159.4
117.0
178.3
220.9
226.4
208.6
160.2
117.1
179.6
218.9
239.1
208.3
160.4
117. 2
180. 0
216. 6
246.2
207. 4
159.7
117.5
181.4
211.6
255.7
206.0
160.2
116.7
181.3
209.1
278.2
205.5
159.3
116.9
183.2
205.6
311.5
205.2
158.8
115.8
182.6
204.7
312.9
204.9
158.6
113,5
184.7
204.9
309.7
204.8
158.2
112.8
184.8
204.3
310.5
204.7
157.9
112.3
183.0
206.9
311.6
204.2
156.6
113.5
183.2
208.6
314.3
204.0
88.6
89.8
92.5
94.7
83.0
93.3
18.6
36.2
36.1
31.1
125.0 10131.2
174.9 10176.9
149.2 10151.61
170.5 181.9
133.2
187.1
156.1
186.7
163.2
197.2
159.3
199.0
181.0
202.8
162.7
208.6
191.4
204.9
163.7
213.4
196.1
205.6
165.7
220.4
198.5
207.3
168.6
229.8
197.3
209.6
168.3
235.3
198.1
220.3
168.4
240.1
198.5
218.2
167.1
242.0
198.2
211.4
164.4
232.6
194.1
207.1
159.8
223.9
85.2
93.9
(4)
93,6
9.5
177.1 10176.5
175.1
174.2
173.8
174.2
174.0
174.0
173.2
171.8
171.4
173.8
174.5
95.6
>July 1947=100.
1 Index not computed.
* February 1943=100.
1 Not priced In earlier period.
5 N ew specifications introduced in April 1949, in place of roasting chickens.
8 Priced in 29 cities.
837474— 49-
Aug.
1939
7 Priced in 27 cities.
8 1938-39=100.
> Average price not computed.
10 Revised.
11 Formerly published as shortening In other containers.
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
730
M ONTHLY LABOR
T able D-7: Indexes of Wholesale Prices,1 by Group of Commodities, for Selected Periods
[1926=100]
Chem
Build icals Housefuring
and
nishmate allied
ing
prod goods
rials
ucts
Mis.
cellaneous
com
modi
ties
All
com
Semi- M anu modi
Raw
fac
mate manuties
factured
rials
prod except
tured
farm
articles ucts » prod
ucts 3
All
com
modi
ties
except
farm
prod
ucts
and
foods3
All
com
modi
ties 1
Farm
prod
ucts
Foods
Hides
and
leather
prod
ucts
Tex
tile
prod
ucts
Fuel
and
light
ing
mate
rials
Metals
and
metal
prod
ucís 1
Average..........
July________
November___
M a y ..............
Average..........
69.8
67.3
136.3
167.2
95.3
71.5
71.4
150.3
169.8
104.9
64.2
62.9
128.6
147.3
99.9
68.1
69.7
131.6
193.2
109.1
67.3
55.3
142.6
188.3
90.4
61.3
56.7
114.3
159.8
83.0
90.8
79.1
143.5
155.5
100.5
56.7
52.9
101.8
164.4
95.4
80.2
77.9
178.0
173.7
94.0
56.1
56.7
99.2
143.3
94.3
93.1
88.1
142.3
176.5
82.6
68.8
67.3
138.8
163.4
97.5
74.9
67.8
162.7
253.0
93.9
69.4
66 9
130.4
157.8
94.5
69.0
65.7
131.0
165.4
93.3
70.0
65.7
129.9
170.6
91.6
1932: Average..........
1939: Average_____
August______
1940: Average..........
64.8
77.1
75.0
78.6
48.2
65.3
61.0
67.7
61.0
70.4
67.2
71.3
72.9
95.6
92.7
100.8
54.9
69.7
67.8
73.8
70.3
73.1
72.6
71.7
80.2
94.4
93.2
95.8
71.4
90.5
89.6
94.8
73.9
76.0
74.2
77.0
75.1
86.3
85.6
88.5
64.4
74.8
73.3
77.3
55.1
70.2
66.5
71.9
59.3
77.0
74.5
79.1
70.3
80.4
79.1
81.6
68.3
79.5
77.9
80.8
70.2
81.3
80.1
83.0
1941: Average..........
December___
1942: Average_____
1943: Average_____
1944: Average_____
87.3
93.6
98.8
103.1
104.0
82.4
94.7
105.9
122.6
123.3
82.7
90.5
99.6
106.6
104.9
108.3
114.8
117.7
117.5
116.7
84.8
91.8
96.9
97.4
98.4
76.2
78.4
78.5
80.8
83.0
99.4
103.3
103.8
103.8
103.8
103.2
107.8
110.2
111.4
115.5
84.4
90.4
95.5
94.9
95.2
94.3
101.1
102.4
102.7
104.3
82.0
87.6
89.7
92.2
93.6
83.5
92.3
100.6
112.1
113.2
86.9
90.1
92.6
92.9
94.1
89.1
94.6
98.6
100.1
100.8
88.3
93.3
97.0
98.7
99.6
89.0
93.7
95.5
96.9
98.6
1945: Average_____
August.............
105.8
105.7
128.2
126.9
106.2
106.4
118.1
118.0
100.1
99.6
84.0
84.8
104.7
104.7
117.8
117.8
95.2
95.3
104.5
104.5
94.7
94.8
116.8
116.3
95.9
95.5
101.8
101.8
100.8
100.9
99.7
99.9
1946: Average_____
June_________
November......
1947: Average.........
121.1
112.9
139.7
152.1
148.9
140.1
169.8
181.2
130.7
112.9
165.4
168.7
137.2
122.4
172.5
182.4
116.3
109.2
131.6
141.7
90.1
87.8
94.5
108.7
115.5
112.2
130.2
145.0
132.6
129.9
145.5
179.7
101.4
96.4
118.9
127.3
111.6
110.4
118.2
131.1
100.3
98.5
106.5
115.8
134.7
126.3
153.4
165.6
110.8
105.7
129.1
148.5
116.1
107.3
134. 7
146.0
114.9
106.7
132.9
145.5
109.5
105.6
120 7
135.2
1948: Average_____
April________
M a y ... ____
June.................
July_________
A u gust...........
Septem ber....
October_____
November___
December___
165.0
162.8
163.9
166.2
168.7
169.5
168.7
165.2
164.0
162.3
188.3
186.7
189.1
196.0
195.2
191.0
189.9
183.5
180.8
177.3
179.1
176.7
177.4
181.4
188.3
189.5
186.9
178.2
174.3
170.2
188.8
186.1
188.4
187. 7
189.2
188.4
187.5
185.5
186.2
185.3
148.6
150.3
150.2
149.6
149.4
148.9
147.9
146. 9
147.5
146.7
134.1
131.8
132.6
133.1
135. 7
136.6
136.7
137.2
137.3
137.0
163.6
157.2
157.1
158.5
162.2
170.9
172.0
172.4
173.3
173.8
199.0
195.0
196.4
196.8
199.9
203.6
204.0
203.5
203.0
202.1
135.1
136.2
134.7
135.8
134.4
132.0
133.3
134.8
133.9
130.6
144.5
142.3
142.6
143.2
144.5
145. 4
146.6
147.5
148.2
148.4
120.5
121.8
121.5
121.5
120.3
119.7
119.9
119.0
119.2
118.5
178.4
175.5
177.6
182.6
184.3
182.0
181.0
177.0
175.2
172.1
156.8
154.1
153.8
154.5
155.9
159.6
158.8
158.4
161.0
160.8
159.4
157.6
158.5
159.6
162.6
164.6
163.9
160.2
158.7
157.5
159.6
157.3
158.2
159.4
162.6
164.6
163.8
161.0
160.1
158.8
150.7
148.7
149.1
149.5
151.1
153.1
153.3
153.2
153.5
153.0
1949: January_____
February-----March______
April________
160.6
158.1
158.4
156.9
172.5
168.3
171.3
170.3
165.8
161.5
162.9
162.9
184.8
182.3
180.4
179.9
146.1
145.2
«143.8
142.2
137.1
135.9
134.4
132.1
175.6
175.5
174.4
171.4
202.3
201.5
200.0
196.5
126.3
122.8
121.1
117.7
148.1
148.3
« 148.0
147.1
117.3
115.3
115.7
115.6
169.3
165. 8
167.2
165.8
160.4
159.6
« 156.9
153.1
156.2
154.0
154.1
152.9
157.8
155.7
155.3
153.7
152.9
151.8
150.8
148.8
Year and month
1913:
1914:
3918:
1920:
1929:
» BLS wholesale price data, for the most part, represent prices in primary
markets. They are prices charged by manufacturers or producers or are
prices prevailing on organized exchanges. The weekly index is calculated
from 1-day-a-week prices; the monthly index from an average of these
prices. M onthly indexes for the last 2 months are preliminary.
The Indexes currently are computed by the fixed base aggregate method,
with weights representing quantities produced for sale in 1929-31. (For a
detailed description of the method of calculation see “ Revised Method of
Calculation of the Bureau of Labor Statistics Wholesale Price Index,” in
the Journal of the American Statistical Association, December 1937.)
Mimeographed tables are available, upon request to the Bureau, giving
monthly indexes for major groups of commodities since 1890 and for subgroups
and economic groups since 1913. The weekly wholesale price indexes are
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
available in summary form since 1947 for all commodities; all commodities
less farm products and foods; farm products; foods; textile products; fuel and
lighting materials; metals and metal products; and building materials.
Weekly indexes are also available for the subgroups of grains, livestock,
meats, and hides and skins.
3 Includes current motor vehicle prices beginning with October 1946. The
rate of production of motor vehicles in October 1946 exceeded the monthly
average rate of civilian production in 1941, and in accordance with the an
nouncement made in September 1946, the Bureau introduced current prices
for motor vehicles in the October calculations. During the war, motor
vehicles were not produced for general civilian sale and the Bureau carried
April 1942 prices forward in each computation through September 1946.
« Corrected.
REVIEW, JUNE 1949
D: PRICES AND COST OF DIVINO
731
Table D-8: Indexes of Wholesale Prices,1 by Group and Subgroup of Commodities
[1626=1001
1949
Group and subgroup
1948
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
I
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
1
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
1946
1939
June
Aug.
All commodities 1..................
156.9
158.4
158.1
160.6
162.3
164.0
165.2
168.7
169.5
168.7
166.2
163.9
162.8
112.9
75.0
Farm products........- ..............
Grains _______________
Livestock and poultry r .
Livestock...................
Other farm products___
170.3
163.8
189.0
202.4
159.7
171.3
162.6
195.0
209. 5
» 158. 2
168.3
157.2
187.2
201.1
158.9
172.5
167.7
194.7
209.9
159.4
177.3
171.1
204.6
221.7
161.4
180.8
171.1
213.4
234.1
162.6
183.5
170.4
223.4
246.9
162.0
189.9
176.9
244.2
268.8
159.6
191.0
179.2
250.0
273.3
157.8
195.2
190.6
250.8
272.8
161.9
196.0
209.2
239.2
259.5
166.4
189.1
213.5
219.0
236.1
163.3
186.7
217.9
204.4
219. 7
166.4
140.1
151 8
137.4
143. 4
137.6
fil 0
fifi*0
67 7
60.1
Foods____________________
Dairy products.......... .
Cereal products_______
Fruits and vegetables...
M eats, poultry, and fish1.
Meats __________
Other foods...................
162.9
147.2
145.3
158.1
216.0
224.9
127.6
162.9
154.8
146.5
151.7
214.8
222.4
126.6
161.5
159.8
146.7
152.3
205.1
212.5
127.5
165.8
163.6
148.0
145.3
214.2
222.8
134.4
170.2
171.2
149.8
139.8
220.8
230.8
140.9
174.3
170.7
150.5
139.6
227.4
240.0
149.4
178.2
174.9
149.6
137.1
239.8
255.0
150.4
186.9
179.9
153.3
139.4
266.5
277.4
149.1
189.5
185.1
154.0
140.5
273.7
279.6
146.9
188.3
182.9
154.5
151.2
263.8
277.2
148.6
181.4
181.3
155.1
147.7
241.3
265.1
148.1
177.4
176.6
156.3
147.0
233.2
262.3
144.2
176. 7
181.0
158.0
148.6
226.0
251.5
144.4
112.9
127.3
101. 7
136.1
110.1
116.6
98.1
fi7 2
fi7 9
71 Q
ftR* E
72 7
72 1
60.3
Hides and leather products.
Shoes________________
Hides and skins____...
Leather_______________
Other leather products..
179.9
186.9
183. 4
177.8
144.7
180. 4
187.8
181.8
1/8.9
145.6
182.3
187.8
185.9
183.9
145.4
184.8
187.8
198.7
185.4
145.4
185.3
188.0
197.2
186.5
148.6
186.2
188.1
206.0
183.8
148.6
185.5
189.7
202.0
180.4
148.6
187.5
190.0
210.6
181.9
148.6
188.4
189.4
212.1
186.0
148.6
189.2
186.3
220.3
189.2
149.9
187.7
185.8
215.2
186.9
150.9
188.4
185.6
218.0
188.2
150.9
186.1
191.7
199.3
183.6
143.3
122.4
129. 5
121. 5
110.7
116.2
02 7
100 2
77* 2
24 0
97 ! 1
Textile products....................
Clothing______________
Cotton goods. . .......... .
Hosiery and underwear
Rayon and n y lo n '____
S ilk 1__ ___ __________
Woolen and worsted___
Other textile products__
142.2
146.4
176.3
101.2
41.8
50.1
160.9
180.9
» 143.8
« 147.1
180.1
101.2
41.8
50. 1
161.8
184.9
145.2
147.3
184.8
101.3
41.8
50.1
162.1
186.9
146.1
147.7
186.9
102.5
41.8
50.1
161.6
189.0
146.7
148.8
189.2
103.7
41.8
46.4
159.6
190.0
147.5
149.1
191.7
104.0
41.8
46.4
159.6
190.5
146.9
148.8
195.0
104.6
41.8
46.4
150. 7
190.5
147.9
148.6
199.8
104.8
41.8
46.4
150.0
189.3
148.9
148.3
205.3
104.9
41.6
46.4
149.4
186.6
149.4
148.3
209.3
104.9
40.7
46.4
147.5
184.5
149.6
145.2
213.1
105.3
40.7
46.4
147.5
183.1
150.2
145.8
217.8
105.4
40.7
46.4
147. 5
174.2
150.3
145.8
219.2
105.4
40.7
46.4
147.5
170.0
109.2
120.3
139.4
75. 8
30.2
fift ft
Fuel and lighting materials...
Anthracite____________
Bituminous coal_______
Coke. ______________ ____
E lectricity..... .......................
Gas__________________
Petroleum and products.
132.1
135.0
191.1
134.4
137.9
195.5
222.9
137.1
137.7
196.5
220.5
67.7
137.0
136.4
194.9
219.0
67.7
91.0
137.3
136.4
195.1
219.0
67.3
92.6
137.2
136.4
195.1
218.7
66.5
90.9
136.7
136.5
195.1
217.5
66.3
90.7
136.6
136.0
194.6
217. 4
65.6
86.9
135.7
131.6
193.1
212.3
66.4
90.4
133.1
127.1
182.6
206.6
65.7
90.7
132.6
125.6
181.8
205.4
65.4
89.3
131.6
124.6
178.9
197.5
(3)
(3)
113.3
92.8
115.9
135.9
138.0
196.9
222.9
68.5
91.9
118.7
222.8
C)
8 8 .1
6 6 .1
89.1
(3 )
112.7
112.3
87.8
106.1
132.8
133.5
67.2
79.6
64.0
fi7 2
21* ft
fil ft
28* 5
44 3
7ft* ft
63! 7
72 fl
72 1
96 0
104 9
7ft* 8
86 7
5L7
121.3
12 2 .0
12 2 .8
12 2 .8
12 2 .2
12 2 .1
1 2 2 .1
1 2 2 .1
12 2 .1
1 2 1 .8
Metals and metal products 1
Agricultural machinery
and equip m entr ____
Farm machinery '...
Iron and s te e l.................
Motor vehicles * ______
Passenger cars '____
Trucks r_______ _
Nonferrous metals____
Plumbing and heating..
171.4
174.4
175.5
175.6
173.8
173.3
172.4
172.0
170.9
162.2
158.5
157.1
157.2
1 1 2 .2
93 9
144.2
146.7
166.2
174.6
181.8
142.1
156. 4
155.3
144.2
146.7
« 168.3
175.2
182.5
142.4
168.4
155.3
144.2
146.7
169.1
175.8
183.2
142.4
172.5
156.1
144.1
146.6
169.1
175.8
183.2
142.4
172.5
156.9
143.9
146.5
165.4
175.7
183.3
142.0
172.5
157.3
143.5
146.0
165.0
175.3
183.2
140.4
171.4
157.3
142.5
144.9
164. 5
175.3
183.2
140.3
167.0
157.3
140.5
142.8
164.0
175.0
182.9
140.2
166.4
157.0
135.6
137.7
163.1
174.1
181.9
139.7
165.9
153.9
134.1
136.3
153.2
168.2
175.0
137.3
153.7
145.3
132.2
134.1
149. 4
163.9
171.0
132.1
152.1
145.3
130.5
132.1
148.9
161.7
169.0
129.7
160.0
143.2
129.8
131.3
149.4
161.6
169.0
129.2
149.8
138.7
104.5
104.9
ft
94 7
Oft 1
92 ft
Oft fi
77 4
74 fi
79 ] 3
Building materials......... ......
Brick and tile_________
Cement_______________
Lumber________ ____
Paint and paint materials.
Prepared paint____
Paint materials____
Plumbing and heating..
Structural steel________
Other building materials..
196.5
160.8
134.3
290.6
157.9
151.3
168.2
155.3
178.8
173.8
200.0
201.5
162.4
134.3
296.9
«165.3
151.3
»183.8
156.1
178.8
179.1
202.3
162.5
134.1
299.5
166.3
151.3
185.8
156.9
178.8
179.1
202.1
162.4
134.3
294.7
162. 3
151.3
177.4
155.3
178. 8
178.3
160.5
133.5
305.5
161.5
142.9
184.8
157.3
178.8
176.9
203.0
160.4
133.7
310.7
161.6
142.9
185.2
157.3
178.8
175.6
203.5
160.1
133.7
314.5
160.4
142.9
182.5
157. 3
178.8
174.8
204.0
158.9
133.3
317.1
160.2
142.9
182.2
157.0
178.8
174.8
203.6
158.6
133.2
319.5
158.1
142.9
177.6
153.9
178.8
173.4
199.9
157.9
132.2
318.1
157.9
142.9
177.3
145.3
159.6
167.1
196.8
153.3
128.8
313.2
158.7
142.9
179.1
145.3
153.3
163.5
196.4
152.8
128.2
312.9
158.4
143.1
178.2
143.2
153.3
163.1
195.0
152.5
127.5
309.2
158.6
143.1
178.5
138.7
155.8
162.2
118.4
71 2
70 3
107’ »
89 ! a
Chemicals and allied products.
Chemicals____________
Drug and pbarmaeeutical materials...............
Fertilizer materials____
Mixed fertilizers_______
Oils and fats.....................
Housefumishing goods..........
Furnishings.......................
Furniture r___________
Miscellaneous________ ____
Tires and tubes ' ______
Cattle feed____________
Paper and pulp______ .
Paperboard________
Paper_____________
Wood pulp________
Rubber, c r u d e ._______
Other miscellaneous___
Soap and s y n t h e t i c
detergents'...................
117.7
117.2
1 2 1 .1
12 2 .8
126.3
118.4
c 119.5
12 2 .2
130.6
122.4
133.9
124.8
134.8
127.5
1313
126.0
132.0
126.3
134.4
127.8
135.8
126.2
134.7
125.9
136.2
126.8
96.4
98.0
74 2
83 8
150.4
151.4
120.8
120.8
12 0 .1
108.3
131.7
148.3
154.2
<=142.3
115.3
64.7
190.4
168.0
157.6
158.4
227.3
38.8
126.4
108.7
146.1
148.1
153.4
142.8
117.3
65.5
108.3
179.4
148.4
153.6
143.1
118.5
151.9
119.5
107.9
195.1
148.2
153.6
142.8
119.2
152.6
117.2
107. 9
192.9
147.5
152.5
142.5
119.0
152.7
116.2
107.8
188.6
146.6
151.5
141.6
119.9
6 6 .2
217.9
169.9
162.2
158.4
236.0
40.4
130.5
195.4
170.2
164.0
158.4
236.0
45.0
131.1
6 6 .2
6 6 .2
168.3
159.0
158.4
227.3
39.5
128.1
217.1
169.5
161.7
158.4
233.6
38.9
129.5
6 6 .2
2 12 .0
201.7
170.9
165.6
158.4
238.9
46.4
132.1
198. 4
169.0
169.7
154.7
238.9
48. 1
132.2
239.6
166.8
172.2
150. 9
238. 9
49.6
130.0
153.7
113.9
103.2
212.7
143.2
146.7
139.9
121.5
63.5
292.4
167.3
174.6
150.9
238.9
47.1
129.8
153.3
115.0
103.2
205.0
142.6
145.8
139.6
121.5
63.5
291.1
167.4
175.1
150.9
238.9
47.6
129.7
77.1
65 5
6 6 .2
153.6
115.0
104.4
193.2
144.5
148.6
140.4
120.3
109. 4
82.7
66.2
153.3
114.9
105.9
180.3
145.4
149.3
141.6
119.7
153.8
115.2
103.1
212.3
142.3
145.2
139.6
115.6
64.6
231.9
165.1
153.9
156.6
219.2
38.9
124.1
142.4
119.6
108.3
129.3
0 148.0
0 153.9
142.1
115.7
64.6
209.2
167.2
155.5
158.4
223.7
40.0
125.6
63.4
296.9
167.5
175.6
150. 9
238.9
46.7
130.2
134.9
140.4
143.0
149.6
153.7
157.0
157.2
158.2
158.6
159.8
159.6
160.1
165.9
See footnote 1. table D -7.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
123.0
119.7
108.3
1 2 1 .2
162 fi
141 fi
148.9
5 See footnote 2, table D-7
aN ot available
« Corrected.
1 2 1 .8
1 1 0 .1
135.5
142.8
104.3
99. 2
106.0
129.9
121.3
10 2 .6
176.0
108.6
99.3
120. 9
106.0
1 2 0 .1
86.6
1 0 2 .1
110.4
114. 5
108.5
98. 5
66.7
197.8
115.6
115.6
107.3
154.1
46.2
02
80 fi
ft
91 3
00
00 1
82 1
02*9
7 3 .1
40.6
85.6
90.0
81.1
73.3
59. 5
. 4
80.0
68
6 6 .2
10 1.0
83. 9
69. 6
34.9
81.3
101.3
78.9
* Kevised.
M ONTHLY LABOR
E: WORK STOPPAGES
732
E: Work Stoppages
T able E - l: Work Stoppages Resulting From Labor-Management Disputes
M onth and year
Beginning
in month or
year
Beginning
in month or
year
In effect dur
ing moDth
In effect dur
ing month
2,862
4, 750
4,985
3,693
3, 419
1948’ April
- ________ ________________ ___________
M ay
_ _________________________________
Juno
________________________________ _________
July
________________________________________
August
__________ - __ - ______ - ----- ------------______________________________
Rpptfvmbor
Ontoher
__________________________________
November _ _ _________________- _____________
Dpnember
_ ________________________________
319
339
349
394
355
299
256
216
144
496
553
565
614
603
553
468
388
283
174,000
168,000
169, 000
218, 000
143, 000
158,000
1949’ Tenu ary 2
"February2
M arch 2
A p ril 2
225
225
275
400
400
350
400
500
70,000
80,000
500, 000
175.000
4947
4Q4R
* X V I1 XV.U.V/ TV
____________________________________
__________________________________
___________________________________
_________________________ - ----------
V Y U ID .
u a a u a aa ; ,
----~ -
VWAV v a
- .. ,
110,000
1 1 1 , 000
40, 500
Percent of
estimated
working time
Number
16,900,000
38,000,000
116,000,00Q
34,600,000
34,100,000
0.27
.47
1.43
41
.37
621,000
344.000
243.000
307, 000
232,000
267, 000
194,000
189,000
93,100
7, 410,000
4,080,000
2 , 220,000
2, 670,000
2 , 100,000
2, 540,000
2 , 060, 000
1,910,000
713,000
.97
.57
.28
.36
.26
.33
.27
.26
.09
110,000
120,000
800,000
650,000
3, 600,000
1,800,000
.1 1
.1 0
1,130,000
3,470,000
4,600,000
2,170,000
1,960,000
„ ___
__________
____________________
_ ________________
__________ ______
1QQfi_QQ
1Q45
1Q4Q
Man-days idle during month
or year
Workers involved in stoppages
Number of stoppages
540,000
225,000
.46
.25
or secondary effects on other establishments or industries whose employees
are made idle as a result of material or service shortages.
2 Preliminary estimates.
involving Bix or more workers and continuing as long as a full day or shift
are included in reports of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Figures on “work
ers involved” and “man-days idle” cover all workers made idle in establish-
F: Building and Construction
T
F - l: Expenditures for New Construction 1
able
[Value of work put in place]
Expenditures (in millions)
1948
1949
Type of construction
M a y 2 Apr .8
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
1948
1947
Total
Total
Total new construction 4------------------------- $1, 568 $1, 369 $1,248 $1,148 $1,269 $1,447 $1,646 $1,814 $1,901 $1,934 $1,874 $1, 754 $1, 572 $18, 775 $14,324
Private construction----- ----------------------Residential building (nonfarm)---------Nonresidential building (nonfarm)*----Industrial_______________________
Commercial--------- ------ --------------Warehouses, office and loft
buildings__________________
Stores, restaurants, and garages— _ _ _____- ------------Other nonresidential building------Religious- ------- ----------------Educational- --- ----------------Social and recreational_______
Hospital and institutional____
Remaining types 6 __________
Farm construction________________ -Public utilities 7____________________
Railroad_____________ _________
Telephone and telegraph...... ............
Other public utilities— .....................
Public construction 8-------- ------ ------ -------Residential building_________________
Nonresidential building (other than
military or naval facilities)_________
Educational- __________________
Hospital and institutional............. .
All other nonresidential--------------Military and naval facilities__________
H ig h w a y s__ _____________________
Sewer and w ater.--._______ _____
Miscellaneous public service enterprises B— ________________________
Conservation and development---------All other public 10„ ------ --------------------
1 , 111
31
28
26
24
323
216
74
103
28
25
23
78
87
96
25
24
92
93
23
23
96
87
88
72
22
10
79
18
19
18
68
21
21
20
10
901
957
236
239
10
10
11
619
594
118
164
92
107
113
450
2,338
318
510
1, 510
3,145
186
53
93
26
20
21
19
19
11
11
22
20
10
62
98
27
24
13
18
248
27
57
164
320
13
15
10
12
224
25
46
153
268
230
27
45
158
292
53
110
21
10
16
13
264
33
56
175
318
7
101
27
25
23
10
294
36
60
198
390
7
16
39
319
39
61
219
459
7
15
63
326
38
61
227
474
7
15
82
323
36
63
224
480
7
15
81
314
34
65
215
451
7
14
62
301
33
65
203
406
7
50
272
34
62
176
350
7
115
60
26
29
109
57
25
27
103
53
23
27
95
49
85
44
18
23
79
42
15
11
200
12
220
49
22
10
8
8
21
22
22
116
62
27
27
8
8
100
64
31
27
9
109
60
27
110
68
107
60
26
7
52
39
7
9
83
42
11
11
68
131
45
186
47
5
50
7
58
15
10
66
150
48
10
61
17
68
46
42
9
57
16
8
46
15
5
39
11
41
6
40
13
12
16
16
15
17
122
61
27
625
275
10
135
36
31
1,2 2 2
22
10
148
72
39
37
1 Joint estimates of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of
Labor, and the Office of Domestic Commerce, U . S. Department of Com
merce. Estimated construction expenditures represent the monetary value
of the volum e of work accomplished during the given period of time. These
figures should be differentiated from permit valuation data reported in the
tabulations for urban building authorized and the data on value of contract
awards reported in table F-2
2 Preliminary.
8 Revised
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
32
51
89
25
61
92
26
19
30
263
27
60
176
385
14
32
54
87
24
25
12
12
114
32
31
23
14
13
40
283
32
60
191
457
15
110
124
29
23
20
110
110
27
977
450
285
24
19
19
1,348
682
303
82
880
375
271
104
78
86
1,423
707
321
1,355
670
327
116
928
400
262
96
79
11,179
5,260
3,131
1, 702
835
1,454
720
329
113
123
1,256
615
325
116
106
984
440
251
89
76
14, 563
7,223
3, 578
111
1,397
96 1,224
1,427
707
331
116
119
1,129
547
305
114
93
530
258
82
84
17
2 11
116
155
500
3,262
379
713
2,170
4, 212
85
h
11
22
12
179
43
140
40
1, 585
481
505
275
81
149
204
1,300
331
108
597
162
117
386
116
21
25
47
206
46
10
10
11
11
11
71
17
65
16
59
16
55
15
47
14
1,057
567
219
271
Vài
4 Includes major additions and alterations.
8 Excludes nonresidential building by privately owned public utilities.
5 Hotels and miscellaneous buildings not elsewhere classified.
7 Includes nonresidential building.
8 Excludes expenditures to construct facilities used in atomic energy projects.
2 Covers primarily publicly owned electric light and power systems and
local transit facilities.
Airports, navigational aids, monuments, etc.
REVIEW, JUNE 1949
F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION
733
Table F-2: Value of Contracts Awarded and Force-Account Work Started on Federally Financed
New Construction, by Type of Construction1
Value (in thousands)
Conservation and
development
Building
Period
Total
new con Air
struc
ports 3
tion 3
Total
Nonresidential
Resi
den
tial
Total
Edu
ca
tional 4
Hospital and
institutional
Total
1936____ ___________
1939________________
1942 ............................
1946________________
1947_________ _____ 1948________________
$1,533,439
1,586,604
7,775,497
1,450,252
1,294,069
1,690,182
1948: March________
April_________
M ay______ ___
J u n e ...................
July_________
August________
September_____
October............. .
November_____
December_____
148,775
161,049
120,385
146,422
147,286
133,698
130,985
143,856
107,157
165,208
5,672
3,840
5,606
4,930
5, 211
6,580
8, 259
3,568
2,535
1,039
65,480
10,131
26,193
43, 751
15,442
11,599
24,053
41, 449
12,470
20,425
61
553
462
790
254
120
66
785
2,374
1,855
65, 419
9,578
25,731
42,961
15,188
11,479
23,987
40,664
10,096
18,570
257
12
469
89
0
4
31
0
84
0
58,624
5, 666
21,461
19, 201
10, 556
8,628
15,933
34,475
7,408
13,566
1949: January_______
February............
March 9______
April 10__ _ . _
87, 542
94, 727
169,357
109, 584
<*)
(8)
(8)
(8)
36,810
39,110
35,908
21, 288
87
1,970
1,773
2,168
36, 723
37,140
34,135
19,120
148
635
0
0
8,122
10,023
25, 571
14,662
$561,394 $63,465 $497,929 m
0)
0)
(7)
(!)
(8)
(8)
$4,753 669,222 231,071 438,151 (»)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
579,176 6,130,389 549,472 5,580,917 n
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
14,859 549,656 435,453 114,203 (8)
(8)
(8)
(*)
(8)
(8)
24,645 276,514 51,186 225,328 $47,692 $101,831 $96,123 $5,708 $31,159 $44,646
49,718 332,793
8,328 324,465 1,417 246,242 168,015 78, 227 28,797 48,009
i Excludes projects classified as “secret” by the military, and all construc
tion for the Atomic Energy Commission. Data for Federal-aid programs
cover amounts contributed by both the owner and the Federal Government.
Force-account work is done, not through a contractor, but directly by a gov
ernment agency, using a separate work force to perform nonmaintenance
construction on the agency’s own properties
* Includes major additions and alterations.
* Excludes hangars and other buildings, which are included under “ Other
nonresidential” building construction.
* Includes educational facilities under the Federal temporary re-use educa
tional facilities program.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Vet
erans’ Other
56, 213 2,411
5,049
617
20,044 1,417
13,876 5,325
1,493 9,063
872 7,756
13,273 2,660
6,481 27,994
436 6,972
95 13,471
1,230 5,308
1, 863 2,037
1,859 1,942
9, 661 14,010
1,177 3,455
1,041 1,806
2,674 5,349
3,231 2,958
844 1,760
1,521 3,483
359 7,763 24,784
5, 468 4, 555 22,615
9, 410 16,161 1,637
310 14, 352
666
3, 669
3, 867
6,927
3,792
High
ways
All
other •
Rec
lama
tion
River,
har
bor,
and
flood
control
$189,710
225,423
217,795
300,405
308,029
494,604
$73,797
115,612
150,708
169, 253
77,095
147,921
$115,913
109,811
67,087
131,152
230,934
346,683
22,520
84,888
10,481
24,551
41,947
22,423
29,091
37,166
35,402
66,901
6,721
56,984
4,738
8,877
1,327
4,269
2,959
19,488
13,895
22,558
15,799
27,904
5,743
15,674
40,620
18,154
26,132
17,678
21,507
44,343
51,582
58,247
75,645
68,518
78,428
91,310
65,965
55,747
51,672
74,085
3,521
3,943
2, 460
4,672
6,258
1,786
3,617
5,926
5,078
2,758
14,977
23, 966
84, 332
33,833
7,596
3,079
22, 536
17, 720
7, 381
20,887
61, 796
16,113
34,465
28, 961
41,619
52,042
1,290
2,690
7,498
2,421
AdminTotal
istra- Other
non*
tion
resi
and dential
gen
eral *
$511,685 $270,650
355,701 331,505
347,988 500,149
535,784 49,548
657,087 27,794
769,089 43, 978
8 Includes post offices, armories, offices, and customhouses. Includes
contract awards for construction at United Nations Headquarters at New
York City as follows: September 1948, $497,000; January 1949, $23,810,000.
• Includes electrification projects, water-supply and sewage-disposal sys
tems, forestry projects, railroad construction, and other types of projects not
elsewhere classified.
7 Included in “All other.”
8 Unavailable.
9 Revised.
Preliminary.
F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION
734
M ONTHLY LABOR
T able F-3: Urban Building Authorized, by Principal Class of Construction and by Type of Building1
Number of new dwelling units—House
keeping only
Valuation (in thousands)
Privately financed
N ew residential building
Housekeeping
Period
Total all
classes 1
N on
Publicly housePrivately financed dwelling units
financed keepdwell
ing *
ing
M ulti
1 -family 2 -family 3
Total
family 4 units
1942,......................
$2, 707, 573 $598, 570 $478,658
4, 743, 414 2,114, 833 1,830, 260
____
1946
1947
______________________
5,561, 754 2, 892,003 2,362,600
6,961, 820 3, 431,664 2, 747, 206
1948
...................... ......................
$42,629
103, 042
156,757
184,141
New
nonresidential
building
Addi
tions,
altera
tions,
and
repairs
Pub
licly
Total
1 -fam
ily
f i
2-fam- M ulti
ily 3 family 1 nanced
$77, 283 $296, 933 $22, 910 $1,510,688 $278,472
181, 531 355,587 43,369 1, 458,602 771,023
372, 646
35,177 29, 831 1, 712, 817 891, 926
500,317 136, 459 38,034 2,354,314 1,001,349
184, 892
430,195
503, 094
517,112
138, 908
358,151
393, 720
392, 779
15, 747
24,326
34,105
36,650
30,237
47, 718
75, 269
87,683
95, 946
98,310
5,100
14, 760
1948: March____
April............
M ay............
June............
July______
August.......
September..
October___
November.
December..
629, 939
717,982
655,385
705, 851
658,309
653,520
592, 984
590, 922
477, 462
432, 979
318,589
411,152
347, 501
366,417
324, 595
349, 753
268, 806
258,238
215, 081
168,483
250, 451
317,604
291, 208
301, 690
264, 596
264, 725
228, 003
217, 735
178, 348
135,189
20, 046
34,650
17, 894
16, 501
15,928
13, 489
14,157
11,834
9,143
10,043
48, 092
58, 898
38,399
48,226
44, 071
71, 539
26,646
28,669
27,590
23,251
313
4,156
4,294
4,138
11, 739
9,215
17,295
13, 779
23,913
29, 712
4,082
6,170
2,729
4,710
3,167
3,186
3,163
2,728
1,490
1,940
223,592
196, 825
206, 971
224,321
222, 990
197,059
218,121
235, 891
167,666
166,872
83,363
99,679
93, 890
106, 265
95, 818
94,307
85, 599
80, 286
69,312
65, 972
50,576
64, 400
52,523
54, 260
47,515
46,993
39,466
38, 465
32, 584
25, 549
37,378
45,699
41,423
42,110
36,666
35,913
31, 750
31,189
25,642
19, 225
4,094
7,041
3,769
3,343
2,974
2,332
2,837
2,393
1,729
1,995
9,104
11,660
7,331
8,807
7,875
8,748
4,879
4, 883
5, 213
4,329
53
469
581
521
1,260
958
1,750
1,541
2,205
3,277
1949: January__
February 6
March 7_._
409,729
387,181
609, 774
143,359
153, 593
296,866
111, 019
118, 452
222,633
9, 607
6 , 507
11,891
22,733
28,634
62,342
32,910
23,439
39,498
1,120
1,626
2,528
171,911
147, 725
191,212
60,429
60,798
79,670
23,411
24,839
43,957
16,730
18, 331
32, 884
1,919
1,345
2,375
4,762
5,163
8,698
3,660
2,480
4,146
1 Building for which building permits were issued and Federal contracts
awarded in all urban places, including an estimate of building undertaken
in some smaller urban places that do not issue permits.
The data cover federally and nonfederally financed building construction
combined. Estimates of non-Federal (private, and State and local govern
ment) urban building construction are based primarily on building-permit
reports received from places containing about 85 percent of the urban popula
tion of the country; estimates of federally financed projects are compiled from
notifications of construction contracts awarded, which are obtained from other
Federal agencies. Data from building permits are not adjusted to allow for
lapsed permits or for lag between permit issuance and the start of construc
tion. Thus, the estimates do not represent construction actually started
during the month.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Urban, as defined by the Bureau of the Census, covers all incorporated
places of 2,500 population or more in 1940, and, by special rule, a small num
ber of unincorporated civil divisions.
1 Covers additions, alterations, and repairs, as well as new residential and
nonresidential building.
3 Includes units in 1 -family and 2 -family structures with stores.
4 Includes units in multifamily structures with stores.
5 Covers hotels, dormitories, tourist cabins, and other nonhousekeeping
residential buildings.
8 Revised.
7 Preliminary.
REVIEW, JUNE 1949
F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION
T able F-4:
735
New Nonresidential Building Authorized in All Urban Places, 1
by General Type and by Geographic Division 2
Valuation (in thousands)
Geographic division and
type of new nonresi
dential building
1949
Mar .3
Feb .4
1948
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
1948
1947
Total
Total
All types........................... $191, 212 $147, 725 $171,911 $166, 872 $167,666 $235,891 $218,121 $197,059 $222,990 $224,321 $206,971 $196,825 $223, 592 $2,354,314 $1, 712,817
N ew England_____
8,026
6 , 229
4, 607
8,092
8,288 12, 737
9,577 10, 533 15,723 21,234 10, 289 10, 278
8 , 955
147,633
109, 977
26, 246 16, 777 47, 775 28,386 29, 254 43, 850 30, 241 33,027 30, 777 33,605 50, 912 27, 525 55,091
M iddle Atlantic___
392,348
272, 626
East North Central- 45,845 21, 264 40, 516 34,823 32,256 54,209 55, 258 49,368 58,209 56,373 37, 567 45,401 34, 903
506,435
371, 948
West North Central- 18,332
8, 535
10 , 812
11,345 11,624 22, 623 14,832 17,026 12,173 13,671 12,079 15,177 16; 435
172; 407
132,163
South Atlantic____
22,156 39,158 17,961 16, 589 18, 709 26, 463 24,372 18, 773 35, 759 24, 991 19, 744 22,841 25, 267
266,635
200,053
East South Central. 10,140
8.048
5, 394
9, 890
5,197 15,399 10, 613
9,905
6 , 779
8,883
8,884
6,175
9,957
IO2', 763
73,009
West South Central. 20,537 21,203 17, 869 17, 726 26,047 16, 476 25, 526 15,019 27,156 20,360 24, 690 21, 803 21,922
27i; 383
193,221
M ountain_________
7, 040
3,510
4,840
4, 751
3,310
5,697 18,289
8, 776
7, 779
4,429
7,818
6 , 442
8,725
82,603
58,162
Pacific____________
32,890 23,001 22,135 35, 270 32, 979 38, 436 29,415 34, 630 28, 634 40, 773 34, 988 41,182 42,340
412,106
30l| 658
Industrial buildings 5_. .
15,670 16,855 26,085 19,964 20,387 33,631 2 1,12 0 27,043 24,351 33,059 26, 233 26,820 32, 509
299,371
322,230
N ew England_____
1,019
858
378
1,445
1,483
2,569
914
546
3, 526
2,365
971
1,806
2,360
19,840
26; 098
3,312
3,862
M iddle Atlantic___
4,128
5,083
7,347
4,955
3,035
7,220
5,119
5,165
7,439
6 , 421
8,375
65,934
58,139
East North Central.
4,012
4,568 16,013
7, 600
4,393
8,137
9,423
9,511
9,217 15,602
9,262
7| 997
9; 513
100,034
118,667
West North Central.
1 ,1 1 2
1,746
882
996
822
860
756
1,957
2,039
713
908
3,081
1,728
16,058
19; 890
South Atlantic____
2,088
2,682
1,454
1,173
2,0 10
6,972
1,262
1,670
2,159
1,180
1,496
1,519
4, 469
27', 776
20,549
East South Central.
644
600
826
843
458
1, 506
507
452
1,023
1,465
691
225
1,088
9,054
13; 426
West South Central.
537
557
244
786
751
1,431
1,799
980
1,836
1,023
1,316
760
2,410
15,863
17; 519
M ountain_________
439
197
551
69
380
413
367
119
65
248
147
79
383
2,769
2; 852
Pacific____________
2,506
1,785
1,919
1,405
2,959
6 , 826
3,198
3, 876
3,484
2,243
2,993
2,943
4,691
42,043
45; 090
Commercial buildings «_ 61,652 57, 527 55,268 53,528 66,917 84, 905 94,015 79, 596 92,101 83,343 84, 435 84, 571 82,342
925,954
686 ; 282
New England_____
2,848
3, 817
2,282
2,692
3,918
2,453
5,689
4,718
7,307
5, 780
3, 275
3,401
2,547
55,468
32; 853
M iddle Atlantic___
7, 934
6 , 699
14,861
6,933 13,072 15,100 10, 970 12, 987 13,221 14, 446 10, 560 12,004 12, 592
132; 703
91i 206
East North Central. 13,340
8,205 10,330 11, 498 11, 907 23, 614 20,923 15, 725 17,174 17, 903 14, 660 15, 419 10,146
177,322
118, 839
West North Central.
4, 955
3, 437
3,381
1,456
3,666 10, 263
9,391
7,128
4, 647
6,575
6,022
5,692
8,287
72,809
57; 240
South Atlantic____
8, 528
8,965
7, 343
8,125
9, 261
8,789 10,954 10, 426 13, 501 10,360 11,924 13, 498
9,118
121, 571
106; 788
East South Central.
4, 333
2, 674
2,129
2 , 002
3,191
3,016
3, 502
3,864
3,202
3,232
3,891
3,375
39,391
3, 245
34,680
West South Central.
6 , 424
6,804 10, 684
9, 888
5,354
8,342 17, 793
7, 076 12,324
8 ,12 0
13,455 10, 441 10,917
126,054
OF 548
M ountain_________
2,829
1,936
2,632
1,414
1,523
2, 640
2,183
4,965
4,192
2,761
3, 275
3, 747
4, 998
35, 275
26,855
Pacific_________ . .
10,461 12, 451
9,007 10,007
9,695 10,688 12 , 610 12, 707 16,132 14, 567 17,889 16, 478 20, 492
165,361
126, 273
Community buildings 7. 88,143 34, 679 49,152 72,192 56,648 88, 646 68, 575 60,377 71, 048 69, 058 6 8 ,1 1 1 51, 416 78, 646
778,045
406,920
New England_____
3,077
487
1,651
1,741
5,822
1,505
4,137
9,502
1, 580
3, 827
3,603
4,255
3,477
47,004
25; 759
M iddle A tlantic___
12 , 206
3, 717
3,314 14,051
7,279 20,166 11, 588
9,185
8,658
8 , 753
26,082
4,144 32, 694
153,109
80,190
East North Central. 23,185
5, 323 11,145 13,035 11,143 16 , 675 11,429 13,394 21, 795 15, 246 10,354 14,190
8,795
149, 667
62; 542
West North Central.
5, 200
2, 900
5,139
5,405
7,798
6,590
3,050
3, 521
2,736
3,994
2,528
2,665
3, 796
53,460
34; 639
South Atlantic____
10,197
3,493
4, 476
5, 605
5,326
8, 523
5,538 11, 420
8,003
6 , 567
2,886
4, 761
78,034
9, 623
40,172
East South Central.
4, 426
2,247
5,483
1,215
4,811
1,610
9,110
3« 665
2,636
2, 592
4,016
1,242
1,189
38,392
16, 913
West South Central. 12, 042
9, 902 10, 099
8,873 11,577
3,531
4,735
4,617 10, 736
8,876
8,105
7,359
6 , 826
102, 937
65; 309
M ountain_________
2,446
1,245
1,809
1,505
805
2,113 14,174
2,788
566
1,299
2,778
34,081
2,825
3, 907
18 ,366
Pacific____________
15, 364
5,365
7, 779 17,675 12,157 14,908
9,205 13, 532
6,415 12,962
9, 468
121,361
6,630 11,501
63,030
Public buildings 8_____
6,652 22, 843 28,096
1,882
5, 274
4,452
6 , 699
5,155
5,734 14,936
4,297
5,544
7,055
71,953
41,049
New England_____
340
138
300
9
453
166
20
54
121
100
613
91
455
5,901
3,418
Middle Atlantic___
145
457 24,010
201
140
1,756
640
498
337
2, 463
1,148
659
488
8,681
A 712
East North Central.
17
158
136
50
184
15
15
3,385
1,276
286
3,700
849
11,173
101
8,372
West North Central
4,317
1,054
0
459
251
25
138
45
96
753
26
1,691
124
4,815
1,696
South Atlantic____
194 22,028
1,234
1,159
431
633
1,441
47
1,449
648
7,661
914
91
394
6,285
East South Central.
721
268
32
0
961
80
8,936
1,280
45
413
209
3,374
0
1,230
830
West South Central.
0
364
8
674
211
121
782
260
286
1,467
496
6 ,1 1 2
333
203
4, 579
M ountain_________
274
44
803
3
260
37
877
36
73
68
475
543
61
3,605
2,416
P a c ific ___________
1,097
158
1,514
439
364
1,567
337
654
234
2,058
1,184
5, 210
814
15,069
8 , 741
Public works and utility
buildings •__________
7,963 10, 540
9,398 11, 853 11,953 15, 425 11,872 17,846
8,571
9,306 10,168 15, 639 12,660
150,020
143,824
New E n g la n d _____
131
729
1,584
145
371
456
291
273
1,736
581
530
119
309
11, 439
15,085
Middle Atlantic___
1,093
1,225
1,178
262
605
1,252
1,423
1,587
1,839
1,280
1,923
3,045
1,699
16,656
24, 968
East North Central.
2,726
1,339
2,420
2,157
2,148
2, 274
3, 584
2, 549
1,094
2, 692
9,801
2,919
35,809
3, 279
35,972
West North Central.
953
234
1,2 0 2
223
2,327
1,082
620
325
3,103
882
1,762
1,055
701
13, 574
8,737
South Atlantic_____
535
1,383
787
1,946
2, 265
893
779
388
1,556
7,845
2,572
592
22, 204
3,051
19,046
East South Central.
98
2,875
36
763
3
534
702
270
865
193
11
87
315
3, 751
4,154
West South Central.
769
383
596
1,044
2, 240
579
1,494
322
12,811
2, 241
413
699
2,099
688
7,647
M o u n ta in _______
494
131
0
5
148
66
139
334
238
209
8
2
155
2,055
3, 520
Pacific____________
1,164
1, 292
833
3,109
5,135
812
1,853
1,307
285
5, 618
3,834
31, 721
501
1,525
24,695
All other buildings 18___ 11,132
5,282
6,516
4,739
9,977 12,303 12, 289 13,014 11, 909 14, 617 13, 727 12,834 10,383
128, 970
112,512
New England_____
610
200
766
984
741
7,981
277
420
955
917
841
949
361
800
6 , 764
M iddle Atlantic___
1,557
817
858
1,154
1,612
940
1,566
1,519
1,526
1,702
1,197
15, 265
1,550
1,440
13, 412
East North Central.
2,565
699
688
1,193
2,529
3,494
3,667
3,044
3,797
3,361
2,681
32, 430
3, 769
3, 552
27, 556
West North Central.
1,796
218
552
1,388
1,179
1,156
1,347
738
245
800
1,265
1,171
11, 691
9, 961
1,540
South Atlantic . ..
614
607
416
513
788
766
704
859
9,389
767
899
1,405
775
1,071
7,213
East South Central.
196
166
370
161
217
272
488
302
359
3, 239
243
251
353
293
3,006
West South Central
764
467
397
549
552
812
941
7,606
395
810
657
854
585
6 , 618
480
Mountain______
129
214
558
102
536
4,818
505
428
549
497
371
451
350
4,153
420
Pacific___________
2,298
1,948
2 ,1 2 1
3,041
36, 551
1,597
2,669
2, 594
2,575
3, 232
3,943
2,917
33,829
3,325
4,540
1 Building for which permits were issued and Federal contracts awarded
in all urban places, including an estimate of building undertaken in some
smaller urban places that do not issue permits. Sums of components do not
always equal totals exactly because of rounding.
1 For scope and source of urban estimates, see table F-3, footnote 1.
3 Preliminary.
4 Revised.
* Includes factories, navy yards, army ordnance plants, bakeries, ice plants,
industrial warehouses, and other buildings at the site of these and similar
production plants.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
* Includes amusement and recreation buildings, stores and other mercantile
buildings, commercial garages, gasoline and service stations, etc.
7 Includes churches, hospitals, and other institutional buildings, schools,
libraries, etc.
8 Includes Federal, State, county, and municipal buildings, such as post
offices, courthouses, city halls, fire and police stations, jails, prisons, arsenals,
armories, army barracks, etc.
8 Includes railroad, bus and airport buildings, roundhouses, radio stations,
gas and electric plants, public comfort stations, etc.
10 Includes private garages, sheds, stables and bam s, and other buildings
not elsewhere classified.
F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION
736
T a b l e F-5: Number and Construction Cost of New Permanent Nonfarm Dwelling Units Started,
by Urban or Rural Location, and by Source of Funds1
Number of new dwelling units started
Estimated construction cost
(in thousands ) 8
Publicly financed
Privately financed
All units
Period
Total
nonfarm
Urban
Rural
nonfarm
Total
nonfarm
Urban
Rural
nonfarm
Total
non
farm
0
0
0
0
86,600
3,100
64,800
3,000
1Q9.fi 3
______ ____________
]9334
_ _______________
1Q41 5
_ _ _ ______
1Q44. 6
_ ______ _
______
•JQ4.fi
______ _ ______
1Q47
_ _ ______ ___ ___
1948___________________________
937,000
93,000
706,100
141,800
670, 500
849,000
931,300
752,000
45,000
434,300
96,200
403,700
479,800
524,600
185,000
48,000
271,800
45,600
266,800
369, 200
406, 700
937,000
93,000
619, 500
138,700
662,500
845,600
913, 500
752,000
45,000
369, 500
93,200
395, 700
476, 400
510,000
185,000
48,000
250,000
45, 500
266,800
369,200
403,500
1947- First Quarter................... .
January________. __ _
February ___ _ _ -March _ - ____________
Second quarter.................... .
April _______ _____ . _
M a y .- __________ __
June _______ _
___
Third quarter__
.... .
J u l y _____ _____ ______
August. ____ ___ _____
September
.
.. .
Fourth quarter__ . . . . .
October - __ ________
November___ _ _ . . .
December_______ _____
138,100
39,300
42,800
56,000
217,200
67,100
72,900
77,200
261, 200
81,100
86,300
93,800
232, 500
94,000
79, 700
58,800
81,000
24,200
25,000
31,800
119,100
37,600
39,300
42,200
142, 200
44, 500
47,400
50,300
137, 500
53, 200
48,000
36,300
57,100
15,100
17,800
24,200
98,100
29, 500
33, 600
35,000
119,000
36,600
38, 900
43, 500
95,000
40,800
31,700
22, 500
137,000
38,200
42,800
56,000
217,000
67,100
72,900
77,000
260, 700
81,100
93, 500
230,900
93,500
78,900
58, 500
79,900
23,100
25,000
31,800
118,900
37,600
39,300
42,000
141, 700
44, 500
47, 200
50,000
135,900
52, 700
47, 200
36,000
1948' First quarter _________ _ . .
January____ _ _______
February . .
_ ____
March ____ . . .
...
Second quarter__
April _________ _____
M ay ___ ___ ________
June_________________
Third quarter___
. ____
July
_ . . . ______
August ___ ___
____
Septem ber.................
Fourth quarter_________ .
October____
________
November___
____
December____________
180,000
53, 500
50,100
76,400
297, 600
99, 500
100,300
97; 800
263,800
95,000
86 ! 600
82,200
189,900
73, 400
63,600
52,900
102,900
30,800
29,000
43,100
166,100
55,000
56, 700
54, 400
144,100
52,300
47, 600
44,200
111, 500
41,300
38,000
32, 200
77,100
22, 700
33,300
131, 500
44, 500
43, 600
43,400
119, 700
42,700
39,000
38,000
78, 400
32,100
25,600
20,700
177,700
52, 500
48,900
76,300
293,900
98,100
99, 200
96, 600
259,300
93, 700
85,100
80, 500
182, 600
71, 900
61,300
49,400
January____________ _
February 8 _________
March 8_____ . . ------
158,000
50,000
46, 000
62,000
29, 500
(e)
(«)
20, 500
(8)
(»)
147, 400
46; 300
43,400
57, 700
2 1,10 0
86,100
1 The estimates shown here do not include temporary units, conversions,
dormitory accommodations, trailers, or military barracks. They do include
prefabricated housing units.
These estimates are based on building-permit records, which, beginning
with 1945, have been adjusted for lapsed permits and for lag between permit
issuance and start of construction. They are based also on reports of Federal
construction contract awards and beginning in 1946, on field surveys in non
permit-issuing places. The data in this table refer to nonfarm dwelling units
started, and not to urban dwelling units authorized, as shown in table F-3.
All of these estimates contain some error. For example, if the estimate of
nonfarm starts is 50,000, the chances are about 19 out of 20 that an actual
enumeration would produce a figure between 48,000 and 52,000.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Urban
8,000
8,000
3,400
17,800
3,400
14,600
57,100
15,100
17,800
24, 200
98,100
29,500
33, 600
35,000
119,000
36, 600
38, 900
43, 500
95,000
40,800
31, 700
22, 500
1,10 0
1,10 0
0
0
200
0
0
200
1,10 0
1,10 0
0
0
200
0
0
200
500
500
0
200
0
200
300
1,600
500
800
300
300
1,600
500
800
300
100,800
29,800
28,000
43,000
164, 600
54, 600
56,100
53,900
140,100
51, 000
46,600
42, 500
104, 500
39,800
35,800
28,900
76,900
22,700
20, 900
33,300
129, 300
43, 500
43,100
42, 700
119, 200
42, 700
38, 500
38,000
78,100
32,100
25, 500
20, 500
2,300
2,10 0
1,000
1,000
100
25,800
(8)
(9)
20, 500
(8)
(e)
1,000
1,2 0 0
100
3, 700
1,400
1,10 0
1,200
4, 500
1,300
1,500
1,700
7,300
1,500
2,300
3,500
10 , 600
3,700
2,600
4,300
1,500
400
600
500
4,000
1,300
1,000
1,700
7,000
1,500
2,200
3,300
3,700
(8)
(8)
Rural
non
farm
Total
Privately
financed
$4,475,000 $4,475,000
285,446
285,446
2,825,895 2,530,765
483,231
100
495,054
3, 769,767 3,713,776
0
5,642,798 5,617,425
0
3,200 7,199,161 7,028,980
Publicly
financed
0
0
0
0
21,800
$295,130
11,823
55,991
25,373
170,181
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
808, 263
223,577
244,425
340, 261
1,361,677
418,451
452,236
490,990
1,774,150
539,333
589,470
645,347
1,698,708
678, 687
584,731
435, 290
800, 592
215,906
244,425
340,261
1,360,477
418,451
452, 236
489,790
1,770,475
539,333
587,742
643, 400
1, 685,881
675,197
578,324
432,360
1,728
1,947
12,827
3,490
6,407
2,930
200
1,315,050
383, 563
368,915
562, 572
2,286,758
748, 848
769,093
768, 817
2, 111, 278
750,843
719,080
641,355
1,486,075
573,888
498, 040
414,147
1,296,612
374,984
359,420
562, 208
2, 252, 961
736,186
758, 635
758,140
2,065, 770
738, 659
703,066
624,045
1,413,637
560,347
471,336
381, 954
18,438
8,579
9,495
364
33,797
12,662
10, 458
10, 677
45, 508
12,184
16,014
17,310
72, 438
13, 541
26, 704
32,193
1,218,184
368,779
347,486
501,919
1,118,416
335,812
322,081
460, 523
99, 768
32,967
25, 405
41,396
(7)
200
(7)
2,200
1,000
500
700
500
CO
500
(7)
300
C7)
100
200
(7)
(8)
(9)
7,671
7,671
0
0
1,200
0
0
1,200
3,675
0
s Private construction costs are based on permit valuation, adjusted for
understatement of costs shown on permit applications. Public construction
costs are based on contract values or estimated construction costs for in
dividual projects.
8 Housing peak year.
* Depression, low year.
8 Recovery peak year prior to wartime limitations.
8 Last full year under wartime control.
7 Less than 50 units.
8 Preliminary.
• N ot available.
U . S . GOVERNMENT PRINTING O F F IC E : 1949
@FedFRASER